open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dalmatian leid

**Dalmatian** (or *Dalmatic*) is an extinct Romance leid umwhile spoken in the Dalmatie region o Croatie, an as far sooth as Kotor in Montenegro. The name refers tae a pre-Roman tribe o the Illyrian linguistic group, Dalmatae. The Ragusan dialect o Dalmatian wis the offeecial leid o the Republic o Ragusa – although the majority o its inhabitants spoke Croatian or Italian.

Dalmatian speakers lived in the coastal touns: Zadar, Trogir, Split, Dubrovnik, an Kotor (*Jadera, Tragur, Spalatro, Raugia* an *Cattaro*), each o these ceeties haein a local dialect, an on the islands o Krk, Cres an Rab (*Vikla, Crepsa* an *Arba*).

Some enthusiasts today are attemptin tae revive the Dalmatian leid, uisin the Vegliot dialect.

## References
Amsterdam

**Amsterdam** (; Dutch ) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Netherlands, wi an urban population o 1,364,422 an a metropolitan population o 2,158,372. The ceety is locatit in the province o North Holland in the wast o the kintra. It comprises the northren pairt o the Randstad, the saxt-lairgest metropolitan aurie in Europe, wi a population o approximately 8.1 million.

Its name is derived frae *Amstellerdam*, indicative o the ceety's oreegin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a smaw fishin veelage in the late 12t century, Amsterdam became ane o the maist important ports in the warld durin the Dutch Gowden Age, a result o its innovative developments in trade. Durin that time, the ceety wis the leadin centre for finance an diamonds.  In the 19t an 20t centuries, the ceety expandit, an mony new neebourheids an suburbs war formed.
The 17t-century canals o Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), locatit in the hert o Amsterdam, wur eikit tae the UNESCO Warld Heritage Leet in Julie 2010.

The ceety is the financial an cultural caipital o the Netherlands.  Mony lairge Dutch institutions hae thair heidquarters thare, an 7 o the warld's tap 500 companies, includin Philips an ING, are based in the ceety. In 2010, Amsterdam wis ranked 13t globally on quality o livin bi Mercer, an previously ranked 3rd in innovation bi 2thinknow in the Innovation Cities Index 2009.

The Amsterdam Stock Exchynge, the auldest stock exchynge in the warld, is locatit in the ceety centre. Amsterdam's main sichts, includin its historic canals, the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum, Stedelijk Museum, Hermitage Amsterdam, Anne Frank Hoose, its reid-licht destrict, an its mony cannabis coffee shops draw mair nor 3.66 million internaitional veesitors ilka year.

## Internaitional relations
### Sister ceeties

## References
Oxford

**Oxford** () is a ceety, an the coonty toun o Oxfordshire, in Sooth East Ingland. The ceety, made prominent bi its medieval university, haes a population o juist unner 165,000, wi 151,000 livin athin the district boondary. The rivers Cherwell an Thames run through Oxford an meet sooth o the ceety centre.  For a distance o some 10 mile (16&nbsp;km) alang the river, in the vicinity o Oxford, the Thames is kent as The Isis.

Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example o ivery Breetish architectural period since the arrival o the Saxons, includin the iconic, mid-18t century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is kent as the "ceety o dreamin spires", a term coined bi poet Matthew Arnold in reference tae the harmonious architecture o Oxford's university buildings. The University o Oxford is the auldest university in the Inglis-speakin warld.

## References
Douglas

**Douglas** mey refer tae:

## Fowk
* Douglas (given name)
* Douglas (surname)
* Clan Douglas, a Scots kindred
* Earl o Douglas, or ony haulder o the title
* Marquess o Douglas, or ony haulder o the title
* Duke o Douglas, or ony haulder o the title

## Places
;Australie
* Douglas, Queensland

;Canadae
* Douglas, New Brunswick
* Douglas, Ontario

;Fawkland Islands
* Douglas, Fawkland Islands

;Ireland
* Douglas, Cork

;Isle o Man
* Douglas, Isle o Man, the caipital o the Isle o Man

;New Zealand
* Douglas, Taranaki
* Douglas, Canterbury

;Sooth Africae
* Douglas, Northren Cape

;Unitit Kinrick
* Douglas, Coonty Antrim, a tounland in Coonty Antrim, Northren Ireland
* Castle Douglas, Dumfries an Galloway, Scotland
* Douglas Castle, South Lanarkshire, Scotland
* Douglas, Sooth Lanarkshire, Scotland
* Douglas Water, Lanarkshire, Scotland
* River Douglas, Lancashire, Ingland

;Unitit States
* Douglas, Alabama
* Douglas, Alaska
* Douglas, Arizona
* Douglas, Georgie
* Douglas, Chicago, Illinois
* Douglas, Indiana
* Douglas Coonty, Kansas
* Douglas, Massachusetts
* Douglas, Michigan
* Douglas, Nebraska
* Douglas, North Dakota
* Douglas, Oklahoma
* Douglas, Wisconsin
* Douglas, Wyoming

## Businesses
* Douglas Aircraft Company 
** Various Douglas-biggit aircraft
* Douglas AG, European retail company
* Douglas (motorcycles), Breetish motorcycle manufacturer

## Fiction
* Donald and Douglas, ingines frae *Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends*
* *[[Doug]]*, an animatit telly series on the Nickelodeon TV channel an later on Disney's 1 Saturday Morning
* ''Douglas'' (play), an 18t century tragedy bi John Home
* Dug, a golden retriever in the Pixar film ''Up'' voiced bi Bob Peterson
* Doug, a character frae the 2009 comedy film "The Hangover".

## Plants
* The Douglas Iris, a wildflouer
* The Douglas-fir, the common name for a teep o coniferous tree
## Sports
* The Douglas GAA, a Gaelic Athletic Association club frae Douglas, Cork, Ireland

## Things
* Douglas (locomotive), a preserved locomotive on the Talyllyn Railway in Wales

## See an aa
* Camp Douglas (disambiguation)
* Douglass (disambiguation)
* Douglas Coonty (disambiguation)
* Douglas Tounship (disambiguation)
* Munt Douglas (disambiguation)
* 
*
Castletoun

**Castletoun ** (, , pronounced ) is a toun geographically athin the Malew parish o the Isle o Man but administered separately. Lyin at the sooth o the island, it is the umwhile Manx caipital. The centre o toun is dominatit bi Castle Rushen, a well-preserved castle.
N'Djamena

**N'Djamena** (;  *Nijāmīnā* “place o rest”), population 993,492 (2009), is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Chad. A port on the Chari River, near the confluence wi the Logone River, it directly faces the Cameroonian toun o Kousséri, tae which the ceety is connectit bi a bridge. It is an' a' a special statute region, dividit in 10 *[[arrondissement]]s*. It is a regional market for fermstockin, salt, dates, an grains.  Meat, fish an cotton processin are the chief industries, an the ceety continues tae serve as the centre o economic activity in Chad, despite the violent ceevil conflicts.

