open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2011 Norawa attacks

The **2011 Norawa attacks**, referred tae in Norawa as **22 Julie** (Norse: *22. juli*), the date o the events, war twa sequential lone wouf terrorist attacks bi Anders Behring Breivik against the govrenment, the ceevilian population, an a Wirkers' Youth League (AUF)-run simmer camp. The attacks claimed a tot o 77 lifes.

## References
Shaquille O'Neal

**Shaquille Rashaun "Shaq" O'Neal** ( ; born Mairch 6, 1972), eik-named **Shaq** ( ), is a retired American professional basketball player an umwhile rapper wha is wirks as an analyst on the telly programme *[[Inside the NBA]]* the nou. Leetit at  heich  an wechtin , he wis ane o the hiviest players iver tae play in the NBA. O'Neal played for sax teams thorow his 19-yeir NBA career.

## References
Mauna Loa

**Mauna Loa** (Hawaiian: ; ) is ane o five volcanoes that form the Island o Hawaii in the U.S. state o Hawaii in the Paceefic Ocean.

## References
Ayaan Hirsi Ali

**Ayaan Hirsi Ali** (, born **Ayaan Hirsi Magan**, on 13 November 1969) is a Somali-born Dutch-American activist, author, an umwhile Dutch politeecian. She is an opponent o female genital mutilation an is an atheist. Tunku Varadarajan wrote in 2017 that, wi  "multiple fatwas on her heid, Hirsi Ali haes a greater chance o meetin a violent end nor onyane A hae met Salman Rushdie includit." 

## Notes


## References
Rajiv Gandhi

**Rajiv Ratna Gandhi** (20 August 1944 – 21 Mey 1991) wis the Prime Meenister o Indie, serving frae 1984 tae 1989. He teuk office efter the 1984 assassination o his mither, Prime Meenister Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi, tae acome the youngest Indie Prime Meenister at the age o 40. While campaignin for a re-election, he wis assassinatit bi a suicide bomber frae the Leeberation Teegers o Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

## References
Theo van Gogh (film director)

**Theodoor** "**Theo**" **van Gogh** (; 23 Julie 19572 November 2004) wis a Dutch film director, film producer, telly director, telly producer, telly presenter, screenwriter, actor, creetic an author.

Van Gogh wirked wi the Somali-born writer an politeecian Ayaan Hirsi Ali tae produce the short film *[[Submission (2004 film)|Submission]]* (2004), which creeticised the treatment o weemen in Islam an resultit in an ootrage frae the Dutch Muslim commonty. On 2 November 2004, Van Gogh wis murthert bi Mohammed Bouyeri, a Dutch-Moroccan Muslim due tae his controversial film. The last film Van Gogh haed completit afore his daith, *[[06/05]]*, wis a feectional exploration o the assassination o Dutch politeecian Pim Fortuyn which wis released in December 2004, a month follaein van Gogh's assassination.

## References
Chester W. Nimitz

**Chester William Nimitz** (Februar 24, 1885Februar 20, 1966) wis a fleet admiral o the Unitit States Navy.

## References
Abdullah I o Jordan

**Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, King o Jordan** (, *Abd Allāh ibn al-Husayn*, Februar 1882 – 20 Julie 1951), born in Mecca, Hejaz, Ottoman Empire, wis the seicont o three sons of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif an Emir o Mecca an his first wife Abdiyya bint Abdullah (d. 1886).

## References
Thomas Becket

**Thomas Becket** (; forby kent as **Saunt Thomas o Canterbury**, **Thomas o Lunnon**, an later **Thomas à Becket**; 21 December c. 1119 (or 1120)&nbsp;– 29 December 1170) wis Airchbishop o Canterbury frae 1162 til his murther in 1170. He is veneratit as a saunt an martyr bi baith the Catholic Kirk an the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict wi Henry II, King o Ingland, ower the rights an privileges o the Kirk an wis killt bi followers o the King in Canterbury Cathedral. Suin efter his daith, he wis canonised bi Pape Alexander III.

## Notes

## References
Joan Baez

**Joan Chandos Baez** (; born Januar 9, 1941) is an American fowk sangster, sangwriter, muisicker, an activist whase contemporary fowk muisic eften includes sangs o protest or social juistice.

## References
Janet Jackson

**Janet Damita Jo Jackson** (born Mey 16, 1966) is an American sangster, sangwriter, dancer an actress. Kent for a series o sonically innovative, socially conscious an sexually provocative records, as well as elaborate stage shaws, telly an film roles, she haes been a prominent feegur in popular cultur for ower 30 years.

## Studio albums
* Janet Jackson (1982)
* Dream Street (1984)
* Control (1986)
* Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989)
* Janet (1993)
* The Velvet Rope (1997)
* All for You (2001)
* Damita Jo (2004)
* 20 Y.O. (2006)
* Discipline (2008)
* Unbreakable (2015)

## References
Yes (baund)

**Yes** are an Inglis rock baund formed in Lunnon in 1968 bi sangster Jon Anderson and bassist Chris Squire.

## References
Jim Morrison

**James Douglas** "**Jim**" **Morrison** (December 8, 1943 – Julie 3, 1971) wis an American sangster, sangwriter, an poet, best remembered as the lead sangster o the Doors. Due tae his lyrics, wild personality, performances, an the dramatic circumstances surroondin his life an daith, Morrison is regairdit bi creetics an fans as ane o the maist iconic an influential frontmen in rock muisic history.

## References
Nicole Scherzinger

**Nicole Scherzinger** (; born **Nicole Prascovia Elikolani Valiente**; Juin 29, 1978) is an American sangster, dancer, actress an telly personality.
Robert Plant

**Robert Anthony Plant**,  (born 20 August 1948) is an Inglis sangster, sangwriter, an muisicker, best kent as the lead sangster an lyricist o the rock baund Led Zeppelin. A pouerfu an wide vocal range (pairteecularly evident in his heich-pitched vocals) haes gien him a successfu solo career spannin ower 30 years. Plant is regairdit as ane o the greatest sangsters in the history o rock an row; he haes influenced fellae rock sangster-sangwriters such as Freddie Mercury, Axl Rose an Chris Cornell.

