open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Montorio Romano

**Montorio Romano** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 35&nbsp;km northeast o Roum.

Montorio Romano borders the follaein municipalities: Monteflavio, Montelibretti, Moricone, Nerola, Scandriglia.

## References
Montelibretti

**Montelibretti** is a toun an *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 30&nbsp;km northeast o Roum on the slopes o Monti Sabini.

Montelibretti borders the follaein municipalities: Capena, Fara in Sabina, Fiano Romano, Monterotondo, Montopoli di Sabina, Montorio Romano, Moricone, Nerola, Palombara Sabina.

## History
The name derives frae the presence o a Roman villa awned bi Caius Brutius Presentis, Commodus' faither-in-law. In the Middle Ages, stairtin frae the 15t century, it wis a fortress o the Orsini, who wur succeedit bi the Barberini an then bi the Sciarra.

In 1867 it wis the location o a battle atween Garibaldine an Papal troops, in the course o the Battle o Mentana.

## Main sichts
*Pairish kirk o St. Nicholas
*Barberini Palace, biggit ower a castle o the Orsini
*Necropolis o Colle del Forno (7t century BC), attributit tae the Sabini toun o Eretum

## References
Percile

**Percile** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 40&nbsp;km northeast o Roum.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
Roccagiovine

**Roccagiovine** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Latium, locatit aboot 35&nbsp;km northeast o Roum. It is includit in the Natural Pairk o the Monti Lucretili.

## Twin touns
* Dampierre-lès-Conflans, Fraunce

## References
Rocca Canterano

**Rocca Canterano** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 45&nbsp;km east o Roum. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 230 an a aurie o 15.8&nbsp;km².

Rocca Canterano borders the follaein municipalities: Agosta, Anticoli Corrado, Canterano, Cerreto Laziale, Gerano, Marano Equo, Saracinesco.

## Demographic evolution

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## References
Marano Equo

**Marano Equo** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit thareby 45&nbsp;km east o Roume. It staunds on a stey slope stryndin tae the Aniene glen wi the Monti Simbruini naurhaun.

## References
Capena

**Capena** (till 1933 cried **Leprignano**) is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Roum, Lazio region (central Italy). The toun haes borraeed its modren name frae a pre-Roman an Roman dounset that wis locatit three kilometres tae its north.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Auncient history o Capena 
*History of Capena (in Italian) 
* Art Forum Würth Capena
Sarandi

**Sarandi** mey refer tae:
;Geografie
*Sarandí, Buenos Aires, a ceety in Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae
*Sarandi, Rio Grande do Sul, a municipality in Brazil
*Sarandí del Arapey, a veelage in the Salto Depairtment o northwastren Uruguay
*Sarandí Grande, a town in the Florida Depairtment o central Uruguay
*Sarandí del Yi, a town in the Durazno Depairtment o central Uruguay

;History
*Battle o Sarandí, a battle in the Cisplatine War

;Sport
*Arsenal de Sarandí, an Argentine fitbaa club

;Media
*CX 8 Radio Sarandí, a Uruguayan radio station
Sarandí, Buenos Aires

**Sarandí** () is a ceety o the Avellaneda Partido in the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan aurie o Argentinae.  Sarandí is locatit tae the sooth o Buenos Aires.

The destrict haes a aurie o 54&nbsp;km² an a population o 60,752 inhabitants (INDEC, 2001); the seicont maist populatit locality in the *partido* efter Avellaneda, wi 18,5% o its population. The main economical activity in the aurie is the leather industry, aften criticizit due tae the contamination o the Riachuelo River.

It is namit efter a native bush cried *sarandí*.

## Sport
Sarandí is hame tae Arsenal de Sarandí, a fitbaw club that currently plays in the Argentine first diveesion.

## See an aw
*Avellaneda Partido

## References
Sarandí del Arapey

**Sarandí del Arapey** is a veelage in the eastren pairt o the Salto Depairtment o northwastren Uruguay.

## Location
The veelage is locatit  intae a road that splits frae Route 30 in a wastwaird direction,  northwast o Masoller o Rivera Depairtment an  sootheast o Artigas, the caipital ceety o Artigas Department.

## Population
In 2011 Sarandí del Arapey haed a population o 210.
 
Source: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay*

## References

## Freemit airtins
INE map of Sarandí del Arapey
Nord

**Nord** mey refer tae:

## Places
* Nord, Californie, an unincorporatit community in Butte Coonty, Californie
* Nord (French depairtment), a depairtment in northren Fraunce
* Nord Depairtment (Haiti), a depairtment in northren Haiti
* Nord, Greenland, a military and scientific base
* Nord Region, Burkina Faso
* Nord Region, Cameroon
* Nordic kintras
* Nord (Chamber o Deputies o Luxembourg constituency), a electoral constituency for Luxembourg's naitional legislatur, the Chamber o Deputies

## See an aw
* North (disambiguation)
* 
*
Rio Grande (disambiguation)

**Rio Grande** means "big river" in Spainyie (*Río Grande*) an Portuguese (*Rio Grande*) an mey refer tae the **[[Rio Grande]]** in North Americae, or tae ither rivers, poleetical diveesions an ither categories:

## Rivers
* Rio Grande (aka the "Río Bravo" or "Rio Grande del Norte"), a river flowin tae the Gulf o Mexico, formin a pairt o the Mexican-Unitit States border

## Citiesan poleetical diveesions

* Brazil
** Rio Grande da Serra, São Paulo
** Rio Grande do Norte, a Brazilian state
** Rio Grande do Sul, a Brazilian state
Lana Del Rey

