open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gamma ray

**Gamma radiation**, cried **gamma rays** an aa, an denotit bi the Greek letter &gamma;, refers tae electromagnetic radiation o extremely heich frequency an tharefore heich energy per photon. Gamma rays are ionisin radiation, an are sicweys biologically hazardous. Thay are classically produced bi the decay frae heich energy states o atomic nuclei (gamma decay), but are forby creatit bi ither processes. Paul Villard, a French chemist an physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while studyin radiation emitted frae radium. Villard's radiation wis named "gamma rays" bi Ernest Rutherford in 1903.
Cosmic ray

**Cosmic rays** are very heich-energy particles, mainly oreeginatin ootside the Solar Seestem. Thay mey produce showers o seicontary particles that penetrate an impact the Yird's atmosphere an whiles even reach the surface. Componed primarily o heich-energy protons an atomic nuclei, thay are o mysterious origin. Data frae the *[[Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope|Fermi]]* space telescope (2013) hae been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction o primary cosmic rays originate frae the supernovae o massive starns. Houiver, this is nae thoucht tae be thair anly soorce. Active galactic nuclei probably an aa produce cosmic rays.

## References
Zviahel Raion

**Zviahel Destrict (Raion)** () is a raion (destrict) o Zhytomyr Oblast, northren Ukraine. Its admeenistrative centre is locatit at Zviahel. The raion covers a aurie o 5,242.6 square kilometres an as o 2022 it haed a population of 164,972 fowk.

## Freemit airtins
*  Find out Novograd-Volynskiy District @ Ukrainian.Travel  {en}
Narodychi Raion

**Narodychi Raion** () is a raion (destrict) o Zhytomyr Oblast, northren Ukraine. Its admeenistrative centre is locate at Narodychi. The raion kivers a aurie o 1284 square kilometre an, as o 2011, it haed a population o 9,666 fowk.

The eastren pairt o the destrict includes protection auries seimilar tae the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone anes whilk wis hivy pollute as a eftercast o the 1986 Chernobyl disaster radioactive fawoot.
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion

**Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion** () is locatit in the Odessa Oblast o Ukraine. Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. 

## References

## Freemit airtins
Ivanivka Raion

**Ivanivka Raion** () mey refer tae twa raions in Ukraine.
* Ivanivka Raion, Odessa Oblast
* Ivanivka Raion, Kherson Oblast
Cañada

The Spainyie wird ***cañada*** () means ; it is etymologically unrelatit tae ***[[Canadae]]***, which is derivit frae a Iroquois wird meanin "veelage" or "dounset" an generally refers tae the kintra in North Americae.  In some cases, the twa etymologies are confused, sometimes for comedic value.

The follaeing uise or are derivit frae *cañada*:

## Geografie
;Argentinae:
*Cañada de Gómez, a ceety in the province o Santa Fe
*Cañada Rosquín, a smaw toun (comuna) in the province o Santa Fe
*La Cañada, a toun in Santiago del Estero province
;Mexico:
*Cañada, Alaquines, San Luis Potosí
*Cañadas de Obregón, a municipality in Jalisco
*Cañada de la Virgen, a pre-Columbian airchaeological steid in the state o Guanajuato
*Cañada, Guanajuato, a toun in the municipality o Cortazar
*Cañada, Oaxaca, a region in the state o Oaxaca that includes the destricts Teotitlán an Cuicatlán
*Cañada Morelos, a municipality in Puebla
*La Cañada, Querétaro, a toun in Mexico
;Spain:
*Cañada, Alicante, a toun in Alicante
*Cañada de Benatanduz, a toun in the province o Teruel, Aragón
*Cañada de Calatrava, a municipality in Ciudad Real
*Cañada de Morote, a veelage in the municipality o Molinicos
*Cañada del Hoyo, a municipality in Cuenca
*Cañada del Provencio a veelage in the municipality o Molinicos
*Cañada Juncosa, a municipality in Cuenca
*Cañada Real, a shanty toun in Madrid
*Cañada Rosal, a ceety in the province o Seville
*Cañada Vellida, a toun in the province o Teruel, Aragón
*La Cañada de Verich a toun in the province o Teruel, Aragón
*Observatorio de La Cañada (La Cañada Observatory), in Ávila
;Unitit States o Americae:
*Cañada de los Alamos, New Mexico, a census-designatit place in Santa Fe Coonty
*Cañada del Oro, a primary watershed channel in the valley o Tucson, Arizona
*Cañada Gobernadora, a tributar taeo San Juan Creek in Californie
*Cañada Verde Creek, a stream in San Mateo Coonty, Californie
*La Cañada Flintridge, Californie
;Uruguay
*Cañada Nieto, a veelage in the Soriano Depairtment

## Ither
*Cañada College, a commonty college in Californie
*David Cañada, sometimes spelt *David Canada*, Spainyie cyclist

## References

## See an aw
* Canada (disambiguation)
San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla

**San Pedro y San Pablo Ayutla** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. 
It is pairt o the Sierra Mixe destrict athin the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca Region.

The municipality covers a aurie o  at a altitude o  abuin sea level. The climate is temperate tae ceul, wi wairmer micro-regions in the lawlands an ravines. The rainy saison begins in Mey an ends in October wi dreezle in the rest o the year. The average temperatur is , varyin frae a maximum o  tae a minimum o . Forest cover is pine-aik.

As o 2005, the municipality haed 1,014 hoosehaulds wi a total population o 4.319 o wham 3,639 spak an indigenous leid.
The main economic activity is loggin.

File:Cerro de la cruz ayutla.jpg|Hill o the Cross
File:Ayutla Iglesia-36.jpg|Ayutla Kirk
File:Ayutla 14.jpg|Ayutla street
File:Ayutla mixe 1982.jpg|Ayutla an environments


## References
San Nicolás Hidalgo

**San Nicolás Hidalgo** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 56.14&nbsp;km². 
It is pairt o the Silacayoapam Destrict in the Mixteca Region.

