open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lopburi Province

**Lop Buri** () is ane o the central provinces (*changwat*) o Thailand. Neighborin provinces are (frae north clockwise) Phetchabun, Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Saraburi, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Ang Thong, Sing Buri an Nakhon Sawan.

 
## Geography
Lop Buri is locatit on the east side o the Chao Phraya river valley, atween the Lopburi River an Pa Sak Rivers. 30% o the aurie o the province, includin maist o Tha Wung destrict, the soothwastren pairts o Mueang Lopburi an Ban Mi destricts are a very law alluvial plain. The rest 70% is intermixed atween plains an hills, wi the Phetchabun Muntains form the eastren bundary o the province towards the Khorat Plateau.

## History
Kent as Lavo durin muckle o its history, Lopburi probably dates tae prehistoric times. The name Lavo oreeginatit in the Dvaravati period (6t tae 11t century C.E.). The conquerin Khmer wad build mony impressive temples in the ceety during its rule. Lopburi mey even hae liberatit itsel for a time, as it sent independent embassies tae Cheenae in 1115 an 1155. In 1289 it sent anither embassy tae Cheenae, but suin became pairt o the Thai kinrick o Sukhothai an later Ayutthaya. 

Durin the Ayutthaya period, King Ramathibodi I sent Phra Ramesuan (later King Ramesuan) as the Uparaja tae reign in Lopburi. In 1665 King Narai the Great ordered a new palace built on the east bank o the Lopburi River an made Lop Buri the seicont caipital o the kintra, as Ayutthaya wis threatened bi the Dutch. Efter King Narai dee'd, the ceety wis amaist abandoned an fell intae ruin.

In 1856 King Mongkut o the Chakri dynasty ordered King Narai's Palace tae be renovatit. The ceety finally regained its importance in 1938, when Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram chose Lop Buri tae be the lairgest military base in Thailand.

## Seembols
The provincial seal shows Vishnu in front o the Khmer temple Phra Prang Sam Yod.

The provincial tree as well as the provincial flouer is the Bullet Wood (*[[Mimusops elengi]]*).

The slogan o the province is *Naitional Treasures o Keeng Narai’s Palace an Phra Kan Shrine, Famous Prang Sam Yot, Ceety o Din So Phong Marl, well-kent Pa Sak Jolasid Dam an Gowden Land o Keeng Narai the Great.*

## Admeenistrative diveesions

The province is subdividit intae 11 destricts (*[[amphoe]]*). The destricts are further subdividti intae 124 subdistricts (*[[tambon]]*) an 1110 veelages (*[[muban]]*).

## Education
#Thepsatri Rajabhat University
#Kasetsart University, Lopburi Campus
#Ramkhamhaeng University, Lopburi Campus
Phichit Province

**Phichit** () is ane o the provinces (*changwat*) o Thailand, locatit in the north o the kintra. Neighborin provinces are (frae north clockwise) Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Nakhon Sawan an Kamphaeng Phet.

## Geography

The rivers Nan an Yom flow throu the Phichit province, afore thay jyne shortly afore the Chao Phraya is formed. The province mainly consists o law fertile river plains, makin rice an lotus the main crops.

## History
The toun Phichit wis established in 1058 bi Phraya Kotabongthevaraja, an wis first pairt o the Sukhothai Kinrick, an later o Ayutthaya.

The name o the main ceety changed several times. At first it wis cried *Sra Luang* (ceety o the ryal pond), in Ayutthaya times it wis cried *Okhaburi* (ceety in the swamp), an then finally *Phichit* (beautiful ceety).

## Seembols
The provincial seal shows a pond, which refers tae the auld name o Phichit, *Mueang Sra Luang* (meanin *ceety at the ryal pond*). The Banyan tree in front refers tae the temple Wat Pho Prathab Chang. The temple wis biggit in 1669-71 bi King Luang Sorasak, who wis born in the veelage o Pho Prathab Chang, atween a Banyan an a Sacred Fig.

The banner o Phichit shows the circular provincial seal in the middle. It haes three green bars an twa white horizontal bars, wi the middle bar bein interruptit bi the seal.

Provincial tree is the Ironwood *[[Mesua ferrea]]*, provincial flouer is the Lotus (*Nymphaea lotus*).

The provincial motto (loosely translatit) states as follaes:

:The province o Chalawan the Crocodile Keeng, the fun an excitin annual boat race, the land o exquisite rice an the delicious Tha Khoi pomelo; the center o the province is the Luang Phor Phet.

## Admeenistrative diveesions

The province is subdividit in 12 destricts (*[[amphoe]]*). Thir are further subdividit intae 89 subdestricts (*[[tambon]]*) an 852 veelages (*[[muban]]*).
Phetchabun Province

**Phetchabun** () is ane o the northren provinces (*changwat*) o Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (frae north clockwise) Loei, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit an Phitsanulok.
## Geography
Phetchabun is locatit in the lawer northren region o Thailand, in the aurie atween the northren an the central region.

The province lies in the broad fertile river valley o the Pa Sak River, wi muntains o the Phetchabun muntain range tae the east an wast.
It is surroondit bi places o interest, mony well-kent naitional  
pairks, bonnie waterfalls an great lakes.

## Etymology
The wird *Phetcha* oreeginates frae the Sanskrit wird *[[vajra]]* meanin "diamond" (or wappen o Indra), an the wird *bun* frae Sanskrit *purna* meanin "", "perfect" or "whole". Hence the name o the province literally means "Perfect Diamond".

Initially, the province wis cried "Phe-cha-buth" as "Phuenchapura", which means the ceety that is plenty o crops. The reason for bein gien sic name is acause the province is vera fertile an full o naitural resoorces. acause o the fertility o the land, Phetchabun haes aaways been agriculturally productive aurie.

## History

Frae historical evidence, it is believed that Phetchabun wis established bi twa kingdoms – namely the Sukhothai Kinrick, an the Ayutthaya Period o the great Keeng Narai.

