open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Piston

A **piston** is a component o reciprocating ingines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors an pneumatic cylinders, amang ither seemilar mechanisms. It is the muivin component that is contained bi a cylinder an is made gas-tight bi piston rings. In an ingine, its purpose is tae transfer force frae expanding gas in the cylinder tae the crankshaft via a piston rod an/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed an force is transferred frae the crankshaft tae the piston for the purpose o compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some ingines, the piston an aw acts as a valve bi covering an uncovering ports in the cylinder wall.
Gaitside

**Gaitside** (Inglis: Gateside) is a smaw toun hauf a mile awa frae the toon o Beith in North Ayrshire, Scotland.population aboot 45-60
Camshaft

A **camshaft** is a shaft tae which a cam is fastened or o which a cam forms an integral pairt.

## History
The camshaft wis first describit in Turkey (Diyarbakır) bi Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as pairt o his automata, watter-raisin machines, an watter clocks sic as the castle clock. The camshaft later appeared in European mechanisms frae the 14t century.

Amang the first caurs tae utilize ingines wi single owerheid camshafts war the Maudslay designed bi Alexander Craig an introduced in 1902, an the Marr Auto Car designed bi Michigan native Walter Lorenzo Marr in 1903.

## Uses
In internal combustion ingines wi pistons, the camshaft is uised tae operate poppet valves. It consists o a cylindrical rod running the lenth o the cylinder bank wi a nummer o oblong *lobes* protruding frae it, ane for each valve. The cam lobes force the valves open bi pressing on the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism, as thay rotate.

## References
Cylinder block

The **cylinder block** is an  structur  the cylinder(s) o a reciprocating ingine an eften some or aw o thair associated surroondin structures (cuilant passages, intake an exhaust passages an ports, an crankcase). The term **ingine block** is eften uised synonymously wi "cylinder block" (awtho technically distinctions can be made atween en bloc cylinders as a discrete unit versus ingine block designs wi yet mair integration that comprise the crankcase as well).

In the basic terms o machine elements, the various main pairts o an ingine (sic as cylinder(s), cylinder heids, cuilant passages, intake an exhaust passages, an crankcase) are conceptually distinct, an thir items can aw be made as discrete pieces that are bolted thegither. Sic construction wis very widespread in the early decades o the commercialization o internal combustion ingines (1880s tae 1920s), an it is still whiles uised in certaint applications whaur it remains advantageous (especially very lairge ingines, but an aw some smaw ingines). Houiver, it is no langer the normal wey o building maist petrol ingines an diesel ingines, acause for ony gien ingine configuration, thare are mair efficient ways o designing for manufacture (an an aw for maintenance an repair). Thir generally involve integrating multiple machine elements intae ane discrete pairt, an daein the makin (sic as castin, stamping, an machining) for multiple elements in ane setup wi ane machine coordinate seestem (o a machine tuil or ither piece o manufacturing machinery). This yields lawer unit cost o production (an/or maintenance an repair).

The day maist ingines for cars, trucks, buses, tractors, an sae on are biggit wi fairly heichly integrated design, sae the words "monobloc" an "en bloc" are seldom uised in describing them; sic construction is eften . Sicweys "ingine block", "cylinder block", or simply "block" are the terms likely tae be heard in the garage or on the street.

## References
Kyle of Lochalsh line

The **Kyle of Lochalsh Line** is a primarily single track railwey line in the Scots Hielands, frae Dingwal til Kyle o Lochalsh. Aw services are providit bi Abellio ScotRail an rin ayont Dingwal til . Maist services run tae or frae Innerness; ae daily train continues ayont Innerness til  (in the 2016 timetable). In the past thare war some throu services tae/frae Glesga, Edinburgh or Aiberdeen. Nane o the line is electrified, an aw trains on the line are diesel-powered, as are aw ither trains in the Scots Hielands.

## History
### Construction
The route wis biggit in three sections:
* Inverness and Ross-shire Railway atween Inverness and Dingwall, openin on 1 October 1864.
* Dingwall and Skye Railway atween Dingwall and Stromeferry, openin on 19 August 1870.
* Kyle of Lochalsh Extension (Highland Railway) atween Stromeferry and Kyle of Lochalsh, openin on 2 November 1897.

### Strathpeffer Branch
The Strathpeffer Branch operatit fae 1885 til 1951.

### Named trains
In 1933, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway introduced twa named trains on the line, *The Hebridean* an *The Lewisman*.

### Lochluichart station
In 1949 it wis planned tae relocate Lochluichart station tae allou the fluidin o the airt bi the Glascarnoch-Luichart-Torr Achilty hydroelectric scheme. On 3 Mey 1954 a new station wis appent as **Lochluichart**. The deviation required aboot  on stane-pitched embankments an in rock cuttings, a  brig ower the River Conon an a  brig.

## Closure proposals
In the 1960s the line wis listit tae be closed unner the ''Reshaping of British Railways'' report; houiver it wis reprieved and services continued.

In 1970, British Rail wantit tae close the line whan Ross and Cromarty council voted tae mak a new £460,000 () ferry terminal at Ullapool (43 mile frae Stornoway) replacin that at Kyle of Lochalsh (71 mile frae Stornoway). In December 1971 it wis reportit that the costs of operatin the line war £318,000 per annum (), wi revenue of £51,000 per annum (), an the Secretary of State for Transport agreed that the line sud close, but a local campaign wis successfu in reversin this decision an keepin it open.

## Natural disasters
In Julie 1939 a landslide atween Attadale and Stomeferry derailed an ingine an sax freight vans. The landslide wis caused bi hivy rains.

In 1989 the brig ower the River Ness at Innerness wis washed awa, leain baith the Kyle line an the Far North Line stranded, but new "Sprinter" trains war brocht ower bi road, an a temporary yaird wis biggit tae service them at Muir o Ord. The section of line alang Loch Carron is parteecularly troublesome and prone tae landslides, eften closin that section.

