open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Laissez-faire

**Laissez-faire** is short for, "laissez-faire, laissez-passer," a French phrase meanin idiomatically "leave tae dae, leave tae pass" or mair accurate "lat things abee, lat thaim pass". First uised bi the aichteent century Physiocrats as an injunction agin govrenment interficherin wi tred an troke, it is nou uised as a synonym for strict free mercat economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast tae statist economic policy. Adam Smith played a lairge role in popularizin laissez-faire economic theories in Inglis-speakin kintras, thou he wis tuithie o a nummer o aspects o whit is currently thocht o as laissez-faire (sic as want o govrenment regulation o business practices).

Laissez-faire (imperative) is distinct frae laisser faire (infinitive) that refers tae a careless attitude in the application o a policy, impleein a want o conseederation, or thocht.
Parchtitz

**Parchtitz** is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen destrict, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

## Geografie an transport
Parchtitz is aboot 3 kilometres northwast o Bergen auf Rügen an lees on the Duwenbeek, the anerly lairge stream on Rügen. The stream's source is the loch o Nonnensee, which lees athin Parchtitz an aw an which wis re-established in 1993 efter a lang period o bein drained. The veelage lees immediately on the Landesstraße 30 frae Bergen tae Gingst. The B 96 an the railwey line frae Stralsund tae Sassnitz runs east o the veelage.

### Veelages
The follaein veelages faw athin the municipality:

*Parchtitz
*Boldevitz
*Gademow
*Muglitz
*Neuendorf
*Platvitz
*Reischvitz
*Volkshagen
*Willihof

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Official wabsteid o Parchtitz
Glattalp

The **Glattalp** lies in a Glen abuin Bisisthal in the Swiss Canton in the community o Muotathal.

Frae Sahli traivel tae the Glattalp bi cable caur, thare ye wad find yersel at ower 1850 m.ü.M., an naur the Glattalpsee. Thare ye will find a pouerstation kent as the *Elektrizitätswerke des Reegion Switz Canton*.

Aground the byous Layers in the Glen are the Temperatur, in the Winter, at plainer sicht gey laich. Temperaturs unner minus 30 Grad are kyndly (*A dinna ken whit leid that's mynt tae be!*). 

The Laichest Temperatur Recordit in Swisserland wis setten on Februar 7t 1991 an meisured -52.5 °C. The wather fowk at *[[MeteoSwitz]]* (SMA) disna recogneeze this Record acause it coudna be confirmed, the Glattalp bein uninhabitatit. La Brévine is aye still offeecialy the cauldest pynt o Swisserland at -41.8 °C on 12 Januar 1987.

In ware the Glattalp is a weel-likit destination, on accoont o its floridity. Young horse is hauden thare in the simmer an aw.

## Fremmit airtins
*Sahli-Glattalp cable caur 
*Wabcam o the praisent temperatur 
*Lawest temperaturs on the Glattalp
Stefano Franscini

**Stefano Francscini** (23 October, 1796 - 19 Julie, 1857) wis a Swiss politician.

He wis elected tae the Federal Cooncil o Swisserland on 16t November, 1848 an dee'd in office on 19t Julie, 1857. He wis affiliated tae the Free Democratic Partie o Switzerland. In throu his office time he haudit the Depairtment o Hame Affairs.
St Pauls, Bristol

**St Pauls** is a destrict o Bristol, Ingland on the ootskirts o the ceity mids. St Pauls is famously kent ootthrou the UK as a aurie o heich wrang-daein (drog dealin an prostitiution). It is the mids o the ceity's African an Jamaican commonties, monie o whilk are secoint generation.

Architectur in St Pauls is Georgian-styled biggins an the destrict haes monie quaders.

In throu the sweltrie simmer o 1981, tensions stairtit tae rise at the inequality faced bi the black youth in the area, an riots soon brake oot, an wis anerly quelled bi police uisin tear gas sprayed intil the clamjamfrie.

St Pauls is the hame tae a smaa but thrivin hip hop scene, whaur onybodie can find monie breakdancers an rap crews.
Filton

**Filton** is a toun in Sooth Gloucestershire, Ingland, on the northren ootskirts o Bristol. Filton is fund on junction 1 o the M32 motorwey an junction 16 o the M5 motorwey. It haes a smaa Railwey Station an aw, no far frae Pairkwey. It is twinned wi St Vallier-sur-Rhône, Fraunce an Witzenhausen, Germany. The local fitbaw (soccer) team is cried "St Vallier FC" efter it's French twin.

Filton is merkit as a centre o the aerospace industry, wi BAE Seestems, Airbus an Rolls-Royce haein factories locatit roond aboot Filton Aerodrome, a connection that gangs back tae the early days o the Bristol Aeroplane Company. On 26t November 2003, Concorde 216 (G-BOAF) makkit the final iver Concorde flicht, returnin tae Filton for tae be hauden thare permanent as the centrepiece o a projectit air museum. This museum will include the exeestin Bristol Aero Collection that is for the nou hauden in a hangar at Kemble Airfield, fowertie mile frae Filton. This collection includes a Bristol Britannia aircraft that micht aiblins be brocht tae Bristol an aw. Ither companies an organisations sic as the MOD, Viridor, Hewlett Packard an Ryal Mail haes a presence in Filton an aw.

Filton haes a reenge o eddicational faceelities, includin Filton College, Filton Hie Schuil an several primary schuils. The Varsity o the Wast o Ingland is at naurby Frenchay.

Filton haes twa main shoppin auries - the Shield Centre an Abbey Wid Retail Pairk, as weel as monie local shops. Tae the aest o the toun thare is a smaa aurie o widland kent as Splatt's Abbey Wid, wi an interestin history. Forby thon thare is a lairge gowf coorse locatit at Filton that belangs Filton Gowf Club.


image:SGS_Filton_Campus.jpg|Filton College
image:Filton.bae.hangars.arp.750pix.jpg|BAE Seestems aircraft hangars at thair Filton factory. The Bristol Brabazon, Bristol Britannia an Concorde wis constructit here.
image:Mod.filton.arp.750pix.jpg|Pairt o the Meenistry o Defence (Defence Procurement Agency) Biggin at Abbey Wid, Filton. The site employs 4200 fowk, managin procurement contracts for the Navy, the Airmie an the Air Force


## References
Poundal

The **poundal** is a unit o wechts an meisures at isnae a pairt o SI. It is a unit o force.  It is a pairt o the absolute foot-pound-second system o units, a subsystem o English units inbrocht in 1879, an ane o several specialized subsystems o mechanical units uised as aids in calculations.  It is defined as 1&nbsp;lb·ft/s².

