open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kronstadt

**Kronstadt** (), spelt *Kronshtadt an aa*, *Cronstadt* ( for "crown" an *Stadt* for "ceety"; , ), is a municipal toun in Kronshtadtsky Destrict o the federal ceety o St.&nbsp;Petersburg, Roushie, locatit on Kotlin Island,  wast o St.&nbsp;Petersburg proper near the heid o the Gulf o Finland. Population:  

Ane o the first Governors o Kronstadt wis a veteran o the Ryal Scots Navy, Admiral Thomas Gordon, wha wa a refugee in Roushie fae the Treaty o Union wi Ingland an becam commander-in-chief o the Kronstadt base fae 1727 til 1741.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns an sister ceeties
Kronstadt is twinned wi:

## References
Karviná

**Karviná** (; , , ) is a ceety in Moravie-Silesie Region o the Czech Republic, on the Olza River.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Karviná is twinned wi:

## References
Rybnik

**Rybnik**  is a ceety in soothwastren Poland, in the Silesie Voivodeship.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — sister ceeties
Rybnik is twinned wi: 

## References

## Links
Rybnik Centrum
Rybnik
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

**Atal Bihari Vajpayee** (born 25 December 1924; deed 16 August 2018) wis an Indian statesman who wis the elevent Prime meenister o Indie, first for 13 days in 1996 an second for 13 months in 1998 tae 1999 then frae 1999 tae 2004.
Pratibha Patil

**Pratibha Devisingh Patil** () (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politeecian who served as the 12t Preses o Indie frae 2007 tae 2012; she wis the first woman tae hauld the office.
Jaworzno

**Jaworzno**  is a ceety in soothren Poland, near Katowice.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Jaworzno is twinned wi:
* Karviná
* Szigethalom
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

**Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen** "**A. P. J.**" **Abdul Kalam** (; 15 October 1931 – 27 Julie 2015) wis the 11t Preses o Indie frae 2002 tae 2007.

## References
Kingman Reef

**Kingman Reef**  is a lairgely submerged, uninhabitit triangular shaped reef,  east-wast an  north-sooth, locatit in the North Paceefic Ocean, roughly hauf way atween the Hawaiian Islands an American Samoa at .

## References
Cook Islands

The **Cook Islands** (; Cook Islands Māori: *Kūki 'Āirani*) is an island kintra in the Sooth Paceefic Ocean in free association wi New Zealand.

## References
Almere

**Almere** () is a planned ceety an municipality in the province o Flevoland, the Netherlands, borderin Lelystad an Zeewolde.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Almere maintains internaitional relations wi the follaein twin ceeties:
* Aalborg, Denmark
* České Budějovice, Czech Republic
* Dmitrov, Roushie
* Kumasi, Ghana
* Port Sudan, Sudan (1986)
* Lancaster, United Kinrick
* Milton Keynes, Unitit Kinrick
* Rendsburg, Germany
* Växjö, Swaden
* Tainan Ceety, Taiwan (2009)

## References
African gowden cat

The **African gowden cat** (*Caracal aurata*) is a wild cat that bides in the rainforests o Wast an Central Africae, an haes been categorised as Vulnerable bi IUCN .

## References
Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur

The **Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur** (**IUCN**) is an internaitional organisation wirkin in the field o naitur conservation an owerpittable uise o naitural resoorces.

The **IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species** (kent as the **IUCN Reid Leet** or **Reid Data Leet** an aa), foondit in 1964, is the warld's maist comprehensive inventory o the global conservation status o biological species. The IUCN is the warld's main authority on the inhaudin status o species. A series o Regional Reid Leets is ootcome bi kintras or organisàtions, whilk pruifs the mischance o awawedin tae speshies ben a poleetical owerseein unit.
## References
Den Helder

**Den Helder** () is a municipality an a ceety in the Netherlands, in the province o North Holland.

## References
Nitra

**Nitra** (; ;  ();  or ** [archaic]) is a ceety in wastren Slovakie, situatit at the fit o Zobor Moontain in the valley o the river Nitra.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – sister ceeties
Nitra is twinned wi:

## References
Kielce

**Kielce** () is a ceety in central Poland wi 199,475 indwallers (Juin 2014).

## Twin Touns - Sister Ceeties
Kielce is twinned wi:

## References
Hoogeveen

**Hoogeveen**  (Dutch Law Saxon: * 't Ogeveine* or * 't Oveine*) is a municipality an a toun in the northeastren Netherlands.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Hoogeveen is twinned wi:
*  Martin, Slovakie

## References
Kalisz

**Kalisz**  is a ceety in central Poland wi 103,738 indwallers (Juin 2014), the caipital ceety o the Kalisz Region.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Kalisz is twinned wi:

## References
Haarlem

**Haarlem** () is a ceety an municipality in the Netherlands.

## Twin ceeties
Haarlem is twinned wi the follaein ceeties:
* Osnabrück, Germany, syne 1961
* Angers, Fraunce, syne 1964
* Mutare, Zimbabwe, syne 1992
* Emirdağ, Turkey, syne 1995

## References
Greifswald

**Greifswald** (), offeecially the **Varsity an Hanseatic Ceety o Greifswald** (in German *Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald*), is a ceety in northeastren Germany.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Greifswald is twinned wi:

## References
Osnabrück

**Osnabrück** (; ; archaic ) is a ceity in the federal state Lawer-Saxony in northwastren Germany.

## Twin touns an sister ceities
Osnabrück is twinned wi:

## References
Fauklan Isles

The **Fauklan Isles** (;  ) are a airchipelago in the Sooth Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonie Shelf. The principal islands are aboot  east o Sooth Americae's soothren Patagonie coast, at a latitude o aboot 52°S. The airchipelago, wi a area o , comprises East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 smaller islands. As a Breetish overseas territory, the Fauklan Isles hae internal sel-govrenance, an the Unitit Kinrick taks responsibility for their defence an foreign affairs. The islands' caipital is Stanley on East Falkland.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* 
* Falkland Islands Government (offeecial steid)
* Falkland Islands Development Corporation (offeecial steid)

* Falkland Islands News Network  (official site)
* Falkland Islands Profile (BBC)
Ústí nad Labem

**Ústí nad Labem** (), , is a ceety o the Czech Republic in its eponymous region.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Ústí is twinned wi:
*  Halton, Unitit Kinrick
*  Chemnitz, Germany
*  Vladimir, Roushie

## References
Landshut

**Landshut** (; ) is a ceety in Bavarie in the sooth-east o Germany, belangin tae baith Eastren an Soothren Bavarie.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Landshut is twinned wi:

