open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ford Futura

The **Ford Futura** is a lairge caur made bi Ford Australia atween 1962 an 2008. Awtho the last Futura wis pairt o the BF Series Ford Falcon range it wis badged an mercatit as the 'Ford Futura' rather than as the 'Ford Falcon Futura'. Ford Australia first uised the Futura name on the Ford Falcon Futura which wis introduced in 1962 as the new luxury sedan in the Falcon XL Series range. The name wis dropped frae the XR Falcon range of 1966 an re-introduced in the XW range o 1969. It wis discontinued again for the XC Series o 1976 an re-appeared in the ED range o 1993. The name wis uised continuously bi Ford Australie frae that time till the replacement o the BF Series Ford Futura bi the FG Series Ford G6 in 2008.

## US mercat

In the Unitit States, Ford Futura mey be considered an automobile model name that wis niver quite born. Scheduled tae denote a new sedan entry for the North American mercat in 2005 (the 2006 model year), the caur it wis destined for wis renamed Ford Fusion while still unner development, due tae a trademark dispute.  *Futura* proved tae be awned bi the Pep Boys auto pairts chain, due tae a tire line mercatit bi them unner that brand.  Ford's claim failed acause the company haed no uised the name for mair nor three years.

The company did uise the name sporadically for several decades. In the 1950s, the Lincoln Futura show caur providit the basis for the Batmobile later uised in the Batman telly series. In the early 1960s, the Ford Falcon haed a specialty coupe submodel cawed Futura, an the same wis true o the Ford Fairmont in the late 1970s.

## Dutch mercat

In the 2000s, Ford in the Netherlands haes Futura special editions o mony o its mainstream models.

## Notes

## References
* The Australian Ford Falcon Collection, © 1989

## Freemit airtins
*Ford Futura Sedan (BFII Series) Retrieved frae wab.archive.org on 3 Februar 2009
*Ford Futura Wagon (BFII Series) Retrieved frae wab.archive.org on 3 Februar 2009
* www.redbook.com
Ford Courier

The **Ford Courier** name haes been uised on a variety o Ford automobiles syne 1952.

## North Americae (1952–1960)

This wis a commercial model based on Ford's full-size stationwagon line. Its model code wis designatit 78A.

Frae 1952 tae 1956 access tae the rear storage aurie wis throu a unique door hinged on the side. For 1957 an 1958, the rear access door wis a combination o the lift gate an tailgate bein connectit wi twa connectin struts. This design meant that the rear door back gless haed tae be dividit intae three sections, twa ooter curved portions an a centre piece.

In 1959 aw Couriers teuk on the windaed body style vera seemilar tae the Tudor Ranch Wagons an thair model code wis re-designatit as 59E. The last year for the passenger caur based Courier wad be 1960 when it wad remain a commercial wagon.

## Internaitional (1971–2006)

Variants o the Mazda B-Series pickup wur mercatit as the Ford Courier in various kintras frae 1971 tae 2006.
 

## Europe (1991–2002)

A Ford Courier Van based on the Ford Fiesta wis launcht in Europe in 1991. Based on the Mark III Fiesta platform, it wis an aa produced in the 1995 Mark IV version. It wis replaced in 2002 bi the Ford Transit Connect.

## Brazil (1998–present)

The name wis an aa applee'd tae a sma pickup truck o seemilar layoot produced bi Ford in Brazil an exportit tae kintras sic as Mexico. It is based on the 1998 model o the Ford Fiesta. While its frontal treatment is the same as the Sooth African biggit Fiesta based Ford Bantam "bakkie" pickup, it haes a completely different load box.

Its load capacity is 700&nbsp;kg (1,543&nbsp;lb). Till 1999 the Courier uised the Endura 1.3-liter ingine an the Zetec-SE 1.4 16v ingine. The Mk IV 1.4 16v Zetec-SE haes a tap speed o 170&nbsp;km/h (106&nbsp;mph) an can accelerate frae 0–100&nbsp;km/h (0–62&nbsp;mph) in 12s. Syne 2000 baith ingines wur replaced bi the Zetec Rocam 1.6-liter. The Mk V 1.6 model haes tap speed o 180&nbsp;km/h (112&nbsp;mph) an can accelerate frae 0–100&nbsp;km/h in 10 seconds.

## References
Indonesian leid

**Indonesian** (*Bahasa Indonesia*) is the offeecial leid o Indonesie. Indonesian is a normative form o the Riau dialect o Malay, an Austronesian leid which haes been uised as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries.

Indonesia is the fowert maist populous naition in the warld. O its muckle population the number o fowk who fluently speak Indonesian is fast approachin 100%, sicweys makin Indonesian ane o the maist widely spoken leids in the warld. Maist Indonesians, aside frae speakin the naitional leid, are aften fluent in anither regional leid (ensaumples include Javanese, Minangkabau an Sundanese) which are commonly uised at hame an athin the local community. Maist formal eddication, as well as nearly aw naitional media an ither forms o communication, are conductit in Indonesian. In East Timor, which wis an Indonesian province frae 1975 tae 1999, Indonesian is recognised bi the constitution as ane o the twa wirkin leids (the ither is Inglish, alangside the offeecial leids o Tetum an Portuguese).

The Indonesian name for the leid is *Bahasa Indonesia* (literally "the leid o Indonesie"). This term can whiles still be foond in written or spoken Inglis. In addition, the leid is whiles referred tae as "Bahasa" bi Inglis speakers, tho this simply means "leid" an sicweys daes no technically specify the Indonesian leid.

## References
Saunt Lucia

**Saunt Lucia** (; ) is an island kintra in the eastren Caribbean Sea on the boondary wi the Atlantic Ocean. Pairt o the Lesser Antilles, it is locatit north/northeast o the island o Saunt Vincent, northwast o Barbados an sooth o Martinique. It covers a land aurie o 620&nbsp;km2 (238&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) an haes an estimatit population o 173,765 (2009 census). Its caipital is Castries. The island naition haes been the hame o twa Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis an Derek Walcott. It is the naition wi the seicont maist sic honorees per capita efter the Faroe Islands.