1 pdl = 0.138 254 954 376 N exactly
Easton, Bristol

Aeston (or Easton) is an inner ceety area o the ceity o Bristol in the Unitit Kinrick. Informally the area is conseederit tae stretch aest o Bristol ceity mids an the M32 motorwey, centred roond aboot Lawrence Munt. Its northern an aestern borders are less defined, mellin intil St Phillips Marsh an Aestville. The area includes the Lawrence Munt an Barton Munt estates.

Formally Aeston is administratively makkit up o the electoral wards o Aeston an pairt o Lawrence Munt. It is located inouth the Bristol Aest constituency.

## References
Horfield, Bristol

**Horfield** is a suburb o the ceity o Bristol, in soothwast Ingland. It lies on Bristol's northern edge, its border wi Filton merkin pairt o the mairch atween Bristol an Sooth Gloucestershire. Historically, the area haed a wird for bein a lawless place acause Horfield Wid wis the haunt o thieves an gangrels. Monie o the aulder hooses in Horfield hae recently been riven down in favour o lairge new hoosin estates.

Horfield is hame tae the Memorial Hainin: a sports stadium biggit in 1921 for Bristol Rugby Club in mynd o the rugby union players o the ceity who dee'd in Warld Weir I, an rededicated tae commemorate the deid o Warld Weir II. In 1996, the hainins forbye became hame tae Bristol Rovers Football Club.

The area's maist famous son is Hollywood actor Cary Grant, who wis born at 15 Hughenden Road in Horfield, in 1904.

## References
Smaa angle approximation

Smaw angle approximation is a wey o estimatin angles in radians, whaur the angle is smaw (less nor 3 or 4 degree).

Whan x is smaw, an in radians, the follaein formulae is true:

\sin x \simeq x

\cos x \simeq 1 - \frac{x^2}{2}

\tan x \simeq x
Bristol

**Bristol** is an Inglis ceity an coonty an ane o the twa admeenistrative centres o Sooth Wast Ingland (the ither bein Plymouth). Frae its earliest days, its sonse haes been linkit tae that o the Port o Bristol, the commercial port that origeenatit in the ceity centre, but that haes nou flittit tae the Bristol Lade coast. Bristol raxes tae this coast an includes Avonmouth, whaur maist o the current port is situate. Kenspeckle airts in an aboot the ceity includes Clifton, Filton an Patchwey. (Thir last twa airts is ootwi the praisent ceity mairch, in Sooth Gloucestershire.)

Bristol is Ingland's aicht, an the Unitit Kinrick's elievent, maist populous ceity. As sic, it is ane o Ingland's kern ceities. It haed been, for hauf a century, the seicont lairgest Inglis ceity efter Lunnon, till the swith rise o Liverpool, Manchester an Birmingham, at he hindend o the 1780s.
Arboretum

An **arboretum** is a botanical gairden for ordinar gien ower tae trees an ither widdy plants, formin a leevin hatter o trees maistlins mynt for scienteefic study. An arboretum speicialisin in growin conifers is kent as a pinetum.

The term 'arboretum' wis first uised in Inglis bi J. C. Loudon in 1838 in his encyclopaedic beuk *Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum*, but the concept wis alreadies lang-estaiblisht bi than.
Traffec sign

Maist Kintras pits signs, kent as **traffec signs** or **road signs**, at the sides o roads for tae impairt information tae road uisers. Syne leid differs can create barriers tae understaundin, internaitional signs uisin seembols in steid o wirds haes been developed in Europe an adoptit in maist kintras an areas o the warld. Annexe 1 o the Vienna Convention on Road Signs an Seegnals o November 8t, 1968 defines aicht categories o signs:
* A. Danger wairnin signs
* B. Priority signs
* C. prescriptive signs
* D. Mandator signs
* E. Speicial regulation signs
* F. Information, faceelities, or service signs
* G. Airtins, poseetion, or indication signs
* H. Addeetional painels

Houaniver, Kintras an areas categorize road signs in differin weys.
Ascraeus Mons

**Ascraeus Mons** is the northernmaist o three volcanos (collectively kent as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bumfle naur the equator o the planet Maurs. Tae its sooth is Pavonis Mons, an sooth o that is Arsia Mons. The lairgest volcano in the solar seestem, Olympus Mons, is tae its northwast.

Ascraeus Mons is conseedered tae be ane o the heichest volcanoes on Maurs. Its summit is naur 7 mile heich. It wis formed frae relatively fluid lavas.
Freedom Come Aa Ye

**Freedom Come Aa Ye** is a Scots sang componed bi Hamish Henderson in 1960. It is set tae the muisic o 'The Bloody Fields of Flanders'.

It is whiles proponed as a naitional sang for Scotland, maistlins bi fowk wi a inklin tae socialism (alang wi Robert Burns' 'A Man's A Man'). The sang is obviously socialist, mentionin John Maclean an appealin for unity o the warld's wirkin fowk agin weir (the mak o the 'Internationale').

Hamish Henderson componed it as a sang agin Apartheid, an it was takken up as a merchin sang bi the anti-Polaris merchers in the 1960s.  Awbeit the muisic is grundit on *The Bloody Fields of Flanders* bi John McLellan Dunoon, it isna haley the same, an is unco knacketie. Maist o the lines hae sax beats, but the seicont line o ilka fower has seiven, makkin twinty-five awthegither in ilka fowersome.  Whan ye're merchin, this odd nummer maks ye stairt aff the seicont hauf o the verse on th' ithir fit.  This gies the seicont hauf o the verse a lift, an is jist the dab fur markin time an whilin awa the oors on a lang merch.

