open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Oslo

**Oslo** ( or ) is a coonty an municipality, as well as the caipital an lairgest ceety in Norawa. Oslo wis establisht as a municipality on 1 Januar 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). Foondit aroond 1048 bi King Harald Hardrada, the ceety wis lairgely destroyed bi a fire in 1624. The Dens–Norse king Christian IV rebuilt the ceety as **Christianie** (briefly an aa spelt **Kristianie**). In 1925 the ceety reclaimit its oreeginal Norse name, Oslo. The diocese o Oslo is ane o the five oreeginal dioceses in Norawa, which oreeginatit aroond the year 1070.

Oslo is the cultural, scientific, economic an govrenmental centre o Norawa. The ceety is an' a' a hub o Norse trade, bankin, industry an shippin. It is an important centre for maritime industries an maritime trade in Europe. The ceety is hame tae mony companies athin the maritime sector, some o them are amangst the warld's lairgest shippin companies, shipbrokers an maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is a pilot ceety o the Cooncil o Europe an the European Commission intercultural ceeties programme.

Oslo is considered a global ceety an ranked "Beta World Ceety" in studies performed bi the Globalization an World Ceeties Study Group an Netwirk in 2008. For several years, Oslo haes been leetit as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld alang wi such ither global caipitals as Copenhagen, Paris, an Tokyo.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — pairtner ceeties - an regions
Oslo is twinned or haes cooperation agreements wi the follaein ceeties/regions:

## References
August Strindberg

**August Strindberg** (1849 - 1912) wis a Swaddish writer.

## Fremmit airtins
* Strindberg Museum 
* Strindberg in Austria
Carl XVI Gustaf o Swaden

**Carl XVI Gustaf** (born 30 Aprile 1946) is the keeng an heid o state o the Kinrick o Swaden syne 1973.

## Merridge an bairns
Carl XVI Gustaf meets his spooz, Silvia Sommerlath, in the Simmer Olympic Gemmes o Munich in 1972, as she warks as dutywumman in the place an he is nae king jast, he marries her in Juin 1976, he haes three bairns wi her:
# Princess Victoria o Swaden, Croun Princess o Swaden, Duchess o Västergötland (born 14 Julie 1977) mairit Daniel Westling an haed childer. 
# Prince Carl Philip o Swaden, Duke o Värmland (born 13 Mey 1979),
# Princess Madeleine o Swaden, Duchess o Hälsingland an o Gästrikland (born 10 Juin 1982) mairit Christopher O'Neill an haed issue. 
#Carl Philip o Swaden wis prins heirin (kronprins) till 1980, when sexual equality in succession wis made. Prinses Victoria becoms heirin prinses again.

## Teeles an styles
***30 Aprile 1946 – 7 Juin 1946** *His Ryal Highness* Prince Carl Gustaf o Swaden
***7 Juin 1946 – 29 October 1950** *His Ryal Highness* Prince Carl Gustaf o Swaden, Duke o Jämtland
* 29 October 1950 – 15 September 1973: *[[His Ryal Highness]]* The Croun Prince o Swaden, Duke o Jämtland.
***15 September 1973 – present** *His Majesty* The King o Swaden.

## Commons
The Weather Channel

**The Weather Channel** is a televeesion chaniel that is shawn on telly in the Unitit States. The Weather Channel shaws telly shaws aboot the wather an wather-relatit news aw day. The Weather Channel is maist aft filmit ben a studio close tae Atlanta, Georgie in the Unitit States, bit no mony bodies wirkin thair gaes tae the place that the wather is happenin tae film it. The Weather Channel haes radio stances, wittins blad, an wabsteids an aw. The Weather Channel will be shawn in High Defenition frae September 2007.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*
*
*
Swuird

A **swuird** is a lang an nairae metal object connectit tae a haundle. Swuirds is uised tae nick things. Swuirds wis ance the main wappens uised in weir, but guns is nou uiesd insteid. Swuirds isna uised for a hantle things the day ither nor sport an ceremonies.
Melbourne

**Melbourne** is the caipital ceety o Victoria, Australie. It is Victoria's caipital an haes aboot 4.1 million indwallers (2009). It is the seicont mucklest city in Australie.

## Sister ceeties
Melbourne haes seiven internaitional sister cities. Accordin tae the Ceety o Melbourne cooncil, "the ceety as a whole haes been nourished bi thair influence, which extends frae educational, cultural an' sporting exchanges 'ae unparalleled business networking opportunities." The recognised cities are:

*  Osaka, Japan (1978)
*  Tianjin, Cheenae (1980)
*  Thessaloniki, Greece (1984)
*  Boston, Massachusetts, USA  (1985)
*  Saunt Petersburg,  Roushie (1989)
*  Zagreb,  Croatie (1997)
*  Milan,  Italy (2003)

## References
Brisbane

**Brisbane** () is the caipital an maist populous ceety in Queensland, as weel as the third maist muckle ceety in Austrailie, wi aboot 1,810,943 indwallers. It's locatit naur tae the Pacific Ocean. Brisbane's aboot a thoosand kilometres (625 mile) Nor-East o Sydney.

The ceety wis cried in honour o Sir Thomas Brisbane that wis Govrenor o New Sooth Wales frae 1821 tae 1825. The oreeginal toun grew frae a sair jyle toun shapit at his airtin in 1824 at a place cried Redcliffe, 28&nbsp;km tae the north. The toun wis flitten tae whit it is the nou in 1825, an free indwallers (as contrair tae convicts) wis alloued frae 1842. It wis chuist as the caipital whan Queensland wis proclaimit a sinder colony in 1859. The ceety slawly forderit till efter Warld Weir II, whan it wis gey important in the Allied campaign as the Sooth Wast Pacific base o General Douglas MacArthur.

## References
1999

**1999** (MCMXCIX) wis a year stairtin on a Friday, an wis designate the 'Internaitional Year o Aulder Fowk' bi the Unitit Nations.

## Next year

The next year on calendar is 2000.

## See awso
* :Category:1999 births
*:Category:1999 daiths
*:Category:1999 albums
*:Category:Muisical groups established in 1999
*Years o the XIXt an XXt centuries
Money

**Siller** or **money** is onything that is for ordinar accepted in payment for guids an services an in repayment o dets. The main uises o siller are as a medium o exchynge, a unit o accoont, an a store o vailyie.

