open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kufra

**Kufra**  (an aw spelled **Cufra** in Italian, **Koufra** in French or **Khofra**) is a basin (Arab: *Uádi el Kufra*)  an oasis group in Al Kufrah Destrict, sootheastren Cyrenaica in Libie. Kufra is historically important abuin aw acause at the end o nineteent century it became the center an holy place o the Senussi order. Mairower, it played a minor role in the Wastren Desert Campaign o Warld War II. 

It is in a pairticularly isolatit location no anerlie acause it is in the middle o the Sahara Desert but an aw acause it is surroondit on three sides bi depressions – which makes it dominate the passage in east-wast land traffic athort the desert; for the colonial Italians, it wis an aw important as a station on the north-sooth air traffic tae Italian East Africae. These factors, alang wi Kufra's dominance o the sootheastren Cyrenaica region o Libie, explains the Oasis' strategic importance an why it wis a point o conflict durin Warld War II.

## Etymology
The wird *Kufra* comes frae the Arabic wird kafir, the Arabic term for non-Muslims (aften translatit as "infidels", literally "those who conceal [the truth]") wi reference tae the pagan Tebu fowk native tae the region.

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
* "Al Kufrah, Libya" Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.
* migreurope
* Information about the Battle for Kufra
* (DE) Kufra Project 
* (DE) Green Desert, Kufra Project
Islamic fundamentalism

**Islamic fundamentalism** (Arabic: *usul*, the "fundamentals") is a term uisit tae describe releegious ideologies seen as advocatin a return tae the "fundamentals" o Islam: the Quran an the Sunnah. Definitions o the term vary. Accordin tae Christine L. Kettel, it is deemit problematic bi those who suggest that Islamic belief requires aw Muslims tae be fundamentalists, an bi ithers as a term uisit bi ootsiders tae describe perceivit trends athin Islam. Exemplary figures of Islamic fundamentalism who are also termed Islamists are Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi and Israr Ahmad. Economist Eli Berman argues that **Radical Islam** is a better term for mony post-1920s muivements stairtin wi The Muslim Britherhuid, acause these movements are seen tae practice "unprecedentit extremism", thus no qualifyin as return tae historic fundamentals.

## See an aw
* 2009 Diyala Province Bombin
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah (organisation)
* Forcit conversion in Islam
* Christian fundamentalism
* Hindu fundamentalism
* Islamic extremism
* Islamic terrorism
* Islamofascism
* Jewish fundamentalism
* Mormon fundamentalism
* Mona Mahmudnizhad
* Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi
* Salafi
* Weemen's clothin in Iran

## References

## Further readin
* Sikand, Yoginder *Origins and Development of the Tablighi-Jama'at (1920–2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study*, ISBN 81-250-2298-8
* Roy, Olivier, *The Failure of Political Islam*, Harvard University Press, 1994
* Shepard, William. "What is 'Islamic Fundamentalism'?" *Studies in Religion*. Winter 1988.
*
*
*
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## Freemit airtins
* Fundamentalist Islam
* Islamic Fundamentalism: A Brief Survey
*"Wars of Religion": The Simplification of Faith (Qantara.de)
* "Some Thoughts on Radical Islam"
Jadu

**Jadu** <sup>[p]</sup> (, ), in other languages an aw: **Giado** (Italian) an **Gado**, is a muntain toun in wastren Libie, in the Al Jabal al Gharbi Destrict an the Nafusa Muntains. Jadu wis the steid o an Italian concentration camp durin Warld War II. In 1942, some 2,000 Jews an ither undesirables wut roondit up throughoot Libie an sent tae the Jadu camp.

## Notes

: [p] - The name "Jadu" is pronooncit  . 


## See an aw
* Leet o ceeties in Libie

## Freemit airtins
* "Jadu: Berber hilltop village"  LookLex: Libya
* "Jadu, Libya", Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.
Antti Puhakka

**Antti Puhakka** (Aprile 24, 1816 – Mairch 30, 1893) wis a Finnish naitional romantic poet frae Kontiolahti in Finnish Karelie. He was known for using Kalevala meter in his poems.

Puhakka wis illiterate till the age o 21, but efter gainin the skill o writin he wrote nearly 20,000 lines o poetry. He later became a member o the Finnish Leeterature Society.

Antti Puhakka wis electit tae the Diet o Finland fower times efter 1862, representin
land-awnin peasants, an became a popular politeecian in Finland.

His most well-known poems are "Tuhman Jussin juttureissu" and "Surulaulu 1850 vuoden kiellosta."

## References
A Perfect Murder

**A Perfect Murder** wis a groove metal baund frae in Montreal, Canadae.

## History
A Perfect Murder wis formit in 2001 in Drummondville, Quebec, Canadae bi Carl Bouchard.  Their first EP, Blood Covered Words, wis released the same year.  In 2003, afore the release o the baund's first full length album, Bouchard decidit tae switch frae vocals tae lead guitar.  Vocalist Frank Pellerin teuk ower for Bouchard on 2003's Cease to Suffer.  Later that year, the baund signed wi Victory Records.  Still unner contract tae Cyclop Records, the baund released the EP Rehearsal tae fulfill their contract obligation.  Their first full length album for Victory wis 2004's Unbroken.  Efter the release o Unbroken, Pellerin left the baund an wis replacit bi Tennessee native sangster Kevin Randel tae release 2005's Strength through Vengeance. Less nor ane month efter releasin their fowert full length album, 2007's War of Aggression, the baund decidit tae caw it quits. The decision came efter their tour support wis pulled bi Victory Records. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=76283 .

