open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yemen Arab Republic

The **Yemen Arab Republic** (YAR), (in Arabic: الجمهوريّة العربية اليمنية [*al-Jamhūrīyah al-`Arabīyah al-Yamanīyah*]) forby kent as **[[North Yemen]]** or **Yemen (Sana'a)**, wis a kintra frae 1962 tae 1990 in the northren pairt o wha is nou Yemen. Its caipital wis at Sana'a.

## History
Follaein the collapse o the Ottoman Empire, northren Yemen became an independent state as the Mutawakkilite Kinrick o Yemen. On 27 September 1962, revolutionaries inspired bi the Arab naitionalist ideology o United Arab Republic (Egyptian) Preses Gamal Abdul Nasser deposed the newly-crouned Keeng Muhammad al-Badr, teuk control o Sana'a, an establisht the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). This coup d'état markt the beginnin o the North Yemen Civil War that pittit YAR troops assistit bi the Unitit Arab Republic (Egyp) while Saudi Arabie an Jordan supportit Badr's ryalist forces opposin the newly formed republic. Conflict continued periodically till 1967 when Egyptian troops wur wi'drawn. Bi 1968, follaein a final ryalist siege o Sana'a, maist o the opposin leaders reached a reconciliation; Saudi Arabie recognised the Republic in 1970.

Unlik East an Wast Germany or North an Sooth Korea, the YAR an its soothren neighbour, the Fowkdemocratic Republic o Yemen (PDRY) (kent as Sooth Yemen an aa) remained relatively friendly, tho relations wur aften strained. In 1972 it wis declared unification wad eventually occur. Housomeivver, thir plans wur put on hauld in 1979, an war wis anerlie preventit bi an Arab League intervention. The goal o unity wis reaffirmed bi the northren an soothren heids o state durin a summit meetin in Kuwait in Mairch 1979. Wha the PDRY govrenment failed tae tell the YAR govrenment wis that it wished tae be the dominant pouer in ony unification, an left wing rebels in North Yemen began tae receive extensive fundin an airms frae Sooth Yemen.

## Reunification
In Mey 1988, the YAR an PDRY governments came tae an unnerstandin that considerably reduced tensions includin agreement tae renew discussions concernin unification, tae establish a jynt ile exploration aurie alang thair undefined border, tae demilitarize the border, an tae allae Yemenis unrestrictit mairch passage on the basis o anerlie a naitional identification card.

## Soorces
Aden

**Aden** (;  *,* ) is a seaport ceety in Yemen, locatit bi the eastren approach tae the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some 170 kilometres east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000. Aden's auncient, naitural harbour lies in the crater of an extinct volcano which now forms a peninsula, joined tae the mainland bi a low isthmus. This harbour, *Front Bay*, wis first uised bi the auncient Kinrick o Awsan atween the 5t an 7t centuries BC. The modern harbour is on the ither side o the peninsulae.

Aden consists o a nummer o distinct sub-centers: Crater, the oreeginal port ceety; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, kent as "Steamer Point" in colonial days; an the resorts o Gold Mohur. Khormaksar, locatit on the isthmus that connects Aden proper wi the mainland, includes the ceety's diplomatic missions, the main offices o Aden University, an Aden Internaitional Airport (the umwhile Breetish Air Force base RAF Khormaksar), Yemen's seicont biggest airport. On the mainland are the sub-centres o Sheikh Othman, a umwhile oasis aurie; Al-Mansura, a toun planned bi the Breetish; an Madinat ash-Sha'b (umwhilie Madinat al-Itihad), the site designatit as the caipital o the Sooth Arabian Federation an nou hame tae a lairge pouer/desalinization facility an additional faculties o Aden University.

Aden encloses the eastren side o a vast, naitural harbor that comprises the modern port. The volcanic peninsula o Little Aden forms a near-mirror image, enclosin the harbor an port on the wastren side. Little Aden became the site o the oil refinery an tanker port. Baith wur established an operatit bi British Petroleum till they wur turned ower tae Yemeni government awnership an control in 1977.

Aden wis the caipital o the People's Democratic Republic o Yemen till that kintra's unification wi the Yemen Arab Republic. On that occasion, the ceety wis declared a free trade zone. Aden gives its name tae the Gulf o Aden.
Sana'a

**Sana'a** (Arabic: ‎, ; an aa spelt **Sanaa** or **Ṣan‘ā’**) is the caipital o Yemen an the centre o Sana'a Govrenorate. Sana'a is ane o the auldest continuously inhabitit ceeties in the warld. At an altitude o 2,300 metres (7,500&nbsp;ft), it is an aa ane o the heichest caipital ceeties in the warld.

## History
Sana'a is ane o the auncient Yemeni ceeties datin back tae the Sabaean dynasty o the 6t century BC. The auldest written reference tae its existence is foond in inscriptions which date back tae the 1st century AD. It is suggestit that Sana'a wis the caipital o the Himyarite kinrick at the onset o the 6t century.

When King Yousef Athar (or Dhu Nuwas), the last o the Himyarite kings, wis in pouer, Sana'a wis an aa the caipital o the Ethiopian viceroys.

As o the dawn o Islam till the detachment o independent sub-states in mony pairts o Yemen Islamic Caliphate, Sana'a persistit as the governin seat, who hissel is Caliph's deputy in runnin the affairs o ane o Yemen's Three Makhalifs: Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf  al-Janad an Mikhlaf Hadhramawt. The ceety o Sana'a recurrently assumed an important status an aw Yemenite States competit tae control it. A *[[hadith]]* recordit in the 12t-century named Sana as ane o the "fower ceeties o Hell."

The Mamelukes arrived in Yemen in AD 1517. Follaein the collapse o the Mamelukes in Egyp at the haunds o the Ottoman Turks, Yemen fell unner the Ottoman rule an durin the first Ottoman rule o Yemen atween 1538–1635, Sana'a became the caipital o the Ottoman wilayah an an' a' durin the Ottoman seicont rule 1872-1918. In 1918, Sana'a wis the caipital o Imam Yahya, who ruled North Yemen. At the onset o the 1962 revolution which deposed the imamate rule, it became the caipital o the Yemen Arab Republic. It wis then the caipital o unifee'd Yemen in 1990  whaur it is dubbed as the historical caipital o Yemen. In 2008, the Saleh Mosque wis completit. It haulds ower 40,000 worshippers.

