Perugia

**Perugia** (; () is the caipital ceety o the region o Umbrie in central Italy, crossed bi the river Tiber. The ceety is the caipital o the province o Perugia. 
Perugia is locatit aboot  north o Roum, an  sooth-east o Florence. It covers a heich hilltop an pairt o the valleys aroond the aurie. The region o Umbrie is bordered bi Tuscany, Lazio an Marche.

The history o Perugia goes back tae the Etruscan period. Perugia wis ane o the main Etruscan ceeties. The ceety is kent as the varsities toun an aw, wi the Varsity o Perugia foondit in 1308 (aboot 34,000 students), the Varsity for Foreigners (5,000 students), an some smawer colleges sic the Academy o Feene Airts "Pietro Vannucci" () public athenaeum foondit on 1573, the Perugia Varsity Institute o Linguistic Mediation for translators an interpreters, the Muisic Conservatory o Perugia, foondit on 1788, an ithers Institutes. Thare are annual festivals an events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival (Julie), an the International Jurnalism Festival (in Apryle).

Perugia is a well-kent cultural an airtistic centre o Italy. The famous penter Pietro Vannucci, elknamit Perugino, wis a native o Città della Pieve near Perugia. He decoratit the local *Sala del Cambio* wi a bonnie series o frescoes; aicht o his picturs can be admired in the Naitional Gallery o Umbrie an aw. Perugino wis the teacher o Raphael, the great Renaissance airtist who producit five pentins in Perugia (the day nae langer in the ceety) an ane fresco. Anither famous penter, Pinturicchio, livit in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the maist famous airchitect frae Perugia.
The ceety seembol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form o plaques an statues on biggins aroond the ceety.

## History
Perugia wis a Umbrie dounset but first appears in written history as *[[Perusia]]*, ane o the 12 confederate ceeties o Etrurie; it wis first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's accoont, utilisit bi Livy, o the expedeetion carriet oot against the Etruscan League bi Fabius Maximus Rullianus in 310 or 309 BC. At that time a thirty-year *[[Truce|indutiae]]* (truce) wis greit upon; housomeivver, in 295 Perusia teuk pairt in the Third Samnite War an wis reducit, wi Volsinii an Arretium (Arezzo), tae seek for peace in the follaein year.

In 216 an 205 BC it assistit Roum in the Seicont Punic War but efterwairds it is nae mentioned till 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius teuk refuge thare, an wis reducit bi Octavian efter a lang siege, an its senators sent tae thair daith. A nummer o lead bullets uised bi slingers hae been foond in an aroond the ceety. The ceety wis burnt, we are tauld, wi the exception o the temples o Vulcan an Juno— the massive Etruscan terrace-waws, naturally, can hardly hae suffered at aw— an the toun, wi the territory for a mile roond, wis alloued tae be occupeed bi whoiver chose. It must hae been rebuilt amaist at ance, for several bases for statues exist, inscribit *Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta*; but it did no acome a *[[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]]*, till 251-253 AD, when it wis resettled as *Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia*, unner the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.

It is hardly mentioned except bi the geografers till it wis the anerly ceety in Umbrie tae resist Totila, who captured it an laid the ceety waste in 547, efter a lang siege, apparently efter the ceety's Byzantine garrison evacuatit. Negotiations wi the besiegin forces fell tae the ceety's bishop, Herculanus, as representative o the tounsfowk. Totila is said tae hae ordered the bishop tae be flayed an beheidit. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the ceety's patron saunt.

In the Lombard period Perugia is spoken o as ane o the principal ceeties o Tuscie. In the 9t century, wi the consent o Charlemagne an Louis the Pious, it passed unner the papes; but bi the 11t century its commune wis assertin itsel, an for mony centuries the ceety continued tae mainteen a unthirlt life, warrin against mony o the neebourin land an ceeties— Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo etc. In 1186 Henry VI, *rex romanorum* an futur emperor, grantit diplomatic recognition tae the consular govrenment o the ceety; efterwaird Pape Innocent III, whose major aim wis tae gie state dignity tae the dominions hain been constitutin the patrimony o St. Peter, acknawledgit the validity o the imperial statement an recognisit the established ceevic practices as haein the force o law.