**Elizabeth Woolridge Grant** (born 21 Juin 1985), kent bi her stage name **Lana Del Rey**, is a Grammy-nominatit   American sangster-sangwriter. Del Rey stairtit writin at the age o 18 an she signed her first recordin contract when she wis 22 year auld wi 5 Pynts Records in 2007, releasin her first digital album *[[Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant]]* in Januar 2010. Del Rey bocht hersel oot o the contract wi 5 Pynts Records in Apryle 2010. She signed a joint contract wi Interscope, Polydor, an Stranger Records in Julie 2011.

efter she released her debut single "Video Games" in Juin 2011, a muisic video creatit bi Del Rey for the sang wis postit on YouTube in August 2011. Efter the sang became a viral internet hit wi ower 20 million views, her seicont studio album, *[[Born to Die (Lana Del Rey album)|Born to Die]]*, wis released in Januar 2012. The album haes sauld ower 5 million copies warldwide tae date, an wis the fift best-sellin album o 2012. Chairtin athort Europe, this album spawned numerous tap ten hits, includin the title track "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", an "Summertime Sadness."

Wi the release o her third EP, *[[Paradise (Lana Del Rey album)|Paradise]]*, Del Rey spawned her seicont tap ten album in the Unitit States, debutin at nummer 10 on the ''Billboard'' 200 wi 67,000 copies sauld in its first week.  Tae date, her discografie includes twa full-lenth studio albums, three EPs, seiven singles, an aicht muisic videos. A acclaimit muisicker an cinematographer, she haes wan the Q Award for "Best New Thing", a *[[GQ]]* Award for "Woman of the Year", a BRIT Award for "International Breakthrough Act" an anither for "International Pop Female Solo Artist", an a EMA for "Best Alternative Act".

Del Rey's muisic haes been notit for its cinematic soond an its references tae various aspects o pop cultur, pairticularly that o the 1950s an 1960s Americana. The sangster haes describit hersel as a "self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra." Afore signing tae a major record label, Del Rey providit sole production o her music videos. Muisically, she draws influence frae what she deems tae be the masters o each genre, includin Elvis Presley, Amy Winehouse, Janis Joplin, Nirvana, Eminem, Bruce Springsteen, an Britney Spears, as well as frae poetry an film noir.

## Discografie

;Studio albums
* *[[Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant]]* (2010)
* *[[Born to Die (Lana Del Rey album)|Born to Die]]* (2012)
* *Ultraviolence* (2014)
* *Honeymoon*   (2015)
* *Lust For Life*   (2017)
* *Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019)
* *Chemtrails Over The Country Club* (2021)
* *Blue Banisters* (2021)
* *Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd* (2023)
* *Lasso* (2024)

;Extended plays
* *Kill Kill* (2008)
* *Lana Del Rey* (2012)
* *Paradise'' (2012)

## Tours
* Born to Die Tour (2011-2012)
* Paradise Tour (2013)

## Awairds an nominations

## References

## Freemit airtins

* 
* 
*  statistics an taggin at Last.FM
* 
*  discografie at MusicTea
Leon

**Leon**, **Léon** or **León** mey refer tae:

## Places

### Europe
* León, Spain, caipital ceety o the Province o León
* Province o León, Spain
* Kinrick o León, an unthirlt state in the Iberie Peninsula frae 910 tae 1230 an again frae 1296 tae 1301
* León (historical region), componit o the Spaingie provinces León, Salamanca, an Zamora
* Viscoonty o Léon, a feudal state in Fraunce durin the 11t tae 13t centuries
* Léon, Landes, a commune in Fraunce
* Isla de León, a Spaingie island
* Leon (Souda Bay), an islet in Souda Bay, Chania, on the island o Crete

### North Americae
* León, Guanajuato, lairge ceety in Mexico, population 1.7 million
* Leon, Iowa, Unitit States
* Leon, Kansas, Unitit States
* Leon, New York, Unitit States
* Leon, Oklahoma, Unitit States
* Leon, Wast Virginie, Unitit States
* León Depairtment, Nicaragua
* León, Nicaragua, caipital ceety o the León Depairtment
* New Kinrick o León, a territory o Spain (1582-1821) in Mexico, roughly correspondin in aurie tae modren Nuevo León
* Nuevo León (New Leon), a state in northeastren Mexico
* Leon Coonty
* Leon Township

### Ither
* Leon, Togo
* Leon, Iloilo, Philippines

## Fowk
* Leon (gien name), fowk whase first name is Leon
* Leon Trotsky, Roushie Marxist revolutionar an theorist

## Video gemmes
* Leon (''Dead or Alive'')
* Leon S. Kennedy, a *Resident Evil* chairacter
* Leon Magnus, a *Tales of Destiny* chairacter
* Squall Leonhart, aka Leon, a *Final Fantasy* chairacter
* Leon, a ''Battle Arena Toshinden'' chairacter
* Leon, a ''F-Zero'' character
* Leon Powalski, a ''Star Fox'' chairacter
* Leon D. Geeste, a *[[Star Ocean 2]]* chairacter

## Ither media
* *[[Léon: The Professional]]*, a 1994 thriller film directit bi Luc Besson
* Leone "Léon" Montana, the titular protagonist o *[[Léon: The Professional]]*
* Léon, a young male cyclops creatit bi Annie Groovie
* Leon (''Squirrel Boy'')
* Leon Elliott a *Black Cat* chairacter
* Leon Karp, a *Roseanne* chairacter
* Leon Kowalski, a ''Blade Runner'' chairacter
* Leon, a chairacter on *[[The Andy Griffith Show]]*
* Leon, a chairacter on *[[Trinity Blood]]*
* ''Leon'' (TV series), an animatit TV series for childer

## See an aw
* León de Huánuco, Peruvian profeesional fitbaa club frae Huánuco, Huánuco Region
* Club León, Mexican profeesional fitbaa club frae León, Guanajuato
* LEON, a microprocessor
*Leon Restaurants
* De León (disambiguation)
* Leonard (disambiguation)
* Lion
Halogen

The **halogens** or **halogen elements** () are a group in the periodic table consistin o five chemically relatit elements, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), an astatine (At). The airtifeecially creatit element 117 (ununseptium) mey an aa be a halogen. In the modren IUPAC nomenclatur, this group is kent as **group 17**.

