open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Molybdenum

**Molybdenum** is a Group 6 chemical element wi the seembol **Mo** an atomic nummer 42. The name is frae Neo-Laitin *Molybdaenum*, frae Auncient Greek  **, meanin leid, syne its ores wur confused wi leid ores. Molybdenum meenerals hae been kent intae prehistory, but the element wis discovered (in the sense o differentiatin it as a new entity frae the mineral sauts o ither metals) in 1778 bi Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal wis first isolatit in 1781 bi Peter Jacob Hjelm.

Molybdenum disnae occur naiturally as a free metal on Yird, but rather in sindry oxidation states in meenerals.
The free element, whilk is a sillery metal wi a gray cast, haes the saxt-heichest meltin pynt o ony element. It readily furms haird, stable carbides in alloys, an for this raison maist o warld production o the element (aboot 80%) is in makin mony types o steel alloys, includin heich strength alloys an superalloys.

Maist molybdenum compounds hae law solubility in watter, but the molybdate ion  is soluble an furms whan molybdenum-containin meenerals are in contact wi oxygen an watter. Industrially, molybdenum compoonds (aboot 14% o warld production o the element) are uised in high-pressure an heich-temperatur applications, as pigments an catalysts.

Molybdenum-containin enzymes is bi far the maist common catalysts uised bi some bacteria tae break the chemical bond in atmospheric molecular nitrogen, allaein biological nitrogen fixation. At least 50 molybdenum-containin enzymes are nou kent in bacteria an ainimals, tho anly bacterial an cyanobacterial enzymes is involved in nitrogen fixation, an thirnitrogenases contain molybdenum in a different furm frae the rest. Awin tae the diverse functions o the sindry ither types o molybdenum enzymes, molybdenum is a required element for life in aw heicher organisms (eukaryotes), tho nae in aw bacteria.

## References
Ruthenium

**Ruthenium** is a chemical element wi seembol **Ru** an atomic nummer 44. It is a rare transeetion metal belangin the platinum group o the periodic table. Lik the ither metals o the platinum group, ruthenium is inert tae maist ither chemicals. The Baltic German scientist Karl Ernst Claus diskivered the element in 1844, an named it efter Ruthenia, the Laitin wird for Rus'. Ruthenium uisually occurs as a minor component o platinum ores; annual production is aboot 20 tonne. Maist ruthenium produced is uised for wear-resistant electrical contacts an the production o thick-film resistors. A minor application o ruthenium is its uise in some platinum alloys.

## References
Lanthanum

**Lanthanum** is a chemical element wi the seembol **La** an atomic nummer 57.
Lanthanum is a siller white metallic element an is the first element o the lanthanide series. It is foond in some rare-yird minerals, uisually in combination wi cerium an ither rare yird elements. Lanthanum is a malleable, ductile, an saft metal that oxidises rapidly whan exposed tae air. It is produced frae the minerals monazite an bastnäsite uisin a complex multistage extraction process. Lanthanum compoonds hae hantle applications as catalysts, additives in gless, carbon lichtin for studio lichtin an projection, igneetion elements in lichters an torches, electron cathodes, scintillators, an ithers. Lanthanum carbonate (La2(CO3)3) haes been approved as a medicine for treatin renal failur.

## References
Cerium

**Cerium** is a chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Ce** an atomic nummer&nbsp;58. It is a saft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium wis named efter the dwarf planet  (itsel named for the Roman goddess o agricultur). Cerium is the maist abundant o the rare yird elements, makin up aboot 0.0046% o the Yird's crust bi wicht. It is foond in a feck o minerals, the maist important bein monazite an bastnasite. Thare a wheen o ommercial applications o cerium. Thay include catalysts, additives fur tae fuel tae reduce emissions an tae gless an enamels tae chynge thair colour. Cerium oxide is an important component o gless polishin pouders an phosphors uised in screens an fluorescent lamps. It is uised in the "flint" (actually ferrocerium) o lichters.

## References
Europium

**Europium** is a chemical element wi the seembol **Eu** an atomic nummer 63. It is named efter the continent Europe. It is a moderately haird, sillery metal whilk readily oxidizes in air an watter. Bein a teepical member o the lanthanide series, europium uisually assumes the oxidation state +3, but the oxidation state +2 is common an aa: aw europium compoonds wi oxidation state +2 are slichtly reducing. Europium haes na signeeficant biological role an is relatively non-toxic compared tae ither hivy metals. Maist applications o europium exploit the phosphorescence o europium compoonds.

## References
Hydroxide

**Hydroxide** is a diatomic anion wi chemical formula OH−. It consists o an oxygen an a hydrogen atom held thegither bi a covalent bond, an carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but uisually minor constituent o watter. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile an a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms sauts, some o which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberatin solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical. A hydroxide attached tae a strangly electropositive center mey itself dissociate, liberatin a hydrogen cation (H+), makin the parent compoond an acid.

The correspondin electrically neutral compoond&nbsp;•HO is the hydroxyl radical. The correspondin covalently-boond group&nbsp;-OH o atoms is the hydroxyl group.
Hydroxide ion an hydroxyl group are nucleophiles an can act as a catalyst in organic chemistry.

Mony inorganic substances which bear the wird "hydroxide" in thair names are nae ionic compounds o the hydroxide ion, but covalent compoonds which contain hydroxyl groups.
Sodium hydroxide

**Sodium hydroxide**, kent as **caustic soda** an aw, or lye, is an inorganic compoond wi the chemical formula NaOH (written as NaHO an aw). It is a white solit, an is a heichly caustic metallic base an alkali saut.  It is available in pellets, flakes, granules, an as prepared solutions at a nummer o different concentrations. Sodium hydroxide furms an approximately 50% (bi wecht) saturatit solution wi watter.

Sodium hydroxide is soluble in watter, ethanol an methanol. This alkali is deliquescent an readily absorbs moistur an carbon dioxide in air.