## Twin ceeties
* Toulouse (Fraunce), syne 1980.
* Stupino (Roushie), syne 2000.

## References
Banner o Chad

The **[[naitional banner]] o the Republic o [[Chad]]** (, ) is a vertical tricolor consistin (left tae richt) o a blue, a yellae an a reid field. Blue wis substitutit for green tae avoid confusion wi neighborin states. The basic design is the same as that o the banner o Romanie, the banner o Andorrae, the banner o Moldovae, an the banner o Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canadae.

Blue seembolizes, offeecially, the sky, hope, an watter; yellow the sun an the desert tae the north o the kintra; red progress, unity, an sacrifice. Red an aa recaws the bluid shed for unthirldom. RGB colours values are, respectively, 12-28-140, 252-209-22 an 206-17-38.

The banner wis adoptit bi law # 59/13 for the autonomous republic an retained on unthirldom in 1960, an in the constitution o 1962. Despite mony poleetical upheavals athin Chad syne unthirldom, the banner haes no been chynged. This mey be acause the banner is no associatit wi ony o the main pouer rivals athin Chad, haein haed nae sense o naitional identity afore unthirldom, an tae a lesser extent efter unthirldom.

The banner wis offeecially adoptit on 6 November 1959.
## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*'Identical flag' causes flap in Romanie
David Ben-Gurion

**** (, born **David Grün** on 16 October 1886, dee'd 1 December 1973) wis the first Prime Meenister o Israel an a Zionist leader. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, whilk began early in life, culminatit in his instrumental role in the foondin o the state o Israel. Efter leadin Israel tae victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Ben-Gurion helpit big the state institutions an owersaw the absorption o vast nummers o Jews frae aw ower the warld. Upon reteerin frae poleetical life in 1970, he flittit tae Sde Boker, a kibbutz in the Negev desert, whaur he bidit till his daith. Posthumously, Ben-Gurion wis named ane o *[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]*s 100 Maist Important Fowk o the 20t Century.

## References
Misery Inc.

**Misery Inc.** wis a Finnish metal baund, which wis formed in Myrskylä, Finland, October 2001. First there wis Janne (guitar), Jukka (bass), Jonttu (drums) an Jukkis (vocals). Their oreeginal plan wis tae make muisic athoot ony lead guitars but then it turned oot tae be a bit boring. Teemu joined the baund an so Misery Inc. wur complete.

Debut album *"Yesterday's Grave"* wis released through ZYX Music 2003. It received amazin feedback frae metal media aw ower an made the baund's name kent in metal scene. Summer 2005 MI signed a deal wi Firebox Records an on Februar 2006 MI proudly present the seicont album *"Random End"* which really proves that Misery Inc. haes foond their style an are stranger than iver, showin hou their misery is formed intae kick-ass riffs, catchy melodies, an strang vocals - aw in vera melancholic an moody fashion. In 2007 Misery Inc. inked a deal wi Finnish record label Johanna Kustannus (Megamania), and third album *[[Breedgreedbreed]]* wis released on October 10, 2007.

On September 15 Misery Inc. informs that Misery Inc. haes come tae an end due tae mony member chynges.

## Members

Niko Mankinen - vocals (2005–2008)
Mikko Herranen - vocals (2008)
Janne Tolonen - guitar (2001–2008) 
Teemu Ylämäki - guitar (2001–2008) 
Aki Heikinheimo - bass (2005–2008) 
Joonas Kauppinen - drums (2001–2008)

## Umwhile members

Jukkis Huuhtanen - vocals (2001–2005)
Jukka Keisala - bass (2001–2005) 
Jules Näveri - vocals (2004–2007)
Tommi Niemi - vocals (2007)
## Discography
**[[Yesterday's Grave]]* (ZYX Music, 2003)
**[[Random End]]* (Firebox Records, 2006)
**[[Modern Day Human Waste CDS]]* (Johanna Kustannus (Megamania), 2007)
**[[Breedgreedbreed]]* (Johanna Kustannus (Megamania), 2007)
**[[Yesterday's Grave Re-Issue]]* (Firebox Records, 2008)

## Muisic videos

* "Fallen Rage" (2006, directit bi Jani Saajanaho)

## External links
* Official website 
* Record Label's website
* Official MySpace site
Prunus spinosa

***Prunus spinosa*** (**slae**, **Bullister** or *'Wine-Tree*) is a species o *[[Prunus]]* native tae Europe, wastren Asie, an locally in northwast Africae.

## Etymology
The wird "slae" comes frae Auld Inglis  - the same wird is notit in Middle Law German (historically spoken in Lawer Saxony), Middle Dutch  or contractit form  (frae which come Modren Law German wirds: , , an Modren Dutch ), Auld Hiech German ,  (frae which come Modren German . Aw these come frae Common Germanic ruit *. Cf. West Slavic / Polish  plum o ony species, includin sloe  – ruit present in ither Slavic leids, e.g. Serbo-Croatie  /  an likely tae be an early borraein intae Proto-Indo-European frae the leids o pre-Indo-European population o Europe.)

## References
Coat o airms o Sooth Africae

The present **[[coat o airms]] o [[Sooth Africae]]** wis introduced on Freedom Day 27 Aprile 2000.  It replaced the earlier naitional airms, whilk haed been in uiss syne 1910. The motto *ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke* is written in the Khoisan leid o the ǀXam fowk an translates literally tae "diverse fowk unite".  The previous motto, in Laitin, wis *Ex unitate vires*, translatit as "unity is strength". 

## References
Tehran

**Tehran** (Persian: **تهران** *Tehrān* ), is the caipital o Iran an Tehran Province. Wi a population o 8,429,807; it is an aa Iran's lairgest urban aurie an ceety, ane o the lairgest ceeties in Wastren Asie, an is the 21st lairgest ceety in the warld.

