open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Benz Patent-Motorwagen

The Karl Benz **Patent-Motorwagen** (or motorcaur), biggit in 1885, is widely regarded as the first automobile, that is, a vehicle *designed* tae be propelled bi a motor.

The vehicle wis awairdit the German patent, nummer 37435, which Benz applee'd for on Januar 29, 1886. Follaein offeecial procedures, the date o the application became the patent date for the invention ance the patent wis granted, which occurred in November o that year.

Benz offeecially unveiled his invention tae the public on Julie 3, 1886 on the Ringstrasse (*Ringstraße*) in Mannheim, Germany.

## Specifications

Efter developin a successfu petrol-pouered twa-stroke piston engine in 1873, Benz focused on developin a motorized vehicle while maintaining a career as a designer an manufacturer o stationary engines an thair associated pairts.

The Benz Patent-Motorwagen wis a three-wheeled automobile wi a rear-mounted engine. The vehicle contained mony new inventions. It wis biggit o steel tubing wi woodwork panels. The steel-spoked wheels an solit rubber tires wur Benz's awn design. Steerin wis bi wey o a toothed rack that pivoted the unsprung front wheel. Fully elliptic springs wur uised at the back alang wi a live axle an chain drive on baith sides. A semple belt seestem served as a single-speed transmission, varyin torque atween an open disc an drive disc.

The first Motorwagen uised the Benz 954&nbsp;cc single-cylinder four-stroke engine. This new engine produced ⅔&nbsp;hp (½&nbsp;kW) at 250 rpm in the Patent-Motorwagen, awtho later tests bi the University o Mannheim showed it tae be capable o .9&nbsp;hp (0.7&nbsp;kW) at 400 rpm. It wis an extremely licht engine for the time, weighin aboot 100&nbsp;kg (220&nbsp;lb). Awtho its open crankcase an drip oiling seestem wad be alien tae a modren mechanic, its uise o a pushrod-operated poppet valve for exhaust wad be quite familiar. A lairge horizontal flywheel stabilized the single-cylinder engine's pouer ootput. An evaporative carburettor wis controlled bi a sleeve valve tae regulate pouer an engine speed.

Benz later biggit mair models o the Motorwagen, model nummer 2 boasting 1.5&nbsp;hp (1.1&nbsp;kW), an model nummer 3 wi 2&nbsp;hp (1.5&nbsp;kW), allouin the vehicle tae reach a maximum speed o approximately . The chassis wis improved in 1887 wi the introduction o widden-spoke wheels, a fuel tank, an a manual leather shae brake on the rear wheels.
Mercedes-Benz E-Class

The **Mercedes-Benz E-Class** is a range o executive-size caurs manufactured bi Mercedes-Benz in various ingine an body configurations. The E initially stood for *Einspritzmotor*, (German for fuel injection); a new featur in volume production vehicles at the time that the E-Cless first appeared, wi the E as a suffix tae the ingine nomenclature (e.g. 230E) in the 1950s. It wisna until the launch o the facelifted W124 that the E wis uised as a prefix (i.e. E220) an the model referred tae offeecially as the E-Class (or *E-Klasse*). At this time aw Mercedes caurs uised fuel injection an the company felt it wisna necessar tae add this as a distinguishing featur. Due tae the E-Class's size an durability, the caurs an aa frequently serve as taxis in European kintras. Aulder models lik the W123 an W124 ar uised in Malaysie as inter-state taxis, an the W211 is uised in Singapore as a taxi. Mercedes-Benz an aa offers special-purpose vehicles (e.g. police or ambulance modifications) frae the factory.
Ford Model T

The **Ford Model T** (colloquially kent as the **Tin Lizzie**, **Flivver**, **T‑Model Ford**, or **T**) is an automobile that wis makit by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927. The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. It is generally regardit as the first affordable automobile, the car that appent traivel tae the common middle-class American; some o this wis acause o Ford's innovations, includin assembly line production insteid o individual haund craftin. Ford attemptit a buy on time program fur tae aid sales, resemblin that o the German Kdf-Wagen (forerinner tae the Volkswagen Teep 1). Ford's plan wis a success, an left the factory on 27 September 1908, at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan. The Model T wis the first automobile mass produced on assembly lines wi completely interchyngeable pairts, marketed to the middle class.

There wis several cars produced or prototypes by Henry Ford frae the foondin o the company in 1903 till the Model T cam alang. Awthough he stairted wi the Model A, there wis nae 19 production models (A through T); some were anerlie prototypes. The production model immediately afore the Model T wis the Model S, an upgraded version o the company's mucklest success to that point, the Model N. The follae-up wis the Ford Model A an no the Model U. Company publicity said this was acause the new car wis sic a departure frae the auld that Henry wantit tae stert aw ower again wi the letter A. As it happens, the first Plymouth car (1928), biggit bi competitor Chrysler Corporation, wis named Model U.

The Ford Model T wis named the warld's maist influential car of the twentieth century in an international poll. Henry Ford said anent the vehicle:

"I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that any man making a good salary will be able to own and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours to pleasure in God's great open spaces."

## External links
* Model T Ford Club o Americae (USA)
* Model T Ford Club Internaitional
* Source o Model T Ford information (Canada) 
* Model Ford T 1921
* Compilation o video clips o the Model T Ford 
* 
* Model T Specification Sheet
* Collection o archival Model T Ford photos & information on tools an parts 
* A detailed explanation an interactive animation o the Model T Ford Transmission
* Ford.com - Model T facts 
* ModelTFord.com - Identification Chart for Model T Body Styles
Paykan F.C.

**Paykan Fitbaa Club** is an Iranian fitbaw club based in Qazvin, Iran. The team is sponsored bi Iran's main automobile manufacturer Iran Khodro an is named efter ane o its aulder products, the Paykan caur. Paykan F.C. is the fitbaw club o the multisport *Paykan Sport Club*, the club haes Basketball an volleyball teams.
Rootes Arrow

**Rootes Arrow** wis the manufacturer's name for a range o caurs produced unner several badge-ingineered marques bi the Rootes Group (later Chrysler Europe) frae 1966 tae 1979. It is amangst the last Rootes designs, developed wi nae influence frae future awner Chrysler. The range is sometimes referred tae bi the name o the maist prolific model, the **Hillman Hunter**.

