open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amaranthaceae

**Amaranthaceae** is a faimily o flouerin plants kent as the amaranth faimily. It nou includes the umwhile guissfit faimily Chenopodiaceae, an conteens aboot 165 genera an 2,040 species.  makin it the maist species-rich lineage within the flouerin plant order o Caryophyllales.

## Genera
A short synoptic leet o genera is gien here.

## References
Amaranthus

***Amaranthus***, collectively kent as **amaranth**, is a cosmopolitan genus o annual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivatit as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, an ornamental plants.

## Species
Species include:

* *[[Amaranthus acanthochiton]]* – greenstripe
* *Amaranthus acutilobus* – a synonym o *[[Amaranthus viridis]]*
* *[[Amaranthus albus]]* – white pigweed, tumble pigweed
* *[[Amaranthus anderssonii]]*
* *[[Amaranthus arenicola]]* – saundhill amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus australis]]* – soothren amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus bigelovii]]* – Bigelow's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus blitoides]]* – mat amaranth, prostrate amaranth, prostrate pigweed
* *[[Amaranthus blitum]]* – purple amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus brownii]]* – Brown's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus californicus]]* – Californie amaranth, Californie pigweed
* *[[Amaranthus cannabinus]]* – tidal-marsh amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus caudatus]]* – luve-lies-bleedin, pendant amaranth, tassel flouer, *quilete*
* *[[Amaranthus chihuahuensis]]* – Chihuahuan amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus crassipes]]* – spreadin amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus crispus]]* – crispleaf amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus cruentus]]* – purpie amaranth, reid amaranth, Mexican grain amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus deflexus]]* – lairge-fruit amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus dubius]]* – spleen amaranth, *khada sag*
* *[[Amaranthus fimbriatus]]* – fringed amaranth, fringed pigweed
* *[[Amaranthus floridanus]]* – Florida amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus furcatus]]*
* *[[Amaranthus graecizans]]*
* *[[Amaranthus grandiflorus]]*
* *[[Amaranthus greggii]]* – Gregg's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus hybridus]]* – smuith amaranth, smuith pigweed, reid amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]* – Prince-o-Wales feather, prince's feather
* *[[Amaranthus interruptus]]* – Australie amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus minimus]]*
* *[[Amaranthus mitchellii]]*
* *[[Amaranthus muricatus]]* – African amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus obcordatus]]* – Trans-Pecos amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus palmeri]]* – Palmer's amaranth, Palmer pigweed, careless weed
* *[[Amaranthus polygonoides]]* – tropical amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus powellii]]* – green amaranth, Powell amaranth, Powell pigweed
* *[[Amaranthus pringlei]]* – Pringle's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus pumilus]]* – seaside amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus retroflexus]]* – reid-ruit amaranth, reidruit pigweed, common amaranth
* *Amaranthus scleranthoides* – variously *[[Amaranthus sclerantoides]]*
* *[[Amaranthus scleropoides]]* – bane-bract amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus spinosus]]* – spiny amaranth, prickly amaranth, thorny amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus standleyanus]]*
* *[[Amaranthus thunbergii]]* – Thunberg's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus torreyi]]* – Torrey's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus tricolor]]* – Joseph's-coat
* *[[Amaranthus tuberculatus]]* – rough-fruit amaranth, taw waterhemp
* *[[Amaranthus viridis]]* – slender amaranth, green amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus watsonii]]* – Watson's amaranth
* *[[Amaranthus wrightii]]* – Wright's amaranth

## References
Hydrangea

***Hydrangea*** (common name **hydrangea**) is a genus o 70–75 species o flouerin plants native tae soothren an eastren Asie (Cheenae, Japan, Korea, the Himalayas, an Indonesie) an Americae. Bi far the greatest species diversity is in eastren Asie, notably Cheenae, Japan, an Korea. Maist are shrubs 1 tae 3 meters taw, but some are smaw trees, an ithers lianas reachin up tae  bi climbin up trees. Thay can be either deciduous or evergreen, tho the widely cultivatit temperate species are aw deciduous.

## References
Dipsacales

The **Dipsacales** are an order o flouerin plants, includit within the asterid group o dicotyledons.

## References
Aik

An **aik** is a tree or shrub in the genus ***Quercus*** (Laitin "aik tree") o the beech faimily, Fagaceae. Thare are approximately 600 extant species o aiks.
Aicorn

The **aicorn**, or **aik nit**, is the nit o the aiks an thair close relatives (genera *[[Quercus]]* an *[[Lithocarpus]]*, in the faimily Fagaceae). It uisually conteens a single seed (occasionally twa seeds), enclosed in a teuch, leathery shell, an borne in a cup-shaped cupule. Aicorns are 1–6&nbsp;cm lang an 0.8–4&nbsp;cm broad. Acorns tak atween 6 an 24 month (dependin on the species) tae matur.
Violaceae

**Violaceae** is a faimily o flouerin plants mad up wi 806 species in 25 genera. It taks its name frae the genus *[[Violet (plant)|Viola]]*,  the violets an pansies.

## Taxonomy<nowiki/>

### Subfaimily Fusispermoideae
**[[Fusispermum]]* Cuatrec.

### Subfaimily Leonioideae
**[[Leonia (plant)|Leonia]]* Ruiz & Pav.

### Subfaimily Violoideae

#### Tribe Rinoreeae

##### Subtribe [[Hymenantherinae]]
**[[Hymenanthera]]* R.Br.
**[[Melicytus]]* J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

##### Subtribe [[Isodendriinae]]
**[[Isodendrion]]* A.Gray

##### Subtribe [[Paypayrolinae]]
**[[Amphirrhox]]* Spreng.
**[[Hekkingia]]* J. K. Munzinger & H.E.Ballard
**[[Paypayrola]]* Aubl.

##### Subtribe [[Rinoreinae]]
**[[Allexis]]* Pierre
**[[Decorsella]]* A.Chev. (including *Gymnorinorea* Keay)
**[[Gloeospermum]]* Triana & Planch.
**[[Rinorea]]* Aubl. (including *Alsodeia* Thouars, *Phyllanoa* Croizat, *Scyphellandra* Thwaites)
**[[Rinoreocarpus]]* Ducke

#### Tribe Violeae
**[[Agatea]]* A.Gray (included *Agation* Brongn.)
**[[Anchietea]]* A.St.-Hil.
**[[Corynostylis]]* Mart.
**[[Hybanthopsis]]* Paula-Souza
**[[Hybanthus]]* Jacq. (included *Acentra* Phil., *Clelandia* J.M.Black, *Cubelium* Raf. ex Britton & A.Br., *Ionidium* Vent., *Pigea* DC.)
**[[Mayanaea]]* Lundell
**[[Noisettia]]* Kunth
**[[Orthion]]* Standl. & Steyerm.
**[[Schweiggeria]]* Spreng.
**[[Viola (plant)|Viola]]* L. (including *Erpetion* Sweet, *Mnemion* Spach

## References
Colour blindness

**Colour blindness**, kent as **colour veesion deficiency** an aw, is the decreased ability tae see colour or differences in colour. Colour blindness can mak some eddicational activities difficult. Buyin fruit, pickin cleidin, an readin traffeck lichts can be mair challengin, for ensaumple. Problems, houever, are generally minor an maist fowk adapt. Fowk wi tot colour blindness, houever, mey hae decreased veesual acuity an be uncomfortable in bricht environs an aw.