## Baund members
* Frank - Vocals
* Carl Bouch - Lead Guitar
* Gagnon! - Rhythm Guitar
* Luc - Bass Guitar
* Chaussé - Drums

## Discography
**[[Blood Covered Words]]* - EP (2001)
**[[Cease to Suffer]]* (2003)
**[[Unbroken (A Perfect Murder album)|Unbroken]]* (2004)
**[[Rehearsal (EP)|Rehearsal]]* - EP (2005)
**[[Strength through Vengeance]]* (2005)
**[[War of Aggression (album)|War of Aggression]]* (2007)

## Freemit airtins
*
*
Lombardy

**Lombardy** (, ; Wastren Lombard: *Lumbardìa*; Eastren Lombard: *Lombardia*) is ane o the 20 regions o Italy. The caipital is Milan. Ane-saxt o Italy's population lives in Lombardy an aboot ane fift o Italy's GDP is producit in this region, makkin it the maist populous an richest region in the kintra an ane o the richest in the whole o Europe. Major tourist destinations in the region include the historic, cultural an airtistic ceeties o Milan (which is Italy's seicont top tourist destination), Brescia, Mantua, Pavia, Como, Cremona, Bergamo, Sondrio, Lecco, Lodi,  Varese, Monza, an the lochs o Garda, Como, Maggiore, an Iseo.

The offeecial leid, as in the rest o Italy, is Italian. The traditional local leids are the various dialects o Lombard (Wastren Lombard an Eastren Lombard), as well as some dialects o Emilian, spoken in some pairts o the provinces o Mantua, Pavia, an Cremona. Accordin tae Istat, amaist 27% o Lombards are bilingual wi Lombard an Italian leids; 9.1% are monolingual in Lombard an 57.6% are monolingual in Italian.

## Admeenistrative diveesions
Lombardy is dividit intae 12 provinces:

## References

## Freemit airtins
Bahia

**Bahia** () is ane o the 26 states o Brazil, an is locatit in the northeastren pairt o the kintra on the Atlantic coast. It is the fowert maist populous Brazilian state efter São Paulo, Minas Gerais an Rio de Janeiro, an the fift-lairgest in size. Bahia's caipital is the ceety o Salvador, or mair properly, São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos, an is locatit at the junction o the Atlantic Ocean an the Bay o Aw Saunts, first seen bi European sailors in 1501. The name "bahia" is an airchaic spellin o the Portuguese wird *baía*, meanin "bay".

## References

## Freemit airtins

* History o Bahia 
* Geography o Bahia 
* Population o Bahia
Kara-Balta

**Kara-Balta** ('black ax') is a ceety an municipality on the Chu River, in Chuy Province, Kyrgyzstan, the caipital o Jaiyl Destrict.  It wis foondit in 1825 unner the Kokand Khanate, an receivit ceety status in 1975 unner the Soviets.  Its ceety population wis offeecially 43,531 in a 2001 census. The municipality haed a population o 54,200 accordin tae the Soviet 1989 census, an is nou estimatit at ower 70,000.

Kara-Balta is locatit on the northren slopes o the Kyrgyz Ala-Too, in the wastren pairt o Chuy Province, 62&nbsp;km wast o the caipital o Bishkek. The road continues wast through Kaindy toward Taraz, Kazakhstan. Anither road goes sooth through the Too-Ashoo Tunnel an then splits, ane branch goin wast tae Talas Province an the ither sooth an then east through the Suusamyr Valley tae Balykchy on Lake Issyk Kul. It haes a temperate climate. The terrain is flat, wi a slicht slope dounwards frae the sooth tae the north. 

## History
The Chuy Valley haes been settled syne the 5t Century, but efter the invasion bi Genghis Khan the aurie wis inhabitit maistly bi nomads an pastoralists.  Housomeivver, the settlement became a toun an flourished unner the Khanate o Kokand. 

## Economy
The major industry in Kara-Balta wis the processin plant o the minin combine, Kara-Balta Ore Mining Combine (KBMP), the lairgest in Central Asie. Durin Soviet times, it processed uranium ore frae deposits in Kyrgyzstan an Kazakhstan.  Efter independence, the mines in Kyrgyzstan closed quickly; housomeivver KBMP continued tae process uranium concentrate frae Kazakhstan till 2005 when this activity wad stoppit due tae the lack o raw material.  The massive uranium tailins remain a problem.  KBMP still processes gowd an molybdenum ores.

In Februar 2007 the Roushie Renova Group wan a tender tae purchase the Kyrgyz govrenment's 72.28 percent stake
in the Kara-Balta uranium-production facility.

## Sports
The ceety haes a bandy club.

## Military
In the ceety the Roushie military haes a capacity.

## References
::*This article is based in pairt on material frae the [[:ru:Кара-Балта|Roushie Wikipedia]]*.
Kökjanggak

**Kökjanggak** (an aw **Kok-Jangak** or **Kok-Dzhangak**, , meanin in Kyrgyz "green walnut",  ) is a toun o aboot 10,000 in the Suzak Destrict o the Jalal-Abad Province o wastren Kyrgyzstan, locatit at a distance o aboot 35&nbsp;km o the regional centre ceety Jalal-Abad.

## History
Kökjanggak oreeginatit as a coal-minin settlement in the beginnin o 20t century. The upper strata o coal o Kok-Jangak coal deposit hae been mined on a sma-scale till the October Revolution. Durin the Roushie Ceevil War the mine wis destroyed bi basmachi an extraction wis suspendit. Durin the First Five-Year Plan new drift mines wur developed an access railwey frae Jalal-Abad built. This resultit in rapid increase o the coal production. In 1943 Kökjanggak became a toun.

## Population
The population o Kökjanggak wis 10,341 in 2004 includin 8,400 - Kyrgyz, 640 - Uzbek, 540 - Roushie, 210 - Tatar, 140 - Kazakh, an 411 - ither naitionalities.

## References

## External links
* Assessment o the Coal Resources o the Kyrgyz Republic
Sophie Zelmani

**Sophie Zelmani** (born 12 Februar 1972 in Stockholm as Sophie Edkvist) is a Swadish sangster-sangwriter who released her first single in 1995, cried "Always You".

## Early an personal life
Born in the suburbs o Stockholm in 1972, Zelmani's faither bought the faimily a guitar when Zelmani wis 14. Despite no professional muisic trainin, Zelmani became a sangwriter an recordit some sangs at a local studio. Efter she mailed the demos tae three record companies, Zelmani wis affered a record deal bi Sony Music Swaden.

She is marriet an haes ane dochter wi her husband.

