Tampere

**Tampere** (Swadish: *Tammerfors*) is a ceety in soothren Finland. It is the maist populous inland ceety in ony o the Nordic kintras. The ceety haes a population o 211,691 (31 Mairch 2010), growin tae approximately 300,000 fowk in the conurbation an ower 340,000 in the metropolitan aurie. Tampere is the third maist-populous municipality in Finland, efter the Greater Helsinki municipalities o Helsinki an Espoo. In 2007, the entire Pirkanmaa region haed aroond 470,000 residents, o whilk 230,000 wis employed, an a turnover o 25 billion euros.

Tampere is locatit atween twa lochs, Näsijärvi an Pyhäjärvi. Syne the twa lakes differ in level bi 18 metres (59&nbsp;ft), the rapids linkin them, Tammerkoski, haes been an important pouer soorce throughoot heestory, maist recently for generatin electricity. Tampere is dubbed the "Manchester o Finland" for its industrial past as the umwhile centre o Finnish industry, an this haes gien rise tae its Finnish nickname "Manse" an terms sic as "Manserock".

Helsinki can be reakit in 1.5 oors bi train an 2 oor bi caur. The distance tae Turku is thareby the same. Tampere Airport is the third-busiest airport in Finland, wi 800,000 passengers annually.

## History

Tampere wis foondit as a mercat place on the banks o the Tammerkoski channel in 1775 bi Gustav III o Swaden an fower year later, in 1779, Tampere wis grantit full ceety richts. At this time, it wis a raither sma toun, consistin o anerlie a few square kilometre o land aroond the Tammerkoski.

Tampere grew as a major mercat toun an industrial centre in the 19t century. In the latter hauf o the 19t century Tampere haed amaist hauf o Finland's industrial labour. The toun's industrial naitur in the 19t an 20t centuries gae it the nickname "Manchester o the North", *Manse* for short (in Finnish).

Tampere wis the centre o mony important poleetical events o Finland in the early 20t century. On November 1, 1905, in the general strike, the famous *[[Reid Declaration (Finland)|Reid Declaration]]* wis proclaimed on the Keskustori, the central square o Tampere, subsequently leadin tae universal suffrage in Finland an the Tsar o Roushie grantin lairger freedoms tae Finns. In 1918, whan Finland haed recently gained unthirldom, Tampere an aa played a major role, bein ane o the strategically important scenes in the Finnish Ceevil War (Januar 28 – Mey 15, 1918). Tampere wis a reid stranghaud in the war, wi Hugo Salmela in command. White forces captured Tampere, seizin aboot 10,000 Reid preesoners on Aprile 6.

Prevalent in Tampere's post-Warld War II municipal politics wis the sae-cried Brithers-in-Airms Axis (*aseveliakseli*), the alliance o conservatives an social democrats again the communists an Agrarian pairty. In this era, some o the maist renouned ceety managers o Tampere wur Erkki Napoleon Lindfors (wha wis responsible for mony ambitious construction projects lik the Näsinneula touer an the construction o the suburb o Hervanta, Tampere's "dochter toun"), Pekka Paavola (wha gained some notoriety in corruption scandals) an Jarmo Rantanen. Frae 2007 on, Tampere swappit in a new model o haein a provost an fower deputy provost, chosen for a periods o twa year. Timo P. Nieminen wis electit as the first mayor o Tampere for the years 2007–2009.

Efter Warld War II, Tampere wis enlairged bi joinin some neighbourin auries. Messukylä wis incorporatit in 1947, Lielahti in 1950, Aitolahti in 1966 an feenally Teisko in 1972. Tampere wis kent for its textile an metal industries, but thae hae been lairgely replaced bi information technology an telecommunications in the 1990s. The technology centre Hermia in Hervanta is hame tae mony companies in thir fields.

## Name
Thare hae been mony debates on the oreegin o the name *Tampere*. Ane theory is that it comes frae the Swadish wird *damber*, meanin "milldam". Anither speculation is that the name oreeginates frae the auncient Scandinavian wirds *þambr* ("thick kytit") an *þambion* ("swollen kyte"), referrin tae the rapids, an accordin tae researchers, thir kynds o references wis gien tae name gien instances bi auncient Scandinavian hunters. Ither suggestions hae been the Swadish *tamper-dagar*, fasting days, an an' a' the Finnish wird *tammi*. meanin "aik". Awtho the name *Tampere* or its Swadish coonterpairt's *Tammer-* pairt canna be completely confirmed, it is clear that the *fors* pairt in the Swadish name means "rapids".