## Gallarie

File:St. Lucia - Castries Harbor (49431182128).jpg
File:Derek Walcott Square (31946218447).jpg
File:St. Lucia, Karibik - Castries – Buorbon Str. Micoud Str. - panoramio.jpg
File:St. Lucia, Karibik - Castries - Holy Trinity Church - panoramio.jpg
File:Beausejour Stadium hosting a cricket match.jpg
File:Pigeon Island Causeway Beaches (39071455480).jpg
File:Barracks, Pigeon Island, St. Lucia 3.jpg
File:Pitons offshore.jpg|Pitons
File:Diamond Falls, Diamond Botanical Gardens, Soufriere, Saint Lucia.jpg
File:Soufriere & Twin Pitons Peaks (23747299349).jpg
File:Central Park, Soufriere Saint Lucia.jpg
File:Rodney Bay Marina St Lucia.JPG


## References
Antigua an Barbuda

**Antigua an Barbuda** (, ; ; Spaingie for "auncient" an "beardit") is a twin-island naition lyin atween the Caribbean Sea an the Atlantic Ocean. It consists o twa major inhabitit islands, Antigua an Barbuda, an a number o smawer islands (includin Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden an York Islands). Separatit bi a few nautical mile, the group is in the middle o the Leeward Islands pairt o the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north o the Equator. Antigua an Barbuda is nicknamed "Land o 365 Beaches" due tae the mony beaches surroondingthe land. The Breetish Empire, which the kintra wis umwhile pairt o, haes strangly influenced its govrenance, leid, an cultur.

### Gallarie

File:Antigua - View from Shirley Heights - English Harbor - Falmouth Harbor - Galleon Beach - panoramio (1).jpg
File:St John's, Antigua and Barbuda - panoramio (5).jpg
File:Dockyard Museum.jpg
File:Bettyshope.JPG
File:Antigua - Nelson's Dockyard – Patio – Copper and Lumber Store - panoramio.jpg
File:Fort James (5916097450).jpg
File:Antigua - St. Johns, V.C. Bird Monument - panoramio.jpg
File:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda.JPG
File:Vivian-richards-stadium.jpg
File:St. John's, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda (32022282334).jpg
File:Fregattvogel-barbuda.jpg
File:AntiguaLight.jpg


## References
The Bahamas

**The Bahamas** (), offeecially the **Commonweel o the Bahamas**, is a kintra consistin o 29 islands, 661 cays, an 2,387 islets (rocks). It is locatit in the Atlantic Ocean north o Cuba an Hispaniola (Dominican Republic an Haiti), northwast o the Turks an Caicos Islands, an sootheast o the Unitit States (nearest tae the state o Florida). Its total land aurie is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), wi an estimatit population o 330,000. Its caipital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola an the Turks an Caicos Islands; the designation o Bahamas refers normally tae the commonweel an no the geographic chain.

## Gallarie

File:Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg|The Bahamas
File:Bahamas Parliament.jpg
File:COB New Northern Bahamas Campus.JPG
File:Tommy Robinson National Stadium.jpg
File:The Hermitage, Cat Island, Bahamas.jpg
File:National Art Gallery of the Bahamas.agr.jpg
File:Winslow Homer - After the Hurricane, Bahamas - Google Art Project.jpg
File:Junkanoo Festival, Nassau 2.jpg|Junkanoo
File:Port de freeport.jpg
File:Hopetown-lighthouse.jpg
File:Bat colony (Hatchet Bay Cave, Eleuthera Island, Bahamas) 1 (8318328798).jpg
File:Frenchcloisters.jpg


## References
Jamaica

**Jamaica** or **Jamaicae** (Jamaican Creole: *Jumieka*, ), is an island naition o the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145&nbsp;mi) in lenth an as muckle as 80 kilometres (50&nbsp;mi) in width, an amoonts tae 10,990 square kilometres (4,243 sq mi). It is situatit in the Caribbean Sea, aboot 145 kilometres (90&nbsp;mi) sooth o Cuba, an 191 kilometres (119&nbsp;mi) wast o Hispaniola, the island harborin the naition-states Haiti an the Dominican Republic. Its indigenous Arawakan-speakin Taíno indwallers named the island *Xaymaca*, meanin the "Land o Wood an Water", or the "Land o Springs".

Ance a Spaingie possession kent as **, in 1655 it became an Inglis, an later a Breetish, colony, kent as "Jamaica". It achievit fou unthirldom in 1962. Wi 2.8 million fowk, it is the third maist populous anglophone kintra in Americas, efter the Unitit States an Canadae. It remains a Commonweel realm wi King Charles III as heid o state an Kingston is the kintra's lairgest ceety an the caipital.

## Gallarie

File:Satellite image of Jamaica in November 2001.jpg
File:Norman Manley International Airport.jpg
File:View of Kingston.jpg|Kingston
File:Bob Marley - Statue - Kingston - Jamaica.jpg
File:Gordon House stamp, Jamaica.jpg
File:Hibbert House 02.JPG
File:Sims Building, Jamaica College.jpg
File:Court House and Bogle - main street.jpg
File:Start of the Blue Mountains just north of Kingston, Jamaica.jpg
File:The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (18161920891).jpg
File:Green Grotto Caves - Jamaica.jpg
File:Blue Lagoon, Jamaica - panoramio.jpg


## References
Banner o Andorrae

The **[[naitional banner]] o the [[Andorrae|Principality o Andorrae]]** wis adoptit in 1866.  The banner is a vertical tricolour o blue, yellow, an reid wi the coat o airms o Andorrae in the centre.  Awtho the three vertical bars mey at first appear tae be o equal width, the centre yellae bar is slichtly wider than the ither twa sae that the ratio o bar widths is 8:9:8.  The oweraw banner ratio is 7:10.