## Career
Sophie Zelmani recordit her debut, eponymous album wi Sony in 1995. The album wis producit an arrangit bi Lars Halapi an co-producit bi Patrik Sventelius, who an aw played guitar. She describit the process o makkin the album: "In the beginning Lars and I spent a few months in the studio. We had fun and then picked the musicians. We recorded in two weeks but the whole thing took half a year." Bi 1997, Zelmani's debut album haed sauld 200,000 copies in Europe an Asie Pacific, afore muivin tae the US mercat, distributit bi Columbia Records. Zelmani said, "I had no ambitions to go abroad. I knew I wanted to make a record. That's all I wanted." Columbia's mercatin campaign includit CD sampler giveaways, consumer press, an rotation on SAS Airlines flichts atween Scandinavie an the US.

Zelmani haes continued tae record albums while makkin anerlie a sma nummer o public appearances due tae shyness. She wan a best newcomer awaird in Swaden's Grammy awards in 1996.

## Discography

Zelmani haes an aw contributit muisic tae the TV series *[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]* an *[[Dawson's Creek]]*. Her cover o Bob Dylan's "Most Of The Time" appears on the soondtrack tae *[[Masked and Anonymous]]*.

Her sang "Stand By" appeared in the film *[[:en:Independence Day (film)|Independence Day]]* (1996).  Her sang "Always You" appeared in the film *[[My Best Friend's Wedding]]* (1997).

Zelmani's "Going Home" frae *Sing and Dance* wis covered in Mandarin Cheenese as "Passenger" bi Faye Wong on *[[To Love (Faye Wong album)|To Love]]*.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Offeecial hamepage 
*Zelmani.se - A fan steid
Safita

**Safita** ( **) is a ceety in northwastren Sirie, locatit tae the sootheast o Tartus an tae the northwast o Krak des Chevaliers. The city has a population of 33,000. It's situated atop three hills an the valleys atween them, in the Sirie Coastal Muntain Range. Safita grew prominent durin the Crusades, an wis inhabitit bi the Knichts Templar o the castle Chastel Blanc, while a pairt o the Coonty o Tripoli.

## History
The ceety haes been inhabitit syne the times o the Phoenicies, an several airchaeological discoveries hae been made, includin Phoenicie an Canaanite settlements. In 1102, Raymond IV o Toulouse began tae take the land o the Banu Ammars Emirs o Tripoli.  A fower-year siege on Tripoli resultit in full control o the ceety an mony lands surroondin it, includin Safita. Mamluk Sultan Baibars captured the castle in 1271.

## Sister ceeties
*  Marrickville, Australie

## Notes

## Freemit airins
* News wabsteid on Safita (in Arabic) 
* News wabsteid on Safita (in Arabic)
Koura Destrict

**Koura** or **El Koura** () is a destrict (*in Arabic* qadaa) in the North Govrenorate, Lebanon.

Koura is ane o the 36 destricts o Lebanon, which is vera popular for the olive tree cultivation. It is kent bi its daurk green colour.

A tot o 52 veelages mak up the Koura aurie. Koura's caipital is the toun o Amioun, (15000 offeecial inhabitant, statistics o 2010).

**Ceeties an touns:**

***[[Amioun]]**
*Anfeh
*Batroumine
*Bishmizzine
*Darbechtar
*Fih
*Kaftoun
*Kifraya
*Kfarhata
*Kaferkahel
*Kousba
*Ras Maska

## See an aw

*University o Balamand

## References

## Freemit airtins
* http://www.amioun.org/  Offeecial steid
* http://www.lebweb.com/site/lebanon-amioun-42222
Zgharta Destrict

**Zgharta Destrict** () is a destrict (*[[qadaa]]*) o the North Govrenorate, Lebanon.

The admeenistrative centre is the toun o Zgharta. The destrict haes 57 populatit auries wi 30 municipalities coverin 37 veelages. Some auries share the same municipality sic as Ehden/Zgharta, Kfarsghab/Morh Kfarsghab or Miziara/Harf Miziara. Thare is ane Municipalities Union an aw.

The destrict spreads frae near the coast at 40 meters abuin sea level up tae 2,800 meters o altitude at its heichest pynt. The heichest populatit pairt o the destrict is owerleukin the Qozhaya Valley, the northren branch o the Holy Valley, Qadisha, a UNESCO Heritage Steid. The destrict haes an aw the Horsh Ehden Nature Reserve. This pairt o the destrict is heichlie touristic, especially the aurie aroond the Monastery o Mar Sarkis, Ehden an the Monastery o Qozhaya.

Agricultur stays the main activity o the destrict wi an important olive ile production in the coastal aurie an fruits (aiple an pears) in the muntain aurie. The recent years saw the development o a modest service sector aroond the economic pole o Zgharta.
 
The offeecially registered persons in the destrict are estimatit tae 90,000 (est. 1998). Aroond 50% o the destrict population lives in the economic pole o Zgharta: Zgharta, Rachiine, Kfardlakos, Kfarhata, Mijdlayiah, Ardeh, Harf Ardeh. The majority o the population is Maronite Catholics, wi a minority o Greek Orthodox, Armenies, Sunnite Muslims an ithers.

## Touns an veelages

## References
Bsharri

**Bsharri** (an aw spelt *Becharre*, *Bcharre*, *Bsharre*; ), is a Lebanese toun at aboot 1,450 m o altitude, near the Kadisha Valley. It is locatit at , in the Bsharri Destrict o the North Govrenorate. Bsharri is the toun o the anerlie remainin (preservit) Oreeginal Cedars o Lebanon, Cedar an is the birthplace o the famous poet, painter an sculptor Khalil Gibran who nou haes a museum in the toun tae honour him.

The name Bsharri (بشرّي) can be foond in the Phoenicie leid (بيث الشري) meanin "The Hoose O Ishtar",

## References

## Freemit airtins
*  Lebanese Embassy (US) Section on Bsharri 
* World66
El Oued

**El Oued** (, meanin *the River*) or **Oued Souf** is a ceety, an the caiptial o El Oued Province, in Algerie.

The oasis toun is watered bi an unnergrund river, hence its name, which enables date palm cultivation an the rare uise (for the desert) o brick construction for hoosin. As maist roofs are domit, it is kent as the "Ceety o a Thoosan Domes"http://www.algeria.com/blog/algeria-el-oued-the-city-of-a-thousand-domes.

