open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Schwyz

The town o  (, ) is the caipital o the canton o Schwyz in Swisserland.

The Federal Chairter o 1291 or *Bundesbrief*, the chairter that eventually led tae the foondation o Swisserland, can be seen at the *Bundesbriefmuseum*.

## References
Yala Province

**Yala** () is the soothrenmaist province (*changwat*) o Thailand. Neebourin provinces are (frae north-wast clockwise) Songkhla, Pattani an Narathiwat. Yala is the ae land-locked province in the sooth o Thailand. The soothren pairt haes mairches wi Kedah an Perak o Malaysie.

## Etymology
The name Yala is actually the Thai transliteration o **Jala** (Jawi: جال), its oreeginal Malay name means 'net'. The province is forby kent as **Jolor** (Jawi: جولور) in Patani Malay leid.
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

The **Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic** (**SADR**) (, ) is a pairtially recognised state that claims sovereignty ower the entire territory o Wastren Sahara, a umwhile Spaingie colony. SADR wis proclaimit bi the Polisario Front on Februar 27, 1976 in Bir Lehlu, Wastren Sahara. The SADR govrenment currently controls aboot 20-25% o the territory it claims. It caws the territories unner its control the Liberatit Territories or the Free Zone. Morocco controls an administers the rest o the disputit territory an caws thir lands its Soothren Provinces. The SADR govrenment considers the Moroccan-held territory occupee'd territory, while Morocco considers the muckle smawer SADR held territory tae be a buffer zone.

## References
Cammeltoun

**Campbeltoun** () is a toun an umwhyl ryal burgh in Argyll an Bute, Scotland. It ligs bi Campbeltoun Loch on the Kintyre hauf-iland. Oreiginalie kent as **Kinlochkilkerran** (frae the Gaelic, whilk meins "the heid o the loch bi the kirk o St Kieran"). It wis renamed in the 17t yeirhunder as 'Campbell's toun'; Archibald Campbell, Earl o Argyle, haein been grantit the syt in 1667 for the erection o a burgh o baronie. Campbeltoun becam an important centur for ship-biggin an whiskie, an a bisie fishin port.

## Leid
Campbeltoun is ane o the few communities in the Scots Hielands whaur the Scots leid is spak, raither nor the Scots Gaelic. This wis due til the plantation o lawland mertshands til the burgh in the Middil Ages. The-day, the Inglis leid, in the furm o the Scots Inglis dialek, is the main leid in the toun.

## References
Banner o Tunisie

The naitional **banner o Tunisie** () is predominantly reid an consists o a white circle in the middle containin a reid crescent aroond a five-pointit star. The Bey o Tunis Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud decidit tae creaut the banner efter the Battle o Navarino on 20 October 1827, an it wis adoptit in 1831 or 1835. It remained the kintra's offeecial banner durin its time as a French protectorate, an wis confirmed as the naitional banner o the Republic o Tunisie wi the signin o the Constitution o Tunisie on 1 Juin 1959. It wis no till 30 Juin 1999 that its proportions an design wur clearly specified in law.

The crescent an star recaws the Ottoman banner an is therefore an indication o Tunisie's history as a pairt o the Ottoman Empire.

## Seembolism
For the Tunisian embassy in Fraunce, the colour reid represents the bluid o martyrs killed durin the Turkish conquest o Tunisie in 1574.. Housomeivver, it is a weel kent historical fact that the Tunisan invitit the Turkish tae libirate them frae the Spainyie invaders an frae wha is left o the Hafside dynasity.  Therefore, the interpretation o the Tunisian embassy is far frae reality.  Anither interpretation is that the "red Beylical banner spread licht throughoot the Muslim warld". The white seembolizes peace, while the crescent an five-pointit star represent unity o aw Muslims an the Five Pillars o Islam, respectively.

Accordin tae Ludvík Mucha, author o *Webster's Concise Encyclopedia of Flags & Coats of Arms*, the white circle locatit in the centre o the banner represents the sun. The reid crescent an the five-pointit star, twa auncient seembols o Islam, wur maist notably uised on the Ottoman banner an hae syne appeared on mony banners o Islamic kintras. The crescent is, frae the viewpoint o an Arabic observer, supposed tae bring guid luck. The colour reid is a seembol o resistance against Turkish supremacy. Whitney Smith states that the crescent wis first emblazoned on staundarts an buildins in the Punic state o Carthage, locatit in present-day Tunisie. Syne appearin on the Ottoman banner, thay wur widely adoptit bi Muslim kintras, an hae acome kent as seembols o Islam, when in fact, thay mey be cultural seembols.

## References
BBC Scotland

**BBC Scotland** (Gaelic: BBC Alba) is a constituent pairt o the British Broadcasting Corporation, the publicly-fundit broadcaster o the Unitit Kinrick. It is, in effect, the naitional broadcaster for Scotland, haein a considerable amoont o autonomy frae the BBC's Lunnon heidquarters, an is run bi the BBC Trust, who are advised in Scotland bi the Audience Council Scotland. Its Scots headquarters an studios are at BBC Pacific Quay on the sooth bank o the River Clyde, beside the STV heidquarters an the Glasgow Science Centre. 

BBC Scotland an aa haes offices includin a newsroom, lairge television studio, an radio studios near tae the Scots Pairlament in Edinburgh, plus an office inside the Pairlament building itsel. There are an' a' broadcastin centres in Aiberdeen, Dundee, Innerness an Dumfries. The BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra wis resident at BBC Scotland's Queen Margaret Drive base till 2006, when it moved tae new premises in the ceety centre. The orchestra performs regularly throughoot Scotland an aroond the warld.
  
BBC Scotland's main rival is STV (umshile *[[Scottish Television]]* an *[[Grampian Television]]*), which, despite the name, does no in fact broadcast throughoot the kintra. STV's transmissions are confined tae the main population centres o central an northern Scotland, while ITV1 (Border) covers the south.