In the *Thesaphiban* admeenistrative reforms at the beginnin o the 20t century the province thegither wi the province o Lom Sak tae the north formed the monthon Phetchabun. As it wis the smawest monthon, it wis an aa the first monthon tae be dissolved in 1915, efter bein temporarily admeenistrated frae Monthon Phitsanulok atween 1903 an 1907. The province Lom Sak wis abolished an includit intae Phetchabun in 1932.
**Phetchabun  province** is situatit atween the northren an the central region.

Frae historical evidence, it is believed that Phetchabun wis established bi  twa kinricks – namely the Sukhothai Kinrick an the Ayutthaya Period o the great Keeng  Narai. Initially the province wis cried "Phe-cha-buth" as  "Phuenchapura", which means the ceety that is plenty o crops. 
The reason for bein gien its name is acause the province is vera fertile an full o naitural resoorces.

Durin the period atween 1968-1982 communist insurgents establisht thair base in the muntains in this province. Frae hidden locations thay focht occasional skirmishes against the Thai Airmy.

The day, Phetchabun is a province wi rich tourism potential sic as fascinatin naitur, prosperous history for mair nor 1,400 years an indigenous traditional ceremonies.

## Seembols
The provincial seal shows a diamond on a muntain, as diamonds are foond in the province. In the front are tobacco plants as ane o the crops grown in the province.

The provincial tree is the Tamarind (*[[Tamarindus indica]]*).

## Admeenistrative diveesions

The province is subdividit in 11 destricts (*[[amphoe]]*). Thir are further subdividit intae 117 subdestricts (*[[tambon]]*) an 1261 veelages (*[[muban]]*).

## References
Holly Crawford

**Holly Crawford** (born 10 Februar 1984) is an Australie hauf-pipe snawbuirder. She competit in the 2006 Winter Olympics an placed 22nt an 12t in her qualification runs. She ranked 19t oot o 34 competitors an did no make the final. Crawford competit in the 2010 Winter Olympics an aa, an finished 8t in the final haein qualified 1st in the semifinals. She missed oot on direct qualification tae the final bi ae place, finishin 7t in the qualifyin roond.

She is the sister o Andrew Crawford.

## References

## Links
* Holly Crawford's Official Vancouver 2010 athlete page
Banner o Swaden

The **Banner o Swaden** is a Scandinavian cross that extends tae the edges o the banner. This Scandinavian cross represents Christianity. The design an colours o the Swadish banner are believed tae hae been inspired bi the present Coat o airms o Swaden o 1442, which is blue dividit quarterly bi a cross pattée o gowd, an modelled on the Dens Banner. Blue an yellae hae been uised as Swadish colours at least syne king Magnus Birgersson's ryal coat o airms o 1275.
## Specifics
### State banner an ceevil ensign
The dimensions o the Swadish banner are 5:2:9 horizontally an 4:2:4 vertically. The dimensions o the Swadish banner wi a triple-tail are 5:2:5:8 horizontally an 4:2:4 vertically. The colours o the banner are offeecially established throu the Natural Color Seestem tae be NCS 0580-Y10R for the shade o yellae, an NCS 4055-R95B for the shade o blue. The Swadish law daes no regulate the design o the Swadish pennant, but it's recommendit that its colour scheme shoud correspond wi that o the banner. The square-cut Swadish state banner is identical tae the ceevil ensign. The oreeginal design o the banner is creditit tae Rachel Bomgren.

### Military ensign
The triple-tailed banner (*tretungad flagga*) is uised as a military ensign (*örlogsflaggan*). Its oweraw ratio, includin the tails, is 1:2. The banner is an aa uised as the Swadish naval jack (*örlogsgösen*). The jacks are smawer than the ensigns, but thay hae the same proportions. The Swedish swallow-tailed banner wis oreeginally the King's personal emblem, or the emblem representin a command conferred bi the King. It wis at first twa-pointit, but bi the mid-17t century, the distinctive swallae-tail-an-tongue appeared. The banner is an aa flewn bi the defence meenistry, while ceevil meenistries flee square flags.

### Regent's banner
The Swadish ryal banner (*Kungl. flaggan*) is still identical tae the triple-tailed military banner, but uisually includes in its centre a white field wi the greater or the lesser coat o airms wi the Order o the Seraphim, which haes the Keeng o Swaden as its Grand Maister. The King personally decides aboot the specific uise o the ryal banner.

## Meanin o the colors
Yellae:Generosity
Blue:vigilance, truth an loyalty, perseverance & juistice

## References
Medenine

**Medenine** () is the major toun in sootheastren Tunisie, 48 mile sooth o the port o Gabès an the Island o Djerba, on the main route tae Libie. It is the caipital ceety o Medenine Govrenorate.

## Owerview

In pre-colonial, times Medenine wis awready the maist important tradin centre in the sooth, attractin merchants frae aw ower North Africae an even frae Bornu, tae the sooth o the Sahara. The Ksar hoosed the central granaries o the various nomadic Berber tribes o the region.

The area wis the scene o an unsuccessful German coonter-attack bi General Erwin Rommel as pairt o Operation Capri durin Mairch 1943 against Breetish Aicht Airmy forces. The Battle o Medenine wis Rommel's last engagement in Africae afore he wis replaced bi General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim as commander o the Afrika Korps.

## In popular cultur

*Pairts o Star Wars wur filmed here.
*Medenine wis briefly mentioned in the last episode o the 2001 Canadian television series La Femme Nikita
*Medenine wis an aa mentioned in the seicont episode ("Confirmed Dead") o the fowert saison o the U.S. televeesion series ***[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]***.

## See an aa
*Hassi Amor

## References

## Freemit airtins

* 
* Lexicorient
Siliana

**Siliana** () is a modren farmin toun in northren Tunisie. It is locatit at aroond , 130&nbsp;km sooth-wast o the caipital Tunis. It is the caipital o the Siliana Govrenorate.

Tae the sooth o the toun there are muntains cried Dorsal Tunisie.
El Kef

**El Kef** (, an aa transliteratit as *Al-Kāf* or *Le Kef*) is a ceety in northwastren Tunisie. It is the caipital o the Kef Govrenorate. Its name at the time o the Roman Empire was *Sicca Veneria*.