A substantial number o separate marque an model names applied tae this single caur platform. Some wur gien different model names tae juistify trim differences (Hillman GT, Hillman Estate) an that frae time tae time all models wur selt in some European markets unner the Sunbeam marque (Sunbeam Sceptre for instance), an at ither times uised UK marque/model names. To add complication, Singer Gazelle/Vogue models wur also selt in the UK for ane saison badged as Sunbeams efter the Singer brand wis wi'drawn.

The models selt – no all concurrently – wur, alphabetically bi marque:
* Chrysler Hunter
* Dodge Husky
* Hillman Arrow, Hillman Break de Chasse, Hillman Hunter an Hillman Minx
* Humber Sceptre
* Singer Gazelle an Singer Vogue
* Sunbeam Alpine an Sunbeam Rapier fastback coupés
* Sunbeam Arrow, Sunbeam Break de Chasse, Sunbeam Hunter, Sunbeam Minx, Sunbeam Sceptre, an Sunbeam Vogue

The maist prolific model wi'in the Arrow range, the Hillman Hunter, wis the Coventry-based company's major competitor in the medium family caur segment. In its 13-year production run, its UK market contemporaries includit the Ford Cortina, Morris Marina an Vauxhall Victor, although model positionin wi'in the range meant competition wi some lairger caurs as well, includin the BMC ADO17.

The Arrow range extendit tae several body styles: saloon, estate, fastback coupé an a pick-up (selt mainly in Sooth Africae as the Dodge Husky). Depending on the model, they haed twa doors or fower doors. Not all marques wur representit in all body styles, wi the coupés being reserved for Sunbeam.
BMC ADO17

**BMC ADO17** wis the name uised bi the Breetish Motor Corporation (BMC) for its range o caurs produced frae September 1964 to 1975 an selt initially unner its Austin marque as the **Austin 1800**. Colloquially kent as the "Landcrab", the caur wis an aa selt as **[[Morris Motor Company|Morris]]** an **[[Wolseley Motor Company|Wolseley]]** variants, an later as the **Austin 2200**. The 1800 wis voted Europe's Caur o the Year for 1965 - the seicont year o the awaird, an a seicont successive contest win for the UK, the Rover P6 haein wan the awaird a year earlier.

It proved a strong competitor in endurance rallying finishing seicont in the 1968 Lunnon-Sydney Marathon an achieved three o the tap 20 poseetions competin the 1970 Lunnon to Mexico Warld Cup Rally.
BMC ADO16

**ADO16** is the codename for the development of what became the **Morris 1100**, a smaw faimily caur biggit bi the Breetish Motor Corporation (BMC) an, later, Breetish Leyland. Throughoot the 1960s, the ADO16 wis consistently the UK's best-selling caur.

Awtho maist o the caurs wur manufactured in Ingland, the model wis an aa biggit in Spain bi Authi, in Italy bi Innocenti an at the company's ain plant in Belgium.   It wis the basis for locally adapted seemilar caurs manufactured in Australie an Sooth Africae.

The vehicle wis launched as the Morris 1100 on August 15, 1962.  The range wis expanded tae include several rebadged versions, includin the twin-carburettor MG 1100, the Vanden Plas Princess (frae October 1962), the Austin 1100 (August 1963), an finally the Wolseley 1100 (1965) an Riley Kestrel (1965).  The Morris badged 1100/1300 gae up its showroom space tae the Morris Marina in 1971, but Austin an Vanden Plas versions remained in production in the UK till Juin 1974.

The estate version followed in 1966, cried *Countryman* in the Austin version an *Traveller* in the Morris ane, continuing the established naming scheme.

In 1964 the 1100 wis *[[Wheels magazine|Wheels]]* magazine's Car of the Year.
DAF 46

The **DAF 46** is a sma family caur that wis manufactured bi the Dutch company DAF.  It wis introduced in November 1974 tae replace the 44, suggestin that thare wur still substantial stocks o the earlier model awaiting customers.

In Februar 1976, at the relaunch o the Volvo 66 (formerly the DAF 66), it wis annoonced that the DAF 46 wad be phased oot during 1976, efter which 'special measures' wad ensure adequate pairts an service backup despite the disappearance o the DAF brand frae passenger caur show rooms.

The DAF 46 wis carpeted throughout an equipped wi cloth covered reclining seats. It an aa haed a redesigned gear lever an additional dash mounted warning lichts. Oot o sicht o the driver wis a de Dion rear axle, which DAF haed fitted twa years earlier tae thair mair powerful model when replacing the 55 wi the DAF 66:  the caur retained its defining variomatic transmission, but this wis nou coupled wi a conventional differential which wis said tae improve noise levels an extend drive-belt life. Reports suggest that the DAF 46 haed safer handling than its predecessor, but wis nonetheless slower, at a time when maist European manufacturers wur improving tap speed an acceleration when thay introduced model upgrades.
Douglas, Isle o Man

**Douglas** () is the caipital an lairgest toun o the Isle o Man, wi a population o 26,218 fowk (2006). It is located at the mouth o the River Douglas, an a sweeping bay o twa mile. The River Douglas forms part o the toun's harbour an main commercial port.

Douglas is home to the Hie Courts an the Isle o Man Govrenment.
DAF Trucks

**DAF Trucks NV** is a Dutch truck manufacturing company an a division o PACCAR.  Its headquarters an main plant ar in Eindhoven.  Cabs an axle assemblies ar produced at its Westerlo plant in Belgium.  Some o the truck models selt with the DAF brand ar designed an assembled bi Leyland Trucks at their plant in Ingland.
Alberto Fujimori

**Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori** (Spainyie pronunciation: [fuxiˈmoɾi]; Japanese name: **Ken'ya Fujimori** (藤森 謙也, *Fujimori Ken'ya*?)) (born 26 Julie, 1938; deed 11 September, 2024 in Lima) served as Preses o Peru frae 1990 tae 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori haes been creditit wi uprootin terrorism in Peru an restorin its macroeconomic stability, tho his methods hae drawn chairges o authoritarianism an human richts violations. Even amidst his 2008 prosecution for "creemes against humanity" relatin tae his presidency, twa-thirds o Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.