El Oued is locatit 400 mile sootheast o Algiers (the caipital ceety o Algerie), near the Tunisie border. It lies aboot 20 kilometres sooth o Guemar Airport. The population o El Oued wis 134,699 as o the 2008 census, up frae 105,256 in 1998, wi a population growth rate o 2.5%.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* El-Oued: Pearl o Sahara 
* Explore Oued Souf wi Google Earth  on Global Heritage Network

**Neighbourin touns an ceeties**
El Bayadh Province

**El Bayadh** () is a province (*[[wilaya]]*) in Algerie, namit efter its caipital El Bayadh.

## Admeenistrative diveesions
The province is dividit intae 8 destricts, which are further dividit intae 22 ''communes'' or municipalities.

### Destricts
# Boualem
# Bougtob
# Boussemghoun
# Brézina
# Chellala
# El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
# **[[El Bayadh Destrict|El Bayadh]]**
# Rogassa

### Communes

# Arbaouet
# Aïn El Orak
# Boualem
# Bougtob
# Boussemghoun
# Brézina
# Cheguig
# Chellala
# El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
# **[[El Bayadh]]**
# El Bnoud
# El Kheiter
# El Maharra
# Ghassoul
# Kef Lahmar
# Krakda
# Rogassa
# Sidi Amar
# Sidi Slimane
# Sidi Taifour
# Stitten
# Tousmouline

## References
Ceyhan

**Ceyhan** () is a ceety in sootheast Turkey an wi 105,000 (2010) indwallers (150,000 in the metropolitan aurie) it is the seicont lairgest ceety o Adana Province efter the caipital Adana. Ceyhan is the transportation hub for Middle Eastren, Central Asie an Roushie ile an naitural gas. It is situatit on the Ceyhan River, frae which it takes its name, in central Çukurova,  east o Adana. The Ceyhan River is dammed at Aslantas tae provide fluid control an irrigation for the lawer river basin aroond Ceyhan.

## The ile terminals
Ceyhan's marine transport terminal is the Mediterranean terminus o the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (the "BTC") which brings crude ile frae the landlockit Caspian Sea athort Azerbaijan an Georgie, an enterin Turkey in the northeast. The pipeline wis completit in Mey 2005.  The terminal contains seiven storage tanks, a jetty capable o loadin twa tankers o up tae  simultaneously, meterin facilities, a waste watter treatment plant an vapor incineration  ("burn-aff") facilities.

Ceyhan Terminal is an aw the destination o Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline an planned Samsun-Ceyhan bi-pass pipeline. In futur Ceyhan will be an aw a naitural gas hub for a planned pipeline constructit parallel tae the Kirkuk-Ceyhan ile pipeline, an for a planned extension o the Blue Stream Gas Pipeline tae frae Samsun tae Ceyhan.

Set tae acome a crossroad in the near futur, Ceyhan's significance in poleetical terms is an aw expectit tae rise considerably, as stressed durin an early 2006 symposium organized bi the municipality.

## Modren ceety o Ceyhan
Ceyhan is the seicont maist developit an populatit ceety o Adana Province efter Adana. Lik iverywhaur else on this coast it is roastin het in simmer. Thare are a number o restaurants servin the legendary Adana kebab. The river runs throu the ceety center.

## Places o interest
* The caravanserai o Kurtkulağı - biggit in 1659 bi Hüseyin Paşa, airchitect Mehmed Ağa.
* Yılan kale - a castle on a steep rock, biggit in the 12t century, durin the Crusades tae control the Çukurova plain an tred routes east.
* Tumlu Kale or Dumlukale - anither castle.
*Sirkeli Höyük - biggit tae commemorate a battle here atween Hittite emperor Muvattali an the Egyptian pharaoh Rameses.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns-sister ceeties
* Sumgayit, Azerbaijan

## See an aw
* Çukurova
* Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Aurie
* Cilicie War
* Chronology o the Turkis War o Unthirldom

## Footnotes
Rammenau

**Rammenau** (Sorbian: *Ramnow*) is a municipality in the destrict o Bautzen, in Saxony, Germany.

## References

## Literature
* 

## Freemit airtins
*
Muchalls

**Muchalls** is a sma coastal ex-fishin veelage in Aiberdeenshire, Scotland, sooth o Newtonhill an north o Steenhive.  Muchalls is situatit slichtly north o a smawer hamlet kent as the Brig o Muchalls. At the wastren edge o Muchalls is the historic Saunt Ternan's Kirk.  The ruggit North Sea coastline near Muchalls featurs numerous cliffs, sea stacks an heidlands, no infrequently in haar. The Grim Brigs heidland is situatit at Muchalls soothren edge an Doonie Point heidland is approximately 1.5 kilometres sooth.

Charles Dickens visitit Muchalls in its heyday as a Victorian resort an declared that Muchalls wis a remarkably bonnie place. Fuitage wis recordit in Muchalls for the 1990 film *[[Hamlet (1990 film)|Hamlet]]*.  Muchalls is the birthplace o Richard Henry Brunton, considered the faither o Japanese lichthooses.

## History
Muchalls is situatit slichtly tae the east o the auncient Causey Mounth trackway, which wis constructit on heich grund tae mak passable this anerlie available medieval route frae coastal points sooth frae Steenhive tae Aiberdeen. This auncient passage specifically connectit the River Dee crossin (whaur the present Brig o Dee is situatit) via Gillybrands, Muchalls Castle an Stanehaven tae the sooth. The route wis that taken bi William Keith, 7t Yerl Marischal an the Marquess o Montrose when they led a Covenanter airmy o 9000 men in the battle o the Ceevil War in 1639. Frae Muchalls Castle tae the sea is a secret cave aboot ane mile lang which smugglers ance uised. The cave is said tae be hauntit bi the green lady. The cave haes been boardit up at the castle end an at the sea an (near the brig o Muchalls) it haes collapsed juist belaw the railway line.

## References


## Freemit airtins
* Muchalls on the Kincardineshire Coast - A Health Resort, By William Paul, 1896 
* Solar Eclipse 2003 at Muchalls 

## See an aw
* Brown Jewel
* Burn o Pheppie
* Frasers of Muchalls
* Mill o Muchalls
Kildrummy

**Kildrummy** () is a hamlet in Aiberdeenshire, Scotland near the River Don, 7 mile wast o Aaford. Its kirk wis biggit in 1805. Nearbi Kildrummy Castle haes a lang history datin back tae at least the 14t century. The hamlet's primary schuil closed in 2003.

