open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Andy Roddick

**Andrew Stephen** "**Andy**" **Roddick** (born August 30, 1982) is a retired American professional tennis player an umwhile warld no. 1.

He became a Grand Slam singles champion whan he wan the title at the 2003 US Open, defeatin Juan Carlos Ferrero in the final. He is the noo the last North American male player tae win a Grand Slam singles event. Roddick reached fower ither Grand Slam finals (Wimbledon in 2004, 2005, an 2009, an the US Open in 2006), losin tae Roger Federer in aw fower. He is mairit tae Brooklyn Decker, a *[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue|Sports Illustrated]]* swimwear model an actress.

On August 30, 2012, durin the 2012 US Open an on his 30t birthday, Roddick annoonced that he would retire efter the toornament. Follaein a fowert-roond defeat tae Juan Martín del Potro, Roddick retired frae the sport wi the aim o focusin on his foondation in futur years.

## Career statistics

### Grand Slam Tournaments

#### History

#### Finals: 5 (1 teetle, 4 runners-up)

### Masters Series
#### Finals: 9 (5 teetles, 4 runners-up)

### Records
* These records wur attained in Open Era o tennis.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid 
*
*
*
*Andy Roddick Foondation
*Andy's U.S. Olympic Team bio  ... wi airtins tae photo gallery
*In losin a match, Roddick acame a true sportsman , a Mey 2005 airticle written bi Frank Deford
*Roddick reverses fairm on the lawns
*
*Tennis Academy  – Roddick Tot Tennis Academy
Mohamed Morsi

**Mohamed Morsi** (, ALA-LC: *Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ&nbsp;* ; 8 August 1951 - 17 Juin 2019) wis a Egyptian politeecian who servit as the fift Preses o Egyp, frae 30 Juin 2012 tae 3 Julie 2013.

Mohamed Morsi wis educatit in Egyptian public schuils an varsities; he wis later grantit a scholarship frae the Egyptian Govrenment tae prepare for a PhD degree in the Unitit States, Morsi wis a Member o Parliament in the Fowk's Assembly o Egyp frae 2000 tae 2005, an a leadin member in the Muslim Britherhuid. He acame Chairman o the Freedom an Justice Pairty (FJP) when it wis foondit bi the Muslim Britherhuid in the wake o the 2011 Egyptian revolution. He stuid as the FJP's candidate for the Mey–Juin 2012 presidential election.

On 24 Juin 2012, the election commission annoonced that Morsi wan Egyp's presidential runaff against Ahmed Shafik, the last prime meenister unner deponed leader Hosni Mubarak. Accordin tae offeecial results, Morsi teuk 51.7 percent o the vote while Shafik received 48.3%. As he haed promised durin his campaign, Morsi resigned frae his poseetion as the heid o the FJP efter his victory wis annoonced.

Efter Morsi grantit himself unleemitit pouers tae "protect" the naition in late November 2012, an the pouer tae legislate wioot judicial owersicht or review o his acts, hunders o thoosands o protesters began demonstratin against him in the 2012 Egyptian protests. On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his decree which haed expandit his presidential authority an removed judeecial review o his decrees, an Islamist offeecial said, but added that the effects o that declaration wad staund. George Isaac o the Constitution Pairty said that Morsi’s declaration did nae offer onything new, the Naitional Salvation Front rejectit it as an attempt tae save face, an the 6 Aprile Movement an Gamal Fahmi o the Egyptian Journalists Syndicate said the new declaration failed tae address the "fundamental" problem o the naitur o the assembly that wis tasked wi draftin the constitution.

On 30 Juin 2013, mass protests eruptit athort Egyp cryin for the Preses's resignation. This wis follaed bi the airmy's threit that if the protesters' demands wur nae met bi 3 Julie it wad step in an big a road cairt for the kintra, while insistin that it did nae want tae rule the kintra. Some teuk this tae mean a militar coup, but the next day the airmy denied that thay wur referrin tae a possible militar coup. The plan set up bi the militar includes suspendin the constitution, dissolvin the pairlament, an establishin a new admeenistration heidit bi the chief juistice.

Morsi wis declared unseatit on 3 Julie 2013 bi a cooncil consistin o the defense meenister Al-Sisi, Mohamed ElBaradei, the Grand Imam o Al Azhar, an the Coptic Pape.

Morsi wis reportit tae hae dee'd efter faintin while on trial on 17 Juin 2019; he wis 67.

## References
A

**A** *aw* [], plural *aws* is the first letter an vouel in the ISO basic Laitin alphabet. It is seemilar tae the Auncient Greek letter alphae that it comes frae.

## History
The erest for certain forebeir o the letter A is the Phoenician aleph (whiles scrievit 'aleph), the first letter o the Phoenicial alphabet, whaurfrae the seemilar Greek, Etruscan an Roman letters. Aleph itsel mey be ultimately frae the Egyptian hieroglyphic o an ox's heid bi a Proto-Semitic seemplification.

## Sib letters an ither seemilar chairacters

* Α α : Greek letter Alpha
* А а : Cyrillic letter A
*  : Laitin letter Alpha / Script A (or: A a)
*  : a turned lawercase letter A, uised bi the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet for the near-open central vowel
*  : a turned caipital letter A, uised in predicate logic tae specify universal quantification ("for aw")
* ª : an ordinal indicator
* Æ æ : Laitin letter Æ ligature

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
* History o the Alphabet 
*
B

**B** (named *bee* ) is the seicont letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is uised tae represent a variety o bilabial soonds (dependin on leid), but maist commonly a voiced bilabial stop.

## History
The caipital letter 'B' mey hae stairtit as a pictogram o the floorplan o a hoose in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Bi 1050 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter haed a linear fairm that served as the beth.

## Typografie
The modren lawercase 'b' derives frae later Roman times, when scribes began omittin the upper loop o the caipital.

## Uise

In Inglis, maist ither leids that uise the Latin alphabet, an the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet, 'b' denotes the voiced bilabial plosive , as in 'bib'. In Inglis it is whiles silent; maist instances are derived frae auld monosyllablic wirds wi the 'b' final an immediately precedit bi an 'm', sic as 'lam**b**' an 'bom**b**'; a few are ensaumples o etymological spellin tae mak the wird mair lik its Latin oreeginal, sic as 'debt' or 'doubt'. 