As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 936.

## References
Juxtlahuaca Destrict

**Juxtlahuaca Destrict** is locatit in the soothwast o the Mixteca Region o the State o Oaxaca, Mexico. The lairgest toun is Santiago Juxtlahuaca.
The destrict is at a average elevation o 1,690 meter abuin the sea level, an haes a aurie o 1,848&nbsp;km2.
It is dividit intae seiven municipalities, an as o 2005 haed 281 dounsets wi a total population o 72,176.

## History

Juxtlahuaca destrict wis creatit bi decree on 14 October 1868.
It wis briefly mergit intae the Silacayoapan destrict in Januar 1872, then restored in Dizember 1872.
In Dizember 1906 the destrict wis mergit intae the Tlaxiaco destrict, but on 23 Januar 1932 the destrict wis feenally restored.

## Climate an economy

The climate is temperate, wi average temperatur o 21&nbsp;°C. Rainfaw is variable, mainly atween Juin an September, an rangin frae 600mm tae 2,200mm.
The land is forestit wi trees that include pine, fir, aik, alder, fig, avocado, mahogany an cedar.
Fauna include squirrel, opossum, rabbit, muntain lion, coyote, tod, gray houlet, houlet bells, wild cat, rat, civet, tree frog an rattlesnake.

Principal occupations as o 2000 wur Agricultur, huntin an fishin 54%, Minin, petroleum, manufacturin, construction an electricity 16% an Trade, tourism an services 26%.
Agricultural products include maize an beans, as weel as coffee, succarcane an fruits.
Animal husbandry includes the care an breedin o nowt, gaits, horse, sheep an poultry.

## Municipalities

The destrict includes the follaein municipalities:

## See an aw
*Municipalities o Oaxaca

## References
Teposcolula Destrict

**Teposcolula Destrict** is locatit in the centre o the Mixteca Region o the State o Oaxaca, Mexico.

## Municipalities

The destrict includes the follaein municipalities:
 
*Chilapa de Díaz
*La Trinidad Vista Hermosa
*San Andrés Lagunas
*San Antonino Monte Verde
*San Antonio Acutla
*San Bartolo Soyaltepec
*San Juan Teposcolula
*San Pedro Nopala
*San Pedro Topiltepec
*San Pedro y San Pablo Teposcolula
*San Pedro Yucunama
*San Sebastián Nicananduta
*San Vicente Nuñú
*Santa María Nduayaco
*Santiago Nejapilla
*Santiago Yolomécatl
*Santo Domingo Tlatayapam
*Santo Domingo Tonaltepec
*Tamazulapam del Progreso
*Teotongo
*Villa Tejupam de la Unión

## References
Qarah

**Qarah** mey refer tae:
*Qərəh, a veelage in the Siazan Rayon o Azerbaijan
*Qarah, Iran, a veelage in Chaharmahal an Bakhtiari Province, Iran
*Qarah, Sirie, a toun in the Qalamoun Destrict o the Rif Dimashq Govrenorate o Sirie
*Qarah, Aleppo, a veelage in Aleppo Governorate, Sirie
*Qarah, Hama, a veelage in Hama Govrenorate, Sirie
* Al Qarah, Yemen, a veelage in Yemen
Bella Vista

**Bella Vista** (Spaingie an Italian for "bonnie sicht") is the name o several places in the warld:

## Places
 Argentinae:
*Bella Vista, Buenos Aires
*Bella Vista, Corrientes
*Bella Vista, Tucumán

 Australie:
*Bella Vista, New Sooth Wales

 Belize:
*Bella Vista, Belize

 Canadae:
*Bella Vista (Cumberland) neebourheid o Cumberland, Ottawa, Ontario

 Indie:
*Bella Vista, Hyderabad

 Mexico:
*Bella Vista, Chiapas

 Paraguay:
*Bella Vista Norte, frontier toun on Paraguayan-Brazilian border
*Bella Vista, Itapúa

 Sooth Africae:
*Bella Vista, Wastren Cape

 Unitie States:
*Bella Vista, Arkansas
*Bella Vista, Californie, in Shasta Coonty
*Bella Vista, Pennsylvanie, in Lycoming Coonty
*Bella Vista, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanie, a neebourheid
*Bella Vista High School in Fair Oaks, Californie

 Uruguay:
*Bella Vista, Montevideo, ane of the "barrios" o Montevideo
*Bella Vista, Maldonado, a veelage in Maldonado Depairtment
*Bella Vista, Paysandú, a veelage in Paysandú Depairtment
*Club Atlético Bella Vista, a Uruguayan football (soccer) club

## See also
*Bela Vista
*Bellavista (disambiguation)
Reforma

**Reforma**, the Spainyie wird meanin reform, haes the follaein meanins:
;Historical
* La Reforma (Mexico), a period o leeberal reforms in the history o Mexico beginnin in 1855
:*Guerra de Reforma, a war focht durin this period
;Populatit places
* Reforma, Chiapas, toun in soothren Mexico
* La Reforma, San Marcos, a municipality in Guatemala
* Santa Lucía La Reforma, a municipality in Guatemala
* Łabunie-Reforma, a veelage in eastren Poland
* La Reforma, Oaxaca, toun in soothren Mexico
* La Reforma, Texas, a community in Starr Coonty, Texas, Unitit States
;Streets
* Avenida Reforma, an avenue in Guatemala Ceety
* Paseo de la Reforma, an avenue in Mexico Ceety
;Companies an organisations
* *[[Reforma (newspaper)]]*, a daily newspaper published in Mexico Ceety
:* Grupo Reforma, parent company o the newspaper
;Biggins
*Paseo Reforma, shoppin maw in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico
*Torre Reforma, skyscraper in Mexico City (unner construction)
Barinas, Barinas

**Barinas** () is a ceety in wast central Venezuela. Accordin tae the 2011 census, its population is 353,442. It is the caipital o the Barinas Municipality an the State o Barinas. The ceety o Barinas is kent as the caipital o Los Llanos.