## References
Kyle o Lochalsh

**Kyle o Lochalsh** (frae the Scottish Gaelic *Caol Loch Aillse*, "strait of the foaming loch") is a veelage on the northwest coast o Scotland, 63 mile (100&nbsp;km) wast o Innerness. It is locatit on the Lochalsh peninsula, at the entrance tae Loch Alsh, opposite the veelage o Kyleakin on the Isle o Skye. A ferry uised tae connect the twa villages until it wis replaced bi the Skye Brig, aboot a mile (2&nbsp;km) tae the wast, in 1995.

## Geography

The veelage is the transport and shopping centre for the area as well as haein a harbour and  marina wi pontoons for maritime visitors.  The surroondin scenery and wildlife are regarded as attractions o the veelage, as is the slow pace of life. Crofting as well as mair recent crofting pursuits lik salmon farming are some o the activities takkin place in Kyle o Lochalsh.

A land-based control centre o the Ryal Navy Breetish Underwater Test and Evaluation Centre (BUTEC) submarine range is based in Kyle o Lochalsh.

Kyle o Lochalsh lies awmaist precisely  due north o Land's End in Cornwall.

## History
A public hall in the centre o the toun wis completit in 1932.

## Transport
Kyle o Lochalsh railwey station is connected tae Innerness bi the Kyle of Lochalsh railwey line, biggit in 1897 tae improve public transport tae the north-wast o Scotland. The line ends on the watter's edge, near whaur the ferry connection uised tae run.

## In popular cultur

* In 1980, the BBC did a series of documentaries, entitled "Great Railway Journeys of the World". The Kyle o Lochalsh appeared in an episode entitled "Confessions of a Trainspotter", presented bi Michael Palin.  In the segment, Palin travelled bi various trains frae Lunnon tae Kyle o Lochalsh. His humour wis evident throughout the documentary.  Upon reachin the Kyle o Lochalsh, he purchased a lairge piece of railwey memorabilia—the Kyle o Lochalsh railwey platform sign. The endin credits showed Palin takkin the oversized sign wi him back tae Lunnon, which he then hung on his gairden wall at home.
* Alang wi nearby toun Plockton, the toun became the backdrop tae the BBC drama series "Hamish MacBeth".
* Kyle o Lochalsh wis visited bi the characters in Mark Chadbourn's trilogy, Age of Misrule.

## References

## External links

* Video footage of the town's station and branchline in 1970
* Kyle of Lochalsh Station in 2018
Far North Line

The **Far North Line** is a rural railwey line entirely within the Hieland area o Scotland, extendin frae Innerness tae Thursa an Week. As the name suggests, it is the northernmost railway in the Unitit Kinrick. The line haes mony sections o single track, maistly north o Dingwal. In common wi ither railwey lines in the Hielands an northren Lowlands, it is nae electrified an aw trains are diesel-powered.

## Route

Lik the A9 road north o Innerness, the Far North Line generally follows the line o the east-facing Moray Firth coast. Much o the population o the far north o Scotland is concentrated in coastal areas an, in places, the railway is awmaist on the shore, the track running alang the raised beaches left behind as land rebounded follaein the end o the last ice age.

The railwey links mony o the same places as the road. Mony mair places war served bi baith the railwey an the road afore three new road brigs war biggit: across the Moray Firth (atween Innerness an the Black Isle), the Cromarty Firth an the Dornoch Firth. The railwey is nou, in mony places, a lang wey inland frae the route o the A9.

The railwey loops inland frae Tain tae Lairg, which haes never been on the A9, a diversion intendit, at the time o construction, tae open the centre o Sutherland tae tred. The route then returns tae the coast at Golspie. Beyond Golspie, the railwey continues alang the coast as far as Helmsdale, then inland up the Strath o Kildonan an then across the Flow Country tae Halkirk an back tae the east coast at Week. At Georgemas Junction near Halkirk, thare is a branch tae Thursa.

## Picture gallery

File:Inverness Station 4.jpg|Innerness station
File:Muir of Ord railway station in 1988.jpg|Muir o Ord station
File:Thurso station - geograph.org.uk - 1724781.jpg|Thursa station
Railwey electrification seestem

A **railwey electrification seestem** supplies electric pouer tae railwey trains an trams wioot an on-buird prime mover or local fuel supply. 
Electric railweys uise electric locomotives tae haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars wi thair ain motors. 
Electricity is teepically generated in lairge an relatively efficient Pouer stations, transmitted tae the railwey network an distributed tae the trains. Some electric railweys hae thair ain dedicated generating stations an transmission lines but maist purchase pouer frae an electric utility. The railwey uisually provides its ain distribution lines, switches an transformers.

Pouer is supplied tae muivin trains wi a (nearly) conteenous conductor running alang the track that uisually takes ane o twa forms: owerheid line, suspended frae poles or touers alang the track or frae structur or tunnel ceilings; third rail mounted at track level an contacted bi a sliding "collector shoe". Baith owerheid wire an third-rail seestems uisually uise the running rails as the return conductor but some seestems uise a separate fowert rail for this purpose.

## Unitit Kinrick
### Trains
The main seestems in uise are:
* 25kV AC owerheid line - maist electrified lines north o River Thames
* 750V DC third rail - maist electrified lines sooth o River Thames
* 630V DC third an fowert rail - Lunnon Unnergrund
* 600V DC third rail - aulder seestems, e.g. Glesga Subway

### Trams
The main seestems in uise are:
* 1,500V DC owerheid line - Tyne an Wear Metro
* 750V DC owerheid line - maist modren seestems, e.g. Edinburgh Trams
* 600V DC owerheid line - aulder seestems, e.g. Blackpool Tramway
David Fincher

**David Andrew Leo Fincher** (born August 28, 1962) is an American director an producer, notably for films, telly series an muisic videos. He wis nominatit for the Academy Awaird for Best Director for *[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]* (2008) an *[[The Social Network]]* (2010). He an aw directit *[[Fight Club]]* (1999).