Tehran is the centre o maist Iranian industries includin automotive, electrical, military, weaponry, textiles, succar, cement, an chemical. Tehran is an aa a leadin centre for the sale o cairpets an furniture. Thare is an ile refinery locatit sooth o the ceety.

## Sister ceeties

## References
Ürümqi

**Ürümqi** or **Ürümchi** (; ), formerly **Dihua** (, Wade-Giles: *Tihwa*), is the caipital o Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, in the northwast o the kintra.

Wi an urban population o ower 2.5 million fowk, Ürümqi, whose name means "bonnie pasture" in the Mongolie leid o the Dzungar fowk, is the lairgest ceety in Cheenae's wastren interior. Since the 1990s, Ürümqi haes developed economically an nou serves as a regional transport node an commercial centre.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Ürümqi is twinned wi:
*  Osan, Sooth Korea
*  Orem, Unitit States
*  Peshawar, Pakistan
*  Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
*  Almaty, Kazakhstan
*  Chelyabinsk, Roushie

## References
Kostanay

**Kostanay** (), umwhile kent as *Kustanay* (, till 1997) an *Nikolayevsk* (Roushie: *Николаевск*, till 1895), is a ceety located in the northren pairt o Kazakhstan at the Tobol River. The population livin in Kostanay is 301,317 fowk. Kostanay is the caipital o Kostanay Province.

## Sport
Kostanay is hame tae FC Tobol, a fitbaa team in the Kazakhstan Super League. They are based at the Kostanay Central Stadium.

Kostanay an aa haes a magnific ice stadium.

## References
Stupino, Stupinsky Destrict, Moscow Oblast

**Stupino** () is a toun an the admeenistrative centre o Stupinsky Destrict o Moscow Oblast, Roushie, locatit on the Oka River  sooth o Moscow. Population: 

The toun wis foondit in 1939 as a closed ceety.  Its chief laundmerk is the Belopesotsky Monastery, containin structures frae the 17t century an later. Durin the Cauld War, the main industry in Stupino wis airms production, an it wis hame o Stupino Airfield.  Syne 1995 it haes the lairgest branch factory o Mars Incorporated in Roushie.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
* N'Djamena, Chad syne 2000.
* Telgte, Germany syne 28 Mey 1995.
* Vitebsk, Belaroushie.

## References
Ehud Barak

**Ehud Barak** (, born **Ehud Brog** on 12 Februar 1942) is an Israeli politeecian who served as Prime Meenister frae 1999 till 2001. He is currently leader o the Labor Pairty an haulds the posts o Meenister o Defense an Deputy Prime Meenister in Benjamin Netanyahu's govrenment.

Prior tae his poleetical career he served as an officer in the Israel Defense Forces. Follaein a heichlie decoratit career he wis appointit Chief o General Staff in 1991, servin till 1995.
Revocation (baund)

**Revocation** is an American extreme metal baund frae Boston, Massachusetts. The baund wis foondit bi guitarist an vocalist David Davidson, bassist an vocalist Anthony Buda an drummer Phil Dubois-Coyne in 2000. The bund wis oreeginally kent as Cryptic Warning, but it chynged its name tae Revocation in 2006. The baund released twa studio albums, *Empire of the Obscene* an *Existence Is Futile* in 2008 an 2009 respectively, an subsequently signed tae Relapse Records.

## Discography
* Summon the Spawn (demo) (2006)
* Empire of The Obscene (2008)
* Existence Is Futile (2009)
* Chaos of Forms (2011)
* Teratogenesis (EP) (2012)
* Revocation (2013)
* Deathless (2014)
* Great Is Our Sin (2016)
* The Outer Ones (2018)
Provo, Utah

**Provo** () is the third lairgest city in the state o Utah, locatit aboot 43&nbsp;km sooth o Salt Lake City alang the Wasatch Front. Provo is the coonty seat o Utah Coonty an lies atween the cities o Orem tae the north an Springville tae the sooth. Wi a population o 112,488, Provo is an aa the principal city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, which haes an estimatit population o 555,551 residents. It is the seicont lairgest metropolitan area in the state ahint Salt Lake City.

The city is hame tae Brigham Young University, ane o the lairgest private heichher eddication institutions in the Unitit States, which is operatit bi The Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts. Provo is an aa hame tae the lairgest Missionary Training Center for the LDS kirk. The city is a key operational centre for Novell an haes been a focus area for technology development in Utah. The city is an aa hame tae the Peaks Ice Arena, which served as a venue for the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics in 2002. Sundance Resort is locatit 13 mile northeast at Provo Canyon.

In 2009, Provo wis leetit in "Where to Retire" magazine as an "enticin city for new careers." Provo wis an aa leetit in National Geographic Adventure Magazine's "whaur tae live an play" as a cultural hub.  In 2010 Forbes ratit Provo ane o the tap 10 places tae raise a faimily.

## Sister cities
Provo City haes twa Sister Cities designatit bi Sister Cities International  

## References
Tashkent Province

**Toshkent Province** () is a viloyat (province) o Uzbekistan, located in the northeastren pairt o the kintra, atween the Syr Darya River an the Tien Shan Muntains. It borders wi Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Sirdaryo Province an Namangan Province.  It covers an aurie o 15,300&nbsp;km². The population is estimatit tae be aroond 4,450,000.

Toshkent Province is dividit intae 15 administrative districts. The caipital is Toshkent (Tashkent) (pop est 2,000,000 indwellers), whilk is the caipital o the kintra an aa, an is govrened separate frae the province as an independent ceety. Ither major ceeties include Angren, Olmaliq, Ohangaron, Bekobod, Chirchiq, G‘azalkent, Keles, Parkent, To‘ytepa, Yangiobod an Yangiyo‘l,

The climate is a teepical continental climate wi mild weet winters an het dry simmers. 

Naitural resoorces include capper, broun coal, molybdenum, zinc, gowd, siller, Rare yird elements, naitural gas, petroleum, sulfur, table saut, limestane, an granite.

Toshkent Province is the maist economically developed in the kintra. Industry includes energy production, minin, metallurgy, fertilizers, chemicals, electronics, textiles, cotton purification, fuid processin an fitweir. 

Toshkent Province haes a heich developed agricultural industry an aa, based primarily on irrigation. The main craps are cotton an hemp, but cereals, melons an gourds, fruit an vegetables an citrus fruits are increasin. Fermstock is important an aa.

