open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Clan Galbraith

**Clan Galbraith** is a Scots clan. The clan daes no hae a chief recognised bi the Lord Lyon Keeng o Airms. Acause o this, the clan is considered an armigerous clan, an as sic Clan Galbraith haes nae standin unner Scots Law. The clan-name o Galbraith is o Gaelic oreegin, housomeivver its meanin denotes the bearer as o Breetish oreegin, as opposed tae Gaelic. The early Galbraiths wur centred in the Lennox destrict, which spans the Hieland an Lawland border o Scotland. The 17t chief o the clan brocht ruin tae the clan in the late 16t an early 17t century, an eventually lost his lands an fled Scotland for Ireland. His grandson, the 19t chief, wis the last chief o Clan Galbraith.
Seinäjoki

**Seinäjoki** is a ceety that is the caipital o Soothren Ostrobothnie, Finland. Seinäjoki oreeginatit aroond the Östermyra bruk iron an gunpouder factories foondit in 1798. Seinäjoki became a municipality in 1868, mercat toun in 1931 an town in 1960. In the beginnin o 2009, the neighbourin municipalities o Nurmo an Ylistaro wur consolidatit wi Seinäjoki.

The toun leebrar, *Lakeuden Risti* kirk an central admeenistrative biggins are designed bi Alvar Aalto.

The asteroid 1521 Seinäjoki bears the toun's name.

Seinäjoki wis historically cawed *Östermyra* in Swadish. The day this name is vera seldom uised even amang the Swadish speakers.

Seinäjoki Airport is locatit in the neighbourin municipality o Ilmajoki, 11 kilometres (10&nbsp;mi) sooth o Seinäjoki ceety centre.

## References
Hmong fowk

The **Hmong** (pronounced ), are an Asian ethnic group frae the muntainous regions o Cheenae, Vietnam, Laos, an Thailand. Hmong are an aa ane o the sub-groups o the Miao ethnicity (苗族) in soothren Cheenae. Hmong groups began a gradual soothward migration in the 18t century due tae poleetical unrest an tae find mair arable land.

A number o Hmong fowk fought against the communist-naitionalist Pathet Lao durin the Laotian Ceevil War. Hmong fowk wur singled oot for retribution when the Pathet Lao teuk ower the Laotian government in 1975, an tens o thoosans fled tae Thailand seekin poleetical asylum. Thoosans o these refugees hae resettled in Wastren kintras since the late 1970s, maistly the Unitit States but an aa Australie, Fraunce, French Guiana, an Canadae. Ithers hae been returned tae Laos unner Unitit Naitions-sponsored repatriation programs. Aroond 8,000 Hmong refugees remain in Thailand.

## References
Hansen

**Hansen** mey refer tae:

Fowk wi the surname **Hansen**:

* Hansen (surname)

In **places**:
* Hansen, Idaho, toun in the Unitit States
* Hansen, Wisconsin, toun in the Unitit States
* Hansen Tounship, Ontario, Canadae

**Ither**:
* Hansen Natural, maker o Hansen's sodas an ither drinks
* Hansen (crater), a lunar crater
* Hansen Writin Baw, an early kynd o typewriter frae Denmark
* Hansen's disease, anither name for leprosy
* Helly-Hansen, Norwegian manufacturer o sports, wirk, an ootdoor gear
* Hansen (caur), Dutch caur
* Robert Hanssen, common mis-spellin, FBI analyst/spy

## See an aa
* Hanson
Hansen Writin Baw

The **Hansen Writin Ball** wis inventit in 1865 bi the reverend an principal o the Ryal Institute for the deaf-mutes in Copenhagen, Rasmus Malling-Hansen, 1835-1890.  The writin ball wis first patentit an entered production in 1870, an wis the first commercially produced typewriter. In Dens it wis cawed the **skrivekugle**. The Hansen ball wis a combination o unusual design an ergonomic innovations, but like maist o the early 19t century typewriters, it did no allou the paper tae be seen as it passed through the device.
Pashto leid

**Pashto** (Naskh:  ; forby transliteratit *Pakhto*, *Pushto*, *Pukhto*, *Pashtu*, or *Pushtu*), cried **Afghani** an aa, is a member o the Eastren Iranian leids group which is spoken primarily bi the Pashtun fowk in Afghanistan an Pakistan, as well as bi the Pashtun diaspora athort the globe.

## References
Batken Region

**Batken Region** (Kyrgyz: **Баткен областы**, *Batken oblast*; ) is a province (*[[oblast]]*) o Kyrgyzstan. Its caipital is Batken. It is boondit on the east bi Osh Province, on the sooth, wast an north bi Tajikistan an on the northeast bi Uzbekistan.  The northren pairt o the province is pairt o the flat, agricultural Ferghana Valley.  The land rises soothward tae the muntains on the soothren border: the Alay Muntains in the east, an the Turkestan Range in the wast.

The population o the province wis reportit as 382,400 bi the census o 1999. O them, 26.2 per cent lived in the province's fower ceeties, an 73.8 per cent in the rural auries. The majority (74.3 per cent) o the province's population are Kyrgyz; there are also Uzbeks (14.4 per cent) an Tajiks (6.9 per cent), as well as a few Roushies (2.2 per cent), Tatars (1 per cent), an Turks (0.3 per cent).

Batken province wis created on 12 October 1999, frae the wastrenmaist section o Osh Province. This wis partly in response tae the activities o the Islamic Movement for Uzbekistan (IMU), wi bases in Tajikistan.  In 1999 they kidnapped a group o Japanese geologists an in 2000 some American climbers. In the twa years, 49 Kyrgyz sodgers wur killed. There hae been nae incidents syne, except for an attack on a Tajik border post in Mey 2006, which wis probably connectit tae drug runnin. 

## Basic Socio-Economic Indicators

* Population: 428,800 (assessment for 1 Januar 2009) includin 25.2% - urban, an 74.8% - rural population
* Employed population: 157,300 (2008) 
* Registered unemployed population: 5,499 (2008)
* Export: 14.7 million US dollars (2008)
* Import: 53.6 million US dollars (2008) 

## Subdiveesions o Batken Province

Batken province is dividit admeenistratively intae 3 destricts::

There are fower touns in Batken oblast: Batken, Isfana, Kyzyl-Kiya an Sulyukta. There are five urban-type settlements, includin Chauvay, Khaidarkan, Sovetskiy, Kadamjay an Vostochny. 