## References
Elia Kazan

**Elia Kazan** (born **Elias Kazantzoglou**, ; 7 September 1909 – 28 September 2003) wis a Greek-American director, producer, writer an actor, descrived bi *[[The New York Times]]* as "ane o the maist honoured an influential directors in Broadway an Hollywood history".

## References
Jean Renoir

**Jean Renoir** (; 15 September 1894 &ndash; 12 Februar 1979) wis a French film director, screenwriter, actor, producer an author. As a film director an actor, he made mair nor fowerty films frae the seelent era tae the end o the 1960s. His films *[[La Grande Illusion]]* (1937) an *[[The Rules of the Game]]* (1939) are eften citit bi creetics as amang the greatest films iver made.
Guillermo del Toro

**Guillermo del Toro Gómez** (; born October 9, 1964) is a Mexican film director, screenwriter, producer, an novelist.

## References
Encyclopedia of Life

The **Encyclopedia of Life** (**EOL**; ) is a free, online collaborative encyclopaedia intendit tae document aw o the 1.9 million leevin speshies kent tae science.

## References
Michael Rosen

**Michael Wayne Rosen** (born 7 Mey 1946) is an Inglis bairn's novelist an poet, the author o 140 beuks. He serrt as Childer's Leeteratur frae Juin 2007 til Juin 2009. He haes bin a TV presenter an a political colummist.   

## References
Paul O'Grady

**Paul James O'Grady**, MBE (14 Juin 1955 – 28 March 2023)was a comedian, television presenter, actor, writer and radio disc jockey. He achieved fame using his comedic drag queen character, "Lily Savage", and later became well known for presenting TV programmes as himself  *[[The Paul O'Grady Show]]*.

## References
Coronation Street

***Coronation Street*** (an aw informally referred tae as ***Corrie***) is a Breetish saip opera creatit bi Granada Televeesion an shawn on ITV syne 9 December 1960.

## References
Andrew Marr

**Andrew William Stevenson Marr** (born 31 Julie 1959) is a Scots poleetical commentator an televeesion presenter.

## References
EastEnders

***EastEnders*** is a Breetish saip opera creatit bi Julia Smith an Tony Holland that haes been broadcast on BBC One syne 1985.

## References
Antiques Roadshow

***Antiques Roadshow*** is a Breetish telly shaw in that antiques appraisers traivel tae various regions o the Unitit Kinrick (an occasionally in ither kintras) tae appraise antiques brocht in by local fowk. It haes been runnin syne 1979, based on a 1977 documentary series.

## References
Billie Piper

**Billie Paul Piper** (born **Leian Paul Piper**; 22 September 1982) is a Breetish sangster, dancer an actress frae Swindon, Wiltshire. She made her debut in *Scratchy & Co.* (1995–1998) an at the age o 15 she signed a recording contract an released her debut single "Because We Want To", which entered at the tap o the UK Singles Chart an made her the youngest airtist ever tae enter at nummer ane on the chart. The single wis followed bi Piper's album *Honey to the B* (1998), which wis certified dooble platinum bi the Recording Industry Association o New Zealand (RIANZ) an platinum bi the Breetish Phonographic Industry (BPI). In 2000, she released her seicont album, *Walk of Life*. In 2003, she retired frae the recording industry an launched an actin career.

Piper's transition intae actin began in 2004. She played Rose Tyler, companion tae The Doctor frae 2005 tae 2006, in the BBC sci-fi series *[[Doctor Who]]*, reprising the role in 2008, 2010, an 2013. Frae 2007 until 2011, she starred as the heich-fleein escort Belle de Jour in the telly series *Secret Diary of a Call Girl*. She an aa starred as Brona Croft/Lily in the Showtime series *Penny Dreadful*.

Mair recently Piper haes taken tae the stage. She haes starred in five critically acclaimed plays an picked up numerous Best Actress awairds, maist notably a Laurence Olivier Awaird for her performance in *Yerma* which wis describit as "earth-quaking" bi *[[The Guardian]]* an "a generation's greatest performance" bi *The Stage*. She went on tae pick up a tot o sax Best Actress awairds for that ane performance, makin it ane o the maist acclaimed an awairdit stage performances in Breetish theatre history - an the anly female actor tae hae picked up sax oot o an available sax Best Actress awairds for a single performance.

## References
Maggie Dickson Stakes

The **Maggie Dickson Stakes** is a Leetit flat horse race in Great Breetain appen tae meirs an fillies agit three years or aylder.
It is run at Musselburgh ower a distance o 7 furlongs an 33 yairds (1,438 metres), an it is scheduled tae tak place ilk year in Juin. The race wis introduced as a new Leetit race in 2017 an the inaugural rinnin wis sponsored bi Edinburgh Gin.

The race is named in honour o *Maggie Dickson* (aka Half-Hangit Maggie), that wis born in Musselburgh aroond 1702 an that becam a local celebrity for survivin her execution.

## Winners

## References
Polis box

The **Polis box** is a public phone box for the uise o members o the polis, or for members o the public tae contact the polis. It wis introduced in the United States in 1877 an wis uised in the United Kinrick throughout the 20t century frae the early 1920s. Unlik an ordinary callbox, its telephone wis locatit behind a hinged door sae it coud be uised frae the ootside, an the interior o the box wis, in effect, a miniature police station for uise bi police officers tae read an fill in reports, tak meal breaks an even temporarily haud prisoners until the arrival o transport.

