open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sooth Korea

The **Republic o Korea** is a kintra in East Asie, constitutin the soothren pairt o the Korean Peninsula an lyin east tae the Asie mainland. The name *Korea* is derived frae Goguryeo that wis ane o the great pouers in East Asie in its time, rulin maist o the Korean Peninsula, Manchurie, pairts o the Roushie Far East an Inner Mongolie, under Gwanggaeto the Great. Sooth Korea lies in the north temperate zone an haes a predominantly muntainous terrain. It comprises an estimatit 51.4 million residents distributit ower . The caipital an lairgest ceety is Seoul, wi a population o 10 million.

Airchaeology indicates that the Korean Peninsula wis inhabitit by early humans stairtin frae the Lawer Paleolithic period (2.6 Ma–300 Ka). The history o Korea begins wi the foondation o Gojoseon in 2333 BC bi the leegendar king Dangun. Follaein the unification o the Three Kinricks o Korea unner Unifee'd Silla in AD 668, Korea wis subsequently ruled bi the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) an the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910). It wis annexed bi the Empire o Japan in 1910. At the end o Warld War II, Korea wis dividit intae Soviet an U.S. zones o occupations. A separate election wis held in the U.S. zone in 1948 that led tae the creaution o the Republic o Korea (ROK), while the Democratic Fowkrepublic o Korea (DPRK) wis established in the Soviet zone. The Unitit Naitions at the time passed a resolution declarin the ROK tae be the anly lawfu govrenment in Korea.

The Korean War begoud in 1950 whan forces frae the North invadit the Sooth. The war lastit three year an involved the U.S., Cheenae, the Soviet Union an several ither naitions. The mairch atween the two naitions remeens the maist hivily fortifee'd in the warld. Unner lang-time militar leader Park Chung-hee, the Sooth Korean economy grew signeeficantly an the kintra wis transformed intae a G-20 major economy. Militar rule endit in 1987, an the kintra is nou a presidential republic conseestin o 17 admeenistrative diveesions.

Sooth Korea is a developit kintra an a heich-income economy, wi a "verra heich" Human Development Index, rankin 18t in the warld. The kintra is conseedert a regional pouer an is the warld's 11t lairgest economy bi nominal GDP an the 12t lairgest bi PPP as o 2010. Sooth Korea is a global leader in the industrial an technological sectors, bein the warld's 5t lairgest exporter an 8t lairgest importer. Its export-driven economy primarily focuses production on electronics, automobiles, ships, machinery, petrochemicals an robotics. Sooth Korea is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism, the Unitit Naitions, Unitin for Consensus, G20, the WTO an OECD an is a foondin member o APEC an the East Asie Summit.


Provinces of Korea (ROK point of view)-en+Inter-Korean border.svg|Territorial organization
Seal of South Korea.svg|Seal
Suncheon3.jpg|Suncheon
Daeseong-dong Scene.jpg|Daeseong-dong
South Koreans harvest rice in the Demilitarized Zone of Korea, 1988.JPEG|Daeseong-dong
Panmunjeom DMZ.png|Panmunjeom


## References
Korean leid

**Korean leid**(한국어*Hanguk-eo* or 조선어*Joseon-eo*) is the leid spoken on Korean peninsula.

## References
Pairlament o Scotland

The **Pairlament o Scotland**, officially the **Estates o Pairlament**, wis the legislature o the  Kinrick o Scotland. The unicameral pairlament o Scotland is first fand on record durin the early twalt century, wi a meetin forgaitherin aroond 1140 at Edinburgh Castle, an the first gaiterin for whilk a primary source survives (referred tae, like the contemporaneous Pairlament o Ingland, as a *[[colloquium]]* in the survivin Laitin records) wis at Kirkliston (a smaw toun nou on the ootskirts o Edinburgh) in 1235, durin the ring o Alexander II o Scotland.

The pairlament, that is referred tae as the **Estates o Scotland**, the **Three Estates** (Middle Scots: *Thrie Estaitis*), the **Scots Pairlament** or the **auld Scots Pairlament**, met till the Treaty o Union merged the pairlament o Scotland an the Pairlament o Ingland, shapin the new Pairlament o Great Breetain in 1707.

## References
Edinburgh Castle

**Edinburgh Castle** is a castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is biggit on a hill in the Edinburrie ceety centre. 
It is 1,100 year auld an wis said tae hae bin 'the most beseiged' place in Great Britain.
It is whaur the Kings o Scots, like David I, Malcolm IV an ithers haed bided. It wis gien tae the Inglis in a treaty bi William the Lion, bit returnt tae him, as a tocher.  In 1296 it was taen in war by Inglis king Edward I.  On 14 Mairch 1314, it was taen back bi the Scots, an this wis telt anent in the *[[The Brus]].* with the fechtin in the Jacobite risins bein the last time there wis battle at the castle. 

The castle esplanade hauds an annual militar tattoo, wi bagpipes an militar mairches an ither displays o skeels. It wis named in 2018, as 'the greatest show on earth' (*in Inglis*) wi 100 - 300 million fowk seein it on TV.
## References
Donald MacAlpin

**Donald MacAlpin** (**Domnall mac Ailpín** is the Mediaeval Gaelic form), an kent in maist modren regnal lists as **Donald I**; (born 812, dee'd 13 Aprile 862) wis king o the Pechts frae 858 tae 862. He follaed his brither Kenneth I tae the Pechts throne.
Constantine I, King o Scots

**Causantín** or **Constantín mac Cináeda** (died 877), wis a king o the Pechts. He is aft kent as **Constantine I**, in reference tae his place in modren lists o kings o Scots, tho contemporary soorces descrived Constantín anerly as a Pechts king. A son o Kenneth MacAlpin, he succeeded his uncle Donald I as Pechts king follaein the latter's daith on 13t Aprile 862. Constantine's ring witnessed increased activity by Vikings, based in Ireland an Northumbria, in northren Breetain an he deed fechtin ane sic invasion.
Aed, King o Scots

**Áed mac Cináeda** (died 878) wis a son o Kenneth MacAlpin. He became king o the Pechts in 877 whan he succeedit his brither Constantine. His eik-name is **Áed o the White Flouers**, **the Wing-fittit** () or **the white-fit** (). 