## Currency

A currency is a unit o exchynge, faceelitatin the transfer o guids an services. It is a form o siller, an it is conseedert a store o vailyie bi mony fowk an aw, that's shaped bi a claim tae its central baunk assets. A currency zone is a kintra or region that haes a specific currency as the dominant medium o exchynge. For tae faceelitate troke atween currency zones, thare's exchynge rates i.e. prices that currencies (an the guids an services o indiveedual currency zones) can be exchynged agin ilk ither for. Currencies can be classifee'd as aither fleetin currencies or fixed currencies based on their exchynge rate regime. In common uiss, currency whiles refers anerly tae paper money, as in "cunyies an currency", but this is misleadin. Cunyies an paper money is baith forms o currency.

## See forby

* Cunyies
* Paper notes
* Chack
* Eurozone
* Poond sterling

## References
Chocolate

**Chocolate** is a sweet tastin fuid, made frae cocoa beans. The maist common varieties is milk, white an daurk, but thare's a feck mair an aw.

## Common uises

It's uised tae mak chocolate bars bi companies lik Cadbury's an Nestlé. It can bi uised tae mak smaw mouldit items lik Easter eggs an mowpies an aw.
2001

**2001** (**[[Roman numerals|MMI]]**) wis a common year that stairtit on a Monanday. In the Gregorian calendar, it wis the 2001st  year o the Common Era or the Anno Domini designation. It wis the 2nt year o the 2000s decade, an the 1st year o the 21st century an the 3rd millennium.

## Events
* September 11 – 2,977 victims are killed in the September 11 attacks at the Warld Trade Center in New York Ceety, New York, The Pentagon in Arlington Coonty, Virginie, an in rural Shanksville, Pennsylvanie efter American Airlines Flicht 11 an United Airlines Flicht 175 are hijacked an crash intae the Warld Trade Center's Twin Touers, American Airlines Flicht 77 is hijacked an crashes intae the Pentagon, an United Airlines Flicht 93 is hijacked an crashes intae grassland in Shanksville, due tae the passengers fichtin tae regain control o the airplane. The Warld Trade Center touers collapse as a result o the crashes.

## See awso

* :Category:2001 births
*:Category:2001 daiths
*:Category:2001 albums
*:Category:Muisical groups established in 2001
1956

**1956** (MCMLVI) wis a leep year stairtin on Sunday o the Gregorian calendar.

## Next year an ithers
* The next year on calendar is 1957
* See an aa Years o the XIXt an XXt Centuries
2003

**2003** (MMIII) wis a common year stairtin on Wadensday o the Gregorian calendar.

:It wis designate the:
:* *[[Internaitional Year o Fresh Watter]]*
:* *[[European Disability Year]]*
:* *[[Year o the Sheep]] in the [[zodiac|Cheenese Zodiac]]*
:* *[[Year o Scorpio]] in [[Astrology|Wastren Astrology]]*

## See awso

* :Category:2003 births
*:Category:2003 daiths
*:Category:2003 albums
*:Category:Muisical groups established in 2003
Pacific Ocean

The **Pacific Ocean** is the maist muckle body o watter on Yird – at 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this ocean (the maist muckle pairt o the Yird Ocean) kivers aboot 32% o the yird's surface an is mair muckle nor aw the yird's laund thegither. Its name comes frae the Laitin name Mare Pacificum, "peacefu sea". It wis gien the name bi the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan.
European Pairlament

The **European Pairlament** (abbreviated as **EU Pairlament** or the **EP**) is the directly electit pairlamentary institution o the European Union (EU).

## References
Offeecial leid

An **offeecial leid** is a leid that is gien a special legal status in a pairticular kintra, state, or ither jurisdiction.
Cockatrice

A **Cockatrice** is a leegendar craitur aboot the bouk an shape o a draigon or wyvern, but its kythe resemmlin a whappin callach, wi a wheen o lizart-sib chairacteristics. It wis jaloused tae be born frae an egg lee'n bi a callach an cosied bi a puddock or serpon.

Its reputit maigical abeelities includes turnin fowk tae stane bi aither leukin at thaim, titchin thaim, or whiles pechin on thaim, lik a dragoun (draigon) pechin fire.
Antropologie

**Antropologie** is the studie o human beins. Antropologie is a social science that helps fowk learn whit wey groups o fowk is the same, an whit wey they differ in aw the airts o the warld. Antropologists dis research in mony airts an leuks at the wey fowk leeves the nou an hou they micht hae leeved in the bygane (uisin the study o Airchaeologie). They daes research in modren ceeties, wee veelage tribes, an in the landwart airts. They study whit wey thae groups o fowk conseeders time, space, life an ither things.

The fower basic kynds o antropologie is as follaes: 

* Airchaeologie - The study o relics left fae auncient societies.
* Pheesical Antropologie - The study o human biologie an whit wey human beins haes chynged ower time (evolution).
* Linguistic Antropologie - The study o whit wey fowk speaks an whit wey their leids haes chynged ower time.
* Cultural Antropologie - The study o whit wey fowk leeves their lifes an whit wey they micht hae leeved lang syne.
Dauvit I, King o Scots

**David I o Scotland** (1084 - 24 Mey 1153) wis king o Scots atween the years 1124-1153.

He wis the youngest laddie o king Malcolm III o Scots an sainct Margaret. Altho he spent maist o his bairnhead in Scotland, he wis sent tae Ingland in exile in 1093 throu a pouer strauchle atween his aulder brithers for the throne o Scotland. He growed up at the coort o Henry I o Ingland whaur he wis raised as an Anglo-Norman prince. Efter the daith o his brither Alexander I o Scotland, David ascendit tae the throne o Scotland. 

He is best kent as the king that introduced the govrenmental seestem o feudalism tae Scotland, for foundin the Burghs an for bringin Scotland mair in line wi tradeetional Inglis an European cultur. He brocht mony spaekers o early northren Middle Inglis tae Scotland an aw an this is eften seen as whit helped in the creation o the Scots leid.

## References
Celtic

The wirds **Celt** an **Celtic** haes mony meanins an can be said in twa weys.

## Pronounced /kelt(ik)/

*Celt, European Celtic fowk, either auncient or modren Celts.
*Celtic leids, camin frae the Proto-Celtic leid, spake bi these fowk an thair modren descendants.

