open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Temperate climate

In geografie, **temperate** or **tepid** latitudes o the globe lie atween the tropics an the polar regions. 

Chynges in temperatur atween simmers an winters in temperate regions is maistly middlin rather nor austern. Houiver, in certaint temperate latitudes distant frae the sea, sic as central Asie an central North Americae, the differ atween simmer an winter is mair fell an the climate in thir pairts is cried continental. In some auries coontit as tropical, on the ither haun, localities at heich altitudes, sic as pairts o the Andes, micht hae a temperate climate.

## References
Geographic coordinate seestem

A **geographic coordinate seestem** is a coordinate seestem that enables ilka location on the Yird tae be specified bi a set o nummers or letters. The coordinates are aften chosen sae that ane o the nummers represents vertical poseetion, an twa or three o the nummers represent horizontal poseetion. A common choice o coordinates is latitude, longitude an elevation.

## References
Hyperbola

In mathematics, a **hyperbola** is a type o smuith curve, lyin in a plane, defined bi its geometric properties or bi equations for which it is the solution set.  A hyperbola haes twa pieces, cried connectit components or branches, that are mirror images o ilk ither an resemble twa infinite bows.  The hyperbola is ane o the fower kinds o conic section, furmed bi the intersection o a plane an a double cone.  (The other conic sections are the parabola, the ellipse, an the circle; the circle is a special case o the ellipse). If the plane intersects baith halves o the double cone but daes nae pass through the apex o the cones then the conic is a hyperbola.
Eccentricity (mathematics)

In mathematics, the **eccentricity**, denotit *e* or \varepsilon, is a parameter associated wi every conic section. It can be thoucht o as a measur o hou much the conic section deviates frae bein circular.

In pairticular,
*The eccentricity o a circle is zero.
*The eccentricity o an ellipse which is nae a circle is greater nor zero but less nor 1.
*The eccentricity o a parabola is 1.
*The eccentricity o a hyperbola is greater nor 1.

Furthermore, twa conic sections are seemilar if an anly if thay hae the same eccentricity.
William Jay Smith

**William Jay Smith** (22 Aprile 1918 - 18 August 2015) wis an poet frae United States. He wis appointed as the nineteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress frae 1968 to 1970.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*"The CPR Interview: William Jay Smith", ''The Contemporary Poetry Review''
*The William Jay Smith Papers at Washington University in St. Louis 
*"William Jay Smith", ''2004 National Book Festival''
Fred Stobaugh

**Fred Stobaugh** (22 August 1917 - 23 November 2016) wis an sangster-songwriter frae United States. He wis kent for writing the sang *Oh Sweet Lorraine*.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* A Letter From Fred  at greenshoestudio.com
Nummer theory

**Nummer theory** (or **arithmetic**) is a branch o pure mathematics devoted primarily tae the study o the integers, sometimes cried "The Queen o Mathematics" acause o its foondational place in the discipline. Nummer theorists study prime nummers as well as the properties o objects made oot o integers (e.g., rational nummers) or defined as generalizations o the integers (e.g., algebraic integers).

## Notes

## Further readin
* G.H. Hardy; E.M. Wright (2008) [1938]. An introduction to the theory of numbers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921986-5.
* Vinogradov, I.M. (2003) [1954]. Elements of Number Theory (reprint o 1954 ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
* Ivan M. Niven; Herbert S. Zuckerman; Hugh L. Montgomery (2008) [1960]. An introduction to the theory of numbers (reprint of the 5th edition 1991 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-81-265-1811-1.
*Kenneth H. Rosen (2010). Elementary Number Theory (6th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-71775-7.
* Borevich, A. I.; Shafarevich, Igor R. (1966). Number theory. Pure and Applied Mathematics. 20. Boston, MA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-117850-5. MR 0195803.
* Serre, Jean-Pierre (1996) [1973]. A course in arithmetic. Graduate texts in mathematics. 7. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90040-7.
## Researchers
* Gauss
* Leonhard Euler
* Sophie Germain
* Srinivasa Ramanujan

## External links
* 
* Number Theory 
* Number Theory Web
Complex nummer

A **complex nummer** is a nummer that can be expressed in the furm , whaur  an  are real nummers an  is the imaginary unit, which satisfies the equation . In this expression,  is the *real pairt* an  is the *imaginary pairt* o the complex nummer. Complex nummers extend the concept o the ane-dimensional nummer line tae the two-dimensional complex plane bi uisin the horizontal axis for the real pairt an the vertical axis for the imaginary pairt. The complex nummer  can be identified wi the pynt  in the complex plane. A complex nummer whose real pairt is zero is said tae be purely imaginary, whauras a complex nummer whose imaginary pairt is zero is a real nummer. In this way the complex numbers contain the ordinary real nummers while extendin them in order tae solve problems that cannae be solved wi real nummers alane.

As well as thair uise within mathematics, complex nummers hae practical applications in mony fields, includin pheesics, chemistry, biology, economics, electrical ingineerin, an statistics. The Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is the first kent tae hae introduced complex numbers. He cried them "fictitious" durin his attempts tae find solutions tae cubic equations in the 16t century.

## References
Gerolamo Cardano

**Gerolamo** (or **Girolamo**, or **Geronimo**) **Cardano** (; ; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576) wis an Italian Renaissance mathematician, physeecian, astrologer an gambler.  He wrote mair nor 200 wirks on medicine, mathematics, pheesics, filosofie, releegion, an muisic. His gambling led him tae formulate elementary rules in probability, makin him ane o the foonders o the field.

## References
Quaternion

In mathematics, the **quaternions** are a nummer seestem that extends the complex nummers. Thay wur first describit bi Erse mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1843  an applee'd tae mechanics in three-dimensional space. A featur o quaternions is that multiplication o twa quaternions is noncommutative. Hamilton defined a quaternion as the quotient o twa directit lines in a three-dimensional space or equivalently as the quotient o twa vectors.

