open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Frederick VIII o Denmark

**Frederick VIII** (Christian Frederik Vilhelm Carl) (3 Juin 1843&nbsp;– 14 Mey 1912) wis Keeng o Denmark frae 1906 tae 1912.
Christian IX o Denmark

**Christian IX** (8 Aprile 181829 Januar 1906) wis Keeng o Denmark frae 1863 tae 1906.

## Issue
# Frederick VIII o Denmark  (3 Juin 1843 – 14 Mey 1912) mairit Princess Louise o Swaden an haed issue.
# Princess Alexandra o Denmark 1 December 1844 – 20 November 1925) mairit Edward VII o the Unitit Kinrick an haed issue.
# Prince Otto o Denmark (later Keeng o Greece) 24 December 1845 – 18 Mairch 1913) mairit Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna o Roushie an haed issue.
# Princess Dagmar o Denmark (26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928) mairit Alexander III o Roushie an haed issue. 
# Princess Thyra o Denmark (29 September 1853 – 26 Februar 1933) mairit Ernst August, Croun Prince o Hanover an haed issue.
# Prince Valdemar o Denmark (27 October 1858 – 14 Januar 1939) mairit Princess Marie o Orléans an haed issue.

## Teetles an styles
***8 Aprile 1818&nbsp;– 6 Juin 1825** *[[His Highness]]* Prince Christian o Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck.
***6 Juin 1825&nbsp;– 31 Julie 1853** *His Highness* Prince Christian o Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
***31 Julie 1853&nbsp;– 21 December 1858** *[[His Highness]]* Prince Christian o Denmark.
***21 December 1858&nbsp;– 15 November 1863** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* Prince Christian o Denmark
***15 November 1863&nbsp;– 29 Januar 1906** *[[Majesty|His Majesty]]* The King o Denmark.
Emilie de Ravin

**Emilie de Ravin** (born 27 December 1981)
is an Australie actress. She has played Tess Harding on *[[Roswell (TV series)|Roswell]]* an Claire Littleton on the ABC drama *[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]*. In 2012 she kythed as Belle on the ABC drama ''Once Upon a Time'' an became a series regular beginnin in the shaw's seicont season.

## References
Once Upon a Time (TV series)

***Once Upon a Time*** is an American fairy tale drama series that premiered on October 23, 2011, on ABC. The shaw taks place in the feectional seaside toun o Storybrooke, Maine, whose residents are characters frae various fairy tales transportit tae the "real warld" toun an robbed o thair real memories bi a pouerfu curse. Episodes teepically featur a primary storyline in Storybrooke, as well as a seicontar storyline frae anither pynt in a character's life afore the curse wis enactit. The shaw airs Sundays at 8:00&nbsp;pm ET/7:00&nbsp;pm CT.

## References
Lost (TV series)

***Lost*** is an American telly drama series that oreeginally aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) frae September 22, 2004, tae Mey 23, 2010, ower sax series, comprisin a tot o 121 episodes.
Jennifer Morrison

**Jennifer Marie Morrison** (born Aprile 12, 1979) is an American actress an model.

She is kent for her roles as Emma Swan in the ABC adventur fantasy series *[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]* an as Dr. Allison Cameron in *[[House (TV series)|House]]*. She an aa portrayed Zoey Pierson, ane o Ted Mosby's love interests on *[[How I Met Your Mother]]* (saison 6).
Malcolm Turnbull

**Malcolm Bligh Turnbull** (born 24 October 1954) is an Australie politeecian wha wis 29t Prime Meenister o Australie an the Leader o the Liberal Pairty, havin assumed office in September 2015 an left it in August 2018, when he wis replaced bi Scott Morrison efter a leadership challenge bi Peter Dutton.

## References
Cincinnati

**Cincinnati** ( ) is a ceety in an the coonty seat o Hamilton Coonty, Ohio, Unitit States. 

## Sister ceeties
Cincinnati haes nine sister ceeties.

* – Munich, Germany
* – Mysore, Indie
* – Liuzhou, Guangxi, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae
* – Gifu, Gifu, Japan
* – Nancy, Fraunce
* – New Taipei, Taiwan
* – Kharkiv, Ukraine
* – Harare, Zimbabwe
* – Amman, Jordan

## References
Mysore

**Mysore** (), offeecially renamed as **Mysuru**, is the third lairgest ceety in terms o population in the state o Karnataka, Indie, which served as the caipital ceety o Mysore Princely Kinrick (Kinrick o Mysore) for nearly sax centuries, frae 1399 till 1947.

## Sister ceeties
Mysore is currently twinned wi Cincinnati.

## References
Paul Rudd

**Paul Stephen Rudd** (born Aprile 6, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, writer an producer. He haes primarily appeared in comedies, an is kent for his roles in the films *[[Clueless (film)|Clueless]]* (1995), *[[Wet Hot American Summer]]* (2001), ** (2004), *[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]* (2005), *[[Knocked Up]]* (2007), *[[Role Models]]* (2008), *[[I Love You, Man]]* (2009), *[[This Is 40]]* (2012) an *[[Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues]]* (2013). In 2015, Rudd starned as Scott Lang / Ant-Man in Marvel Studios' *[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]* an *[[Captain America: Civil War]]*. Rudd received a starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame on Julie 1, 2015.

## References
Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill

The **Varsity o North Carolina at Chapel Hill**, forby kent as **UNC**, **UNC-Chapel Hill**, **Chapel Hill**, **North Carolina**, Varsity o North Carolina, or simply **Carolina**, is a coeddicational public research varsity locatit in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Unitit States.

