open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Petah Tikva

**Petah Tikva** (, "Openin o Hope") kent as *Em HaMoshavot* ("Mither o the *[[Moshava|Moshavot]]*"), is a ceety in the Center District o Israel, 10.6&nbsp;km, or 6.6 mile east o Tel Aviv. Petah Tikva's jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9&nbsp;km² or 15 sq&nbsp;mi). The population density is approximately 5,800 inhabitants per square kilometre. In  the ceety haed a population o .

## Etymology
The name o Petah Tikva wis chosen bi its foonders in 1878 frae the prophecy o Hosea (2:17), "An A will give her vineyards frae thence, an the Valley o Achor for an *openin o hope*: an she shall sang there, as in the days o her youth, an as in the day when she came up oot o the land o Egyp."

Petah Tikva's emblem appears on a postage stamp designed bi Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a foondin member o Petah Tikva. The plow seembolizes Petah Tikva's oreegins as an agricultural settlement, the field seembolizes the dryin o the Yarkon River swamps an cultivation o the land, an the orange tree seembolizes Petah Tikva's citrus industry, stairtin wi the first tree plantit bi Rabbi Arye Leib Frumkin.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Petah Tikva is twinned wi:

## References
Banner o Palestine

The **Palestinian banner** () is based on the Banner o the Arab Revolt, an is uised tae represent the Palestinian fowk (syne 1964), an the Palestinian Authority.

## Description
The banner is constitutit o three equal horizontal baunds (black, white, an green frae tap tae bottom) owerlaid bi a reid chevron issuin frae the hoist. (See Pan-Arab colors.) The banner is amaist identical tae that o the Ba'ath Pairty, an vera seemilar tae the banners o Jordan, an Wastren Sahara, aw o which draw thair inspiration frae the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule (1916–1918). The banner o the Arab Revolt haed the same graphic form, but the colours wur arranged differently (white on the bottom rather than in the middle).

## References
Banner o Afghanistan

The **[[banner]] o [[Afghanistan]]** (Persian: **بيرق افغانستان**, Pashto: **د افغانستان بيرغ**) wis adoptit bi the transitional govrenment o the Transitional Islamic State o Afghanistan in 2002&ndash;2004. This banner is seemilar tae the ane flewn in Afghanistan durin the monarchy atween 1930 an 1973.  The difference is the addition o the *[[shahadah]]* at the tap o the coat-o-airms (seen in gowd/yellow) in the center. The new banner wis adoptit Januar 4, 2004.

This banner consists o three stripes o the colors black, red, an green.  This haes been present on maist banners o Afghanistan in the last twintie years. The centre emblem is the classical emblem o Afghanistan wi a mosque wi its mihrab facin Mecca.

The pre-Taliban-era an Afghan Northren Alliance banner featurt the same emblem, but wi green, white an black horizontal stripes insteid.

Afghanistan haes haed mair chynges o its naitional banner durin the twintiet century than ony ither kintra in the warld.http://flagspot.net/flags/af_his.html
Banner o Pakistan

The **Naitional Banner o [[Pakistan]]** () wis adoptit in its present form durin a meetin o the Constituent Assembly on August 11, 1947, juist three days afore the kintra's unthirldom, when it became the offeecial banner o the Dominion o Pakistan. It wis efterwards retained bi the current-day Islamic Republic o Pakistan. The banner is a green field wi a white crescent moon an five-rayed starn at its centre, an a vertical white stripe at the hoist side. Tho the green colour is mandatit ae as 'dark green', its offeecial an maist consistent representation is Pakistan green, which is shadit distinctively darker.  The banner wis designed bi Amiruddin Kidwai, an is based on the All-Indie Muslim League banner.

The banner is referred tae in the naitional anthem as *Parcham-e-Sitāra-o-Hilāl* in Persian (*lit.* banner o the crescent an starn). It is flewn on several important days o the year includin Republic Day an Independence Day. A designer named Amiruddin Kidwai studied the League’s banner, as he tried tae design a banner for a new, independent naition. Finally he arrived at a design, an he presentit it tae the men who wad run the new Pakistan govrenment. The Pakistan govrenment adoptit his design on August 11, 1947. The Pakistan govrenment haes pronoonced rules aboot the flyin o the Pakistan banner. The govrenment haes cawed for display o the banner at full mast on Mairch 23 o each year. That display recognises baith the adoption o the Lahore Resolution in 1940 an the Declaration o the Republic o Pakistan in 1956. banner raisers in Pakistan an aa mak a pynt o hoistin the banner each year on the fowerteent day o August. That is considered tae be Pakistan’s Independence Day. Pakistan became free o Breetish control on August 14, 1947.

## History an seembolism
Afore the Seicont Warld War, Muslims an Hindus lived thegither unner the Breetish Raj. A nummer o the Muslims formed the All Indie Muslim League. Efter the Seicont Warld War, when the partition o Indie led tae the creation o Dominion o Pakistan, the banner o the Muslim League served as the basis for the banner o Pakistan.