## Geography
Tampere is the caipital o the Pirkanmaa region an is surroondit bi the municipalities o Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Orivesi, Pirkkala, Ruovesi an Ylöjärvi.

### Climate
On average, the snaw saison lasts 4 – 5&nbsp;months: frae late November tae mid-Aprile.

## Economy
The Tampere region, or Pirkanmaa, whilk includes ootlyin municipalities, haes aroond 0.47&nbsp;million residents, 0.23&nbsp;million employed, an 25&nbsp;billion euro turnower as o 2007. Accordin tae the Tampere Internaitional Business Office, the aurie is strang in mechanical ingineerin an automation, information an communication technologies, an heal an biotechnology, as well as pulp an paper industry an eddication. The Tampere region haes twa varsities an three polytechnics totalin 40,000 students. The unemployment rate is aroond 10%.

### Eddication
Thare fower institutions o heicher eddication in the Tampere aurie: twa varsities an twa polytechnics (). The varsities are Varsity o Tampere (UTA) (mair nor 16,000 students) whilk is locatit richt neist tae the ceety centre, an Tampere Varsity o Technology (mair nor 12,000 students), locatit in Hervanta. The regional polytechnic is *Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu* (the term "polytechnic" uised bi Finnish Meenistry o Eddication), whilk caws itsel in Inglis "Tampere University of Applied Sciences" (ca 10,000 students). The Polis College o Finland, servin the whole o Finland in its field o specialization, is the ither polytechnic locatit in Tampere.

## Cultur

Tampere is kent for its active cultural life. Some o the maist popular writers in Finland, lik Väinö Linna, Kalle Päätalo an Hannu Salama, hail frae Tampere. Thay are aw kent as writers depictin the lifes o wirkin cless fowk. Anither screiver frae a wirkin cless backgrund wis the famous poet Lauri Viita o the Pispala destrict (whilk is the oreeginal hame o Hannu Salama tae). Tampere haes auld theatre tradeitions an aw, wi sic established institutions as Tampereen Työväen Teatteri, Tampereen Teatteri an Pyynikin Kesäteatteri, whilk is an open-air theatre wi the auldest revolvin auditorium in Europe. Tampereen Teatterikesä or Tampere Theatre Festival is an internaitional theatre festival held in Tampere ilka August.

Tampere is kent for its Tampere Airt Museum an aa, which featurt American airtist Richard Humann in 2004, for his exhibition entitled, Delicate Monster.

Tampere Film Festival, an internaitional short film festival, is held ivery Mairch. Tammerfest is Tampere's urban rock festival held ivery Julie.

Tampere is hame tae Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra. Tampere Music Festivals organises three internaitional muisic events: Tampere Jazz Happening ilka November, an in alternate years Tampere Vocal Music Festival an Tampere Biennale.

Tampere is hame tae the telly channel YLE TV2, wi its studios in the Tohloppi destrict, kent amang aw for sic popular TV comedies as *[[Tankki täyteen]]*, *[[Reinikainen]]* an *[[Kummeli]]*.

A local fuid speciality is mustamakkara, whilk resembles black puddin o northren Ingland.

### Releegion
Tampere haes a variety o different releegious services spannin frae traditional tae charismatic. Thare some Inglis speakin services an aa. Tampere Inglis Service is an internaitional community affiliatit wi the Tampere Pentecostal Kirk. Inglis services o the Internaitional Congregation o Christ the Keeng (ICCK)] are organized bi the Anglican Kirk in Finland an the Lutheran Parishes o Tampere. The Catholic parish o the Holy Cross  an aa affers services in Finnish, Pols an Inglis. Ither kirks mey hae Inglis speakin meenistries an aa. Tampere is the centre o a LDS stake (diocese). Ither kirks in Tampere are Nokia Revival, Finnish Orthodox Kirk, Evangelical Free Kirk, an Baptist Kirk.

### Sport

Tampere's sportin scene is driven bi twa sports, ice hockey an fitbaa. The first Finnish ice hockey match wis played in Tampere, on the ice o Näsijärvi. Tampere is eiknamed the hametoun o Finnish hockey. Twa notably exceptional ice hockey teams exist in Tampere—Ilves an Tappara. Thay baith hae haed a great impact on Finnish ice hockey cultur an are amang the maist successfu teams in Finland. The Finnish ice hockey museum, an the first ice hockey arena tae be biggit in Finland, the Hakametsä arena, is baith locatit in Tampere. Association fitbaa is an aw a popular sport in Tampere. Ilves alane haes ower 4,000 players in its fitbaa teams, while Tampere boasts ower 100 fitbaa teams. Tampere hostit some o the preliminaries for the 1952 Simmer Olympics an aa. The ceety hostit twa canoe sprint warld championships an aa, in 1973 an 1983. In 1977, Tampere hostit the Junior Warld Rowin Championships. Basketbaw is popular in Tampere an aa. The ceety haes three basketbaw teams wi big junior activity an ane o them, Tampereen Pyrintö, plays the heichest level an is a Finnish Champion 2010, 2011 an 2014.