## References
Děčín

**Děčín** (; , 1942–45: *Tetschen–Bodenbach*) is a toun in the Ústí nad Labem Region in the north o the Czech Republic.

## References
Ploiești

**Ploiești** (; aulder spellin: *Ploești*) is the coonty seat o Prahova Coonty an lies in the heestorical region o Wallachie in Romanie.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns - sister ceeties
Ploieşti is twinned wi:

## References
Celje

**Celje** () is the third-lairgest toun in Slovenie.

## Twin ceeties an friendship touns
Celje is twinned wi

* Grevenbroich, Germany, syne 1986
* Singen, Germany, syne 1990
* Slavonski Brod, Croatie, syne 2010 

Celje has friendship agreements wi:
* Budva, Montenegro
*  Cherepovets, Roushie
* Ćuprija, Serbie
* Graz, Austrick
*  Spittal an der Drau, Austrick

## References
Prešov

**Prešov** ( is a ceety in eastren Slovakie.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Prešov is twinned wi:

## References
Mount Kilimanjaro

**Moont Kilimanjaro** , wi its three volcanic cones, **Kibo**, **Mawenzi**, an **Shira**, is a dormant volcanic moontain in Tanzanie.

## References
Denali

**Denali** is the heichest moontain peak in North Americae, wi a summit elevation o  abuin sea level.

## References
Puncak Jaya

**Puncak Jaya** (pronoonced ) or **Carstensz Pyramid** (4,884 m) is the heichest summit o **Moont Carstensz**  in the Sudirman Range o the wastren central heichlaunds o Papua Province, Indonesie (within Puncak Jaya Regency).

## References
Aconcagua

**Aconcagua** () is the heichest moontain ootside o Asie, at , an bi extension the heichest pynt in the Soothren Hemisphere.

## References
Vinson Massif

**Vinson Massif** () is a lairge moontain massif that is  lang an  wide an lies within the Sentinel Range o the Ellsworth Moontains.

## References
Moont Elbrus

**Moont Elbrus** (; , ) is a dormant volcano locatit in the wastren Caucasus Moontains, in Kabardino-Balkarie an Karachay–Cherkessia o Roushie, near the border wi Georgie.

## References
Guanaco

The **guanaco** (*Lama guanicoe*) is a camelid hamelt in Sooth Americae that is closely relatit tae the llama.  It staunds atween  at the shouder an weighs aboot 90&nbsp;kg (200&nbsp;lb).

## References
Camelid

**Camelids** are members o the biological faimily Camelidae, the anly currently livin faimily in the suborder Tylopoda.
Moont Kosciuszko

**Moont Kosciuszko** is a moontain locatit on the Main Range o the Snowy Moontains in Kosciuszko Naitional Pairk, pairt o the Australie Alps Naitional Pairks an Reserves, in New Sooth Wales, Australie.

## References

## Irpirinaka
## Wali uñt'at chiqanaka
* Kosciuszko site
Cairngaan

**Cairngaan**, Dumfries an Gallowa, is the soothmaist dounset in Scotland. The clachan o Cairngaan is locatit juist north o the Mull o Gallowa, that conteens Scotland's soothmaist pynt an a lichthoose bit no veelages, on the B7401 road, efter a turn-aff fae the B7065 road. The veelage is at the yondermaist end o the B7401. Acause o Cairgaan's soothren location, the toun is locatit sooth o the English ceetys o Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, an Cairl.

Nearby dounsets include Drummore and Kirkmaiden til the near north. Aroond 18 mile awa is Stranrawer an the ferry tae Northren Ireland
First War o Scots Unthirldom

The **First War o Scots Unthirldom** wis the initial chapter o engagements in a series o warrin periods atween Inglis an Scots forces lastin frae the invasion bi Ingland in 1296 till the *[[de jure]]* restoration o Scots unthirldom wi the Treaty o Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. *[[De facto]]* unthirldom wis established in 1314 at the Battle o Bannockburn.
Treaty o Edinburgh-Northampton

The **Treaty o Edinburgh–Northampton** wis a peace treaty, signed in 1328 atween the Kinricks Ingland an Scotland. It brocht an end tae the First War o Scots Unthirldom, which had begun wi the Inglis invasion o Scotland in 1296. The treaty wis signed in Edinburgh bi Robert the Bruce, Keeng o Scotland, on 17 Mairch 1328, an wis ratified bi the Inglis Pairlament at Northampton on 1 Mey. The document wis written in French, an is held bi the National Airchives o Scotland in Edinburgh.

## References
Seicont War o Scots Unthirldom

The **Seicont War o Scots Unthirldom** (1332–1357) wis the seicont cluster o a series o militar campaigns focht atween the independent Kinrick o Scotland an the Kinrick o Ingland in the late 13t an early 14t centuries.
Treaty o Berwick (1357)

The **Treaty o Berwick**, signed at Berwick-upon-Tweed, Scotland, in 1357, offeecially endit the Seicont War o Scots Unthirldom.

## References
Hoose o Balliol

The **Hoose o Balliol** (de Bailleul) wis a Picard an Anglo-Picard faimily oreeginatin frae Bailleul who began tae rule some estates in Ingland in the reign o William Rufus. In the late 13t an  14t centuries, twa members o the hoose war keengs o Scotland.

## Leet o heids o the Balliol estates
* Guy I de Balliol (died afore 1130 × 1133), established lordship in northren Ingland in 1090s
* Bernard I de Balliol (died 1154 x 1162), nephew o Guy
* Guy II de Balliol (died early 1160s x 1167), son o Bernard
* Bernard II de Balliol (died c. 1190), brither o abuin
* Eustace de Balliol (died c. 1209), cousin o abuin
* Hugh de Balliol (died 1229), son o abuin
* John I de Balliol (died 1268), son o abuin, the foonder o Balliol College
* John II de Balliol (died 1314), son o abuin, ruled frae 1292 tae 1296, an claimed the throne as great-great-great-grandson o David I o Scotland o the Hoose o Dunkeld.
* Edward de Balliol (died 1364), eldest son o John, who ruled frae Scotland in name frae 1332 tae aboot 1338 in contest wi David II o Scotland o the Hoose o Bruce.
Hoose o Dunkeld

The **Hoose o Dunkeld**, in  Scots Gaelic Dùn Chailleann (meanin *Fort o the Caledonii* or *o the Caledonians*),  is a historiografical an genealogical construct tae illustrate the clear succession o Scots kings frae 1034 tae 1040 an frae 1058 tae 1290.