## Lyrics
(pit tae the RRSSC) 
:Roch the win i the clear day's dawin,
:Blaws the cloods heilster-gowdie ower the bay,
:But thare's mair nor a roch win blawin
:Throu the Great Glen o the warl the day.
::It's a thocht that wad gar oor roddans —
::Aa thae rogues that gang gallus fresh an gay —
::Tak the road an seek ither loanins
::Wi thair ill-ploys tae sport an play.

:Nae mair will oor bonnie callants
:Merch tae war whan oor braggarts crousely craw;
:Nor wee weans frae pitheid an clachan
:Murn the ships sailin doun the Broomielaw.
::Broken faimlies in launs we'v harriet
::Will curse "Scotland the Brave" nae mair, nae mair;
::Black an white ane-til-ither marriet
::Mak the vile barracks o thair maisters bare.

:Sae come aa ye at hame wi freedom!
:Niver heed whit the houdies croak for Doom;
:In yer hoose aa the bairns o Aidam
:Will fin breid, barley-bree an paintit room.
::Whan Maclean meets wi's freens in Springburn
::Aa thae roses an geans will turn tae blume
::An a black laud frae yont Nyanga
::Dings the fell gallows o the burghers doun.
Sigmund Freud

**Sigmund Freud** (6 Mey 1856 – 23 September 1939) wis an Austrian Jewish psychotherapist an the foonder o the psychoanalytic schuil o psychotherapy a group that popularised the theory that unconscious motives taks chairge the feck o behaviour. He becam interestit in hypnotism an whit wey it coud be uised for tae holp the mentally ill. Later on he drappit hypnotism in favour o free association an dream analysis in developin the traitment nou kent as "the talking cure." Thir elements becam the kernel o psychoanalysis. Freud wis byordinar interestit in hysteria as it wis cried at thon time—it is cried conversion syndrome the nou.

Freud's theories, an his traitment o patients, wis controversial in 19t century Vienna, an is steively debatit yet. Freud's conceits is aften talked ower an analeesed as warks o leeteratur, philosophy, an general cultur ower an abuin the ongaun debate anent them as scienteefic an medical traitises. The name Freud is maistlins pronoonced *Froid* in Inglis an *Froit* in German. He wis the faunder o psychoanalysis.* *Freud write *The Interpretation of Dreams* an *Three Essays on The Theory of Sexuality. *He died in Lunnon, Ingland.

## Fremmit airtins (in Inglis an German)

* Freud Museum in London
* Sigmund Freud Life and Work
* Scientific Method in the Interpretation of Dreams 
* Scientist or storyteller? 
* Freud Chronologie (dt.) at www.lichtensteiger.de 
* Freud's Philosophy 
* Sigmund Freud Museum, Berggasse 19, Vienna
* One Hundred Years of Sigmund Freud 
* Sigmund Freud Biography and Quotations 
* Sigmund Freud's article on Psychoanalysis from the 1926 (Thirteenth) edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica 
* Free etext Available at Project Gutenburg
Asimov's Science Fiction

***Asimov's Science Fiction*** begound its life as the digest-sized ***Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine*** (or ***IASFM*** fae short) in 1977. Joel Davis o Davis Publications approached the weel-respectit author Isaac Asimov tae lend his name tae a new science feection magazine, efter the fashion o Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine or Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine. Asimov refuiset tae act as editor, an served insteid as editorial director, writin editorials an reponin tae reader mail, till his daith in 1992. Insteid, George H. Scithers wis hiret as the magazine's foremaist editor.

Initially a quarterly, its first issue wis dated Ware 1977. It chynget tae a bimonthly in 1978 an began publishing ilk month in 1979. In the mid-1980s, it became a tetraweekly, publishing ance ilka fower weeks, wi an extrae "mid-December" issue. Dooble issues wis added in the early 1990s afore the schedule wis scaled back tae the praisent 10 issues per year.

The magazine wis selt tae Bantam Doubleday Dell in Januar 1992, no monie months afore Asimov's daith, an the teetle chynget tae Asimov's Science Fiction. Its paurent company, Dell Magazines, haes chynget haunds several times syne than. In 1998, the magazine's size chynget; it is nou taller an slichtly wider nor the staundard digest format (matching ither magazines furthset bi its newest corporate paurent).
The magazine briefly became a figure o controversy in Februar 2004 whan WoodTV in Gran Rapids, Michigan ran a storie alleging that it wis an "adult" magazine bein targeted towards childer. A mither haed purchaesed a subscription fae her 13-year auld dochter via a schuil fundraiser (fondhyster) an, efter leukin throu it, decidet that the content wis overtly sexual. The event became a minor cause celebre amang monie Internet sf fans.

## Editor
George H. Scithers, 1977-1982 
Kathleen Moloney, 1982 (interim) 
Shawna McCarthy, 1983-1985 
Gardner Dozois, 1986-2004 
Sheila Williams, 2004-praisent

Scithers wis an editor wi conservative tastes, an the fiction he furthset wis maistly genre-traditional an unadventurous. His successors' tastes favored fiction reflecting "leeteratur" influences frae ootwi the genre, an quickly transformed the magazine.
Scithers left the magazine efter five years, winnin twa Hugo awairds as gey editor, an wis succeeded bi Shawna McCarthy. McCarthy held the poseetion fae twa years, winnin ane Hugo awaird.
Gardner Dozois edited the magazine frae 1985 tae 2004, winnin fifteen Hugo awairds, afore stepping doun an acomin its contributing editor. Sheila Williams is the praisent editor o the magazine.

## Ootwi airtins
*
Johann Gutenberg

**Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg** (circa 1398 – 3 Februar, 1468), a German metal-warker an inventor that's weel-kent for his contreibutions ti the technology o prentin in the 1450s, sic as a type metal alloy an ile-based inks, a mould for castin type accurate, an a new kind o prentin press foondit on presses uised in wine-makkin. Tradeition credits him wi inventin muivable type in Europe, a betterment o the block prentin uised there afore. By jyning thir elements intil a production seistem, he stairtit the swith prentin o written materials an an information explosion in Renaissance Europe.

There's monie statues o Gutenberg in Germany, ane o the mair kenspeckle bein a wark bi Thorvaldsen, in Mainz, that is hame tae the Gutenberg Museum forby.

The Gutenberg Galaxy an Project Gutenberg commemorates Gutenberg's name.

