open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tamra

**Tamra** (,  or ) is an Israeli Arab ceety in the North Destrict o Israel locatit in the Lower Galilee 5 kilometres (3.1&nbsp;mi) north o the ceety o Shefa-'Amr an approximately 20 kilometres (12&nbsp;mi) east o Akko (Acre). The name Tamra means date paum in Arabic. It is a common ceety name throughoot the Arab warld.

## History
Tamra wis captured bi Israeli forces frae the Arab Liberation Airmy an the Sirie Airmy in 1948 Arab-Israeli War as a pairt of Operation Dekel. The ceety grew rapidly in the period o Israel's first years as a naition due tae the influx o Palestinian refugees frae destroyed nearbi villages sic as al-Birwa or al-Damun. Lairge percantages o the ceety's farming land wis confiscatit bi Israeli authorities an allocatit tae farmin cooperatives an nearbi Jewish dounset touns sic as Mitzpe Aviv. Tamra achieved local cooncil status in 1956 an wis declared a ceety in 1996.

## Demographics
Accordin tae the Israel Central Bureau o Statistics (CBS), at the end o 2007 the ceety haed a tot population o 27,300. In 2001, the ethnic makeup o the ceety wis aw Arab (99.6% Muslim), wi nae significant Jewish population. See Population groups in Israel.

Accordin tae CBS, in 2001 thare wur 11,900 males an 11,400 females. The population o the ceety wis spread oot wi 48.5% 19 year o age or younger, 18.0% atween 20 an 29, 19.7% atween 30 an 44, 9.0% frae 45 tae 59, 1.6% frae 60 tae 64, an 3.0% 65 year o age or aulder. The population growthe rate in 2001 wis 3.3% an 2005 haed dropped tae 2.5%.http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf

## Income
Accordin tae CBS, as o 2000, in the ceety thare wur 3,908 salaried wirkers an 375 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried wirker in the ceety is ILS 2,887, a real chynge o -2.2% ower the course o 2000. Salaried males hae a mean monthly wage o ILS 3,358 (nae real chynge) versus ILS 1,977 for females (a real chynge o -7.6%). The mean income for the sel-employed is 4,763. Thare are 445 fowk who receive unemployment benefits an 5,290 fowk who receive an income guarantee.

## Education
Accordin tae CBS, thare are 13 schools an 5,779 students in the ceety. Thay are spread oot as 9 elementary schools an 4000 elementary schuil students, an 2 hie schools an 2,324 hie schuil students. 54.6% o 12t grade students wur entitled tae a matriculation certificate in 2001.

## Sports
The ceety's main fitbaa team, Hapoel Bnei Tamra currently play in Liga Artzit, the third tier o Israeli fitbaa, haein been promotit frae Liga Alef in 2006. Minor clubs Hapoel Tamra an Maccabi Tamra play in Liga Bet, the fift tier.

## See an aa
*Leet o Arab localities in Israel

## References

*Municipality of Tamra (Israel)  Flags o the Warld
*The Condition of the Palestinian Minority Exposed By New Book Reilly Vinall

## Freemit airtins
*Susan Nathan: An Israeli Jew in a Muslim toun 
*Walcome Tae Tamra
Safed

**Safed** (, *Tzfat*; , *Ṣafad*, Ashkenazi: *Tzfas*; Biblical: *Ṣ'fath*), is a ceety in the Northren Destrict o Israel. Locatit at an elevation o 900 metres (2,953&nbsp;ft), Safed is the heichest ceety in the Galilee an o Israel. Due tae its heich elevation, Safed experiences warm simmers an cauld, often snowy, winters. Since the sixteenth century, Safed haes been considered ane o Judaism's Fower Holy Ceeties, alang wi Jerusalem, Hebron an Tiberias; syne that time, the ceety haes remained a centre of Kabbalah (forby kent as Jewish mysticism).

Due tae its bonnie settin surroondit bi pine forests an its mild mid-year temperatures, Safed haes become a simmer holiday resort frequentit bi Israelis an foreign visitors alike.

## References
Tiberias

**Tiberias** (; , **Tverya** ; , **) is a ceety on the wastren shore o the Sea o Galilee, Lawer Galilee, Israel. Establisht in 20 CE,  it wis named in honour o the emperor Tiberius.

Tiberias haes been veneratit in Judaism syne the middle o the 2nt-century an syne the 16t century, haes been considered ane o Judaism's Fower Holy Ceeties, alang wi  Jerusalem, Hebron an Safed. In the 2nt-10t centuries, Tiberias wis the lairgest Jewish ceety in the Galilee, an the poleetical an releegious hub o the Jews o Palestine. Accordin tae Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias diestrict, makin it an important pilgrimage site for devoot Christians. Tiberias haes historically been kent for its hot springs, believed tae cure skin an ither ailments, for thoosans o years.

## References
Givatayim

**Giv'atayim** (, lit. "twa hills") is a ceety in Israel east o Tel Aviv. It is pairt o the metropolitan aurie kent as Gush Dan. Givatayim wis established in 1922 bi pioneers o the Seicont Aliyah. In  it haed a population o .

The name o the ceety comes frae the "twa hills" on which it wis established: Borochov Hill an Kozlovsky Hill.  Kozlovsky is the heichest hill in the Gush Dan region at 85 meters abuin sea level.  The ceety expandit in the 1930s so that the day it is actually situatit on 3 hills, Borochov, Kozlovsky an Rambam Hill.

## History

Archaeological ruins date settlement on the site o wha is nou Giv'atayim back tae the Calcolithic period. The modren toun wis foondit on Aprile 2, 1922 bi a group o 22 Seicont Aliyah pioneers led bi David Schneiderman. The group purchased 300 dunams (75 acres) o land on the ootskirts o Tel Aviv that became the Borochov neighborhuid, the first wirkers' neighborhuid in the country. It wis named for Dov Ber Borochov, foonder o the Poalei Zion wirkers' pairty. Later, anither 70 families joined the group, receivin smawer plots. The land wis purchased wi their private savins, but wis voluntarily transferred tae the Jewish Naitional Fund, which organized Jewish settlement at the time, in keepin wi the pioneers' socialist beliefs.

Giv'atayim is creditit for a number o breakthroughs in the early Jewish settlement movement, includin establishin the first cooperative grocery store (*Tzarkhaniya*)  that still functioned in the same location intae the 1980s. 