## References
Batken

**Batken** (an aa cawed **Batkent**) is a sma toun o aboot 12,000 population, in soothwastren Kyrgyzstan, on the soothren fringe o the Fergana Valley. Its geographical location is . It is the caipital o the Batken Province.

## History
The name Batkent is frae the Iranian leid o Sogdian an means "The ceety o wind".

Batken became the administrative heidquarters o the yungest o Kyrgyzstan's seiven ''oblasts'', creatit frae the three wastrenmaist *[[raions]]* o the umwhile Osh oblast in 1999, efter concerns ower radical Islamist activities in neighborin Tajikistan an Uzbekistan led tae demands for a mair direct an visible governmental presence in this remote an muntainous region. There is a sma airport an, since 2000, a sma university as well.
Jaguar

The **jaguar** (*Panthera onca*) is a big cat, a feline in the *[[Panthera]]* genus, an is the anerlie *Panthera* species fand in the Americas. The jaguar is the third-mucklest feline efter the tiger an the lion, an the lairgest an maist pouerful feline in the Wastren Hemisphere. The jaguar's present range extends frae Mexico athort muckle o Central Americae an sooth tae Paraguay an northren Argentinae. Apairt frae a kent an possibly breedin population in Arizona (sootheast o Tucson), the cat haes lairgely been extirpatit frae the Unitit States since the early 1900s.

## References
Blinded Colony

**Blinded Colony** is a melodic daith metal baund frae Karlshamn, Swaden, umwhile kent as Stigmata an currently kent as **The Blinded**.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *[[Divine (album)|Divine]]* (2003)
* *[[Bedtime Prayers]]* (2007)

### Demos
* *[[Painreceiver]]* (2000)
* *[[Tribute To Chaos (Demo)|Tribute to Chaos]]* (2002)
* *[[Promo 2005 (Blinded Colony)|Promo 2005]]* (2005)
* *[[Promo EP (Blinded Colony)|Promo EP]]* (2010)

## Muisic videos
* Once Bitten, Twice Shy (2006)

## Members
### Current members
* Joel Andersson - Clean vocals 
* Linus Arelund Månsson - Harsh vocals
* Tobias Olsson – bass
* Martin Bergman - guitar
* Johan Blomstrom – guitar
* Staffan Franzen – drums, (umwhile bass guitar)

### Umwhile members
* Christoffer Nilsson – drums
* Annika Haptén – vocals
* Niklas Svensson – vocals
* Johan Schuster – vocals
* Roy Erlandsson – bass
* Johan Olsson - bass

## Freemit airtins
* Blinded Colony - offeecial wabsteid
* Pivotal Rockordings - offeecial wabsteid
* Youtube Channel
* Myspace Page
* Blinded Colony: ''Bedtime Prayers''  - review on Popmatters
Venom

**Venom** or **venomous** mey refer tae:
* Pushion, a class o animal toxins
* Venom clade, forby kent as *Toxicofera*, a group o reptiles containing snakes an some lizard families
* de Havilland Venom, a jet-powered fighter-bomber in service from 1952 to 1967
* Devil's venom, a nickname coined by Soviet rocket scientists for their dangerous liquid rocket fuel mixture
* Red Venom, a fictional spacecraft in the Manta Force toyline
* Velocette Venom, a 500cc model of Velocette motorcycle made in Britain
* Venom Energy Drink
* VeNom Coding Group, a standardization in the names and terms used in veterinary medicine

## In comics
* Venom (comics), a symbiotic alien-life form an arch-enemy o Spider-Man in the Marvel Comics universe. In its fictional history the Venom alien haes merged wi a number o human hosts who hae taken on the alias o Venom:
** Eddie Brock, the first human host tae uise the name Venom an recently Anti-Venom
** Venom (Angelo Fortunato), the seicont human host tae uise the name Venom
** Mac Gargan, the third an maist recent Venom host, who haes been the villain Scorpion an aw
* Venom (Transformers) - A Decepticon
* Venom, a fictional drug uised in the DC Comics universe, maist famously bi the character Bane

## In film an television
* ''Venom'' (1971 film), a horror film titled *Spider's Venom* in the Unitit States
* ''Venom'' (1981 film), a thriller film
* ''Venom'' (2005 film), a 2005 horror film set in the bayous o Louisiana, Unitit States
* ''Venom (Marvel film) '', a spin-off o the *Spider-Man* film series
* *[[Snakes on a Plane]]*, a 2006 film wi the wirkin title *Venom*
* Venom, a deluxe Insecticon frae the Transformers Universe
* V.E.N.O.M, the villain group in the M.A.S.K. cartoon series
* The Venom Mob, a group o actors frae the Shaw Brothers Studio, popular creators o martial airts films in the 1970s an 1980s

## In muisic
* Venom (baund), a Breetish hivy metal baund whose sub-genre is disputit, though aften credited as the oreeginators o black metal.
* ''Venom'' (album), a 2010 album bi Chamillionaire
* Venomous (muisician), a Bahamian artist
* Venom (The Shermans sang), a 2009 single bi The Shermans

## In games
* Venom, a portable German minigun in Return to Castle Wolfenstein an Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory
* Venom (Guilty Gear), a character in the *Guilty Gear* series o street-fechtin games
* Venom (Star Fox), a planet in the *Star Fox* series o video games
* Venom, the Brotherhood of Nod's VTOL attack craft in Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars An Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath
Ba'ath Pairty

The **Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty** (an aa spelled **Ba'th** or **Baath** which means "resurrection" or "renaissance" (*reddyah*); ) wis a secularist poleetical pairty wi strang socialist an Arab nationalist interests, opposed tae what it sees as "Wastren imperialism" an cawin for the "renaissance" or "resurrection" o the Arab Warld an its unity in ane unitit state.  Its motto — "Unity, Liberty, Socialism" (*wahda, hurriya, ishtirakiya*) — refers tae Arab unity, freedom frae non-Arab control an interference, an Arab socialism rather than tae European socialism, or communism.