A Peruvian o Japanese strynd Fujimori fled tae Japan in 2000 amidst a corruption scandal, whaur he attemptit tae resign his presidency. His resignation wis rejectit bi the Congress o the Republic, which preferred tae remove him frae office bi force o vote. Wantit in Peru on chairges o corruption an human richts abuses, Fujimori maintained a self-imposed exile abroad till his detainment durin a veesit tae Chile in November 2005. He wis finally extraditit tae face creeminal chairges in Peru in September 2007.

In December 2007, Fujimori wis convictit o orderin an illegal sairch an seizure, an wis sentenced tae sax year in prison. The Supreme Court upheld the decision, upon his appeal.

On 7 Aprile, 2009, Fujimori wis convictit o human richts violations an sentenced tae 25 year in prison for his role in killins an kidnappins bi the Grupo Colina daith squad durin his govrenment's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s. The verdict delivered bi a three-judge panel markt the first time that an electit heid o state haes been extraditit back tae his hame kintra, tried, an convictit o human richts violations. Fujimori wis specifically foond guilty o murder, bodily harm, an twa cases o kidnappin.

On 20 Julie, 2009, a Peruvian court sentenced Alberto Fujimori tae an additional 7½ years in prison for embezzlement  efter the umwhile preses admittit payin his spy chief US$15 million in state funds. He later pled guilty tae bribery.

Unner Peruvian law, tho, aw the sentences must run concurrently, wi a maximum lenth o imprisonment o twintie-five year.
Lima

**Lima** is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Peru. It is locatit in the valleys o the Chillón, Rímac an Lurín rivers, on a desert coast owerleukin the Paceefic Ocean. Thegither wi the seaport o Callao, it forms a contiguous urban aurie kent as the Lima Metropolitan Aurie. Wi a population fast approachin 9 million, Lima is the fift lairgest ceety in Latin Americae, efter Mexico Ceety, São Paulo, Buenos Aires an Rio de Janeiro. Lima haes been defined as a beta warld ceety.

Lima wis foondit bi Spaingie conquistador Francisco Pizarro on Januar 18, 1535, as La Ciudad de los Reyes, or "The Ceety o Keengs." It became the caipital an maist important ceety in the Spainyie Viceroyalty o Peru. Follaein the Peruvian War o Unthirldom, it became the caipital o the Republic o Peru. The day, aroond ane-third o the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan aurie.

## Etymology
Accordin tae early Spaingie chronicles the Lima aurie wis ance cried *Itchyma*, efter its oreeginal inhabitants. Housomeivver, even afore the Inca occupation o the aurie in the 15t century, a famous oracle in the Rímac valley haed come to be kent bi visitors as *limaq* (**limaq**, pronoonced , which means "talker" in coastal Quechua). This oracle wis eventually destroyed bi the Spaingie an replacit wi a kirk, but the name persistit in the local leid, thus the chronicles shaw "Límac" replacin "Ychma" as the common name for the aurie.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Lima is twinned wi:

## References
Francisco Pizarro

**Francisco Pizarro y González, 1st Marquess o los Atabillos** (Spaingie pronunciation: [fraN'θisko pi'θařo γoN'θaleθ]; c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 Juin 1541) wis a Spaingie conquistador, conqueror o the Incan Empire an foonder o Lima, the modern-day caipital o Peru. He eventually deed i 1541.
Ford Ka

The **Ford Ka** is a city caur frae the Ford Motor Company marketit in Europe an elsewhere.
The name is officially pronoonced as “KA” (kay-ay). The current European version is produced in Tychy, Poland, while the model sauld in Latin Americae is biggit in Brazil an Argentinae.

The Ka haes been produced syne 1996 an entered its seicont generation in 2008.
Alfa Romeo 164

The **Alfa Romeo 164** is an executive caur wi saloon bouk, producit bi the Italian automakker Alfa Romeo frae 1988 tae 1997.

The 164 wis re-badged as the **168** for the Hong Kong an Malaysie mercats, as the nummer "164" haed a vera negative connotation (In Cheenese it is a homophone tae "一路死" — aw the wey tae daith), an "168" haes quite the opposite ("一路發" — aw the wey tae prosperity).

## References
Ford Ranger

**Ford Ranger** is a name uised on twa distinct compact pickup truck lines bi the Ford Motor Company an bi a marketing arrangement wi Mazda.
* A Ford-designed compact pickup truck, which is sauld an manufactured in North Americae as well as Brazil, Chile, Argentinae an Sooth Africae. It wis an aa marketed as the Mazda B-Series bi Mazda dealers frae 1994 throu 2009. In North Americae it is biggit in St. Paul, Minnesota.
* A Mazda-designed compact pickup kent as Ford Ranger sauld in mair nor 130 kintras.

The "Ranger" name haed previously been uised for a premium styling package on the F-Series full-sized pickup trucks syne 1965. The name wis moved tae this line o North American compact trucks for the 1983 model year.
AC Cars

**AC Cars Group Ltd.** formerly kent as **Auto Carriers Ltd.** is a Breetish specialist automobile manufacturer an ane o the auldest independent caur marques foondit in Breetain. 

## External links

*AC Cars Limited official website
*AC Heritage website
*
*AC cars on 3-wheelers.com 
*AC Owners' Club
*AC built railcar
*AC Cobra Mark III build manual
Terry Newton

**Terry Newton** (7 November 1978 &ndash; c. 26 September 2010) wis an Inglis internaitional rugby league player. He played for Leeds Rhinos, Wigan Warriors, Bradford Bulls an Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, an wis ane o a handful o players tae featur in each o the first 15 saisons o Super League. In Februar 2010, he wis gien a twa-year ban efter bein ane o the first sportsmen tae hae testit positive for human growth hormone. He wis foond hanged in his home seeven month later.
Kia Opirus

The **Kia Opirus** is a full-size caur manufactured an mercatit bi Kia Motors that wis launched in Aprile 2003 &mdash; an wis mercatit globally unner various nameplates, prominently as the **Amanti**.