Ower time, mair neighborhuids developed: Sheinkin (1936), Givat Rambam (1933), Kiryat Yosef (1934) an Arlozorov (1936). Aw these neighborhuids wur merged tae form a local cooncil in August 1942. Giv'atayim wis declared a ceety in 1959.

## Mayors
* Shimon Ben-Zvi (1941–1965)
* Kuba Kraizman (1965–1978)
* Yizhak Yaron (1978–1993)
* Efi (Ephraim) Schtenzler (1993–2006)
* Iris Avram, replaced the previous mayor due tae his early resignation (November 9, 2006–Januar 16, 2007)
* Reuven Ben-Shahar (2007–2013)
* Ran Kunik (2013–)

## Internaitional relations

### Twin towns — Sister ceeties
Giv&#39;atayim is twinned with:
* Sfantu Gheorghe, Romanie
* Arad, Romanie
* Chattanooga, Tennessee
* Harbin, Cheenae
* Vác, Hungary

## See an aa
*al-Khayriyya

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid
Côte d'Ivoire

The **Republic o Côte d'Ivoire** (, ), commonly kent in Scots as **Ivory Coast**, is a kintra in Wast Africae. It haes an aurie o 322,462&nbsp;km2, an borders the kintras o Liberie, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso an Ghana; its soothren boondary is alang the Gulf o Guinea.

## References
Uganda

The **Republic o Uganda** (  or  ) is a landlockit kintra in East Africae. It is bordered on the east bi Kenyae, on the north bi Sudan, on the wast bi the Democratic Republic o the Congo, on the soothwast bi Rwanda, an on the sooth bi Tanzanie. The soothren pairt o the kintra includes a substantial portion o Lake Victoria, which is an aa bordered bi Kenyae an Tanzanie.

Uganda takes its name frae the Buganda kinrick, which encompassed a portion o the sooth o the kintra includin the caipital Kampala.

## References
Neukölln

**Neukölln** is the aicht burgh o Berlin, locatit in the sootheastren pairt o the ceety an wis pairt o the umwhile American sector unner the Fower-Pouer occupation o the ceety. It features mony Gründerzeit biggins an is characterized bi haein ane o the heichest percentage o immigrants in Berlin an displayin a chiefly multinaitional aura.

## History
Frae 1966 tae 1975 the Gropiusstadt was built, a "Trabantenstadt" or ceety-athin-a-ceety hoosin estate, designed bi airchitect Walter Gropius.

Neukölln is selectit as pilot ceety o the Cooncil o Europe an the European Commission **[[Intercultural ceeties]]** programme.

## Subdiveesion

Neukölln is dividit intae 5 localities:

## Personalities
*Horst Buchholz, actor, born 4 Dizember 1933, dee'd 3 Mairch 2003 in Berlin
*Alexander Hacke, muisicker, born 11 October 1965 in Neukölln
*Jutta Limbach, legal academic, born 27 Mairch 1934 in Neukölln
*Inge Meysel, actress, born 5 Mey 1910 in Neukölln, dee'd 10 Julie 2004 in Bullenhausen, Seevetal
*Mady Rahl, actress, born 3 Mairch 1915 in Neukölln
*Lotte Ulbricht, wife o East German leader Walter Ulbricht, born 19 Apryle 1903 in Neukölln, dee'd 27 Mairch 2002 in Berlin.
*Momus (airtist), born 11 Februar 1960 in Paisley, Scotland, lives in Neukölln.

## References in popular cultur
*"Neuköln" (deliberately spelt wi ane 'l') is an instrumental piece bi David Bowie, the nint track on his 1977 album *[["Heroes"]]*.
*The last track o Miss Kittin's first solo album *[[I Com]]* is cawed "Neukölln 2".
*The German film Knallhart ist set in the northren pairt o Neukölln.
*The German documentary Neukölln Unlimited tells the story o three Lebanese teenagers based in Neukölln, who fecht against the deportation oot o Germany.

## Twin ceeties
* Bat Yam, Israel
* Cologne, Germany
* Leonberg, Germany
* Marino, Italy
* Wetzlar, Germany
* London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, UK

## See an aa
*Intercultural ceeties

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial Hamepage
* WebTV frae Berlin, Neukoelln
Antalya

**Antalya**  (frae Greek "Αττάλεια" - Attaleia) is a ceety on the Mediterranean coast o soothwastren Turkey, an the caipital ceety o Antalya Province. Situatit on coastal cliffs, Antalya is surroondit bi muntains. Development an investment, begun in the 1970s, hae transformed the ceety intae an internaitional resort.

## Etymology
Accordin tae tradition, in the 2nt century BC, the Pergamum king Attalos II ordered his men tae fynd "heaven on earth". Efter an extensive search, they discovered the region o Antalya.  King Attalos rebuilt the cieety, givin it the name "Attaleia" () which later mutatit in Turkish as Adalia an then Antalya. Attaleia wis an aa the name o a festival at Delphi an Attalis (Greek: Ἀτταλίς) wis the name o an auncient Greek tribe at Athens.

## Sister ceeties

Antalya is twinned wi:
*  Austin, Texas, United States
*  Bat Yam, Israel
*  Cheboksary, Roushie
*  Kazan, Roushie
*  Nuremberg, Germany
*  Muskegon, Michigan, Unitit States
*  Rostov-Na-Donu, Roushie
*  Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan

## References
Salinas, Ecuador

**Salinas** is a coastal ceety locatit in the Province o Santa Elena in Ecuador. It is the seat o the canton that bears its name. The wastrenmaist ceety on mainland Ecuador, Salinas is an important tourist center. Recently, Salinas wis the centre o controversy durin the contentious "mair fun, less sun," debate.  It is the site o the ISA Warld Junior Surfing Gemmes Ecuador 2009. Thare are twa major yacht clubs in Salinas, the first is Salinas Yacht Club, which is a guid bit smawer than the impressive Puerto Lucia Yacht Club, in Santa Elena, in an aurie kent as 'La Libertad' which, in Spainyie means; 'The Freedom Toun'. Puerto Lucia boasts a hotel, several guid places tae eat, a private beach an apairtment block biggins, as well as the lairge marina an port, it wis developed bi Ricardo Palau.