The pairty wis foondit in Damascus, Sirie in 1940 bi the Sirian intellectuals Michel Aflaq, an Salah al-Din al-Bitar, an syne its inception haes established branches in different Arab kintras, awtho the anerlie kintras it haes iver held pouer in are Sirie an Iraq.

In 1966 a *[[coup d'état]]* bi the military against the historical leadership o Aflaq an al-Bitar led the Sirie an Iraqi pairties tae split intae rival organisations — the Qotri (or Regionalist) Sirie-based pairty an the Qawmi (or Naitionalist) Iraq-based pairty. Baith Ba'ath pairties retained the same name an maintained parallel structurs in the Arab Warld, but became sae antagonistic that the Sirie Ba'ath regime became the anerlie Arab govrenment tae support non-Arab Iran against Iraq durin the Iran–Iraq War.

## References
Michel Aflaq

**Michel Aflaq** ( **, born Damascus 1910, dee'd Paris, 23 Juin 1989) wis a Sirie philosopher an poleetician who wis creditit for foondin o Ba’athism, a form o Arab naitionalism which wis combined wi Arab socialism.

## Life
Born in Damascus tae a middle class Greek Antiochian Orthodox Christian family, Aflaq wis first educatit in the wastrenized schools o French Mandate o Sirie an Lebanon. He then went tae university at the Sorbonne in Paris, wi Salah al-Din al-Bitar. Durin their student days in Paris in the early 1930s, the twa wirked thegither tae formulate a doctrine that combined aspects o naitionalism an socialism. They developed their Arab naitionalist ideals, eventually attemptin tae combine socialism wi the veesion o a Pan-Arab naition. In his poleetical pursuits, Aflaq became committit tae Arab unity an the freein o the Arab warld frae Wastren colonialism.

Upon returnin tae Sirie, Aflaq an Bitar became schuil teachers an wur active in poleetical circles. Aflaq an Bitar are the foonders o the Arab Ba'ath Pairty in the early 1940s.
Li Bai

**Li Bo** (, *Lǐ Bo* or *Lǐ Bó*; lived 701 – 762), umwhile kent in the Wast bi the transliteration **Li Po**, wis a major Cheenese poet. He is regarded as one of the greatest poets in Cheenae's Tang period, which is often considered China's "golden age" of poetry. He was part of the group of Chinese scholars called the "Aicht Immortals o the Wine Cup" in a poem by fellae poet Du Fu.  Approximately 1,100 poems attributed to Li Bai remain the day., including thirtie-fower in the popular anthology, *[[Three Hundred Tang Poems]]*.

Li Bai travelled extensively "looking for patrons", became weel kent for his consumption o wine, served for brief periods unner the emperor, an made his livin throu his poetry. He dee'd frae illness.

In China, his poem "Quiet Night Thoughts", reflecting a nostalgie o a traveller away frae hame, haes been widely  "memorized by school children an quoted by adults".

In the West his influences include mony translations, adaptations, an muckle inspiration.

## References
Socrates

**Socrates** (Greek: ,  , *Sōkrátēs*; c. 469 BC–399 BC, in English ) wis a Classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Creditit as ane o the foonders o Wastren philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure kent chiefly through the accoonts o later classical writers, especially the writins o his students Plato an Xenophon, an the plays o his contemporary Aristophanes. Mony woud claim that Plato's dialogues are the maist comprehensive accoonts o Socrates tae survive frae antiquity.

Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates haes become renouned for his contribution tae the field o ethics, an it is this Platonic Socrates who an aa lends his name tae the concepts o Socratic irony an the Socratic method, or *elenchus*. The latter remains a commonly uised tool in a wide range o discussions, an is a type o pedagogy in which a series o questions are asked no ae tae draw individual answers, but an aa tae encourage fundamental insicht intae the issue at hand. It is Plato's Socrates that an aa made important an lastin contributions tae the fields o epistemology an logic, an the influence o his ideas an approach remains strang in providin a foondation for muckle wastren philosophy that follaed.

As ane recent commentator haes put it, Plato, the idealist, affers "an idol, a maister figure, for philosophy. A Saunt, a prophet o the 'Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachins as a heretic." Yet, the 'real' Socrates, like mony o the ither Ancient philosophers, remains at best enigmatic an at wirst unkent.

## References
Plato

**Plato** (or **Platae**) (; Greek:  , *Plátōn*, "broad"; 427/428 BC – 347/348 BC), wis a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, writer o philosophical dialogues, an foonder o the Academy in Athens, the first institution o heicher learnin in the Wastren warld. Alang wi his mentor, Socrates, an his student, Aristotle, Plato helped tae lay the foondations o Wastren philosophy an science.  Plato wis oreeginally a student o Socrates, an wis as muckle influenced bi his thinkin as bi his apparently unjuist execution. 

Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirtie-sax dialogues an thirteen letters hae been ascribed tae him.  Plato's writins hae been published in several fashions; this haes led tae several conventions regardin the namin an referencin o Plato's texts.

Plato's dialogues hae been uised tae teach a range o subjects, includin philosophy, logic, rhetoric an mathematics.

## References
Front for Victory

The **Front for Victory** (, *FPV*) is a Peronist poleetical pairty an electoral alliance in Argentinae, although it is formally a faction o the Justicialist Pairty. Baith the umwhile Preses Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) an Preses Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007-2015) belang tae this party, locatit at the left-weeng pairt o the Argentine poleetical spectrum.  The pairty wis led bi Néstor Kirchner till his daith in 2010.

## References
The Ajna Offensive

**The Ajna Offensive** is an American independent record label which releases extreme metal, experimental muisic an neofolk records, an beuks relatit tae the occultism, ritual wirk, magick theory an meta-history. The proprietor o the label is Tyler Davis, who haed wirked wi Stephen O'Malley on the black metal fanzine *Descent*. Later O'Malley wis involved wi the creation o the Ajna Offensive record label.

Ajna is a Sanskrit wird which means "command". The Ajna is an aa the third eye o occult tradition.

## References
U Thant

**U Thant** (; ; ; Januar 22, 1909&nbsp;– November 25, 1974) wis a Burmese diplomat an the third Secretary-General o the Unitit Naitions, frae 1961 tae 1971. He wis chosen for the post when his predecessor, Dag Hammarskjöld, dee'd in September 1961.

