Alexander Pushkin

**Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin** (; ) wis a Roushie author o the Romantic era who is considered bi mony tae be the greatest Roushie poet an the foonder o modren Roushie leeteratur.

Pushkin wis born into Roushie nobility in Moscow. His great-grandfaither frae his mither's side – Abram Gannibal – wis brocht ower as a slave frae Africae an haed risen tae become an aristocrat. Pushkin published his first poem at the age o fifteen, an wis widely recognisit bi the leeterar establishment bi the time o his graduation frae the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

While unner the strict surveillance o the Tsar's poleetical polis an unable tae publish, Pushkin wrote his maist famous play, the drama *[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]]*. His novel in verse, *[[Eugene Onegin]]*, wis serialisit atween 1825 an 1832.

Notoriously touchy aboot his honour, Pushkin focht as mony as twinty-nine duels, an wis fatally woondit in such an encounter wi Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès. D'Anthès, a French officer servin wi the Chevalier Gaird Regiment, haed been attemptin tae seduce the poet's wife, Natalya Pushkina.

## Works

### Narrative poems
* 1820&nbsp;– *Ruslan i Lyudmila (Руслан и Людмила)*; Scots translation: *[[Ruslan an Ludmila (poem)|Ruslan an Ludmila]]*
* 1820–21&nbsp;– *Kavkazskiy plennik (Кавказский пленник)*; Scots translation: *[[The Preesoner o the Caucasus (poem)|The Prisoner o the Caucasus]]*
* 1821 – *Gavriiliada (Гавриилиада)* ; Inglis/Scots translation: *[[The Gabrieliad]]*
* 1821–22&nbsp;– *Bratya razboyniki (Братья разбойники)*; Scots translation: *[[The Robber Brithers]]*
* 1823&nbsp;– *Bakhchisaraysky fontan (Бахчисарайский фонтан)*; Scots translation: *[[The Foontain o Bakhchisaray]]*
* 1824&nbsp;– *Tsygany (Цыганы)*; Inglis/Scots translation: *[[The Gypsies (poem)|The Gypsies]]*
* 1825&nbsp;– *Graf Nulin (Граф Нулин)*; Scots translation: *[[Count Nulin]]*
* 1829&nbsp;– *Poltava (Полтава)*; Scots translation : *[[Poltava (poem)|Poltava]]*
* 1830&nbsp;– *Domik v Kolomne (Домик в Коломне)*; Scots translation : *[[The Wee Hoose in Kolomna]]*
* 1833 – *Andjelo (Анджело)*; Inglis/Scots translation : *[[Angelo (poem)|Angelo]]*
* 1833&nbsp;– *Medny vsadnik (Медный всадник)*; Inglis translation: *[[The Bronze Horseman (poem)|The Bronze Horseman]]*

### Verse novel
* 1823–31&nbsp;– *Yevgeny Onegin (Евгений Онегин)*; Inglis translation: *[[Eugene Onegin]]*

### Drama
* 1825&nbsp;– *[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]] (Борис Годунов)*
* 1830&nbsp;– *Malenkie tragedii (Маленькие трагедии)*; Scots translation: *[[The Wee Tragedies]]*
** *Kamenny gost (Каменный гость)*; Scots translation: *[[The Stane Guest (play)|The Stone Guest]]*
** *Motsart i Salyeri (Моцарт и Сальери)*; Scots translation: *[[Mozart an Salieri (play)|Mozart an Salieri]]*
** *Skupoy rytsar (Скупой рыцарь)*; Scots translations: *[[The Miserly Knicht (play)|The Miserly Knicht]], The Covetous Knicht*
** *Pir vo vremya chumy (Пир во время чумы)*; Scots translation: *[[A Feast in Time o Plague]]*

