open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Banner o Honduras

This **[[naitional banner]] o [[Honduras]]** wis adoptit on Januar 9, 1866, based on the banner o the Federal Republic o Central Americae.
In 1823 Honduras joined the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae an adoptit thair banner. In 1866 it wis amendit; five blue stars wur placed in the centre tae represent the 5 oreeginal Central American provinces. The colors an pattern are the same as the banner o the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae.

The banner consists o three horizontal baunds o equal width wi an oweraw lenth:width ratio o 2:1.  The twa ooter blue baunds represent the Pacific Ocean an the Caribbean Sea. The inner white baund represents the land atween the ocean an the sea an the peace an prosperity o its fowk. The five blue five-pointit starns arranged in an X pattern centred in the white baund represent the five naitions o the umwhile Federal Republic o Central Americae (El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, an Guatemala) an the hope that the naitions mey form a union again.

Ceevilian an govrenment ships flee the naitional banner as an ensign.  Ships o the Honduran Navy flee as a naval ensign a version o the naitional banner in which the five starn emblem is replaced bi the coat o airms o Honduras abuin an invertit airch o five sma blue stars.

## Freemit airtins
*
Banner o Algerie

The naitional '''banner''' **o [[Algerie]]** (Arabic: **علم الجزائر**, French: Drapeau de l'Algérie) consists o twa equal vertical bars, green an white, chairged in the centre wi a reid starn an crescent.  The white colour represents peace; the green, the brawness o natur; the reid, the bluid o thaim that wis killt while fechtin for unthirldom in the Algerian War (1954 tae 1962) an the starn an crescent represent Islam.

The banner wis adoptit on Julie 3, 1962. A seemilar version wis uised bi the Algerian govrenment in exile frae 1958 tae 1962.

The banner's design is inspired frae the stanudart o Emir Abdel Kadir in the 19t century whilk consist o twa equal vertical baunds, green an white, as weel as bein inspired frae the banner o the Algerian Regency frae the 16t tae the 19t century, that consistit o a white crescent an starn on a reid backgrund (the same as the modren banner o Turkey; the Algerian Regency wis an autonomous member state o the Ottoman Empire). Housomeivver, for the maist pairt its history is unclear. It is forbye believed tae be based on a banner creatit in 1928 bi Messali Hadj, a naitionalist leader. White, green an reid, alang wi the starn an crescent, haes been uised historically in Islamic kintras.

Algerian ships flee the naitional banner as thair ensign, cep for ships o the Algerian Naitional Navy, which uise the naitional banner chairged wi twa reid crossed anchors in the canton as the naval ensign.

The Wastren blazon is *per pale Vert an Argent; a crescent an starn Gules*.

Unalike mony African banners, the features o the banner is set doun preceese, bein describit as: 

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Banner o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae

The **banner o the [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]]** is a reid field chairged in the canton (upper left corner) wi five golden starns. The design features ane lairge starn, wi fower smawer starns in a semicircle set aff towards the flee (richt side). The reid represents revolution; the five stars an thair relationship represent the unity o the Cheenese fowk unner the leadership o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae (CPC). Whiles, the banner is referred tae as the "Five Star Red Banner" ().

The banner wis designed bi Zeng Liansong, a ceetizen frae Rui'an, Zhejiang. He designed it in response tae a circular distributit bi the Preparatory Committee o the New Poleetical Consultative Conference (新政治協商會議籌備會) in Julie 1949, shortly efter thay came tae pouer follaein the Cheenese Ceevil War. 2,992 (or 3,012, see ablo) entries wur received for the design competeetion, an Zeng's design wis put intae a pool o 38 finalists. Efter several meetins an slicht modifications, Zeng's design wis chosen as the naitional banner. The first banner wis hoistit bi Mao Zedong on a pole owerleukin Beijing's Tiananmen Square on October 1, 1949, at a ceremony annooncin the foondin o the Fowkrepublic.

Ither banners uised in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae uise a reid backgrund tae seembolise the revolution in conjunction wi ither seembols. The banner o the Fowkliberation Airmy (PLA) uises the gowd starn wi the Cheenese characters 81. The banner o the Communist Pairty o Cheenae replaces aw o the stars wi the pairty emblem. Due tae govrenment regulations, ceeties an provinces o Cheenae canna hae thair awn banners; the ae sub naitional banners that exist are those o the Hong Kong an Macau Special Administrative Regions.

## References
Samut Prakan Province

**Samut Prakan** (, ) is ane o the central provinces (*changwat*) o Thailand.

Neighborin provinces are in the wast an north Bangkok an Chachoengsao tae the east.

Suvarnabhumi Airport (or an aa cawed **(New) Bangkok Internaitional Airport**) is locatit in the Bang Phli Destrict o Samut Prakan province.

## History
The province wis creatit durin the Ayutthaya period, wi its admeenistrative center locatit at Prapadaeng. It wis the sea port o Siam, an wis secured wi forts, toun moats an toun-walls. King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai stairtin the biggin o the new center at Samut Prakan in 1819, efter his predecessor King Taksin haed disbandit the toun fortification. Aathegither sax forts wur built on baith sides o the Chao Phraya river, an on an island in the river the pagoda Phra Samut Chedi wis erectit. O the oreeginal sax forts ae twa still exist today, Phi Sua Samut an Phra Chulachomklao.

## Etymologie
In Thai the wird *samut* is frae Sanskrit, *Samudra* means ocean or sea an *prakan* means fortress.

## Geografie
Samut Prakan is locatit at the mouth o the Chao Phraya river tae the Gulf o Thailand. Thus the province is an aa sometimes cawed *Pak Nam* (*ปากน้ำ*), the Thai wird for the mouth o a river. The pairt o the province locatit on the wastren side o the river consist maistly o rice an prawn fields as well as mangrove forests, while the east pairt is the urban center - includin industrial factories. It is pairt o the Bangkok metropolis, the urbanization on baith sides o the provincial boondary is identical. The province haes a coastline o approximately 47.2 kilometers.