The green represents the majority Muslim community in Pakistan, whauras the white stripe represents releegious minorities. In the centre, the crescent an starn seembolise progress an licht respectively. The banner seembolizes Pakistan's commitment tae Islam, the Islamic warld, an the richts o releegious minorities. It is based on the oreeginal banner o the Muslim League, which itself drew inspiration frae the banner o the Sultanate o Delhi an the Mughal Empire in Indie.

## References
Mitsubishi Motors

is the saxt lairgest automaker in Japan an the seiventeent lairgest in the warld bi global vehicle production. It is pairt o the Mitsubishi *[[keiretsu]]*, umwhile the biggest industrial group in Japan, an wis formed in 1970 frae the automotive diveesion o Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The company haes its heidquarters in Minato, Tokyo.

## Leadership
*Yuji Sato (1970-1973)
*Tomio Kubo (1973-1979)
*Yoshitoshi Sone (1979-1981)
*Masao Suzuki (1981-1983)
*Toyoo Tate (1983-1989)
*Hirokazu Nakamura (1989-1995)
*Nobuhisa Tsukamura (1995-1996)
*Takemune Kimura (1996-1997)
*Katsuhiko Kawasoe (1997-2000)
*Takashi Sonobe (2000-2002) † 2003
*Rolf Eckrodt (2002-2004)
*Yoichiro Okazaki (2004)
*Hideyasu Tagaya (2004-2005)
* Osamu Masuko (2005–2020)
*Takao Kato (2020–present)

## References
Kaliningrad

**Kaliningrad** (; ; ; ) is a seaport an the admeenistrative centre o Kaliningrad Oblast, the Roushie exclave atween Poland an Lithuanie on the Baltic Sea. The territory, the northren pairt o the umwhile East Prussie, borders on NATO an EU members Poland an Lithuanie, an is geographically separatit frae the rest o Roushie.

Oreeginally named Königsberg in German (, , , Auld Prussian: *Twānkstathe* an "Kunnegsgarbs", , Scots: Queensbrig), the toun wis founded in 1255, an wis lairgely destroyed durin Warld War II.  Its ruins wur occupied bi the Soviet Airmy in 1945 an its German citizens forced oot. It wis renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 in honour o Mikhail Kalinin.

At the 2002 Census, its population wis 430,003, an increase frae the 401,280 recordit in the 1989 Census. Its ethnic composition is 77.9% Roushies, 8.0% Belaroushies, 7.3% Ukrainians, 1.9% Lithuanians, 0.6% Germans, and 0.5% Poles.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns - sister ceeties
Kaliningrad is twinned wi:

## References
Aktobe

**Aktobe** (), umwhile kent as *Aktyubinsk* (, till 1999), is a ceity on the Ilek River in Kazakhstan. Wi a population o 277,700, it is the caipital o Aktobe Province. Aktobe haes a mixed ethnic community, includin Kazakhs, Roushies, Ukrainians, Tatars, Uyghurs, Chechens, Armenians, Jews an Greeks. Afore perestroika the ceity wis hame tae a sizeable German community.

The name "Aktobe" comes frae Kazakh "ақ" (white) an "төбе" (hill); the name effeirs tae the heichs that the original 19t century toun wis locatit.

## References
Mitsubishi Pajero

The **Mitsubishi Pajero** (, , Japanese パジェロ ) is a sport utility vehicle manufactured bi Mitsubishi Motors. It wis named efter *Leopardus pajeros*, the Pampas Cat which inhabits the Patagonie plateau region in soothren Argentinae. Housomeivver, acause *pajero* is a slang term for "wanker" in the Spaingie leid, alternative names hae been adoptit for certaint overseas markets. It is kent as the **Mitsubishi Montero** (meanin "muntain warrior") in Spain, Indie, an Americae (except Brazil), an as **Mitsubishi Shogun** in the Unitit Kinrick.

Thanks tae thair success, the Pajero, Montero an Shogun names wur an aa applee'd tae ither, mechanically unrelatit models, sic as the Pajero Mini kei caur, the Pajero Junior an Pajero iO/Pinin mini SUVs, an the Mitsubishi Pajero/Montero/Shogun Sport.

## History
The first Pajero prototype wis unveiled at the Tokyo Motor Show in November 1973. The Pajero II prototype follaed in 1978, five years later. Mitsubishi’s aim wis tae creaut mair o a recreational vehicle, no juist an SUV.

In Januar 1983, the first Pajero made its debut at the Paris Dakar Rally, takin first place in 1985 at ae the third attempt. Tae date, the Pajero is the maist successfu vehicle in the Dakar Rally. This no ae gae the Pajero an affroad reputation, but an aa helped in the sales depairtment.


## References
Mitsubishi Zinger

The **Mitsubishi Zinger** is a MPV designed bi Mitsubishi Motors in conjunction wi the China Motor Corporation, based on the chassis o the Mitsubishi Challenger, an sauld in Taiwan frae  December 24, 2005. The name derives frae a "person or something full of energy and vitality". Syne Juin 2007 it haes an aa been mercatit in the Philippines as the **Mitsubishi Fuzion**, as the company claims it "merges thegither the best characteristics o [three] vehicles, the sporty character an ruggedness o an SUV, the spaciousness an versatility o a van, an ridin comfort o a passenger caur".