## Sources
*Kildrummy in the *[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]*.
Blackburn, Aiberdeenshire

**Blackburn** is a rapidly growin commuter toun juist northwast o Aiberdeen, Scotland, an is situatit in Aiberdeenshire. It haes an industrial estate. It haes a sma primary schuil an a £5 million community haw which wis publicly opened bi the Princess Ryal in 2005.

## Gallery

Image:Barratt housing development.jpg|New hoosin unner construction at Blackburn in Februar 2007
Image:Blackburn Industrial Estate.jpg|Blackburn Industrial Estate


## References
Blackburn (disambiguation)

**[[Blackburn]]**, a toun in Lancashire, Ingland. It mey an aw refer tae:

## Places
### Ither places in Ingland
*Blackburn wi Darwen (unitary authority), Lancashire, North Wast Ingland
*Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency), a constituency represented in the House of Commons
*Blackburn (see Blackburnshire), a former Hundred of the traditional county of Lancashire
*Blackburn, South Yorkshire
*Blackburn (ancient parish)

### Scotland
*Blackburn, Wast Lowden
*Blackburn, Aiberdeenshire

### Unitit States
*Blackburn, Arkansas
*Blackburn, Louisiana
*Blackburn, Missouri
*Blackburn, Nevada
*Blackburn, North Carolina
*Blackburn, Ohio
*Blackburn, Oklahoma
*Blackburn, West Virginia
*Mount Blackburn (peak), Alaska
*Blackburn Hills (peak), Alaska
*Blackburn College (Illinois)

### Australie
*Blackburn, Victoria
**Blackburn Lake Sanctuary, Victoria
*Blackburn North, Victoria
*Blackburn South, Victoria
*Blackburn High School, Blackburn North, Victoria

### Elsewhaur
*Blackburn, New Zealand
*Blackburn, KwaZulu-Natal, Sooth Africae
*Blackburne Airport, Montserrat
*Mount Blackburn (Antarcticae)
*Blackburn Hamlet, Ontario, Canadae

## Fowk wi the surname ''Blackburn''
*Blackburn (surname)

## Aircraft
*Blackburn Aircraft Limited, a Breetish aircraft manufacturer 
**Blackburn B-20, a flyin boat
**Blackburn Iris, a flyin boat
**Blackburn Ripon, a torpedo bomber aircraft
**Blackburn Roc, a fechter aircraft
**Blackburn Shark, a torpedo bomber aircraft

## Miscellaneous
*5 Blackburn, a Heritage Canada Foundation biggin
*Blackburn College (Blackburn wi Darwen)
*Blackburn Hawks, ice hockey team
*Blackburn Riot o 1833
*Blackburn Rovers F.C., an Inglis fitbaa team
*Blackburne (motorcycles), Breetish motorcycle manufacturer 1913-1921
*Blackburnian Warbler, a bird species

## See an aw
* Blackburne (disambiguation)
* Blackburnian Warbler
Bkerké

**Bkerké** (Arabic: بكركي an aw **Bkerke** or **Bkirki**) is the See o the Maronite Catholic Patriairchate, locatit 650 m abuin the bay o Jounieh in Lebanon.

The See o the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate wis oreeginally in Antioch, but due tae persecution, it muivit first tae Saunt Maron's Monastery on the Orontes River an then tae varied locations in Munt Lebanon, such as Kfarhay, Yanouh, Mayfouq, Lehfed, Habeel, Kfifan, Al Kafr, an Hardeen in the Byblos region.  It then muivit tae Qannoubine in the Kadisha Valley acause o intensifeed persecution an remained frae 1440 tae 1823 when it muivit tae Dimane an lastly, in 1830, tae Bkerké. Today, Maronite Patriairchs uise Dimane as a simmer residence an Bkerké as a winter ane.

The earlier biggin on Bkerké steid wis a monastery settled in 1703. In 1830 it became the winter residence o the Lebanon's Maronite Patriairch. The present red roofed structur wis built in 1893 by Patriarch John Peter El Hajj.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Bkerke 

*History Of Bkerke 
*Bkerke Court Documents
Bsharri Destrict

**Bsharri Destrict** is ane o the 7 destricts (*[[qadaa]]*) o the North Govrenorate, Lebanon.

## Geography
The Bsharri Destrict is a muntainous destrict. Maist o the 26 veelages composin it are at an elevation heicher than 1.000 meters. The destrict is bordered bi the Zgharta an Miniyeh-Danniyeh Destricts tae the north, the Koura Destrict tae the wast, the Baalbek Destrict tae the east an the Batroun Destrict tae the sooth.

This destrict is a groupin o 26 veelages. It haes an aw ane o the important landmarks o Eastren Christianity an Maronite history, the major pairt o the Kadisha Valley, the Qannoubin valley whaur Hermits hae residit syne aroond the year 600 C.E., the last being Father Antonios Torbey whose file in the Vatican is progressin toward beatification. He lived maist o his life in the auncient monastery o Saunt Elisha locatit in a grotto deep in the Qannoubin Valley. In this valley there is mair nor 26 monasteries aw mair nor 1000 year auld. At the top o this valley, sits the legendary cedar forest.

## Population
The population o the destrict wis estimatit tae be 76,831 bi the Meenistry o Social Affairs. The caipital o the destrict is Bsharri. The Meenistry's estimate lacks credibility. Accordin tae the Daily Star, an Inglis leid Lebanese newspaper, a total o 40,000 fowk in the destrict votit in the 2005 elections.  In addition the Meenistry o Social Affairs  estimates that 39% o the Lebanese population wis unner 20 years o age which meant they wur no eligible tae vote an a 60% participation rate. Considerin these factors the population mey be mair realistically estimatit at 100,000 fowk.

