open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dunkeld an Birnam

**Dunkeld an Birnam** are twa adjacent touns in Perth an Kinross, Scotland. Thay lie on opposite banks o the River Tay, an war first linkit bi a brig biggit in 1809 bi Thomas Telford. The twa places lie close tae the Hieland Boundary Fault, that marks the geological mairch atween the Hielands an the Lawlands, an are aften descrived as the "Gatewey tae the Hielands" owin tae their position on the main road an rail lines north. Dunkeld an Birnam share a railway station, Dunkeld & Birnam, on the Highland Main Line, an are aboot  north o Perth on whit is nou the A9 road.

## Gallery

File:Birnam wood macbeth.jpg|Birnam Wood in 1800
File:Main_Street,_Birnam,_Scotland.jpg|Birnam, Scotland
File:The_Birnam_Hotel,_Birnam,_Scotland.jpg|The Birnam Hotel
File:Birnam Institute ca 2003.jpg|The Birnam Arts and Conference Centre
File:Dunkeld and Birnam Railway Station - geograph.org.uk - 1587361.jpg|Dunkeld and Birnam Railway Station
File:Birnam Oak.JPG|The Birnam Oak


## References

## External links

* Dunkeld and Birnam Tourist Association 
* Dunkeld & Birnam at VisitScotland Perthshire*Engraving o a view o Dunkeld bi James Fittler in the digitised copy o Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen an gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland , 1804 at National Library o Scotland
* Engraving of Dunkeld in 1693  bi John Slezer at National Library o Scotland
Tullibardine

**Tullibardine** is a location in Perth an Kinross, Scotland, whit gies its name tae a veellage, a castle, an a grant o nobility.
Dunkeld & Birnam railwey station

**Dunkeld & Birnam [[railwey station]]** serves the touns o Dunkeld an Birnam in Perth an Kinross, Scotland. It is locatit on the Highland Main Line,  north o  an is the first stap on the line north o thare. It haes a passing loop  lang, flanked bi twa platforms. Platform 1 on the up (soothbound) line can accommodate trains haein twal coaches, but platform 2 on the doun (northbound) line can anely haud ten.

## References
Dermatitis

**Dermatitis**, awso kent as **eczema**, is a group o diseases that results in inflammation o the skin. These diseases are characterized bi itchiness, red skin an a rash. In cases o short duration, there mey be wee blisters, while in lang-term cases the skin mey become thickened. The arie o skin involved can vary frae smaw tae the enteer body.

## References
Aiberfeldy

**Aiberfeldy** ( ) is a burgh in Perth an Kinross, Scotland, on the River Tay. It is a wee mercat toun locatit in Hielan Perthshire an haed a population o 1,950 in 2016. It is weel-kent fur bein mentioned in the poem *The Birks of Aberfeldy* bi Robert Burns.

The toun's name comes frae the Pechts *Aber*, meanin the mooth o a river, an the Scots Gaelic *phellaidh*, fur the Christian missionar Saunt Paldoc.
## Gallery

File:Aberfeldy-1.jpg|Aiberfeldy Distillery
File:Birks of Aberfeldy.jpg|The Birks o Aiberfeldy
File:Aberfeldy Square - geograph.org.uk - 152632.jpg|Aiberfeldy square
File:Church in Aberfeldy, Scotland, United Kingdom.JPG|The 'Auld Kirk', nou a Thrift Shop
File:Abberfeldy.JPG|Aiberfeldy, town centre
File:Old watermill building, Aberfeldy.jpg|The auld watter mill, nou a bookshop
File:Loch Derculich near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland.JPG|Loch Derculich, north o Aiberfeldy


## See also
* Aberfeldy distillery
* List o places in Perth an Kinross

## References

## External links
* Aberfeldy Church website
* Aberfeldy Tourism Website
* Aberfeldy Hotel Accommodation
* Aberfeldy Footbridge over the River Tay 
* Breadalbane Academy's website
* Friends of the Birks Cinema 
* National Library of Scotland archive films relating to Aberfeldy
Leyland 4-tonne truck

The Leyland 4-tonne truck wis produced bi Leyland Trucks in Lancashire. It wis developed for the Breetish Airmy an won the competeetion tae replace a fleet o aulder Bedford M-teep 4-tonne trucks. It shares some key components wi the commercial 45 Series licht truck. Deliveries tae the Breetish Airmy stairtit in 1990. The offeecial Breetish Airmy Oot o Service Date for this truck wis the end o 2014, but aroond 650 war retained. Small nummers war exportit.

## References
Manual transmission

A **manual transmission**, kent as a **manual gearbox**, a **standard transmission** or colloquially in some countries (e.g. the United States) as a **stick shift** an aw, is a teep o transmission uised in motor vehicle applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch engaged an disengaged bi a fit pedal (automobile) or haund lever (motorcycle), for regulating torque transfer frae the internal combustion ingine tae the transmission; an a gear selector operated bi haund (automobile) or bi fit (motorcycle).

A conventional 5-speed manual transmission is eften the standard equipment in a base-model vehicle, while mair expensive manual vehicles are uisually equipped wi a 6-speed transmission insteid; ither options include automatic transmissions sic as a traditional automatic (hydraulic planetary) transmission (eften a manumatic), a semi-automatic transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The nummer o forrit gear ratios is eften expressed for automatic transmissions as well (e.g., 9-speed automatic).
Centurion (tank)

The **Centurion** wis the primar British main battle tank o the post-Warld War II period. Introduced in 1945, it is aft thocht tae be ane o the maist successfu post-war tank designs, remainin in production intae the 1960s, an seein combat in the front lines intae the 1980s. The chassis wis adaptit for seeveral ither roles, an thay hae been keppit in service tae this day.