## Pronounced /selt(ik)/

*Celtic Fitba Club frae Glesga.
Celtic leids

The **Celtic leids** is a faimlie o leids spak bi Celtic fowk. The Celtic leids that's aye still tae the fore the day is Erse (*Gaelige*), Scots Gaelic (*Gàidhlig*) an Manx (*Gaelg*) that maks up the Goidelic brainch, an Welsh (*Cymraeg*), Cornish (*Kernewek* (an ither spellins)) an Breton (*Brezhoneg*) that maks up the Brythonic brainch. At ae time there wis mony ither Celtic leids spak athort Europe sic as Gaulis an Pecht but they hae syne dee'd oot.

The Celtic Leids cam frae the Proto-Celtic leid. The history o the leids an whaur exactly they cam fae is gey contreversial the nou, wi ae side threapin fir a Spanish oreegin, an the ither fir a Central European ain, but naetheless, the leids that cam frae Proto-Celtic were tae be fun ower aw o Europe fae Spain in the Wast till Turkey in the East durin the period o the Roman Empire. At ae time there wis mony ither Celtic leids spak athort Europe sic as Gauls an aiblins een Pecht (though thon is no kent fer siccar tae be pairt o the Celtic linguistic faimlie) that hae syne dee'd oot, while the day, the anerly survivin descendants are tae be fund in Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall (as a revived leid), Mann, Brittany, an Wales.

## See forbye
* Gaelic leids
* Scots Gaelic
* Gauls leid
* Manx
* Erse
* Welsh
* Cornish
* Breton

## References
Population

In sociologie an biologie, a **population** is the smyte o fowk or organisms o a species bidin in a gien geografic aurie or space, uisually meisurt bi a census.

*Population density* is the average amoont o indwallers within a square kilometre or mile ootthrou ony gien area (fur ordinar the hail kintra).

*See forby:*

*Aurie
*Kintra
L. Colin Wilson

**L. Colin Wilson** (born 1958, Aiberdeen) is a Scots leid-upsteerer, writer, saftware bigger an linguist. He wis born in Aiberdeen an efter spendin maist o his bairnheid there, he flittit tae the Scots-spaekin toun o Couter. Fae 1979 tae 1989 he bade in Lunnon, Ingland. Efter that he flittit back tae Scotland whaur he spent eleiven year in Glesca afore returnin tae his hametoun.

He haes been a member o the Scots Leid Associe syne 1989 an haes serred as a member o its national commatee an as secretar o its Glesca brainch. Amang his mony contreebutions tae the Scots leid is a textbeuk written on Scots for lairners furth o Scotland cried the *Luath Scots Language Learner*.

## References
Breton leid

The **Breton Leid** (*Brezhoneg*) is a leid spak in the peninsula o Breetany in the nor-wast o Fraunce. It is a Celtic leid an is sib tae Cornish an Welsh. The leid wis brocht tae this airt o Fraunce, cried "Armorica" at thon time, durin the Anglo-Saxon invasions o Breetain durin the fowert year hunder. At thon time, monie Celtic fowk fae the soo-wast o the island (the airt nou kent bi maist fowk as the "wast kintra") wis fleein tae the continent acause the Anglo-Saxons wis owerhailin their laund. Thir fowk wis the forebears o the Breton fowk an their kynd o Brythonic leid wis whit growed intae the Breton leid. It wis the leid o the nobility o Brittany til the 12t century, bit syne the French leid haes becam mair dominant in Brittany. The poseetion o the French govrenment the noo is agin the Breton leid, houaniver it is aye spak bi aboot 500,000 fowk in the wastren hauf o the peninsula. Anither leid, cried "Gallo" is spak in eastren Brittany. It is a Romance leid, no o a Celtic leid, an is sib tae French.
Romance leids

The **Romance Leids** is a brainch o the Indo-European faimilie o leids that cam frae the Laitin leid, in parteecular frae the byleid kent as "Vulgar Laitin" that wis spak by settlers an sodgers frae Rome that settlt in monie differ Roman provinces. Efter the fall o the Roman Empire the byleids o Latin that hae growed in thir provinces startit tae chynge intae differ leids. The five muckle maist Romance leids the nou are French, Spaingie, Portuguese, Italian an Romanie. Altho the leids oreeginatit in sooth-wastren Europe there are monie spaekers in the Americaes (North Americae an Sooth Americae) an Africae the nou maistlie acause o Spanyie an tae a lesser stent French an Portuguese colonialism.

* Aragonese leid
* Asturlionese leids
** Asturian leid
** Lionese dialect
** Mirandese leid
* Dalmatian leid
* Franco-Provençal leid
* French leid
* Friulian leid
* Galicie-Portuguese leids
** Galicie leid
** Portuguese leid
** Fala leid (Extremaduran leid)
* Judaeo-Spaingie (Ladino leid)
* Ladin leid
* Mozarabic leid
* Norman leid
* Catalan leid
* Occitan leid
* Romanie leid
* Romansh leid
* Sardinie leid
* Castilian leid
Rouen

**Rouen** is a ceety on the River Seine in northren Fraunce. Hit is the caipital o the region o Normandy. Umwhile yin o the mucklest an maist bien ceeties o medieval Europe, the tot nummer o indwallers in the metropolitan airt is 655,013 the nou. Rouen wis hame tae the Exchequer o Normandy in the Middle Ages. Hit wis yin o the caipitals o the Anglo-Norman deenasties, whilk rule't baith Ingland an muckle pairts o modren Fraunce fae the 11t tae the 15t yeirhunners. Fowk fae Rouen are kent as *Rouennais*.

## Museums
* The *[[Musée des beaux-arts]]* is the ceety's airt museum
* The *[[Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire de Rouen|Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire]]* is a museum aboot the history o the port an maritime navigation

## Fremmit airtins
* The ceety's wabsteid
* Tourist Office
Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire de Rouen

The **Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire** is a museum aboot the history o the port an maritime navigation.