Sodium hydroxide is uised in mony industries, maistly as a strang chemical base in the manufacture o pulp an paper, textiles, drinkin watter, saips an detergents an as a drain cleaner. Warldwide production in 2004 wis approximately 60&nbsp;million tonnes, while demand wis 51&nbsp;million tonnes.

## References
Segar Bastard

**Segar Richard Bastard** (25 January 1854 – 20 March 1921) wis a Inglis fitbaa player an' referee. He also refereed th' 1887 FA Cup final.

## References
Golyanovo Destrict

**Golyanovo Destrict** () is a destrict o Eastren Admeenistrative Okrug o the federal ceety o Moscow, Roushie. Population:  

It is ane o the mucklest destricts in Moscow, baith in terms o the geographic aurie an population size. Locatit 9–15&nbsp;km tae the east o the Kremlin, this muckle territory is boondit bi MKAD (Moscow Automobile Ring Road), Shchyolkovskoye Shosse, an the naitional pairk "Losiny Ostrov".

Golyanovo is namit efter minnow (*golyan* in Roushie), which wis ance abundant in the local lochs. The first mention o Golyanovo dates back tae the 17t century. Golyanovo wis incorporatit intae the ceety o Moscow in the early 1960s. At approximately the same time, ceety offeecials stairtit massive construction projects in the destrict, biggin numerous microdestricts.

## References
Palmela

**Palmela** () is a toun an municipality in Portugal wi a total aurie o  an a total population o 58,222 inhabitants.

The municipality is componit o 5 pairishes, an is locatit in Setúbal Destrict, aboot  sooth o Lisbon.

The municipal holiday is 1 Juin.

## Pairishes
* Marateca
* Palmela
* Pinhal Novo
* Poceirão
* Quinta do Anjo

## General information

The toun's name comes frae the Roman foonder, Cornelius Palma (*Palmella*). Palmela, ance a fortress, wis conquered bi the Portuguese in the 12t century, frae Muslim invaders. It is locatit up a hill in the Arrábida aurie, an it's a semi-landwart toun, richt in the middle o Portugal's biggest urban aurie, tho the fact that mony fowk are muivin in frae big ceeties like Lisbon represents a problem. Wild fires in the region are anither threat tae the environs.

The toun's ex libris is the castle (*[[Castelo de Palmela]]*), which affers a unique view ower the whole region o Setúbal's Peninsula, Lisbon, an the Atlantic Coast. It wis a strategic place in past centuries, an the day it is still a main knot o Portugal's road an rail networks. 

Palmela is hame tae mony multinaitional industrial plants like Volkswagen or Coca-Cola, an a significant nummer o foreign faimilies live in the aurie. The local radio aften broadcasts in Ukrainian. 

Palmela's tradeetional products are the wine, which haes achievit internaitional awairds in several festivals like Bordeaux's, an the *[[Queijo de Azeitão]]* (Azeitão's cheese), vera appreciatit an aw. Thare are several festivals dedicatit tae these products, bein the maist famous the *Festa das Vindimas* (Vines' Festival) an the *Festival do Queijo, Pão e Vinho* (Festival o Cheese, Bread an Wine).

Palmela is the birthplace o the Portuguese splorer Hermenegildo Capelo an, as a curiosity, whaur some famous indwallers such as Hans Christian Andersen wur briefly hostit.

## Economy
The municipality is famit for the production o fruit an wine.

In the 1990s, the joint-ventur Volkswagen-Ford AutoEuropa vehicle production plant opened, tae produce the Mk1 MPV sauld unner three marques: Volkswagen Sharan, SEAT Alhambra, an Ford Galaxy. Efter Ford left the joint-ventur, the plant haes syne continued tae produce the Volkswagen an SEAT products, an addit the Volkswagen Eos an Volkswagen Scirocco.

## See an aw
*Palmela IPR

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Toun Haw offeecial wabsteid
*GIS offeecial wabsteid
*Photos frae Palmela
Niobium

**Niobium**, umwhile **columbium**, is a chemical element wi the seembol **Nb** (umwhile **Cb**) an atomic nummer 41. It is a saft, grey, ductile transeetion metal, whilk is aften foond in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial soorce for niobium, an columbite. The name comes frae Greek meethology: *[[Niobe]]*, dauchter o *[[Tantalus]]*.
Titanium

**Titanium** is a chemical element wi the seembol **Ti** an atomic nummer 22. It is a lustrous transeetion metal wi a siller colour, law density an heich strength. It is heichly resistant tae corrosion in sea watter, aqua regia an chlorine.

Titanium wis diskivert in Cornwall, Great Breetain, bi William Gregor in 1791, an wis named bi Martin Heinrich Klaproth efter the Titans o Greek meethologie. The element occurs within a nummer o meeneral deposits, principally rutile an ilmenite, that are widely distributit in the Yird's crust an lithosphere, an it is foond in awmaist aw leevin things, watter bouks, rocks, an siles. The metal is extractit frae its principal mineral ures bi the Kroll an Hunter processes. The maist common compoond, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst an is uised in the manufactur o white pigments. Ither compoonds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component o smeuk screens an catalysts; an titanium trichloride (TiCl3), that is uised as a catalyst in the production o polypropylene.

Titanium can be alloyed wi airn, alumeenium, vanadium, an molybdenum, amang ither elements, tae produce strang, lichtwecht alloys for aerospace (jet ingines, missiles, an spacecraft), militar, industrial processes (chemicals an petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, an paper), automotive, agri-fuid, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental an endodontic instruments an files, dental implants, sportin guids, jewelry, mobile phones, an ither applications.

The twa maist uisefu properties o the metal are corrosion resistance an strenth-tae-density ratio, the heichest o ony metallic element. In its unalloyed condeetion, titanium is as strang as some steels, but less dense. There are two allotropic forms an five naiturally occurrin isotopes o this element, 46Ti throu 50Ti, wi 48Ti bein the maist abundant (73.8%). Awtho thay hae the same nummer o valence electrons an are in the same group in the periodic cairt, titanium an zirconium differ in mony chemical an pheesical properties.