## Sib airticles
* Prentin
* Typographie
* Incunabulum
* Francysk Skaryna
* William Caxton
* World Almanac's Ten Most Influential People of the Second Millennium

## Fremmit airtins
* English Hamepage o the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz / Germany
* Life and work of Johannes Gutenberg
* BL.uk  - 'Diamond Sutra' (warld’s auldest survivin full dated printed beuk, circa AD 868)
* Silk-Road.com - 'Printing' (historical owerview o printin)
* UTexas.edu  - 'The Digital Gutenberg Project' (the Gutenberg Bible in 1,300 digital eimages, ilka page o the Varsity o Texas copy)
* HistoireetGeographie.free.fr  - 'Biographie de Johannes Gutenberg, inventeur de l'Imprimerie' (a French biography of Gutenberg)
Christiaan Huygens

**Christiaan Huygens** (pronoonced in Scots (IPA): ; in Dutch: ) (14 April 1629 – 8 Julie 1695), wis a Dutch mathematician an pheesicist; born in The Hague as the son o Constantijn Huygens. He studied law at the Varsity o Leiden an the College o Orange in Breda afore turnin ti science. It is a guid thing he did, as historians associate Huygens wi the scientific revolution.

Christiaan gets a bit credit for his role in the development o modren calculus. He got note forbye for his arguments that light conseisted o waves; see: wave-particle duality. In 1655, he discovert Saturn's muin Titan. He examined Saturn's planetary rings an aa, an in 1656 he discovert that thae rings conseisted o stanes. In that verra year he observit the Orion Nebula. Uisin his modren telescope he succeeded in resolvin the nebula intil different starns. (The brichter insides o the Orion Nebula bears the name o the *[[Huygens Region]]* in his honour.) He discovert several interstellar nebulae an some double stars an aa.

Aifter Blaise Pascal encouraged him ti dae sae, Huygens wrat the first beuk on probability theory, that he haed furthset in 1657.

He worked on the makkin o accurate clocks, suitable for naval navigation, forbye. In 1658 he furthset a beuk on this topic cried *Horologium*. Atweill his invention, the Pendulum clock (patented 1656), wis a brakthrou in timekeepin.

## Titan
The Royal Society made Huygens a member in 1663. In the year 1666 Huygens flitted ti Paris whaur he held a chair at the French Ryal Society. Uisin the Paris Observatory (completit in 1672) he mad further astronomical observations.

* The 25t o Mairch 1655 he discoverit Titan, the biggest muin o Saturn. Efter a little tide, he made this diskiver: wi the material o stars observaition: "Om Saturnus loopt zijn maan in zestien dagen en vier uur", owerset in Scots: "Saturn's muin turns aroond it in saxteen days an four oors".

:Huygens spak aboot "de maan van Saturnus" (the Muin o Saturn) or wis sayin "mine muin". (The name "Titan" wis chosen in 1847 bi John Herschel).

Huygens flittit back ti The Hague in 1681 aifter sufferin serious illness an dee'd thare 14 years later on 8 Julie, 1695.

## Named efter Huygens
* The Huygens probe: The lander for the Saturnian muin Titan, pairt o the Cassini-Huygens Mission ti Saturn
* Asteroid 2801 Huygens
* A crater on Mars
* A ben on the Muin
* Huygens Saftware, a microscope eimage processin package.

## Fremmit airtins
* MacTutor: Christiaan Huygens 
* Treatise on Light owerset intil Inglis bi Silvanus P. Thompson, Project Gutenberg etext.
* Huygens Clocks  exhibition frae the Science Museum, Lunnon
* Huygens–Fokker Foundation —on Huygens' 31-tae-the-octave musical scale an whit wey it haes been uised
* Whit wey ti pronounce "Huygens"  (wi soond file o pronunciations bi Dutch fowk)
Galileo Galilei

**Galileo Galilei** (Pisa, 15 Februar 1564 – Arcetri, 8 Januar 1642) wis a Tuscan astronomer, philosopher, an physicist that is closely associate wi the scienteefic revolution. He haed a haund in the betterment o the prospect, sindry astronomical observations, the first law o motion, an in supportin Copernicanism effectively. He haes been cried the "faither o modren astronomie," the "faither o modren physics," an the "faither of science". His experimental wark is aften conseedered complementary tae the scrievins o Francis Bacon in stablishin the modren scienteefic method. Galileo's life coincided wi that o Johannes Kepler. The wark o Galileo is conseidert tae be a signeificant brak fae that o Aristotle. Forby, his conflict wi the Roman Catholic Kirk is taen as a great aerly exemplar o the conflict o authority an freedom o thocht, in parteecular wi science, in Wastren society.

## See an aw
* Galilean transform
* Galilean invariance
* Lorentz transform equations
* Medici
* Renaissance
* Vincenzo Galilei
* World Almanac's Ten Maist Influential Fowk o the Seicont Millennium

## References

## Fremmit airtins
* The Galileo Affair  bi Paul Newall.
* The Warfare atween Science An Theology
* The Galileo Projec at Rice Varsity
* Aboot Galileo Galilei  at danask.com
* Electronic copy o Galilei's notes anent motion (MS. 72)
* Frae Myth tae History an Back  - Reviews o twa beuks anent Galileo
* PBS Nova Online: ''Galileo's Fecht for the Hievens''
* Stanford Encyclopaedia o Philosophy entry
* The Galilean Library, an educational steid dedicate tae Galileo
Nijmegen

**Nijmegen** (Zuid-Gelders: *Nèhméége*; Laich-Saxon: *Nimwèèghen*; ; ; ) is a ceety in the aest o the Netherlands, an ane o the lairgest ceeties o the stewartry Gelderland. It haes aboot 158&nbsp;556 indwallers (2006), an is ane o the 10 lairgest ceeties in the Netherlands.

Nijmegen is on the left side o the watter. Waal, a newer pairt o the ceety is on the richt side. Thegither wi Maastricht, Nijmegen is ane o the auldest ceeties in the Netherlands. Aircheological findins shaws that Nijmegen wis awreadies a govrenmental centre in the year AD 17.

Nijmegen wis grantit ceety-richts in 1230 bi Henry VII that wis emperor o Roum.