As Kia's first entry intae the lairge-caur mercat, the Opirus/Amanti haes been mercatit in a single trim level an anerlie as a sedan. It shares some components wi its nou-defunct corporate cousin, the Hyundai Grandeur XG, includin its 3.5&nbsp;L V6 engine. For 2007, the Kia Opirus receivit various upgrades, includin suspension an stylin reveesions, an the addeetion o the same ingine as the current Hyundai Grandeur (Azera), this time bein a 3.8L V6 ingine.

In the U.S., the Amanti wis recognisit as the "Most Appealing Premium Midsize Caur" bi J.D. Power an Associates' 2005 Automotive Performance, Execution an Layout Study.

The 2007 Amanti ootscored several luxury caurs in IIHS side-impact crash testin, tae earn the heichest ratin o Guid.

## Successor

The Kia VG concept (Kia KND-5, production model named Cadenza) wis reportit tae be successor o Amanti, based on the platform for the next generation o Hyundai Azera.

The Kia Cadenza, offeecially unveiled on October 18, 2009, is completely redesigned tae reflect Kia's new design style. The Cadenza will replace the Kia Amanti, an features mony features foond on mair expensive luxury caurs, sic as a heated steering wheel, pouer extendable seat cushions, automatic windshield defogger, an cooled front seats.  Lik the Amanti, the Opirus is anerlie equipped wi an automatic transmission.

## References
DAF LF

**DAF LF** is a range o trucks designed, developed an assembled bi Leyland Trucks, an marketed warldwide under the DAF brand name.

The LF45 an LF55 ar pouered bi Cummins B4.5 and B6.7 engines respectively, an the LF shares its cab with the Renault Midlum an the Volvo FL. It is also the base for medium duty trucks for Kenworth an Peterbilt.

The LF wan the Internaitional Truck o the Year 2002 award.
DAF XF

**DAF XF** is a reenge o larries produced bi the Dutch company DAF. Aw richt haund drive versions o the XF is assembelt at Leyland Trucks in the UK.

The *XF 105* wan the Internaitional Truck o the Year 2007 awaird.

## Military Variant

The military application o the DAF XF 95 series is cawed DAF YTZ95.530.

The Canadian Forces Land Force Command uises the XF95 Tropco Tractor for their tank transport platform lent frae the Dutch Airmy.

## Remmit airttins
Simca 5

The **Simca 5** is a smaw Franco-Italian passenger caur designed bi Fiat engineers at Turin an commercialised in Fraunce bi Simca. It wis virtually identical tae the Fiat 500 Topolino on which it wis based, but wis first presented, at the company's new Nanterre plant, three month ahead o the Fiat equivalent on 10 Mairch 1936. Production wis delayed, houiver, bi a wave o strikes that accompanied the Juin 1936 electoral victory o Léon Blum's Popular Front govrenment.

Advanced features boasted bi the Simca 5 included independent front suspension, a fower speed gear box, hydraulically controlled drum brakes on aw fower wheels an a twal volt electrical seestem.

The caur an aa offered exceptional fuel economy:  in a test it managed tae traivel 110 kilometers on juist 5 litres o fuel.

The caur wis intendit for sale on the domestic mercat for less nor 10,000 French Francs, an aspiration that wad be overtaken bi a decline in the currency's value that gathered pace in the seicont hauf o the 1930s. The manufacturer boasted at the time o its launch o bein ahead o the plans across the Rhine:  this wis a reference tae the already rumoured launch o the Volkswagen Beetle which wad appear anerlie in 1938.

Production o the Simca 5 wis slowed doun (but did nae ever cease entirely) bi the war an the period o German occupation in the early 1940s, but resumed in 1946.   46,472 o the caurs haed been produced bi the time the caur wis delisted bi Simca in 1949.  Bi nou it haed been replaced on the company's production lines bi the seemilar but partially reskinned an slichtly mair pouerful Simca 6.

* This entry is based on a translation o the French Wikipedia corresponding entry
Austin 7

The **Austin 7** wis a caur produced frae 1922 throu tae 1939 in the Unitit Kinrick bi the Austin Motor Company. Nicknamed the "Baby Austin", it wis ane o the maist popular caurs ever produced for the Breetish mercat, an sauld well abroad. It wiped oot maist ither Breetish smaw caurs an cyclecars o the early 1920s; its effect on the Breetish mercat wis seemilar tae that o the Model T Ford in the USA. It wis an aa licensed an copied bi companies aw ower the warld. The very first BMW caur, the BMW Dixi, wis a licensed Austin 7, as wur the oreeginal American Austins. In Fraunce thay wur made an sauld as Rosengarts. In Japan Nissan an aa uised the 7 design as the basis for thair oreeginal caurs, tho nae unner licence.

Efter Warld War II, mony Austin&nbsp;7s wur rebuilt as "specials", includin the first Lotus, the Lotus Mk1, which wis based on an Austin&nbsp;7.

Sic wis the pouer o the Austin 7 name that the company re-uised it for early versions o baith the A30 in 1951  an Mini in 1959.
Mercury Grand Marquis

The **Mercury Grand Marquis** is a full-size rear-wheel drive sedan sauld bi the Lincoln-Mercury division o the Ford Motor Company; the Grand Marquis is the flagship o the Mercury lineup.  The nameplate haes been in uise syne 1975 an haes been a distinct caur line syne 1983.
The Grand Marquis is essentially Mercury's twin o the Ford Crown Victoria wi which it shares its Panther platform alang wi the Lincoln Town Car.  Syne its introduction, the Grand Marquis haes anerlie been available wi a V8 engine.  Wi features sic as sax-passenger bench seating an rear-wheel drive, it remains ane o the last "traditional" American full-size caurs still available for retail sale; it haes even taken the place o its Crown Victoria twin in retail markets (the Crown Victoria haes been dropped frae non-fleet sales efter 2007).