## References
Pondicherry

**Pondicherry** is the caipital ceety an the lairgest ceety o the Indian union territory o Puducherry. The ceety o Pondicherry is situatit in Puducherry destrict o the union territory. It is affectionately kent as **Pondy**, an haes been offeecially kent bi the alternative name Puducherry in Tamil (New Toun) syne 2006.

Pondicherry ceety conseests o 42 wairds. Wairds 1-10 are locatit in north o the ceety. Wairds 11-19 are locatit in *Boulevard Toun* an remainin wairds are locatit in the soothwast o the dountoun.

## References
Diodorus Siculus

**Diodorus Siculus** ( *Diodoros Sikeliotes*) (&nbsp;1st century BC) or **Diodorus of Sicily** wis a Greek historian. He is kent for writin the monumental universal history *[[Bibliotheca historica]]*, much o which survives, atween 60 an 30 BC. It is arranged in three pairts. The first covers mythic history up tae the destruction o Troy, arranged geografically, descrivin regions aroond the warld frae Egyp, Indie an Arabie tae Greece an Europe. The seicont covers the Trojan War tae the daith o Alexander the Great. The third covers the period tae aboot 60 BC. *Bibliotheca*, meanin 'librar', acknawledges that he wis drawin on the wirk o mony ither authors.
Antonin Nompar de Caumont, Duke o Lauzun

**Antonin Nompar de Caumont, Duke o Lauzun** (1632 – November 19 1723) wis a French nobleman an a soldier. He is best kent as the secret husband o Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess o Montpensier, "''La Grande Mademoiselle''" (the first cousin o Keeng Louis XIV. He an aa help King Louis organise meetins wi his future mistress Madame de Montespan. He wis creatit a Duke in 1692. He is eften simply referred tae simply as ***Lauzun***. His grandfaither wis the *[[Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke o La Force|Maréchal de La Force]]*.

## Background
A son o Gabriel de Caumont, Coont o Lauzun an his wife Charlotte de Caumont. He wis bought up wi the childer o his relative the maréchal-duc de Gramont. (Marshal-Duke o Gramont).

## Later years
Mademoiselle died in 1693, an twa years later on 21 Mey 1695, Lauzun mairit Geneviève Marie de Durfort,"Mademoiselle de Quintin" a bairn o fourteen, dochter o the Marshal-Duke o Lorges. Queen Mary, throu whose interest Lauzun secured his dukedom, retained her faith in him, an it wis he who in 1715, mair nor a quarter o a century efter the flight frae Whitehall, brocht her the news o the Battle o Sheriffmuir. Efter his daith, the dukedom o Lauzun wis inherited bi his niece's husband, Charles Armand de Gontaut.

## References an notes

## Teetles an styles
***1632 - 1692** The Marquis o Puyguilhem.
***1692 - November 19 1723** The **Duke o Lauzun**, Coont o  Lauzun, Coont o Saint-Fargeau, Marquis o Puyguilhem.

## Ither wabsteids
Miguel Primo de Rivera

*[[Don (honoureefic)|Don]]* **Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nt Marquis o Estella, 22nt Coont o Sobremonte, Knicht o Calatrava** (Januar 8, 1870 – Mairch 16, 1930) wis a dictator, aristocrat, an militar officer wha served as Prime Meenister o Spain frae 1923 tae 1930 during Spain's Restoration era.
Île Amsterdam

**Île Amsterdam** (, kent as **Amsterdam Island**, **New Amsterdam**, or **Nouvelle Amsterdam** an aa, is an isle cried efter the ship *Nieuw Amsterdam*, in turn cried efter the Dutch settlement o New Amsterdam that later became New York Ceety in the Unitit States. It lies in the soothren Indian Ocean. It is pairt o the French Soothren an Antairctic Launds an, thegither wi neighbourin Île Saint-Paul  tae the sooth, forms ane o the five destricts o the territory. The Martin-de-Viviès resairch station, first cried *Camp Heurtin* an then *La Roche Godon*, is the anly settlement on the isle an is hame tae aboot thirty non-permanent indwallers involved in biological, meteorological an geomagnetic studies.
Polygonaceae

The **Polygonaceae** are a faimily o flouerin plants.

## Genera
, Plants of the World Online acceptit 56 genera:

**[[Acanthoscyphus]]* Small
**[[Afrobrunnichia]]* Hutch. & Dalziel
**[[Antigonon]]* Endl.
**[[Aristocapsa]]* Reveal & Hardham
**[[Atraphaxis]]* L.
**[[Bactria]]* Yurtseva & Mavrodiev
**[[Bistorta]]* (L.) Scop.
**[[Brunnichia]]* Banks ex Gaertn.
**[[Calligonum]]* L.
**[[Centrostegia]]* A.Gray
**[[Chorizanthe]]* R.Br. ex Benth.
**[[Coccoloba]]* P.Browne
**[[Dedeckera]]* Reveal & J.T.Howell
**[[Dodecahema]]* Reveal & C.B.Hardham
**[[Duma]]* T.M.Schust.
**[[Enneatypus]]* Herzog
**[[Eriogonum]]* Michx.
**[[Eskemukerjea]]* Malick & Sengupta
**[[Fagopyrum]]* Mill.
**[[Fallopia]]* Adans.
**[[Gilmania]]* Coville
**[[Goodmania]]* Reveal & Ertter
**[[Gymnopodium]]* Rolfe
**[[Harfordia (plant)|Harfordia]]* Greene & Parry
**[[Harpagocarpus]]* Hutch. & Dandy
**[[Hollisteria]]* S.Watson
**[[Johanneshowellia]]* Reveal
**[[Knorringia]]* (Czukav.) Tzvelev
**[[Koenigia]]* L.
**[[Lastarriaea]]* Remy
**[[Leptogonum]]* Benth.
**[[Magoniella]]* Adr.Sanchez
**[[Mucronea]]* Benth.
**[[Muehlenbeckia]]* Meisn.
**[[Nemacaulis]]* Nutt.
**[[Neomillspaughia]]* S.F.Blake
**[[Oxygonum]]* Burch.
**[[Oxyria]]* Hill
**[[Oxytheca]]* Nutt.
**[[Persicaria]]* Mill.
**[[Peutalis]]* Raf.
**[[Podopterus]]* Bonpl.
**[[Polygonum]]* L.
**[[Pteropyrum]]* Jaub. & Spach
**[[Pterostegia]]* Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
**[[Pteroxygonum]]* Dammer & Diels
**[[Reynoutria]]* Houtt.
**[[Rheum (plant)|Rheum]]* L.
**[[Rumex]]* L.
**[[Ruprechtia]]* C.A.Mey.
**[[Salta]]* Adr.Sanchez
**[[Sidotheca]]* Reveal
**[[Stenogonum]]* Nutt.
**[[Symmeria]]* Benth.
**[[Systenotheca]]* Reveal & Hardham
**[[Triplaris]]* Loefl.