Throu Warld War II Nijmegen wis skaithed sair. In parteecular acause o bombin bi Americans on 22 Februar 1944 maist o the ceety wis malafoustert, an 800 fowk wis kilt.

Nijmegen is weel-kent for the Nijmegen Vierdaagse.

## Tourist diverts
* *St. Stevenskerk* - 7t century kirk
* Museum *het Valkhof* - Roman aircheology an modren airt
* *Velorama* - bicycle museum
* the *Stadhuis* - The Toun Hoose
* *de Waagh* - whaur witches wis wecht
* *het Valkhof* - pairk wi queir o St. Nicolas chaipel
Twin Peends

The **Twin Peends** are blate-sized munts approximately 100 fit heich, an tae the soothwast o the Maurs Pathfinder's laundin steid. Thay are juist ower a mile awa an can be seen frae orbeit.

The Maurs Pathfinder laundin steid is at the mooth o Ares Vallis, a lairge ootflowe lade 930 mile lang that tuimt frae the maurtian hielands intil the Chryse Bossie. Vast fluidwatters, sib tae thaim that cairved Ma'adim Vallis, jawed ower this steid several billion year syne. The roondit stanes in the foregrund micht hae been transportit an eroded throu thir fluids. Twin Peends micht hae been eroded bi thir fluidwatters forby.
Ma'adim Vallis

**Ma'adim Vallis** is ane o the lairgest canyons on Maurs, aboot 434 mile lang an a guid bit mair muckle not the Yirds's Grand Canyon. It is ower 12 mile braid an 1.24 mile deep in some places. It rins frae a region o soothren lawlands thocht tae hae ance conteent a lairge group o lochs north tae Gusev Crater naur the equator.

Ma'adim Vallis is thocht tae hae been cairved bi flowin watter early in Maurs' historie. A puckle o the short nairae lades alang the waws o Ma'adim is aiblins sappin lades. Sappin occurs whan grundwatter pairtially dissolves an unnermines the stane that syne collapses intil debris deposits an is haigelt awa bi ither erosion processes.

Ma'adim is the Hebrew name o the Planet Maurs.
Edward Jenner

**Edward Jenner** (17 Mey, 1749 - 26 Januar, 1823) wis an Inglis physeecian wirkin in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, weel-kent for his wark bringin on the Smawpox vaccine.

In Jenner's time, the smawpox inoculation wis duin aa ower England. Houaniver, it haed twa muckle drawbacks: it wis dangerous, an afore the infection frae inoculation haed run its coorse, the subject wis smitten, an infectious, wi the rael smawpox. Sae thay war a risk til onie faimlie or freends that wisna yet immune.

Thare wis a local fowk tradeition amang them that milkit kye, that an infection wi the 'coupox' protectit a bodie frae gettin the smawpox. (It haes been theorised that the romantic eimage o the bonny milkmaid cam frae the fact that milkmaids aften gat the coupox, an wad aifter that be immune ti the disfeegurment o the smawpox.)

The coupox is relate ti the smawpox an Jenner jaloused that gin the fowk tradeition wis richt it wad be better nor the smawpox for inoculation. On 14 May, 1796, he tried oot the coupox, smittin an aicht year auld loun cried James Phipps in the same wey uised for smawpox inoculation, but uisin material frae a coupox pustule. The loun gat the coupox, an aifter sax weeks, recovert saufly. Jenner than applee'd the staundart smawpox inoculation; the loun wisna smitten at aw, shawin that the coupox haed made him immune tae the smawpox.he visted st giles junior schuil 1757.

Jenner cried his gate *vaccination*, sin the oreiginal infective material cam frae a cou (*vacca* is the Latin for cou). His wark wis published as "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the *Variolae Vaccinae*, a Disease Known by the Name of Cow Pox" in 1798. The wird *virus* wis first uised in that beuk.

## Related topics
* Vaccine
* Vaccination

## Fremmit airtins
* "EDWARD JENNER." ''LoveToKnow 1911 Online Encyclopedia''. © 2003, 2004 LoveToKnow.
* Jenner's papers on vaccination: http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/
* The Jenner Museum: http://www.dursley-cotswolds-uk.com/Jenner%20museum.html 
* The Jenner Museum: http://www.jennermuseum.com
Johannes Kepler

**Johannes Kepler** (27 December, 1571 – 15 November, 1630), a kenspeckle chiel in the scientific revolution, wis a German astronomer, mathematician an astrologer. He is best kent for his laws o planetary motion, pit furth in the twa beuks *[[Astronomia nova]]* an *[[Harmonices Mundi]]*.

Kepler wis a professor o mathematics at the Varsity o Graz, court mathemateician ti Emperor Rudolf II, an coort astrologer ti General Wallenstein. Aerlie in his career, Kepler wis an asseistant ti Tycho Brahe. Kepler's career wis at the same time as Galileo Galilei's ane, an thay correspondit.

He is whiles cried "the faremaist theoretical astropheesicist", atho Carl Sagan cried him the hindmaist scienteific astrologer forbye.

## References

## Fremmit airtins
* Annotation: Posner Family Collection in Electronic Format  *Harmonices mvndi* *The Harmony of the Worlds* in fulltext facsimile in Latin
* Full text o *[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12406 Kepler] * bi Walter W. Bryant, frae Project Gutenberg
* Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"
* Johannes Kepler Directory
John Maynard Keynes

**John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton** (pronoonced *kānz / kAnze*) (5 Juin, 1883 – 21 Aprile, 1946) wis an Inglish economist that's conceits haed a muckle impact on modren economic an poleitical theory as weel as on Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. He is minded in particlar for advocatin interventionist government policy, for ti lat governments uise fiscal an monetary measures for ti try an lessen the effecks o economic recessions, depressions an booms. He is conseidered bi monie ti be the foonder o modren macroeconomics.