## Admeenistrative diveesions

The province is subdividit intae 6 destricts (*[[amphoe]]*). The destricts are further subdividit intae 50 subdestricts (*[[tambon]]*) an 396 veelages (*[[muban]]*). Thare are ane ceety (*[[thesaban nakhon]]*), three touns (*[[thesaban mueang]]*) an 13 subdestrict municipalities (*[[thesaban tambon]]*). For the naitional elections the province is dividit intae 3 votin destricts, ane eligible for three assemblyman an the ither twa each for twa assemblymen.
Kenyae

**Kenyae**, offeecially the **Republic o Kenyae** (pronoonced ) is a kintra in East Africae, made up o 42 different ethnic tribes.  Lyin alang the Indian Ocean tae its sootheast an at the equator, Kenyae is bordered bi Somalie tae the northeast, Ethiopie tae the north, Sudan tae the northwast, Uganda tae the wast an Tanzanie tae the sooth. Lake Victoria is tae the soothwast an is shared atween Kenyae, Uganda an Tanzanie. Kenyae haes numerous wildlife reserves, containin thoosans o animal species. The caipital ceety is Nairobi. The kintra is named efter Munt Kenyae, a significant landmark an seicont amang Africae's heichest muntain peaks.


File:Nyeri.jpg|Nyeri
File:Skyline of Eldoret Facing West from Mups Plaza.jpg|Eldoret
File:Waterfall on the Thika River.jpg|Thika
File:Muranga County Office.jpg|Murang'a
File:Outrigger canoe in Kenya.jpg|Coast Province
File:Almond Resort, Garissa.jpg|Garisa/Garissa
File:Garissa downtown.jpg|Garisa/Garissa
File:Lodwar Kenya from hill2010.JPG|Lodwar
File:DSC00673 Kitale downtown 2019.jpg|Kitalé
File:Kenia-djoser2007-024.jpg|Narok
File:Narok-Bomet road , Kenya-near maasai mara game reserve.jpg|Bomet
File:Nanyuki main street.jpg|Nanyuki
File:Kapenguria Bible College.jpg|Kapenguria
File:Maralal.jpg|Maralal
File:CryingStone.jpg|Crying Stone
File:Busia 2018 07.jpg|Busia


## References
Perodua Kenari

The **Perodua Kenari** is a sma five-seat compact caur or supermini caur produced bi the Malaysian automotive company Perodua. The Kenari is based on the first an seicont generation Daihatsu Move kei caur (minicaur) but is pouered bi a 1.0 litre DOHC ingine. In 2004, the Perodua Kenari wis gien a new fascia wi flush heidlichts. The sale o the Kenari haes been discontinued in 2009. The name *Kenari* is a Malay name for canary.

## Variants
The Kenari wis affered as ony ane o several versions:

* The Kenari GX/EZ, available in manual (GX) or automatic (EZ) transmissions wi normal stylins. The GX variant wis the first iteration o the Kenari tae be release, but is no langer available for sale frae Perodua. In the past thare an' a' a mair basic version came simply wi a solit body colour wi unpaintit front an rear bumpers. 
* Kenari AERO GX/EZ, available in manual (GX) or automatic (EZ) transmissions wi an aero kits.
* Kenari RS, sauld wi sporty accessories seemilar tae the Daihatsu Move Custom but available ae wi an automatic transmission.

## Freemit airtins

*Perodua Kenari Caur Review 
*Perodua wabsteid for Kenari 
*Malaysian Compact Community 
*Kenari an Kelisa Awners Club 
*Kenarianz Club 
*Perodua club - Malaysian Auto Enthusiasts Portal 
*KC-Club -Maist o the members frae the biggest Cheenese forum in Malaysiae Cari 

*KCDN : Forum-Based Club
Perodua

The **** (), uisually abbreviatit tae **Perodua** (), is Malaysie's seicont lairgest automobile manufacturer efter Proton. It wis established in 1993 an launched their first caur, the Perodua Kancil in late 1994. The sharehaulders o Perodua are UMW Corporation Sdn Bhd wi 38% stake, Daihatsu Motor Co. Ltd. (20%), MBM Resources Bhd (20%), PNB Equity Resources Corporation Sdn Bhd (10%), Mitsui & Co. Ltd (7%) an Daihatsu (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (5%).

## Leet o models

*Perodua Kancil (Perodua Nippa, 1994–2009)
*Perodua Rusa (1996–1998)
*Perodua Kembara (1998–2008)
*Perodua Kenari (2000–2008)
*Perodua Kelisa (2001–2007)
*Perodua MyVi (2005–present)
*Perodua Viva (2007–present)
*Perodua Nautica (2008–2010)
*Perodua Alza (2009–present)

## Freemit airtins
*Perodua Malaysia 
*Perodua Europe 
*Perodua Singapore
Citroën LN

The **Citroën LN** (Hélène) an **Citroën LNA** (Hélèna) wur supermini automobiles produced bi the French manufacturer Citroën atween 1976 an 1986.

## Owerview
### LN
The **LN** wis introduced in 1976 as a rewirked version o Peugeot's 104 Z, an wis pouered bi the economical 602&nbsp;cc twa-cylinder petrol ingine o the Citroën 2CV. Equipment levels wur law, but the LN's key sellin pynts wur its cheap price an law runnin costs.

Thare wis evidence o defensiveness at the press launch, possibly acause a caur that leuked lik a Peugeot but wis assembled at a Citroën plant an fittit wi a Citroën ingine shairply refutit assurances that the twa marques wad retain thair individuality.  Those assurances haed been providit bi the same press depairtments juist a few months earlier, when Citroën haed again run oot o money Peugeot haed taken control. When pressed, Citroën explained that the LN project haed been rushed throu acause o "the need tae supply customers an the [dealership] netwirk wi a model tae strengthen Citroën's position at the lawer end o the mercat" which wis haurdly a ringin endorsement o a range which at the time includit the Ami an the Dyane as well as the venerable 2CV which wad continue in production lang efter ony o the ithers.

### LNA
Citroën sauld the LN in its native Fraunce ae, but its mair powerful replacement, the **LNA**, wis introduced in November 1978 an wis exportit tae maist o the rest o Europe (includin richt-hand drive versions for Great Breetain). It haed the mair pouerful an modren 652&nbsp;cc twa-cylinder ingine o the Citroën Visa an later a 1.1&nbsp;L fower-cylinder ingine wis addit which haed a tap speed o nearly 90&nbsp;mph (145&nbsp;km/h) on the LNA 11E an 11RE. But lik the smawer-ingined LN, the LNA wis cheap tae buy an cheap tae run.