## Sister ceeties
* Amman, Jordan syne 2 December 1989

## References

* "The Old Walled City of San`a" , 113 page beuk bi Ronald Lewcock for UNESCO
Sumqayıt

**Sumgayit** (; ; an aa, **Sumgait** an **Sumqayyt**) is a ceety in Azerbaijan, locatit near the Caspian Sea, aboot 30 kilometres away frae the caipital, Baku. The ceety haes a population o 308,700 (2009 census), makin it the third-lairgest ceety in Azerbaijan efter the caipital Baku an Ganja. The ceety haes a territory o 83&nbsp;km². It wis foondit on November 22, 1949. Twa settlements are athin the ceety admeenistration: Corat an a dounset named efter Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. It is hame tae Sumqayit State University.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Brother ceeties
*  Ludwigshafen, Germany
*  Bari, Italy
*  Genoa, Italy
*  Cherkasy, Ukraine
*  Zhuzhou, Cheenae
*  Ceyhan, Turkey
*  Rustavi, Georgie
*  Mogilev, Belaroushie
*  Nevinnomyssk, Roushie
*  Piteşti, Romanie
*  Aktau, Kazakhstan
*  Linz, Austrick

## References

## Freemit airtins
Düsseldorf

**Düsseldorf** () is the caipital city o the German state o North Rhine-Westphalie an centre o the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.

Modren Düsseldorf is an important internaitional business an financial centre an renouned for its fashion an tred fairs an aa. Culturally, as a city bi the River Rhine, Düsseldorf is a stranghauld for Rhenish carnival celebrations. Ivery yeir in Julie mair nor 4.5 million fowk veesit the city's *[[Lairgest Fair on the Rhine|Größte Kirmes am Rhein]]* funfair.

Even tho it ranks nint amang the ten maist populous cities in Germany bi population athin city leemits, Düsseldorf is ane o the kintra's five global cities.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns - Sister ceeties
Düsseldorf is twinned wi:

#### Friendship ceeties
Düsseldorf an aa celebrates friendly relationships wi ither locations.

## References
Cologne

**Cologne** (, ; Kölsch dialect: *Kölle* ) is Germany's fowert-lairgest ceety (efter Berlin, Hamburg an Munich), an is the lairgest ceety baith in the German Federal State o North Rhine-Westphalie an athin the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Aurie, ane o the major European metropolitan areas wi mair nor ane million inhabitants. It is ane o the auldest ceeties in Germany, haein been foondit bi the Ubii in the year 38 BC. The name is derived frae that o the Roman dounset, *[[Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium]]*.

Cologne lies on the River Rhine. The ceety's famous Cologne Cathedral (*Kölner Dom*) is the seat o the Catholic Archbishop o Cologne. The University o Cologne (*Universität zu Köln*) is ane o Europe's auldest varsities.

Cologne is a major cultural centre o the Rhineland an haes a vibrant airts scene. Cologne is hame tae mair nor 30 museums an hunders o galleries. Exhibitions range frae local auncient Roman archeological sites tae contemporary graphics an sculpture. The Cologne Trade Fair hosts a nummer o trade shows such as Airt Cologne, imm Cologne (Internaitional Furniture Fair) an the Photokina. Cologne is an aa well-kent for its celebration o Cologne Carnival, the annual reggae summerjam, an Cologne Gay Pride.

Athin Germany, Cologne is kent as an important media center. Several radio an television stations, includin Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), RTL an VOX, hae thair heidquarters in the ceety. Baith Pro7 an Sat.1 produce TV shows in Cologne as well. Further, the ceety hosts the Cologne Comedy Festival, which is considered tae be the lairgest comedy festival in mainland Europe.

## Twin touns — sister ceeties

Cologne is "twinned" wi the follaein ceeties:

## References
Macedon

**Macedonie** or **Macedon** (frae , **) wis an auncient Greek kinrick. The kinrick, centered in the northeastren pairt o the Greek peninsula, wis bordered bi Epirus tae the wast, Paeonie tae the north, the region o Thrace tae the east an Thessaly tae the sooth.
The rise o Macedon, frae a smaa kinrick at the periphery o Classical Greek affairs, tae ane which came tae dominate the entire Hellenic warld, occurred unner the reign o Philip II. For a brief period, efter the conquests o Alexander the Great, it acame the maist pouerful state in the warld, controllin a territory that included the umwhile Persie empire, stretchin as far as the Indus River; at that time it inauguratit the Hellenistic period o Auncient Greek ceevilization.

## References
Loch Chad

**Lake Chad** (in French *Lac Tchad*) is a historically lairge, shallow loch in Africae, whose size haes varied ower the centuries. Accordin tae the Unitit Naitions (UN) it shrank as muckle as bi 95 percent frae aboot 1963 tae 1998 yet thay an aa state that "The 2007 (satellite) image shows significant improvement ower previous years". Lake Chad is economically important, providin watter tae mair nor 20 million fowk livin in the fower kintras that surroond it (Chad, Cameroon, Niger, an Nigerie) on the edge o the Sahara Desert.

## References
Skiltron

**Skiltron** is an Argentine Celtic metal baund formed in 2004. This muisical fusion is common in mony groups throughout Europe, but is particularly exceptional in Sooth Americae, an muckle mair so in Argentinae, Skiltron being a pioneer group o the genre.

## Baund members
* Emilio Souto − Electric Guitar, Mandolin, Bouzuki
* Juan José Fornés − Electric Guitar
* Fernando Marty − Bass
* Diego Valdez − Vocals
* Matias Pena − Drums
* Pablo Allen − Bagpipes, Tin whistle

The baund an aa hae mony unsigned associatit acts such as Tórk, who are an Erse Hivy/progressive metal baund.

## Name
The name Skiltron comes frae ane pronunciation o the wird schiltron, a formation uised bi the Scots durin the Wars o Independence.

## Discography
### Demos

### Albums an Live Albums

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
* 
* Offeecial forum
Central African Republic

The **Central African Republic** (**CAR**) (, , or *Centrafrique* ; Sango *Ködörösêse* *tî Bêafrîka*), is a landlocked kintra in Central Africae. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic o the Congo an the Republic o the Congo in the sooth, an Cameroon in the wast. The CAR covers a land aurie o aboot 240,000 square miles (623,000&nbsp;km²), an haes an estimatit population o aboot 4.4 million as per 2008. Bangui is the caipital ceety.