## Poleetical diveesion
Salinas is dividit intae fower urban parishes. Thay are:

*Alberto Enriquez Gallo
*Carlos Espinoza Larrea
*Santa Rosa
*Vicente Rocafuerte

## Economy
The economy o Salinas is lairgely tourist based. Wi an average year-roond temperature o 27&nbsp;°C (80&nbsp;°F) an its location on the Paceefic Ocean, the beaches o Salinas are a popular resort destination in Ecuador. Beaches near Salinas include San Lorenzo, Las Palmeras, Chipipe, Mar Bravo, an Punta Carnero. Popular tourist activities in Salinas include gemme fishin, wake-boardin, watter skiin, yachtin, sky divin, an layin on the beach. The ceety affers a nummer o restaurants an cafes on its boardwalk, as well as airtisan crafts mercats. A smaw naval archeological museum wi airtifacts frae pre-Columbian Ecuador is an aa in Salinas.

## References
* www.inec.gov.ec 

## Freemit airtins
* Salinas Ecuador Area Road Map
Banner o Chile

The **[[naitional banner]] o [[Chile]]**, consists o twa unequal horizontal baunds o white an reid an a blue square the same heicht as the white baund in the canton, which bears a white five-pointit starn in the center. It wis adoptit on October 18, 1817. The Chilean banner is forby kent as (Spainyie) ***La Estrella Solitaria***  ().

The starn represents a guide tae progress an honour; blue seembolizes the sky an the Paceefic Ocean, white is for the snaw-covered Andes, an reid staunds for the bluid spilled tae achieve unthirldom.

Accordin tae the epic poem *[[La Araucana]]*, the colors wur derived frae those frae the banner flewn bi the Mapuche durin the Arauco War. "Flag Day" is held each year on the nint o Julie tae commemorate the 77 soldiers who dee'd in the 1882 Battle o La Concepción.

## References
Banner o Guyana

The **[[banner]] o [[Guyana]]**, kent as *The Gowden Arraeheid*, wis adoptit in 1966.  It wis designed bi Whitney Smith, an American vexillologist (tho oreeginally athoot the black an white fimbriations, which wur addit bi the College o Airms in the Unitit Kinrick).  The colours are seembolic:  green for agricultur an forests, white for rivers an water, gowd for mineral wealth, black for endurance, an reid for zeal an dynamism.

## Historical banners

Image:Ensign of Guyana.png| Banner o Guyana, same design as its banner, but on a 1:2.
Image:Flag of British Guiana (1875–1906).svg| Banner o **Breetish Guyana**, 1875-1906.
Image:Flag of British Guiana (1919-1955).svg| Banner o **Breetish Guyana**, 1906-1954.
Image:Flag of British Guiana (1955–1966).svg| Banner o **Breetish Guyana**, 1954-1966.


## Freemit airtins
*
Coat o airms o Guyana

The **Coat o airms o Guyana** (Co-operative Republic o Guyana) wis grantit bi the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick on 25 Februar 1966, efter Queen Elizabeth II introduced it on 21 Januar o the same year.

It includes a crest o an Amerindian heid-dress seembolisin the indigenous fowk o the kintra, this crest is an aa cawed the Cacique's Croun; twa diamonds at the sides o the heid-dress representin minin industry; a helmet (monarchial insignia); twa jaguars as supporters hauldin a pick axe, succar cane, an a stalk o rice (seembolisin Guyana's minin, succar an rice industries); a shield decoratit wi the ''Victoria regia'' lily, Guyana's naitional flouer; three blue wavy lines representin the three main rivers o Guyana; an the naitional bird, the Canje Pheasant (*Opisthocomus hoazin*). The naitional motto, "One people, One Nation, One Destiny", appears on the scroll belaw the shield.
Theodor Herzl

**Theodor Herzl** (, , ); Mey 2, 1860 – Julie 3, 1904), born **Benjamin Ze’ev Herzl**, forby kent as **חוֹזֶה הַמְדִינָה**, *Hozeh HaMedinah*, lit. "Veesionary o the State" wis an Austro-Hungarian jurnalist an the faither o modren poleetical Zionism an in effect the State o Israel.

## Freemit airtins

* On Herzl's Diaries, Shlomo Avineri
* About Israel - Herzl Now 
* Wirks bi Herzl in German at German-leid Wikisource
* Works by Herzl in German  frae the eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria)
* "Altneuland" 
* Herzl's Writing 
* Zionism and the creation of modern Israel
* Biography of Theodor Herzl
* Herzl's Centenary and Award
* Herzel and Zionism English subtitled video 
* Herzl family
Destricts o Israel

There are sax main admeenistrative **destricts o [[Israel]]**, kent in Ebreu as ***mehozot*** (מחוזות; singular: *mahoz*) an fifteen sub-destricts kent as ***nafot*** (נפות; singular: *nafa*). Ilka sub-destrict is further dividit intae **natural regions**, o which there are 50.

## Jerusalem Destrict
Jerusalem Destrict (*Mehoz Yerushalayim*). Population: 907,300

Destrict caipital: Jerusalem

## Northren Destrict
Northren Destrict (*Mehoz HaTzafon*). Population: 1,241,900

Destrict caipital: Nazareth

*Safed (sub-destrict) population: 100,500
*Kinneret (sub-destrict) population: 100,300
*Yizre'el (sub-destrict) population: 444,400
*Akko (sub-destrict) population: 555,300

## Haifa Destrict
Haifa Destrict (*Mehoz Heifa*). Population: 880,700

Destrict caipital: Haifa

*Haifa (sub-destrict) population: 529,300
*Hadera (sub-destrict) population: 351,400

## Central Destrict
Central Destrict (*Mehoz HaMerkaz*). Population: 1,770,000

Destrict capital: Ramla

*Sharon (sub-destrict) population: 389,600
*Petah Tikva (sub-destrict) population: 604,600
*Ramla (sub-destrict) population: 282,800
*Rehovot (sub-destrict) population: 493,000

## Tel Aviv Destrict
Tel Aviv Destrict (*Mehoz Tel Aviv*). Population: 1,227,900

Destrict caipital: Tel Aviv

## Soothren Destrict
Soothren Destrict (*Mehoz HaDarom*). Population: 1,201,200

Destrict Caipital: Beersheba
*Ashkelon (sub destrict) population: 456,000
*Be'er Sheva (sub-destrict) population: 565,300

## References

## See an aa
*Geography o Israel
*Leet o Israeli ceeties
*ISO 3166-2:IL

## Freemit airtins
*Population figures for each district and sub-district
*Central Bureau of Statistics detailed breakdown of ilka destrict, sub-destrict, and natural region.
*Urban Israel: Details and pictures about many cities in Israel
Jerusalem Destrict

The **Jerusalem Destrict** is ane o sax admeenistrative destricts o Israel. Its land aurie is 652&nbsp;km².Its population o aboot 910,300 is 67.8% Jewish an 30.6% Arab, the vast majority o whom are non citizens, but who are eligible for citizenship unner Israeli law in East Jerusalem, (non-Jewish population includes 28.3% Muslims, 1.8% Christians an 1.4% unclassified bi releegion). The destrict caipital is Jerusalem.