At the same time the LNA wis launched, its Peugeot-soorced bodyshell an aa spawned the Talbot Samba which haed square heidlichts an a different, slichtly langer, rear body pairt. LNA production ceased in the simmer o 1986, while the Talbot Samba survived anither year. The Peugeot 104 remained in production till 1988 even tho its successor, the 205, haed been launcht five years earlier.

## References
Toyota Fortuner

The **Toyota Fortuner** is a medium-sized SUV based on the Toyota Hilux. Oreeginally assembled ae in Thailand, but later an aa in Indonesie an ither kintras, the Fortuner is biggit on the well-establisht platform o the Toyota Hilux pickup truck. It features three rows o seats an is available in rear-wheel drive or fower-wheel drive amang ithers.  The Fortuner is pairt o Toyota's IMV project in Thailand, which an aa includes the Toyota Hilux an the Innova (in Indonesie). The caur wis designed in Thailand bi Thai an Japanese ingineers.

A nummer o ingine options is available dependin on the kintra o sale, includin a 2.7 liter 2TR-FE an 4.0 liter 1GR-FE V6 petrol wi Variable Valve Timing an 2.5 2KD-FTV an 3.0 1KD-FTV common rail variable geometry turbochairger Diesel models.

Trim levels are G an G Luxury for rear-wheel drive diesel an petrol, an V for fower-wheel drive Diesel an petrol. The common rail turbo intercooled diesel haes functional scoop on its huid.

In 2007 Toyota Thailand dropped the fower-wheel drive petrol model an replaced it wi a twa-wheel drive petrol version.

This caur wis the best sellin in its category (SUV/PPV) in the Philippines an currently Thailand.

The Fortuner is no offered in Japan, Europe an North Americae, whaur the Hilux Surf is for the Japanese mercat an 4Runner in North Americae represent Toyota in the medium sized pick-up based SUV mercat.
Buick Invicta

The **Buick Invicta** (Series 4600) wis a full-sized automobile produced bi General Motors' Buick Motor Diveesion frae 1959 tae 1963. The Invicta wis a continuation o the Buick Century concept that matit the staundart size Buick LeSabre (pre-1959, Buick Special) body wi Buick's lairger 401 in³ Nailhead V8 ingine, yieldin what wis referred tae as "the banker's hot rod." The name was derived frae Laitin an signified 'unconquerable, invincible, unbeatable' accordin tae Buick Motor Division sales trainin materials. 

## Owerview
The Invicta series wis introduced as a full line o body styles for model year 1959.  Sales niver approached that o either the LeSabre or Electra models, but wur consistent wi the traditional sales penetration o Buick's sporty mid-priced models (the 1954 tae 1958 Century an 1963 tae 1970 Wildcat). 

Stairtin in 1960, an Invicta Custom trim package wis affered, featurin bucket seats an a 'consolette' in the haurdtop coupe, convertible an wagon an a leather bench seat wi a center airmrest on some 4 door haurdtops. Sales wur nominal.

1962 saw the debut o the Buick Wildcat 2-door haurdtop athin the Invicta series. The Wildcat featured maist o the interior trim o the Invicta Custom, which includit staundart bucket seats an upgradit door panels.  Instead o the Invicta Custom's short console, housomeivver, the Wildcat haed a lang console wi a tachometer an a shift lever. Ither Wildcat features includit special badgin an exterior trim, alang wi a vinyl top an the taillichts that wur uised on the Electra 225 rather than those o the LeSabre/Invicta. These features placed the Wildcat well in step wi the shift towards sports-orientit models. 

For 1963, the Wildcat woud replace the Invicta, takin ower its fower-door haurdtop, twa-door coupe an convertible body styles. The Invicta series haed a 6-passenger station wagon as its sole model. Ae 3,495 1963 Invicta station wagons wur built, efter which the name disappeared.

Accordin tae Robin Moore in his 1969 beuk *[[The French Connection (beuk)|The French Connection]]*, "the 1960 Buick Invicta haed a peculiarity in body construction conducive tae the installations o . . . extraordinary, virtually detection-proof traps concealed athin the fenders an unnercarriage" that made it a popular model for internaitional heroin smugglers.

## Buick Invicta Concept (2008)
The Invicta nameplate wis re-trademarked bi Buick in 2004, a concept vehicle bearing that name was unveiled in Auto China 2008. The vehicle wis designed bi GM Design Centers in Warren, Michigan an Shanghai, Cheenae.

The concept includit a 2.0-L direct injection turbo ingine ratit 186 kilowatts (249&nbsp;hp) an 298 newton metres (220&nbsp;ft·lbf), 6-speed automatic transmission, MacPherson strut front an independent rear suspensions, fower-wheel anti-lock disc brakes, 20x8.5-in polished aluminum wheels wi P245/40R20 tires.

The vehicle's designs wur later uised in the seicont generation o the Buick LaCrosse.

## Notes
Emblem o Afghanistan

The **Naitional Emblem o [[Afghanistan]]** haes appeared in some form on the Banner o Afghanistan syne the inception o that naition. The maist notable absence wis durin the 1980s when a Communist regime ruled the naition, an in the late 1990s, durin the rule o the Taliban. 

The latest incarnation o the coat o airms haes the addit inscription o the shahadah in Arabic at the tap. Below it is the image o a mosque wi a mehrab that is facin Mecca wi a prayer mat inside. Attacht tae the mosque are twa banners, taken tae staund for banners o Afghanistan. Beneath the mosque is an inscription that states the name o the naition. Aroind the mosque is a garland.

The emblem o Afghanistan bears the Islamic calendar year 1298 (1919 in the Gregorian calendar), the year Afghanistan gained unthirldom frae the Breetish Empire. 