The group o halogens is the anly periodic table group that contains elements in aw three familiar states o matter at staundart temperatur an pressur. Aw o the halogens furm acids when bondit tae hydrogen. Maist halogens are typically produced frae minerals or sauts. The middle halogens, that is, chlorine, bromine an iodine, are eften uised as disinfectants. The halogens are an aa aw toxic.
Polonium

**Polonium** is a chemical element wi the symbol **Po** an atomic nummer 84, airtit out in 1898 bi Marie Curie an Pierre Curie. A rare an gey radioactive element wi nae siccar isotopes, polonium is chemically sib tae bismuth an tellurium, an it occurs in uranium ures. Polonium is uised in a sma curn o gaits juist, sic as heaters in space probes, antistatic devices, an sources o neutrons an alpha particles. Acause o its steid in the periodic cairt, polonium is whiles clessifee'd as a metalloid but its an meiths an makdom gar it mair liker a metal.

## References
Bismuth

**Bismuth** is a chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Bi** an atomic nummer&nbsp;83. Bismuth, a pentavalent puir metal, chemically resembles arsenic an antimony. Elemental bismuth mey occur naiturally, tho its sulfide an oxide furm important commercial ores. The free element is 86% sae dense as leid. It is a brickle metal wi a siller white colour whan freshly produced, but is aften seen in air wi a pink tinge awin tae surface oxidation. Bismuth is the maist naiturally diamagnetic element an haes ane o the lawest values o thermal conductivity oot o aw metals.

## References
Fluorine

**Fluorine** is a chemical element wi seembol **F** an atomic nummer 9. It is the lichtest halogen an exists as a heichly toxic pale yellae diatomic gas at staundary condeetions. As the maist electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: awmaist aw ither elements, includin some noble gases, form compoonds wi fluorine.

Amang the elements, fluorine ranks 24t in universal abundance an 13t in terrestrial abundance. Fluorite, the primar mineral soorce o fluorine that gied the element its name, wis first descrived in 1529; as it wis addit tae metal ures tae lawer thair meltin pynts for smeltin, the Laitin verb ** meanin "flowe" gied the mineral its name. Proponed as an element in 1810, fluorine pruived difficult an dangerous tae separate frae its compoonds, an several early experimenters dee'd or susteened injuries frae thair attempts. Anerly in 1886 did French chemist Henri Moissan isolate elemental fluorine uisin law-temperatur electrolysis, a process still employed for modren production. Industrial production o fluorine gas for uranium enrichment, its lairgest application, began in the Manhattan Project in Warld War&nbsp;II.

Awin tae the expense o refinin pure fluorine, maist commercial applications uise fluorine compoonds, wi aboot hauf o mined fluorite uised in steelmakkin. The rest o the fluorite is convertit intae corrosive hydrogen fluoride en route tae various organic fluorides, or intae cryolite which plays a key role in aluminium refinin. Organic fluorides hae very heich chemical an thermal stability; thair major uises are as refrigerants, electrical insulation an cuikware, the last as PTFE (Teflon). Pharmaceuticals sic as atorvastatin an fluoxetine an aa contain fluorine, an the fluoride ion inhibits dental cavities, an sae finds uise in toothpaste an watter fluoridation. Global fluorochemical sales amount tae mair nor US$15 billion a year.

Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhoose gases wi global-wairmin potentials 100 tae 20,000 times that o carbon dioxide. Organofluorine compoonds persist in the environment due tae the strenth o the carbon–fluorine bond. Fluorine haes na kent metabolic role in mammals; a few plants synthesize organofluorine pushions that deter yerbivores.

## References
Antimony

**Antimony** is a chemical element wi symbol **Sb** (frae ) an atomic nummer&nbsp;51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is fand in naitur mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compoonds hae been kent syne auncient times an wis uised for cosmetics; metallic antimony wis kent an aa, but it wis erroneously identified as leid. It wis established tae be an element aroond the 17t century.

## References
Boron

**Boron** is a chemical element wi symbol&nbsp;**B** an atomic nummer&nbsp;5. Acause boron is produced entirely bi cosmic ray spallation an nae bi stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a law-abundance element in baith the solar seestem an the Yird's crust. Boron is concentratit on Yird bi the watter-solubility o its mair common naiturally occurrin compoonds, the borate minerals. Thir are mined industrially as evaporites, sic as borax an kernite.

## References
Neon

**Neon** is a chemical element wi seembol **Ne** an atomic nummer 10. It is in group 18 (noble gases) o the periodic table. Neon is a colourless, odorless, inert monatomic gas unner staundart condeetions, wi aboot twa-thirds the density o air. It wis discovered (alang wi krypton an xenon) in 1898 as ane o the three residual rare inert elements remainin in dry air, efter nitrogen, oxygen, argon an carbon dioxide are removed. Neon wis the seicont o thir three rare gases tae be discovered, an wis immediately recognised as a new element frae its bricht reid emission spectrum. The name neon is derived frae the Greek wird, *νέον*, neuter singular furm o *νέος* [*neos*], meanin new. Neon is chemically inert an furms na uncharged chemical compoonds.