Development o the Centurion began in 1943 wi manufacture beginnin in Januar 1945. Six prototypes arrived in Belgium less nor a month efter the war in Europe ended in Mey 1945. It wis first uised in combat wi the Breetish Airmy in the Korean War in 1950, in support o the UN forces. The Centurion later serrt in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, whaur it focht agin US-supplied M47 an M48 Patton tanks an it serrt wi the Royal Australian Armoured Corps in Vietnam.

Israel uised Centurions in the 1967 Sax-Day War, 1973 Yom Kippur War, an durin the 1978 an 1982 invasions o Lebanon. Centurions modified as armoured personnel carriers war uised in Gaza City, the Wast Baunk an on the Lebanese mairch. The Tyal Jordanian Land Force uised Centurions, first in 1970 tae fend aff a Syrian incursion athin its mairches durin the Black September events an later in the Golan Heichts in 1973. Sooth Africae] deployed its Centurions in Angola durin the Sooth African Mairch War.

It became ane o the maist widely uised tank designs, equippin armies athort the warld, wi some still in service til the 1990s. As recent as the Israel–Lebanon conflict, the Israel Defence Forces uised hivily modified Centurions as armoured personnel carriers an combat ingineerin vehicles. The Sooth African National Defence Force still employs ower 200 Centurions, that war modernised in the 1980s an 2000s as the *Olifant*.

Atween 1946 an 1962, 4,423 Centurions war produced, consisting of 13 basic marks an numerous variants. In the British Airmy it wis replaced bi the Chieftain Tank.

## References
Halsey (sangster)

**Ashley Nicolette Frangipane** () (born September 29, 1994), kent perfaisionally as **Halsey** (), is an American sangster an sangwriter.

## Albums
* Badlands (2015)
* Hopeless Fountain Kingdom (2017)
* Manic (2020)
*If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power (2021)
*The Great Impersonator (2024)

## References
Lyudmila Pavlichenko

**Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko** (; 12 Julie 191610 October 1974) wis a Soviet sniper in the Reid Airmy in Warld War II, creditit wi 309 kills. She is regairdit as ane o the tap militar snipers o aw time an the maist successfu female sniper in history.

## Notes

## References
Mohamed Salah

**Mohamed Salah Hamed Mahrous Ghaly** ( &nbsp;; born 15 Juin 1992) is an Egyptian perfaisional fitbawer that plays as a forrit for Inglis club Liverpool an the Egyptian naitional team.

## References
Jack Wilshere

**Jack Andrew Garry Wilshere** (; born 1 Januar 1992) is the manager o the EFL League Ane club Luton Town. He wis a professional fitbawer that pleyed as a midfielder aforehaund.

## References
Ashley Young

**Ashley Simon Young** (born 9 Julie 1985) is an Inglis perfaisional fitbawer that plays as a weenger, a weeng back or a full back for Serie A club Inter Milan an the Inglis naitional team.

## References
Harry Kane

**Harry Edward Kane** (born 28 Julie 1993) is an Inglis perfaisional fitbawer that plays as a striker for Bundesliga club FC Bayern Munich an the Inglis naitional team. He wis the tap goalscorer at the 2018 FIFA Warld Cup in Roushie, that he scorit sax goals in. He is the record goalscorer for baith Ingland an Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.

## References
Paulinho (fitbawer)

**José Paulo Bezerra Maciel Júnior**, commonly kent as **Paulinho**, (); born 25 Julie 1988) is a Brazilian perfaisional fitbawer that plays as a midfielder for Corinthians an the Brazil naitional team.

## References
Falae

**Falae** is a clachan in the sooth-eastren corner o Midlowden, Scotland, an aboot 15 mile frae Edinburgh.

## Location
The pairish o the same name is aboot five mile lang east til wast, an ae mile braid frae north til sooth, an haes aboot . It is surroondit bi the pairishes o Humbie tae the east, Soutra tae the sooth, Heriot & Stow tae the wast an tae the north bi detached pairts o Borthwick, Cranstoun, an Crichtoun. Fala Hall Burn rises in the muir tae the sooth o Fala Flow an forms the mairch atween Fala an Soutra pairishes. The burns eventual rin intae the Cakemuir Burn abuin Costerton. Acause o its location, the clachan, an Fala Dam due tae its topography, can aft get cut aff fae the ooter warld durin hivy snawfaws, wi residents kent tae be snawed in fur several day.

## Hieweys
In 1834 a road (the A68 the day), wi a still extant Toll Hoose at Fala, wis biggit atween Edinburgh an Lauder, an it rins throu the pairish, merkin aff the cultivatit launds tae the east frae the pasturs tae the wast. Tae the wast o this hiewey is the King's Road, that is said tae hae been makit bi King Malcolm IV tae cross the Lammermuirs tae Lauderdale. Dere Street, the Roman road, can be traced at sindry places on the hills thewarts Channelkirk tae the soothwast o the A68.

**References**
Yerlston

**Yerlston** (, ) is a ceevil pairish an mercat toun in the coonty o Berwickshire, within the Mairches.

## References
Gruinlaw

**Gruinlaw** is a toun an ceevil pairish situatit in the fithills o the Lammermuir Hills on Blackedder Watter at the junction o the A697 an the A6105 in the Mairches aurie o Scotland.
A. G. G. Asher

**Sir Augustus Gordon Grant Asher**  (18 December 1861 – 15 Juin 1930)  wis a Scots internaitional rugby an cricket player.

## References

;Soorces
* Bath, Richard (ed.) *The Scotland Rugby Miscellany* (Vision Sports Publishing Ltd, 2007 )
* Godwin, Terry *Complete Who's Who of International Rugby* (Cassell, 1987,  )
River Mersey

The **River Mersey** is a river in North Wast Ingland. Its name comes fae the Auld Inglis leid an pits ower as "boundary river". The river micht hae been the mairch atween the auncient kinricks o Mercia an Northumbria an for centuries it formed pairt o the mairch atween the historic coonties o Lancashire an Cheshire.