## References
Tayto

**Tayto (Northren Ireland) Limited** is a company that maks tattie crisps, an haes its factory in Tandragee, Coonty Armagh. Thay're weel kent for thair cheese an ingan gust tattie crisps, an are a muckle pairt o Northren Irish cultur.
Naryn Region

**Naryn Region** (Kyrgyz: **Нарын областы**) is the mucklest province (*[[oblast]]*) o Kyrgyzstan. Its caipital is Naryn. The province wis estaiblisht on November 21, 1939 as Tien-Shan Province. On Dizember 20, 1962 the province wis dissowled, but on Dizember 11, 1970 re-establisht again.  On October 5, 1988 it gaed thegither wi Issyk-Kul Province, an, hinderly, on Dizember 14, 1990 it gat back its praisent name: Naryn Province.

The main heichgate runs frae the Cheenese mairch at Torugart Pass north tae Balykchy on Issyk Kul Loch. It is kent as the location o Son-Kul Loch an Chatyr-Kul Loch an Tash Rabat.

The population o Naryn oblast is 99% Kyrgyz. The economie is dominatit bi ainimal hirdin (sheep, horse, yaks), wi oo an meat as the main products.  Howkin o various meenerals developit in the Soviet era haes maistly been abandont as uneconomical. The day, the oblast is conseedert tae be the puirest region in the kintra, an the maist teepically Kirgyz forby.  It blaws bonnie muntains, alpine pasturs an Son-Kul Loch whilk in the simmer months attracts muckle hirds o sheep an horse wi thair hirders an thair yurts.

## Basic Socio-Economic Indicators

* Population: 271,000 (assessment for 1 Januar 2009) includin 17.4% - urban, an 82.6% - rural population
* Employed population: 89,300 (2008) 
* Registered Unemployed Population: 6,922 (2008)
* Export: 0.9 million US dollars (2008)
* Import: 4.0 million US dollars (2008) 
* Direct Foreign Investments: 1,1 million US dollars (in 2008)

## Districts o Naryn
Naryn Province is dividit admeenistratively intae 5 districts   :

## References

Laurnnce Mitchell, Kyrgyzstan, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008
Limburgish leid

**Limburgish**, whiles cawed *Limburgian* or *Limburgic* (Dutch: *Limburgs*, German: *Limburgisch*, French: *Limbourgeois*) is a group o East Law Franconian leid varieties spoken in the Limburg an Rhineland regions, near the common Dutch / Belgian / German border. The aurie in which it is spoken roughly fits athin a wide circle frae Venlo tae Düsseldorf tae Aachen tae Maastricht tae Hasselt an back tae Tienen. In some pairts of this aurie it is generally uised as the colloquial leid in daily speech.

In general speech the Limburgish leid is aften described as a dialect o either German or Dutch, baith o which share mony characteristics wi it. Athin the modren communities o the Belgian an Dutch provinces o Limburg intermediate idiolects are an aa vera common, which combine staundart Dutch wi the accent an some grammatical an pronunciation tendencies derived frae Limburgish. This 'Limburgish Dutch' is confusingly an aa aften referred tae simply as "Limburgish" (*Limburgs* in Dutch).
Songkhla Province

**Songkhla** (, ) is ane o the soothren provinces (*changwat*) o Thailand. Neighborin provinces are (from east clockwise) Satun, Phatthalung, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani an Yala. Tae the sooth it borders Kedah an Perlis o Malaysie.

In contrast tae maist ither provinces, the caipital Songkhla is no the lairgest ceety in the province. The muckle newer ceety o Hat Yai, wi a population o 359,813, is considerably lairger, wi twice the population o Songkhla (163,072). This aften leads tae the misconception that Hat Yai is the provincial caipital.

Baith ceeties are pairt o Greater Hatyai-Songkhla Metropolitan Aurie.
Allin Cottrell

**Allin Cottrell** (26 Juin 1953, Irvine, North Ayrshire) is a Scots scientist, PhD (politeecs) in Varsity o Edinburgh (1982), frae 1998 wirk in WFU.
Osh Region

**Osh Province** (, ) is a province (*[[oblast]]*) o Kyrgyzstan. Its caipital is Osh. It is boondit bi (clockwise) Jalal-Abad Province, Naryn Province, Xinjiang, Cheenae, Tajikistan, Batken Province an Uzbekistan.

## Geography an population

Maist o the population lives in the flat northren pairt o the Oblast, on the edge o the Ferghana Valley.  The land gradually rises soothward tae the crest o the Alay Muntains, drops intae the Alay Valley an rises tae the Trans-Alai  Range which forms the border wi Tajikistan. In the east, the land rises tae the Ferghana Range which is roughly parallel tae the Naryn border. This aurie is drained bi the Kara Darya which flows northwast tae join the Naryn River tae form the Syr Darya in the Ferghana Valley.

Hieway M41 goes sooth ower the muntains frae Osh tae the Tajik border.  At Sary-Tash a branch goes east tae the Cheenese border crossin at Irkeshtam.  The ither main road goes wast through the flat kintra tae Batken Province.

Mair nor hauf o aw Kyrgyzstan's Uzbeks live in Osh Province. They are 33% o the provincial population as opposed tae 14,5% in Kyrgyzstan as a whole. 

## Destricts o Osh
Osh province is dividit administratively intae 7 districts (leetit coonter-clockwise):

## Enclaves an exclaves
Kyrgyzstan's ae exclave athin Uzbekistan is administratively pairt o Osh Province (Kara-Suu District). This is the sma village o Barak (population 627) in the Fergana valley, locatit on the road frae Osh (Kyrgyzstan) tae Khodjaabad (Uzbekistan) aboot 4&nbsp;km north-wast frae the Kyrgyz–Uzbek border in the direction o Andijan.