## References
Density

The **density**, or mair preceese, the **volumetric mass density**, o a substance is its mass per unit volume. The seembol maist aften uised for density is ***ρ*** (the lawer case Greek letter rho). Mathematically, density is defined as mass dividit bi volume:

## References
Chlorine

**Chlorine** is a chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Cl** an atomic nummer&nbsp;17. Chlorine is in the noble gas group (17) an is the seicont lichtest alkali metal after fluorine. The element is a yellae-green gas unner staundart condeetions, whaur it furms diatomic molecules. It haes the heichest electron affinity an the third heichest electronegativity o aw the reactive elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strang oxidizin agent. Free chlorine is rare on Yird, an is uisually a result o direct or indirect oxidation bi oxygen.

## References
Chromium

**Chromium** is a chemical element whilk haes the seembol **Cr** an atomic nummer 24.  It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, haurd an brickle metal whilk taks a heich polish, resists tarnishin, an haes a heich meltin pynt. The name o the element is derived frae the Greek wird χρῶμα, *chrōma*, meanin colour, acause mony o its compoonds is odious coloured.

Ferrochromium alloy is commercially produced frae chromite bi silicothermic or aluminothermic reactions an chromium metal bi roastin an leachin processes follaed bi reduction wi caurbon an then aluminium. Chromium metal is o heich vailyie for its heich corrosion resistance an haurdness. A major development in steel production wis the diskivery that steel coud be made heichly resistant tae corrosion an discolouration bi addin metallic chromium tae form stainless steel. Stainless steel an chrome platin (electroplatin wi chromium) thegither comprise 85% o the commercial uise.

Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) ion is an essential nutrient in trace amoonts in humans for insulin, succar an lipid metabolism, awtho the issue is debatit.

While chromium metal an Cr(III) ions are nae conseedert toxic, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is toxic an carcinogenic. Abandont chromium production steids eften require environmental cleanup.

## References
Manganese

**Manganese** is a chemical element, designated bi the seembol **Mn**. It haes the atomic nummer 25. It is foond as a free element in naitur (eften in combination wi iron), an in mony meenerals. Manganese is a metal wi important industrial metal alloy uises, parteecularly in stainless steels.

Historically, manganese is named for pyrolusite an ither black meenerals frae the region o Magnesia in Greece, that an aw gae its name tae magnesium an the airn ure magnetite. Bi the mid-18th century, Swadish-German chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele haed uised pyrolusite tae produce chlorine. Scheele an ithers war awaur that pyrolusite (nou kent tae be manganese dioxide) conteened a new element, but thay war unable tae isolate it. Johan Gottlieb Gahn wis the first tae isolate an impure saumple o manganese metal in 1774, that he did bi reducin the dioxide wi caurbon.

Manganese phosphating is uised for roust an corrosion prevention on steel. Ionised manganese is uised industrially as pigments o various colours, that depend on the oxidation state o the ions. The permanganates o alkali an alkaline yird metals are pouerfu oxidisers. Manganese dioxide is uised as the cathode (electron acceptor) material in zinc-carbon an alkaline batteries.

In biology, manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a muckle variety o enzymes wi mony functions. Manganese enzymes are pairteecularly essential in detoxification o superoxide free radicals in organisms that maun deal wi elemental oxygen. Manganese an aw functions in the oxygen-evolvin complex o photosynthetic plants. While the element is a required trace meeneral for aw kent leevin organisms, it an aw acts as a neurotoxin in muckler amoonts. Espeicially throu inhalation, it can cause manganism, a condeetion in mammals leadin tae neurological damage that is whiles irreversible.

## References
Aqua regia

**Aqua regia** (Laitin an Auncient Italian, lit. "regal watter"), ***aqua regis*** (Laitin, lit. "king's watter"), or **nitro-hydrochloric acid** is a heichly corrosive mixtur o acids, a fumin yellae or reid solution. The mixtur is furmed bi freshly mixin concentratit nitric acid an hydrochloric acid, optimally in a vollum ratio o 1:3. It wis named sae acause it can dissolve the sae-cried ryal or noble metals, gowd an platinum. Houiver, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, tantalum, osmium, rhodium an a few ither metals are capable o wistandin its corrosive properties.

## Notes


## References
Seawatter

**Seawatter** or saut watter is watter frae a sea or ocean. On average, seawatter in the warld's oceans haes a salinity o aboot 3.5% (35 g/L, or 599 mM). This means that ivery kilogram (aboot ane litre bi vollum) o seawatter has approximately  o dissolved sauts (predominantly sodium () an chloride () ions). Average density at the surface is 1.025 g/ml. Seawatter is denser nor baith fresh watter an shire watter (density 1.0 g/ml @ ) acause the dissolved sauts add mass withoot contributing significantly tae the vollum. The freezing pynt o seawatter decreases as saut concentration increases. At teepical salinity it freezes at aboot . The cauldest seawatter iver recordit (in a liquid state) wis in 2010, in a stream unner an Antarctic glacier, an meisured .

## References
Cobaut

**Cobaut** is a chemical element wi symbol **Co** an atomic nummer 27. Lik nickel, cobaut in the Yird's crust is foond anly in chemically combined furm, save for smaa deposits foond in alloys o naitural meteoric iron. The free element, produced bi reductive smeltin, is a haird, lustrous, siller-gray metal.

Cobaut-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) hae been uised syne auncient times for jewelry an pents, an tae impairt a distinctive blue tint tae gless, but the colour wis later thocht bi alchemists tae be due tae the kent metal bismuth. Miners haed lang uised the name *[[kobold]] ure* (German for *goblin ure*) for some o the blue-pigment producin minerals; thay war sae named acause thay war puir in kent metals, an gae pushionous arsenic-containin fumes whan smeltit. In 1735, sic ures war foond tae be reducible tae a new metal (the first diskivert syne ancient times), an this wis ultimately named for the *kobold*.

