open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

**Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics** (SIAM) is a perfaisional nonprofit organisation for applee'd mathematics.
## SIAM Journals

* SIAM Review
* SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics
* SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis
* SIAM Journal on Financial Mathematics 
* Theory of Probability and Its Applications 
* SIAM Journal on Applied Dynamical Systems 
* SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications

### Numerical analysis
* Multiscale Modeling and Simulation
* SIAM Journal on Computing
* SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing
* SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis
## SIAM Books

* ASA-SIAM Series on Statistics and Applied Probability 
* CBMS-NSF Regional Conf. Series In Applied Math
* Classics in Applied Mathematics
* Financial Mathematics
* MOS-SIAM Series on Optimization
* SIAM Spotlights
* Software, Environments, and Tools 
* Studies in Applied and Numerical Mathematics

## See Also
* American Mathematical Society
* EASIAM
* International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics
* Mathematics Genealogy Project

## External Links
* Official Website
* EASIAM Website

## References
Watter o Ken

The **Watter o Ken** is a river in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Gallowa, soothwast Scotland. It rises on Blacklorg Hill, nor'east o Cairnsmore o Carsphairn in the Carsphairn Hills, an flowes southwastwart intil the Glenkens glen, passin throu Carsfad Loch an Earlstoun Loch, baith o whit is teppit tae supply the Galloway Hydro Electric Scheme. Fae there, the river flowes sooth, passin St John's Toun o Dalry an New Gallowa, afore braidenin tae form the 9-mile lang Loch Ken. The Black Watter o Dee ingangs haufwey doon the loch an aw, an fae Glenlochar, at the sooth end o the loch, the river conteenas as the Dee taewart Kirkcoubrie an the coast.
Kershope Burn

**Kershope Burn** is a burn rinnin enteerly alang the mairch atween England an Scotland.

The river rises, as Clark's Syke, in a quaw in Kielder Forest in Northumberland kent as Hobb's Flowe, afore becomin Kershope Burn efter rinnin by Kershopehead, a fermtoun in Cumbria.

The river rins intae Liddel Watter at Kershopefuit, efter whit Liddel Watter merks the boond atween England an Scotland. The last wheen o yairds o the river flowes past the clachan at Kershopefuit an aneath the railwey brig o the umwhile Waverley Line. Atween 1862 an 1969 a passenger station kent various as Kershope or Kershopefoot wis locatit here.

## References
EASIAM

**EASIAM**  (East Asia Section of SIAM) is the eastern Asian branch o the US-basit Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.EASIAM is aimin tae advance studies o applee'd mathematics (includin numerical analysis) i eastern Asia
## Events
EASIAM is regularly publishin the **East Asian Journal on Applied Mathematics** from Global Science Press (basit i Hong Kong),  givin student paper prizes, an hold the EASIAM conference ivery year.

## References

## External Links
* EASIAM
* East Asian Journal on Applied Mathematics (EAJAM)
Numerical linear algebra

I the field o numerical analysis, **numerical linear algebra** is an area tae study methods tae solve problems i linear algebra bi computers.
## Errors
Numerical errors can occur i any kynd o numerical computation includin the area o numerical linear algebra. Errors i numerical linear algebra are considerit i another area callit "validatit numerics".
## Saftware
The day, there ar mony tuils fur numerical linear algebra. Ane o the maist kenspeckle is MATLAB.
## References

## Freemit airtins

*Freely available software for numerical algebra on the web, composed by Jack Dongarra and Hatem Ltaief, University of Tennessee
*NAG Library of numerical linear algebra routines
*
*
*The GAMM Activity Group on Applied and Numerical Linear Algebra
*Collaborative Research: Randomized Numerical Linear Algebra (RandNLA) for multi-linear and non-linear data
*Numerical Linear Algebra and Eigenvalue Computations

## Forder readin
* Golub, Gene H.; Van Loan, Charles F. (1996). Matrix Computations (3rd ed.). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
* Matrix Iterative Analysis, Varga, Richard S., Springer, 2000.
* Higham, N. J. (2002). Accuracy and stability of numerical algorithms. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
* Liesen, J., & Strakos, Z. (2012). Krylov subspace methods: principles and analysis. OUP Oxford.
Kirtle Watter

The **Kirtle Watter** is a river in Dumfries an Gallowa in soothren Scotland. It rises on the soothren slopes o Haggy Hill whaur its heidwatters is teppit tae form Winterhope Reservoir. Ablo the dam it flowes in a generally soothlins direction passin Watterbeck an Eaglesfield til the veelage o Kirtlebrig, alang whit streek it is close follaed bi the A74(M) motorwey an West Coast Main Line railwey atween Cairl an Glesga. Fae Kirtlebrig it turns sootheastwart tae flowe by Kirkpaitrick Fleemin an on til the wast o Gretna, tae tuim intil the estuary o the Border Esk at the eastren leemit o the Solway Firth.

## References

## External links
International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Validated Numerics

**International Symposium on Scientific Computing, Computer Arithmetic, and Validated Numerics** (SCAN) is an international conference aboot numerical analysis (includin interval arithmetic, numerical integration, numerical linear algebra, numerical methods for ordinary differential equations, numerical methods for pairtial differential equations, an validatit numerics). It is held once i 2 years.
## Prizes
At ivery SCAN, the **R. E. Moore Prize** will be gien. This is a prize for researchers i the field o validatit numerics. The name o the prize came from Ramon E. Moore Prize (expert o interval arithmetic).