The auld toun is built on the cliff face o the table-top Jebel Dyr muntain. El Kef wis the provisional caipital o Tunisie durin Warld War II. It wis the command centre o the FLN (*Front de Libération Nationale*) durin the Algerian War o Unthirldom against the French in the 1950s. It haes a population o 45,191 (2004 census).

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Lexicorient
Mahdia

**Mahdia**, ( al-Mahdiya), is a Tunisian coastal ceety wi 37,000 inhabitants, sooth o Monastir an sootheast o Sousse.

Mahdia is a provincial centre north o Sfax. It is important for the associated fish-processing industry, as well as weaving.  It is the capital of Mahdia Governorate.

## History
A ceety awready existit at this site durin the time o the Phoenicians an Romans, but wis destroyed durin the Arab conquest o North Africae. Mahdia wis foondit bi the Fatimids unner the Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi in 921 an made the caipital ceety o Ifriqiya, bi caliph Abdallah El Fatimi. It wis chosen the caipital acause o its proximity tae the sea, an the promontory on which an important military settlement haed been syne the time o the Phoenicians. In 1087 the toun wis attacked bi raidin ships frae Genoa an Pisa who burned the Muslim fleet in the harbor. This played a critical role in winnin control o the Wastren Mediterranean an allouin the First Crusade tae be supplied bi sea. The Zirid dynasty haed its residence here in the 11t century, but wis brocht tae an end bi the Norman conquest o the ceety in 1148. In 1160 the ceety comes unner Almohad rule.

The role o the caipital wis taken ower bi Tunis in the 13t century durin the Hafsid Dynasty. Some biggins still exist frae the 10t an 11t centuries, such as the Great Mosque an the Casbah, which hae helped make the ceety an important tourist attraction.

Later the ceety wis subject tae mony raids. In 1390 a French crusader airmy laid siege tae the ceety but failed tae take it. Eventually the ceety wis destroyed an burnt doun bi the Spainyie.

Mahdia wus an aa the site whaur Khaled Abdelwahhab hid approximately twa dozen Jews frae the Nazi occupiers durin Warld War II.

## See an aa
* Mahdia shipwreck

## References

## Freemit airtins
* http://www.tourismtunisia.com/togo/mahdia/mahdia.html  (engl.)
* LookLex / Tunisia 
* Mahdia Portal
Kasserine

**Kasserine** () is the caipital ceety o the Kasserine Govrenorate, in wast-central Tunisie. It is situatit ablo Jebel ech Chambi, Tunisie's heichest muntain. Its population is 76,243 (2004).

## See an aa
* Battle o the Kasserine Pass
Jendouba

**Jendouba** () is a muckle ceety in northwastren Tunisie, an caipital o the Jendouba Govrenorate. It is an important crossroads wi mony road links tae ither touns such as El Kef, Tabarka, Ain Draham an Béja. The main economic activity is agricultur.
It is close tae the famous auncient Roman ceety o Bullaregia or Bulla Regia, as well as the auncient marble quarry o Chemtou.
Tamerza

**Tamerza** (or **Tameghza**, تمغزة) is the lairgest muntain oasis in Tunisia, kent as *Ad Turres* bi the Romans. It haes a pleasant canyon an haes an abandoned auld toun. The toun wis abandoned efter the river floodit for 22 days in 1969. It is locatit north o the salt lakes an receives fresh watter frae the nearbi hills. It is in the hill kintra near the mairch wi Algerie, an is 6&nbsp;km frae Mides.

## References
Nabeul

**Nabeul** (, ; ) is a coastal toun in northeastren Tunisie, on the sooth coast near tae the Cap Bon peninsula. It is locatit at aroond  an is the caipital o the Nabeul Govrenorate. The ceety haes a population o 56,387 (2004 census).

A umwhile Roman colony, its name is an Arabised form o the Greek *Neapolis* 'new ceety' (an etymology it shares wi Naples, Nafplion, an Nablus).

It is a popular tourist destination an the main centre o the Tunisian pottery industry.

## References

## [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|Twin touns]]
* Marbella, Spain
* Seto, Japan
Williams

**Williams** is a patronymic form o the name William that oreeginatit in medieval Ingland an later came tae be extremely popular in Wales. The meanin is derived frae *son* or *descendant o Guillemin*, the French form o William.  Derived frae an Auld French gien name wi Germanic elements; will = desire, will; an helm = helmet, protection. It is the seicont maist common surname in Wales an the third maist common surname in the whole o the Unitit Kinrick, the third maist common in the Unitit States o Americae an Australie an the fift maist common in New Zealand.

## Earliest uisage
The earliest recordit uise o the surname;
:in the form o Willam is frae 1279 in Oxfordshire,
:in the form o William is frae 1299 in Whitby, Yorkshire,
:in the form o Williames is frae 1307 in Staffordshire.

## Notes

## References

*PH Reaney & RM Wilson, *A Dictionary of English Surnames:The Standard Guide to English Surnames*, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-863146-4.
El Hamma du Jérid

**El Hamma du Jérid** is a toun an commune in the Tozeur Govrenorate, Tunisie. As o 2004 it haed a population o 6,259.

The toun wis born o an oasis exploitit syne Roman times as evidenced bi the ruins locatit in a place cried Ghabch. It wis pouered bi sax hot springs o chlorinated water, sodium an sulfur for some. These sources hae dried up, replaced by drilling higher temperature  (75 °C). It gave birth tae a palm producin - wi that o Nafta - the famous Deglet Nour.

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
Degache

**Degache** (دقاش) is a toun an commune in the Tozeur Govrenorate, Tunisie. As o 2004 it haed a population o 7,426.

The toun was born o an oasis exploitit syne Roman times. The auncient ceety o Thag is locatit a few kilometers tae a place cried "El Kriz. The toun's economy is dominatit bi the exploitation o rich palm producin Deglet Nour dates. 

The toun is increasingly includit in the tour o Sooth Tunisian Sahara.