## References

*Laurence Mitchell, Kyrgyzstan, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008
Jalal-Abad Region

**Jalal-Abad Province**, forby kent as **Jalalabat** (Kyrgyz: **Жалалабат областы**), is a province (*[[oblast]]*) o Kyrgyzstan. Its caipital is the ceety o the same name, Jalal-Abad.  It is surroondit bi (clockwise frae the north) Talas Province, Chui Province, Naryn Province, Osh Province an Uzbekistan. The Jalal-Abad Province wis established on November 21, 1939. On Januar 27, 1959 it became a pairt o Osh Province, but regained its auld status as a province on December 14, 1990. Jalal-Abad Province consist o 8 districts, an includes 5 touns, 8 urban-type settlements, an 415 villages 

## References
Talas Region

**Talas Region** (Kyrgyz: **Талас областы**) is a province (*[[oblast]]*) o Kyrgyzstan. Its caipital is Talas. It is bordered on the wast an north bi Jambyl Province o Kazakhstan, on the east bi Chui Province, on the sooth bi Jalal-Abad Province an on the soothwast bi a finger o Uzbekistan. It is basically a U-shaped valley open tae the wast. The northren mairch is defined bi the Kyrgyz Ala-Too, which an aa form the soothren mairch o Chuy Province. At the eastren end, the Talas Ala-Too Range splits aff an marks the soothren border. The Talas River flows throu the centre o the valley. The main hieway (A361) enters frae the east ower the Ötmök Pass (closed in winter) an goes doun the valley tae Taraz in Kazakhstan. Near the mooth o the valley at Kyzyl-Adyr, ane road goes north toward Taraz an the ither sooth ower the Kara-Buura Pass tae Jalal-Abad Province. Afore unthirldom maist tred links wur wi Taraz. The historic Battle o Talas occurred here.

## Basic Socio-Economic Indicators

* Population: 219,800 (assessment for 1 Januar 2009) includin 16.3% - urban, an 83.7% - rural population
* Employed population: 95,300 (2008) 
* Registered Unemployed Population: 2,136 (2008)
* Export: 14.6 million US dollars (2008)
* Import: 193.3 million US dollars (2008) 
* Direct Foreign Investments: 30,4 million US dollars (in 2008)

## Districts o Talas
Talas province is dividit admeenistratively intae 4 districts :

## References

Laurence Mitchell, Kyrgyzstan, Bradt Traivel Guides, 2008
Sooth African Inglis

The term **South African Inglis** (*SAE* or *SAI*) is the leid code for *Sooth African Inglis* , as defined bi ISO staundarts (see ISO 639-1 an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) an Internet staundarts (see IETF leid tag)) is applied tae the first leid dialects o Inglis spoken bi Sooth Africans, wi the L1 Inglis variety spoken bi Zimbabweans, Zambians an Namibians, being recognised as affshoots. 

There is some social an regional variation athin Sooth African Inglis.  Social variation athin Sooth African Inglis haes been classified intae three groupins: **Cultivated**, closely approximatin Received Pronunciation an associated wi upper class; **General**, a social indicator o the middle class, an **Broad**, associated wi the wirkin class and/or Afrikaans descent, an closely approximatin the seicont-leid Afrikaans-Inglis variety.  This is similar tae the case in Australian Inglis.

## References
Paul Cockshott

**Paul Cockshott** (born 16 Mairch 1952 in Edinburgh) is a Scots computer scientist an a reider at the Varsity o Glesga.
Mors Principium Est

**Mors Principium Est** *([[Laitin]] for "daith is the beginnin")* is a Finnish melodic daith metal baund formit in 1999.

## History
The baund wis formit in 1999 in Pori, Finland bi sangster/lead guitarist Jori Haukio, guitarist Jarkko Kokko an keyboardist Toni Nummelin. Drummer Mikko Sipola joined in late 1999, suin follaed bi the arrival o new vocalist Ville Viljanen in early 2000 when Haukio decidit tae focus on his guitar wirk. Bassist Teemu Heinola wis no appointit till efter the baund's first demo, *Before Birth*, which attractit attention frae French record label Listenable Records in 2001.

Ane year an twa demos later, Mors Principium Est signed a three-album contract wi Listenable Records completit bi the album *Liberation = Termination* released in Mairch 2007.

The baund annoonced on Aprile 25t, 2007 the new lineup o the baund.  Karri Kuisma joined the baund as the rhythm guitarist in 2006 an Lead guitarist Tomy Laisto joined the baund in 2007.  Jarkko Kokko left the baund in 2009.

An aw in 2009, Tomy Laisto an Kalle Aaltonen haed pairtit weys tae pursue ither venturs. On 30 Aprile 2011 the baund annooncit on their wabsteid that Andy Gillion haed been recruitit as the first replacement guitarist. On September 29 the baund annooncit on their wabsteid that Andhe Chandler haed been recruitit as the seicont replacement guitarist.

## Lineup
### Current members
* Ville Viljanen – vocals (2000 – present)
* Mikko Sipola – drums (2000 – present)
* Teemu Heinola – bass (2001 – present)
* Kalle Aaltonen – rhythm guitar (2009 – present)
* Tomy Laisto - lead guitar (2007 - present)

### Umwhile members
* Jarkko Kokko – guitars (1999 – 2009)
* Jori Haukio – vocals, guitars (1999 – 2000); guitars (2000 – 2006)
* Toni Nummelin – keyboards (1999 – 2004)
* Joona Kukkola - keyboards (2004 – 2007)
* Karri Kuisma - guitars (2006 – 2007)
* Tom "Tomma" Gardiner - guitars (2007 – 2009)

## Discography
### Albums
* *[[Inhumanity]]* (2003, reissued in 2006)
* *[[The Unborn (album)|The Unborn]]* (2005)
* *[[Liberation = Termination]]* (2007)
* *[[...And Death Said Live]]* (2012)
* *[[Dawn of the 5th Era]]* (2014)
* *[[Embers of a Dying World]]* (2017)
* *Seven* (2020)
* *Liberate the Unborn Inhumanity* (2022)

### Demos
* *Before Birth* (2000)
* *Valley of Sacrifice* (2001)
* *Third Arrival* (2002)

## References


## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial Page
* Listenable Records
* 
* Mors Principium Est forum
Tel Aviv

**Tel Aviv-Yafo** (Ebreu: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ, lit. "Spring Moond"-Jaffa; , *Tall ʼAbīb*), uisually referred tae as **Tel Aviv**, is the seicont maist populous ceety in Israel, wi a population o 410,000.  The ceety is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, on a land aurie o 51.4 square kilometres (19.8 sq mi). It is the lairgest an maist populous ceety in the metropolitan aurie o Gush Dan. Residents o Tel Aviv are cawed *Tel Avivians*.

