open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Coat o airms o Cuba

The **Cuban Coat o Arms** is the offeecial heraldic seembol o Cuba. It consists o a shield, in front o a Fasces crouned bi the Phrygian Cap, aw supported bi an aik brainch on ane side an a laurel wreath on the ither. The coat o airms wis creatit bi Miguel Teurbe Tolón an wis adoptit on Aprile 24, 1906.

## Shield
The shield is dividit intae three pairts:

In the chief, a key chairgin a blue sea atween twa rocks, seembolizing Cuba’s geographical poseetion atween Florida an the Yucatán Peninsula. A bricht risin sun in the backgrund seembolizes the risin o the new republic.

## Supporters
The shield is supportit bi an aik branch on ane side an a laurel wreath on the ither. The aik branch seembolizes the strenth o the naition; an the laurel wreath: honour an glory. These seembols wur meant tae represent the richts o man: Equality, Liberty and Fraternity.

## Helm/crest
A Phrygian Cap (Gorro Frigio) or leeberty cap is locatit at the tap, as a croun seembolisin leeberty, wi a sole starn on it staundin for unthrildom.

## Offeecial description
"The Naitional coat o airms represents oor island. It is shapit lik a pointit leather shield, an dividit intae three sections. In its horizontal upper pairt, thare is a gowden key atween twa muntains, an a sun risin ower the sea - whilk seembolizes the poseetion o Cuba in the Gulf, atween the twa Americas, amid the emergence o a new state. The blue an white stripes, doun the left haund side, represent the situation o the island, in terms o its diveesion intae states, in the colonial period. Doun the richt haund side, a Cuban kintra scene is dominatit bi a ryal palm.

## References
Naitional emblem o Indonesie

The **Garuda Pancasila** is the coat o airms o Indonesie. The main pairt o the coat o airms is the Garuda wi a shield on its chest an a scroll gripped bi its leg. The shield's five emblems represent Pancasila, the five principles o Indonesie's naitional philosophy. *Garuda Pancasila* wis designed bi Sultan Hamid II frae Pontianak, an wis adoptit as naitional coat o airms on 11 Februar 1950.

## History

Garuda, the vehicle (vahana) of Vishnu appears in mony temples of auncient Indonesia. Temples sic as Prambanan, Penataran, Belahan, an Sukuh depict the images (bas-relief or statue) of Garuda. In Prambanan temple complex thare is a single temple locatit in front of Vishnu temple, dedicated tae Garuda. Houiver thare is no statue of Garuda inside the chamber the day. In the Shiva temple, an aa in Prambanan complex, thare is a relief telling an episode of Ramayana aboot Garuda Jatayu tried tae rescue Sita frae Ravana's haund. The deified statue of Keeng Airlangga depicted as Vishnu mounting Garuda frae Belahan, probably the maist famous statue of Garuda frae auncient Java. Nou the statue is ane o the important collection of Trowulan Museum.

Garuda appear in mony tradeetions an stories, especially in Java an Bali. In mony stories Garuda symbolizes the virtue of knowledge, power, bravery, loyalty, an discipline. As the vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda an aa bears the attributes of Vishnu, which seembolise preservation of cosmic order. Balinese tradeetion venerated Garuda as "the lord of all creatures that can fly", an "the majestic king of birds". In Bali, Garuda tradeetionally portrayed as a divine creature wi heid, beak, wings, an claw of an eagle, while haes the body o a human. Uisually portrayed in intricate cairvin wi golden an vivid colors, as the vehicle of Vishnu or in battle scene against Naga (draigon) serpents. The important an noble poseetion of Garuda in Indonesian tradeetion syne auncient times haes venerated Garuda as the naitional seembol of Indonesia, the embodiment of Indonesian ideology, Pancasila. Garuda an aa chosen as the name of Indonesian naitional airlines, Garuda Indonesia. Next tae Indonesia, Thailand an aa uses the Garuda as its naitional seembol.
Guinea

**Guinea** (, officeeally the **Republic o Guinea** ), is a kintra in Wast Africae. Umwhile kent as French Guinea (*Guinée française*), it is today sometimes cawed **Guinea-Conakry** tae distinguish it frae its neighbour Guinea-Bissau. Conakry is the caipital, the seat o the naitional government, an the lairgest ceety.

Guinea haes amaist 246,000 square kilometres (94,981 sq mi). It forms a crescent bi curvin fre its wastren border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east an the sooth. Its northren border is shared wi Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, an Mali, the soothren ane wi Sierra Leone, Liberie, an Côte d'Ivoire. The Niger River arises in Guinea an runs eastward.

Guinea's 10 million fowk belang tae twintie-fower ethnic groups. The maist prominent groups are the Fula (; ), Mandinka, an Susu.

## References
Republic o the Congo

The **Republic o the Congo** (; ; ), cried **Congo-Brazzaville** or **Little Congo** an aa, or simply **the Congo**, is a state in Central Africae. It is bordered bi Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic o the Congo (umwhile kent as Zaire), the Angolan exclave province o Cabinda, an the Gulf o Guinea.

The region wis dominatit bi Bantu tribes, who biggit trade links leadin intae the Congo River basin. The republic is a umwhile French colony. Upon unthrildom in 1960, the umwhile French region o Middle Congo became the Republic o the Congo. The Fowkrepublic o the Congo wis a Marxist-Leninist single-pairty state frae 1970 tae 1991. Multipairty elections hae been held syne 1992, although a democratically elected government wis oostit in a 1997 ceevil war.

## References
Ryal airms o Cambodie

The ryal coat o airms o the Kinrick o Cambodie is the seembol o the Cambodian monarchy.  Thay hae existit in some form close tae the ane depictit syne the establishment o the independent Kinrick o Cambodie in 1953.  It is the seembol on the Ryal Staundart o the monarch o Cambodie.