### Umwhile genera
**Aconogonon* (Meisn.) Rchb. – nou includit in *[[Koenigia]]*
**Homalocladium* (F.Muell.) L.H.Bailey – nou includit in *[[Muehlenbeckia]]*
**Parapteropyrum* A.J.Li – nou includit in *[[Fagopyrum]]*
**Polygonella* Michx. – nou includit in *[[Polygonum]]*
**Rubrivena* M.Král – nou includit in *[[Koenigia]]*

## References
Verbenaceae

The **Verbenaceae** are a faimily,  commonly kent as the **verbena faimily** or **vervain faimily**, o mainly tropical flouerin plants. It conteens trees, shrubs, an herbs notable for heids, spikes, or clusters o sma flouers, mony o whilk hae an aromatic smell.

## Genera

The genera in the new, narrowly circumscribed, faimily:

* *[[Acantholippia]]* Griseb.
* *[[Aloysia]]* Palau
* *[[Baillonia]]* Bocq.
* *[[Bouchea]]* Cham.
* *[[Burroughsia]]*
* *[[Casselia]]* Nees & Mart.
* *[[Chascanum]]* E.Mey
* *[[Citharexylum]]* L.
* *[[Coelocarpum]]* Balf.f.
* *[[Diostea]]* Miers
* *[[Dipyrena]]* Hook.
* *[[Duranta]]* L.
* *[[Glandularia]]* J.F.Gmel.
* *[[Hierobotana]]* Briq.
* *[[Junellia]]* Moldenke
* *[[Lampayo]]* F.Phil. ex Murillo
* *[[Lantana]]* L.
* *[[Lippia]]* L.
* *[[Mulguraea]]* N.O’Leary & P.Peralta
* *[[Nashia]]* Millsp.
* *[[Neosparton]]* Griseb.
* *[[Parodianthus]]* Tronc.
* *[[Petrea]]* L.
* *[[Phyla (genus)|Phyla]]* Lour.
* *[[Pitraea]]* Turcz.
* *[[Priva]]* Adans.
* *[[Recordia]]* Moldenke
* *[[Rehdera]]* Moldenke
* *[[Rhaphithamnus]]* Miers
* *[[Stachytarpheta]]* Vahl
* *[[Stylodon]]* Raf.
* *[[Tamonea]]* Aubl.
* *[[Ubochea]]*
* *[[Urbania (genus)|Urbania]]*
* *[[Verbena]]* L. &ndash; verbenas/vervains
* *[[Verbenoxylum]]* Tronc.
* *[[Xeroaloysia]]* Tronc.
* *[[Xolocotzia]]* Miranda

### Excludit genera
Various genera umwhile includit in the faimily Verbenaceae are nou treatit unner ither faimilies:
;Moved to Acanthaceae:
* *[[Avicennia]]* L.

;Muived tae Lamiaceae:

* *[[Amasonia]]* L.f.
* *[[Brachysola]]* (F.Muell.) Rye
* *[[Callicarpa]]* L.
* *[[Caryopteris]]* Bunge
* *[[Chloanthes]]* R.Br.
* *[[Clerodendrum]]* L.
* *[[Congea]]* Roxb.
* *[[Cornutia]]* L.
* *[[Cyanostegia]]* Turcz.
* *[[Dicrastylis]]* J.Drumm. ex Harv.
* *[[Discretitheca]]* P.D.Cantino
* *[[Faradaya]]* F.Muell.
* *[[Garrettia]]* H.R.Fletcher
* *[[Glossocarya]]* Wall. ex Griff.
* *[[Gmelina]]* L.
* *[[Hemiphora]]* (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
* *[[Holmskioldia]]* Retz.
* *[[Hosea (genus)|Hosea]]* Ridl.
* *[[Hymenopyramis]]* Wall. ex Griff.
* *[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]* Baill.
* *[[Karomia]]* Dop
* *[[Lachnostachys]]* Hook.
* *[[Mallophora]]* Endl.
* *[[Monochilus]]* Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
* *[[Newcastelia]]* F.Muell.
* *[[Oncinocalyx]]* F.Muell.
* *[[Oxera]]* Labill.
* *[[Peronema]]* Jack
* *[[Petitia]]* Jacq.
* *[[Petraeovitex]]* Oliv.
* *[[Physopsis]]* Turcz.
* *[[Pityrodia]]* R.Br.
* *[[Premna]]* L.
* *[[Pseudocarpidium]]* Millsp.
* *[[Pseudocaryopteris]]* P.D.Cantino
* *[[Rotheca]]* Raf.
* *[[Schnabelia]]* Hand.-Mazz.
* *[[Spartothamnella]]* Briq.
* *[[Sphenodesme]]* Jack
* *[[Symphorema]]* Roxb.
* *[[Teak|Tectona]]* L.f.
* *[[Teijsmanniodendron]]* Koord.
* *[[Teucridium]]* Hook.f.
* *[[Tripora]]* P.D.Cantino
* *[[Vitex]]* L.

;Muived tae Oleaceae:
* *[[Dimetra (plant)|Dimetra]]* Kerr
* *[[Nyctanthes]]* L.

;Muived tae Orobanchaceae:

* *[[Asepalum]]* Marais
* *[[Cyclocheilon]]* Oliv.
* *[[Nesogenes]]* A.DC.

;Muived tae Phrymaceae:
* *[[Phryma]]* L.