## References
Sodium

**Sodium** is a chemical element wi the symbol&nbsp;**Na** (frae ) an atomic nummer&nbsp;11. It is a saft, siller-white, heichly reactive metal an is a member o the alkali metals; its anly stable isotope is 23Na. The free metal daes nae occur in naitur, but insteid must be prepared frae its compoonds; it wis first isolatit bi Humphry Davy in 1807 bi the electrolysis o sodium hydroxide. Sodium is the saxt maist abundant element in the Yird's crust, an exists in numerous minerals sic as feldspars, sodalite an rock salt. Mony sauts o sodium are heichly watter-soluble, an thair sodium haes been leached bi the action o watter sae that chloride an sodium (NaCl) are the maist common dissolved elements bi wicht in the Yird's bodies o oceanic watter.

Sodium wis first isolatit bi Humphry Davy in 1807 bi the electrolysis o sodium hydroxide. Amang mony ither uisefu sodium compoonds, sodium hydroxide is uised in saip manufactur, an sodium chloride (edible saut) is a de-icin augent an a nutrient for ainimals includin humans.

Sodium is an essential element for aw ainimals an some plants. Sodium ions are the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) an as sic are the major contreibutor tae the ECF osmotic pressur an ECF compartment vollum. Loss o watter frae the ECF compartment increases the sodium concentration, a condeetion cried hypernatremia. Isotonic loss o watter an sodium frae the ECF compairtment decreases the size o that compartment in a condeetion cried ECF hypovolemia.

Bi means o the sodium-potassium pump, leevin human cells pump three sodium ions oot o the cell in exchynge for twa potassium ions pumped in; comparin ion concentrations athort the cell membrane, inside tae ootside, potassium meisurs aboot 40:1, an sodium, aboot 1:10. In nerve cells, the electrical chairge athort the cell membrane enables transmeession o the nerve impulse—an action potential—when the chairge is dissipatit; sodium plays a key role in that activity.

## References
Laredo

**Laredo** mey refer te:

## Places
* Laredo, Cantabrie, the oreeginal Spaingie toun wi this name
* Laredo Destrict, La Libertad, Peru

### Unitit States an Mexico
* Laredo-Nuevo Laredo, a bi-naitional metropolitan aurie
** Laredo, Texas
*** Dountoun Laredo
*** Laredo Internaitional Airport
** Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico (in Nuevo Laredo Municipality)
*** Nuevo Laredo Internaitional Airport
* Laredo, Missouri
* Laredo, Montana
* Laredo Ranchettes, Texas
* Laredo, Rocky Boys Indian Reservation, Montana

### Canadae
* Laredo Channel, Breetish Columbie
* Laredo Inlet, Breetish Columbie
* Laredo Sound, Breetish Columbie

## Vehicles
* Laredo, a special trim package for the GMC Caballero, 1978–79
* Laredo, a trim package for the Jeep Cherokee (SJ), 1974–1983
* Laredo, a trim package for the Jeep Cherokee (XJ), 1985–1992
* Laredo, a trim package for the Jeep Grand Cherokee, 1992–98

## Ither uisses
* Laredo (surname)
* Laredo (cigarette), a tobacco kit frae Brown & Williamson
Ragusa

**Ragusa** mey refer tae:

## Geografie

### Croatie
* Dubrovnik (*Ragusa*), a Croatie ceety on the Adriatic Sea
* Republic o Ragusa (or Republic o Dubrovnik), a maritime ceety-state situatit in the region o Dalmatie, modren-day Croatie
* Cavtat (*Ragusavecchia*), a toun in Dubrovnik-Neretva Coonty, Croatie

### Italy
* Ragusa, Sicily, a ceety an comune in Italy
* Ragusa Ibla, a historic quairter o the Sicilian ceety
* Marina di Ragusa, a veelage an *frazione* o the comune o Ragusa
* Province o Ragusa, Italy, ane o the admeenistrative diveesion o Sicily

## Fowk
* Ragusa (surname)

## ither
* Ragusa (chocolate), a Swiss chocolate
* Ragusa (horse), a racehorse
* Ragusa Calcio, an Italian association fitbaa club locatit in Ragusa, Italy
* Varrsity o Ragusa, locatit in Ragusa an Ragusa Ibla, Italy, an foondit in 1998
Coyoacán

**Coyoacán** () refers tae ane o the 16 burghs (*delegaciones*) o Mexico Ceety as well as the umwhile veelage which is nou the burgh’s “historic centre.” The name comes frae Nahuatl an maist likely means “place o coyotes,” when the Aztecs namit a pre-Hispanic veelage on the soothren shore o Loch Texcoco which wis dominatit bi the Tepanec fowk. Against Aztec domination, these fowk walcomed Hernán Cortés an the Spaingie, who uised the aurie as a heidquairters durin the Spaingie conquest o the Aztec Empire an made it the first caipital o New Spain atween 1521 an 1523. The veelage, later municipality, o Coyoacan remained completely unthirlt o Mexico Ceety throu the colonial period intae the 19t century. In 1857, the aurie wis incorporatit intae the Federal Destrict when this destrict wis expandit. In 1928, the burgh wis creatit when the Federal Destrict wis dividit intae saxteen burghs. The urban sprawl o Mexico Ceety reached the burgh in the mid 20t century, turnin ferms, umwhile loch an forests intae developit auries, but mony o the umwhile veelages hae kept their oreeginal layoots, plazas an narrae streets an hae conservit structur biggit frae the 16t tae the early 20t centuries. This haes made the burgh o Coyoacan, especially its historic centre a popular place tae visit on weekends.