Tel Aviv wis foondit in 1909 on the ootskirts o the ancient port ceety o Jaffa (, *Yafo*; , *Yaffa*). The growth o Tel Aviv suin ootpaced Jaffa, which wis lairgely Arab at the time. Tel Aviv an Jaffa wur merged intae a single municipality in 1950, twa years efter the establishment o the State o Israel. Tel Aviv's White Ceety, designatit a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid in 2003, comprises the warld's lairgest concentration o Bauhaus biggins.

Tel Aviv is classified as a beta+ warld ceety. It is a major economic hub, hame tae the Tel Aviv Stock Exchynge an mony corporate offices an research an development centers. Its beaches, parks, bars, cafés, restaurants, shoppin, cosmopolitan lifestyle an 24-hour cultur hae made it a popular tourist destination for domestic an owerseas tourists alike, contributin tae its reputation as "the ceety that niver sleeps. Tel Aviv is the kintra's financial caipital a a major performing airts an business centre. The economy o Tel Aviv wis ranked seicont in the Middle East, an 50t globally bi *[[Foreign Policy]]*'s 2010 Global Ceeties Index. It is the maist expensive ceety in the region, an the 17t maist expensive ceety in the warld. New York Ceety-based writer an editor David Kaufman named it the "Mediterranean's New Caipital o Cool". In 2010, Tel Aviv haes been named the third-best ceety in the warld bi *[[Lonely Planet]]*, third-best in the Middle East & Africae bi ''Travel + Leisure magazine'', an ane o the best beach ceeties in the warld bi *[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]*.

## Etymology
The name *Tel Aviv*  (literally "Spring Moond") wis chosen in 1910 amang mony suggestions, includin "Herzliya". *Tel Aviv* is the Ebreu title o Theodor Herzl's beuk ''Altneuland'' ("Auld New Land"), translatit frae German bi Nahum Sokolow. Sokolow teuk the name frae : "Then A came tae them o the captivity at Tel Aviv, that lived bi the river Chebar, an tae where they lived; an A sat there owerwhelmed amang them seiven days." This name wis foond fittin as it embraced the idea o the renaissance o the auncient Jewish hameland. *Aviv* is Ebreu for "spring", seembolizin renewal, an *tel* is an airchaeological site that reveals layers o ceevilization built ane ower the ither. Theories vary aboot the etymology o Jaffa or *Yafo* in Ebreu. Some believe that the name derives frae *yafah* or *yofi*, Ebreu for "bonnie" or "beauty". Anither tradition is that Japheth, son o Noah, foondit the ceety and that it wis named for him. The name is an aa transliteratit as *Tel-Abib* in the Keeng James Bible.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Tel Aviv haes a pairtnership wi  Los Angeles, Californie, USA an is twinned wi:

## References
MotoGP 4

**MotoGP 4** is the fowert MotoGP gemme released an the last gemme published an developed bi Namco.

## Features
The gemme features are based on the 2004 MotoGP saison. The gemme allous the player tae race in 5 gemme modes: Quick Race, Time Attack, Championship, Challenges an Multiplayer in a variety o difficulties an wather conditions.
### Notable teams an riders
#### MotoGP
*Yamaha Team
** Valentino Rossi
** Carlos Checa
*Telefonica Movistar
** Sete Gibernau
** Colin Edwards
*Honda Team
** Max Biaggi
** Makoto Tamada
*Repsol Honda
** Alex Barros
** Nicky Hayden
*Ducati
** Loris Capirossi 
** Troy Bayliss
*Tech 3 Yamaha
** Marco Melandri
** Norifumi Abe
*Kawasaki Motors Racing
** Alex Hofmann
** Shinya Nakano
*d'Antin MotoGP
** Neil Hodgson
** Rubén Xaus
*Suzuki MotoGP
** Kenny Roberts, Jr.
** John Hopkins
*MS Aprilia
** Jeremy McWilliams
** Andrew Byrne
*Team Roberts
** Kurtis Roberts
** Nobuatsu Aoki
*Harris WCM
** Michel Fabrizio
** Youichi Ui

#### 250cc
*Telefonica Movistar Junior Honda
** Dani Pedrosa
** Hiroshi Aoyama
*Repsol Aspar Aprilia
** Sebastián Porto
** Fonsi Nieto
*Safilo Carrera - LCR Honda
** Randy de Puniet
*Honda Team
** Toni Elias
** Roberto Rolfo
*Aprilia Racing 250
** Alex de Angelis
*Aprilia Team
** Manuel Poggiali
*Team Zoppini Abruzzo
** Anthony West
** Hugo Marchand
*Troll Honda BQR
** Alex Debon
** Eric Bataille
*Aprilia Germany
** Chaz Davies
** Johann Stigefelt
*Campetella Honda
** Franco Battaini
** Joan Olive
** Sylvain Guintoli
*Yahama Kurz
** Naoki Matsudo
** Erwag Nigon
*Aspar Junior Team
** Héctor Faubel
** Dirk Heidolf
*Equipe de Fraunce-Scarab GP
** Arnaud Vincent
** Gregory Lefort

#### 125cc
*Team Scot Honda
** Andrea Dovizioso
** Simone Corsi
*Seedorf Racing Aprilia
** Héctor Barberá
** Álvaro Bautista
*Safilo Carrera - LCR Aprilia 
** Roberto Locatelli
** Mattia Pasini	
*Derbi
** Jorge Lorenzo
** Angel Rodríguez
*KTM Red Bull
** Casey Stoner
** Mika Kallio
*Master-Mxonda-Aspar Team
** Pablo Nieto
** Sergio Gadea
*Warldwide Communications
** Steve Jenkner
** Marco Simoncelli
*Matteoni Racing
** Mirko Giansanti
** Jordi Cardano
*Angaia Racing
** Julián Simón
** Mattia Angeloni
*Gilera Racing Team
** Fabrizio Lai
** Stefano Perugini
*Semprucci Malguti Racing
** Gabor Talmácsi
** Manuel Manna
*Elit Grand Prix
** Thomas Lüthi
** Dario Giuseppetti
*Ajo Motorsport Honda
** Lukáš Pešek
** Robin Harms
*Road Racing Team Hungary Aprilia
** Imre Tóth
** Vesa Kallio