## Fremmit airtins
* The museum's Wabsteid
Perth (disambiguation)

**Perth** is the name o several ceeties an places'':

* Perth, Scotland.
* Perth, Australie.
* Perth, Ontario.
River Clyde

The **Watter o Clyde**  (Scots Gaelic: *Abhainn Chluaidh*) is a major river in Scotland. It is the aicht langest river in the Unitit Kinrick, an the thrid langest in Scotland. It flowes throu the ceety o Glesca an oot intae the Firth o Clyde an the Atlantic Ocean ayont. The Clyde wis a gey important river for shipbiggin an trokin for the Breetish Empire.

## References
Ensenyie

An **ensenyie** is a phrase or a cutty leet o wirds that pits ower the ettle or mynt o an entity, social group, or organisation. Mony kintras, ceeties, varsities, an ither institutions hae ensenyies, as daes faimlies wi coats o airms.

An ensenyie can be in ony leid. Laitin an, tae a lesser degree, French is uised maist aften bi faur, acause ilkane wis the preencipal internaitional tongue for a richt lang time. The hamel langage is mair common in the ensenyies o govrenments. Far example Ingland haes a French ensenyie, as daes the Netherlands an, obviously, Fraunce.

Fraternities an sororities maistlins haes their (for ordinar, dern) ensenyie in the Greek leid. That o the Coonty o Somerset is in Anglo-Saxon.

A cantin ensenyie is ane that hauds wird play. For exemplar, the ensenyie o the Earl o Onslow is *Festina lente*, punningly interpretin *on-slow* (literally "make haste slowly").

In heraldry, an ensenyie is aftimes pairt o an achievement o airms, foe ordinar on a scrowe ablo the shield, or else abuin the crest as in Scots heraldry.

Ilka ship an submarine in the Ryal Navy haes a crest an motto, as daes units o the Ryal Air Force.
Tammie norrie

A **Tammie norrie** (*Fratercula arctica*) is ony o three kins o auk (or **alcids**) in the bird genus *Fratercula* (Laitin: *wee brither* — mibbes referin tae their black an white feathers, that leuks like monastic clouts) wi a brichtly lit beak at breedin time. They are pelagic seabirds that maistlins eats bi doukin intil the sea. They breed in muckle colonies on seawart cleuchs or islands, nestin in craggy scores or in bourie ben the yird.

Aw three species o tammie norrie haes muckle beaks. They tyne the littit ooter pairts o their beaks efter breedin time, an is left wi smawer an mair dreich beaks. Their wee weengs is makkit for soumin wi a fleein gate unner the watter. In the lift, they muive their weengs fast (up tae a hunder times a meenit) in fast flicht, aft fleein laich ower the sea.

## Breedin

The male Atlantic Tammie Norrie bigs the nest an haes a strang need tae stey wi the nest. Baith sects o the Hornit Tammie Norrie gies a haund at biggin their nest. The bouries o the Atlantic an Hornit Tammie Norries is byordinar anerly aboot ae metre deep, wi a chaummer at the end, but the howe doun tae a Tautit Tammie Norrie bourie micht can be 2.75 metres lang. The Atlantic Tammie Norrie bourie is byordinar makkit wee things like girse, windlestrae, leafs, feathers an siclike, but is whiles makkit wi juist the suddle. The eggs o the Atlantic Tammie Norrie haes a reamie tint but micht can be mair o a laylock tint.

Tammie norries is unalike mony craiturs, an insteid tak lang-term pairtners. The female lees juist the ae egg, an baith paurents hauds the egg wairm an feeds the bairn. The paurent that's leukin efter the bairn hauds the egg agin their brood patch wi their weengs. The bairns gaes oot the nest at nicht. Efter lea'in, the youthie tammie norries steys oot at sea for the first puckle year o their life at sea, retourin tae breed efter three tae sieven year.

As wi mony auks, tammie norries eats baith fish an zooplankton, but maistlins feeds their bairns wi wee fish several times a day. The tammie norrie is distinct in that they can haud several (mibbes mair nor a dizzen) wee fishies at the ae time, crosswise in their beak. Acause o this they can mak langer reenges, acause they can retour wi mair smeddum for their bairns nor a bird that can anerly cairy ae fish at a time.

## Species

Three species is recognised the day:

* Atlantic Tammie Norrie, *Fratercula arctica*
* Hornit Tammie Norrie, *Fratercula corniculata*
* Tautit Tammie Norrie, *Fratercula cirrhata*

The genus *Fratercula* belike evolved in the northren Paceefic, like maist kynds o auks. Houaniver, at least twa prehistoric species that's no weel kent is kent tae hae bid in the wastren Atlantic fair suin efter the genus' beginnins:

* *Fratercula* sp. 1 (Yorktown Early Pliocene frae Lee Creek Mine, USA)
* *Fratercula* sp. 2 (Yorktown Early Pliocene frae Lee Creek Mine, USA)

Anither deid species, Dow's Tammie Norrie (*Fratercula dowi*) wis fund on the Channel Islands o California up tae the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene. Like eneuch it dee'd acause a ower-huntin an egg-gaitherin bi early human settlers.

## References
Starcraft

**Starcraft**, ran bi Blizzard Entertainment, is a gemme makkit in 1998 an mony fowk pley it. There's 3 kynd o fowk in the gemme.  

**Terran**
These fowk is human.

**Zerg**
These fowk is creaturs that's sib tae insects.

**Protoss**
These fowk is auld aliens wi mony pouers.

**Multiplayer**
The fowk that pley the gemme pley on the Battle.net server. There are 7 severs: Asie 1 2 and 3, Europe, US East, and US Wast. The reason fir the 3 Asie servers is the Korean fowk lik tae pley this gemme. 

**Starcraft Expansion: Brood War** This gemme wis makkit in 1998 an made mair fowk pley. 

**Starcraft II**
Blizzard fowk, in 2007, sayed that they wid mak this gemme. Unfortunately it haes syne been delait, there is nae release date announced yit, despite a workin public beta.

## Reference
Vatican Ceety

**Vatican Ceety** (Latin: *Civitatis Vaticanae*; Italian: *Città del Vaticano*) ance kent as the **State o Vatican Ceety** (Latin: *Status Civitatis Vaticanae*; Italian: *Stato della Città del Vaticano*) is ae ecclesiastical sovereign laundlockit enclave surroondit bi Roum, Italy, an administratit bi the Pape.