## References
Boutros Boutros-Ghali

**Boutros Boutros-Ghali** (Arabic: بطرس بطرس غالي, Coptic: Bουτρος Βουτρος-Γαλι; 14 November 1922 – 16 Februar 2016) wis an Egyptian diplomat who wis the saxt Secretary-General o the Unitit Naitions (UN) frae Januar 1992 tae December 1996. An academic an umwhile Foreign Meenister o Egyp, Boutros Boutros-Ghali owersaw the UN at a time when it peyed attention tae several warld crises, includin the breakup o Yugoslavie an the Rwandan Genocide.
Nielsen

**Nielsen** , is a Dens patronymic surname, literally meanin *son o Niels*, Niels bein the Dens version o the Greek male gien name Νικόλαος, Nikolaos (cf. Nicholas). It is the seicont maist common surname in Denmark, shared bi aboot 5% o the population. It is an aa uised in Norrowey, awtho the form *Nilsen* is mair common. In Swaden the parallel form is *[[Nilsson]]*.  *Nielsen* is an aa in uise in the Faroe Islands. The frequent occurrences o Nielsen as a surname ootside Denmark is due tae emigration. Immigrants tae Inglis-speakin kintras aften chynged the spellin tae Nielson, Nelsen, Nelson or Neilson.

## References
Hansen (surname)

**Hansen**  is a Dens-Norse  patronymic surname, literally meanin *son o [[Hans (name)|Hans]]*. It is the third maist common surname in Denmark, shared bi aboot 4.3% o the population. *Hansen* is the single maist common surname in Norrowey, no coontin spellin variations such as *Hanssen*, which are an aa quite common. In the Faroe Islands *Hansen* is the seicont maist common surname, while in the North German federal states o Schleswig-Holstein an Hamburg *Hansen* is the third an fift maist common surname, respectively.
In Swaden the parallel form is *[[Hansson]]*. The frequent occurrences o Hansen as a surname ootside Denmark, Norrowey an Schleswig-Holstein is due tae immigration, though immigrants tae Inglis-speakin kintras aften chynged the spellin tae Hanson in order tae accommodate Inglis orthographic rules.

## References
Alfred Nobel

**Alfred Bernhard Nobel** () (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) wis a Swadish chemist, ingineer, innovator, an armaments manufacturer.  He is the inventor o dynamite.  Nobel an aa awned Bofors, which he haed redirectit frae its previous role as primarily an iron an steel producer tae a major manufacturer o cannon an ither armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the maist famous. In his last will, he used his enormous fortune tae institute the Nobel Prizes. The seenthetic element nobelium wis named after him.
Syngman Rhee

**Syngman Rhee** or **Yi Seungman** (26 Mairch 1875 – 19 Julie 1965; ) wis the first preses o the Sooth Korea.  His presidency, frae August 1948 tae April 1960, remains controversial, affectit bi Cauld War tensions on the Korean peninsula an elsewhaur.  Rhee wis regardit as an anti-Communist an a strangman, an led the Republic o Korea through the Korean War.  His presidency endit in resignation follaein popular protests against a disputit election.  He dee'd in exile in Hawaii.
Bucharest

**Bucharest** (, ) is the caipital ceety, cultural, industrial, an financial centre o Romanie. It is the lairgest ceety in Romanie, locatit in the sootheast o the kintra, at , an lies on the banks o the Dâmbovița River.

Bucharest wis first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Syne then it haes gane through a variety o chynges, becomin the state caipital o Romanie in 1862 an steadily consolidatin its position as the centre o the Romanian mass media, cultur an airts. Its eclectic architectur is a mix o historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus an Art Deco), Communist-era an modren. In the period atween the twa Warld Wars, the ceety's elegant airchitectur an the sophistication o its elite earned Bucharest the nickname o the "Little Paris o the East" (*Micul Paris*). Although mony biggins an destricts in the historic centre wur damaged or destroyed bi war, earthquakes an Nicolae Ceaușescu's program o seestematization, mony survived. In recent years, the ceety haes been experiencin an economic an cultural boom.

According tae 2011 census, 1,883,425 indwallers live within the ceety leemits, a decrease frae the figure recordit at the 2002 census. The urban aurie extends beyond the leemits o Bucharest proper an haes a population o 1.93&nbsp;million fowk. Addin the satellite touns aroond the urban aurie, the proponed metropolitan aurie o Bucharest would hae a population o 2.27&nbsp;million fowk. Accordin tae Eurostat, Bucharest haes a Lairger Urban Zone o 2,151,880 residents. Accordin tae unoffeecial data, the population is mair nor 3 million. Bucharest is the 6t lairgest ceety in the European Union bi population within ceety leemits, efter Lunnon, Berlin, Madrid, Roum, an Paris.

Economically, Bucharest is the maist prosperous ceety in Romanie an is ane o the main industrial centres an transportation hubs o Eastren Europe. The ceety haes a broad range o convention facilities, educational facilities, cultural venues, shoppin arcades an recreational auries.

The ceety proper is admeenistratively kent as the Municipality o Bucharest (*Municipiul București*), an haes the same admrrnistrative level as a coonty, being further subdividit intae sax sectors.

## Etymology
The name o Bucur haes an uncertain oreegin: tradition connects the foondin o Bucharest wi the name o Bucur who wis either a prince, an ootlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd, or a hunter, accordin tae different legends.
In Romanian the wird stem *bucur* means 'glad', 'joy'.

The offeecial ceety name in full is **The Municipality o Bucharest** ().

A native or resident o Bucharest is cried *Bucharester* ().

The name is relatit wi Romanian bucurie ("joy"), haein a cognate in Albanian, bukur ("bonnie")  an aa Bukuresht ( It's bonnie ).

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns—Sister ceeties
The twin touns an sister cities o Bucharest are leetit ablo:

## References
Banner o Fraunce

The **[[naitional banner]] o [[Fraunce]]** (kent in French as *drapeau tricolore*, *drapeau français*, an in military parlance, *les couleurs*) is a tricolour featurin three vertical baunds coloured ryal blue (hoist side), white, an reid. It is kent tae Inglis speakers as the **French tricolour** or simply the **tricolour**.