The day, some cobaut is produced speceefically frae ane o a nummer o metallic-lustered ures, sic as for example cobaltite (CoAsS). The element is houiver mair uisually produced as a bi-product o capper an nickel minin. The capper belt in the Democratic Republic o the Congo (DRC) an Zambie yields maist o the global cobalt production. The DRC alane accountit for mair nor 50% o warld production in 2016 (123,000 tonnes), accordin tae Natural Resources Canada.

Cobalt is primarily uised in the manufactur o magnetic, wear-resistant an heich-strenth alloys. The compoonds cobaut silicate an cobaut(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobaut blue) gie a distinctive deep blue colour tae gless, ceramics, inks, pents an varnishes. Cobaut occurs naiturally as anerly ane stable isotope, cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, uised as a radioactive tracer an for the production o heich energy gamma rays.

Cobalt is the active centre o a group of coenzymes cried cobalamins. veetamin B, the best-kent example of the teep, is an essential veetamin for aw ainimals. Cobaut in inorganic form is an aw a micronutrient for bacteria, algae, an fungi.

## References
Zinc

**Zinc** is a chemical element wi the seembol **Zn** an atomic nummer 30. It is the first element in group 12 o the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically seemilar tae magnesium: baith elements exhibit anly ane normal oxidation state (+2), an the Zn2+ an Mg2+ ions are o seemilar size. Zinc is the 24t maist abundant element in Yird's crust an haes five stable isotopes. The maist common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The lairgest workable lodes are in Australie, Asia, an the United States. Zinc is refined bi froth flotation o the ore, roasting, an final extraction uisin electricity (electrowinning).

Bress, an alloy o capper an zinc in various proportions, wis uised as early as the third millennium BC in the Aegean, Iraq, the Unitit Arab Emirates, Kalmykia, Turkmenistan an Georgia, an the seicont millennium BC in West India, Uzbekistan, Iran, Sirie, Iraq, an Israel (Judea). Zinc metal wis nae produced on a lairge scale until the 12t century in India an wis unkent tae Europe until the end o the 16t century. The mines o Rajasthan hae gien definite evidence o zinc production going back tae the 6t century BC. Tae date, the auldest evidence o pure zinc comes frae Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9t century AD when a distillation process wis employed tae mak pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air tae form what thay cried "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

The element wis probably named bi the alchemist Paracelsus efter the German wird *Zinke* (prong, tuith). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited wi discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Wirk bi Luigi Galvani an Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties o zinc bi 1800. Corrosion-reseestant zinc plating o iron (het-dip galvanisin) is the major application for zinc. Ither applications are in electrical batteries, smaw non-structural castins, an alloys sic as bress. A variety o zinc compoonds are commonly uised, sic as zinc carbonate an zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-fousk shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), an zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Zinc is an essential meeneral perceived bi the public the day as bein o "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal an postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects aboot twa billion fowk in the developin warld an is associated wi mony diseases. In childer, deficiency causes growthe retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, an diarrhea. Enzymes wi a zinc atom in the reactive centre are widespread in biochemistry, sic as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption o excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy an capper deficiency.

## References
Sphalerite

**Sphalerite** ((Zn,Fe)S) is a meeneral that is the chief ore o zinc. It consists lairgely o zinc sulfide in crystalline furm but naur aye contains variable iron. Whan iron content is heich it is an opaque black variety, **marmatite**. It is uisually foond in association wi galena, pyrite, an ither sulfides alang wi calcite, dolomite, an fluorite. Whiles, miners refer tae sphalerite as **zinc blende**, **black-jack**, an ruby jack.

## References
Calcite

**Calcite** is a carbonate mineral an the maist stable polymorph o calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The ither polymorphs is the meenerals aragonite an vaterite. Aragonite will chynge tae calcite at 380&ndash;470&nbsp;°C, an vaterite is even less stable.

## References
Aragonite

**Aragonite** is a carbonate mineral, ane o the twa common, naiturally occurrin, crystal furms o calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (the ither furm bein the mineral calcite). It is furmed bi biological an pheesical processes, includin precipitation frae marine an freshwatter environments.

Aragonite's crystal lattice differs frae that o calcite, resultin in a different crystal shape, an orthorhombic seestem wi acicular crystals. Repeatit twinnin results in pseudo-hexagonal furms.  Aragonite mey be columnar or fibrous, occasionally in branchin stalactitic furms cried *flos-ferri* ("flouers o airn") frae thair association wi the ores at the Carinthian airn mines.

## References
Dolomite

**Dolomite**  is a carbonate mineral componed o calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2. The wird dolomite is forbye uised for tae describe the sedimentary carbonate rock, that is componed predominantly o the mineral dolomite (itherwise kent as dolostone).

## References
Fluorite

**Fluorite** (forbye cried **fluorspar**) is a halide mineral componed o calcium fluoride, CaF2. It is an isometric mineral wi a cubic habit, tho octahedral an mair complex isometric furms arenae uncommon.

Fluorite is a colourful mineral, baith in veesible an ultraviolet licht, an the stane haes ornamental an lapidary uses. Industrially, fluorite is uised as a flux for smeltin, an in the production o certaint glasses an enamels. The purest grades o fluorite is a soorce o fluoride for hydrofluoric acid manufactur, that is the intermediate soorce o maist fluorine-containin fine chemicals. Optically clear transparent fluorite lenses hae law dispersion, sae lenses made frae it exhibit less chromatic aberration, makkin thaim valuable in microscopes an telescopes. Fluorite optics can be uised in the far-ultraviolet range an aw, whaur conventional glesses is too absorbent tae uise.

## References
Meeneral

A **meeneral** is a naiturally occurrin substance that is solid an stable at ruim temperatur, representable bi a chemical formula, uisually abiogenic, an haes an ordered atomic structur. It is different frae a rock, which can be an aggregate o meenerals or non-meenerals an daes nae hae a specific chemical composeetion. The exact definition o a meeneral is unner debate, especially wi respect tae the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, an tae a lesser extent wi regards tae it havin an ordered atomic structur. The study o meenerals is cried meeneralogy.
Quartz

**Quartz** is the seicont maist abundant meeneral in the Yird's continental crust, efter feldspar. It is made up o a conteenous framework o SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, wi lika oxygen bein shared atween twa tetrahedra, giein an oweraw formula SiO<sub>2</sub>.