In Estonian, Icelandic, an Cheenese pinyin, 'b' daes nae denote a voiced consonant; insteid, it represents a voiceless  that contrasts wi aither a geminated  (in Estonie) or an aspirated  (in Cheenese, Danish an Icelandic), representit bi 'p'. In Fijian 'b' represents a prenasalized , whauras in Zulu an Xhosa it represents an implosive , in contrast tae the digraph 'bh' which represents .

Finnish anly uises 'b' in loanwirds.

'B' is an aa a muisical note. Its value varies dependin on the region; a 'b' in Anglophone kintras represents a note that is a semitone heicher than the B note in Northren Continental Europe. (Anglophone B is representit in Northren Europe wi 'H'.) Archaic fairms o 'b', the *b quadratum* (square b, ) an *b rotundum* (roond b, ) remain in uise for muisical notation as the seembols for *[[naitural (muisic)|naitural]]* an *[[flat (muisic)|flat]]*, respectively.

In Contractit (grade 2) Inglis braille, 'b' staunds for "but" when in isolation.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
F

**F** (named *ef* ) is the saxt letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History

The origin o 'F' is the Semitic letter *[[Waw (letter)|vâv]]* (or *waw*) that representit a soond lik  or . Graphically it oreeginally probably depictit aither a huik or a club. It mey hae been based on a comparable Egyptian hieroglyph sic as that which represented the wird ''mace'' (transliteratit as ḥ(dj)):- T3

The Phoenician fairm o the letter wis adoptit intae Greek as a vowel, *[[upsilon]]* (which resembled its descendant, 'Y' but wis an aa ancestor tae Roman letters 'U', 'V', an 'W'); an wi anither fairm, as a consonant, *[[digamma]]*, which resembled 'F', but indicatit the pronunciation , as in Phoenician. (Efter  disappeared frae Greek, *digamma* wis uised as a numeral anly.)

In Etruscan, 'F' probably representit , as in Greek; an the Etruscans fairmed the digraph 'FH' tae represent .  When the Romans adoptit the alphabet, thay uised 'V' (frae Greek *upsilon*) tae staund for  as well as , leavin 'F' available for . (At that time, the Greek letter phi 'Φ' representit an aspiratit voiceless bilabial plosive , tho in Modren Greek it approximates the soond o .) An sae oot o the various vav variants in the Mediterranean warld, the letter F entered the Roman alphabet attached tae a soond which its antecedents in Greek an Etruscan did nae hae. The Roman alphabet fairms the basis o the alphabet uised the day for Inglis an mony ither leids.

The lawercase '&#160;f&#160;' is nae relatit tae the visually seemilar lang s, '&#160;ſ&#160;' (or medial s). The uise o the *lang s* lairgely died oot bi the beginnin o the 19t century, maistly tae prevent confusion wi '&#160;f&#160;' when uisin a short mid-bar (see mair at: S).

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
* : Latin letter F wi huik
*Ф ф : Cyrillic letter Ef
*Φ φ/ϕ : Greek letter Phi

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
G

**G** (named *gee* ) is the sevent letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
* : Latin letter G wi circumflex
* : Latin letter G wi breve
* : Latin gamma
* : Latin letter Yoch
* : Greek letter Gamma
*Г г : Cyrillic letter Ge
*Ѓ ѓ : Cyrillic letter Gje
*Ғ ғ : Cyrillic letter Ghayn

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## See an aa
*Carolingian G
*Hard an saft G
*Insular G

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
*Lewis an Short ''Latin Dictionary'': G
H

**H** (named *aitch* , plural *aitches*; or *haitch*  in especially Hiberno-Inglis) is the aicht letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Н н : Cyrillic letter En
*Η η : Greek letter Eta
*Ĥ ĥ : Latin letter H wi circumflex
*Ħ ħ : Latin letter H wi stroke
* : Planck constant
* : reduced Planck constant

## Computin codes

1 an aw encodings based on ASCII, includin the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 an Macintosh faimilies o encodins.

## Ither representations

## See an aa
*American Sign Leid grammar
*Leet o hieroglyphs/H

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
I

**I** (named *i* , plural *ies*) is the nint letter an a vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History

In Semitic, the letter mey hae originatit in a hieroglyph for an airm that representit a voiced pharyngeal fricative () in Egyptian, but wis reassigned tae  (as in Inglis "**y**es") bi Semites, acause thair wird for "airm" began wi that soond. This letter coud an aa be uised tae represent , the close front unrounded vowel, mainly in foreign wirds.

The Greeks adoptit a fairm o this Phoenician *yodh* as thair letter *[[iota]]* (⟨Ι, ι⟩) tae represent , the same as in the Auld Italic alphabet. In Latin (as in Modren Greek), it wis an aa uised tae represent  an this uise persists in the leids that descendit frae Latin. The modren letter 'j' wis firstly a variation o 'i', an baith wur uised interchyngeably for baith the vowel an the consonant, comin tae be differentiated anly in the 16t century.  The dot ower the lawercase 'i' is whiles cried a *[[tittle]]*.  In the Turkish alphabet, dotted an dotless I are considered separate letters, representin a front an back vowel, respectively, an baith hae uppercase ('I', 'İ') an lawercase ('ı', 'i') fairms.

In modren Inglis, 'i' represents different soonds, aither a "lang" diphthong  as in *kite*, which developed frae Middlin Inglis  efter the Great Vowel Shift o the 15t century, or the "short"  as in *bill*.

## Uisage
The letter 'I' is the fift maist common letter in the Inglis leid. It is an aa uised in mathematics tae denote the imaginary unit <math>i</math>

## Computin codes

: 1 An aa for encodings based on ASCII, includin the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 an Macintosh faimilies o encodins.