## Admeenistrative sub-regions

## See an aa
*Destricts o Israel
*Jerusalem Govrenorate
*Leet o ceeties in Israel
*Leet o Arab localities in Israel
*Positions on Jerusalem
*Timeline o Jerusalem

## Notes
Northren Destrict (Israel)

The **Northren Destrict** (, *mehoz hatzafon*) is ane o Israel's sax admeenistrative destricts. The Northren Destrict haes a land aurie o 4,478&nbsp;km², which increases tae 4,638 &nbsp;km² when baith land an water are includit. The destrict caipital an lairgest ceety in the North Destrict is Nazareth.

## Demographics
Accordin tae the Israeli Central Bureau o Statistics data for 2005:
* Total population: 1,216,800 (2007)
* Ethnic makeup:
** Arabs: 622,400 (52.5%)
** Jews: 523,400 (44.2%)
** Others: 39,600 (3.3%)
* Releegious makeup:
** Jews: 523,400 (44.2%)
** Muslims: 443,800 (37.4%)
** Druze: 93,000 (7.8%)
** Christians: 87,500 (7.4%)
** No classified: 35,400 (3%)
* Density: 265/km²

As such, the North Destrict is the ae destrict whaur the majority o inhabitants are Arabs.

## Admeenistrative regions
### Sub-districts
The Northren Destrict is dividit intae the follaein sub-destricts:
*Safed Sub-Destrict
*Kineret Sub-Destrict
*Jezreel Sub-Destrict
*Acre Sub-Destrict
*Golan Sub-Destrict

### Municipalities

## See an aa
*Destricts o Israel

## Notes
Haifa Destrict

**Haifa Destrict** (, *Mehoz Ḥeifa*) is an admeenistrative destrict surroondin the ceety o Haifa, Israel. The destrict is ane o sax admeenistrative destricts o Israel, an its caipital is Haifa. The destrict land aurie is 864&nbsp;km2 (299.3&nbsp;mi2).

Accordin tae the Israel Central Bureau o Statistics, at the end o 2005, the population o the destrict stuid at 858,000, o which 71.27% are Jewish, 18.81% are Arab Muslims, 1.78% are Arab Christians, 2.52% are Druze, an 4.9% are "no classified bi releegion", an grew at an average annual rate o 0.8%.

## Admeenistrative sub-regions

## See an aa
*Destricts o Israel
*Leet o ceeties in Israel
*Leet o Arab localities in Israel
*Wadi Ara

## References
Central Destrict (Israel)

The **Central Destrict** (, *Meḥoz haMerkaz*) o Israel is ane o sax admeenistrative destricts, includin maist o the Sharon region. The destrict caipital is Ramla. It is further dividit intae 4 sub-destricts: Petah Tikva, Ramla, Sharon an Rehovot. The destrict's lairgest ceety is Rishon LeZion. Its population as o 2008 wis 1,730,500. Accordin tae the Israeli Central Beurau o statistics 88% o the population is Jewish, 8.2% is Arab, an 4% are no classifee'd, an are maistly umwhile Soviet Union immigrants o pairtially Jewish heritage or faimily relationship.

## Admeenistrative sub-regions

### Umwhile Municipalities

## References

## See an aa
*Destricts o Israel
*Leet o ceeties in Israel
Soothren Destrict (Israel)

The **Soothren Destrict** (, *Mehoz HaDarom*) is ane o Israel's sax administrative destricts, an is the lairgest in terms o land aurie as well as the maist spairsely populatit. It covers maist of the Negev desert, as well as the Arabah valley. The population o the Soothren Destrict is 1,002,400. It is 86% Jewish an 14% Arab (maistly Muslim). The destrict caipital is Beersheba, whilst the lairgest ceety is Ashdod. Beersheba's dormitory touns o Omer, Meitar, an Lehavim are aw relatively affluent, whilst the development touns (includin Sderot, Netivot, an Ofakim) an the seiven Bedouin ceeties are lawer on the socio-economic scale.

## Ceeties, local cooncils, an regional cooncils

## References

## See an aa
* Leet o ceeties in Israel
* Leet o Arab localities in Israel
* Negev
Coat o airms o Chile

The **coat o airms o [[Chile]]** dates frae 1834 an wis designed bi the Inglis airtist Charles Wood Taylor. It is made up bi a figurative backgrund dividit in twa equal pairts: the tap ane is blue an the bottom, red. A five pointit white starn is in the centre o the shield. This backgrund is supportit in ane side bi a condor, the maist significant bird o prey frae the Andes, an in the ither, bi a huemul, the maist singular an rare mammal o the Chilean territory. Baith ainimals hae in thair heids the navy's gowden croun, seembol o the heroic deeds o the Chilean Navy in the Paceefic Ocean.

The coat o airms is crouned bi a three feathered crest; each feather bearin ane colour: blue, white an reid. This crest wis a seembol o distinction that umwhile Presidents o the Republic uised tae wear on thair hats.

Unnerneath the coat o airms an on the ellaboratit pedestal, thare is a white baund wi the motto: "Por la Razón o la Fuerza" ("Bi reason or bi force").

This emblem is the last o a series o variations due tae diverse circumstances an unnerstaundins.

## The first Coat o airms

The first Coat o airms wis established durin the office o Preses José Miguel Carrera, in 1812. It wis designed ower an oval in which centre wis depictit a column representin the Tree o Freedom. On tap o this column wis a terrestrial globe; ower the globe, a lance an a palm leaf crossed an ower thir twa, a starn.

Staundin, on baith sides o the fixture, wis the figure o a woman an a man, baith indigenous. On tap o aathing wis written, in Laitin, "Post Tenebras Lux" ("Efter the Daurkness, Licht") an at the bottom, "Aut Consilio Aut Ense" ("Bi Cooncil or bi Sword").