## References
Heptagon

In geometry, a **heptagon** is a polygon wi seven sides an seven angles. In a regular heptagon, in which aw sides an aw angles are equal, the sides meet at an angle o 5π/7 radians, 128.5714286 degrees. Its Schläfli seembol is {7}. The aurie (A) o a regular heptagon o side length *a* is gien bi
:A = \frac{7}{4}a^2 \cot \frac{\pi}{7} \simeq 3.633912444 a^2.

The heptagon is an aa occasionally referred tae as the **septagon**, uisin "sept-" (an elision o **', a [[Laitin]]-derived [[numerical prefix]], rather nor **', a Greek-derived numerical prefix) thegither wi the Greek suffix "-agon" meanin angle).
Euclid

**Euclid** (;  *Eukleidēs*), fl. 300 BC, kent as **Euclid o Alexandria** an aw, wis a Greek mathematician, eften referred tae as the "Faither o Geometry". He wis active in Alexandria durin the reign o Ptolemy&nbsp;I (323–283 BC). His *[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]* is ane o the maist influential wirks in the history o mathematics, servin as the main textbeuk for teachin mathematics (especially geometry) frae the time o its publication till the late 19t or early 20t century.  In the *Elements*, Euclid deduced the principles o whit is nou cried Euclidean geometry frae a smaa set o axioms. Euclid wrote wirks on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, nummer theory an rigor an aw.

"Euclid" is the anglicized version o the Greek name , meanin "Guid Glory".

## References

## External links

* 
* 
* 
* Euclid's Elements
* Euclid's Elements
* Euclid's Elements, books I–VI
* Euclid's Elements
* ''Elementa Geometriae'' 
* ''Elementa'' 
* Texts on Ancient Mathematics and Mathematical Astronomy
Platonic solid

In Euclidean geometry, a **Platonic solid** is a regular, convex polyhedron wi congruent faces o regular polygons an the same nummer o faces meetin at each vertex. Five solids meet those criteria, an each is named efter its nummer o faces.

Geometers hae studied the mathematical beauty an symmetry o the Platonic solids for thoosands o years. Thay are named for the auncient Greek filosopher Plato who theorized in his dialogue, the Timaeus, that the classical elements wur made o thir regular solids.

## References
Equilateral triangle

{4} a^2
| angle       = 60°}}
In geometry, an **equilateral triangle** is a triangle in which aw three sides are equal. In tradeetional or Euclidean geometry, equilateral triangles are an aa equiangular; that is, aw three internal angles are an aa congruent tae ilk ither an are each 60°. Thay are regular polygons, an can tharefore an a be referred tae as regular triangles.
Emeli Sandé

**Adele Emeli Gouraguine**, born 10 Mairch 1987, better kent as **Emeli Sandé (**** ****;****)**, is an Scots recordin airtist an sangwriter. She first became kent tae the public ee efter she featurt on the track "Diamond Rings" bi the rapper Chipmunk (2009). It wis thair first tap 10 single on the UK Singles Chart. In 2010, she featurt on "Never Be Your Woman" bi the rapper Wiley, which became anither tap ten hit. Simon Cowell cried Sandé "his favourite sangwriter at the minute". In 2012 she receivit the Brit Awards Critics' Choice Awaird. She haes written for a nummer o airtists, includin Alicia Keys, Cher Lloyd, Parade, Susan Boyle, Gabrielle, Preeya Kalidas, Rihanna, Leona Lewis, Alesha Dixon, Cheryl Cole, Tinie Tempah, Ella Henderson an Mutya Keisha Siobhan.

In 2010, she signed a publishin deal wi EMI Music Publishing. She later annooncit that Virgin Records haed gien her a record deal. Sandé released her first solo single "Heaven" in August 2011. Sandé haes three nummer-ane singles across the Unitit Kinrick an Ireland wi "Read All About It" wi Professor Green, "Next to Me" an "Beneath Your Beautiful" a collaboration wit Labrinth. Her album *[[Our Version of Events]]* spent 7 nan-consecutive weeks at nummer 1 an became the best-sellin album o 2012 in the UK, wi ower 1 million sales. In 2012 she performit in baith the Openin an Closin ceremonies o the Lunnon Olympics.

## Discografie

* *[[Our Version of Events]]* (2012)

## Tourin
;Headlining
* Our Version of Events Tour (2011–2013)

;Supportin
* Mylo Xyloto Tour (2011–2012)

## Awairds an nominations
* Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Emeli Sandé

## References

## Freemit airtins

* 
* Interview wi Emeli Sandé's manager, HitQuarters 5 December 2012
Aaford

**Aaford** (pronooncit  , ) is a muckle veelage in Aiberdeenshire, north-east Scotland, leein juist sooth o the River Don. It lees athin the Howe o Aaford (cried the Vale o Alford an aw) which occupies the middle reaches o the River Don.

The place-name is thocht tae come frae the Scots "auld ford"; its oreeginal poseetion bein on the banks o the Don. The "L" soond in the wird haes, ower time, been droppit, an is silent. Alternatively, the name coud be a tautologie; a combination o 'Ath' an 'ford', baith meanin 'ford' in Gaelic an Scots respectively. Aaford gae its name tae a battle o the Battle o Alford (1645).  It is the hame o the wad popular Aiberdeen Angus cattle breed, which is celebratit bi a life-sizit model o a bull on the edge o the toun. It is believit that the oreeginal breedin grund o the cattle wis Buffal, locatit atween Tough (Tulloch) an Craigievar  nearby Alford. Anither claim tae fame for the toun is the warld famous Alford Oatmeal, grund at Montgarrie, juist ootside the toun.

Probably due tae Aaford's relative isolation an muckle catchment aurie, thare are a muckle nummer o services in the veelage, includin three banks, a supermercat, three garages, a bakery an a wide range o ither shops. Thare is a dry ski slope an aw, soummin puil an public librar.

The Alford Valley Railway, Grampian Transport Museum, Alford Heritage Centre an Craigievar Castle are popular visitor attractions, wi a range o ither airchaeological steids, stane circles, an castles (includin Balfluig Castle, Castle Fraser and Drum Castle) bein athin easy reach bi road. Situatit in Aaford, Haughton Country Park is a muckle an popular green space wi a caravan park an firthland walks. The 18 hole Alford Golf Club is a attractive an pleasant course which haes a muckle local membership.