## Historical


File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1919-1926).svg|1919-1926
File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1926-1928).svg|1926-1928
File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1928-1929).svg|1928-1929
File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1931-1973).svg|1931-1973


## See an aa
Banner o Afghanistan

## Freemit airtins

* Afghanistan Naitional Emblem
Coat o airms o Nepal

The **coat o airms o [[Nepal]]** wis chynged durin the reconciliation period follaein the Nepalese Ceevil War. On 30 December 2006, a new coat o airms wis introduced. It contains the banner o Nepal, Munt Everest, green hills seembolisin the hilly regions o Nepal an yellae colour seembolisin the fertile Terai region, male an female haunds joinin tae seembolise gender equality, an a garland o rhododendrons (the naitional flouer). Atop this is a white silhouette in the shape o Nepal. 

## Features
At the base o the design a reid scroll carries the naitional motto in Sanskrit: जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपी गरीयसी (*jananī janmabhūmiśca svargādapi garīyasī*), which translates as "The mither an the mitherland are greater than heaven." 
Complete Sanskrit verse is
:
:
Translation in Scots
:A dae no care for Lanka, Lakshmana, even though it be made o gold.
:Ane’s mither an ane’s native land are wirth mair even than heiven

Popularly believed tae be quotit biLord Rama when his brither Lakshmana expresses desire tae stay back in Lanka. This quote is unconfirmed tae be frae Ramayana but is citit in Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's wirk Anandamath 

## Historical Note
The coat o airms in uise afore 30 December 2006 consists o a white cow, a green pheasant (Himalayan Monal), twa Gurkha sodgers (ane carryin a kukri an a bow, an the ither a rifle), peaks o the Himalayas, twa crossed Nepalese banners an kukris, the fuitprints o Gorakhnath (the guardian deity o the Gurkhas) an the ryal heidress. It an aa contained the same reid scroll wi the naitional motto. This coat o airms wis precedit bi the Emblem o Nepal.

## See an aa
*Janani Janmabhoomischa Swargadapi Gariyasi

## References

http://www.indianest.com/hinduism/069.htm
Samut Sakhon Province

**Samut Sakhon** ( (Pronunciation)) is ane o the central provinces (*changwat*) o Thailand.

Neighborin provinces are (frae the soothwast clockwise) Samut Songkhram, Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom an Bangkok.

## Etymology
The wird *Samut* oreeginates frae the Sanskrit wird *Samudra* meanin *[[ocean]]*, an the wird *sakhon* frae Sanskrit *sagara* meanin *[[lake]]*.
## Geography
Samut Sakhon is locatit at the mooth o the Tha Chin Klong river, a distributary o the Chao Phraya river, tae the Gulf o Thailand. At the coast tae the sea are mony fields uised for sea saut production.

## History
The auldest name o the aurie is Tha Chin, probably referrin tae the fact that it wis a tradin port whaur Cheenese junks arrived. In 1548 the ceety Sakhon Buri wis established, an wis renamed in 1704 tae Mahachai efter the khlong Mahachai which wis dug then an connectit wi the Tha Chin river near the toun. It wis renamed bi Keeng Mongkut tae its current name, housomeivver the auld name Mahachai is still whiles uised bi the locals.

## Seembols
The provincial seal shows a Cheenese junk in front o the coast, wi a smokin chimney. Baith refer tae the auld tradin tradeetion as well as the local industries.

Provincial tree is the Devil Tree (*Alstonia scholaris*). The provincial slogan is *Fishin Ceety, Factory Toun, Agricultural Grund, Historic Site*

## Administrative diveesions

The province is subdividit intae 3 districts (*[[Amphoe]]*). The districts are further subdividit intae 40 communes (*[[tambon]]*) an 288 villages (*[[muban]]*).
# Mueang Samut Sakhon
# Krathum Baen
# Ban Phaeo

Aathegither thare are 7 municipal (*[[thesaban]]*) auries athin the province - Samut Sakhon is the ae ceety (*[[thesaban nakhon]]*), Krathum Baen an Om Noi are the twa touns (*[[thesaban mueang]]*), an thare are further 4 tounships (*[[thesaban tambon]]*). The non-municipal auries are administrated bi 30 Tambon administrative organisations (TAO).
Banner o Roushie

The **banner o [[Roushie]]** is a tricolour banner o three equal horizontal fields, white on the tap, blue in the middle an reid on the bottom. The banner wis first uised as an ensign for Roushie merchant an war ships an ae became offeecial in 1896. The banner continued tae be uised bi the Roushie Proveesional Government even efter the Tsar wis toppled in the February Revolution an wis no replaced till the October Revolution which establisht a Bolshevik government. Frae that time period, a red banner chairged wi communist seembols wis favoured ower the tricolour. It wis no till the collapse o the Soviet Union in 1991 that the tricolour wis brocht back as the offeecial banner o the new Roushie Federation. The modren era banner unnerwent a slicht chynge in 1993 an haes been offeecial syne 2000.

## Meanin an oreegin o the colours
The banner o Roushie uises the Pan-Slavic colours o reid, blue an white. While thare are several theories as tae the oreegin an reason for the choice o the colours, nane is currently universally acceptit as correct. Thare is nae offeecial meanin assigned tae the colours in Roushie laws.

The three colours purportitly came frae the coat o airms o the Grand Duchy o Moscow, which depict Saunt George wearin white (siller) airmour, ridin a white horse, wearin a blue cape an hauldin a blue shield, on a reid field. Accordin tae anither version, thir three colours wur associatit wi the robes o the Virgin Mary, the holy protectress o Roushie.

Yet anither interpretation o the three colours is that the order that thay are placed in reflectit the Roushie social seestem unner the monarchy: white represents God, blue the Tsar an reid the peasants. Anither vera common interpretation is the association o colours wi the main pairts o the Roushie Empire: white sicweys represents Belaroushie ("White Roushie"), blue Ukraine (or *Malorossia*, "Little Roushie"), an re "Great Roushie".
Aubraham

**Aubraham** (oreeginally kent as Aubram) (, , *[[Ibrahim|]]*, **, ) is the foondin patriarch o the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites an the Midianites an sib fowks, gaun by the beuk o Genesis.

Judaism, Christianity, an Islam is whiles cried the "Aubrahamic releegions" acause o the progenitor role that Aubraham plays in their haly beuks. In baith the Jewish tradeetion an the Qur'an, he is referred tae as "oor Faither". Jews, Christians, an Muslims conseeders him faither o the fowk o Israel. For Jews an Christians this is throu his son Eesac, bi his wife Saurah; for Muslims, he is a prophet o Islam an the ancestor o Muhammad throu his first son Ishmael, born tae him bi Saurah's handmaid, Hagar.