## References

## External links
* SCAN2018@TOKYO : SEP. 10-15, 2018  - Held at Waseda University (Tokyo)
* SCAN 2016 UPPSALA UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 26-29, 2016  - Held at Uppsala University (Sweden)
* SCAN2014 - Universität Würzburg - Held in Germany
* SCAN'2012  - Held in Russia
American Mathematical Society

**American Mathematical Society** (AMS) is an association o perfaisional mathematicians wha work thegither i the interests o mathematical eddication, resairch, an scholarships. It daes sae wi publications, conferences, services, an monetary awards an prizes tae mathematicians.
## Prizes from AMS

* Bôcher Memorial Prize
* Cole Prize
* David P. Robbins Prize
* Morgan Prize
* Fulkerson Prize
* Leroy P. Steele Prizes
* Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics
* Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry

## Publications
### Journals
#### General

* *Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society* 
* *Electronic Research Announcements of the American Mathematical Society* 
* *Journal of the American Mathematical Society* 
* *Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society* 
* *Notices of the American Mathematical Society*
* *Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society* 
* *Transactions of the American Mathematical Society*

#### Subject-specific
* *Mathematics of [[Numerical analysis|Computation]]*
* *Mathematical Surveys and Monographs*
* *Conformal [[Geometry]] and Dynamics*
* *Representation Theory* 
#### Translation Journals
* *[[St. Petersburg]] Mathematical Journal*
* *Theory of [[Probability]] and Mathematical [[Statistics]]*
* *Transactions of the [[Moscow]] Mathematical Society*

### Collections

* Advances in Soviet Mathematics
* American Mathematical Society Translations
* AMS/IP Studies in Advanced Mathematics
* Centre de Recherches Mathématiques (CRM) Proceedings & Lecture Notes
* Contemporary Mathematics
* IMACS: Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science
* Fields Institute Communications
* Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics
* Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics

### Blogs

* Blog on Math Blogs
* e-Mentoring Network in the Mathematical Sciences
* AMS Graduate Student Blog
* PhD + Epsilon
* On Teaching and Learning Mathematics
* Visual Insight
* Beyond Reviews: Inside MathSciNet

## External links
*
*MacTutor: The American Mathematical Society 
## See also

* Mathematics Genealogy Project
* Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Liddel Watter

The **Liddel Watter** is a river rinnin throu soothren Scotland an northren England, for muckle o its coorse formin the mairch atween the twa kintras, an wis umwhile ane o the boonds o the Debatable Launds. 

The soorce o the Liddel Watter is aneath Peel Fell in Roxburghshire in The Mairches, whaur it is formt bi the meetin o Caddroun Burn. Womscleuch Burn, an Peel Burn. Suin efterwart, the young Liddel Watter is fed bi Dawston Burn near the veelage o Saughtree.

The river conteenas tae pick up tributarys (leetit ablo) as it follaes its soothwastren coorse, that taks it throu the veelage o Cowpshawholme (kent as Newcastleton an aw) to Kershopefuit, whaur the burn begins tae merk the Scots-English Mairch.

The Liddel Watter syne flowes intil the River Esk at Willae Puil, leukit ower bi the sconces o the umwhile castle o Liddel Strenth near Carwinley in Cumbria.

## Tributarys
***Peel Burn**
***Wormscleuch Burn**
***Caddroun Burn**
**Wane Cleuch
**Singdean Burn
*Dawston Burn
**Cooper Cleuch
**Alison Syke
**Cliffhope Burn
*Kiln Burn (at Burnmouth Ferm)
*Riccarton Burn (at Riccarton Ferm)
*Larriston Burn (at Hewisbrig Cot)
**Storff Burn
**Little Warrington Syke
***Bught Syke
**Holm Sykes
*Boghall Burn (at Dinlabyre)
*Riever Syke (at Ovenshank)
*Hermitage Watter (near Sandholm)
**Hartsgarth Burn
***Routing Burn
**Thief Syke
**Paddington Syke
**Toftholm Syke
**Roughley Burn
***Watt's Burn
***Roughley Syke
***Laidlehope Burn
***Leys Burn
**Whitrope Burn
***Pirryshiel Syke
***Sundhope Burn
****Black Cleuch
****Windy Cleuch
**Dinley Burn
**Braidley Burn
***Tongue Burn
***Barley Burn
***Crib Burn
**Gorrenberry Burn
**Billhope Burn
***Langtae Syke
**Chapel Grain
***Caulker Grain
**Twislehope Burn
*Ryedale Burn (near Brox)
**Ralton Burn
***Burnt Burn
***Rigging Syke
*Black Burn (opposite Whithaugh)
**Bedda Cleuch
**Branch Cleuch
**Hog Gill
**Long Gill
***Rough Gill
*Priesthill Burn (at Whithaugh)
*Tweeden Burn (at Tweeden Plantation)
**Deep Sike
*Tinnis Burn (anent Kershopefuit)
**Todhunter Grain
**Black Grain
**Green Burn
*Kershope Burn (at Kershopefuit)
**Clark's Syke
*Muir Burn (near Bankhead)
**Rae Gill
*Whitlawside Burn (near Whitlawside)
*Archer Beck (near Crookholm)
**Mid Cleuch
*Rowan Burn (at Rowanburnfuit)

## Gailerie

File:Anglo-Scottish.border.history.jpg|Scots-English Mairch
File:Blaeu - Atlas of Scotland 1654 - EVIA ET ESCIA - Eskdale.jpg|Blaeu - Atlas o Scotland 1654
File:Earthworks and Liddel Strength - geograph.org.uk - 346265.jpg|Liddel Strength. Site o a Norman motte an bailey castle


## References
Watter o Luice

The **Watter o Luice** is a river in Dumfries an Gallowa in soothwast Scotland.

The Main Watter o Luice rises in Sooth Ayrshire, flowes sooth tae New Luice, whaur it is jynt bi the Cross Watter o Luice, an flowes intil the Solway Firth at Luice Bay. The Luice is crosst bi the aight-airch Glenluce Viaduct near Glenluice. This viaduct ance cairrit the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway tae Stranrawer.

## Fishin

The Upper Proprietor is Dr Sir Nicholas Spicer Bt o the Lagafater Estate, while the Lower Proprietor is the Rt Hon Yerl o Stair o the Stair Estates. The fishin is governt bi the Luce District Salmon Fishery Board.

## References
River Sark

The **River Sark** (or **Sark Watter**) is a river best kent for formin pairt o the wastren mairch atween Scotland an England. Maist o its short lenth, houiver, is entirely in Scotland. It flowes intil the estuary o the River Esk juist til the sooth o Gretna.

The Scots defeatit the English at the Battle o Sark in October 1448. It wis a signeeficant victory for the Scots, that had no defeatit England syne the Battle o Otterburn in 1388.

The river hase been made faur kent, partial bi the Robert Burns's poem *[[Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation]]* that in the first verse says:


:Fareweel to a' our Scottish fame,
:Fareweel our ancient glory;
:Fareweel ev'n to the Scottish name,
:Sae fam'd in martial story.
:Now Sark rins over sands,
:An' rins to the ocean,
:To mark where England's stands-
:Such a parcel of rogues in a nation!" 

The poem's subject wis the ledged sale o Scotland in the Acts o Union 1707. The maist weel kent toun on the Sark is Gretna Green, best kent for its waddin industry. The A74(M) motorwey passes ower it.