## References

### Soorces
* *Essays on John Maynard Keynes*, Milo Keynes (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20534-4
* *John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920*, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1992, ISBN 0-333-57379-X (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023554-X)
* *John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920-1937*, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994, ISBN 0-333-58499-6 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023806-9)
* *The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy*, Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0-684-82975-4
* *John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937-1946* (published in the United States as *Fighting for Freedom*), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001, ISBN 0-333-77971-1 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-200167-8)

## Fremmit airtins
* Bio, bibliography, an airtins 
* Bio at Time 100 - the maist important fowk o the century
Carolus Linnaeus

**Carl Linnaeus**, kent as as **Carl von Linné** aifter his ennoblement an aw (), an him that wrat unner the Laitin name **Carolus Linnaeus** (23 Mey, 1707 – 10 Januar, 1778), wis a Swaddish botanist that laid the foonds for the modren scheme o taxonomy. He is conseidered ane o the faithers o modren ecology an aa (see History o ecology).

## Fremmit airtins
* Linnaeus Botanical Gairden
* Biography  at the Department o Systematic Botany, Varsity o Uppsala
* Biography  at The Linnean Associe o Lunnon
* Biography at the Varsity o Californie Museum o Paleontology
Maurs

**Maurs** (or **Mairs**; symbol: ) is the fowert planet frae the Sun in the Solar system. It is cried efter Maurs, the god o war in Roman mythology (the coonterpairt til Ares, the god o war in Greek mythology) acause o its reid licht as seen in the heivens at nicht. This featur forby wan it the name o "the Reid Planet". Maurs haes twa muins (Phobos an Deimos) baith smaa an orra-shapit, like eneuch bein fangit asteroids. Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall; they are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread), who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. The prefix *areo-* refers ti Maurs.

## Steids on Maurs

* Ascraeus Mons
* Hellas Planitia
* Ma'adim Vallis
* Noctis Labyrinthus
* Olympus mons
* Tharsis Tholus
* Twin Peends
* Valles Marineris

## Maurs in fiction

Maurs haes been in fiction for mony a year gin only as the stance the invaders cam frae. Stories that taks place on Maurs haes slawly becam mair common, includin Bradbury's Maurtian chronicles.

## Referance leet
Sun

The **Sun** is the starn at the centre o the Solar Seestem. It is a geynear perfect sphere o het plasma, wi internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process. It is bi faur the maist important soorce o energy for life on Yird. Its diameter is aboot 1.39 million kilometres, i.e. 109 times that o Yird, an its mass is aboot 330,000 times that o Yird, accoontin for aboot 99.86% o the tot mass o the Solar Seestem.
Aboot three quarters o the Sun's mass conseests o hydrogen (~73%); the rest is maistly helium (~25%), wi muckle smawer quantities o hivier elements, includin oxygen, caurbon, neon, an airn.

The Sun is a G-teep main-sequence starn (G2V) based on its spectral cless. As sic, it is informally an nae completely accurately referred tae as a yellae dwarf (its licht is closer tae white nor yellae). It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago frae the gravitational collapse o maiter within a region o a lairge molecular clood. Maist o this maiter gaithered in the centre, whauras the rest flattened intae an orbitin disk that becam the Solar Seestem. The central mass becam sae het an dense that it eventually ineetiatit nuclear fusion in its core. It is thocht that awmaist aw starms form bi this process.

The Sun is aboot middle-aged; it haes nae chynged dramatically for mir than fower billion years, an will remeen fairly stable for mair nor anither five billion year. It currently fuzes aboot 544 million tonnes o hydrogen intae helium ivery seicont, converting 3.6 million tonnes o maiter into energy ivery seicont as a result. This energy, that can take atween 10,000 an 170,000 year tae escape frae its core, is the soorce o the Sun's licht an heat. In aboot 5 billion year, whan hydrogen fusion in its core haes dimeenished tae the point at which the Sun is na langer in hydrostatic equilibrium, the core o the Sun will experience a merkit increase in density an temperatur while its ooter layers expand tae eventually acome a red giant. It is calculatit that the Sun will acome sufficiently lairge tae engulf the current orbits o Mercury an Venus, an render Yird uninhabitable. Efter this, it will shed its ooter layers an acome a dense teep o cuilin starn kent as a white dwarf, that na langer produces energy bi fusion, but still glowes an gies aff heat frae its previous fusion.

The enormous effect o the Sun on Yird haes been recognised syne prehistoric times, an the Sun haes been regairdit bi some culturs as a deity. The synodic rotation o Yird an its orbit aroond the Sun are the basis o solar calendars, ane o which is the predominant calendar in uise the day.

## Notes

## References
Noctis Labyrinthus

**Noctis Labyrinthus**, "the labyrinth o the nicht", is a kintra o Maurs atween the Valles Marineris an the Tharsis uplaund. The kintra is kent for its mase-like seestem o deep, stey-wawed glens.
Adirondack

**Adirondack** is the tae-name for Maurs Sploration Rinaboot Speerit's first target stane. Scientists chuist Adirondack tae be Speerit's first target stane raither than anither stane, cried *Sashimi*, that wad hae been a shorter, straucht-aheid drive. Speerit stravaiged the saundy maurtian terrain at Gusev Crater tae arrive in front o this fitbaw-sized stane on Januar 18, 2004, juist three days efter it successfully rowen aff the launder.

The stane wis selectit as Spirit's first target acause its dist-free, flet surface is ideally suitit for grindin. Clean surfaces forbye are better for examinin a stane's top coatin. Scientists cried the angular stane efter the Adirondack Ben reenge in New York.

The name "Adirondacks" comes fae the Mohawk *ratirontaks*, meanin "they eat trees", a name that the Mohawk gied tae the Algonquian-spikkin tribes o the Adirondack Mountains; whan there wisnae much fuid, the Algonquians wad eat the buds an bark o trees. 

Speerit's Mössbauer spectrometer detected a meeneral cried olivine, whilk disnae survive weathering weel. The lack o weatherin suggested bi the presence o olivine micht be evidence that the scaup stymes are finely ground volcanic material. Anither possible explanation is that the scaup layer whaur the measurements wis taen is extremely thin, an the olivine is actually in a stane unner the scaup. Speerit haes forbye retourned microscopic images an Mössbauer spectrometer readins o Adirondack taen the day afore the rinaboot developed computer an communication problems on Januar 22, 2004. Baith are wanprecedentit investigations o ony stane on anither planet. The microscopic images indicate Adirondack is a haurd, crystalline stane. The peends lairge an smaa in Adirondack's electromagnetic spectrum reveal that the meenerals in the stane include olivine, pyroxene an magnetite - a common composeetion in volcanic basalt stanes on Earth.