## Description
Depicted on the coat o airms are twa ainimals which are a gajasingha (a lion wi an elephant trunk) on the left, an a singha, or a lion, on the richt. Supportit bi the ainimals are twa ryal five-tiered umbrellas. In atween is a ryal croun wi a ray o licht at its tap. Beneath the croun are an Unalome sign, twa pedestaled platters layered on tap o ilk ither wi a sacred swuird an a Khmer version o the seembol for Aum sittin on tap. The Khmer leid phrase on the bottom the ryal coat o airms translates tae: ***Preah Chao*** (ryal or auspicious ruler) - ***Krung*** (aurie, or in this case, kinrick) - ***Kampuchea*** (Cambodie), sicweys, Keeng o the Kinrick o Cambodie.

## History
The airms wur discontinued wi the owerthow o the constitutional monarchy durin the Khmer Republic era (1970–1975) an remained in disuise during Democratic Kampuchea (i.e., Khmer Rouge era: 1975-1979), the Fowkrepublic o Kampuchea (1979–1989), an the State o Cambodie (1989–1993).  Thay hae syne been resurrectit for officeeal uise wi the restoration o the monarchy unner Norodom Sihanouk in Cambodie syne 1993.
Da Nang

**Da Nang** (occasionally **Danang**; in Vietnamese: *Đà Nẵng* ) is a major port ceety in the Sooth Central Coast o Vietnam, on the coast o the Sooth Cheenae Sea at the mooth o the Han River. It is the commercial an educational centre o Central Vietnam; its well-sheltered, easily accessible port an its location on the path o the North-Sooth Railway forby maks it a hub for transportation. It is locatit athin 100&nbsp;km o several UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids, includin the Imperial Ceety o Huế, the Auld Toun o Hội An, an the Mỹ Sơn ruins. The ceety wis forby kent as **Tourane** or **Turon** durin the French colonization o Vietnam.

Afore 1997, the ceety wis pairt o Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng province. On Januar 1, 1997, Đà Nẵng wis separatit frae Quảng Nam province tae acome ane o five independent (centrally-controlled) municipalities in Vietnam. Đà Nẵng is leetit as a first cless ceety, an haes a heicher urbanization ratio than ony o Vietnam's ither provinces or centrally governed ceeties.

## Airport
**Da Nang Airport** is an airport in Da Nang, Sooth Central Coast, Vietnam, 80&nbsp;km sooth o Phu Bai Internaitional Airport (Hue) an 760&nbsp;km sooth o Hanoi. It haes a runway 3,048 metres lang, 45 metres braid.

## Sister ceeties

*  Kawasaki, Japan
*  Iwaki, Japan
*  Shizuoka, Japan
*  Kagoshima, Japan
*  Okinawa, Japan
*  Shandong, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
*  Jiangsu, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
*  Qingdao, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
*  Macau, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
*  Kaohsiung, Taiwan
*  Hai Phong, Vietnam

*  Oakland, Unitit States
*  Tacoma, Unitit States
*  Riverside, United States
*  San Francisco, Unitit States
*  Jersey Ceety, Unitit States
*  Pittsburgh, Unitit States
*  Newcastle, Australie
*  Queensland, Australie
*  İzmir, Turkey
*  Yaroslavl, Roushie 

## References
Malawi

**Malawi**, kent offeecially as the **Republic o Malawi** (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked kintra in sootheast Africae that wis umwhile kent as Nyasaland. It is bordered bi Zambie tae the northwast, Tanzanie tae the northeast, an Mozambique on the east, sooth an wast. The kintra is separatit frae Tanzanie an Mozambique bi Lake Malawi. Its size is ower 118,000 km2 (45,560 sq mi) wi an estimatit population o mair nor 13,900,000. Its caipital is Lilongwe, the seicont lairgest ceety is Blantyre an the third lairgest is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes frae the Maravi, an auld name o the Nyanja fowk that inhabit the area.

Malawi wis first settled durin the 10t century an remained unner native rule till 1891 whan it wis colonised bi the Breetish, wha ruled the kintra till 1964. Upon gainin unthrildom it became a single-pairty state unner Preses Hastings Banda, wha remained preses till 1994, whan he wis oostit frae pouer. Malawi haes a democratic, multi-pairty govrenment.  Malawi haes a sma military force that includes an airmy, a navy an an air wing.  Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Wastren an includes positive diplomatic relations wi maist kintras an participation in several internaitional organisations.

Malawi is amang the warld's least developed an maist densely populatit kintras. The economy is hivily based in agricultur, wi a lairgely rural population. The Malawian govrenment depends hivily on ootside aid tae meet development needs, awtho this need (an the aid affered) haes decreased syne 2000. The Malawian govrenment faces challenges in growin the economy, improvin eddication, heal care an the environmental protection an becomin financially independent. Malawi haes several programmes developed syne 2005 that focus on thir issues, an the kintra's ootleuk appears tae be impruivin, wi impruivements in economic growthe, eddication an heal care seen in 2007 an 2008.

## References
Banner o Maltae

The **[[Banner]] o [[Maltae]]** (Maltese: *Bandiera ta' Malta*) is a basic bi-colour, wi white in the hoist an reid in the flee: colours frae the blazon o the airms o Maltae.  Tradeetion states that the colours o the banner wur gien tae Maltae bi Coont Roger o Sicily, in 1091. The banner o Coont Roger wis a chequered reid an white banner an he gae a set frae this banner.

A key stranghauld durin the Crusades, muckle o the heraldry o Maltae is influenced bi the colours an devices o the Knights o Maltae. Thair badge wis the characteristic Maltese cross, an thair airms wur a white cross on a reid field. Frae these colours came the reid an white shield that wis uised durin Maltae's colonial period. In the upper hoist corner (in the canton o the white field) is the George Cross (showin a design o St. George an the Dragon), ootlined in reid, wi the motto "For Gallantry" encirclin the cross.