The aurie aroond the Sark wis notour mossy an saundy, as muckle o the the coast o the nor'wast Erse Sea is. The smaw section atween the lawer end o the Sark an the River Esk is kent as the "Debatable Launds", an wis umwhile a haven for creeminals an briganders that wisst tae tak advantage o the waikness o the twa kintra's mairch defences. The boond atween the Sark an the Esk is cried the Scot's Dyke.

Its name is no connectit wi the ship "Cutty Sark".

## References
Scaur Watter

The **Scaur Watter** is a river that rises near Polskeoch in the Scaur Hills in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.

It flowes fae its soorce near Sanchar in the Soothren Uplands an jynes the River Nith twa mile soothwast o Thornhill. The tot lenth is 19 mile. Durin its coorse it descends fae 1,640 fit tae 180 fit altitude, an forms pairt o the boond atween Tynron Pairish an Keir Pairish. 

The Scaur Glen shaws several sculpturs bi Andy Goldsworthy, Bronze Age forts, an the glen is line't for muckle o its lenth wi birk forests an aik forests.

The river is weel kent for troot fishin an canoein, espeicially at the Glenmarlin Faws near Penpont. A local leegend tells o the ghaists o a horse an its rider that drount in a deep puil, kent colloquial as the Black Hole, at the bottom o the faws.
Shinnel Watter

**Shinnel Watter**, spelt **Shinnell** an aw, is a river in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland.

It rises in the Scaur Hills o Tynron Pairish in the Soothren Uplands at an altitude o 1,509 fit, an flowes 13 mile tae jyne Scaur Watter near Penpont, at an altitude o aboot 230 fit. Thare is twa kenspeckle featurs o the Shinnel; at the meetin o the twa rivers, it flowes ower a scaur wi some force; an three mile upstream, the river forms a weel-farrant watterfaw at Aird Linn.

Like Scaur Watter, the Shinnel is weel kent for troot fishin an flowes throu birk forest and aik forest.
Tarf Watter, Wigtounshire

:: *No tae be confuised wi the [[River Dee, Dumfries an Gallowa|Tarff Watter]] that is a tributary of the River Dee forder east in Gallowa.*

The **Tarf Watter** is a river in the historical coonty o Wigtounshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It rises on the Ayrshire mairch an flowes in a generally sootheastlins direction tae meet the River Blaidnoch near the veelage o Kirkcowan. It haes no major tributarys bit is fed bi a rowth o burns that tuim an aurie chairacterised bi drumlins, an muckle o whit haes been afforestit.

The name Tarm derives fae the Proto-Indo-European leid root **tauro-* "bull, auroch". Bulls occur frequent in Celtic river names, an thir names micht hae haed a mythological raither nor a literal referent. Like ither exemples o this name in soothren Scotland, 'Tarf' is Gaelic in form bit is likely tae derive in turn fae an earlier Cumbric cognate.

## References

## External links
*
Betacoronavirus

**Betacoronaviruses** (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) are ane o fower genera  (''Alpha''-, *Beta-*, *[[Gammacoronavirus|Gamma-]]*, an *[[Deltacoronavirus|Delta-]]*) o coronaviruses. It is in the subfaimily *[[Orthocoronavirinae]]* in the faimily *[[Coronaviridae]]*, o the order *[[Nidovirales]]*. They are envelopit, positive-sense, single-straundit RNA viruses o zoonotic origin. The coronavirus genera are each componit o varyin viral lineages wi the betacoronavirus genus conteenin fower such lineages: A, B, C, D. In aulder leeteratur, this genus is kent as **group 2 ''coronaviruses*** an aw.

The Beta-CoVs o the greatest clinical importance concernin humans are [[Human coronavirus OC43|OC43]] (which can cause the [[common caud]]) an [[Human coronavirus HKU1|HKU1]] o the A lineage, [[SARS-CoV]] an [[SARS-CoV-2]] (which causes the disease [[COVID-19]]) o the B lineage, an [[MERS-CoV]] o the C lineage. MERS-CoV is the first betacoronavirus belangin tae lineage C that is kent tae infect humans.

The [[Alphacoronavirus]] an Betacoronavirus genera strynd frae the bat [[gene puil]].

==References==


==Freemit airtins==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309144307/http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/3035/Coronaviruses.html Coronaviruses]
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/764.html *'Viralzone''': Betacoronavirus]
* Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae
Coronavirus disease

A **coronavirus disease** (**COVID** ), **coronavirus respiratory syndrome**, **coronavirus pneumonia**, **coronavirus flu**, or ony ither variant, is a disease caused bi members o the coronavirus (CoV) faimily.

Coronaviruses cause different coronavirus diseases includin severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), an coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some strains o coronaviruses can cause the common caud an aw.

## See an aw

*Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
*Novel coronavirus (nCoV)
**[[Coronaviridae]]*
*Pneumonia

## References

## Freemit airtins
SATySFi

**SATySFi** (Static Analysis-based Typesetting System for Functional Implementation) is an open soorce computer program usit for makin articles, reports an mathematical formulas. Various free extensions are developit for SATySFi, an it is expectit tae be an alternative option for LaTeX i the future.

## External links
* SATySFi Playground -  at this website, users can experience SATysFi on their wab browsers.
Anne Baxter

**Anne Baxter** (7 Mey 1923 – 12 December 1985) wis an American actress, starn o Hollywood films, Broadway productions, an televeesion series. She wan an Academy Awaird an a Gowden Globe, an wis nominatit for an Emmy.
Annandale Watter

**Annandale Watter** is a loch in Annandale, Dumfries an Gallowa, in soothwast Scotland. It is a pairt o the Annandale Water service station at Junction 16 o the A74(M) motorwey, close tae Johnstounbrig, Dinwoodie, an Newtoun Wamfrey, an haufwey atween Moffat an Lockerbie.

Afore the appenin o the Motorwey service station, the auld A74 road wis aside the loch an fermland. The services was appent at Pace 1995, an the lake an naitur trail is a vailuable amenity for the motorists, walkers, an ither fowk.

SEPA, the Scots Environment Pertection Agency, monitors raiglar the watter quality an ither factors.