Accordin tae the Bible, Aubraham wis the tent generation frae Noah an the twintiet frae Aidam. He wis oreeginally cried Aubram, an his faither's name wis Terah; he haed twa brithers, Nahor an Haran, his wife wis Saurah, an he wis the uncle o Lot. He wis sent bi God frae his hame in Ur o the Chaldees tae take possession o the laund o Canaan. In Canaan, Aubraham entered intae a covenant wi God: in exchynge for recogneetion o Yahweh as his God, Aubraham wad be blissit wi innumerable affspring an the laund wad belang his descendants. God's promise tae Aubraham that throu his affspring aw the naitions o the warld wad come tae be blissit is interpret in the Christian tradeetion as a reference in particular tae Jesus Christ an his message o salvation for aw men.

## References
Coat o airms o Roushie

**The coat o airms o the [[Roushie|Roushie Federation]]** derives frae the earlier airms o the Roushie Empire, as restored in 1993 efter the constitutional crisis. Tho modified mair nor ance syne the reign o Ivan III (1462–1505), the current coat o airms is directly derived frae its mediaeval oreeginal. The general chromatic layoot corresponds tae the early fifteent century staundart. The shape o the eagle can be traced back tae the reign o Peter the Great (1682–1725), awtho the eagle in the modren airms is gowd instead o the imperial black.

## Gallery

File:Emblem of the Russian SFSR.svg|Coat o airms o Roushie afore Mey 16, 1992
File:Emblem of the Russian Federation (1992-1993).svg|Coat o airms o the Roushie Federation Mey 16, 1992 – November 30, 1993
File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation 2.svg|Coat o airms o the Roushie Federation efter 1993
File:SealofRussianConsulate.JPG|Coat o airms o Roushie, photographed at the Consulate-General o Roushie in Houston
File:Grand Kremlin Palace façade, 1982-2008.jpg|Five double-heidit Roushie coat-o-airms eagles (ablo) substitutin the umwhile state emblem o the Soviet Union an the “CCCP” letters (abuin) in the facade o the Grand Kremlin Palace
Emblem o Thailand

The **Naitional Emblem (Naitional Seembol) o Thailand** features the Garuda, a figure frae baith Buddhist an Hindu meethology. In Thailand, this figure is uised as a seembol o the ryal faimily an authority. This version o the figure is referred tae as *Krut Pha*, meanin " actin as the vehicle (o Vishnu)." The Naitional Emblem is an aa the Emblem o the Keeng o Thailand.

The Garuda forybe features in the coat o airms o Indonesie an the ceety o Ulan Bator (the caipital o Mongolie). The coat o airms o Indonesie is different frae that o Thailand in ane respect, acause Emblem o Thailand disnae featur a heraldic shield.

## History
In 1873, King Chulalongkorn designed a coat o airms for uise in Siam (the auld name for Thailand), in the wastren heraldic style. Fowerty year later, he decidit that the coat o airms wis too wastrenized an lacked ony image o the Garuda (which the kings o the Ayutthaya Kinrick haed uised as seembol o thair pouer).

He then ordered his brither Prince Naris tae mak a new emblem in place o the coat o airms. At first, Naris haed designed an emblem featurin Garuda, Naga an Vishnu inside a circle. The emblem wis uised for a short while afore the king suggestit Naris removed the images o Vishnu an Naga.

Efter Chulalongkorn's reign, King Vajiravudh ordered Phra Dhevabhinimit () tae create a new emblem. The new ane featurt Chulalongkorn's emblem, but encircled it tae create an ooter rim, that contained the ryal ceremonial name. Upon coronation o a new king, the ryal emblem is chynged tae correspond wi the name o the new king. Efter the abdication o King Prajadhipok in 1935, King Ananda Mahidol succeedit tae the throne, but he wis never crouned, sae a new emblem wis no creatit an Chulalongkorn's emblem wis uised insteid o the ither ane.

The day, an image o Garuda athoot the circle aroond it is uised as the emblem o Thailand. It is printit at the tap o offeecial documents an letters. Garuda sculptures is gien bi the king as a ryal warrant tae ony reliable an lawful companies wha made trade contract wi ryal hoosehauld an request sae.
Coat o airms o Ecuador

**The coat o airms o [[Ecuador]]** () in its current form wis established in 1900 based on an aulder version o 1845.

## Blazon
In the backgrund o the oval shield is the munt Chimborazo, while the river oreeginatin frae its base represents the Guayas.  Thay baith seembolise the beauty an wealth o the respective regions (Sierra or Costa). The ship on the river is named *Guayas* as well. In 1841 it wis biggit in Guayaquil an wis the first seaworthy steamship biggit on the Sooth American wast coast. Instead o a mast it features a Caduceus representin trade an economy. On tap a golden sun surroondit bi the astrological signs for Aries, Taurus, Gemini an Cancer representin the months Mairch tae Julie tae seembolise the duration o the Mairch Revolution o 1845.

The condor on tap o the shield stretches his wings tae seembolise pouer, greatness an strength o Ecuador. The shield is flanked bi fower banners o Ecuador. The laurel on the left represents the victories o the republic. The palm leaf on the richt side is a seembol o the martyrs o the fecht for unthirldom an leeberty. The Fasces belaw the shield represents the republican dignity.

## History

## Uisage

The coat o arms is uised bi the Preses, the parliament, the meenistries an several ither authorities an public institutions. It is pairt o the banner, an uised on mony coins an bills o the umwhile currency Sucre an the coins uised the day, *Centavos del [[Unitit States dollar|dólar]]* o Ecuadorian mintage.

## Notes


## Freemit airtins
*Coat of Arms description on the Ecuadorian Government's Webpage  (Spaingie)
* http://estrada.bz/escudo_del_ecuador.htm  *[Ecuadorian historian's Wabpage] (Spaingie)
Botswana pula

The **pula** is the currency o Botswana. It haes the ISO 4217 code *BWP* an is subdividit intae 100 *thebe*. Pula literally means "rain" in Setswana, acause rain is vera scarce in Botswana - hame tae muckle o the Kalahari Desert - an therefore valuable. Pula an aa means "blessing" as rain is considered a blessing. Thebe means "shield". 