Thare mony different varieties o quartz, several o whilk is semi-precious gemstones. Ispecially in Europe an the Middle East, varieties o quartz haes been syne antiquity the maist commonly uised meenerals in the makkin o jewelry an hairdstane carvins.

The wird "quartz" is derived frae the German wird "Quarz" an its Middle Heich German auncestor "twarc", that belike oreeginatit in Slavic (cf. Czech *tvrdý* ("haird"), Pols *twardy* ("haird")).

## References
Galena

**Galena** is the naitural mineral form o lead(II) sulfide. It is the maist important lead ore mineral.

Galena is ane o the maist abundant an widely distributit sulfide meenerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal seestem aften shawin octahedral furms. It is aften associatit wi the meenerals sphalerite, calcite an fluorite.

## References
Pyrite

The mineral **pyrite**, or **iron pyrite**, forbye kent as **fuil's gowd**, is an iron sulfide wi the formula FeS2.  This mineral's metallic luster an fauch brass-yellae hue gie it a superficial resemblance tae gowd (that's hou it gets the weel-kent eikname o *fuil's gowd*). The colour haes led tae the eiknames *brass*, *brazzle*, an *Brazil* an aw, primarily uised tae refer tae pyrite foond in coal.

## References
Creestal

A **creestal** or **crystalline solid** is a solit material whase consteetuent atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in an ordered pattern extendin in aw three spatial dimensions. In addeetion tae thair microscopic structur, muckle creestals are uisually identifiable bi thair macroscopic geometrical shape, conseestin o flat faces wi specific, chairacteristic orientations.
Ruby

A **ruby** is a pink tae bluid-reid coloured gemstane, a variety o the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). The reid colour is caused mainly bi the presence o the element chromium. Its name comes frae *ruber*, Laitin for reid. Ither varieties o gem-quality corundum are cried sapphires. The ruby is considered ane o the fower precious stanes, thegither wi the sapphire, the emerald, an the diamond.

Prices o rubies are primarily determined bi colour. The brichtest an maist valuable "reid" cried bluid-red, commands a lairge premium ower ither rubies o seemilar quality. Efter colour follaes clarity: seemilar tae diamonds, a clear stane will command a premium, but a ruby wioot ony needle-lik rutile inclusions mey indicate that the stane haes been treatit. Cut an carat (wicht) are an aa an important factor in determinin the price.

## References
Los Lagos Depairtment

**Los Lagos** is a depairtment locatit in the sooth o Neuquén Province, Argentinae.

## Geografie
The Depairtment limits wi Lácar Depairtment at north, Rio Negro Province at the east an sootheast, wi Chile at soothwast an east.
Peter Carl Fabergé

**Peter Carl Fabergé**, kent as "Karl Gustavovich Fabergé" ( or *Karl Gustavovich Faberzhe* (30 Mey 1846 — 24 September 1920) an aw, wis a Roushie jeweller, best kent for the famous Fabergé eggs, made in the style o genuine Easter eggs, but uisin precious metals an gemstanes rather than mair mundane materials.
Lácar Depairtment

**Lácar** is a depairtment locatit in the sooth o Neuquén Province, Argentinae.

## Geografie
The depairtment limits wi Huiliches Depairtment at north, Collón Cura Depairtment at  northeast, Rio Negro Province at sootheast, Los Lagos Depairtment at sooth an Chile at east.
Onyx

**Onyx** is a bandit variety o chalcedony. The colours o its bands range frae white tae almaist every colour (save some shades, sic as purpie or blue). Commonly, specimens o onyx contain bands o black an/or white.
Minas

**Minas** mey refer tae:

*Places*
* Minas Gerais, Brazil
* Minas, Uruguay
* Minas Depairtment, Córdoba, Argentinae
* Minas Depairtment, Neuquén, Argentinae
* Minas, Cuba, a municipality in Cuba
* Minas, Iran, a veelage in Wast Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* The Minas Basin in Nova Scotia
* Les Mines, a umwhile Acadie commonty on the shores o the Minas Basin (cried Minas or Mines in Inglis)

*Fictional places*
* Minas Tirith, a feectional ceety an castle in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-yird writins.
* Minas Morgul, a feectional fortifeed ceety in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-yird.

*Fowk*
* Minas is a Greek gien name
* Emperor Menas o Ethiopie
*Saunt Menas (Minas)
*St. Minias o Florence (Minas, Miniato)
* Minas Hadjimichael, the Permanent Representative tae the Unitit Naitions for Cyprus

*Fuid*
* Minas cheese (frae Minas Gerais)
## Ither
*Mina (unit) is an auncient Near Eastre unit o wicht, an hence, unit o currency an aw.

## See an aw
*
Mohs scale o meeneral haurdness

The **Mohs scale o mineral haurdness** chairacterizes the scratch reseestance o sindry minerals throu the ability o a haurder material tae scratch a safter material. It wis creatit in 1812 bi the German geologist an mineralogist Friedrich Mohs an is ane o several defineetions o haurdness in materials science. The method o comparin haurdness bi seein which minerals can scratch ithers, houever, is o great antiquity, haein been mentioned bi Theophrastus in his treatise *On Stones*, c. 300 BC, follaed bi Pliny the Elder in his *[[Naturalis Historia]]*, c. 77 AD.