Wildfoul populate the loch in lairge nummers, includin mute swans, geese, an muir deuks.
Edgar Housepian

**Edgar Minas Housepian** (New York City  – Englewood, New Jersey ) wis a neurosurgeon at New York Presbyterian Hospital, a professor o neurosurgery at Columbia Varsity Medical School for awmaist 60 years that wrate mair nor 100 airticles anent neurosurgery, an a foonder o the Fund frae Armenie Relief. At Columbia he wis makit the Dean’s speicial advisor frae internaitional affiliations, affiliatin wi varsities an students on five continents tae create eddicational opportunities that 60% o Columbia’s medical students wis takkin advantage o bi the time o his daith. He wis the son o Dr. Moses Housepian an the brither o the author Marjorie Housepian Dobkin.

In repone tae the 1988 Armenie yirdquauk Dr. Housepian an twa ither Armenie-Americans, Airchbishop Torkom Manoogian o the Armenie Kirk an the bigger Kevork Hovnanian, creatit the Fund frae Armenie Relief.


He receivit dozens of awairds an honours, includin the Presidential Citation o the Republic o Armenie in 1994; an Honorar Doctorate o Science frae the Armenie Naitional Academy o Sciences an an Honorar Doctorate o Medicine frae Yerevan State Medical Varsity in 1997; the Humanitarian Awaird o the American Association o Neurological Surgeons in 2002; an the Dr. Edgar Housepian Professorship in Neurological Surgery at Columbia Varsity Medical School, establisht bi the varsity's buird o trustees an cried in his honour.

In 2019 the Edgar Housepian Neurology an Neurosurgery Centre wis appent at Arabkir Plus Medical Centre in Yerevan, Armenie. In addition tae bein cried efter him the facility haes a bust o Dr. Housepian sculptit bi his dochter, Jean Housepian.

## References
Carlinwark Loch

**Carlinwark Loch** is a smaw freshwatter loch in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire, in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It lies juist sooth o Castle Douglas an is a roch rectangle in shape, trendin noorth an sooth. The name o the loch comes fae the Scots Gaelic wird *caer* meanin 'fort' an the Auld Scots wird meanin 'wark'. Thare is fower artifeecial islets in the loch shawin evidence o fortification an sattlement - Ash Island is thocht tae be a crannog. Several archaeological findins hae been rekivert fae the loch includin a bronze caudron, a swuird, a pan, an twa dugoot canoes.

**Carlinwark Lane Canal** is a 1.5 mile canal that appent atween the loch an the River Dee in 1765. It remeent in uiss until its abandonment in aboot 1840, allouin flet-bottomt boats tae transport shell-marl tae farms alang the route.

Thare is a 3.26 mile lang fitpad aroond the loch an it is weel kent for birdwatchin an fishin. As o 5 Mairch 2012 the loch an the laund aroond it haes been cried as a Site o Speicial Scienteefic Interest (SSSI) on accoont o its varied birdlife an gressland.

In 1903 the loch wis vizzied bi E.R. Watson an later chairtit as a pairt o The Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

In 2009 an aeratin funtain wis instawed at a cost o £10,000 tae ettle at forfendin the accress o blue-green algae. The fondin wis providit bi the South West Scotland Environmental Action Trust. The instawin o the funtain was a pairt o a wider development o the Carlingwark Outdoor Activity Centre bi Dumfries an Gallowa Cooncil. Houiver, forder resairch shawed that, acause o the relative shallae deepth o the loch, the funtain is uneffectual an its uiss wisna conteenaed. Baurley-strae, addit twice a year, haes been uised gey graithly up tae 2019 tae reduce the levels o blue-green algae.

## References
Isle of Dogs (film)

is a 2018 stap-motion-ainimatit science-feection comedy drama film scrieved, producit an directit bi Wes Anderson. Set in ae dystopian near-futur Japan, the story follaes ae pack o bainisht dugs, led bi street dug Chief (Bryan Cranston), that helps a young lad cawed Atari (Koyu Rankin) sairch fur his awn dug efter the speshies is bainisht tae an island follaein the ootbrak o ae canine flu. The film's ensemble vyce cast includes Edward Norton, Liev Schreiber, Bill Murray, Bob Balaban, Jeff Goldblum, Scarlett Johansson, Kunichi Nomura, Tilda Swinton, Ken Watanabe, Akira Ito, Greta Gerwig, Akira Takayama, Frances McDormand, F. Murray Abraham, Courtney B. Vance, Yojiro Noda, Fisher Stevens, Mari Natsuki, Nijiro Murakami, Yoko Ono, Harvey Keitel, an Frank Wood an aw.

## References
Castle Loch

**Castle Loch** is a shallae eutrophic loch kiverin an aurie o aboot 247 acre in the toun o Lochmaben in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It lies til the wast o Mochrum Loch an haes twa islets. The ruint Lochmaben Castle lies at the soothren end o the loch.

## Vizzie

The loch wis vizzied in 1903 bi James Murray an later chairtit as a pairt o Sir John Murray's *Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909*.

## Wildlife an conservation

Castle Loch is an important ower-winterin location for the pink-fittit guiss (*Anser brachyrhynchus*) an the harle (*Mergus merganser*) (kent as a **rantock** or **saw neb** an aw). It haes been notit as a Wetland o International Importance unner the Ramsar Convention,, an haes been designatit a Site o Speicial Scienteefic Interest.

## References
Black Lives Matter

**Black Lives Matter** (**BLM**) is an internaitional human richts muivement, originatin in the Unitit States, that oppones racist polis veeolence.
Alicia Ann Spottiswoode

**Alicia Ann, Leddy John Scott**, (née Alicia Ann Spottiswoode) (24 Juin 1810 &ndash; 12 Mairch 1900) wis a Scots sangwriter an componer kent chiefly for the tune, *"[[Annie Laurie]]"*, tae that the wirds o a 17t-century poet, William Douglas, war set.

## References
George Campbell Hay

**George Campbell Hay** (1915&ndash;1984) wis a Scots poet an translator, that wrote in Scots Gaelic, Lawland Scots an Inglis.

## References
William Neill (poet)

**William Neill** (22 Februar 1922 – 5 Apryle 2010) wis an Ayrshire-born poet that scrieved in Scots an Irish Gaelic, Scots an Inglis. He wis a major contreibutin vyce tae the Scots Renaissance.

## References
Loch Enoch

**Loch Enoch** is a multi-basin freshwatter loch in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It lies til the east o Merrick an sooth o Mullwharchar. The loch is situatit in a granite basin an haes several smaw islands an some saunds on its shore. The sharp granite saund o thir strands wis collectit an selt for shairpenin knifes an scythes. The catchment aurie's vegetation is maistly blaw gress (Molinia caerulea) an common heather (Calluna vulgaris).