## References
Jimi Hendrix

**James Marshall** "**Jimi**" **Hendrix** (born **Johnny Allen Hendrix**; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) wis an American rock guitarist, sangster, an sangwriter. Awtho his mainstream career spanned anerly fower year, he is widely regairdit as ane o the maist influential electric guitarists in the history o popular muisic, an ane o the maist celebratit muisickers o the 20t century.

## Albums
### The Jimi Hendrix Experience
* Are You Experienced (1967)
* Axis: Bold as Love (1967)
* Electric Ladyland (1968)

### Jimi Hendrix/Band of Gypsys
* Band of Gypsys (1970)
Game of Thrones

***Game of Thrones*** is an American fantasie drama telly series creatit bi David Benioff an D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation o *[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]*, George R. R. Martin's series o fantasie novelles, the first o that is *[[A Game of Thrones]]*.

Set on the feectional continents o Westeros an Essos, *Game of Thrones* haes a lairge ensemmle cast an follaes several story arcs. Ane arc is aboot the Iron Throne o the Seven Kingdoms o Westeros an follaes a wab o alliances an conflicts amang the noble dynasties aither vyin tae claim the throne or fechtin for unthirldom frae it. Anither focuses on the last descendant Daenerys Targaryen o the realm's deponed rulin dynasty, that haes been exiled tae Essos an is plottin a return tae the throne, while anither story arc follaes the Night's Watch, a britherheid defendin the realm against the fierce fowks an leegendar craiturs o the North.

*Game of Thrones* attractit a record viewership on HBO an haes a braid, active, an internaitional fan base. The series wis acclaimed bi creetics for its actin, complex chairacters, story, scope, an production values, awtho its frequent uise o nudity an veeolence (includin sexual veeolence) wis creeticised; the feenal series received faur creeticism for its condensed story an creautive deceesions, wi mony conseederin it a disappyntin conclusion. The series received 58 Primetime Emmy Awairds, the maist bi a drama series, includin Ootstaundin Drama Series in 2015, 2016, 2018, an 2019. Its ither awairds an nominations include three Hugo Awairds for Best Dramatic Presentation (2012–2014), a 2011 Peabody Awaird, an five nominations for the Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Televeesion Series – Drama (2012 an 2015–2018). Mony creetics an publications hae named the shaw as ane o the best telly series o all time.
South Park

***South Park*** is an American adult animatit sitcom creatit bi Trey Parker an Matt Stone an developed bi Brian Graden for the Comedy Central televeesion network. The shaw revolves aroond fower boys—Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, an Kenny McCormick—an thair bizarre adventures in an aroond the teetular Colorado toun. Much lik *[[The Simpsons]]*, *South Park* uises a very lairge ensemble cast o recurrin chairacters an acame infamous for its profanity an dark, surreal humour.

## References
Mr. Bean

***Mr. Bean*** is a Breetish sitcom creatit bi Rowan Atkinson an Richard Curtis, an starnin Atkinson as the teetle chairacter. Atkinson co-wrote aw 15 episodes wi aither Curtis, Robin Driscoll, or baith, wi Ben Elton co-writin the pilot.

## References
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic

***My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic***  is a telly programme fur bairns makit bi Lauren Faust fur Hasbro. The series is based on Hasbro's set o My Little Pony toys. The series stairtit airin on 10 October 2010 on The Hub cable channel.
Janis Joplin

**Janis Lyn Joplin** (Januar 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970) wis an influential American sangster o the 1960s; her raw, pouerfu an uninhibitit sangin style, combined wi her turbulent an emotional lifestyle, made her ane o the biggest female starns in her lifetime. She died o an accidental drog owerdose in 1970, aged 27, efter releasing three albums. A fowert album, *[[Pearl (album)|Pearl]]*, wis released a little mair nor three month efter her daith, reachin nummer 1 on the chairts.

## References
Heliophanus

***Heliophanus*** is a genus o the spider faimily Salticidae (jumpin speeders). Maist o the amaist 170 descrived species occur in Africae, wi mony ithers foond in the Paleairctic region frae Europe tae Japan.

## References
Breaking Bad

***Breaking Bad*** is an American crime drama telly series creatit an produced bi Vince Gilligan. The shaw oreeginally aired on the AMC network for five series, frae Januar 20, 2008, tae September 29, 2013. It tells the story o Walter White (Bryan Cranston), a strugglin heich schuil chemistry teacher diagnosed wi inoperable buff cancer. Thegither wi his umwhile student Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), White turns tae a life o crime, producin an sellin crystallised methamphetamine tae secure his faimily's financial futur afore he dees, while navigatin the dangers o the creeminal warld.

## References
Lezgins

**Lezgins** (, *lezgiyar*, Roushie: лезгины, *lezginy*; cried *Lezgins*, *Lezgi*, *Lezgis*, *Lezgs*, *Lezgin* an aw) are a Lezgic ethnic group native predominantly tae soothren Dagestan an northeastren Azerbaijan an wha speak the Lezgian leid.

## References
Big Ben

**Big Ben** is the nickname for the Great Bell o the clock at the north end o the Palace o Wastmeenster in Lunnon an is uisually extendit tae refer tae baith the clock an the clock tour as well. The touer is offeecially kent as **Elizabeth Tower**, renamed tae celebrate the Diamond Jubilee o Elizabeth II in 2012; previously, it wis kent simply as the **Clock Tower**.

## References
Rio Ferdinand

**Rio Gavin Ferdinand** (born 7 November 1978) is an Inglis umwhile professional fitbawer wha played as a centre-back. He played 81 times for the Ingland naitional fitbaa team atween 1997 an 2011, an wis a member o three FIFA Warld Cup squads. He is regairdit bi mony tae be ane o Ingland's greatest ever players an he is ane o the maist decoratit Inglis fitbawers o aw time.

## References
Seashell

A **seashell** or **sea shell**, kent simply as a **shell** an aw, is a haurd, pertective ooter layer creatit bi an ainimal that leeves in the sea. The shell is pairt o the bouk o the ainimal. Empie seashells are eften foond washed up on beaches bi beachcombers. The shells are empie acause the ainimal haes dee'd an the saft pairts hae been eaten bi anither ainimal or hae rotted oot.
Bivalvia

**Bivalvia**, in previous centuries referred tae as the **Lamellibranchiata** an **Pelecypoda**, is a cless o marine an freshwatter molluscs that hae laterally compressed bouks enclosed bi a shell conseestin o twa hinged pairts.  **Bivalves** as a group hae na heid an they lack some uisual molluscan organs lik the radula an the odontophore.