## Kings o the Hoose o Dunkeld
*Donnchad I, r. 1034-1040
*Máel Coluim III, r. 1058-1093
*Domnall III, r. 1093-1094 an 1094-1097
*Donnchad II, r. 1094
*Edgar, r. 1097-1107
*Alexander I, r. 1107-1124
*David I, r. 1124-1153
*Malcolm IV, r. 1153-1165
*William I, r.1165-1214
*Alexander II, r.1214-1249
*Alexander III, r.1249-1286
*Margaret, r.1286
Lochaber

**Lochaber** () () (Scots Gaelic **Loch Abar**) is ane o the 16 waird management auries o the Hieland Cooncil o Scotland an ane o aicht umwhile local govrenment destricts o the twa-tier Hieland region.
Wars o Scots Unthirldom

The **Scots wars o Unthirldom** wis wars focht atween the Kinrick o Scotland an the Kinrick o Ingland ower the unthirldom o Scotland in the late 13t an early 14t centuries. There wis twa wars: the first fae 1296 til 1328 (that wis by wi the Treaty o Embra) an the saicont fae 1332 til 1357(that wis by wi the Treaty o Berwick).

## First war

The First War (1296–1328) wis precedit bi the regence o Scotland whan the bairn queen, Margaret o Norrowa, dee'd on her wey tae Scotland. There wis three pretenders fur the throne efter her daith an it wis ane o thaim, John Balliol, that got the throne but Edward o Ingland saw Scotland as his. It stairtit wi the Inglis invasion o Scotland in 1296, an endit wi the signin o the Treaty o Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.

William Wallace wis a important feegur in the first war, winnin important battles, lik the Battle o Stirlin Brig. Wallace wis begowkit fae the Earl o Monteith an Edward o Ingland haed Wallace beheidit fur his participation in the rebellion. Edward propined Monteith wi land, the loch on it's the anerly the 'lake' in Scotland;t he ithers is cried lochs.

Later, it wis Robert the Bruce that led the unthirldom airmies, winnin at the Battle o Bannockburn in 1314. The peace treaty wisnae signed til fowerteen year later tho.

## Saicont war

The Seicont War (1332–1357) began wi the Inglis-supportit invasion bi Edward Balliol an the "Disinheritit" in 1332, an endit in 1357 wi the signin o the Treaty o Berwick. The wars wis pairt o a great naitional crisis for Scotland an the period became ane o the maist definin times in the naition's history. At the end o baith wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent naition. The wars wis important for ither raisons, lik the emergence o the langbow as a key wappen in medieval warfare.

## References
Blair o Atholl

**Blair o Atholl** (frae the Scots Gaelic: *Blàr Athall*) is a smaa toun in Pairthshire, Scotland, biggit aboot the confluence o the Rivers Tilt an Garry in ane o the few auries o flat laund in the midst o the Grampian Moontains.  It is weel kent fir its Castle.

## References
Watter o Morar

The **Watter o Morar** is a watter that fleets frae Loch Morar in the wast Hielands o Scotland.

## References
Boreray, St Kilda

**Boreray** (, ) is an uninhabitit island in the St Kilda airchipelago in the North Atlantic.

## References
Hirta

**Hirta** () is the lairgest island in the St Kilda airchipelago, on the wastren edge o Scotland.

## References
St Kilda, Scotland

**St Kilda** () is an isolatit airchipelago  wast-northwast o North Uist in the North Atlantic Ocean.

## References
Soay Mòr

**Soay Mòr** () is an island in Wast Loch Tarbert, atween the northern an soothern pairts o Harris.

## References
Soay Beag

**Soay Beag** (Scots Gaelic: *Sòdhaigh Beag*) is a smaa, uninhabitit tidal island in West Loch Tarbert, atween the northren an soothren pairts o Harris.
Soay

**Soay** (pronoonced "so - ay") is the name o several Scots islands. It is Sòdhaigh (sometimes anglicised "Soaigh") in Scots Gaelic, an comes frae the Auld Norse *so-ey* meanin "island o sheep". It mey refer tae:

* Soay, St Kilda in the St Kilda group
* Soay, Skye off sooth wast Skye
* The neighbourin islands o Soay Mòr an Soay Beag in the Ooter Hebrides

It mey an aa refer tae:
* Soay sheep the native, primitive sheep frae St Kilda.

## See an aa
* Soa Island, sooth o Iona, Scotland
Iona

**Iona** () is a smaa island in the Inner Hebrides off the Ross o Mull on the wastren coast o Scotland.

## References
Death Valley

**Death Valley** is a glen in the U.S. state o Californie. It is the hettest, driest, an laichest place in North America. It is a desert southeast o the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Death Valley is a pairt o the Mojave Desert. It is the maist important pairt o Death Valley National Park. It is an endorheic basin, whilk means that the rivers in it dinna rin tae the sea.

## References
Marvel Studios

**Marvel Studios, LLC** oreeginally kent as **Marvel Films** frae 1993 tae 1996, is a American telly an motion pictur studio based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, Californie. The studio is a subsidiar o Marvel Entertainment, itsel a wholly awned subsidiar o The Walt Disney Company syne 2009. Bein a pairt o the Disney conglomerate, Marvel Studios wirks in conjunction wi The Walt Disney Studios, anither Disney unit, for distribution an mercatin. For financial reportin purposes, Marvel Studios is reportit as a pairt o Disney's Studio Entertainment segment.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
Markiplier

**Mark Edward Fischbach** (born June 28, 1989), kent bi his YouTube username **Markiplier**, is an American internet personality, video game commentator, and charity fundraiser.

## References
Neubrandenburg

**Neubrandenburg** (*"New Brandenburg"*, ) is a ceety in the sootheast o Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

## Sister ceeties
* Collegno, Italy – syne 1965
* Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany – syne 1987
* Gladsaxe, Denmark – syne 1990
* Koszalin (German *Köslin*), Poland – syne 1974
* Nazareth, Israel – syne 1998
* Nevers, France – syne 1973
* Petrozavodsk, Roushie – syne 1983
* Villejuif, Fraunce – syne 1966
* Yangzhou, Cheenae – syne 1999

## References
Flensburg

**Flensburg** (, Law Saxon: *Flensborg*, North Frisian: *Flansborj*, South Jutlandic: *Flensborre*) is an independent toun (*kreisfreie Stadt*) in the north o the German state o Schleswig-Holstein.

## Internaitional relations
Flensburg maintains pairtnerships wi the follaein touns:
* Carlisle, Unitit Kinrick
* Neubrandenburg, Germany
* Słupsk, Poland

## References
Toulon

**Toulon** (; *[[Occitan leid|Provençal]]* Occitan: *Tolon* in clessical norm or *Touloun* in Mistralian norm) is a ceety in soothren Fraunce an a muckle militar harbour on the Mediterranean coast, wi a major French naval base.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – sister ceeties
Toulon is twinned wi:

* La Spezia, Italy, syne 1958
* Mannheim, Germany, syne 1958
* Norfolk, Unitit States, syne 1988
* Kronstadt, Rousie, syne 1996

## References
Lüneburg

**Lüneburg** (offeecially the *Hanseatic Toun o Lüneburg*, German: *Hansestadt Lüneburg*, , Law German *Lümborg, *Polabian *Glain*), cried **Lunenburg** in Inglis an aw, is a toun in the German state o Lawer Saxony.

## Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Lüneburg is twinned wi:
*  Scunthorpe in the Unitit Kinrick, syne 1960
*  Naruto, Tokushima in Japan, syne 1974
*  Clamart in Fraunce, syne 1975
*  Ivrea in Italy, syne 1988
*  Iisalmi, Finland, syne 1978
*  Viborg, Denmark, syne 1992
*  Tartu in Estonie, syne 1993

## References
Herford

**Herford** () is a toun in North Rhine-Westphalie, Germany.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Herford is twinned wi:

City-friendships include:

## References
Quedlinburg

**Quedlinburg** () is a medieval German toun situatit just north o the Harz moontains, in the destrict o Harz in the wast o Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

## Sister ceeties
Quedlinburg is twinned wi:
* Aulnoye-Aymeries, Fraunce, syne 1961
* Herford, Germany, syne 1991
* Celle, Germany, syne 1991
* Hameln, Germany, syne 1991
* Hann. Münden, Germany, syne 1991

## References
Offenbach am Main

**Offenbach am Main** () is a ceety in Hesse, Germany, locatit on the soothside o the river Main an pairt o the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban aurie.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – sister ceeties
Offenbach am Main is twinned wi:

## References
Simon Pegg

**Simon Pegg** (born 14 Februar 1970) is an Inglis actor who rose tae prominence as the Montgomery Scott in the ''Star Trek'' film series.

## References
Fürth

**Fürth** (; East Franconian: *Färdd*) is a ceety locatit in northren Bavarie, Germany, in the admeenistrative diveesion (*[[Regierungsbezirk]]*) of Middle Franconie.

## Internaitional relations
Fürth is twinned wi:
* Paisley (Unitit Kinrick), syne 1969
* Limoges (Fraunce), syne 1992
* Marmaris (Turkey), syne 1995
* Xylokastro (Greece), syne 2006 ("friendship" syne 2001)

## References
Wallachie

**Wallachie** or **Walachie** (  or **' ; archaic: **', Cyrillic: ) is a heestorical an geografical region o Romanie.

## References
Neva River

The **Neva** (, ) is a river in northwastren Roushie flowin frae Loch Ladoga throu the wastren pairt o Leningrad Oblast (heestorical region o Ingrie) tae the Neva Bay o the Gulf o Finland.
Sparta

**Sparta** (Doric Greek: ; Attic Greek: ) or **Lacedaemon** (; ) wis a prominent ceety-state in auncient Greece, situatit on the banks o the Eurotas River in Laconia, in sooth-eastren Peloponnese.

## References
Greek War o Unthirldom

The **Greek War o Unthirldom**, forby kent as the **Greek Revolution** (; Ottoman: يونان عصياني *Yunan İsyanı* **Greek Uprising**), wis a successfu war o unthirldom waged bi the Greek revolutionaries atween 1821 an 1832 against the Ottoman Empire.

## References
Ertuğrul

**Ertuğrul** (, eften wi the teetle *[[Ghazw|Ghazi]]*) (1191 &ndash; 1281) wis the faither o Osman I, the foonder o the Ottoman Empire. He wis the leader o the Kayı clan o the Oghuz Turks. When arrivin in Anatolie frae Merv (Turkmenistan) wi his 400 horsemen tae aid the Seljuks o Rum against the Byzantines, Ertuğrul set off the chain o events that wad ultimately lead tae the foonding o the Ottoman Empire.  Lik his son, Osman, an his futur descendants, Ertuğrul is eften referred tae as a *[[Ghazi warriors|Ghazi]]*, a heroic champion fechter for the cause o Islam.

## References
Hagia Sophia

**Hagia Sophia** (frae the , "Holy Wisdom";  or *Sancta Sapientia*; ) is an umwhile Christian patriarchal basilica (kirk), later an imperial mosque, an nou a museum (Ayasofya Müzesi) an mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.
Süleymaniye Mosque

The **Süleymaniye Mosque** (, ) is an Ottoman imperial mosque locatit on the Third Hill o Istanbul, Turkey.
Caliphate

A **caliphate** ( *khilāfa*) is a form o Islamic govrenment led bi a **caliph** ( ** )—a person considered a poleetical an releegious successor tae the prophet Muhammad an a leader o the entire Muslim commonty.

## References
Sultan Ahmed Mosque

The **Sultan Ahmed Mosque** or **Sultan Ahmet Mosque** () is a historic mosque in Istanbul.  The mosque is popularly kent as the **Blue Mosque** for the blue tiles adornin the waws o its interior.

## References
Julián Gil

**Julián Gil** (born **Imanol Julián Elías Gil Beltrán** on Juin 13, 1970) is a Argentine-born Puerto Rican actor, model, and entertainer.

## Biografie
Julián Gil began his airtistic career as a model.  

Gil haed tae wait till 1995 for his first opportunity as a actor, in theatre: *Por el medio si no hay remedio*, *El crimen del Padre Amaro*, *Sexo, pudor y lagrimas* an *Nueve semanas y media*.

Gil tae tak pairt in telenovelas: *Valeria*, *Amor comprado*, *Acorralada*, *Sortilegio* an *Eva Luna*.

He is kent for his roles in *La que no podía amar* wi José Ron, *¿Quién eres tú?*.

He resumit his career in *[[Hasta el fin del mundo]]* (2014), whaur he played Patricio Iturbide alangside Marjorie de Sousa an Davide Zepeda.

### Faimily
Julián Gil haes a dochter namit Nicolle, born in 1987 an Julian Jr, born in 1995.
He nou lives in Miami, Florida.