## References
Sam Neill

**Nigel John Dermot "Sam" Neill**, DCNZM, OBE (born 14 September 1947) is a Northren Erse-born New Zealand actor who first achieved leadin roles in films sic as *[[Omen III: The Final Conflict]]* an *[[Dead Calm (film)|Dead Calm]]* an on telly in *[[Reilly, Ace of Spies]]*. He won a broad internaitional audience in 1993 for his roles as Alisdair Stewart in *[[The Piano]]* an Dr. Alan Grant in *[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]*, a role he reprised in 2001's *[[Jurassic Park III]]*. Neill an aa haed notable roles in *[[Merlin (film)|Merlin]]*, *[[The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October]]*, an *[[The Tudors]]*.
Wayne Knight

**Wayne Eliot Knight** (born August 7, 1955) is an American actor an comedian. He is kent for playin Newman in the TV sitcom *[[Seinfeld]]* an Officer Don Orville in *[[3rd Rock from the Sun]]*. His ither roles include Dennis Nedry in *[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]*, Stan Podolak in *[[Space Jam]]*, Al McWhiggin in *[[Toy Story 2]]*, Tantor in *[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]*, Dojo in Xiaolin Showdown, Zack Mallozzi in *[[Rat Race (film)|Rat Race]]*, Mr. Blik in *[[Catscratch]]*, an Haskell Lutz in *[[The Exes]]*.

## References
Kaifeng

**Kaifeng** (), is a prefectur-level ceety in east-central Henan, Cheenae.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Kaifeng is twinned wi:
Aurora, Colorado

The **Ceety o Aurora** (, ) is a Hame Rule Municipality in the U.S. state o Colorado, spannin Arapahoe an Adams coonties, wi the yondermaist sootheastren portion o the ceety stendin intae Douglas Coonty.

## Sister ceeties
Aurora haes a single sister ceety, Adama, Ethiopie, that wis established in 2014 efter Aurora Sister Ceeties Internaitional wis resurrect in 2013. The ceety o Aurora haed a previous sister ceety program frae 1988 tae 2004.

## References
Zealand

**Zealand** or **Sealand** (; , Auld Norse: Selund, Latin: Selandia) is at 7,031 km² the mucklest island in Denmark, an the 95t island in the warld bi size. Maist o its 2.287.740 inhabiants (2017) bides in or near the capital ceetie, Colpenhaven.

Wastlins the kyle Storebælt separates Zealand fae Funen, and eastlins it's anither kyle, Øresund, that separates it fae Sweden.

Accordin tae Norse mythologie, Zealand wis creaut bi the goddess Gefion.

## References
New Breetain

**New Breetain**, or *Niu Briten*, is the lairgest island in the Bismarck Airchipelago (named efter Otto von Bismarck) o Papua New Guinea.

## References
Bismarck Airchipelago

The **Bismarck Archipelago** is a group o islands off the northeastren coast o New Guinea in the wastern Paceefic Ocean an is pairt o the Islands Region o Papua New Guinea. Its aurie is aboot 50,000 squerr km. It is named for Otto von Bismarck.
Novaya Zemlya

**Novaya Zemlya** (, lit. *new laund*), an aa kent, especially in Dutch, as **Nova Zembla**, is an airchipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the North o Roushie an the extreme Northeast o Europe, the eastrenmost pynt o Europe lyin at Cape Flissingsky on the Northren island.
Funen

**Funen** (, ), wi an area o , is the thridd island o Denmark bi size, efter Zealand an Vendsyssel-Thy.

## Mucklest cities

The mucklest cities on Funen sortit bi the nummer o inhabitants (2020):

* Odense: 180,302
* Svendborg: 27,068
* Nyborg: 17,268
* Middelfart: 15,922
* Faaborg: 6,988
* Assens: 6,016
* Kerteminde: 5,987
* Ringe: 6,179
* Munkebo: 5,538
* Otterup: 5,229
* Bellinge: 4,915
* Strib: 4,766
* Langeskov: 4,090
* Bogense: 3,990
* Årslev: 4,015
* Glamsbjerg: 3,275
* Aarup: 3,223
* Vissenbjerg: 3,233
* Søndersø: 3,273
* Nørre Aaby: 3,007
Transantarctic Moontains

The **Transantarctic Moontains** (abbreviatit **TAM**) comprise a moontain range in Antarcticae which extend, wi some interruptions, athort the continent frae Cape Adare in northren Victoria Laund tae Coats Laund.
Yahoo!

**Yahoo Inc.** (styled as **Yahoo!**) is an American multinaitional technology company heidquartert in Sunnyvale, Californie. It is awned bi Oath Inc.

## References
Intel

**Intel Corporation** (commonly referred tae as **Intel**) is an American multinaitional technology company heidquartert in Santa Clara, Californie. Intel is ane o the warld's lairgest an heichest valued semiconductor chip makers, based on revenue. It is the inventor o the x86 series o microprocessors, the processors foond in maist personal computers.

## References
X86

**x86** is a faimily o backward compatible instruction set airchitecturs based on the Intel 8086 CPU an its Intel 8088 variant.

## Notes

## References
Myspace

**Myspace** (oreeginally: Myspace) is a social networkin wabsteid offerin an interactive, uiser-submittit network o friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, muisic, an videos.

## References
Cisco Systems

**Cisco Systems, Inc.** is an American  multinational technology company headquartered in San Jose, California, that designs, manufactures, and sells networking equipments.

## References

Cisco Questions Answers
Viacom (2005–2019)

**Viacom, Inc.** (short for **Video & Audio Communications**) wis an American global mass media company wi interests primarily in, but nae limited tae, cinema an cable telly. It is the warld's saxt lairgest broadcastin an cable company in terms o revenue (behind The Walt Disney Company, Time Warner, Comcast, Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., an CBS Corporation, respectively).

## References
Netflix

**Netflix** is an American provider o on-demand Internet streamin media available tae viewers in aw o Australie, New Zealand, Sooth Americae, Japan, North Americae an pairts o Europe (Denmark, Fraunce, Germany, The Netherlands, Norawa, Swaden, Finland, Swisserland, Austrick, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland an Unitit Kinrick), an o flat rate DVD-bi-mail in the Unitit States, whaur mailed DVDs an Blu-ray are sent via Permit Reply Mail.

## References
Bede

**Bede** (; 672/673 – 26t May 735), forby refert tae as **Saunt Bede** or the **Venerable Bede** (), wis an Inglis monk at the monastery o Saunt Peter at Monkwearmouth an its companion monastery, Saunt Paul's, in modren Jarrow (see Monkwearmouth-Jarrow), County Durham, baith o whilk wis than in the Kinrick o Northumbrie.

He is kenspeckle fur the *Deith Sang*  (whilk is aft attribute tae him, awthoch nae aw fowk believes him tae be the owthor), an airly Auld Inglis text in the Northumbrie an Wast Saxon byleids o Auld Inglis.