## Introduction
The Mercury Marquis wis introduced as a trim package on the 1967 Mercury Monterey. The Marquis name gradually replaced Monterey. The **Grand Marquis** trim line wis introduced in 1975 as a step up frae the base **Marquis** an **Marquis Brougham**.  In 1979, the full-size Mercury wis moved frae the Mercury version o the 1973-1978 full-size Ford tae the aw-new Panther platform; the Grand Marquis trim line wis retained.  The Ford equivalent tae a Grand Marquis wis a LTD Landau, which became the LTD Crown Victoria in 1980.  
    
The Grand Marquis became a model in its awn right in 1983 when the Marquis nameplate wis shiftit tae the Fox platform tae replace the unpopular sedan an wagon models o the Cougar.  Syne then, thare hae been fower generations o the Grand Marquis: 1983-1991 (the ae version sauld in multiple body styles), 1992–1997, 1998–2002, an the final generation, 2003-2011 (this generation wis sauld as the 2003-2004 Marauder).
Austin 8

The **Austin 8** wis a smaw caur made bi the Austin Motor Company. Launched in 1939 an produced intae the war (at least until 1942), aboot 9,000 o the wartime Austin 8 models wur twa-seater tourers produced for the military an govrenment, an the rest wur saloons. Efter Warld War II, the model wis made frae 1945 tae 1947.

Bi the late 1930s, sales o Austin's big seller, the Austin 7, wur declinin an the 1938 addition tae the range o the 900&nbsp;cc "Big 7" did little tae fill the demand for in spite o its lairger ingine its suspension an handling wur still rooted in its early 1920s origins. A restyled an re-engineered range o caurs haed stairtit tae appear in 1937 wi the Cambridge 10 wi its much mair streamlined leuk an wi the shake up follaein the arrival o Leonard Lord development o a proper 8&nbsp;hp caur wis accelerated.

The new caur, thit wis shawn tae dealers in Februar 1939, kept the 900&nbsp;cc, fower cylinder, side valve ingine frae the Big 7, nou wi a higher 6.5:1 compression ratio, but haed a completely new chassis. This wis halfway tae full unitary construction in that the main member wis a pressed steel floor pan wi a box section welded doun each side o the caur wi three ithers going across the floor. The body wis then bolted tae this structur. Suspension wis bi semi elliptic leaf springs wi hydraulic dampers.

Twa an fower door saloon bodies wur made as well as twa an fower seat tourers an aboot 20,000 wur made afore war closed production. In 1945, production restarted, but thare wur no mair tourers or twa door saloons.

## References
* "The Austin Eight". Paul Skilleter. "The Automobile" Februar 1984.
Austin 3-Litre

The **Austin 3-Litre** wis a Breetish saloon caur introduced bi Breetish Leyland in at the Lunnon Motor Show in 1967. Houiver, it becam apparent that BMC wur nae geared up tae producin the caur: few or none seem tae hae been selt that year, but bi Julie 1968 it wis reportit that the caurs haed begun tae leave the factory. Bi that time, the square heidlichts seen at the 1967 motor show haed been replaced bi conventional roond twin heidlamp units, an bi the time o the October 1968 show, the caur haed acquired front quarter lichts an aa. In Julie 1968, wi caurs beginnin tae emerge frae the plant, the manufacturers wur asked tae detail improvements reportedly implementit syne the caur's 'launch' the previous October.  Mention wis made o orifice modifications tae hydraulic valves in the rear suspension, an it wis stated that thare wis a "new" final drive ratio o 3.9:1, tho this wis actually the same final drive ratio includit in the launch information the previous October.
Triumph 2000

The **Triumph 2000** wis a mid-sized rear wheel drive automobile produced in Coventry bi the Triumph Motor Company atween 1963 an 1977. Examples o the 2.5 PI version o the caur finished 2nt an 4t in the 1970 Lunnon to Mexico Warld Cup Rally.
Morris Marina

The **Morris Marina** is a caur manufactured bi the Morris division o Breetish Leyland in the UK throughout the 1970s, which wis a period o great turbulence an difficulty for the Breetish caur industry. It wis kent in some markets as the **Austin Marina**, **Leyland Marina**, an **Morris 1.7**.

The model haes been widely identified as symptomatic o the problems facing the industry at that time, with poor build quality, handling likened to a "skip on wheels" an ootdated design. The 1980 replacement for the Marina, the closely related Ital, received similar criticism. The Marina haes been described as ane o the worst caurs o all time, although it wis ane o the maist popular caurs in Breetain throughout its production life.
MG F / MG TF

The **MG F** an later the **MG TF** ar mid-engined, rear wheel drive roadster caurs produced frae 1995 onwards. The MG F wis the first all-new caur to bear the MG marque since the MG MGB, produced frae 1962 to 1980.
Austin Allegro

The **Austin Allegro** is a sma family caur that wis manufactured bi Breetish Leyland unner the Austin name frae 1973 until 1983.  The same vehicle wis biggit in Italy bi Innocenti atween 1974 an 1975 an sauld as the **Innocenti Regent**.  In tot, 642,350 Austin Allegros wur produced during its ten year production life, wi the majority bein sauld on the home mercat.
Austin Cambridge

The **Austin Cambridge** (selt as **A40**, **A50**, **A55**, an **A60**) is a motor car range selt by the Austin Motor Company in several generations from September 1954 through 1969 as cars and 1971 as light commercials.  It replaced the A40 Somerset but wis entirely new wi modren unibody construction. The range haed twa basic body styles wi the A40, A50 an early A55s uising a traditional roondit shape an later A55s an A60s uisin Farina styling.

Note that the A40 nummer wis re-uised on a smawer caur (the Austin A40 Farina) frae 1958 tae 1967, an that the Cambridge name haed previously been uised tae designate ane o the available body styles on the pre-war 10 hp range.

Initially the Austin Cambridge wis anerlie offered wi a 4-passenger, 4-door saloon body, tho a few pre-production 2-door models wur an aa made. It haed a modren body design wi integrated wings an a full-width grille. Independent suspension wis providit at the front bi coil springs an wishbones but a live axle wi anti-roll bar wis retained at the rear.