## History
The oreeginal ceety wis foondit unner the name *Altamira de Caceres* on 30 Juin 1577 bi Caiptain Juan Andres Varela fulfillin orders o the govrenor o La Grita Francisco de Cáceres, who haed foondit this Andean ceety an established it govrenorate in 1576.

In 1786 Barinas state wis established in the territories o the existin states o Barinas an Apure. The ceety became the caipital o the state an a important bastion o the patriots durin the War o Unthirldom. Cristóbal Mendoza, the first Preses o Venezuela, livit an practicit his profeesion in Barinas.

## Etymology
The name o the ceety comes frae an indigenous wird which identifies a strong wind that occurs during the rainy saison, frae the valleys o Santo Domingo.

## Geografie
The ceety is locatit in the northwast pairt o the state, alang the river Santo Domingo in the Andean fuithills aboot 165&nbsp;km frae the ceety o Mérida an 525&nbsp;km frae Caracas. The ceety haes aboot 270,000 indwallers an is the maist populous in the state o Barinas an ane o the lairgest Venezuelan llanos ceeties alangside Calabozo, Acarigua-Araure, Guanare an San Fernando de Apure. The ceety is locatit aboot 188 metres abuin sea level.

## Economy
LAI - Línea Aérea IAACA, an airline, haed its heidquairters on the grunds o Barinas Airport in Barinas.

## Transport
The ceety haes bus transportation, consistin o 5 lines that run throuoot the ceety wi ower 80 different routes. It haes a lairge nummer o taxis or rental caurs providin addeetional transportation services in the ceety an aw.

Barinas Internaitional Airport, serves Barinas wi its twa runweys in the form o the letter "L".

## Sichts
* The Marques Palace
* Museum Alberto Arvelo Torrealba
* Cathedral o Oor Lady o Pilar o Zaragoza an Santiago
* Santo Domingo River
* Squares: Student's Square, Bolivar Square, Zamora Square, Francisco de Miranda Square, Poet's Square
* Walk o the Trujillanos
* The Federation Pairk
* Los Mangos Pairk
* Business Centers: C.C. Cima, C.C. El Dorado, C.C. Forum, C.C. Vemeca.
* Olympic Stadium Agustin Tovar "La Carolina"
* Botanical Garden o Unellez
* Punto Fresco Roundabout
* The hoose o Brutalis

## See an aw
*Leet o ceeties in Venezuela

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Portal o Barinas state
Barinas Municipality

The **Barinas Municipality** is ane o the 12 municipalities (municipios) that mak up the Venezuelan state o Barinas.  The toun o Barinas is the shire toun o the Barinas Municipality.

## Demographics
The Barinas Municipality, accordin tae a 2007 population estimate bi the Naitional Institute o Statistics o Venezuela, haes a population o 319,387 (up frae 270,779 in 2000).  This amoonts tae 42.2% o the state's population.  The municipality's population density is .

## Govrenment
The mayor o the Barinas Municipality is Julio César Reyes, re-electit on 31 October 2004 wi 90% o the vote.  The municipality is dividit intae 14 pairishes; Barinas, Alfredo Arvelo Larriva, San Silvestre, Santa Inés, Santa Lucía, Torunos, El Carmen, Rómulo Betancourt, Corazón de Jesús, Ramón Ignacio Méndez, Alto Barinas, Manuel Palacio Fajardo, Juan Antonio Rodríguez Domínguez, an Dominga Ortiz de Páez.

## See an aw
*Barinas, Barinas
*Barinas, Venezuela
*Municipalities o Venezuela

## References

## Freemit airtins
*barinas-barinas.gob.ve
Bolívar, Aragua

**Bolívar** is ane o the 18 municipalities (municipios) that maks up the Venezuelan state o Aragua an, accordin tae a 2007 population estimate bi the Naitional Institute o Statistics o Venezuela, the municipality haes a population o 42,295.  The toun o San Mateo is the shire toun o the Bolívar Municipality. The municipality is ane o several in Venezuela namit "Bolívar Municipality" in honour o Venezuelan unthirldom hero Simón Bolívar.

## Geografie
The municipality is muntainous in the centre an north, but in the sooth it is flat due tae the depression formit bi Loch Valencia.  The temperatur generally varies atween 24.5 °C an 30 °C, while annual precipitation averages 900 mm.

## Economy
Agricultur an industry are the primar sources o income for the municipality, which contains some 3% o the industry o Aragua state.  In agricultur, the municipality staunds oot for its production o papaya an cassava, in which it ranks 2nt and 3rd, respectively, in the state.

## Demographics
The Bolívar Municipality, accordin tae a 2007 population estimate bi the Naitional Institute o Statistics o Venezuela, haes a population o 42,295 (up frae 39,260 in 2000).  This amoonts tae 2.5% o the state's population.  The municipality's population density is .

## Govrenment
The mayor o the Bolívar Municipality is Freddy Arenas, electit on 23 November 2008 wi 61% o the vote.  He replaced César Augusto Barrera Ramirez shortly efter the elections. The municipality is dividit intae ane pairish; Capital Bolívar.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*bolivar-aragua.gob.ve
Massa

**Massa**  is a toun an *[[comune]]* in Tuscany, central Italy, the admeenistrative centre o the province o Massa an Carrara. It is locatit in the Frigido River Valley, near the Alpi Apuane, some  frae the Tyrrhenian Sea.

The Massa aurie is o heich touristic value an hosts a concentration o some 600 industrial an craft activities an aw, locatit athin the so-called Apuan Industrial Zone, wi a direct employment o mair nor 7,000 fowk. Thegither wi the twin toun o Carrara, Massa is kent for the extraction an production o marble.