## References
Nvidia

**Nvidia Corporation** ( ) (commonly referred tae as **Nvidia**, stylised as **NVIDIA**, **nVIDIA** or **nVidia**) is an American warldwide technology company based in Santa Clara, Californie. Nvidia manufacturs graphics processin units (GPUs), as well as seestem on a chip units (SOCs) for the mobile computin mercat.

## References
Tesla Motors

**Tesla Motors, Inc.** is an American automotive an energy storage company that designs, manufacturs, an sells electric caurs, electric vehicle pouertrain components, an battery products.

## References
Yazdegerd III

**Yazdegerd III** or **Yazdgerd III** ( *Yazdākird*, meanin "made bi God"; New Persian: ), wis the thirty-aicht an last king o the Sasanian Empire o Iran frae 632 tae 651.

## References
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar

**Naser al-Din Shah Qajar** (16 Julie 1831 – 1 Mey 1896) (), an aa **Nassereddin Shah Qajar**, wis the Keeng o Persie frae 5 September 1848 tae 1 Mey 1896 when he wis assassinatit.

## References
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

**Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi** (; 26 October 1919&nbsp;– 27 Julie 1980) wis the king o Iran (Shah o Iran) frae 16 September 1941 till his owerthrow bi the Islamic Revolution on 11 Februar 1979.
Berber leids

**Berber** or the **Amazigh** leids or by-leids (Berber name: *Tamaziɣt*, *Tamazight*,  ) are a faimily o seemilar an closely relatit leids an dialects indigenous tae North Africae.

## References
Achaemenid Empire

The **Achaemenid Empire**, cried the  an aw, wis an empire based in Wastren Asie, foondit bi Cyrus the Great, kenspeckle fur embracin mony civilisations an becomin the maistmuckle empire o the auncient history, spannin at its mucklest extent frae the Balkans an Eastren Europe in the wast, tae the Indus Valley in the east. It wis lairger nor ony previous empire in history, spannin 5.5 (or 8) million squerr kilometre. Incorporatin mony fowks o different oreegins an faiths, it is kenspeckle fur its successfu model o a centralised, bureaucratic admeenistration (throu satraps unner the King o Kings), fur biggin infrastructur sic as road systems an a postal seestem, the uise o an offeecial leid athort its territories, an the development o civil services an a muckle professional airmy. The empire's successes inspirt seemilar systems in later empires.

Bi the 7t yeirhunner BC, the Persies haed settled in the sooth-wastren portion o the Iranian Plateau in the region o Persis, that cam tae be thir hertland. Frae this region, Cyrus the Great advanced tae defeat the Medes, Lydia, an the Neo-Babylonian Empire, establishin the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander the Great, an avid admirer o Cyrus the Great, conquered maist o the empire bi 330 BC. Upon Alexander's deeth, maist o the empire's umwhile territory cam unner the rule o the Ptolemaic Kinrick an Seleucid Empire, in addition tae ither sma territories that gaint unthirldom at that time. The Iranian elites o the central plateau reclaimed pouer bi the secont yeirhunner BC unner the Parthian Empire.

The Achaemenid Empire is notit in Western history as the antagonist o the Greek city-states in the Greco-Persie Wars an for the emancipation o the Jewish exiles in Babylon. The historical merk o the empire wint far ayont its territorial an militar influences an includit cultural, social, technological an religious influences as weel. Despite the lastin conflict atween the twa states, mony Athenians adoptit Achaemenid customs in thir daily lives in a reciprocal cultural exchynge, some bein employed bi or allied tae the Persie kings. The impact o Cyrus's edict is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts, an the empire wis instrumental in the spread o Zoroastrianism as far east as Cheenae. The empire set the tone fur the politics, heritage an history o Iran (forby official-like kent as Persie) an aw.

## References
Al-Andalus

**al-Andalus** (, trans. ; Spainish al-Ándalus; ; ; ; Berber: *Andalus* or *Wandalus*), kent as **Muslim Spain** or **Islamic Iberie** as weel, wis a medieval Muslim cultural domain. At its peak, it kiverd maist o whit becam Spain an Portugal. It reenged tae pairts o southern Fraunce fer a short speel atween 661-750AD.
Nymphenburg Pailace

The **Nymphenburg Pailace** (), i.&nbsp;e., "Castle o the Nymph (or Nymphs)",  is a Baroque pailace in Munich, Bavarie, soothren Germany.
Babylon

**Babylon** ( or ; , *Bābil*) wis a signeeficant ceety in auncient Mesopotamie, in the fertile plain atween the Tigris an Euphrates rivers.

## References
Wembley Stadium

**Wembley Stadium** is a fitbaw stadium in Wembley, Lunnon, Ingland, which opened in 2007, on the steid o the oreeginal Wembley Stadium, which wis demolished frae 2002–2003.

## References
Stockholm Arlanda Airport

**Stockholm Arlanda Airport** , is an internaitional airport locatit in the Sigtuna Municipality o Swaden, near the toun o Märsta, 37&nbsp;km (23 mile) north o Stockholm an nearly 40&nbsp;km (25&nbsp;mi) sooth-east o Uppsala.

## References
Anton Chekhov

**Anton Pavlovich Chekhov** (; , ; 29 Januar 1860 – 15 Julie 1904) wis a Roushie physician, playwricht an author wha is considerit tae bi amang the greatest writers o short stories in history.

## References
Wastmeenster Aibey

**Wastmeenster Abbey**, formally enteetelt the **Collegiate Kirk o St Peter at Wastmeenster**, is a muckle, mainly Gothic abbey kirk in the Ceety o Wastmeenster, Lunnon, locatit juist tae the wast o the Palace o Wastmeenster.

