31 Julie

The **31st o Julie** is the 212t day o the year (213t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 153 days ti come.

## Events

* 781 - The earliest-recordit eruption o Munt Fuji, Japan, taks place.
* 1492 - Jews are expelled frae Spain.
* 1658 - Aurangzeb becomes Moghul Emperor o Indie.
* 1667 - The Treaty o Breda is agreed: The Netherlands gives its colony o New Amsterdam (present-day New York) tae Ingland; In return, Ingland gives its colony o Suriname tae the Netherlands.
* 1856 - Christchurch, New Zealand, is chairtert as a ceety.
* 1913 - The Balkans sign an armistice in Bucharest.
* 1917 - Warld War I: The Seicont Battle o Flanders stairts, an lasts until November.
* 1919 - The German naitional assembly adopts the constitution o the Weimar Republic.
* 1944 - French writer an pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry disappears while on a reconnaissance flicht naur Corsica; he is presumed tae hae deed.
* 1945 - Pierre Laval, leader o Vichy Fraunce, surrenders tae Allied sodgers in Austrick.
* 1954 - First successful climb o K2 by an Italian team led by Ardito Desio.
* 1959 - Basque separatist organisation ETA is foondit.
* 1971 - Astronauts on the Apollo 15 Muin mission becomes the first fowk tae ride a lunar rover.
* 1992 - Georgie joins the Unitit Naitions.
* 1993 - King Baudouin o Belgium dees agit 62; his brither is installit as King Albert II o Belgium on 9 August.
* 2006 - For heal reasons, Fidel Castro hands ower his duties as Preses o Cuba tae his brither, Raúl Castro.
* 2007 - The Breetish airmy withdraws frae Northren Ireland.
* 2014 - A series o gas splosions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, shortly afore midnicht, kills 32 fowk.
* 2015 - Beijing is gien the richt tae host the 2022 Winter Olympics. 
* 2016 - The "richt tae buy" policy, introduced in the 1980s, is offeecially scrapped in Scotland.
* 2017 - Los Angeles agrees tae host the Simmer Olympic Gemmes in 2028, pavin the way for Paris tae host them in 2024.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Vietnam reports its first twa daiths frae COVID-19.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Local lockdoons are imposit in several urban auries o Northren Ingland in response tae a resurgence o COVID-19 cases there.

## Births

* 1527 &ndash; Maximilian II, Haly Roman Emperor (d. 1576)
* 1803 &ndash; John Ericsson, Swadish ingineer (d. 1889)
* 1884 &ndash; Alexander Heron, Scots geologist (d. 1971)
* 1898 &ndash; Doris Zinkeisen, Scots costume an theatre designer, penter an writer (d. 1991)
* 1912 &ndash; Milton Friedman, American economist (d. 2006)
* 1918 &ndash; Paul D. Boyer, American chemist (d. 2018)
* 1919 &ndash; Primo Levi, Italian chemist an writer (d. 1987)
* 1922 &ndash; Ewan Cameron, Scots medicinar (d. 1991)
* 1926 &ndash; Hilary Putnam, American philosopher (d. 2016)
* 1947 &ndash; Richard Griffiths, Breetish actor (d. 2013)
* 1951 &ndash; Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Australie tennis player
* 1951 &ndash; John Chillas, Scots gowfer
* 1956 &ndash; Michael Biehn, American actor
* 1959 &ndash; Andrew Marr, Scots braidcast jurnalist
* 1962 &ndash; Jackie Bird, Scots braidcast jurnalist
* 1962 &ndash; Wesley Snipes, American actor
* 1963 &ndash; Fatboy Slim, Inglis DJ an muisicker
* 1965 &ndash; J. K. Rowling, Breetish author (Harry Potter)
* 1967 &ndash; Derek Ferguson, Scots fitbawer
* 1969 &ndash; Antonio Conte, Italian fitbawer
* 1973 &ndash; Jacob Aagaard, Dens-Scots chess player
* 1976 &ndash; Paulo Wanchope, Costa Rican fitbawer
* 1979 &ndash; Carlos Marchena, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1986 &ndash; Sean Murdoch, Scots fitbawer
* 1987 &ndash; David Bogie, Scots rally driver
* 1989 &ndash; Victoria Azarenka, Belaroushie tennis player
* 1989 &ndash; Zelda Williams, American actress

## Daiths

* 1556 - Ignatius o Loyola, Spaingie priest an theologian (b. 1491)
* 1750 - King John V o Portugal (b. 1689)
* 1784 - Denis Diderot, French writer an philosopher (b. 1713)
* 1874 - Cosmo Innes, Scots advocate, juidge, historian an antiquary (b. 1798)
* 1875 - Andrew Johnson, 17t Preses o the Unitit States (b. 1808)
* 1886 - Franz Liszt, Hungarian componer (b. 1811)
* 1889 - Horatius Bonar, Scots kirkman an poet (b. 1808)
* 1914 - Jean Jaurès, French politeecian (b. 1859)
* 1926 - John McPherson, Scots fitbawer (b. 1868)
* 1944 - Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and writer (b. 1900)
* 1993 - King Baudouin o Belgium (b. 1930)
* 2001 - Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke o Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1910)
* 2009 - Sir Bobby Robson, Inglis fitbawer an manager (b. 1933)
* 2012 - Gore Vidal, American writer (b. 1925)
* 2013 - Michael Ansara, American actor (b. 1922)
* 2017 - Jeanne Moreau, French actress (b. 1928)
* 2018 - Sir Alex Fergusson, Scots politeecian (b. 1949)

## Halidays
* Ka Hae Hawaii Day
* Ignatius o Loyola (Roman Catholicism)