## History
Massa is mentioned for the first time in the Tabula Peutingeriana, a 2nt-4t century AD itinerary, wi the name *ad Tabernas frigidas*, referrin aiblins tae a stage on the Via Aemilia Scauri consular road frae Pisa to Luni.

Frae the 15t tae the 19t century, Massa wis the caipital o the independent Principate (later Duchy) o Massa an Carrara, ruled bi the Malaspina an Cybo-Malaspina faimilies. Massa is the first recordit toun in Europe in which the magnetic needle compass wis uised in mines tae map thaim an determine the extent o various mine awners' properties.

In 1829 the ceety wis haundit ower tae the Austrian branch o the Este faimily. In 1859, durin the unification o Italy process, it joined the Kinrick o Sardinie.

## Main sichts
Massa's sichts include:

*The Malaspina Castle (15t century), owerleukin the ceety frae a hill
*The Renaissance Ducal Palace, on the Piazza Aranci
*The Cathedral
*Piazza degli Aranci
*Piazza Mercurio
*Marina di Massa

The Orto Botanico delle Alpi Apuane "Pietro Pellegrini" is a muntain botanical garden maintened bi the ceety.

## ''Frazioni'' (admeenistrative diveesions)
Altagnana, Alteta, Antona, Baita, Bargana, Bergiola, Bondano, Borgo del Ponte, Bozzone, Ca' di Cecco, Caglieglia, Campareccia, Canevara, Capaccola, Casania, , Casone, Castagnara, Castagnetola, Castagnola, Cervara, Cinque Vie, Ciremea, Codupino, Cupido, Forno, La Gioconda, Gotara, Gronda, Grondini, Guadine, Le Iare, Lavacchio, Marina di Massa, Mirteto, Monte Pepe, Ortola, Pariana, Partaccia, Pian della Fioba, Poggi, Poggiolo, Poggioletto, il Ponte, Poveromo, Poveromo Macchie, Pratta, Puliche, Quercioli, Redicesi, Remola, Resceto, Ricortola, Rinchiostra, Rocca, Romagnano, Ronchi, San Carlo Terme, San Cristoforo, San Leonardo, San Lorenzo, Santa Lucia, Il Santo, Sei ponti, Turano, Vergheto, Le Villette, Volpigliano, Zecca.

## Transport
Massa Centro railwey station, opened in 1862, forms part of the Pisa–La Spezia–Genoa railway.

## Internaitional relations

Massa is twinned wi:
* Bad Kissingen, Germany, syne 1960
* Vernon, Fraunce,
* Nowy Sącz, Poland, syne 2007

## References

## Sources

*
Licciana Nardi

**Licciana Nardi** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Massa an Carrara in the Italian region Tuscany, locatit aboot 110&nbsp;km northwast o Florence an aboot 25&nbsp;km northwast o Massa.

## Geografie
The toun lees in the Lunigiana region on the border atween Tuscany an Ligurie, wi the Apuane Alps as a backdrop. It is anerly a few kilometres frae Massa an La Spezia an near famous tourist spots as Lerici, Portovenere an the Cinque Terre.

Licciana Nardi borders the follaein municipalities: Aulla, Bagnone, Comano, Fivizzano, Monchio delle Corti, Podenzana, Tresana, Villafranca in Lunigiana.

## History
In 1933, **Licciana** wis surnamit Nardi in honour o Italian patriot Anacarsi Nardi (1800-1844).

## Twin touns
*  Somerton, Somerset, Unitit Kinrick
*  Romagnat, Auvergne, France

## Veelages
Tavenelle is a smaw veelage in the hills o the Lunigiana, at  abuin sea level. It haes a medieval centre wi a restaurant, bar, an campsteid.

## Demographic evolution

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## References
Aulla

**Aulla** is a *[[comune]]* in the province o Massa an Carrara, Tuscany (central Italy).

## History

Signacles o Roman an Etruscan ceevilizations foond in the Kirk o Saunt Caprisio shawed at thare wis dounsets in Aulla lang afore the 8t century CE, whan margrave Adalbert I o Tuscany foondit a veelage an biggit a castle tae accommodate pilgrims travelin the via Francigena. Here, Sigeric, Airchbishop o Canterbury, ludgit at *Aguilla* on his hame-comin journey frae Roum in aboot 990. The Malaspina faimily warstilt feudal pouer o the ceety an its *contada* frae the bishops' an dukes' owergangin o Luni. In 1543 the Centurione faimily purchased it. They biggit the Fortress Brunella, whilk wis bocht in the early 20t century bi Lina Waterfield, an remains privately awned, functionin as a museum o naitural history fur the Lunigiana region. 
Ane o the toun's maist important biggins is the Abbey o San Caprasio that wis foondit in the 8t Century an wis namit bi Saunt Caprasius o Lérin, whase bouk wis transport tae Aulla in the 10t century.

In 1943 the historic centre o Aulla wis destroyed bi Anglo-American bombins aimit at German troups stanced thare in the Seicont Warld War. A limn o a wanexplodit bomb is preserved in the Abbey o San Caprasio.
In Apryle 1945, the 442nd Infantry Regiment (Unitit States) leeberatit the ceety o Aulla, efter fierce battles wi retreatin German troups.

## Twin towns
* Villerupt, Fraunce

## Notes

## Freemit airtins

*Offeecial wabsteid
Comano

**Comano** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Massa an Carrara, Tuscany, Italy, o some 800 inhabitants.

In the nearbi is the pieve o *Santa Maria Assunta*. It wis rebuilt in 1079 in Romanesque style; later it wis modifee'd in Renaissance an Baroque times. It haes a castle an aw.