### Circuits
* Phakisa ( South African Grand Prix)
* Jerez ( Spanish Grand Prix)
* Le Mans ( French Grand Prix)
* Mugello ( Italian Grand Prix)
* Catalunya ( Catalan Grand Prix)
* Assen ( Dutch TT)
* Nelson Piquet ( Brazilian Grand Prix)
* Sachsenring ( German Grand Prix)
* Donington Park ( British Grand Prix)
* Brno ( Czech Republic Grand Prix)
* Estoril ( Portuguese Grand Prix)
* Motegi ( Japanese Grand Prix)
* Losail ( Qatar Grand Prix)
* Sepang ( Malaysian Grand Prix)
* Phillip Island ( Australian Grand Prix)
* Valencia ( Valencian Grand Prix)
Clan Gunn

**Clan Gunn** is a Scots clan associated wi northeastren Scotland, includin Caithness an Sutherland as well as the Orkney Islands.The clan's oreegins stretch ower the sea tae Norawa, an the Clan Gunn thairsels claim strynd frae the legendary Sweyn Asleifsson, the sae-cried 'Ultimate Viking', the progenitor o the clan, an throu his grandson Gunni, considered tae be the "namefaither" o Clan Gunn. The clan is an armigerous clan, athoot a chief, sae the Lord Lyon haes appointit a clan commander.

## Clan Profile

*Gaelic Name: *Guinne* (Surname)
*Motto: *Aut Pax Aut Bellum*; translatit literally as "Either peace or war", colloquially translatit as "In peace an war" or, alternately, wi the raised swuird o the crest, as "Staund ready for peace or war."
*Slogan: *Clyth*
*Pipe Muisic: "The Gunn's Salute"
*Plant Badge: Juniper.

### Commander
Iain Alexander Gunn o Banniskirk wis appointit Commander o Clan Gunn, bi commission o Lord Lyon on 9 Juin 1972.
Gomel

**Gomel** (), an aa **Homiel**, **Homel** (Belaroushie, Roushie: Гомель,  (Bel.),  (Rus.), translit: *Homieĺ*; is the admeenistrative centre o Gomel Region an the seicont-lairgest ceety in Belaroushie. It haes a population o 479,935 (2006 estimate). Gomel is situatit in the sootheastren pairt o the kintra, on the richt bank o Sozh river, close tae the mairch wi Ukraine an tae the Chernobyl nuclear pouer plant. Awtho it haes been hivily contaminatit wi radioactive debris follaein the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, residents wur niver evacuatit frae Gomel an the general population continued tae grow. The ceety is serviced bi Gomel Airport.

## References
Mogilev

**Mogilev** (an aa spelled **Mahilyow**, an aa transliterated **Mahiloŭ**, **Mogilyov**; , ; , ) is a ceety in eastren Belaroushie, aboot 76&nbsp;km frae the border wi Roushie's Smolensk Oblast an 105&nbsp;km frae the border wi Roushie's Bryansk Oblast. It haes mair nor 367,788 inhabitants (2007 estimate). It is the centre o Mahilyow Region an the third lairgest ceety in Belarus.

## Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Mahilyow is twinned wi:
*  Kragujevac, Serbia
*  Gabrovo, Bulgarie
*  Villeurbanne, Fraunce
*  Bardejov, Slovakie
*  Eisenach, Germany
*  Kerch, Ukraine
*  Tula, Russie
*  Klaipėda, Lithuanie
*  Włocławek, Poland
*  Denizli, Turkey
*  Sumgayit, Azerbaijan

## References
Darkhan (ceety)

**Darkhan** (, *blacksmith*) is the third-lairgest ceety in Mongolie an the caipital o Darkhan-Uul Aimag (Darkhan-Uul Province). It haes a population o 74,300 (as o 2007).

## History
Grund wis broken on October 17, 1961, an the ceety wis biggit wi extensive economic assistance frae the Soviet Union.  As its name implies, the ceety wis oreeginally conceived tae be a manufacturin site for Mongolie's northren territory. The ceety remains a maistly industrial region an is the hame o some 82% o the aimag's population.  As wi maist urban Mongols, some 86% o the ceety's population live in residential apairtments, wi the remainin population livin in yurts (gers) on the ootskirts o the ceety.  The ceety is close tae Roushie an retains a fairly lairge percentage o native Roushies.

## Cultur

The Kharagiin monastery is hoosed in a pretty log cabin in the auld toun; it haes recently acome active again as a Buddhist monastery.

In addition, the ceety hosts the Museum o Darkhan-Uul. This museum, an aa cawed the Traditional Museum o Folk Airt, contains a collection o archaeological findins, traditional clothin, releegious airtifacts, an taxidermy.

## Partner ceeties
*  Dimitrovgrad, Bulgarie
*  Irving, Texas, USA
*  Kaposvár, Hungary
*  Ulan-Ude, Roushie

## References
Battle o Culloden

The **Battle o Culloden** (Scots Gaelic: *Blár Chuìl Lodair*, Inglis: Battle of Culloden) wis the feenal fecht o the 1745 Jacobite Rising.  Takkin place on 16 Apryle 1746, the fecht pitted the Jacobite forces o Charles Edward Stuart conter an airmy owerins by William Augustus, Duke o Cumberland, leal tae the Breetish govrenment.  The Jacobite cause o owerthrawing the ringing Haudin o Hanover an cower the Haudin o Stuart tae the Breetish throne wis yoked a decisive defeat at Culloden; Charles Stuart niver made ony offers tae braig Hanoverian pouer in Breetain.  The fecht wis the last heaved fecht focht on Breetish laund, occurring ewest Innerness in the Scots Hielands.

Charles Stuart’s Jacobite airmy conseested feckly o Scots hielanders, as weel as a group o Lawland Scots and a peerie group o English men frae the Manchester Diveesion.  The Jacobites war fended and plenished by the Kinrick o Fraunce and French and Erse diveesions leal tae Fraunce war a pairt o the Jacobite airmy.  The govrenment force wis feckly English, alang wi a lairge nummer o Scots Lawlanders and Hielanders, a group o Ulster men frae Ireland, and a peerie nummer o Hessians (frae Germany) and Austrians.  Meetin on Culloden Moss, the fecht wis baith cliftie an bluidy, takkin place inouth an oor.  Follaeing a feckless Hieland charge conter the govrenment lines, the Jacobites war skailed an hurlt frae the field.