The Bsharri destrict is predominantly Maronite Catholic, frae here, 5 great priest wur canonized an declared Saunt, the maist prominent is Saunt Charbel frae Beqa'a Kafra, weel kent aw ower the warld for his mony miracles. Frae here an aw the philosopher Gibran Khalil Gibran stairtit his early life afore he emigratit tae Unitit States.

The Abi Saab an Kayrouz faimily haes residit in the Bsharri Destrict syne the 13t century, they wur "protectors" o the Maronite aurie, then govrenors o the aurie o Kouwaiteh an then the aurie o Jebbeh o Bsharri an Zghorta  durin the period o the Directorates.

## Touns an veelages
(incomplete)
* Abdeen
* Bane
* Bani Saab
* Bazoun
* Barhalyoun
* Beit Minzer
* Beqa'a Kefra (Saint Charbel Veelage)
* Bolla (Bella meanin bonnie)
* Blaouza
* Bqarqacha (Frae aramic B'qar Qosho meanin vera cauld)
* Brisat
* Bsharri
* Dimane
* El-Arz (Cedars o God)
* Hadath El Jebbeh (or Haded, as cried by its citizens, efter the god Haded)
* Hadchit
* Hasroun
* Kadisha Valley (the holy valley)
* Kanate
* Kanyour
* Mazraat Assaf
* Metrit
* Qnat
* Shira
* Tourza
* Wadi Qannoubine

## References
Modren regions o Greece

The current offeecial regional admeenistrative diveesions o Greece () wis institute in 1987. Awtho best pit ower intae Inglis an Scots as "regions", the transcription *peripheries* is sometimes uised, mibbe tae distinguish them frae the tradeetional regions whilk they replacit. The Inglis wird 'periphery' is derivit frae the , whilk in Greek (but no in Inglis) means 'region' an aw. There are 13 regions (nine on the mainland an fower island groups), which (till 2010) wur further subdividit intae the nou abolished 54 prefecturs.

Traditionally, Greece wis dividit intae 10 regions, whilk is whiles still referred tae in popular discourse. Thae isna tae be ramfeeselt wi the new regions, tho the new regions lairgely haes their springheid in the umwhile anes, acause thare auries o divergence. For insaumple, the new region o the Peloponnese disna include aw o the landmass tradeetionally kent as the Peloponnese; the excludit pairt nou fins itsel in the region o Wastren Greece.

The first seiven regions wis established bi the then-rulin militar regime in 1971, but they wur abolished efter the faw o Georgios Papadopoulos in November 1973. The current regions wur creatit bi Law 1622/1986 an Presidential Decree 51/1987, an wur conceivit as an auxiliary regional level o the central govrenment. Wi ongaun decentralisation, they wur accordit mair pouers in the 1997 Kapodistrias reform o local an regional govrenment, an wur feenally transformit intae fully separate entities bi the 2010 Kallikratis plan (Law 3852/2010), whilk entered intae effect on 1 Januar 2011. The govrenment-appointit general secretar wis replacit wi a popularly electit regional govrenor an a regional cooncil wi 5-year terms, while mony pouers o the abolished prefectur wur transferred tae the regions. As regional organs o the central govrenment, the new regions wur in turn replacit bi seiven decentralisir admeenistrations, whilk group frae ane tae three regions unner a govrenment-appointit general secretar. 

Haein mairches wi the region o Central Macedonie there is ae autonomous region, Munt Athos (*Agion Oros*, or "Holy Muntain"), a monastic community unner Greek sovereignty. It is on the eastmaist o the three lairge peninsulaes stentin intae the Aegean frae the Chalcidice Peninsulae.

Through the admeenistrative reform o 2011, kent as the Kallikratis plan, seiven new admeenistrative diveesions (διοικήσεις) haes been creatit:

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## See an aw

*ISO 3166-2:GR
Rebild Municipality

**Rebild municipality** is a municipality (Dens, *[[Commune (subnational entity)|kommune]]*) in North Denmark Region in Denmark. It covers an aurie o 628&nbsp;km² an a total population o 28,753 (2008).

On 1 Januar 2007 Rebild municipality wis creatit as the result o ''Kommunalreformen'' ("The Municipal Reform" o 2007), consistin o the umwhile municipalities o Nørager, Skørping an Støvring.

Danes an descendants o emigrants hae celebratit the U.S. Unthirldom Day wi barbecues, square dancin an kintra muisic ootside Rebild, a veelage 155 mile northwast o Copenhagen.  The Rebild Naitional Pairk, sooth o Aalborg, wis bought bi Americans o Dens descent an donatit tae the fowk an naition o Denmark wi a single codicil- that Julie 4t be celebratit there ivery year. There are speeches an firewirks an parades, attendit bi Americans and Danes, it is a pretty amusin approximation o US celebrations.
There is an aw sma museum cried The Lincoln Blokhuset (Log Cabin) that is far grander than onything auld Abe lived in till he wis electit Preses.

## Freemit airtins
* Rebild municipality's offeecial wabsteid 

## References
* Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta , delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
* Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map 
* 4th of July: http://www.thegreatseparation.com/newsfront/2004/05/viggo_mortensen.html
Morsø Municipality

**Morsø municipality** is a municipality (Dens, *[[Municipalities o Denmark|kommune]]*) in the North Denmark Region in northren Denmark. The municipality is locatit on the island o Morsø or Mors, an island in the Limfjord, the soond that separates the island o Vendsyssel-Thy frae the rest o Jutland Peninsula.  The municipality includes the smawer island o Agerø, an covers an aurie o 368&nbsp;km².  It haes a tot population o 22,091 (2008).  Its mayor is Egon Pleidrup Poulsen, a member o the Social Democrats (*Socialdemokraterne*) poleetical pairty.

The main toun an the steid o its municipal cooncil is the toun o Nykøbing Mors.

Acause Morsø municipality comprises the entirety o the island, aw municipal neighbors are separatit bi a body o watter.

The 382 meter lang Vilsund Bridge (*Vilsundbro*) connects the municipality at the toun o Sundby ower the Vil Strait tae the toun o Vilsund Vest in Thisted Municipality.

The 1,717 meter lang Sallingsund Bridge, which opened on 30 Mey 1978, connects the municipality at the toun o Nykøbing Mors ower the Sallin Strait tae the toun o Sallingsund.  Afore the brig wis biggit thare wis a train ferry connection ower the strait frae the toun o Nykøbing tae Glyngøre, an a car ferry connection atween  Pinen at Mors an Plagen at Salling (e.g. "The Torment an the Plague").