## References
Les Invalides

**Les Invalides** (), offeecially kent as **L'Hôtel national des Invalides** (The Naitional Residence o the Invalids), or an aa as **L'Hôtel des Invalides**, is a complex o biggins in the 7t arrondissement o Paris, Fraunce, containin museums an monuments, aw relatin tae the militar history o Fraunce, as well as a hospital an a retirement hame for war veterans, the biggin's oreeginal purpose.
Winter Pailace

The **Winter Pailace** () in Saunt Petersburg, Roushie, wis, frae 1732 tae 1917, the offeecial residence o the Roushie monarchs.
Belvedere, Vienna

The **Belvedere** is a heestoric biggin complex in Vienna, Austrick, consistin o twa Baroque pailaces (the Upper an Lawer Belvedere), the Orangery, an the Pailace Stables. It wis constructed for Prince Eugene o Savoy.
Hofburg Pailace

**Hofburg Pailace** is the umwhile imperial pailace in the centre o Vienna. Pairt o the palace forms the offeecial residence an wirkplace o the Preses o Austrick.
Locarno

**Locarno** (Ticinese: *Locarn*) is the caipital o the Locarno destrict, locate on the northren tip o Loch Maggiore (*Lago Maggiore*) in the Swiss canton o Ticino, close tae Ascona at the fit o the Alps.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Locarno is twinned wi:
* Lompoc, Californie, Unitit States
* Vevey, Swisserland

## References
Selkirk

The Ryal Burgh o **Selkirk** is a toun athin the Scots Mairches Cooncil area o sootheastren Scotland.

## Soorces
Caustrim

**Caustrim** (, ), is a toun an ceevil pairish in the Mairches airt o Scotland. It lies richt neist tae the Scots-Inglis Border. The Caustrim Brig, that crosses the River Tweed, haes Caustrim on ane side, an the Inglis coonty o Northumberland on the ither.

## References
Ed Asner

**Eddie Asner** (born November 15, 1929; deed August 29, 2021) wis an American film, telly, an stage actor, vyce actor, an an umwhile preses o the Screen Actors Guild, primarily kent for his role as Lou Grant during the 1970s an early 1980s, on baith *[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]* an its spin-off series *[[Lou Grant (TV series)|Lou Grant]]*, makin him ane o the few telly actors tae portray the same leadin character in baith a comedy an a drama. He is an aa kent for portrayin Santa Claus in the 2003 comedy *[[Elf (film)|Elf]]*. In 2009, he starned as the vyce o Carl Fredricksen in Pixar's animatit film *[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]*.

## References
Strait o Magellan

The **Strait o Magellan** (), cried the *Straits o Magellan* an aw, is a navigable sea route separatin mainland Sooth Americae tae the north an Tierra del Fuego tae the sooth.


File:StraitOfMagellan.jpg
File:NaoVictoria.JPG
File:Commerson's_dolphins_(Cephalorhynchus_commersonii)_in_the_Strait_of_Magellan.jpg
File:US_Navy_040621-N-6536T-066_The_Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76)_cruises_through_the_Straits_of_Magellan.jpg
Drake Passage

The **Drake Passage** () or **Mar de Hoces**—Sea o Hoces—is the bouk o watter atween Sooth Americae's Cape Horn an the Sooth Shetland Islands o Antarcticae.
Maluku Islands

The **Maluku Islands** or the **Moluccas** () are an airchipelago within Indonesie. Tectonically thay are locatit on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone.
Cape Horn

**Cape Horn** (Dutch: , ), named efter the ceety o Hoorn in the Netherlands, is the soothrenmaist heidland o the Tierra del Fuego airchipelago o soothren Chile, an is locatit on the smaa Hornos Island.
Leonberg

**Leonberg** is a toun in the German federal state o Baden-Wuerttemberg aboot  tae the wast o  Stuttgart, the state caipital.

## Internaitional relations
Leonberg is twinned wi the follaein touns:
* The Neukölln suburb o Berlin, Germany, syne 1970
* Belfort, Fraunce, syne 1977
* Rovinj, Croatie, syne 1990
* Bad Lobenstein, Germany, syne 1991

## References
Dan Castellaneta

**Daniel Louis Castellaneta** (born October 29, 1957) is an American actor, vyce actor, comedian an screenwriter. Notit for his lang-runnin role as Homer Simpson on the animatit telly series *[[The Simpsons]]*, he vyces mony ither chairacters on the shaw, includin Abraham "Grampa" Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Sideshow Mel, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby an Hans Moleman.
Malacca

**Malacca** (), dubbed "The Historic State", is a state in Malaysie an locatit in the soothren region o the Malay Peninsula, next tae the Straits o Malacca.

## References
Tierra del Fuego

**Tierra del Fuego** (, ; Spaingie for "**Laund o Fire**") is an airchipelago off the soothrenmaist tip o the Sooth American mainland, athort the Strait o Magellan.
Sooth Shetland Islands

The **Sooth Shetland Islands** are a group o Antarctic islands, lyin aboot  north o the Antarctic Peninsula, wi a tot aurie o .


File:Cornwallis_Antarctica.jpg
File:Canoas_entre_el_hielo.jpg
File:Deception-Tourists.jpg
File:Collins_Harbor_100_9687.jpg


## References
Bouvet Island

**Bouvet Island** (Norse: **Bouvetøya**, previously spelled **Bouvet-øya**) is an uninhabitit subantarctic volcanic island an dependency o Norawa locatit in the Sooth Atlantic Ocean at .

## References
Sooth Orkney Islands

The **Sooth Orkney Islands** are a group o islands in the Soothren Ocean, aboot  north-east o the tip o the Antarctic Peninsula.

## References
Angel

An **angel**, an aa spelled **aungel**, is a supernaitural bein or spirit foond in various releegions an meethologies. In Abrahamic releegions an Zoroastrianism, angels are eften depictit as benevolent celestial beins who act as intermediaries atween God or Heiven an Yird, or as guardian spirits or a guidin influence.

## References
LG Corporation

**LG Corporation** (Korean: LG 법인) umwhile **Lucky Goldstar** (Korean: *Leokki Geumseong* (럭키금성/樂喜金星) ) is a Sooth Korean multinaitional conglomerate corporation. It is the fowert-lairgest chaebol in Sooth Korea. It is heidquartert in the LG Twin Towers biggin in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. LG maks electronics, chemicals, an telecom products an operates subsidiaries such as LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Telecom an LG Chem in ower 80 kintras.

## References
20th Century Studios

**20th Century Studios** (umwhile kent as **Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation** wi hyphen uised frae its inception til 1985) is an American film studio, distributor an ane o the sax major American film studios.

## References
Ericsson

**Ericsson** (*Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson*) is a Swadish multinaitional provider o communication technology an services.