The ryal govrenment uised mony banners, the best kent bein a blue shield an yellae fleur-de-lis on a white backgrund, or state banner. Early in the French Revolution, the Paris militia, which played a prominent role in the stormin o the Bastille, wore a cockade o blue an reid, the ceety's traditional colors. Accordin tae Lafayette, white, the "ancient French colour", wis addit tae militia cockade tae create a tricolor, or naitional, cockade. This cockade became pairt o the uniform o the Naitional Guard, which succeedit the militia an wis commandit bi Lafayette. The colors an design o the cockade are the basis o the Tricolour banner, adoptit in 1790. A modified design bi Jacques-Louis David wis adoptit in 1794. A solit white banner wis uised durin the Bourbon restoration in 1815-1830, but the tricolor haes been uised syne.

## References
Konstantin Chernenko

**Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko** (; 24 September 1911 – 10 Mairch 1985) wis a Soviet politeecian an the fift General Secretary o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union frae 13 Februar 1984 till his daith thirteen months later, on 10 Mairch 1985. Chernenko wis an aa Chairman o the Presidium o the Supreme Soviet frae 11 Aprile 1984 till his daith.
Clovis I

**Clovis** (c. 466–511) wis the first Keeng o the Franks tae unite aw the Frankish tribes unner ane ruler. He wis an aa the first Catholic King tae rule ower Gaul (Fraunce). He wis the son o Childeric I an Basina. In 481, when he wis fifteen, he succeedit his faither. The Salian Franks wur ane o twa Frankish tribes who wur then occupyin the aurie wast o the lawer Rhine, wi thair center in an aurie kent as Toxandrie, atween the Meuse an Scheldt (in wha is nou the Netherlands an Belgium). Clovis's pouer base wis tae the soothwast o this, aroond Tournai an Cambrai alang the modren frontier atween Fraunce an Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighborin Salian Frankish kinricks an established hissel as sole king o the Salian Franks afore his daith. The sma kirk in which he wis baptized is nou named Saint-Remi, an a statue o him bein baptized bi Saunt Remigius can be seen thare. Clovis an his wife Clotilde are buried in the St. Genevieve kirk (St. Pierre) in Paris. An important pairt o Clovis's legacy is that he reduced the pouer o the Romans in 486 bi beatin the Roman ruler Syagrius in the famous battle o Soissons.

Clovis wis convertit tae Catholicism, as opposed tae the Arian Christianity common amang the Goths who ruled maist o Gaul at the time, at the instigation o his wife, Clotilde, a Burgundian Gothic princess who wis a Catholic in spite o the Arianism which surroondit her at court. He wis baptized in a sma kirk which wis on or near the site o the Cathedral o Rheims, whaur maist futur French keengs woud be crouned. This act wis o immense importance in the subsequent history o Wastren an Central Europe in general, for Clovis expandit his dominion ower amaist aw o the auld Roman province o Gaul (roughly modren Fraunce). He is considered the foonder o the Merovingian dynasty which ruled the Franks for the next twa centuries.

## References
Vlad II Dracul

**Vlad II** (c. 1393 – December 1447), kent as **Vlad Dracul** ("Vlad the Draigon"), wis a voivode (duke) o Wallachie. He ringed frae 1436 til 1442, an again frae 1443 til 1447. He wis the faither o Mircea II, Vlad Călugărul, Vlad Ţepeş (kent as "Vlad the Impaler" an aw), an Radu the Handsome.

Aw fower o his sons wad at ane time rule Wallachie. Vlad Tepes wad gang on tae become ane o the maist notorious rulers in history.
Interpol

**Interpol**, whose full name is the **Internaitional Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL** (Scots: *Internaitional Creeminal Polis Organization*), is an organization facilitatin internaitional polis cooperation. It wis established as the **Internaitional Criminal Police Commission** in 1923 an adoptit its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.

Its membership o 188 kintras provides finance o aroond $59 million throu annual contreibutions. The organization's heidquarters is in Lyon, Fraunce. It is the seicont lairgest intergovrenmental organization efter the Unitit Naitions.

## History
The first significant muive towards creatin INTERPOL wis in 1914 at the First Internaitional Creeminal Polis Congress. Police officers, lawyers an magistrates frae 14 kintras gathered in Monaco tae discuss reest procedures, identification techniques, centralized internaitional creeminal records an extradition proceedins. Housomeivver Warld War I delayed this initiative an it wis no till 1923 that Interpol wis foondit in Austrick as the Internaitional Creeminal Police (ICP).

Follaein the *[[Anschluss]]* (Austrick's annexation bi Germany) in 1938, the organization fell unner the control o Nazi Germany, an the Commission's heidquarters wur eventually moved tae Berlin in 1942. Frae 1938 tae 1945, the presidents o Interpol includit Otto Steinhäusl, Reinhard Heydrich, Arthur Nebe, an Ernst Kaltenbrunner. Aw wur generals in the SS, an Kaltenbrunner wis the heichest rankin SS officer executit efter the Nuremberg Trials. Reinhard Heydrich wis assassinatit bi Czech (Kubiš) an Slovak (Gabčík) patriots in 1942.

Efter the end o World War II in 1945, the organization wis revived as the Internaitional Creeminal Polis Organization bi European Allied offeecials frae Belgium, Fraunce, Scandinavie an the Unitit Kinrick. Its new heidquarters wur establisht in Saunt-Cloud, a toun on the ootskirts o Paris. Thay remained thare till 1989, when thay wur moved tae thair present location, Lyon.

## Constitution
The role o Interpol is defined bi the general proveesions o its Constitution.

;In airticle 2:
# Tae ensure an promote the widest possible mutual assistance atween aw creeminal polis authorities athin the leemits o the laws existin in the different kintras an in the spirit o the Universal Declaration o Human Richts.
# Tae establish an develop aw institutions likely tae contribute effectively tae the prevention an suppression o ordinary law creemes.

;In airticle 3:
It is strictly forbidden for the Organization tae unnertake ony intervention or activities o a poleetical, military, releegious or racial character.

## Secretaries-general an presidents

**Secretaries-general** syne organization's inception in 1923:

**Presidents** syne organization's inception in 1923:
{| style="background:none;"
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## References
Ivan Koloff

**"The Russian Bear" Ivan Koloff** (born **Oreal Perras** on August 25, 1942, Crysler, Ontario, Canadae - Februar 18, 2017) wis a Canadian perfaisional wrestler, best kent for ance haudin the WWWF World Heavyweight Championship. 