## Public transport
Thare is a bus service connectin wi Aiberdeen, approximately  away. Thare is hintle new hoosebiggin goin on in Alford  tae cater for a wirkforce who mainly commute in Aiberdeen tae wirk in the ile industry. Bus services are operatit bi Stagecoach wi dialabus services bein operatit bi Aiberdeenshire Cooncil. Bus services connectin Alford tae Aberdeen go bi twa different routes:
*the X18/218 goes via Westhill
*the 220 goes via Kintore.

## Notable residents
* Alford is the birthplace o the renouned poet, Charles Murray
* Stewart Milne, chairman o baith the Stewart Milne Group an Aberdeen Football Club wis born nearbi an attendit schuil in Aaford
*Laird Forbes, o Forbes Castle
*William McCombie, Pioneer Aberdeen Angus breeder
*Emeli Sandé, sangster-sangwriter. Olympic openin ceremony performer.
*Dougie Gray, Rangers F.C. fullback

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Alford Valley Railway 
*Oatmeal of Alford
*Grampian Transport Museum
*Cragievar Castle 
*Alford Image Library
*Alford Fiddlers
*Haughton Country Park 
*Haughton Caravan Park 
*Ski Slope 
*Stagecoach Bluebird
Solanum

***Solanum*** is a lairge an diverse genus o flouerin plants, includin twa fuid crops o the heichest economic importance, the tattie an the tomato. It an aa contains the nichtshades an horsenettles, as well as numerous plants cultivatit for thair ornamental flouers an fruit.

Solanum species shaw a wide range o growin habits, such as annual an perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, an smaa trees. Mony umwhile independent genera lik *[[Lycopersicon]]* (the tomatoes) an *[[Cyphomandra]]* are nou includit in *Solanum* as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus the day contains roughly 1,500-2,000 species.  

## References
Solanales

The **Solanales** are an order o flouerin plants, includit in the asterid group o dicotyledons.  Some aulder soorces uised the name **Polemoniales** for this order.

## References
Solanaceae

The **Solanaceae**, or **nichtshades**, are an economically important faimily o flouerin plants. The faimily ranges frae yerbs tae trees, an includes a nummer o important agricultural craps, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, an ornamentals. Mony members o the faimily contain potent alkaloids, an some are heichly toxic, but mony culturs eat nichtshades, in some cases as staple fuids. The faomily belangs tae the order Solanales, in the asterid group dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). The solanaceae faimily consists o approximately 98 genera an some 2,700 species, wi a great diversity o habitats, morphology an ecology.

## References
Mathematical model

A **mathematical model** is a description o a seestem uisin mathematical concepts an leid. The process o developin a mathematical model is termed **mathematical modellin**. Mathematical models are uised nae anly in the naitural sciences (such as pheesics, biology, yird science, meteorology) an ingineerin disciplines (e.g. computer science, airtificial intelligence), but an aa in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology an poleetical science); pheesicists, ingineers, statisticians, operations research analysts an economists uise mathematical models maist extensively. A model mey help tae explain a seestem an tae study the effects o different components, an tae mak predictions aboot behaviour.

Mathematical models can tak mony furms, includin but nae leemitit tae dynamical seestems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models.  These an ither types o models can owerlap, wi a gien  model involvin a variety o abstract structurs. In general, mathematical models mey include logical models, as far as logic is taken as a pairt o mathematics.  In mony cases, the quality o a scientific field depends on hou well the mathematical models developed on the theoretical side agree wi results o repeatable experiments.  Lack o agreement atween theoretical mathematical models an experimental measurments eften leads tae important advances as better theories are developed.
Convolvulaceae

**Convolvulaceae**, for ordinar kent as the bindweed or morning glory faimily, is a faimily o aboot 60 genera an mair nor 1,650 species o maistly yerbaceous vines, an trees, shrubs an yerbs as weel.

## Genera

;Tribe Aniseieae
**[[Aniseia]]* Choisy
**[[Iseia]]* O'Donell
**[[Odonellia]]* K.R.Robertson
**[[Tetralocularia]]* O'Donell

;Tribe Cardiochlamyeae
**[[Cardiochlamys]]* Oliv.
**[[Cordisepalum]]* Verdc.
**[[Dinetus]]* Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet
**[[Poranopsis]]* Roberty
**[[Tridynamia]]* Gagnep.

;Tribe Convolvuleae
**[[Calystegia]]* R.Br. – Bindweed, morning glory
**[[Convolvulus]]* L. – bindweed, morning glory
**[[Polymeria]]* R.Br.

;Tribe Cresseae
**[[Bonamia]]* Thouars
**[[Cladostigma]]* Radlk.
**[[Cressa (genus)|Cressa]]* L.
**[[Evolvulus]]* L.
**[[Hildebrandtia (plant)|Hildebrandtia]]* Vatke
**[[Itzaea]]* Standl. & Steyerm.
**[[Neuropeltis]]* Wall.
**[[Neuropeltopsis]]* Ooststr.
**[[Sabaudiella]]* Chiov.
**[[Seddera]]* Hochst.
**[[Stylisma]]* Raf.
**[[Wilsonia (plant)|Wilsonia]]* R.Br.

;Tribe Cuscuteae
**[[Cuscuta]]* L. – dodder
;Tribe Dichondreae
**[[Calycobolus]]* Willd. ex Schult.
**[[Dichondra]]* J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
**[[Dipteropeltis]]* Hallier f.
**[[Falkia]]* Thunb.
**[[Metaporana]]* N.E.Br.
**[[Nephrophyllum]]* A.Rich.
**[[Porana]]* Burm.f.
**[[Rapona]]* Baill.
;Tribe Erycibeae
**[[Ericybe]]* Roxb.
;Tribe Humbertieae
**[[Humbertia]]* 
;Tribe Ipomoeeae
**[[Argyreia]]* Lour. – Hawaiian baby woodrose
**[[Astripomoea]]* A.Meeuse
**[[Blinkworthia]]* Choisy
**[[Ipomoea]]* L. – morning glory, sweet potato
**[[Lepistemon]]* Blume
**[[Lepistemonopsis]]* Dammer
**[[Paralepistemon]]* Lejoly & Lisowski
**[[Rivea]]* Choisy – coaxihuitl
**[[Stictocardia]]* Hallier f.
**[[Turbina (genus)]]* Raf.