The design is relatit tae the banners o Fraunce an Spain, the twa states that pertect the unthirldom o the sma state. A banner o three bars is seemilar tae that o the French Tricolore, while the pattern o a wider middle stripe can be notit on the Spaineyie banner.  The blue an reid o the Andorran banner are an aa foond on the French banner, wi reid an yellae an aa bein the principal colours o the Spainyie banner.  Frae 1806 tae 1866, Andorrae's banner wis a vertical bi-color o yellae an reid. The motto in the coat o airms in the middle stripe *Virtus Unita Fortior* means "Strength Unitit is Stranger".

The design is seemilar tae the banners o Romanie, Moldovae, Chad an the banner o Queen's University in Ontario, Canadae. Aw o thir are vertical tricolours o blue, yellow, an reid, but unlik that o Andorrae, thair banners aw hae stripes o equal breadth. 

## Ither banners

## See an aa
*Coat o airms o Andorrae

## Freemit airtins
*
Coat o airms o Andorrae

The **[[coat o airms]] o [[Andorrae]]** haes existit for centuries. It supposedly violates the Rule o tincture. This coat o airms haes been the naitional coat o airms o Andorrae syne 1969. Ablo the shield airms stauns Andorra's naitional slogan *Virtus Unita Fortior* (Laitin for "Unitit virtue is stranger"). The coat o airms appears on the banner o Andorrae an aa.

The airms are:
*Quarterly I Gules a beeshop's mitre Or lined Argent (for La Seu d'Urgell)
*II Or three pales Gules (for Foix)
*III Or fower pallets Gules (for Catalonie)
*IV twa cous passant per pale Gules (for Béarn)

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial beuk o graphic norms o govrenment seembols o Andorra

## References
Coat o airms o Spain

The current **coat o airms o Spain**, tho it haes its ruits centuries back, wis approved bi law  in 1981, whan the present establisht replaced the interim version whilk, in turn, replaced the offeecial airms o Francoist Spain. The coat o airms appears in the banner o Spain.

The Spaingie coat o airms seembolizes the kintra, the auld kinricks o Spain, the Ryal Croun, the Imperial Croun, the Constitutional monarchy, the Spaingie naitional slogan: Plus Ultra, an the Pillars o Hercules wi the Spaingie geographic situation.

## Features

The **Spaingie coat o airms** is componed o sax ither airms an some additional heraldic seembols:

## References
Banner o Spain

The **banner o Spain** (), as it is defined in the Spaingie Constitution o 1978, consists o three horizontal stripes: reid, yellae an reid, the yellae stripe bein twice the size o each reid stripe. Tradeetionally, the middle stripe wis defined bi the mair archaic term o *gualda*, an hence the popular name *rojigualda* (red-weld).

The oreegin o the current banner o Spain is the naval ensign o 1783, *Pabellón de la Marina de Guerra* unner Charles III o Spain. It wis chosen bi Charles III hissel amang 12 different banners designed bi Antonio Valdés y Bazán (aw projectit banners wur presentit in a drawin which is in the Naval Museum o Madrid).
The banner remained marine for muckle o the next 50&nbsp;years, flyin ower coastal fortresses, marine barracks an ither naval property. Durin the Peninsular War the banner coud an aa be foond on marine regiments fechtin inland. No till 1820 wis the first Spaingie land unit (The La Princesa Regiment) providit wi ane an it wis no till 1843 that Queen Isabella II o Spain wad mak the banner offeecial.

Throughoot the 18t, 19t, an 20t centuries, the colour scheme o the banner remained intact, wi the exception o the Seicont Republic period (1931–1939); the ae chynges centred on the coat o airms.

## References
Banner o Italy

The **Banner o Italy** (*bandiera d'Italia*, aften referred tae in Italian as *il Tricolore*) is a tricolour featurin three equally sized vertical pales o green, white, an reid, wi the green at the hoist side. Its current form haes been in uise syne 19 Juin 1946 an wis formally adoptit on 1 Januar 1948.

The first entity tae uise the Italian tricolour wis the *Repubblica Cispadana* (Cispadane Republic) in 1797, efter Napoleon's victorious airmy crossed Italy. Durin this time mony sma republics o Jacobin inspiration supplantit the auncient absolute states an amaist aw, wi variants o colour, uised banners characterised bi three baunds o equal size, clearly inspired bi the French model o 1790. The colours chosen bi the Republic wur reid an white, the colours o the banner o Milan, an green, which wis the colour o the uniform o the Milanese civic guard.

Some hae attributit parteecular values tae the colours, an a common interpretation is that the green represents the kintra's plains an the hills; white, the snaw-capped Alps; an reid, bluid spilt in the Wars o Italian Unthirldom. A mair releegious interpretation is that the green represents hope, the white represents faith, an the reid represents charity; this references the three theological virtues.

## References
Emblem o Italy

The **emblem o Italy** (Italian: *emblema della Repubblica italiana*) wis adoptit bi the newly formed Italian Republic on 5 Mey 1948. Awtho aften referred tae as a coat o airms (or *stemma* in Italian), it is technically an emblem as it wis no designed tae conform tae traditional heraldic rules. The armorial bearings o the Hoose o Savoy, blazoned *gules a cross argent*, wur previously in uise bi the late Kinrick o Italy; the supporters, on either side *a lion rampant Or*, substitutit bi *[[fasces|fasci littori]]* (literally bundles o the lictors) durin the fascist era. The emblem is uised extensively bi the Italian Government.
Emblem o Mali

Order *#56/CMLN* o 20 October 1973 prescribed the **Naitional Emblem o the [[Mali|Republic o Mali]]**. The motto o the Republic o Mali is "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (Ane Fowk, Ane Goal, Ane Faith), as bed bi airticle 25 o the Constitution.