The loch's ootflowe supplies Loch Doon an the River Doon, baith o thaim in Ayrshire.

## Acidification

By 1800 the watter o Loch Enoch haed awready become acidic. J. McBain in his 1929 beuk *The Merrick and the Neighbouring Hills - Tramps by Hill, Stream and Loch* descrieves a troot that 'bore the unmistakable marks of a Loch Enoch trout, i.e. it was minus the lower half of its tail and part of its ventral fins.' McBain writes that the last recordit troot catcht wis in 1899. Syne 1940 the loch becam mair acidic acause o acid rain an in the 1950s it completely tyne't its fish population. In 1994 it wis restockit wi 3,000 troot. The loch haesna become mair acidic syne the mid-1970s an haes become a wee nae sae acidic fae the 1980s onwart, wi the pH increasin slaw fae aroond 4.3 in 1978 tae 4.9 in 2003. Atween 1983 an 2003 the loch's Dissowle't Organic Caurbon levels increased. 

## Watter analysis

## References

## External links
*Audio descrievin o siller saud collectin fae Loch Enoch and uiss
Loch Ettrick

**Loch Ettrick** is a loch near Thornhill an Ae in Dumfries an Gallowa, in the Soothren Uplands o Scotland.

## References
Kirriereoch Loch

**Kirriereoch Loch** is a smaw, shallae, square-shapen loch in Dumfries an Gallowa, in the Soothren Uplands o soothwast Scotland. It lies aboot 12 mile north o the toun o Newtoun Stewart. It is a pairt o the Wood of Cree Nature Preserve system.

The lock is stockit wi broun troot (Salmo trutta), wi wild broon trout bein praisent an aw. The Newtown Stewart Angling Association manages the fishin on the loch.

## Vizzie

The loch wis vizzied in 1903 bi James Murray an later chairtit as pairt o Sir John Murray's *Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909*.

## References
Lochinvar

**Lochinvar** (or Lan Var) is a loch in the ceevil pairish o Dalry in the historic coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It is locatit in the Gallowa Hills, aboot 3.5 mile nor'east o St John's Toun o Dalry. The loch umwhile haed an island that Lochinvar Castle, the seat o the Gordon faimily, stuid on. In the 20t century the loch wis teppit tae form a pownd, raisin the watter level an drounin the island wi the ruins o the castle. The loch is uised for troot fishin.

The name Lochinvar is fae the Scots Gaelic *Loch a bharra* (aulder Scots Gaelic *Loch an bharra*, the genitive o *barr* = summit) meanin "Loch on the hillheid". Tharefore it is stresst on the last syllable, no like Lochinver.

## Gordons o Lochinvar

The Gordon faimily arrived fae Berwickshire in 1297. Thay estaiblisht a castle, bit the date o the ruins on the umwhile island is no kent.

John Gordon o Lochinvar (dee'd 1604) wis an uphaud o Mary, Queen o Scots. His son, Sir Robert Gordon o Lochinvar (c.1565-1628) wis ane o the first tae set oot in the schame for the estaiblishment o colonys in North Americae. He obteent a chairter o whit wis cried the Barony o Galloway in Nova Scotia on 8 November 1621. In 1625 he publisht a tract on the subject enteetelt *Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee Vndertakers in the new plantation...By mee Lochinvar...Edinburgh, 1625*. Lochinvar wis creatit a baronet in 1626. On 12 Julie 1626 he wis appyntit a member o the cooncil o war for Scotland an a Commeesioner for the Middle Shires, bidin at Greenlaw, Crossmickle Pairish, Kirkcoubrieshire. His seicont son, Robert Gordon o Gelston, jynt wi his faither in the plantation o Americae in the grant o the Barony o Galloway in Nova Scotia in 1621. His auldest son, Sir John Gordon o Lochinvar, 2nt Baronet, wis an uphauld o Charles I, Keeng o Scots an a namely Protestant. He wis creatit Viscount o Kenmure bi Charles at his Scots coronation in 1633.

"Young Lochinvar" is a key chairacter in Walter Scott's epic poem Marmion (1808). Awtho the tale is associatit wi the historical Sir William Gordon o Lochinvar, 15t century laird o Lochinvar, thare is no evidence for the events descrived in the poem.

## See an aw
*Kenmure Castle, later hame o the Gordons o Lochinvar

## References

## External links

* Lochinvar
Mochrum Loch

**Mochrum Loch** is a lairge, unraiglar shapen, shallae, freshwatter loch in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It lies aboot 8 mile wast o the toun o Wigtoun. The loch haes several rocky islets.

## Vizzie

The loch wis vizzied in 1903 bi James Murray an later chairtit as pairt o John Murray's *Bathymetrical Survey of Frest-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909*.

## References
Loch Neldricken

**Loch Neldricken** is a loch in Gallowa til the sootheast o Merrick, sooth o Craig Neldricken, an wast o Craignaw. The loch is awmaist bisectit bi a lang promontory. It tuims via the short Mid Burn intae Loch Valley an syne via Gairland Burn doun tae Loch Trool.

An inlat at the wastren end o the loch is merkit on maps as "Murder Hole" an featurs in Samuel Rutherford Crockett's beuk *The Raiders*. Houiver, the oreeginal Murder Hole wis a wall on the Glen Trool tae Straitoun road whaur the lykes o traivelers that haed been robbit an murthert wis plunkit, an Crockett muived the location for his beuk.

The loch haes dree'd fae acidification bit haes rekivert tae some degree, wi the pH increasin fae aroond 4.4 in 1978 tae 5.4 in 2003.
Roond Loch o Glenheid

The **Roond Loch o Glenheid** is a smaw upland single basin loch in Dumfries an Gallowa. It is situatit within the Gallowa Forest Pairk til the wast o the hill Craiglee. It forms a pair wi the nearby Lang Loch o Glenheid. Baith lochs is aboot the same size an ilk hae a smaw island. The twa lochs is separatit fae Loch Valley an Loch Naroch bi the Rig o the Jarkness. The loch is tuimt til the soothwast bi Roond Loch Burn, that efter jynin intae Glenheid Burn flowes intae Loch Trool.