## References

## Bibliografie

## Freemit airtins

*  Delegación Coyoacán  offeecial page
*  Offeecial page o the Italian Institute o Cultur, locatit in Coyoacán. 
*  Coyoacán on mexicocity.com.mx 
*  Ciudad Universitaria's map
Argon

**Argon** is a chemical element wi  seembol&nbsp;**Ar** an atomic nummer&nbsp;18. It is in group 18 o the periodic table an is a noble gas. Argon is the third maist common gas in the Yird's atmosphere, at 0.93% (9,300 ppm), makin it approximately 23.8 times as abundant as the next maist common atmospheric gas, carbon dioxide (390 ppm), an mair nor 500 times as abundant as the next maist common noble gas, neon (18 ppm). Near aw o this argon is radiogenic argon-40 derived frae the decay o potassium-40 in the Yird's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is bi far the maist common argon isotope, bein the preferred argon isotope produced bi stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas.

## References
Potassium

**Potassium** is a chemical element wi seembol **K** (derived frae Neo-Latin, **') an [[atomic nummer]]&nbsp;19. It wis first isolate frae [[potash]], the ess o plants, frae whilk its name derives. In the [[periodic cairt]], potassium is ane o the [[alkali metal]]s. Aw o the alkali metals hae a single [[valence electron]] in the ooter electron shell, whilk is easy remuived tae creaut an ion wi a positive chairge – a [[cation]], whilk combines wi [[anion]]s tae form [[Saut (chemistry)|sauts]]. Potassium in naitur occurs anly in ionic sauts. Elemental potassium is a saft sillery-white alkali metal that [[redox|oxidizes]] rapidly in air an reacts vigorously wi watter, generatin sufficient heat tae ignite [[hydrogen]] emittit in the reaction an burnin wi a lilac-[[flame color|colored flame]]. It is foond dissolved in sea watter (which is 0.04% potassium bi wecht), an is pairt o mony [[meeneral]]s.

Naiturally occurrin potassium is componed o three [[isotope]]s, o whilk [[potassium-40|]] is [[radioactive]]. Traces o  are foond in aw potassium, an it is the maist common [[radioisotope]] in the human bouk.

Potassium is chemically gey seemilar tae [[sodium]], the previous element in group 1 o the periodic table. Thay hae a seemilar first [[ionisation energy]], whilk allous for ilka atom tae gie up its sole outer electron. That thay are different elements that combine wi the same [[anion]]s tae mak seemilar salts wis suspected in 1702, an wis proven in 1807 uisin [[electrolysis]].

Maist industrial applications o potassium exploits the heich [[solubility]] in watter o potassium compoonds, sic as [[Sautwatter saip|potassium]] [[saip]]s. Hivy crop production rapidly depletes the sile o potassium, an this can be remedied wi agricultural fertilizers containin potassium, accoontin for 95% o global potassium chemical production.

Potassium ions is necessar for the function o aw livin cells. The transfer o potassium ions throu nerve cell membranes is necessar for normal nerve transmission; potassium depletion can result in numerous abnormalities, includin an abnormal hert rhythm an various [[Electrocardiography|electrocardiographic]] (ECG) abnormalities. Fresh fruits an vegetables is guid dietar soorces o potassium. The body responds tae the influx o dietar potassium, whilk raises serum potassium levels, wi a shift o potassium frae ootside tae inside cells an an increase in potassium excretion bi the neers.

==References==


**Citit soorces'''
*
Cadmium

**Cadmium** is a chemical element wi the seembol **Cd** an atomic nummer 48. This saft, bluish-white metal is chemically seemilar tae the twa ither stable metals in group 12, zinc an mercur. Lik zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in maist o its compoonds an lik mercur it shaws a law meltin pynt compared tae transeetion metals. Cadmium an its congeners are nae always considered transeetion metals, in that thay dae nae hae pairtly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration o cadmium in the Yird's crust is atween 0.1 an 0.5 pairts per million (ppm). It wis discovered in 1817 simultaneously bi Stromeyer an Hermann, baith in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate.

## References
Gallium

**Gallium** is a chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Ga** an atomic nummer&nbsp;31. Elemental gallium disnae occur in free furm in naitur, but as the gallium(III) compoonds that is in trace amoonts in zinc ores an in  bauxite. Gallium is a saft sillery metal, an elemental gallium is a brickle solit at law temperaturs. Gif it is held in the human haund lang eneuch, gallium will melt, syne it melts at the temperatur o aboot  (slichtly abuin ruim temperatur). The  meltin pynt o gallium is uised as a temperatur reference pynt. The alloy galinstan (68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, an 10% tin) haes the even lawer meltin pynt o , weel ablo the freezin pynt o watter. Beginnin wi its discovery in 1875 throu the era o semiconductors, gallium wis uised primarily as an agent tae mak alloys that melt at law temperaturs. Then, gallium became uiseful in semiconductors, includin as a dopant.

## References
Seelicon

**Seelicon**, a tetravalent metalloid, is a chemical element wi the seembol **Si** an atomic nummer 14. It is less reactive nor its chemical analog caurbon, the nonmetal directly abuin it in the periodic table, but mair reactive nor germanium, the metalloid directly ablo it in the table. Controversy aboot seelicon's chairacter dates tae its discovery; it wis first prepared an characterized in pure furm in 1823. In 1808, it wis gien the name *silicium* (frae , haird stane or flint), wi an **-ium** wird-endin tae suggest a metal, a name which the element retains in several non-Inglis leids.  Houiver, its final Inglis name, first suggestit in 1817, reflects the mair pheesically seemilar elements carbon an boron.