The honour wis awardit in 1943 bi Keeng George VI te the entire Maltese population, for thair exceptional bravery an gallantry durin Warld War II. In 1964, the blue canton on which the cross wis oreeginally placed wis replaced bi a reid fimbriation. This banner wis adoptit upon Malta's bein grantit dominion status athin the Breetish Empire, on 21 September 1964. The dominion o Maltae existit till 1971 when Maltae became a republic, awtho the banner remained the same. The Maltese naitional banner is unique in bearin a decoration frae anither kintra, in this case the Unitit Kinrick.

The ceevil ensign is entirely different: it shows a reid field, bordered white an chairged wi a white Maltese cross.

## See an aa
*Award of the George Cross to Malta
*Coat o airms o Maltae
*Banners an seembols o Maltae
*Cultur o Maltae
*Politics o Maltae

## Freemit airtins

*Government of Malta website
*Department of Information - Malta 
*
Coat o airms o Maltae

The **Coat o Airms o Maltae** is the emblem o the kintra o Maltae. 
The present coat o airms is describit bi the Emblem an Public Seal o Maltae Act o 1988 as a shield showin an heraldic representation o the naitional banner; abuin the shield a mural croun in gowd wi a sally port an five turrets representin the fortifications o Maltae an denotin a Ceety State; an aroond the shield a wreath o twa branches: the dexter o Olive, the sinister o Palm, seembols o peace an tradeetionally associatit wi Maltae, aw in thair proper colours, tied at base wi a white ribbon, backed reid an upon which are written the wirds *Repubblika ta' Malta* ("Republic o Maltae" in Maltese) in caipital letters in black. 

The naitional coat o airms an aa appears on the banner o the Preses o Maltae, as well as on the 10c, 20c an 50c Maltese euro coins.

## References
Nicolas Appert

**Nicolas Appert** (17 November 1749 Châlons-en-Champagne, Marne&ndash; 1 Juin 1841 Massy), wis the French inventor o airtight fuid preservation. He is kent as the "faither o cannin".

## Biography
He wis a confectioner an chef in Paris frae 1784 tae 1795. In 1795, he began experimentin wi ways tae preserve fuidstuffs, succeedin wi soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams, an syrups. He placed the fuid in gless jars, sealed them wi cork an sealin wax an placed them in boilin watter.

Efter some 14 or 15 years o experiment, Appert submittit his invention an wan the prize o 12,000 francs in Januar 1810. The same year, Appert published *L'Art de conserver les substances animales et végétales* (or *The Airt o Preservin Animal an Vegetable Substances*). This wis the first ceukbeuk o its kynd on modren fuid preservation methods,

La Maison Appert (), in the toun o Massy, near Paris, became the first fuid bottlin factory in the warld ,  nearly 100 years afore Louis Pasteur proved that heat killed bacteria. Appert patentit his invention an establisht a business te preserve a variety o fuid in sealed bottles. Appert's method wis tae fill thick, lairge-mouthed gless bottles wi produce o ivery description, rangin frae beef, fowl, eggs, milk, an prepared dishes (accordin tae soorces). His greatest success for publicity wis an entire sheep. He left air space at the tap o the bottle, an the cork wad then be sealed firmly in the jar bi uisin a vise. The bottle wis then wrapped in canvas tae pertect  it, while it wis dunked intae boilin watter an then boiled for as muckle time as Appert deemed appropriate for ceukin the contents thoroughly.

In honour o Appert, cannin is whiles cawed "appertisation", but shoud be distinguisht frae pasteurization. Appert's early attempts at fuid preservation bi boilin involved ceukin the fuid tae a temperature far in excess o wha is uised in pasteurization (70&nbsp;°C (158&nbsp;°F), an can destroy some o the flavour o the preserved fuid.

Appert's method wis sae semple an wirkable, that it quickly became widespread. In 1810, Breetish inventor an merchant Peter Durand an aa o French oreegin, patentit his awn method, but this time in a tin can, sae creatin the modren-day process o cannin fuids. In 1812 Inglismen Bryan Donkin an John Hall purchased baith patents an began producin preserves. Juist a decade later, the Appert method o cannin haed made its wey tae Americae.  Tin can mass production wis housomeivver no common till the beginnin o the 20t century, pairtly acause the thay wur difficult tae open till the can opener wis inventit.  A hammer an chisel wur needit tae open cans till the invention o a can opener bi an Inglishman named Yates in 1855.

## References

## Freemit airtins
http://www.appert-aina.com
Abu Dhabi

**Abu Dhabi** ( , literally *Faither o [[deer]]*) is the caipital an the seicont lairgest ceety in the Unitit Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island juttin intae the Persian Gulf frae the central wastren coast. The ceety proper haed an estimatit population o 896,751 in 2009.

Abu Dhabi hooses important offices o the federal govrenment, an is the seat for the United Arab Emirates Govrenment an the hame for the Abu Dhabi Emiri Family an the Preses o the UAE frae this family. Abu Dhabi haes grown tae be a cosmopolitan metropolis. Its rapid development an urbanisation, coupled wi the relatively heich average income o its population, haes transformed Abu Dhabi tae a lairger an advanced metropolis. The day the ceety is the kintra's centre o poleetical, industrial activities, an a major cultural, an commercial centre due tae its poseetion as the caipital. Abu Dhabi alane generatit 56.7% o the GDP o the Unitit Arab Emirates in 2008.

Abu Dhabi is hame te important financial institutions sic as the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange, the Central Bank o the Unitit Arab Emirates an the corporate heidquarters o mony companies an numerous multinaitional corporations. Ane o the warld's lairgest producers o ile, Abu Dhabi haes actively attemptit tae diversify its economy in recent years throu investments in financial services an tourism.
Abu Dhabi is the seicont maist expensive ceety for expatriate employees in the region, an 50t maist expensive ceety in the warld. *[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]* & CNN statit that Abu Dhabi is the richest ceety in the warld, .