## Championships an accomplishments
***[[Championship Wrestling from Florida]]**
**NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (5 times) – wi Pat Patterson (1), Masa Saito (3), an Nikolai Volkoff (1)
**NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship ''(Florida version)'' (1 time)
***[[Georgia Championship Wrestling]]**
**NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (7 times) – wi Ole Anderson (5), an Alexis Smirnoff (2)
***[[Maple Leaf Wrestling]]**
**NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship ''(Toronto version)'' (1 time)
***[[Jim Crockett Promotions|Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling]] / [[Jim Crockett Promotions]]**
**NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
**NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – wi Don Kernodle
**NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times)
**NWA Television Championship (3 times)
**NWA United States Tag Team Championship (2 times) – wi Krusher Khruschev (1), Dick Murdoch (1)
**NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) – wi Nikita Koloff an Krusher Khruschev  (Baron Von Raschke wi Krusher injured) (1), The Barbarian and The Warlord (1)
**NWA World Tag Team Championship ''(Mid-Atlantic version)'' (5 times) – wi Nikita Koloff (1), Nikita Koloff an Krusher Khruschev (1),  Ray Stevens (1), Don Kernodle (1), an Manny Fernandez (1) (substitutin for Rick Rude who haed left for the WWE(F)
***[[NWA Charlotte]]**
**NWA Charlotte Legends Championship (1 time)
***[[Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum]]**
**(Cless of 2011)
***[[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wide Wrestling Federation]]**
**WWWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***[[World Wrestling Association (Indianapolis)|World Wrestling Association]]**
**WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***[[World Wrestling Council]]**
**WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Ither Titles**
**ACW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – wi Vladimir Koloff
**CREW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**Great Lakes Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**IWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – wi "Mad Dog" Maurice Vachon
**IWA (Montreal) Internaitional Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**VWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

## References
Vyacheslav Molotov

**Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov** ( – 8 November 1986) wis a Soviet politeecian an diplomat, a Auld Bolshevik an a leadin feegur in the Soviet govrenment frae the 1920s, whan he rase tae pouer as a protégé o Joseph Stalin, tae 1957, whan he wis dismissed frae the Presidium (Politburo) o the Central Comatee bi Nikita Khrushchev. He wis the principal Soviet signatory o the Nazi-Soviet nan-aggression pact o 1939 (forby kent as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) an post-war negotiations an aw, an a signatory o the Politburo resolution authorisin the Katyn massacre. He bade unapologetic an haed few regrets o the actions o the Pairty unner Stalin, a view that bade till his daith.

The Molotov cocktail wis derisively named efter him bi the Finnish militar durin the Winter War.

## References
Gagauz leid

The **Gagauz leid** (**gagauz dili**) is a Turkic leid, spoken bi the Gagauz fowk, an the offeecial leid o Gagauzie, Moldovae. Thare are twa dialects, Bulgar Gagauzi an Maritime Gagauzi. This is a different leid frae Balkan Gagauz Turkish .

## Alphabet
Oreeginally, it uised the Greek alphabet. Beginnin in 1957, the Cyrillic alphabet wis uised. The current Gagauz alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet, modelled efter the
Turkish alphabet, wi the addition o twa letters: ‹ä› tae represent the soond o  (as in Azeri) an ‹ţ› tae represent the soond  (as in Romanian/Moldovan).

### Cyrillic alphabet

### Latin alphabet

## References
Makati

The **Ceety o Makati** (pronoonced  ; ) is ane o the 16 ceeties that mak up Metro Manila, ane o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld. Makati is the financial centre o the Philippines an ane o the major financial, commercial an economic hubs in Asie. As the host o various embassies, it is an' a' an important centre for internaitional affairs.

Wi a population o 510,383, Makati is the 16t lairgest ceety in the kintra an ranked as the 40t maist densely populatit ceety in the warld wi 18,654 indwallers per km.

Makati wis foondit bi Spaniard Miguel López de Legazpi, who dismissed Makati as a wirthless swamp. Accordin tae folklore, Legazpi asked for the name o the place but, acause o the leid barrier, wis misinterpretit bi the natives. Pointin tae the recedin tide o Pasig River, the natives answered, “*Makati, kumakati na*,” literally meanin ebbin tide.

Makati became the financial centre o the Philippines durin the 1950s. Mony districts an laundmerks in the ceety hae acome weel kent tae ootsiders. Makati haes been iconified as the "Financial Caipital o the Philippines". Anchored bi Ayala Avenue, Makati is the financial caipital o the Philippines an is the hame o the Philippine Stock Exchynge an the Makati Business Club, ane o the maist important economic hubs in the Philippines. Warld-cless research varsities are locatit in the ceety.

## Barangays
Makati is deevided intae 33 barangay.

## Internaitional relations
### Diplomatic missions

Kintras that hae set up permanent missions or offices in the ceety include:

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
|valign=top|
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
* (Taipei Economic an Cultural Office)
*
*
*
*
*

### Sister ceeties
Makati's sister ceety is Los Angeles, Californie. Makati is twinned wi Ramapo, New York an Vladivostok, Roushie an aw.

## References
Osman I

**Osman I, Osman Gazi Khan ** or **Othman I** **El-Gazi** (1281  – 1326) Ottoman Turkish, Persian: عثمان بن أرطغرل,  or *Osman Bey* or *I.Osman*), nicknamed "Kara" for his courage, wis the leader o the Ottoman Turks, an the foonder o the dynasty that established an ruled the Ottoman Empire. The Empire, named efter him, woud prevail as a warld empire  for over six centuries. 

Osman annoonced the independence o his awn sma kinrick frae the Seljuk Turks in 1299. The wastward drive o the Mongol invasions haed pushed scores o Muslims toward Osman's Anatolian principality, a pouer base that Osman wis quick tae consolidate. As the eastren branch o the Ancient Roman Empire declined, the Ottoman Empire rose tae take its place.