The stairt o the Mersey is at the confluence o the River Tame an River Goyt in Stockport. It flowes wastwarts throu the suburban airts o sooth Manchester, then intae the Manchester Ship Canal at Irlam, becomin a pairt o the canal an maintaining the canal's watter levels. Efter  the river exits the canal, flowin thewarts Warrington whaur the river widens. It then narraes as it passes atween the touns o Runcorn an Widnes. Frae Runcorn the river widens intae a muckle estuary, that is  across at its widest pynt near Ellesmere Port. The course o the river then turns north as the estuary narraes atween Liverpuil an Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula tae the wast, an empties intae Liverpuil Bay. In tot the river flows .

A railwey tunnel atween Birkenhead an Liverpuil as pairt o the Mersey Railway appent in 1886. Twa road tunnels pass unner the estuary frae Liverpuil: the Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934 connectin the ceety tae Birkenhead, an the Kingsway Tunnel, appent in 1971, tae Wallasey. A road brig, completit in 1961 an later named the Siller Jubilee Brig, crosses atween Runcorn an Widnes, adjacent tae the Runcorn Railway Brig which opened in 1868. A seicont road brig, the Mersey Gateway, opened in October 2017, carrying a sax-lane road connecting Runcorn's Central Expressway wi Speke Road an Queensway in Widnes. The Mersey Ferry operates atween Pier Heid in Liverpuil an Woodside in Birkenhead an Seacombe, an haes become a tourist attraction offerin cruises that provide an overview o the river an surroondin auries.

Watter quality in the Mersey wis severely affected bi industrialisation, an in 1985, the Mersey Basin Campaign wis established tae improve watter quality an encourage waterside regeneration. In 2009 it wis annoonced that the river is "cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution" an is "now considered one of the cleanest in the UK". The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local naitur reserves sic as Chorlton Een an Sale Watter Pairk. The river gae its name tae Merseybeat, developed bi bands frae Liverpuil, notably the Beatles. In 1965 it wis the subject o the tap-ten hit single "Ferry Cross the Mersey" bi Gerry an the Pacemakers.

## References
Thomas Dempster

**Thomas Dempster** (23 August 1579 – 6 September 1625) wis a Scots scholart an historian.


Dempster, Thomas – Keraunos kai obelos in glossas librorum quatuor Institutionum, 1622 – BEIC 14136595.jpg|*Keraunos kai obelos in glossas librorum quatuor Institutionum*, 1622
Etruria Regali Libri VII.png|*De Etruria Regali Libri VII*, 1623


## References
Vanessa Redgrave

**Vanessa Redgrave**  (born 30 Januar 1937) is an Inglis actress o stage, screen an telly, an a poleetical activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, an received the 2010 BAFTA Fellaeship.

## References
Zhao Wei

**Zhao Wei** (born 12 Mairch 1976), kent as **Vicky Zhao** or **Vicki Zhao** forby, is a Cheenese actress, film director, producer an pop sangster. She is conseedert ane o the maist popular actresses in Cheenae an Cheenese-speakin regions, an ane o the heichest paid actresses.

## References
Pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal

Sergei Skripal is an umwhile Roushie militar officer an Breetish spy who acted as a dooble agent for the UK's intelligence services during the 1990s an early 2000s, until his reest in December 2004. On 4 Mairch 2018, he an his dochter Yulia Skripal war pushioned in Salisbury, England, wi a Novichok nerve augent, accordin tae offeecial UK soorces.  Efter three weeks in a critical condeetion, Yulia regained consciousness an wis able tae speak. Sergei wis an aw in a critical condeetion until he regained consciousness ane month efter the attack.

A polis officer wis an aw taken intae intensive care efter bein contaminated when he went tae Sergei Skripal's hoose. Bi 22 Mairch he haed recovered eneuch tae leave the hospital. An additional 48 fowk sought medical advice efter the attack, but nane required treatment.

In the 1990s, Sergei Skripal wis an officer for Roushie's Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) an worked as a dooble agent for the UK's Secret Intelligence Service frae 1995 until his reest in Moscow in December 2004. In August 2006, he wis convicted o heich treason an sentenced tae 13 years in a penal colony bi a Roushie court. He settled in the UK in 2010 follaein the Illegals Program spy swap. Sergei holds dual Roushie an Breetish citizenship. Yulia is a Roushie ceetizen, an wis veesitin her faither frae Moscow.

Later in Mairch, the Breetish govrenment accuised Roushie o attempted murther an annoonced a series o punitive measures against Roushie, includin the expulsion o diplomats. The UK's offeecial assessment o the incident wis supported bi 28 ither kintras which responded similarly. Altogether, an unprecedented 153 Roushie diplomats war expelled. Roushie denied the accusations an responded similarly tae the expulsions an "accused Breetain o the pushioning."

On 12 Apryle 2018, the Organisation for the Prohibition o Chemical Wappens (OPCW) concluded that bluid samples "confirm the findings of the United Kingdom relating to the identity of the toxic chemical."

## Notes

## References
Novichok augent

**Novichok** (, "newcomer"/ "newbie") is a series o nerve augents developpit bi the Soviet Union an Roushie atween 1971 an 1993.
The Roushie scientists that developpit the augents claimt they are the deidliest nerve augents e'er made, wi some variants lik eneuch five tae echt times mair potent nor VX, an ithers up tae ten times mair potent nor Soman.

They war designt as pairt o a Soviet programme codenamed "FOLIANT". Five Novichok variants is believed tae hae been adaptit fur militar uiss. The maist versatile is A-232 (Novichok-5). Novichok augents haes neir been uised on the battlefield. Theresa May, than Unitit Kinrick Prime Minister, an mony state heid fowk, said that a siclike augent wis uised in the pushionin o Sergei an Yulia Skripal in Ingland in Mairch 2018. Roushie denees producin or resairchin augents "unner the title novichok".