## References
Phosphorus

**Phosphorus** is a nonmetallic chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**P** an atomic nummer&nbsp;15. A multivalent pnictogen, phosphorus as a mineral is almaist always present in its maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in twa major forms—white phosphorus an reid phosphorus—but due tae its heich reactivity, phosphorus is never foond as a free element on Yird.

## References
Airsenic

**Airsenic** is a chemical element wi symbol&nbsp;**As** an atomic nummer&nbsp;33. Airsenic occurs in mony minerals, uisually in conjunction wi sulfur an metals, an an aa as a pure elemental crystal. It wis first documentit bi Albertus Magnus in 1250. Airsenic is a metalloid. It can exist in sindry allotropes, altho anly the gray furm haes important uise in industry.

## References
Tellurium

**Tellurium** is a chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Te** an atomic nummer&nbsp;52. A brickle, mildly toxic, rare, siller-white metalloid that looks seemilar tae tin, tellurium is chemically relatit tae selenium an sulphur. It is occasionally foond in native furm, as elemental crystals. Tellurium is far mair common in the universe as a hale nor it is on Yird. Its extreme rarity in the Yird's crust, comparable tae that o platinum, is pairtly due tae its heich atomic nummer, but it's forbye due tae its furmation o a volatile hydride that caused the element tae be lost tae space as a gas in the het nebular formation o the planet.

## References
Xenon

**Xenon** is a chemical element wi the seembol&nbsp;**Xe** an atomic nummer&nbsp;54. It is a colourless, hivy, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Yird's atmosphere in trace amoonts. Altho generally unreactive, xenon can unnergo a few chemical reactions sic as the furmation o xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound tae be synthesized.

Xenon is uised in flash lamps an arc lamps, an as a general anesthetic. The first excimer laser design uised a xenon dimer molecule (Xe2) as the lasin medium, an the earliest laser designs uised xenon flash lamps as pumps. Xenon is uised tae sairch for hypothetical waikly interactin massive pairticles an as the propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft. an for the three ion propulsion engines on NASA's Dawn Spacecraft.

Naiturally occurrin xenon consists o aicht stable isotopes. Mair nor 40 unstable xenon isotopes unnergae radioactive decay, an the isotope ratios o xenon are an important tuil for studyin the early history o the Solar Seestem. Radioactive xenon-135 is produced bi beta decay frae iodine-135 (a product o nuclear fission), an is the maist signeeficant (an unwantit) neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.

## References
Radon

**Radon** is a chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Rn** an atomic nummer&nbsp;86. It is a radioactive, colourless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurrin naiturally as an indirect decay product o uranium or thorium. Its maist stable isotope, <sup>222</sup>Rn, haes a hauf-life o 3.8 days. Radon is ane o the densest substances that remains a gas unner normal condeetions. It is the anly gas unner normal condeetions that anly haes radioactive isotopes, an is considered a heal hazard due tae its radioactivity an aa. Intense radioactivity haes an aa hindered chemical studies o radon an anly a few compoonds are kent.

## References
Tungsten

**Tungsten**, kent as **wolfram** an aa, is a chemical element wi the chemical seembol **W** an atomic nummer 74. The wird *tungsten* comes frae the Swadish leid *tung sten* directly translatable tae *hivy stane*, tho the name is *volfram* in Swadish fur tae distinguish it frae Scheelite, at in Swadish is alternatively named *tungsten*.

## References
Hafnium

**Hafnium** is a chemical element wi the seembol **Hf** an atomic nummer 72. A lustrous, sillery gray, tetravalent transeetion metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium an is foond in zirconium minerals. Its existence wis predictit bi Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium wis the penultimate stable isotope element tae be discovered (rhenium wis identified twa year later). Hafnium is named efter *Hafnia*, the Latin name for Copenhagen, whaur it wis discovered.

## References
Lanthanide

The **lanthanide**  or **lanthanoid**  series o chemical elements comprises the fifteen metallic chemical elements wi atomic nummers 57 through 71, frae lanthanum through lutetium. These fifteen lanthanide elements, alang wi the chemically seemilar elements scandium an yttrium, are eften collectively kent as the **[[rare yird elements]].**

## References
Iridium

**Iridium** is the chemical element wi seembol **Ir** an atomic nummer 77. A vera haurd, brickle, siller-white transeetion metal o the platinum faimily, iridium is the seicont-densest element (efter osmium) an is the maist corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperaturs as heich as 2000&nbsp;°C. Tho anerly certaint molten sauts an halogens is corrosive tae solit iridium, finely dividit iridium dust is a fair bit mair reactive an can be flammable.

## References
Osmium

**Osmium** (frae Greek *osme* (ὀσμή) meanin "smell") is a chemical element wi the seembol **Os** an atomic nummer 76. It is a haird, brickle, blaeish-white transeetion metal in the platinum faimily an is the densest naiturally occurrin element, wi a density o . It is foond as a trace element in alloys, maistly in platinum ores. Its alloys wi platinum, iridium, an ither platinum group metals are employed in fountain pen tips, electrical contacts, an ither applications whaur extreme durability an hairdness are needit.

## References
Samarium

**Samarium** is a chemical element wi symbol&nbsp;**Sm** an atomic nummer&nbsp;62. It is a moderately haird sillery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Bein a teepical member o the lanthanide series, samarium uisually assumes the oxidation state +3. Compoonds o samarium(II) are an aa kent, maist notably the monoxide SmO, monochalcogenides SmS, SmSe an SmTe, as well as samarium(II) iodide. The last compoond is a common reducin agent in chemical synthesis. Samarium haes na signeeficant biological role an is anly slichtly toxic.