The emblem o the Republic o Mali haes a circular shape. It shows on a licht blue backgrund:
* in the middle, the mosque o Djenné, in gowd colour
* abuin the mosque, a vulture in glidin flicht, in gowd colour
* belaw, the risin sun, in gowd colour
* in front o the sun, twa opposed bows bent bi thair arrae, in white colour
* in the surroond, the text "République du Mali" abuin an "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" ablo, in black caipital letters.
Banner o Mali

The **banner o [[Mali]]** (French: *Drapeau du Mali*) is a tricolor wi three equal vertical stripes. Frae the hoist, the place whaur the flagpole meets the banner, the colours is green, gowd, an reid, the pan-African colors. It is seemlir tae the banner o Guinea, wi the colours in the opposite order

The current banner wis adoptit on 1 Mairch 1961. The oreeginal banner wis adoptit on Aprile 4, 1959, whan Mali jyned the Mali Federation. This banner wis the same, excep the gowden stripe haed a human stick figure, a *kanaga*, in blaik, wi airms raised tae the lift. The figure wis taen oot acause o Islamic aniconism, the belief agin makin pictures o the human figure. Mali is aboot 90 Muslim.

The banner adoptit in 1959 for the Confederation wis an imitation o the banner o Ghana, bit follaein the style o the French Tricolore. It wis chynged wi a blaik emblem o a kanaga. The colours wis intendit tae reflect a unity wi ither African naitions. Efter the twa kintras split up in 1960, the banner wis kept for uiss in Mali till 1 Mairch 1 1961, whan the kanaga emblem wis drappit.

## References
*
Marseille

**Marseille** (in Inglis an aa commonly spelt **Marseilles**, pronooncit ; ; locally: ;  or , , ), kent in antiquity as **Massalia** (frae ; ), is the seicont maist populous ceety in Fraunce, efter Paris, wi a population o 852,395 athin its administrative leemits on a laund aurie o 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban aurie o Marseille extends ayont the ceety leemits wi a population o ower 1,420,000 on an aurie o 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 fowk live in the Marseille metropolitan aurie. Locatit on the sootheast coast o Fraunce on the Mediterrane Sea, Marseille is Fraunce's lairgest commercial port an lairgest French ceety on the Mediterranean coast. Marseille is the caipital o the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the caipital o the Bouches-du-Rhône depairtment. Its woners are cawed *Marseillais*.

Marseille enjoys a Mediterranean climate. The simmer/haliday saison lasts for sax month, frae Mey tae October, awtho an aa in Aprile whiles thare are temperaturs abuin 20&nbsp;°C (68.0&nbsp;°F). Winters are mild, wi average temperatur 12&nbsp;°C (54&nbsp;°F) durin the day an 4&nbsp;°C (39&nbsp;°F) at nicht in the period December–Januar–Februar.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — sister ceeties
Marseille is currently offeecially twinned wi thirteen ceeties:

### Pairtner ceeties
Forby Marseille haes signed various types o formal greements o cooperation wi 31 ceeties aw ower the warld:

## References
Govrenorates o Egyp

__NOTOC__

Egyp is dividit intae 27 govrenorates (arabic singular *[[muhafaza]]*). This designation replaces that o "province" (*[[muderiya]]*). Egyptian govrenorates are the top tier o the five-tier jurisdiction hierarchy. A govrenorate is admeenistered bi a govrenor (*muhafez*) appointit bi the preses o Egyp. Maist govrenorates hae a population density o mair nor ane-thoosan per km², while the 3 lairgest hae a population density o less nor twa per km².

Govrenorates are either fully "urban" or else they are an admixture o "urban" an "rural". The offeecial distinction atween "urban" an "rural" is reflectit in the lawer tiers: i.e., fully urban govrenorates hae nae regions (*[[markaz]]*), as the *markaz* is, natively, a conglomeration o veelages. Mairower, govrenorates mey comprise juist ane ceety, as in the case o Cairo or Alexandria. Hence, these ane-ceety govrenorates are ae dividit inae districts (i.e. urban neighborhuids). Cairo consists o 23 destricts; Alexandria consists o 6.

Non-urban govrenorates in Upper Egyp an alang the Suez Canal are aw named efter their caipitals, while govrenorates in the Nile Delta an the deserts tend tae hae names different frae their caipitals (Kafr el-Sheikh, Damietta, an Matruh Govrenorates being exceptions).

Twa new govrenorates wur creatit in Aprile 2008, Helwan an 6t o October. In Aprile 2011, baith the 6t o October an Helwan govrenorates wur incorporatit intae Giza an Cairo respectively again.

Luxor wis creatit in December 2009, tae be the 29t governorate o Egyp.

## Leet o the Egyptian govrenorates

The govrenorates are further dividit intae regions (*markazes*).

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Egyp

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Census 2006 area and population data
* Population and area data
* Map
* Egyptian Government Services Portal, Arabic and English 
* History of administrative divisions in Egypt since the French Invasion  (in Arabic)
Honolulu

**Honolulu** (; ) is the caipital o an the maist populous census-designatit place (CDP) in the U.S. state o Hawaii. Although the name "Honolulu" refers tae the urban aurie on the sootheastren shore o the island o Oahu, the city an the coonty are consolidatit, kent as the Ceety an Coonty o Honolulu, an the city an coonty are designatit as the entire island.

The Ceety an Coonty o Honolulu is the ae incorporatit ceety in Hawaii, as aw ither local govrenment entities are admeenistered at the coonty level. Honolulu is an aa referred tae as the business an trade caipital o the Paceefic, an it is the lairgest ceety in the Sooth Paceefic alang wi bein the Unitit States maist soothwasterly lairge city. The population o the CDP wis 371,657 at the 2000 census, whiles the population o the City an Coonty wis 909,863, makkin it the 57t-lairgest metropolitan area in the Unitit States. Honolulu is an aa the maist populous state caipital relative tae state population.

In the Hawaiian leid, *Honolulu* means "sheltert bay" or "place o shelter". Honolulu haes been the caipital o the Hawaiian islands syne 1845 an gained historical recognition follaein the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor naur the ceety on 7 December 1941.

## Sister an twin ceeties
Amang the sister an twin ceeties are:
*   Baku, Azerbaijan
*   San Juan, Puerto Rico
*   Manila, Philippines
*   Zhongshan, Guangdong, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
*   Bruyères, Fraunce
*   Iloilo Ceety, Philippines
*   Bursa, Turkey
*  Hiroshima, Japan

## References
Mànran

**Mànran** is a baund that wis establisht in Juin 2010. The baund plays a mixtur o styles incorporatin Gaelic tradeetions, Scottish fowk music an Rock.