## History
The pula wis introduced in 1976, replacin the Sooth African rand at par. Despite a 12% devaluation in Mey 2005, the pula remains ane o the strangest currencies in Africae.

## Coins

In 1976, coins wur introduced in denominations o 1, 5, 10, 25 an 50 thebe an 1 pula. The 1 thebe wis struck in aluminium, wi the 5 thebe in bronze an the ithers in cupro-nickel. These coins were round except for the scalloped 1 pula. Bronze, dodecagonal 2 thebe coins wur introduced in 1981, but discontinued efter 1985. In 1991, bronze-platit steel replaced bronze in the 5 thebe, nickel-platit steel replaced cupro-nickel in the 10, 25 an 50 thebe an the 1 pula chynged tae a smawer, nickel-brass, equilateral-curve seiven-sidit coin. A similarly shapit, nickel-brass 2 pula wis introduced in 1994. In 1998, follaeinthe athdrawal o the 1 an 2 thebe, smawer 5, 10, 25 an 50 thebe coins wur introduced, wi the 5 an 25 thebe coins being seiven-sidit an the 10 an 50 thebe coins remainin roond. A bimetallic 5 pula wis introduced in 2000 composed o a cupronickel center in a brass ring.
Emblem o Israel

The **Emblem o [[Israel]]** (Ebreu: סמל מדינת ישראל) shows a menorah surroondit bi an olive branch on each side, an the writin "ישראל" (Ebreu for *Israel*) belaw it. While the backgrund o the emblem is aaways blue, the menorah an olive branches can be either white or golden. The white-on-blue version appears on the presidential staundart, while the gowd-on-blue version is the common ane when showin the emblem independently.

The State o Israel adoptit the emblem efter a design competeetion held in 1948. The design is based on the winnin entry submittit bi Gabriel an Maxim Shamir's proposal, wi elements taken frae ither submissions, such as Oteh Walisch an W. Struski's an Itamar David an Yerachmiel Schechter's entries.

The menorah wis uised in the auncient Temple in Jerusalem an haes been a seembol o Judaism syne auncient times. It seembolizes universal enlichtment. The olive branches seembolise peace.

The emblem o Israel is depictit on the front cover o Israeli passports.

## Versions

File:Emblem_of_Israel_alternative.svg|Uised bi Govrenment Portal wabsteids
File:Emblem_of_Israel_alternative_gold.svg|Uised on the Wabsteid o the Prime Meenister
File:Emblem_of_Israel_alternative_blue-gold.svg|Uised on the wabsteid o the Knesset
File:Emblem_of_Israel_dark_blue_border.svg|Uised on the wabsteid o the Supreme Court (Inglis)
File:Emblem_of_Israel_dark_blue_full.svg|Uised on the wabsteid o the Supreme Court (Ebreu)


## See an aa
* Naitional seembols o Israel

## References
*
Banner o Qatar

The **[[banner]] o [[Qatar]]** () haes a proportion o 11:28. It is maroon color wi a broad white serrated baund (nine white pynts) on the hoist side.

The meanin o Qatar’s banner is:
* The **white colour** reflects the internaitionally recognised seembol o peace
* The **maroon colour** symbolises the bluid shed durin the several wars Qatar haed unnergane, parteecularly in the seicont hauf o the 19t century.
* The **nine-pynt serratit line** indicates that Qatar is the 9t member o the "reconciled Emirates" o the Persian Gulf in the wake o concludin the Qatari-Breetish treaty in 1916.

It is verra seemilar tae the banner o the neighbourin kintra o Bahrain, that haes fewer pynts, a 3:5 proportion, an a reid colour instead o purpie. A common explanation o the differences atween the twa, is tae distinguish them. A popular but fanciful tale referrin tae the maroon colour an the similarity tae the reid Bahrain banner, is that purpie is whit becoms o reid fading in the Gulf sun.. The legend goes that Qatar's banner uised tae be reid, an that a new kynd o dye wis uised for the oreeginal banners. But, efter bein left in the sun, the colour chynged tae maroon, that wis then regardit tae be a mair bonnie colour (bi coincidence). That is why this shade o maroon is cried "Qatar Red".

Qatar's emir, lik Kuwait's, is no kent tae hae a personal staundart, nor daes ony ither member o the ryal faimily.

## History
It is assumed that, in 1855, Shaikh jasim ibn Muhammad Al Thani awready uised a banner wi seemilar pattern an the colour reid an white. The banner wis offeecially adoptit on Julie 9, 1971, awtho a nearly identical banner (ae differin in proportion) haed been uised syne 1949.


File:Flag of Qatar (c. 1860-1916, 1916-1932).svg| aroond 1916
File:Flag of Qatar (1936-1949).svg| aroond 1936
File:Flag_of_Qatar_(1949).svg|11:30  1949 tae 1971
File:Flag_Qatar.JPG|Banner o Qatar in front o Doha's Skyline (2010)


## References

*Flag of Qatar 
*
Banner o Kuwait

The **[[Naitional banner|banner]] o [[Kuwait]]** () wis adoptit on September 7, 1961 an offeecially hoistit November 24, 1961.

Afore 1961, the banner o Kuwait, lik those o ither Gulf states, wis reid an white. The present banner is in the Pan-Arab colours, but each colour is an aa significant in its awn richt. Black represents the defeat o the enemy, while reid is the colour o bluid on the Kuwaiti swords. White seembolizes purity, an green is for the fertile land. 

The colours' meanin came frae a poem bi Safie Al-Deen Al-Hali:
*White are oor actions
*Black are oor wars
*Green are oor lands
*Red are oor swords

Rules o hangin an flyin the banner:
*Horizontally: The green stripe shoud be on tap.
*Vertically: The green stripe shoud be on the richt side o the banner.

In 2005, it became the design o the warld's lairgest kite at a size o 1019 square metres. It wis made in New Zealand bi Peter Lynn, launcht tae the public for the first time in 2004 in the Unitit Kinrick, offeecially launcht in Kuwait in 2005, an haes no been surpassed syne.