Police boxes predate the era o mobile telecommunications; nou members o the Breetish police cairy twa-wey radios an/or mobile phones rather than relying on fixed kiosks. Most boxes are nou disuised or hae been withdrawn frae service.

The teepical police box contained a telephone linked directly tae the local police station, allouin patrolling officers tae keep in contact wi the station, reporting anything unusual or requesting help if necessar. A licht on tap o the box wad flash tae alert an officer that he/she wis requested tae contact the station.  Members o the public coud an aw uise the phone tae contact a police station in an emergency or, in the case o the Metropolitan Police, for assistance wi ony matter normally within the purview o the police.

Police boxes war uisually blue, wi the maist notable exception bein Glesga, whaur thay war reid until the late 1960s.  In addition tae a telephone, thay contained equipment sic as an incident beuk, a fire extinguisher an a first aid kit.

The blue police box is eften associated wi the science fiction telly programme *[[Doctor Who]]*, in which the protagonist's time machine, a TARDIS, is in the shape o a 1960s Breetish police box.

## References
Epsom Derby

The **Derby Stakes**, offeecially the **Investec Derby**, popularly kent as **The Derby**, is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ingland appen tae three-year-auld thoroughbred cowts an fillies.

## Winners


 Winnin distances are shawn in lenths or shorter (**dh** = deid-heat; **shd** = short-head; **hd** = heid; **snk** = short-neck; **nk** = neck)

 The 1828 race feenished as a deid-heat, but Cadland wan a run-aff against The Colonel bi ½ lenth

 The 1844 an 1913 winners war awairdit veectory efter the disqualification o the first-placed horse


## References
Satellite Beach, Florida

**Satellite Beach** is a coastal city situated in Brevard County, Florida. The population was 10,109 at the 2010 United States Census, and it is located with the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Indian River to the west. Satellite Beach is part of the Palm Bay&ndash;Melbourne&ndash;Titusville Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Wast Bank

The **Wast Bank** or **Cisjordan** () is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast o Wastren Asie, the bulk o it nou unner Israeli control, or else unner jynt Israeli-Palestinian Authority control. The final status o the entire area is yet tae be determined bi the parties concerned. The Wast Bank shares boundaries (demarcated bi the Jordanian-Israeli armistice o 1949) tae the wast, north, an sooth wi Israel, an tae the east, across the Jordan River, wi Jordan. The Wast Bank an aw conteens a significant section o the wastern Deid Sea shore.

The Wast Bank, includin East Jerusalem, haes a land area o 5,640 km2 plus a watter area o 220 km2, consisting o the northwast quarter o the Deid Sea.  it haes an estimatit population o 2,785,366 Palestinians, an approximately 371,000 Israeli settlers, an approximately anither 212,000 Jewish Israelis in East Jerusalem. The internaitional community considers Israeli settlements in the Wast Bank, includin East Jerusalem, illegal unner internaitional law, tho Israel disputes this. The Internaitional Coort o Justice advisory ruling (2004) concluded that events that came efter the 1967 occupation o the Wast Bank bi Israel, includin the Jerusalem Law, Israel's peace treaty wi Jordan an the Oslo Accords, didnae chynge the status o the Wast Bank (includin East Jerusalem) as occupied territory wi Israel as the occupying pouer.

## References
Microvan

A **microvan** is a van or minivan that fits intae Japanese *[[kei caur]]* classification or sib tae that, an is smawer nor a mini MPV.

In Cheenae, these vehicles are cried *miàn ​bāo ​chē* (, "breid laif vehicle") acause o thair shape. In a sib fashion, in twa-three Hispanic American kintras thir vehicles are cried *Pan de Molde*, thit means "breid laif".

Ootside Cheenae an Japan, microvans are fairly common in Sootheast Asie, Sooth Asie, Africae, Laitin Americae an the Middle East.

## References
Wake Coonty, North Carolina

**Wake Coonty** (Inglis: *Wake County*) is a coonty in th' U.S. state ay North Carolina. its population is abit 1,024,000 fowk an' its caipital an' largest ceety is Raleigh.
Netta Barzilai

**Netta Barzilai** (; born 22 Januar 1993), whiles kent as semply **Netta**, is a Israeli sangster an a luipin airtist. She wan series five o *[[HaKokhav HaBa]]*. On 12 Mey 2018, she wan the Eurovision Sang Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal wi her sang "Toy", merkin Israel's fowert win in the Eurovision Sang contest (efter 1978, 1979 an 1998).

## References
Eurovision Sang Contest 2018

The **Eurovision Sang Contest 2018**  wis the 63rd edeetion o the annual Eurovision Sang Contest. It teuk place for the first time in Portugal follaein the kintra's first veectory at the 2017 contest in Kiev, Ukraine wi the sang "Amar pelos dois", performed bi Salvador Sobral.

The contest wis won bi Netta Barzilai o Israel wi the sang "Toy", while Cyprus (2nt) an the Czech Republic (6t) achieved their best-ever finishes; Germany finished 4t efter 3 years-in-a-row in the bottom twa. Host naition Portugal finished last, while Roushie an Azerbaijan failed tae qualify for the feenal for the first time. The Unitit Kinrick's entry, performed bi SuRie, wis interruptit bi a stage invader.

## References
The Adventurs o Tintin

***The Adventurs o Tintin*** (; ) is a series o 24 comic albums pit thegither bi Belgian cartoonist Georges Remi, thit wrat unner the pen name Hergé. The series wis ane o the maist popular European comics far the 20t yearhunner. Bi 2007, a hunner year efter Hergé's birth in 1907, *Tintin* haed been pit ower tae mair nor 70 leid wi sales o mair nor 200 mulȝeon copy, an haed been adaptit fur radio, telly, theatre, an fillum.