## References
Sony Mobile

**Sony Mobile Communications Inc.** (umwhile **Sony Ericsson**) is a multinaitional mobile phone manufacturin company jyntly heidquartert in Tokyo, Japan, an Lund, Swaden, an is a wholly ained bi Younus Appakkadan.

## References
Huawei

**Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.** () is a Cheenese multinaitional networkin an telecommunications equipment an services company heidquartert in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is the lairgest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the warld, havin owertaken Ericsson in 2012.

## References
Nikon

(), an aa kent juist as **Nikon**, is a Japanese multinaitional corporation heudquartert in Tokyo, Japan, specialisin in optics an imagin products. The companies held bi Nikon form the **Nikon Group**. 

## References
Edward Teller

**Edward Teller** (; Januar 15, 1908&nbsp;– September 9, 2003) wis a Hungarian-born American theoretical pheesicist who, althou he claimed he did nae care for the teetle, is kent colloquially as "the faither o the hydrogen bomb".

## References
Panasonic

, formerly known as , is a Japanese multinaitional electronics corporation heidquartert in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan.

## References
NEC

is a Japanese multinaitional provider o information technology (IT) services an products, wi its heidquarters in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The company wis kent as the **Nippon Electric Company, Limited**, afore rebrandin in 1983 as NEC.

## References
Heinrich Hertz

**Heinrich Rudolf Hertz** (; 22 Februar 1857&nbsp;– 1 Januar 1894) wis a German pheesicist who first conclusively proved the existence o electromagnetic waves theorised bi James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory o licht.
German Confederation

The **German Confederation** () wis a luise association o 39 German states in Central Europe, creatit bi the Congress o Vienna in 1815 tae coordinate the economies o separate German-speakin kintras an tae replace the umwhile Haly Roman Empire.

## References
Karl Ferdinand Braun

**Karl Ferdinand Braun** (6 Juin 1850 – 20 Aprile 1918)  wis a German inventor, physicist an Nobel laureate in physics.
Diesel ingine

The **diesel ingine** (cried a **compression-igneetion** or 'CI' ingine an aa) is an internal combustion ingine in which igneetion o the fuel that haes been injectit intae the combustion chamber is initiatit bi the heich temperatur which a gas achieves when greatly compressed (adiabatic compression). This contrasts wi spark-ignition ingines such as a petrol ingine (petrol ingine) or gas ingine (uisin a gaseous fuel as opponed tae petrol), which uise a spark plug tae ignite an air-fuel mixtur.
Philipp Lenard

**Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard** (7 Juin 1862 – 20 Mey 1947) wis a German pheesicist an the winner o the Nobel Prize for Pheesics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays an the discovery o mony o thair properties.

## References
Wernher von Braun

**Wernher Magnus Maximilian, Freiherr von Braun** (Mairch 23, 1912 – Juin 16, 1977) wis a German (an later American) aerospace ingineer an space airchitect creditit wi inventin the V-2 Rocket an the Saturn V, for Nazi Germany an the Unitit States, respectively.

## References
Paul Ehrlich

(14 Mairch 1854 – 20 August 1915) wis a German pheesician an scientist who wirked in the fields o hematology, immunology, an antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

**Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit** (; ; 24 Mey 1686 – 16 September 1736) wis a German pheesicist, ingineer, an gless blower who is best kent for inventin the mercury-in-gless thermometer (1714), an for developin a temperature scale nou named efter him.

## References
Walther Bothe

**Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe** (8 Januar 1891 – 8 Februar 1957) wis a German nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 wi Max Born.
Ernst Ruska

**Ernst August Friedrich Ruska** (25 December 1906 &ndash; 27 Mey 1988) wis a German pheesicist who won the Nobel Prize in Pheesics in 1986 for his wirk in electron optics, includin the design o the first electron microscope.

## References
Internal combustion ingine

An **internal combustion ingine** (**ICE**) is a heat ingine whaur the combustion o a fuel occurs wi an oxidizer (uisually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral pairt o the wirkin fluid flow circuit.

## Teeps
* Diesel ingine
* Petrol ingine
* Gas turbine
Thermal energy

In thermodynamics, **thermal energy** refers tae the internal energy present in a seestem by virtue of its temperatur.

## References
Gerd Binnig

**Gerd Binnig** (born 20 Julie 1947) is a German pheesicist, who won the Nobel Prize in Pheesics in 1986 for the invention o the scannin tunnelin microscope.

## References
Nobel Prize in Pheesics

The **Nobel Prize in Physics** () is a yearly awaird gien bi the Ryal Swadish Academy o Sciences for thae that made the maist ootstaundin contreibutions for mankynd in the field o physics.
Integratit Authority File

The **Integratit Authority File** () or **GND** is an internaitional authority file for the organisation o personal names, subject heidins an corporate bodies frae catalogues.

## Freemit airtins
* Online-GND (OGND)
* Integrated Authority File (GND)  (German National Library)
Ernst Abbe

**Ernst Karl Abbe** (23 Januar 1840 – 14 Januar 1905) wis a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, an social reformer.
Athanasius Kircher

**Athanasius Kircher**, S.J. (sometimes wrangly spelt **Kirchner**; 1602–1680) wis a 17t-century German Jesuit scholar an polymath that publisht aroond 40 major warks, maist notably in the fields o comparative releegion, geology, an medicine.

## References
Otto Hahn

**Otto Hahn**, ,  (8 Mairch 1879 – 28 Julie 1968) wis a German chemist an pioneer in the fields o radioactivity an radiochemistry who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944 for the discovery an the radiochemical pruif o nuclear fission. He is regairdit as ane o the maist signeeficant chemists o aw time, an, especially as **"the faither o nuclear chemistry"**.

## References
Albertus Magnus

**Albertus Magnus**, O.P. (afore 1200 – November 15, 1280), forby kent as **Albert the Great** an **Albert o Cologne**, is a Catholic Saunt. He wis a German Dominican friar an a Catholic bishop. He wis kent durin his lifetime as *doctor universalis* an *doctor expertus* an, late in his life, the term *magnus* wis appendit tae his name. Scholars sic as James A. Weisheipl an Joachim R. Söder hae refert tae him as the greatest German philosopher an theologian o the Middle Ages. The Catholic Kirk honours him as a Doctor o the Kirk, wan o anely 36 sae honoured.