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns - sister ceeties
Abu Dhabi is twinned wi:

## References
Dorset

**Dorset** is a coonty o Sooth Wast Ingland. Least 1305 Dorchester is the coonty toun. It is eastle Devnon, sooth-eastle Sommerset, sooth-wastle Wilkshire, an wastle Hampshire. Dorset hae a population coont in 2007 o 708,000. 163,200 fawk bes in Boornemou, an 138,000 in Poole.
Mozambique

**Mozambique**, offeecially the **Republic o Mozambique** ( or *República de Moçambique*, ), is a kintra in sootheastren Africae mairchin wi the Indian Ocean eastle, Tanzanie northle, Malawi an Zambie northwastle, Zimbabwe wastle an Swaziland an Sooth Africae soothwastle.

The aurie wis reenged bi Vasco da Gama in 1498 an colonised bi Portugal in 1505. Mozambique became unthirlt in 1975, an became the Fowkrepublic o Mozambique shortly efter. It wis the scene o an odious ceevil war lastin frae 1977 tae 1992. The kintra wis named Moçambique bi the Portuguese efter the Island o Mozambique, derived frae *Musa Al Big* or *Mossa Al Bique* or *Mussa Ben Mbiki*, an Arab trader wha first veesitit the island an efter bidit thare.

Mozambique is a member o the Commonweel o Naitions, the Community o Portuguese Leid Kintras an a observer o the Francophonie.

## References
Moroni, Comoros

**Moroni** (in Arabic موروني *Mūrūnī*) is the maist muckle ceity o the Comoros islands an syne 1958 haes served as its caipital. In Comorian, Moroni translates as "in the hert o the fire", aiblins alludin tae the ceity's proximity tae Munt Karthala.

## History
Moroni wis foondit bi Arabic settlers possibly durin the 10t century AD as the caipital o a sultanate connectit commercially tae Zanzibar in Tanzanie.

## Geography
The ceity is locatit on the wastren coast o Grande Comore (kent as N'gazidja an aa) island. Moroni is served bi the *[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport]]* (IATA airport code: **HAH**). Thare is an' a' a harbour wi regular transport tae the African mainland an the ither islands in the Comoros archipelago, as well as Madagascar an ither Indian ocean islands. Moroni is locatit at .

## Commerce
Exports include vanilla, cocoa, an coffee.

## Tourism
Moroni haes mony excellent beaches. The *Ancienne Mosquée du Vendredi* (Auld Friday Mosque) is a popular tourist spot.


Image:Moroni, Comoros.jpg|Moroni Beach
Image:Moroni_Capital_of_the_Comores_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|City Centre o Moroni, Capital o the Comoros, wi Central Mosque, Harbor Bay an the surroondin aurie.
Image:Moroni_Mosque_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|Mosque wi teepical Comoro male in front o it, in the City Centre o Moroni.


## Climate
Moroni features a tropical rainforest climate, wi generally hivy precipitation throughoot the year. Moroni generally sees a copious amoont o precipitation throughoot the course o the year, wi ae October seein on average less nor 100&nbsp;mm o rain.
Lik mony ither ceities wi this climate, Moroni average temperatures throughoot the year are relatively constant. Temperatures, tho vera warm, are no quite as oppressive due in pairt tae the frequent rainfall.

## References
Jericho

**Jericho** (  );    is a ceety locatit near the Jordan River in the Wast Bank o the Palestine. It is the caipital o the Jericho Governorate, an haes a population o ower 20,000. Situatit well below sea level on an east-wast route 16 kilometres (10&nbsp;mi) north o the Dead Sea, Jericho is the lawest permanently inhabitit site on earth. It is an aa believed tae be ane o the auldest continuously inhabitit ceeties o the warld.

Described in the Ebreu Bible as the "Ceety o Palm Trees", copious springs in an aroond Jericho hae made it an attractive site for human habitation for thoosans o years. It is kent in Judeo-Christian tradition as the place o the Israelites' return frae bondage in Egyp, led bi Joshua, the successor tae Moses. Archaeologists hae uneartht the remains o ower 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first o whilk dates back tae 11,000 years ago (9000 BC).

## Etymology
Jericho's Arabic name, , means "fragrant" an derives frae the Canaanite wird *Reah*, o the same meanin.  Jericho's name in Ebreu, , is an aa thocht tae derive frae that ruit, though an alternative theory haulds that it is derived frae the wird meanin "muin" (*Yareah*) in Canaanite, as the ceety wis an early centre o worship for lunar deities.

### Twin touns - Sister ceeties
Jericho is twinned wi:
*  Campinas in Brazil
*  Pisa in Italy *(syne 2000)*
*  Kragujevac in Serbie
*  Lyon in Fraunce
*  Calipatria, Californie in the USA
*  Iaşi in Romanie
*  Lærdal in Norawa *(syne 1998)*

## References
Banner o Greece

The **[[banner]] o [[Greece]]** (popularly referred tae as the *galanolefki* or the *kianolefki*, the "blue-white") is based on nine equal horizontal stripes o blue alternatin wi white. Thare is a blue canton in the upper hoist-side corner bearin a white cross; the cross seembolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the establisht releegion o the fowk o Greece an Greek Cypriots. Accordin tae popular tradeetion, the nine stripes represent the nine seellables o the phrase "**[[Eleftheria i thanatos|Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος]]**" ("Freedom or Daith", "* E-lef-the-ri-a i Tha-na-tos*"), the five blue stripes for the seellables "Έλευθερία" an the fower white stripes "ή Θάνατος". The nine stripes are an aa said tae represent the letters o the wird "freedom" (Greek: Ελευθερία). Thare is an' a' a different theory, that the nine stripes seembolise the nine Muses, the goddesses o airt an civilization (nine haes tradeetionally been ane o the nummers o reference for the Greeks). The offeecial banner ratio is 2:3.

The blazon o the banner is *Azure, fower bars Argent; on a canton o the field a Greek cross throughoot o the seicont.* The shade o blue uised in the banner haes varied throughoot its history, frae licht blue tae daurk blue, the latter bein increasingly uised syne the late 1960s.