Tampere hostit the 10t European Youth Olympic Festival frae 17 tae 25 Julie 2009.

Tampere hostit the 2010 Warld Ringette Championships frae 1 tae 6 November at Hakametsä arena.

### Rivalry atween ceeties
Tampere ostensibly haes a lang-staundin mutual feud wi the ceety o Turku, the first caipital o Finland. This hostility is lairgely expressed in jokes in ane ceety aboot the ither; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere fuid, mustamakkara, the state o the Aura River in Turku, an the regional accents. Students at Tampere hae organized the *Non-Turkuan [[Corporation (university)#Finland|Nation]]* (*Ei-Turkulainen Osakunta*),  which syne 1997 haes made annual excursions tae Turku tae jump on the mercat square, doin thair pairt tae undae the post-glacial rebund an push the ceety back unner the sea.

### Popular muisic
Thare is a feck o muisical activity in Tampere, inspecially in the realm o black metal, ither hivy metal an ither rock. Some o the mair popular baunds based in Tampere include Horna, Behexen, Negative, Sargeist, Circle o Ouroborus, Prevalent Resistance, Uniklubi, Lovex an Puk, wi some o the local black metal baunds garnerin a warldwide follaein. Tampere an aa haes an active electronic muisic scene, notably in the genres o electro, drum an bass an dubstep. Tampere haes been describit as the "jungle caipital" o Finland.

## Steids o interest

The main tourist attraction is the Särkänniemi amusement pairk, which includes a dolphinarium an the laundmerk Näsinneula touer, tappit bi a revolvin restaurant. Ither steids o interest are Tampere Cathedral, Tampere Ceety Library *Metso* ("wood grouse"), Kaleva Church (baith designed bi Reima Pietilä), the Tampere Hall for conferences an the Tampere Mercat Haw.

Tampere is hame tae ane o the last museums in the warld dedicatit tae Vladimir Lenin. Lenin flittit tae Tampere in August 1905 an in a subsequent Bolshevik conference in the ceety met Joseph Stalin for the first time. Lenin eventually fled Tampere (for Swaden) in November 1907 whan bein pursued bi the Roushie Okhrana. Lenin wadna return tae ony pairt o Roushie till ten year later, whan he haurd o the stairt o the Roushie Revolution o 1917.

Thare mony museums an galleries, includin:
*The Vapriikki Museum Centre  whilk includes the Natural History Museum o Tampere, *Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame* an the *Shoe Museum*
*Tampere Airt Museum 
*Tampere Lenin Museum 
*The Muumilaakso Museum,  aboot Moomins
*Spy Museum in Siperia 
*Wirkers' hoosin museum in Amuri.
*Finland's lairgest gless sculptur, awned bi the Ceety o Tampere, "Pack Ice / The Mirror of the Sea" bi the renouned airtist Timo Sarpaneva, is instawed in the entrance lobby o the dountoun shoppin maw, KoskiKeskus.

### Pispala

Pispala is a rig locatit atween the twa lochs, Näsijärvi an Pyhäjärvi. It uised tae hoose the majority o industrial labour in the late 19t an early 20t century, whan it wis pairt o Suur-Pirkkala an its follaer Pohjois-Pirkkala. It wis a free aurie tae be biggit upon bi the wirkin cless fowk wirkin in Tampere factories. It wis jyned tae Tampere in 1937. Currently it is a popular residential aurie an thegither wi neighbourin Pyynikki it forms an important historical aurie o Tampere.

## Transport
The public transport netwirk athin Tampere consists exclusively o a bus netwirk. Atween 1948 an 1976, the ceety an aa haed an extensive trolleybus netwirk, whilk wis the lairgest trolleybus seestem in Finland an aa. Thare plans bein made for construction o a licht rail seestem in the ceety tae replace some o the maist popular bus lines (*see [[Tampere licht rail]]*), as well as initiatin commuter rail service on the railwey lines connectin Tampere tae the neighbourin ceeties o Nokia an Lempäälä.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Tampere is twinned wi:

## Notes