## Ither representations

## See an aa
* Tittle
* Imaginary unit

### Relatit letters an ither similar characters
* İ i an I ı : Latin dotted an dotless letter i
* І і : Cyrillic saft-dottit letter i
* И и : Cyrillic letter i

## References

## Freemit airtins
* 
* 
*
K

**K** (named *kay* ) is the elevent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History an uisage
K is the 11t letter o the Inglis alphabet. In Inglis, the letter K uisually represents the voiceless velar plosive; this soond is an aa transcribed bi  in the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet an X-SAMPA.

  
The letter K comes frae the letter Κ (kappa), which wis taken frae the Semitic kap, the seembol for an open haund. This, in turn, wis likely adaptit bi Semites who haed lived in Egyp frae the hieroglyph for "haund" representin D in the Egyptian wird for haund, *d-r-t*. The Semites evidently assigned it the soond value  instead, acause thair wird for haund stairtit wi that soond. In modren-day Inglis slang, the wird "k" is uised as a substitute for the abbreviation "O.K.", or "Okay." In Internaitional Morse code it is uised tae mean "ower".

In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K an Q wur aw uised tae represent the soonds /k/ an /g/ (which wur nae differentiatit in writin). O thir, Q wis uised tae represent /k/ or /g/ afore a roondit vowel, K afore /a/, an C elsewhaur. Later, the uise o C (an its variant G) replaced maist uisages o K an Q. K survived anly in a few fossilized fairms sic as *Kalendae*, "the calends".

When Greek wirds wur taken intae Latin, the Kappa wis chynged tae C, wi a few exceptions sic as the praenomen 'Kaeso'. Some wirds frae ither alphabets wur an aa transliteratit wi C. Hence, the Romance leids hae 'K' anly in wirds frae ither leid groups. The Celtic leids an aa chose 'C' ower 'K', an this influence carried ower intae Auld Inglis. The day, Inglis is the anly Germanic leid tae productively uise haird C in addeetion tae K (awtho Dutch uises it in learned wirds o Latin origin an follaes the same haird/saft distinction in sic wirds).
 
Some Inglis linguists prefer tae reverse the Latin transleeteration process for proper names in Greek, spellin *[[Hecate]]* as "Hekate", for ensaumple. An the writin doun o leids that dae nae hae thair awn alphabet wi the Latin ane haes resultit in a staundartization o the letter for this soond, as in 'Kwakiutl'.
 
In the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet,  is the seembol for the voiceless velar plosive.

Several ither alphabets uise characters wi sharp angles tae indicate the soond  or syllables that stairt wi a , for ensaumple: Arabic 'ك', Hebrew 'כ' or 'ק', Korean 'ㄱ'. This kynd o phonetic-visual association wis studied bi Wolfgang Köhler. Houiver, thare are an aa mony ensaumples o roondit letters for , lik 'క' in Telugu, 'ก' an 'ค' in Thai, 'Ք' in Armenian, 'ክ' in Geez, an 'C' in Latin.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
* : Latin letter K wi huik
*Κ κ/ϰ : Greek letter Kappa
*К к : Cyrillic letter Ka

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## See an aa
* Potassium
* Kelvin
* "K" replacin "C" in Satiric misspellin

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
L

**L** (named *el* ) is the twelft letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.  In Roman numerals it represents 50.

## History

Lamedh mey hae come frae a pictogram o an ox goad or cattle prod. Some hae suggestit a shepherd's staff.

## Pronunciation

In Inglis, *L* can hae several soond values, dependin on whether it occurs afore or efter a vowel. The alveolar lateral approximant (the soond representit in IPA bi lawercase ) occurs afore a vowel, as in 'lip' or 'please', while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA ) occurs in 'bell' an 'milk'. This velarization daes nae occur in mony European leid that uise *L*; it is an aa a factor makin the pronunciation o *L* difficult for uisers o leids that lack *L* or hae different values for it, sic as Japanese or some soothren dialects o Cheenese.

*L* can occur afore almaist ony obstruent (stap, fricative, or affricate) in Inglis. Common digraphs include *LL*, which haes a value identical tae *L* in Inglish, but haes the separate value voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (IPA ) in Welsh, whaur it can appear in an ineetial poseetion.

A palatal lateral approximant or palatal 'L' (IPA ) occurs in mony leids, an is representit bi 'GL' in Italian, 'LL' in Spainyie an Catalan, 'LH' in Portuguese, an 'Ļ' in Latvie.

In Inglis writin, *L* is eften silent in sic wirds as 'walk' or 'coud' (its presence can modify the precedin vowel letter's soond; e.g. 'wak' micht be pronoonced tae rhyme wi 'back').

## Siller signs

The caipital letter 'L' is uised as the currency sign for the Albanian lek an the Honduran lempira. It wis eften uised, especially in haundwritin, as the siller sign for the Italian lira.  It is an aa infrequently uised as a substitute for the poond sign (£), which is based on it.

## Fairm
In some fonts, the lawercase letter L, 'l' mey be difficult tae distinguish frae the deegit ane, '1' or an uppercase letter I, 'I'. In recent times, mony new fonts hae curved the lawercase fairm tae the richt, an it is increasingly common, especially on European road signs an advertisements. A mair stylized version based on the haundwritten letterlike 'ℓ' is whiles uised in mathematics an elsewhaur. Its LaTeX command is \ell, its codepynt is U+2113, an its numeric character reference is "&amp;#8467;".

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Ł ł : Latin letter L wi stroke
*LL Ll ll : Latin digraph Ll
*ℒ ℓ : Script letter L
*£ : poond sign
*₤ : lira sign
*Λ λ : Greek letter Lambda
*Л л : Cyrillic letter El

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
*
D

**D** (named *dee* ) is the fowert letter o maist variants o the basic modern Latin alphabet.
Seembol "D" is 500 in Roman numerals.

## History

The Semitic letter Dâlet mey hae developed frae the logogram for a fish or a door. Thare various Egyptian hieroglyphs that micht hae inspired this. In Semitic, Auncient Greek an Latin, the letter representit ; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter wis superfluous but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, 'Δ'.