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
El Fahs

**El Fahs** () is a toun an commune locatit in the Zaghouan Govrenorate, 60 kilometers sooth-wast o Tunis, Tunisie. Its population in 2004 wis 19,315. 

It is locatit in the Wadi Miliane valley, surroondit bi mountains, in particular the Djebel Zaghouan. The Roman site o Thuburbo Majus is locatit 3&nbsp;km away. Unner the French protectorate, the ceety wis kent as Pont du Fahs, (trans. *Bridge-of-Fahs*), named efter the remains o a Roman era brig in the vicinity. The toun wis the site o a WWII battle durin the Tunisie Campaign.

## References
New Valley Govrenorate

**New Valley Govrenorate** () is ane o the governorates o Egyp. It is in the sooth-wast o the kintra, atween the Nile, Sudan an Libie. Its caipital is the Kharga Oasis. It is the lairgest govrenorate o the kintra an ane o the lairgest in the African continent.

## Major Oases

* Kharga
* Farafra
* Dakhla

## Demographics
Wi anerlie 3 oases, the New Valley govrenorate haed a population o 187,256 in 2006. It is the least densely populatit govrenorate in Egyp.

## Industry
* Manufacturin o palm dates.
* Tourism an Safaris
* Agricultural activities (aroond Oases)

## See an aa
*New Valley Project
*Govrenorates o Egyp
Polisario Front

The **POLISARIO**, **Polisario Front**, or **Frente Polisario**, frae the Spainyie abbreviation o *Frente *'Po**pular de **Li**beración de **Sa**guía el Hamra y **Rí**o de **O*'ro* ("Popular Front for the Leeberation o Saguia el-Hamra an Río de Oro") is a Sahrawi rebel naitional leeberation movement wirkin for the unthirldom o Wastren Sahara frae Morocco. The Polisario Front is an observer member o the Socialist International.

The Polisario Front is ootlawed in Morocco an the occupied pairt o Wastren Sahara, an raisin the Polisario banner is an aa illegal.

The Polisario is a successor o 1950s an 1960s organization *Movimiento para la Liberación del Sahara*, o the ceety o Villa Cisneros.

Syne 1979, the POLISARIO is recognized bi the Unitit Naitions as the representative o the fowk o Wastren Sahara.
Arish

**Arish** or **el-Arīsh** () is the caipital an maist muckle city (wi 114,900 indwallers) o the Egyptian govrenorate o North Sinai, an is on the Mediterranean coast o the tarbet o Sinai, 344 kilometer (214 mile) northeastlins o Cairo.  Al `Arīsh is kent for its skyrie blue water, scowthie an fouthie palm wuids on its coast, an its saft white sands. It haes a harbour, an mony luxury hotels.

The city is hame tae a hantle o the faculties o Suez Canal University.

El Arish is in the rounds o a muckle wadi cried the Wadi el Arish, that gets fluidit wi water frae north an central Sinai ilka year.

## History

The city growed around a Bedouin dounpit naur the ancient Ptolemaic Dynasty outpost o Rhinocolura.  In the Middle Ages, pilgrims mistaen the shielins as the Sukkot o the Bible. *Arīsh* means "shiels o palm" in Arabic.

New fortifications war biggit at the original steidin bi the Ottoman Empire in 1560. In the Napoleonic Wars, the French laid siege tae the fort, an gart it faa efter 11 days on Februar 19, 1799.  The fort wis dung doun wi British bombers in World War I.

On December 8, 1958, an air battle o atween Egyptian an Israeli air forces wis focht ower Al Arish .

El Arish wis unner militar occupation bi Israel frae 1967 til 1979 an a short while in 1956.  It wis gien back til Egyp in 1979 efter the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty.  Heezin aye an on as a tryst for tourists, El Arish is situate at .

## Transport
The city is sert bi El Arish Internaitional Airport.  The northren coast hie-gait in Egyp (North Sinai pairt) gangs bi Al Arish an cleeks Qantara at Suez Canal (in the wast) tae the mairches o the Gaza strip.  The railwey frae Cairo is bein rebiggit the nou, an it raxt til the "Ser an Qawarir zone" wast o Al 'Arish no lang syne.  This gait wis an umwhile pairt o the Palestine Railway, biggit durin Warld War I an Warld War II tae connect Egyp wi Turkey.  The railwey wis pit doun durin the makkin o Israel.  The North Sinai is a wallie meith for the Egyptian govrenment planners tae re-distribute the gey-steekit population in the Delta, an it is thocht that efter the the transportation an watterin projecks are throu wi, 3 million Egyptians will settle in North Sinai.

## See an aa
* Sinai an Palestine Campaign
* El Arish, Queensland

## References


* Detailed cairt o Egyptian touns an temples: http://unimaps.com/egypt/index.html

## Freemit airtins
* Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Al `Arish, Egypt
Redange

**Redange** or **Redange-sur-Attert** (, ) is a commune an toun in wastren Luxembourg, near the border wi Belgium. It is the caipital o the canton o Redange. Redange is situatit on the river Attert, a tributary o the Alzette.

, the toun o Redange, which lies in the wast o the commune, haes a population o 1,099.  Ither touns athin the commune include Lannen, Nagem, Niederpallen, Ospern, an Reichlange.

Redange is the birthplace o Luxembourg's Prime Meenister, Jean-Claude Juncker.
Tanzanie

The **Unitit Republic o Tanzanie** ( ) is a kintra in central East Africae bordered bi Kenyae an Uganda tae the north, Rwanda, Burundi an the Democratic Republic o the Congo tae the wast, an Zambie, Malawi an Mozambique tae the sooth. The kintra's eastren borders lie on the Indien Ocean.

The Unitit Republic o Tanzanie is a unitary republic composed o 26 mikoa (regions). The heid o state is Preses Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, electit in 2005.  Syne 1996, the offeecial caipital o Tanzanie haes been Dodoma, whaur parliament an some govrenment offices are locatit. Atween unthirldom an 1996, the major coastal ceety o Dar es Salaam served as the kintra's poleetical caipital. The day, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial ceety o Tanzanie an the de-facto seat o maist govrenment institutions. It is the major seaport for the kintra an its landlockit neighbours.

