open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Louis Pasteur

**Louis Pasteur** (; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) wis a French chemist an microbiologist renained for his diskiveries o the principles o vaccination, microbial fermentation an pasteurisation. He is remembered for his remerkable brakthrous in the causes an prevention o diseases, an his diskiveries hae sauft mony lifes iver syne. He reduced mortality frae puerperal fiver, an creatit the first vaccines for rabies an anthrax. His medical diskiveries providit direct support for the germ theory o disease an its application in clinical medicine. He is best kent to the general public for his invention o the technique o treatin milk an wine tae stap bacterial contamination, a process nou cried pasteurisation. He is regairdit as ane o the three main foonders o bacteriology, thegither wi Ferdinand Cohn an Robert Koch, an is popularly kent as the "faither o microbiology".

Pasteur wis responsible for disprovin the doctrine o spontaneous generation. He performed experiments that shawed that withoot contamination, microorganisms coud nae develop. Unner the auspices o the French Academy o Sciences, he demonstratit that in sterilised an sealed flasks naething iver developit, an in sterilised but appen flasks microorganisms coud growe. Awtho Pasteur wis nae the first tae propone the germ theory, his experiments indicatit its correctness an convinced maist o Europe that it wis true. The day, he is eften regairdit as ane o the faithers o germ theory. Pasteur made signeeficant diskiveries in chemistry, maist notably on the molecular basis for the asymmetry o certaint creestals an racemisation. Early in his career, his investigation o tartaric acid resulted in the first resolution o whit is nou cried optical isomers. His wark led the wey tae the current unnerstaundin o a fundamental principle in the structur o organic compounds.

He wis the director o the Pasteur Institute, established in 1887, till his daith, an his bouk wis interred in a vaut aneath the institute. Awtho Pasteur made grundbrakin experiments, his reputation becam associatit wi various controversies. Historical reassessment o his notebeuk revealed that he practiced deception tae owercome his rivals.

## References
Ingineer

An **ingineer** is a professional practeetioner o ingineerin, concerned wi applyin scienteefic knawledge, mathematics, an ingenuity tae develop solutions for technical, societal an commercial problems.

## References
Max Planck

**Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck**, FRS (; Apryle 23, 1858 &ndash; October 4, 1947) wis a German theoretical physicist that oreeginatit quantum theory, that wan him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

Planck made mony contreibutions tae theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the oreeginator o quantum theory, that revolutionised human unnerstaundin o atomic an subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scienteefic institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society  (o that Planck wis twice preses), wis renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS nou includes 83 institutions representin a wide range o scienteefic directions.

## References
Max Born

**Max Born** (; 11 December 1882&nbsp;– 5 Januar 1970) wis a German-Jewish-Scots pheesicist an mathematician who wis instrumental in the development o quantum mechanics an wis awairdit the Nobel Prize for Pheesics in 1954. He moved to Ingland in 1933 as a refugee frae Nazi Germany, an tae Scotland in 1936. Frae 1936 tae his retirement in 1953 he wis a professor at the Varsity o Edinburgh. His granddochter is the Australien singer Olivia Newton-John.

## References
Linus Pauling

**Linus Carl Pauling** (28 Februar 1901 – 19 August 1994) wis an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, an eddicator. He published mair nor 1,200 papers an beuks, o that aboot 850 dealt wi scienteefic topics. *[[New Scientist]]* cried him one o the 20 greatest scientists o aw time, an as o 2000, he wis rated the 16t maist important scientist in history.

Pauling wis ane o the foonders o the fields o quantum chemistry an molecular biology. His contreibutions tae the theory o the chemical bond include the concept o orbital hybridisation an the first accurate scale o electronegativities o the elements. Pauling an aw wirkit on the structurs o biological molecules, an shawed the importance o the alpha helix an beta sheet in protein seicontar structur. Pauling's approach combined methods an results frae X-ray creestallografie, molecular model biggin an quantum chemistry. His diskiveries inspired the wark o James Watson, Francis Crick, an Rosalind Franklin on the structur o DNA, that in turn made it possible for geneticists tae crack the DNA code o aw organisms.

In his later years he promotit nuclear disairmament, as weel as orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy, an dietar supplements. Nane o the latter hae gained muckle acceptance in the mainstream scienteefic commonty.

For his scienteefic work, Pauling wis awairded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he wis awairdit the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is ane o fower individuals tae hae wan mair nor ane Nobel Prize (the ithers bein Marie Curie, John Bardeen an Frederick Sanger). O thir, he is the anerly person tae hae been awairdit twa unshared Nobel Prizes, an ane o twa fowk to be awairdit Nobel Prizes in different fields, the ither bein Marie Curie.

## References
Werner Heisenberg

**Werner Karl Heisenberg** (; 5 December 1901 – 1 Februar 1976) wis a German theoretical pheesicist an ane o the key pioneers o quantum mechanics.

## References
Hedy Lamarr

**Hedy Lamarr** (; born **Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler**, 9 November 1914 – 19 Januar 2000) wis an Austrick an American film actress an inventor.

## References
Rosalind Franklin

**Rosalind Elsie Franklin** (25 Julie 192016 Aprile 1958) wis an Inglis chemist an X-ray crystallografer who made contreibutions tae the unnerstaundin o the fine molecular structures o DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, an graphite.

## References
E. O. Wilson

**Edward Osborne** "**E. O.**" **Wilson** FMLS (born Juin 10, 1929; deed December 26, 2021) wis an American biologist, researcher (sociobiology, biodiversity, island biogeografie), theorist (consilience, biophilia), naituralist (conservationist) an author.

## References
Gestapo

The **Gestapo** (; abbreviation o ***Geheime Staatspolizei***, "Secret State Polis") wis the offeecial secret polis o Nazi Germany an German-occupied Europe.

## References
Balto-Slavic leids

The **Balto-Slavic** leid group tradeetionally comprises the Baltic an Slavic leids, belangin tae the Indo-European faimily o leids.
Kinrick o Proushie

The **Kinrick o Proushie** () wis a kinrick that constitutit the state o Proushie atween 1701 an 1918 an includit pairts o present-day Germany, Poland, Roushie, Lithuanie, Denmark, Belgium an the Czech Republic.