## References
Methanol

**Methanol**, forby kent as **methyl alcohol** amang ither names, is a chemical wi the formula CH3OH (eften abbreviatit MeOH). Methanol acquired the name "**wid alcohol**" acause it wis ance produced chiefly as a biproduct o the destructive distillation o wid.  The day, industrial methanol is produced in a catalytic process directly frae carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, an hydrogen.

## References
Beech

**Beech** (*Fagus*) is a genus o deciduous trees in the faimily Fagaceae, native tae temperate Europe, Asie an North Americae.

## References
Formaldehyde

**Formaldehyde** is a naiturally occurring organic compoond wi the formula CH2O (H-CHO). It is the simplest o the aldehydes (R-CHO) an is an aa kent bi its seestematic name **methanal**.  The common name o this substance comes frae its seemilarity an relation tae formic acid.

## References
Mike Tyson

**Michael Gerard** "**Mike**" **Tyson** (; born Juin 30, 1966) is an American umwhile professional boxer wha competit frae 1985 tae 2005. He held the undisputit warld hivywecht championship an haulds the record as the youngest boxer tae win the WBA, WBC, an IBF hivywecht teetles at 20 years, 4 month, an 22 days auld.

## References
Romani fowk

The **Romani** (spelt **Romany** an aw), or **Roma**, is a tradeitionally nomadic ethnic group, bidin maistly in Europe an the Americaes an originatin frae the northren regions o the Indie subcontinent, presumably frae whaur the states Rajasthan, Haryana, an Punjab exeest the day. Thay, alangside ither wanrelatit ethnic groups in Scotland an Ireland, is kent as **Gypsies** an aw.

## References
Crunk

**Crunk** is a subgenre o hip hop muisic that emerged in the early 1990s an gained mainstream success during the mid 2000s.

## References
Georgi Parvanov

**Georgi Sedefchov Parvanov** (, ) (born 28 Juin 1957) is a Bulgarie historian an politeecian wha wis Preses o Bulgarie frae 2002 tae 2012.
Giya Kancheli

**Giya Alexandrovich Kancheli** (; born 10 August 1935 in Tbilisi, Transcaucasie SFSR, Soviet Union; deed 2 October 2019) wis a Georgie componer wha residit in Belgium.
Nâzım Hikmet

**Nâzım Hikmet Ran** (15 Januar 1902&nbsp;– 3 Juin 1963), commonly kent as **Nâzım Hikmet** () wis a Turkis poet, playwricht, novelist, screenwriter, director an memoirist. He wis acclaimed for the "lyrical flow o his statements". Descrived as a "romantic communist" an "romantic revolutionary", he wis repeatitly arrestit for his poleetical beliefs an spent much o his adult life in preeson or in exile. His poetry haes been translatit intae mair nor fifty leids.

## References
Hungarians

**Hungarians**, kent as **Magyars** () an aw, are a naition an ethnic group thit spik Hungarian an are mainly associatit wi Hungary. Thare are aroond 13.1–14.7 million Hungarians, o whom 8.5–9.8 million bide in the day's Hungary (as o 2011).

## Notes

## References
Milla Jovovich

**Milica Bogdanovna** "**Milla**" **Jovovich** ( ; born December 17, 1975) is an American actress, model, muisicker, an fashion designer. She haes appeared in numerous science feection an action films, leadin the music channel VH1 tae deem her the "reignin queen o kick-butt" in 2006. In 2004, she wis the heichest-paid model in the warld accordin tae *[[Forbes]]*.

## Notes

## References
Battle o Stalingrad

The **Battle o Stalingrad** (23 August 1942 – 2 Februar 1943) wis a major battle o Warld War II in which Nazi Germany an its allies focht the Soviet Union for control o the ceety o Stalingrad (nou Volgograd) in Soothren Roushie.

Merkit bi fierce close quarters combat an direct assauts on ceevilians in air raids, it is eften regairdit as the single lairgest (nearly 2.2 million personnel) an bluidiest (1.7–2 million killt, woundit or capturt) battle in the history o warfare. It wis an extremely dearthfu defeat for German forces, an the Airmy Heich Command haed tae widraw vast militar forces frae the Wast tae replace thair losses.

The German offensive tae captur Stalingrad begoud in August 1942, uisin the 6t Airmy an elements o the 4t Panzer Airmy. The attack wis supportit bi intensive *[[Luftwaffe]]* bombin that reduced muckle o the ceety tae grummel. The fechtin degeneratit intae hoose-tae-hoose fechtin; baith sides poored reinforcements intae the ceety. Bi mid-November 1942, the Germans haed pushed the Soviet defenders back at great cost intae narrae zones alang the wast bank o the Volga River.

On 19 November 1942, the Reid Airmy launched Operation ''Uranus'', a twa-pronged attack targetin the waiker Romanie an Hungarian airmies pertectin the German 6t Airmy's flanks. The Axis forces on the flanks war owerrun an the 6t Airmy wis cut aff an surroondit in the Stalingrad aurie. Adolf Hitler ordered that the airmy stay in Stalingrad an mak na attempt tae brak oot; insteid, attempts war made tae supply the airmy bi air an tae brak the encirclement frae the ootside. Hivy fechtin conteena'd for anither twa month. Bi the beginnin o Februar 1943, the Axis forces in Stalingrad haed exhaustit thair ammuneetion an fuid. The remeenin units o the 6t Airmy surrendert. The battle lastit five month, ane week an three days.

## Notes


## References

**Citit soorces**
* 
* 
* 
* Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995), *When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler*, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-0899-0
* Hayward, Joel S. A. (1998). *[[Stopped at Stalingrad]]: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943*. Lawrence, KS, University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0876-8.
*
Călărași Coonty

**Călărași** () is a coonty (județ) o Romanie on the border wi Bulgarie, in Muntenia, wi the coonty seat at Călărași.
Arad, Romanie

**Arad** (; ; ) is the caipital ceety o Arad Coonty, historically situatit in the region o Crișana, an haein recently extendit on the left bank o the Mureș river, in Banat region o wastren Romanie.