The catchment o the loch, that receives aboot 90.5 inch o precipitation a year, is aboot 222 acre o the slopes o Craiglee an some fletter auries nearer til the loch. Thir anes is makkit sindry bi syles varyin fae thick peat tae bare granite an tonalite. The unafforestit catchment haes vegetation teepical o muirland blanket mires. The aurie is lizourt bi cattle in the simmers anely; haein after uphaudit sheep, an at a time peat burnin.

The loch haes dree'd bad fae the effects o acidification. As o 2012 the loch haed stairted tae rekiver fae this bit wis verra affectit yet, wi nitrate and sulphate levels heich an aw. Ower the speal o Julie 2013 tae December 2014 the pH varied fae 4.1 tae 6.0 and the dissowle't oxygen ranged fae 8.7 tae 12.7 mg/L.

The loch an its catchement is a pairt o the Silver Flowe-Merrick Kells Biosphere Reserve Site o Speicial Scienteefic Interest an Speical Aurie o Conservation and the Silver Flowe-Merrick Kells UNESCO biosphere reserve.

The loch is monitort syne 2005 on an unraiglar basis bi the (nouadays) United Kingdom Lake Ecological Observatory Network an the Upland Waters Monitoring Network (umwhile the United Kingdom Acit Waters Monitoring Network fae 1988 tae 2013).  As o 2011 is wis the 'most fully equipped site for monitoring upland water quality and freshwater biodiversity in the UK'.
 

The loch is makkit sindry as ogliotrophic an polymictic.

The main plant speshies praisent in the catchment include muir gress (*Molinia* speshies); heathers includin common heather (*Calluna vulgaris*), brachen, an sedge (*Tricophorum* speshies); an includes ither speshies common associatit wi upland blanket mires sic as white bent or weir-bent an dug's tansie.

## References
Princess Sophie o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

**Princess Sophie  o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld** (*Sophie Friederike Karoline Luise*; 19 August 1778 &ndash; 9 Julie 1835) wis a princess o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and the sister o Princess Victoria o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld an Keeng Leopold I o Belgium, an aunt o Queen Victoria. Bi mairiage, she wis a Coontess o Mensdorff-Pouilly.

She wis born in Coburg, the auldest bairn o Francis, Duke o Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Coontess Augusta Reuss o Ebersdorf.
Airchduchess Maria Theresa o Austrick (1845–1927)

**Aiĺrchduchess Maria Theresa o Austrick** (15 Julie 1845 – 8 October 1927) wis a member o the hoose o Habsburg-Lorraine.

## Mairiage

On 18 Januar 1865 in Vienna she mairit Duke Philipp o Württemberg, a member o a cadet branch o the Ryal Hoose o Württemberg. He wis the son o Duke Alexander o Württemberg an o Princess Marie o Orléans (dochter o Louis Philippe I)

## Issue
#Albrecht (1865–1939)
# Duchess Maria o Württemberg (1865–1883)
#Duchess Maria Isabella o Württemberg (1871–1904), mairit Prince Johann Georg o Saxony,  son o Keeng Georg I o Saxony
# Duke Robert o Württemberg (1873–1947)
#Duke Ulrich o Württemberg (1877–1944)
Duchess Maria Isabella o Württemberg

**Duchess Maria Isabella o Württemberg** (*Maria Isabella Philippine Theresia Mathilde Josephine*; 30 August 1871 &ndash; 24 May 1904) wis a member o the Hoose o Württemberg an a Duchess o Württemberg by birth an a member o the House o Wettin and a Princess o Saxony through her mairiage tae Prince Johann Georg o Saxony.

## Mairiage
Maria Isabella mairit Prince Johann Georg o Saxony, sixth o echt bairn and the seicont son of George o Saxony, the penultimate keeng o Saxony, and his wife Infanta Maria Ana o Portugal, on 5 Aprile 1894 in Stuttgart. Maria Isabella an Johann Georg haed nae issue.

## Teetles an styles
***30 August 1871 – 5 Aprile 1894** *Her Ryal Highness* Duchess Maria Isabella o Württemberg
***5 Aprile 1894 – 24 Mey 1904** *[[Her Ryal Highness]]* Princess Johann Georg o Saxony, Duchess o Saxony.
José Muñoz y Borbón, 1st Coont o Gracia

**José Muñoz y Borbón, 1st Coont o Gracia** (21 December 1846 – 17 December 1863) wis a son o Agustin Fernando Muñoz y Sánchez, Duke o Riánsares an his seacret wife Maria Christina o the Twa Sicilies (mither o Queen Isabel II o Spain) He wis gien the teetle 1st Coont o Gracia on 29 Februar 1848 an Viscoont o la Arboleda on 2 Juin  1849. He niver mairit an haed nae issue.
Edith Stein

**Edith Stein** (religious name **Teresia Benedicta a Cruce** ; kent as **St. Edith Stein** or **St. Teresa Benedicta o the Cross** an aw; 12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942) wis a German Jewish filosofer that convertit tae Catholicism an becam a Discalced Carmelite nun. She is canonised as a mairtyr an saunt o the Catholic Church, an she is ane o sax co-patron saunts o Europe.

## References
2019–20 Hong Kong protests

The **2019–20 Hong Kong protests** war triggert bi the introduction o the Fugitive Offenders anmmendment bill bi the Hong Kong govrenment. Gin pit forrit, the bill wad hae alloued fowk tae be extradichtit tae jurisdictions whaur Hong Kong disnae hae extradition greements, includin mainland Cheenae an Taiwan. This led tae concerns that the bill wad subject Hong Kong residents an veesitors tae the legal seestem o mainland Cheenae, an unnerminin Hong Kong's autonomy an infringin ceevil leeberties.

## Notes

## References
Moses Housepian

**Moses Minas Housepian** (Armenie: , 1876 – December 11, 1952) wis an Armenie-American physeecian wha escapit the Hamidian massacres in his youth an later led a humanitarian medical mission in Roushie Armenie frae 1916-1918 treatin refugees frae the Armenie Genocide. He is creditit wi stoppin the spread o a typhus epidemic an wis cried the "Aungel o Mercy" an *Dr. Purgich*, Armenie frae "Dr. Saviour."

Dr. Housepian wis an aa active in the Armenie Democratic Leeberal Pairty, whose chapter in New York Ceety wis posthumously namit for him. His wife, Makrouhie Housepian (née Ashjian), wis active in the Armenie General Benevolent Union an ither Armenie causes. Moses an Makrouhie Housepian were the parents o the author Marjorie Housepian Dobkin an the neorosurgeon Edgar Housepian.