Maist o the CAR consists o Sudano-Guinean savannas but it an aa includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north an an equatorial forest zone in the sooth. Twa thirds o the kintra lies in the basins o the Ubangi River, which flows sooth intae the Congo River, while the remainin third lies in the basin o the Chari River, which flows north intae Lake Chad.

Since maist o the territory locates in the Ubangi an Shari river basins, France cawed the colony it carved oot in this region Ubangi-Chari, or Oubangui-Chari in French. It became a semi-autonomous territory o the French Community in 1958 an then an independent naition on 13 August 1960. For over three decades after independence, the CAR wis ruled bi presidents who wur no chosen in multi-pairty democratic elections or teuk pouer bi force. Local discontent wi this seestem wis eventually reinforced bi internaitional pressure, follaein the end o the Cold War.

The first multi-party democratic elections wur held in 1993 wi resources providit bi the kintra's donors an help frae the UN Office for Electoral Affairs, an brocht Ange-Félix Patassé tae pouer. He lost popular support durin his presidency an wis owerthrown in 2003 bi French-backed General François Bozizé, who went on tae win a democratic election in Mey 2005. Inability tae pay wirkers in the public sector led tae strikes in 2007, forcin the resignation o the government in early 2008. A new Prime Meenister, Faustin-Archange Touadéra, wis named on Januar 22, 2008.

The Central African Republic is ane o the poorest kintras in the warld an amang the ten poorest kintras in Africae. The Human Development Index for the Central African Republic is 0.315, which gives the kintra a rank o 159 oot o 169 countries with data. In 2001 though, *[[The Ecologist]]* magazine estimatit that the Central African Republic is the warld's leadin kintra in sustainable development.


File:Central African Republic, administrative divisions - de - colored.svg|Territory Organization
File:Central African Republic-CIA WFB Map.png|Map
File:Ubangi 21.43546E 4.35078N.jpg|The Ubangi River seen from a satellite.


## References
Xiaolin, Taiwan

**Xiaolin** (; Tongyong Pinyin: Siaolin) is a veelage in Taiwan in the rural tounship o Jiaxian, Kaohsiung.

The veelage wis hit bi a catastrophic mudslide durin Typhoon Morakot in August 2009. The entire veelage wis nearly razed tae the grund bi the mudslide an ae 2 oot o 300 hooses still staund. Current estimates for the nummer o deceased approx 491. It an aa made Typhoon Morakot acome the deadliest typhoon tae hit Taiwan.

## See an aa
* Hsiaolin mudslide
* Typhoon Morakot (2009)
* Jiaxian, Kaohsiung
* Natural disaster

## References
Jiaxian, Kaohsiung

**Jiaxian** () is a rural tounship in Kaohsiung Coonty, Taiwan. Locatit far frae the coast, the tounship is regardit as a gateway tae Taiwan's Central Muntain Range.

Situatit at the intersection o Hieway 20 (the Soothren Cross-Island Hieway) an Hieway 21, Jiaxian's dountoun serves as a mercat centre for local farmers an tourists. The maist famous local crop is taro. Shops sell taro-flavored ice cream, taro cookies, an ither taro products. The tounship is an aa kent for its bamboo shoots an ploums.

Jiaxian Brig wis torn doun bi rushin waters durin Typhoon Morakot in August 2009. It wis rebuilt wi a budget o NT$560 million an re-opened in Juin 2010. The new brig is 300 meters lang, 21 meters wide, an is installed wi a lichtin seestem.

## Geography
* Aurie: 124.03&nbsp;km²
* Population: 8,434 fowk (end o 2004)

Muckle o the tounship is atween 200 an 500 meters abuin sea level.

## Villages
* Baolong Village (寶隆村)
* Datian Village (大田村)
* Dong'an Village (東安村)
* Guanshan Village (關山村)
* He'an Village (和安村)
* Xi'an Village (西安村)
* Xiaolin Village (小林村)

In Taiwan, "village" (村) is a level o administrative division that unner a rural tounship. The main toun o Jiaxian is dividit intae three villages: Dong'an, Xi'an, an He'an.

## Sights
* Jiaxian Fossil Museum ()
* Moont Zion (), a Christian hamlet.

## References
Tainan

**Tainan City** (臺南市) is a ceety in soothren Taiwan, the fift lairgest efter New Taipei, Taipei, Kaohsiung, an Taichung. It wis a provincial municipality o Taiwan Province, the ceety merged wi the adjacent Tainan Coonty tae form a single direct-controlled municipality in December 2010. It is surroondit bi the Taiwan Strait tae the wast an sooth. Tainan's complex history o comebacks, redefinitions an renewals inspired its popular nickname "Ceety o the Phoenix."

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
The follaein places are sister ceeties tae Tainan Ceety:
*  Monterey, Californie Unitit States (1965)
* Gwangju, Sooth Korea (1968)
*  San Jose, Californie Unitit States (1977)
*  Kansas Ceety, Missouri Unitit States (1987)
* Pasay Ceety, Philippines (1980)
* Cavite Ceety, Philippines (1980)
* Tagaytay Ceety, Philippines (1980)
* Trece Martires,  Philippines (1980)
*  Columbus, Ohio Unitit States (1980)
* Kinmen, Taiwan (1981)
* Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivie (1981)
* Port Elizabeth, Eastren Cape, Sooth Africae (1982)
*  Orlando, Florida Unitit States (1982)
*  Gold Coast, Queensland, Australie (1982)
*  Fairbanks, Alaska United States (1983)
*  Oklahoma Ceety, Oklahoma Unitit States (1986)
*  Huntsville, Alabama Unitit States(1986)
*  Carbondale, Illinois United States(1991)
* Leuven, Belgium (1993)
* Ra'anana, Israel (1999)
* Zacapa, Guatemala (2003)
* Elbląg, Poland (2004)
* Ribe, Denmark (2005)
* Keçiören, Turkey (2005)
* Cagayan de Oro Ceety, Philippines (2005)

#### Friendship ceeties
Tainan Ceety an aa celebrates friendly relationships wi twa ither locations, although they are no considered offeecial sister ceeties.
*  Penghu Coonty, Taiwan
*  Sendai, Japan

## References
Barda, Azerbaijan

**Barda** (; an aa, **Bärdä**) is the caipital ceety o Barda Rayon, Azerbaijan. For a lang period Barda wis the seat o kings o Caucasian Albanie an the Albanian Kirk, as well as an important tradin an cultural centre, but it declined efter the Arab invasions. Durin Islamic times, it wis the chief ceety o Arran.  In the tent an eleivent centuries Barda wis a metropolitan province o the Kirk o the East.