In 1817 twa new Coats o airms emerged, baith variations o this last ane, but did no last lang.

## Transitory coat o airms

Twa years later, on 23 September 1819, a new project for a coat o airms wis approved in the Senate. It wis a daurk blue field, wi a column staundin on a white marble pedestal in the middle. On tap o this column, the new American warld wi the wird "Freedom" ower it. Abuin this sign, a five pointit starn, representin the Province o Santiago. Twa seemilar starns, representin Concepción an Coquimbo, wur at each side o the column.

This combination o elements wis surroondit bi twa sma branches o laurel wi thair buds tied wi a tricolor ribbon. Aroond this ribbon, the whole aromory o the kintra wis depictit in strict order: cavalry, infantry, dragons, artillery an bombardiers.

Tae complete the Coat o airms, an indigenous man held it wi his haunds ower his heid, while sittin on an American cayman wi ane fuit restin on the Horn o Plenty. The cayman haed, in its jaws, the Lion o Castile, whose croun laid fallen on ane side an wis hauldin the ripped Spainyie banner wi its front paws.

## Freemit airtins
*Sobre los verdaderos simbolos patrios de Chile simbolospatrios.cl
*Gallery of Chilean coats of arms
Great Seal o the Unitit States

The **Great Seal o the Unitit States** is uised tae authenticate certain documents issued bi the Unitit States federal govrenment. The phrase is uised baith for the pheesical seal itsel (which is kept bi the Unitit States Secretary o State), an mair generally for the design impressed upon it. The Great Seal wis first uised publicly in 1782.

The obverse o the great seal is uised as the naitional coat o airms o the Unitit States. It is offeecially uised on documents such as Unitit States passports, military insignie, embassy placards, an various banners. As a coat o airms, the design haes offeecial colors; the pheesical Great Seal itsel, as affixed tae paper, is monochrome.

Syne 1935, baith sides o the Great Seal hae appeared on the reverse o the ane-dollar bill.  The Seal o the Preses o the Unitit States is directly based on the Great Seal, an its elements are uised in numerous govrenment agency an state seals.

## References
Banner o the Unitit States

The naitional **banner o the Unitit States o Americae** (the **"American flag"**) consists o thirteen equal horizontal spraings o reid (top an bottom) alternatin wi white, wi a blue rectangle in the canton (referred tae specifically as the "union") bearin fifty sma, white, five-pointit starns arranged in nine affset horizontal rows o sax starns (top an bottom) alternatin wi rows o five starns. The fifty starns on the banner represent the 50 states an the 13 spraings represent the oreeginal thirteen colonies that rebelled against the Breetish monarchy an became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the banner include the "Starns an Spraings", "Auld Glory," an "The Starn-Spangled Banner" (an aa the name o the naitional anthem).

The banner o the Unitit States is ane o the naition's maist widely recognised seembols. Athin the U.S. it is frequently displayed, no anerlie on public biggins, but on private residences. It is an aa uised as a motif on decals for caur windaes, an clothin ornaments such as badges an lapel pins. Throughoot the warld it is uised in public discourse tae refer tae the U.S., no anerlie as a naition, state, govrenment, an set o policies, but an aa as a set o ideals.

Apairt frae the nummers o starns an spraings representin the nummer o current an oreeginal states, respectively, an the union wi its starns representin a constellation, thare is nae legally defined seembolism tae the colors an shapes on the banner.

## References
Sukhumi

**Sukhumi** (, *Aqwa*; , *Sokhumi*; , *Sukhum* or *Sukhumi*) is the caipital o Abkhazie, a disputit region on the Black Sea coast. The ceety suffered hivily durin the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict in the early 1990s.

## Namin
In Abkhaz, the ceety is kent as  (*Aqwa*) which accordin tae native tradeetion signifies *water*.

In Georgian, the ceety is kent as  (*Sokhumi*) or აყუ (*Aqu*), in Megrelian as აყუჯიხა (*Aqujikha*), an in Roushie as  (*Sukhum*) or  (*Sukhumi*). The etymology o the form *Sokhumi* is disputit. The ceety wis earlier kent in Turkis as *Suhum-Kale*, which can be read tae mean 'watter-sand fortress'. Alternatively, it haes been proposed that the ceety haed already afore been kent as *Tskhumi* in Georgian, an that aw thir forms (includin the Turkis) fynd thair oreegin herein. Tskhumi in turn then is derived frae the Svan leid wird for 'het', or the Georgian wird for 'hornbeam tree'. The competin etymologies hae been uised as putative evidence in the argument ower the ethnicity o Sukhumi's historical indwallers.

The endin -i in the abuin forms represents the Georgian nominative-suffix. The toun wis initially offeecially describit in Roushie as  (*Sukhum*), till 16 August 1936 when this wis chynged tae  (*Sukhumi*). This remained sae till 4 December 1992, when the Supreme Cooncil o Abkhazie restored the "oreeginal" version, that wis approved in Roushie in hairst 2008, even tho  is an aa still bein uised.

In Inglis, the maist common form the day is *Sukhumi*, awtho *Sokhumi* is uised as well bi some soorces, includin *[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]* an *[[MSN Encarta]]*.

Historically, Sukhumi wis first cawed  (*Dioskurias*) bi the Greeks, then frae the time o Emperor o Rome Augustus onwards  (Sebastopolis) till it became Suhum-kail unner the Ottomans.

## General information
Sukhumi is locatit on a wide bay o the eastren coast o the Black Sea an serves as a port, rail junction an a holiday resort. It is kent for its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-watter spas an semitropical climate. Sukhumi is an aa an important air link for Abkhazie as the Sukhumi Dranda Airport is locatit nearbi the ceety. Sukhumi contains a nummer o sma-tae-medium size hotels servin chiefly the Roushie tourists. Sukhumi botanical garden wis established in 1840, ane o the auldest botanical gardens in the Caucasus.

The ceety haes a nummer o research institutes, the Abkhazian State University an the Sukhumi Branch o the Tbilisi State University (currently functionin in Tbilisi). In Soviet times, it contained a renouned ape breedin station. Frae 1945 tae 1954 the ceety's electron pheesics laboratory wis involved in the Soviet program tae develop nuclear wappens.

The ceety is a member o the International Black Sea Club.