A van derivative introduced in November 1956 an a pick-up introduced in Mey 1957 remained available until 1971, some time efter the demise o the caurs on which thay haed been based.
DAF 44

The **DAF 44** is a sma family caur that wis introduced in September 1966 bi the Dutch company DAF. Styled bi Michelotti, it represented a cautious muive upmarket for the company which hitherto haed produced, for the passenger caur mercat, anerlie the smawer slower Daffodil model (subsequently rebadged as the DAF 33 tae align wi the form o nomenclature introduced wi the 44).

The 2 cylinder engine wad hae been familiar tae ony driver o the less pouerful DAF 33, an the bore remained unchanged at 85.5&nbsp;mm. Stroke wis increased tae 73.5&nbsp;mm, houiver, giein an increase in engine displacement frae 746 cc tae 844 cc an an increase in claimed output frae 28&nbsp;bhp tae 34&nbsp;bhp. The compression ratio remained law eneuch tae permit the uise o relatively law octane fuel.

Stopping pouer commensurate wi the caur's rather leisurely performance came frae aw-roond drum brakes.

An innovative featur for the time wis face-level ventilation wi adjustable facia mounted outlets.

The spare wheel wis stored unner the front huid / bonnet which left mair space for luggage at the back an maks the pynt that the engine wis a relatively compact ane.

The DAF 44, in common wi ither DAF caurs, featurt an innovative continuously variable transmission seestem, the DAF Variomatic.
Mithotyn

**Mithotyn** wis a fowk metal/black metal baund frae Mjölby, Swaden.

## Heestory
Formed in 1992 as a blackened daith metal act unner the name Cerberus bi foondin members; Christian "Christer" Schütz, Stefan Weinerhall who stayed wi the baund tae the end, an Johan who left shortly efterward. Efter ane year, thay renamed themselves tae Mithotyn. As Mithotyn, thay wad na release an album until 1997. Much o the material featurt on the three albums o thair career wur previously componed or featurt on ane o thair previous demos sic as the sang "The Guardian" frae *Promo'96*. The group released three albums: *[[In the Sign of the Ravens]]* followed bi *[[King of the Distant Forest]]*, an finishing wi *[[Gathered Around the Oaken Table]]* in 1999. Mithotyn offeecially dissolved in 1999 while Stefan Weinerhall an Karsten Larsson eventually formed Falconer.

## Discografie
### Albums
* *[[In the Sign of the Ravens]]* (1997)
* *[[King of the Distant Forest]]* (1997)
* *[[Gathered Around the Oaken Table]]* (1999)

### Demos
* *Behold the Shields of Gold* (1993)
* *Meadow in Silence* (1994)
* *Nidhogg* (1995)
* *Promo'96* (1996)

## Baund memmers
### Feenal memmers
*Rickard Martinsson − vocals, bass guitar
*Stefan Weinerhall − guitar
*Karl Beckmann − guitar, keyboards
*Karsten Larsson − drums

### Umwhile memmers
*Helene Blad − vocals, keyboards (sister o Mathias Blad frae Falconer)
*Christian "Christer" Schütz − vocals, bass guitar
*Johan − rhythm an acoustic guitar (wis in the baund when it wis named Cerberus, left afore it wis named Mithotyn)

## Freemit airtins
*
BMW 6 series

**BMW 6 Series** refers tae twa generations o automobile frae BMW, first being based on the E23 BMW 7 Series sedan an the seicont on the E60 5 Series sedan. The first wis the E24, launched in 1976 tae replace the '''3.0CS''' & '''3.0CSi''' (E9). In 2003, BMW released the all new E63/E64 which wis available as a coupé an convertible. Models wur the 645ci (later replaced with the 650i) an the 630i. The highest performance 6 series is the BMW M6. The third generation '''F12''' and '''F13''' 6 series is scheduled for 2011.

Competitors include the Mercedes-Benz E-class coupe, Audi A5, an Jaguar XK.
DAF 600

The **DAF 600** is a small family car that wis DAF's first production passenger car: it wis first presented at the Amsterdam Motor Show in Februar 1958 an wis in production bi 1959, awtho the firm haed published the first details o the car at the end o 1957. It wis available until 1963.

The 600 wis the first car tae hae a continuously variable transmission (CVT) seestem - the innovative DAF Variomatic. The DAF Variomatic employs centrifugal weights tae shift the transmission an is enhanced bi an ingine manifold vacuum.  It wis the anly car ever produced which went faster bi the semple expedient o gently an gradually releasing the accelerator ance tap speed haed been reached.  This increased manifold vacuum that helped the variable pulleys shift tae an even higher ratio sae even tho the ingine RPM stays the same, the transmission increases the car's speed, in the case o the DAF 600, frae 60 mile per oor (97&nbsp;km/h) tae nearly 70&nbsp;mph (110&nbsp;km/h) gien enough time an level road.

The Variomatic forby permitted increased ingine braking bi operating a switch on the dashboard that reversed the action o the vacuum on the pulley's diaphragm, seeking a lawer ratio wi increased manifold vacuum.

File:DAF img 2284.jpg
File:DAF img 2286.jpg

## Notes
Blasphemy

**Blasphemy** ar a black/daith metal baund formed in Burnaby, Breetish Columbie, Canadae in 1984. The baund released a demo titled *Blood Upon the Altar* in 1989 an their debut album, *[[Fallen Angel of Doom]]*, the follaeing year through Wild Rags, a record label they haed signed tae while touring the Unitit States. The baund's sangster later statit the label didna pay them the amoont they wir promised. Their seicont an, till nou, last fou-lenth studio album wis the 1993 *[[Gods of War (Blasphemy album)|Gods of War]]* released through Osmose Productions. In 1993, Blasphemy teuk pairt in the "Fuck Christ Tour" an aw an toured through Europe wi Immortal an Rotting Christ. The baund's Julie 2001 concert in Vancouver wis released as a live album titled *[[Live Ritual - Friday the 13th]]* in 2002.

They wur inactive until 2009, when they played twa concerts; ane in Montreal an ane in Helsinki, in the Black Flames o Blasphemy festival, with Proclamation, Black Witchery, Revenge an Archgoat.