## References
Iridaceae

**Iridaceae** is a faimily o plants in Order Asparagales, takin its name frae the Irises, meanin rainbow, referrin tae its mony colours.

## Leet o genera

## References
Myrtales

The **Myrtales** are an order o flouerin plants placed as a sister tae the eurosids II clade as o the publishin o the *Eucalyptus grandis* genome in Juin 2014.

## References
Eucalyptus

***Eucalyptus*** is a diverse genus o flouerin trees an shrubs (includin a distinct group wi a multiple-stem mallee growth habit) in the myrtle faimily, Myrtaceae. Members o the genus dominate the tree flora o Australie, an include the tawest kent flowering plant on Yird. Thare are mair nor 700 species o eucalyptus an maist are native tae Australie; a very smaw nummer are foond in adjacent auries o New Guinea an Indonesie.

## References
Psidium guajava

***Psidium guajava***, the **common [[guava]]**, **yellae guava**, or **lemon guava** (kent as *goiaba* in Portuguese an *guayaba* in Spaingie) is an evergreen shrub or smaw tree hamelt in the Caribbean, Central Americae an Sooth Americae. It is easily pollinatit bi insects; in cultur, mainly bi the common honey bee, *[[Apis mellifera]]*.

## References
Psidium

***Psidium*** is a group o trees an shrubs in the myrtle faimily, descrived as a genus bi Linnaeus in 1753. It is native tae wairmer pairts o the Wastren Hemisphere (Mexico, Central an Sooth Americae, the Wast Indies, Galápagos, an the soothren Unitit States).

## References
Pease

The **pease** is maist commonly the smaw spherical seed or the seed-pod o the pod fruit ***Pisum sativum***. Each pod conteens several peas. Pea pods are botanically fruit, syne thay conteen seeds an developed frae the ovary o a (pease) flouer.

## References
Aloe

***Aloe*** is a genus conteenin ower 500 species o flouerin succulent plants. The maist widely kent species is *[[Aloe vera]]*, or "true aloe", so cried acause it is cultivatit as the staundart source o sae-cried "aloe vera" for assortit pharmaceutical purposes.

## References
Dactylis glomerata

***Dactylis glomerata***, kent as **cock's-fit gress** an aw, is a common species of grass in the genus *[[Dactylis]]*.
Digitalis purpurea

***Digitalis purpurea*** (**deid man's glove** or **deid men's glove**) is a species o flouerin plant in the plantain faimily Scrophulariaceae, native an widespread ootthrou maist o temperate Europe.

## References
Empetrum nigrum

***Empetrum nigrum***, **crawberry** or **crowpert**, is a flouerin plant species in the heather faimily Ericaceae wi a near circumboreal distribution in the northren hemisphere.

## References
Glechoma hederacea

***Glechoma hederacea*** (syn. *Nepeta glechoma* Benth., *Nepeta hederacea* (L.) Trevir.), kent as **grund eevy**, is an aromatic, perennial, evergreen creeper o the mint faimily Lamiaceae.
Solanum dulcamara

***Solanum dulcamara***, forby kent as **pushion berry**, **mad dug’s berries**, **puir-man's-wather-gless**, is a species o vine in the potato genus *[[Solanum]]*, faimily Solanaceae. It is native tae Europe an Asie, an widely naituralised ensewhaur, includin North Americae, whaur it is an invasive problem weed.

## References
Trollius europaeus

***Trollius europaeus*** (**lapper gowan** or **lappert gowan**) is a perennial plant o the faimily Ranunculaceae. The plant is native tae Europe an Wastren Asie an is a pertectit species in Bulgarie.
Louis Nicolas de Neufville, Duke o Villeroy

**Louis Nicolas de Neufville, Duke o Villeroy** (24 December 1663 - 22 Aprile 1734) wis a French duke. Hw wis the eldest son o the *[[François de Neufville, Duke o Villeroy|maréchal de Villeroy]]*. He wis the Duke o Retz (1716), Marquis o Alincourt then in 1730, he became the third Duke o Villeroy, an the Duke o  Beaupréau.

## Mairiage

He married Marguerite Le Tellier on 23 Aprile 1694 she wis a dochter o *[[François Michel Le Tellier, Marquis o Louvois|Louvois]]*, they haed issue.

## Issue

# Louis François de Neufville, Duke o Villeroy (1695-1766), called the Duke o Retz later Duke o Villeroy;
# François Camille de Neufville (died 1732), Marquis then  (1729) Duke o Alincourt;
# Marguerite Louise Sophie de Neufville (1698-1716) mairit François d'Harcourt, Duke o Harcourt;
# Madeleine Angélique de Neufville (1707-1787), married Joseph Marie de Boufflers, Duke o Boufflers (son o the Marshal-Duke o Boufflers) (1706-1747).
Beta vulgaris

***Beta vulgaris*** (**beet**) is a plant which is in Betoideae subfaimily in the Amaranthaceae faimily. It is the economically maist important crop o the lairge order Caryophyllales.

## References
Hunger

In politics, humanitarian aid, an social science, **hunger** is a condeetion in which a person, for a susteened period, is unable tae eat sufficient fuid tae meet basic nutreetional needs.
Chuvash fowk

The **Chuvash fowk** (; ; ) are a Turkic ethnic group, native tae an aurie stretchin frae the Volga Region tae Siberie. Maist o them leeve in Republic o Chuvashie an surroondin auries, awtho Chuvash commonties mey be foond ootthrou the Roushie Federation.

## References
Volga Bulgarie

**Volga Bulgarie** (, ) or **Volga–Kama Bulghar** wis a historic Bulgar state that exeestit atween the seivent an thirteent centuries aroond the confluence o the Volga an Kama rivers, in whit is nou European Roushie.