The *[[Chronicle o the Keengs o Alba|Chronicle o the Kings o Alba]]* says o Áed: "Edus [Áed] held the same [i.e. the kinrick] for ae year. The shortness o his ring haes bequeathed naething memorable tae history. He wis slain in the civitas o Nrurim." Nrurim is unidentifeed.
King o the Pechts

Pechts kings ruled in northren an eastren Scotland. In 843 tradeetion records the replacement o the Pechts kinrick by the Kinrick o Alba, awtho the Erse annals continue tae uise *Pechts* an *Fortriu* for hauf a century efter 843.

The Erse annals (the Annals o Ulster, Annals o Innisfallen) refer tae some kings as *keeng o [[Fortriu]]* or *keeng o [[Alba]]*. The kings listed are thocht tae represent owerkings o the Pechts, at least frae the time o Bridei son o Maelchon onwards. In addition tae thae owerkings, mony less pouerful subject kings existit, o wham anerly a wheen are kent frae the historical record.

Meethical kings o the Pechts are listed in the *[[Lebor Bretnach]]*'s accoont o the oreegins o the Cruithne.

## See forby
* Scots monarchs
Seoul

**Seoul** (, *Seoul*, pronoonced ), offeecially the **Seoul Special Ceety** (, *Seoul Teukbyeolsi*), is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Sooth Korea. A megaceety wi a population o ower 10 million, it is ane o the lairgest ceeties in the warld. The Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie is the warld's seicont lairgest metropolitan aurie wi ower 24.5 million indwallers, whit includes the Incheon metropolis an maist o Gyeonggi province. Amaist hauf o Sooth Korea's population bide in the Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie, an nearly a quarter in Seoul itsel, makkin it the kintra's foremaist economic, poleetical, an cultural centre.

Seoul haes been a major dounset for ower 2,000 year, wi its foondation datin back tae 18 B.C.  whan Baekje, ane o the Three Kinricks o Korea, establisht its caipital in whit is nou sooth-east Seoul. It continued as the caipital o Korea durin the Joseon Dynasty an the Korean Empire. The Seoul Naitional Caipital Aurie is hame tae fower UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine an the Ryal Tombs o the Joseon Dynasty.
   
The day, Seoul is considered tae be a leadin global ceety, rankin amang the tap ten global ceeties in the Global Ceeties Index of 2010. It is ane o the warld's tap ten financial an commercial centres, hame tae major multinaitional conglomerates sic as Samsung, LG an Hyundai-Kia. In 2008, Seoul wis named the warld's saxt maist economically pouerful ceety bi *[[Forbes]]*.

Seoul haes a hiechlie technologically advanced infrastructure. Its Digital Media Ceety is the warld's first complex for IT an multimedia applications. Seoul wis the first ceety tae featur DMB, a digital mobile TV technology an WiBro, a wireless hie-speed mobile internet service. It haes a fast, hie-penetration 100Mbps fibre-optic broadband netwirk, that is bein upgradit tae 1Gbps bi 2012. Seoul Station hooses the 350&nbsp;km/h KTX bullet train an the Seoul Subway is the third lairgest in the warld, wi ower 200 million passengers ivery year. Seoul is connectit via AREX tae Incheon Internaitional Airport, rated as the best airport in the warld bi Airports Council International.

Seoul hostit the 1988 Simmer Olympics an the 2002 FIFA Warld Cup. The ceety wis named the Warld Design Caipital for 2010 bi the Internaitional Cooncil o Societies o Industrial Design an hostit the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Seoul haes mony twin touns an sister ceeties aroond the warld:[in chronological order]

## References
Anne, Queen o Great Breetain

**Anne o Great Breetain** (6 Februar 1665 - 1 August 1714) became Queen o Ingland, Scotland, an Ireland on 8 Mairch 1702. On 1 Mey 1707, whan Ingland an Scotland jyned intae the ane kinrick, Anne became the first sovereign o the Kinrick o Great Breetain.

Anne wis born in the ring o her uncle Charles II, that haed na legitimate childer. Her faither, James, wis sicweys heir presumptive tae the throne. His suspected Roman Catholicism wis unpopular in Ingland, an on Charles's instructions Anne an her elder sister, Mary, war raised as Anglicans. Three years efter he succeedit Charles, James wis deponed in the Glorious Revolution o 1688. Anne's sister an Dutch Protestant brither-in-law an cuisin William III o  Orange becam jynt monarchs. Awtho the sisters haed been close, disagreements ower Anne's finances, status an chyce o acquaintances arose shortly efter Mary's accession an thay becam estranged. William an Mary haed na childer. Efter Mary's daith in 1694, William ringed alane till his awn daith in 1702, whan Anne succeedit him.

In her reign, Anne favoured moderate Tory politeecians, that war mair likely tae share her Anglican releegious views nor thair opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew mair pouerfu in the coorse o the War o the Spaingie Succession, till 1710 whan Anne dismissed mony o them frae office. Her close friendship wi Sarah Churchill, Duchess o Marlborough, turned soor as the result o poleetical differences. The Duchess teuk revenge in an unflatterin description o the Queen in her memoirs, that wis widely acceptit bi historians till Anne wis re-assessed in the late 20t century.

Anne wis plagued bi ill heal ootthrou her life, an she grew increasinly lame an obese frae her thirties. Despite seiventeen pregnancies bi her husband, Prince George o Denmark, she dee'd withoot survivin issue an wis the last monarch o the Hoose o Stuart. Unner the Act of Settlement 1701, that excludit aw Catholics, she wis succeedit bi her seicont cuisin George I o the Hoose o Hanover, that's maternal grandmither, Elizabeth Stuart, Queen o Bohemie, wis a dauchter o James VI an I.
William II, King o Scots

**William II, King o Scots** (14 November 1650 -  8 Mairch 1702) wis Stadthauder frae 1672, he wis  **William III o Orange** ower Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, an Overijssel o the Dutch Republic.  He wis King o Scots frae 11 Aprile 1689 an King o Ingland an Ireland frae 13 Februar 1689. In aw thae fower cases, he haudit thae titles til his daith on 8t Mairch 1702. He is cried "**King Billy**" an aw.