Blasphemy's sang "War Command" haes been covered bi Beherit an the cover appeared on Beherit's 1999 compilation album *Beast of Beherit - Complete Worxxx*. Blasphemy's "Winds of the Black Gods" wis the opening track on the 2004 compilation *[[Fenriz Presents... The Best of Old-School Black Metal]]*.

## Members
### Current line-up
* Nocturnal Grave Desecrator an Black Winds &ndash; Vocals
* Caller o the Storms &ndash; Guitars
* Deathlord o Abomination an War Apocalypse &ndash; Guitars
* Three Black Hearts o Damnation an Impurity &ndash; Drums

* V.K. (o Diocletian/Vassafor) live session Bass

### Past members
* Ace Gestapo Necrosleezer an Vaginal Commands &ndash; Bass
* Black Priest o 7 Satanic Rituals &ndash; Guitars
* The Traditional Sodomizer o the Goddess o Perversity &ndash; Guitars(Witches Hammer/Tyrants Blood)
* Bestial Saviour o the Undead Legions;bass an backing vocals

## Discography
### Albums
* *[[Fallen Angel of Doom]]* (1990)
* *[[Gods of War (Blasphemy album)|Gods of War]]* (1993)

### Lives
* *[[Live Ritual - Friday the 13th]]* (2001)
* *Desecration of São Paulo - Live in Brazilian Ritual Third Attack* (2016)
* *Victory (Son of the Damned)* (2018)

### Demos
* *Blood Upon the Altar* (1989)
* *Die Hard Rehearsal* (2001)
* *Blood Upon the Soundscape* (2018)

## External links
*Blasphemy at Allmusic
*[Blasphemy](http://www.discogs.com/artist/Blasphemy+(2)) at Discogs
*Blasphemy at Encyclopaedia Metallum
Seicont ceety

The **seicont ceety** o a kintra is the ceety which is seicont, usually efter the caipital ceety, in geographical size, population, cultural significance, economic or political importance. Which o these criteria ar uised is subject tae debate an varies atween kintras an there is never any offeecial recognition o such status.

## List

## Notes

## References


}}
Peugeot 407

The **Peugeot 407** is a lairge family caur produced bi the French automaker Peugeot syne 2004. It is available in saloon, coupé an estate variants, wi baith Diesel an petrol engines. The petrol engines range frae 1.8 tae 3.0-litres displacement, whauras the diesels range frae 1.6, 2.0  an 2.2-litre inline fower cylinder engines tae 2.7 an 3.0-litre V6 engines.

The 407, alang wi the lairger 607, is scheduled tae be superseded bi the 508 in early 2011.

Accordin tae the European Caur o the Year wabsteid, the 407 wis ane o the runner-ups in the 2005 awaird.

## External links
*Offeecial internaitional 407 Inglis wabsteid
Austin Westminister

The **Westminster** series wur lairge saloon an estate caurs sauld bi the Breetish Austin Motor Company frae 1954, replacin the A70 Hereford.  The Westminster line wis produced as the A90, A95, A99, A105, an A110 until 1968 when the new Austin 3-Litre teuk its place.  Essentially badge-engineered versions o the Farina Westminsters wur an aa produced uising the premium Wolseley an Vanden Plas marques.

The Westminster name wis previously uised bi the Austin Motor Company in the 1930s for a fower licht version o the 16/6 an the Heavy 12/4.
Austin A30

The **A30** wis a compact caur produced bi Austin Motor Company in the 1950s. Introduced in 1951 as the "*New* Austin Seven", it wis Austin's answer tae the Morris Minor. At launch the caur cost £507, undercuttin the Minor bi £62.

## Ingine
* 803&nbsp;cc BMC A-Series, straucht-4 ingine
* 58&nbsp;mm bore x 76&nbsp;mm stroke
* pushrod operated owerheid valves
* compression ratio 7.2:1
* single Zenith carburettor
* 28&nbsp;hp (21&nbsp;kW) at 4400&nbsp;rpm
* 40&nbsp;lbf·ft (54&nbsp;Nm) at 2200&nbsp;rpm
Pontiac G8

The **Pontiac G8** is a rear-wheel drive sedan that wis produced bi Holden, the Australian General Motors (GM) subsidiary. The G8 wis released in 2008 in the Unitit States, an in 2008 for the 2009 model year in Canadae. Production stopped in mid-2009, following the GM decision tae suspend the Pontiac brand. While available, the G8 took the place in the Pontiac lineup o both the Pontiac Bonneville, which ceased production efter the 2005 model year, an the Pontiac Grand Prix, which ceased production efter the 2008 model year. The G8 wis Pontiac's first full-size car since the Bonneville an the GTO coupe last sold in 2006. The G8 wis a captive import o the Australien Holden VE Commodore.

By December 2008, the rear-drive G8 haed na become the expected sales replacement for the previous front-drive models, with 11,000 unsold G8s in the inventory an juist 13,000 sold. During the 2009 global economic downturn, market prices haed dropped bi $3000–5000 below GM's sticker price for the caur. Bi Julie 2009, there wur anerlie 5,000 unsold G8's in inventory, with almost 30,700 sold.

With the imminent demise o the Pontiac brand, a result o GM's Chapter 11 bankruptcy, the 2009 model year marks the end o all Pontiacs, includin the G8. However, in Julie 2009, Bob Lutz made an off-hand comment during a press review that the G8 woud be revived as the Chevrolet Caprice. Subsequently, Lutz retracted this statement, citin market conditions.

## References
Serpollet-Dampfdreirad

The **Serpollet Dampfdreirad/Peugeot Teep 1** is a smaw steam tricycle bi Peugeot, produced in 1886.  It is an aa the first Peugeot caur ever made.

The Serpollet Dampfdreirad wis ane o the first industrially manufactured motor vehicles. Designed bi Léon Serpollet, in 1886. The tricycle possessed an ile-fired boiler an a twa-cylinder ingine wi poppet valves an crank cases. The steam tricycle o produced aboot 4-6 HP wi its 2 cylinders. It achieved a maximum speed o aboot 25&nbsp;km/h.
Peugeot Type 3

The **Peugeot Type 3** wis a very early French automobile, an wis Peugeot's first model tae be sauld tae the public an made in meaningful quantities.  It wis Peugeot's seicont internal combustion-engined caur.