## References
Socialism

**Socialism** is the name gien tae sindrie poleitical ideas. Socialists believes in evenlyness, solidarity, an social juistice. Monie fowk haes unalike conceits anent whit socialism means. Monie socialists thinks the guvrenment or the state shuid be aucht the "commandin hichts" o industry. Ithers thinks that warkers shuid be aucht the industries that thay wirk in. The'r ithers that says that the ettle shoud be that fowk shuid be mair equal, but this shoud be gotten unner a reformed capitalism.

## History

Some fowk says that an Inglisman, Robert Owen, wis the first socialist. He sayed that warkers shoud be aucht the companies that thay wrocht tae. The warkers wad than divvie up the ootcome amang thairsels.

Monie socialist poleitical pairties wis creatit in the 19t century an the early pairt o the 20t century.

The maist weel-kent socialist is Karl Marx, that scrieved The Communist Manifesto.

## Socialism an Communism

Socialism an communism is sib ane tae the ither, but no the same thing. Nouadays, *socialism* is a gey wide-rangin term, while *communism* in ordiner spaek aamaist aye refers juist tae the ideologies o the Marxist-Leninist pairties o the communist bloc.

Efter Warld Weir Ane, the faa o the Saicont International an the Roushian Revolution, socialism wis splitten intae twa tradeitions. Some socialists follaed Lenin an wis cryed Communists. Ithers believed in a pairlamentary gate tae socialism an wis cawed social democrats. Social democrats disagreed gey strangly wi Communists; afttimes thay entered intae guvrenments in thair naitions, cryed "bourgeois guvrenments" bi the socialists, an stertit tae rule ower capitalist kintras.

Monie social democrats haes nou quat e'en thair auld idea o reformin capitalism, an rins capitalist guvernments aa roond the warld.

Monie fowk that nou cries thairsels *socialists* is opponed tae baith capitalism, an the seestem o the auld Soviet Union that thay see (specially efter the rise o Joseph Stalin) as a betrayal o the principles o democratic socialism.

## Kinds o socialism

* Anarchism
* Leninism 
* Marxism
* Maoism
* Social democracy
* Stalinism
* Trotskyism

## Socialist Pairties
* Scots Socialist Pairty
Olympus mons

Olympus Mons (Latin, "Munt Olympus") is the heichest kent muntain in oor solar seestem, locatit on the planet Maurs at aboot 18° N 226° A. In the days afore spaceprogrammes revealed its identity as a muntain, Olympus Mons wis kent tae astronomers as the albedo featur, Nix Olympica ("Snaws o Olympus").
Areographie

Areography is the study o the featurs o the planet Maurs sic as laundfurms, climates, wather paitrens, relic areas hainin possible lifefurms or thair fossils, an the pheesical processes that creates an modifee's thae featurs an aw, an the spatial paitrens amang thaim forby. The term comes frae Ares, the Greek equeevalent o the Roman god Maurs, bi analogy wi Geography.

Tae vizzie a Areographic cairt sneck here or here.
Cambrigshire

**Cambrigshire** (, , cutty ***Cambs***) is a coonty in Ingland, mairchin Lincolnshire tae the north, Norfolk tae the nor-aest, Suffolk tae the aest, Essex an Hertfordshire tae the sooth, an Bedfordshire an Northamptonshire tae the wast. Cambrigshire conteens maist o the reegion kent as Silicon Fen. The coonty toun is Cambrig.
Cambrig

The ceety o **Cambrig** (, ) is an auld Inglis varsity toun an the admeenistrative mids o the coonty o Cambrigshire. It lies approximately 50 mile nor-northaest o Lunnon an is surrounded bi a nummer o smawer touns an clachans.
Anton Raphael Mengs

**Anton Raphael Mengs** (22 Mairch 1728 - 29 Juin 1779) wis a German penter.

Mengs wis born in 1728 at Usti (Aussig) in Bohemia, but his faither, Ismael Mengs, a Dens penter, estaiblisht hissel finally at Dresden, whance in 1741 he teuk his son tae Rome. The appyntment o Mengs in 1749 as first penter tae Frederick Augustus, elector o Saxony didna hinder his spendin muckle time in Rame, whaur he haed mairiet on Margarita Quazzi that haed sat for him as a model in 1748, an abjured the Protestant faith, an whaur he became in 1754 guider o the Vatican schuil o pentin, nor did this hinder him on twa occasions frae obeyin the hoy o Charles III o Spain tae Madrid. Thare Mengs produced some o his best wark, an specially the ceil o the banqueting-haw, its subject bein the *Triumph o Trajan* an the *Temple o Glore*.  Efter the completion o this wark in 1777, Mengs gaed back tae Rame, an thare he dee'd, twa year efter, in puirtith, lea'in twintie bairns, o thaim sieven wis pensioned bi the keeng o Spain.

Asides mony pentins in the Madrid gallery, the *Ascension* an *St Joseph* at Dresden, *Perseus an Andromeda* at Saunt Petersburg, an the ceil o the Villa Albani maun be mentiont amang his chief warks. As o 1911, Henry George Percy, 7t Duke o Northumberland, possessed a *Haly Faimilie*, an the colleges o Aw Sauls an Magdalen, at Oxford, possessed altar-pieces bi Mengs's haund.

In his writins, in the Spanish, Italian an German leids, Mengs haes pitten furth his eclectic theorie o airt, that treats perfection as attainable bi a weel-schemed combination o diverse excellences Greek design, wi the expression o Raphael, the chiaroscuro o Correggio, an the licht o Titian. His intimacy wi Johann Joachim Winckelmann that wrate constant tae his dictation haes enhanced his historical importance, for he furmed nae scholars, an the creetic maunna concur in Goethe's juidgment o Mengs in *Winckelmann und sein Jahrhundert*; he maun deplore that sae muckle lair shuid hae been allied tae a total want o ineetiative an want o invention, an embodied wi a strained an airtifeecial mainerism.