In 2016, Iranian chemists synthesised five Novichok augents fur analysis an produced detailt mass spectral data that wis addit tae the Organisation for the Prohibition o Chemical Weapons Central Analytical Database. Afore, there haednae been ony detailt descrievins o their spectral properties in appen scientific literature. A wee amount o augent A-230 wis forby claimt tae hae been synthesised in Czechie in 2017 wi the ettle o obteenin analytical data fur tae help fend again the novel toxic compounds.

## Notes

## References
Battle o Breetain

The **Battle o Breetain** (, leeterally "The Air Battle for Ingland") wis a militar campaign o the Seicont Warld War, in that the Ryal Air Force (RAF) defendit the Unitit Kinrick (UK) against lairge-scale attacks bi Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe.

## Notes

## References

### Soorces
*  (hardcover), 2002,  (paperback).
* 
* Goodenough, Simon. *War Maps: World War II, From September 1939 to August 1945, Air, Sea, and Land, Battle by Battle*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982, .
* Haining, Peter. *The Chianti Raiders: The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain*. London: Robson Books, 2005. .
*   (haurdkiver,  paperback, 2002)
* 
* 
* Terraine, John, *The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945*. New York: Sceptre, 1985. .
* Terraine, John, *A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945*. London: Macmillan, 1985. .
* Wood, Derek, an Derek Dempster, *The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power, 1930–1949*. London: Pen & Sword, 2003, First edition 1961. .
Verne Troyer

**Vernon Jay** "**Verne**" **Troyer** (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) wis an American staund-up comedian, actor, director, vyce airtist, an comic. Risin tae fame wi his role as Mini-Me in *[[Austin Powers]]*, Troyer went on tae establish a successfu career in baith staund-up comedy an featur film actin.

## Early life
Troyer wis born **Vernon Jay Troyer** in Sturgis, Michigan on Januar 1, 1969.

## Career

## Personal life

## Death
On Aprile 21, 2018, Troyer deit o alcohol poisoning at a hospital in Los Angeles, California at age 49.

## Filmografie

## Discografie

## References

;General

## Bibliografie

## Freemit airtins

* 
*
Giuseppe Conte

**Giuseppe Conte** (; born 8 August 1964) is an Italian juirist an politeecian that wis Prime Meenister o Italy frae 1 Juin 2018 tae 13 Februar 2021.

## References
Pedro Sánchez

**Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón** (, born 29 Februar 1972) is a Spainish economist an politeecian servin as Prime Meenister o Spain syne 2 Juin 2018.

## References
Sebastian Kurz

**Sebastian Kurz** (; born 27 August 1986) is an Austrick politeecian (ÖVP) wha servit as Chancellor o Austrick frae 18 December 2017 tae 28 Mey 2019 an frae Januar 2020 tae October 2021, an Chairman o the Austrick Fowk's Pairty frae 15 Mey 2017 tae 2021. He wis the youngest poleetical leader in the warld for maist o his time in affice.

## References
Aleksandar Vučić

**Aleksandar Vučić** (, , born 5 Mairch 1970) is a Serbien politician that haes been the Preses o Serbie syne 31 Mey 2017. He is the preses o the Serbie Progressive Pairty (SNS).
V ingine

A **V ingine**, or **Vee ingine** is a common configuration for an internal combustion ingine. The cylinders an pistons are aligned, in twa separate planes or 'banks', sae that thay appear tae be in a **"V"** when viewed alang the axis o the crankshaft. The Vee configuration generally reduces the oweraw ingine lenth, heicht an wecht compared wi an equivalent straucht ingine configuration.
Haguenau

**Haguenau** (, ; Alsatian: *Hàwenau*  or *Hàjenöi*;  an historically: *Hagenaw*) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin depairtment o Fraunce, o that it is a sub-prefectur.


Hagenau-115-Fontaine aux Abeilles-Bienenbrunnen-2021-gje.jpg
Hagenau-Grange dimiaire St Georges-06-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-Hall du Grand Manege-02-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-Porte des Chevaliers-02-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-St Georg-08-suedwest-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-St Georg-52-Altar-Tisch decken-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-St Georg-Kanzel-02-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-St Nikolaus-04-nordost-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-St Nikolaus-53a-zur Empore-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-St Nikolaus-68-Seitenkapelle-Heiligenfigur-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-protestantische Kirche-12-2019-gje.jpg
Hagenau-Marienthal-Notre-Dame-44-Heiliges Grab-2019-gje.jpg
Charles Krauthammer

**Charles Krauthammer** (; 13 Mairch 1950 – 21 Juin 2018) wis an American syndicatit columnist, author, poleetical commentator, an umwhile physeecian that's weekly column wis syndicatit tae mair nor 400 publications warldwide.

## References
Generation III reactor

A **Generation III reactor** is a development o Generation II nuclear reactor designs incorporating evolutionary impruivements in design developed durin the lifetime o the Generation II reactor designs. Thay include impruived fuel technology, superior thermal efficiency, significantly enhanced safety systems (including passive nuclear safety), an standardized designs for reduced maintenance an capital costs. The first Generation III reactor tae begin operation was Kashiwazaki 6 (an advanced boiling watter reactor) in 1996.

Due tae the prolonged period o stagnation in the construction o new reactors an the conteenad (but declinin) popularity o Generation II/II+ designs in new construction, relatively few third generation reactors haes been built. Generation IV designs is still in development , and isnae expeckit tae stert enterin commercial operation until 2020&#x2013;2030.
Limescale

**Limescale** is the hard, off-white, chalky deposit found in kettles, hot-water boilers and the inside of inadequately maintained hot-water central heating systems.