;Tribe Jacquemontieae
**[[Jacquemontia]]* Choisy

;Tribe Maripeae
**[[Dicranostyles]]* Benth.
**[[Lysiostyles]]* Benth.
**[[Maripa]]* Aubl.

;Tribe Merremieae
**[[Decalobanthus]]* Ooststr.
**[[Hewittia]]* Wight & Arn.
**[[Hyalocystis]]* Hallier f.
**[[Merremia]]* Dennst. ex Endl. – Hawaiian woodrose
**[[Operculina]]* Silva Manso
**[[Xenostegia]]* D.F.Austin & Staples

;*[[Incertae sedis]]*
**[[Pentacrostigma]]* K.Afzel.

## References
Gentianales

**Gentianales** is an order o flouerin plants, includit within the asterid clade o eudicots. It comprises mair nor 16,000 species in aboot 1,138 genera in 5 faimilies. Mair nor 80% o the species belang tae the Rubiaceae faimily.

## Taxonomy
The follaein faimilies are includit accordin tae the APG III seestem:
* Faimily Apocynaceae (424 genera)
* Faimily Gelsemiaceae (2 genera)
* Faimily Gentianaceae (87 genera)
* Faimily Loganiaceae (13 genera)
* Faimily Rubiaceae (611 genera)

## References
Rubiaceae

**Rubiaceae** is a faimily o flouerin plants, variously cried the **[[Coffea|coffee]] faimily**, **[[Rubia|madder]] faimily**, or **[[bedstraw]] faimily**. The group contains mony commonly kent plants, includin the economically important coffee (*[[Coffea]]*), quinine (*[[Cinchona]]*), an gambier (*[[Uncaria]]*), the medicinal ipecacuanha (*[[Carapichea ipecacuanha]]*), an the horticulturally valuable madder (*[[Rubia]]*), wast Indian jasmine (*[[Ixora]]*), partridgeberry (*[[Mitchella]]*), *[[Morinda]]*, *[[Gardenia]]*, an *[[Pentas]]*.

Members o the coffee faimily tend tae be concentratit in wairmer an tropical climates aroond the warld. Currently, aboot 611 genera an mair nor 13,000 species are placed in Rubiaceae. This maks it the fowert-lairgest faimily o flouerin plants bi nummer o species, an fift-lairgest bi nummer o genera.

## References
Coffea

***Coffea*** is a genus o flouerin plants whose seeds, cried coffee beans, are uised tae mak coffee. It is a member o the Rubiaceae faimily. Thay are shrubs or smaa trees native tae tropical an soothren Africae an tropical Asie. Coffee ranks as ane o the warld's maist valuable an widely tradit commodity craps an is an important export product o several kintras.

## References
Boraginaceae

The **Boraginaceae**, the borage or forget-me-nae faimily, includes a variety o shrubs, trees, an yerbs, totalin aboot 2,000 species in 146 genera foond warldwide. 

## Genera

**[[Actinocarya]]*
**[[Adelocaryum]]*
**[[Afrotysonia]]*
**[[Alkanna]]*
**[[Amblynotus]]*
**[[Amphibologyne]]*
**[[Amsinckia]]*
**[[Anchusa]]*
**[[Ancistrocarya]]*
**[[Anoplocaryum]]*
**[[Antiotrema]]*
**[[Antiphytum]]*
**[[Arnebia]]*
**[[Asperugo]]*
**[[Auxemma]]*
**[[Borago]]*
**[[Bothriospermum]]*
**[[Bourreria]]*
**[[Brachybotrys]]*
**[[Brunnera]]*
**[[Lithospermum|Buglossoides]]*
**[[Caccinia]]*
**[[Scorpionbush|Carmona]]*
**[[Cerinthe]]*
**[[Chionocharis]]*
**[[Choriantha]]*
**[[Cordia]]*
**[[Craniospermum]]*
**[[Cryptantha]]*
**[[Cynoglossopsis]]*
**[[Cynoglossum]]*
**[[Cynoglottis]]*
**[[Cysostemon]]*
**[[Dasynotus]]*
**[[Decalepidanthus]]*
**[[Echiochilon]]*
**[[Echiostachys]]*
**[[Echium]]*
**[[Ehretia]]*
**[[Elizaldia]]*
**[[Embadium]]*
**[[Eritrichium]]*
**[[Gastrocotyle]]*
**[[Gyrocaryum]]*
**[[Hackelia]]*
**[[Halacsya]]*
**[[Halgania]]*
**[[Harpagonella]]*
**[[Heliocarya]]*
**[[Heliotropium]]*
**[[Heterocaryum]]*
**[[Huynhia]]*
**[[Ivanjohnstonia]]*
**[[Ixorhea]]*
**[[Lacaitaea]]*
**[[Lappula]]*
**[[Lasiarrhenum]]*
**[[Lasiocaryum]]*
**[[Lepechiniella]]*
**[[Lepidocordia]]*
**[[Lindelophia]]*
**[[Lithodora]]*
**[[Lithospermum]]*
**[[Lobostemon]]*
**[[Macromeria]]*
**[[Maharanga]]*
**[[Mairetis]]*
**[[Mattiastrum]]*
**[[Mertensia]]*
**[[Metaeritrichium]]*
**[[Microcaryum]]*
**[[Microula]]*
**[[Mimophytum]]*
**[[Moltkia]]*
**[[Moltkiopsis]]*
**[[Moritzia]]*
**[[Myosotidium]]*
**[[Myosotis]]*
**[[Neatostema]]*
**[[Nesocaryum]]*
**[[Nogalia]]*
**[[Nomosa]]*
**[[Nonea]]*
**[[Ogastemma]]*
**[[Omphalodes]]*
**[[Omphalolappula]]*
**[[Omphalotrigonotis]]*
**[[Onosma]]*
**[[Oxyosmyles]]*
**[[Paracaryum]]*
**[[Pardoglossum]]*
**[[Patagonula]]*
**[[Pectocarya]]*
**[[Pentaglottis]]*
**[[Perittostema]]*
**[[Phacelia]]*
**[[Plagiobothrys]]*
**[[Pseudomertensia]]*
**[[Psilolaemus]]*
**[[Pteleocarpa]]*
**[[Pulmonaria]]*
**[[Rindera]]*
**[[Rochefortia]]*
**[[Rochelia]]*
**[[Rotula]]*
**[[Saccellium]]*
**[[Scapicephalus]]*
**[[Selkirkia]]*
**[[Sericostoma]]*
**[[Sinojohnstonia]]*
**[[Solenanthus]]*
**[[Stenosolenium]]*
**[[Stephanocaryum]]*
**[[Suchtelenia]]*
**[[Symphytum]]*
**[[Thaumatocaryum]]*
**[[Thyrocarpus]]*
**[[Tianschaniella]]*
**[[Tiquilia]]*
**[[Tournefortia]]*
**[[Trachelanthus]]*
**[[Trachystemon]]*
**[[Trichodesma]]*
**[[Trigonocaryum]]*
**[[Trigonotis]]*
**[[Ulugbekia]]*
**[[Valentiniella]]*