The first month's sales wur 2,285, substantially exceedin the 1,200/month initial target. The companies planned tae expand intae mainland Cheenae in the seicont hauf o 2007 when a jynt-production ventur atween CMC an South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. came onstream.

The 4-speed automatic model ingine wis replaced bi a *[[Mitsubishi Sirius ingine#4G69|4G69]]* *[[MIVEC]]*-equipped version at the end o 2008, in order tae meet new emissions stanudarts.
The 5-speed manual model still uise the *[[Mitsubishi Sirius ingine#4G64|4G64]]* ingine.
## References
Mitsubishi Grandis

The **Mitsubishi Grandis** is a seiven seat MPV biggit bi Mitsubishi Motors tae replace its Chariot/Space Wagon/Nimbus line. It wis launcht on Mey 14, 2003 an is sauld in Japan, Asie, Europe, Oceanie, Mexico (the ae North American kintra tae sell it), an Sooth Americae. Ingines available are a 2.4&nbsp;litre fower cylinder an a Volkswagen-soorced 2.0&nbsp;litre turbodiesel, badged DI-D rather than TDI as Volkswagen denotes it.

The exterior stylin wis based loosely on designer Olivier Boulay's earlier **Mitsubishi Space Liner**, a monobox fower-seat concept vehicle wi centre-openin "suicide doors", first exhibitit at the 35th Tokyo Motor Show in 2001. It wis the first aw new vehicle featurin the company's new common "face", comprisin a curved lawer grille edge an a sharp crease risin up the leadin edge o the bonnet frae the prominent corporate badge.

The Grandis wis an aa the basis for the **Mitsubishi FCV (Fuel Cell Vehicle)** concept, pouered bi a fuel cell technology developed bi then controllin sharehaulder DaimlerChrysler. DCX's "FC System" uises a fuel cell stack tae replenish an array o NiMH batteries frae 117&nbsp;litres o compressed hydrogen storage.

It wan the "Best MPV" awaird at the Bangkok Internaitional Motor Show frae 2005 tae 2010.

In 2011, it wis discontinued globally.

## References
Mitsubishi Model A

The **Mitsubishi Model A** is the ae caur biggit bi the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company, a member o the Mitsubishi *[[keiretsu]]* which wad eventually evolve intae Mitsubishi Motors, an the first series production automobile manufactured in Japan. It wis the brainchild o Koyata Iwasaki, the Mitsubishi's fowert preses an the nephew o foonder Yataro Iwasaki, who foresaw the vast potential o motorized vehicles an the role thay wad play in the economic development o Japan. Envisioned as a luxury vehicle for heich echelon govrenment offeecials an tap executives, the Model A haed tae be reliable, comfortable an a showcase o Japanese craftsmanship.

Based on the Fiat *Tipo 3*, it wis a fower-door seiven-seat sedan pouered bi a front-mountit 26&nbsp;kW (35&nbsp;hp) 2.8&nbsp;litre straight-4 ingine drivin the rear wheels, an wis capable o speeds up tae 20 mile per oor (32&nbsp;km/h). 22 war biggit at the company's Kobe shipyard, includin prototypes, atween 1917 and 1921.

Acause it wis expensive tae produce—it wis biggit entirely bi haund, wi a cab made o lacquert white cypress—it coud no compete wi cheaper American an European competeetion, an Mitsubishi haltit production efter fower years. Concentratin insteid on its successfu Fuso commercial vehicles, the Model A wad be the company's last passenger caur till the Mitsubishi 500 o 1960.

At Mitsubishi's Auto Gallery (a museum o the company's maist historically significant vehicles, establisht at thair R&D Center in Okazaki in 1989) thare is a replica on display, assembled in 1972 uisin materials o the time. It haes a slichtly shorter wheelbase, an uises a water-cooled 977&nbsp;cc fower-cylinder OHV ingine instead o the lairger 2.8&nbsp;litre oreeginal.

## References an Freemit airtins
*Mitsubishi Motors Web Museum 
*Model A replica at Mitsubishi Auto Gallery 
*Mitsubishi Model A specifications at Carfolio.com (thir differ slichtly frae Mitsubishi's ain figures)
*"The Greatest Japanese Cars Of All Time" , Michael Frank, Forbes.com, 23 Apryle 2001
Osasco

**Osasco** () is a municipality an city in São Paulo State, Brazil, is locatit in the Greater São Paulo an rankin 5t in population amang São Paulo municipalities.  The current mayor is Antonio Jorge Pereira Lapas (PT).
The population in 2008 is 713,066, the density is 10,970/km² an the tot area is 65&nbsp;km². It is amang the warld's mair dense cities, seemlar in density tae Tokyo an New York City. It's considert the major urban centre o the Wastren airt o the Greater São Paulo. It uised tae be a destrict o São Paulo Ceety til 19 Februar 1962, whan Osasco became a municipality o its awn.  In 1989 the city became the seat o the Roman Catholic Diocese o Osasco.