William wis born in the Netherlands.  His mither wis Mary Stuart.  Mary wis the sister tae the King o Ingland, Ireland an Scotland, James VII & II.

## References
Middle Scots leid

**Middle Scots** wis the Anglic leid o the Scots Lawlands in the period frae 1450 tae 1700. By the end o the 13t century its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax an vocabulary haed sindered merkedly frae Early Scots, whilk wis virtually indistinguishable frae early Northumbrian Middle Inglis. Syne its orthography differed frae that o the kythin Early Modren Inglis staundart. Middle Scots wis fair uniform throu oot its mony texts, aw bes it wi some variation endue tae the uise o Romance forms in owersettins frae the Laitin or French, echas o Chaucerian wirds, turns o phrases an grammar in recensions o soothren texts or the writins o Scots in exile in Ingland influenced by soothren forms, misunnerstaunds an mistaks made by fermit printers in Paris or the likes o Chepman an Myllar’s Inglis craftsmen in Edinburgh an the uise o archaisms in poetry.

By the early 16t century *Scottis* (previously uised for tae descrive Gaelic in Ireland as well as Scotland) haed been adoptit for whit haed become the naitional langage o the Stewart kinrick. The term *[[Middle Erse|Erse]]* wis uised insteid for Gaelic, while the previously uised term *Inglis* wis increasingly uised tae refer tae the leid sooth o the mairch. The first kent instance o this terminology wis by an unkent man in 1494. In 1559 William Nudrye wis grantit a monopoly by the coort tae produce schuil textbeuks, twa o thir war *Ane Schort Introduction: Elementary Digestit into Sevin Breve Tables for the Commodius Expeditioun of Thame That are Desirous to Read and Write the Scottis Toung* an *Ane Intructioun for Bairnis to be Learnit in Scottis and Latin*.

Frae 1610 tae the 1690s, durin the Plantation o Ulster, some 200,000 Scots settled in the north o Ireland, takkin whit war tae become the Ulster Scots byleids wi thaim.
Burnley F.C.

**Burnley Football Club** (), nicknamed *The Clarets* bi fans, is a professional Inglis fitba club based in Burnley, Lancashire, that plays in the Premier League efter winnin the EFL Championship. In 1883, Burnley acame ane o the first fitba teams til become professional. Acause o that, Burnley pressurit the Fitba League tae pay the fitbawers. Burnley wud play in the FA Cup fur the first time in 1885-86 an wur ane o the 12 foonder memmers o The Fitba League in 1888. Fae the 1950s till the 1970s, unner chairman Bob Lord, the club wud be kent fur its youth policie an scoutin system, an wis ane o the first to mak a purpose-buildit training ground.

Burnley hae been champions o Ingland twa time, in 1920–21 an 1959–60, hae won the FA Cup ance, in 1913–14, an hae won the FA Charity Shield twa time, in 1960 an 1973. They hae been rinners-up in the First Division twa time, in 1919–20 an 1961–62, an FA Cup rinners-up twa time, in 1946–47 an 1961–62. Burnley are alsae ane o ainly five clubs tae hae won aw fower professional divisions o Inglis fitba, wi Wolverhampton Wanderers, Preston North End, Sheffield United an Portsmouth forby. Whan the team won the 1959–60 Football League, the toun o Burnley—wi ainly 80,000 fowk—wud acome ane of the mair wee touns to hae an English first-tier champion team.

The team hae playit hame gemmes at Turf Moor syne 1883, efter thay haed muivit fae thair original grounds at Calder Vale. The club colours o claret an blue wur adoptit afore the 1910–11 saison in respect tae the 1909-10 Fitba League champions Aston Villa. The club is nicknamed "the Clarets" acause o the kenspeckle colour o its hame shirts. Burnley's logo the nou is based on the toun's coat o arms. The team hae haed a lang-standin rivalry wi neeburin club Blackburn Rovers. The clubs play against ilka-ither in the East Lancashire Derby, the auldest fitba derby.

## References
Juit

**Juit** is a lang, saft, glazie vegetable feebre that can be snuven  intae coorse, strang threids. It is produced frae plaunts in the genus *[[Corchorus]]*, faimily Malvaceae.

Juit is ane o the maist affuirdable naitural feebres an is seicont anerly tae cotton in amoont produced an kynd o uises. Juit feebres are composed maistly o the plaunt materials cellulose (major component o plaunt feebre) an lignin (major components o wid feebre). It is sicweys a ligno-cellulosic feebre that is hauflins a textile feebre an hauflins wid.

## History

For centuries, juit haes been an integral pairt o the cultur o Bengal, in the hail soothwast o Bangladesh an some pairts o Wast Bengal, Indie. Durin the Breetish Raj in the 19t an early 20t centuries, muckle o the raw juit feebre o Bengal wis cairied aff tae the Unitit Kinrick, whaur it wis than processed in mills concentrated in Dundee. At first, endue tae its texture, it coud anerly be processed by hand till it wis diskivered in that ceety that treatin it wi whaul ile, it coud be treatit by machine The industry boomed ("juit wabster" wis a recognised tred occupation in the 1901 UK census), but this tred haed lairgely stintit by aboot 1970 endue tae the kythin o synthetic feebres.

## Production

## References
Trews

**Trews** (**Truis** or **Triubhas**) are men's claes for the legs an lawer abdomen, a tradeetional form o Erse an Scots apparel.  Trews coud be trimmed wi laither, likely buckskin, parteecular on the inner leg for tae hinder weir frae ridin on horseback. *Trews* is the oreegin o the wird *[[troosers]]*.http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=trousers&searchmode=none

Tartan trews skared the weird o ither items o Hieland dress, includin proscription unner  the Dress Act o 1746 that bannit Hielanders frae weirin the trews ("Trowse"), an resurrection durin the Romantic Revival.
Tartan

**Tartan** is a paitren conseestin o criss-crossed horizontal an vertical baunds in multiple colours. Tartans oreeginate in wuiven claith, nou thay are uised in mony ither materials. Tartan is parteecular associate wi Scotland. Scots kilts awmaist aye hae tartan paitrens. (Tartan is kent as plaid in North Americae, but in Scotland, a plaid is a tartan claith slung ower the shouder or a blanket.)
Kilt

A **kilt** is a ceremonial airticle o claes worn in Scotland. It is made o a thick, wuiven fabric wi a tartan (chackert) paitren. It resemmles a pleatit skirt except that it is worn by men.