The abuin patterns wur offeecially adoptit bi the First Naitional Assembly at Epidaurus on 13 Januar 1822. Blue an white hae mony interpretations, seembolisin the colours o the famed Greek sky an sea (combined wi the white clouds an waves), traditional colours o Greek claes in the islands an the mainland, etc.

## References
Naitional emblem o Greece

The **Naitional Emblem o [[Greece]]** (), aka **Coat o airms o Greece**, consists o a blue escutcheon wi a white cross totally surroondit bi twa laurel branches. The emblem is painted or woven, mainly on the hats, uniforms an buttons of the military, the security forces etc.

## History
The first Greek naitional emblem wis providit for bi the Constitution of Epidauros on the 1st Januar 1822 an wis established bi decree on the 15t of Mairch of the same year. It wis the shape o a blue an white circular cockade.

Syne it wi first established the emblem haes unnergone mony changes in shape an in design, mainly due tae changes of regime. The oreeginal Greek naitional emblem depictit the goddess Athena an the owl. At the time of Ioannis Capodistrias, the first Prime Meenister o modren Greece, the phoenix, the simbol of rebirth, wis addit. Durin the reign o the Bavarian Keeng Otto, the royal coat o airms, wis the crowned lions hauldin the shield of the royal crown, became the naitional emblem of the kintra. Wi the arrival o Keeng George I, the coat o arms wis replaced bi the Dens-inspired version. Efter Greece became a republic in 1924 the naitional emblem consisting o a simple white cross on a blue escutcheon. The royal arms returned wi the restoration of the monarchy in 1935 an wur uised till 1973, when the then-rulin military junta abolisht the monarchy. The current design, bi the airtist Kostas Grammatopoulos, wis adoptit on 7 Juin 1975, bi Law 48 (ΦΕΚ Α΄ 108/7.6.1975).

## Historical evolution

File:Seal Greek Provisional Government(Transparent).png|The seal o the Greek Proveesional Govrenment (1822–1828). It represents the goddess Athena an her seembol, the owl. The legend reads "Provisional Administration o Greece".
File:Greek CoA (1831-1863).svg|The Ryal & State Coat o Airms durin the reign o Keeng Otto (1833–1862). It wis inspired bi the ryal Bavarian Coat o Airms.
File:Royal Coat of Arms of Greece (1863-1936).svg|The Ryal Coat o Airms durin the first period o the Glücksburg dynasty (1863–1924)
File:Royal Coat of Arms of Greece.svg|Seicont version o the Ryal Coat o Airms, creatit efter the restoration o George II. Uised frae 1936–1973.
File:Royal Arms of Greece.svg|The State Coat o Airms durin the Glücksburg dynasty (1863–1924 an 1935–1973).
File:21april1967.png|The phoenix wi the sodger in front wis extensively uised as a seembol bi the Greek military junta o 1967–1974, an became (minus the soldier) the emblem o the junta-proclaimed Republic in 1973–1974.
File:Coat of arms of Greece military variant.svg|Military version o the naitional emblem, as seen on the insignia o the Greek airmed forces an security services personnel, an in the staundart o the Preses o Greece.


## See an aa
*Banner o Greece
*Coat o airms o the Kinrick o Greece

## References
*Law 48 (Gov. Gazette 108, issue A, dated 7.6.1975)
Coat o airms o North Macedonie

The **coat o airms o the [[Republic o Macedonie]]** is componed o twa curved garlands o sheaves o wheat, tobacco leafs an opium poppy fruits, tied bi a ribbon decoratit wi embroidery o tradeitional Macedonian folk motifs. In the centre o the ovoid frame is depict a muntain, a loch an a sunrise. Thir devices is said tae represent "the richness o oor kintra, oor struissle an oor freedom".

The Macedonian parliament adoptit the proposal tae chynge the kintra’s coat o airms wi 80 votes in favor an 18 against, remuivin the five-pointit starn. The Naitional Emblem wis modified on 16 November 2009. The Macedonian coat o airms that includit the reid starn haed been in uise syne 1946, shortly efter the republic became pairt o the umwhile Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie (SFRY). Wi the recent chynge, the coat o airms is componed o twa curved garlands o wheat sheaves, tobacco leafs an opium poppy fruits, tied bi a ribbon decoratit wi embroidery o traditional Macedonian folk motifs. A lake, a muntain, an a sunrise are depictit in the centre o the ovoid frame.

The whole composition an design is based on the pattern o the coat o airms o the SFR Yugoslavie an daes no hae ony ruits in the historical heraldic coats o airms o Macedonie. Besides the emblem o Belaroushie, the device o the Republic o Macedonie is ane o the few remainin in Europe tae still employ socialist imagery an stylistics.

The features o the naitional coat o airms contain a risin sun that seembolizes freedom, the Šar Muntains wi its peak named Ljuboten or Munt Korab an the river Vardar, wi Lake Ohrid. The emblem contains opium poppy fruits an aa; this poppy wis brocht tae Macedonie bi the Ottoman Empire in the first hauf o 19t century.