Locatit sooth o Yevlax, Barda is a sma provincial toun on the Terter river.  It wis biggit bi the Albanian king Vache at the behest o the Persian king Peroz I an wis initially cawed Perozabad, an later **Partaw** or *Partav*. Javanshir, the legendary 7t century king o Caucasus Albanie, lived in Barda, an fought against Sassanid, Byzantine, Khazar an Arabian airmies for the survival o his naition. The history o this struggle wis chronicled bi Moses o Kalankatuyk who lived in a neighbourin veelage. In 943, Barda wis briefly taken bi the Rus.

Although still the caipital o a raion, centuries o earthquakes an invasions hae destroyed muckle o the toun's landmarks, wi the exception o the 14t century tomb o Akhmed Zocheybana, biggit bi architect Ahmad ibn Ayyub Nakhchivani. The mausoleum is a cylindrical brick touer, decoratit wi turquoise tiles. Thare is an aa the mair recently biggit Imamzadeh Mosque, which haes fower minarets.

Agriculture is the main activity in the aurie. Local economy is based on the production an processin o cotton, silk, poultry an dairy products. The cease fire line is juist a few kilometres wast o Barda, near Terter.

## References

*

## Freemit airtins
* Encyclopedia Iranica. C. E. Bosworth. Barda. 

## Gallery

File:Barda High School in Azerbaijan.jpg|Offeecials frae the U.S. Airmy Corps o Ingineers, U.S. European Command an U.S. Embassy Baku celebratit the completion o construction o the new Barda Hie School in Azerbaijan wi ceety offeecials an teachers durin a ribbon-cuttin ceremony Sept. 14, 2010.
Nakhchivan (ceety)

**Nakhchivan Ceety** (; an aa,  **Nachitschewan**, **Nakhchyvan**, **Nakhicevan**, **Nakhichevan’**, an **Nakhjavan**), is the caipial o the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic o Azerbaijan, locatit 450&nbsp;km wast o Baku. The municipality o Nakhchivan consists o the ceety o Nakhchivan and the villages o Başbaşı, Qarağalıq, an Daşduz. It is spread ower the fuithills o Zangezur chain, on the richt bank o the Nakhchivan river at an altitude o amaist 1000 m.

## References
Nakhchivan

The **Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic** () is a landlocked exclave o Azerbaijan. The region covers 5,363&nbsp;km² an borders Armenie (221&nbsp;km) tae the east an north, Iran (179&nbsp;km) tae the sooth an wast, an Turkey (15&nbsp;km) tae the northwast. The caipital is Nakhchivan Ceety.
Saarbrücken

**Saarbrücken** (; , ) is the caipital o the state o Saarland in Germany. The ceety sits at the hert o a metropolitan aurie that boonds wastwards tae Dillingen an northeastwards tae Neunkirchen, in which maist o the fowk o the Saarland live.

Saarbrücken uised tae be the industrial an transport centre o a great coal basin. Production includit iron an steel, succar, beer, pottery, optical instruments, machinery, an construction materials. Housomeivver, ower the past decades the industrial importance o Saarland haes declined, as the minin industry haes become unprofitable.

Historic landmarks in the ceety include the stane bridge athort the Saar (1546), the Gothic kirk o St Arnual, the 18t century Saarbrücker Schloss (castle) an the auld pairt o the toun, the St. Johanner Markt. In 1815 Saarbrücken came unner Prussian control, and for twa periods in the 20t century (1919–35 an 1945–57) it became pairt o the Saar territory unner French administration. For this reason, coupled wi its proximity tae the French border, it retains a certain French influence.

## Galery

Saarbruecken-102-Rathaus-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-108-Museumshof-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-112-Sankt Johanner Markt-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-116-Schuhgeschaeft-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-122-Schloss-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-132-Ludwigskirche von Friedrich-Joachim Stengel-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-138-Ludwigskirche innen-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-146-Ludwigskirche innen-Orgel-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-152-Ludwigsplatz-2008-gje.jpg
Saarbruecken-160-Bauluecke-2008-gje.jpg


## References
Human richts in Finland

**Human richts in Finland** are protectit bi the constitution an extensive domestic safeguards, in addition tae the kintra's active membership in maist internaitional human richts treaties.

Auries o continuing interest tae internaitional agencies that monitor human richts include:
#Conscientious objectors tae baith military an civilian service are jailed for sax month. Thare are aboot 10-20 conscientious objectors ivery year. Maist are in minimum security, open facilities, an objectin is no entered on criminal records.
#Chairges o racist/xenophobic treatment o ethnic minorities bi offeecials, an that refugees are haund-picked bi the Meenistry o the Interior on basis o kintra o oreegin citin "security reasons".
#A case in which agitatit asylum seekers wur drugged for deportation.
#No fair court action in the licht o unacceptably delayed verdicts, in breach wi the European Convention on Human Richts . Handling time hae been unacceptably lang parteecularly in civil cases or criminal court cases relating tae bankruptcy, e.g. aicht years in the destrict court an 12 years in tot.

Mandatory options o civilian or military service wur of unequal duration: civilian service 13 month, or ane month langer than the langest conscript service (conscript officers an underofficers an certaint specialists sic as certaint vehicle operators), 12 month, an 5 month langer than the average service in airmy, 8 month. Rebuttal o criticism o the lenth o civilian service aften pynt oot that whauras conscripts are aften on duty aroond the clock (especially in the field), civilian servicemen aften ae wirk durin office oors. Housomeivver, an act enactit in 2008 chynged civilian service tae 12 month. Some 25% o conscripts serve 12 month, wi the lairge majority servin 6 month.