## References
Frederick I o Proushie

**Frederick I** () (11 Julie 1657 – 25 Februar 1713), o the Hohenzollern dynasty, wis (as **Frederick III**) Elector o Brandenburg (1688–1713) an Duke o Proushie in personal union (Brandenburg-Proushie).
Stephen Hawking

**Stephen William Hawking**   8 Januar 1942 – 14 Mairch 2018) wis an Inglis theoretical pheesicist, cosmologist, author an Director o Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the Varsity o Cambridge. He wis born on the 300t anniversary o the daith o Galileo Galilei an died on Albert Einstein's birthday (14 Mairch).

## References
Neil deGrasse Tyson

**Neil deGrasse Tyson** (; born October 5, 1958) is an American astropheesicist, cosmologist, author, an science communicator.
Congress o Vienna

The **Congress o Vienna** wis a conference o ambassadors o European states chaired bi Austrick statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, an held in Vienna frae September 1814 tae Juin 1815. The objective o the Congress wis to provide a lang-term peace plan for Europe bi settlin creetical issues arisin frae the French Revolutionary Wars an the Napoleonic Wars. The goal wis nae simply tae restore auld boundaries, but tae resize the main pouers so thay could balance ilk ither off an remain at peace.
French Revolutionary Wars

The **French Revolutionary Wars** war a series o sweepin militar conflicts, lastin frae 1792 till 1802, resultin frae the French Revolution.

## Notes

## References
Naition state

A **naition state** is a geografical aurie that can be identified as derivin its poleetical legitimacy frae servin as a sovereign naition.

## References
Kashmiri leid

**Kashmiri** () (), or **Koshur**, is a leid frae the Dardic subgroup o the Indo-Aryan leids an it is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley, in Jammu an Kashmir.

## References
6. the word koshur written on manuscript
Malayalam

**Malayalam**  ( ), whiles referred tae as **Kairali**, is a leid spoken in Indie, predominantly in the state o Kerala.

## References
Katie Holmes

**Kate Noel** "**Katie**" **Holmes** (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress an model who first achieved fame for her role as Joey Potter on The WB telly teen drama *[[Dawson's Creek]]* frae 1998 tae 2003.

## Notes

## References
Charles Babbage

**Charles Babbage**, FRS (; 26 December 1791&nbsp;–18 October 1871) wis an Inglis polymath.

## References
Boise, Idaho

**Boise** () is the caipital an maist populous city o the U.S. state o Idaho, as well as the coonty seat o Ada Coonty.

## References
Strontian

**Strontian** ( ; ) is the main veelage in Sunart, an aurie in wastren Lochaber, Hieland, Scotland, on the A861 road.

## References
Johannes Diderik van der Waals

**Johannes Diderik van der Waals** (; 23 November 1837 – 8 Mairch 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist an thermodynamicist famous for his wirk on an equation o state for gases an liquids.

## References
Meithei leid

**Meetei** (Meitei)  or **Manipuri**  is the predominant leid an lingua franca in the sootheastren Himalayan state o Manipur, in northeastren Indie.

## References
Oliver Sacks

**Oliver Wolf Sacks**, CBE (9 Julie 1933 &ndash; 30 August 2015) wis a Breetish-American neurologist, writer, an amateur chemist. He wis Professor o Neurology at New York University School of Medicine. The 1990 movie *[[Awakenings]]* wis basit on his book whaur he wis playit bi Robin Williams.

Sacks wis born on 9 Julie 1933 in London, England tae a Jewish faimily. He studit at St Paul's School, at The Queen's College, an at Oxford University.

He addressit his homosexuality for the first time in his 2015 autobiography *On the Move: A Life*.

Sacks wis diagnosit wi terminal liver cancer in Januar 2015. He deit on 30 August 2015 at his home in New York Ceety at the age o 82 frae the disease.

## References

## Ither wabsteids

*Oliver Sacks' official website
*Oliver Sacks  at Columbia University
*Oliver Sacks article archive at *[[The New York Review of Books]]*
*Oliver Sacks  on CNN in Januar 2011
*Oliver Sacks  on *Science Friday*, National Public Radio
Georg Cantor

**Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor** ( ; ; &nbsp;– Januar 6, 1918) wis a German mathematician.  He inventit set theory, which haes acome a fundamental theory in mathematics.

## References
St. Petersburg, Florida

**St. Petersburg** is a ceety in Pinellas Coonty, Florida, Unitit States.

## Sister ceeties
*  Takamatsu, Japan

## References
Tampa, Florida

**Tampa**  is a ceety in an the coonty seat o Hillsborough Coonty, Florida, Unitit States.

## Sister ceeties
Tampa haes formalised sister ceety agreements wi the follaein ceeties:

## References
Goiânia

**Goiânia** (; ) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Brazilian state o Goiás.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Goiania is twinned wi:

## References
Belém

**Belém** () is a Brazilian municipality, the caipital an lairgest ceety o the state o Pará in the kintra's north.

## Internaitional Relations
Belem haes the follaein pairtnership ceeties:
Eastman Kodak

**Eastman Kodak Company**, commonly kent as **Kodak**, is an American technology company that concentrates on imagin products, wi its heestoric basis on photography.

## References
Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Baron **Augustin-Louis Cauchy** (; 21 August 1789 – 23 Mey 1857) wis a French mathematician reputit as a pioneer o analysis.
Mathematical analysis

**Mathematical analysis** is a branch o mathematics that studies conteenous chynge an
includes the theories o differentiation, integration, meisur, leemits, infinite series, an analytic functions.

## References

## External links

* Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: Calculus & Analysis
* Basic Analysis: Introduction to Real Analysis by Jiri Lebl (Creative Commons BY-NC-SA)
* Mathematical Analysis-Encyclopædia Britannica
* Calculus and Analysis
Edmund Husserl

**Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl** (; ; 8 Aprile 1859 – 27 Aprile 1938) wis a German philosopher who established the schuil o phenomenology.

## References
Wes Craven

**Wes Craven** (August 2, 1939 &ndash; August 30, 2015) wis an American movie director. He wis born in Cleveland, Ohio. He wis weel kent for horror movie classics includin *[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]* an *[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]*.

On August 30, 2015, Wes Craven deit o brain cancer at his home in Los Angeles. He wis 76 year auld.