Housepian wis born in Kessab, Cilicie (in the umwhile Ottoman Empire, nou Syria) an died in New York Ceety.

## References
Clatteringshaws Loch

**Clatteringshaws Loch** is a freshwatter loch in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It wis creatit bi the teppin o the River Dee as pairt o the Galloway hydro-electric pouer schame.

The Forestry Commission mainteens a veesitors centre by the loch tae walcome veesitors til the Gallowa Forest Pairk.

## External links
* Recreation at Clatteringshaws  at the Forestry Commission wabsteid
Shetland Islands Cooncil

The **Shetland Islands Cooncil** () is the local authority for Shetland, Scotland.

## Poleetical composeetion

## Soorces
Dow Jones Industrial Average

The **Dow Jones Industrial Average** (**DJIA**), **Dow Jones**, or semply the **Dow** (), is a stock mercat index that meisurs
the stock performance o 30 muckle companies leetit on stock exchynges in the Unitit States.

## References
Kassita

**Kassita** (Berber:**ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰ** )  is a major toun in Northren Morocco wi an estimatit population o 2,675. The toun is locatit aboot 60 kilometers sooth o Alhoceima an the Mediterranean Sea.
Aviemore

**Aviemore** ( ) is a toun an tourist resort, situatit within the Cairngorms Naitional Pairk in the Hielands o Scotland.

It is serrt bi the Aviemore railwey station. The station, that is awnt bi Network Rail (NR) an managed bi First ScotRail, is locatit on the Highland Main Line atween Pairth an Inverness, an is the soothren terminus o the Strathspey Steam Railway anaa.

## References
Ballachulish

The veelage o **Ballachulish** (frae Scots Gaelic  ) in Lochaber, Hieland, Scotland, is centred on umwhile slate quarrels.

## References
Balloch

**Balloch** (Gaelic: *Am Bealach*) is a veelage in Wast Dunbartonshire, Scotland, at the fit o Loch Lomond.

## References
Amulree

**Amulree** (Scots Gaelic: *Àth Maol Ruibhe*, 'Fuird o [St.] Maelrubha') is a wee toun in Perth an Kinross, Scotland.

## Soorce
Basta

**Basta** is a hamlet on the island of Yell in the Shetland islands o Scotland. It is on the shores o Basta Voe an is in the pairish o Yell.

## References
Barra Heid

**Barra Heid**, kent as **Berneray** an aw (Scottish Gaelic: ***Beàrnaraigh***), is the soothrenmaist islands o the Ooter Hebrides in Scotland.

## References
Shieldaig

**Shieldaig** (; ) is a veelage in Wester Ross in the Northwast Hielands an is in the Scots cooncil aurie o Hieland.

## References
Bonnyrigg

**Bonnyrigg** or **Bonnierig** is a toun in Midlowden, Scotland, aicht mile (13 kilometres) sootheast o Edinburgh ceety centre. 

## References
Callander

**Callander** () is a smaw toun in the cooncil aurie o Stirlin, Scotland, situatit on the River Teith.

## References
Coll

**Coll** () is an isle locatit wast o the Isle o Mull in the Inner Hebrides o Scotland. It is kent fur its saundy strands, that rise tae form muckle saund dunes, fur its corncrakes, an fur Breachacha Castle. It is in the Argyll an Bute cooncil area.

## Geography
Coll is aboot  lang bi  wide an haes a population o aboot 150. The heichist pynt on Coll is Ben Hogh in the mid-wast o the isle, that is a ridge wi twa taps rinnin northwast til sootheast. It rises initial tae a heich o , wi a triangulation pillar, an tae   tae the sootheast.

## References
Airth

**Airth** is a Ryal Burgh, smaa toun, umwhile treddin port an ceevil pairish in Fawkirk, Scotland.

## References
Crathie, Aiberdeenshire

**Crathie** () is a clachan in Aiberdeenshire, Scotland. It staans on the nor bank o the River Dee.

It lees hauf a mile awa fae Balmoral Castle an a mile awa fae Abergeldie Castle. Mony wirkers on Balmoral Estate bade in Crathie, an the Crathie Brig lees athort the River Dee tae the estate.

Crathie shares its commonity cooncil wi Ballater, haein twalv memmers. It is pairt o the West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine constituency fur the Hoose o Commons an the Aberdeenshire West constituency fur the Scots Pairlament.

## References
Cyaak

**Cyaak** (), kent as **Cavoch** an aw, is a veelage in Aiberdeenshire, Scotland, quite near Peterheid.

## References
Fort Augustus

**Fort Augustus** is a settlement in the pairish o Boleskine an Abertarff, at the sooth-wast end o Loch Ness, Scots Hielands.

## References
Elgol

**Elgol** () is a veelage on the shores o Loch Scavaig taewart the end o the Strathaird peninsula in the Isle o Skye, in the Scots Hielands.
Dunvegan

**Dunvegan** () is a veelage on the Isle o Skye in Scotland. It is famous for Dunvegan Castle, seat o the chief o Clan MacLeod.
Duthil

**Duthil** () is a smaw clachan, bypasst frae the A938 road, at the junction wi the road B9007, near Carrbrig in Innerness-shire, Scots Hielands an is in the Scots cooncil area o Hieland.

## References
Scalpay, Ooter Hebrides

**Scalpay** ( or *Sgalpaigh na Hearadh*; i.e. "Scalpay o Harris" tae distinguish it frae Scalpay aff Skye) is an island in the Ooter Hebrides o Scotland.

## References
Gargunnock

**Gargunnock** is a smaw veelage in the Stirlin cooncil aurie approximately seeven mile wast o Stirlin, in Scotland.

## References
Kōtō Matsudaira

wis a Japanese diplomat wha served as Permanent Representative tae the Unitit Nations frae 1957 tae 1961.

## References
John Lithgow

**John Arthur Lithgow** ( ; born  1945) is an American actor, muisicker, poet, author, an sangster. Lithgow is best kent for his wark in theatre, telly, an film.