* The offeecial siller is the euro (atho monie o the fowk that wones thare uises a furm o tradin cried Peter's Pence).
* It haes 921 indwallers that conseests mainly o clergy, includin heich deegnitaries, priests, nuns, an the weel-kent Swiss Gaird an aw, an a volunteer airmie. While monie o 3,000 lay warkers haes tae stey ootside its waws.
* It's offeecial leid is Italian.

## Notes

## References
New York Ceety

**New York Ceety** () is the maist populous ceety in the Unitit States an the centre o the New York metropolitan aurie, at is ae o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld. New York Ceety haes a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, cultur, airt, fashion, research, eddication, an entertainment. As host o the Unitit Naitions Heidquarters, it is an aa an important centre for internaitional affairs. The ceety is aften referred tae as **New York Ceety** or the **Ceety o New York** tae distinguish it frae the state o New York, at it is apairt o.

Locatit on a lairge naitural harbour on the Atlantic coast o the Northeastren Unitit States, the ceety consists o five boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, an Staten Island. The ceety's 2009 estimatit population approached 8.4 million, an wi a laund aurie o 305 square mile (790 km2), New York Ceety is the maist densely populatit major ceety in the Unitit States. The New York metropolitan aurie's population is the USA's mucklest, estimatit at 19.1 million fowk ower 6,720 square mile (17,400 km2). The Combined Statistical Aurie contained 22.2 million fowk as o 2009 Census estimates, an aa the mucklest in the Unitit States.

New York wis foondit as a commercial tredin post bi the Dutch in 1624. The dounset wis cawed New Amsterdam til 1664 whan the colony cam unner Inglis control.

Mony destricts an laundmerks in the ceety hae acome weel kent tae ootsiders.  The Statue o Liberty greetit millions o immigrants as thay cam tae Americae in the late 19t an earlie 20t centuries. Times Square, iconifee'd as "The Crossroads o the Warld", is the brichtly illuminatit hub o the Broadway theatre destrict, ane o the warld's busiest pedestrian intersections, an a major centre o the warld's entertainment industry. Anchored bi Wall Street, in Lawer Manhattan, New York vies wi Lunnon as the financial caipital o the warld an is hame tae the New York Stock Exchynge, the warld's mucklest stock exchynge bi mercat caipitalisation o its leetit companies. The oreeginal Manhattan Chinatown attracts thrangs o tourists tae its bustlin sidewalks an retail establishments. Warld-cless schuils an varsities sic as Columbia Varsity, New York Varsity an Fordham Varsity an aa reside in New York Ceety.

## Sister ceeties
New York Ceety haes ten sister ceeties recognisit bi Sister Cities International (SCI):

Lik New York Ceety, aw except Beijing are the maist populous ceeties o thair respective kintras.

Unlik New York Ceety, aw but Johannesburg serve as *de facto* or *de jure* naitional poleetical caipitals. New York an her sister ceeties are aw major economic centres, but few o the sister ceeties share New York's status as a major seaport.

## Notes

## See also
* New York Ceety draucht riots
Prime Meenister o Australie

The teetle o **Prime Meenister o Australie** is the teetle o the heidsman o the Australie govrenment, this role is filt bi Anthony Albanese sin 2022. The meenisterial poseetion o prime meenister is appyntit bi the Govrenor-General o Australie wham is the reprasentative o the Monarch o Australie.

## Leet o prime meenisters
Ablow is a leet o Prime Meenisters o Australie wi names, stairt date in the poseetion, end date in the poseetion, poleetical pairty, hail speal as prime meenister an state representit in pairlament. The state(s) representit in pairlament isnae necessarly the yin that the politeetion haed the strangest associe; the mucklest ensaumple bein Bob Hawke wham wis born in Sooth Australie, as a wean bade in Wastren Australie, wrocht in an representit Victoria an retired til New Sooth Wales.

The parties shawn are thae tae that the prime meenisters belangit at the time o takkin office. Several prime meenisters belangit tae pairties ither than thae gien afore an efter thair prime meenisterships.

Fir a leet shawin mair, see Leet o Prime Meenisters o Australie.

## Graphical timeline

## References
Naitional anthem

A **Naitional anthem** is a sang for ordinar waled by the kintra's govrenment tae vyce an reflect the kintra's vailyies.
Końskowola

**Końskowola** is a toun in Sootheastren Poland. It's the caipital o a commune athin Puławy Coonty an the Lublin Voivodeship. It haes 2,188 indwallers (in 2004).

## History
The toun was incorporatit on Juin 8, 1532. Końskowola wis a mercat toun for the troke o fuid for the local area. 
In Warld War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola wis takken bi German sodgers. Durin the war, the Germans biggit a POW camp an camps for sclave laubour in the toun. The POW camp wis soon stoppit belyve, bit a laubour camp wis there till 1943.

A ghetto wis establishit in the toun, an mony Jews wis relocatit there, includin Jews frae Slovakie. On Mey 8, 1942, the Nazis gaithered mony Jews and transportit them tae a daith camp. In October 1942, the ghetto's population wis killed in a massacre cairrit oot bi German sodgers. Mebbes 800-1000 Jews, including wifies an bairns, wis taen tae a shaw naurhaund, an killed. The ghetto's remaining indwallers wis muived tae anither camp.

Wi the approach of Soviet Union sodgers in the simmer o 1944, the Germans ettlet tae scauder the toun. On Julie 25, 1944, the German sodgers wis attackit bi sodgers fae the Polish resistance. The toun wis bedeen freed frae the Germans.
Norn leid

**Norn** wis a leid thit wis spak in Orkney, Shetland, an Caithness. It wis a North Germanic leid descendit fae Auld Norse an wis sib tae the Norse, Dens, an Swadish leids. Efter the 15t century Scotland teuk ower the isles as pairt o a tocher bi king Christian I o Denmark for his dochter Margaret that marriet King James III. Syne that time, the leid wis replaced bi Scots. Acause o this, the byleids o Scots spak in thir isles (cried "Insular Scots" awthegither) haes muckle Norse influences.