## References
Mehmed VI

**Mehmed VI Wahid ed-din** (Ottoman Turkish: محمد سادس *Meḥmed-i sâdis*,  or ) (14 Januar/2 Februar 1861 – 15/16 Mey 1926) wis the 36t an last Sultan o the Ottoman Empire, rignin frae 1918 til 1922. The brither o Mehmed V, he succeedit tae the throne as the auldest male member o the Hoose o Osman efter the 1916 suicide o Abdülaziz's son Yusuf Izzettin Efendi, the heir tae the throne. He wis girded wi the Sword o Osman on Julie 4, 1918, as the thirtie-saxt *[[padishah]]*. His faither wis sultan Abdülmecid I an mither wis Gülüstü, (1831 - Mey 1861), oreeginally named Henriet, a Circassian.  Mehmed wis removed frae the throne whan the Ottoman sultanate wis abolished on 1 November 1922.

## References
Dari

**Dari** ( *Darī,* pronoonced ) or **Fārsī-ye Darī** (, ) in historical terms refers tae the *court leids* o the Sassanids. In contemporary usage, the term refers tae the version o Persie leid spoken in Afghanistan, an hence kent as **Afghan Persian** in some Western soorces. It is the term offeecially recognised an promotit bi the Afghan govrenment for the leid.

As defined in the Constitution o Afghanistan, Dari is ane o the twa offeecial leids o Afghanistan. Spoken bi at least hauf o the population as first leid, it an aa serves as the lingua franca in Afghanistan. The Iranian an Afghan dialects o Persian are heichlie mutually intelligible. Differences are foond primarily in the vocabulary an phonology.

Dari, spoken in Afghanistan, shoud no be ramfeeselt wi Dari or Gabri o Iran, a leid o the Central Iranian sub-group,  spoken in some Zoroastrian communities.

## References
Dzongkha

**Dzongkha** (  Wylie: *rdzong-kha*, Jong-kă), occasionally *[[Ngalop]]kha,* is the naitional leid o Bhutan.  The wird "dzongkha" means the leid (*kha*) spoken in the *dzong*, – dzong being the fortress-like monasteries established throughoot Bhutan bi Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in the 17t century.

"Bhutani" is *no* anither name for Dzongkha, but the name o a Balochi leid. The twa are sometimes confused, even in some published ISO 639 codeleets.

## Classification an relatit leids
Linguistically, Dzongkha is a Sooth Tibetan leid. It is closely relatit tae an partially intelligible wi Sikkimese (), the naitional leid o the erstwhile kinrick o Sikkim; an tae some ither Bhutanese leids such as Cho-cha-na-ca *(khyod ca nga ca kha)*, Brokpa *(me rag sag steng 'brog skad)*, Brokkat *(dur gyi 'brog skad)*, and Laka *(la ka)*.

Dzongkha bears a close linguistic relationship tae J'umowa spoken in the Chumbi valley o Soothren Tibet an tae the Dranjongke leid o Sikkim. It haes a muckle mair distant relationship tae staundart modren Central Tibetan. Although spoken Dzongkha an Tibetan are lairgely mutually unintelligible, the literary forms o baith are baith heichlie influenced bi the liturgical (clerical) Classical Tibetan leid, kent in Bhutan as *Chöke,*  which haes been uised for centuries bi Buddhist monks. Chöke wis used as the leid o education in Bhutan till the early 1960s when it wis replaced bi Dzongkha in public schuils.

## References
Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal

***Shabdrung'' Ngawang Namgyal''' (; alternate spellins include ***Zhabdrung* Ngawang Namgyel*') (1594–1651) wis the unifier o Bhutan as a naition state.  In addition tae unifyin the various warrin fiefdoms for first time in the 1630s, he an aa sought tae creaut a distinctly Bhutanese cultural identity, separate frae the Tibetan cultur frae which it wis derived.
Autonomous oblasts o Roushie

The Roushie Federation is dividit intae 83&nbsp;federal subjects, ane o whilk is an **[[autonomous oblast]]** (autonomous province), the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.

## References
Federal ceeties o Roushie

The Roushie Federation is dividit intae 83&nbsp;federal subjects, twa o whilk is federal ceeties.

## References
Jewish Autonomous Oblast

The **Jewish Autonomous Oblast** (, *Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast*; , *yidishe avtonome gegnt*) forms a federal subject o Roushie (an autonomous oblast) situatit in the Roushie Far East, borderin Khabarovsk Krai an Amur Oblast o Roushie an Heilongjiang province o Cheenae. Its admeenistrative center is Birobidzhan.

Soviet authorities establisht the autonomous oblast in 1934. It wis the result o Joseph Stalin's naitionality policy, which alloued for the Jews o the Soviet Union tae receive a territory in which tae pursue Yiddish cultural heritage athin a socialist framewirk. Accordin tae the 1939 population census, 17,695 Jews lived in the region (16% o the total population).  The census o 1959, taken 6 year efter Stalin's daith, revealed that the Jewish population o the JAO declined tae 14,269 persons.
In 2002, 2,327 Jews wur livin in the JAO (1.2% o the total population), while ethnic Roushies made up 90% o the JAO population.

## Climate
The territory haes a monsoonal/anti-cyclonic climate, wi warm, wet, humid simmers due tae the influence o the East Asian monsoon; an cauld, dry, windy conditions prevailin in the winter months courtesy o the Siberian hie-pressure seestem.

## Admeenistrative diveesions

## References
Lincoln Capri

The **Lincoln Capri** wis a full-size automobile sauld bi Ford's Lincoln luxury diveesion. It wis introduced for the 1952 model year an discontinued suin efter the 1959 model year.

## Model history
1952 sparked the Capri the Cosmopolitan - haes been made but still - as a tap model form. The somewha fresh styled caurs wur available as a 4-door sedan, a haurdtop coupe an convertible, each wi 2 doors. Lik its sister models, the Capri wis a tap doun V8 ingine wi 5201 cc displacement, the minimum 118&nbsp;kW (160&nbsp;bhp) at 3,900 rpm. developed. The ingine pouer wis transmittit via a "Hydramatic" automatic transmission tae the rear wheels. Durin the follaein year, the bodies remain the same, the same size ingine nou developed 151&nbsp;kW (205&nbsp;bhp).