## Filmografie
### Telenovelas

## Theatre
* 1995: *La abeja reina*
* 1999: *Por el medio si no hay remedio*
* 2000: *Nueve semanas y media*
* 2000: *Sexo, pudor y lagrimas*
* 2001: *En pelotas* : Papito 
* 2002: *Los gallos salvajes* : Luciano Miranda Junior
* 2002: *El cotorrito by the sea* : Bugambilia
* 2003: *Luminaria*: Franz
* 2003: *Tarzan - Salvemos la selva* : Tarzan
* 2004: *El mal mundo*
* 2004: *La princesa en el lago de los cisnes*
* 2005: *El crimen del Padre Amaro* : Padre Amaro Viera
* 2007: *Descarados*
* 2008: *Los hombres aman a las cabronas* : Jorge
* 2010: *Sortilegio El Show* : Ulises Villaseñor
* 2013: *Aquel Tiempo de Campeones* : Phil Romano
* 2015: *Divorciémonos mi amor* : Benigna « Benny »

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
* Official site 
* Julián Gil's Biografie  (in esmas.com)
Helios

**Helios** (;  *Hēlios*; Latinized as *Helius*;  in Homeric Greek) wis the personification o the Sun in Greek meethologie.
Eos

In Greek meethology, **Ēōs** (; , or , *Éōs*, "dawn",  or ; an aa Αὔως, *Aúōs* in Aeolic) is a Titaness an the goddess o the dawn, wha rose ilka morning frae her hame at the edge o the Oceanus.

## References
Hyperion (meethologie)

In Greek meethologie, **Hyperion** (; , "The Heich-Ane") wis ane o the twal Titan bairns o Gaia (Yird) an Uranus (Sky or Haiven) who, led bi Cronus, owerthrew Uranus an war themsels later owerthrown bi the Olympians.
Cronus

In Greek meethology, **Cronus**  or **Kronos**  (, *krónos*) wis the leader an youngest o the first generation o Titans, the divine descendants o Uranus, the sky, an Gaia, the yird.
Theia

In Greek meethologie, **Theia**  (whiles *Thea* or *Thia*), cried **Euryphaessa** ("wide-shinin") an aw, is a Titaness an a goddess o the muin. The name *Theia* alane means simply "goddess" or "divine"; *Theia Euryphaessa* () brings owertones o extent (, *eurys*, "wide", ruit: ) an brightness (, *phaos*, "light", ruit: φαεσ-).

## References
Themis

**Themis** (Greek: Θέμις) is an auncient Greek Titaness. She is describit as "o guid coonsel", an is the personification o divine order, law, naitural law an custom.
Nemesis (meethologie)

In auncient Greek releegion, **Nemesis** (; ), cried **Rhamnousia/Rhamnusia** ("the goddess o Rhamnous") an aw at her sanctuar at Rhamnous, north o Marathon, wis the spirit o divine retribution against those who succumb tae hubris (arrogance afore the gods).
Mnemosyne

**Mnemosyne** ( or ; , ), soorce o the wird *mnemonic*, wis the personification o memory in Greek meethology.

## References
Coeus

In Greek meethologie, **Coeus** (, **Koios**, "query, quaistenin") wis ane o the Titans, the giant sons an daughters o Uranus (Haiven) an Gaia (Yird).
Iapetus (meethologie)

In Greek meethologie, **Iapetus** , an aa **Japetus** ( *Iapetos*), wis a Titan, the son o Uranus an Gaia, an faither (bi an Oceanid named Clymene or Asia) o Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus an Menoetius.

## References
Oceanid

In Greek meethologie an, later, Roman meethologie, the **Oceanids** (; ) are sea nymphs who war the three thoosand dauchters o the Titans Oceanus an Tethys.
Leto

In Greek meethologie, **Leto** (;  *Lētṓ*; Λατώ, *Lātṓ* in Dorian Greek, etymology an meanin disputit) is a dauchter o the Titans Coeus an Phoebe an the sister o Asteria.

## References
Semele

**Semele** (;  *Semelē*), in Greek meethology, dauchter o the Boeotian hero Cadmus an Harmonia, wis the mortal mither o Dionysus bi Zeus in ane o his mony origin myths.

## References
Atlas (meethologie)

In Greek meethologie, **Atlas** (; ) wis the primordial Titan condemned tae hauld up the celestial heivens for eternity efter the Titanomachy. Atlas an aw plays a role in the meeths o twa o the greatest Greek heroes: Heracles (the Roman equivalent bein Hercules) an Perseus.
Epimetheus (meethologie)

In Greek meethologie, **Epimetheus** (; Greek: , which micht mean "hindsicht", leeterally "efterthinker") wis the brither o Prometheus (tradeetionally interpreted as "foresicht", leeterally "fore-thinker"), a pair o Titans who "actit  as representatives o mankind" (Kerenyi 1951, p 207). Thay war the sons o Iapetus, who in ither contexts wis the faither o Atlas.

## References
Posadas, Misiones

**Posadas** () is the caipital ceety o the Argentine province o Misiones, locatit at the sooth o the province, on the left-haund (eastren) shore o the Paraná River, opposite Encarnación, Paraguay.

## Sister ceeties
*  Bergamo, Italy

## References
Crius

In Greek meethology, **Crius**, **Kreios** or **Krios** (, Κριός) wis ane o the Titans in the leet gien in Hesiod's *[[Theogony]]*, a son o Uranus an Gaia.

## References
Bergamo

**Bergamo** (Italian: ; , ) is a ceety in Lombardy, Italy. It is situatit aboot  northeast o Milan an  frae the lochs Como an Iseo.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns − Sister ceeties
Bergamo is twinned wi:

* Greenville, Unitit States, syne 1985
* Pueblo, Unitit States
* Mulhouse, Fraunce, syne 1989
* Tver', Roushie, syne 1989
* Bengbu, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, syne 1988
* Cochabamba, Bolivie, syne 2008

Bergamo haes a pairtnership wi:
* Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
* Olkusz, Poland
* Bolesław, Poland
* Posadas, Argentinae, as Friendship an Cooperation ceety syne 1998

## References
Torah

**Torah** (; , "Instruction, Teachin"), or the **Pentateuch** (), is the central reference o the religious Judaic tradition.
Jeb Bush

**John Ellis "Jeb" Bush** (born Februar 11, 1953) is an American politeecian. He served as the 43rd Governor of Florida frae 1999 tae 2007. He is the brither of umwhile Preses George W. Bush, an son of umwhile Preses George H. W. Bush an umwhile First Lady Barbara Bush.

On Juin 15, 2015, Bush annoonced that he will be running for Preses o the Unitit States in 2016. He withdrew frae the race on 20 Februar 2016.

## References
Lincoln Chafee

**Lincoln Davenport Chafee** (born Mairch 26, 1953) is an American politeecian. He wis the Governor o Rhode Island frae 2011 tae 2015. Afore becomin governor, he wis a junior U.S. Senator o Rhode Island frae 1999 tae 2007.
Rand Paul

**Rand Paul** (born Januar 7, 1963) is an American politeecian. He is a Unitit States Senator frae Kentucky. He is a Republican an the son of Ron Paul.