## Referances
Middle Inglis leid

**Middle Inglis** refers tae the kins o Inglis spak in Ingland efter the Norman Conquest o 1066. Efter that, mony wirds o French an Norman French oreegin fand thair wey intae Ingles an this chynged the structur o the leid tae gey an muckle. The early northren byleids o the leid becam whit is kent the nou as the Scots leid. Ane o the maist weel-kent warks o leeteratur in the Middle Inglis leid is Geoffrey Chaucer's *[[The Canterbury Tales]]*.
Scots Hielands

The **Hielands** (Scots Gaelic: Gaidhealtachd) is the muntainous northren an wastren airts o Scotland whaur the Scots Gaelic leid haes tradeetionally been spak. The wird is derived fae the wirds "heich" an "land". Thir airts o Scotland is gey different fae the Lawlands in that the Scots Gaelic leid is tradeetionally spak thare in steid o Scots, an acause the influence o the auncient Celts o Scotland is aye felt thare. The Protestant Reformation wisna sae successfu in the Hielands as the Lawlands an acause o this the Catholic releegion is mair prominent nor the Kirk in some airts. Innerness is aft cried the caipital o the Hielands.

## See forby
*Scots Lawlands
**[[Gàidhealtachd]]*

## Soorces
Perth

**Perth** or **Pairth** (), kent in auld Scots as **Sanct Johnstoun**, is a ceitie an unwhyl mukkil toun, ceitie aforehaund  an ryal burgh in central Scotland. Liggin on the River Tay, it is the heidsteid o the Pairth an Kinross cooncil aurie an the historic coontie toun o Pairthshire. Acordin til a 2008 estimate, Pairth haes 44,820 indwallers.

The toun's name cums frae a Pecht wird for *wid* or *shaw*, an links the toun til the Pechts deskreivit bi the Romans. The Pechts syn jynt wi the Scots ti form the kingrik o Alba that haes syn becam kent as Scotland. The name *Perth* haes syn been uisit for monie ither touns an ceities athort the warld. The maist weil-kent o thaim is Perth, Wastren Australie — cried siclyk at the wiss o Sir George Murray, Secretar o State for War an the Colonies, wha wis born in Pairth. Pairth haes been kent as *The Fair Ceitie* sin the publication o the storie *[[Fair Maid of Perth]]* bi Scots writer Sir Walter Scott in 1828. Durin the medieval eild the toun wis cried *St John's Toun* or *Saint Johnstoun*, in referenss til the toun's main kirk dedicated til St John the Baptist. The name is aye preservit in the toun's fitbaa club, cried St Johnstone.

Perth railwey station is the terminus o the Highland Main Line.
 
## References
Moon Geun Young

**Moon Geun Young** is an actress frae Gwangju ceety, Sooth Korea.

## Fremmit airtins
* Super Moon Geun Young Fansite 
* Daum Cafe Moon Geun Young Official Fanclub
Świnoujście

**Świnoujście** - is a toun in north-western Poland. It is the caipital o a poviat athin West-Pomerania Voivodship. It haes 41.371 (2014) indwallers.
Time zone

A **time zone** is a region o the Yird that haes taen up the same staundart time, for ordinar cried 'local time'. Maist adjacent time zones is preceese ae oor apairt, an bi convention computes thair local time as an affset frae Greenwich Mean Time (see UTC an aw).

Staundart time zones can be defined bi geometrically subdividin the Yird's spheroid intae 24 lunes (wedge-shaped sections), bordered bi meridians ilk ane 15° o longitude apairt. The local time in neeghbourin zones wad differ bi ae oor. Houaniver, poleetical an geografical practicalities can result in irregular-shaped zones that follaes poleetical mairches or that chynges thair time saisonally (lik wi daylicht saufin time), as weel as bein subject tae antrin redefineetion as poleetical condeetions chynges.

Melbourne, Australie is +10 GMT

Unitit Kinrick is +0 GMT

## UTC affsets warldwide
2012 Simmer Olympics

The **2012 Summer Olympics**, offeecially the **Gemmes o the XXX Olympiad**, an commonly kent as **London 2012**, wis a major internaitional multi-sport event celebratit in the tradeetion o the Olympic Gemmes, as govrened bi the Internaitional Olympic Committee (IOC). It teuk place in Lunnon, Unitit Kinrick, frae 27 Julie tae 12 August 2012.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
Dick Gaughan

**Richard Peter "Dick" Gaughan** (b. 17 Mey 1948) is a Scots muisician, sanger, an sangwriter. He is kent fir fowk an social protest sangs.

He wis born in Glesgae's Rattonraw Maternity Hospital; his mither hailed frae Bohenie, Lochaber an his faither bade in Leith, whaur Gaughan wis also biding as a bairn wi his graunparents. His style is tacht an passionate an witty, his lyrics challengin, an his playin fast an strang.

## Discography
**No More Forever* (1972)
**The Boys of the Lough* (1973) (Boys of the Lough)
**Kist O'Gold* (1976) *Five Hand Reel* (1976) (Five Hand Reel)

**Coppers and Brass* (1977)
**For A' That* (1977) (Five Hand Reel)
**Songs of Ewan MacColl* (1978) (with Dave Burland and Tony Capstick)
**Gaughan* (1978)
**Earl o' Moray* (1978) (Five Hand Reel]
**Handful of Earth* (1981)
**A Different Kind of Love Song* (1983)
**Parallel Lines* (1982) (with Andy Irvine)
**Fanfare for Tomorrow* (1985) (with Ken Hyder)
**Live in Edinburgh* (1985)
**True and Bold* (1986)
**Call It Freedom* (1988)
**Clan Alba* (1995) (with Clan Alba
**Sail On* (1996)
**Redwood Cathedral* (1998)
**Outlaws And Dreamers* (2001)
**Prentice Piece* (2002)
**Lucky for Some* (2006)

## Soorces

## Fremmit airtins
*Dick Gaughan's offeecial wabsteid
Vienna

**Vienna** () is the caipital ceety o Austrick, a naition in central Europe. It is the name gien tae the local admeenistrative territory. The ceety ligs on the river Danube, ane o the maist important rivers in central an eastren Europe. It haes a population o 1.8 million fowk, an is situate juist ower the mairch fae the caipital o Slovakie; Bratislava. Tradeetionally Vienna wis the frontier brig atween the Germanic an Slavic fowks that it bides tae this day.

Later, Vienna wad acome the admeenistrative centre o a muckle, multi-lingual empire; the kinrick o Austro-Hungary. Wi bonny baroque airchitectur, an a taste for aw things regal (lik horse buggies, pailaces, an famous cakes an confectionar), Vienna is a popular tourist attraction.