The province haes a weel-developed transportation infrastructure, wi ower 360&nbsp;km o railwey an 3771&nbsp;km o surfaced road. Tashkent haes a lairge internaitional airport, whilk is the main air gateway tae the kintra. 

Chatkal Naitional Pairk, wi bonnie muntains an wids, is locatedtit athin Toshkent Province.

## External links
Tangshan

**Tangshan** () is a lairgely industrial prefectur-level ceety in Hebei province, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.  It haes become kent for the 1976 Tangshan yirdquauk whilk measured 7.5 on the Richter scale an killed at least 255,000 residents. The ceety haes syne been rebiggit an haes become a tourist attraction.

## Geography
Tangshan is locatit in the central section o the circum-Bohai Sea Gulf region, forenenst the Bohai Sea tae the sooth. Tangshan is neist tae Yanshan muntains tae the north, borders the Luan River an Qinhuangdao tae the east, an tae the wast jynes ontae Beijing an Tianjin. It is a strategic area an a corridor bindin twa major regions o North Cheenae an Northeast Cheenae.

Tangshan is pairt o the North Cheenae Plain, wi Yanshan Muntains lyin tae the north. The lairgest river in Tangshan is the Luan.

## Admeenistration
The prefecture-level ceety o Tangshan administers 14 coonty-level diveesions includin 6 districts, 6 coonties an 2 coonty-level ceeties.

## History
Tangshan ceety haes a history o ower ane hunder years. Its name derives frae Dachengshan Muntain in the urban ceety.

Tangshan suffered an yirdquauk o moment magnitude 8.2 (7.8 frae offeecial report) at 3:42 a.m. on Julie 28, 1976, the Tangshan yirdquauk, whilk resultit in mony casualties. The offeecial daith toll wis 255,000, but mony experts believe that the actual nummer o fatalities wis twa tae three times that nummer, makin it the maist destructive yirdquauk in modren history. As a result o the yirdquauk, maist o the toun haed tae be biggit agane.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Tangshan is twinned wi:

*  Sakata, Japan
*  Żyrardów, Poland
*  Malmö, Swaden
*  Lincoln Lincolnshire, Unitit Kinrick
*  Cedar Rapids, USA

## References
Malmö

**Malmö** (), in the soothrenmaist province o Scanie, is the third maist populous ceety in Swaden efter Stockholm an Gothenburg.

Malmö is the seat o Malmö Municipality an the caipital o Skåne Coonty. The admeenistrative entity for maist o the ceety is Malmö Municipality which haes 290,007 inhabitants in aicht different localities, wi 38% being o foreign backgrunds,. Malmö is a bimunicipal locality an aw, as pairt o its Burlöv Municipality. The total population o the urban aurie wis 258,020 bi the end o 2005, o which 9,108 wur in Burlöv.

Greater Malmö is ane o Swaden's three offeecially recognizit Metropolitan auries an syne 2005 is defined bi the municipality o Malmö an 11 ither municipalities in the soothwastren corner o Scanie. On 31 Mairch 2012, its population wis recordit tae be 664,428. The region covers an aurie o . The municipalities includit, apairt frae Malmö, are Burlöv, Eslöv, Höör, Kävlinge, Lomma, Lund, Skurup, Staffanstorp, Svedala, Trelleborg an Vellinge. Lund, wi a municipal population o ower 100,000 an hame tae ane o Scandinavie's major universities, is thegither wi Malmö the region's economical an educational hub.

Malmö wis ane o the earliest an maist industrializit touns o Scandinavie, but it struggled wi the adaptation tae post-industrialism. Syne the construction o the Öresund brig, Malmö haes begun a slow revival wi impressive airchitectural developments, attractin new biotech an IT companies, an pairticularly students through Malmö University College. The ceety contains mony historic biggins an pairks, an is a commercial centre for the wastren pairt o Scanie an aw. Durin the laist few years a university college *([[Malmö University]])* haes been established an the ceety is nou ettlin tae focus on eddication, airts an cultur. Malmö wis ranked #4 in *[[Grist Magazine]]*'s "15 Green Cities" leet in 2007.

## References
Fowkrepublic o Hungary

The **Fowkrepublic o Hungary** or **Hungarian Fowkrepublic** () wis the offeecial state name o Hungary frae 1949 tae 1989 durin its Communist period unner the guidance o the Soviet Union. The state remeened in existence till 1989 whan opposition forces consolidatit in forcin the regime tae abandon Marxism-Leninism. The state conseedered itsel the heir o the Hungarian Soviet Republic, whilk wis formed in 1919 an wis the seicont socialist state formed efter Soviet Roushie.
Congo

**Congo**, **Kongo**, **Kongō** or **The Congo** mey refer tae:

## African places an fowk

* Congo River
*  (Congo-Brazzaville)
**  Fowkrepublic o the Congo (1970–1991)
*  (Congo-Kinshasa)
**  Congo Free State (1885–1908)
**  Belgian Congo (1908–1960)
**  Republic o the Congo (Léopoldville) (1960–1964)
**  Zaire, the name o the kintra unner Mobutu regime (1965–1997)
Salt Lake City

**Salt Lake City** is the caipital an the maist populous ceity o Utah. The name o the ceity is aften shortened tae *Salt Lake* or *SLC*. Wi an estimatit population o 183,171, the ceity lies in the Salt Lake Ceity metropolitan aurie, which haes a tot estimatit population o 1,130,293. Salt Lake Ceity is further situatit in a lairger urban aurie kent as the Wasatch Front, which haes an estimatit population o 2,298,915.

The ceity wis foondit in 1847 as Great Salt Lake Ceity bi a group o Mormon pioneers led bi thair prophet, Brigham Young, who left ahint hostility an violence in the Midwastren Unitit States. Thay extensively irrigatit an cultivatit the arid valley an faced prosecution frae the U.S. govrenment for thair practice o polygamy, which wis offeecially discontinued in 1890. Awtho Salt Lake Ceity is still hame tae the heidquarters o The Kirk o Jesus Christ o Latter-day Saunts (LDS, cried the Mormon Kirk an aa), less nor hauf the population o Salt Lake Ceity proper is Mormon the day.