## References
Albert Finney

**Albert Finney** (9 Mey 1936&nbsp;– 7 Februar 2019) wis an Inglis actor that wirkit in film, telly an theatre. He attendit the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art an wirkit in the theatre afore atteenin prominence on screen in the early 1960s, debutin wi *[[The Entertainer (film)|The Entertainer]]* (1960), directit bi Tony Richardson, that haed previously directit him in the theatre. He mainteened a successfu career in theatre, film an telly.
Melanie Griffith

**Melanie Richards Griffith** (born 9 August 1957) is an American film, stage, an telly actress, an film producer. She begoud her career in the 1970s, appearin in several independent thriller films afore achievin mainstream success in the mid-1980s.

## References
Küllük, Iğdır

**Küllük** is a veelage in Iğdır destrict o Iğdır Province, Turkey. The veelage is at the wast o Iğdır. The population is 964 as of 2019.

## References
British Librar

The **British Librar** () is the naitional librar o the Unitit Kinrick an the lairgest librar in the warld bi nummer o items catalogued. It is estimate tae haud mair nor 170–200&nbsp;million items frae mony kintras.

## References
Laitin alphabet

The **Laitin** or **Roman alphabet** is the writin seestem oreeginally uised bi the auncient Romans tae write the Laitin leid. **Latin script**, or **Roman script**, is a set o graphic witters (script) based on these letters.
Numerical methods for pairtial differential equations

**Numerical methods for partial differential equations** are computational schemes tae obtain approximate solutions o pairtial differential equations (PDEs).
## Journal
The scientific journal "numerical methods for partial differential equations" is publishit tae promote the studies o this area.
## Relatit saftware
Chebfun is ane o the most famous saftware i this field. They are also many libraries such as:
* FreeFem++
* FEniCS Project
## References

## Further Readin
* Iserles, A. (2009). A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations. Cambridge University Press.
* Computational Partial Differential Equations Using MATLAB, Jichun Li and Yi-Tung Chen, Chapman & Hall.
* Ames, W. F. (2014). Numerical methods for partial differential equations. Academic Press.
* Ganzha, V. G. E., & Vorozhtsov, E. V. (1996). Numerical solutions for partial differential equations: problem solving using Mathematica. CRC Press.
## See also
* Numerical analysis
* Validatit numerics
## Experts
* John von Neumann
* Masatake Mori
* Shinichi Oishi

## External links
*Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations course.
*IMS, the Open Source IMTEK Mathematica Supplement (IMS)
*Numerical PDE Techniques for Scientists and Engineers
Ordinary differential equation

**Ordinary differential equations** (ODEs) are differential equations that contains functions o a single variable an thair derivatives.

## Books
* Arnolʹd, V. I., Ordinary differential equations. Springer.
* Wolfgang Walter, Ordinary differential equations. Springer.
* Logemann, H., & Ryan, E. P. (2014). Ordinary differential equations: Analysis, qualitative theory and control. Springer.
* Hermann, M., & Saravi, M. (2014). A First Course in Ordinary Differential Equations. Analytical and Numerical Methods, Springer India.
* Chicone, C. (2006). Ordinary differential equations with applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
* Hartman, P. (2002). Ordinary differential equations, Classics in Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, ISBN 978-0-89871-510-1.
* Teschl, G. (2012). Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. Providence: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8328-0.
## Saftware
* Maple: dsolve
* MATLAB
** GNU Octave, Scilab - open soorce version o MATLAB
* Wolfram Mathematica
* SageMath
* Xcas: desolve(y'=k*y,y)

## References

## External links

*
*EqWorld: The World of Mathematical Equations
*Online Notes / Differential Equations, Paul Dawkins.
*Differential Equations, S.O.S. Mathematics.
*A primer on analytical solution of differential equations, Holistic Numerical Methods Institute, University of South Florida.
*Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
*Notes on Diffy Qs: Differential Equations for Engineers
*Modeling with ODEs using Scilab
*Solving an ordinary differential equation in Wolfram|Alpha
Zhou dynasty (690–705)

The **Wu Zhou** (), kent offeecially as **Zhou** (), an aw cried the **Soothren Zhou dynasty** (), **Seicont Zhou dynasty** or **Restored Zhou dynasty**, wis a Cheenese dynasty that exeestit atween 690 an 705 AD, whan Wu Zhao ruled as Empress Regnant.
Emperor Ruizong o Tang

**Emperor Ruizong o Tang** (22 Juin 662 – 13 Julie 716), personal name **Li Dan**, an aw kent at times in his life as **Li Xulun**, **Li Lun**, **Wu Lun**, an **Wu Dan**, wis the fift an nint emperor o Tang Dynasty.

## References
Wolfram Mathematica

**Wolfram Mathematica** (usually callit Mathematica) is a modern technical computin system made bi Wolfram Research.
## Features
Today, Wolfram Mathematica is usit for the followin purposes:
* Computer science
* Geometry
* Numerical analysis
** Numerical linear algebra
** Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
** Numerical methods for pairtial differential equations

## Version history
Syne 1988, Wolfram Research has releasit the followin versions o Wolfram Mathematica:

* 1.0 – June 23, 1988
* 1.1 – October 31, 1988
* 1.2 – August 1, 1989
* 2.0 – January 15, 1991
* 2.1 – June 15, 1992
* 2.2 – June 1, 1993
* 3.0 – September 3, 1996
* 4.0 – May 19, 1999
* 4.1 – November 2, 2000
* 4.2 – November 1, 2002
* 5.0 – June 12, 2003
* 5.1 – October 25, 2004
* 5.2 – June 20, 2005
* 6.0 – May 1, 2007
* 7.0 – November 18, 2008
* 8.0 – November 15, 2010
* 9.0 – November 28, 2012
* 10.0 – July 9, 2014
* 10.1 – March 30, 2015
* 10.2 – July 14, 2015
* 10.3 – October 15, 2015
* 10.4 – March 2, 2016
* 11.0.0 – August 8, 2016
* 11.0.1 – September 28, 2016
* 11.1 – March 16, 2017
* 11.1.1 – April 25, 2017
* 11.2 – September 14, 2017
* 11.3 – March 8, 2018
* 12.0 – April 16, 2019
* 12.1 - March 18, 2020

This system is made wi the **Wolfram language** (programmin leid namit after Stephen Wolfram).
## References

## External links

*
*Mathematica Documentation Center
*Wolfram Open Cloud 
*Image identification  website powerit bi Mathematica
*Wolfram Demonstrations Project Mathematica basit demonstrations
*A little bit of Mathematica history documenting the growth of code base and number of functions over time
*Wolfram Screencast & Video Gallery: Hands-on Start to Mathematica