The series wis first seen in French on 10 January 1929 in  (The Little Twentieth), a wee weans magazine thit came wi the Belgian newspaper  (The Twentieth Century). The success o the series meant thit serialised strips war pit oot wi Belgium's maist popular newspaper  (The Evening) an aw, and spun intae a successful *Tintin* magazine. In 1950, Hergé foondit Studios Hergé, thit pit thegither an pit oot canon versions o ten *Tintin* albums.

The series haes a maistly realistic 20t yearhunner settin. Its hero is Tintin, a courageous young Belgian reporter an adventurer. His faithfu dug Tarrie ( in the original French edition) comes alang wi Tintin in his adventurs. Ither main chairacters include the brash an cynical Captain Haddie an the barrie but pairt-deif Professor Kenspeckle (), as weel as incompetent detectives Nisbet an Nesbit () an the opera diva Bianca Castafiore.

The series haes bin admirt fur its clean, expressive drawins in Hergé's sígnatur  ("clear line") style. Its well-howkit plots straiadle a nummer o genres: swashbucklig adventues wi pairts o fantasy, mysteries, polítical thrillers, an science fiction. The stories featur slapstick humour, set aff bi bits o sophisticated satír and polítical or cultur commentary.

## Albums pit ower intae Scots
The follaein albums hae been pit ower intae Scots bi Susan Rennie direct frae the French originals.

## References

### Bibliography
**Beuks**

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

**Journal airticles**

* 
* 

**News airticles**

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Rare-earth element

A **rare-earth element** (**REE**) or **rare-earth metal** (**REM**), as defined bi IUPAC, is ane o a set o seventeen chemical elements in the periodic cairt, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium an yttrium. Scandium an yttrium are considered rare-earth elements acause thay tend tae occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides an exhibit seemilar chemical properties.  For the same set o mineralogical, chemical, physical (especially electron shell configuration), an relatit reasons, a broader definition o rare earth elements includin the actinides is encountered in some cases.  Thorium is a significant component o monazite an ither important rare earth minerals, an uranium an decay products are foond in others.  Baith series o elements begin on the periodic table in group 3 unner yttrium an scandium.

Rare-earth elements are cerium&nbsp;(Ce), dysprosium&nbsp;(Dy), erbium&nbsp;(Er), europium&nbsp;(Eu), gadolinium&nbsp;(Gd), holmium&nbsp;(Ho), lanthanum&nbsp;(La), lutetium&nbsp;(Lu), neodymium&nbsp;(Nd), praseodymium&nbsp;(Pr), promethium&nbsp;(Pm), samarium&nbsp;(Sm), scandium&nbsp;(Sc), terbium&nbsp;(Tb), thulium&nbsp;(Tm), ytterbium&nbsp;(Yb), an yttrium&nbsp;(Y).

Despite thair name, rare-earth elements are – wi the exception o the radioactive promethium – relatively plentiful in Yird's crust, wi cerium bein the 25t maist abundant element at 68 pairts per million, mair abundant than copper. Thay are nae especially rare, but thay tend tae occur thegither in naitur an are difficult tae separate frae ane anither. Houiver, acause o thair geochemical properties, rare-earth elements are teepically dispersed an nae eften foond concentrated as rare-earth minerals in economically exploitable ore deposits. The first sic mineral discovered wis gadolinite, a mineral componed o cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon, an ither elements. This mineral wis extracted frae a mine in the veelage o Ytterby in Swaden; fower o the rare-earth elements bear names derived frae this single location.

## List
A table listing the 17 rare-earth elements, thair atomic nummer an seembol, the etymology o thair names, an thair main usages (see an aw Applications o lanthanides) is providit here. Some o the rare-earth elements are named efter the scientists who discovered or elucidated thair elemental properties, an some efter thair geographical discovery.

## Abbreviations
The follaein abbreviations are eften uised:

* RE = rare earth
* REM = rare-earth metals
* REE = rare-earth elements
* REO = rare-earth oxides
* REY = rare-earth elements an yttrium
* LREE = licht rare-earth elements 
* HREE = hivy rare-earth elements

## References
Jeremy Kyle

**Jeremy Kyle** (born 7 Julie 1965), an aw referred tae as **Jezza**, is an Inglis telly an radio presenter, best kent for hostin the tabloid talk shaw *[[The Jeremy Kyle Show]]* on ITV syne 2005. In 2011, Kyle begoud hostin a U.S. version o his eponymous shaw, that ran for twa series.

## References
Two and a Half Men

***Two and a Half Men*** (Scots: *Twa an a Hauf Men*) is an American telly sitcom that oreeginally aired on CBS for twal series frae September 22, 2003, tae Februar 19, 2015. Oreeginally starnin Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer, an Angus T. Jones, the series wis aboot a hedonistic jingle writer, Charlie Harper, his upticht brither, Alan, an Alan's tribblesome son, Jake.

## Notes
Chadwick Boseman

**Chadwick Aaron Boseman** (born November 29, 1976; dee'd August 28, 2020) wis an American actor. Amangst ither roles, he wis best kent fir playing Black Panther in the *[[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]*. He dee'd o cancer o the thairm on 28 August 2020.

## References
Crichope Linn

**Crichope Linn** or **Crichop Linn**, oreeginally **Creehope** is a gorge an watterfaw near Gatelawbrig in Dumfries an Gallowa, soothren Scotland.

## References
Western

The **Wastren** () is a genre o various airts that tell stories set primarily in the later hauf o the 19t century in the American Auld Wast, eften centrin on the life o a nomadic cowboy or gunfechter airmed wi a revolver an a rifle that rides a horse.