## References
Hans Geiger

**Johannes "Hans" Wilhelm "Gengar" Geiger** (30 September 1882&nbsp;– 24 September 1945) wis a German pheesicist. He is aiblins best kent as the co-inventor o the Geiger coonter an for the Geiger–Marsden experiment that discovered the atomic nucleus.
Inorganic chemistry

**Inorganic chemistry** deals wi the seenthesis an behaviour o inorganic an organometallic compoonds.

## References
Ernst Otto Fischer

**Ernst Otto Fischer** (10 November 1918 – 23 Julie 2007) wis a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize for pioneerin wirk in the aurie o organometallic chemistry.
Irène Joliot-Curie

**Irène Joliot-Curie** (12 September 1897 – 17 Mairch 1956) wis a French scientist, the dochter o Marie Skłodowska-Curie an Pierre Curie an the wife o Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Jyntly wi her husband, Joliot-Curie wis awairdit the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 for thair discovery o airtifeecial radioactivity.
Joseph Priestley

**Joseph Priestley**   (;  – 6 Februar 1804) wis an 18t-century Inglis theologian, dissentin clergyman, naitural philosopher, chemist, eddicator, an Liberal poleetical theorist that sett furth ower 150 warks.

## References
William Ramsay

**Sir William Ramsay** KCB  FRS FRSE (1852&ndash;1916) wis a Breetish chemist who discovered the noble gases an received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recogneetion o his services in the discovery o the inert gaseous elements in air" (alang wi his collaborator, Laird Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Pheesics that same year for thair discovery o argon).

## References
Michel Eugène Chevreul

**Michel Eugène Chevreul** (31 August 1786 – 9 Aprile 1889) wis a French chemist whose wirk wi fatty acids led tae early applications in the fields o airt an science.

## References
Noble gas

The **noble gases** mak a group o chemical elements wi seemilar properties. Unner staundart condeetions, thay are aw odourless, colourless, monatomic gases wi very law chemical reactivity. The sax noble gases that occur naiturally are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), an the radioactive radon (Rn).
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

**Charles Thomson Rees Wilson**, CH, FRS (14 Februar 1869 – 15 November 1959) wis a Scots pheesicist an meteorologist who received the Nobel Prize in pheesics for his invention o the clood chamber.

## References
James Dewar

**Sir James Dewar**  (20 September 1842 – 27 Mairch 1923) wis a Scots chemist an physicist.  He is probably best-kent the day for his invention o the Dewar flask, that he uised in conjunction wi extensive research intae the liquefaction o gases.  

A plaque o Dewar bi Sir Bertram Mackennal (in 1925) wis pit up in the Ryal Institution (RI) London, whaur Dewar haed gien lecturs tae RI memmers, in 1904. An eemage o the event  wis pentit bi Henry Jamyn Brooks an hings in the RI, wha hae forby yin o Dewar's origeenal flasks.

## References
Osamu Shimomura

wis a Japanese organic chemist an marine biologist, an Professor Emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts an Boston Varsity Schuil o Medicine. He wis awairdit the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery an development o green fluorescent protein (GFP) wi twa American scientists: Martin Chalfie o Columbia Varsity an Roger Tsien o the Varsity o California-San Diego.

## References
Jabir ibn Hayyan

**Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān** (, , eften gien the nisbahs al-al-Bariqi, al-Azdi, al-Kufi, al-Tusi or al-Sufi; fl. c. 721c. 815), kent as **Geber** an aw, wis a prominent polymath: a chemist an alchemist, astronomer an astrologer, ingineer, geografer, philosopher, physicist, an pharmacist an physician.

## References
John Cornforth

**Sir John Warcup "Kappa" Cornforth, Jr.**, AC, CBE, FRS, FAA (7 September 1917 – 8 December 2013), wis an AustralieBreetish chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his wirk on the stereochemistry o enzyme-catalysed reactions, acomin the anly Nobel laureate born in New Sooth Wales.

## References
Ei-ichi Negishi

wis a Japanese chemist who spent maist o his career at Purdue Varsity in the Unitit States. He is best kent for his discovery o the Negishi couplin. He wis awairdit the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for palladium catalysed cross couplins in organic seenthesis" jyntly wi Richard F. Heck an Akira Suzuki.

## References
Salicylic acid

**Salicylic acid** (frae Laitin *[[salix]]*, *willow tree*, frae the bark o which the substance uised tae be obtained) is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a teep o phenolic acid an a beta hydroxy acid.  It haes the formula C7H6O3.  This colourless crystalline organic acid is widely uised in organic synthesis an functions as a plant hormone. It is derived frae the metabolism o salicin. In addeetion tae bein an important active metabolite o aspirin (*acetylsalicylic acid*), which acts in pairt as a prodrug tae salicylic acid, it is probably best kent for its uise as a key ingredient in topical anti-acne products. The sauts an esters o salicylic acid are kent as **salicylates**.

## References
Leet o ceeties in Afghanistan

The anly ceety in Afghanistan wi ower 1 million population is its caipital, Kabul. The rest are smawer ceeties an touns. Accordin tae the CIA, an estimatit tot nummer o fowk livin inside Afghanistan wis 31,822,848. O this, aroond 6 million or so war reportit tae be livin in urban auries an the rest in rural or kintraside.

## Leet
The chairt ablo shaws 19 ceeties o Afghanistan bi order o population.

## References
Henry II o Fraunce

**Henry II** () (31 Mairch 1519 – 10 Julie 1559) wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois who ruled as Keeng o Fraunce frae 31 Mairch 1547 till his daith in 1559.