### Prose
* 1828 – *Arap Petra Velikogo (Арап Петра Великого)*; Scots translation: *[[Peter the Great's Negro]]*, unfeenished novel
* 1831&nbsp;– *Povesti pokoynogo Ivana Petrovicha Belkina (Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина)*; Scots translation: *[[The Tales o the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin]]*
** *Vystrel (Выстрел)*; Scots translation: *The Shot*, short story
** *Metel (Метель)*; Scots translation: *[[The Blizzard]]*, short story
** *Grobovschik (Гробовщик)*; Scots translation: *The Undertaker*, short story
** *Stanzionny smotritel (Станционный смотритель)*; Scots translation: *The Stationmaster*, short story
** *Baryshnya-krestyanka (Барышня-крестьянка)*; Scots translation: *The Squire's Dochter*, short story
* 1834 – *Pikovaya dama (Пиковая дама)*; Scots translation: *[[The Queen o Spades (story)|The Queen o Spades]]*, short story
* 1834 – *[[Kirdzhali]] (Кирджали)*, short story
* 1834 – *Istoriya Pugacheva (История Пугачева)*; Scots translation: *[[A History o Pugachev]]*, study of the Pugachev's Rebellion
* 1836 – *Kapitanskaya dochka (Капитанская дочка)*; Scots translation: *[[The Caiptain's Dochter]]*, novel
* 1836 – *Puteshestvie v Arzrum (Путешествие в Арзрум)*; Scots translation: *[[A Journey tae Arzrum]]*, travel sketches
* 1836 – *[[Roslavlev]] (Рославлев)*, unfeenished novel
* 1837 – *Istoriya sela Goryuhina (История села Горюхина)*; Scots translation: *[[The Story o the Veelage o Goryukhino]]*, unfeenished short story
* 1837 – *Yegipetskie nochi (Египетские ночи)*; Scots translation: *[[Egyptian Nichts]]*, unfeenished short story
* 1841 – *[[Dubrovsky (novelle)|Dubrovsky]] (Дубровский)*, unfeenished novel

### Fairy tales in verse
* 1830 – *Сказка о попе и о работнике его Балде*; Inglis translation: *[[The Tale o the Priest an o His Workman Balda]]*
* 1830 – *Сказка о медведихе*; Scots translation: *[[The Tale o the Female Bear]]* (wis no feenished)
* 1831 – *Сказка о царе Салтане*; Scots translation: *[[The Tale o Tsar Saltan]]*
* 1833 – *Сказка о рыбаке и рыбке*; Scots translation: *[[The Tale o the Fisherman an the Fish]]*
* 1833 – *Сказка о мертвой царевне*; Scots translation: *[[The Tale o the Deid Princess]]*
* 1834 – *Сказка о золотом петушке*; Scots translation: *[[The Tale o the Gowden Cockerel]]*

## References

## Further readin
* Binyon, T. J. (2002) *Pushkin: A Biography*. London: HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-215084-0; US edition: New York: Knopf, 2003 ISBN 1-4000-4110-4
* Yuri Druzhnikov (2008) *Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism*, Transaction Publishers ISBN 1-56000-390-1
* Dunning, Chester, Emerson, Caryl, Fomichev, Sergei, Lotman, Lidiia, Wood, Antony  (Translator) (2006) ''The Uncensored Boris Godunov: The Case for Pushkin's Original Comedy'' University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0-299-20760-9
* Feinstein, Elaine (ed.) (1999) *After Pushkin: versions of the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin by contemporary poets*. Manchester: Carcanet Press; London: Folio Society ISBN 1-85754-444-7
* Pogadaev, Victor (2003) *Penyair Agung Rusia Pushkin dan Dunia Timur (The Great Russian Poet Pushkin and the Oriental World)*. Monograph Series. Centre For Civilisational Dialogue. University Malaya. 2003, ISBN 983-3070-06-X
* Vitale, Serena (1998) *Pushkin's button*; transl. from the Italian by Ann Goldstein. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux ISBN 1-85702-937-2
* Телетова, Н. К. (Teletova, N. K.) (2007) *Забытые родственные связи А.С. Пушкина* (*The forgotten family connections of A. S. Pushkin*). Saint Petersburg: Dorn 
* Wolfe, Markus (1998) *Freemasonry in life and literature*. Munich: Otto Sagner ltd. ISBN 3-87690-692-X
* Wachtel, Michael. "Pushkin and the Wikipedia" *Pushkin Review* 12–13: 163–66, 2009–2010
* Jakowlew, Valentin. "Pushkin's Farewell Dinner in Paris" (Text in Russian) Koblenz (Germany): Fölbach, 2006, ISBN 3-934795-38-2.

## Freemit airtins

*
*Biographical essay on Pushkin.  Bi Mike Phillips, British Library (Pdf).