The minuscule (lawer-case) fairm o 'd' consists o a luip an a taw vertical stroke.  It developed bi gradual variations on the majuscule (caipital) form. In haundwritin, it wis common tae stairt the arc tae the left o the vertical stroke, resultin in a serif at the tap o the arc. This serif wis extendit while the rest o the letter wis reduced, resultin in an angled stroke an luip. The angled stroke slawly developed intae a vertical stroke.

## Uisage
  
In naur aw leids that uise the Latin alphabet an the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet 'd' represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive , but in the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the soond  (or  in soothren dialects). In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stap . In some leids whaur voiceless unaspirated staps contrast wi voiceless aspiratit staps, 'd' represents an unaspirated , while 't' represents an aspirated . Examples o sic leids include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo, Estonie an the Pinyin transleeteration o Mandarin.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Đ đ : Latin letter D wi stroke
* : Latin letter D wi huik
*Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
*Δ δ : Greek letter Delta
*Д д : Cyrillic letter De
*∂ : the partial derivative seembol, \partial

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

In Breetish Sign Leid (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicatit bi signin wi the richt haund held wi the index an thumb extendit an slichtly curved, an the tip o the thumb an finger held against the extendit index o the left haund.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
E

**E** (named *e* , plural *ees*) is a vowel an the fift letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the maist commonly uised letter in mony leids, includin: Czech, Dens, Dutch, Inglis, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spaingie, an Swadish.

## History

Letter 'E' differs little frae its derivational soorce, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. In etymology, the Semitic *[[He (letter)|hê]]*&#160; haes been suggestit tae hae stairtit as a prayin or cryin human figure (*[[hillul]]* 'jubilation'), an wis probably based on a seemilar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicatit a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter representit  (an  in foreign wirds), in Greek *hê* acame  epsilon wi the value .  Etruscans an Romans follaeed this uisage. Altho Middlin Inglis spellin uised 'e' tae represent lang an short , the Great Vowel Shift chynged lang  (as in 'me' or 'bee') tae  while short  (as in 'met' or 'bed') remains a mid vowel.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon
* : Latin letter Epsilon
*Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
*Є є : Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye
*Э э : Cyrillic letter E
* : Estimatit sign (uised on prepackaged guids for sale within the European Union).
*€ : Euro sign.
*ℯ : a mathematical constant.
*ㅌ : a Hangul letter. 
*∈ : in set theory, the seembol for set membership.
*ℇ : the Euler–Mascheroni constant.

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

In Breetish Sign Leid (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed bi extendin the index finger o the richt haund touchin the tip o index on the left haund, wi aw fingers o left haund open.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
M

**M** (named *em* ) is the thirteent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History
The letter **M** is derived frae the Phoenician Mem, via the Greek Mu (Μ,&nbsp;μ). Semitic Mem probably oreeginally pictured watter. It is kent that Semitic fowk workin in Egyp c.&nbsp;2000&nbsp;BC borrowed a hieroglyph for "watter" that wis first uised for an alveolar nasal (), acause o the Egyptian wird for watter, *n-t*. This same seembol acame uised for /m/ in Semitic, acause the wird for watter began wi that soond.

The letter 'm' represents the bilabial consonant soond, , in Classical leids as well as the modren leids. The Oxford Inglis Dictionary (first edeetion) says that 'm' is whiles a vowel in wirds lik *spasm* an in the suffix *-ism*. In modren terminology, this wad be describit as a syllabic consonant &mdash; IPA .

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Μ μ : Greek letter Mu
*М м : Cyrillic letter Em

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
N

**N** (named *en* ) is the fowerteent letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History o the fairms
Ane o the maist common hieroglyphs, snake, wis uised in Egyptian writin tae staund for a soond lik the Inglish ⟨J⟩, acause the Egyptian wird for "snake" wis *djet*. It is speculatit bi mony that Semitic fowk wirkin in Egyp adaptit hieroglyphics tae creaut the first alphabet, an that thay uised the same snake seembol tae represent N, acause thair wird for "snake" mey hae begun wi that soond. Houiver, the name for the letter in the Phoenician, Ebreu, Aramaic an Arabic alphabets is *[[Nun (letter)|nun]]*, which means "fish" in some o thir leids. The soond value o the letter wis —as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin an aw modren leids.

## Uisage
N represents a dental or alveolar nasal in virtually aw leids that uise the Latin alphabet, an in the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet. A common digraph wi 'n' is 'ng', which represents a velar nasal in a variety o leids, uisually poseetioned wird-finally in Inglis. Eften, afore a velar plosive (as in *ink* or *jungle*), 'n' alane represents a velar nasal. In Italian an French, 'gn' represents a palatal nasal (). The Portuguese an Vietnamese spellin for this soond is 'nh', while Spainyie an a few ither leids uise the letter 'ñ'. In Inglis, 'n' is generally silent when it is precedit bi an 'm' at the end o wirds, as in *hymn*; houiver, 'n' is pronoonced in this combination when occurring wird medially, as in *hymnal*.

'n' is the saxt maist common letter an the seicont-maist commonly uised consonant in the Inglis leid (efter 't').

In mathematics, the italic form (*n*) is the common seembol for a variable quantity, especially ane which represents an integer. \mathbb{N} is eften uised tae refer tae the set o natural nummers.

In statistics, the italic fairm (*n*) is uised tae denote the nummer o observations or replicates includit in a statistical sample.

In chemistry, N represents the element Nitrogen. In biochemistry, N is the ane-letter code seembol for the amino acid asparagine. It is an aa the seembol for the SI unit o force, the newton.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters

*Ν ν : Greek letter Nu
*П п (*П п*) : Cyrillic letter Pe
*Н н (*Н н*) : Cyrillic letter En
*И и (*И и*) : Cyrillic letter I
*Ń ń : Latin letter N wi acute
*Ñ ñ : Latin letter N wi tilde
*Ň ň : Latin letter N wi caron

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
O

**O** (named *o* , plural *oes*) is the fifteent letter an a vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History
Its graphic fairm haes an aa remained fairly constant frae Phoenician times till the day. The name o the Phoenician letter wis 
*[[Ayin|ʿeyn]]*, meanin "eye", an indeed its shape oreeginates simply as a drawin o a human ee (possibly inspired bi the correspondin Egyptian hieroglyph, c.f. Proto-Sinaitic script).
Its oreeginal soond value wis that o a consonant,  probably , the soond representit bi the cognate  Arabic letter letter ع ''ʿayn''.