## References
New Orleans

**New Orleans** (, , , or ;  ) is a major Unitit States port an the lairgest ceety an metropolitan aurie in the state o Louisiana. It wis named in honour o Philippe d'Orléans, Duke o Orléans (Regent o Fraunce for the child Louis XV)

## Sister ceeties
New Orleans haes ten sister ceeties:
* Caracas, Venezuela
* Durban, Sooth Africae
* Innsbruck, Austrick
* Juan-les-Pins, Fraunce
* Maracaibo, Venezuela
* Matsue, Shimane, Japan
* Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
* Pointe-Noire, Republic o the Congo
* San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentinae
* Tegucigalpa, Honduras

## References
Olympia, Greece

**Olympia** (Greek: ; ;  *Olympía*), a sanctuary o auncient Greece in Elis on the Peloponnese peninsula, is kent for havin been the steid o the Olympic Gemmes in clessical times.

## Internaitional relations
Olympia, Greece is twinned wit:
* Ryal Borough o Greenwich, Unitit Kinrick
* Antibes, Fraunce
* Großostheim, Germany
* Atlanta,   Unitit States
* Olympia, United States
* Yakutsk, Roushie

## References
Gravity Falls

***Gravity Falls*** is an American animatit televeesion series produced bi Disney Television Animation that first aired on Disney Channel (then later transeetioned tae Disney XD) frae Juin 15, 2012 tae Februar 15, 2016. Creatit bi Alex Hirsch, the series follaes the adventurs o Dipper Pines (voiced bi Jason Ritter) an his twin sister Mabel (vyced bi Kristen Schaal) wha are sent tae spend the simmer wi thair great-uncle (or "Grunkle") Stan (vyced bi Hirsch), in a mysterious toun full o paranormal forces, supernatural creatures an cryptids. The bairns help Stan run "The Mystery Shack", the tourist trap that he ains, while an aa investigatin the local mysteries.

## Plot
For thair simmer vacation, 12-year-auld Dipper Pines an his twin sister Mabel are dropped aff frae thair home in Piedmont, Californie tae the fictitious toun o Gravity Falls, Roadkill Coonty, Oregon tae live wi thair Great Uncle Stan Pines (eften shortened tae Grunkle Stan), wha runs a tourist trap cried the 'Mystery Shack'. Things are nae what thay seem in this smaw toun, an wi the help o a mysterious jurnal that Dipper finds in the forest, Dipper an Mabel begin unravelin the local mysteries. Wi appearances frae Wendy Corduroy, Mystery Shack cashier; Soos Ramirez, friend o Dipper an Mabel an handyman tae Grunkle Stan; plus an assortment o ither chairacters, Dipper an Mabel ayeweys hae an intriguin day tae leuk forrit tae.

## References
Zonguldak

**Zonguldak** is a ceety an the caipital o Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region o Turkey.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Zonguldak is twinned wi:
*  Abu Dhabi, Unitit Arab Emirates
*  Maribor, Slovenie
*  Celje, Slovenie
*  Žilina, Slovakie
*  Karachi, Pakistan
*  New Orleans, LA, USA
*  Asau, Tuvalu
*  Lamu, Kenyae
*  Maracaibo, Venezuela

## References
Nathaniel Hawthorne

**Nathaniel Hawthorne** (; born **Nathaniel Hathorne**; Julie 4, 1804 – Mey 19, 1864) wis an American novelist an short story writer.
Torre Annunziata

**Torre Annunziata** () is a ceety an *[[comune]]* in the Metropolitan Ceety o Naples, region o Campanie in Italy.
Muse

The **Muses** ( *Mousai*; aiblins frae the o-grade o the Proto-Indo-European ruit **men-* "think") in Greek meethology that the Romans adoptit are the goddesses o the inspiration o leeteratur, science, an the arts.
Euterpe

In Greek meethology, **Euterpe** (; , , ; "rejycin weel" or "delite" frae Auncient Greek εὖ 'weel' + τέρπειν *terpein* 'tae please') wis ane o the Muses, the dauchters o Mnemosyne, faithered bi Zeus.  Cried the "Gier o delicht", whan later poets assigned roles tae ilkane o the Muses, she wis the muse o muisic.  In late Clessical times she wis named muse o lyric poetry an depictit haudin a flute. A few say she inventit the *[[aulos]]* or double-flute, thou maist meethografers credit Marsyas wi its invention.

## References
William Blake

**William Blake** (28 November 1757&nbsp;– 12 August 1827) wis an Inglis poet, penter, an prentmakker. Lairgely unrecognised in his lifetime, Blake is nou conseedert a seminal feegur in the history o the poetry an veesual airts o the Romantic Age. Whit he cried his prophetic warks war said bi 20t-century creetic Northrop Frye tae form "whit is in proportion tae its meerits the least read bouk o poetry in the Inglis leid". His veesual airtistry led 21st-century creetic Jonathan Jones tae proclaim him "faur an awey the greatest airtist Breetain haes iver produced". In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. While he lived in Lunnon his entire life, except for three years spent in Felpham, he produced a diverse an seembolically rich *[[wark o airt|œuvre]]*, that embraced the eemagination as "the bouk o God" or "human existence itself".

Awtho Blake wis conseedert mad bi contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, he is held in heich regaird bi later creetics for his expressiveness an creauteevity, an for the filosofical an mystical unnercurrents within his wark. His pentins an poetry hae been chairacterised as pairt o the Romantic muivement an as "Pre-Romantic". A committit Christian that wis hostile tae the Kirk o Ingland (indeed, tae awmaist aw forms o organised releegion), Blake wis influenced bi the ideals an ambeetions o the French an American Revolutions. Tho later he rejectit mony o thir poleetical beliefs, he mainteened an amiable relationship wi the poleetical activist Thomas Paine; he wis an aw influenced bi thinkers sic as Emanuel Swedenborg. Despite thir kent influences, the seengularity o Blake's wark maks him difficult tae clessifee. The 19t-century scholart William Rossetti chairacterised him as a "glorious luminar", an "a man nae forestawed bi predecessors, nor tae be clessed wi contemporaries, nor tae be replaced bi kent or readily surmisable successors".

## References
Anaheim, Californie

**Anaheim** (pronoonced ) is a city in Orange Coonty, Californie, pairt o the Los Angeles metropolitan area.

## Sister cities
*  Mito, Japan
*  Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain

## References
Lesser Antilles

The **Lesser Antilles** (kent as the **Caribbees** an aw) is the name gien tae a group o islands in the Caribbean Sea.
Airtist

An **airtist** is a person engaged in ane or mair o ony o a broad spectrum o activities relatit tae creatin airt, practicin the airts, an/or demonstrating an airt.
Ustaše

The **Ustaše** (), kent as "Ustashe", "Ustashas", an "Ustashi" an aw, war members o the **Ustaša – Croatie Revolutionary Movement** (), a Croatian fascist, ultranaitionalist an terrorist organisation, active, in its oreeginal form, atween 1929 an 1945.