## References
Los Lagos

**Los Lagos** (Spainyie meanin "The Lochs") mey refer tae:

*Los Lagos Region, Chile
*Los Lagos Depairtment, Neuquén Province, Argentinae
*Los Lagos, Chile, a toun an municipality in Los Rios Region
Minas Depairtment, Neuquén

**Minas** is a depairtment locatit in the north o Neuquén Province, Argentinae.

## Geografie
The depairtment shares borders wi Chos Malal Depairtment at the east, Ñorquín Depairtment at the sooth an Chile at east an northeast.
Minas Depairtment, Córdoba

**Minas Depairtment** is a  depairtment o Córdoba Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 4,881 inhabitants in a aurie o 3,730&nbsp;km², an its caipital ceety is San Carlos Minas.

## Dounsets
* Ciénaga del Coro
* El Chacho
* Estancia de Guadalupe
* Guasapampa
* La Playa
* **[[San Carlos Minas]]**
* Talaini
* Tosno
San Carlos Minas

**San Carlos Minas** is a toun in Córdoba Province in Argentinae, it is the heid toun o the Minas Depairtment.

## Freemit airtins

*Photos an Information o San Carlos Minas
Vnukovo

**Vnukovo** mey refer tae:

*Vnukovo Internaitional Airport, airport in Moscow.
*Vnukovo Destrict, destrict in Moscow.
Escalante Depairtment

**Escalante Depairtment** is a  depairtment o Chubut in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 143,000 inhabitants in a aurie o 14,015 km², an its caipital ceety is Comodoro Rivadavia.

The depairtment is namit efter doctor Wenceslao Escalante, who wis pairt o the Meenistry o Agricultur durin the presidency o Julio A. Roca. 

## Attractions

*Autodromo Comodoro Rivadavia

## Dounsets

*Caleta Córdoba
*Campamento El Tordillo
*Ciudadela
***[[Comodoro Rivadavia]]**
*Diadema Argentina
*El Trébol
*Escalante
*General Mosconi
*Laprida
*Palazzo
*Rada Tilly
*Villa Astra
*Villa Ortiz
*Puerto Visser
*Bahia Bustamante
*Rocas Coloradas
*Comferpet
*Pampa del Castillo
*Pampa Salamanca
*Rio Chico
*Pico Salamanca
*Manantiales Behr

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Comodoro Rivadavia Municipal Wabsteid 
*Comodoro Rivadavia Ceety Wabsteid
Beryl

In geology, **beryl** is a meeneral componed o beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate wi the chemical formula Be3Al2(SiO3)6. The hexagonal crystals o beryl mey be vera smaa or range tae several meters in size. Terminated crystals is relatively rare. Pure beryl is colourless, but it is frequently tintit bi impurities; possible colours are green, blae, yellae, reid, an white.

## References
Río Senguer Depairtment

**Río Senguer Depairtment** is a  depairtment o Chubut Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 6,194 inhabitants in a aurie o 22,335 km², an its caipital ceety is Alto Río Senguer, which is locatit aroond 2,021&nbsp;km frae Capital Federal.

## Dounsets
*Río Mayo
***[[Alto Río Senguer]]**
*Doctor Ricardo Rojas
*Lago Blanco
*Aldea Beleiro
*Facundo
*Aldea Apeleg 
*Pastos Blancos
*Los Tamariscos
*La Puerta del Diablo
*Rio Guenguel
*Escuadron Rio Mayo
*El Coyte
*Paso Moreno
*Alto Rio Mayo

## Freemit airtins
*Rio Senguer wabsteid
Tourmaline

**Tourmaline** () is a crystal boron silicate meeneral compoondit wi elements sic as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is clessifee'd as a semi-precious stane an the gemstane comes in a wide variety o colours. The name comes frae the Sinhalese wird "Thuramali" (තුරමලි) or "Thoramalli" (තෝරමල්ලි), which applee'd tae different gemstanes foond in Sri Lanka.

## References
Sarmiento Depairtment

**Sarmiento Depairtment** mey refer tae:

*Sarmiento Depairtment, Chubut
*Sarmiento Depairtment, San Juan
*Sarmiento Depairtment, Santiago del Estero
Sarmiento Depairtment, Chubut

**Sarmiento Depairtment** is a depairtment o Chubut Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 8,724 inhabitants in a aurie o 14,563 km², an its caipital ceety is Sarmiento, which is locatit aroond 1,909 km frae Capital Federal.

## Dounsets
*Buen Pasto
***[[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]]**
*Matasiete
*Las Pulgas
*Los Manantiales
*Puerto El Chulengo

## Freemit airtins
*Patagonia wabsteid
Chalcopyrite

**Chalcopyrite** (/kalkoˈpairəit/) is a copper airn sulfide mineral that crystallizes in the tetragonal seestem. It haes the chemical composeetion CuFeS2. It haes a brassy tae gowden yellae colour an a haurdness o 3.5 tae 4 on the Mohs scale. Its streak is diagnostic as green tinged black.

On exposur tae air, chalcopyrite oxidises tae a variety o oxides, hydroxides an sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (Cu5FeS4), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu9S5); carbonates lik malachite an azurite, an rarely as oxides lik cuprite (Cu2O). Chalcopyrite is rarely foond in association wi native copper.

## References
Rivadavia Depairtment, Mendoza

**Rivadavia** is a central depairtment o Mendoza Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 52,500 inhabitants in a aurie o  2,141km², an its caipital ceety is Rivadavia, which is locatit aroond 1,075km frae Capital Federal.

## Destricts
*Andrade
*El Mirador
*La Central
*La Libertad
*Los Árboles
*Los Campamentos
*Medrano
*Mundo Nuevo
*Reducción
*Rivadavia

## Sport
The ceety o Rivadavia is hame tae Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia, a fitbaa club that play in the regionalisit 3rd Diveesion.

## Freemit airtins
*Municipal Wabsteid  (Spaingie)
*Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia  (Spaingie)
Languiñeo Depairtment

**Languiñeo Depairtment** is a depairtment o Chubut Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 3,017 inhabitants in a aurie o 15,339&nbsp;km², an its caipital ceety is Tecka, which is locatit aroond 1,899&nbsp;km frae Capital Federal.