## References
Banner o North Macedonie

The **naitional banner o the [[Republic o Macedonie]]** () depicts a stylised yellae sun on a reid field, wi aicht broadenin rays extendin frae the centre tae the edge o the field. It wis creatit bi Pr. Miroslav Grčev an wis adoptit on 5 October 1995 efter a ane-year economic blockade imposed bi Greece in order tae force the Republic o Macedonie tae remove the auncient Macedonian Vergina Sun frae the banner, sicweys it is ane o the warld's newest banners. Reid an yellae hae aaways been considered the main colours representin Macedonie, probably acause o the colours o the historical coat o airms o Macedonie. The new aicht-rayed sun represents "the new sun o Liberty" referred tae in the naitional anthem o the Republic o Macedonie, *[[Denes nad Makedonija]]* ("Today ower Macedonie"):

:*The day ower Macedonia, is being born*
:*the new sun o liberty.*
:*The [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] fecht,*
:*for their awn richts!*
The chynge o the banner wis oreeginally no acceptit bi conservative Macedonians an sel-proclaimed patriots. In the first years efter the chynge, baith banners wur offeecially flewn for a lang time. Atween 1995 an 1998, in the municipalities whaur then-opposition pairty VMRO-DPMNE ruled, anerlie the auld banner wis flewn frae institution biggins. Popular opinion wis dividit aboot the merits o chyngin the banner; a survey carried oot afore the Assembly's vote foond that a bare majority o the population, 56.33 percent, supportit the adoption o a new banner. Nanetheless the Assembly votit for the new banner bi an owerwhelmin majority, wi 110 o the 115 delegates votin in favour, ane votin against an fower abstainin.

## Design

The banner ratio is 1:2 (hicht/width), wi twa colours: 




## References
Central Bikolano leid

**Central Bikolano** (also kent as Bikol Sentral) is ane o the individual leids o the Bikol leids. It belangs tae Coastal Bikol.  It is spoken in Bicol Region o the Philippines (Region V).

## Bikol-Naga
*Bikol-Naga*, a dialect o Central Bicolano based in Naga Ceety an widely considered as the essential local foondation o Staundart Bikol, is plainly unnerstuid alang wi Bikol-Legazpi, based in Legazpi Ceety, bi maist Bikol speakers. It is spoken in the first an seicont districts o Camarines Sur (except in Del Gallego, where residents are maistly Tagalog speakers) an in San Pascual, Masbate. *Bikol-Legazpi* is spoken in the eastren coast o Albay an northren Sorsogon. 

Ither common dialects include *Bikol-Daet*, spoken in Daet an adjacent touns in Camarines Norte, an *[[Bikol-Partido]]*, spoken in the 3rd Destrict o Camarines Sur an in Virac, San Andres an soothren part of Caramoran in Catanduanes. *[[Iriga Bicolano|Bikol-Rinconada]]*, spoken in the 4t Destrict o Camarines Sur particularly in the touns or villages near Iriga Ceety is a separate dialect.

### Dialectal variation

Like ither Philippine leids, Bikol haes a number o loanwirds, lairgely Spaingie as a result o 333 years o Spaingie rule in the Philippines. This includes *suerte* (luck), *karne* (*carne*, meat), *imbestigador* (*investigador*, investigator), *litro* (liter), *pero* (but), an *krimen* (*crimen*, creeme). Anither source o loanwirds is Sanskrit, wi wirds like *hade* (keeng) an karma.

## See an aa
*Bikol leids

## References

* Lobel, Jason William, Wilmer Joseph S Tria, and Jose Maria Z Carpio. 2000. *An satuyang tataramon / A study of the Bikol language*. Naga City, Philippines: Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary.

## Freemit airtins

*Translate Bikol
Gabon

**Gabon** (; ), offeecially the **Gabonese Republic** is a state in wast central Africae sharin borders wi  Equatorial Guinea tae the northwast, Cameroon tae the north, an wi the Republic o the Congo curvin aroond the east an sooth. The Gulf o Guinea, an airm o the Atlantic Ocean is tae the wast.  It covers a land aurie o nearly 270,000&nbsp;km² an haes an estimatit population o 1,500,000. Its caipital an lairgest ceety is Libreville.

Syne its unthrildom frae Fraunce on August 17, 1960, Gabon haes been ruled bi three presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced a multi-pairty seestem an a new democratic constitution that alloued for a mair transparent electoral process an reformed mony governmental institutions. Gabon is an aa a non-permanent member o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil for the 2010-2011 term. The sma population density thegither wi abundant naitural resoorces an foreign private investment hae helped mak Gabon ane o the maist prosperous kintras in the region, wi the heichest HDI in Sub-Saharan Africae.

## References
Banner o Liberie

The **[[Liberie|Liberian]] banner** bears close resemblance tae the banner o the Unitit States, showin the ex-American sclave oreegins o the kintra. The Liberian banner haes seemilar reid an white stripes, as well as a blue square wi a white starn in the canton.

## Seebolism
The eleiven stripes seembolise the signatories o the Liberian Declaration o Unthrildom, red an white seembolizing courage an moral excellence. The white starn represents the freedom the ex-slaves wur gien, abuin the blue square representin the African mainland.

The banner is seen on mony ships aroond the warld as Liberie effers registration unner its banner. Shippin companies dae this tae avoid taxes an restrictions that ither kintras enforce.

It is estimatit that 1600 ships flee the Liberian banner as a banner o convenience; this brings in muckle o the kintra's revenue.

## References
All Hail, Liberia, Hail!

"**All Hail, Liberia, Hail!**" is the naitional anthem o Liberie, leerics written bi Preses Daniel Bashiel Warner (1815-1880, 3rd preses o Liberie) in Inglis, an muisic bi Olmstead Luca (1826-1869).
It became the offeecial naitional anthem in 1847.

## Leerics

All hail, Liberia, hail! (All hail!)
All hail, Liberia, hail! (All hail!)
This glorious land of liberty,
Shall long be ours.
Though new her name,
Green be her fame,
And mighty be her powers,
And mighty be her powers.
In joy and gladness,
With our hearts united,
We'll shout the freedom,
Of a race benighted.
Long live Liberia, happy land!
A home of glorious liberty,
By God's command!
A home of glorious liberty,
By God's command!

All hail, Liberia, hail! (All hail!)
All hail, Liberia, hail! (All hail!)
In union strong success is sure.
We cannot fail!
With God above,
Our rights to prove,
We will o'er all prevail,
We will o'er all prevail!
With heart and hand our country's cause defending,
We'll meet the foe with valour unpretending.
Long live Liberia, happy land!
A home of glorious liberty,
By God's command!
A home of glorious liberty,
By God's command!
Coat o airms o Fiji

The **Coat o airms o [[Fiji]]** wis grantit bi Ryal Letters Patent on 4 Julie 1908. It wis featurt on the colonial ensign an its shield remains on the current banner o Fiji.