## References
Michael Wenning

**Michael Harold Wenning** (Julie 5, 1935 – Juin 28, 2011) wis an South African-born American Presbyterian minister. Frae 1969 tae 1977, he wis pastor o a Presbyterian church in Durban, South Africa. He wis kent for performin Ronald Reagan's state funeral.

## References
Sam Houston

**Samuel "Sam" Houston** (Mairch 2, 1793Julie 26, 1863) wis an American politeecian an soldier, best kent for his role in bringin Texas intae the Unitit States as a constituent state.

## References
Agustín de Iturbide

**Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu** (27 September 178319 Julie 1824), kent as **Augustine o Mexico** an aw, wis a Mexican airmy general an politeecian.
Porfirio Díaz

**José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori** (; 15 September 1830 – 2 Julie 1915) wis a Mexican soldier an politeecian, who served seiven terms as Preses o Mexico; a tot o three an a hauf decades frae 1876 an 1911.
Francisco I. Madero

**Francisco Ignacio Madero González** (; 30 October 1873‒22 Februar 1913) challenged Mexican Preses Porfirio Díaz for the presidency in 1910 an was instrumental in sparkin the Mexican Revolution.

## References
Lázaro Cárdenas

**Lázaro Cárdenas del Río** (; Mey 21, 1895  – October 19, 1970) wis a general in the Mexican Revolution an an able statesman who served as Preses o Mexico atween 1934 an 1940.
Felipe Calderón

**Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa**  (; born August 18, 1962) is a Mexican politeecian who served as Preses o Mexico frae December 1, 2006, tae November 30, 2012.

## References
Hydroelectricity

**Hydroelectricity**  is the term referrin tae electricity generatit bi hydropouer; the production o electrical pouer throu the uise o the gravitational force o fawin or flaein watter.

## References
Antonio López de Santa Anna

**Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón** (; 21 Februar 1794 – 21 Juin 1876), eften kent as **Santa Anna** or **López de Santa Anna** an whiles cried "the Napoleon o the Wast", wis a Mexican politeecian an general who greatly influenced early Mexican politics an govrenment. Santa Anna first opponed the movement for Mexican unthirldom frae Spain, but then foucht in support o it. Thou nae the first *[[caudillo]]* (militar leader) o modren Mexico, he wis amang the earliest.

## References
Chemist

A **chemist** is a scientist trained in the study o chemistry. Chemists study the composeetion o matter an its properties.
Gelatin

**Gelatin** or **gelatine** (frae  meanin "stieve", "frozen") is a leamin, colourless, brickle (whan dry), wangustie fuid ingredient, derived frae collagen that itsel is got frae various ainimal bi-products.
Connective tishie

**Connective tishie** (**CT**) is ane o the fower teeps o biological tishie that support, connect, or separate different teeps o tishies an organs in the body.
Elbae

In primates, includin humans, the **elbow jynt** is the synovial hinge jynt atween the humerus in the upper airm an the radius an ulna in the foreairm which allaes the haund tae be moved towards an away frae the body.
Rocky Moontains

The **Rocky Moontains** (), commonly kent as the **Rockies**, are a major moontain range in wastren North Americae.
Ingmar Bergman

**Ernst Ingmar Bergman** (; 14 Julie 1918&nbsp;– 30 Julie 2007) wis a Swadish director, writer an producer who wirked in film, telly, an theatre. He is recognised as ane o the maist accomplished an influential auteurs o aw time

## References
Haund

A **haund** (med./lait.: manus, pl. manūs) is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity locatit at the end o an airm or forelimb o primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, an lemurs.
UDIK

**UDIK** or **Association fur Social Research 'n' Communication (udik)** is a non-governmental organization in Bosnia an Herzegovina. Founder 'n' coordinator is Edvin Kanka Ćudić.  UDIK deals wi' human rights violations 'n' war crimes in th' former Yugoslavia.

## Fremmit airtins
*Oficial Site
Melt

The **melt** (frae Greek —*splḗn*) is an organ foond in virtually aw vertebrates. Seemilar in structur tae a muckle lymph node, it acts primarily as a bluid filter.

## References
Bette Davis

**Ruth Elizabeth "Bette" Davis** (5 Apryle 1908 – 6 October 1989) wis an American actress o film, televeesion an theatre. Wi a career spannin 60 years, she is regairdit as ane o the greatest actresses in Hollywood history. She wis noted for playin unsympathetic, sardonic chairacters, an wis famous for her performances in a range o film genres, frae contemporary crime melodramas tae historical an period films, suspense horror, an occasional comedies, awtho her greatest successes war her roles in romantic dramas.

## References
Neuilly-sur-Seine

**Neuilly-sur-Seine** () is a *[[Communes o Fraunce|commune]]* in the wastren suburbs o Paris, Fraunce. It is locatit  frae the centre o Paris.

## Twin touns
Neuilly-sur-Seine is twinned wi:
* Uccle, Belgium
* Windsor, Unitit Kinrick
* Hanau, Germany

## References
Felix Dzerzhinsky

**Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky** (Roushie: Фе́ликс Эдму́ндович Дзержи́нский; Pols: *Feliks Dzierżyński* ; 20 Julie 1926), nicknamed **Iron Felix, Bloody Felix an Reid Butcher**, wis a Soviet statesman o Pols strynd an a prominent member o revolutionary movements.
Constructit leid

A **planned** or **constructit leid** is a leid whose phonology, grammar, an vocabulary hae been consciously devised for human or human-lik communication, insteid o havin developed naiturally. Weel-kent ensaumples o international leids include: Esperanto, Interlingua, Ido and Interslavic. Klingon and Dothraki are ensaumples o leids creautit for airtistic ettles.
Poles

The **Poles** (, ; singular masculine: *Polak*, singular feminine: *Polka*) are a naition an Wast Slavic ethnic group native tae Poland.

## References
Jan Hus

**Jan Hus** (c. 1369 – 6 Julie 1415), eften referred tae in Anglic leids as **John Hus** or **John Huss**, wis a Czech priest, filosofer, early Christian reformer an Master at Charles Varsity in Prague that becam a kirk reformer, an inspirer o Hussitism, a key predecessor tae Protestantism an a seminal feegur in the Bohemian Reformation.