## Dounsets
* **[[Tecka]]**
* Paso del Sapo
* Carrenleufú
* Colan Conhué
* Aldea Epulef
* Las Salinas
* El Pato Negro
* Piedra Parada
* Pampa de Agnia
* El Molle

## Freemit airtins
*Map o the Depairtment
Tehuelches Depairtment

**Tehuelches Depairtment** is a  depairtment o Chubut Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 5,159 inhabitants in a aurie o 14,750&nbsp;km², an its caipital ceety is José de San Martín, which is locatit aroond 1,870&nbsp;km frae Capital Federal.

## Dounsets
*Gobernador Costa
***[[José de San Martín, Chubut|José de San Martín]]**
*Río Pico
*Doctor Atilio Oscar Viglione
*Alto Río Pico
*Putrachoique
*Laguna Blanca
*Arroyo Arenoso
*Aldea Shaman
*Lago Vintter
*Nueva Lubecka
*Rio Frias

## See an aw
*Departments o Chubut
San Miguel Partido

**San Miguel Partido** is a partido locatit in the Greater Buenos Aires urban area o Buenos Aires Province in Argentinae.

Provisional results o the 2010 census report that the provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 281,120 indwallers in a area o 83km². Its caipital ceety is San Miguel, whilk is locatit aroond 32km frae Buenos Aires.

## Destricts
* Bella Vista, 
* Campo de Mayo.
* Muñiz 
* San Miguel

## References

## Freemit airtins
*San Miguel  (Spaingie)

### News WabPage
* InfoBAN San Miguel 
* SMnoticias
San Miguel, Buenos Aires

**San Miguel** is in the northwast region o Greater Buenos Aires, 30&nbsp;km frae the City o Buenos Aires. San Miguel is the coonty seat o San Miguel Partido, an haes been a pairt o Greater Buenos Aires sin the aerlie 2000s. The nummer o indwallers wis 157,532 accordin tae the 2001 census.

Pairt o a vast estancia estate awned bi General Ángel Pacheco, San Miguel wis foondit as *San José del Pilar* bi a French Argentine agronomist, Adolfo Sourdeaux, on Mey 18, 1864. Pairt o Pilar Partido initially, the toun wis renamit San Miguel efter the umwhile destrict wis subdividit shortly efterwaird. A Buenos Aires-Pacific Railwey line wis biggit alang the toun in 1870, an its first schuils wur apent at that time as pairt o Preses Domingo Sarmiento's program for eddication in Argentinae. The toun wis designatit as coonty seat for the newly creatit *General Sarmiento Partido* in 1889, an wis in turn makit the coonty seat for San Miguel Partido whan the umwhile wis subdividit in 1994. San Miguel's transition frae a landwart commonty tae that o a suburban bedroom commonty wi heich-rise biggins haes caused it tae lose its veelage character an strained its infrastructur. The lairgely service-orientit economy is complementit bi industries sic as the IPH steel cable facility.

San Miguel is hame tae a nummer o educational institutions, includin the Naitional Varsity o General Sarmiento an the parochial *Colegio Máximo San José*, frae whilk Jorge Bergoglio (the futur Pape Francis) obtained a degree in philosophy.

San Miguel haes mony bus lines runnin throu the centre an is servit wi seevral stations bi the San Martin an Urquiza commuter railwey lines, that provide easy access tae Buenos Aires.

## Sport
The city is hame tae Club Atlético San Miguel fitbaw club.

## Freemit airtins
*

## References
Cushamen Depairtment

**Cushamen** is a depairtment locatit in the northwast o Chubut Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 17,000 inhabitants in a aurie o  16,250km², an its caipital ceety is Cushamen.
The name means *laneliness* in the Tehuelche leid.

## Dounsets

* Buenos Aires Chico
* Cholila
* **[[Cushamen]]**
* Hoyo de Epuyen
* El Maitén
* Epuyén
* Gualjaina
* Lago Epuyen
* Lago Puelo
* Las Golondrinas, Argentinae
* Leleque
* Lago Rivadavia
* Fitamiche
* El Portezuelo
* El Molle
* Rio Chico
* El Mallin

## Freemit airtins
*Information aboot Cushamen  (Inglis)
Spinel

**Spinel**  is the magnesium aluminium member o the braider spinel group o minerall. It haes the formula MgAl2O4. It wis kent i the bygane **ruby ballas**, miskent as bein sae like wae rubies an wis muckle socht efter for tae mak jowlry an ither sic plaister. 

## References
La Matanza Partido

**La Matanza ** ('The Slauchter' in Spaingie) is a *[[partido]]* (destrict) locatit in the Greater Buenos Aires in Buenos Aires Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o 1,772,130 inhabitants (at the 2010 Census) in a aurie o , an its caipital ceety is San Justo, which is locatit aroond  frae the autonomous ceety o Buenos Aires.

## History
The name o the Partido comes frae a confrontation that Diego Mendoza the brither o conquistador Pedro de Mendoza haed wi the Querandí tribe in 1536, whaur he an 22 sodgers that wur wi him dee'd. In his name, this aurie an the river are namit La Matanza (The Slauchter), sometimes uisin the plural form.

The Partido wis namit Pago till 1730, then Partido de Matanza y Pozos (Partido o Slauchter an Wells): it wis then a lairgely unpopulatit landwart aurie, an wis led bi a twa-mayor seestem. In 1784, the Partido wis dividit in twa, Las Matanzas an Cañada de Morón (Morón's Gully). In 1856, the caipital ceety San Justo wis foondit.

## Population
Accordin tae the Argentine census bureau, the INDEC, the population wis 1,121,298 in 1991, 1,255,288 in 2001 an 1,772,130 in 2010. It is the maist populatit Partido in the Province o Buenos Aires an the biggest municipality in the kintra.

## Destricts
* Aldo Bonzi
* Ciudad Evita
* Ciudad Madero
* González Catán
* Gregorio de Laferrere
* Isidro Casanova
* La Tablada
* Lomas del Mirador
* Rafael Castillo
* Ramos Mejia
* **[[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]]** 
* Tapiales
* Veinte de Junio
* Villa Luzuriaga
* Virrey del Pino

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Municipality o La Matanza 
* Naitional Varsity o La Matanza 
* Sitio de la ciudad de San Justo 
* Local Newspaper
Quilmes Partido

**Quilmes** is a partido o Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae, athin the Greater Buenos Aires conurbation.

