Cairo

**Cairo** (, , , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the caipital ceety o Egyp, the lairgest ceety in Africae an the Arab Warld, an ane o the maist densely populatit ceeties in the warld.

Nicknamed "The Ceety o a Thoosan Minarets" for its preponderance o Islamic airchitectur, Cairo haes lang been a centre o the region's poleetical an cultural life. Even afore Cairo wis established in the 10t century, the land composin the present-day ceety wis the site o naitional caipitals whose remnants remain visible in pairts o Auld Cairo. Cairo is an aa associatit wi Auncient Egyp due tae its proximity tae the Great Sphinx an the pyramids in adjacent Giza.

Egyptians the day aften refer tae Cairo as *Maṣr* (Arabic:*مصر*), the Arabic pronunciation o the name for Egyp itsel, emphasizin the ceety's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo haes the auldest an lairgest film an muisic industries in the Arab Warld, as well as the warld's seicont-auldest institution o hichter learnin, al-Azhar University. Mony internaitional media, businesses, an organisations hae regional heidquarters in the ceety, an the Arab League haes haed its heidquarters in Cairo for maist o its existence.

## Geography

Cairo is locatit in northren Egyp, kent as Lawer Egyp, 
165 kilometers (100&nbsp;mi) sooth o the Mediterranean Sea an 120 kilometers (75&nbsp;mi) wast o the Gulf o Suez an Suez Canal. The ceety is alang the Nile River, immediately sooth o the pynt whaur the river leaves its desert-bund valley an branches intae the law-lyin Nile Delta region. Awtho the Cairo metropolis extends away frae the Nile in aw directions, the ceety o Cairo resides anerlie on the east bank o the river an twa islands athin it on a tot aurie o 453 square kilometers (175 sq mi).

Till the mid-19t century, when the river wis tamed bi dams, levees, an ither controls, the Nile in the vicinity o Cairo wis heichlie susceptible tae chynges in course an surface level. Ower the years, the Nile gradually shiftit wastward, providin the site atween the eastren edge o the river an the Mokattam hielands on which the ceety nou staunds. The land on which Cairo wis established in 969 (present-day Islamic Cairo) wis locatit unnerwater juist ower three hunder years earlier, when Fustat wis first biggit.

Law periods o the Nile durin the 11t century continued tae add tae the landscape o Cairo; a new island, kent as *Geziret al-Fil*, first appeared in 1174, but eventually became connectit tae the mainland. The day, the site o *Geziret al-Fil* is occupied bi the Shubra destrict. The law periods creatit anither island at the turn o the 14t century that nou composes Zamalek an Gezira. Land reclamation efforts bi the Mamluks an Ottomans faur contributit tae expansion on the east bank o the river.

Acause o the Nile's movement, the newer pairts o the ceety – Garden Ceety, Cairo Ceety Centre, an Zamalek – are locatit closest tae the riverbank. The auries, which are hame tae maist o Cairo's embassies, are surroondit on the north, east, an sooth bi the aulder pairts o the ceety. Auld Cairo, locatit sooth o the centre, haulds the remnants o Fustat an the hert o Egyp's Coptic Christian community, Coptic Cairo. The Boulaq destrict, which lies in the northren pairt o the ceety, wis born oot o a major 16t-century port an is nou a major industrial centrer. The Citadel is locatit east o the ceety centre aroond Islamic Cairo, which dates back tae the Fatimid era an the foondation o Cairo. While wastren Cairo is dominatit bi wide boulevards, open spaces, an modren architecture o European influence, the eastren hauf, haein grown haphazardly ower the centuries, is dominatit bi sma lanes, croudit tenements, an Islamic architecture.

Northren an extreme eastren pairts o Cairo, which include satellite touns, are amang the maist recent additions tae the ceety, as thay developit in the late-20t an early-21st centuries tae accommodate the ceety's rapid growthe. The wastren bank o the Nile is commonly includit athin the urban aurie o Cairo, but it composes the ceety o Giza an the Giza Govrenorate. Giza haes an aa unnergane significant expansion ower recent years, an the day the ceety, awtho still a suburb o Cairo, haes a population o 2.7 million. The Cairo Govrenorate is juist north o the Helwan Govrenorate, which wis creatit in 2008 when some o Cairo's soothren destricts, includin Maadi an New Cairo, wur split aff an annexed intae the new govrenorate.

## Economy
Cairo is an aa in ivery respect the centre o Egyp, as it haes been amaist syne its foondin in 969 AD. The majority o the naition's commerce is generatit thare, or passes throu the ceety. The great majority o publishin hooses an media ootlets an nearly aw film studios are thare, as are hauf o the naition's hospital beds an varsities. This haes fueled rapid construction in the ceety—ane biggin in five is less nor 15 year auld.