It is also often found as a similar deposit on the inner surface of old pipe and other surfaces where "hard water" has evaporated. In addition to being unsightly and hard to clean, limescale seriously impairs the operation or damages various components.

The type found deposited on the heating elements of water heaters has a main component of calcium carbonate. Hard water contains calcium (and often magnesium) bicarbonate or similar ions.  Calcium salts, such as calcium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate are both more soluble in hot water than cold water. Thus, heating water does not cause calcium carbonate to precipitate per se. However, there is an equilibrium atween dissolved calcium bicarbonate and dissolved calcium carbonate:

Ca2+ + 2HCO3− ⇋ Ca2+ + CO32− + CO2 + H2O

where the equilibrium is driven by the carbonate/bicarbonate, not the calcium. Note that the CO2 is dissolved in the water.

There is also an equilibrium of carbon dioxide atween dissolved in water (dis) and the gaseous state (g):
CO2(dis) ⇋ CO2(g)

The equilibrium of CO2 also moves to the right towards gaseous CO2 when the water temperature rises. When water that contains dissolved calcium carbonate is warmed, CO2 is removed from the water as gas causing the equilibrium of bicarbonate and carbonate to shift to the right, increasing the concentration of dissolved carbonate. As the concentration of carbonate increases, calcium carbonate precipitates as the salt: Ca2+ + CO32− ⇋ CaCO3.

As new cold water with dissolved calcium carbonate/bicarbonate is added and heated, CO2 gas is removed, carbonate concentration increases, and more calcium carbonate precipitates.

Descaling agents are used to remove scale. Prevention of scale build-up relies on the technologies of water softening.

## References
Potsdam Conference

The **Potsdam Conference** () wis held at Cecilienhof, the hame o Croun Prince Wilhelm, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, frae 17 Julie tae 2 August 1945. (In some aulder documents it is an aw referred tae as the **Berlin Conference o the Three Heids o Govrenment o the USSR, USA an UK**.) The pairteecipants war the Soviet Union, the Unitit Kinrick, an the Unitit States, representit bi Communist Pairty General Secretar Joseph Stalin, Prime Meenisters Winston Churchill an, later, Clement Attlee, an Preses Harry S. Truman.

## References
Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor

The **Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor (AGR)** is a teep o nuclear reactor designed an operated in the Unitit Kinrick. These are the second generation o Breetish gas-cuiled reactors, usin graphite as the neutron moderator an caurbon dioxide as coolant. They have been the backbone o the UK's nuclear generation fleet since the 1980s.

The AGR was developed from the Magnox reactor, the UK's first-generation reactor design. The first Magnox reactors had been optimised for generating plutonium and, for this reason, they incorporated a nummer o features that are not necessarily the best for economic performance. Primary among these requirements was the Magnox's ability to run on natural uranium, which demanded the use o a cuilant wi a low neutron cross section, in this case caurbon dioxide (CO2), and an efficient neutron moderator, graphite. Magnox also ran relatively cool compared tae other power-producing designs, which made it less efficient in extracting pouer from the reactor core.

The AGR retained the Magnox's graphite moderator an CO2 cuilant but increased its operatin temperature tae improve efficiency o steam production. The characteristics o the steam it produced were deliberately identical to those from a coal-fired plant, allowin the same steam turbines an generation equipment tae be used. Durin the initial design stages, it was necessary tae switch the tubin enclosing the fuel pellets from beryllium to stainless steel. Steel has a higher cross section and this change demanded the switch tae enriched uranium fuel tae maintain criticality. As part o this change, the new design had higher burnup o 18,000 MW<sub>t</sub>-days per tonne o fuel, requirin less frequent refuelling.

The first prototype AGR became operational in 1962 but the first commercial AGR did not come online until 1976. A total o fourteen AGR reactors at sax sites wir biggit atween 1976 an 1988. All o these are configured wi two reactors in a single building. Each reactor has a design thermal pouer output o 1,500 MWt driving a 660 MW<sub>e</sub> turbine-alternator set. The various AGR stations produce outputs in the range 555 MWe tae 670 MWe though some run at lower than design output due tae operational restrictions.

## AGR sites in the UK
*    Dungeness Nuclear Pouer Station
*    Hartlepool Nuclear Pouer Station
*    Heysham nuclear pouer station
*    Hinkley Point B Nuclear Pouer Station
*    Hunterston B nuclear pouer station
*    Torness Nuclear Pouer Station
Magnox

**Magnox** is a teep o nuclear pouer/production reactor that was designed tae run on natural uranium with graphite as the moderator an caurbon dioxide gas as the heat exchange coolant. It belongs tae the wider class o gas cooled reactors. The name **magnox** comes from the magnesium-alumeenium alloy used tae clad the fuel rods inside the reactor. Like a nummer o other "Generation I nuclear reactors", the Magnox was designed with the dual purpose o producin electric pouer and plutonium-239 for the nascent nuclear wappens programme in Breetain. The name refers specifically tae the Unitit Kinrick design but is sometimes used generically tae refer tae any similar reactor.

Like other plutonium-producin reactors, conservin neutrons is a key element o the design. In Magnox, the neutrons are moderated in muckle blocks o graphite. The efficiency o graphite as a moderator allows the Magnox tae run usin natural uranium fuel, in contrast tae the more common commercial light watter reactor which requires slightly enriched uranium. Graphite oxidizes readily in air, so the core is cooled bi caurbon dioxide (CO2), which is then pumped in tae a heat exchanger tae generate steam tae drive conventional steam turbine equipment for pouer production.