Minin booms an the construction o the first transcontinental railwey initially brocht economic growthe, an the ceity wis nicknamed the Crossroads o the Wast. Salt Lake Ceity haes syne developed a strang ootdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiin. Salt Lake Ceity wis host tae the 2002 Winter Olympics an is the industrial bankin centre o the Unitit States.

## Sister ceeties
Salt Lake City haes several seester ceeties/touns, includin:

## References
Democratic Republic o the Congo

The **Democratic Republic o the Congo** (), umwhile **Zaire**, is a naition locatit in Central Africae, wi a short Atlantic coastline (37&nbsp;km). It is the third lairgest kintra in Africae bi aurie efter Sudan an Algerie an the 12t lairgest in the warld. The Democratic Republic o the Congo – wi its population o nearly 71 million, – is the aichteent maist populous naition in the warld, an the fowert maist populous naition in Africae, as well as the maist populous offeecially Francophone kintra.

In order tae distinguish it frae the neighborin Republic o the Congo tae the wast, the Democratic Republic o the Congo is aften referred tae as **DR Congo**, **DROC**, **DRC**, or **RDC** (frae its French abbreviation), or is cawed **Congo-Kinshasa** efter the caipital o Kinshasa (in contrast tae Congo-Brazzaville for its neighbor). It an aa borders the Central African Republic an Sudan tae the north; Uganda, Rwanda, an Burundi in the east; Zambie an Angolae tae the sooth; the Atlantic Ocean tae the wast; an is separatit frae Tanzanie bi Loch Tanganyika in the east. The kintra haes access tae the ocean through a 40-kilometre (25&nbsp;mi) stretch o Atlantic coastline at Muanda an the roughly nine-kilometer-wide mouth o the Congo River which opens intae the Gulf o Guinea.

The Democratic Republic o the Congo wis umwhile, in chronological order, the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo-Léopoldville, Congo-Kinshasa, an Zaire (*Zaïre* in French). Though it is locatit in the Central African UN subregion, the naition is economically an regionally affiliatit wi Soothren Africae as a member o the Soothren African Development Community (SADC).

The Seicont Congo War, beginnin in 1998, devastatit the kintra, involved seiven foreign airmies an is sometimes referred tae as the "African Warld War". Despite the signin o peace accords in 2003, fechtin continues in the east o the kintra. In eastren Congo, the prevalence o rape an ither sexual violence is described as the wirst in the warld. The war is the warld's deadliest conflict since Warld War II, killin 5.4 million fowk.

Though it is locatit in the Central African UN subregion, the naition is an aw economically an regionally affiliatit wi Soothren Africae as a member o the Soothren African Development Community (SADC).

## References
Antithesis (album)

***Antithesis*** is the fowert studio album bi technical daith metal baund Origin. It wis released throu Relapse Records, on Aprile 1, 2008. It peaked at #21 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chairt.

## Track listing
# "The Aftermath" – 4:39 (Lee, Ryan)
# "Algorithm" – 3:32 (Lee, Turner)
# "Consuming Misery" – 4:06 (Lee, Turner, Flores)
# "Wrath of Vishnu" – 4:44  (Lee, Ryan)
# "Finite"– 3:08 (Lee, Ryan)
# "The Appalling" – 2:55 (Lee, Turner, Flores)
# "Void" – 0:40 (Lee, Longstreth)
# "Ubiquitous" – 5:34 (Lee, Turner, Flores)
# "The Beyond Within" - 3:20 (Lee, Ryan)
# "Antithesis" - 9:32 (Lee, Ryan)

The quote afore the title track Antithesis is frae J. Robert Oppenheimer. He is best kent for his role as the scienteefic director o the Manhattan Project: the Warld War II effort tae develop the first nuclear wappens at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. In reference tae the Trinity test in New Mexico, whaur his Los Alamos team first testit the bomb, Oppenheimer famously recawed the Bhagavad Gita: "Nou I am become Death, the destroyer o warlds."

Antithesis wis ranked # 7 on Decibel Magazine's Top 40 Metal Releases o 2008.

Antithesis wis ranked # 6 on Metal Maniacs Top 40 metal Releases o 2008.

The civer bears strang resemblance tae a portrait o a xenomorph that wis paintit bi H.R. Giger.

## Personnel
* James Lee - vocals
* Paul Ryan - guitar, vocals
* Jeremy Turner - guitar, vocals
* Mike Flores - bass, vocals
* John Longstreth - drums

## Production
*Arranged an produced bi Origin
*Ingineered bi Robert Rebeck
*Mastered bi Scott Hull

## References
Bavarie leid

**Bavarie** (in Bavarie: Boarisch or Bairisch; in Austrick named efter the places, lik Weanarisch in Viennae or Steirisch in Syrie ; in Sooth Tirol (Südtirol): Südtirolerisch; German: *Bairisch*) is a major group o Upper German varieties spoken in the sootheast o the German leid aurie.

## History an oreegin
The Bavarie regiolect haes its oreegins in the Germanic tribe kent as the Bavarii, wha establisht a tribal ducherie. This covered a feck o whit is thir days Bavarie an some o Austrick in the early Middle Ages an wis hinderly compesced bi Charlemagne. Housomeivver, piece an piece, thay migratit doun the Danube an intae the Alps tae aw thae auries whaur Austro-Bavarian byleids is spoken. German linguists refers tae this speik variety, a group o three East Upper German dialects, simply as "Bairisch" (Bavarie, athoot "Austro"). Thay are dividit intae "Oberpfälzisch" (Upper Palatinian, e.g. North Bavarie), "Donaubairisch" (Danube[ian] Bavarie, e.g. Central Bavarie) an "Alpenbairisch" (Alpine Bavarie, e.g. Sooth Bavarie).

Thir auries haed been provinces o the Roman Empire, an the leids o the population wis based on Laitin, but this leid wis replacit bi the Germanic dialects o the immigrants as the umwhile indwallers wis assimilate or stroutht oot. This development contrasts wi that in the provinces o Gallie an Hispanie, whaur the conquerors' Germanic leids o thae territories cud exert a limitit influence on the Romance dialects o the local populations.