The memers o Mànran are Norrie MacIver (guitar/vocals), Gary Innes (accordion), Ewen Henderson (fiddle/pipes), Calum Stewart (flutes/uilleann pipes), Ross Saunders (bass) an Scott Mackay (drums).

Thay participatit in the Hebridean Celtic Festival 2010 an performit BBC Alba's Ceilidh na Bliadhn' Uire 2010 (Hogmanay Ceilidh 2010) programme.

On the 17t o Januar the baund released thair first single "Latha Math" an are aimin tae hae the first Gaelic sang in the Top 40 for the 21st Century.

## Fremmit Airtins
*Official Website

## References
Govrenorates o Bahrain

**[[Bahrain]]** is split intae five **[[govrenorate]]s**. These govrenorates are:

## Umwhile municipalities
Bahrain wis umwhile split intae twal municipalities that wur aw administered frae the caipital ceety o Manama. On Julie 3, 2002, these wur supersedit bi the five govrenorates o Bahrain. The follaein map does no show Hamad Toun, which wis split aff frae Rifa an Soothren Region in 1991.

## See an aa
* ISO 3166-2:BH

## Freemit airtins
* 
* Divisions of Bahrain
Amarapura

**Amarapura** (, ) is a umwhile caipital o Myanmar, an nou a tounship o Mandalay. Amarapura is bundit bi the Ayeyarwady River in the wast, Chanmyathazi Tounship in the north, an the ceety o Innwa (Ava) in the sooth. Amarapura (आमरपुर), Pali for Ceety o Immortality, wis the caipital o Myanmar for three discrete periods durin the Konbaung Dynasty in the 18t an 19t centuries afore finally supplantit bi Mandalay 11&nbsp;km north in 1857. Though historically referred tae as **Taungmyo** (Soothren Ceety) in relation tae Mandalay, Amarapura the day is pairt o Mandalay, as a result o the urban sprawl.

## History

King Bodawpaya (1781–1819) o the Konbaung Dynasty foondit Amarapura  as his new caipital in 1783, suin efter he ascendit the throne. In 1795, he received the first Breetish embassy tae Burma frae the British East India Company led bi Michael Symes . Bodawpaya's grandson, King Bagyidaw (1819–1837), moved the Court back tae Ava in 1823. Bagyidaw's successor King Tharrawaddy (1837–1846) again moved the ryal caipital back tae Amarapura.

Frae 1841-1857, King Mindon (1853–1878) decidit tae make Amarapura the caipital again afore relocatin tae his planned ceety o Mandalay in 1860. The day little remains o the auld ceety as the palace biggins wur dismantled an moved bi elephant tae the new location, an the ceety walls wur pulled doun for uise as biggin materials for roads an railways. Pairt o the moat is still recognisable near Bagaya Monastery.

The ceety is kent the day for its traditional silk an cotton weavin, an bronze castin. It is a popular tourist day-trip destination frae Mandalay.

## Sichts o interest
* Pahtodawgyi – A stupa built bi King Bodawpaya in 1816 ootside the ceety walls 
* Bagaya Kyaung – a widden monastery foondit bi King Mindon
* U Bein Brig – a 1.2&nbsp;km widden fuitbrig (langest teak brig in the warld) built bi the mayor U Bein salvagin the unwantit teak columns frae the auld palace durin the move tae Mandalay
* Kyautawgyi Paya – A stupa built bi King Pagan in 1847 at the farther end o U Bein's brig
* Amarapura Palace ruins – containin tombs o King Bodawpaya an King Bagyidaw, an pairt o the old moat
* Maha Gandhayon Kyaung - a lairge modren monastery complex wi hunders o monks an novices, well kent throughoot the kintra
* Chinese Temple - built in 1838 during King Tharrawaddy's reign
* Yadanabon University - A major leeberal airts university for students frae Mandalay suburbs

In 1800, Buddhist clergy frae Sri Lanka obtained heicher ordination in this ceety an foondit the Amarapura Nikaya (Amarapura sect).

## Photos

Image:Monks Crossing Bridge.jpg|Monks Crossin U Bein Bridge at Sunset
Image:U-Bain-Bridge2.JPG|U Bein Bridge athort the Taungthaman Lake
Image:Amarapura CityGate.JPG|Auld Ceety Gate
Image:U Bain Bridge1.JPG|U Bein Bridge, detail


## References

## Freemit airtins

* ''Wanderings in Burma''  George W. Bird, 1897, Southeast Asia Visions
Kyaukse

**Kyaukse** (, ) is a sma toun in Mandalay Region, Myanmar. It is famous for the *Kyaukse [[Elephant]] Dance*.

## Education
Kyaukse is hame tae the Kyaukse Education College, Technological University, Kyaukse an Kyaukse University.

## Economy
The Kyaukse aurie is kent for its turmeric, mango an onions. The toun haes a relatatively lairge shoppin centre Aye Mya Kyi Lin Mercat.

## Notable fowk
*Than Shwe, Chairman o the State Law an Order Restoration Cooncil

## References
Pyinmana

**Pyinmana** (, ; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a loggin toun an succar cane refinery centre in Mandalay Region o Myanmar. The admeenistrative caipital o Myanmar wis offeecially moved tae a militarised greenfield steid (which the leader, Than Shwe, dubbed Naypyidaw, or Ryal Ceety) twa mile (3.2&nbsp;km) wast o Pyinmana on November 6, 2005. Pyinmana is approximately 200 mile (320&nbsp;km) north o Yangon. The veelage o Yezin, a few miles north an east o Pyinmana, haes been the steid o naitional scienteefic research institutions syne the late 1970s.

Durin Warld War II, Pyinmana wis the base o the Burma Unthirldom Airmy (later renamed an reorganized intae the Burma Defence Airmy bi the Japanese). It wis in Pyinmana that the airmy an its officers wur trained. Later the Burma Naitional Airmy chynged sides, aidin the Allies wi guerrilla warfare, an the operations wur seen as a victory bi the Burmese. Pyinmana became an icon in the Burmese Airmy whaur it wis seen as the place whaur 'superior invaders' wur defeatit bi the Burmese.

