Pavlodar

**Pavlodar** (Kazakh an Roushie: **Павлодар**) is a ceety in northeastren Kazakhstan an the caipital o Pavlodar Province. It is locatit 450&nbsp;km northeast o the naitional caipital Astana, an 405&nbsp;km sootheast o the Roushie ceety o Omsk alang the Irtysh River. , the ceety haes a population o 331710. The population o *Pavlodar* is componit predominantly o ethnic Roushies an Kazakhs wi significant Ukrainian, German an Tatar minorities.  The ceety is servit bi Pavlodar Airport.

## History
Ane o the auldest ceeties in northren Kazakhstan, *Pavlodar* wis foondit in 1720 as *Koryakovsky*, an Imperial Roushie ootpost. The dounset wis creatit tae establish control ower the region's salt lochs, an important soorce o valuable salt. In 1861 the dounset wis renamit *Pavlodar* an incorporatit as a toun. Pavlodar's significance wis due in lairge measur tae the substantial agricultural an salt-producin industries that haed developit thare despite the toun's relatively smaw population. Pavlodar's population numbered anerly aboot 8,000 in 1897. The name *Pavlodar* signifees * The Gift o Paul*, an wis chosen tae commemorate the birth o the Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich o Roushie.

Efter 1955, the Soviet Govrenment's Virgin Lands Campaign providit the impetus for the rapid growthe an development o modren Pavlodar. As pairt o the program, lairge nummers o young men an weemen frae throuoot the Soviet Union settled in the ceety, rapid industrial an commercial expansion follaeed. Frae the mid-1960s on, *Pavlodar* grew tae acome a major industrial centre o baith the Kazakh SSR an o the Soviet Union; the lairgest local industries are the manufactur o ferm machinery, aluminum, an industrial chemicals; an ile refinery wis completit in 1978. Acause o a major airms an armour manufacturin facility locatit in the ceety, *Pavlodar* wis closed tae foreigners till 1992.

## Geografie

### Climate

Pavlodar haes a temperate continental climate wi lang, cauld winters an het simmers. 
The average temperatur in Januar is  wi absolute observit laws reachin  tae . In Julie the temperatur averages . Yearly precipitation amoonts tae .





## Demographics
The ceety's population is 331,119 (as o 1 Januar 2012), an the extendit urbanisit aurie haes 342,321 indwallers.

Ethnic groups are as follaes (as o 1 Januar 2010):
* Roushies — 151 709 (45.74%)
* Kazakhs — 128 102 (38.62%)
* Ukrainians — 22 184 (6.69%)
* Germans — 9 058 (2.73%)
* Tatars — 7 752 (2.34%)
* Belaroushies — 2 852 (0.86%)
* Ingusheties — 1 279 (0.39%)
* Moldovans — 954 (0.29%)
* Azeris — 802 (0.24%)
* Chechens — 800 (0.24%)
* Koreans — 594 (0.18%)
* Pols — 574 (0.17%)
* Bulgaries — 475 (0.15%)
* Chuvash — 425 (0.14%)
* Bashkirs — 415 (0.13%)
* Ithers — 5 470 (1.65%)
* Tot — 331 710 (100.00%)

## Economy
In 2012 Pols rollin stock manufacturer Pesa Bydgoszcz annooncit its intentions tae big a tram assembly plant in Pavlodar, in conjunction wi the ceety's plans tae buy up tae 100 new trams frae the manufacturer tae shore up its agin public transport infrastructur.

## Sports
FC Irtysh is a Kazakh fitbaa club based at the Tsentralny Stadium in Pavlodar. Anither notable club formerly based in Pavlodar, FC Energetik, haes syne relocatit tae Ekibastuz.

The Chess Federation o Pavlodar organises frequent ceety-wide competitions sic as «Pavlodar Open 2007» an «The Pavlodar Regional Cup», a fast chess competeetion. Several FIDE masters, an grandmasters includin Rinat Zhumabayev, Pavel Kotsur, Yuri Nikitin Vladimir Grebenshikov, an Yelena Ankudinova, pairticipate regularly in the events.

## Infrastructur

### Public transportation
Pavlodar haes an 86&nbsp;km streetcar (tram) netwirk, which began service in 1965 wi, as o 2012, 20 regular an 3 special routes. The netwirk haes a 60% share o the local public transport mercat. Housomeivver its fleet o 115 trams are due tae be replacit. In 2012 the ceety annooncit plans tae purchase 100 new trams in conjunction wi the construction o a new tram factory bi Pols manufacturer PESA SA. In addeetion, Pavlodar haes bus an minibus (marshrutka) service.

## Eddication
Several varsities are locatit in Pavlodar, amang thaim:
*Pavlodar State Varsity (namit efter S. Toraigyrov)
*Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute

## Sister ceeties
* Bydgoszcz, Poland
* Omsk, Roushie
* Denizli, Turkey
* Kirovohrad, Ukraine

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Govrenment portal