It haes a aurie o 125 square kilometres, an a population o 580,829 (), makkin it the third maist populous partido in the Gran Buenos Aires. Namit efter the Quilmes Tribe, its caipital is the ceety o Quilmes.

## Beer
Quilmes gives its name tae ane o Argentinae's favourite beers, Cerveza Quilmes, which was oreeginally brewed in the aurie. The company produce aboot 1.5 billion litres o beer a year, maist o which is consumit in Argentinae.

## Sport
Quilmes is hame tae twa fitbaa clubs, Quilmes Atlético Club o the Primera Division and Club Atlético Argentino de Quilmes o the regionalisit 5t Diveesion. The ceety staunds oot in mony ither sports an aw, includin field hockey, basketbaw an rugby, amang ithers.

## Christianity
In 1666 wis established the Cathedral o Quilmes (Catedral de Quilmes in Spaingie). In 1976 a papal bull creatit the Diócesis de Quilmes. The first meenister wis Padre Obispo Jorge Novak, famous for his defense o Human Rights during the Naitional Reorganization Process.

The first Rivers o Life Kirk ("Ríos de Vida" in Spaingie) wis established in Quilmes in 1967. It is a group o ower 80 evangelical kirks aroond the warld. Rivers o Life, Quilmes haes the lairgest congregation o aw the Rivers o Life churches around the world.

Ither notable evangelical kirks include the Iglesia del Encuentro an the Iglesia del Puente.

## Destricts (localidades)

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Municipalidad de Quilmes – offeecial steid
Quilmes

**Quilmes** () is a ceety in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae. It is the caipital o Quilmes Partido (*Partido de Quilmes*), an haes a population o 230,810. It is locatit  sooth o the caipital o Argentinae, the Autonomous Ceety o Buenos Aires.

## History
The *[[Quilmes (tribe)|Quilmes]]* wur a native tribe who livit in the surroondins o Tucumán. In the 17t century, efter repeatit attempts bi the invadin Spaniards tae control their land, the Quilmes wur defeated an wur forcit tae settle in a restrictit colony (*[[reducción]]*) near Buenos Aires, whaur the authorities coud control thaim. The dounset wis thus established in 1666 as *Exaltación de la Santa Cruz de los Kilme*. The  jurney frae Tucumán wis made on fuit, causin hunders o Quilmes tae dee in the process. Bi 1810 the colony haed been abandoned an become a ghiast toun. The laund wis dividit in parcels an the toun o Quilmes wis established in 1818. 

Durin the first Breetish invasion, the Breetish arrivit frae Montevideo throu Quilmes an went tae Buenos Aires from thare.

The toun's development acceleratit durin the wave o immigration in Argentinae durin the late 19t century, an Quilmes wis considered as the location for a new provincial caipital durin the Federalization o Buenos Aires o 1880. Quilmes proper consists o twa main pairts, east an wast, which are dividit bi the tracks o the Metropolitano passenger train line. East Quilmes has several relatively walthy auries an a muckle shoppin destrict. As ane travels east toward the Río de la Plata, neebourheids become increasinly poor, an twa muckle *[[villa miseria|villas miseria]]* (slums) are foond close tae the river. These auries aften experience severe fluidin.

The ceety gives its name tae *[[Cerveza Quilmes]]* beer company, as this is whaur it wis first brewed in 1888 bi the brewery stairtit bi Otto Bemberg. The establishment remains a leadin employer in the ceety.

## Sport
Quilmes is the hame o twa fitbaa teams: Quilmes Atlético Club an Club Atlético Argentino de Quilmes . The first wis foondit in the 19t century bi Cannon J. T. Stevenson, an the seicont ane wis foondit later, bi Argentines who wur no alloued tae play for the QAC. They are twa o the auldest Argentine fitbaa teams.

The ceety haes been chosen bi FIH tae host the 2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Quilmes is twinned wi:
* **[[San Mauro Castelverde]]**, Sicily, Italy
* **[[Nanchang]]**, Cheenae (syne 2009)

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Municipality of Quilmes - Official Quilmes website 
*UKULA Travel Section - Quilmes Travelogue
*
San Mauro Castelverde

**San Mauro Castelverde** (Sicilian: ***Santu Màuru***) is a *[[comune]]* in the province o Palermo in Sicily. As o 2014 San Mauro Castelverde haed an estimatit population o 1,737.

Notable bodies frae San Mauro Castelverde include Santa Biondo, who immigratit tae the Unitit States as a bairn an became famous as an opera sangster durin the 1930s.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
San Mauro Castelverde is twinned wi:
* **[[Quilmes]]**, Buenos Aires, Argentinae
* **[[Rush, Dublin|Rush]]**, Leinster, Ireland

## Sources

## Freemit airtins
Mandela (disambiguation)

**[[Nelson Mandela]]** (1918−2013) wis a anti-apartheid activist an umwhile Preses o Sooth Africae.

**Mandela** mey refer tae an aw:
* **, a 2013 biographical film aboot Nelson Mandela
* ''Mandela'' (moch), a genus o moths o the Noctuidae faimily
* Mandela, Rajasthan, a veelage in Sikar, Rajasthan, Indie
* Mandela, Lazio, a toun in Italy

## Fowk wi the surname
* Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (born 1936), anti-apartheid activist, politeecian an ex-wife o Nelson Mandela

## See an aw
* Mandala (disambiguation)
Miehikkälä

**Miehikkälä** is a municipality o Finland.

It is locatit in the province o Soothren Finland an is pairt o the Kymenlaakso region. The municipality haes a population o 
() an covers a aurie o  o
which 
is watter. The population density is
.

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Municipality o Miehikkälä – Offeecial wabsteid