The ceety haes a guid trainsport infrastructur; wi baith trams an a metro servin commuters. The maist weel-kent attraction is Stephansdom (a muckle mediaeval kirk wi a kenspeckle ruif), an the palace o Schönbrunn. A modren maun-see wad be the Hundertwasserhaus, a heich hoose designed bi Austrian airtist Friedensreich Hundertwasser.


Wien-Michaelerplatz-06-2007-gje.jpg
Wien-Looshaus-08-Michaelerplatz-2008-gje.jpg
Wien-Operngasse-02-Nr 7-Cafe Museum-2007-gje.jpg
Wien-Burggarten-02-Mozart-Denkmal-2009-gje.jpg
Wien-St-Ulrichs-Platz-12-Barockhaus-2007-gje.jpg
Wien-Josefstadt-18-Lederergasse-2005-gje.jpg
Wien-Josefstadt-44-Nagelbaum-2007-gje.jpg
Wien-Wiedner Hauptstr-30-Nr40-2009-gje.jpg


## References

## Freemit airtins
* Vienna
Auckland Grammar Schuil

**Auckland Grammar Schuil** is a state schuil juist for laddies in Auckland, New Zealand. The schuil haes a puckle buirders that bides in a biggin a wee bit awa frae the schuil. It is ane o the biggest schuils in New Zealand.
Mavis

The **Mavis** (*Turdus philomelos*) member o the **[[throstle]]** faimlie *Turdidae*.

It is a common bird that's aft fund in gairdens, shaws an widland wi muckle plaunt growthe athort Europe sooth o the Arctic circle

## References

## Fremmit Airtins
* RSPB species page
* BBC species page
* Birds of Breetain species page 
* Gairden Birds species page
* Recordin of sang 
* Mavis videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Diablo 2

**Diablo II** is a gemme makkit by Blizzard North, that is pairt o **Blizzard Entertainment**,  in 2000.  The expansion, **Diablo II: Lord of Destruction**, wis makkit a couple months efter.   

## Story
The story begins wi a daurk raker that traivels ben a kirk ownt by skellums.  In a wee efter, mony wiiricowes, deid fowk, an beasts stravaig the leid.  The hero maun kill Andarial, the Maiden o Anguish so that thare is peace.  The hero follaes the daurk raker to the ceety o Lut Gohlein whaur the wiiricowe, Baal, the Lord o Destruction, is stuck in an auld warlock, Tal Rasha.  The daurk raker lowses Baal an thay traivel tae the auld ceety o Kurast whaur Mephisto, the Lord o Hatred bides.  The daurk raker shifts tae Diablo, the Lord o Terror, an the three brithers open the port tae Hell.  The hero kills Mephisto an gaes in Hell tae kill Diablo.  Efter Diablo dees, the hero gaes north tae Mount Arreat that is whaur Baal is.  Baal is thare acause he seeks tae fyle the Worldstone that will malafouster the mairch o Heiven, Hell, an the warld.  The hero kills Baal, but the Worldstone maun be malafoustered an that's bad.
Gordon Brown

**James Gordon Brown** (born 20 Februar 1951) is a British politician that wis Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick an Leader o the Labour Pairty frae 2007 til 2010. He serrt as Chancellor o the Exchequer in the Blair Govrenment frae 1997 til 2007. Brown wis a Member o Pairlament (MP) frae 1983 til 2015, furst fur Dumfaurlin East an later for Kirkcaudy an Coudenbeith.

A doctoral graduate o the Varsity o Edinburgh, Brown spent his early career wirkin as baith a lecturer at a further eddication college an a telly jurnalist. He entered Pairlament in 1983 as the MP for Dumfaurlin East. He jyned the Shaidae Cabinet in 1989 as Shaidae Secretar o State for Tred, an wis later promuived tae become Shaidae Chancellor o the Exchequer in 1992. Efter Labour's win in 1997, he wis appyntit Chancellor o the Exchequer, becomin the langest-servin hauder o that office in modren history.

Brown's time as Chancellor wis merked bi major reform o Breetain's monetar an fiscal policy airchitectur, transferrin interest rate settin pouers tae the Bank o Ingland, bi a wide extension o the pouers o the Thesaury tae kiver muckle domestic policy an bi transferrin responsibility for bankin superveesion tae the Financial Services Authority. Controversial muives includit the aboleetion o advance corporation tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, an the remuival in his feenal budget o the 10% "stairtin rate" o personal income tax that he haed introduced in 1999. In 2007, Tony Blair resigned as Prime Meenister an Labour Leader an Brown wis chuisen tae replace him in an uncontestit election.

Efter ineetial rises in opeenion polls follaein Brown becomin Prime Meenister, Labour's popularity declined wi the onset o a recession in 2008, leadin tae puir results in the local an European elections in 2009. A year later, Labour lost 91 seats in the Hoose o Commons at the 2010 general election, the pairty's biggest loss o seats in a single general election syne 1931, makkin the Conservatives the lairgest pairty in a hung pairlament. Brown remeened in office as Labour negotiatit tae form a coaleetion govrenment wi the Leeberal Democrats. On 10 Mey 2010, Brown annoonced he wad staund doun as leader o the Labour Pairty, an instructit the pairty tae pit intae motion the processes tae elect a new leader. Labour's attempts tae retain pouer failed an on 11 Mey, he offeecially resigned as Prime Meenister an Leader o the Labour Pairty. He wis succeedit as Prime Meenister bi David Cameron, an as Leader o the Labour Pairty bi Ed Miliband.

Later, Brown played a prominent role in the campaign surroondin the Scots unthirldom referendum o 2014, galvanisin support ahint mainteenin the union. In 2017, Brown published his autobiografie, *My Life, Our Times*.

## References
John Smeaton

**John Smeaton** is a baggage haundler at Glesgae Internaitional Airport. He became inrowed in coonterin a failt terrorist bellum on the airport.  Altho regairdit as a Glaswegian, Smeaton actually bides in Erskine, a wee toun ootwi the ceety nae faur frae the airport.  He wis eddicate at Park Mains Heich Schuil.

Whan he first leuked til the bellum, Smeaton wis ootside the airport smeekin a cigarette in his break.  Efterhaund, he myndit his foremaist thochts at seein the ootgang o the twa suspects frae the bleizin caur an thair attack on the aesome polisman that's ettle wis tae daunten thaim:  "Whit's the score?  A'v got tae git this sortit."