The elements which appear in the coat o airms are:
* The shield haes images representin baith Fiji's primar produce an its links wi baith its colonial an pre-colonial past. The Inglis lion staunds abuin the Cross o St. George, but in its paws it haulds a cocoa pod. Three o the fower quarters aroond the cross contain crops an aa: succarcanes, a coconut palm, an a bunch o bananas. The remeenin quarter shaws a dove o peace, thit wis the main element o the banner o Keeng Cakobau, the first King o Fiji.
* The supporters are twa Fijian warriors dressed in mulberry bark tapa skirts, ae o them hauldin a lance an the ither a pineapple mace, aw proper;
* The crest featurs a wreath Argent an Gules as well as a canoe wi ootrigger aw proper;
* The motto kythes the naitional motto "Rerevaka na kalou ka doka na Tui" (Fear God an honour the Keeng).
Banner o Togo

The **banner o [[Togo]]** wis adoptit on Aprile 27, 1960. It haes five equal horizontal baunds o green (top an bottom) alternatin wi yellae. Thare is a white five-pointit starn on a reid square in the upper hoist-side corner. It uises the popular pan-African colors o Ethiopie, but the design resembles the banner o Liberie which itsel echoes the banner o the Unitit States.

The banner wis designed bi airtist Paul Ahyi an approximates a golden rectangle closely. Ahyi (1930 &ndash; Januar 4, 2010) wis regardit as the greatest African airtists in the contemporary field. Born in Togo, Ahyi graduatit frae the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1959 an returned tae Togo. He designed the banner o Togo while wirkin on ither contemporary wirks.

## Historical banners

File:Flag of Togo (1957-1958).svg|1957–1958
File:Flag of Togo (1958-1960).svg|1958–1960


## References
Coat o airms o Monaco

**The Ryal Airms o His Serene Hieness [[Albert II, Prince o Monaco|Prince Albert II]]** are his arms o dominion in richt o Monaco.
## Features
### Interior

The central shield is "blazoned" (describit in the technical leid o heraldry), *fusily* (or *[[lozenge (heraldry)|lozengy]]*) *argent an gules*.

### Exterior

The monks supportin the shield in the coat o airms allude tae the conquest o Monaco in 1297, when François Grimaldi entered the ceety wi sodgers dressed as monks, wi swords hidden unner thair cassocks.

The collar surroondin the shield represents the Order o St. Charles.

## Motto

The Grimaldi motto, *Deo Juvante*, is Laitin for "Wi God's help".

## References
*
Banner o Monaco

The naitional **[[banner]] o [[Monaco]]** (French: *Drapeau de Monaco*) haes twa equal horizontal baunds o reid (top) an white, baith o which hae been the heraldic colors o the Hoose o Grimaldi syne at least 1339. The present bicolor design wis adoptit on Aprile 4, 1881, unner Prince Charles III.

Monaco's oreeginal banner, which wis seemilar tae its current state banner but bore an aulder version o its coat o airms, wis in uise frae the principality's early days (except durin its annexation tae Fraunce frae 1793 tae 1814) till the present, simpler design wis adoptit in 1881.

Anither design (belaw), the banner o the state airms (lozenges in the Grimaldi faimily colors, in heraldic terms "lozengy argent an gules"), wis uised at various times, parteecularly in the 17t century, as an unoffeecial banner, an still appears in some ryal photographs. Housomeivver, it haes nae designatit uise, an daes no represent ony Monegasque offeecial in parteecular.

## State banner
Monaco's state banner, which consists o the full achievement o the coat o airms on a white backgrund wi a reid line, is flewn at govrenment offices, the Prince's palace, in the presence o govrenment offeecials, an as an ensign on the Prince's yacht.

## Princely staundar

The princely staundar, which consistit o the Croun o Monaco ower twa opposin letters A on a white backgrund, is the personal banner o Prince Albert II, an is anerlie uised in his immediate presence, parteecularly on caurs in which he travels. It is aften seen wi a gowd fringe on the tap, bottom, an richt, which is ane-nint the heicht o the white field.

## Similar banners

Except for its proportions, the banner o Monaco is identical tae the banners o Indonesie an the German state o Hesse (baith o which are langer). It is an aa seemilar tae the banners o Singapore (which haes a crescent an five starns in the tap left), Poland an the German state o Thuringie (the order o the colours is reversed on the latter twa). Monaco's banner is ane o the warld's auldest banners.

## Notes
# Soorces disagree as tae the banner's usage. Accordin tae Flags of the World it is ; accordin tae the World Flag Database it is ; an accordin tae Whitney Smith's *Flags Through the Ages and Across the World* (1975), it is .

## References

* Explanation o the uise o Monaco's various banners
* World Flag Database Monaco's flags at the Warld Banner Database
Naitional Seembol o Fraunce

The current **emblem o Fraunce** haes been a seembol o Fraunce syne 1953, awtho it daes no hae ony legal status as an offeecial coat o airms. It appears on the cover o French passports an wis oreeginally adoptit bi the French Foreign Ministry as a seembol for uise bi diplomatic an consular missions in 1912 uisin a design drawn up bi the sculptor Jules-Clément Chaplain.

In 1953, Fraunce received a request frae the Unitit Naitions for a copy o the naitional coat o airms tae be displayed alangside the coats o airms o ither member states in its assembly chamber. An interministerial commission requested Robert Louis (1902&ndash;1965), heraldic airtist, tae produce a version o the Chaplain design. This did no, housomeivver, constitute an adoption o an offeecial coat o airms bi the Republic.