## References
Jim Webb

**James Henry** "**Jim**" **Webb, Jr.** (born Februar 9, 1946) is an American politeecian. He wis a Unitit States Senator frae Virginie frae 2007 tae 2013.
Ben Carson

**Benjamin S. "Ben" Carson, Sr** (born September 18, 1951) is an American neurosurgeon, author, an politeecian wha is the 17t an current Unitit States Secretar o Hoosing an Urban Development, unner the Trump Admeenistration. Prior tae his cabinet poseetion, he wis a candidate for Preses o the Unitit States in the Republican primaries in 2016.

## References

## Ither wabsteids
* Carson for President  campaign wabsteid
** ''In Depth'' interview with Carson, August 4, 2013
Ted Cruz

**Rafael Edward** "**Ted**" **Cruz** (born December 22, 1970) is an American politician an junior Unitit States Senator frae Texas.  He is the first Cuban American or Latino tae haud the office. He ran for the Republican nomination for Preses o the Unitit States in 2016, bit lost oot tae Donald Trump.

## References
Chris Christie

**Christopher James "Chris" Christie** (born September 6, 1962) is an American politeecian. In 2010, he became the 55t Govrenor o New Jersey. He ran fur the Republican nomination fur Preses o the Unitit States in the 2016 Election, but withdrew frae the race in Februar 2016, decidin tae endorse Donald Trump.

## References
Carly Fiorina

**Carly Fiorina** (born September 6, 1954) is an American umwhile business executive. She bolted fur the Republican Pairty's 2016 nomination o Preses o the Unitit States bit kicked oot her campaign.

## References
Jim Gilmore

**James Stuart "Jim" Gilmore III** (born October 6, 1949) is an American politeecian. He wis the 68th Governor o Virginia frae 1998 tae 2002. He is a member o the Republican Pairty.
Bobby Jindal

**Piyush "Bobby" Jindal** (born Juin 10, 1971) is an American politeecian. Jindal wis electit Governor o Louisiana in 2007 an teuk office in Januar 2008. He servit twa terms until Januar 2016.

## Ither wabsteids
* Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal  offeecial state site
* Bobby Jindal for governor
Martin O'Malley

**Martin O'Malley** (born Januar 18, 1963) is an American politeecian. He wis the Govrenor o Maryland frae 2007 tae 2015.

## References
Lindsey Graham

**Lindsey Olin Graham** (born 9 Julie 1955) is an American politeecian who serves as the senior Unitit States Senator frae Sooth Carolina, servin in office syne 2003. He is a member o the Republican Pairty.
Mike Huckabee

**Michael Dale "Mike" Huckabee** (born August 24, 1955) is a umwhile governor o the U.S. state o Arkansas. He wis governor frae 1996 tae 2007. He is a Republican.

## References
John Kasich

**John Kasich** (born May 13, 1952) is an American politeecian. He wis Governor o Ohio, in office frae 2011 tae 2019. He is a Republican. Afore bein governor, he servit in the U.S. House o Representatives an in the Ohio Senate.
George Pataki

**George Elmer Pataki** (; born Juin 24, 1945) is an American politeecian. He wis the 53rd Governor o New York.  A member o the Republican Pairty, Pataki servit three consecutive fower-year terms frae Januar 1, 1995, until December 31, 2006. He decidit tae run for Preses in the 2016 election, but withdrew his candidacy on December 29, 2015.

## References
Rick Perry

**James Richard "Rick" Perry** (born Mairch 4, 1950) is an American umwhile politeecian. He wis the Govrenor o Texas frae 2000 tae 2015. He is a Republican.

## References

## Ither wabsteids
* Official Website 
* 2014 felony grand jury indictment 
* The Perry Trap  at *[[The Austin Chronicle]]*
* Collected news and commentary at *[[The Economist]]*
* Collected news and commentary at *[[Fox News]]*
* Collected news and commentary   at the *[[Houston Chronicle]]*
* Collected news and commentary  at the *[[Texas Monthly]]*
* Collected news and commentary at *[[The Texas Observer]]*
* Collected news and commentary at *[[The Texas Tribune]]*
* The Perry Watch at *[[The Dallas Morning News]]*
* Rick Perry 2012  at the *[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]]*
Scott Walker

**Scott Kevin Walker** (born November 2, 1967) is an American Republican politeecian. He wis the 45th Governor o Wisconsin frae 2011 tae 2019.
Marco Rubio

**Marco Antonio Rubio** (born Mey 28, 1971) is a Unitit States Senator frae Florida. He is a Republican.
Rick Santorum

**Richard John "Rick" Santorum** (born Mey 10, 1958) is an American lawyer an politeecian. He servit as the Unitit States senator o Pennsylvania frae 1995 tae 2007. He ran for Preses o the Unitit States in 2012 an is runnin again in 2016.
Hoose o Bourbon

The **Hoose o Bourbon** (; ) is a European ryal hoose o French origin, a branch o the Capetian dynasty ().
Capetian dynasty

The **Capetian dynasty** , kent as the Hoose o Fraunce an aw, is a dynasty o Frankish origin, foondit bi Hugh Capet.
Alfonso XIII o Spain

**Alfonso XIII** (*Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio*; 17 Mey 1886 –  28 Februar 1941) wis Keeng o Spain  frae 1886 till 1931.

## Issue

# Infante Alfonso o Spain, '''Prince o Asturies'''  (10 May 1907 – 6 September 1938) mairit twice but haed nae issue.
#Infante Jaime, Duke o Segovia  (23 Juin 1908 – 20 Mairch 1975) mairit twice an haed issue.
#Infanta Beatriz o Spain  (22 Juin 1909 – 22 November 2002) mairit Alessandro Torlonia, 5t Prince o Civitella-Cesi an haed issue. 
#Infante Fernando o Spain (21 Mey 1910)	stillborn.
#Infanta María Cristina o Spain (12 December 1911 – 23 December 1996) mairit Enrico Marone-Cinzano, 1st Coont Marone an haed issue. 
#Infante Juan o Spain, '''Coont o Barcelona''' (20 Juin 1913 – 1 Aprile 1993) mairit Princess María de las Mercedes o the Twa Sicilies an haed issue.
# Infante Gonzalo o Spain (24 October 1914 – 13 August 1934) died young.

## Ither wabsteids
Krasnoyarsk

**Krasnoyarsk** () is a ceety an the admeenistrative center o Krasnoyarsk Krai, Roushie, locatit on the Yenisei River.

## Twin touns an sister ceeties
Krasnoyarsk is twinned wi:

## References
Staundart Cheenese

**Staundart Cheenese**, kent forby as **Mandarin**, **Putonghua** an **Guoyu**, is a staundart leid that is the ae offeecial leid o baith Cheenae an Taiwan, an ane o the fower offeecial leids o Singapore forby.