## Sister cities
*  Gyumri, Armenie
*  Xuzhou, Cheenae
*  Viana,  Angolae
*  Tsu,  Japan
*  Osasco,  Italy

## References

## Fremmit Airtins
* http://www.osasco.sp.gov.br/
Mashhad

**Mashhad** ( frae , ‹Mašhad›, literally *the place o martyrdom*) is the seicont lairgest ceety in Iran an ane o the holiest ceeties in the Shia Muslim warld. It is the anerlie major Iranian ceety wi an Arabic name an aw. It is locatit 850 kilometres (530&nbsp;mi) east o Tehran, at the centre o the Razavi Khorasan Province close tae the borders o Afghanistan an Turkmenistan.

Nou Mashhad is notably kent as the restin place o the Imam Reza. A shrine wis later biggit thare tae commemorate the Imam, which in turn gae rise tae increasin demographic development.

Mashhad is kent as the ceety o Ferdowsi an aw, the eminent Iranian poet o *[[Shahnameh]]*, which is considered tae be the naitional epic o Iran.

## Sister ceeties
*  Milan, Italy
*  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysie (October 2006)
*  Lahore, Pakistan
*  Fresno, Unitit States

## References
Banner o Egyp

The **banner o [[Egyp]]** () is a tricolour consistin o the three equal horizontal reid, white, an black baunds o the Arab Liberation banner datin back tae the Egyptian Revolution o 1952. The banner bears Egyp's naitional emblem, the Eagle o Saladin centered in the white baund. The banner's current form wis adoptit on October 4, 1984.

## Seembolism
The Free Officers who toppled Keeng Farouk in the Revolution o 1952 assigned specific seembolism tae each o the three bands o the Arab Liberation banner. The reid baund seembolises the period afore the Revolution, a time characterized bi the struggle against the monarchy, an the Breetish occupation o the kintra. The white baund seembolizes the bloodless naitur o the Revolution itself. The black baund seembolises the end o the oppression o the Egyptian fowk at the haunds o the monarchy, an foreign imperialism.

Egyp's uise o the Arab Liberation banner inspired its adoption bi a nummer o ither Arab states. The same horizontal tricolour is uised bi Iraq, Sirie, an Yemen (an umwhile Libie), the ae difference bein the presence (or absence) o distinguishin naitional emblems in the white baund.
Coat o airms o Sirie

The seembol o the **Coat o airms o Sirie** () is the Sirian hawk o "hawk o Qureish", which haulds a shield o the naitional banner (in vertical form), an a scroll wi the wirds "Sirian Arab Republic" (in Arabic الجمهورية العربية السورية). The "eagle o Saladin" wis uised insteid durin the Unitit Arab Republic period.

## Historical coats o airms


File:Coat of arms of the Federation of Arab Republics (1972–1977).svg|1972 coat o airms o the Federation o Arab Republics.
File:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971).svg|Coat o airms o the 1958-1961 Unitit Arab Republic.
File:Emblem of Syria (1945–1958).svg|Coat o airms uised afore 1958.


## See an aa
* Coat o airms o Libie

## References
Banner o Lebanon

The **banner o [[Lebanon]]** () is formed o twa horizontal reid stripes envelopin a horizontal white stripe. The white stripe is tae be twa times a reid ane (ratio 1:2:1)—a Spaingie fess. The green cedar in the middle touches each o the reid stripes an its width is ane third o the width o the banner.

## Seembolism
It wis designed tae be a neutral banner, no allied tae ony ane o Lebanon's releegious groups. The reid stripes seembolise the pure bluid shed in the aim o leeberation. The white stripe seembolizes peace, an the white snaw coverin Lebanon's muntains. The green cedar (*Arz*) (Species: *Cedrus libani* or Lebanon Cedar) seembolizes immortality an steadiness.

## History

Throu history, Lebanon, or at least its region, haed taken the banner o the fowk who occupied it (Mamluk, Ottoman Empire)

### French Mandate o Lebanon

Durin the French Mandate o Lebanon, the Lebanese banner wis designed bi the preses o the Lebanese Renaissance Movement, the late Naoum Mukarzel. It wis seemilar tae the tricolour banner o Fraunce but wi a Cedar in the middle.

### Lebanese Republic

The preses Lebanese banner wis adoptit juist prior tae unthirldom frae Fraunce in 1943. Seekin for unthirldom, the actual banner wis first drawn bi member o parliament Henri Pharaon in the Chamber o deputies Saeb Salam's hoose in Mousaitbeh bi the deputies o the Lebanese parliament. It wis adoptit on December 7, 1943, durin a meetin in the parliament, whaur the airticle 5 in the Lebanese constitution wis modified.

Ane theory is that syne Henri Pharaon wis a lang-time consul in Vienna, Austrick an wis an avid friend an foonder o the "Austro-Lebanese Association o Friendship", the colors coud hae been inspired bi the reid-white-red Banner o Austrick. The Austrian banner is ane o the auldest in the warld, datin tae the 13t century when it first probably appeared efter the Siege o Acre durin the Third Crusade.