On various occasions the papes foond asylum frae the tumults o Roum athin its waws, an it wis the meetin-place o five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), includin those that electit Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), an Clement V (1305); the papal presence wis characterisit bi a pacificatory rule atween the internal rivalries. But Perugia haed nae mind simply tae subserve the papal interests an niver acceptit papal sovereignty: the ceety uised tae exercise a jurisdiction ower the members o the clergy, mairower in 1282 Perugia wis excommunicatit due tae a new militar affensive against the Ghibellines regairdless o a papal prohibition. In the ither haund side bi side wi the 13t century bronze griffin o Perugia abuin the door o the Palazzo dei Priori staunds, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion, an Perugia remained lyal for the maist pairt tae the Guelph pairty in the struggles o Guelphs an Ghibellines. Housomeivver this dominant tendency wis rather a anti-Germanic an Italian poleetical strategy. The Angevin presence in Italy appeared tae affer a coonterpoise tae papal pouers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saunt Louis o Toulouse "Protector o the ceety's sovereignty an o the Palazzo o its Priors" an set his figur amang the ither patron saunts abuin the rich doorwey o the Palazzo dei Priori. Midwey throu the 14t century Bartholus o Sassoferrato, who wis a renouned jurist, assertit that Perugia wis dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support. In 1347, at the time o Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in revivin the Roman republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors tae pey him honour; an, when papal legates socht tae coerce it bi foreign sodgers, or tae exact contreibutions, thay met wi vigorous resistance, which broke intae open warfare wi Pape Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble pairty reached a greement signin the treaty o Bologna an Perugia wis forcit tae accept a papal legate; housomeivver the vicar-general o the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot o Marmoutier an nephew o Gregory IX, wis expelled bi a popular uprisin in 1375, an his fortification o Porta Sole wis razit tae the grund.

Ceevic peace wis constantly disturbit in the 14t century bi struggles atween the pairty representin the fowk (*Raspanti*) an the nobles (*Beccherini*). Efter the assassination in 1398 of Biordo Michelotti, who haed made hissel laird o Perugia, the ceety became a pawn in the Italian Wars, passin tae Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400), tae Pape Boniface IX (1403), an tae Ladislaus o Naples (1408–14) afore it settled intae a period o soond govrenance unner the *[[Signoria]]* o the condottiero Braccio da Montone (1416–24), who reached a concordance wi the Papacy. Follaein mutual atrocities o the Oddi an the Baglioni faimilies, pouer wis at last concentratit in the Baglioni, who, tho thay haed nae legal poseetion, defeed aw ither authority, tho thair bloody internal squabbles culminatit in a massacre, 14 Julie 1500. Gian Paolo Baglioni wis lured tae Roum in 1520 an beheidit at the orders o Leo X; an in 1540 Rodolfo, who haed slain a papal legate, wis defeatit bi Pier Luigi Farnese, an the ceety, captured an plundered bi his sodgery, wis deprivit o its preevileges. A citadel kent as the , efter the name o Pape Paul III, wis biggit, tae designs o Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "*ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam*."

In 1797, the ceety wis conquered bi French troops. On 4 Februar 1798, the *Tiberina Republic* wis formit, wi Perugia as caipital, an the French tricolour as banner. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic mergit tae the Roman Republic.

In 1832, 1838 an 1854, Perugia wis hit bi yirdquauks. Follaein the collapse o the Roman republic o 1848-49, when the Rocca wis in pairt demolished, it wis seizit in Mey 1849 bi the Austrians. In Juin 1859 the indwallers rebelled against the temporal authority o the Pape an established a proveesional govrenment, but the insurrection wis quashed bloodily bi Pius IX's troops. In September 1860 the ceety wis unitit feenally, alang wi the rest o Umbrie, as pairt o the Kinrick o Italy.

## Economy

Perugia haes acome famous for chocolate, maistly acause o a single firm, Perugina, whose Baci (kisses) are widely exportit. Perugian chocolate is vera popular in Italy. The company's plant locatit in San Sisto (Perugia) is the lairgest o Nestlé's nine steids in Italy.

The ceety hosts a chocolate festival ivery October. The suburbs host a lairge nummer o SMEs.

## Geografie
Ceeties' distances frae Perugia: Assisi , Siena , Florence , Roum .

### Climate
Even tho Perugia is locatit in the central pairt o Italy, the ceety experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate clessification *Cfa*) seemilar tae hintle o Northren Italy.  Climate in this aurie haes mild differences atween heichs an laws, an thare is adequate rainfall year roond.

## Demographics

In 2007, thare wur 163,287 fowk residin in Perugia, locatit in the province o Perugia, Umbrie, o whom 47.7% wur male an 52.3% wur female. Minors (childer ages 18 an younger) totalled 16.41 percent o the population compared tae pensioners who nummer 21.51 percent. This compares wi the Italian average o 18.06 percent (minors) an 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age o Perugia residents is 44 compared tae the Italian average o 42. In the five years atween 2002 an 2007, the population o Perugia grew bi 7.86 percent, while Italy as a whole grew bi 3.85 percent.