Atween 1,500 an 2,000 Jacobites wis killt or woundit in the short fecht, while govrenment losses wis lichter wi 50 deid 259 woundit.  The eftercast o the fecht an follaeing revenge takkin on Jacobism wis cruel, earning Cumberland the tae-name “Flesher”.  Ettles wis makit tae ower hail the Hielands intae the Kinrick o Great Breetain; ceevil kanes war introduced tae waiken Gaelic cultur an attack the Scots clan seestem.

## See an aa
*''Culloden'' (film)

## References
Graubünden

**Graubünden** or **Grisons** (, ;  ;  ; see also ither names) is the lairgest an eastrenmaist canton o Swisserland. The canton shares internaitional borders wi Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige/South Tyrol an Lombardy), Austrick (Vorarlberg) an Liechtenstein. The name *Graubünden* translates as the "Grey Leagues," referrin tae the canton's oreegin in three local alliances, the League o God's Hoose, the Grey League, an the League o Ten Jurisdictions. Graubünden is an aa hame tae three o Switzerland's ethnic groups an the subsequent languages o Swiss German, Italian an Romansh are aw native tae the province. It is an aa the ae canton whaur the ancient Romansh dialects are still spoken.

## References
Thun

**Thun** () is a municipality in the admeenistrative district o Thun in the canton o Bern in Swisserland wi aboot 42,136 inhabitants (near 90,000 in the agglomeration),  as o 1 Januar 2006. 

It is locatit whaur the River Aar flows oot o Lake Thun (Thunersee), 30&nbsp;km sooth o Bern. 
Besides tourism, machine an apparatus ingineerin, the lairgest garrison o the kintra, the fuid industry an publishin are of economic importance tae Thun.
Ennis

**Ennis** () is the coonty toun o Clare in Ireland. Situatit on the River Fergus, it lies north o Limerick an sooth o Galway. Its name is a shortenin of the oreeginal ** ("lang rowin meadow island"). 

The toun is 19&nbsp;km (12&nbsp;mi) frae Shannon an Shannon Airport. Geographically locatit near the mouth o the Fergus estuary, it is nou a gateway tae the Wast o Clare via the N85 Wastren relief road for fowk travellin frae the Limerick an East Clare regions.

The 2006 census indicates that Ennis haed a population o 24,253 makin it the lairgest toun in Munster an the saxt lairgest town in Ireland. It is the 11t lairgest urban centre in the kintra.

In 2005 Ennis wan the Irish Tidy Towns Competition. The toun haes maintained this hie status ower the years comin 2nt in 2008, an improvement on the previous year.

## References
Chur

**Chur** ( (in Graubünden),  (elsewhere); ;   or ;  ); ; ,  an ) is the caipital o the Swiss canton o Graubünden an lies in the northren pairt o the canton.

## History

The name "chur" derives aiblins frae the Celtic *kora* or *koria*, meanin "tribe", or frae the Laitin curia.
Lebedinovka

**Lebedinovka** () is a veelage on the ootskirts o the Kyrgyz caipital Bishkek. Admeenistratively, housomeivver, it is no pairt o the ceety, but is the centre o the Alamudun District o Chuy Province, which surroonds Bishkek.

Its population is 15,100, accordin tae the census o 1999 or an estimate made suin efter.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* MSN Map
Kineuchar

**Kineuchar** (or **Kinneuchar**; : [kɪˈnjʌxər]) is a clachan an pairish in the Kinrick o Fife. It is bund by the pairishes o Elie, Ceres, St Monans, Carnbee, Newburn and Lergae.
It is aboot 9 mile frae north tae sooth. Maist o the laund is uised for fermin or is widdit. The clachan itsel is seetuate inland on Kineuchar Loch.

## Pairish Kirk
Kineuchar Pairish Kirk is ithin the Kirk o Scotland. The historic Kirk biggin is still in raiglar uiss; it haes a byordinar heich touer, gey an seemilar tae that o Cockpen an Carrington Pairish Kirk in Midlowden.
Cheenese leid

**Chinese** or the **Sinitic leid(s)** (/ Hànyǔ; / Huáyǔ;  Zhōngwén) is a leid faimly consistin o leids that is maistly mutually unintelligible tae varyin degrees. Oreeginally the indigenous leids spoken bi the Han Cheenese in Cheenae, it forms ane o the branches o Sino-Tibetan family o leids.  Aboot ae-fift o the warld’s population, or ower ae billion fowk, speaks some variety o Cheenese as their native leid. Internal diveesions o Cheenese are uisually perceived bi their native speakers as dialects o a single Cheenese leid, raither than separate leids, although this identification is considered inappropriate bi some linguists an Sinologists.

Spoken Cheenese is distinguisht bi its heich level o internal diversity, although aw spoken varieties o Cheenese are tonal an analytic. There atween seiven an thirteen main regional groups o Cheenese (dependin on classification scheme), o whilk the maist spoken, bi far, is Mandarin (aboot 850 million), follaed bi Wu (90 million), Cantonese (Yue) (70 million) an Min (50 million). Maist o thir groups is mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang an the Soothwest Mandarin dialects, mey share common terms an some degree o intelligibility.

Staundart Mandarin *(Putonghua / Guoyu / Huayu)* is a staundardised form o spoken Cheenese, based on the Beijing dialect, whilk is pairt o a lairger group o North-Eastren an Sooth-Wastren dialects, aften takken as a separate leid.  The Mandarin Cheenese leid is referred tae as / *Guānhuà* or / *Běifānghuà* in Cheenese. Staundart Mandarin is the offeecial leid o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (PRC) an the Republic o Cheenae (ROC, an' a' kent as Taiwan), as weel as ane o fower offeecial leids o Singapore. Cheenese—*de facto*, Staundart Mandarin—is ane o the sax offeecial leids o the Unitit Naitions. O the ither varieties, Stanudart Cantonese is common an influential in Guangdong Province an Cantonese-speakin owerseas communities, an remains ane o the offeecial leids o Hong Kong (thegither wi Inglis) an o Macau (thegither wi Portuguese). Min Nan, pairt o the Min leid group, is widely spoken in soothren Fujian, in neighbourin Taiwan (whaur it is kent as Taiwanese or Hoklo) an in Sootheast Asie (kent as Hokkien in Singapore an Malaysie).