## References
Coat o airms o Lebanon

The **coat o airms o [[Lebanon]]** () consists o a reid shield wi a white bend sinister on which is placed a cedar tree. It is vera seemilar tae the banner o Lebanon, wi the exception o the Spaingie fess on the banner bein chynged intae a bend sinister.

Its blazon is *Gules on a Bend Sinister Argent a Cedar Tree palewise proper*.

## References
Coat o airms o Egyp

The **[[coat o airms]] o [[Egyp]]** () is a gowden eagle leukin towards the viewer's left (dexter).

## Appearance
The "Eagle o Saladin" haulds a scroll on which the name o the state appears in Arabic script, *Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah* ("Arab Republic o Egyp"). The eagle cairies on its breast a shield wi the banner's colors — but wi a vertical insteid o a horizontal configuration. When appearin on the naitional banner, the eagle is rendered entirely in gowd, an white. Durin the union wi Sirie in the Unitit Arab Republic (1958-1961), an in the ten year efterwards when Egyp retained the union's offeecial name, the twa green starns o the union's banner appeared in the white baund o the eagle's shield. Atween 1972-1984 the eagle wis replaced bi the gowden hawk o Qureish, as pairt o the seembolism o the Federation o Arab Republics.

The eagle as a seembol o Saladin is disputit bi aircheologists. The seembol o an eagle wis foond on the wast waw o the citadel o Cairo (constructit bi Saladin), an sae is assumed bi mony tae be his ain seembol. Thare is, housomeivver, awee proof tae defend this.  It wis subsequently adoptit as a seembol o Arab naitionalism bi Iraq, Palestine, an Yemen (an umwhile bi Libie).


File:Coat of Arms of the Sultan of Egypt.svg|Coat o airms o the Sultanate o Egyp (1914-1922)
File:Coats of arms of the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan.png|Coat o airms o the Kinrick o Egyp (1922-1953)
File:Coat of arms of Egypt (1953–1958).svg|Coat o airms o the Republic o Egyp (1953-1958)
File:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971).svg|Coat o airms o the Unitit Arab Republic (1958-1971)
File:Coat of arms of Egypt (1972-1984).svg|Coat o airms o Egyp athin the Federation o Arab Republics, an durin the seeven year efter the Federation's dissolution (1972-1984)
File:Coat of Arms of Egypt on flag.png|Coat o airms as it appears on the Banner o Egyp, 1984-present. (Govrenment an Military banners housomeivver uise a coloured shield)


## See an aa

*Banner o Egyp
*Coat o airms o Iraq
*Heraldry
*Egyp
*Kintra coats o airms

## References
*

## Freemit airtins
*
Banner o East Timor

The **banner o [[East Timor]]** (Português: *Bandeira de Timor-Leste*) (forby kent as *Timor-Leste*) wis adoptit in 2002. It is the same as the 1975 banner.

At midnight on Mey 19, an durin the first moments o Independence Day, 20 Mey 2002, the Unitit Naitions banner wis lawered an the banner o an independent East Timor wis raised.

As per the Constitution o the Democratic Republic o Timor-Leste, the yellae (PMS 123) triangle represents "the traces o colonialism in East Timor's history". The black triangle represents "the obscurantism that needs tae be owercome"; the reid (PMS 485) base o the banner represents "the struggle for naitional liberation"; the starn, or "the licht that guides", is white tae represent peace.

## Ither banners

A different banner haed been suggestit bi the representatives o the Timorese poleetical pairties an organisations durin the first East Timorese Naitional Convention held in Aprile 1998 in Portugal. This banner wis oreeginally the banner o CNRT *(National Council of East Timorese Resistance) Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense*. Because o CNRT's popularity, thare wis a consensus o the participants o the Convention tae adopt thair banner as a temporary banner for East Timor. It wis replaced bi the umwhile design o 1975 in 2002.

## references

## Freemit airtins
*
Banner o Iraq

The **banner o Iraq** () haes haed a nummer o different designs syne the Kinrick o Iraq wis established in 1921. The current banner wis adoptit in 2008 for a year an is intendit tae be an interim meisur till a permanent solution tae the banner issue is foond. Note that, as wi ither banners inscribed wi Arabic script — in this case *[[Allahu Akbar]]* ("God is greater") — the hoist is tae the richt o the obverse (front) o the banner.
Coat o airms o Iraq

The **[[coat o airms]]** or state emblem o **[[Iraq]]** includes the Eagle o Saladin associatit wi 20t-century pan-Arabism, bearin a shield o the Iraqi banner, an hauldin a scroll belaw wi the Arabic wirds الجمهورية العراقية (*al-Jumhuriya al-`Iraqiya* or "The Iraqi Republic"). 

The Iraqi govrenment intendit tae introduce a new coat-o-airms for the kintra afore 2009, sae the current design mey be the maist short-lived. The new airms will maist likely be introduced at the same time as the new banner. 