As o 2006, 90.84% o the population wis Italian. The lairgest immigrant group came frae ither European kintras (pairticularly frae Albanie an Romanie): 3.93%, the Americas: 2.01%, an North African: 1.3%. The majority o indwallers are Roman Catholic.

## Eddication

Perugia the day hosts twa main varsities, the auncient Università degli Studi (Varsity o Perugia) an the Foreigners Varsity (*Università per Stranieri*). *Stranieri* serves as a Italian leid an cultur schuil for students frae aw ower the warld. Ither eddicational institutions are the Perugia Fene Airts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (foondit in 1573), the Perugia Muisic Conservatory for the study o clessical muisic, an the RAI Public Broadcastin Schuil o Radio-Telly Jurnalism. The ceety is host tae the Umbra Institute an aw, a accreditit varsity program for American students studyin abroad. The *Università dei Sapori* (Vasity o Tastes), a naitional centre for Vocational Eddication an Trainin in Fuid, is locatit in the ceety as well.

## Frazioni
The *comune* includes the *[[frazioni]]* o Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano, Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano. Ither localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe an Monte Morcino.

Collestrada, in the territory o the suburb o Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle atween the indwallers o Perugia an Assisi in 1202.

## Main sichts

### Kirks

* The Cathedral o S. Lorenzo.
* Kirk an abbey o *[[San Pietro, Perugia|San Pietro]]* (late 16t century).
* Basilica o *[[San Domenico, Perugia|San Domenico]]* (begun in 1394 an feenished in 1458). The Basilica is locatit whaur, in the Middle Ages, the mercat an the horse fair wur held, an whaur the Dominicans settled in 1234. The Basilica exterior is believit tae be designed bi Giovanni Pisano while its interior decorations wur redesigned bi Carlo Maderno.  The massive belfry wis pairtially cut aroond mid-16t century. The Basilica hooses impressive ensaumples o Umbrie airt, includin the precious tomb o Pape Benedict XI an a firthen choir frae the Renaissance period.
* The *Sant'Angelo *or o *San Michele Arcangelo* Kirk frae the (5t-6t centuries).  This kirk haes 16 antique columns an is a stunnin ensaumple o Palaeo-Christian airt wi a central plan reminiscent o Santo Stefano Rotondo in Roum. 
* *San Bernardino* Kirk (wi facade bi Agostino di Duccio).
* *Sant' Ercolano* Kirk frae the early 14t century.  This kirk resembles a polygonal touer.  This kirk ance haed twa floors. The upper floor wis demolished when the Rocca Paolina wus biggit. It includes Baroque decorations commissioned frae 1607. The main altar haes a sarcophagus foond in 1609.
* Kirk o *[[Sant'Antonio da Padova di Perugia|Sant'Antonio da Padova]]*.
* Kirk o *Santa Giuliana*, heir o a female monastery foondit in 1253.  In its later years, the kirk gained a reputation for dissoluteness.  Later, the French turned the kirk intae a granary. Nou, the kirk is a militar hospital. The kirk, wi a single nave, anerly bears traces o 13t century frescoes, which probably uised tae kiver aw o the waws. The closter is a notewirthy ensaumple o mid-14t century Cistercian airchitectur frae .  The upper pairt o the *[[campanile]]* is frae the 13t century.
* The Templar kirk o *[[San Bevignate]]*.

### Secular biggins
* The Palazzo dei Priori (Toun Haw, encompassin the Collegio del Cambio, Collegio della Mercanzia, an Galleria Nazionale), ane o Italy's greatest biggins. The Collegio del Cambio haes frescoes bi Pietro Perugino, while the Collegio della Mercanzia haes a feene later 14t century firthen interior.
** Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, the Naitional Gallery o Umbrie airt in Middle Ages an Renaissance (it includes wirks bi Duccio, Piero della Francesca, Beato Angelico, Perugino)
* *[[Fontana Maggiore]]*, a medieval foontain designed bi Fra Bevignate an sculptit bi Nicola an Giovanni Pisano.
* Chapel o *San Severo*, which reteens a fresco pentit bi Raphael an Perugino.
* the *Rocca Paolina*, a Renaissance fortress (1540–1543) o which anerly a bastion the day is remainin. The oreeginal design wis bi Antonio an Aristotile da Sangallo, an includit the *Porta Marzia* (3rd century BC), the touer o Gentile Baglioni's hoose an a medieval cellar.
* Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, the varsity's botanical garden

### Antiquities

* the *[[Ipogeo dei Volumni]]* (Hypogeum o the Volumnus faimily), an Etruscan chamber tomb
* an Etruscan Well (*Pozzo Etrusco*).
* Naitional Museum o Umbrie Airchaeologie, whaur ane o the langest inscription in Etruscan is conservit, the sae-cried *[[Cippus perusinus]]*.
* Etruscan Airch (kent as *Porta Augusta* an aw), a Etruscan gate wi Roman elements.