This mey be ane o the reasons why the junta chose tae locate Naypyidaw in such close proximity tae Pyinmana.

## Climate





## See an aa
*Pyinmana Tounship

## References
Songkhla

**Songkhla** (, ) is a ceety (*[[thesaban nakhon]]*) in the Songkhla Province o soothren Thailand, near the mairch wi Malaysie. As o 2006 it haed a population o 75,048.  The ceety is a pairt o Greater Hatyai-Songkhla Metropolitan Aurie.

Despite bein smawer than the neighborin ceety Hat Yai, Songkhla is the caipital o Songkhla Province as well as the Mueang Songkhla destrict (Songkhla Toun destrict).

Due tae its location at the openin o the big Songkhla lake tae the Gulf o Thailand, Songkhla is a fishin toun an an' a' an important harbour.  It is the major seaport on the east side o the Isthmus o Kra.

Songkhla wis whiles kent as **Singgora** or **Singora** (Ceety o Lions).

## History
On December 8, 1941, oors efter the bombin o Pearl Harbor, the Imperial Japanese Airmy landit here an proceedit sooth towards Perlis an Penang as pairt o the Malayan campaign which culminatit in the captur o Singapore.

Synee 2003 Songhkla haes been affectit bi the Muslim haurd-line militant insurgency in neighborin Narathiwat, Pattani, an Yala.

## Population
Awtho the majority is Buddhist, thare is a lairge proportion o Muslims in Songkhla, especially in the rural auries fringin the Malaysian border. Thir Muslims speak a Malay-based leid which haes some Thai influence in the form o wirds borraed frae the Thai leid.

Songkhla's destrict (Amphoe) haes five **Tambon Administrative Organizations** (องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบล). Songkhla toun takes up the whole o Bo Yang diveesion.

## Notes

## Freemit airtins

*http://www.songkhlamun.org  Wabsteid o ceety
Nakhon Pathom

**Nakhon Pathom** (, , Pronunciation) is a ceety (*[[thesaban nakhon]]*) in central Thailand, caipital o the Nakhon Pathom Province. The ane o the maist important landmark is the giant Phra Pathom Chedi. The ceety is an aa hame tae Thailand's anerlie Bhikkhuni temple Wat Song Thammakanlayani (), which is an aa open tae women frae abroad..

Nakhon Pathom hooses a campus o Silpakorn Varsity athin the Sanam Chan Palace an aw.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Banner o Japan

The naitional **banner o [[Japan]]** is a white rectangular banner wi a lairge reid disk (representin the sun) in the center. This banner is offeecially cried  in Japanese, but is mair commonly kent as .

The *Nisshōki* banner is designatit as the naitional banner in Law Regardin the Naitional Banner an Naitional Anthem, which wis promulgatit an became effective on August 13, 1999. Awtho no earlier legislation haed specified a naitional banner, the sun-disc banner haed awready acome the de facto naitional banner o Japan. Twa proclamations issued in 1870 bi the Daijō-kan, the govrenmental body o the early Meiji Era, each haed a proveesion for a design o the naitional banner. A sun-disc banner wis adoptit as the naitional banner for merchant ships unner Proclamation No. 57 o Meiji 3 (issued on Februar 27, 1870), an as the naitional banner uied bi Navy unner Proclamation No. 651 o Meiji 3 (issued on October 27, 1870). Uise o the *Hinomaru* wis severely restricted during the early years o the American occupation efter Warld War&nbsp;II, awtho restrictions wur later relaxed.
Banner o Nicaragua

The **[[banner]] o [[Nicaragua]]** wis offeecially adoptit on August 27, 1971 (first adoptit on September 4, 1908).  It is based on the flag o the Unitit States o Central Americae an inspired bi the Argentine banner.

## Owerview
The banner an the airms o Nicaragua in uise the day are the maist seemilar tae those uised bi the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae. The triangle, volcanoes, risin sun, Cap o Liberty, an rainbow aw appeared on the oreeginal emblem. The coat o airms uised the day contains the name o the state, Republica de Nicaragua, whauras in 1823 the title wis Provincias Unidas del Centro de Americae. The decision tae revert tae the emblems uised bi the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae wis taken in 1908 an reflectit Nicaragua's aspirations for the rebirth o the poleetical entity formed bi the 5 naitions. Except for the text aroond the airms, the banner is vera seemilar tae that o the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae. The 5 volcanoes represent the oreeginal 5 member states, the Cap o Liberty represents naitional freedom, an the rays o the sun an the rainbow are seembolic o the bricht future.

## Historical banners

## References

## See an aa
*Coat o airms o Nicaragua

## Freemit airtins
*
Coat o airms o the Central African Republic

The **Coat o Airms o the [[Central African Republic]]** consists o a shield in the center, wi twa banners on its edges, an wi a sun risin ower the shield.  Belaw an abuin the shield are banners, an thare is a medal locatit ablow the shield as well.

## Seembolism
*ZO KWE ZO*, the motto in Sango, means "A man is a man" or "Aw fowk are fowk".

The elephant an the baobab tree represent naitur an the backbone o the kintra. The gowd starn on a cairt o Africae seembolizes the poseetion o the Central African Republic. The haund (bottom richt quarter) wis the seembol o the dominant MESAN pairty in 1963 when the airms wur adoptit.
The bottom left quarter haulds 3 diamonds, which seembolise the mineral resoorces o the kintra.

The medal unner the shield is the honorific decoration o the Order o Central African Merit.

An earlier version o the coat o airms haed the wirds "1er DECEMBRE 1958" written athin the sun.

## See an aa
*Coat o airms o the Central African Empire

## References
Coat o airms o Nicaragua

The **[[Nicaragua]]n coat o airms** wis first adoptit on 21 August 1823 as the coat o airms o Central Americae, but unnerwent several chynges durin the course o history, till the last version (as o 1999) wis introduced in 1971.