## History
The first post-monarchical state emblem o Iraq (adoptit unner the Qassem regime) wis based on the auncient sun-disk seembol o Shamash, an avoidit pan-Arab seembolism. In 1965, the first coat o airms incorporatin the Eagle o Saladin wis adoptit (based on the earlier coat o airms o the Unitit Arab Republic). It did no hae the Takbir text atween the starns, an the banner stripes wur placed vertically on the shield. This version remained in uise till replaced bi a version wi Takbir an horizontal stripes in 1991, follaein a seemilar chynge tae the banner. In 2004, the airms wis slichtly altered tae conform wi the banner; the script on the shield wis chynged tae Kufic. Continued controversy ower Iraq's banner resultit in Iraq's govrenment adoptin an interim banner which haes removed the green starns but retains the Kufic script. The future o the coat-o-airms is linked tae the future o the banner.


File:Iraq state emblem CoA 1959-1965 Qassem.svg|Coat o airms o Iraq frae 1959 tae 1965.
File:Coat of arms of Iraq (1965-1991).svg|Coat o airms o Iraq frae 1965 tae 1991.
File:Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 1991-2004.svg|Coat o airms o Iraq frae 1991 tae 2004.
File:Coat of arms (emblem) of Iraq 2004-2007.svg|Coat o airms o Iraq frae 2004 tae 2008.


## See an aa
* Banner o Iraq
* Coat o airms o Egyp
* Coat o airms o Sirie

## References

## Freemit airtins
Banner o Sudan

The **banner o [[Sudan]]** () wis adoptit on Mey 20, 1970, an consists o a reid-white-black tricolour wi a green triangle next tae the hoist. Prior tae the 1969 military coup o Gaafar Nimeiry, a blue-yellae-green tricolour design wis uised. The current banner, tae shaw Sudan's connection tae the ither Arab states, bears strang resemblance tae the Banner o the Arab Revolt.

Accordin tae *World Flags 101*:

## References
Coat o airms o Morocco

The current **coat o airms o [[Morocco]]** (formally; the ryal coat o airms) wis introduced 14 August 1957. It wis developed bi the graphic airtists Gauthier an Hainaut an shows a green pentagram on a reid backgrund afore the Atlas Muntains an a risin sun. The ryal croun is on tap. Twa lions function as the haulders o the shield. The ribbon unnerneath, the Arabic inscription is written: () (*If ye glorify God, he will glorify ye*) (Qur'an, Verse 7, Sura 47).
Banner o Mauritanie

The **banner o Mauritanie** is the common name for the naitional banner o Mauritanie in north-wast Africae. The oreeginal banner wis adoptit on Aprile 1, 1959, unner the instructions o Moktar Ould Daddah, an the subsequent constitution o 22 Mairch 1959. It wis green wi a gowd crescent an star.

On August 5, 2017 a referendum wis held tae chynge the banner. It succeeded an the current banner wis adoptit on August 15. It is the same as the auld banner, but bund at tap an bottom bi twa reid stripes.

## Design

The colors o reid, green an gowd are considered Pan-African colors. Green is an aa uised tae seembolise Islam, reid for the bluid shed durin the struggle for freedom, an the gowd for the sands o the Sahara desert.  The crescent an star are seembols o Islam, which is the major releegion in the naition. Some writers hae an aa speculatit that green seembolises a bricht future, an growthe. Thare is nae offeecial specification or construction sheet for the exact relative measurements o the star an crescent, awtho the banner's measurements are 2:3.

## Uise
The design acts as the naitional banner o Mauritanie, an is an aa uised in circular form as an aircraft roundel.

## References
Comoros

The **Comoros** (; , *Juzur al-Qumur*), offeecially the **Union o the Comoros** (, , **) is an archipelago island naition in the Indian Ocean, locatit aff the eastren coast o Africae, on the northren end o the Mozambique Channel, atween northeastren Mozambique an northwastren Madagascar. Ither kintras near tae the Comoros are Tanzanie tae the northwast an the Seychelles tae the northeast. The caipital is Moroni on Grande Comore.

## References
Luxembourg (ceety)

**Luxembourg Ceety** (, , ), is a commune wi ceety status, an the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Grand Duchy o Luxembourg.  It is locatit at the confluence o the Alzette an Pétrusse Rivers in soothren Luxembourg. The ceety contains the historic **Luxembourg Castle**, established bi the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, aroond which a settlement developed.

It is a seat o several institutions o the European Union, includin the European Court o Juistice, the European Court o Auditors, an the European Investment Bank.

## Sister ceeties

## References
Vilnius

**Vilnius** is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Lithuanie. It is the seat o the Vilnius ceety municipality an o the Vilnius district municipality. It is the caipital o Vilnius Coonty an aw.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns an sister ceeties

## References
Ljubljana

**Ljubljana** (; , , ) is the caipital o Slovenie an its lairgest city. It is the centre o the City Municipality o Ljubljana. It is locatit in the centre o the kintra in the Ljubljana Basin, an is a city o aroond 270,000 inhabitants. Throu its history, it haes been influenced bi its geographic location at the crossroads o Germanic, Latin an Slavic culturs.