Efter John Wycliffe, the theorist o ecclesiastical reform, Hus is conseedert the first kirk reformer, as he lived afore Luther, Calvin, an Zwingli. His teachins haed a strang influence on the states o Wastren Europe, maist immediately in the appruival o a reformed Bohemie releegious denomination, an, mair nor a century later, on Martin Luther himsel.
He wis birned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines o the Catholic Kirk, includin thae on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, an ither theological topics.

Efter Hus wis executit in 1415, the follaers o his releegious teachings (kent as Hussites) rebelled against thair Catholic rulers an defeatit five consecutive papal crusades atween 1420 an 1431 in whit becam kent as the Hussite Wars. Baith the Bohemie an the Moravie populations remeened majority Hussite till the 1620s, whan a Protestant defeat in the Battle o the White Muntain resultit in the Launds o the Bohemian Croun comin unner Habsburg dominion for the next 300 years an bein subject tae immediate an forced conversion in an intense campaign o return tae Catholicism until to first world war.

## References
Kinrick o Bohemie

The **Kinrick o Bohemie**, whiles an aa referred tae as the **Czech Kinrick** (; ; ), wis a state locatit in the region o Bohemie in Central Europe, whose territory is currently includit in the modren-day Czech Republic.

## References
Alphonse Mucha

**Alfons Maria Mucha** (; 24 Julie 1860 – 14 Julie 1939), eften kent in Scots, Inglis, an French as **Alphonse Mucha**, wis a Czech Art Nouveau penter an decorative airtist, kent best for his distinct style.

## References
Greta Garbo

**Greta Garbo** (born **Greta Lovisa Gustafsson** ( 18 September 1905 – 15 Aprile 1990) wis a Swadish film actress an an internaitional starn an icon during Hollywood's silent an clessic periods.

Garbo launched her career wi a seicontar role in the 1924 Swadish film *[[The Saga of Gösta Berling]]*. Her performance caucht the attention o Louis B. Mayer, chief executive o Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), that brocht her tae Hollywood in 1925. She steered interest wi her first American seelent film, *[[Torrent (1926 film)|Torrent]]* (1926). Garbo’s performance in *[[Flesh and the Devil]]* (1927), her third movie, made her an internaitional star.

Garbo's first talkin film was *[[Anna Christie (1930 Inglis-leid film)|Anna Christie]]* (1930). MGM mercaters enteeced the public wi the tagline "Garbo talks!" That same year, she starned in *[[Romance (1930 film)|Romance]]*. For her performances in thir films, she received the first o three Academy Awaird nominations for best actress. Academy rules at the time alloued for a performer tae receive a single nomination for his or her wark in mair nor ane film. In 1932, her success alloued her tae dictate the terms o her contract, an she becam increasingly selective aboot her roles. She conteena'd in films sic as *[[Mata Hari (1931 film)|Mata Hari]]* (1931), *[[Grand Hotel (1932 film)|Grand Hotel]]* (1932), an *[[Queen Christina (film)|Queen Christina]]* (1933). Mony creetics an film historians conseeder her performance as the doomed coortesan Marguerite Gautier in *[[Camille (1936 film)|Camille]]* (1936) tae be her finest. The role gained her a seicont Academy Awaird nomination. Houiver, Garbo's career suin declined an she wis ane o the mony starns labeled "box office poison" in 1938. Her career revived upon her turn tae comedy in *[[Ninotchka]]* (1939) that earned her a third Academy Awaird nomination, but efter the failyie o *[[Two-Faced Woman]]* (1941), she reteert frae the screen, at the age o 35, efter actin in 28 films.

Efter reteerin, Garbo declined aw opportunities tae return to the screen. Shunnin publicity, she led a preevat life. Garbo wis an airt collector that's collection, includin warks frae Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pierre Bonnard, an Kees van Dongen, wis worth millions o dollars whan she dee'd.

## References
The Simpsons

***The Simpsons*** is an American ainimatit sitcom creatit bi Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical depiction o wirkin-cless life, epitomised bi the Simpson faimily, that conseests o Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, an Maggie. The shaw is set in the feectional toun o Springfield an parodies American cultur an society, telly, an the human condeetion.

## References
Wenceslaus I, Duke o Bohemie

**Wenceslaus I** ( ; c. 907 &ndash; September 28, 935), or **Wenceslas I**, wis the duke (*[[Knyaz|kníže]]*) o Bohemie frae 921 till his assassination in 935, purportedly in a plot bi his ain brither, Boleslav the Cruel.
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

**Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk** (), whiles cried **Thomas Masaryk** in Scots (7 Mairch 1850 – 14 September 1937), wis a Czechoslovak politeecian, sociologist an philosopher, that wis an eager advocate o Czechoslovak unthirldom during Warld War I an becam the foonder an first Preses o Czechoslovakie.

## References

## Literature

Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, site 8-34, 36-39, 41-42, 106-107, 111-112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–215.
Charles IV, Haly Roman Emperor

**Charles IV** (, , ; 14 Mey 1316 – 29 November 1378), born **Wenceslaus**, wis the seicont Keeng o Bohemie frae the Hoose o Luxembourg, an the first King o Bohemie an aa tae acome Haly Roman Emperor.

## References
Halie Romane Rik

The **Halie Romane Empire** or **Rik** (Laitin: *Sacrum Romanum Imperium*, German: *Heiliges Römisches Reich*) wis a multi-ethnic complex o territories in central Europe that developit during the Early Middle Ages an continued till its dissolution in 1806.