The uise o this Phoenician letter for a vowel soond is due tae the early Greek alphabets, which adoptit the letter as  O "omicron" tae represent the vowel .
The letter wis adoptit wi this value in the Auld Italic alphabets, includin the early Latin alphabet.
In Greek, a variation o the fairm later came tae distinguish this lang soond (Omega, meanin "large O") frae the short o (Omicron, meanin "smaa o").
Greek omicron gae rise tae the correspondin  Cyrillic letter O an the early Italic letter tae runic runic ᛟ.

Even alphabets constructit "frae scratch", i.e. nae derived frae Semitic, uisually hae seemilar fairms tae represent this soond, e.g.; the creators o the Afaka an Ol Chiki scripts, each inventit in different pairts o the warld in the last century, baith attributit thair vowels for 'O' tae the shape o the mooth when makin this soond.

## Uisage
The letter O is the fowert maist common letter in the Inglis leid. O is maist commonly associatit wi the Open-mid back roondit vowel , Mid back roondit vowel  or close-mid back roondit vowel  in mony leids. This fairm is colloquially termed the "lang o" as in *boat* in Inglis, but it is actually maist eften a diphthong  (realized dialectically onywhaur frae  tae ). In Inglis thare is a "short O" as in *fox*, which an aa haes several pronunciations.  In maist dialects o Breetish Inglis, it is aither an open-mid back roondit vowel  or an open back roondit vowel ; in American Inglis, it is maist commonly an unroondit back tae a central vowel  tae .

Common digraphs include 'oo', which represents aither ,  or ; 'oi' which teepically represents the diphthong , lik the pronunciation o 'oi' in "b**oi**l"; an 'ao', 'oe', an 'ou' which represent a variety o pronunciations dependin on context an etymology.

Ither leids uise O for various values, uisually back vowels which are at least pairtly open. Derived letters sic as Ö an Ø hae been creatit for the alphabets o some leids tae distinguish values that wur nae present in Latin an Greek, parteecularly roondit front vowels.

In the Internaitional Phonetic Alphabet,  represents the close-mid back roondit vowel.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Ο ο : Greek letter Omicron
*О о : Cyrillic letter O
*Օ օ : Armenie letter O
*0 : deegit zero, which is eften confused wi the letter O
*Ø ø : Latin letter Ø
* : empty set seembol
* : diameter seembol
*° : degree seembol
*º : masculine ordinal indicator (in Galician, Italian, Portuguese, an Spainyie)

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
P

**P** (named *pee*  ) is the saxteent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Uisage

In Inglis an maist ither European leids, *P* is a voiceless bilabial plosive. Baith ineetial an final ‹p›s can be combined wi mony ither discrete consonants in Inglis wirds. A common example o assimilation is the tendency o prefixes endin in ‹n› tae assume an ‹m› soond afore ‹p›s (such as: *in* + *pulse* → *impulse* — see: Leet o Latin wirds wi Inglis derivatives).

A common digraph in Inglis is ‹ph›, which represents the voiceless labiodental fricative , an can be uised tae transleeterate Phi (‹φ›) in loanwords frae Greek. In German, the digraph ‹pf› is common, representin a labial affricate o .

Arabic speakers are uisually unaccustomed tae pronooncin ; thay pronoonce it as . In wirds that Arabic inheritit frae the Proto-Semitic leid,  is uisually pronoonced .

Maist Inglis wirds beginnin wi P are o foreign origin, primarily French, Latin, Greek, an Slavic; thir leids preserve Proto-Indo-European initial /*p/.  Native Inglis cognates o sic wirds eften stairt wi F, syne Inglis is a Germanic leid an sicweys haes unnergone Grimm's law; a native Inglis wird wi initial /p/ wad reflect Proto-Indo-European ineetial /*b/, which is sae rare that its existence as a phoneme is disputit.

Houiver, native Inglish wirds wi non-initial P are quite common; sic wirds can come frae aither Kluge's law or the sp combination; PIE /*p/ is preserved efter s.

## History

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
The Latin letter P represents the same soond as the Greek letter pi, but it leuks lik the Greek letter rho.
*Π π : Greek letter Pi
*П п : Cyrillic letter Pe
*Ρ ρ/ : Greek letter Rho
*Р р : Cyrillic letter Er
* : Hebrew letter Pe
*℘ : script letter P, see Weierstrass p
* : circled Latin letter P
* : soond recordin copyricht seembol
* : Latin letter Thorn
* : Latin letter Wynn

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
Q

**Q** (named *cue* ) is the seventeent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History

The Semitic soond value o Qôp (aiblins oreeginally *qaw*, "cord o wool", an possibly based on an Egyptian hieroglyph) wis  (voiceless uvular stop), a soond common tae Semitic leids, but nae foond in Inglis or maist Indo-European anes. In Greek, this sign as Qoppa  probably came tae represent several labialized velar stops, amang them  an . As a result o later soond shifts, thir soonds in Greek chynged tae  an  respectively. Tharefore, Qoppa wis transfairmed intae twa letters: Qoppa, which stuid for a nummer anly, an Phi Φ which stuid for the aspiratit soond  that came tae be pronoonced  in Modren Greek.

In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K an Q wur aw uised tae represent the twa soonds  an , which wur nae differentiatit in writin.  O thir, Q wis uised afore a roondit vowel (e.g. ⟨EQO⟩ 'ego'), K afore /a/, an C elsewhaur.  Later, the uise o C (an its variant G) replaced maist uisages o K an Q:  Q survivit anly tae represent /k/ when immediately follaeed bi a /w/ soond.
The Etruscans uised Q in conjunction wi V tae represent 

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
* : Latin letter Q wi stroke
* : Latin letter Q wi huik
* : Latin letter Q wi huik tail
* : Cyrillic letter Qa
*Ќ, ќ : Cyrillic letter Kje
* : Cyrillic letter Ka wi descender

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
R

**R** (named *ar* ) is the aichteent letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## History

The oreeginal Semitic letter mey hae been inspired bi an Egyptian hieroglyph for *tp*, "head". It wis uised for  bi Semites acause in thair leid, the wird for "heid" wis *[[rêš]]* (an aa the name o the letter).  It developed intae Greek 'Ρ'  (*rhô*) an Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan an Wastren Greek fairms o the letter addit the extra stroke tae distinguish it frae a later fairm o the letter P.