The name Tanzanie derives frae the names o the twa states Tanganyika an Zanzibar that unitit in 1964 tae form the **Unitit Republic o Tanganyika an Zanzibar**, which later the same year wis renamed the Unitit Republic o Tanzania.

## Notes

## References
Tamesna

**Tamesna** is a new ceety creatit atween Rabat, Temara, Skhirat an Ain Aouda, in Morocco. The idea became offeecial on Julie 22, 2004.

The goal is tae relieve Rabat o its growin urbanization. The new ceety will hae access tae the Casablanca-Rabat expressway, as well as opportunity for better plannin o infrastructur. 

It is being planned jointly atween the Keeng o Morocco an mony private developers frae several kintras. Mony Moroccan ceeties are owercroudit an Tamesna will provide hoosin for the new middle classes o the aurie, wi modren accommodation an muckle needit licht industry an commercial auries. Tamesna  will hae mony pairks an green auries. Ane o the developments being planned is Les Collines, which is a JV atween Mandarine Holdings an the Moroccan govrenment, an will provide 1, 2 an 3 bedroom apairtments in 12 blocks close the pairk an commercial an shoppin auries.

## References
Provinces o Iraq

Iraq is dividit intae 18 provinces (*[[muḥāfażah]]*):



#Baghdād (بغداد)
#Salāh ad-Dīn (صلاح الدين)
#Diyālā (ديالى)
#Wāsit (واسط)
#Maysān (ميسان)
#Al-Basrah (البصرة)
#Dhī Qār (ذي قار)
#Al-Muthannā (المثنى)
#Al-Qādisiyyah (القادسية)


Bābil (بابل)
Karbalā' (كربلاء)
An-Najaf (النجف)
Al-Anbar (الأنبار)
Nīnawā (نينوى)
Dohuk (دهوك)
Arbīl (أربيل)
Kirkuk (التاميم)
As-Sulaymāniyyah (السليمانية)




The current set o provinces wis established in 1976. http://www.statoids.com/uiq.html

Follaein Saddam Hussein's invasion o Kuwait in 1990 the Kuwait Province wis proclaimit on August 28, 1990 as Iraq's 19t province up till the leeberation o Kuwait in the Gulf War on Februar 26, 1991.

## Subdiveesions

The provinces are dividit intae *[[Qadaa|qadhas]]* (or destricts). The cairt on the richt shows the destricts (but daes no shaw the destrict names) athin each province.

## Autonomous Region

Iraq currently haes ane autonomous region, Kurdish Autonomous Region, which is cried Iraqi Kurdistan an aa.

## See an aw

* Leet o places in Iraq
* ISO 3166-2:IQ

## Freemit airtins
*Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit Reports, Maps an Assessments o Iraq frae the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit
*Bios o Iraqi Govrenment Offeecials  (as o 20 Julie 2006)
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181427/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/r/r_iq.htm
Sosnowiec

**Sosnowiec**  is a ceity in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in soothren Poland, near Katowice. It is ane o the central destricts o the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union - a metropolis wi a combined population o ower twa million fowk locatit in the Silesian Hielands, on the Brynica river (tributary o the Vistula).
It is situatit in the Silesian Voivodeship syne its formation in 1999. Previously, it wis pairt o Katowice Voivodeship. Sosnowiec is ane o the ceities o the 2.7 million person conurbation - Katowice urban aurie an athin a greater Silesian metropolitan aurie populatit bi aboot 5,294,000 fowk. The population o the ceity is 220,450 (Juin 2009).

Its name comes frae Pols **, referrin tae the pine forests which wur common prior tae 1830. It wis oreeginally kent as Sosnowice. Ither variations o the name include Sosnowietz, Sosnowitz, Sosnovitz (Yiddish), Sosnovyts, Sosnowyts, Sosnovytz, Sosnowytz, Сосновец (Russian), Sosnovetz. There are 5 ither smawer touns in Poland cried Sosnowiec an aw. They are locatit in the regions o Bydgoszcz, Kielce, Łódź, Łomża, and Opole.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceities
Sosnowiec is twinned wi:
*, Les Mureaux
*,  Suceava
*, Roubaix
*, Komárom
*, Casablanca

## References
Genoa

**Genoa** ( , ; in Genoese an Ligurian: *Zena*, ; in Laitin an, archaically, in Inglis: *Genua*) is a ceety an an impairtant seaport in nairthren Italy, the caipital o the Province o Genoa an o the region o Ligurie.

The ceety haes a population o aboot 610,000 an the urban aurie haes a population o aboot 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Aurie haes a population o aboot 1,400,000. It is an aa creit *la Superba* ("the Superb ane") due tae its glarious past. Pairt o the auld ceety o Genoa wis inscribit on the Warld Heritage Leet (UNESCO) in 2006. The ceety's rich airt, muisic, gastronomie, airchitectur an historie, made it 2004's EU Caipital o cultur.

## References
Coat o airms o Bosnie an Herzegovinae

The **Coat o Airms o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]** wis adoptit in 1998, replacin the previous design that haed been in uise syne 1992 when Bosnie an Herzegovinae gained unthirldom, an follaes the design o the naitional banner. The three pointit shield is specific an is tae seembolise the three major ethnic groups o Bosnie, as well as allude tae the shape o the kintra. The starns wur adoptit tae replace the fleur de lys that wur foond on mair auncient coat o airms tae avoid singlin oot the Bosniak ethnicity as maist prominent, an possibly tae allude tae the European Union, o which the state is recognised as a potential candidate for entry.

## References
Banner o Bosnie an Herzegovinae

The **banner o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]]** contains a wide medium blue vertical baund on the flee side wi a yellae isosceles triangle abuttin the baund an the tap o the banner. The remainder o the banner is medium blue wi seiven full five-pointit white starns an twa hauf stars tap an bottom alang the hypotenuse o the triangle.