## Climate
Comano an its nearbi, awtho the sea is anerly 30&nbsp;km awa, hae a climate considerably caulder than the sea shore. This is mainly due tae the nearness o the Appennino.
Simmer is hot wi main heich temperaturs of 26°C, but nichts are ceul wi main laws o 13°C. Simmer thunnerstorms are frequent acause the hot an humid air rises frae the sea an condenses against the Appennin slopes.
Winter is teepically cauld an damp. Main laws are aboot -2°C an heichs are aboot 6°C, but durin the nicht is the sky is clear the temperatur mey faw doun reachin -10°C or less.

## References
Gagliato

**Gagliato** is a veelage an *[[comune]]* in the province o Catanzaro, in the Calabrie region o soothren Italy. In recognition o the unique role that the toun haes come tae play as a internaitional magnet for global leaders in nanotechnology, an as host o the NanoGagliato events, Gagliato haes receivit the offeecial appellation o “Paese delle NanoScienze”, toun o Nanosciences, attributit bi the ceety cooncil.

## Notes an references
Bay o Cadiz

**Bay o Cadiz** mey refer tae:

*Bay o Cádiz, a bouk o watter aff the province o Cádiz, Spain
*Bay o Cadiz (comarca), a *comarca* (coonty) in the province o Cádiz, Spain
*Gulf o Cádiz, the airm o the Atlantic Ocean stretchin frae the watters sooth o Portugal
Bay o Cadiz (comarca)

The **Bay o Cádiz** is a comarca (coonty, but wi nae admeenistrative role) in the province o Cádiz, Andalusie, soothren Spain.  It is componit o five municipalities: Cádiz, Chiclana de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María, Puerto Réal, an San Fernando.

## Freemit airtins
*Consorcio de Transportes Bahía de Cádiz 
*Offeecial wabsteid
Valle de Lecrín

**Valle de Lecrín** is a Comarca in the province o Granada, Andalusie, soothren Spain.

Lecrín derivit frae Arabic *Iqlim*, meanin "yett": this refers tae a smaw aurie o land situatit atween the veelages o Mondújar an Talará, whilk controlt the ingate tae the vast coastal auries o succar production in Moorish times.

Apairt frae Dúrcal an Padul, agricultur an fermin remain the principal occupation wi pine, citrus, almond, olive an grape as the main craps. In mair recent times, it haes become a popular destination for Spainyie an internaitional hailidaymakers leukin for a quiet an relaxin hailiday amang the orcharts, but wi easy reak tae the bonnie Moorish ceety o Granada an the relatively unspoilt Costa Tropical. It is a favourite destination for walkers, bird watchers, cyclists an airtists an aw.

An aurie o by-ordinar natural brawness, the Lecrin Valley is famous for its verdant landscape (due tae the melt-watter rin aff frae the Sierra Nevada) an its amazin views tae loch Beznar an up tae the Sierra Nevada muntains, its walks, birdlife an mazin spring colours.

## Municipalities
* Albuñuelas
* Dúrcal
* Lecrín
* Nigüelas
* El Padul
* El Pinar
* El Valle
* Villamena
* Béznar
* Chite
Miguel Gallardo

**José Miguel Gallardo Vera** (29 September 1950 - 11 November 2005) wis a Spaingie sangster-sangwriter. He wis the husband o actress Pilar Velázquez.

## Backgrund
Miguel Gallardo stairtit his muisic career as a sangwriter, componin sangs for ither airtists. He stairtit his awn career as a sangster in 1972 unner the alias Eddy Gallardo. His first sangs as Eddy Gallardo wur "Billy Bom", "Jenny", "Sentimiento", an "Explosion de Amor" aw o which wur released as singles. Ane year later, he chyngit his stage name tae Miguel Gallardo an released several singles includin "Quedaté" which wis inspired bi Pablo Neruda's poem *Farewell* an peakit at nummer ane on the Spainyie singles chart. In 1975, Gallardo recordit his first studio album *Autorretrato* which contained the lead single "Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti" an wis released bi EMI Records. Gallardo dee'd frae cancer in 2005 an his remains wur crematit.

## References
Mazzano Romano

**Mazzano Romano** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 35&nbsp;km north o Roum.

Mazzano Romano borders the follaein municipalities: Calcata, Campagnano di Roma, Castel Sant'Elia, Faleria, Magliano Romano, Nepi.

It wis first mentioned in 945, ane o the veelages that formit frae the great estate assembled bi Pape Adrian I aboot 780, his *[[Domusculta Capracorum]]*. It includes the Regional Pairk o Veii.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Info portal  
*www.lcnet.it/reticiviche/mazzano/mazzano.html
Trevignano Romano

**Trevignano Romano** is a smaw toun an *[[comune]]* near Roum. It haes a population o aboot 5,000. Trevignano is on Loch Bracciano. It is aboot 47&nbsp;km awa frae Roum.

## Main sichts
The Castle, erectit aroond 1200 bi order o Pape Innocent III, an later reinforcit bi the Orsini. It haed ance three line o massive waws, but the siege o Cesare Borgia in 1497 an subsequent yirdquauks hae reducit the structurs in poor state.

It wis the kintra hame o Professor Ernest Nash an aw. It's a "sailin" toun an aw; mony clubs affer mony possibilities o trainin.

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid
Sant'Angelo Romano

**Sant'Angelo Romano** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in Latium, Italy, admeenistratively pairt o the province o Roum. It haes 3,078 inhabitants as o 2001. It is locatit north o Guidonia Montecelio, whaur the closest Trenitalia train station (aboot 40 minutes bi train frae Roum) is locatit.