It is still worn durin ceremonies by some Scots an Canadian military units an by fowk that play the bagpipes (a Scots wind instrument). It is quite commonly worn by men at waddins an aw.
Shouder

In human anatomy, the **shouder jynt** (in Doric: shoulther) comprises the pairt o the body whaur the humerus jyns the spaul-bane. The **shouder** is the group o structures in the region o the jynt.

It is made up o three banes: the hausebane (clavicle), the spaul-bane (scapula), and the humerus (upper airm bane) as weel as associate muscles, ligaments an tenons.  The articulations atween the banes o the shouder mak up the shouder jynts.
It is a helpfu pairt o the body for tae cairy things: we aften help cairyin things wi our ain shouder. Atlas cairied the Yird an the globe o the Sky (Lift sphere).

## References
Hausebane

The **hausebane** or **clavicle** is a lang bane that is pairt o the shouder. It connects the airm tae the main pairt o the body. It is a support for the spaul-bane an helps the airm tae hang freely. This allous the airm tae hae a lot o muivement. The hausebane is made frae sponge-like bane, cried cancellous bane, an is kivered wi a hard shell o bane
Airm

A **airm** is a limm. Maist humans hae twa airms ilk, comin oot thair body juist ablow the neck. On the end o each airm is a haund. Humans uise airms an haunds for tae dae things tae ither objects, this is cried manipulation. The primary purpose o the haund is tae grasp objects. Some ither primates hae airms that thay uise for tae muive aroond by haudin ontae trees or supportin thaimsels as thay walk alang the grund.

## See Forby
* Leg
Norse

**Norse** can refer tae:

In **history**:
* Norsemen, the Scandinavie fowk afore the Christianisation o Scandinavie
** Norse meethology

In **langage**:
* Norse leid, the modren leid o Norawa, whiles cried Norse
* Auld Norse leid, a North Germanic leid in uise frae c. AD 800 tae c. AD 1300
* Proto-Norse leid, the Germanic leid predecessor o Auld Norse
Tenon

A **tenon**, **sinnon** or **leader** is a teuch baund o tishie that connects muscle tae bane. It is biggit tae thole tension. Tennons are similar tae ligaments except that ligaments jyne ane bane tae anither. Tennons an muscles wirk thegither. Thay can anerly create a pullin poust.

## See Forby
* Luppen sinnon
Nauru

**Nauru** ( ), offeecially the **Republic o Nauru** an umwhile kent as *Pleasant Island*, is an island naition in Micronesie in the Sooth Paceefic. Its nearest neebor is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300&nbsp;km tae the east. Nauru is the warld's weest island naition, coverin juist 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi).

Settled bi fowk frae Micronesie an Polynesie , Nauru wis annexed an claimed as a colony bi the German Empire in the late 19t century. Efter Warld War&nbsp;I, Nauru becam a League o Naitions mandate admeenistered bi Australie, New Zealand an the Unitit Kinrick. In Warld War&nbsp;II, Nauru wis occupied bi Japanese truips, that war bipassed bi the Allied advance athort the Paceefic. Efter the war endit, the kintra entered intae UN trusteeship. Nauru gained its unthirldom in 1968.

Nauru is a phosphate-rock island wi rich deposits near the surface, that alloued easy strip minin operations. It haes some remeenin phosphate resoorces that, , are nae economically viable for extraction. Whan the phosphate reserves war exhausted, an the island's environment haed been seriously hairmed bi minin, the trust that haed been established tae manage the island's walth dimeenished in vailyie. Tae earn income, Nauru briefly becam a tax haven an illegal money launderin centre. Frae 2001 tae 2008, an again frae 2012, it acceptit aid frae the Australie Govrenment in exchynge for hostin the Nauru Regional Processin Centre. As a result o hivy dependence on Australie, mony soorces hae identifee'd Nauru as a client state o Australie.

## Notes


## References
Owerseas Fraunce

Fraunce haes a lot o owerseas depairtments an territories () unner its rule.
Thare is a French Ministry o the owerseas territories an depairtments that is in chairge o thaim.

## List o the owersees depairtments an territories o Fraunce
*Caribean:
**Guadeloupe
**Martinique
**Saunt Barthélémy
**Saunt Martin
**French Guiana
*Oceanie:
**Wallis an Futuna,
**New Caledon
**Matthew an Hunter (reclaimed by Australie)
*Indian Oshian:
**Mayotte,
**Juan de Nova,
**Bassas da India,
**Réunion,
**Glorieuses (Glorious islands).
*North Americae:
**Saunt Pierre an Miquelon
*Ithers:
**Polynesia, whilk is baith a kintra an a dependancie o Fraunce.
**Terre Adélie, a big pairt o the Antarctic continent, thare are gey few indwallers thare, some scientists.

## Facts o thir territories

*Thir territories haes twa millions an hauf indwallers, maist o thaim bein French.
*Polynesie is totally unner the subventions o Fraunce, acause o its puirness in industry an third sector, it haes been the first place in Fraunce bein recessional durin the economic crisis o 2008-2010.
*The French Caribbean islands produce rum an strang drinks. The percent o unemployment is 49%, increasin ilka year.
Acause o aw thae territories, Fraunce haes the seicont biggest Exclusive Economic Zone in the warld, juist efter the Unitit States, an the biggest kintra o Europe, includin Ukraine.

## See forby
Owerseas territories (dependancies).
Owerseas territories

**Owerseas territories** are the territories that a naition hae ifter or while the Colonization, but non-metropolitan. Far example: Germany hae nae owersea territory. It could be regarded as an advantage or a problem, dependin o' the side ye're regardin.

