Tverskoy Destrict

**Tverskoy Destrict** () is a destrict o Central Admeenistrative Okrug o Moscow, Roushie. Population:  

The destrict stends frae Kitai-gorod northwast tae Belorussky an Savyolovsky Rail Terminals. Its soothren boondary rins ane or twa ceety blocks sooth frae Tverskaya Street; eastren boondary follaes the track o the Neglinnaya River nou rinnin in a tunnel unner Samotechnaya Street, Tsvetnoy Boulevard, an Neglinnaya Street.

Tverskoy Destrict hooses State Duma, Federation Cooncil, the Mayor o Moscow, Moscow Ceety Cooncil, an Moscow Polis Heidquairters. It conteens Theatre Square, the business destrict o Tverskaya Street wi Pushkin Square, Petrovka Street, Dmitrovka Street, an the wastren pairt o Kuznetsky Most. It haes the heichest concentration o theatres, includin Bolshoi Theatre an the historical Pillar Hall o the Hoose o the Unions.

Historical auries o Patriarshy Ponds, Malaya Bronnaya Street, an maist o Tverskoy Boulevard, while closely associtated wi Tverskaya Street actually belang Presnensky Destrict. In 1990s, Tverskoy Destrict includit Kitai-gorod an aw, whilk is nou a separate territory managit directly bi Central Admeenistrative Okrug.

## History
*This section is based on P.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Sytin's "History of Moscow Streets"*

### Auld Muscovy tae 19t century

Tverskaya Street emergit, as the road tae Tver, in the 12t century. Dmitrovka Street, the road tae Dmitrov, an Petrovka Street, leadin tae Vysokopetrovsky Monastery, date back tae the 14t century.

Till the 1820s, the territory o whit is nou Tverskoy Destrict wis separate frae the Moscow Kremlin bi the Neglinnaya River.  Acause o that, the ceety grew primarily eastwart in the Middle Ages - intae the Reid Square an Kitai-Gorod — while the development o wastren territories daggilt. A stane brig connectin Tverskaya wi the Reid Square wis biggit in 1595. Urban development in the wastren pairt concentratit alang Tverskaya Street. In the late 15t century, it wis biggit oot wi kintra-lik firthen hames tae Pushkin Square, an bi the end o the 16t century the ceety extendit ayont the present-day Garden Ring.  First stane Boyar hooses appeared in dountoun Tverskaya aroond that time. In 1654, Strastnoy Monastery wis set up in present-day Pushkin Square, an three year later, Odoyevsky faimily set up a stane mansion on the steid o present-day Museum o Modren History (umwhile Museum o Revolution), ayont the Bely Gorod waws. Dmitrovka Street developit swith efter the fire o 1648 an aw, as markit bi the ane-o-a-kynd aicht-tentit kirk o Nativity in Putinki. Unuisually for Moscow ootskirts, it wis financit bi the State, as the kirk wis near the Embassy Inn (), hame tae ootlander guests.

Peter the Great's muive o the naitional caipital tae Saunt Petersburg actually impruivit the leadin role o Tverskaya Street, as it became the main road o ryal journeys atween twa caipitals. Tverskaya acquired Moscow's first triumphal airch (1703, gien its name tae Triumphalnaya Square), Gagarin faimily palace (1760s), an Zakhar Chernyshyov mansion (1782); later the seat o Moscow Govrenor, Mossovet, an currently o the Mayor o Moscow (whilk wis rebiggit in the 1940s). The Fire o 1812 wipit oot walthy mansions an peasant hames alike, sparin anerly the Pushkin Square; Tverskaya wis rebiggit as an upper-cless street an reteened this status iver syne.

Northeastren side o Tverskoy Destrict (east o Petrovka Street) laggit ahint Tverskaya Street an Moscow's east side due tae frequent floods on the Neglinnaya River. First attempt tae control the river, proposed in 1775 bi Matvey Kazakov, materializit in 1792 Neglinnaya Canal, which wis runnin parallel tae the river.  Ance the canal wis completit, the auld river bed wis filled wi yird. In 1817–1819, the channel wis kivered wi masonry vaults, lockin the stream in an unnergrund tunnel. This creatit Neglinnaya Street, the youngest street athin Boulevard Ring, but didna rule oot futur floods.  The maist recent fluid, in 1973, led tae complete rebiggin o the agin tunnel (1974–1989, see 1965 flood photos ) Anither legacy o the Neglinnaya river survives in Central Baths (1890) an Sandunovsky Baths (1896).

#### Theatre Destrict

The first public theatre, *[[Petrovka Theatre|Petrovsky Teatr]]*, wis set up in 1780 bi Inglis enterpeneur Michael Maddox an Prince Urusov in present-day Theatre Square.  It burned doun in October 1805 efter 425 sonsie shows. In 1825, Joseph Bove biggit a new, lairger Bolshoi Theatre on the same steid. Bi this time, dountoun stretch o the Neglinnaya River wis conteened in an unnergrund tunnel; Peter's bastions o Kitai-gorod wur razit, formin the Theatre Square. In the same 1825, landawner Vargin biggit Maly Theatre on his awn adjacent lot. For the first five year, the State leased the biggin frae Vargin; he wis later convictit o fraud an the State bocht oot the biggin in 1832. Awners o the opposite laund lots wur obligit tae big hooses exactly lik Maly Theatre, formin a perfectly symmetrical neoclessical square wi a parade grund an watter foontain. The symmetry wis eventually ruined bi expansions in 1870s, which addit the third theatre—oreeginally Bronnikov private theatre (nou Molodyozhny Theater).