## References
Biotite

**Biotite** is a common phyllosilicate meeneral athin the mica group, wi the approximate chemical formula . Mair generally, it refers tae the dark mica series, primarily a solid-solution series atween the iron-endmember annite,  an the magnesium-endmember phlogopite; mair aluminous endmembers include siderophyllite. Biotite wis named bi J.F.L. Hausmann in 1847 in honour o the French pheesicist Jean-Baptiste Biot, who, in 1816, researched the optical properties o mica, discovering mony unique properties.

Biotite is a sheet silicate. Airn, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, oxygen, an hydrogen furm sheets that are waikly boond thegither bi potassium ions. It is whiles cried "iron mica" acause it is mair airn-rich nor phlogopite. It is an aa whiles cried "black mica" as opponed tae "white mica" (muscovite) – baith furm in some rocks, in some instances side-bi-side.

## References
Cleavage (crystal)

**Cleavage**, in mineralogy, is the tendency o crystalline materials tae split alang definite crystallografic structural planes. Thir planes o relative weakness are a result o the regular locations o atoms an ions in the crystal, whilk create smuith repeatin surfaces that is veesible baith in the microscope an tae the nekkit ee.

## References
Gypsum

**Gypsum** is a very saft sulfate mineral componed o calcium sulfate dihydrate, wi the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O. It can be uised as a fertilizer, is the main constituent in mony furms o plaister an is widely mined.  A very fine-grained white or lichtly tinted variety o gypsum, cried alabast, haes been uised for sculpture bi mony culturs includin Auncient Egyp, Mesopotamie an the Nottingham alabasts o medieval Ingland.  It is the definition o a hairdness o 2 on the Mohs scale o mineral hardness. It furms as an evaporite mineral an as a hydration product o anhydrite.

## References
Baryte

**Baryte**, or **barite**, (BaSO4) is a meeneral consistin o barium sulfate.  The *baryte group* consists o baryte, celestine, anglesite an anhydrite. Baryte itsel is generally white or colourless, an is the main soorce o barium. Baryte an celestine furm a solid solution (Ba,Sr)SO4.

## References
Obsidian

**Obsidian** is a naiturally occurrin volcanic gless furmed as an extrusive igneous rock.

It is produced whan felsic lava extrudit frae a volcano cuils swith wi meenimum creestal growthe. Obsidian is commonly foond athin the mairgins o rhyolitic lava pirrs kent as **obsidian flows**, whaur the chemical composeetion (heich silica content) induces a heich viscosity an polymerisation degree o the lava. The inhibeetion o atomic diffusion throu this heich viscous an polymerised lava explicates the lack o creestal growthe. Obsidian is haird an brickle; it fracturs wi vera jaggie rands, that haed been uised in the past in cuttin an piercin tuils, an haes been uised experimentally as surgical scalpel blads.

## References
Rhyolite

**Rhyolite** is an igneous, volcanic rock, o felsic (silica-rich) composeetion (teepically > 69% SiO2—see the TAS classification). It mey hae ony texture frae glassy tae aphanitic tae porphyritic. The mineral assemblage is uisually quartz, alkali feldspar an plagioclase (in a ratio > 1:2—see the QAPF diagram). Biotite an hornblende are common accessory minerals.
Silicon dioxide

**Silicon dioxide**, forby kent as **silica** (frae the Laitin *[[silex]]*), is a chemical compoond that is a dioxide o seelicon wi the chemical formula . It haes been kent syne auncient times. Silica is maist commonly foond in naitur as  quartz, as well as in various livin organisms,  Silica is ane o the maist complex an maist abundant faimilies o materials, existin baith as several minerals an bein produced synthetically.   Notable ensaumples include fused quartz, crystal, fumed silica, silica gel, an aerogels.  Applications range frae structural materials tae microelectronics tae components uised in the fuid industry.

## References
Calcium oxide

**Calcium oxide** (**CaO**), commonly kent as **quicklime** or **burnt lime**, is a widely uised chemical compoond. It is a white, caustic, alkaline crystalline solit at ruim temperatur. The braid uised term "lime" connotes calcium-containin inorganic materials, that include carbonates, oxides an hydroxides o calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, an airn predominate, lik limestone. Bi contrast, "quicklime"  specifically applies tae a single chemical compoond.

Quicklime is relatively inexpensive. Baith it an a chemical derivative (calcium hydroxide) is important commodity chemicals.

## References
Alkali

In chemistry, an **alkali** (; frae Arabic: *al-qaly* القلي, القالي ) is a basic, ionic saut o an alkali metal or alkaline yird metal chemical element. Some authors alsae define an alkali as a base that dissolves in watter. A solution o a soluble base haes a pH greater nor 7.0. The adjective **alkaline** is commonly, an  **alkalescent** less eften, uised in Inglis as a synonym fur basic, especially fur soluble bases. This broad uise o the term is likely tae hae come aboot acause alkalis wur the first bases kent tae obey the Arrhenius defineetion o a base, an thay are still amang the maist common bases.
Orthoclase

**Orthoclase** (endmember formula KAlSi3O8) is an important tectosilicate mineral which furms igneous rock. The name is frae the Greek for "straight fracture," acause its twa cleavage planes are at richt angles tae ilk ither. Alternate names are **alkali [[feldspar]]**, **potassium feldspar** an **K-feldspar**. The gem kent as muinstane is lairgely componed o orthoclase.

## References
Goethite

**Goethite** (FeO(OH)) named efter the German polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), is an airn bearin oxide mineral foond in soil an ither law-temperatur environments. Goethite haes been weel kent syne prehistoric times for its uise as a pigment. Evidence haes been foond o its uise in paint pigment samples taken frae the caves o Lascaux in Fraunce. It wis first describit in 1806 for occurrences in the Hollertszug Mine, Dermbach, Herdorf, Siegerland, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

In 2003, nanoparticulate authigenic goethite wis shawn tae be the maist common diagenetic airn oxyhydroxide in baith marine an loch sediments.