## Kintras that hae owerseas territories
Ootside o' Europe:
* China
* The Unitit States o' America (far example Hawaii).
Inside o' Europe:
* Fraunce
* Unitit Kinrick
* Spain
* The Netherlands
* Portugal.
Communist Manifesto

The **Communist Manifesto** (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) is a beuk written bi Karl Marx an Friedrich Engels in the years 1848.

## The content
In the Communist Manifesto are presented far the first time the ideas o' Communism. The proletarian revolution is an important subject, while Dialectic History an Marxist point o view o History are importantly spoken aboot. The section "The Communists and Proletarians" say that there is no ither goal far Communists than the happiness o the workin classes. The Communist Manifesto is a constant appeal far the Revolution.

In this beuk there is written far the first time the sentence warlwide kent:
"Proletairs o aw the warld, unit!"

## External Links
The Communist Manifesto online (eng):
* http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm
Scots National Pairty

The **Scots National Pairty** (**SNP**) is a poleetical pairty in Scotland, campainin fur Scots unthirldom. It is a social-democratic pairty. Syne the Scots elections in 2007 the pairty wis in minority government in the Scots Pairlament; in 2011, the SNP wun a majority o the seats of this Pairliment. It is the biggest single pairty or bodie in Scotland campainin.

Thay'v 63 seats in the Scots Pairlament an 453 local councillors. The pairty wis wiped oot in the Hoose o Commons in 2024.

The pairty's convener is John Swinney. He is the current First Meenister o Scotland. He succeeded Humza Yousaf, that wis heidyin o the Pairty, an Member o Scots Parliament fur the constituency o Glesga Soothside.

## History
The pairty wis staiblisht in 1934 frae a comin-thegither o the Naitional Pairty o Scotland an the Scots Pairty. The SNP originally campaignt fur hame rule an a Scots Pairlament. John MacCormick, the then leader, left in 1942 fur tae form the pressure group the Scottish Covenant Association.

It won its first pairlamentary seat in a 1945 by-election (tae the Wastmeinster pairlament).

Thair support reakit a first heich pynt in the Februar 1974 Westminster election, wi 21.9% o the Scots vote.

## Ideology
The SNP is a centre-left nationalist pairty. Its nationalism is speceefically civic nationalism, i.e. hingin in wi civic institutions an territoritiality. It is parteicular in that cultural or ethnic heritage is rarely mentioned in SNP campagin ads.

## References
Skyre Fuirsday

**Skyre Fuirsday**, kent as **Guid Fuirsday** or **Haly Fuirsday** forby, is the Christian feast or haly day fawin on the Fuirsday afore Pace that commemorates the Last Supper o Jesus Christ wi His Apostles. It is the fift day o Haly Week, an is precedeit by Haly Wadensday an follaed by Guid Friday. The date is aye atween 19t Mairch an 22nt Aprile inclusive. Thae dates in the Julian calendar that Eastren kirks for ordinar bases thair calculations o the date o Pace on, affeir throu-oot the twinty-first century tae 1 Aprile an 5 Mey in the mair commonly uised Gregorian calendar.
Pintle

The **pintle** is the sexual reproductive bodie pairt o the males in the ainimal families: mammals, birds, fishes, reptilians, an insects.

## Uise o the pintle
The pintle is uised tae pee (urinate) an ejaculate sperm.

## Releegious tradeetions
The three Abrahamic Releegion's beuks contain the order tae circumcise the pintle o the bairn. Baith Judaism an Islam follae these order, whiles Christianity prefer tae ignore it. The cause o this order is, in the Bible, that "Abraham, thou shalt mak a treaty o confidence wi me, an far that respect an the remembrance o this treaty, thy bairns shall hae the pintle circumcised." Freud in his beuk Mose an monotheism, tawks aboot this order bein copied frae the Egyptians, acause, he says, o Mose bein Egyptian an circumcised.
Afore, pintles war aften circumcised bi cutters in gey barbarian ways; nou the Medecine services can dae it in a gey clean ane. Whiles non-releegious fowk circumcise thair bairns acause o a unpotent (benin) sickness ca'd "Phimosis".
Heiven

**Hieven** is a concept o the efterlife in mony releegions, maist aften Abrahamic anes. Thae that believe in hieven threaps that it is a place that is perfit; the place whaur fowk gangs efter daith gin thay'v been guid in this life. Some fowk believes in Hell an aw, the destination for fowk that haes been ill. Ideas o Hieven an Hell isna the same in aw releegions; mony releegions disna hae the concepts ava.

*The hievens* is anither wey o sayin the sky, lift or ooter space, acause aerly fowk believed that hieven wis a physical place. This place wis locate in the sky.

In Christianity, Hieven is the place whaur God bides. It is anither wird for the speeritual warld, acause the Christian God is pure speerit. Houaniver, the prophets o the Bible, like Isaiah, aften spak o a physical Kinrick o Hieven that will occupee a new Yird, an be ruled bi God (the Messiah) in the flesh hissel, whaur fowk will hae physical bodies that winna dee anither daith.

Mony fowk that believes in Hieven the day haes ideas different frae thaim descrived in the Bible.
Lord's Prayer

The **Lord's Prayer,** is the maist kenspeckle prayer in the Christian releegion. It is kent as the **Oor Faither** an aw (frae the first twa wirds o the prayer) or **Pater noster** (the Laitin for "Oor Faither").

The Lord's Prayer is the prayer that Jesus teacht the fowk tae say whan prayin tae God. It can be fund in twa places in the New Testament: ane in the Gospel o Matthew (Chaipter 6, verses 9-13) that's pairt o the Sermon on the Mount, an the ither in the Gospel o Luke (Chaipter 11: verses 2-4).