### Modren airchitectur
* *Centro Direzionale* (1982–1986), a admeenistration ceevic centre awned bi the Umbrie Region. The biggin wis designed bi the Pritzker Airchitectur prizewinner Aldo Rossi.

### Airt

Perugia haes haed a rich tradeetion o airt an airtists. The Heich Renaissance penter Pietro Perugino creatit some o his maisterpieces in the Perugia aurie. The ither Heich Resaissance maister Raphael wis active in Perugia an an an pentit his famous Oddi Altar thare in 1502-04.

The day, the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria in Perugia hooses a nummer o masterpieces, includin the *[[:en:Madonna with Child and six Angels (Duccio)|Madonna wi Bairn an sax Angels]]*, which represents the Renaissance Marian airt o Duccio. An the private Airt Collection o the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia haes twa separate locations.

The Collegio del Cambio is an extremely well preservit representation o a Renaissance biggin an hooses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco. The newly re-opened Academy o Fine Airts haes a smaw but impressive plaster casts gallery an Perugie pentins an drawins frae the 16t century on.

## Cultur
* The Umbria Jazz Festival is ane o the maist important venues for Jazz in Europe an haes been held annually syne 1973, uisually in Julie.
* Sagra Musicale Umbra
* The International Journalism Festival (*Festival del Giornalismo*).
* Eurochocolate, uisually in October each year.
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## Sport

A.C. Perugia Calcio are the main fitbaa club in the ceety, currently playin in the third-tier Lega Pro Prima Divisione, Group B. The club play at the 28,000-seater Stadio Renato Curi, namit efter a umwhile player who dee'd durin a match. Frae 1983 tae 2001, the stadium held fower matches for the Italy naitional fitbaa team.

## Transport

A electric tramwey operatit in Perugia frae 1901 till 1940. It wis decommissioned in favour o buses, an syne 1943 trolley buses – the latter wur in service till 1975.

Twa elevators wur established syne 1971:
* Mercato Coperto (Pairkin) – Terrazza Mercato Coperto
* Galleria Kennedy – Mercato Coperto (Pincetto)

This wis follaeed bi public escalators:
* Rocca Paolina: Piazza Partigiani - Piazza Italia (1983)
* Cupa-Pellini: Piazzale della Cupa - Via dei Priori (1989)
* Piazzale Europa - Piazzale Bellucci (1993)
* Piazzale Bellucci - Corso Cavour (1993)
* Minimetrò: Pincetto - Piazza Matteotti (2008)

Syne 1971 Perugia haes taken several measures against caur traffec, when the first traffec restriction zone wis implementit. Thir zones wur expandit ower time an at certaint oors o the day drivin is forbidden in the ceety centre. Lairge pairkin lots are providit in the lawer toun, frae whaur the ceety can be reached via public transport.

Syne 2008, an automatit fowk muiver cried Minimetrò haes been in operation an aw. It haes seiven stations, wi ane terminal at a lairge pairkin lot, an the ither in the ceety centre.

Perugia railwey station, kent as Perugia Fontivegge an aw, wis opened in 1866. It forms pairt o the Foligno–Terontola railway, which links Florence wi Roum an aw.  The station is situatit at Piazza Vittorio Veneto, in the hivily populatit destrict o Fontivegge, aboot  soothwast o the ceety centre.

Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria Internaitional Airport is locatit  ootside the ceety.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Perugia haes twin an sister ceety greements wi the follaein ceeties:

* Aix-en-Provence, Fraunce
* Bratislava, Slovakie, syne 1962
* Grand Rapids, Unitit States
* Potsdam, Germany
* Seattle, Unitit States
* Tübingen, Germany

## See an aw
* Perugia - local fitbaa club
* Varrsity o Perugia
* Varsity for Foreigners Perugia

## Notes

## References
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## Further readin
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## Freemit airtins

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* Offeecial Perugia Tourism Wabsteid    
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