The "dual use" capability o the Magnox design led tae the UK buildin up a muckle stockpile o fuel grade/"reactor grade" plutonium, with the aid of the B205 reprocessin facility. The Low-to-interim burnup feature o the reactor design would become responsible for changes to US regulatory classifications after the US-UK "Reactor-grade" plutonium detonation test o the 1960s. Despite improvin its electricity generating capabilities in later decades, marked bi the transition to electric-power becomin the primary operational aim, Magnox reactors were never capable of consistently generating high efficiency/high fuel "burn-ups" due to the handicap of its design an natural uranium heritage, compared with pressurized watter reactors, the most widespread power reactor design.

In total, only a few dozen reactors o this teep were constructed, most o them in the Unitit Kinrick from the 1950s tae the 1970s, with very few exported tae other kintras. The first Magnox reactor tae come online was Calder Hall (at the Sellafield site) in 1956, frequently regarded as the "first commercial-scale electricity producing reactor in the world", while the last in Breetain tae shut down was Reactor 1 at Wylfa Nuclear Pouer Station in 2015. North Korea remains the only operator tae continue usin Magnox style reactors as o 2016, at the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center. The Magnox design was superseded by the Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor, which is similarly cuiled but includes a nummer o changes tae improve its economic performance.
Sellafield

**Sellafield** is a nuclear fuel reprocessing an nuclear decommissioning site, close tae the village o Seascale on the coast o the Erse Sea in Cumbria, Ingland. The site is served bi Sellafield railway station. Sellafield incorporates the original nuclear reactor site at **Windscale**, which is currently undergoing decommissioning an dismantling, an **Calder Hall**, a neighbour o Windscale, which is also undergoing decommissioning an dismantling of its four nuclear pouer generating reactors. It is the site o the world's first commercial nuclear pouer station tae generate electricity on an industrial scale.

## Calder Hall
Calder Hall, first connected tae the grid on 27 August 1956 an officially opened bi Queen Elizabeth II on 17 October 1956, was the warld's first nuclear pouer station tae generate electricity on an industrial scale from its four 60 MWe reactors  A 5&nbsp;MWe experimental reactor at Obninsk in the Soviet Union had been connected to the public supply in 1954, an was the warld's first nuclear pouer plant. The Calder Hall design was codenamed PIPPA (Pressurised Pile Producing Power and Plutonium) bi the UKAEA tae denote the plant's dual commercial an military role. Construction started in 1953. Calder Hall had four Magnox reactors capable o generating 60&nbsp;MWe (net) of electricity each, reduced tae 50&nbsp;MWe in 1973. The reactors were supplied bi UKAEA, the turbines bi C. A. Parsons and Company, and the civil engineering contractor was Taylor Woodrow Construction.  When the station closed on 31 March 2003, the first reactor had been in use for nearly 47 years.

In its early life Calder Hall primarily produced wappens-grade plutonium, with two fuel loads per year. Electricity production was a secondary purpose. From 1964 it was mainly used on commercial fuel cycles. In April 1995 the UK Government announced that all production o plutonium for wappens purposes had ceased.

## Moorside
Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station is a new nuclear pouer station proposed for a site near Sellafield.

## References
Bylin watter reactor

The **bylin watter reactor** (**BWR**) is a kynd o licht watter nuclear reactor uised for the generation o electrical pouer. It is the seicont maist common kynd o electricity-generatin nuclear reactor efter the preasurised watter reactor (PWR); it is kynd o licht watter nuclear reactor an aa. The main differ atween a BWR an a PWR is that in a BWR, the reactor core heats watter, whilk turns intae staem an syne drives a steam turbine. In a PWR, the reactor core heats watter, whilk disnae byle. This het watter syne exchanges heat wi a licther pressure watter sýstem, whilk turns intae staem an drives the turbine. The BWR wis developit bi the Idaho National Laboratory an General Electric (GE) in the mid-1950s. The main manufacturer thir days is GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, whilk specialises in the design an construction o this kynd o reactor.
Advanced bylin watter reactor

The **Advanced bylin watter reactor** (**ABWR**) is a Generation III bylin watter reactor. The ABWR is currently offered bi GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) an Toshiba. The ABWR generates electric pouer bi usin steam tae pouer a steam turbine connected to an electric generator. The steam is produced from watter usin heat generated bi fission reactions within nuclear fuel.

Bylin watter reactors (BWRs) are the second most common form o light watter reactor with a direct cycle design that uses fewer muckle steam supply components than the pressurized watter reactor (PWR), which employs an indirect cycle. The ABWR is the present state o the art in bylin watter reactors, and is the first Generation III reactor design to be fully biggit, with several reactors complete an operatin. The first reactors were biggit on time an under budget in Japan, with others under construction there and in Taiwan. ABWRs were on order in the Unitit States, includin two reactors at the South Texas Project site.

The standard ABWR plant design has a net electrical output o aboot 1.35 GW (3926 MW o thermal pouer).

## References and notes
Justify (horse)

**Justify** (foaled 28 March 2015) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse that wan the 2018 Kentucky Derby, becomin the first horse syne 1882 tae win that race withoot haein raced as a twa-year-auld. He then went on tae win the 2018 Preakness Stakes an the 2018 Belmont Stakes, becomin the 13t horse (an seicont undefeatit horse, efter Seattle Slew) tae win the American Triple Croun.

## References
Pressurized watter reactor

**Pressurized watter reactors** (**PWRs**) constitute the muckle feck o the world's nuclear pouer plants (notable exceptions being the Unitit Kinrick, Japan, an Canada) and are one of three types of light watter reactor (LWR), the other types being bylin watter reactors (BWRs) and supercritical watter reactors (SCWRs). In a PWR, the primary coolant (watter) is pumped under high pressure tae the reactor core where it is heated bi the energy released by the fission o atoms. The heated watter then flows to a steam generator where it transfers its thermal energy tae a secondary system where steam is generated an flows tae steam turbines which, in turn, spin an electric generator. In contrast tae a boiling watter reactor, pressure in the primary coolant loop prevents the watter from boiling within the reactor. All LWRs use ordinary watter as both coolant an neutron moderator.