## References
Borage

**Borage** (***Borago officinalis***), forby kent as a **starnflouer**, is an annual yerb. It is native tae the Mediterranean region an haes naituralized in mony ither locales. It grows satisfactorily in gairdens in the UK climate, remainin in the gairden frae year tae year bi sel-seedin. The leafs is edible an the plant is grown in gairdens for that purpose in some pairts o Europe. The plant is commercially cultivatit for borage seed oil, extract frae its seeds, an aa.
Campanulaceae

The faimily **Campanulaceae**, for ordinar cried the **bellflower faimily**, o the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera o herbaceous plants, shrubs, an rarely smaa trees, eften wi milky non-toxic sap.  Amang them are the familiar gairden plants *[[Campanula]]* (bellflower), *[[Lobelia]]*, an *[[Platycodon]]* (balloonflouer).

This faimily is almaist cosmopolitan but concentrated in the Northren Hemisphere. Houiver in the Soothren Hemisphere, Sooth Africae is   remarkably rich in members o this faimily. Thir species are absent in the Sahara, Antarctica, Northeast Asie an northren Greenland.

Maist current classifications include the segregate faimily Lobeliaceae in Campanulaceae as subfaimily Lobelioideae.

## Subfaimilies an genera
Campanuloideae

Lobelioideae

Cyphioideae

## References
Wigan

**Wigan**  is a toun in Greater Manchester, Ingland. It staunds on the River Douglas,  sooth-wast o Bolton,  north o Warrington an  wast-northwast o Manchester. Wigan is the lairgest dounset in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan an is its admeenistrative centre. The toun o Wigan haed a total population o 81,203 in 2001, whilst the wider burgh haes a population o 305,600. 
Historically in the coonty o Lancashire, Wigan durin clessical antiquity wis in the territory o the Brigantes, a auncient Celtic tribe that ruled hintle o northren Ingland. The Brigantes wur subjugatit in the Roman conquest o Breetain durin the 1st century, an it is assertit that the Roman dounset o *Coccium* wis established whaur Wigan lees. Wigan is believit tae hae been incorporatit as a burgh in 1246 follaein the issue o a chairter bi Keeng Henry III o Ingland. At the end o the Middle Ages it wis ane o fower burghs in Lancashire possessin Ryal chairters; the ithers wur Lancaster, Liverpool, an Preston.

Durin the Industrial Revolution Wigan experiencit dramatic economic expansion an a rapid rise in the population. Awtho porcelain manufactur an clock makkin haed been major industries in the toun, Wigan subsequently became kent as a major mill toun an coal minin destrict. The first coal mine wis established at Wigan in 1450 an at its peak thare wur 1,000 pit shafts athin  o the toun centre. Minin was so extensive that one town councillor remarked that "a coal mine in the backyard was not uncommon in Wigan". Coal minin ceased durin the latter pairt o the 20t century.

Wigan Pier, a wharf on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, wis made famous bi the writer George Orwell. In his beuk, *[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]*, Orwell heichlichtit the poor wirkin an livin condeetions o the local inhabitants durin the 1930s. Follaein the decline o industrial activities in the region, Wigan Pier's collection o warehooses an wharfs became a local heritage centre an cultural quairter. The DW Stadium is hame tae baith Wigan Athletic Football Club an Wigan Warriors Rugby League Football Club, baith teams bein highly successful in their sports wi the umwhile bein the current FA Cup haulders an the latter bein the maist successful Rugby League side o aw time.

## Twin touns
Wigan is twinned wi:

* Angers, Fraunce

## References
**Notes**

## Freemit airtins

* www.littlewigan.co.uk , Little Wigan.
* www.wigantoday.net,&nbsp;– Wigan Observer, Wigan Recorder, Wigan Evening Post.
* www.wiganworld.co.uk, Wigan World.
* www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk, The Wigan Archaeological Society.
Wigan Athletic F.C.

**Wigan Athletic Football Club** is a Inglis profeesional fitbaw club based in Wigan, Lancashire, who compete in the Football League Championship, the seicont tier o Inglis fitbaw. Foondit in 1932, the club is the maist recently formit club in the diveesion.

They hae played at the DW Stadium syne 1999, sharin the stadium wi rugby league club Wigan Warriors. They previously played at Springfield Park for 67 year. The club's elkname is **Latics**, derivit frae a contraction o the wird "Athletic". They are the current haulders o the FA Cup. They hae wan the Second Division, Third Division an are twa-times winners o the Football League Trophy an aw, alang wi numerous regional fitbaw competitions frae their time as a nan-league club.