## Warks (a walin)
* *Ascension* (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766
* *St Joseph* (Dresden, Court Church), 1751/1766
* *Charles III* (Spain, Museo del Prado), 1761

## Leeteratur
See *Opere di Antonio Raffaello Mengs* (Parma, 1780); *Mengs Werke*, übersetzt v. G. F. Prange (1786); *Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst* (1880); Bianconi, *Elogio storico di Mengs* (Milan, 1780); Woermann, *Ismael und Raphael Mengs* (Leipzig, 1893).

*[This entry is foondit on an airticle frae the [[1911 Encyclopedia Britannica]].]*

## Ootwi Airtins
*'Self-portrait' (1774) at the Walker Airt Gallerie, Liverpool
*'Portrait o Charles III'  (1761) at the Museo del Prado
Botany

**Botanie** is the scienteefic studie o plaunt life. As a brainch o biologie, it is whyls cried *plaunt [[science]](s)* or *the biologie o plaunts* an aw. Botanie can be sindert intil a braid reenge o scienteefic disciplines that studies the growthe, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, an evolution o plaunts.

## See an aa
* Yerb
* Arboretum
* Messeldeu
Chemistrie

**Chemistrie** (frae Greek: *χημεία*) is the scienteefic discipline o matter  an its interactions wi energie an wi itsel. Acause o the diversitie o maiter, that is maistlins in the form o atoms, chemists aften studies the wey atoms o differin chemical elements interacts ti mak molecules an the wey molecules interacts wi ilk ither.

Chemistry is whiles cawed the central science acause it bridges ither Naitural sciences like Pheesics, Geology and Biology.

The current model o atomic structur is the quantum mechanical model. Tradeetional chemistrie sterts wi the study o elementary pairticles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, creestals and ither aggregates o matter. Matter mey be studied in solid, liquid, gas an plasma states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions an transformations whit are studied in chemistrie are uisually the eftercast o interactions atween atoms, leading tae rearrangements o the chemical baunds whit haud atoms thegether. Sic behaviors are studied in a chemistrie laboratory.

The chemistrie laboratory uisually uises sindry forms o laboratory glessware. Housomiver glessware is nae central tae chemistrie, and mony experimental (and applee'd/industrial chemistrie is daen withoot it).

A chemical reaction is a transformation o some substances intae yin or mair different substances. The basis o sic a chemical transformation is the rearrangement o electrons in the chemical baunds atween atoms. It can be seembolically shawn throu a chemical equation, whit uisually involves atoms as subjects. The nummer o atoms oan the left and the richt i' the equation for a chemical transformation is equal. (Whan the nummer o atoms on either side is unequal, the transformation is cawed a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay). The type o chemical reactions a substance micht undergo and the energie chynges whit micht follae it are constreenit bi certaint basic rules, kent as chemical laws.

Energie and entropy conseederations are invariably important in maistlins chemical studies. Chemical substances are clessifeed in terms o thair structur, phase, and thair chemical composeetions. Thay can be analyzed uising the tuils o chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. 

Scientists engagin in chemical research are kent as chemists. Maist chemists specialize in yin or mair sub-discipleens.
Ecologie

**Ecologie**, or **ecological science**, is the scienteific study o the deistribution an rowth o leivin organisms an the wey that thir properties is affectit bi interactions atween the organisms an thair environs. The environs o an organism includes baith the pheesical properties, them that can be descrieved as the soum o local abiotic factors like climate an geologie, as weel as the ither organisms that shares its habitat. The wird *oekologie* wis cleckit in 1866 bi the German biologist, Ernst Haeckel, frae the Greek *oikos* meanin "hoosehauld" an *logos* meanin "study"; that is, the "study o the hoosehauld o naitur".
biology is as well the study of the human body or focile this is known as geology
America, Cambridgeshire

**America, Cambridgeshire** is a clachan in Sutton-in-the-Isle, Cambridgeshire, Ingland.

## Ootwi Airtins
* 2001 Census (pdf)
Sundoun on Maurs

"**Sundoun on Maurs**" (left) is a Pictur taen on Mey 19t at 6:07 at e'en bi NASA's Maurs Sploration Rinaboot Speerit. It shaws the sun sinkin ablo the lip o the Gusev Crater.
Airt

**Airt**, in its braidmaist meanin, is the kythe o creativity or imaigination, else baith.

Aa thro the scrievit historie o man, monie biggins haes been applee'd upan the braid conceit. The maist feck kens the things that thay conseider ti be airt, an the things that thay conseider nae ti be airt. Forby, pairties, maistlins academic pairties, haes a vague skairit conceit o the things that is, or isna, airt.

The wird "airt" is aften uised for the veesual airts, an "airts" is uised for veesual airt, leeteratur, muisic, an dance — the fine airts. Hooiver, sic disteenctions bes the subject o monie collogues an debates.

Airt kythes tae be nearhaun universal aa thro man — necessar ti man's trift. Thare's nae culturs nor daen tak side in it tae some degree.
Maurs Reconnaissance Orbiter

NASA's **Maurs Reconnaissance Orbiter** (acronym: **MRO**) is a multipurpose spacevaiger, lenched Augist 12t, 2005 for tae fordle human unnerstaundin o Maurs bi detailed observation, tae vizzie potential laundin steids for futur surface meessions an tae fend a heich-data-rate communications relay for thae meessions. It will become Maurs' fowert yauld muinlike (jynin Maurs Express, Maurs Odyssey, an Maurs Global Surveyor).
Dance

***Dance*** (frae auld French *danser*, faurder history isna kent) for ordinar refers tae human muivement aither uised as a furm o expression or presentit in a social, speeritual or performance settin.

***Dance*** is uised tae descrive methods o nane-verbal communication atween humans or ainimals an aw (bee dance, matein dance), motion in inanimate objects (*the leafs danced in the [[wind]]*), an certaint muisical furms or genres. Fowk that dances is cawed dancers an the act o dance is kent as **dancin**. An event whaur dancin taks place micht be cawed **a dance**. Choreographie is the airt o makkin dances.

Defineetions o whit constitutes dance lippens on social, cultural, aesthetic airteestic an moral constraints an reenges frae functional muivement (sic as Folk dance) tae codifee'd, virtuoso techniques sic as ballet. In sports, gymnastics, feegur skeitchin an synchronized soumin conteens *dance* disciplines while Martial airts 'Kata' is aften compeared wi dances.