## Twin touns - sister ceeties
*  Podolsk, Roushie
* / Tiraspol, Transnistrie

## References
San Salvador

**The Ceety o San Salvador** is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the naition o El Salvador. Its complete name is *La Ciudad de Gran San Salvador* (**The Ceety o the Great Holy Savior**). 

It lies upon a seismic valley in the tropics, surroondit wit volcanos an prone tae yirdquauks, which is why the Pipil an the Spaniards cawed the aurie in which the metropolis is nou settled in "El Valle de las Hamacas" (**The Valley o the Hammocks**) due tae its constant seismic activity. It is the third lairgest an populous ceety in Central Americae efter Guatemala Ceety an Managua an the seicont maist populatit metropolitan aurie. San Salvador is an aa the maist modren an fastest-growin ceety in Central Americae. Hame tae ane-hauf o El Salvador's wealth, the ceety's per capita GDP - PPP is approximately USD11,200, compared tae a naitional average o USD5,260 (2002). The ceety haes a lang history, wi oreegins datin back tae the Spaingie conquest o the Pipil ceevilized Naition in Cuzcatlán which means "The Place o the Diamond Jewels". The name o the ceety San Salvador means "Holy Savior" in Spainyie. Due tae its territorial extension, it haes the heichest population density in the American continent, composed predominantly o mixed biracial Native American/European ancestry an Whites Caucasian. The Salvadorians native born in San Salvador Ceety are cawed Capitalino, Capitalense, Sivareño in Spaingie.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — sister ceeties
San Salvador is twinned wi:

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Municipality o the ceety o San Salvador 
* 
* The Tramways o San Salvador, 1876-1929
Villa Nueva, Guatemala

**Villa Nueva** is a municipality in the Guatemala department o Guatemala. Villa Nueva is locatit 16 kilometres (10&nbsp;mi) sooth o Guatemala Ceety an haes a population o 710,218 fowk, makin it the seicont lairgest ceety in Guatemala, efter Guatemala Ceety. It wis foondit on 17 Aprile 1763, lang afore Guatemala declared its unthirldom frae the Spaingie Empire.
The local economy lairgely depends on industry, wi the municipality haein some 25 factories that produce such products as textiles, metallurgical guids, an plastics. The aurie's agricultural products include rice, dairy, fruits, an vegetables.

Mayor Salvador Gandara, servin synee 2000, is langleetit for the 2008 Warld Mayor award.

## References

## See an aw
*Leet o places in Guatemala
*Guatemala Depairtment
*Guatemala Ceety
Leet o Keengs o Jordan

The Jordanian monarchy wis set up in 1921, wi the help o Breetain. The sons o Sherif Hussein ibn Ali wur set up as keengs o Iraq an Jordan. In Jordan, Abdullah I wis made Emir o Transjordan, a post he held frae 11 Aprile 1921 till Transjordan wis grantit unthirldom on 25 Mey 1946 as the **Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan**. Abdullah wis crouned the kintra's first keeng. The kintra's name wis shortened tae the **Hashemite Kinrick o Jordan** on 3 Aprile 1949.

The Hashemite Dynasty oreeginates in the Hejaz, which is nou pairt o Saudi Arabie.

## Hashemite Dynasty o Jordan (1921-present)
### [[Transjordan|Emirate o Transjordan]]

### [[Jordan|Hashemite Kinrick o Transjordan/Jordan]]

## Timeline


ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:1920 till:2009
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1920

Colors =
  id:king   value:rgb(1,0.70,0) legend: king 
  id:emir value:rgb(0.5,0.71,0.84)      legend: emir

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:100

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  pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
  text:"Title:"

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  barset:PM

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  align:left fontsize:S shift:(3,-4) anchor:from width:15 
  barset:PM

 from: 1921 till: 1946 color:emir text:"Abdullah" fontsize:10
 from: 1946 till: 1951 color:king text:"Abdullah I" fontsize:10
 from: 1951 till: 1952 color:king text:"Talal" fontsize:10
 from: 1952 till: 1999 color:king text:"Hussein" fontsize:10
 from: 1999 till: end color:king text:"Abdullah II" fontsize:10

 barset:skip


## See an aa
* Line o succession tae the Jordanian throne
* Leet o Sunni Muslim dynasties

## External links
* Hashemite Lineage of the Jordanian Royal Family
King o Saudi Arabie

The **King o Saudi Arabie** is Saudi Arabie's heid o state an absolute monarch. He serves as the heid o the Saudi Monarchy an Hoose o Saud.

Athin Saudi Arabie the King is kent bi the title o **The [[Custodian o the Twa Holy Mosques]] (خادم الحرمين الشريفين)** since 1986, replacin **[[Majesty|His Majesty]] (صاحب الجلالة)** tae signify an Islamic rather than secular authority o the King, an refers tae Saudi Arabie's jurisdiction ower the mosques o Masjid al Haram in Mecca an Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina.

## History

Keeng Abdul Aziz began conquerin the day's Saudi Arabie in 1902, bi restorin his family as emirs o Riyadh. He then proceedit tae conquer first the Nejd (1922) an then the Hejaz (1925). He progressed frae Sultan o Nejd, tae King o Hejaz an Nejd, an finally tae King o Saudi Arabie in 1932.

## Succession

The ither kings hae aw been his sons an aw likely immediate successors tae the reignin King Abdullah will be frae his progeny. Sons o Ibn Saud are considered tae hae primary claim on the Kingship o Saudi Arabie. This makes the Saudi Monarchy quite distinct frae Wastren monarchies, which uisually feature lairge, clearly defined ryal families an orders o succession.

## Legal position
Saudi Arabie is ruled bi Islamic law an purports tae be an Islamic state, but mony Muslims see a hereditary monarchy as being a discouraged seestem o govrenment in Islam.  This attitude stems in pairt frae traditional Sunni doctrine, which prefers selectin rulers based on qualification.

## Ither functions
The King o Saudi Arabie is an aa considered the Heid o the Hoose o Saud an Prime Meenister. The Croun Prince is an aa the "Deputy Prime Meenister." The kings efter Faisal hae named a "seicont Deputy Prime Meenister" as the subsequent heir efter the Croun Prince.