## References
Issyk Kul Region

**Issyk Kul Province** (Kyrgyz: **Ысык-Көл областы**) is a province (*[[oblast]]*) o Kyrgyzstan. Its caipital is Karakol. It is surroondit by Almaty Province, Kazakhstan (north), Chui Province (wast), Naryn Province (soothwast) an Xinjiang, Cheenae (sootheast).

## Geography

The north is dominatit bi the eye-shaped Issyk Kul Lake, surroondit bi the ridges o the Tian Shan muntain seestem: the Kyungey Ala-Too muntains tae the north an the Terskey Alatau tae the sooth (the 'sunny' an 'shady' Alatau, respectively). Tae the sooth is muntains an 'jailoos' (muntain meadows uised for simmer grazin). The heichest peaks o the Tian Shan muntains, includin Khan Tengri, are locatit in the eastrenmaist pairt o the province.  

Maist o the population o the province bides aroond the loch, in particular in the ceeties o Balykchy naur the loch's wastren end, an Karakol naur its eastren end.

## Basic socio-economic indicators

* Population: 437,200 (assessment for 1 Januar 2009) including 28.7% - urban, and 71.3% - rural population
* Employed population: 180,300 (2008) 
* Registered unemployed population: 4,902 (2008)
* Export: 18.8 million US dollars (2008)
* Import: 221.7 million US dollars (2008) 
* Direct Foreign Investments: 1,1 million US dollars (in 2008)

## Transportation
The railwey comin frae the northwast (frae Bishkek) ends at Balykchy. The main hieway (A365) frae Bishkek passes through Balykchy an intae Naryn Province on its way tae the Torugart Pass intae Cheenae.  Hieway A363 circles the loch an A362 runs east frae the loch intae Kazakhstan. 

## Tourism

The province, whilk resembles the Alps or Colorado, woud be a major tourist destination wur it no for its remoteness, unnerdeveloped infrastructure, an growin conflict atween Kyrgyz naitionalists an independence factions, which in December 2008 flared up again, killin 39 civilians. Currently, it is visited maistly bi locals who uise the Soviet-era establishments aroond the lake an the mair adventurous sort o internaitional tourist.

## Trivia
There is a veelage bi the name o Kyzyldzhildyz in this province. Its name is haurd enough tae pronoonce for foreigners tae the leid that the clachan's mayor haes affered a reward for ony American that can pronoonce "Kyzyldzhildyz".

## Destricts o Issyk Kul

Issyk Kul is dividit admeenistratively intae 5 destricts::

## References

*Laurence Mitchell, *Kyrgyzstan*, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008

## Freemit airtins
* Guide tae the region frae the Spektator magazine 
*  Karakol - Djeti-Oguz region in Central Tien-Shan  (Mountaineering reports and maps. Although the site is in English, with some web browsers you may need to set "Character Encoding" to "Cyrillic" in the "View" menu of your browser in order to get better display of the main page).
Niger

**Niger** (pronoonced  or ; ), offeecially named the **Republic o Niger**, is a landlocked kintra in Wastren Africae, named efter the Niger River. It borders Nigerie an Benin tae the sooth, Burkina Faso an Mali tae the wast, Algerie an Libie tae the north an Chad tae the east. Niger covers a land aurie o amaist 1,270,000&nbsp;km2, ower 80 percent o which is covered bi the Sahara desert. The kintra's predominantly Islamic population o juist abuin 15,000,000 is maistly clustered in the far sooth an wast o the naition. The caipital ceety is Niamey.

Niger is a developin kintra. It haes the lawest Human Development Index (HDI) on Yird. Muckle o the non-desert portions o the kintra are threatened bi periodic drocht an desertification. The economy is concentratit aroond subsistence an some export agricultur clustered in the mair fertile sooth, an the export o raw materials—especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped bi its landlocked poseetion, desert terrain, poor eddication an poverty o its fowk, lack o infrastructur, poor heal care, an environmental degradation.

Nigerien society reflects a great diversity drawn frae the lang independent histories o its several ethnic groups an regions an thair relatively short period livin in a single state. Historically, wha is nou Niger haes been on the fringes o several lairge states. Syne unthirldom, Nigeriens hae lived unner five constitutions an three periods o militar rule. A majority live in rural auries, an hae little access tae advanced eddication.

## References
Banner o Niger

The **Banner o Niger** haes been the naitional seembol o the Wast African Republic o Niger syne 1959, a year prior tae its formal unthirldom frae Fraunce. It uises the naitional colors o orange, white an green, in equal horizontal baunds, wi an orange rondel in the center. The banner forms ane o the offeecial naitional seembols o the Republic o Niger, wi the coat o airms o Niger, the Naitional Anthem ("la Nigérienne"), the crest (uised in the centre o the coat o airms), an the devise: "*Fraternité, Travail, Progrès*". Thir form Article 1 o the first pairt o the 1999 Constitution o Niger.

## Legal definition
Prior tae unthirldom frae French Wast Africae, the banner o Niger wis adoptit bi the Territorial Assembly o the Niger Colony on 23 November 1959, shortly afore proclamation o the Republic athin the French Community on 18 December 1959. The banner wis designed in 1958.  It wis retained upon unthirldom in 1960 an haes remained unchynged throu the 1999 Fift Constitution

## Seembolism
A nummer o soorces hae describit the seembolic intent o the banner, awtho offeecial soorces are silent upon this. A common interpretation is that the upper orange baund represents the northren regions o the Sahara Desert (tho this is whiles said tae be the Sahel), the centre white baund represents purity (tho this is whiles said tae be the River Niger), an the lawer green baund represents baith hope an the fertile regions o soothren Niger. The orange circle in the centre baund is said tae represent the sun or unthirldom.

Niger's banner is a tricolour, in common wi ither umwhile dependencies an colonies o Fraunce.

## Ratio
The banner's traditional portrayal wi an unuisual aff-square ratio is o unkent significance an is no uised consistently in prent applications o the Nigerien govrenment.