Morsø municipality wis no mergit wi ither municipalities bi 1 Januar 2007 as the result o naitionwide ''Kommunalreformen'' ("The Municipal Reform" o 2007).  

## Attractions
* Dueholm Closter (*Dueholm Kloster*)
* Højris
* Jesperhus Flouer Pairk (*Jesperhus Blomsterpark*)
* Moler Museum (*Molermuseum*)

## Freemit airtins

* Municipality's offeecial wabsteid

## References
* Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta , delivered frae KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
* Municipal mergers an neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map
Piraeus

**Piraeus** ( or ;  *Peiraiás* , , *Peiraieús*, ) is a ceety in the region o Attica, Greece. Piraeus is locatit athin the Athens urban aurie, 12&nbsp;km soothwast frae its ceety center (municipality o Athens), an lees alang the east coast o the Saronic Gulf. 

Accordin tae the 2001 census, Piraeus haed a population o 175,697 fowk athin its admeenistrative limits, makkin it the third lairgest municipality in Greece an the seicont lairgest athin the urban aurie o the Greek caipital, follaein the municipality o Athens. The municipality o Piraeus an several ither suburban municipalities athin the regional unit o Piraeus form the wider Piraeus Urban Aurie or *Greater Piraeus*, wi a total population o 466,065. 

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Piraeus is twinned wi:

*  Marseille, Fraunce, syne 1984
*  Worcester, Unitit States
*  Rosario, Argentinae
*  Ostrava, Czech Republic
*  Saunt Petersburg, Roushie, syne 1965
*  Baltimore, United States
*  Galaţi, Romanie
*  Varna, Bulgarie
*  Shanghai, Cheenae
*  Arkhangelsk, Roushie

## References

## Freemit airtins

 
*Municipality o Piraeus  
*Piraeus Port Authority  
*Prefectur o Piraeus   
*Online Port Travel Guide 
*Online Wather an WebCam 
*Piraeus Unoffeecial Facebook fan page
Drudkh

**Drudkh** (derivit frae a Sanskrit wird for the "wood" or "tree") is a Ukrainian metal baund that mixes elements o fowk metal an black metal. Thay war formed bi Roman Saenko, prolific metal muisicker, the leadin member o Hate Forest, Dark Ages an Blood of Kingu; Thurios, the leadin member o Astrofaes an, wi Saenko, a umwhile member o Hate Forest; an Yuriy Synytsky, o Lucifugum (session drummer) an Definition Sane. Thair leerical contents embrace Slavic meethology, saisons an poetry. Mony o the baund's leerics are derivit frae the wirks o nineteent-an twintiet-century Ukrainian poets, especially Taras Shevchenko.

Drudkh hae been pairticularly secretive throughoot the course o thair career, even for a black metal baund, givin nae interviews and nae releasing the lyrics tae several of thair albums.

Frae thair conception till 2009, Drudkh did no hae ony offeecial wabsteid, but in Mey 2009 Season of Mist launched an offeecial Myspace, operatit no bi baundmates, but bi wirkers o the label.

## History

## Baund members syne "Estrangement"
* Roman (Roman Saenko, Роман Саєнко) (an aw in Hate Forest, Dark Ages, Blood Of Kingu) - guitars
* Thurios (Roman Blahykh, Роман Благих) (an aw in Hate Forest an Astrofaes) - vocals, guitars
* Krechet (an aw in Astrofaes) - bass
* Vlad - drums, keybuirds

### Umwhile baund members
* Yuriy Synytsky (an aw session for Lucifugum) - session drums
* Amorth - session drums

## Discography
### Studio albums
**[[Forgotten Legends]]* (2003)
**[[Autumn Aurora]]* (2004)
**[[The Swan Road]]* (2005)
**[[Blood in Our Wells]]* (2006)
**[[Songs of Grief and Solitude]]* (2006)
**[[Estrangement]]* (2007)
**[[Microcosmos (Drudkh album)|Microcosmos]]* (2009)
**[[Handful of Stars]]* (2010)
**[[Eternal Turn of the Wheel]]* (2012)
**[[A Furrow Cut Short]]* (2015)
**[[They Often See Dreams About the Spring]]* (2018)

### EPs
**[[Anti-Urban]]* (2007)
**[[Slavonic Chronicles]]* (2010)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Drudkh at Myspace (offeecial wabsteid)
* Supernal Music
* Drudkh at Last.fm
Achal Prabhala

**Achal Prabhala** is an activist an investigator thit bides in  Bangalore, Karnataka. He is weel kent for his wark on intellectual property richts anent medicine an knowledge. He is a member o the buird o the Centre for Internet an Society (in inglis: Centre for Internet and Society) o the Advisory buird o the Wikimedia Foondation an aw.
Taif

**Taif** (Arabic *الطائف* ) is a ceety in the Mecca Province o Saudi Arabie at an elevation o  on the slopes o the Sarawat Muntains (Al-Sarawat Muntains). It haes a population o 521,273 (2004 census). Each simmer the Saudi Govrenment muives frae the heat o Riyadh tae Taif. The ceety is the centre o an agricultural aurie kent for its grapes, roses an hinnie.

## Ethnography
The indwallers o Ta'if, are lairgely made up o the Hanbali an Maliki Sunnis Saudi Arabies. Thare are an aw significant foreign populations, primarily frae Asie, Turkey, an ither Arab kintras.

## Notable residents
Bani Hareth is ane o the Adnani Arabs tribes livin aroond Taif in Saudi Arabie.  The tribe is ane o the biggest tribes in the aurie an occupees the full aurie atween Taif and Al Qunfuthah in Saudi.
Bani Adwan is ane o the Adnani Arabs tribes livin oreeginally in the northren pairt o Taif, an in the soothren pairt o Jordan. Thu Al issba'a Al Adwani (in Arabic) is a figur o the tribe In the pre-islamic era, in which he's kent as a poet an a man o wisdom. Furthermair, Banu Thabet are fowk descendit frae Thabit. The tribe is oreeginally pairt o the Otaibah clan.