;Muived tae Stilbaceae:

* *[[Campylostachys]]* Kunth
* *[[Euthystachys]]* A.DC.
* *[[Stilbe (plant)|Stilbe]]* P.J.Bergius
* *[[Thesmophora]]* Rourke

## References
Pape Celestine V

**Pape Celestine V** (; 1215&nbsp;– 19 Mey 1296), born **Pietro Angelerio** (accordin tae some soorces *Angelario*, *Angelieri*, *Angelliero*, or *Angeleri*), kent as **Pietro da Morrone**, **Peter o Morrone**, an **Peter Celestine** an aw, wis Pape for five month frae 5 Julie tae 13 December 1294, when he resigned. He wis forby a monk an hermit wha foondit the order o the Celestines as a branch o the Benedictine order.
Free Software Foundation

The **Free Software Foundation** (**FSF**) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organiaation foondit bi Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 tae support the free saftware muivement, which promotes the universal freedom tae study, distribute, create, an modify computer saftware, wi the organisation's preference for saftware bein distributit unner copyleft ("share alik") terms, such as wi its ain GNU General Public License. The FSF wis incorporatit in Massachusetts, USA, whaur it is an aa based.

## References
Free saftware

**Free saftware**, **freedom-respectin saftware**, or **saftware libre** is computer saftware distributit unner terms that allae the saftware uisers tae run the saftware for ony purpose as well as tae study, chynge, an distribute the saftware an ony adaptit versions.

## References
LaTeX

**LaTeX** ( , pronoonced as   or   an aa, a shortenin o Lamport TeX) is an open soorce document preparation seestem.

## References

## See an aa
* SATySFi (a LaTeX alternative computer program)
## Forder readin
* Van Dongen, M. R. (2012). LATEX and Friends. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Grätzer, G. (2014). Practical LaTeX. Springer.
* Datta, D. (2017). LaTeX in 24 Hours: A Practical Guide for Scientific Writing. Springer.
Firefox

**Mozilla Firefox** (or simply **Firefox**) is a free an open-soorce wab brouser developed bi the Mozilla Foundation an its subsidiary the Mozilla Corporation.

## References
Slackware

**Slackware** is a Linux distribution creatit bi Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Oreeginally based on Softlanding Linux System, Slackware haes been the basis for mony ither Linux distributions, maist notably the first versions o SUSE Linux distributions, an is the auldest distribution that is still mainteened.

## References
Anton Yelchin

**Anton Viktorovich Yelchin** (; Mairch 11, 1989 – Juin 19, 2016) wis an American film an telly actor, kent for portrayin Pavel Chekov in the ''Star Trek'' rebuit series, Jacob Helm in *[[Like Crazy (2011 film)|Like Crazy]]*, Jim Lake Jr. in *[[Trollhunters]]*, an several ither prominent roles.

Born tae a Roushie Jewish faimily in Leningrad, Yelchin relocatit tae the Unitit States as an infant. He began performin in the late 1990s, appearin in several telly roles an the Hollywood films *[[Along Came a Spider (film)|Along Came a Spider]]* an *[[Hearts in Atlantis (film)|Hearts in Atlantis]]* (baith 2001). His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries *[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]* wis signeeficant in furtherin his career as a bairn actor. He later appeared on the telly series *[[Huff (TV series)|Huff]]* an appeared in the films *[[Alpha Dog]]* (2007), *[[Terminator Salvation]]* (2009), *[[Charlie Bartlett]]* (2007), *[[Fright Night (2011 film)|Fright Night]]* (2011), *[[The Smurfs]]* (2011), *[[Only Lovers Left Alive]]* (2013), *[[Green Room (film)|Green Room]]* (2015), an *[[Thoroughbred (2017 film)|Thoroughbred]]* (2017). He appeared in *[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]* (2009), *[[Star Trek Into Darkness]]* (2013), an the posthumously released *[[Star Trek Beyond]]* (2016).

Early in the morning o Juin 19, 2016, Yelchin wis foond bi friends pinned atween his Jeep Grand Cherokee an a brick pillar ootside his hame in Studio City, Californie, in whit wis descrived as a "freak accident". He wis pronoonced deid later that day at the age o 27.

## References
Pape Gregory III

**Pape Gregory III** (; died 28 November 741) wis Bishop o Roum frae 11 Februar 731 tae his daith in 741. His pontificate, lik that o his predecessor, wis disturbed bi the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine Empire, an bi the ongangin advance o the Lombards, in which he invoked the intervention o Charles Martel, awtho ultimately in vain. He wis the 5t Sirian pape an the 10t an last pape born ootside o Europe till the election o Pape Francis in 2013, which wis 1,272 year later.

## References
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease** (**COPD**) is a teep o obstructive buff disease chairacterised bi lang-term puir airflow. The main symptoms include shortness o breath an coch wi sputum production. COPD is a progressive disease, meanin it teepically worsens ower time. Eventually everyday activities, such as walkin up stairs, acome difficult. **Chronic bronchitis** an **emphysema** are aulder terms uised for different teeps o COPD. The term "chronic bronchitis" is still uised tae define a productive coch that is present for at least three month each year for twa years.

## References
Pushion

In biology, **pushions** are substances that cause disturbances in organisms, uisually bi chemical reaction or ither activity on the molecular scale, when an organism absorbs a sufficient quantity.

## References
Paul Jules de La Porte, Duke o La Meilleraye

**Paul Jules de La Porte, Duke o La Meilleraye** (25 Januar 1666 – 7 September 1731) wis a French nobleman an duke, an member o the Hoose o La Porte. His mither wis Hortense Mancini (a mistress o Charles II o England an niece o Cardinal Mazarin) He wis also **Duke Mazarin**.

## Mairiage

Paul Jules mairit Félice Armande Charlotte de Durfort, a granddochter o Guy Aldonce de Durfort, Duke o Lorges, and haed at least ane bairn.

## Issue

# Guy Paul Jules de La Porte, Duke o La Meilleraye, Duke Mazarin, Duke o Rethel (1701-1738) mairit Louise Françoise de Rohan an haed issue.
Hungerford

**Hungerford** is a historic mercat toun an ceevil pairish in Berkshire, Ingland, centred  wast o Newbury,  east o Marlborough,  northeast o Salisbury an 67 mile (107&nbsp;km) wast o Lunnon.   Its amenities include shops, cafés, restaurants, schuils an sports teams or clubs in the main naitional sports.  It haes a railwey station which is a minor stap on the Lunnon tae Exeter (via Taunton) Line an pairt o the upper River Kennet flaes throu the toun which haes the confluence o its main river, the River Dun which is throu the toun deepest an widest as the Kennet and Avon Canal.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Hungerford Virtual Museum
*Hungerford Town Council 
*Hungerford in West Berkshire
*Hungerford Historical Association
*Royal Berkshire History: Hungerford
*photos of Hungerford and surrounding area on geograph
Artifeecial intelligence

**Artifeecial intelligence** (**AI**) is intelligence exheebitit bi machines. In computer science, the field o AI resairch defines itsel as the study o "intelligent augents": ony device that perceives its environs an taks actions that maximize its chance o success at some goal.