Technically speakin, it is an emblem rather than a coat o airms, syne it daes no respect heraldic rules—heraldry bein seen as an aristocratic airt, an therefore associatit wi the Ancien Régime. The emblem consists o:

*A wide shield wi, on the ane end a lion-heid an on the ither an eagle-heid, bearin a monogram "RF" staundin for *République Française* (French Republic).
*A laurel brainch seembolises victory o the Republic.
*An aik brainch seembolises perennity or wisdom.
*The fasces, a seembol associatit wi juistice (the bundle o rods an an axe, carried bi Roman lictors).

In September 1999, the French govrenment adoptit a unique offeecial identifier for its communication, incorporatin the Republic's motto, the colours o the banner, an Marianne, the Republic's personification.


File:Emblem of France consulate.jpg|The seembol is uised on plaques markin French consulates


## References
Naitional emblem o Belaroushie

The **Naitional Emblem o [[Belaroushie]]** (, ), which replaced the historic Pahonie airms in a 1995 referendum, features a ribbon in the colors o the naitional banner, a cairt o Belaroushie, wheat lugs an a red starn. It is whiles referred tae as the coat o airms o Belaroushie, awtho this is incorrect due tae the lack o several heraldic elements. The emblem is an allusion tae ane that wis uised bi the Byeloroushie SSR, designed bi Ivan Dubasov in 1950. Emblems reminiscent o the times o the Soviet Union are an aa uised bi Tajikistan, Uzbekistan an the region o Transnistrie.

## Gallery

File:COA of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1588.png|1588
File:Герб Княжества и области белорусские и литовские 1882.svg|1882
File:Герб БНР 1918.svg|1918
File:Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1920).svg|1919—1927
File:Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1981–1991).svg|1981—1991
File:Coat of Arms of Belarus (1991).svg|1991—1995
Coat o airms o Kosovo

The **[[coat o airms]] o the Republic o [[Kosovo]]** wis introduced but no yet formally adoptit follaein the unilateral declaration o unthrildom frae Serbie, issued bi Kosovo's parliament in the kintra's caipital on 17 Februar 2008. It shows sax white starns in an arc abuin a solit golden shape o Kosovo as seen on a staundart projection cairt, placed on a roondit triangular shield wi a blue field an a  golden border. Its central figures, the starns an the shape, are an aa the content o the new blue banner o Kosovo, awready adoptit at the same time.

## References
Andorra la Vella

**Andorra la Vella** is the caipital o the Co-principality o Andorrae, an is locatit heich in the east Pyrenees atween Fraunce an Spain. It is an aa the name o the parish that surroonds the caipital.

The principal industry is tourism, although the kintra an aa earns foreign income frae being a tax-haven. Furnitur an brandies are local products.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — sister ceeties
Andorra la Vella is twinned wi:
*  **[[Sant Pol de Mar]]**, Spain
*  **[[Valls]]**, Spain
*  **[[Šid]]**, Serbie

## Freemit airtins

* Ceety cooncil o Andorra la Vella 
* MSN Map
Emblem o Togo

The **Naitional Emblem o [[Togo]]** wis adoptit on 14 Mairch 1962.

In the device, thare are twa reid lions tae be seen, whilk seembolise the bravery o the fowk.  The bow an arrae caw for aw ceetizens tae be active in the defence o freedom o the kintra.  Atween the lions is a gowden shield wi the letters **RT** (République Togolaise) tae be seen.  Abuin the banner o Togo is displayed twice.  On the ribbon staunds "Union, Paix, Solidarité" (Unity, Peace, Solidarity).  Earlier thare stuid in its place "Travail, Liberté, Patrie" (Wirk, Liberty, Hameland).
Menzel Bourguiba

**Menzel Bourguiba** (Arabic : منزل بورقيبة) (Arabic transliteration: 'Manzil Bourgueeba') is a toun locatit in extreme north o Tunisie (), aboot 60&nbsp;km away frae Tunis, in the Bizerte Governorate. The toun's name translates as "Hoose o Bourguiba", as it wis named efter the first preses in independent Tunisie, Habib Bourguiba, in 1956.

## Economy

Menzel Bourguiba is an important toun for economic reasons. Its economy is based mainly aroond metallurgy. It wis foondit as a naval installation durin the period o French rule, acause o its strategic location, in atween twa lakes: The inland Ichkeul Lake on the wast, an Bizerte Lake on the east, which connects tae the Mediterranean Sea bi the Bizerte canal.

Its maist important economical activity is the ailin Tunisian state-awned shipyard. The yard has seen its wirkforce decline, efter the heich level o activity in the 1970s an 1980s, when Tunisia haed a lairger merchant fleet an when the Soviet Union uised Menzel Bourguiba tae drydock its ships. At that time, the yard employed ower 1,300 fowk. It haes recently been bought bi a French ship repair company, *Compagnie Marseille Réparation*.

## Trivia

Durin the time o the French colonization o Tunisie (1881-1956), Menzel Bourguiba wis named *Ferryville* which refers tae a French meenister in this period, Jules Ferry.

## Sister ceety

 Stuttgart,  Germany. 

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Menzel Bourguiba page at the Global Gazetteer (includin location map)
*Ferryville. Menzel Bourguiba (site dedicated to pre-1961 period, in French)
*Old postcards from Menzel Bourguiba 
* Bizerta Economic Activities Park
Ulm

**Ulm** () is a ceety in the German Bundesland o Baden-Württemberg, situatit on the River Danube. The ceety, whose population is estimatit at 120,000 (2006), forms an urban destrict o its awn () an is the administrative seat o the Alb-Donau destrict. Ulm, foondit aroond 850, is rich in history an tradeetions as a umwhile Free Imperial Ceety (). The day, it is an economic centre due tae its varied industries, an it is the seat o a varsity (Varsity o Ulm, foondit in 1967). Internaitionally, Ulm is primarily kent for haein the kirk wi the tawest steeple in the warld, the Gothic minster (Ulm Minster, German: Ulmer Münster) an as the birthplace o Albert Einstein.

## Internaitional relations

Ulm is offeecially no twinned. But thare are relations wi:

## References