For centuries, Ljubljana wis the caipital o the historical region o Carniola, an in the 20t century it becam the cultural, scientific, economic, political an administrative centre o Slovenie, independent since 1991. Its transport connections, concentration o industry, scientific an research institutions an cultural tradition are contributin factors tae its foremaist position.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Ljubljana is twinned wi:

## References
Belgrade

**Belgrade** (, ***Beograd*** ) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Serbie. The ceety lies at the confluence o the Sava an Danube rivers, whaur the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. The urban aurie o the Ceety o Belgrade haes a population o 1.23 million, while ower 1.65 million fowk live within its admeenistrative leemits. Its name in Serbian translates tae *White ceety*.

Belgrade's wider ceety aurie wis the birthplace o the lairgest prehistoric cultur o Europe, the Vinča cultur, as early as the 6t millennium BC. In antiquity, the aurie o Belgrade wis inhabitit bi the Thraco-Dacian tribe o *Singi* who wad gie the name tae the ceety efter a fortress wis foondit in the 3rd century BC bi the Celts, who named it Singidun (*dun*, fortress) It wis awardit ceety richts bi the Romans afore it wis permanently settled bi Serbs frae the 7t century onwards. As a strategic location, the ceety wis battled ower in 115 wars an razed tae the grund 44 times syne the auncient period bi coontless airmies o the East an Wast. In medieval times, it wis in the possession o Byzantine, Frankish, Bulgarian, Hungarian an Serbian rulers. In 1521 Belgrade wis conquered bi the Ottomans an became the seat o the Pashaluk o Belgrade, as the principal ceety o Ottoman Europe an amang the lairgest European ceeties. Frequently passin frae Ottoman tae Austrian rule which saw destruction o maist o the ceety, the status o Serbian caipital wad be regained ae in 1841, efter the Serbian revolution. Northren Belgrade, tho, remained a Habsburg ootpost till the breakup o Austrick-Hungary in 1918. The unitit ceety then became the caipital o several incarnations o Yugoslavie, up tae 2006, when Serbie became an independent state again.

Belgrade haes the status o a separate territorial unit in Serbie, wi its awn autonomous ceety govrenment. Its territory is dividit intae 17 municipalities, each haein its awn local cooncil. It covers 3.6% o Serbie's territory, an 24% o the kintra's population lives in the ceety. Belgrade is the central economic hub o Serbie, an the caipital o Serbian education an science.

## Internaitional cooperation an honours
Thir are the offeecial sister ceeties o Belgrade:

Some o the ceety's municipalities are an aa twinned tae sma ceeties or destricts o ither big ceeties, for details see thair respective airticles.

Ither seemilar forms o cooperation an ceety friendship:

## References
Comorian leid

**Comorian** *(Shikomor)* is the maist widely uised leid on the Comoros (independent islands in the Indian Ocean, aff Mozambique an Madagascar) an Mayotte. It is a set of Swahili dialects but wi a muckle stranger Arabic influence than staundart Swahili. Each island haes a different dialect; that o Anjouan is cawed *Shindzuani,* that o Mohéli *Shimwali,* that o Mayotte *[[Shimaore dialect|Shimaore]],* an that o Grande Comore *Shingazija*. Nae offeecial alphabet existit in 1992, but Arabic an Latin scripts wur baith uised.

*Shimasiwa* is anither name for Comorian, meanin "leid o islands". It is the leid o *[[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]],* the naitional anthem.

## References

## Bibliography
* Ahmed-Chamanga, Mohamed. (1992) *Lexique Comorien (shindzuani) - Français*. Paris: L'Harmattan.
* Ahmed-Chamanga, Mohamed. (1997) *Dictionnaire français-comorien (dialecte Shindzuani)*. Paris: L'Harmattan.
* Johansen, Aimee. *A History of Comorian Linguistics*. in John M. Mugane (ed.), *Linguistic Typology and Representation of African Languages*. Africa World Press. Trenton, New Jersey.

## Freemit airtins
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Shingazidja
Angola

**Angola** or **Angolie**, the **Republict o Angola** (, ; ) official-like, is a kintra in sooth-central Africae bordered bi Namibie on the sooth, Democratic Republic o the Congo on the north, an Zambie on the east; its wast coast is on the Atlantic Ocean wi Luanda as its caipital ceety. The exclave province o Cabinda haes a border wi the Republic o the Congo an the Democratic Republic o the Congo.
Angola wis a Portuguese owerseas territory frae the 16t century tae 1975. Efter independence, Angola wis the scene o an intense ceevil war frae 1975 tae 2002. The kintra is the seicont-lairgest petroleum an diamond producer in sub-Saharan Africae; housomeivver, its life expectancy an infant mortality rates are baith amang the wirst ranked in the warld. In August 2006, a peace treaty wis signed wi a faction o the FLEC, a separatist guerrilla group frae the Cabinda exclave in the North, which is still active. Aboot 65% o Angola's petroleum comes frae that region.