## References
Louis Daguerre

**Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre** (; 18 November 1787&nbsp;– 10 Julie 1851) wis a French airtist an photographer, recognised for his invention o the daguerreoteep process o photogrpahy. He becam kent as ane o the faithers o photography. Tho he is maist famous for his contreibutions tae photography, he wis an accomplished penter an a developer o the diorama theatre an aa.
Holodomor

The **Holodomor** () wis a man-made faimin in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 an 1933 that killt an offeecially estimate 7 million tae 10 million fowk (ither estimates range as law as 2.5 million). It wis pairt o the wider Soviet faimin o 1932–33, whilk taen on the major grain-producin auries o the kintra. In the Holodomor, millions o Ukraine indwallers, the feck o whilk wis ethnic Ukrainians, dee'd o stairvation in a pacetime stramash unprecedentit in the history o Ukraine. Syne 2006, the Holodomor haes been recognised bi Ukraine an 27 ither kintras (2023) as a genocide o the Ukrainian fowk cairried oot bi the Soviet govrenment.

Early estimates o the daith towe bi scholars an govrenment offeecials varied greatly. Accordin tae heicher estimates, up tae 12 million ethnic Ukrainians wis said tae hae perished as a result o the faimin. A U.N. jynt statement signed bi 25 kintras in 2003 declared that 7-10 million perisht. Resairch haes syne narraed the estimates tae atween 3.3 an 7.5 million. Accordin tae the findins o the Coort o Appeal o Kiev in 2010, the demografic losses due tae the faimin amoontit tae 10 million, wi 3.9 million direct faimin daiths, an a faur 6.1 million birth deficit.

Some scholars believes that the faimin wis planned bi Joseph Stalin fur tae eliminate a Ukrainian unthirldom muivement. Uisin *Holodomor* in reference tae the faimin emphasises its man-made aspects, argiein that actions sic as rejection o fremmit aid, sequestration o aw hoosehauld fuidstuffs, an restriction o population muivement confer intent, definin the faimin as genocide; the life loss haes been event wi that o the Holocaust. The causes is still a subjeck o academic debate, an some historians differin its chairacterisation as a genocide.

## Notes


## References
Douglas Engelbart

**Douglas Carl Engelbart** (Januar 30, 1925&nbsp;– Julie 2, 2013) wis an American ingineer an inventor, an an early computer an Internet pioneer. He is best kent for his wirk on foondin the field o human–computer interaction, pairteecularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International, which resultit in creaution o the computer moose, an the development o hypertext, networked computers, an precursors tae graphical uiser interfaces.

## References
Madame de Boufflers

**Madame de Boufflers** (8 December 1711 - 1 Julie 1786) wis a French noblewoman an a member o the Hoose o Beauvau. She wis also a mistress o Stanisław Leszczyński. She wis also a sister o the Prince o Craon. A cousin o her husband's wis the *[[Louis François de Boufflers, Duke o Boufflers|Maréchal de Boufflers]]*.

## Marriage

In 1735 she married  Louis François de Boufflers (1714-1751) known as the Marquis o Remiencourt. They had one son.

## Childer

# Stanislas de Boufflers, ''Chevalier de Boufflers'' (Mey 31 1738 – Januar 18 1815) mairit Madame de Sabran.

## Ither wabsteids
Heidi Klum

**Heidi Klum** (; born Juin 1, 1973) is a German-American model, telly personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, sangsyer, televeesion producer, an occasional actress.

## References
Reggae

**Reggae** is a style o muisic that oreeginatit in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term an aa denotes the modren popular muisic o Jamaica an its diaspora. A 1968 single bi Toots and the Maytals "Do the Reggay" wis the first popular sang tae uise the wird "reggae," effectively namin the style an introducin it tae a global audience.

## Relatit pages
* Muisic

## References
Yury Luzhkov

**Yury Mikhaylovich Luzhkov** (; born 21 September 1936; deed 10 December 2019) wis a Roushie politeecian wha wis the Mayor o Moscow frae 1992 tae 2010. He wis an aa vice-chairman an ane o the foonders o the rulin Unitit Roushie pairty.

## References
Graham Greene

**Henry Graham Greene**  (2 October 1904&nbsp;– 3 Aprile 1991), better kent bi his pen name **Graham Greene**, wis an Inglis novelist regairdit bi some as ane o the great writers o the 20t century. Combinin leeterar acclaim wi widespread popularity, Greene acquired a reputation early in his lifetime as a major writer, baith o serious Catholic novelles, an o thrillers (or "enterteenments" as he termed them). He wis shortleetit, in 1966 an 1967, for the Nobel Prize for Leeteratur. Throu 67 years o writins, which includit ower 25 novelles, he explored the ambivalent moral an poleetical issues o the modren warld, eften throu a Catholic perspective.

## References
Geronimo

**Geronimo** (  "the ane wha yawns"; Juin 16, 1829&nbsp;– Februar 17, 1909) wis a prominent leader an medicine man frae the Bedonkohe baund o the Chiricahua Apache tribe. Frae 1850 tae 1886 Geronimo jyned wi members o three ither Chiricahua Apache bands—the Chihenne, the Chokonen an the Nednhi—tea cairy oot numerous raids as well as resistance tae US an Mexican militar campaigns in the northren Mexico states o Chihuahua an Sonora, an in the soothwastren American territories o New Mexico an Arizona.  Geronimo's raids an relatit combat actions war a pairt o the prolanged period o the Apache-Unitit States conflict, that stairtit wi American dounset in Apache launds follaein the end o the war wi Mexico in 1848.

## References
Gerty Cori

**Gerty Theresa Cori** (née **Radnitz**; 15 August 1896 – 26 October 1957) wis a Czech-American biochemist wha beame the third wumman—an first American woman—tae win a Nobel Prize in science, an the first woman tae be awairdit the Nobel Prize in Pheesiology or Medicine.
Josephine Baker

**Josephine Baker** (born **Freda Josephine McDonald**; 3 Juin 1906 – 12 Aprile 1975) wis a French vedette, sangster an enterteener, whase career wis centred primarily in Europe, maistly in her adoptive kintra o Fraunce.

## References
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole

**Israel "Iz" Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole** () translation: "The Fearless Eed"; Mey 20, 1959&nbsp;– Juin 26, 1997), cried **Bruddah Iz** (Brither Iz) an aw, wis a Hawaiian muisicker, enterteener an Hawaiian sovereignty activist.