## Honours

### League
***[[Football League Championship]]
: Runners-up (1): [[2004-05 Football League|2004–05]]
***Football League Second Division
: **Winners** (1): 2002–03
***[[Football League Third Division]]**
: **Winners** (1): 1996–97
***[[Football League Fourth Division]]**
: Promotit (1): 1981–82

### Cup
* **[[FA Cup]]**
: **Winners** (1): 2013
* **[[Football League Cup|League Cup]]**
:Runners-up (1): 2006

*Football League Trophy
:**Winners** (2): 1984–85, 1998–99

## References

## Freemit airtins

*
*

*
*The Springfield Park Memorial
Capsicum annuum

***Capsicum annuum*** is a species o the plant genus *[[Capsicum]]* hamelt tae soothren North Americae an northren Sooth Americae. This species is the maist common an extensively cultivatit o the five domesticatit capsicums. The species encompasses a wide variety o shapes an sizes o peppers, baith mild an het, rangin frae bell peppers tae chili peppers. Cultivars are descendit frae the wild American bird pepper still foond in wairmer regions o the Americas. In the past some widdy furms o this species hae been cried ***C. frutescens***, but the featurs that wur uised tae distinguish those furms appear in mony populations o *C. annuum* an thare is na consistently recognizable *C. frutescens* species.

## References
Toluene

**Toluene** is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substitution benzene derivative, i.e., in which a single hydrogen atom from a group of six atoms from the benzene molecule has been replaced bi a univalent group, in this case CH<sub>3</sub>. As such, its IUPAC systematic name is **methyl benzene**.

It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feed for livestock and as a solvent. Like other solvents, toluene is sometimes an used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; however, inhaling toluene has a potential to cause severe neurological harm. Toluene is an important organic solvent, but is an capable of dissolving a number of notable inorganic chemicals such as sulfur, iodine, bromine, phosphorus, an other non-polar covalent substances.

## References
Araceae

**Araceae** is a faimily o monocotyledonous flouerin plants in which flouers are borne on a teep o inflorescence cried a spadix. The spadix is uisually accompanied bi, an whiles pairtially enclosed in, a spathe or leaf-lik bract. Kent as the **arum faimily** an aa,  members are eften colloquially kent as **aroids**. This faimily o 107 genera an ower 3700 species is maist diverse in the New Warld tropics, altho distributit in the Auld Warld tropics an north temperate regions an aa.

The lairgest collection o livin Araceae is maintained at Missouri Botanical Gardens. Anither lairge collection o livin Araceae can be foond at Munich Botanical Garden, thanks tae the efforts o the researcher an aroid authority Josef Bogner.

## References
Typha

***Typha***  is a genus o aboot eleven species o monocotyledonous flouerin plants in the faimily Typhaceae. The genus haes a lairgely Northren Hemisphere distribution, but is essentially cosmopolitan, bein foond in a variety o wetland habitats.

The rhizomes are edible. Evidence o preserved starch grains on grindin stanes suggests thay wur eaten in Europe 30,000 years ago.

## Species
**[[Typha angustifolia]]* – lesser bulrush, nairae leaf cattail (Americae), or *jambu* (Indie)
**[[Typha domingensis]]* – bulrush, soothern cattail (Americae), nairae-leaved cumbungi (Australie)
**Typha* × *glauca* (*T. angustifolia* × *T. latifolia*) – hybrid cattail, white cattail (a sterile hybrid)
**[[Typha latifolia]]* – common cattail
**[[Typha laxmannii]]* – Laxman's bulrush
**[[Typha minima]]* – dwarf bulrush
**[[Typha orientalis]]* – broadleaf cumbungi (Australie), raupo (New Zealand)
**[[Typha capensis]]* – Cape bulrush
**[[Typha shuttleworthii]]* – Shuttleworth's bulrush

## References
Poales

The **Poales** are a muckle order o flouerin plants in the monocotyledons, an includes faimilies o plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, an sedges.  Saxteen plant faimilies are currently recognized bi botanists tae be pairt o Poales.

## Taxonomy

The APG III seestem (2009) accepts the order within a monocot clade cried commelinids, an accepts the follaein 16 faimilies:

## References
Bromeliaceae

The **Bromeliaceae** (the **bromeliads**) are a faimily o monocot flouerin plants o aroond 3,170 species native mainly tae the tropical Americas, wi a few species foond in the American subtropics an ane in tropical wast Africae, *[[Pitcairnia feliciana]]*. Thay are amang the basal faimilies within the Poales an are unique acause thay are the anly faimily within the order that haes septal nectaries an inferior ovaries. These inferior ovaries characterize the Bromelioideae, a subfaimily o the Bromeliaceae. The faimily includes baith epiphytes, such as Spainyie fog (*[[Tillandsia usneoides]]*), an terrestrial species, such as the pineapple (*[[Ananas comosus]]*). Mony bromeliads are able tae store watter in a structure furmed bi thair tichtly-owerlappin leaf bases. However, the faimily is diverse enough tae include the tank bromeliads, grey-leaved epiphyte *[[Tillandsia]]* species that gather watter only frae leaf structures cried trichomes, an a lairge nummer o desert-dwellin succulents.

The lairgest bromeliad is *[[Puya raimondii]]*, which reaches 3–4 m taw in vegetative growth wi a flouer spike 9–10 m tall, an the smawest is Spainyie moss.