The maist important steid in S.Angelo Romano is the Orsini-Cesi castle, which lees on the top o the auld toun. The castle hosts a important prehistorical museum. The main bouk o the castle is the palace o prince Federico Cesi, the foonder o Accademia dei Lincei.
Ayas

**Ayas** mey refer tae:

* Ayaş, Mersin, a veelage o Mersin Province o Turkey, close tae Kızkalesi 
* Ayaş, Ankara, a destrict o Ankara Province o Turkey
* Ayas, Sanskrit for metal &mdash; see History o metallurgy in the Indie subcontinent
* Ayas, Adana, the auncient ceety o Aegea an medieval Ajazzo, nou a smaw toun in Yumurtalık destrict, Adana Province, Turkey. Marco Polo disembarked here tae begin his trip tae Cheenae in 1271.
* Ayas, Valle d'Aosta, a toun an comune in the Valle d'Aosta region o north-wastren Italy
* Ayas (baund), a Armenie hivy-metal baund, kent for contributin tae the origination o the oriental-hivy-metal genre
* Ayas (club) Armenie nautical research club
Châtillon

**Châtillon** mey refer tae:

*Châtillon (faimily)
** Hugh I o Châtillon
*First Battle o Châtillon durin the war in the Vendée (1793).
*Battle o Châtillon durin the Siege o Paris (1870–1871)

It is the name o several places:
*In Belgium
**Châtillon, Belgium, in the province o Luxembourg

*In Italy
**Châtillon, Valle d'Aosta

*In Swisserland
**Châtillon, Fribourg, in the Canton o Fribourg
**Châtillon, Jura, Swisserland, in the Canton o Jura
**Châtillon, Bern, pairt o the municipality o Prêles in the Canton o Bern
**Châtillon-le-Bas, French name for Niedergesteln, canton o Valais
**Châtillon-sur-Glâne, an airchaeological steid near Posieux, canton o Fribourg

*In France
**Châtillon, Allier, in the Allier *département*
**Châtillon, Jura, Fraunce, in the Jura *département* 
**Châtillon, Rhône, in the Rhône *département*
**Châtillon, Vienne, in the Vienne *département* 
**Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine, in the Hauts-de-Seine *département*
**Châtillon-Coligny, in the Loiret *département*
**Châtillon-de-Michaille, the umwhile name o Châtillon-en-Michaille, in the Ain *département* 
**Châtillon-en-Bazois, in the Nièvre *département* 
**Châtillon-en-Diois, in the Drôme *département*
**Châtillon-en-Dunois, in the Eure-et-Loir *département* 
**Châtillon-en-Michaille, in the Ain *département* 
**Châtillon-en-Vendelais, in the Ille-et-Vilaine *département* 
**Châtillon-Guyotte, in the Doubs *département*
**Châtillon-la-Borde, in the Seine-et-Marne *département* 
**Châtillon-la-Palud, in the Ain *département*
**Châtillon-le-Duc, in the Doubs *département* 
**Châtillon-le-Roi, in the Loiret *département* 
**Châtillon-les-Dombes, the umwhile name o Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne, in the Ain *département*
**Châtillon-lès-Sons, in the Aisne *département* 
**Châtillon-Saint-Jean, in the Drôme *département* 
**Châtillon-sous-Bagneux is the umwhile name o Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine
**Châtillon-sous-les-Côtes, in the Meuse *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Broué, in the Marne *département*
**Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne, in the Ain *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher *département*
**Châtillon-sur-Cluses, in the Haute-Savoie *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Colmont, in the Mayenne *département*
**Châtillon-sur-Indre, in the Indre *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Lison, in the Doubs  *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Loing is the umwhile name o Châtillon-Coligny, in the Loiret *département*
**Châtillon-sur-Loire, in the Loiret *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Marne, in the Marne *département*
**Châtillon-sur-Morin, in the Marne *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Oise, in the Aisne *département*
**Châtillon-sur-Saône, in the Vosges *département* 
**Châtillon-sur-Seine, in the Côte-d'Or *département*   
**Châtillon-sur-Sèvre, pairt o Mauléon in the Deux-Sèvres *département*, 
**Châtillon-sur-Thouet, in the Deux-Sèvres *département*
Capranica Prenestina

**Capranica Prenestina** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot  east o Roum.

It is locatit in the Monti Prenestini aurie.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
Magliano Romano

**Magliano Romano** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 30&nbsp;km north o Roum.

Magliano Romano borders the follaein municipalities: Calcata, Campagnano di Roma, Castelnuovo di Porto, Mazzano Romano, Morlupo, Rignano Flaminio, Sacrofano.

## Demographic evolution

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## References
Bard, Valle d'Aosta

**Bard** (pron. ) is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the Valle d'Aosta region o northwastren Italy. It is pairt o the Mont-Rose Muntain Commonty an haes a population o 134.

Fort Bard ( - ) is a fortifeed complex biggit in the 19t century bi the Hoose o Savoy on a rocky prominence abuin the toun. Efter mony years o neglect, it haes been completely restored. In 2006 It reopened tae tourists as the hame for the Museum o the Alps. The fort haes airt exhibitions an aw. In the simmer, the main courtyard is uised tae host muisical an theatrical performances.

## History

Bard lees at the centre o a deep, narrae gorge at the heid o the Aosta glen. This strategic pynt haes been inhabitit syne the Neolithic period as airchaeologists hae foond several muckle engravit stanes aroond the aurie. It later became a major route atween Celtic Gaul an the Roman warld o the Italian peninsula.

The day the toun haes mony biggins datin back tae the 16t century. Thir include the *Bishop's House* an the *House of the Sun Dial*. The Dora Baltea is crossed bi a Medieval stane brig an aw.

Fort Bard, which protects the pass, is biggit on the steid o mony earlier fortifications. In Mey 1800, it halted an entire French airmy launching a surprise attack on Northren Italy. It eventually fell tae the diveesion o French General Joseph Chabran on 1 Juin 1800.