The name o the letter in Latin wis *er* (), follaein the pattern o ither letters representin continuants, sic as F, L, M, N, an S.  This name is preserved in French an mony ither leids.  In Middlin Inglis, the name o the letter chynged frae  tae , follaein a pattern exhibitit in mony ither wirds sic as *farm* (compare French *ferme*), an *star* (compare German *Stern*).

The minuscule (lowercase) fairm as 'r' developed throu several variations on the caipital fairm. In haundwritin it wis common nae tae close the bottom o the luip but continue intae the leg, savin an extra pen stroke. The luip-leg stroke shortened intae the semple arc uised the day. Anither minuscule, r rotunda (ꝛ), kept the luip-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke, altho it fell oot o uise aroond the 18t century.

## Uisage

In science, the letter R is a seembol for the gas constant. Mathematicians uise 'R' or \mathbb{R} (an R in blackboard bold, displayed as  in Unicode) for the set o aw real nummers.

R represents a rhotic consonant in mony leids, as shawn in the table ablo. The  uises several variations o the letter tae represent the different rhotic consonants;  represents the alveolar trill.

Ither leids mey uise the letter 'r' in thair alphabets (or Latin transleeterations schemes) tae represent rhotic consonants different frae the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it represents a soond sae weak that it is eften written interchyngeably wi 'w', e.g. 'Kweyol' for 'Kreyol'.

Brazilian Portuguese haes a great nummer o allophones o  sic as , , , , ,  an , the latter three anes can be uised anly in certaint contexts ( an  as 'rr';  in the syllable coda, as an allophone o  accordin tae the European Portuguese norm an  accordin tae the Brazilian Portuguese norm). Uisually at least twa o them are present in a single dialect, sic as Rio de Janeiro's , ,  an, for a few speakers, .

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Ρ ρ/ : Greek letter Rho
*Р р : Cyrillic letter Er
*Я я : Cyrillic letter Ya
*ℛ : Script caipital R
 

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
U

**U** (named *u* , plural *ues*) is the twinty-first letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet an a vowel in the Inglis alphabet. Seembol 'U' is the chemical seembol for uranium.

## History
The letter U ultimately comes frae the Semitic letter *[[Waw (letter)|Waw]]* bi wey o the letter Y. See the letter Y for details.

Durin the late Middlin Ages, twa forms o 'v' developit, which wur baith uised for its auncestor 'u' an modren 'v'. The pyntit fairm 'v' wis written at the beginnin o a wird, while a roondit fairm 'u' wis uised in the middlin or end, regairdless o soond. Sae whauras 'valor' an 'excuse' appeared as in modren printin, 'hae' an 'upon' wur printed 'haue' an 'vpon'. The first distinction atween the letters 'u' an 'v' is recordit in a Gothic alphabet frae 1386, whaur 'v' precedit 'u'. Bi the mid-16t century, the 'v' fairm wis uised tae represent the consonant an 'u' the vowel soond, givin us the modren letter 'u'. Caipital 'U' wis nae acceptit as a distinct letter till mony years later.

## Uisage
In maist leids that uise the Latin alphabet, 'U' represents the close back roondit vowel .

In Inglis the letter is pronoonced differently in different wirds. In closed syllables, it commonly represents  ("short U" as in 'duck') or  (as in 'put'). In open syllables, it commonly represents  (as in 'blue') or  ("long U" as in 'mule'). Addeetionally, the letter U is uised in text messagin an internet an ither written slang tae denote 'you', bi virtue o baith bein pronoonced .

In French the letter represents the close front roondit vowel;  is representit bi 'ou'.

U is an aa the mathematics seembol for Union, which is uised mainly for Venn diagrams an geometry.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*N n : Latin letter N (an upside-doun "U u")
*Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon
*У у : Cyrillic letter U
*V v : Latin letter V
*W w : Latin letter W
*Μ μ : Greek letter Mu
*Ŭ ŭ : Latin letter U wi breve
*Ü ü : Latin letter U wi diaeresis/umlaut
* : Latin letter U wit bar

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
Hõreda

**Hõreda** is a veelage in Juuru Pairish, Rapla Coonty in northwastren Estonie. It haes a aurie o 421 ha an a population o 39 (as o 1 Februar 2010).

In 2010 Helda veelage wis detached frae the launds o Hõreda.

## References
V

**V** (named *vee* ) is the twinty-seicont letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Pronunciation
In maist leids that uise a Latin alphabet, ⟨v⟩ haes a [v]-lik soond (voiced labiodental fricative). In maist byleids o Spainyie, it is pronoonced the same as ⟨b⟩,  or . In German an Dutch it can be aither  or .

In Native American leids o North Americae (mainly Iroquoian), ⟨v⟩ represents a nasalized central vowel, /ə̃/.

In Cheenese pinyin, ⟨v⟩ isnae uised, as thare is nae soond  in Staundart Mandarin; but the letter ⟨v⟩ is uised bi maist inpit methods fur tae enter letter ⟨ü⟩, whilk maist keybuirds lack. Romanised Cheenese is a popular method fur tae enter Cheenese text phonetically.

In Erse, the letter ⟨v⟩ is maistly uised in loanwirds, sic as *veidhlín* frae Inglis *violin*. Housomiver the soond  appears naiturally in Erse when /b/ is lenited or "softened", representit in the orthography bi ⟨bh⟩, sae that *bhí* is pronoonced , *an bhean* (the woman) is pronoonced , etc.