## See an aa
*LGBT richts in Finland

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Homepage  o the Parliamentary Ombudsman for Human Rights.
*Human Rights and Finnish Foreign Policy.
*Archive of Finland reports at Amnesty International.
*Archive of Finland reports at Human Rights Watch.
*2005 Finland report  of Freedom House.
*2004 World Press Freedom Review , published bi the International Press Institute
*About political censorship in Finland, in Finnish.
*Homepage o the Institute for Human Rights at Åbo Akademi University.
*The Finnish League for Human Rights 
*Censorship cases in Finland  - IFEX
*Review of Finland bi the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review, Apryle 9, 2008

**U.S. State Department Annual Reports**
*Religious Freedom Report 2005
*Religious Freedom Report 2004
*Religious Freedom Report 2003
*Religious Freedom Report 2002
*Religious Freedom Report 2001
*Religious Freedom Report 2000
*Religious Freedom Report 1999
*Human Rights Report 2004
*Human Rights Report 2003
*Human Rights Report 2002
*Human Rights Report 2001
*Human Rights Report 2000
*Human Rights Report 1999
Emblem o Azerbaijan

The **state emblem o [[Azerbaijan]]** mixes tradeetional an modren seembols.  The focal pynt o the emblem is the fire seembol. This seembol comes frae the fact that Azerbaijan haes mony iverlastin fires whilk gies the name "land o eternal fire".
The colors uised in composin the emblem is taen frae the naitional banner.  The starn itsel stauns for the aicht branches o the Turkic fowks, an atween ilka pynt o the starn, thare is a smawer aicht pyntit starn foond.  

At the bottom o the emblem is a stalk o wheat, representin the main agricultural product o the naition, whilk wis apairt o the earlier airms an aa.  The ither plant representit at the bottom is aik.

## See an aa
* Emblem o the Azerbaijan SSR

## References
Emblem o Vietnam

The **emblem o [[Vietnam]]** is circular, haes reid backgrund an a yellae starn in the middle which represent the Communist Pairty o Vietnam, the revolutionary history an bricht future o Vietnam. The cog an crops represent the cooperation o agriculture an industrial labor.

## History
It wis adoptit bi the Democratic Republic o Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It later became naitional follaein reunification wi Sooth Vietnam on Julie 2, 1976. The Coat o Airms wis designed bi airtist Bùi Trang Chước an wis editit bi airtist Trần Văn Cẩn.

The emblem o Sooth Vietnam featurt the blue dragon an the yellae-red stripes o the imperial Nguyen dynasty.

## Notes

## See also
* Banner o Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh

**Hồ Chí Minh** (, Chữ Nôm: 胡志明), born **Nguyễn Sinh Cung** an an' a' kent as **Nguyễn Ái Quốc** (19 Mey 1890 – 3 September 1969) wis a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who wis prime meenister (1946–1955) an preses (1945–1969) o the Democratic Republic o Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic o Vietnam an led the Viet Cong durin the Vietnam War till his daith.

Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement frae 1941 onward, establishin the communist-governed Democratic Republic o Vietnam in 1945 an defeatin the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. He lost political pouer inside North Vietnam in the late 1950s, but remained as the heichlie visible figureheid preses till his daith. The umwhile caipital o Sooth Vietnam, Saigon, efter the Fall o Saigon, wis renamed Hồ Chí Minh Ceety in his honor.
Lê Duẩn

**Lê Duẩn** (Aprile 7, 1907 – Julie 10, 1986) wis a Vietnamese communist leader. He became North Vietnam's actin pairty chief in late 1956. Bi 1958, he wis the kintra's top policy maker, although nominally number twa ahint figureheid Ho Chi Minh. He offeecially became the top leader when Hồ dee'd in 1969. He led a unified Vietnam frae 1975 till his daith in 1986. He wis a drivin force durin the Vietnam War (1958-75).
Nong Duc Manh

**Nông Đức Mạnh**  (born 11 September 1940) is a Vietnamese politeecan an wis the General Secretary o the Communist Pairty o Vietnam, the maist pouerful position in the Vietnamese govrenment frae 22 Aprile 2001 tae 19 Januar 2011.

Although his offeecial biography states that his parents wur peasants o the Tày ethnic group, ane rumor claims that Mạnh is in fact the son o North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh. This rumor is said tae be a factor in his rapid rise in the pairty. He wis born  in Cường Lợi, Na Rì Destrict, Bắc Kạn province.

Mạnh is the faither o Nông Quốc Tuấn, deputy pairty secretary for Bắc Giang province.

## References
Jakarta

**Jakarta**, offeecially the **Special Caipital Territory o Jakarta**, is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Indonesie. Locatit on the northwast coast o the island o Java, it haes an area o 661.52 square kilometers an a population o 9,580,000 (2010).

It is the maist populous city in Indonesie an in Sootheast Asie, an is the twalt-lairgest ceety in the warld. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the seicont maistmuckle in the warld. Jakarta is leetit as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The ceety's name is derived frae the Auld Javanese wird "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".

Established in the fowert century, the ceety became an important tradin port for the Kinrick o Sunda. It grew as the caipital o the colonial Dutch East Indies. It wis made caipital o Indonesie when the kintra became independent efter Warld War II. It wis umwhile kent as **Sunda Kelapa** (397–1527), **Jayakarta** (1527–1619), **Batavia** (1619–1942), an **Djakarta** (1942–1972).

Landmarks include the Naitional Monument an Istiqlal Mosque. The ceety is the seat o the ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta is served bi the Soekarno-Hatta Internaitional Airport, Halim Perdanakusuma Interniational Airport, an Tanjung Priok Harbour; it is connectit bi several intercity an commuter railways, an served bi several bus lines runnin on reserved busways.

## References
Bandar Seri Begawan

**Bandar Seri Begawan**, (Jawi: بندر سري بڬاوان ) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Sultanate o Brunei.

## History
Habitation on the banks o the Brunei River can be traced back tae the 7t century whaur thare haed been settlements seemilar tae those in Kampong Ayer, locatit on auries close tae the present site o the Brunei Museum.

Seri Begawan wis named efter the Sultan's late faither Sir Omar Ali Saifuddien on 5 October 1970, its oreeginal name bein Bandar Brunei. Begawan is a name gien tae Bruneian monarchs who hae abdicatit, oreeginally comin frae the Sanskrit wird for "god": भगवान *bhagavān*. Seri an aa comes frae the honorific Sanskrit wird *[[Sri]]*. *[[Bandar]]*, comes frae Persian بندر via Indian leids an means "port" or "haven" (*bandar* means "toun" in Malay).