## References
John Michie

**John Michie** (born 25 October 1956) is a Scots telly an film actor, kent for his roles as DI Robbie Ross in the STV detective drama series *[[Taggart]]*, as Karl Munro in *[[Coronation Street]]* frae 2011-13 an his role as CEO Guy Self in *[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]* an *[[Holby City]]*.
Alan Cumming

**Alan Cumming**,  (born 27 Januar 1965), is a Scots-American actor, sangster, writer, producer, director, an activist that haes appeared in numerous films, telly shaws, an plays.
## See an aa
''The High Life''
Heather Reid

**Heather Reid** OBE CPhys FinstP (born c. 1969), kent as **"Heather the Weather"** forby, is a Scots meteorologist an umhile telly wather presenter for BBC Scotland.
Sharon Rooney

**Sharon Rooney** (born 22 October 1988) is a Scots actress. She is kent for her roles as Rae Earl in *[[My Mad Fat Diary]]*, Sophie in *[[Two  Doors Down (TV series)|Two Doors Down]]* an Dawn in *[[Brief Encounters (TV series)|Brief Encounters]]*.

## References
Supersteetion

**Supersteetion** is a pejorative term for any belief or practice that is conseedert irraitional: for ensaumple, if it arises frae ignorance, a misunnerstaundin o science or causality, a positive belief in fate or magic, or fear o the unkent.
Jaguar E-Type

The **Jaguar E-Type**, or the **Jaguar XK-E** for the North American mercat, is a British sports car that wis manufactured bi Jaguar Cars Ltd atween 1961 an 1975. Its combination o beauty, heich performance, an competitive pricing established the model as an icon o the motoring warld. The E-Type's 150&nbsp;mph (241&nbsp;km/h) top speed, sub-7-seicont 0 tae 60&nbsp;mph (97&nbsp;km/h) acceleration, monocoque construction, disc brakes, rack-an-pinion steering, an independent front an rear suspension distinguished the car an spurred industry-wide changes. The E-Teep wis based on Jaguar's D-Teep racing car, which haed won the 24 Oors o Le Mans three consecutive years beginnin 1955, an employed what wis, for the early 1960s, a novel racing design principle,  wi a front subframe carrying  the ingine, front suspension an front bodywork  bolted directly tae the body tub. No ladderfame chassis, as wis common at the time, wis needed an as sic the first cars weighed anly 1315&nbsp;kg (2900&nbsp;lb).

On its release in Mairch 1961 Enzo Ferrari cried it "the most beautiful car ever made". In 2004, *Sports Car International* magazine placed the E-Teep at nummer ane on thair leet o Tap Sports Cars o the 1960s. In Mairch 2008, the Jaguar E-Teep ranked first in *[[The Daily Telegraph]]* online leet o the warld's "100 most beautiful cars" o aw time. Ootside automotive circles, the E-teep received prominent placement in *Diabolik* comic series, *Austin Powers* films an the telly series *Mad Men*.

## References
Meghan, Duchess o Sussex

**Rachel Meghan Mountbatten-Windsor** (born Rachel Meghan Markle; August 4, 1981) is a member o the Breetish ryal faimily an umwhile American actress. Her husband, Prince Harry, Duke o Sussex is the younger son o Charles, Prince o Wales an Diana, Princess o Wales, an is saxt in the line o succession tae the Breetish throne.
Hoose o Lancaster

The **Hoose o Lancaster** wis the name o twa cadet brainches o the ryal Hoose o Plantagenet. The first hoose wis creatit whan Henry III o Ingland creatit the Yerldom o Lancasterfrae that the hoose wis namedfor his seicont son Edmund Crouchback in 1267. The seicont hoose o Lancaster wis descendit frae John o Gaunt, that mairied the heiress o the first hoose.

## References

;Soorces
*
Kinrick o León

The **Kinrick o León** (; Asturlionese: *Reinu de Llïón*, , , , ) wis an independent kinrick situatit in the northwast region o the Iberian Peninsula.

## References
Anna Komnene

**Anna Komnene** (, *Ánna Komnēnḗ*; 1 December 1083 – 1153), commonly laitinised as **Anna Comnena**, wis a Byzantine princess, scholart, physeecian, hospital admeenistrator, an historian.

## References

;Soorces
*
Green Goddess

The **Green Goddess** is the colloquial name for the **Bedford RLHZ Self Propelled Pump**, a fire ingine uised oreeginally bi the Auxiliary Fire Service (AFS), an latterly held in reserve bi the Home Office until 2004, an available when required tae deal wi exceptional events, includin bein operated bi the Breetish Airmed Forces during fire-fighters’ strikes (1977 an 2002).  Thir green-painted vehicles war biggit atween 1953 an 1956 for the AFS.  The design wis based on a Bedford RL series Breetish military larrie.
Bedford Vehicles

**Bedford Vehicles**, uisually shortened tae juist **Bedford**, wis a brand o vehicle produced bi Vauxhall Motors, which wis ultimately owned bi General Motors (GM). Established in 1930 an biggin commercial vehicles, Bedford Vehicles wis a leadin internaitional larrie brand, wi substantial export sales o licht, medium, an hivy larries throughout the warld. It wis GM Europe's maist profitable ventur for several years.

Bedford's core hivy trucks business wis divested bi GM as **AWD Ltd** in 1987, whilst the Bedford brand continued tae be uised on licht commercial vehicles an caur-derived vans based on Vauxhall/Opel, Isuzu an Suzuki designs.  The brand wis retired in 1991; subsequent GM Europe licht commercials war branded as aither Vauxhall or Opel, dependin on the mercat.
Bedford RL

The **Bedford RL** wis the Breetish military's main medium larrie, biggit bi Bedford Vehicles, frae the mid-1950s until the late 1960s. Thay superseded the Bedford QL.