In German, the aucient wird "Bairisch", referrin tae the leid, is teepically differentiate frae the 19t-century term "Bayerisch", whilk refers tae the state o Bavarie. Acause o King Ludwig&nbsp;I's passion for aw things Hellenic, the German name fur Bavarie is thir days spelt "Bayern", uisin the Greek 'y', it reflects the growthe o Bavarie efter the Vienna Congress intae culturally non-Bavarie auries an aw, e.g. Franconie an Swabie, an the attempts tae integrate thaim intae the newly formit kinrick. The leid spoken thare haes reteent its oreeginal Germanic spellin "Bairisch", uisin the Roman 'i'.
Dhahran

**Dhahran** (Arabic الظهران *aẓ-Ẓahrān*) is ceety locatit in Saudi Arabie's Eastern Province, an is a major admeenistrative centre for the Saudi oil industry.  Lairge oil reserves wur first identified in the Dhahran aurie in 1931, an in 1935 Standard Oil o Californie (nou Chevron Corporation) drilled the first commercially viable oil well.  Standard Oil later established a subsidiary in Saudi Arabie cawed the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), nou fully awned bi the Saudi govrenment as Saudi Aramco.
Mary Province

**Mary Province** (, Мары велаяты) is ane o the welayatlar (provinces) o Turkmenistan. It is in the sooth-east o the kintra, borderin Afghanistan. Its caipital is the ceety o Mary. Its aurie is 87,150 km2 (33,650 sq mi) an population 1,480,400 (2005 est.). The average population density is aboot 15 persons per square kilometer, but it reaches 150-200 per square kilometer in the maist developed oases.

In 2000, Mary Province accoontit for 23% o Turkmenistan's population, 19% o the tot nummer o employed, 26% o agricultural production (bi value), an 21% o the kintra's tot industrial production. 
The region's industries include natural gas extraction (the Iolotan gas field), electric pouer generation, textiles, carpet weavin, chemical an fuid industry. In 2001 it accoontit for 74% o Turkmenistan's electricity generation 26% o natural gas extraction. Accordin tae ither soorces, Mary Province accoonts for 81% o fertilizer production, 40% o textiles, 81% o laither, an 23% o fuitwear. Mary agriculture produces 31% o Turkmenistan's cotton fibres an 32% o its vegetable oil.

Agriculture in Mary Province is irrigatit bi the Karakum Canal, which runs east tae wast throu the centre o the province, an bi the Murghab River, which runs sooth tae north, enterin the province frae Afghanistan. While the northren portion o the province is athin the Central Asian soothren desert ecoregion, the soothren portion o the province is characterized bi a savanna o pistachio an desertsedges, clessifee'd as the Badkhiz-Karabil semi-desert bi the Warld Wildlife Fund >[the cited link daes nae lead tae this information: need a direct link]

Auncient Merv, designatit a UNESCO Warld Heritage Site, is the main archeological attraction o Mary Province. This is ane o the best preserved oasis ceeties on the auncient silk route.

The caipital o Mary Province is the ceety o Mary, locatit at the intersection o Murghab River wi the Karakum Canal. Ither ceeties are Baýramaly (), Ýolöten (Iolotan, ), an Serhetabat (, umwhile , ) on the border wi Afghanistan.

## Districts
Mary Province is dividit intae 12 destricts (*etraplar*; singular *etrap*) an ane ceety (*il*). Name changes syne 1995 are shawn in parentheses:

*Baýramaly Ceety
*Altyn Sahra District (formed in Aprile 2008)
*Baýramaly District
*Ýolöten District 
*Garagum District
*Mary District 
*Murgap District
*Oguzhan District (umwhile Howuzhan Destrict)
*Sakarçäge District
*Serhetabat District (umwhile Guşgy Destrict)
*Tagtabazar District
*Türkmengala District
*Wekilbazar District

## References
Monastir, Tunisie

**Monastir** ( **al-munastîr**, from the Greek wird μοναστήριον "hermit's cell, monastery", cawed  in Tunisian Arabic, (20&nbsp;km sooth o Sousse; 162&nbsp;km sooth o Tunis), is a ceety on the central shore o Tunisie, in the Sahel aurie. Traditionally a fishin port, Monastir is nou a major tourist resort. Its population is 41,400. Locatit in north-eastren Tunisie, it is the caipital o Monastir Govrenorate.

## History

Monastir wis foondit on the ruins o the Punic–Roman ceety o Ruspina. The ceety features a well preserved Ribat that wis uised tae scan the sea for hostile ships. Several ulema came tae stay tae the Ribat o this peaceful ceety for contemplation. The Ribat wis an aa ane o the filmin locations for Monty Python's Life Of Brian.

## Transportation
The ceety haes Monastir (Habib Bourguiba) Internaitional Airport wi flights frae maist Wastren European kintras. It is run bi Tepe Akfen Ventures Airport Holding (TAV).

## Economy
Nouvelair haes its head office in Monastir in the Dkhila Tourist Zone, near the Hôtel Sahara Beach.

## Notable fowk
Tunisian preses Habib Bourguiba wis born in Monastir, an his mausoleum is locatit in the ceety.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* USMonastir.com, official web site of the local multi-sports team
*Monastir Photo Gallery
Monastir

**Monastir** mey refer tae:

## Places
;Italy
* Monastir, Sardinie - a *comune* in the Province o Cagliari

;Ottoman Empire
* Monastir Province, Ottoman Empire, a *vilayet* coverin pairts o modren Albanie, Greece an the Republic o Macedonie

;Republic o Macedonie
* Monastir, Macedonie the umwhile name o Bitola

;Tunisia
* Monastir, Tunisie, the caipital o Monastir Governorate
* Monastir Governorate
* Monastir – Habib Bourguiba Internaitional Airport, an airport in Monastir Governorate

## See an aa
monastery
Tataouine

**Tataouine** (frae Berber leid **Tittawin**, litterally meanin *eyes*, wi the figurative meanin o *water springs* (see Moroccan ceety o Tetouan) ; an aa transliteratit as *Tatooine*, *Tatahouine*, *Tatahouïne*, *Taţāwīn* or *Tatawin*, as well as *Fum Taţāwīn*, *Fumm Tattauin*, *Foum Tatahouine*, *Fum Tatawin*, or *Foum Tataouine*) is a ceety locatit in soothren Tunisie at . It is the caipital o the Tataouine Govrenorate. The below grund, "cave dwellins" o the native Berber population, designed for coolness an protection, render the ceety an the aurie aroond it a tourist an film makers attraction.

The district is famous for its ksour (fortified Berber granaries) includin the picturesque Ksar Ouled Soltane, Chenini an Douiret. These abandoned settlements feature bonnie vaultit adobe buildings, or ghorfas.