The prayer haes been pitten intae Aramaic, Jesus's mither tongue and ower intae mony leids ower twa millenia. The Bible haes been pitten ower intae Inglis mony times ower the years. Tharefore, thare's a wheen dversions uised that differs a bittie frae ilk ither. Mony theologians amang the different Christian tradeetions haes analysed Jesus's prayer in detail. John Wesley, early Methodist said it 'conteens aw we can reasonably pray for'. Former Archbishop o Canterbury, Rowan Williams said it wis the Christian faith 'in a nutshell' and 'a prayer fur tae set us free'. William Barclay, Scots meenister wrote in 1976 about the prayer helpin fowk tae mak God's kingdom on earth, 'doin God's will'.  Pope Francis haed creaut controversy whan saiyin God didnae 'lead' fowk intae temptation, an it sud say 'dinnae leat us faw intae temptation'.

## The Lord's Prayer in Scots

The Kirk gies three versions o the Lord's prayer: A Scots New Testament  wis also published by Lorimer in 2012. 

## The Lord's Prayer in the Inglish
The tradeetional an best-kent version in Inglis is the ane frae the "Book of Common Prayer" (1662): 

:Our Father, which art in heaven,
:hallowed be thy name;
:thy kingdom come;
:thy will be done,
:in earth as it is in heaven.
:Give us this day our daily bread.
:And forgive us our trespasses,
:as we forgive them that trespass against us.
:And lead us not into temptation;
:but deliver us from evil.
:For thine is the kingdom,
:the power, and the glory,
:For ever and ever.
:Amen.
:

## References
1831

**1831** is a year o the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

*1st Januar : the American William Lloyd Garrison pits oot his abolitionist (antislavery) jurnal, *The Liberator*. Free bleck fowks are whanged an placit in jyle in Washington far sellin it.
*7t Januar : the Bey o Tunis taks Oran (in Algeria). Husayn Bey propose tae serve Fraunce. He hopes tae tak Constantine. Acause o the violence o his airmy in Oran (the day in Algeria), Fraunce refuses. Relationship atweesh Fraunce an Tunisia decay acause o that decision, while the Bey is hatit bi some Muslims for proposin tae tae the Europeans a haun.
*20t Januar: the Lunnon conference gies tae Belgium pairt o the Greit-Duchy o Luxembourg, the Limbourg pairt efter the Meuse, an guarantees Belgium's neutrality thru History.
*Januar: Poland is declared independent bi Pols fowk.
*November: Roushie wins the battle agin Pols fowks that insurrect thaimsels. Adam Czartoryski becomes Preses o the new Pols goviernment,
*November: Canuts Rebellion in Lyon, Fraunce. (The Canuts wark in Textile industry an are angry agin the machines Jacquard that coud replace thaim).
*4t Juin: Leopold Ist is elected keeng o the Belgian fowk, an sweir on the Constitution o Belgium the 21t o Juin, that is nou the Naitional Pairty o Belgium.
*22t o Julie: Emperor Kōmei o Japan is born. He deed in 1867

## See an aw
*:Category:1831 births
*:Category:1831 daiths
1891

**1891** is a year o the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

*1st Januar : Nioro is taen aff bi the colonel Louis Archinard efter that Ahmadou (an Ahmadou's airmy) gangs awa' in Macina an Jenne. (In Mali an Niger).

*Februar: the Netherlands and the Unitit Kinrick separe their possessions in the West Dutch Indies.

*Eugène Dubois maks the first discovery o Homo erectus fossils in the Dutch colony o Java. (See Anthropology).

*18 April : Jules Cambon is  Governor o Algeria (til 1897). He applees a mair-leeberal policy, wi the thocht o a speed economic development.

*June 16 – John Abbott becomes Canada's third prime minister.

*31st Julie : Unitit Kinrick say that territories atweesh Zambeeze an Congo river are belongin tae thaim.

*On 28 September is Herman Melville born. He is the author o Moby-Dick.

## See awso
*:Category:1891 births
*:Category:1891 daiths
*The next year on calendar is 1892, the precedent is 1890
Aubrahamic releegions

Abraham wis a Ebreu o the Auld Testament. Abrahamic releegion is thaim wi religious "haly buiks" wi' a trace o the story an Abrahamic tradeetions.

The three aften referenced Abrahamic releegions is:
* Judaism (the first ane)
* Christianity
* Islam
Haly Wadensday

In Christianity, **Haly Wadensday** is the Wadensday o the Haly Week, the week afore Pace. It is follaed bi Skyre Fuirsday (Haly Fuirsday).

## Biblical history
In Wastren Christianity, the Wadensday afore Pace is whiles kent as "Spy Wadensday", indicating that it is the day that Judas Iscariot first collogued wi the Sanhedrin tae begowk Jesus for thirty siller cunyies.

## References
1957

**1957** is a year o the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

* January: An Irish Republican Army attack on the Brookeborough police barracks leads tae the deaths o Seán Sou an Fergal O'Hanlon.

* 5t January : The president Eisenhower demands tae the Congress special pawers tae struggle agains Communist menace in Near-East.

* 9t January: Martin Luther King foonds the *Southern Christian Leadership Conference*.
 
* 23t January: Ku Klux Klan members farce the truck driver Willie Edwards tae spring off a bridge intae the Alabama Strict; he drowns as a result.

* February: Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government.

* 25t Mairch: The Rome Treaty is ratified bi the Five Members o the Economic European Community.

* 26 Mairch – 22-year-auld Elvis Presley buys Graceland on 3734 Bellevue Boulevard (Highway 51 South) far 100,000 US dollars. He and his family dwell from the housie on 1034 Audubon Drive.

* Mey: Gustavo Rojas Pinilla's goveirnment an he fall in Colombia.

* Kim Tu-bong, president o the People's Supreme Assembly, opponent o Kim Il-sung is killed in North Korea

* 24t September: Nine black bairns are expelsit frae a schuil in Little Rock (Arkansas) bi alot o fowks. Eisenhower sends thoosand parachutists thair tae mak the schuil respect the law.

* The Saare (Saarland) is integrated bi the Federal Republic o Germany.

## See awso

* Years o the XIXt an XXt centuries
* 1957 an 1958 Packards
* The next year on calendar is 1958-The precedent is 1956.
1869

**1869** is a year o the Gregorian Calendar.

## Events

* 1st Januar: Sigma Nu, the first anti-hazing Fraternity is foundit.