This astonishin growthe til recently surged well aheid o ceety services. Hames, roads, electricity, telephone an sewer services wur aw suddent in short supply. Analysts tryin tae grasp the magnitude o the chynge coined terms lik "hyper-urbanization".

### Cairos Automobile assembler & manufacturer
*Arab American Vehicles Company
*Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company (Egyptian NSU pedant)
*Ghabbour Group (Fuso, Hyundai an Volvo)
*MCV Corporate Group (a pairt o the Daimler AG)
*Mod Car
*Seoudi Group (Modren Motors: Nissan, BMW (formerly); El-Mashreq: Alfa Romeo an Fiat)
*Speranza Chery (DME Daewoo Motors Egyp: Chery, Daewoo)

## Main sichts
:*For a complete leet, see [[:Category:Veesitor attractions in Cairo|Visitor attractions in Cairo]], [[Leet o mosques in Cairo|leet o mosques]]*

### Tahrir Square

Tahrir Square wis foondit durin the mid 19t century wi the establishment o modren doun-toun Cairo. It wis first named Ismailia Square, efter the 19t-century ruler Isma'il Pasha, who commissioned the new dountoun destrict's 'Paris on the Nile' design. Efter the Egyptian Revolution o 1919 the square became widely kent as Tahrir (Liberation) Square. Several notable biggins surroond the square includin, The American University in Cairo's dountoun campus, the Mogamma govrenmental admeenistrative biggin, the heidquarters o the Arab League, the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, the heidquarters o the Naitional Democratic Pairty, an the Egyptian Museum. Bein at the hert o Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests ower the years. Housomeivver, the maist notable event in the square wis bein the focal pynt o the Egyptian Revolution o 2011 against umwhile preses Hosni Mubarak.

### The Egyptian Museum

The Museum o Egyptian Antiquities, kent commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is hame tae the maist extensive collection o auncient Egyptian antiquities in the warld. It haes 136,000 items on display, wi mony mair hunders o thoosans in its basement storerooms.

### Khan El-Khalili

Khan el-Khalili is an auncient bazaar, or mercatplace. It dates back tae 1382, when Emir Djaharks el-Khalili biggit a lairge caravanserai, or khan. A caravanserai is a hotel for traders, an uisually the focal pynt for ony surroondin aurie. The caravanserai remains the day.

### Auld Cairo

The pairt o Cairo that contains Coptic Cairo an Fostat, which contains the Coptic Museum, Babylon Fortress, Hangin Kirk, the Greek Kirk o St. George, mony ither Coptic kirks, the Ben Ezra Synagogue an Amr ibn al-'As Mosque.

### Cairo Touer

The Cairo Touer is a free-staundin concrete TV touer in Cairo. It staunds in the Zamalek destrict on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the ceety centre. At 187 meters, it is 43 metres heicher than the Great Pyramid o Giza, which staunds some 15&nbsp;km tae the soothwast.

### Qahira Fatimid Mosque
* Al-Azhar Mosque

Established in 972, Al-Azhar mosque wis historically the site o the renouned Al-Azhar University, till the varsity's muive in the late 20t century tae a new campus in Nasr Ceety.
* Al-Hakim Mosque Jame-al-Anwar, 928
* Aqmar Mosque, 1125
* Juyushi Mosque, 1085
* Lulua Mosque, 1015


File:Al-Azhar (inside) 2006.jpg|Al-Azhar Mosque. Marble paved interior courtyard addit durin the Fatimid period
File:Aqmar Mosque .jpg|Aqmar Mosque, Cairo (as renovatit bi Fatimid/Dawoodi Bohra)


### Islamic sites in the auld ceety
* Imam Husayn Mosque
* Mosque-Mausoleum Zaynab
* Sayyidah Ruqayya Mashhad
* Sayyeda Nafisa Mosque
* Mohammed Ali Basha Mosque

File:Mohammed-ali-basha-mosque.jpg|Mohammed Ali Basha Mosque, Cairo


## Galery

Image:Kairo 001.jpg|The toun centre o Cairo, seen fae the Cairo touer. 
Image:Egypt.Cairo.EgyptianMuseum.01.jpg|The Egyptian museum


## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Cairo is twinned wi:

#### North Americae
*  Houston, Unitit States
*  New York Ceety, Unitit States (1982)
*  Ottawa, Ontario (1989)

#### Asie
*  Beijing, Cheenae (1990)
*  Seoul, Sooth Korea (1997)
*  Tokyo, Japan (1990)
*  Xi'an, Cheenae (1997)
*  Amman, Jordan (1988)

#### Europe
*  Ankara, Turkey (2004)
*  Barcelona, Spain (1992)
*  Frankfurt, Germany (1979)
*  Istanbul, Turkey (1988)
*  Minsk, Belaroushie (1998)
*  Paris, Fraunce (1985)
*  Stuttgart, Germany (1979)

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
* Cairo