In the 19t century, ⟨v⟩ wis whiles uised tae transcribe a palatal click, , a function syne pairtly taen ower bi ⟨ç⟩.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Ν ν : Greek letter Nu, that leuks lik a "v" in lawercase
* : Cyrillic letter Izhitsa, a letter o the early Cyrillic alphabet
*В в : Cyrillic letter Ve

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
Helda

**Helda** is a veelage in Juuru Pairish, Rapla Coonty, Estonie. It's locatit aboot 8 km northeast o the toun o Rapla. It haes an aurie o 545 ha an a population o 43 (as o 1 Fabruar 2010). 

Helda veelage wis detached frae Hõreda veelage in 2010.

## References
S

**S** (named *ess* , plural *esses*) is the nineteent (19t) letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters

*Σ σ : Greek letter Sigma
*: S wi diaeresis
*С с : Cyrillic letter Es
*Ц ц : Cyrillic letter Tse
* : German Eszett or "sharp S"
*ſ : Latin letter Lang S
* : IPA letter Esh (uised in the  for the voiceless postalveolar fricative)
* : integral seembol
* : Cyrillic letter Dze
*Sz : The 's' sound in the Hungarian alphabet
*SH Sh sh : Latin digraph Sh
*Ƨ ƨ : Latin letter Reversed S (uised in Zhuang transleeteration)
*$ : dollar sign
*§ : Section sign

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
T

**T** (named *tee* ) is the 20t letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the maist commonly uised consonant an the seicond maist common letter in the Inglish leid.

## History

*[[Taw]]* wis the last letter o the Wastren Semitic an Hebrew alphabets.  The soond value o Semitic *Taw*, Greek alphabet Tαυ (*Tau*), Auld Italic an Latin T haes remained fairly constant, representin  in each o thir; an it haes an aa kept its oreeginal basic shape in aw o thir alphabets.

## Uisage
In Inglis, ⟨t⟩ eften denotes the voiceless alveolar plosive ( an X-SAMPA: ), as in "tea", "tee", or "ties", eften wi aspiration at the beginnins o wirds or afore stressed vowels.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Τ τ : Greek letter Tau
*Т т : Cyrillic letter Te

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
W

**W** (named *double-u*, plural *double-ues*) is the 23rd letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

In ither Germanic leids, includin German, its name is seemilar tae that o Inglis V. In mony leids, its name leeterally means "double v": Spaingie *doble ve* (tho it can be spelt *uve doble*), French *double vé*, Icelandic *tvöfalt vaff*, Czech *dvojité vé*, Finnish *kaksois-vee*, etc.

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## Notes


## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
Härgla

**Härgla** (kent as **Härgküla** an aw) is a veelage in Juuru Pairish, Rapla Coonty, Estonie. It haes a aurie o 12.35&nbsp;km² an a population o 68 (as o 1 Februar 2010).

In 2010 Kalda veelage wis detached frae the launds o Härgla.

## manor
Härgla manor () is mentioned in written soorces for the first time in 1516. The current biggin oreeginally dates frae the 1780's but haes been extensively rebuilt. The façade is dominatit bi the lairge ionic portico. Remainin interior details are maistly late 19t century.

## See an aw
* Leet o pailaces an manor hooses in Estonie

## References
X

**X** (named *ex* , plural *exes*) is the twinty-fowert letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. In Roman numerals, it represents 10.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Χ χ : Greek letter Chi
* : Hebrew letter Aleph
*Х х : Cyrillic letter Kha
* : Gyfu, a letter in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet uised in pre-Norman Breetain.
* : a Cheenese character, pronoonced  (heich fawin tone), "yì" in pinyin
* : a letter representin  or  in Mandarin Phonetic Seembols
* : Me, a Japanese katakana character
*× : Multiplication sign
* Ⓧ : a seembol uised in Japan for resale price maintenance

## Computin codes

: 1 

In the C programmin leid, 'x' precedit bi zero (0x or 0X) is uised tae denote hexadecimal leeteral values.

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
Atla

**Atla** is a veelage in Juuru Pairish, Rapla Coonty, Estonie. It's locatit aboot  northeast o the toon o Rapla, juist east o Juuru an  northwast o Kaiu, bi the road nr 14 (Kose–Purila road). As o 2011 Census, the veelage's population wis 81.

Atla Manor wis first mentioned as  in 1422 when it belangit to Hannes van Treyden. 16t–17t century the manor belangit tae the Dücker faimily. Efter the Great Northren War it wis awned bi the Maydells an the Helffreichs. Frae 1873 tae its dispossession in 1919 the Barlöwens livit thare. Nouadays a private pottery is locatit in the manor.

In Mairch 2011 the Oxford Sustainable Group notifee'd aboot a plan tae build a new 0.56 km² sustainable real estate development, ane o the leaders in Europe, cried "Oxford Park" intae Atla. The new development inteds tae provide energy, commercial, social, recreational an livin spaces for aroond 350 hoosehaulds an create up tae 600 jobs. As o Mey 2013 nae construction activity haes no yet been stairtit.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Atla Manor an Pottery 
*Atla Manor at Estonian Manors Portal
*Oxford Park
Y

**Y** (named *wye* , plural *wyes*) is the twinty-fift letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet (next tae last letter) an represents aither a vowel or a consonant in Inglis.

## Name
In Latin, Y wis named *Y Graeca* "Greek Y". This wis pronoonced as *I Graeca* "Greek I", syne the classical Greek soond , seemilar tae modren German *ü* or French *u*, wis nae a native soond for Latin speakers, an the letter wis ineetially anly uised tae spell foreign wirds. In Romance leids, this history haes led tae the staundart modren name o the letter: Spainyie *i griega*, French *i grec*, etc. Alternatively, the oreeginal Greek name *upsilon* haes an aa been adaptit intae several modren leids sic as German.

Auld Inglis borraeed Latin Y tae write the native Auld Inglis soond  (previously written wi the rune yr ). The name o the letter mey be relatit tae 'ui' (or 'vi') in various medieval leids; in Middlin Inglis it wis 'wi' , which throu the Great Vowel Shift acame the Modren Inglis 'wy' .