## Meaning
The triangle signifies equality, the rainbow signifies peace, the *gorro frigio* (Phrygian cap) seembolizes leeberty an the five volcanoes express the union an britherhuid o aw five Central American kintras.
Last the gowd words surroondin emblem: *Republica De Nicaragua-America Central* (Inglis: Republic o Nicaragua-Central Americae).

## References

## See an aa
* Banner o Nicaragua

## Freemit airtins
* www.atlasgeo.net
Banner o Venezuela

The **banner o [[Venezuela]]** dates frae 1811, the beginnin o that naition's struggle for unthirldom. The basic design includes a horizontal tricolor o yellae, blue, an reid. Further modifications hae included multiple chynges tae the placement an nummer o starns (seiven atween 1864 an 2006, aicht frae 2006) an inclusion o an optional coat o airms at the upper-left corner.

The seembolism tradeetionally ascribed tae the colors are that the yellae baund staunds for the wealth o the land, the blue for courage, an the reid for the unthirldom frae Spain, or mair succinctly: "gowden" Americae separatit frae bloody Spain bi the deep blue sea.

## References
Banner o Suriname

The **[[Banner]] o [[Suriname]]** is formed bi five horizontal baunds o green (top, dooble width), white, red (quadruple width), white, an green (dooble width). Thare is a lairge, yellow, five-pointit starn centred in the reid baund.

The banner wis adoptit on November 25, 1975, upon the unthirldom o Suriname. The starn represents the unity o aw ethnic groups, the reid stripe staunds for progress an luve, the green for hope an fertility, an the white baunds for peace an juistice.

## Banner afore 1975
The pre-unthirldom banner consistit o five coloured starns connectit bi an ellipse.  The coloured starns representit the major ethnic groups that comprise the Surinamese population:  the oreeginal Amerindians, the colonizin Europeans, the Africans brocht in as slaves tae wirk in plantations an the Hindus, Javanese an Cheenese who came as indentured wirkers tae replace the Africans who escaped slavery an settled in the hinterland.  The ellipse representit the harmonious relationship amangst the groups. Thare wis an' a' a banner for uise bi the Govrenor, based on the naitional banner. 

File:Flag of Dutch Guyana.svg|Naitional Banner 1959-1975
File:Flag of the Governor of Suriname (1966–1975).svg|Staundart o the Governor
File:Standard of Prime Minister of Suriname.svg|Staundart o the Prime Meenister, 1975-1988
Coat o airms o Suriname

On 25 November 1975 the independent Republic o Suriname adoptit an offeecial **[[coat o airms]]**.  The motto reads Justitia - Pietas - Fides (Juistice - Piety - Fidelity).  It further consists o twa natives who carry a shield.  The left hauf o the shield seembolizes the past, as slaves wur abductit via ship oot o [Africae]e].  The richt hauf, the side o the present, shows a [Ryal Palm, an aa the seembol o a juist body ("The juist body shoud blossom like a palm").  The diamond in the middle is the stylized form o the hert, which is regardit as the organ o love.  The pynts o the diamond shaw the fower directions o the wind.  Inside the diamond is a five-pointit starn.  This starn seembolizes the five continents frae which the indwallers o Suriname migratit: Africae, Americae, Australie, Asie, an Europe.
Banner o Brazil

The naitional **banner o Brazil** () is a blue disc depictin a starry sky spanned bi a curved baund inscribed wi the naitional motto, athin a yellae rhombus, on a green field. Brazil offeecially adoptit this design for its naitional banner on November 19, 1889, replacin the banner o the seicont Empire o Brazil. The concept wis the wirk o Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, wi the collaboration o Miguel Lemos, Manuel Pereira Reis an Décio Villares.

The green field an the yellae rhombus frae the previous imperial banner wur preserved – the green an yellae colors representin the Braganza-Habsburg dynasty. A blue circle wi 27 white five-pointit starns replaced the airms o the Empire o Brazil. The starns, whose poseetion in the banner reflect the sky ower Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889, represent the union's federatit units – each starn representin a specific state. The motto *"Ordem e Progresso"* ("Order an Progress") is inspired bi Auguste Comte's motto o positivism: *"L’amour pour principe et l’ordre pour base; le progrès pour but"* ("Love as a principle an order as the basis; progress as the goal").

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Tel Aviv Destrict

The **Tel Aviv Destrict** is the smawest an maist densely populatit o sax admeenistrative destricts o Israel wi a population o 1.2 million residents. It is 99.0% Jewish an 1.0% Arab (*0.7% Muslim, 0.3% Christian*).

The destrict's caipital is Tel Aviv an the metropolitan aurie creatit bi the Tel Aviv destrict an its neighbourin ceeties is named Gush Dan.

## Admeenistrative sub-regions

## Economy
El Al maintains its corporate heidquarters on the grunds o Ben Gurion Airport.

## See an aa

*Destricts o Israel
*Leet o Israel ceeties

## References
Los Angeles

**Los Angeles** ( ; , Spaingie fur "The Angels") is the maist populous ceety in Californie an haes the seicont maist fowk in the Unitit States, wi 3.83&nbsp;million fowk on a laund area o 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km2). It is the focal pynt o the lairger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined area, whilk conteens nearly 17.8&nbsp;million fowk. Los Angeles is the seat o Los Angeles Coonty, the maist populatit an ane o the coonties wi the maist cultures in the Unitit States. The ceety's indwallers are kent "Angelenos" ().

Los Angeles wis foondit on September 4, 1781 bi Spainyie govrenor Felipe de Neve. It acame a pairt o Mexico in 1821 follaein the Mexican War o Unthirldom. In 1848, at the end o the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles an the rest o Californie wure purchased as pairt o the Treaty o Guadalupe Hidalgo, therebi becomin pairt o the Unitit States. Los Angeles wis incorporatit as a municipality on Aprile 4 1850, five month afore Californie achieved statehuid.