## References
Armenie dram

The **dram** (; sign: ; code: **AMD**) is the monetary unit o Armenie. It is subdividit intae 100 **luma** (). The wird "dram" translates intae Scots as "money" or "siller" and is cognate wi the Greek drachma an the Arabic dirham. The first instance o a dram currency wis in the period frae 1199 tae 1375, when siller cunyies cried dram war issued.

## Fremmit airtins
*
OSI model

The **Open Systems Interconnection model** (**OSI model**) is a conceptual model that chairacterises an staundartises the communication functions o a telecommunication or computin seestem withoot regaird tae thair unnerlyin internal structur an technology. Its goal is the interoperability o diverse communication seestems wi staundart protocols.
Bob Hope

**Bob Hope** KBE, KC*SG, KSS (born **Leslie Townes Hope**, Mey 29, 1903 – Julie 27, 2003) wis an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, sangster, dancer, athlete, centenarian an author. Wi a career spannin nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in ower 70 featur films an short films, includin a series o "Road" movies. In addeetion tae hostin the Academy Awairds 19 times (mair nor ony ither host), he appeared in mony stage productions an telly roles an wis the author o 14 beuks. The sang "Thanks for the Memory" is widely regairdit as Hope's seegnatur tune.

## References
Thaksin Shinawatra

**Thaksin Shinawatra** (; ; ; born 26 Julie 1949) is a Thai businessman an politeecian. Atween 2001 an 2006, he wis the Prime Meenister o Thailand.

## References
Leopold Ružička

**Leopold Ružička**  (13 September 1887 – 26 September 1976) wis a Croatie-Swiss scientist an winner o the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry wha wirked maist o his life in Swisserland. He received aicht *honoris causa* doctorates in science, medicine, an law; seiven prizes an medals; an twinty-fower honorar memberships in chemical, biochemical, an ither scienteefic societies.

## References
Beji Caid Essebsi

**Mohamed Beji Caid Essebsi** (or **es-Sebsi**, , **;  born 29 November 1926; deed 25 Julie 2019) wis a Tunisie politeecian wha wis Preses o Tunisie frae December 2014 tae his daith in Julie 2019. He wis the warld's auldest-servin Preses for the feenal twenty months o his time in affice (efter the demission o Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe), an the seicont-auldest Heid o State, efter Elizabeth II. Kais Saied wis later electit tae replace him.

## References
George Takei

is an American actor, director, author, an activist o Japanese strynd. Takei is best kent for his role as Hikaru Sulu, helmsman o the  in the telly series *[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]*. He an aa portrayed the chairacter in sax ''Star Trek'' featur films an ane episode o *[[Star Trek: Voyager]]*.

## References
Thar Desert

The **Thar Desert**, forby kent as the **Great Indie Desert**, is a lairge, arid region in the northwastren pairt o the Indie subcontinent that forms a naitural boondary atween Indie an Pakistan. It is the warld's 17t lairgest desert, an the warld's 9t lairgest subtropical desert.

## References
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

**Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling** (; 27 Januar 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (efter 1812) **[[von]] Schelling**, wis a German filosofer. Staundart histories o filosofie mak him the midpynt in the development o German idealism, situatin him atween Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, an Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his umwhile varsity ruimmate, early friend, an later rival. Interpretin Schelling's filosofie is regairdit as difficult acause o its apparently ever-chyngin naitur.

## References
Mitt Romney

**Willard Mitt Romney** (born 12 Mairch 1947) is an American businessman an politeecian senator frae Utah syne 2019, wha served as the 70t Govrenor o Massachusetts frae 2003 tae 2007 an the Republican Pairty's nominee for Preses o the Unitit States in the 2012 election.

## References
Romano Prodi

**Romano Prodi**  (; born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politeecian wha served as the 10t Preses o the European Commission frae 1999 tae 2004. He served twace as the Prime Meenister o Italy, frae 17 Mey 1996 tae 21 October 1998 an frae 17 Mey 2006 tae 8 Mey 2008.

## References
Paul Scholes

**Paul Scholes** (; born 16 November 1974) is a retired Inglis fitbawer an current telly pundit for BT Sport, wha played his entire professional career for Manchester United an is currently co-awner o Salford City.

## References
Junichiro Koizumi

is a Japanese politeecian wha wis the 56t Prime Meenister o Japan frae 2001 tae 2006. He retired frae politics when his term in pairlament endit in 2009, an is currently the fift langest servin PM in Japanese history.

## References
Jake Gyllenhaal

**Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal** (; born December 19, 1980) is an American actor. A member o the Gyllenhaal family an the son o director Stephen Gyllenhaal an screenwriter Naomi Foner, Gyllenhaal begoud actin as a bairn wi a screen debut in *[[City Slickers]]* (1991), follaed bi roles in ''A Dangerous Woman'' (1993) an ''Homegrown'' (1998). His brakthrou performance wis as Homer Hickam in *[[October Sky]]* (1999) an he earnt an Independent Speerit Award nomination for Best Male Lead for playin the teetle chairacter in the indie cult hit *[[Donnie Darko]]* (2001), in that he played a psychologically tribbled teenager alangside his aulder sister, Maggie Gyllenhaal. He subsequently appeared in anither indie film, *[[The Good Girl]]* (2002) an the climate feection-disaster film *[[The Day After Tomorrow]]* (2004), portrayin a student catcht in a cataclysmic climate event.

In 2005, Gyllenhaal portrayed Anthony "Swoff" Swofford in ''Jarhead'', Harold Dobbs in ''Proof'', an Jack Twist in Ang Lee's *[[Brokeback Mountain]].* For his performance in *Brokeback Mountain,* he received creetical acclaim an wan the BAFTA Awaird for Best Actor in a Supportin Role an wis nominatit for the Screen Actors Guild Awaird for Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Supportin Role, the Satellite Awaird for Best Supportin Actor – Motion Pictur, an the Academy Awaird for Best Supportin Actor.