## References

### Soorces
*
Académie française

The **Académie française** (), kent in Inglis as the **French Academy**, is the pre-eminent French cooncil for matters pertainin tae the French leid. It wis set up in 1635 bi Cardinal Richelieu, a meenister of Keeng Louis XIII.
Suez Canaul

The **Suez Canaul** ( **) is an artifeecial sea-level watterwey in Egyp, connectin the Mediterranean Sea an the Reid Sea. Appent 17 November 1869, efter 10 year o construction, it allaes ships tae traivel aetween Europe an Sooth Asie withoot navigatin aroond Africae tharebi reducin the sea voyage distance atween Europe an Indie bi aboot .
Muhammad al-Idrisi

**Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti** or simply **Al Idrisi** (; ) (1099–1165 or 1166) wis a Muslim geografer, cartografer, Egyptologist an traveller who lived in Sicily, at the coort o King Roger II.
Philip Tartaglia

**Philip Tartaglia** (in Scots, **Tartalzie**; born 11 Januar 1951; deed 13 Januar 2021) wis the Airchbishop an Metropolitan o Glesga an the 40t successor o Saunt Mungo.

## References
Taiyuan

**Taiyuan** ( ), cried *Bing* (并) or *Jinyang* (晋阳) an aa, is the caipital an lairgest ceety o North China's Shanxi province.

## Internaitional relations
Taiyuan haes a friendship pairin wi the follaeing ceeties:
* Launceston, Tasmanie, Australie
* Douala, Cameroon
* Chemnitz, Germany
* Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan
* Saratov, Syktyvkar, Roushie
* Newcastle upon Tyne, Unitit Kinrick
* Nashville, USA

## References
Tours

**Tours** () is a ceety an commune in central Fraunce, an the prefectur o Indre-et-Loire, Centre-Val de Loire.

## Internaitional relations
Tours is twinned wi:
* Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, syne 1962
* Segovia, Spain, syne 1972
* Parma, Italy, syne 1976
* Luoyang, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, syne 1982
* Springfield, Missouri, USA, syne 1984
* Trois-Rivières, Canadae, syne 1987
* Takamatsu, Japan, syne 1988
* Braşov, Romanie, syne 1990
* Minneapolis, Minnesota USA, syne 1991


Tours-110-Fachwerkhaeuser-2008-gje.jpg|Tours
Tours-Kathedrale-110-Loire-2008-gje.jpg|Cathédrale de Tours
Tours-Kathedrale-144-Chor-2008-gje.jpg|Cathédrale de Tours
Tours-Kathedrale-148-Triforium-2008-gje.jpg|Cathédrale de Tours
Tours-Kathedrale-164-Scriptorium-2008-gje.jpg|Cathédrale de Tours
Vicuña

The **vicuña** (*Vicugna vicugna*) or **vicugna** is ane o twa wild Sooth American camelids which live in the heich alpine auries o the Andes, the ither bein the guanaco.

## References
Mont Blanc

**Mont Blanc** () or **Monte Bianco**, baith meanin "White Muntain", is the heichest muntain in the Alps an the heichest peak in Europe apairt fae o the Caucasus range.

## References
Cardinal Mazarin

**Jules Raymond Mazarin, Cardinal-Duke o Rethel, Mayenne an Nevers** (; 14 Julie 1602  – 9 Mairch 1661), born **Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino**  or **Mazarini**, wis an Italian cardinal, diplomat, an politeecian, who served as the Chief Meenister o the French Keeng frae 1642 till his daith.

## References
Zugspitze

The **Zugspitze**, at 2,962&nbsp;m (9,718&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level, is the heichest peak o the Wetterstein Moontains as well as the heichest moontain in Germany.

## References
Moont Kenyae

**Moont Kenyae** is the heichest muntain in Kenyae an the seicont-heichest in Africae, efter Kilimanjaro.

## References
Moont Logan

**Moont Logan** is the heichest moontain in Canadae an the seicont-heichest peak in North Americae, efter Moont McKinley (Denali).

## References
Ojos del Salado

**Nevado Ojos del Salado** is a massive stratovolcano in the Andes on the Argentinae–Chile border an the heichest active volcano in the warld at .

## References
Atacama Desert

The **Atacama Desert** () is a plateau in Sooth Americae, coverin a  strip o laund on the Pacific coast, wast o the Andes moontains.
Moont Fuji

, locatit on Honshu Island, is the heichest moontain in Japan  at .

File:Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January.jpg
File:Chuurei-tou Fujiyoshida 17025277650 c59733d6ba o.jpg
File:Torii near the summit of mount Fuji 2015.jpg
File:Mount Fuji from Mount Ogochi 2000-10-22.jpg
File:Mt Fuji Summit.jpg
File:Fujikaiyu e353.jpg
File:「富嶽三十六景 凱風快晴」-South Wind, Clear Sky (Gaifū kaisei), also known as Red Fuji, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku sanjūrokkei) MET DP141062.jpg|Katsushika Hokusai
File:富士山頂御来光 Go-raikou(The sunrise) at summit of Mt.Fuji HDR-CX560V.webm|èirigh na grèine ri fhaicinn bho Mt. Fuji

## References
Khan Tengri

**Khan Tengri** or **Hantengri Peak** (, حان تأڭئرئ, *Xan Täñiri*; , حان-تەڭىرى, *Xan-Teñiri*; , Хантәңри, *Xantengri*; ) is a moontain o the Tian Shan moontain range.

## References
Moont Damavand

**Munt Damāvand**  ( ), aiblins an active volcano, is a stratovolcano that is the heichest peak in Iran an the Middle East an the seicont heichest volcano in Asie an aw.

## References
Moont Hermon

**Moont Hermon** ( / ALA-LC: *Jabal al-Shaykh* / "Mountain of the Chief" "Jabal Haramun"; , *Har Hermon*, "Moont Hermon")  is a moontain cluster in the Anti-Lebanon moontain range.

## Photies

Image:Brechat ram mt hermon.JPG|Moont Hermon an Loch Ram
Image:Hermonx.JPG|Ski lift on Moont Hermon
Levant

The **Levant** (; Arabic: المشرق ) is an approximate heestorical geografical term referrin tae a muckle aurie in the eastren Mediterranean.

## References
Pico de Orizaba

The **Pico de Orizaba** or **Citlaltépetl** (frae Nahuatl *citlal(in)* = starn, an *tepētl* = moontain), is a stratovolcano, the heichest moontain in Mexico an the third heichest in North Americae, efter Moont McKinley o the Unitit States, an Moont Logan o Canadae. It rises  abuin sea level in the eastren end o the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, on the border atween the states o Veracruz an Puebla. The volcano is currently dormant but nae extinct, wi the last eruption takin place durin the 19th century. It is the seicont maist prominent volcanic peak in the warld aifter Africae's Moont Kilimanjaro.