* 14t Februar: Charles Wilson, the Scottish physicist an Nobel laureate is born (he died in 1959)

* 8t December : The first Vatican cooncil is officially open'd, provokit bi the Pape Pie IX tae discuss o the dogma o papal unfailingness (1869-1870); the cooncil is interrupted bi French-German weir.

* 2t Februar: In Algeria a rebellion o 4000 men is beated bi colonel Sounis.
 
* 29 Mey: The British Parliament passes the Capital Punishment (heid peikin) within *Prisons Bill*, thus endin public hangin.
## See an aa

*:Category:1869 births
*:Category:1869 daiths
*Years o the XIXt an XXt Centuries
New York

**New York** (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally [nɪu ˈjoək] or [nuː ˈjɔrk]) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic an Northeastren regions o the Unitit States an is the nation's thrid maist populous. The state haes laundmairches wi New Jersey an Pennsylvania tae the sooth, an Connecticut, Massachusetts an Vermont tae the east. The state haes a maritime mairch wi Rhode Island east o Long Island, as weel as an international mairch wi the Canadian provinces o Ontario tae the wast, an Quebec tae the north. New York is aft referred tae as New York State tae distinguish it frae New York Ceety.

New York Ceety, whilk is geographically the lairgest ceety in the state an maist populous in the Unitit States, is weel-kent for its history as a yett for immigration tae the Unitit States o Americae an its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, an manufacturin centre. Accordin tae the U.S. Department o Commerce, it is a destination o chyce for mony fremd veesitors an aw. Baith state an ceety war named efter the 17t century Duke o York, James Stuart, futur James VII o Scotland an II o Ingland.

In the bygane New York wis cried New Amsterdam, an wis pairt o the New Netherlands acause the Dutch that conquered an bocht it oreeginally. The Inglis made weir tae tak it ower an American sodgers an aw: the Inglis won the battle.

## References

## Freemit airtins
;State govrenment
* [  state govrenment wabsteid]

## Relatit information
* New York Ceety draucht riots
Martin Van Buren

**Martin Van Buren** (born the 5t December 1782 in Kinderhook, New York – dee'd the 24t o Julie 1862, in his born-ceety) wis a lawyer an an American politeecer, o Dutch descent, wha wis the aicht prese o the Unitit States o Americae. He wis electit far juist ae mandate frae 1837 tae 1841, tae succeed tae Andrew Jackson. He wis the first preses o the Unitit States tae be born american, aw the anes afore were British-born.

## Biography

His parents hae a tavern an a ferm wi help o som sclaves. His eddication is limit tae a communal schuil o his bairn-ceety.

In 1796, he works as screever bi an advocate whar he lears the recht as an autodidact; he is admit tae the court o New York in 1803. He succeeds in this wark throu twanty-five year.

He wis elect as a candidate far the Democrat-Republican pairty, ane o the first pairties o the Unitit States. Efter his election, he becomes member o the Democrat pairty.

Jack o aw trades, handy in the airt o diplomacy, tae integrate the Floridas in the Union, he proposes tae interdict the importation o new sclaves while keepin thaim livin thar: this position please baith Soothren states, partisans o sclavery, an Northern states, anti-sclavery.

As a vice-preses, Martin Van Buren presidit the Senate. He brocht wi him twa shared guns acause o his naitural fear tae be murthert.

He died in peace at hame at echty year auld.

## Notes


## References
George Bush

**George Bush** mey refer tae:
*George H. W. Bush (1924-2018), 41st Preses o the Unitit States (1989–1993)
*George W. Bush (born 1946), 43rd Preses o the Unitit States (2001–2009)
Federatit States o Micronesie

The **Federatit States o Micronesie** is a kintra in the Paceefic Ocean. It haes aboot 111,000 fowk, an its caipital ceety is Palikir.

## Admeenistrative diveesions

* Yap
* Chuuk
* Pohnpei
* Kosrae

## Micronesie
* Micronesie (region)

## References
Gowd

**Gowd** is a saft, hivy, daurk yellae, glazie metal that haes been uised fur mony thoosands o years bi fowk aw ower the warld, for jewelry, as money, an nou in tuith fillins an electronic gear sic as computers. It wis parteecular respectit as jewelry in early times acause o its great luster an brawness. In Exodus it wis uised as pairt o the claes the priests wuir. The colour o this metal is cawed *[[Gowd (colour)|gowd]]* an aw.
Gowd (colour)

**Gowd** or **gowden** is a yellaeish orange colour, that is a bit lik the colour o the metal gowd.

## Meanin o gowd

* Gowd represents walth acause the metal gowd is vailuable.
* Gowd represents *accomplishment*, as whan an athlete wins a *Gowd Medal* at the Olympics or whan a muisicker maks a *Gowd Record* (a record that sells at least 500,000 copies).
Metal

A **metal** (frae Greek μέταλλον *métallon*, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compoond, or alloy) that is teepically haurd whan in solit state, opaque, shiny, an haes guid electrical an thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, thay can be haimered or pressed permanently oot o shape withoot brakkin or crackin—as weel as fusible (able tae be fused or meltit) an ductile (able tae be drawn oot intae a thin wire). Aroond 90 o the 118 elements in the periodic cairt are metals; the ithers are nonmetals or metalloids, tho elements near the boondaries o ilk category hae been assigned variably tae aither (hence the lack o an exact coont). Some elements appear in baith metallic an non-metallic forms.

Astropheesicists uise the term "metal" tae refer collectively tae aw elements in a starn that are hivier nor the lichtest twa, hydrogen an helium, an nae juist tradeetional metals. A starn fuses lichter atoms, maistly hydrogen an helium, tae mak hivier atoms ower its lifetime. Uised in that sense, the metallicity o an astronomical object is the proportion o its matter made up o the hivier chemical elements.

Mony elements an compoonds that are nae normally clessifee'd as metals acome metallic unner heich pressurs; thir are formed as metallic allotropes o non-metals, for ensaumple, pheesicists war able tae keep Hydrogen in its solit state unner mair nor 3 million times the atmospheric pressur an deduce its metallic properties.