## Issue
# François o Fraunce (later Keeng François  II) (19 Januar 1544 – 5 December 1560) mairit Mary, Queen o Scots but haed nae issue.
# Élisabeth o Fraunce (2 Aprile 1545 – 3 October 1568) mairit Philip II o Spain an haed issue. 
# Claude o Fraunce (12 November 1547 – 21 Februar 1575) mairit Charles III, Duke o Lorraine an haed issue.
# Louis o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans  (3 Februar 1549 – 24 October 1550) died in infancy.
# Charles o Fraunce (later Keeng Charles IX) (27 Juin 1550 – 30 Mey 1574) mairit Elisabeth o Austrick an haed issue.
# Henri o Fraunce (later Keeng Henri III) mairit Louise o Lorraine but haed nae childer.
# Marguerite o Fraunce (14 Mey 1553 – 27 Mairch 1615) mairit Henry IV o Fraunce but haed nae issue.
# François o Fraunce, Duke o Anjou (18 Mairch 1555 – 10 Juin 1584) niver mairit.
# Jeanne o Fraunce born an died 24 Juin 1556)
# Victoire o Fraunce (24 Juin 1556 – 17 August 1556) died young.

## References
Francis II o Fraunce

**Francis II** () (19 Januar 1544 – 5 December 1560) wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois-Angoulême who wis Keeng o Fraunce frae 1559 tae 1560.
Charles IX o Fraunce

**Charles IX** (27 Juin 1550 – 30 Mey 1574) wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois who ruled as Keeng o Fraunce frae 1560 till his daith.

## Issue

# Marie Elisabeth o Fraunce  (27 October 1572 – 2 Aprile 1578) died young.
Louis XII o Fraunce

**Louis XII** (27 Juin 1462 – 1 Januar 1515) wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois who ruled as Keeng o Fraunce frae 1498 tae 1515 an Keeng o Naples frae 1501 tae 1504.
Francis I o Fraunce

**Francis I** () (12 September 1494 – 31 Mairch 1547) wis the first King o Fraunce frae the Angouleme branch o the Hoose o Valois, reignin frae 1515 till his daith.
15t century

The **15t century** wis the century which spans the Julian years 1401 tae 1500.

In **[[European history]]**, the 15t century is seen as the brig atween the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, an the Early modren period. 
Mony technological, social an cultural developments o the 15t century can in retrospect be seen as heraldin the "European miracle" o the follaein centuries. In releegious history, the Roman Papacy wis split in twa parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Wastren Schism), till the Cooncil o Constance. The diveesion o the Catholic Kirk an the unrest associatit wi the Hussite movement would gie rise tae the Protestant Reformation in the follaein century.

Constantinople, the caipital o the Eastren Roman Empire, faws tae emerging Ottoman Turks, forcin Wastren Europeans tae find a new trade route. At the same time, the beginnin Age o Sail allaes  Spainyie an Portuguese splorations led tae the first European sichtins o Americae (the New Warld) an the sea passage alang Cape o Guid Hope tae Indie, in the last decade o the century. The Spaingie Reconquista leads tae the feenal faw o the Emirate o Granada bi the end o the century.

In **[[History o Asie|Asie]]**, unner the rule o the Yongle Emperor, who biggit the Forbidden Ceety an commandit Zheng He tae splore the warld owerseas, the Ming Dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. 
Tamerlane established a major empire in the Middle East an Central Asie, in order tae revive the Mongolian Empire.

In **[[History o Africae|Africae]]**, the spread o Islam leads tae the destruction o the Christian kinricks o Nubia, bi the end o the century leaving anly Alodia (which wis tae collapse in 1504). The umwhile vast Mali Empire teeters on the brink o collapse, unner pressur frae the risin Songhai Empire.

In the **[[Pre-Columbie Americae|Americas]]**, baith the Inca Empire an the Aztec Triple Alliance reach the peak o thair influence.
Henry IV o Fraunce

**Henry IV** (13 December 1553&nbsp;– 14 Mey 1610), *Henri-Quatre* (), an aa kent bi the epithet "Guid Keeg Henry", wis Keeng o Navarre (as **Henry III**) frae 1572 tae 1610 an Keeng o Fraunce frae 1589 tae 1610.

## Issue wi Queen Marie

# Louis XIII o Fraunce 27 September 1601 – 14 Mey 1643) mairit Anne o Austrick an haed issue;
# Elisabeth o Fraunce (22 November 1602 – 6 October 1644) mairit Philip IV o Spain an haed issue.
# Christine o Fraunce 10 Februar 1606 - 27 December 1663) mairit Victor Amadeus I o Savoy an haed issue;
# Nicolas Henri o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans (Aprile 16, 1607 - November 17, 1611) died in infancy;
# Gaston o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans (24 Aprile 1608 – 2 Februar 1660) mairit Marie de Bourbon in  1626 an haed issue; mairit Marguerite o Lorraine in 1632 but haed nae surviving issue.
# Henrietta Maria o Fraunce 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) mairit Charles I, Keeng o Scots an haed issue.
Henry III o Fraunce

**Henry III** (19 September 1551&nbsp;– 2 August 1589; born *Alexandre Édouard de France*, , ) wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois who wis electit the monarch o the Pols-Lithuanie Commonweel frae 1573 tae 1575 an ruled as Keeng o Fraunce frae 1574 till his daith.
Louis XIII o Fraunce

**Louis XIII** (27 September 1601 – 14 Mey 1643) wis a monarch o the Hoose o Bourbon who ruled as Keeng o Fraunce frae 1610 tae 1643 an Keeng o Navarre (as **Louis II**) frae 1610 tae 1620, when the croun o Navarre wis merged tae the French croun.

## Issue

# Louis Dieudonné o Fraunce,  (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715) Keeng o Fraunce mairit  Maria Theresa o Austrick an haed issue. Mairit Madame de Maintenon but haed nae issue. 
# Philippe o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 Juin 1701) Mairit 1) Princess Henrietta o Ingland an haed issue. Mairit Elisabeth Charlotte o the Palatinate an haed issue.

## Teetles an styles

***27 September 1601 - 14 Mey 1610** The Dauphin o Fraunce.
***14 Mey 1610 – 14 Mey 1643** *His Maist Christian Majesty* The King [o Fraunce an Navarre]
Charles VIII o Fraunce

**Charles VIII**, cried **the Affable**,  (30 Juin 1470 – 7 Aprile 1498), wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois who ruled as Keeng o Fraunce, frae 1483 tae his daith in 1498.
Charles VI o Fraunce

**Charles VI** (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), cried **the Beloved** () an **the Mad** ( or *le Fou*), wis Keeng o Fraunce frae 1380 tae his daith.