The leader o the rik wis kent as the *Emperor* or *Kaiser* (Cazard) (full title , ). Frae an autocracy in Carolingian times the teetle evolved intae an elected monarchy chosen bi the Prince-electors. Till the Reformation the Emperor elect (*imperator electus*) wis required tae be crouned bi the Pape afore assumin the imperial title.
## Notes


## References
Karel Čapek

**Karel Čapek** () (9 Januar 1890&nbsp;– 25 December 1938) wis a Czech writer o the early 20t century. He haed multiple roles throuoot his career sic as playwricht, dramatist, essayist, publisher, leeterary reviewer, an airt critic. Nonetheless, he is best kent for his science feection, includin his novel *[[War wi the Newts]]* an the play *[[R.U.R.]]*, (*Rossum's Universal Robots*) which introduced the wird *[[robot]]*.He wrote several talks with Czechoslovak president Thomas Garrigue Masaryk

## References
Frederick III, Haly Roman Emperor

**Frederick III** (21 September 1415 &ndash; 19 August 1493), cried **the Peacefu**, wis Haly Roman Emperor frae 1452 till his daoth, the first emperor o the Hoose o Habsburg.
Sigismund, Haly Roman Emperor

**Sigismund o Luxemburg** (15 Februar 1368 – 9 December 1437) wis  Prince-elector o Brandenburg frae 1378 till 1388 an frae 1411 till 1415, Keeng o Hungary an Croatia frae 1387, Keeng o Germany frae 1411, Keeng o Bohemie frae 1419, Keeng o Italy frae 1431, an Haly Roman Emperor for fower years frae 1433 till 1437, the last male member o the Hoose o Luxemburg.

## References
Maximilian I, Haly Roman Emperor

**Maximilian I** (22 Mairch 1459 – 12 Januar 1519), the son o Frederick III, Haly Roman Emperor, an Eleanor o Portugal, wis King o the Romans (kent as King o the Germans an aw) frae 1486 an Haly Roman Emperor frae 1508 till his daith, thou he wis never in fact crouned bi the Pape, the journey tae Roum ayeweys bein too risky.
Francis I, Haly Roman Emperor

**Francis I** (German: *Franz Stefan*; Italian: *Francesco Stefano*; Scots: *Francis Stephen*; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) wis Haly Roman Emperor an Grand Duke o Tuscany, thou his wife effectively executit the real powers o those poseetions.  Wi his wife, Maria Theresa, he wis the foonder o the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.

## Issue
# Airchduchess Maria Elisabeth o Austrick (1737–1740) died in infancy. 
# Airchduchess Maria Anna o Austrick (1738–1789) died in infancy. 
# Airchduchess Maria Carolina o Austrick (1740–1741) died in infancy. 
# Joseph II, Haly Roman Emperor  (1741–1790) mairit (1) Princess Isabella o Parma then (2) Princess Maria Josepha o Bavarie an haed issue. 
# Airchduchess Maria Christina o Austrick (1742–1798) mairit Prince Albert Casimir August o Saxony, Duke o Teschen an haed issue. 
# Airchduchess Maria Elisabeth o Austrick (1743–1808) niver mairit an haed nae issue. 
# Airchduke Charles Joseph o Austrick (1745–1761) niver mairit. 
# Airchduchess Maria Amalia o Austrick (1746–1804) mairit Prince Ferdinando o Parma, Duke o Parma an haed issue. 
# Leopold II, Haly Roman Emperor (1747–1792)
# Airchduchess Maria Carolina o Austrick  (stillborn 1748) 
# Airchduchess Maria Johanna Gabriele o Austrick (1750–1762) died young. 
# Airchduchess  Maria Josepha o Austrick (1751–1767) niver mairit. 
# Airchduchess Maria Carolina o Austrick (1752–1814) mairit Ferdinand I o the Twa Sicilies an haed issue. 
# Airchduke Ferdinand o Austrick, Duke o Breisgau (1754-1806) mairit Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess o Massa an haed childer. 
# Airchduchess Maria Antonia o Austrick (''Marie Antoinette'') (1755–1793) mairit Louis XVI o Fraunce an haed issue. 
# Airchdue Maximilian Francis o Austrick (1756–1801)

## Teetles an styles
* **8 December 1708 - 4 Juin 1723** *His Highness* Prince Francis Stephan o Lorraine.
* **4 Juin 1723 - 27 Mairch 1729** *His Highness* The Hereditary Prince o Lorraine.
* **27 Mairch 1729 - 12 July 1737** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Duke o Lorraine.
* **12 Julie 1737 - 20 Januar 1745** *His Ryal Highness* The Grand Duke o Tuscany.
* **20 Januar 1745 - 18 August 1765** *His Imperial Majesty* The Haly Roman Emperor.

## Ither wabsteids

## References
Joseph II, Haly Roman Emperor

**Joseph II** (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 Mairch 1741 – 20 Februar 1790) wis Haly Roman Emperor frae 1765 tae 1790 an ruler o the Habsburg launds frae 1780 tae 1790.

## Issue with [[Princess Isabella o Parma]]

# Airchduchess Maria Theresa o Austrick (20 Mairch 1762 - 23 Januar 1770)  Died o pleurisy.
#  Miscarried child  (August 1762 - August 1762).
# Miscarried child (Januar 1763 - Januar 1763)
# Airchduchess Maria Christina o Austrick (22 November 1763 - 22 November 1763) died shortly after birth.

## Teetles an styles

* 13 Mairch 1741&nbsp;– 4 Aprile 1764: *[[His Ryal Highness]]* Airchduke Joseph o Austrick, Prince Ryal o Hungary an Bohemie, Prince o Tuscany.
* 4 Aprile 1764 – 18 August 1765: *His Majesty* The King o the Romans.
* 18 August 1765 – 20 Februar 1790: *His Imperial Majesty* The Haly Roman Emperor.
Francis II, Haly Roman Emperor

**Francis II** () (12 Februar 1768&nbsp;– 2 Mairch 1835) wis the last Haly Roman Emperor, rulin frae 1792 till 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Haly Roman Empire efter the decisive defeat at the haunds o the First French Empire led bi Napoleon at the Battle o Austerlitz.

## External links
Votic leid

**Votic** or **Votian** (*vađđa ceeli* or *maaceeli*&nbsp;– screivit sae *vaďďa tšeeli*, *maatšeeli* an aa) is the leid spoken bi the Votes o Ingrie, belangin tae the Finnic branch o the Uralic leids.

## See forby
* Votes
* Ingrie
* Krevinian dialect

## References
Finnic leids

The **Finnic** (Fennic) or **Baltic Finnic** (Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic) leids are a branch o the Uralic leid faimily spoken aroond the Baltic Sea bi aboot 7 million fowk. some o the finnic leids are in the middle o a byleid an a leid, sic as Meänkieli, Kven an Ludic. Some fowk forby sae thit the rauma byleid maucht bi hits awn leid.