Gyllenhaal received forder recogneetion for roles in *[[Zodiac (film)|Zodiac]]* (2007), ''Brothers'' (2009), *[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)|Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]* (2010), *[[Love & Other Drugs]]* (2010), for that he wis nominatit for the Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actor – Motion Pictur Muisical or Comedy, *[[Source Code]]* (2011), *[[End of Watch]]* (2012), *[[Prisoners (2013 film)|Prisoners]]* an *[[Enemy (2013 film)|Enemy]]* (baith 2013), *[[Nightcrawler (film)|Nightcrawler]]* (2014), *[[Southpaw (film)|Southpaw]]* (2015), an *[[Nocturnal Animals]]* (2016), for that he wis nominatit for the BAFTA Awaird for Best Actor in a Leadin Role. For *Nightcrawler*, his performance wis widely acclaimed an received rave reviews frae creetics an he wis nominatit for the Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Actor – Motion Pictur Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Awaird for Ootstaundin Performance bi a Male Actor in a Leadin Role, an the BAFTA Awaird for Best Actor in a Leadin Role.

## References
John Cena

**John Felix Anthony Cena Jr.** (; Aprile 23, 1975 - ) is an American professional warstler, rapper, actor, an reality telly shaw host. He is signed tae WWE, whaur he performs on the SmackDown name.

## References

## References
Shah Rukh Khan

**Shah Rukh Khan** (born **Shahrukh Khan**; 2 November 1965), kent as **SRK** an aw, is an Indie film actor, producer an telly personality. Referred tae in the media as the "Baadshah o Bollywood", "Keeng o Bollywood" or "Keeng Khan", he haes appeared in mair nor 80 Bollywood films, an earned numerous accolades, includin 14&nbsp; Filmfare Awairds. Khan haes a signeeficant follaein in Asie an the Indie diaspora warldwide. In terms o audience size an income, he haes been descrived as ane o the maist successfu film starns in the world.

## References
Ozzy Osbourne

**John Michael** "**Ozzy**" **Osbourne** (born 3 December 1948; deed 22 Julie 2025) wis an Inglis sangster, sangwriter, an actor. He rose tae prominence in the early 1970s as the lead vocalist o the hivy metal baund Black Sabbath.

## References
Friedrich Hayek

**Friedrich Hayek** CH (; 8 Mey 189923 March 1992), born in Austrick-Hungary as **Friedrich August von Hayek** and frequently referred tae as **F. A. Hayek**, wis an Austrick an Breetish economist an philosopher best kent for his defence o clessical leeberalism.
Charlie Sheen

**Carlos Irwin Estévez** (born September 3, 1965), kent professionally as **Charlie Sheen**, is an American actor. Ower his fifty-year career, he haes received numerous accolades, includin a Golden Globe Awaird an nominations fur fower Primetime Emmy Awairds. Some o his most notable films include Platoon, Wall Street, Young Guns, an The Arrival.

## References
Sonia Gandhi

**Sonia Gandhi** (; born **Edvige Antonia Albina Màino**, 9 December 1946) is an Italian-born Indie politeecian, wha haes served as Preses o the Indie Naitional Congress pairty 1998 - 2017 & 2019-22. She is the weedae o umwhile Prime Meenister o Indie, Rajiv Gandhi wha belanged tae the Nehru–Gandhi faimily. Efter her husband's assassination in 1991, she wis invitit bi Congress leaders tae tak ower the govrenment but she refuised an publicly stayed awey frae politics amidst constant proddin frae the pairty. She finally agreed tae jyn politics in 1997; in 1998, she wis electit Preses o the Congress pairty.

## References
Ötzi

**Ötzi** (; cried **the Iceman**, the **Similaun Man**, the **Man frae Hauslabjoch**, the **Tyrolean Iceman**, an the **Hauslabjoch mummy** an aw) is a nickname gien tae the well-preserved naitural mummy o a man wha leeved around 3,300 BCE, mair precisely atween 3359 an 3105 BCE, wi a 66 percent chance that he dee'd atween 3239 an 3105 BCE. The mummy wis foond in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence the nickname "Ötzi", near Similaun moontain an Hauslabjoch on the border atween Austrick an Italy. He is Europe's auldest kent naitural human mummy, an haes offered an unprecedentit view o Chalcolithic Europeans. His bouk an belangins are displayed in the Sooth Tyrol Museum o Airchaeology in Bolzano, Sooth Tyrol, Italy.

## References
Paul Allen

**Paul Gardner Allen** (21 Januar 1953 – 15 October 2018) wis an American business magnate, investor an philanthropist. He is best kent as the co-foonder o Microsoft, alangside Bill Gates. As o August 2016, he wis estimatit tae be the 40t richest person in the warld, wi an estimated net worth o $18.6&nbsp;billion.

## References
Karelie leid

**Karelie leid** (*karjala*, *karjal* or *kariela*) is a Finnic leid spake maistly in the Roushie Republic o Karelie. Leenguistically Karelie is closely relatit tae the Finnish dialects spake in eastren Finland an some Finnish leenguists e'en classifee'd Karelie as a dialect o Finnish. Karelian isnae tae be ramfeeselt wi the Sootheastren dialects o Finnish, whiles referred tae as *karjalaismurteet* ('Karelie dialects') in Finland.

Thare is nae single staundart Karelie leid. Ilka writer writes in Karelian accordin tae thair ain byleidal form. Three main written staundarts hae been developit, for North Karelie; Olonets Karelie; an Tver Karelian. Aw variants are written wi the Laitin-based Karelian alphabet, tho the Cyrillic script haes been uised in the past.

## Notes
Olive

The **olive**, kent bi the botanical name ***Olea europaea***, meanin "European olive", is a species o smaw tree in the faimily Oleaceae, foond in the Mediterranean Basin frae Portugal tae the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, an soothren Asie as far east as Cheenae, as well as the Canary Islands, Mauritius, an Réunion.
Lettuce

**Lettuce** (*Lactuca sativa*) is an annual plant o the daisy faimily, Asteraceae. It is maist eften growed as a leaf vegetable, but whiles for its stem an seeds. 
Lettuce is maist eften uised for salads, awtho it is an aa seen in ither kinds o fuid, such as soups, sandwiches an wraps; it can an aa be grilled.

## References
Cauliflouer

**Cauliflouer** is ane o several vegetables in the species *[[Brassica oleracea]]* in the genus Brassica, which is in the faimily Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that reproduces bi seed.