On 1 August 2007, The Sultan o Brunei gae consent for the extension o Bandar Seri Begawan frae 12.87 square kilometres tae 100.36 square kilometres.
Brunei

**Brunei** ( in Inglis), offeecially the **State o Brunei Darussalam** or the **Naition o Brunei, the Abode o Peace** (, Jawi: بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state locatit on the north coast o the island o Borneo, in Sootheast Asie. Apairt frae its coastline wi the Sooth Cheenae Sea, it is completely surroondit bi the state o Sarawak, Malaysie, an in fact it is separatitt intae twa pairts bi Limbang, which is pairt o Sarawak. It is the ae sovereign state completely on the island o Borneo, wi the remainder o the island belangin tae Malaysie an Indonesie.

## References
Taichung

**Taichung** (台中; literally "Central Taiwan") is a ceety locatit in wast-central Taiwan wi a population o juist ower ane million fowk, makin it the third lairgest ceety on the island efter Taipei an Kaohsiung. The ceety presently constitutes a provincial ceety apairt frae the adjacent Taichung Coonty. Bi the end o 2010 the ceety an coonty, baith currently first-level divisions o Taiwan, will merge tae form a single direct-controlled municipality.

## References
Human richts in Turkey

**Human richts in Turkey** are theoretically protectit bu a variety o internaitional law treaties, which take precedence ower domestic legislation, accordin tae Airticle 90 o the 1982 Constitution.

The issue of human richts is o hie importance for the negotiations wi the European Union (EU). Acute human richts issues include in particular the status o Kurds in Turkey. The conflict wi the PKK, a militant guerrilla group, haes caused numerous human richts violations ower the years. There is an ongoin debate in the kintra on the richt tae life, tortur, freedom o expression as well as freedoms o releegion, assembly an association.
Banner o Rwanda

The current **banner o [[Rwanda]]** wis adoptit on October 25, 2001.

The banner haes fower colours: blue, green, an twa forms o yellae (staundart yellae for the middle baund an wha the Pantone seestem caws "sun yellae" for the sun).

The blue baund represents happiness an peace, the yellae baund seembolizes economic development, an the green baund seembolizes the hope o prosperity. The sun represents enlichtenment.

The banner wis designed bi Alphonse Kirimobenecyo.

## Previous banner
Rwanda's previous banner wis a reid-yellow-green tricolour wi a lairge black letter 'R' (tae distinguish it frae the itherwise identical Banner o Guinea). Derived frae the banner o Ethiopie, the colours green, yellow an reid represented peace; the naition's hope for future development; an the fowk. The banner wis chynged acause it haed acome associatit wi the brutality o the Rwandan Genocide.

## References
Kigali

**Kigali** is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Rwanda. It is situatit near the geographic centre o the naition, an haes been the economic, cultural, an transport hub o Rwanda syne it became caipital at unthirldom in 1962. The main residence an offices o the Preses o Rwanda are locatit in the ceety, as are the govrenment meenistries. The ceety is coterminous wi the province o Kigali Ceety, which wis enlairged in Januar 2006 as pairt o local govrenment reorganisation in the kintra. The ceety's urban aurie covers aboot 70% o the municipal bundaries.

## References
Thomas Brooke, 2nt Viscoont Alanbrooke

**Thomas Brooke, 2nt Viscoont Alanbrooke** (9 Januar 1920&ndash;19 December 1972). He wis the son o Field Marshal Sir Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscoont Alanbrooke. 

He received his education at the Wellington College in Berkshire an fought in the Seicont Warld War in the Ryal Artillery. He wis a writer an a water colour airtist. He wis unmarried an the viscoontcy passed tae his hauf-brither, Victor; upon the daith o the 3rd Viscoont, the viscoontcy is likely tae become extinct, as the 3rd Viscoont haes nae issue.
Enver Hoxha

**Enver Halil Hoxha** (pronooncit ; 16 October 1908  11 Aprile 1985) wis the leader o Albanie frae the end o Warld War II till his daith in 1985, as the First Secretary o the Party o Labour o Albanie. He servit as Prime Meenister o Albanie frae 1944 tae 1954 an aw, Meenister o Defence frae 1944 tae 1953, Meenister o Foreign Affairs frae 1946 tae 1953, Chairman o the Democratic Front frae 1945 tae his daith, an as Commander-in-Chief o the Albanie airmit forces frae 1944 tae his daith.

Hoxha's leadership wis characterisit bi his proclaimit firm adherence tae anti-reveesionist Marxist-Leninism frae the mid 1970s onwards. Efter his break wi Maoism in the 1976&ndash;1978 period, numerous Maoist pairties declared thairsels Hoxhaist. The Internaitional Conference o Marxist-Leninist Pairties an Organizations (Unity & Struggle) is the maist weel kent collection o thir pairties the day.
Alan Brooke, 3rd Viscoont Alanbrooke

Caiptain **Alan Victor Harold Brooke, 3rd Viscount Alanbrooke**, RA (born 24 November 1932; deed 10 Januar 2018) succeedit tae the viscoontcy in 1972 on the daith o his hauf-brither.

Educatit at Harrow & Bristol University [BEd Hons 1976] - qualified teacher. Served Breetish Airmy 1952-1972 Captain RA (Ret'd).

In his recreations in Debrett's he leets "enjoyin post-Lloyd's poverty, rearrangin the wreckage for remainin family."   

He lived in Hartley Wintney, Hampshire whaur his faither the 1st Viscoont Alanbrooke is buried. There are nae heirs tae the title, in which case it deed wi him.
Viscoont Alanbrooke

**Viscount Alanbrooke**, o Brookeborough in the Coonty o Fermanagh, is a title in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick. It wis creatit on 29 Januar 1946 for Field Marshal Alan Brooke, 1st Baron Alanbrooke. He haed awready been creatit **Baron Alanbrooke**, o Brookeborough in the Coonty o Fermanagh, on 18 September 1945, an aa in the Peerage o the Unitit Kinrick. Brooke wis the saxth son o Sir Victor Brooke, 3rd Baronet, an the uncle o the Prime Meenister o Northren Ireland Basil Brooke, 1st Viscoont Brookeborough. As o 2010 the titles are held bi his son, the third Viscoont, who succeedit his hauf-brither, Thomas, who wis unmarried an haed nae children, in 1972. Lord Alanbrooke is an aa in remainder tae the Brooke Baronetcy o Colebrooke, a title held bi his kinsman Alan Brooke, 3rd Viscoont Brookborough.