On Juin 27, 1931, a meteorite o the rare achondrite type impactit at Tataouine; aboot 12&nbsp;kg o fragments wur foond. The mineral o this meteorite wis named Diogenite.

Tataouine's name became famous when George Lucas, who filmed the oreeginal *[[Star Wars]]* film in various locations o Tunisie (for example, the Lars Homestead, filmed at the Hotel Sidi Driss in Matmata), named Luke Skywalker's fictional hame planet Tatooine.

Tataouine appeared in the end o the movie *[[The X-Files (film)|The X-Files]]* as Foum Tataouine, whaur an extraterrestrial viral experiment facility wis held.

## Freemit airtins
* Pictures an photos o Tunisie, includin Tataouine 
* The Real Star Wars?  - Associated Press article, videos an photo gallery aboot Matmata bi Andy Carvin
* QuickTime VR image  of Ksar Ouled Soltane, an aa photographed bi Andy Carvin
*
Mon-Khmer leids

The **Mon-Khmer** leids are a leid family o Sootheast Asie. Thegither wi the Munda leids o Indie, they are ane o the twa traditional primary branches o the Austroasiatic family. Housomeivver, several recent classifications hae abandoned this dichotomy, either reducin the scope o Mon-Khmer (Diffloth 2005) or breakin it up entirely (or equivalently reclassifyin Munda as a branch o Mon-Khmer: Peiros 1998). *See [[Austroasiatic leids]].*

The reconstructed ancestor o the Mon-Khmer leid is the Proto-Mon-Khmer leid. 

## Further readin
* Adams, K. L. (1989). *Systems of numeral classification in the Mon-Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic*. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0858833735
* Diffloth, Gérard. A History of the Khmer Language. [199-].
* Filbeck, D. (1978). *T'in: a historical study*. Pacific linguistics, no. 49. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0858831724
* Hemeling, K. (1907). *Die Nanking Kuanhua*. (German language)
* Shorto, H. L. *Bibliographies of Mon-Khmer and Tai Linguistics*. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
* Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). *A Mon-Khmer comparative dictionary*. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3

## See an aa
* Proto-Mon-Khmer leid

## Freemit airtins
*Mon-Khmer leids at SEAlang
*Mon-Khmer.com: Lectures bi Paul Sidwell 
*Mon-Khmer languages at Ethnologue
Mon leid

The **Mon leid** (; ) is an Austroasiatic leid spoken bi the Mon, who live in Burma an Thailand. Mon, like the relatit leid Cambodian—but unlike maist leids in Mainland Sootheast Asie—is no tonal. Mon is spoken bi less nor a million fowk today. In recent years, uisage o Mon haes declined rapidly, especially amang the yunger generation. Mony ethnic Mon are monolingual in Burmese. In Burma, the majority o speakers live in Mon State, follaed bi Tanintharyi Division an Kayin State.

The Mon script is derived frae Indian Brahmi script an is the source o the Burmese script.

## References
Revolution

A **revolution** (frae the Latin *revolutio*, "a turn aroond") is a fundamental chynge in pouer or organizational structures that taks place in a relatively short period o time. Its uise tae refer tae poleetical chynge dates frae the scientific revolution occasioned bi Copernicus' famous De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.
Aristotle descrived twa types o poleetical revolution:
# Complete chynge frae ane constitution tae anither
# Modification o an existin constitution.
Revolutions hae occurred through human history an vary widely in terms o methods, duration, an motivatin ideology. Their results include major chynges in cultur, economy, an socio-political institutions.

Scholarly debates aboot whit daes an disna constitute a revolution center aroond several issues. Early studies o revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history frae a psychological perspective, but mair modren examinations include global events an incorporate perspectives frae several social sciences, includin sociology an poleetical science. Several generations o scholarly thocht on revolutions hae generatit mony competin theories an contributit muckle tae the current unnerstandin o this complex phenomenon.

## Etymology
Nicolaus Copernicus named his 1543 treatise on the muivements o planets aroond the sun *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* (*On the Revolutions o Celestial Bodies*). "Revolution" then passed frae astronomy intae astrological venacular; comin tae representin abrupt chynge in the social order. Poleetical uisage o the wird first appeared in 1688 in the young Unitit Kinrick as a description o the replacement o James II wi William III. The process wis termed *"[[The Glorious Revolution]]"*.

## References
Alemannic German

**Alemannic German** (*Alemannisch*) is a group of dialects o the Upper German branch o the Germanic leid family. It is spoken bi approximately ten million fowk in seiven kintras: Swisserland, Germany, Austrick, Liechtenstein, Fraunce, Italy, an Venezuelae. The name derives frae the ancient Germanic alliance o tribes kent as the Alamanni.
Hmong

**Hmong** mey refer tae: 

*Hmong fowk, an ethnic group in Cheenae an Sootheast Asie
*Hmong leid, a cluster o closely related Hmong-Mien leids
Bagpipe

**Bagpipes** is a class o muisical instrument, aerophones, uisin enclosed reeds fed frae a constant reservoir o air in the form o a bag. Though the Scots Great Hieland Bagpipe an Erse uilleann pipes hae the greatest internaitional visibility, bagpipes o mony different types come frae different regions atouer Europe, Northren Africae, the Persian Gulf, an the Caucasus.
Bujumbura

**Bujumbura** ( or ; ), umwhile **Usumbura**, is the economic caipital, lairgest city an main port o Burundi. It ships maist o the kintra's chief export, coffee, as well as cotton an tin ore. In late Dizember 2018, Burundian president Pierre Nkurunziza annooncit that he wad follae throu on a 2007 promise tae return Gitega its umwhile poleetical caipital status, wi Bujumbura remainin as economical caipital an center o commerce. A vote in the Pairlament o Burundi made the chynge offeecial on 16 Januar 2019, wi aw branches o govrenment expectit tae muive in ower three years.

## References
Clan Macdonald o Clanranald

**Clan Macdonald o Clanranald** is a Scots clan an ae brainch o Clan Donald, ane o the maistmuckle Scots clans. The foonder o the Macdonalds o Clanranald is Reginald, 4t great-grandson o Somerled. The Macdonalds o Clanranald is strynd fae Reginald's aulder son Allan an the MacDonells o Glengarry is strynd frae his yunger son Donald. The clan chief o the Macdonalds o Clanranald is tradeetionally designatit as *The Caiptain o Clanranald* an nouadays baith the chief an clan are recognised bi the Lord Lyon King o Airms, the heraldic judge in Scotland.