## Classification
The faimily Bromeliaceae is currently placed in the order Poales.

### Subfaimilies
The faimily Bromeliaceae is organized intae three subfaimilies:

*Bromelioideae (32 genera, 861 species)
*Pitcairnioideae (16 genera, 1030 species)
*Tillandsioideae (9 genera, 1277 species)

### Genera

## References
Integral

**Integration** is an important concept in mathematics an, thegither wi its inverse, differentiation, is ane o the twa main operations in calculus. Gien a function *f* o a real variable *x* an an interval  o the real line, the **definite integral**

: \int_a^b \! f(x)\,dx

is defined informally tae be the signed aurie o the region in the *xy*-plane boondit bi the graph o *f*, the *x*-axis, andthe vertical lines  an , such that aurie abuin the *x*-axis adds tae the tot, an that ablo the *x*-axis subtracts frae the tot. Lebesgue integration is aan impoitint concept, reprisainten ane geniralizaition of this concept.
Derivative

The **derivative** is a fundamental tuil o calculus for studyin the behavior o functions o a real variable.  The derivative measures the sensitivity tae chynge o ane quantity (a function or dependent variable) tae anither quantity (the independent variable).  For example, the derivative o the poseetion o a movin object wi respect tae time is the object's velocity: this measures hou quickly the poseetion o the object chynges when time is advanced.  The derivative measures the *instantaneous* rate o chynge o the function, as distinct frae its *average* rate o chynge, an is defined as a leemit o the average rate o chynge in the function as the length o the interval on which the average is computit tends tae zero.
Interval (mathematics)

In mathematics, a (**real**) **interval** is a set o real nummers wi the property that ony nummer that lies atween twa nummers in the set is an aa includit in the set.  For example, the set o aw nummers  satisfyin  is an interval which contains  an , as well as aw nummers atween them. Ither examples o intervals are the set o aw real nummers \R, the set o aw negative real nummers, an the empty set.
Linear algebra

**Linear algebra** is the branch o mathematics concernin vector spaces, eften finite or coontably infinite dimensional, as well as linear cairtins atween such spaces. Such an investigation is initially motivatit bi a seestem o linear equations containin several unkents. Such equations are naiturally represented uisin the formalism o matrices an vectors.

## References

## Further reading
### History
* Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, "Hermann Grassmann and the Creation of Linear Algebra", American Mathematical Monthly **86** (1979), pp.&nbsp;809–817.
* 
### Introduction

### Advancit

### Guides
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## See also
* Matrix analysis
* Numerical linear algebra
Nonagon

In geometry, a **nonagon**  (or **enneagon** ) is a nine-sidit regular polygon.

The name "nonagon" is a prefix hybrid formation, frae Laitin (*nonus*, "ninth" + *gonon*), uised equivalently, attestit already in the 16t century in French *nonogone* an in Inglis frae the 17t century. The name "enneagon" comes frae Greek *enneagonon* (εννεα, "nine" + γωνον (from γωνία = "corner")), an is arguably mair correct, tho somewhit less common nor "nonagon".

A regular nonagon haes internal angles o 140°. The aurie o a regular nonagon o side length *a* is gien bi
:A = \frac{9}{4}a^2\cot\frac{\pi}{9}\simeq6.18182\,a^2.
Kite (geometry)

In Euclidean geometry, a **kite** is a quadrilateral whose fower sides can be grouped intae twa pairs o equal-length sides that are adjacent tae ilk ither. In contrast, a parallelogram haes twa pairs o equal-length sides an aw, but thay are opposite ilk ither rather nor adjacent. Kite quadrilaterals are named for the wind-blown, flyin kites, which eften hae this shape an which are in turn named for a bird. Kites are kent as **deltoids** an aw, but the wird "deltoid" mey refer tae a deltoid curve an aw, an unrelatit geometric object.

A kite, as defined abuin, mey be either convex or concave, but the wird "kite" is eften restrictit tae the convex variety. A concave kite is sometimes cried a "dart" or "arrowhead", an is a type o pseudotriangle.
Watter cycle

The **watter cycle**, forby kent as the **hydrologic cycle** or the **H<sub>2</sub>O cycle**, describes the conteenous movement o watter on, abuin an ablo the surface o the Yird. The mass watter on Yird remains fairly constant ower time but the pairtitionin o the watter intae the major reservoirs o ice, fresh watter, saline watter an atmospheric watter is variable dependin on a wide range o climatic variables. The watter moves frae ane reservoir tae anither, sic as frae river tae ocean, or frae the ocean tae the atmosphere, bi the pheesical processes o evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runaff, an subsurface flow. In sae daein, the watter gangs throu different phases: liquid, solit (ice), an gas (vapour).
Phase (maiter)

In the physical sciences, a **phase** is a region o space (a thermodynamic system), atouer whilk aw physical properties o a material is essentially uniform. Insaumples o physical properties include density, index o refraction, magnetization an chemical composeetion. A semple description is that a phase is a region o material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, an (eften) mechanically separable. In a system consistin o ice an watter in a gless jaur, the ice cubes is ae phase, the watter is a seicont phase, an the humid air ower the watter is a third phase. The gless o the jaur is anither separate phase.

## References
Refractive index

In optics the **refractive index** or **index o refraction** *n* o a substance (optical medium) is a dimensionless nummer that describes hou licht, or ony ither radiation, propagates throu that medium. It is defined as 
:n=\frac{c}{v},
whaur *c* is the speed o licht in vacuum an *v* is the speed o licht in the substance. For ensaumple, the refractive index o watter is 1.33, meanin that licht traivels 1.33 times slawer in watter nor it daes in vacuum.
Cable

A **cable** is  twa or mair weirs runnin side bi side an bondit, twistit, or braidit thegither tae furm a single assembly.   The term oreeginally referred tae a nautical line o speceefic length whaur multiple raips, each laid clockwise, are then laid thegither anti-clockwise an shackled tae produce a strang thick line, resistant tae watter absorption, that wis uised tae anchor lairge ships.  In mechanics, cables, otherwise kent as weir raips, are uised for liftin, haulin, an towin or conveyin force through tension. In electrical ingineerin cables are uised tae carry electric currents. An optical cable contains ane or mair optical feebres in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.

Electric cables discussed here are mainly meant for installation in biggins an industrial steids. For pouer transmission at distances greater nor a few kilometres see heich-voltage cable, pouer cables, an HVDC.
Oliver Heaviside

**Oliver Heaviside** FRS (; 18 Mey 1850 – 3 Februar 1925) wis a self-taucht Inglis electrical ingineer, mathematician, an pheesicist who adaptit complex nummers tae the study o electrical circuits, inventit mathematical techniques tae the solution o differential equations (later foond tae be equivalent tae Laplace transforms), reformulatit Maxwell's field equations in terms o electric an magnetic forces an energy flux, an independently co-formulatit vector analysis. Altho at odds wi the scientific establishment for maist o his life, Heaviside chynged the face o mathematics an science for years tae come.