## References
Ramon Llull

**Ramon Llull**,  T.O.S.F. (; c. 1232 – c. 1315; Anglicised *Raymond Lully*, *Raymond Lull*; in Laitin *Raimundus* or *Raymundus Lullus* or *Lullius*) wis a philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary an Majorcan writer. He is creditit wi writin the first major wark o Catalan leeteratur. Recently surfaced manuscripts shaw his wark tae hae predatit bi several centuries prominent wark on elections theory. He is an aa conseedert a pioneer o computation theory, especially gien his influence on Leibniz.

Within the Franciscan Order he is honoured as a martyr. He wis beatified in 1847 bi Pape Pius IX. His feast day wis assigned to 30 Juin an is celebratit bi the Third Order o St. Francis.

## References
IBM Personal Computer

The **IBM Personal Computer**, commonly kent as the **IBM PC**, is the oreeginal version an progenitor o the IBM PC compatible haurdware platform. It is IBM model nummer **5150**, an wis introduced on August 12, 1981. It wis creatit bi a team o ingineers an designers unner the direction o Don Estridge o the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.
Common cauld

**Common cauld**, an aa kent simply as a **cauld**, is a viral infectious disease o the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the neb. The throat, sinuses, an vyce box mey an aa be affectit. Signs an symptoms mey begin less nor twa days follaein exposur. Thay include cochin, sair throat, runny neb, neesin, heidache, an fiver. People usually recover in seven to ten days. Some symptoms mey last up tae three weeks. In thae wi ither heal problems, pneumonia mey occasionally develop.

Well ower 200 virus strains are implicatit in the cause o the common cauld; the rhinoviruses are the maist common. Thay spread throu the air during close contact wi infectit fowk an indirectly throu contact wi objects in the environs follaed bi transfer tae the mooth or neb. Risk factors include gangin tae daycare, nae sleepin well, an psychological stress. Symptoms are maistly due tae the bouk's immune response tae the infection rather nor tae tissue destruction bi the viruses themsels. Fowk wi influenza eften shaw seemilar symptoms as fowk wi a cauld, tho symptoms are uisually mair severe in the umwhile. Influenza is less likely tae result in a rinnie neb.

Thare is na vaccine for the common cauld. The primar methods o prevention are haund washin; nae touchin the een, neb or mooth wi unwashed haunds; an stayin away frae other sick fowk. Some evidence supports the uise o face masks. Na cure for the common cauld exeests, but the symptoms can be treatit. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory droogs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen mey help wi pain. Antibiotics should nae be uised. Evidence disna support a benefit frae couch medicins.

The common cauld is the maist frequent infectious disease in humans. The average adult gets twa tae fower caulds a year, while the average bairn mey get sax tae aicht. Thay occur mair commonly during the winter. Thir infections hae been wi humanity syne auncient times.

## References
Vikings

**Vikings** (Dens an ; Swadish an ; ), frae Auld Norse **, war Nordic seafarers, mainly speakin the Auld Norse leid, wha raidit an tradit frae thair Northren European hamelands atort wide auries o northren, central an eastren Europe, during the late 8t tae late 11t centuries. The term is an aa commonly extendit in modren Scots an other vernaculars tae the indwallers o Viking hame commonties during whit haes acome kent as the Viking Age. This period o Nordic militar, mercantile an demografic expansion constitutes an important element in the early medieval history o Scandinavie, Estonie, the Breetish Isles, France, Kievan Rus' an Sicily.

Facilitatit bi advanced seafarin skills, an chairacterised bi the langship, Viking activities at times an aa extendit intae the Mediterranean littoral, North Africae, the Middle East an Central Asie. Follaein extendit phases o (primarily sea- or river-borne) sploration, expansion an settlement, Viking (Norse) commonties an polities war established in diverse auries o north-wastren Europe, European Roushie, the North Atlantic islands an as far as the north-eastren coast o North Americae. This period o expansion witnessed the wider dissemination o Norse cultur, while simultaneously introducin strang foreign cultural influences intae Scandinavie itsel, wi profoond developmental implications in baith directions.

Popular, modren conceptions o the Vikings—the term frequently applied casually tae thair modren stryndants an the indwallers o modren Scandinavie—eften strangly differ frae the complex pictur that emerges frae airchaeology an historical soorces. A romanticised pictur o Vikings as noble savages began tae emerge in the 18t century; this developed an acame widely propagatit during the 19t-century Viking revival. Perceived views o the Vikings as alternatively violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers awe much tae conflictin varieties o the modren Viking meeth that haed taken shape bi the early 20t century. Current popular representations o the Vikings are teepically based on cultural clichés an stereotypes, complicatin modren appreciation o the Viking legacy.

## References
Kahlil Gibran

**Kahlil Gibran** (; whiles spelt **Khalil**; full Arabic name **Gibran Khalil Gibran**,   / ALA-LC: *Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān* or *Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān*) (Januar 6, 1883 – Aprile 10, 1931) wis a Lebanese-American airtist, poet, an writer o the New York Pen League.

## Notes

## References
Kālidāsa

**Kālidāsa** () wis a Clessical Sanskrit writer, widely regairdit as the greatest poet an dramatist in the Sanskrit leid. His plays an poetry are primarily based on the Indie Puranas.

Much aboot his life is unkent, anerly whit can be inferred frae his poetry an plays. His *[[floruit]]* canna be datit wi preceesion, but maist likely faws within the 5t century CE.

## References
El Niño

**El Niño** () is the wairm phase o the El Niño Soothren Oscillation (commonly cried ENSO) an is associatit wi a baund o wairm ocean watter that develops in  the central an east-central equatorial Paceefic (atween approximately the Internaitional Date Line an 120°W), includin off the Paceefic coast o Sooth Americae.

## References
Auld age

**Auld age** refers tae ages nearin or surpassin the life expectancy o human beins, an is thus the end o the human life cycle.
Ankylosaurus

***Ankylosaurus*** is a genus o airmoured dinosaur. Its fossils hiv bin foond in geological formations frae the end o the Cretaceous Period, aboot 68–66 million yars ago, in westren Noorth Americae, makin it amang the last o the non-avian dinosaurs.  It wis name't by Barnum Brown in 1908; it is monotypic, containin only ***A. magniventris***. .