File:Flag of Niger (3-2).svg| Ratio 2:3
File:Flag of Niger (5-3).svg| Ratio 3:5
File:Flag of Niger (2-1).svg| Ratio 1:2


## References

* Portions o this article war translated frae the German leid Wikipedia article :de:Flagge Nigers,, (consulted 2008-07-25).
* W. Smith, O. Neubecker: *Die Zeichen der Menschen und Völker: Unsere Welt in Fahnen und Flaggen*. Reich Verlag Luzern, 1975, ISBN 3-7243-0115-4
* Flag of Niger at FOTW, (consulted 2008-07-25).
Karasburg

**Karasburg** is toun in the Karas Region o soothren Namibie an the destrict caipital o the  Karasburg electoral constituency. It lies at the hert o the soothren Namibian sheep farmin industry.

## Location
Thare are three main routes that lead intae Karasburg. Frae Grünau in the Wast, Onseepkans in the Sooth an the B3 main road that leads tae the Sooth African border in the East. The toun lies 710&nbsp;km sooth o Windhoek, 862&nbsp;km North o Cape Toun an 110&nbsp;km Wast o the Ariamsvlei border post. Karasburg is the ae relatively lairge toun sooth o Keetmanshoop in Namibie.

## Economy
Karasburg's main industry is sheep farmin, but it is an' a' an important truck stap for transport vehicles streamin intae Namibie frae the Sooth African border. The toun supports several massive farms in the aurie. The toun an aa haes its awn airport Karasburg Airport: (IATA:KAS) which is uised mainly for licht aircraft or as an emergency landin strip for lairger planes. Karasburg haes the busiest train station in Soothren Namibie an is an aa the last significant stap afore Upington. Bondels Dam, biggit in 1959, lies 7&nbsp;km wast o the toun.

Karasburg wis doungradit tae "toun" status in 2010.

## Climate
Karasburg haes an extreme climate maist times o the year wi temperatures risin tae 48 degrees celsius in the rainy saison an droppin tae 2 degrees in the dry saison. Law rainfall is seen in this region, but the rains uisually come in early Januar an leave as late as early Aprile, dependin on the previous saison's naitur.

## Wildlife
The Karasburg region hosts a variety o lairge tae smaw gemme, rangin frae Kudu an Springbok tae Duiker, Klipspringer, Steenbok, Jackal an Caracal. The Kudu are abundant amang the 'koppies' an roam free, leaping ower ony fence that mey come in thair wey whauras the Springbok on the ither haund are bound tae single encampments, acause thay lack the suppleness an lenth tae jump ower fences. Caracals are widely huntit doun bi fairmers, acause thay prey on the lambs o sheep. Gemsbuck are an' a' widely scattered athort the region in addition tae Zebra an Red Hartebeest.

## See an aa
* Railway stations in Namibie

## References
Naitional anthem o Roushie

The **Naitional Anthem o the Roushie Federation** (, *Gosudarstvennyj Gimn Rossijskoj Federacii*)  is the name o the offeecial naitional anthem o Roushie. Its muisical composition an leerics wur adoptit frae the anthem o the Soviet Union, componed bi Alexander Alexandrov, an leericists Sergey Mikhalkov an Gabriel El-Registan. The Soviet anthem wis uised frae 1944, replacin "The Internationale" wi a mair Roushie-centric sang. The anthem wis amendit in 1956 tae remove leerics that haed references tae umwhile Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The anthem wis amendit again in 1977 tae introduce new leerics written bi Mikhalkov.

Russia sought a new anthem in 1990 tae stairt anew efter the collapse o the Soviet Union. The leeric-free "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya", componed bi Mikhail Glinka, wis offeecially adoptit in 1993 bi Chairman o the Supreme Soviet o the Roushie SFSR, Boris Yeltsin. The govrenment sponsored contests tae creaut leerics for the unpopular anthem acause o its inability tae inspire Roushie athletes durin internaitional competitions. Nane o the entries wur adoptit, resultin in the restoration o the Soviet anthem bi Preses Vladimir Putin. The govrenment sponsored a contest tae fynd leerics, eventually settling on a composition bi Mikhalkov. Accordin tae the govrenment, the leerics wur selectit tae evoke an eulogize the history an tradeetions o Roushie. The new anthem wis adoptit in late 2000, an became the seicont anthem uised bi Roushie syne the dissolution o the Soviet Union.

Public perception o the anthem is mixed amang Roushies. The anthem reminds some o the best days o Roushie an past sacrifices, while it reminds ithers o the violence that occurred unner the rule o Stalin. The Roushie govrenment contends that the anthem is a seembol o the unity o the fowk, an that it respects the past. A 2009 poll showed that 56% o respondents felt proud when hearin the anthem, an 81% liked it. Despite this positive perception, mony fowk canna remember the leerics.

## Offeecial leerics

## References
Mingachevir

**Mingachevir** (; an aa, **Mengechaur**, **Mingächevir**, **Mingechaur**, **Mingechaurges**, an **Mingelchaur**), sometimes spelled Mingecevir, is the fowert-biggest ceety in Azerbaijan wi a population o aboot 100,000. It is kent as ceety o lichts acause o the Mingachevir Hydroelectric Pouer Station on the Kura River, which splits the ceety in hauf.

The aurie haes been settled for thoosans o years, but the current ceety wis foondit in 1948, pairtly bi German sodgers who wur taken preesoner durin Warld War II. Mingechevir is an aa hame tae Mingechevir Polytechnic Institute. The ceety forms an admeenistrative diveesion o Azerbaijan.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin ceeties
Mingachevir is twinned wi the follaein ceeties:
*  Tolyatti, Roushie

## Freemit airtins
Barda Rayon

**Barda** (Bərdə) is a rayon o Azerbaijan, wi caipital ceety bein Barda. Thare are 109 villages in the Rayon, wi twa bein named Qazaxlar.

## Economy
Barda is well-developed agricultural rayon. The main agricultural sectors include grain an cotton growin. The economy is primarily based upon cattle-breedin, vegetable growin an silkwirm breedin.

Barda rayon haes a developed industry. Thare are “Yag-Pendir” (“Butter-Cheese”) an “Garabag-Pambig” (“Grabag-Cotton”) OSJCs, cannery, etc. functionin in the rayon.

The rayon runs eddication, heal, social, recreational an public caterin facilities.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Azerbaijan Development Gateway  
* Ministry of Culture and Tourism's history of Barda
* belediyye.org