## References
Microphone

A **microphone** (colloquially cried a **mic** or **mike**; baith pronoonced ) is an acoustic-tae-electric transducer or sensor that converts soond intae an electrical signal. Microphones are uised in mony applications such as telephones, tape recorders, karaoke seestems, hearin aids, motion pictur production, live an recordit audio ingineerin, FRS radios, megaphones, in radio an televeesion broadcastin an in computers for recordin vyce, speech recogneetion, VoIP, an for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checkin or knock sensors.

Maist microphones the day uise electromagnetic induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance chynge (condenser microphone), piezoelectric generation, or licht modulation tae produce an electrical voltage signal frae mechanical vibration.

## Polar patterns
Microphone polar sensitivity. Microphone is parallel tae the page facin upwarts in ilka diagram.

Image:Polar pattern omnidirectional.svg|Omnidirectional
Image:Polar pattern subcardioid.svg|Subcardioid
Image:Polar pattern cardioid.svg|Cardioid
Image:Polar pattern supercardioid.svg|Supercardioid
Image:Polar pattern hypercardioid.svg|Hypercardioid
Image:Polar pattern figure eight.svg|Bi-directional or Figure of 8
Image:Polar pattern directional.svg|Lobar


### Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid
Bi combining th twa components in different ratios, ony pattern atween omni an figure-8 kin be achieved, that comprise the first-order cardioid fowk. Common shapes include:
* A hyper-cardioid microphone is seemlar tae cardioid, but wi a a wee bit larger figure-8 haun, leadin tae a tichter area o front sensitivity an a smawer lobe o rear sensitivity. It's produced bi combinin the twa components in a 3:1 ratio, makin nulls at 109.5°. This ratio maximises the directivity factor (or directivity index).
* A super-cardioid microphone is seemilar tae a hyper-cardioid, except thare is mair front pickup an less rear pickup. It's produced wi aboot a 5:3 ratio, wi nulls at 126.9°. This ratio maximises the front-back ratio; the energy ratio atween front an rear radiation.
* The sub-cardioid microphone haes nae null points. It's produced wi aboot 7:3 ratio wi 3–10 db level atween the front an back pickup.
Three sic cardioid microphones/hydrophones cuid be orthogonally orientit as a collocated triad tae improve the gain an create a steerable beampattern.

## References
Infinity

**Infinity** (seembol: **<big>∞</big>**) is an abstract concept describin somethin *wioot ony leemit* an is relevant in a nummer o fields, predominantly mathematics an pheesics. The Inglis wird *infinity* derives frae Laitin *infinitas*, which can be  translatit as "unboonditness", itself calqued frae the Greek wird *apeiros*, meanin "endless".
 
In mathematics, "infinity" is eften treatit as if it wur a nummer (i.e., it coonts or measures things: "an infinite nummer o terms") but it is nae the same sort o nummer as the real nummers. In nummer seestems incorporatin infinitesimals, the reciprocal o an infinitesimal is an infinite nummer, i.e., a nummer greater nor ony real nummer.  Georg Cantor formalized mony ideas relatit tae infinity an infinite sets during the late&nbsp;19t an early 20t&nbsp;centuries. In the theory he developed, thare are infinite sets o different sizes (cried cardinalities). For example, the set o integers is coontably infinite, while the infinite set o real nummers is uncoontable. 

## References
Transistor

A **transistor** is a semiconductor device uised tae amplify an switch electronic signals an electrical pouer. It is componed o semiconductor material wi at least three terminals for connection tae an freemit circuit. A voltage or current applee'd tae ane pair o the transistor's terminals chynges the current throu anither pair o terminals. Acause the controlled (ootput) pouer can be heicher than the controllin (input) pouer, a transistor can amplify a signal. The day, some transistors are packaged individually, but mony mair are foond embedded in integratit circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental biggin block o modren electronic devices, an is ubiquitous in modren electronic seestems. Follaein its development in 1947 bi John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, an William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field o electronics, an paved the wey for smawer an cheaper radios, calculators, an computers, amang ither things.  The transistor is on the leet o IEEE milestones in electronics, an the inventors wur jyntly awairdit the 1956 Nobel Prize in Pheesics for thair achievement.
Electric pouer

**Electric pouer** is the rate at which electric energy is transferred bi an electric circuit. The SI unit o pouer is the watt, ane joule per seicont.

Electric pouer is uisually produced bi electric generators, but can an aa be supplied bi chemical soorces such as electric batteries. Electric pouer is generally supplied tae businesses an homes bi the electric pouer industry. Electric pouer is uisually sauld bi the kilowatt oor (3.6 MJ) which is the product o pouer in kilowatts multiplied bi runnin time in oors.  Electric utilities measur pouer uisin an electricity meter, which keeps a runnin tot o the electric energy delivered tae a customer.
Gravitation

**Gravitation**, or **gravity**, is a naitural phenomenon bi which aw pheesical bodies attract ilk ither. It is maist commonly recognised an experienced as the agent that gies wecht tae pheesical objects, an causes pheesical objects tae faw taeward the grund whan drappit frae a hicht.
Aurora (astronomy)

An **aurora** (plural: aurorae or auroras; frae the Laitin wird *aurora*, "sunrise" or the Roman goddess o dawn) is a naitural licht display in the sky pairticularly in the heich latitude (Arctic an Antarctic) regions, caused bi the collision o energetic charged pairticles wi atoms in the heich altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). The charged pairticles oreeginate in the magnetosphere an solar wind an, on Yird, are directit bi the Yird's magnetic field intae the atmosphere. Maist aurorae occur in a band kent as the *auroral zone*, which is typically in 3° tae 6° latitudinal extent o geographical poles, or equivalently, 10° tae 20° latitudinal extent o geomagnetic poles, an at aw local times or longitudes. During a geomagnetic storm, the auroral zone expands tae lawer latitudes.

## References
Luke Baldwin

**Luke Baldwin** (born 15 September 1990) is a rugby union player born in Tunbridge Wells, Ingland. He plays fir Bristol.

## References