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Υ υ : Greek letter Upsilon
*У у : Cyrillic letter U
* : Cyrillic letter Ue (Straicht U)
*Ы ы : Cyrillic letter Yery, commonly romanized as ⟨y⟩
*י : Hebrew letter yodh
* : a siller seembol

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
Z

**Z** (named *zed*) is the twinty-saxt an final letter o the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Relatit letters an ither similar characters
*Ζ ζ : Greek letter Zeta
::, 
*З з : Cyrillic letter Ze
* : Latin letter Ezh
*Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular G
*Ȝ ȝ : Yoch

## Computin codes

: 1 

## Ither representations

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
Pirgu

**Pirgu** is a veelage in Juuru Pairish, Rapla Coonty in northwastren Estonie.

## Pirgu manor
Pirgu () estate wis formit in 1662, when the launds wur separatit frae Angerja castle estate. Subsequently it haes belangit tae various Baltic German faimilies. The last local aristocratic landawner wis forcit tae leave the estate follaein the sweepin confiscations o laund enactit durin the Estonie laund reform o 1919. Follaein this, the manor hoose fell intae disrepair an bi the 1980s wis reducit tae ruins. At the initiative o sax local ferms, restoration wirks wur unnertaken in 1987, an the manor hoose restored tae its earlier appearance (which it oreeginally receivit sometime efter 1819). It is a classicist biggin, wi a fower-columned Ionic portico dominatin the front façade.

## References
Kose Pairish

**Kose Pairish** () is a landwart municipality in northren Estonie. It is a pairt o Harju Coonty. The municipality haes a population o 5,737 (as o 1 Januar 2004) an covers a aurie o 237.33&nbsp;km². The population densitie is 24.2 inhabitants per km².

On 20 October 2013, neebourin Kõue Pairish wis mergit wi Kose Pairish.

Admeenistrative centre o the municipality is the smaw burgh () o Kose. Thare are total o 5 smaw burghs (Ardu, Habaja, Kose, Kose-Uuemõisa an Ravila) an 58 veelages in Kose Pairish:
Aela, Ahisilla, Äksi, Alansi, Harmi, Kadja, Kanavere, Kantküla, Karla, Kata, Katsina, Kirivalla, Kiruvere, Kolu, Kõrvenurga, Kõue, Krei, Kuivajõe, Kukepala, Laane, Leistu, Liiva, Lööra, Lutsu, Marguse, Nõmbra, Nõmmeri, Nõrava, Nutu, Ojasoo, Oru, Pala, Palvere, Paunaste, Paunküla, Puusepa, Rava, Raveliku, Riidamäe, Rõõsa, Saarnakõrve, Sääsküla, Sae, Saula, Sõmeru, Silmsi, Tade, Tammiku, Triigi, Tuhala, Uueveski, Vahetüki, Vanamõisa, Vardja, Vilama, Virla, Viskla an Võlle.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties
* Ócsa, Hungary
* Peräseinäjoki, Finland
* Plášťovce, Slovakie

## Gallery

Kose, 2010.JPG|View at Kose
Kose kirik 2008.JPG|Kose kirk
Otto von Kotzebue haud.JPG|Grave o navigator Otto von Kotzebue
Kose Gümnaasium 01.JPG|Kose Gymnasium
Esifassaad (2004.a.).jpg|Kose-Uuemõisa Manor
Kabel II (2004.a.).jpg|Ruins o Kose-Uuemõisa chapel
Tuhala nõiakaev 4.jpg|Tuhala Witch's well
Vilama.JPG|Landscape in Vilama
Kose, Pirita jõgi.JPG|Pirita River in Kose
Ravila mõisa peahoone.jpg|Ravila manor
Ohvriallikad 'Saula Siniallikad', Valgeallikas (3), 2011, regnr 18053.jpg|Saula Blue Springs
Tuhala kirik lõunakülg.jpg|Tuhala kirk
Vardja.jpg|Vardja
Vinnkaev Võlle külas.jpg|Võlle


## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Athena

In Greek religion an meethologie,  **Athena** or **Athene** ( or ; Attic: , *Athēnā* or , *Athēnaia*; Epic: , *Athēnaiē*; Ionic: , *Athēnē*; Doric: , *Athānā*), referred tae as **Pallas Athena/Athene** (; Παλλὰς Ἀθηνᾶ; Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη) an aw, is the goddess o wiceheid, courage, inspiration, ceevilization, law an juistice, juist warfare, mathematics, strenth, strategie, the airts, crafts, an skill. Minerva is the Roman goddess identifee'd wi Athena.

Athena is a shrewd companion o heroes an aw an is the goddess o heroic endeavour. She is the virgin patroness o Athens. The Athenians foondit the Parthenon on the Acropolis o her namesak ceety, Athens (Athena Parthenos), in her honour.

Athena's veneration as the patron o Athens seems tae hae existit frae the earliest times, an wis sae persistent that archaic meeths aboot her wur recast tae adapt tae cultural changes. In her role as a protector o the ceety (*[[polis]]*), mony fowk throuoot the Greek warld wirshipit Athena as *Athena Polias* (Ἀθηνᾶ Πολιάς "Athena o the ceety"). The ceety o Athens an the goddess Athena essentially bear the same name, "Athenai" meanin "[mony] Athenas".

## Footnotes

## Freemit airtins

* Theoi.com Cult of Athena —Extracts o classical texts
* Roy George, "Athena: The sculptures of the goddess" —A repertory o Greek an Roman types
* On Athena's Birth - Twa interpretations o Goddess Athena's birth story.
Hera

**Hera** (; Greek , *Hēra*, equivalently , *Hērē*, in Ionic an Homer) is the wife an ane o three sisters o Zeus in the Olympian pantheon o Greek meethologie an releegion. Her chief function is as the goddess o weemen an marriage. Her coonterpairt in the religion of ancient Rome was Juno. The cou, lion an the peacock are saucrit tae her. Hera's mither is Rhea an her faither Cronus.

## Freemit airtins

* Theoi Project, Hera Hera in classical literature and Greek art
* The Heraion at Samos