## Keengs o [[Saudi Arabie]] (1932-Present)
### [[Hoose o Saud]]

## See an aa
*Line o succession tae the Saudi Arabian throne
Coat o airms o Trinidad an Tobago

**The Coat o Airms o [[Trinidad an Tobago]]** wis designed bi a committee formed in 1962 tae select the seembols that wad be representative o the fowk o Trinidad an Tobago. The committee includit notit airtist Carlisle Chang an the late designer George Bailey. The palm tree at the tap o the Coat o Airms wis taken frae Tobago's Coat o Airms afore it wis joined in poleetical union wi Trinidad. The wreath represents the cron o the monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick, Trinidad an Tobago's colonizers at the time o unthirldom. The shield haes the same colours (black, red, an white) o the naition's banner an carry the same meanin. The gowd ships represent the Santa María, La Niña, an La Pinta: the three ships Christopher Columbus uised on his journey tae the "New Warld." The twa birds on the shield are hummingbirds. Trinidad is whiles referred tae as the "Land o the Hummingbird" acause mair nor saxteen different species o hummingbird hae been recordit on the island. "Land o the Hummingbird" is an aa believed tae hae been the Native American name for Trinidad. The twa lairger birds are the Scarlet Ibis (left) an the Cocrico (richt), the naitional birds o Trinidad an Tobago. Belaw the Scarlet Ibis are three hills, representin the Trinity Hills in soothren Trinidad, which, it is believed, convinced Columbus tae name the island efter the Holy Trinity. The island risin oot o the waters beneath the Cocrico represents Tobago. Belaw these birds is the naition's motto, "Thegither We Aspire, Thegither We Achieve."
Govrenorates o Palestine

**[[State o Palestine|Palestine]]** is dividit intae 16 govrenorates unner the jurisdiction o the Palestinian Naitional Authority.




## Wast Bank





## Gaza Strip





## References
Govrenorates o Lebanon

Lebanon is dividit intae sax govrenorates (*[[muhafazah]]*), leetit wi their caipitals in parentheses:

#Beirut (Beirut)
#Moont Lebanon (Baabda)
#North (Tripoli)
#Beqaa (Zahlé)
#Nabatieh (Nabatieh)
#Sooth (Sidon)

The govrenorates are dividit intae destricts, an then subdividit intae municipalities.

Twa new govrenotes hae been approved but no yet implementit: Akkar (frae Akkar Destrict) an Baalbek-Hermel (frae Baalbek Destrict an Hermel Destrict). http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=83732 

## See an aa
* Destricts o Lebanon
* Municipalities o Lebanon
* ISO 3166-2:LB
Banner o Trinidad an Tobago

The **[[banner]] o [[Trinidad an Tobago]]** wis adoptit upon unthirldom frae Great Breetain on 31 August 1962. In blazons, the banner is *Gules, a bend Sable [[fimbriated]] Argent*.

## Construction

The width o the white stripes is 1/30 o the banner lenth an the width o the black stripe is 2/15. The tot width o the three stripes thegither is therefore 1/5 o the lenth.

## Ither Banners

The ceevil ensign is the naitional banner in a 1:2 ratio.  The naval ensign (uised bi coast guard vessels) is a Breetish white ensign wi the naitional banner in the canton.

The banner wis chosen bi the unthirldom committee in 1962. Red, black an white seembolise fire (the sun, representin courage), earth (representin dedication) an watter (representin purity an equality).

## Colonial banner

Prior tae unthirldom in 1962 Trinidad an Tobago uised a Breetish blue ensign defaced wi a circular badge depictin a ship arrivin in front o a muntain.

## See an aa
*Banner o the Wast Indies Federation (Januar 1958-Mey 1962)

## References

## Freemit airtins
*The history o the banner an ither naitional emblems o Trinidad an Tobago
Lincoln LS

The **Lincoln LS** is a mid-size, rear wheel drive sedan frae Lincoln.   For its production run frae 1999 till 2006, it wis based on the Ford DEW98 platform, which wis shared wi the Jaguar S-Type an Ford Thunderbird.  LS versions wur oreeginally tae be cawed **LS6** an **LS8** dependin on ingine choice, but those designations wur replaced wi "LS V6" an "LS V8" efter Toyota's Lexus diveesion became concerned aboot the potential for namin confusion wi its Lexus LS.  Alang with the relatit Jaguar S-Type, it is the first entry-level luxury caur awned bi a Ford brand syne the Merkur Scorpio an XR4Ti endit production in 1989.

The LS wis introduced in early 1999 as a 2000 model year vehicle, in pairt as a successor tae the Lincoln Mark VIII coupe that wis discontinued efter 1998. It wis the first Lincoln in decades tae affer an optional manual transmission. Wi its available V8 pouer, rear wheel drive, an near 50/50 weight distribution, the LS wis an attractive alternative tae European sports sedans.

Prices for the LS frae the 2000 tae 2004 model years ranged frae juist ower $30,000 for a base V6 model in 1999, tae aroond $45,000 for fully equipped Special Edition V8 LSE trims in 2004. Bi 2006, prices ranged frae $39,945 for a base model tae $49,100 for a top-o-the-line LS. The increase in base price wis caused bi the elimination o the entry-level LS V6, which in turn moved the nou V8-ae LS frae the entry-level luxury segment tae the mid-level luxury segment.

Production o the LS endit on Aprile 3, 2006. Aw Lincoln LS models wur manufactured at Ford's Wixom Assembly Plant which wis idled in 2007, as pairt o *[[The Way Forward]]*. About 262,900 LS models were built. 

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Lincoln LS Owners Club
* 2006 Lincoln LS press kit
Govrenorates o Jordan

The kintra o Jordan is dividit intae 12 govrenorates (*[[muhafazah]]*).

## Leet o Govrenorates o Jordan

## See an aa
* Nahias o Jordan
* ISO 3166-2:JO

### References
Coat o airms o Guinea

The present **Coat o airms o Guinea** wis adoptit in 1984 an features a dove wi a gowden olive branch in its beak ower a ribbon wi the motto, "Wirk, Juistice, Solidarity". The airms umwhile an aa includit a crossed swuird an rifle,

## Freemit airtins
* Coat o Airms o Guinea in the Banners o the Warld wabsteid.
Banner o Guinea

The **banner o [[Guinea]]** wis adoptit on the 10t November 1958.

The banner's colours wis adoptit frae the Rassemblement Democratique Africaine anes, that bein the dominant muivement at the time o unthirldom. The colours wis thairsels derived frae the Ghana anes, whilk haed first adoptit thaim in 1957. Sekou Toure, the first Preses o Guinea, wis a close associate o Kwame Nkrumah, the umwhile dictator o Ghana. Reid seemboleises the fowk's sacrifice, yellae represents the sun an the yird's riches, an green the kintra's vegetation.