The three pynts o the triangle are unnerstuid tae staund for the three constituent fowks o Bosnie an Herzegovinae: Bosniaks, Croats, an Serbs. It is an aa seen tae represent the cairt o Bosnie an Herzegovinae which leuks lik a triangle or a hert as some fowk caw it the 'hert-shaped naition'. The starns, representin Europe, are meant tae be infinite in nummer an thus thay continue frae tap tae bottom. The banner features colors aften associatit wi neutrality an peace - white, blue, an yelle. The colours yellae an blue are an aa seen tae be taken frae the Banner o Europe, the colour blue wis oreeginally based on the UN. The present scheme is bein uised bi baith the Cooncil o Europe which awns the banner an the European Union which adoptit the Cooncil o Europe's banner in 1985. Thay are an aa colours tradeetionally associatit wi Bosnie.  

## References
Chaozhou

**Chaozhou** (; alternatively spelled **Chiuchow**, transliteratti frae its Cantonese pronunciation; an aa widely kent bi its Postal map spellin **Teochew**,) is a ceety in eastren Guangdong province o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. It borders Shantou tae the sooth, Jieyang tae the soothwast, Meizhou tae the northwast, the province o Fujian tae the east, an the Sooth Cheenae Sea tae the sootheast. It is admeenistered as a prefecture-level ceety wi a jurisdiction aurie o 3,614 square kilometers an a total population o 2,500,000.
Chaozhou is part of the Chaoshan region.

## References
Banner o Hungary

The **banner o [[Hungary]]** is a tricolor wi horizontal baunds o reid, white an green. This form is the offeecial banner o Hungary syne 1957.

Accordin tae tradeetion, the horizontal tricolor wis adoptit during the Revolution o 1848. The reid seembolizes the strength, lealtie white an green hope.

Up tae 1945, coat o airms wi the ryal croun wis placed at the centre o the banner.

Durin the period o communism (1948-1956) a shield wi the reid starn wis placed at the centre o the banner. Durin the Hungarian Revolution o 1956 that wis cut frae the banner an the banner wi a hole in the middle became a seembol o rebellion.

Follaein the faw o the new govrenment an the restoration o the communist regime, the banner wis introduced a new seembol, but no in an offeecial manner.

The day the banner is whiles decoratit wi the coat o airms o Hungary in the historic center.

## Gallery

Image:Flag of Hungary (1867-1918).svg|Banner o Hungary, uised atween 1867–1918, while pairt o Austrick-Hungary.
Image:Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg|Banner o Hungary, uised atween 1940–1946 wi the Hungarian coat o arms which wur re-adoptit for uise in Hungary's modren-day banner but in 1:2 size ratio.
Image:Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957).svg|Banner o Hungary, uised atween 1946–1949 an 1956–1957 wi the Kossuth coat o airms.
Image:Flag of Hungary (1949-1956).svg|Banner o Hungary, uised atween 1949–1956, bearin the Communist Rákosi coat o airms.
Image:Flag of the Hungarian Revolution (1956).svg|This banner, frae which the Rákosi era coat o airms haes been cut oot, became the seembol o the Hungarian Revolution o 1956.
Image:Government Ensign of Hungary (1957-1990).svg|Banner o Hungary, uised atween 1957–1989 offeecially niver includit the Kádár era coat o airms; housomeivver, it wis aften depictit in this wey.
Image:Flag of the Supreme Warlord of the Royal Hungarian Defence Forces (1939-1945, on land).svg|Staundart o the Regent, uised atween 1920–1944.
Image:Flag of the President of Hungary.svg|Staundart o the Preses
Patrick Adamson

**Patrick Adamson** (1537–1592) wis a Scots divine, an airchbishop o Saunt Andras, wha wis born in Pairth.

## Fremmit airtins
* http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/adamson_patrick.htm
* http://www.scotlandspast.org/adamson.cfm 
* http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst1429.html
* http://www.virtualscotland.co.uk/scotland_articles/famous-scots/patrick-adamson.htm 
* http://www.AdamsonAncestry.com
Guangzhou

**Guangzhou**, cried **Canton** or **Kwangchow** an aa, is a sub-provincial ceety an the caipital o the Guangdong province in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. It is ane o the five National Central Ceeties. Locatit in soothren Cheenae on the Pearl River, aboot 120&nbsp;km (75&nbsp;mi) northwast o Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key transportation hub an tradin port.

Guangzhou is the third lairgest ceety in Cheenae an soothren Cheenae's lairgest ceety. As o the 2000 census, the ceety haed a population o 6 million, an an urban aurie population o roughly 11.85 million, makin it the maist populous ceety in the province an the third maist populous metropolitan auriea in Cheenae. Some estimates place the population o the entire urban agglomeration as heich as 24.2 million, makin it the 2nt biggest urban aurie in the warld efter Tokyo. The Guangzhou govrenment's offeecial estimate o the ceety's population at the end o 2009 wis 10,334,500, an addition o 152,500 fowk frae the previous year. Includin registrated migrant population (present in the ceety 6 month or mair) ceety population is ower 14 mln.  In 2008 Guangzhou wis identified as a Beta Warld Ceety bi the Global ceety index produced bi GaWC.

## Internaitional relations

### Sister ceeties
Guangzhou is twinned wi the follaein ceeties:

### Friendship ceeties
Guangzhou haes the follaein friendship ceeties:

## References
Daraa Govrenorate

**Daraa Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen Govrenorates o Sirie. It is situatit in the sooth-wast o the kintra an covers an aurie o 3,730&nbsp;km². The govrenorate haes a population o 916,000 (2007 census office estimate). The caipital is Daraa.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 3 destricts (manatiq):
* Al-Sanamayn
* Daraa
* Izra

These are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial Steid o Daraa Govrenorate (Arabic) 
*edaraa The First Complete wabsteid for daraa news an services
As-Suwayda Govrenorate

**As-Suwayda Govrenorate** () is the soothmaist o Sirie's 14 govrenorates. It haes an aurie o 5,550&nbsp;km². Its caipital an major ceety is As-Suwayda.

Geographically the govrenorate comprises amaist aw o Jabal al-Druze, the eastren pairt o Lejah, an a pairt o the arid eastren steppe o Harrat Ash Shamah.