## References
Hanukkah

**Hanukkah** ( **', [[Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian]]: **', usually spelled , pronounced  in Modren Hebrew,  or  in Yiddish; a transleeteration romanised as **Chanukah** or **Ḥanukah** an aw) is a Jewish haliday commemoratin the rededication o the Haly Temple (the Seicont Temple) in Jerusalem at the time o the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. Hanukkah is observed for aicht nichts an days, stairtin on the 25t day o Kislev accordin tae the Hebrew calendar, which mey occur at ony time frae late November tae late December in the Gregorian calendar. It is forby kent as the **Festival o Lichts** and the **Feast o Dedication**.

The festival is observed bi the kindlin o the lichts o a unique candelabrum, the nine-branched *[[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorah]]* (cried a *Chanukiah*/*Hanukiah* an aw), ane addeetional licht on each nicht o the haliday, progressin tae aicht on the final nicht. The teepical menorah conseests o aicht branches wi an addeetional veesually distinct branch. The extra licht, wi which the ithers are lit, is cried a *[[gabbai|shamash]]* (, "attendant") an is gien a distinct location, uisually abuin or ablo the rest. Ither Hanukkah festivities include playin dreidel an eatin ile-based fuids such as daichnuts an latkes. Syne the 1970s, the warldwide Chabad Hasidic muivement haes ineetiatit public menorah lichtins in appen public places in mony kintras.

## References
Sophie Scholl

**Sophia Magdalena Scholl** (9 Mey 1921 – 22 Februar 1943) wis a German student an anti-Nazi poleetical activist, active within the White Rose non-violent reseestance group in Nazi Germany.

She wis convictit o heich traison efter haein been foond distributin anti-war leaflets at the Varsity o Munich (LMU) wi her brither Hans. As a result, thay war baith executit bi guillotine. Syne the 1970s, Scholl haes been extensively commemoratti for her anti-Nazi reseestance wirk.

## References
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

**Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani** (  or **Hashemi Bahramani**; 25 August 1934 – 8 Januar 2017) wis an influential Iranian politeecian, writer an ane o the foondin faithers o the Islamic Republic wha wis the fowert Preses o Iran frae 3 August 1989 till 3 August 1997.

## References
Mohammad Khatami

Seyyed **Mohammad Khatami** (, ; born 29 September 1943) is an Iranian scholart, Shia theologian, an reformist politeecian. He served as the fift Preses o Iran frae 3 August 1997 tae 3 August 2005.

## References
Nasreddin

**Nasreddin** or **Nasreddin Hodja** wis a Seljuq satirical Sufi, born in Hortu Veelage in Sivrihisar, Eskişehir Province, present-day Turkey an dee'd in 13t century in Akşehir, near Konya, a caipital o the Seljuk Sultanate o Rum, in the day's Turkey. He is conseedert a populist filosofer an wise man, remembered for his funny stories an anecdotes. He appears in thoosands o stories, whiles witty, whiles wise, but eften, too, a fuil or the butt o a joke. A Nasreddin story uisually haes a subtle humour an a pedagogic naitur. 
The Internaitional Nasreddin Hodja fest is celebratit btween 5 an 10 Julie in his hametoun every year.

## References
Abbas I o Persie

**Shāh Abbās the Great** or **Shāh Abbās I o Persie** (; 27 Januar 157119 Januar 1629) wis the 5t Safavid Shah (king) o Iran, an is generally conseedert the strangest ruler o the Safavid dynasty. He wis the third son o Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.

## References
Pistachio

The **pistachio** (*Pistacia vera*), a member o the cashew faimily, is a smaw tree originating frae Central Asie an the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as fuid.

## References
Anne Marie Martinozzi

**Anne Marie Martinozzi** (1637 – 4 Februar 1672) wis an Italian noblewoman an a niece o Cardinal Mazarin who wad eventually mairy  Armand de Bourbon, Prince o Conti, a distant cousion o Keeng Louis XIV. She haed twa childer but died  frae a stroke in 1672. She wis an aa a cousin o the Coontess o Soissons.

## Background
Born in Roum, she wis baptised as *Anna Maria Martinozzi*. Her mither left Roum tae muive tae Paris whaur her brither Cardinal Mazarin haed acome a wealthy an powerful man as the Chief meenister tae Keeng Louis XIII o Fraunce.

## Mairiage
Kent as *Mademoiselle de Martinozzi* in Fraunce on 22 Februar 1654 at the Palais du Louvre *Mademoiselle de Martinozzi* wad mairy Armand de Bourbon, Prince o Conti, a distant relation o the French ryal faimilie. The Prince o Conti wis a son o Henri de Bourbon, Prince o Condé an Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency.

## Childer

# Louis de Bourbon (6 September 1658) died suin efter birth. 
# Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince o Conti (4 Aprile 1661 - 9 November 1685) mairit Marie Anne de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle de Blois'', no childer. 
# François Louis de Bourbon, Prince o Conti (30 Aprile 1664 - 22 Februar 1709) mairit Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, ''Mademoiselle de Bourbon'' an haed childer.

### Titles an styles
***1637 – 22 Februar 1654** *Dona* Anna Maria Martinozzi.
***22 Februar 1654 - 21 Februar 1666** *Her Most Serene Highness* The Princess o Conti, Princess o the bluid bi mairiage. 
***21 Februar 1666 &ndash; 4 Februar 1672** *Her Most Serene Highness* The Dowager Princess o Conti, Princess o the bluid bi mairiage.

## Ither wabsteids
Turkis coffee

**Turkis coffee** () is a method o preparin unfiltered coffee. Roastit and then finely grund coffee beans are simmered (nae boiled) in a pot (*[[cezve]]*), optionally wi sucar, an served in a cup whaur the grunds are allaed tae settle. When served plain, the bitter coffee is tradeetionally accompanied bi a sweet, such as a piece o rock candy or ''lokum''.

Turkis coffee is an Intangible Cultural Heritage o Turkey confirmed bi UNESCO.. It is consumed primarily in Anatolie, Sooth-Eastren Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus an aroond the Black Sea, aw bein regions influenced bi Ottoman cuisine.

## References