Aften kent bi its initials, *LA*, an eik-named the *Ceety o Angels*, Los Angeles is a warld centre o business, internaitional tred, entertainment, cultur, media, fashion, science, technologie, an eddication. It is hame tae renouned institutions kiverin a broad range o professional an cultural fields, an is ane o the maist substantial economic ingines athin the Unitit States. Los Angeles haes been ranked the fift maist pouerful an influential ceety in the warld, ahint anerlie New York Ceety in the Unitit States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) haes a gross metropolitan product (GMP) o $831&nbsp;billion (as o 2008), makin it the third lairgest economic centre in the warld, efter the Greater Tokyo Area an the New York metropolitan area. As the hame base o Hollywood, it is kent as the "Entertainment Caipital o the Warld", leadin the warld in the creation o motion picturs, telly production, video gemmes, an recordit muisic. The importance o the entertainment business tae the ceety haes led mony celebrities tae cry Los Angeles an its surroondin suburbs hame. Los Angeles hostit the 1932 an 1984 Simmer Olympics. Los Angeles is an aa hame tae renoont varsities sic as the Varsity o Soothern Californie an the Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles.

Los Angeles haes a Mediterranean climate, wi an average o 35 days wi measurable precipitation a yeir.

## Sister ceeties

Los Angeles haes 25 sister ceeties, leetit chronologically bi yeir jynt:

*  Los Angeles an aa haes a cultural exchynge pairtnership wi Tel Aviv, Israel.
*  Lunnon an Manchester, Unitit Kinrick, an  Łódź, Poland are "freindship ceeties".

## References
Split (ceety)

**Split** () is the lairgest Dalmatian ceety, the seicont-lairgest urban centre in Croatie, an the seat o Split-Dalmatie Coonty. The ceety is locatit on the shores o the Mediterranean, mair specifically on the eastren shore o the Adriatic Sea, spreadin ower a central peninsula an its surroondins, wi its metropolitan aurie includin the mony surroondin seaside touns as well. An intraregional transport hub, the ceety is an airtin tae the numerous surroondin Adriatic islands an the Apennine peninsulae, as well as a popular tourist destination.

Split is an aa ane o the auldest ceeties in the aurie, an is traditionally considered juist ower 1,700 year auld, while archaeological research relatin tae the auncient Greek colony o Aspálathos (6t century BC) establishes the ceety as being several hunder year aulder.

## Name

The auncient ceety is named efter the Spiny Broom (Calicotome spinosa; *brnistra* or *žuka* in modren Croatie), a common shrub in the aurie. The 6t century BC Greek colony o Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) or Spálathos (Σπάλαθος), frae which the ceety oreeginates, wis named efter the common plant. As the ceety became a Roman possession, the Laitin name became "Spalatum", which in the Middle Ages evolved intae "Spalatro" in the Dalmatian leid o the ceety's Roman population. The Sooth Slavic version became "Split", while the Venetian italianized version wis "Spalato". Durin the early 19t century, the name wis "Spljet", an finally "Split" ance mair.

Thus, contrary tae popular belief, the name "Spalatum" haes nothin tae dae wi the Laotin wird for palace, *palatium* (thocht tae be a reference tae Diocletian's Palace, which forms the core o the ceety). The erroneous etymology wis notably due tae Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, an wis later reaffirmed bi Thomas the Archdeacon.

* 
* 
* Medieval 
*

## References
Ashdod

**Ashdod** ( ; , إسدود *Isdud*), is the fift-lairgest ceety in Israel, locatit in the Soothren Destrict o the kintra, on the Mediterranean coast, locatit 32 kilometres (20&nbsp;mi) sooth o Tel Aviv an 20 kilometres (12&nbsp;mi) north o Ashkelon an 53 kilometres (33&nbsp;mi) wast o Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port o Ashdod is Israel's lairgest port accoontin for 60% o the kintra's importit guids.

The first documentit dounset in Ashdod dates tae the Canaanite cultur o 17t century BC, makin the ceety ane o the auldest in the warld. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. Durin its history the ceety wis settled bi Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders an Arabs.

Modren Ashdod wis establisht in 1956 on the saund hills near the site o the auncient toun, an incorporatit as a ceety in 1968, wi a land-aurie o approximately 60 square kilometers (23.2 sq mi). Bein a planned ceety, expansion follaed a main development plan, which facilitatit traffeck an preventit air pollution in the residential auries, despite population growthe. Ashdod haed a population o  in , wi an aurie o .

## References
Rishon LeZion

**Rishon LeZion** ( , *lit.* First tae Zion), is the fowert-lairgest ceety in Israel, locatit alang the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers sooth o Tel Aviv. It is pairt o the Gush Dan metropolitan aurie. In  it haed a population o . Foondit in 1882 bi European Jewish immigrants, it wis the seicont Jewish farm colony established in Land o Israel in the 19t century, efter Petah Tikva.

## Etymology
The name Rishon LeZion is derived frae a biblical verse: "First tae Zion are they, an A shall give herald tae Jerusalem"  (Book of Isaiah 41:27) an literally translates as the First tae Zion.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties

## References
Buenos Aires

**Buenos Aires** () is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Argentinae, an the seicont-lairgest metropolitan aurie in Sooth Americae, efter São Paulo. It is locatit on the wastren shore o the estuary o the Río de la Plata, on the sootheastren coast o the Sooth American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which an aa includes several Buenos Aires Province destricts, constitutes the third-lairgest conurbation in Latin Americae, wi a population o aroond 13 million.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Buenos Aires is twinned wi the follaein ceeties:

## References
Kiryat Shmona

**Kiryat Shmona** (, *lit.* Ceety o the Aicht) is a ceety locatit in the North Destrict o Israel on the wastren slopes o the Hula Valley on the Lebanese border. The ceety wis named for the aicht fowk, includin Joseph Trumpeldor, who dee'd in 1920 defendin Tel Hai. The day, aboot ane-third o Kiryat Shmona's population o 23,100 are younger than 19, an the majority o its indwallers are Jews, parteecularly o Sephardic strynd. Locatit near the Israel-Lebanon border, Kiryat Shmona is Israel's northrenmaist ceety.

## References