The statement that seems tae hae been maist taen tent o, tho, wis John's message til terrorists (whan speirt bi ITV News):  "Glasgow doesna accept this.  This is Glasgow;  we'll set aboot ye."

The brawest thing aboot John's ongaun, housomeiver, whit seems tae hoise him the heichmaist, is the fact that he seems tae be laith tae be ruised for his actions in the hail event.  His honesty, his bein taen, an his bein blate aw sers thegither tae mak him a hero, naithers (or mair likely, acause o) his hummleness.

## Smeatomania:  Tribute Wabsteids tae the Internet Phenomenon

* “John Smeaton - Hero For Our Time”  Ane Campie Glaswegian Sets Abute Al-Qaida.
* “John Smeaton Appreciation Group” Facebook.
* “Smeato” Bebo group.

## Fremmit Airtins
* “Baggage handler becomes web hero” BBC News, 2 Julie 2007.
* “Airport Worker 'a hero for our time'”  The Telegraph, 4 Julie 2007.
* “This is Glasgow.  We'll just set aboot ye.”  The Guardian, 5 Julie 2007.
* “Passengers Turned Heroes To Stop Attack”  Glasgow Evening Times, 2 Julie 2007.
* “Smeaton's Not Beaten .. He's Just Having A Wee Lie Down” The Daily Record, 5 Julie 2007.
* “Modest John:  I'm No Hero” The Sun, 5 Julie 2007.
* “Smeaton Among Airport Heroes to be Honoured by First Minister” Scotland on Sunday, 8 Julie 2007.
* “Not fashed --- And Proud of It” Scotland on Sunday, 8 Julie 2007.
* “Shopkeeper inspired by Smeaton challenges thief” BBC News, 17 Julie 2007.
* “Smeaton gets it sorted for charity”  The Scotsman, 19 Julie 2007.
* “Warning to all would-be terrorists: John Smeaton is back on duty today”  The Scotsman, 30 Julie 2007.
* “Hero's welcome back for 'Smeato' at the scene of his greatest triumph”  The Scotsman, 31 Julie 2007.
Physicist

A **physicist** is a scientist wha has specialised knawledge in the field o physics, the exploration o the interactions o matter an energy athort the pheesical universe.
Mathematician

A **mathematician** is a bodie wha uises an extensive knawledge o mathematics in thair wirk (such as Cauchy an Gauss), teepically tae solve mathematical problems. Mathematics is concerned wi nummers, data, quantity, structur, space, models an chynge.

## See also
* American Mathematical Society - oraganisation o mathematicians in the Unitit States
* Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) - oraganisation o mathematicians (Applee'd mathematics)
** EASIAM - east Asie section o SIAM
* Mathematics Genealogy Project - database o mathematicians
## Notes
Scotland the Brave

**Scotland the Brave** is a sang at is thocht tae be ane o Scotland's naitional anthems.

*Hark when the night is falling,*

*Hear! Hear the pipes a calling.*

*Loudly and proudly calling,*

*Down thro' the glen.*

*There where the hills are sleeping,*

*now feel the blood a leaping,*

*High as the spirits of the old Highland men.*

Owerwird:

*Towering in gallant fame,*

*Scotland my mountain hame,*

*High may your proud*

*standards gloriously wave,*

*Land of my high endeavour,*

*Land of the shining river,*

*Land of my heart for ever,*

*Scotland the brave.*

*High in the misty Highlands,*

*Out by the purple islands,*

*Brave are the hearts that beat*

*Beneath Scottish skies.*

*Wild are the winds to meet you,*

*Staunch are the friends that greet you,*

*Kind as the love that shines*

*from fair maidens' eyes.*

Owerwird

*Far off in sunlit places,*

*Sad are the Scottish faces,*

*Yearning to feel the kiss*

*Of sweet Scottish rain.*

*Where tropic skies are beaming,*

*Love sets the heart a-dreaming,*

*Longing and dreaming for the homeland again.*

## Ither wards
Thare is ither Inglis wards be John McDermott (kent, forby, as *Scotland Forever*) takken frae "Let Italy Boast" be James Hyslop, 1821. 

*Let Italy boast of her gay gilded waters,*
*Her vines and her bowers and her soft sunny skies,*
*Her sons drinking love from the eyes of her daughters,*
*Where freedom expires amid softness and sighs.*

*Scotland's blue mountains wild where hoary cliffs are piled,*
*Towering in grandeur are dearer tae me,*
*Land of the misty cloud land of the tempest loud,*
*Land of the brave and proud land of the free.*

*Enthroned on the peak of her own highland mountains,*
*The spirit of Scotia reigns fearless and free,*
*Her green tartan waving o'er blue rock and fountain,*
*And proudly she sings looking over the sea.*

*Here among my mountains wild I have serenely smiled,*
*When armies and empires against me were hurled,*
*Firm as my native rock I have withstood the shock,*
*Of England, of Denmark, of Rome and the world.*

*But see how proudly her war steeds are prancing,*
*Deep groves of steel trodden down in their path,*
*The eyes of my sons like their bright swords are glancing,*
*Triumphantly riding through ruin and death.*

*Bold hearts and nodding plumes wave o'er their bloody tombs,*
*Deepeyed in gore is the green tartan's wave,*
*Shivering are the ranks of steel dire is the horseman's wheel,*
*Victorious in battlefield Scotland the brave.*

*Bold hearts and nodding plumes wave o'er their bloody tombs,*
*Deepeyed in gore is the green tartan's wave,*
*Shivering are the ranks of steel dire is the horseman's wheel,*
*Victorious in battlefield Scotland the brave,*
*Victorious in battlefield Scotland the brave.*
Astronomer

An **astronomer** is a scientist in the field o astronomy wha concentrates thair studies on a speceefic quaisten or field ootside o the scope o Yird.
Alexander Scott

**Alexander Scott** (?1520 − 1582/3) wis a Scots makar.  It is jaloused that he bid maist o his time in Embra or near tae it.  Thirty-sax poems haes his name on thaim, sic as *Ane New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary*, *The Rondel of Love*, but his maist weel kent poem is *To Luve Unluvit*.

## References