## Backgrund
The earliest Peugeot model frae 1889 haed been steam-pouered tricycles biggit unner collaboration wi Léon Serpollet.  In 1890, Armand Peugeot met wi contemporary trailblazers o caur technology, Gottlieb Daimler an Émile Levassor, an became convinced that reliable, practical, an lightweight vehicles wad hae tae be pouered bi petrol an hae fower wheels.  The Type 2 wis the first sic model.  Peugeot's ane-time pairtner Serpollet wad persevere wi steam technology wi continued success unner the marque Gardner-Serpollet until his daith in 1907.

## Performance
The engine wis a German design bi Daimler, but wis licensed for production in Fraunce bi Panhard et Levassor an then sauld tae Peugeot.  It wis a 15° V-twin an produced 2&nbsp;bhp, sufficient for a tap speed o approximately 18 kilometres per oor (11&nbsp;mph).

In its inaugural year o 1891, Armand Peugeot decidit tae show the robustness o his caur bi takin it alongside the Paris–Brest–Paris cycle race.  This demonstration caur ultimately survived a tot o 14,710 kilometres (9,140&nbsp;mi) withoot major malfunctions, something o a miraculous achievement wi contemporary mechanics, an later became the first Peugeot sauld tae the public.  A somewhat lichtened Type 3 wis entered intae an 1895 race frae Paris tae Bordeaux an back, winnin an maintaining an average speed o 21.5 kilometres per oor (13.4&nbsp;mph).  This story wis relatit bi Chris Goffey in a Top Gear episode frae 1989, when shawin early ensaumples o Peugeot durability.

## References
* Peugeot Car Models frae 1889-1909 
* Company History of the Type 3
* Histomobile
DAF 33

The **DAF 33** is a compact saloon caur produced bi the DAF company o Eindhoven, in the Netherlands atween 1967 an 1974. Outwardly an technically it differed little frae its predecessor, the DAF Daffodil.

1966 haed seen the introduction o the Michelotti styled DAF 44 which appeared tae compete in virtually the same mercat segment as the Daffodil based design; but the 33, its development costs presumably lang syne amortised, remained in production wi its new name.  A mair luxurious version became available in 1969.   Thereafter the caur changed very little:  houiver, the 6 volt electrical seestem wis replaced wi a 12 volt ane in 1972.

The DAF 33, in common wi ither DAF caurs, featurt a continuously variable transmission seestem, the DAF Variomatic.
Austin Metro

The **Metro** is a supermini caur that wis produced bi the Austin Rover Group division o British Leyland an its successors. It wis launched in 1980 as the **Austin miniMetro**. It wis intendit tae complement the Mini, an wis developed unner the codename LC8.

During its 18-year lifespan, the Metro wore mony names: **Austin Metro**, **MG Metro** an **Rover Metro**. It wis re-badged as the **Rover 100** series in 1994. Thare wur an aa van versions kent as the **Morris Metro** an later, **Metrovan**.

At the time o its launch, the Metro wis sauld as an Austin. Frae 1982, MG versions became available. Frae 1990 until its withdrawal in 1997, the Metro wis sauld anerlie as a Rover.

Awtho the new Rover 200 (introducit in 1995 an smawer than previous 200 models) haed oreeginally been designed as a replacement for the Metro, it wis na mercatit as sic efter its launch.  A direct replacement in the supermini cless did na arrive till 2003 wi the CityRover.  The Rover 100 finally ceased production in 1997, ironically bein oot-lived (bi twa years) bi the oreeginal Mini it wis meant tae replace.

## References
Triumph Spitfire

The **Triumph Spitfire** wis a smaw Breetish twa-seat sports caur, introduced in October 1962. The vehicle wis based on a design produced for Standard-Triumph in 1957 bi Italian designer Giovanni Michelotti. The codename for the vehicle wis the "Bomb". The caur wis lairgely based on the Triumph Herald saloon, an throughout its life wis biggit at the Standard-Triumph works at Canley, Coventry.

## Models
Five separate Spitfire models wur sauld during the production run:
DAF 66

The **DAF 66** is a sma motor vehicle that wis produced bi the Dutch company DAF in the 1970s. It wis an evolution o the DAF 55 it replaced an like its predecessor uised a 46&nbsp;bhp (34&nbsp;kW) Renault Cléon ingine. The front assembly wis redesigned for the 66, as wur the rear axle an variomatic. Whauras the 55 haed a coil sprung Swing axle, the 66 haed a leaf sprung De Dion tube axle, which greatly improved handlin. The variomatic nou featured shorter drive belts an a differential.
The 66 wis available as a 2-door saloon, a 2-door coupé, an a 3-door estate frae its introduction in 1972. The 66 an aa haed a sportin "Marathon" version, which featured a 52&nbsp;hp (39&nbsp;kW) version o the 1.1 ingine. Frae 1973 the 1300 Marathon wis available as well, wi a 1.3 ingine an 57&nbsp;hp (43&nbsp;kW). Follaein the acquisition o DAF's caur operations bi Volvo Cars the model carried on as the Volvo 66.

An open version o the 66 wis an aa produced for the Dutch airmed forces, the DAF 66YA. This wis based on the 1108&nbsp;cc model, but wi upratit suspension an a new body.

The DAF 66, in common wi ither DAF caurs, featured a continuously variable transmission seestem, the DAF Variomatic.

A white saloon version o the DAF 66 features in the opening credit sequence o series 2 o the Breetish made ITV detective series Van der Valk which wis filmed on location in Amsterdam. Van der Valk is seen as a passenger in this sequence an the caur is subsequently seen in a number o episodes. 

## External links

* DAF 55/DAF 66 Family Tree
* The DAF museum, Eindhoven (site in Dutch) &mdash; complete with "DAFeteria" for refreshments
* Classic DAF
* DAF/Volvo 66 
* DAF section of "RitzSite"
* Technical details from Motorbase