## Demographics an population
The govrenorate haes a population o aboot 346,000 inhabitants (est. 2007).
The inhabitants o the govrenorate are predominantly Druze wi a sizable Greek orthodox minority, there is an' a' a sma Muslim community.

Maist o the indwallers live in the wastren pairts o the govrenorate, especially on the wastren slopes o Jabal ad-Duruz. While anerlie nomadic Bedouin tribes live in the barren region o Harrat Ash Shamah.

## Diveesions

The govrenorate is dividit intae 3 destricts (manatiq):
* As-Suwayda
* Salkhad
* Shahba

These are further dividit intae 9 sub-destricts (nawahi).

## Ceeties, touns an veelages

The govrenorate contains 3 ceeties, 124 veelages, an 36 hamlets.
### Ceeties
* As-Suwayda
* Salkhad
* Shahba
### Veelages
* Qanawat
* Al-Kefr
* Ariqah
* Dama
* Lahetha
* Murduk
* AL-GARIAH

## References
Rif Dimashq Govrenorate

**Rif Dimashq Govrenorate** (, meanin "Damascus kintraside") is ane o the 14 govrenorates o Sirie. It is situatit in the soothwastren pairt o the kintra. It borders the govrenorates o Quneitra, Daraa an As-Suwayda in the soothwast, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the wast an Jordan in the sooth. The govrenorate completely surroonds the govrenorate o Damascus, which is an aa considered a caipital o Rif Dimashq. It haes an aurie o 17,654&nbsp;km² an a population o 2,487,000 (2007 estimate).

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 10 destricts (manatiq):

These are further dividit intae 36 sub-destricts (nawahi).

## References
* SANA
Homs Govrenorate

**Homs Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen *muhafazat* (govrenorates or provinces) o Sirie. It is situatit in central Sirie. Its aurie differs in various sources, frae 42,223&nbsp;km²  tae 42,226&nbsp;km².  It is the lairgest govrenorate o Sirie. Homs Govrenorate haes a population o 1,647,000 (2007 estimate). The caipital is Homs. The Homs govrenorate is dividit intae 6 admeenistrative destricts (*[[mantiqah]]*).  Homs is an aa the caipital ceety o the destrict o Homs.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 6 destricts (manatiq):
* Homs
* Al-Mukharram
* Palmira
* Al-Rastan
* Al-Qusayr
* Talkalakh

These are further dividit intae 23 sub-destricts (nawahi).

## References

## Freemit airtins
* ehoms The First Complete wabsteid for Homs news an services
Deir ez-Zor Govrenorate

**Deir ez-Zor Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates o Sirie. It is situatit in eastren Sirie, borderin Iraq. It haes an aurie o 33,060&nbsp;km²  an a population o 1,094,000 (2007 estimate). The caipital is Deir ez-Zor.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 3 destricts (manatiq):
* Abu Kamal
* Deir ez-Zor
* Mayadin

Thir are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## Operation Orchard
Deir ez-Zor wis an aa the location o Israel's execution o Operation Orchard on September 6, 2007. Israel bombed a northren Sirie complex near which wis suspectit o hauldin nuclear materials frae North Korea.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* edeiralzor The First Complete wabsteid for Deir ez-Zor news an services
Al-Hasakah Govrenorate

The **Al Hasakah Govrenorate** (Arabic: مُحافظة الحسكة, Siriac: Gozarto) is a govrenorate in the far north-east corner o Sirie that haes the Euphrates river runnin through it. It is distinguisht bi its fertile lands, plentiful water, picturesque natur, an mair nor ane hunder airchaeological steids.

## Destricts

The govrenorate haes 4 destricts (Mintaqa's):
* Al-Hasakah
* Al-Malikiyah
* Qamishli
* Ra's al-'Ayn

These are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## Demographics an population
The inhabitants o Al Hasakah are composed frae different ethnic an cultural groups mainly Arabs, Assirians/Siriacs, Kurds, Armenians, an ithers. The population o the govrenorate wis estimatit in 2007 tae be 1,377,000.
Notable ceeties in the govrenorate an their estimatit population as in 2006 are:

* Qamishli: 82,129
* Al-Hasakah: 81,809
* Amuda: 45,980
* Ra's Al Ein: 23,008
* Ad Darbasiyah: 21,865
* Al-Malikiyah: 18,448

## Sirian Census 1943 in Al Hasakah
* Sunni Muslims       99.665 (68.26%)
* Shia Muslims           326 (00.22%)
* Alawis                  93 (00.06%)
* Ismailis                 8 (00.01%)
* Druzes                   0 (00.00%)
* Christians          42.496 (29.11%)
* Jews                 1.938 (01.33%)
* Yazidis              1.475 (01.01%)
* Al Hasakah         146.001 (100.0%)

## Airchaeology
The maist prominent airchaeological steids are:

* Hamoukar: considered bi some airchaeologists tae be the auldest ceety in the warld
* Tell Halaf: Excavations hae revealed successive ceevilization levels an bonnie basalt sculptures.
* Tell Brak: Situatit haufway atween al-Hasakah ceety an the frontier toun o al-Qamishli.  Excavations in the tell hae revealed the Uyun Temple an King Naram-Sin palace-stranghauld.
* Tell el Fakhariya
* Tell Hittin: 15 layers o occupation hae been identified.
* Tell Leilan: Excavations began in 1975 an hae revealed mony airtifacts an biggins datin back tae the 6t millennium BCE such as a bazaar, temple, palace, etc.