The strenth an resilience o metals has led tae thair frequent uise in heich-rise biggin an brig construction, as weel as maist vehicles, mony hame appliances, tuils, pipes, non-illuminatit signs an railwey tracks.  Precious metals war historically uised in cunyies.

## References
Periodic cairt

The **periodic cairt o the chemical elements** is a list o kent atoms (chemical elements). In the cairt the elements are placed in the order o thair atomic nummers stairtin wi the lawest nummer. The atomic nummer o an element is the same as the nummer o electrons or protons in the atom.

In the periodic cairt the elements are arranged intae *periods* an *groups*. 

A row o elements athort the cairt is cried a *period*. Ilka period haes a nummer: frae 1 tae 7. Period 1 haes anely 2 elements in it: hydrogen an helium. Period 2 an Period 3 baith hae 8 elements. Ither periods are langer.

A raw o elements doun the cairt is cawed a *group*. Thare are 18 groups in the staundart periodic cairt. Ilka group haes a nummer: frae 1 tae 18. Elements in a group hae electrons arranged in similar weys, that gies thaim similar chemical properties (thay behave in similar weys). For ensaumple, group 18 is kent as the noble gases acause thay are aw gases an thay dinnae jyne wi ither atoms.
Broun

**Broun** is the colour that is made whan gray or black is mixed wi orange, reid, or rose (Broun isna a colour o licht, an mixin aw the colours o licht thegither gies white). 

Broun is the colour o:
* Chocolate
* Maist clart
* Wid
* Cairdboard
* Some hair
Gray

**Gray** is the colour o black an white mixed thegither.

Gray is the colour o an elephant, cement, an pencil writin. Gray aften leuks lik somebody made black lichter, but no sae licht that it is white.

The first recorded uiss o *gray* as a colour name wis in Auld Inglis in 700AD.

## Reference
Green Grow the Rashes

***Gree grew the rashes, O*** (or "Green grew the rashes, O") is a poem bi Robert Burns, aboot the rashes an their beauty o whit he wis amoureus (in luv).

## Lyrics

Gree Grow The Rashes, O

Owerwird
:Gree grew the rashes, O;
:Gree grew the rashes, O;
:The sweetest hours that e'er I spend,
:Are spent among the lasses, O.
:1.
:There's nocht but care on ev'ry han',
:In every oor that passes, O:
:What signifies the life o' man,
:An' 'twere nae for the lasses, O.
:2.
:The war'ly race may riches chase,
:An' riches still may fly thaim, O;
:An' tho' at last they catch them fast,
:Their hearts can ne'er enjoy thaim, O.
:3.
:But gie me a cannie hour at e'en,
:Ma airms aboot my dearie, O,
:An' war'ly cares an' war'ly men
:May a' gae tapsalteerie, O!
:4.
:For you sae douce, ye sneer at this;
:Ye're nocht but senseless asses, O;
:The wisest man the warld e'er saw,
:He dearly lo'ed the lasses, O.
:5.
:Auld Nature swears, the lovely dears
:Her noblest wark she classes, O:
:Her prentice han' she trie'd on man,
:An' then she made the lasses, O.

## External links
1914

**1914** is a year o the XXt century o the Gregorian calendar. Its equivalent is the year 1332 o the Islamic calendar.

## Events

* 10t Januar: the Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops tak Ojinaga in the Mexican state o Chihuahua.

:* Mairch:
* The Republic o China joins the Universal Postal Union.
* 7t Mairch: Prince William o Wied arrives in Albania tae begin his reign.
* 16t Mairch: The lass o Fraunce minister Joseph Caillaux shoots Gaston Calmette, the editor o the journal *[[Le Figaro]]*, because he threatened tae pablish Caillaux's luv letters tae her durin his previous merriage (she wis later acquitted).

* Aprile: the plague in Dakar (ends in January 1915). Residential segregation is creatit an Africains shoud gang intae the toun.

* 29t Juin: Chionya Gusyeva attents an fails tae marder Grigori Rasputin at his hame toun in Siberia.

* 31t July 1914: Death o the French Socialist Jean Jaurès, mardered juist afore Warld War I, bi Raoul Villain, a French Nationalist, because he wis agains the weir.

* 1st till 4t August: Beginin o the First Warld War.

## See awso
*:Category:1914 births
*:Category:1914 daiths
* The naist year in the calendar is: 1915, the precedent is 1913.
* Years o the XIXt an XXt Centuries
Cauld Kail in Aberdeen

**There's cauld Kail in Aiberdeen** is a poem colleckit bi Robert Burns, frae the Scotland period. It is etherly kent bi the name o 'There's cauld kail in Aberdeen, and castocks in Strabogie'.

## Meanin o the sang
This sang is said tae hae different meanin, bat is maist a jayfull sang, whilka is sang wi joy. It coud hae the fallawin meanin: the puirness o the peasant is said tae interrupt the dish (cogie), he widna gie it sae precious it is, far it hae the importance o the life in the Medieval eige.

Wit is ca'd kail in Aiberdeen? The cogie, in Inglis: *broth*'.

## The sang itself
Owerwird (efter each *morceau*)
:Ma coggie, Sirs, ma coggie, Sirs,
:I cannae want ma coggie:
:I wadna gie ma three-girr'd cap,
:For e'er a quean on Bogie.
:1.
:There's cauld "kail" in Aberdeen*,
:An "castocks" in Strabogie,
:When ilka lad maun hae 'is lass,
:Then fye, gie me ma coggie.
:2.
:There's Johnie Smith has got a wife
:That scrimps him o' his coggie,
:If she were mine, upon ma life
:I wad douk her in a bogie.

## Sang bi
This sang is sang bi Ewan MacColl in the album *Songs of Robert Burns*.

## Articles outwith
* The 'Scots Musical Museum' - Volume II, song 162, page 170 - 'Cauld Kail in Aberdeen'  (frae Burns Scotland wabsteid)
* Cauld Kail in Aberdeen  (frae Glasgow Guide wabsteid)

## References