Anither historical haw, the Assembly o Nobility (nou the Hoose o the Unions) staunds on the corner o Bolshaya Dmitrovka an Okhotny Ryad syne 1790. The biggin, designed bi Matvey Kazakov, wis rebiggit externally, but the Pillar Haw inside it, famous for its acoustics, remains close tae Kazakov's oreeginal draft. Whan the State liftit the ban on private theatres in 1882, tradeetion continued wi Moscow Art Theatre in Kamergersky Lane (1902–1909), Yermolova Theatre (1925), Hermitage (1883), an Aquarium (1898) pairk theatres, etc. Currently, Tverskoy Destrict haes nineteen repertory theatres, the Pillar Haw, Tchaikovsky Haw (1940), an Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard (oreeginally Salamonovsky Circus, 1880, rebiggit in 1987–1989).

#### Industrial expansion

Unlik Presnensky or Basmanny Destricts, Tverskoy haes, an ayes haed, vera few industrial properties. Housomeivver, its northren pairt, ayont Garden Ring, developit intae a wirking-cless neebourheid in line wi the 19t-century industrialization. Development began in the 18t century wi the Butyrka preeson (rebiggit tae a castle shape in 1800). For the neist hunner year, the territories aroond the prison war filled wi ferms an wee widden hames.  Things chynged wi the construction of railweys—Smolensk railwey station wis biggit in 1870; current building, kent as Belorussky Rail Terminal, wis completit in 1909. Savyolovsky Rail Terminal an Moscow Ring Railroad followed in 1900s. Territories near the railweys war quickly uised for factories, cheap housing for workers followed suin.

Miusskaya Square, locatit three blocks frae Belorussky Terminal, wis a site o unusual urban development, a new centre o blue-collar social life. In the course o ae decade, 1904–1914, the ceety an private sponsors biggit Abrikosova Hospital an Nursery (1906), Junior High School (1912), Shanyavsky Varsity (1913), kindergartens, an trade scuils. Development o seemilar social hubs in ither wirkin districts laggit ahint an terminate wi World War I an Russian Revolution of 1917.

#### Modren history

Redevelopment o Tverskaya Street began in late 1920s wi infill biggins lik Ivan Rerberg's Central Telegraph (1927), an Grigory Barkhin's Izvestia biggin in Pushkin Square (1927). This wis follaeed bi demolition o Okhotny Ryad an Manege Square.

Major reconstruction o Tverskaya Street began in 1937 wi demolition o Strastnoy Monastery an dozens o smawer biggins. Three biggins, includin Savvinskoye Podvorye, Mossovet biggin, an the Ee Clinic, wur spared frae demolition an muivit tae new foondations farther frae the street. As a result, Savvinskoye Podvorye is nou completely lockit athin a 1930s stalinist block. Anither biggin, a prent shop at Pushkin Square, wis muivit in the 1970s tae mak wey for Izvestia expansion.

Design o the first stretch o new Gorky Street (the name o Tverskaya syne 1935) wis awairdit tae Arkady Mordvinov, 1929 graduate in airchitectur kent for his ultra-left public statements. Mordvinov pruivit hissel a guid project manager, successfully testin sae-cried *flow method* o fast-track construction. Bi 1941, maist o central Gorky Street wis completit; the rest wis biggit oot efter Warld War II.

In the 1970s, the street acquired Brezhnev-era boxlike biggins o 23-story Intourist Hotel (1970, demolished in 2002) an smawer Minsk Hotel an New Izvestia biggin; less controversial pseudo-Stalinist infill biggins follaeed in 1980s an late 1990s. Housomeivver, ootwi Tverskaya, historical biggins an neebourheids wur bein demolished throuoot 1990s an 2000s. Mony blocks in Novoslobodskaya aurie are awready rebiggit in post-2000 heichrise. The ceety haes declared plans tae reconstruct Pushkin Square an Belorussky Terminal Square wi mult-level unnergrund tunnels, shoppin space, an pairkin.

Population o Tverskoy Destrict is tradeetionally affluent an educatit, wi a substantial share o foreigners (maist o them isna includit in offeecial population count). Its ethnic mix, chyngin rapidly syne 1980s, haes heich shares o Tatars, Armenies an Jews; ance-strang Ukrainian commonty haes dispersed. Lik aw Central Okrug population, Tverskoy residents hae life expectancy o three tae fower years heicher than ither Muscovites, attributit tae better eddication an social status.

## Govrenment an infrastructur
The Meenistry o Education an Science haes its heid office in the destrict.

## Economy
Korean Air operates its CIS office in the destrict.

## Notable biggins, cultural, an educational facilities

### Public transportation access
*Teatralnaya, Okhotny Ryad, Kuznetsky Most - ceety centre
*Pushkinskaya, Chekhovskaya, Tverskaya - Pushkin Square
*Mayakovskaya
*Belorusskaya-Radialnaya, Belorusskaya-Koltsevaya - Belorussky Rail Terminal an Miusskaya Square
*Tsvetnoy Boulevard
*Mendeleyevskaya, Novoslobodskaya - Miusskaya Square
*Savyolovskaya - Savyolovsky Rail Terminal (northren extremity)

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid o Tverskoy Destrict