## References
Brachiosaurus

***Brachiosaurus*** is a genus o sauropod dinosaur frae the Jurassic Morrison Formation o North Americae. It wis first descrived bi Elmer S. Riggs in 1903 frae fossils foond in the Grand River Canyon (nou Colorado River) o wastren Colorado, in the Unitit States an is ane o the maist lairge dinosaurs discoverit.

## References
Diplodocus

***Diplodocus*** is an extinct genus o diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs whase fossils war first discovered in 1877 bi S. W. Williston.
Stegosaurus

***Stegosaurus*** is a genus o airmoured dinosaur. Fossils o this genus date tae the Late Jurassic period, whaur thay are foond in Kimmeridgian tae early Tithonian aged strata, atween 155 an 150&nbsp;million years ago, in the wastren Unitit States an Portugal.

## References
Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke o Choiseul

**Étienne François de Choiseul, Duke o Choiseul** (28 Juin 1719 – 8 Mey 1785) wis a French nobleman an a duke as well as a miniter for Keeng Louis XV. He wis kent as the Coont o Stainville (*comte de Stainville*) afore bein creatit the Duke o Choiseul (*duc de Choiseul*) in 1758. He wis an aa the Duke o Amboise (1764) As a result o his title, he is uisually simply kent as ***Choiseul***. He an aa helped bring aboot the mairiage o Maria Antonia o Austrick (''Marie Antoinette'') an the future Louis XVI. He wis at the heicht o his influence during 1758 an 1770.

## Mairiage
In 1750 Choiseul mairit Louise Honorine Crozat, *Mademoiselle Crozat* but the couple haed no childer. The did adopt his cousin's son Claude Antoine Gabriel de Choiseul, who wad inherit the ducal teetle Duke o Choiseul.

## Ither wabsteids
Van der Waals radius

The **van der Waals radius**, *r*, o an atom is the radius o an eemaginary haurd sphere representin the distance o closest approach for anither atom. It is named efter Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner o the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he wis the first tae recognise that atoms war nae simply pynts an tae demonstrate the physical consequences o thair size throu the van der Waals equation o state.

## References
Allosaurus

***Allosaurus*** is a genus o muckle theropod dinosaur that lived 155 tae 150&nbsp;million year syne throu the late Jurassic period (Kimmeridgian til the airly Tithonian).

## References
Rumi

**Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī** (), kent as **Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī** () an aw, **Mevlânâ**/**Mawlānā** (, "our master"), **Mevlevî**/**Mawlawī** (, "my master"), an mair popularly simply as **Rumi** (30 September 1207&nbsp;– 17 December 1273), wis a 13t-century Persie Sunni Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, an Sufi mystic. Rumi's influence transcends naitional borders an ethnic diveesions: Iranians, Tajiks, Turks, Greeks, Pashtuns, ither Central Asie Muslims, an the Muslims o Sooth Asie hae greatly appreciatit his spiritual legacy for the past seiven centuries.  His poems hae been widely translatit intae mony o the warld's leids an transposit intae various formats. Rumi haes been describit as the "maist popular poet" an the "best sellin poet" in the Unitit States.

## References
Surfactant

**Surfactants** are compoonds that lawer the surface tension (or interfacial tension) atween twa liquids or atween a liquid an a solit. Surfactants mey act as detergents, wettin agents, emulsifiers, foamin agents, an dispersants.
Augustin-Jean Fresnel

**Augustin-Jean Fresnel** (; 10 Mey 1788 – 14 Julie 1827), wis a French ingineer an pheesicist wha contreibutit signeeficantly tae the establishment o the theory o wave optics. Fresnel studied the behaviour o licht baith theoretically an experimentally.

He is aiblins best kent as the inventor o the Fresnel lens, first adoptit in lichthooses while he wis a French commissioner o lichthooses, an foond in mony applications theday. His Fresnel equations on waves an reflectivity an aa form the basis for mony applications in computer graphics the day — for instance, the renderin o watter.
Doge's Pailace

The **Doge's Palace** (; ) is a palace biggit in Venetian Gothic style, an ane o the main laundmerks o the ceety o Venice in northren Italy. The palace wis the residence o the Doge o Venice, the supreme authority o the umwhile Republic o Venice, openin as a museum in 1923. The day, it is ane o the 11 museums run bi the Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia.
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral

**Santiago de Compostela Cathedral** (Spaingie an Galicie: ) is pairt o the Roman Catholic Airchdiocese o Santiago de Compostela, an is an integral component o the Santiago de Compostela Warld Heritage Steid in Galicie, Spain. The cathedral is the reputit burial place o Saunt James the Great, ane o the apostles o Jesus Christ. The cathedral haes historically been a place o pilgrimage on the Way o St. James syne the Early Middle Ages, an merks the tradeetional end o the pilgrimage route. The biggin is a Romanesque structur, wi later Gothic an Baroque addeetions.

## References
Marie Louise d'Orléans

**Marie Louise d'Orléans, [[Dochter o Fraunce|Granddochter o Fraunce]]** (26 Mairch 1662 – 12 Februar 1689) wis Queen consort o Spain frae 1679 tae 1689 as the first wife o King Charles II o Spain. She wis a granddaughter o Louis XIII o Fraunce. In Spain, she wis kent as "*María Luisa de Orleans*". She wis a niece o Keeng Louis XIV as well as Keeng Charles II o England. She wis the first wife o Charles II o Spain, but the couple haed no childer. While in Spain Marie Louise woiuld correspond wi her stepmother Elisabeth Charlotte. She wis the penultimate Habsburg consorts o Spain.

## Background

Marie Louise wis the eldest bairn o Philippe o Fraunce, Duke o Orléans an his first wife Henrietta o England. As the senior unmairit female o the ryal faimily in Fraunce she wis kent as "*Mademoiselle*".  She wis boren in Paris

## Mairiage

Plans for Marie Louise tae mairy her cousin Louis o Fraunce, Dauphin o Fraunce, ''"Grand Dauphin''" niver materialised an on 30 August 1679 at the Palace o Fontainebleau Marie Louise wad mairy Charles II o Spain bi proxy, wi the Prince o Conti actin as the king. Efter ten years o mairiage, the couple haed nae childer, an the vast Spaingie empire wad be claimed bi Marie Louise's cousin Philippe o Fraunce, Duke o Anjou. She died at the Ryal Alcázar o Madrid due tae suspected poisoning an wis buried in the crypt o the Ryal Seat o San Lorenzo de El Escorial. King Charles II wad mairy Maria Anna o Neuburg in August 1689 an wad again hae nae issue endin the Spaingie branch o the Hoose o Habsburg.