## Issue

# Isabelle o Fraunce (9 November 1389 – 13 September 1409) mairit Richard II o Ingland but haed nae issue.
# Jeanne o Fraunce ( 24 Januar 1391 – 27 September 1433) mairit Jean V, Duke o Brittany an haed issue. 
# Marie o Fraunce (24 August 1393 – 19 August 1438) niver mairit.
# Michelle o Fraunce  (11 Januar 1395 – 8 Julie 1422) mairit Philip the Good but haed nae issue.
# Louis o Fraunce, Dauphin o Viennois (22 Januar 1397 – 18 December 1415) mairit but haed nae issue.
# Jean o Fraunce, Dauphin o Fraunce (31 August 1398 – 5 Aprile 1417) mairit Jacqueline  o Bavarie but haed nae issue.
# Catherine o Fraunce  (27 October 1401 – 3 Januar 1437) mairit Henry V o Ingland but haed nae issue.
# Charles VII o Fraunce (22 Februar 1403 – 22 Julie 1461) haed issue.
Charles V o Fraunce

**Charles V** (21 Januar 1338 – 16 September 1380), cried **the Wise** (French: *"le Sage"*), wis a monarch o the Hoose o Valois who ruled as Keeng o Fraunce frae 1364 tae his daith.
Philip IV o Fraunce

**Philip IV** (Aprile–Juin 1268 &ndash; 29 November 1314), cried **the Fair** () or **the Airn King** (), wis Keeng o Fraunce frae 1285 till his daith.
Cosimo de' Medici

**Cosimo de' Medici** (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) wis the first o the Medici poleetical dynasty, *de facto* rulers o Florence during much o the Italian Renaissance; kent as "Cosimo 'the Elder'" ("il Vecchio") an "Cosimo *Pater Patriae*" (Laitin: 'faither o the naition') an aw.
Louis VII o Fraunce

**Louis VII** (cried **the Younger** or **the Young**) () (1120 – 18 September 1180) wis a Capetian Keeng o the Franks frae 1137 till his daith.
Marie de' Medici

**Marie de' Medici** (, ; 26 Aprile 1575 – 3 Julie 1642) wis Queen o Fraunce as the seicont wife o King Henry IV o Fraunce, o the Hoose o Bourbon.

## Issue

# Louis XIII o Fraunce 27 September 1601 – 14 Mey 1643) mairit Anne o Austrick an haed issue.
# Elisabeth o Fraunce (22 November 1602 – 6 October 1644) mairit Philip IV o Spain an haed issue.
# Christine o Fraunce 10 Februar 1606 - 27 December 1663) mairit Victor Amadeus I, Duke o Savoy an haed issue.
# Nicolas Henri o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans (Aprile 16 1607 - November 17 1611) died in infancy.
# Gaston o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans (24 Aprile 1608 – 2 Februar 1660) mairit Marie de Bourbon in  1626 and haed issue; mairit Marguerite o Lorraine in 1632 nae surviving issue.
# Henrietta Maria o Fraunce 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) mairit Charles I, Keeng o Scots an haed issue.

## See also

[[C
Hoose o Medici

The **Hoose o Medici** ( ; ) wis an Italian bankin faimily, poleetical dynasty an later ryal hoose that first began tae gather prominence unner Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic o Florence during the late 14t century.
Lothair o Fraunce

**Lothair** (; ; 941 – 2 Mairch 986), sometimes cried **Lothair III** or **Lothair IV**, wis the Carolingian king o Wast Francie frae 10 September 954.

## References
Carloman II

**Carloman II** (c. 866 &ndash; 12 December 884), Keeng o Wastren Francie, wis the youngest son o King Louis the Stammerer an Ansgarde o Burgundy, an acame king, jyntly wi his brither Louis III o Fraunce, on his faither's daith in 879.
Robert Walpole

**Robert Walpole, 1st Yerl o Orford**  (26 August 1676&nbsp;– 18 Mairch 1745), kent afore 1742 as **Sir Robert Walpole**, wis a Breetish statesman that is generally regairdit as the first Prime Meenister o Great Breetain.

Awtho the exact dates o Walpole's dominance, dubbed the "Robinocracy", are a maiter o scholarly debate, the period 1721–1742 is eften uised. He dominatit the Walpole–Townshend meenistry, as weel as the subsequent Walpole meenistry, and haulds the record as the langest-servin Breetish prime meenister in history. W. A. Speck wrat that Walpole's uninterruptit rin o 20 years as Prime Meenister "is richtly regairdit as ane o the major feats o Breetish poleetical history...&nbsp;Explanations are uisually offered in terms o his expert haundlin o the poleetical seestem efter 1720, an his unique blendin o the survivin pouers o the croun wi the increasin influence o the Commons".

He wis a Whig frae the gentles cless that wis first electit tae Pairlament in 1701 an held mony senior poseetions. He wis a kintra squire an leukit tae kintra gentlemen for his poleetical base. Historian Frank O'Gorman says his leadership in Pairlament reflected his "raisonable an perswasive oratory, his abeelity tae muive baith the emotions as weel as the mynds o men, an, abuin aw, his by-ordinar sel-confidence". Hoppit says Walpole's policies socht moderation: he wirkit for peace, lawer taxes an growin exports an alloued a little mair tolerance for Protestant Dissenters. He maistly avydit controversy an heich-intensity disputes as his middle wey attractit moderates frae baith the Whig an Tory camps,  but his appointment tae Chancellor o the Exchequer efter the Sooth Sea Bubble stock-mercat creesis drew attention tae a perceived pertection o poleetical allies bi Walpole.

H. T. Dickinson sums up his historical role bi sayin that "Walpole wis ane o the greatest politeecians in Breetish history. He played a signeeficant role in susteenin the Whig pairty, safegairdin the Hanoverian succession, an defendin the principles o the Glorious Revolution (1688)....He established a stable poleetical supremacy for the Whig pairty an tocht succeedin meenisters hou best tae establish an effective wirkin relationship atween Croun an Pairlament". Scholarts rank him heichly amang aw Breetish prime meenisters. 

## References
Henry V o Ingland

**Henry V** (16 September 1387&nbsp;– 31 August 1422) wis Keeng o Ingland frae 1413 till his daith at the age o 35 in 1422.

## References