In 1954, the vehicles haed risen slichtly in size an wecht, an war aboot 25&nbsp;mm langer an 25&nbsp;mm wider. On the huid thare wis a lairge V in chromed metal ablo the Lincoln emblem. The ingine, houiver, remained the same. Again in 1955 the styling wis revised slichtly: The chrome grille lost his crossbar. In addition thare wis a bigger ingine: frae 5588&nbsp;cm ³, he drew 165&nbsp;kW (225&nbsp;bhp) at 4,400 rpm.

1956 wis a major face lift: the vertical chrome bar in the grille an the heidlichts wur returned fashionable barges. The side mauldins formed in the rear doors wis a Z. Again instawed a lairger ingine, which drew frae 6030&nbsp;cm ³ 210&nbsp;kW (285&nbsp;bhp). The convertible wis accoontit for. At the same time wur the sales figures dramatically. The pouer steerin - aften previously selectit optional equipment - wis nou staundart.

In the next model year, the rear o the caur throu giant, chynged significantly efter ootreachin obliquely rear tail fins. On the front wur addit belaw the heidlichts auxiliary lichts an the grille haes been designed a little easier. The side mauldings ran back substantially straucht, ae in the aurie o the rear bumper, thay formed a sma V. The remainin twa body styles, a 4-door haurdtop sedan came up. The performance o the itherwise unmodified ingine wis raised tae 221&nbsp;kW (300&nbsp;bhp).

In 1958, the bodies wur completely redesigned. The front grille wis a wide an hie wi mony sma rectangles that wis flanked on obliquely set dooble heidlichts. The significantly langer an hivier vehicles wur nou back - as the front syne 1957 - a panoramic screen. The new design an aa correspondit tae the lairger ingine wi 7046 cc ingine an Holley fower-barrel carburetor. It developed 276&nbsp;kW (375&nbsp;bhp) at 4800 rpm.

1959, the final year o Capri, haed the "airms race" is ower: The caurs wur 50&nbsp;mm shorter, an the ingine pouer bi 25&nbsp;bhp less. Stylistically, chynged little. The follaein year sparked the new Continental Mark V frae the Capri as a tap model.
Republic o Karelie

The **Republic o Karelie** (, ; ; ; ) is a federal subject o Roushie.

## History
Historically, Karelie wis a region tae the northwast o Roushie, east o present-day Finland, controlt bi the Novgorod Republic. Frae the 13t century an onwart, various pairts wis conquered bi Swaden, an incorporate intae Swadish Karelie till thay wis lost tae Roushie bi the Treaty o Nystad in 1721.

In 1920, the province became the **Karelian Labour Commune**. In 1923, the province became the **Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic** (Karelian ASSR). Frae 1940 it wis made intae the Karelo-Finnish SSR, incorporatin the Finnish Democratic Republic whilk nominally operatit in thae pairts o Finnish Karelie that wis occupeed bi the Soviet Union in the Winter War.  Annexed territories wur incorporatit intae Karelo-Finnish SSR, but efter the Continuation War the Karelian Isthmus wis incorporatit intae the Leningrad Oblast. Its status wis chynged back tae an ASSR in 1956. In the Continuation War in 1941 Finland occupied lairge pairts o the aurie but wis forced tae athdraw in 1944.  Tho Finland isna currently pursuin ony measures tae reclaim Karelian lands cedit tae Roushie, the "Karelian Question" is still a topic present in Finnish politics.

The autonomous *Republic o Karelie* in its present form wis formed on 13 November 1991.

## References
Anenii Noi

**Anenii Noi** is a ceety in east-central Moldovae, the seat o Anenii Noi District. It is locatit 36&nbsp;km (22&nbsp;mi) SE o the caipital Chişinău. 

Accordin tae the 2004 census, the ceety administers an aurie inhabitit bi 11,463 fowk. This aurie consists o the ceety itself, population 8,358, an five suburb villages: *Albiniţa*, population 370, *Beriozchi*, population 647, *Hîrbovăţul Nou*, population 484, *Ruseni*, population 1,090, an *Socoleni*, population 514. O these, 6,324 are Moldovans (Romanians), 2,721 Ukrainians, 1,923 Roushies, 68 Gagauzians, 178 Bulgarians, 7 Jews, 11 Poles, 46 Gypsies, an 185 ithers/undeclared. At the 1930 census, there wur twa localities: *Anenii Noi*, population 661 (558 Bessarabian Germans, 30 Roushies, 19 Romanians, an 4 Poles), an *Anenii Vechi*, population 990 (891 Roushies, 74 Romanians, 19 Germans, 4 Jews, an 2 Bulgarians) in *Plasa Bulboaca* o Tighina Coonty.

There are twa restaurants an a few factories in Anenii Noi. Transportation is available tae Anenii Noi ivery hauf hour frae Chişinău.

## References

## Gallery

File:Stamp of Moldova md019std.jpg
File:Church of St. Dumitru, Anenii Noi, Moldova.jpg|Church of St. Dumitru
Mandalay

**Mandalay** (; ,  or ) is the seicony-lairgest ceety an the last ryal caipital o Burma. Locatit 445 mile (716&nbsp;km) north o Yangon on the east bank o the Irrawaddy River, the ceety haes a population o ane million, an is the caipital o Mandalay Region (umwhile Mandalay Diveesion).

Mandalay is the economic hub o Upper Burma an considered the centre o Burmese cultur. A continuin influx o Cheenese immigrants, maistly frae Yunnan Province, in the past twintie years, haes reshaped the ceety's ethnic makeup an increased its economic dynamism. Despite Naypyidaw's recent rise, Mandalay remains Upper Burma's main commercial, educational an heal center.

## Sister ceeties
* Kunming, Cheenae
* Phnom Penh, Cambodie

## Foto gallery

Mandalay-Mahamuni-24-Glocken-gje.jpg|Mahamuni
Mandalay-Mahamuni-Buddhawaschung-16-gje.jpg|Mahamuni
Mandalay-Shwenandaw-36-gje.jpg|Shwenandaw
Mandalay-Shwenandaw-42-Giebelfigur-gje.jpg|Shwenandaw
Mandalay-Kuthodaw-57-Hti-gje.jpg|Kuthodaw
Mandalay-Steinmetze-14-gje.jpg
Mandalay-Goldschlaeger-20-gje.jpg
Mandalay-Markt-30-gje.jpg
Mandalay-Ayeyarwady-28-Sandtransport-gje.jpg


## References