PWRs were originally designed tae serve as nuclear marine propulsion for nuclear submarines and were used in the original design of the second commercial pouer plant at Shippingport Atomic Pouer Station, Pennsylvanie, Unitit States.

PWRs currently operating in the Unitit States are considered Generation II reactors. Roushie's VVER reactors are similar to U.S. PWRs. France operates many PWRs tae generate the bulk o its electricity.

## Key tae diagram

#    Reactor pressure vessel
#    Fuel assembly
#    Control rod (controls reactivity within the reactor)
#    Control rod drive mechanism
#    Pressurizer (for primary coolant loop)
#    Steam generator (inverted U-tube teep)
#    Feedwatter
#    High-pressure turbine
#    Low-pressure turbine
#    Generator
#    Exciter
#    Condenser
#    Cooling watter
#    Feedwatter heater
#    Feedwatter pump
#    Cooling watter pump
#    Reactor coolant pump
#    Generated electricity
#    Main steam line
#    Containment
CANDU reactor

The **CANDU**, for **Canada Deuterium Uranium**, is a Canadian pressurized heavy-water reactor design used tae generate electric pouer. The acronym refers tae its deuterium oxide (hivy watter) moderator and its use o (originally, natural) uranium fuel. CANDU reactors were first developed in the late 1950s an 1960s bi a partnership atween Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Canadian General Electric, an other companies.

There have been two major types o CANDU reactors, the original design o around 500&nbsp;MWe that was intended tae be used in multi-reactor installations in muckle plants, an the rationalized **CANDU 6** in the 600&nbsp;MWe class that is designed tae be used in single stand-alone units or in small multi-unit plants. CANDU 6 units were built in Quebec an New Brunswick, as well as Pakistan, Argentinae, Sooth Korea, Romanie, an Cheenae. A single example of a non-CANDU 6 design was sold to Indie. The multi-unit design was used only in Ontario, Canada, an grew in size an pouer as more units were installed in the province, reaching ~880&nbsp;MWe in the units installed at the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station. An effort to rationalize the muckler units in a fashion similar tae CANDU 6 led tae the **CANDU 9**.

By the early 2000s, sales prospects for the original CANDU designs were dwindling due tae the introduction o newer designs from other companies. AECL responded bi cancelling CANDU 9 development an movin tae the Advanced CANDU reactor (ACR) design. ACR failed tae find any buyers. Its last potential sale was for an expansion at Darlington, but this was cancelled in 2009. In October 2011, the Canadian Federal Government licensed the CANDU design tae Candu Energy (a wholly owned subsidiary of SNC-Lavalin), which also acquired the former reactor development an marketing division o AECL at that time. Candu Energy offers support services for existing sites an is completing formerly stalled installations in Romanie and Argentinae through a partnership with China National Nuclear Corporation. SNC Lavalin, the successor to AECL, is pursuing new Candu 6 reactor sales in Argentina (Atucha 3), as well as Cheenae an Breetain. Sales effort for the ACR reactor has ended.
EGP-6

**EGP-6** is a small type o nuclear reactor, a scaled down version o the RBMK reactor design.  Notably, these reactors along with the RBMK designs are some o the few active reactors which still use ordinary (light) watter cooled graphite as a neutron moderator.

The only operating four reactors o this type exist at the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant, commissioned in 1974. The plant design was developed bi the Ural Division o Teploelektroproekt thegither with Izhorskiye Zavody an FEI in Obninsk. It produces 11 MWe.

It is the world's smallest commercial nuclear reactor.

## References
EPR (nuclear reactor)

The **EPR** is a third generation pressurized watter reactor (PWR) design. It has been designed an developed mainly bi Framatome (part of Areva atween 2001 an 2017) an Électricité de France (EDF) in Fraunce, an Siemens in Germany. In Europe, this reactor design was called **European Pressurised Reactor**, an the internationalised name was **Evolutionary Power Reactor**, but it is now simply cried **EPR**.

Four EPR units are under construction. The first two, in Finland an Fraunce, are both facing costly construction delays (tae at least 2018). Construction commenced on two units in Cheenae in 2009 an 2010. The Cheenae units were tae start operations in 2014 an 2015, but are now expected tae come online in 2018 an 2019. Two units at Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station in the Unitit Kinrick received final approval in September 2016 an are expected tae be completed bi 2025.

EDF has acknowledged severe difficulties in building the EPR design. In September 2015 EDF stated that the design o a "New Model" EPR was being worked on, which will be easier an cheaper tae build.

## References
Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station

**Hinkley Point C nuclear pouer station** (**HPC**) is a project tae big a 3,200&nbsp;MWe nuclear pouer station wi twa EPR reactors in Somerset, Ingland. The proposed site is ane o aicht annoonced bi the Breetish govrenment in 2010, an in November 2012 a nuclear site licence wis granted.  On 28 Julie 2016 the EDF buird approved the project, an on 15 September 2016 the UK govrenment approved the project wi some safeguards for the investment. The plant, which haes a projected lifetime o sixty years, haes an estimatit construction cost o atween £19.6&nbsp;billion an £20.3&nbsp;billion. The UK Naitional Audit Office estimates the additional cost tae consumers (abuin the estimatit mercat price o electricity) unner the "strike price" will be £50&nbsp;billion. Financing o the project is still tae be finalised, but the construction costs will be peyed for bi the mainly state-owned EDF o Fraunce an state-owned CGN o China.