## Geografie
Bard is locatit at the narraeest pynt o the Valle d'Aosta. At this pynt, the Dora Baltea maks a shairp turn aroond the muckle rock promontory on which Fort Bard is locatit. The steep glen sides means the veelage is full o smaw streets that are bordered wi historic stane biggins.

The climate is mild for maist o the year. The winter is cauld but generally dry.

## Economy
Bard is teepical o the aurie, wi agricultur, handicraft an tourism bein the major industries.

## Gallery

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Bard offeecial wabsteid
*Bard page  on "The maist bonnie veelages in Italy" wabsteid
Don Francisco

**Mario Luis Kreutzberger Blumenfeld** (28 Dizember 1940), better kent bi his stage name, **[[Don (honorific)|Don]] Francisco**, is a Chilean telly host, an a popular personality on the Univision netwirk reachin Spainyie-speakin viewers in the Unitit States. He is best kent for hostin the variety shows *[[Sábado Gigante]]* an *[[Don Francisco Presenta]]*.

## See an aw
* *[[Sábado Gigante]]*

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Univision homepage
* Offeecial Wabsteid o ''Sabado Gigante'' 
* Canal 13 - Chilean TV Network 
* 
* Don Francisco Gives Back 
* Teleton Foundation In Chile
Eshera

**Eshera** (; ; ) is a village in the Sukhumi Destrict in the pairtly recognizit republic o Abkhazie, considered tae be a pairt o Georgie bi maist UN member states. It is a climatic-balneotherapeutic resort on the Black Sea coast, at the richt side o Gumista river. Its altitude abuin sea level is aroond 30 m, the distance tae Sukhumi is 16&nbsp;km. Ance a pairt o the Georgie SSR, Eshera is controlled bi the de-facto unthirlt republic o Abkhazia syne 1993.

The Abkhaz census o 2011 reportit that Eshera haed a population o 2,141. The ethnic makup wis 40.9% Abkhaz, 40.8% Armenies an 10.9% Roushies. Ither minorities includit Georgians (1.9%), Ukrainians (1.2%) an Greeks (0.6%).

## Sources
* Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, T. 4, p.&nbsp;257-258, Tbilisi., 1979.

## Notes an references
Sukhumi Destrict

**Sukhumi Destrict** is a destrict o Abkhazie, Georgie’s breakawa republic. It corresponds tae the eponymous Georgie municipality. Its caipital is Sukhumi, the toun bi the same name, which is the caipital o entire Abkhazie an aw. The population o the destrict is 11,747 accordin tae the 2003 census. The ceety o Sukhumi is a separate administrative entity wi mair nor 40,000 inhabitants.

## Demographics
Accordin tae 2003 census, the population o the destrict includit:
*Armenies (61.4%)
*Abkhaz (24.8%)
*Roushies (7.3%)
*Georgies (2.1%)
*Greeks (1.6%)

## Dounsets
The destrict's main dounsets are:
*Sukhumi
*Pskhu

## Admeenistration
On 2 Apryle 2003, Preses Ardzinba dismissed Lev Avidzba an appointit State Security Service Chairman Zurab Agumava as actin Destrict Head.

On 21 Februar 2007, afore the local elections, Preses Bagapsh temporarily prolangit Vladimir Avidzba tenur as Heid o the Destrict Admeenistration. Efter Avidzba wis re-electit, he wis permanently re-appointit on 21 Mairch.

On 12 Juin 2012, Preses Alexander Ankvab dismissed Avidzba for reachin the age o retirement, an awairdit him wi the order Akhdz-Apsha in the third degree for his lang govrenment service. On the same day, Ankvab appointit Heid o the Eddication Depairtment Zhuzhuna Bigvava as Avidzba's successor.

### Leet o Govrenors

## See an aw
*Admeenistrative diveesions o Abkhazie

## References
Gulripsh Destrict

**Gulripsh Destrict** (, ) is a destrict o Abkhazie, Georgie’s breakawa republic. It corresponds tae the eponymous Georgie destrict. Its capital is Gulripsh, the toun bi the same name. Till the August 2008 Battle o the Kodori Valley, the north-eastren pairt o Gulripsh destrict wis pairt o Upper Abkhazie, the corner o Abkhazie controlled bi Georgie till the Battle o the Kodori Valley durin the August 2008 Sooth Ossetie War. Upper Abkhazie wis hame tae 1,956 o the destrict's 19,918 inhabitants, maist o whom wur ethnic Svans (a subgroub o the Georgie fowk). Maist o these fled afore the battle an hae not yet returned.

O note is the Dranda Cathedral sittin ower a shrine built bi Justinian in 551. The medieval principality o Dal-Tsabal wis centered in the destrict. Abkhazia's main airport, Sukhumi Babushara Airport, is locatit in Gulripsh Destrict an aw.

## Admeenistration

On 18 Dizember 2002, Preses Ardzinba released Adgur Kharazia as Admeenistration Heid an appointit him as Meenister for Agricultur an Fuid.

On 16 Juin 2003, President Ardzinba appointed Tamaz Gogia as Admeenistration Heid. In the beginnin o 2004, Destrict offeecials stayed awa frae wirk in protest o wha they perceivit as rudeness frae Gogia. In response, Gogia appleed for resignation which Preses Ardzinba acquestit tae on 10 Februar.

On 24 Mairch 2005, newly electit Preses Sergei Bagapsh replacit Admeenistration Heid Aslan Baratelia wi Mikhail Logua. In the 2011 Presidential election, Logua successfully ran for Vice Preses alangside Alexander Ankvab. He wis succeedit on 14 Dizember bi Timur Eshba, who haed previously been Deputy Heid.