It is weel kent that the Khabur River, which flows through al-Hasakah for 440&nbsp;km, witnessed the birth o the some o the earliest ceevilizations in the warld.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* ehasakeh  The First Complete wabsteid for Al-Hasakah news an services
Quneitra Govrenorate

**Quneitra Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates (provinces) o Sirie. It is situatit in soothren Sirie, borderin Lebanon, Jordan an Israel.  Its aurie varies, accordin tae different sources, frae 685&nbsp;km² tae 1,710&nbsp;km².  The govrenorate heas a population o 84,000 (2009 estimate).  The caipital is Quneitra. Muckle o the govrenorate wis captured bi Israel in the 1967 Sax-Day War an 1973 Yom Kippur War (cried the Ramadan War in Arab kintras) an forms the contentious Golan Heights.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 2 destricts (manatiq):
* Fiq
* Quneitra

These are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## References

## Freemit airtins
* equnaytra The First Complete wabsteid for qunaytra news an services
Newcastle

**Newcastle** commonly refers tae:

*Newcastle upon Tyne, a ceety in Tyne an Wear, Ingland
*Newcastle, New Sooth Wales

**Newcastle** or **New Castle** mey refer tae:

## Places
### Republic o Ireland
*Newcastle, Sooth Dublin

### Unitit States
*New Castle Coonty, Delaware, the northrenmaist o the three coonties
*New Castle, Delaware, a ceety in New Castle Coonty

## See an aa
*Akhaltsikhe, Georgie
*Castelnuovo
*Herceg Novi, Montenegro
*Kota Bharu, Malaysie
*Newport, Wales (Welsh Casnewydd-ar-Wysg)
Hama Govrenorate

**Hama Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates (provinces) o Sirie. It is situatit in wastren-central Sirie. Its aurie depends o sources. It varies frae 8,844&nbsp;km² tae 8,883&nbsp;km². The govrenorate haes a population o 2,051,765 (2009 estimate). The caipital is Hama.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 5 destricts (manatiq):
* Al-Suqaylabiyah
* Hama
* Masyaf
* Mhardeh
* Salamiyah

These are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## References

## Freemit airtins
* ehama The First Complete wabsteid for hama news an services
Tartus Govrenorate

**Tartus Govrenorate**  () is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates (provinces) o Sirie. It is situatit in wastren Sirie, borderin Lebanon. The area is 1,890&nbsp;km²  or 1,892&nbsp;km² . The govrenorate haes a population o 750,000 (2007 estimate). The caipital is Tartus.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 5 destricts (manatiq):
*Al-Shaykh Badr
*Baniyas
*Duraykish
*Safita
*Tartus

Thir are faur dividit intae 27 sub-destricts (nawahi).

## References

## Freemit airtins
*etartus  The First Complete wabsteid for Tartus news an services
Latakia Govrenorate

**Latakia Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates (provinces) o Sirie. It is situatit in wastren Sirie, borderin the Turkis province o Hatay. Its reportit aurie varies in different sources frae 2,297&nbsp;km²  tae 2,437&nbsp;km² . The govrenorate haes a population o 943,000 (2007 estimate) . The caipital is Latakia.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 4 destricts (manatiq):
* Al-Haffah
* Jableh
* Latakia
* Qardaha

These are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## Geography
Latakia is traversed (twice) bi the northeasterly line o equal latitude an langitude.

## References
Idlib Govrenorate

**Idlib Govrenorate** () is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates (provinces) o Sirie. It is situatit in northwastren Sirie, borderin Turkey. Its aurie depends on sources. It varies frae 5,933&nbsp;km²  tae 6,097&nbsp;km². The govrenorate haes a population o 1,359,000 (2007 estimate). The caipital is Idlib.

## Destricts

The govrenorate is dividit intae 5 destricts (manatiq):
* Arihah
* Harem
* Idlib
* Jisr ash-Shugur
* Ma'arrat al-Numan

These are further dividit intae ? sub-destricts (nawahi).

## References

## Freemit airtins
* eidleb The First Complete wabsteid for Idleb news an services
Aleppo Govrenorate

**Aleppo Govrenorate** ( ) is ane o the fowerteen govrenorates o Sirie. It is the maist populous govrenorate in Sirie wi a population o mair nor 4,507,000 (2009 estimate), amaist 23% o the total population o Sirie. The governorate is the fift in aurie wi an aurie o 18,482&nbsp;km², aboot 10% o the total aurie o Sirie. The caipital is the ceety o Aleppo. The govrenorate is representit bi 52 deputies in the parliament (oot o 250), o whom 20 come frae the ceety o Aleppo. The govrenor syne 2009 is Ahmad Ali Mansoura.

Thegither wi the Idlib Govrenorate (an the disputit Sanjak o Alexandretta), the Govrenorate o Aleppo mak up the Northren Region o Sirie. Historically, the Northren Region wis  the maist fertile an the maist densely populatit in Sirie; this explains why the Govrenorate o Aleppo haes bi far the lairgest number o touns (32 touns), veelages (1430 veelages), an ferms (1424 farms) in Sirie (compare tae 28 touns, 190 veelages, an 82 ferms in the Rif Dimashq Govrenorate). It an aa explains why the Northren Region haes a muckle lairger number o airchaeological steids an remains than elsewhaur in Sirie.

## Ceeties

The lairgest ceeties in Aleppo Govrenorate are:

## Destricts
The govrenorate haes 10 destricts (Mintaqa's) in 2011:
*Munt Simeon Destrict- Aleppo
*Afrin Destrict- Afrin
*Azaz Destrict- A'zaz 
*Al-Safira Destrict- Safirah
*Al-Bab Destrict- Al-Bab
*Manbij Destrict- Manbij
*Jarabulus Destrict- Jarabulus
*Ayn Al-Arab Destrict- Ayn Al-Arab
*Atarib Destrict- Atarib 
*Dayr Hafir Destrict- Dayr Hafir

The destricts are dividit intae 42 sub-destricts (Nāḥiyas).

## References
Sharqia Govrenorate

**Sharqia Govrenorate** (, ) is ane o the govrenorates o Egyp. It is locati in the north o the kintra. Its caipital is the ceety o Zagazig.

## Ceeties
* Zagazig
* Belbeis
* Menya Al Qamh
* Faqous
* Hehya
* Abu Kabeer
* Kafr Saqr

## Notable fowk
*Ahmed Subhy Mansour, foonder o the Quranists 
*Abdel Halim Hafez, popular sangster an actor
*Ahmed Ahmed Lakouz, airchitect an businessman

## Freemit airtins
*Sharkia Govrenorate  Offeecial wabsteid