## Teetles an styles
***26 Mairch 1662 - 19 November 1679** *[[Her Ryal Highness]] Mademoiselle d'Orléans, [[Dochter o Fraunce|Granddochter o Fraunce]]*. 
***19 November 1679 – 12 Februar 1689** *The Queen o Spain*.

## Ither wabsteids

|-
Abu Simbel temples

The **Abu Simbel temples** are twa massive rock temples at Abu Simbel (), a veelage in Nubia, soothren Egyp, near the border wi Sudan. Thay are situatit on the wastren bank o Loch Nasser, aboot 230&nbsp;km soothwast o Aswan (aboot 300&nbsp;km bi road).
Badshahi Mosque

The **Badshahi Mosque** (Punjabi, , or *Imperial Mosque*) is a Mughal era mosque in Lahore, caipital o the Pakistani province o Punjab. The mosque is locatit wast o Lahore Fort alang the ootskirts o the Wawed Ceety o Lahore. The mosque is widely conseedert tae be ane o Lahore's maist iconic laundmerks.

## References
ENIAC

**ENIAC** ( or ; **Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer**) wis amangst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made. It wis Turing-complete, deegital, an coud solve "a lairge cless o numerical problems" throu reprogrammin.

## References
Cross product

In mathematics an vector algebra, the **cross product** or **vector product** (occasionally **directed area product** tae emphasize the geometric signeeficance) is a binary operation on twa vectors in three-dimensional space (**R**3) an is denotit bi the seembol ×. Gien twa linearly independent vectors **a** an **b**, the cross product, **a** × **b**, is a vector that is perpendicular tae baith **a** an **b** an tharefore normal tae the plane conteenin them. It haes mony applications in mathematics, pheesics, ingineerin, an computer programmin. It shoud nae be confused wi dot product (projection product).
Dot product

In mathematics, the **dot product** or **scalar product** (whiles **inner product** in the context o Euclidean space, or rarely **projection product** for pittin emphasis on the geometric significance), is an algebraic operation that taks twa equal-lenth sequences o nummers (fir uisual coordinate vectors) an returns a single nummer.

## References
Jusepe de Ribera

**Jusepe de Ribera** (Januar 12, 1591 – September 2, 1652) wis a Spaingie Tenebrist penter an prentmakker, kent as **José de Ribera** an **Josep de Ribera** an aw. He wis cried **Lo Spagnoletto** ("the Little Spainiard") bi his contemporaries an early writers an aw. Ribera wis a leadin penter o the Spaingie schuil, awtho his matur wark wis aw duin in Italy.
El Escorial

The **Ryal Steid o San Lorenzo de El Escorial** (), commonly kent as **El Escorial** (), is a historical residence o the Keeng o Spain, in the toun o San Lorenzo de El Escorial, aboot  northwast o the caipital, Madrid, in Spain. It is ane o the Spaingie ryal steids an functions as a monastery, basilica, ryal palace, pantheon, librar, museum, varsity an hospital. It is situatit  up the valley ( road distance) frae the toun o El Escorial.
Aswan Dam

The **Aswan Dam** is an embankment dam biggit athort the Nile at Aswan, Egyp atween 1898 an 1902. Syne the 1960s, the name commonly refers tae the **Aswan Heich Dam**. Construction o the Heich Dam acame a key objective o the Egyptian Govrenment follaein the Egyptian Revolution o 1952, as the ability tae control fluids, provide watter for irrigation, an generate hydroelectricity war seen as pivotal tae Egypt's industrialisation. The Heich Dam wis constructit atween 1960 an 1970, an haes haed a signeeficant effect on the economy an cultur o Egyp.

## References
Oscar Niemeyer

**Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho** (December 15, 1907&nbsp;– December 5, 2012) — kent as **Oscar Niemeyer** () — wis a Brazilian airchitect conseedert tae be ane o the key figurs in the development o modren airchitectur. Niemeyer wis best kent for his design o ceevic biggins for Brasília, a planned ceety that acame Brazil's caipital in 1960, as well as his collaboration wi ither airchitects on the heidquarters o the Unitit Naitions in New York. His sploration o the aesthetic possibilities o reinforced concrete wis heichly influential in the late 20t an early 21st centuries.
Chrétien de Troyes

**Chrétien de Troyes** () (**) wis a late-12t-century French poet an trouvère kent for his wark on Arthurian subjects, an for oreeginatin the chairacter Lancelot. This wark represents some o the best-regairdit o medieval leeteratur. His uise o structur, pairteecularly in *[[Yvain, the Knicht o the Lion]]*, haes been seen as a step taewart the modren novelle. Little is kent o his life, but he seems tae hae been frae Troyes, or at least intimately connectit wi it, an atween 1160 an 1172 he served at the coort o his patroness Marie o Fraunce, Coontess o Champagne, dauchter o Eleanor o Aquitaine, aiblins as herald-at-airms (as Gaston Paris speculatit).

## References
Gabriele D'Annunzio

General **Gabriele D'Annunzio, Prince of Montenevoso, Duke of Gallese**  (; 12 Mairch 1863 – 1 Mairch 1938), whiles spelled **d'Annunzio**, wis an Italian writer, poet, jurnalist, playwricht an sodger during Warld War I. He occupied a prominent place in Italian leeteratur frae 1889 tae 1910 an later poleetical life frae 1914 tae 1924. He wis eften referred tae unner the epithets  *Il Vate* ("the Poet") or *Il Profeta* ("the Prophet").

## References
Édith Piaf

**Édith Piaf** (; 19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963; born **Édith Giovanna Gassion**) wis a French cabaret sangster, sangwriter an actress wha acame widely regairdit as Fraunce's naitional , as well as bein ane o Fraunce's greatest internaitional starns.

Her muisic wis eften autobiografical wi her sangin reflectin her life, an her specialty bein chanson an torch ballads, pairteecularly o luve, loss an sorrae. Amang her well-kent sangs are "La Vie en rose" (1946), "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Milord" (1959), "La Foule" (1957), "" (1955), an "Padam ... Padam ..." (1951).

Syne her premature daith in 1963 an wi the aid o several biografies an films includin 2007's Academy Awaird winnin *[[La Vie en rose (film)|La Vie en rose]]*, Piaf haes acquired a legacy as ane o the greatest performers o the 20t century, an her vyce an muisic continue tae be celebratit globally.