## Emir's banner

The current emir o Kuwait is no kent tae hae a personal ryal staundart. It is a possibility that he uises the naitional banner as his awn. In photographs he appears wi the naitional banner wi a golden fringe. Umwhile the banner o the emir wis the naitional ane wi a yellae croun on the green stripe.

## Freemit airtins
*
*Naval Jack
Emblem o Iran

The **emblem o [[Iran]]** (نشان رسمی ایران) syne the 1979 Iranian Revolution features a stylized Perso-Arabic script o the wird ''Allah'' ("God").

The logo consists o fower crescents an a swuird. The fower crescents are meant tae staund for the wird Allah. The five pairts o the emblem seembolise the Principles o the Releegion. Abuin the swuird is a shadda: in Arabic script, this is uised tae double a letter. The shape o the emblem is chosen tae resemble a tulip, for the memory o the fowk who dee'd for Iran: it is an auncient belief in Iran, datin back tae meethology, that if a yung sodger dees patriotically a reid tulip will grow on his grave. In recent years it haes been considered the seembol o martyrdom.

The logo wis designed bi Hamid Nadimi, an wis offeecially approved bi Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini foonder o Islamic Republic o Iran on Mey 9, 1980.

The logo is encodit in Unicode, in the Miscellaneous Seembols range, at codepoint U+262B () unner the name "FARSI SYMBOL".http://unicode.org/notes/tn27/ It is unclear why it wis includit in Unicode 1.0 syne technically it is a logo, no a character. It is no uised in Persian text an is no referred tae as "Persian seembol" ootside o the Unicode staundart.
Imperial Seal o Japan

The **Imperial Seal o [[Japan]]** is a *[[Mon (emblem)|mon]]* or crest uised bi members o the Japanese Imperial faimily. Unner the Meiji Constitution, nae ane wis permittit tae uise the Imperial Seal cep the Emperor o Japan, wha uised a 16 petal chrysanthemum wi saxteen tips o anither row o petals shawin ahint the first row. For that raison, ilka member o the Imperial faimily uised a slicht modified version o the seal. Shinto shrines either displayed the imperial seal or incorporatit elements o the seal intae thair awn emblems.

Earlier in Japanese history, whan Emperor Go-Daigo, wha ettled at breakin the pouer o the shogunate 1333, wis exiled, he adoptit the seiventeen petal chrysanthemum tae differentiate hissel frae his successor, Emperor Kōgon, wha kept the emperial 16 petal *mon*.

The seembol is a yellae or orange chrysanthemum wi black or reid ootlines an backgrund. A central disc is surroondit bi a front set o 16 petals. A rear set o 16 petals are hauf staggered in relation tae the front set an is visible at the edges o the flouer. An insaumple o the chrysanthemum bein uised is in the badge for the Order o the Chrysanthemum. 

Ither members o the Imperial Faimily uise a version wi 14 single petals, while a form wi 16 single petals is uised for Diet members' pins, orders, passports, etc. The Imperial Seal is forbye uised on the staundarts o the imperial faimily.

## References

## See an aa
* Chrysanthemum Throne
* State Seal o Japan
* Privy Seal o Japan
* Order o the Chrysanthemum
* Leet o Japanese banners
* Government Seal o Japan
* Kimi ga Yo
* Banner o Japan
Banner o Jordan

The **banner o [[Jordan]]**, officially adoptit on 16 Aprile 1928, is based on the banner o the Arab Revolt agin the Ottoman Empire durin Warld War I. The banner is black, white an green stripes that are aw connectit bi a reid triangle. The colours staund for the Abbasid, Umayyad an Fatimid Caliphates. The reid triangle is for the Hashemite dynasty an the Arab Revolt.

The seiven-pointit starn staunds for the seiven verses o the first *surah* in the Qur'an, an staunds for the unity o the Arab fowks an aa. Some think it refers tae the seiven hills on whilk Amman, the caipital, wis biggit.

The colours o the Jordanian banner are those o the Pan-Arab banner. Thay wur first uised in 1917 tae represent "pan-Arabianism", whilk sought unthirldom frae the Ottoman Empire.

## Features

The Jordan banner features three horizontal baunds. The three colors uised in the banner are black, white an green. The colour black staunds for Abbasid Caliphate o Islam, white staunds for the Umayyad Caliphate o Islam an the colour green staunds for Fatimid Caliphate o Islam.

Aw these three baunds in the banner o Jordan are connectit tae a reid-coloured symmetrical triangle representin the Great Arab Revolt in 1916. The triangle represents the Hashemite dynasty an aa.

## See an aa
*Banner o Palestine

## Freemit airtins
Emblem o the Unitit Arab Emirates

The **emblem o the [[Unitit Arab Emirates]]** () wis offeecially adoptit in 1973.  It is seemilar tae the coats o airms an emblems o ither Arab states.  It consists o a golden falcon.  The falcon haed a reid disk which shows an Arab sailboat in its interior.  The disk is surroondit bi a chain.  The falcon haulds wi its talons a reid parchment bearin the name o the federation in Kufic script.  

On 22 Mairch 2008, the emblem wis modified. The main chynge wis that the Arab sailboat wis replaced bi the UAE banner an seiven starns representin the seiven Emirates o the federation.

## References
Emblem o Qatar

The **emblem o [[Qatar]]** () shaw twa crossed white bent swords in a yellae circle. Atween the swords thare is a sailin ship (dhow) sailin on blue an white waves aside an island wi twa palm trees. The circle is surroondit bi a roond doughnut-shaped object, which is dividit horizontally. In the white section the name o the state o Qatar is written in maroon Kufi writin an in the broun section, the Inglis translation (State O Qatar) is written in white writin. The coat o airms is whiles shawn athoot the Inglis translation, the middle circle is occasionally yellae an the bent swords are whiles broun (insteid o white).

The current version wis introduced in 1976 an replaced anither ane, which wis uised syne 1966, an consistit o twa bent swords, ane pearl shell an twa palm tree-branches wi the label "Qatar".