## History
The Bedford RL wis based on the Bedford SCL, a civilian 7-ton truck. The military version haed aw wheel drive an bigger wheels tae increase grund clearance. Oreeginally conservatively rated at 3&nbsp;tons, aw RL GS (general service) trucks in Breetish Military service war, at a late stage in thair service lives, re-rated at 4&nbsp;tons wioot ony mechanical modifications; the wecht referring tae its rated cross kintra payload wecht. The last RL rolled off the production line in the early 1970s, a tot o 74,000 bein produced.

## Design
The RL wis pouered bi a  petrol ingine producin , awtho some war fitted wi diesel ingines.

## Variants
Mony specialist variants war an aw biggit; includin recovery vehicles, mobile workshops, radio vans an cable layers.  The Green Goddess fire ingine wis an aw based on the RL.

The RL an variants continued tae serve alongside the later Bedford MK an Bedford TM trucks until well intae the 1990s.

The Home Office an aw purchased a lairge nummer o thir vehicles, kept in reserve for ony naitional emergency.  Aw hae syne been disposed o, mony haein less nor  on the clock.

In Australie, R series Bedfords war uised during the 1960s, 1970s an early 1980s bi Victoria's Country Fire Authority (CFA). Thay war biggit as 800 gallon watter capacity, 4 wheel drive bushfire tankers an designated "State Spare Tankers". Considerably lairger an wi greater watter capacity than CFA's standard Bedford, Leyland, BMC, Austin an Internaitional brand rural fire attack tankers, thay war spread thinly throughout the state tae bolster thair smawer workmates. Most war painted in CFA's standard "Carnation (dark) Red". Thay war fitted wi rear-mounted, Breetish-biggit Godiva pumps rated at approximately 2,250 litres per minute output.

## References
Trainspotting (novel)

***Trainspotting*** is the first novel bi Scottish writer Irvine Welsh that wis furst setten furth in 1993.  It taks the form o a collection o short stories, written in Scots, Scots Inglis or Breetish Inglis, revolvin aboot sindry residents o Leith, Edinburgh wha aither uise heroin, is friends o the core group o heroin uisers, or engage in destructive activities that are implicitly portrayed as addictions that serve the same function as heroin addiction. The novel is set in the late 1980s an haes been cawed "the voice o punk, grown up, grown wiser an grown eloquent".

The novel haes sin achieved a cult status, eikit til bi the global success o the film based on it, *[[Trainspotting (film)|Trainspotting]]* (1996), directed bi Danny Boyle. Welsh wrate a sequel, *[[Porno (novel)|Porno]]*, in 2002. *[[Skagboys]]*, a novel that serves as a prequel, wis published in Aprile 2012. A fowert buik in the series, Dead Men’s Trousers, wis lowsed in Mairch 2018.

## References
Waddin o Prince Harry an Meghan Markle

The **waddin o Prince Harry an Meghan Markle** wis held on 19 May 2018 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in the Unitit Kinrick. The groom, Prince Harry, is a member o the Breetish royal family; the bride, Meghan Markle, is an American an former actress. On the morn o the waddin, Prince Harry's grandmither, Queen Elizabeth II, conferred upon him the titles o Duke o Sussex, Earl o Dumbarton an Baron Kilkeel. On her marriage, Markle became Duchess o Sussex. The Airchbishop o Canterbury, Justin Welby, officiated at the waddin uisin the standard Anglican kirk service for Holy Matrimony published in *[[Common Worship]]*, the liturgical text o the Kirk o Ingland.

## Footnotes

## References
2018 Gaza mairch protests

On 30 Mairch 2018, a six-week campaign composed o a series o protests wis launched at the Gaza Strip, neist the Gaza-Israel border. Cawed bi Palestinian organisers the "**Great Mairch o Return**", the protests demand that Palestinian refugees an their descendants be allowed to return tae whit is now Israel. They are awso protesting the blockade o the Gaza Strip an the muivin o the Unitit States Embassy in Israel frae Tel Aviv tae Jerusalem. Veeolence durin the protests haes resultit in the deedliest days o the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since the 2014 Gaza War.

## References
2017–18 Premier League

The **2017–18 Premier League** wis the 26t season o the Premier League, the top Inglis professional league for association footbaw clubs, since its estaiblishment in 1992. The season startit on 11 August 2017 an concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season war announced on 14 June 2017.

## League table

## References
Bobby Sands

**Robert Gerard Sands** (; 9 Mairch 19545 May 1981) wis a member o the Proveesional Erse Republican Airmy who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze efter bein sentenced for firearms possession.

He wis the leader o the 1981 hunger strike in which Erse republican prisoners protested against the removal o Special Category Status. During Sands's strike, he wis elected tae the Breetish Pairlament as an Anti H-Block candidate. His daith an those o nine ither hunger strikers wis followed bi a new surge o Provisional IRA recruitment an activity. Internaitional media coverage brocht attention tae the hunger strikers, an the Republican movement in general, attracting baith praise an criticism.

## References
Ashley Williams

**Ashley Errol Williams** (born 23 August 1984) is a professional fitbawer wha plays as a defender for Premier League club Everton an as the caiptain o the Wales naitional team. He plays mainly as a centre-back.

Efter being released frae West Bromwich Albion as a teenager, he played for non-league side Hednesford Town afore turnin professional at Stockport County in 2003, later becomin their caiptain. In Mairch 2008, he wis loaned tae Swansea City, an efter helpin them win League One, signed for a club record £400,000. He amassed 352 appearances for the Swans, scorin 14 goals. He aided them in their promotion tae the Premier League an their victory in the 2013 Football League Cup Final. In August 2016, he signed a three-year contract wi fella Premier League side Everton.

Born in Ingland, Williams qualifies tae play for Wales throu his maternal grandfaither. He made his debut for them in Mairch 2008 an haes sin earnt ower 75 caps. He caiptained the team at UEFA Euro 2016 whaur *The Dragons* made it aw the wey tae the semi-final.