## References
El Greco

**Doménikos Theotokópoulos** ( ; 1 October 1541 7 Aprile 1614), maist widely kent as **El Greco**, wis a penter, sculptor an airchitect o the Spaingie Renaissance. "El Greco" ("The Greek") wis a nickname, a reference tae his Greek origin, an the airtist normally signed his pentings wi his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (*Doménikos Theotokópoulos*), eften addin the wird Κρής (*Krēs*, "Cretan").

## Notes

**a.**  Theotokópoulos acquired the name "El Greco" in Italy, whaur the custom o identifyin a man bi designatin a kintra or ceety o origin wis a common practice. The curious form o the airticle (*El*) mey be frae the Venetian dialect or mair likely frae the Spaingie, tho in Spaingie his name would be "". The Cretan master wis generally kent in Italy an Spain as *Dominico Greco*, an wis cried anly efter his daith El Greco ().

**b.**  Accordin tae a contemporary, El Greco acquired his name, nae anly for his place o origin, but an aa for the sublimity o his airt: "Oot o the great esteem he was held in he wis cried the Greek (il Greco)" (comment o Giulio Cesare Mancini aboot El Greco in his *Chronicles*, which war written a few years efter El Greco's daith).

## References
Rosa Luxemburg

**Rosa Luxemburg** (an aa *Rozalia Luxenburg*; ; 5 Mairch 1871 – 15 Januar 1919) wis a Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, an revolutionary socialist o Pols-Jewish strynd wha acame a naituralised German ceetizen. She wis, successively, a member o the Social Democracy o the Kinrick o Poland an Lithuanie (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Pairty o Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Pairty (USPD), an the Communist Pairty o Germany (KPD).

In 1915, efter the SPD supportit German involvement in Warld War I, she an Karl Liebknecht co-foondit the anti-war Spartacus League (*Spartakusbund*), that eventually becam the KPD. In the November Revolution she co-foondit the newspaper *[[Die Rote Fahne]]* ("The Reid Banner"), the central organ o the Spartacist muivement.

She conseedert the Spartacist uprisin o Januar 1919 a blunder, but supportit it as events unfauldit. Friedrich Ebert's majority Social Democratic govrenment crushed the revolt an the *Spartakusbund* bi sendin in the *[[Freikorps]]* (govrenment-sponsored paramilitar groups consistin maistly o Warld War I veterans). *Freikorps* truips capturt an summarily executit Luxemburg an Liebknecht in the rebellion. Luxemburg's bouk wis thrawn in the Landwehr Canaul in Berlin.

Due tae her pyntit creeticism o baith the Leninist an the mair moderate social democratic schuils o socialism, Luxemburg haes haed a somewhit ambivalent reception amang scholarts an theorists o the poleetical left. Nanetheless, Luxemburg an Liebknecht war extensively idolised as communist mairtyrs bi the East German communist regime. The German Federal Office for the Pertection o the Constitution notes that idolisation o Rosa Luxemburg ad Karl Liebknecht is an important tradeetion o German faur-left activism.

## References
Hannah Arendt

**Johanna** "**Hannah**" **Arendt** (; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) wis a German-born Jewish American poleetical theorist. Tho aft descrieved as a philsopher, she rejectit that label on the grunds that philosophy is concerned wi "man in the singular" an insteid descrieved hersel as a poleetical theorist acause her wark centres on the fact that "men, nae Man, live on the yird an inhabit the warld."

She escaped Europe durin the Holocaust, becomin an American ceetizen. Her warks deal wi the naitur o pouer an the subjects o politics, direct democracy, authority, an totalitarianism. The Hannah Arendt Prize is cried in her honour.

## References
Walter Benjamin

**Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin** (; 15 Julie 1892 – 26 September 1940) wis a German Jewish philosopher, cultural creetic an essayist. An eclectic thinker, combinin elements o German idealism, Romanticism, Wastren Marxism, an Jewish mysticism, Benjamin made endurin an influential contreibutions tae aesthetic theory, leeterar creeticism, an historical materialism.

## References
Ursula K. Le Guin

**Ursula Kroeber Le Guin** (; October 21, 1929 – Januar 22, 2018) wis an American author o novelles, childer's beuks, an short stories, mainly in the genres o fantasy an science feection.

## References
Max Weber

**Karl Emil Maximilian** "**Max**" **Weber** (; 21 Aprile 1864 – 14 Juin 1920) wis a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, an poleetical economist whase ideas profoondly influenced social theory an social resairch. Weber is eften citit, wi Émile Durkheim an Karl Marx, as amang the three foonders o sociology. Weber wis a key proponent o methodological antipositivism, arguin for the study o social action throu interpretive (rather nor purely empiricist) means, based on unnerstaundin the purpose an meanin that indiveeduals attach tae thair ain actions. Unlik Durkheim, he did nae believe in monocausality an rather proponed that for ony ootcome thare can be multiple causes.

## References
Fortran

**Fortran** (umwhile **FORTRAN**, derived frae "Formula Translation") is a general-purpose, imperative programmin leid that is especially suitit tae numeric computation an scientific computin.

## References
Antonio Gramsci

**Antonio Francesco Gramsci** (, ; 22 Januar 1891 – 27 Aprile 1937) wis an Italian Marxist theorist an politeecian. He wrote on poleetical theory, sociology an lingueestics. He attemptit tae break frae the economic determinism o tradeetional Marxist thocht an sae is conseedert a key neo-Marxist. He wis a foondin member an ane-time leader o the Communist Pairty o Italy an wis imprisoned bi Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. His prison diaries wir translatit by Scots socialist and poet, Hamish Henderson.

## References
Judith Butler

**Judith Butler** (born Februar 24, 1956) is an American filosofer an gender theorist whase wark haes influenced poleetical filosofie, ethics an the fields o third-wave feminist, queer an leeterar theory.

## References
Mental disorder

A **mental ail**, cud be cried a **mental tribble** or **psychiatric ail** an aa, is a diagnosis bi a mental heal professional o a behavioural or mental pattern that mey cause sufferin or a puir ability tae function in life.

## References
Poliomyelitis

**Poliomyelitis**, eften cried **polio** or **infantile paralysis**, is a smittle tribble caused bi the poliovirus. In aboot 0.5% o cases there is muscle wauchness resultin in an inability tae muive.

## References
Hearin loss

**Hearin loss**, forby kent as **hearin impairment**, is a pairtial or tot inabeelity tae hear. A **deif** person haes little tae na hearin. Hearin loss mey occur in ane or baith lugs. In bairns hearin problems can affect the ability tae learn spoken leid an in adults it can cause wark relatit difficulties. In some fowk, pairteecularly aulder fowk, hearin loss can result in laneliness. Hearin loss can be temporary or permanent.

## References