## Clan profile

***Clan chief**: Tradeetionally the chiefs o Clan Macdonald o Clanranald hae bin styled as "The Caiptain o Clanranald". The Hieland or Gaelic designation o the chiefs o the clan is *Mac Mhic Ailein*. The chief o the clan the noo is Ranald Alexander Macdonald o Clanranald, bein the 24t Chief an Caiptain o Clanranald. The current chief's *sloinneadh* or pedigree is *Ragnhaill Alasdair mac Coinneach Alasdair mhic Tearlach 'ic Raibheart 'ic Raibheart 'ic Cailein 'ic Alasdair 'ic Domhnaill 'ic Ragnhaill Og 'ic Ragnhaill 'ic Ailein 'ic Iain Muideartach 'ic Alasdair 'ic Ailein 'ic Ruairidh 'ic Ailein 'ic Ragnhaill 'ic [[John o Islay, Lord o the Isles|Eoin]] 'ic [[Aonghas Óg o Islay|Aonghais Og]] 'ic [[Aonghas Mór|Aonghais Mhor]] 'ic [[Dòmhnall mac Raghnaill|Domhnaill]] 'ic [[Raghnall mac Somhairle|Ragnhaill]] 'ic [[Somerled|Somhairle]]*.

## References
Clan Bissett

**Clan Bissett** (***Bisey, Byset, Bisset or Bissert***) is a Scots clan o Anglo-Norman oreegin. It disna hae a clan chief recognised bi the Lord Lyon King of Arms, an syne the clan haes nae staunin unner Scots law. Clan Bissett is conseedert an armigerous clan, meanin that it is conseedert tae hae haed at ane time a chief wha possessed the chiefly airms, housomeivver nane at present is in possession o sic airms.

## Clan profile
Motto: (Laitin: *Abscissa Virescit* - Inglis *That torn doun re-grows*)
Crest: The trunk o an aik tree sproutin afresh Proper.

## Peerages
* Barony o The Aird
* Barony o Lessendrum
* Lord Lovat
* Lord Aboyne
* Lord Beauly
* Lord Beaufort
* Lord Aboyne
* Lord o the Glynns

## Castles
* Aboyne Castle, Aboyne, Scotland
* Edradour Castle, Black Isle, Scotland
* Beauly Castle, Beauly, Scotland
* Lovat Castle, Beauly, Scotland
* Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Scotland
* Erchless Castle, Struy, Scotland
* Glenarm Castle, Glenarm, Northren Ireland
* Red Bay Castle, Glenariff, Northren Ireland

## Notes
Clan Cairns

**Clan Cairns** is a Scots clan. The clan disnae hae a chief recognised bi the Lord Lyon King of Arms, therefore the clan haes nae staunin unner Scots Law. Clan Cairns is considered an armigerous clan, meanin that it is considered tae hae haed at ane time a chief who possessed the chiefly airms, howsomeivver naebody at present is in possession o sic airms. The arms o Cairns o that Ilk are blazoned as: *[[Gules]], three [[martlets]] [[or (heraldry)|Or]]*.

The surname *Cairns* is derived frae the Scots Gaelic *carn*, meanin "cairn". It is a topographic name for someane wha livit near a cairn. The land o Cairns are locatit in the pairish o Mid Cauder, near Edinburgh. Accordin tae George Fraser Black, the first Cairns tae be recordit is William de Carnys, wha wis recordit as witnessin a chairter in 1349. William de Carnys an his son Duncan haudit the baronies o Easter an Wester Whitburn. Mony Cairns are recordit in the coonties o Midlowden an Wast Lowden an aw. The day mony Cairns are still locatit aroond Edinburgh an Glesca.

## See an aa
*Cairns (disambiguation)

## References
Jezkazgan

**Jezkazgan** or **Zhezkazgan** ( / **Jezqazğan**), umwhile kent as *Dzhezkazgan* (, till 1992), is a ceety in Karagandy Province, Kazakhstan, on a reservoir o the Kara-Kengir River. The ceety population is o 90,000 (1999 census). Its urban aurie includes the neighbourin minin toun o Satpayev, for a total ceety population o 148,700.

55% o Jezkagan population are Kazakhs, 30% Roushies, wi smawer minorities o Ukrainians, Germans, Chechens an Koreans.
Clan Calder

**Clan Calder** is a Hieland Scots clan. The clan daes no currently hae a chief therefore it is considered an Armigerous clan.

## Oreegins o the Clan

The name Calder is believed tae derive frae the Scots name for a sma stream. Hugh de Cadella, a French knicht wis creatit Thane o Calder, later tae be kent as Cawdor in Nairn, Scotland. Hugh de Kaledouer wis a witness tae a chairter o land near Montrose in aroond 1178.

## History

The Calders wur great nobles an held lands aroond the ceety o Inverness frae the 14t century onwards. The touer that stands at the centre o Cawdor Castle wis biggit bi the Calders in aroond 1454.

The Calders mairit intae ither local families parteecularly the Clan Rose who wur Barons o Kilravock.

Unfortunately thair ascendancy came tae an end when Archibald Campbell, Earl o Argyll wis alang wi Hugh Rose o Kilravock appointit guardians tae the infant female heir o the Calder faimily. Campbell tried tae tak the infant female tae Inverary tae be educated. This wis opposed bi her uncles Alexander an Hugh Calder who chased them tae Strathnarin but efter considerable loss o life she wis safely delivered tae Inverary. She wis brocht up as a Campbell an mairit Sir John Campbell o Argyll.

Muriel the last o the Calders dee'd aroond 1575 but her descendent John Campbell o Cawdor wis raised tae the peerage as Lord Cawdor in 1796, an his son wis creatit first Earl o Cawdor in 1827. The name Calder did no dee oot, housomeivver, an the **Calders o Asswanly** received lands near Elgin in 1440. Margaret Calder the dochter o Sir William Calder o Calder mairit John Munro o Foulis, Chief o the Clan Munro. The Calders o Asswanly received a baronetcy o Nova Scotia in 1686.

## See an aa

*Armigerous clan
*Scots clan

## External links
*http://www.myclan.com/clans/Calder_173/default.php