## Notes

## References
French Republican Calendar

The **French Republican Calendar** () or **French Revolutionary Calendar** (*calendrier révolutionnaire français*) wis a calendar creatit an implementit during the French Revolution, an uised bi the French govrenment for aboot 12 years frae late 1793 tae 1805, an for 18 days bi the Paris Commune in 1871.
Napoleonic Wars

The **Napoleonic Wars** (1803–1815) war a series o major conflicts pittin the French Empire led bi Emperor Napoleon I against an array o European pouers formed intae sindry coaleetions.

## References
Joseph Bonaparte

**Joseph Napoléon Bonaparte** (7 Januar 1768 – 28 Julie 1844) wis the elder brither o Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him Keeng o Naples an Sicily (1806–1808), an later Keeng o Spain (1808–1813, as **José I**). Efter the faw o Napoleon, Joseph styled himsel *[[Survilliers|Comte de Survilliers]]*.
Ferdinand VII o Spain

**Ferdinand VII** (; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) wis twice Keeng o Spain: in 1808 an again frae 1813 tae his daith.

## Issue with [[Maria Isabel o Portugal]]

*Infanta María Luisa Isabel o Spain (21 August 1817 – 9 Januar 1818)
*Infanta María Luisa Isabel o Spain (26 December 1818) stillborn dochter.

## Issue with [[Maria Christina o the Twa Sicilies]]

#Infanta Isabel II o Spain (later Queen Isabel II) (10 October 1830 – 10 Aprile 1904) mairit Infante Francisco de Asís o Spain, Duke o Cádiz an haed issue. 
# Infanta Luisa Fernanda o Spain ( 30 Januar 1832 – 2 Februar 1897) mairit Prince Antoine o Orléans, Duke o Montpensier an haed issue.
Amadeo I o Spain

**Amadeo I** (Italian **Amedeo**, whiles anglicised as **Amadeus**) (30 Mey 1845 –  18 Januar 1890) wis the anly Keeng o Spain frae the Hoose o Savoy.

## First mairiage

He mairit Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo on  30 Mey 1867. Thay haed three childer.

### Issue

# Prince Emanuele Filiberto o Savoy, Duke o Aosta (13 Januar 1869 &ndash; 4 Julie 1931) mairit Princess Hélène o Orléans an haed issue.
# Prince Vittorio Emanuele o Savoy, Coont o Turin (24 November 1870 &ndash; 10 October 1946), niver mairit.
# Prince Luigi Amedeo o Savoy, Duke o the Abruzzi (29 Januar 1873 &ndash; 18 Mairch 1933) niver mairit.

## Seicont mairiage

He mairit Marie Laetitia Bonaparte on 11 September 1888. Thay haed ane son.

### Issue
# Prince Umberto o Savoy, Coont o Salemi (22 Juin 1889 – 19 October 1918) died in 1918 flu pandemic in World War I. Never mairit.

## Teetles an styles

***30 Mey 184516 November 1870** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Duke o Aosta.
***16 November 187011 Februar 1873** *His [[Majesty]]* The King o Spain.
***11 Februar 187318 Januar 1890** *His [[Ryal Highness]]* The Duke o Aosta.

## See also
Charles IV o Spain

**Charles IV** (Spainyie: *Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario Serafín Diego*; 11 November 1748&nbsp;– 20 Januar 1819) wis Keeng o Spain frae 14 December 1788, till his abdication on 19 Mairch 1808.

## Mairiage

Charles IV mairit his first cousin Maria Luisa o Parma, dochter o Philip o Spain, Duke o Parma, in 1765. The couple haed fourteen childer, sax o whom survived intae adultheid.

## Issue

#Carlos Clemente o Spain, Infante o Spain (19 September 1771 – 7 Mairch 1774) died in infancy.
#Carlota Joaquina o Spain, Infanta o Spain (25 Aprile 1775 – 7 Januar 1830) mairit John VI o Portugal an haed issue.
#Maria Luisa o Spain, Infanta o Spain (11 September 1777 – 2 Julie 1782) died in infancy.
#Maria Amalia o Spain, Infanta o Spain (9 Januar 1779 – 22 Julie 1798) mairit Infante Antonio Pascual o Spain, nae issue.
#Carlos Domingo o Spain, Infante o Spain (5 Mairch 1780 – 11 Juin 1783) died in infancy.
#Maria Luisa o Spain, Infanta o Spain (6 Julie 1782 – 13 Mairch 1824) mairit Louis o Parma an haed issue.
#Carlos Francisco o Spain, Infante o Spain (5 September 1783 – 11 November 1784) died in infancy.
#Felipe Francisco o Spain, Infante o Spain (5 September 1783 – 18 October 1784) died in infancy.
#Ferdinand VII o Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) succeeded his faither as Keeng o Spain.
#Carlos o Spain, "Coont o Molina", Infante o Spain (29 Mairch 1788 – 10 Mairch 1855) mairit Infanta Maria Francisca o Portugal an haed issue.
#María Isabella o Spain, Infanta o Spain (6 Juin 1789 – 13 September 1848) mairit Francis I, Keeng o the Twa Sicilies an haed issue.
#Maria Teresa o Spain, Infanta o Spain (16 Februar 1791 – 2 November 1794) died in infancy.
#Felipe Maria o Spain, Infante o Spain (28 Mairch 1792 – 1 Mairch 1794) died in infancy.
#Francisco Antonio de Paula o Spain, Infante o Spain, "Duke o Cadiz" (10 Mairch 1794 – 13 August 1865) mairit (1) Princess Luisa Carlotta o the Twa Sicilies an haed issue. Mairit (2) Teresa de Arredondo y Ramirez de Arellano an haed ane son.

## Teetles an styles

*11 November 1748&nbsp;– 10 August 1759 *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Prince o Taranto.
*10 August 1759&nbsp;– 14 December 1788 *His [[Ryal Highness]]* The Prince o Asturies.
*14 December 1788&nbsp;– 19 Mairch 1808 *His Majesty* the Keeng.
*19 Mairch 1808&nbsp;– 20 Januar 1819 *His Majesty* Keeng Carlos.

## Ither wabsteids
Alfonso XII o Spain

**Alfonso XII** (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 1857 – 25 November 1885) wis Keeng o Spain, reignin frae 1874 tae 1885, efter a *coup d'état* restored the monarchy an endit the ephemeral First Spainyie Republic.

## Issue with [[Maria Cristina o Austrick|Queen Maria Cristina]]

# María de las Mercedes, Princess o Asturias (11 September 1880 – 17 October 1904) mairit Prince Carlo o the Twa Sicilies an haed issue. 
# Infanta María Teresa o Spain 12 November 1882 – 23 September 1912) mairit Prince Ferdinand o Bavarie an haed issue. 
# Alfonso XIII o Spain (17 Mey 1886 – 28 Februar 1941) mairit Victoria Eugenie o Battenberg an haed issue.