### Leet o heids o the admeenistration

## Demographics
Accordin tae 2003 census, the population o the destrict includit:
*Armenies (47.5%)
*Abkhaz (24.5%)
*Georgies (13.7%)
*Roushies (12.1%)
*Greeks (0.6%)

## Dounsets
The destrict's main dounsets are:
*Gulripsh
*Tsebelda
*Dranda
*Babushara
*Chkhalta (the main veelage o wha uised tae be Upper Abkhazie)

## See an aw
*Kodori Valley

## References
Gudauta Destrict

**Gudauta Destrict** is a destrict o Abkhazie, Georgie’s breakawa republic. It corresponds tae the eponymous Georgie destrict. Its caipital is Gudauta, the toun bi the same name. The population o the destrict is 34,869 accordin tae the 2003 census, doun frae 57,334 in 1989.

## Admeenistration

On 16 Juin 2003, Preses Ardzinba assentit tae Lev Shamba's request for dismissal an replacit him wi First Deputy Meenister for Eddication Beslan Dbar.

On 29 Mairch 2005, newly electit Preses Sergei Bagapsh replacit Beslan Dbar as the Heid o Gudauta's Admeenistration bi Daur Vozba. Durin the Februar 2011 assembly elections, Daur Vozba failed tae be re-electit bi a margin o 92 votes. Sergei Bagapsh appointit Valerii Malia as his successor on 23 Februar. On 17 Februar, durin its first session, the new Gudauta Destrict assembly electit Roman Bazba its chairman, wi 22 oot o 29 votes, an Fyodor Sakania its Deputy Chairman.

On 1 November 2011, Abkhazia's Prosecutor General annooncit that he haed initiatit creeminal proceedins against umwhile Admeenistration Head Daur Vozba, for abuiss o pouer. Vozba is alleged tae hae signed a decree on 11 August 2006, haundin ower twa maist valuable plots o coastal land tae twa individuals, which wad hae required authorisation bi the Cabinet o Meenisters.

### Leet o Govrenors

## Demographics
Accordin tae 2003 census, the population o the destrict included:
*Abkhaz (78.8%)
*Armenies (11.9%)
*Roushies (5.9%)
*Georgies (1.8%)
*Greeks (0.4%)

## Dounsets
The destrict's main dounsets are:
*Gudauta
*New Athos
*Lykhny

## Twin regions
On 20 September 2013, Gudauta Destrict signed a Friendship an Pairtnership Greement wi Kstovsky Destrict. 

## See an aw
*Admeenistrative diveesions o Abkhazie

## References
Arrondissement o Amiens

The **arrondissement o Amiens** is an arrondissement o Fraunce in the Somme depairtment in the Picardie region. It haes 21 cantons an 312 communes.

## Composition
### Cantons
The cantons o the arrondissement o Amiens are:
# Acheux-en-Amiénois
# Amiens 1st (Ouest) Canton
# Amiens 2nt (Nord-Ouest) Canton
# Amiens 3rd (Nord-Est) Canton
# Amiens 4t (Est) Canton
# Amiens 5t (Sud-Est) Canton
# Amiens 6t (Sud) Canton
# Amiens 7t (Sud-Ouest) Canton
# Amiens 8t (Nord) Canton
# Bernaville
# Boves
# Conty
# Corbie
# Domart-en-Ponthieu
# Doullens
# Hornoy-le-Bourg
# Molliens-Dreuil
# Oisemont
# Picquigny
# Poix-de-Picardie
# Villers-Bocage

### Communes
The communes o the arrondissement o Amiens, an their INSEE codes, are:

## Freemit airtins
*Amiens on French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies site (INSEE, in French)
Centre

**Centre** mey refer tae:

## Mathematics an science
* Centre (geometry), the middle o a object
* Centre (algebra), uisses o "centre" in algebra
* Centroid, geometric centre
* Centre o mass
* Centre (group theory), in abstract algebra, the subgroup consisting o those elements which commute wi aw ither elements
* Center o symmetry, in geometry, a pynt that is well-distant frae the boundary o a figure
* Graph centre, the vertices in a graph that minimize the maximal distance frae aw ither vertices
* Centre o gravity (militar)

## Sports
* Centre (American fitbaa), a poseetion in American an Canadian fitbaa
* Centre (Australian rules fitbaa), a poseetion in Australie fitbaa
* Centre Back, a poseetion in association fitbaa
* Centre (basketbaw), a poseetion in basketbaw
* Centre forward (kent as Striker an aw), a poseetion in association fitbaa an Watter Polo
* Centre (ice hockey), a poseetion in ice hockey
* Centre (rugby league), a poseetion in rugby league
* Centre (rugby union), a poseetion in rugby union
* Centre fielder, aften cried "center", a poseetion in basebaw

## Places
* Ceety centre
* Central business destrict

;Place names spelled *Centre*:
* Centre, Alabama, Unitit States, a ceety
* Centre Coonty, Pennsylvanie, Unitit States
* Centre (French region), a admeenistrative region in Fraunce
* Centru (development region), a region in Romanie
* Centre Depairtment, a admeenistrative region in Haiti
* Centre Region (Cameroon)
* Centre Region (Burkina Faso)

## Airts
* Tonic (muisic), in tonal muisic, the central or maist important pitch
* "The Centre", saxt episode o the 1965 *Doctor Who* serial *[[The Web Planet#Production|The Web Planet]]*

## Eddication
* Centre College, a leeberal airts college in Danville, Kentucky, Unitit States
* Yields Learning Centre, a learnin centre for primar an seicontar schuil students in Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong

## Ither
* Area Control Center, an Air Traffeck Control facility covering a lairge region o airspace nae associated wi a parteecular airport
* The Center, a paranormal organisation in the Martin Mystery series
* Centres (Fourth Way), a human biological, psychological an spiritual nexus o energy process, equivalent tae the concept o a Chakra
* Centrism, the middle grund atween the left wing an the right wing
* Civic centre
* Commonty centre
** Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center, a New York City non-profit organisation commonly kent as the Center
* Cultural centre
* Lathe centre, uised in machining operations
* Social centre
* , an HTML element, see HTML element#center