Hinkley haes faced ongoing criticism, an calls hae been made for the project tae be completely halted. Accordin tae December 2017 estimates, Hinkley is bein biggit for £20.3bn bi 2025, tae be peyed ower a 35 year period. It wis reportit that twa firms coud already big wind turbines for £57.50 per megawatt oor for 2022-23, while Hinkley's costs wad mean £92.50 per megawatt oor, nae generated until at least twa years later.

## See also
* Proposed nuclear pouer stations in the Unitit Kinrick

## References
Heysham nuclear pouer station

**Heysham Nuclear Pouer Station** is a nuclear pouer station locatit in Heysham, Lancashire, Ingland, operatit bi EDF Energy.  The site is dealt intae twa separately-managed stations, Heysham 1 an Heysham 2, baith wi twa reactors o the Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor (AGR) type.

On 18 October 2010, the British govrenment annoonced that Heysham wis ane o the aicht sites it considert suitable for future nuclear pouer stations  but it wisnae on the final leet o sax.

On 1 August 2016, Heysham 2's Unit 8 broke the warld record for langest conteenous operation o a nuclear generator wioot a shutdown.  This record-breaking run exceeds the previous record o 894 days set bi Pickering Nuclear Generating Station's Unit 7 (Lake Ontario, Canadae) in 1994. The reactor haes generatit 13.5 TWh o electricity sae far durin this conteenous operation, takin its lifetime generation tae 115.46 TWh.

## References
Heysham

**Heysham** ( ) is a muckle coastal village near Lancaster, Lancashire, Ingland, overlookin Morecambe Bay. It is a ferry port, wi services tae the Isle o Man an Ireland, an the site o two nuclear pouer stations.
Direct Rail Services

**Direct Rail Services** (**DRS**) is a rail freight company in Great Breetain. It wis creatit in 1994 bi British Nuclear Fuels Ltd tae tak oer British Rail's handlin o nuclear material, an in 2005 it wis transferred tae the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority. It haes syne diversified in tae ither freight operations an providin haulage for passenger services. DRS is ane o anly twa remainin publicly-awned railwey companies in the Unitit Kinrick, the ither bein NI Railways, the passenger rail operator in Northren Ireland.

## History
The haulage o nuclear flask traffeck haed been handled bi British Rail until British Nuclear Fuels Ltd decidit tae bring this operation in hoose in 1994. Up until 1998, it haed anly moved nuclear fuel rods frae overseas for processing at Sellafield. It then teuk ower the movement o rods frae UK nuclear pouer stations at Heysham, Valley (for Wylfa), Bridgwater (for Hinkley Point), Berkeley (for Oldbury), Hunterston, Torness, Seaton Carew, Dungeness an Sizewell.

It first diversified in tae ither traffeck in 1997 when it stairtit operatin milk traffeck frae Penrith tae Cricklewood. In 2002, it commenced running intermodal trains frae Grangemooth tae the Daventry Internaitional Rail Freight Terminal uisin Cless 66/4 locomotives. It cairies containers for baith the Malcolm Group an Asda.

Awnership o DRS wis transferred frae BNFL tae the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority when the NDA wis creatit on 1 Apryle 2005, unner the terms o the Energy Act 2004.

In 2006 DRS stairtit a new service, the *Tesco Express*, on behalf o Eddie Stobart in partnership wi Tesco, the UK's lairgest fuid retailer, tae muive containers frae Daventry north tae Mossend an Innerness usin a new dedicated law-emission Cless 66 locomotive in Eddie Stobart livery, 66411 *Eddie the Engine*. A daily service frae Grangemooth tae Innerness followed in 2009, wi anither Cless 66 in a promotional livery, this time 66414 *James the Engine*. The Daventry – Scotland Stobart contract transferred tae DB Schenker in Januar 2010, alang wi the onward daily service tae Innerness, tho this reverted tae DRS operation in simmer 2011.

## References
Elizabeta Kancheska-Milevska

**Elizabeta Kancheska-Milevska** (born 30 Juin 1970) is a Macedonie politeecian an umwhile Meenister o Cultur in the Govrenment o the Republic o Macedonie.

## Biografie
Kancheska-Milevska wis born in 1970 in Veles. In 1989 she feenished Josip Broz Tito heich schuil in Skopje.

In 1993 she graduatit frae the Faculty o Filosofie, Ss. Cyril an Methodius Varsity o Skopje, Depairtment o Sociology. In 2005, she feenished her maister's degree an in Februar 2012 defendit her thesis on the European Cultural Model an Cultural-Integration Policy o the Republic o Macedonie.

She is a member o the VMRO-DPMNE pairty, an frae 2008 tae 2017 she wis the Meenister o Cultur in the Govrenment o the Republic o Macedonie. She speaks Inglis an Greek. She is marriet an haes a son.

## Referrnces
Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station

**Hinkley Point A nuclear pouer station** is a decommissioned Magnox nuclear pouer station located on a  site in Somerset on the Bristol Channel coast,  west o the River Parrett estuary.

## References
Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station

**Moorside Nuclear Pouer Station** is proponed for a site naur Sellafield, in Cumbria, Unitit Kinrick. The original plan by NuGeneration, whilk is the Breetish subsidiary o Toshiba-owned Westinghouse Electric Company, hed the stàtion comin online frae 2024 wi 3.4GW o new nuclear capacity, frae 3 AP1000 reactors. Wark up till 2018 wad include acquirin the site licence, the development consent order, an ither required permits an permissions fur tae stert the wark. Site preparation wad tak twa year, up tae 2020. Follaein the Chapter 11 bankruptcy o Westinghouse in March 2017, the projeck wis pittit unner review. In December 2017, Korea Electric Power Corporation (Kepco) wis named as prefert bidder. Kepco is thocht tae prefer their ain APR-1400 reactor design for the site, a design at hisnae yet gaun through generic design assessment wi the UK's Office for Nuclear Regulation.

## See also
* Proposed nuclear pouer stations in the Unitit Kinrick