## References
2009–10 Premier League

The **2009–10 Premier League** (kent as the **[[Barclays]] Premier League** for sponsorship reasons) wis the 18t season o the Premier League since its estaiblishment in 1992. A total o 20 teams competed in the league, wi Chelsea unseating the three-time defending champions Manchester United, scoring a Premier League ricord 103 goals in the process. The season began on 15 August 2009 an concluded on 9 May 2010. Prior tae each opening week match, a minute's applause wis held in memory o Sir Bobby Robson. Nike provided a new match baw&nbsp;– the T90 Ascente&nbsp;– for this season.

## References
Kindergarten

**Kindergarten** (, ; frae German , literally meanin 'garden for the bairns') is a preschuil educational approach traditionally based on playing, singing, practical acteevities such as drawing, an social interaction as pairt o the transition frae home tae schuil. Such institutions war originally creatit in the late 18t century in Bavarie an Strasbourg tae serve bairns whase paurents baith worked oot o the home. The term wis coined bi the German Friedrich Fröbel, whase approach globally influenced early-years eddication. Today, the term is uised in many kintras tae descrive a variety o educational institutions an learning spaces for bairns ranging frae twa tae seiven years o age, based on a variety o teachin methods.

## References
Crosskeys

**Crosskeys** () is a veellage, community an an electoral ward in Caerphilly county Burgh in Wales.

## Location
Crosskeys is seeven mile northwast o Newport, juist past Risca aff the A467 road. Locatit naur tae the confluence o the Ebbw River an the Sirhowy River, it wis originally cawed **Pont-y-cymer**. The name 'Crosskeys' is taen frae the name o the local hotel, awtho there is some variation in spelling wi the train station an Ordinance survey maps uisin *Crosskeys* but the local rugby club an ither local organisations uisin *Cross Keys*.

## History
Crosskeys is a South Wales Valleys community, in the historic boundaries o Monmouthshire, ance pairt o the coal mining community o the South Wales coalfield an originally developed as pairt o Risca frae the 1830s tae serve the local mines - first the Black Vein an later the New Risca pits, baith o whit haed lairge explosions durin the later pairt o the 19t century.

The original Crosskeys station haed twa platforms an a set o steps in-atween them as the ane wis considerably higher than the ither.  This wis due tae the ane line running tae Ebbw Vale an the ither tae Blackwood an Oakdale.

## References

## External links

* Crosskeys website has many pictures o the airie.
Biggin, North Yorkshire

**Biggin** is a veellage an ceevil pairish in the Selby district o North Yorkshire, Ingland, north-wast o Selby. 

## External links
27 BC

Year **27 BC** wis aither a common year startin on Sunday, Monanday or Tysday or a leap year startin on Monanday (link will display the full calendar) o the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for maire information) an a common year startin on Sunday o the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it wis kent as the **Year o the Second Consulship o Octavian an Agrippa** (or, less frequently, **year 727 ''[[Ab urbe condita]]***). The denomination 27 BC for this year haes ben uised since the early medieval period, when the [[Anno Domini]] [[calendar era]] became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

== Events ==

=== Bi place ===

==== Roman Republic/Empire ====

* [[Augustus|Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian]] becomes [[Roman consul|Roman Consul]] for the seivent time. His pairtner [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] becomes Consul for the third time.
* [[16 Januar|January 16]] &#x2013; Octavian formally returns full pouer tae the [[Roman Senate|Senate]]; they gie him the titles o *Princeps* an *Augustus*. He accepts this honor, haein declined the alternative title o *Romulus'', thus becoming first Roman emperor.
* Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduces the nummer o legions tae 26 an maks the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men).
* Augustus forms the Classis Misenensis, based in the herbour o Portus Julius at Misenum.
* Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior intae Baetica an Lusitania, an enlairges Hispania Citerior.
* Northern statue o the Colossi o Memnon is shattered bi an earthquake in Egypt (accordin tae Strabo).
* Marcus Agrippa begins the construction o the auld Pantheon, Rome.
* Augustus' first census o the Roman Empire (fermerly the Roman Republic) reported a total o 4,063,000 citizens.

## Births

* Emperor Ai o Han (d. 1 BC)

## Deiths

* Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar (b. 116 BC)

## References
Blackfuird

**Blackfuird** () is locatit in Perth an Kinross, Scotland, approximately  frae the toun o Auchterarder. The veellage is locatit juist aff the A9 atween Perth an Stirling whit haes been bipassed since 1978. It is home tae Highland Spring water an the Tullibardine whisky distillery.

## References

* Scottish touns article on Blackfuird

## External links

* NN896089
Brig o Earn

**Bridge of Earn** () is a wee toun in Perthshire, Scotland. Aften referred tae simply as 'The Brig' (Scots for 'bridge'). The veellage grew up on the sooth bank o an important crossing o the River Earn, whase sandstane brig existed frae at least the early 14t century, whan it is kent tae haev been repaired bi order o Keeng Robert I o Scotland (1306–1329) (site: NO 133 185). Substantial remains o the medieval bridge (rendered redundant bi a replacement, still in uise, slightly upstream in 1821-22) survived intae the 1970s, whan awmaist aw the stanework wis demolished, for allegedly being in a dangerously ruinous condition. This ancient bridge wis a major landmark on the road atween  Edinburgh (39 mile south) an Perth (4 mile north) for several centuries. The village's auldest houses are tae be found lining the road (Back Street/Old Edinburgh Road) leading sooth frae the site o the demolished brig.  Among them are some wi 18t-century datestanes.

## See also

* List of places in Perth and Kinross

## External links

* Dunbarney and Forgandenny Parish Church Website
Coupar Angus

**Coupar Angus** (; Gaelic: *Cùbar Aonghais*) is a toun in Perth an Kinross, Scotland, situatit fower mile sooth o Blairgowrie.