## Viscoonts Alanbrooke (1946)
*Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscoont Alanbrooke (1883–1963) 
*Thomas Brooke, 2nt Viscoont Alanbrooke (1920–1972)
*Alan Victor Harold Brooke, 3rd Viscoont Alanbrooke (b. 1932) 

There is nae heir tae the titles.

## See an aa
*Viscoont Brookeborough

## References
*Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage* (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
*
Alan Brooke, 1st Viscoont Alanbrooke

Field Marshal **Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscoont Alanbrooke** KG, GCB, OM, GCVO, DSO & Bar (23 Julie 1883 &ndash; 17 Juin 1963) wis a senior commander in the Breetish Airmy. He wis the Chief o the Imperial General Staff durin the Seicont Warld War, an wis promotit Field Marshal in 1944. As chairman o the Chiefs o Staff Committee, Brooke wis the foremaist military advisor tae Prime Meenister Winston Churchill, an in the role o co-ordinator o the Breetish military efforts wis an important but no aaways well-kent contributor tae the Allies' victory in 1945. Efter reteerin frae the airmy he served as Lord Hie Constable o Ingland durin the coronation o Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

His war diaries attractit attention for thair criticism o Churchill an for Brooke's fortricht views on ither leadin figures o the war.
Shaoshan

**Shaoshan** () is a coonty-level ceety in Xiangtan, Hunan Province. It is maist popularly kent as the birthplace o Mao Zedong, the foonder o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.

Shaoshan residents hae caipitalized on their maist famous resident an Shaoshan is an aa the birthplace o Mao's Family Restaurant, a popular restaurant chain that haes spread tae mony ither ceeties.

* Population: 100,000 (non-farmers: 16,000)
* Aurie: 210&nbsp;km²
* Geographic coordinates: 27°51'40" - 28°1'53" N, 112°23'52" - 112°38'13" E

## Admeenistration
Shaoshan Ceety admeenisters 2 touns (鎮) an 6 rural touns (鄉):
* Qingxi (清溪鎮)
* Yintian (銀田鎮)
* Ruyi (如意鄉)
* Shaoshan (韶山鄉)
* Yanglin (楊林鄉)
* Daping (大坪鄉)
* Yintian (銀田鄉)
* Yongyi (永義鄉)

## Admieenistrative history
The various names an admeenistrative levels o Shaoshan:
* 1652 (Qing Dynasty): Qidu (七都), Xiangtan Destrict (縣)
* 1912 (Republic o Cheenae): The Seicont Destrict (第二區), Xi Tounship (西鄉), Xiangtan Coonty
* December 1932: The Nint Destrict, Xiangtan Coonty
* 1947: Qingtian Tounship, Xiangtan Coonty
* Januar 1950 (Fowkrepublic o Cheenae): The Third Destrict, Xiangtan Coonty
* 1951: The Fowert Destrict, Xiangtan Coonty
* 1 August 1955: Yintian Destrict, Xiangtan Coonty
* 1956: Yintian Toun, Xiangtan Coonty
* 1 September 1958: Shaoshan Fowkcommune, Xiangtan Coonty
* 12 Mey 1961: Shaoshan Destrict, Xiangtan Coonty
* December 1968: coonty-controlled destrict status upgradit tae regional destrict (地級區), controlled directly bi the province
* December 1981: revertit tae be coonty-controlled
* December 1984: upgradit tae coonty-class district (縣級區), controlled bi Xiangtan Ceety
* 26 December 1990: Upgradit tae coonty-class ceety, controlled bi Xiangtan Ceety on behauf o the province.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Official site  (in Simplified Cheenese)
Zhangjiajie

**Zhangjiajie** () is a prefectur-level ceety in the northwastren pairt o Hunan province in Cheenae. It comprises the destrict o Yongding (永定) an coonties o Cili (慈利) an Sangzhi (桑植). Athin it is locatit Wulingyuan Scenic Area which wis designatit a  UNESCO Warld Heritage Site in 1992.
## History
The ceety itself uised tae be named Dayong (大庸), an haes a recordit history datin back tae 221BC.

## Oreegin o the name
The new name o Zhangjiajie Ceety wis adoptit in 1994, efter the Naitional Forest Pairk in the Wulingyuan Scenic Area (武陵源) in order tae give it mair prominence an efter this site haed been designatit a UNESCO Warld Heritage Site in 1992. The Naitional Forest Pairk haed been gien the name o Zhangjiajie efter the name o a sma village locatit athin its boonds, an nou a popular tourist attraction athin the pairk. The three-character name (张家界) can be interpretit as follaes: "Zhang" (张) is a common surname in Cheenae; "jia" (家) can be translatit as "family"; an "jie" (界) can be translatit as "hameland", givin the completit translation o "Zhang family hameland."  It haes been reportit that at least ane tourist guide haes said that the name mey hae been chosen tae convey the idea or impression o "Open the family door tae walcome the warld" (**张**开**家**门引进世**界**), but this is no the locally-acceptit an directly translatit meanin o the name.

## Local Economy
The prefectur is mainly a tourist aurie. It attracts visitors frae aw ower Cheenae an ither Asian kintras such as Korea.

## Local Tourist Attractions
The Wulinyuan Scenic an Historic Interest Aurie comprises the Zhangjiajie Naitional Forest Pairk, the Tianzishan (天子山) muntain ranges, BaoFengHu (宝峰湖) an the Suoxi Valley (索溪峪), an is a vera popular filmin an tourist destination.

An aa in the Zhangjiajie aurie, Huanglongdong (黄龙洞) an Longwangdong (龙王洞) are caves kent for mony natural rock formations (muckle like Wulingyuan) an its unnergrund cataract.