## Footnotes

## References
* 
*  (in Spanish)
* 

## Freemit airtins

* Equipment List to climb Pico de Orizaba
* Pico de Orizaba on Summitpost.com
* Pico de Orizaba - ascent route description
Galdhøpiggen

**Galdhøpiggen** is the heichest moontain in Norawa, Scandinavie an Northren Europe, at 2,469 m (8,100&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level.

## References
Gerlachovský štít

**Gerlachovský štít** (, translatit intae Scots as *Gerlach Peak*) is the heichest peak in the Heich Tatras, in Slovakie, an in the whole  lang Carpathian moontain chain, as well as in northren an eastren Central Europe.

## References
Triglav

**Triglav** (; , ), wi an elevation o , is the heichest moontain in Slovenie an the heichest peak o the Julian Alps.

## Notes


## References
Monte Rosa

**Monte Rosa** (Italian an German) or **Mont Rose** (French) is a huge ice-covered moontain in the Alps, locatit on the wattershed atween northren an soothren Europe.

## References
Moont Ararat

**Moont Ararat** ( or **Masis** Մասիս; , is a snaw-capped an dormant compoond volcano in Turkey.

## Notes


## References
Moont Rainier

**Moont Rainier** (pronoonced: ) is the heicchest mountain o the Cascade Range o the Paceefic Northwast, an the heichest moontain in the state o Washington.

## References
Cascade Range

The **Cascade Range** or **Cascades** is a major moontain range o wastren North Americae, extendin frae soothren Breetish Columbie throu Washington an Oregon tae Northren Californie.
Moont Whitney

**Moont Whitney** is the heichest summit in the contiguous Unitit States an the Sierra Nevada, wi an elevation o .

## References
Sierra Nevada (U.S.)

The **Sierra Nevada** ( or , , *snawy range*) is a moontain range in the wastren Unitit States, atween the Central Valley o Californie an the Basin an Range Province.

## References
Mauna Kea

**Mauna Kea** ( or , ), cried ***Mauna a Wākea*** in Hawaiian cultur an aw, is a dormant volcano on the island o Hawaii.

## References
Umayyad Caliphate

The **Umayyad Caliphate** (, trans. *Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya*) wis the seicont o the fower major Islamic caliphates established efter the faith o Muhammad.

## References
Rashidun Caliphate

The **Rashidun Caliphate** ( **', c. 632–661) is the collective term comprisin the first fower [[caliph]]s—the "Richtly Guidit" or [[Rashidun]] caliphs ( **')—in Islamic history an wis foondit efter Muhammad's daith in 632 (year 11 AH in the Islamic calendar).
Fatimid Caliphate

The **Fatimid Caliphate** (, **) wis a Shia Islamic caliphate, that spanned a muckle area o North Africae, frae the Reid Sea in the east an tae the Atlantic Ocean in the wast.

## References
Five Nights at Freddy's

***Five Nights at Freddy's*** is a survival horror video game. It wis made bi Scott Cawthon Games an powerit bi Clickteam Fusion. The game takes place in the fictional pizza restaurant, Freddy Fazbear's Pizza. The player acts as a nicht security guard, an keep safe frae the animatronic ainimal chairacters that are "malfunctioning". The chairacters are Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica, Foxy an Golden Freddy.

*Five Nights at Freddy's* is installit an estimatit 4,694 times per day, earnin a daily revenue o $12,879.

The game has been released for all popular platforms, including Windows, Android, iOS and online versions. 

## References
Chinchilla

The **Chinchilla** is a smaw rodent that bides in the Andes in Sooth Americae. They ar active durin dusk an dawn. Such an activity pattern is cried crepuscular. Thegither wi the Viscacha, they form the **Chinchillidae** faimily.

## References
Frances Oldham Kelsey

**Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey** PhD MD (24 Julie 1914 &ndash; 7 August 2015) wis an Canadian-American pharmacologist. She wis a reviewer for the U.S. Food an Drug Administration (FDA). She refusit tae authorize thalidomide for mercat acause she haed concerns aboot the drug's safety.

## References
Robert Conquest

**George Robert Acworth Conquest**, CMG (Julie 15, 1917 &ndash; August 3, 2015) or **Robert Conquest** wis an English-American historian an poet. He wis best kent for his influential wirks o Soviet history. Thay include *The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purges of the 1930s*. He receivit the Presidential Medal o Freedom in November 2005.

Conquest wis born on Julie 15, 1917 in Great Malvern, Worcestershire, England. He studit at Magdalen College, Oxford.

He wis mairrit til Joan Watkins frae 1942 til thay divorced in 1948. Syne he wis mairrit til Tatiana Mihailova frae 1948 til thay divorcit 1962. Then he wis mairrit til Caroleen MacFarlane frae 1964 til thay divorcit in 1978. Then he wis mairrit til Elizabeth Neece Wingate frae 1979 til his daith in 2015. He haed twa sons frae Watkins an ane step-dochter frae Wingate.

Conquest dee'd in Stanford, California frae pneumonia at the age o 98.

## References

## Ither wabstieds
* ''Scourge and Poet'', a profile o Robert Conquest
* articles by and about Robert Conquest at the ''New York Review of Books''
* ''Where Ignorance Isn't Bliss'', article bi Robert Conquest at *National Review Online* 
* His biography  at the Hoover Institution
* Great Terror at 40
Cilla Black

**Cilla Black** (27 Mey 1943 &ndash; 1 August 2015) wis a Inglis televeesion personality, sangster an actress. Her birth name wis **Priscilla Maria Veronica White** an she wis born in Liverpool. She became kent for her sangs "Anyone Who Had A Heart" & "You're My World" as well as her lang-runnin TV shows *Blind Date* (1985-2003) an *Surprise Surprise* (1984-2001).

Black deit o a stroke efter a faw at her holiday home near Marbella, Spain, on 1 August 2015, agit 72.

## References

## Ither wabsteids
*
Gong

A **gong** (Cheenese: ; pinyin: luó; Indonesian or Javanese: *gong*; Malay: *gong* ) is an African, East an Sooth East Asian muisical percussion instrument that taks the form o a flat, circular metal disc which is hit wi a mallet.
Lesser Sunda Islands

The **Lesser Sunda Islands** or **Nusa Tenggara** ("Southeastern Islands") are a group o islands in Maritime Sootheast Asie, north o Australie.

## References
Peterheid Pouer Station

**Peterheid pouer station** is a multi unit station ained an operatit bi SSE plc near Boddam an the A90, juist sooth o Peterheid, in Aiberdeenshire in the north east o Scotland.