Several elements o the emblem are featurt in naitional emblems o several Middle Eastren kintras: the traditional Arab bent swuird is an aa present in the coats o airms o Saudi Arabie an Oman; the dhow is in the coat o airms o Kuwait an the umwhile coat o airms o the United Arab Emirates. The palm tree is an' a' a naitional seembol o Saudi Arabie. The colours an the separation o the ootside ring come frae the banner o Qatar.

## See an aa
*Banner o Qatar

## Freemit airtins
*
*Embassy of Qatar in Washington DC 
*FOTW - Qatar
Coat o airms o Palestine

The **Coat o Airms o the Palestine** is the coat o airms uised bi the State o Palestine. It features the Pan-Arab colours o the Banner o Palestine on a shield carried bi the Eagle o Saladin.  Belaw, a scroll says "السلطة الفلسطينية", or "The Palestinian Authority" in Arabic.

## References
*http://piccit.ppu.edu/images/palAu.jpg 
*http://www.wasmap.net/_borders/logopenacard.gif
Banner o Comoros

The current **banner o the Union o the [[Comoros]]** (offeecially French: *Union des Comores* Arabic: الاتّحاد القمريّ‎, *al-Ittiḥādd al-Qamariyy*) wis designed in 2001 an offeecially adoptit on 7 Januar 2002.  It continues tae display the crescent an fower starns, which is a motiff that haes been in uise in slichtly various forms syne 1975 durin the unthirldom movement.  In its constitution, the govrenment o the Comoros refers tae the insigne as *L'emblème nationale*, or the "naitional emblem", tho it is unnerstood tae actually represent a banner.

## Design
The design consists o a white crescent wi fower white starns inside o a green triangle. The banner haes fower stripes, representin fower islands o the naition: yellae is for Mohéli, white is for Mayotte (claimed bi Comoros but administered bi Fraunce), reid is for Anjouan, an blue is for Grande Comore.  The star an crescent seembol staunds for Islam, which is the naition's major releegion.

## Umwhile banners o Comoros


File:Flag of the Comoros (1963 to 1975).svg|Banner o the State o Comoros frae the pre-unthirldom period afore Julie 1975 till Januar 1976
File:Flag of Comoros (1975-1978).svg|Banner o the State o Comoros unner the Ali Soilih Regime (Januar 1976-Mey 1978)
File:Flag of the Comoros (1978-1992).svg|Banner o the Federal an Islamic Republic o Comoros (Mey 1978-1992)
File:Flag of the Comoros (1992-1996).svg|Banner o the Federal an Islamic Republic o Comoros (1992-1996)
File:Flag of the Comoros (1996-2001).svg|Banner o the Federal an Islamic Republic o Comoros (1996-December 2001)


## Banners o individual islands


File:Flag of Grande Comore.svg|The Banner o Grande Comore
File:Flag of Anjouan.svg|The Banner o Anjouan
File:Flag of Mohéli (official).svg|The Banner o Mohéli


## See an aa
*Starn an crescent
*Comoros

## External links
*
State emblem o Pakistan

The **State [[Naitional emblem|Emblem]] o [[Pakistan]]** wis adoptit in 1954. The emblem's green colour an the starn an crescent at the tap are seembols o Islam, the releegion maist Pakistani ceetizens identeefy wi. In the center is a quartert shield, wi ilka quarter containin a major crop o Pakistan at the time o its adoption: cotton, jute, tea, an wheat. The floral wreath aroond the shield is Poet's Jasmine (the naitional flouer) an represents the Mughal cultural heritage o Pakistan. The scroll at the bottom contains the naitional motto in Urdu, coined bi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, that reads frae richt tae left: () *Iman, Ittehad, Nazm* translated as ", , ".

## See an aa

* Banner o Pakistan
* Naitional Anthem o Pakistan
Seal o Comoros

The **naitional seal o the Comoros** haes the crescent foond on the naitional banner in the center; athin this crescent are the fower starns foond on the banner.  A sun wi rays extendit is richt abuin the crescent.  Aroond the focal pynt, the umwhile name o the naition (Federal Islamic Republic o Comoros) is written in baith French an Arabic.  The border is componed o twa olive branches, wi the naitional motto at the bottom in French.

## See an aa
*Coats o airms o African naitions
*The Comoros

*Coat o airms
*Heraldry
Banner o Oman

The naitional **banner o [[Oman]]** () consists o three stripes (white, green an reid) wi a reid bar on the left that contains the naitional emblem o Oman.  The white staunds for peace an prosperity, the green for fertility an the Green Muntains, an the reid for battles against foreign invaders.  The reid is an aa the colour o the umwhile banner o the naition when it wis kent simply as the Sultanate o Muscat an Oman.

Till 1970, Oman uised the plain reid banner o the indigenous fowk. (It remains the banner o the Sultanate o Muscat.) In 1970, the Sultan introduced a complete new set o naitional banners. Baunds o green an white wur addit tae the flee, an the naitional emblem, the badge o the Albusaidi Dynasty, wis placed in the canton. This depicts crossed swords ower a *[[khanjar]]*, a traditional curved dagger. White haes been associatit historically wi the Imam, the releegious leader o Oman an at times the poleetical rival tae the rulin Sultan. It an aa seembolizes peace. Green is tradeetionally associatit wi the Jebel al Akhdar, or "Green Muntains," which lie toward the north o the kintra. Red is a common colour in Gulf state banners. The naitional emblem is said tae date back tae the 18t century. A curved dagger is fastened ower a pair o crossed swords. An ornate horsebit links the wappens.

Atween 1970 an 1995, the size o the middle baund o the triband wis slimmer than the ither twa, makin up approximately ane fift o its heicht, the ither baunds twa-fifts.

The naval ensign shows an *azure* (blue) field, wi the banner o Oman in the canton or tap-left quarter an the naval service emblem in the flee.

The staundart o the Sultan o Oman shows a reid flee, wi a green mairch whose width is aboot ane-saxt o the heicht o the banner, surroondit bi a reid mairch o aboot the same width. It bears the kintra's emblem as a chairge in the center, coloured gowd.

## Gallery

File:Royal Standard of Oman.svg|Staundart o the Sultan
File:Flag of Oman (1970–1995).svg|Banner frae 1970 tae 1995
File:Flag of Muscat.svg|Banner o the Sultanate o Muscat




## Freemit airtins