### Chieftains
Durin the pre-Islamic era, the ceety wis populatit bi the tribe o Thaqif. The ceety haed then the follaein chieftains:
*Urwah ibn Mas'ud
*Abd-Ya-Layl ibn Amr
*Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas

:an at least fower ithers.

### Ither residents
*Keeng Faisal I o Iraq
*Nayef bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud
*Uthman bin Affan
*Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi
*Muhammad bin Qasim
*Uthman Ibn Affan the 3rd Rashidun (Richtly Guidit Caliph) caliph born in Taif.
*Midhat Pasha (1822–1884), airchitect o the first Ottoman constitution who wis strangulated in Taif.
*Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily (b.1970) First Saudi Olympic medal winner.

## See an aw
*Banu Jadhimah
*Taif Agreement
*'Utaybah

## References

an aw:
* Hugh Kennedy - *The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates*
* Martin Lings - *Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources*
* John Lewis Burckhardt (Johann Ludwig Burckhardt) - *Travels in Arabia; comprehending an account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Muslims regard as sacred*, online version available free frae Project Gutenberg here.
* Pars Tuğlacı – *Osmanlı Şehirleri*
* Michael Asher - *Lawrence: The Uncrowned King of Arabia*
* David Holden an Richard Jones - *The House of Saud*
Buraidah

**Buraidah** ( **) is the caipital o Al-Qasim Province in northcentral Saudi Arabie in the hert o the Arabie Peninsula. Buraidah lees equidistant frae the Reid Sea tae the wast an the Persian Gulf tae the east. It haes a population o 614,093 (2010 census).

Buraidah is locatit on the edge o the Wadi Al-Rummah. It haes a teepical desert climate, wi het summers, cauld winters an a lot o humidity.

In Buraidah, agricultur is still the cornerstane o the economy. The traditional oasis products o dates, lemon, oranger an ither fruits are still important. Modren introduction tae wheat production haes acome sae successfu that Buraidah is ane o the lairgest producers in the kinrick, important in Makkah Saudi Arabia a net exporter tae cereal.

## Notable landmarks
* Museum o Buraidah: thare is in the wey o Keeng Abdul Aziz Center next tae Keeng Khaled Beridp ceevilization, an thare are days devotit tae families an day for young fowk, an it recognises the visitor tae the area's heritage frae aw different aspects o life.
* Mercat trades an handicrafts
* Garden an the Pairk Khalid Keeng: the vicinity o the Museum, a major Buraidah gardens open tae visitors ivery day an in meetins an places for childer is innocent an is in the simmer, the admeenistration o the simmer activities for families an childer.
* Buraidah, a watter touer: an opened tae visitors in the simmer (festival).
* Alaieri resort: in the north o the northren toun o Buraidah ring, a nummer o chalets.
* Gulf Pairk entertainment: locatit in Wast Buraidah on the Wastren Ring Road an the chalets an a lairge soummin puil an places tae sit an play electronic gemmes.

## Roads an transport
Linked in the ceity o Buraidah in Riyadh -gate is 317 kilometers lang, linkin the ceity's Medina as a heich-gate, 450&nbsp;km an a heich-gate linkin Hail lenth o 250 kilometers an is surroondit bi a ring road atween the major tunnel, as a heich-gate linkin it (internaitional) up tae the mairch wi Jordan, throu a single region o Mecca, as a dual netwirk o roads linkin it wi the rest o Al-Qassim Province.  The historic ceity o Buraydah is an aw o the pilgrim routes coming frae Iraq throu a Zubaydh.

Buraidah is proposed tae be served bi a new railwey line.

Qassim Regional Airport is the ceity's principal airport which is connected tae several domestic ceities an Cairo.

## Population
The ceity haes experienced very heich rates o population growthe.  Its offeecially counted population in the ceity leemits in 2010 wis 467,410.

## References
Ar Rass

**Rass** (an aw spelled **Ar Rass**, **AlRass**, or **Al-Ras**; ) is a Saudi Arabie ceety, locatit in the Al-Qasim Province. It lees soothwast o Buraydah, the caipital o the province an an aw north o Riyadh, the naitional caipital.

It is the third lairgest ceety in Al Qassim Province bi population, wi an estimatit population o 133,000 (2010 census).  It haes an aurie o aboot 60&nbsp;km².
Rass means "an auld well" in Arabic, an it wis mentioned in a poem o Hassan Bin Thabit, the poet who wis a companion (Sahaba) o the prophet Muhammad.

The ceety is govrened bi the Al Assaf faimily.
The ceety haes 19 offeecial sub-govrenorates, an is surroondit bi aroond twa hunder veelages, an Bedouin settlements, mainly on its soothren an wastren sides.

## Location
Rass is locatit in Al-Qasim Province, central Saudi Arabie. It is amaist 400&nbsp;km north o Riyadh, 50&nbsp;km wast o Unaizah, an aboot 80&nbsp;km soothwast o Buraydah, the regional caipital. The ceety lees tae the sooth o Al Khabra, tae the wast o Badaya'a, tae the east o Qasr Bin Okayel, an tae the north o Dakhnah.

## Geography

Rass haes a teepical Nejdi terrain, wi saund dunes surroondin the toun's sides, except for the wastren an soothren sides, which are occupeed bi Bedouin settlements. The Wadi Al Rumma (Rumma Valley) crosses the ceety frae its soothren side tae its northeastren side. Thare are several medium-hicht plateaus, an law-hicht muntains surroondin the toun, mainly on the soothren side, which are cried "Jebel Algoshie" bi locals.

### Climate

The ceety o Rass haes a teepical desert climate, kent for its cauld winters an het an aneroid simmers, wi law humidity. The average temperatur durin winter is atween 8° an 21&nbsp;°C. Juin, Julie, August, an September are the hettest months. In simmers the degree coud reach extreme levels ( atween 39° tae 49°).

## Fowk o Rass

The indwallers o Al Rass are distinguished for thair heich literacy rate compared tae ither Al Qassim ceeties an Saudi Arabie in general (excluding Riyadh, Jeddah, an Dammam).

## Sport
The main team playin in the tap-flicht is Al Hazm.