## References
Violet (colour)

**Violet** is a skyre bluochie purpie colour that taks its name frae the violet flouer.   On the tradeetional colour wheel uised bi painters, it is locatit atween blue an purpie. Violet is at the heicher end o the veesible spectrum, wi a wavelenth  atween thareby 380-450 nanometer. Licht wi a shorter wavelength than violet but langer than X-rays an gamma rays is cried ultraviolet, an isna veesible tae the human ee.

Accordin tae surveys in Europe an the Unitit States, violet is the colour maist commonly associated wi the lovitch, the individualist, swither, the heronious, an the airtificial.

## References
Pink

**Pink** is a fauch reid colour, that taks its name frae the flouer o the same name. Accordin tae surveys in Europe an the Unitit States, pink, inspecially whan combined wi white or fauch blae, is the colour maist commonly associated wi femininity, neshness, sappiness, bairnheid, an the romantic. Housamiver, whan combined wi violet or black, it is associated wi eroticism an seduction.

Pink wis first uised as a colour name in Inglis in the late 17t century.

## References
Ice cream

**Ice cream** (derived frae earlier **iced cream** or **cream ice**) is a frozen dessert uisually made frae dairy products, sic as milk an cream an eften combined wi fruits or ither ingredients an flavours. Maist varieties contain succar, altho some are made wi ither sweeteners. In some cases, airtificial flavourins an colourins are uised in addeetion tae, or insteid o, the naitural ingredients. The mixtur o chosen ingredients is stirred slowly while cuilin, in order tae incorporate air an tae prevent lairge ice crystals frae formin. The result is a smuithly textured semi-solit foam that is malleable an can be scooped.

The meanin o the phrase "ice cream" varies frae ane kintra tae anither. Phrases sic as "frozen custard", "frozen yogurt", "sorbet", "gelato" an ithers are uised tae distinguish different varieties an styles. In some kintras, sic as the Unitit States, the phrase "ice cream" applies anly tae a specific variety, an maist govrenments regulate the commercial uise o the various terms accordin tae the relative quantities o the main ingredients. Products that dae nae meet the criteria tae be cried ice cream are labelled "frozen dairy dessert" insteid. In ither countries, sic as Italy an Argentinae, ane wird is uised for aw variants. Analogues made frae dairy alternatives, sic as gait's or sheep's milk, or milk substitutes, are available for those who are lactose intolerant, allergic tae dairy protein, or vegan. The maist popular flavours o ice cream are vanilla an chocolate.

## References
Bolívar, Cauca

**Bolívar** is a toun an municipality in the Depairtment o Cauca, Colombie. Foondit in October 1784 bi Domingo Belisario Gómez, the municipality covers a aurie o  an haes a population o 57,511. The population is primarily engagit in agricultur an ranchin.

## References
Indigo

**Indigo** is a colour that is tradeetionally regardit as a colour on the veesible spectrum, as well as ane o the seiven colours o the rainbow: the colour atween blue an violet.  Altho tradeetionally considered ane o seiven major spectral colors, its actual poseetion in the electromagnetic spectrum is controversial.
Indigo is a deep an bricht colour close tae the colour wheel blue (a primary colour in the RGB color space), as well as tae some variants o ultramarine.

The colour indigo wis named efter the indigo dye derived frae the plant *[[Indigofera tinctoria]]* an relatit species.

The first recordit uise o *indigo* as a colour name in Inglis wis in 1289.

## References
Purpie

**Purpie** is a range o hues o colour occurrin atween reid an blue.    The *Oxford Inglis Dictionary* describes it as a deep, rich shade atween crimson an violet.

Purpie wis the colour worn bi Roman Emperors an magistrates, an later bi Roman Catholic bishops. Syne that time, purpie haes been commonly associated wi ryalty an piety.

## References
Zhukovsky

**Zhukovsky** () haes been transliteratit tae in multiple forms, an appears in different texts as Zhukovski, Zhukovskii, Zukovsky, an Zukowski, amang ithers. The masculine, feminine (**Zhukovskaya**), or neuter (**Zhukovskoye**) forms mey refer tae:

## Fowk
*Zhukovsky (surname) (or *Zhukovskaya*)

## Places
*Zhukovsky Destrict, several destricts in Roushie
*Zhukovsky Urban Okrug, a municipal diveesion which Zhukovsky Ceety Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Moscow Oblast, Roushie is incorporatit as
*Zhukovsky Urban Admeenistrative Okrug, a administrative division which the toun o Zhukovka an seiven landwart localities in Zhukovsky Destrict o Bryansk Oblast, Roushie are incorporatit as
*Zhukovskoye Urban Dounset, a municipal formation which Zhukovsky Urban Admeenistrative Okrug in Zhukovsky Destrict o Bryansk Oblast, Roushie is incorporatit as
*Zhukovsky (inhabitit locality) (*Zhukovskaya*, *Zhukovskoye*), several inhabitit localities in Roushie
*Zhukovsky Airfield, an alternative name o Ramenskoye Airport, a Roushie militar airbase near Moscow
*Zhukovsky air base, an airfield uised bi the Gromov Flicht Research Institute in Moscow Oblast, Roushie

## Ither
*''Zhukovsky'' (film), a 1950 film bi Vsevolod Pudovkin

## See an aw
*Zhukov (disambiguation)
*Zhukovka, several inhabitit localities in Roushie
*Zhukovo, several landwart localities in Roushie