## Teetles an styles
***1857-1870** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Prince o Asturias.
***29 December 1874 – 25 November 1885** *His Majesty* The King.

## Ither wabsteids
Charles III o Spain

**Charles III** (Spainish: *Carlos*; Italian: *Carlo*; 20 Januar 1716 – 14 December 1788) wis the King o Spain an the Spainish Indies frae 1759 tae 1788. He wis engaged tae Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans for a wee while but thay niver mairit. His cousin Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke o Tuscany, creatit him the heir tae the Grand Duchy o Tuscany in 1732.

## Mairiage

On 19 Juin 1738  Portella, a veelage on the kinrick's frontier near Fondi. he mairit Princess Maria Amalia o Saxony.

## Issue

# Princess Maria Isabel (6 September 1740 – 2 November 1742) died in childhood.
#Princess Maria Josefa (20 Januar 1742 – 1 Aprile 1742) died in childhood.
# Princess María Isabel Ana (30 Aprile 1743 – 5 Mairch 1749) died in childhood.
#Princess María Josefa (6 Julie 1744 – 8 December 1801). 
#Princess Maria Luisa (24 November 1745 – 15 Mey 1792) mairit Leopold II, Haly Roman Emperor an haed issue.
# Prince Felipe, Duke o Calabrie (13 Juin 1747 – 19 September 1777). 
#Charles IV o Spain (11 November 1748 – 19 Januar 1819 mairit Maria Luisa o Parma an haed issue.
# Princess Maria Teresa (2 December 1749 – 2 Mey 1750) died in childhood.
#Ferdinand I o the Twa Sicilies (12 Januar 1751 – 4 Januar 1834 mairit Maria Carolina o Austrick an haed issue.
#Prince Gabriel (11 Mey 1752 – 23 November 1788). mairit Infanta Mariana Vitória o Portugal an haed issue.
# Princess Maria Ana (3 Julie 1754 – 11 Mey 1755) died in childhood.
#Prince Antonio Pascual (31 December 1755 – 20 Apryle 1817. mairit Infanta María Amalia o Spain 
#Prince Francisco Javier (15 Februar 1757 – 10 Aprile 1771, died in childhood.

## Teetles an styles

***20 Januar 1716 - 	29 December 1731** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Infante *Don* Carlos o Spain. 
***	29 December 1731 – 3 October 1735** *His [[Ryal Highness]]* The Duke o Parma. 
****2 September 1734 – 10 August 1759** *His Majesty* The King o Sicily. 
****10 Mey 1734 – 10 August 1759** *His Majesty* The King o Naples.
***10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788** *His Majesty* The King o Spain.

## External links
Ferdinand VI o Spain

**Ferdinand VI** (Spainyie: *Fernando VI*; 23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759), cried **the Learned**, wis Keeng o Spain frae 9 Julie 1746 till his daith.

## Mairiage

On 20 Januar 1729, Ferdinand mairit Barbara o Portugal, dochter o John V o Portugal an Maria Anna o Austrick. Despite having a loving relationship the couple haed nae children, an Ferdinand's younger half-brither Infante Carlos would succeed him in 1759.

## Teetles an styles

***23 September 1713 – 31 August 1724** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The *Infante* Don Fernando o Spain.
***31 August 1724 – 9 Julie 1746** *His Ryal Highness* The Prince o Asturias.
***9 Julie 1746 – 10 August 1759** *[[His Majesty]]* The King of Spain.

## External links
Gustaf V o Swaden

**Gustaf V** (*Oscar Gustaf Adolf* 16 Juin 1858 – 29 October 1950) wis Keeng o Swaden frae 1907.

## Teetles an styles

***16 June 1858  – 18 September 1872:** *His [[Ryal Highness]]* Prince Gustaf o Swaden an Norwa, Duke o Värmland.
***18 September 1872 – 7 June 1905:** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Croun Prince o Swaden an Norawa, Duke o Värmland.
***7 June 1905 – 8 December 1907:** *His Ryal Highness* The Croun Prince o Swaden, Duke o Värmland.
***8 December 1907 – 29 October 1950:** *His Majesty* The King o Swaden.
Oscar II o Swaden

**Oscar II** (21 Januar 1829 – 8 December 1907), baptised **Oscar Fredrik,** wis Keeng o Swaden frae 1872 till his daith an Keeng o Norawa frae 1872 till 1905. He wis gien the teetle Duke o 
Östergötland at birth.

## References
Charles XV o Swaden

**Charles XV & IV** an aa **Carl** (*Carl Ludvig Eugen*); Swadish an Norse: *Karl* (3 Mey 1826 – 18 September 1872) wis Keeng o Swaden (*Charles XV*) an Norawa (*Charles IV*) frae 1859 till his daith.
Désirée Clary

**Bernardine Eugénie Désirée Clary** (*Eugénie Bernardine Désirée*; 8 November 1777 – 17 December 1860), wis Queen o Swaden an Norawa as the consort o Keeng Charles XIV John, an umwhile French General an foonder o the Hoose o Bernadotte, an ane-time fiancée o Napoleon Bonaparte.

## Issue

# Oscar I o Swaden (4 Julie 1799 – 8 Julie 1859) mairit Josephine o Leuchtenberg an haed issue.

## Teetles an styles

***8 November 1777 - 17 August 1798** Mademoiselle Désirée Clary.
***17 Aug 1798 - 1806** Madame Bernadotte
***1806 - 1810** *[[Her Ryal Highness]]* The Princess o Pontecorvo.
***1810 - 1814** *Her Ryal Highness* The Croun Princess o Swaden.
** In Fraunce: summer 1811 - 13 Juin 1823** The Coontess o Gotland
*1814 - 5 Fev 1818 ''Her Ryal Highness'' The Croun Princess o Swaden an Norwa.
***5 Februar 1818 - 8 Mar 1844** ''Her Majesty'' The Queen o Swaden an Norwa.
***8 Mairch 1844 - 8 Julie 1859** ''Her Majesty'' The Dowager Queen o Swaden an Norwa.
***8 Jul 1859 - 17 December 1860*' *Her Majesty'' The Dowager Queen Desideria o Swaden an Norwa.