## Transport
The Zhangjiajie Airport services scheduled service tae major airports in Cheenae.

## Freemit airtins

*http://www.zjj.gov.cn/  - Zhangjiajie ceety government Wab steid
*http://www.zjjuu.com/  -  Zhangjiajie Tourism Encyclopedia
*http://www.chinazhangjiajie.com/  -  Zhangjiajie Travel beukin
*http://www.citszjj.com/  -  CITS Zhangjiajie CO.,Ltd
New York (disambiguation)

**[[New York]]** is a state in the Unitit States o Americae.

**[[New York Ceety]]** is a ceety in that state an the lairgest ceety in the Unitit States.

**New York** mey refer tae:

## Places
### Unitit States
* New York Coonty, coverin the same aurie as the New York Ceety borough o Manhattan
* New York metropolitan aurie, the region encompassin New York Ceety an its suburbs

## See an aa
*
*
*York (disambiguation)
Tianjin

**** (; ; Postal cairt spellin: **Tientsin**) is a metropolis in North Cheenae an ane o the five naitional central ceeties. It is govrened as a direct-controlled municipality, ane o fower sic designations, an is sicweys unner direct admeenistration o the central govrenment, an borders Hebei an Beijing, boondit tae the east bi the Bohai Guwf portion o the Yellae Sea. In terms o urban population, it is the saxt lairgest ceety o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, an its urban land aurie ranks 5t in the naition, ae efter Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, an Shenzhen.

Tianjin's urban aurie is locatit alang the Hai He River, which connects tae the Yellow an Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Its ports, some distance away, are locatit on the Bohai Gulf in the Paceefic Ocean. Tianjin wis ance hame tae foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty an early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region o Tanggu, hame tae the Binhai New Auroe an the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Aurie (TEDA).

## Admeenistrative diveesions

Tianjin is dividit intae 16 coonty-level diveesions, includin 13 destricts an three coonties.

;Urban destricts
* Heping Destrict
* Hedong Destrict
* Hexi Destrict
* Nankai Destrict
* Hebei Destrict
* Hongqiao Destrict
* Binhai

;Suburban destricts
* Jinnan Destrict
* Dongli Destrict
* Xiqing Destrict
* Beichen Destrict

;Twa landwart destricts an three landwart coonties
* Baodi Destrict
* Wuqing Destrict
* Ji Coonty
* Jinghai Coonty
* Ninghe Coonty

In addeetion, the Tianjin Economic an Technological Development Aurie (TEDA) is no a formal level o admeenistration, but nivertheless enjoys richts seemilar tae a regular destrict.

Thir destricts an coonties are further subdividit, , intae 240 tounship-level diveesions, includin 120 touns, 18 tounships, 2 ethnic tounships an 100 subdestricts.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Tianjin is twinned wi:
Phnom Penh

**Phnom Penh** (, ) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Cambodie. Locatit on the banks o the Mekong River, Phnom Penh haes been the naitional caipital syne the French colonised Cambodie, an haes grown tae become the naition's centre o economic activities. Phnom Penh haes grown tae become the industrial, commercial, cultural, tourist  an historical centre o Cambodie.

Ance kent as the *Pearl o Asie*, it wis considered ane o the loveliest o French-built ceeties in Indocheenae in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, alang wi Siem Reap an Sihanoukville, are significant global an domestic tourist destinations for Cambodie. Foondit in 1434, the ceety is notit for its bonnie an historical airchitectur an attractions. There are a number o survivin French colonial biggins, such as the Ryal Palace, Phsar Thmei, an ither French style biggins alang the grand boulevards.

Situatit on the banks o the Tonlé Sap, Mekong an Bassac rivers, Phnom Penh is hame tae mair nor 2 million o Cambodie's population o ower 14 million. It is the wealthiest an maist populous ceety in Cambodie an is hame tae the kintra's politeecal hub.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns an sister ceeties

Phnom Penh is twinned with:
*  **[[Long Beach, Californie|Long Beach]]**, Californie, Unitit States
*  **[[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]]**, Massachusetts, Unitit States
*  **[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]**, Rhode Island, Unitit States
*  **[[Savannakhet]]**, Laos
*  **[[Vientiane]]**, Laos
*  **[[Mandalay]]**, Burma
*  **[[Busan]]**, Republic o Korea
*  **[[Incheon]]**, Republic o Korea
*  **[[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]]**, Vietnam
*  **[[Hanoi]]**, Vietnam
*  **[[Cần Thơ]]**, Vietnam
*  **[[Lam Dong]]**, Vietnam
*  **[[Shanghai]]**, Cheenae
*  **[[Tianjin]]**, Cheenae
*  **[[Kunming, Yunnan|Kunming]]**, Cheenae
*  **[[Changsha]]**, Cheenae
*  **[[Bristol]]**, Ingland

## References
Misery's Omen

**Misery's Omen** is a progressive black metal baund frae Australie that formed in 1998. 

In 2000 the demo wis recordit an released via Necrosound Productions (Aus) as a limitit split tape release wi Cauldron Black Ram.  The 'To Worship Stone Gods' EP wis recordit an released through  Hellflame Productions (Ita) in 2001 an in 2003 Bindrune Records (USA) released a compilation CD o baith the demo an EP. Misery's Omen haes made appearances on multiple compilations, in particular the Barbaric Onslaught LP released bi Decius Productions 2003/2004. This compilation LP showcased ae Australian baunds such as: Portal, Martire, Stargazer, Grenade an Destruktor.

Efter 5 years o silence, Misery's Omen haes finally released their debut album Hope Dies through Worship Him Records in Norawa. The album contains 10 new tracks an is 55 minutes in length. The cover airt wis creatit bi infamous unnergrund airtist Kris Verwimp.

Misery's Omen is nou makin progress toward recordin new material for future releases includin a pendin split wi Denial of God.

## Members
*Agony Doom - vocals an guitar
*D.E.M.O.N. - bass 
*Malificunt Pope Choker - drums. 

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Hope Dies* (2008)

### Miscellaneous
**Misery's Omen - Demo 2000* (Demo Tape, 2000)
**Misery's Omen / Cauldron Black Ram - Split* (Tape, 2000)
**To Worship Stone Gods* (7" EP, 2001)
**Misery's Omen - Compilation CD* (CD, 2003)
**Barbaric Onslaught - Australian Underground Compilation* (LP, 2003)

## Freemit airtins
*Official Misery's Omen Site 
*Official Merchandise 
*Official Merchandise 
*Metal-Archives profile
Universum

**Universum** mey refer tae:
*Universum Box-Promotion
*Universum (baund)
*Universum Science Center
*Universum Film AG
*Am Universum Amorphis' fift studio album.
*Vi veri universum vivus vici