In keepin wi ither banners in the region, the Pan-African muivement's colours o reid, yellow, an green is uised. As a umwhile French colony, it mey be nae coincidence that the design is a tricolour. The banner's colours frae the left tae the richt is the conter o the banner o Mali.
Ludwigsburg

**Ludwigsburg** is a ceety in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, aboot 12 kilometer (7.5 mile) north o dountoun Stuttgart, near the river Neckar. It is the lairgest an primary ceety o the Ludwigsburg urban destrict wi aboot 87,000 inhabitants. It belangs tae the Stuttgart region in the administrative region (''Regierungsbezirk'') o Stuttgart.

## Twin touns (sister ceeties)

Ludwigsburg is twinned wi:

*  Montbéliard, Fraunce, syne 1950
*  Caerphilly, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1960
*  Eupatoria, Ukraine,  syne 1990
*  Saunt Charles, USA, syne 1995

## References
Bugatti Type 101

In order tae restairt Bugatti, a new caur wis needit for the 1950s. The result wis the 1951 **Type 101**. An evolution o the Type 57, it is considered bi mony tae be the last true Bugatti caur, wi juist seiven produced throu 1956. Powured bi the 3.3&nbsp;L (3257&nbsp;cc/198&nbsp;in³) straight-8 frae the Type 57. The seiven chassis wur bodied bi fower different coachbuilders:Gangloff, Guillore, Antem, an Virgil Exner/Ghia.

## Production
Sax Type 101 chassis wur biggit efter an initial convertit Type 57 chassis prototype. At least twa mair Type 57s wur an aa convertit tae Type 101 specifications, makin a tot o nine Type 101 caurs produced.

The last Type 101 wis biggit in 1965 bi Ghia designed bi Virgil Exner for the last remainin Type 101 chassis as an attempt tae revive the marque. It wis exhibitit at the Turin Motor Show, but financin coud no be arranged an production plans wur scrapped. Exner awned the caur for mony years, an it haes lately appeared in public at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance.

## Ingine

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
* Bugatti Type 101 photos an information
Bugatti Veyron

The **Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4** is a rear mid-ingined Supercaur. The Super Sport version wis the fastest road-legal caur in the warld, wi a top speed o 431.07&nbsp;km/h (267.85&nbsp;mph). The oreeginal version haes a top speed o 408.00&nbsp;km/h (253.52&nbsp;mph).

Designed an developed bi the German Volkswagen Group an produced bi Bugatti Automobiles SAS at their heidquarters in Château St. Jean in Molsheim (Alsace, Fraunce), the Veyron's chief designer wis Hartmut Warkuß, an the exterior wis designed bi Jozef Kabaň o Volkswagen, wi muckle o the ingineerin wirk being conductit unner the guidance o umwhile Peterbilt ingineer an nou Bugatti Engineering chief Wolfgang Schreiber.

The caur is named efter French racin driver Pierre Veyron, who wan the 24 Hours o Le Mans in 1939 while racin for the oreeginal Bugatti company. It wis named *Car of the Decade* (2000–2009) bi the BBC telly programme *[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]*.

A number o special variants hae been produced, includin twa targa tops. In December 2010, Bugatti began afferin prospective buyers the ability tae customize exterior an interiors colors bi uisin the *Veyron 16.4 Configurator* application on the marque's offeecial wabsteid.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. offeecial wabsteid 
*New Speed World Record  - the fastest caur again
* Bugatti Veyron test video
*Video of the Bugatti Veyron 
*Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport
Banner o Panama

The **banner o [[Panama]]** wis made bi Maria Ossa de Amador. It haes been offeecially adoptit bi the "ley 48 de 1925"; the banner is celebratit on November 4, ane day efter Panamanian unthirldom frae Colombie.

The first banner proposed in 1823 consisted o 7 horizontal stripes o reid an yellae, wi a blue canton containin 2 gowden suns, jynt bi a narrae line tae depict the oceans tae be unitit bi the Panama Canal (see the depiction belaw). Housomeivver, this wis no acceptit bi the Panamanian leader, Manuel Amador Guerrero, whose faimily designed a new banner.

The starns an quarters are said tae staund for the rival poleetical pairties, an the white for the peace in which thay operate. Blue wis the colour o the Conservatives, an reid the colour o the Liberals.

## History
### Bunau-Varilla Proposal

The Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla designed the first serious proposal for a Panamanian banner.

Bunau-Varilla's design is based on the Banner o the Unitit States, possibly on accoont o that kintra's haund in Panamanian unthirldom. Retainin the thirteen stripes, he chynged the white stripes tae yellae, emphasizin the Panamanian connection tae Colombie an Spain (whose banners baith prominently featur reid an yellae). Varilla replaced the starns in the blue canton wi twa interconnectit yellae suns; the suns represent North an Sooth Americae, an are connectit acause o Panama's poseetion connectin the twa continents.

Bunau-Varilla's proposal wis rejectit bi the Panamanian revolutionary cooncil on the grunds that it wis designed bi a foreigner.

### Maria Ossa de Amador Proposal
The current Panamanian banner wis made bi Maria Ossa de Amador on November 1, 1903. The son o Manuel Amador Guerrero, generally recognised as a skillful drawer, sketched the banner an showed it tae Maria Ossa de Amador, who, efter much difficulty in avoidin the Colombian airmy, eventually produced three copies o the banner, which wur aw eventually flewn in Panama Ceety upon unthirldom, an distributit widely.

## Description
The Panamanian govrenment offeecially describit the banner in Law 15 o December 1949, as follaes: *The Banner o the Republic consists thus o a dividit rectangle o fower quarters: the upper field close tae the pole white wi a blue starn o five points; the upper field further frae the pole, red; the lawer field near the pole, blue; an the lawer ane further frae the pole, white wi a red starn o five points.*

This banner wis tae reflect the poleetical situation o the time. 
The blue wis intendit tae represent the Conservative Pairty an the reid tae represent the Leeberal Pairty. The white wis intendit tae staund for peace an purity; the blue starn staunds for the purity an honesty o the life o the kintra; the reid starn represents the authority an law in the kintra; an thegither the starns staund for the new republic.

## References
 

4. Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1563281554. OCLC 42970390.