## References
GAZ-51

The **[[GAZ]]-51** is the best kent, maist popular, an langest produced Soviet truck.  Its first prototypes wur produced afore the end o Warld War II, an mass production stairtit in 1946. 
A 2.5 ton 4x2 standard variant wis jynt in 1947 bi amaist identical 2 ton 4x4 GAZ-63. Baith variants wur pouered bi a 70&nbsp;hp (52&nbsp;kW) 6-cylinder 3485 cc ingine. GAZ-63 wis manufactured wi some chynges till 1968 an production o GAZ-51 continued till 1975. The trucks wur sae popular that thay wur an aa manufactured unner the Soviet license in Poland (as the Lublin-51), North Korea (as the Sungri-58) an Cheenae (as the Yuejin NJ-130).

## Freemit airtins
*Gallery

## See an aa

*GAZ
Zhubei

**Zhubei Ceety** (; POJ: Tek-pak-chhī) is a ceety locatit in northren Taiwan. It is the coonty seat o Hsinchu Coonty.

* Aurie: 46.83&nbsp;km²
* Population: 121,183 fowk (2007.3)

## Major Transportation Links
*TRA Railway, Zhubei Station
*HSR Hsinchu Station (at Liujia 六家)
*Sun Yat Sen #1 Freeway

## Freemit airtins
*Zhubei City Government
Fiji

**Fiji**  (; ), offeecially the **Republic o Fiji** (; ), is an island naition in Melanesie in the Sooth Pacific Ocean aboot 2000&nbsp;km northeast o New Zealand's North Island. Its mair immediate neighbours are Vanuatu tae the wast, Fraunce's New Caledon tae the soothwast, New Zealand's Kermadec tae the sootheast, Tonga tae the east, the Samoas an Fraunce's Wallis an Futuna tae the northeast an Tuvalu tae the north.  Fiji haes haed indwallers syne the seicont millennium B.C. In the 17t an 18t centuries, the Dutch an the Breetish explored Fiji. Fiji wis a Breetish colony up till 1970; Breetish occupation lastit amaist a century. Acause o the abundance o forest, mineral, an fish resoorces, Fiji is ane o the maist developed economies in the Pacific island realm. The day, the main soorces o foreign exchynge are its tourist industry an succar exports. The kintra's currency is the Fijian dollar.

The majority o Fiji's islands wur formed throu volcanic activity stairtit aroond 150 million years ago. The day, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands o Vanua Levu an Taveun. Fiji comprises an archipelago o mair nor 332 islands, o which 110 are permanently inhabitit, an mair nor 500 islets, amountin tae a tot land aurie o ca. 18,300&nbsp;km2. The twa major islands, Viti Levu an Vanua Levu, accoont for 87% o the population o amaist 850,000. The umwhile contains Suva, the caipital an lairgest ceety. Maist o Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, aither in Suva or in smawer urban centers. Viti Levu's interior is spairsely inhabitit due tae its terrain.

Fiji haes a local govrenment seestem whaur ceety an toun councils faw unner the general supervision o the Meenistry o Local Govrenment an Urban Development. Preses Ratu Epeli Nailatikau became Fiji's preses, efter a hie court ruled that the military leadership wis unlawfully appointit efter a 2006 coup. Durin Warld War II, the Unitit Kinrick alloued for mony thoosans o Fijians tae volunteer tae aid in Allies' efforts via thair attachment tae the New Zealand an Australian airmy units. The Republic o Fiji Military Forces (RFMF), comprising o land an naval units defend an pertect Fiji.

## Etymology
Fiji's main island is kent as Viti Levu an it is frae this that the name "Fiji" is derived, tho the common Inglis pronunciation is based on that o thair island neighbours in Tonga. Its emergence wis best describit as follaes:


Fijians first impressed themsels on European consciousness through the writins o the members o the expeditions o Cook who met them in Tonga. They wur described as formidable warriors an ferocious cannibals, builders o the finest vessels in the Pacific, but no great sailors. They inspired awe amangst the Tongans, an aw their Manufactures, especially bark cloth an clubs, wur heichlie esteemed an muckle in demand. They cawed their home Viti, but the Tongans called it Fisi, an it wis bi this foreign pronunciation, Fiji, first promulgatit bi Captain James Cook, that these islands are nou kent.


## References
Borjomi

**Borjomi** () is a resort toun in sooth-central Georgie wi a population estimatit at 10,546 (2014). It is ane o the districts o the Samtskhe-Javakheti region an is situatit in the northwastren pairt o the region in the picturesque Borjomi Gorge on the eastren edge o the Borjomi-Kharagauli Naitional Pairk. The toun is famous for its mineral water industry (whilk is presently Georgie's nummer ane export), the Romanov simmer palace in Likani, an the WWF-site Borjomi-Kharagauli Naitional Pairk. Borjomi mineral water is parteicular weel-kent in thae kintras whilk wis a pairt o the umwhile Soviet Union; the bottlin o mineral watter is a major soorce o income for the aurie. Acause o the supposed curative pouers o the aurie's mineral springs, it is a frequent destination for fowk wi health problems. Borjomi is forby hame tae the maist extensive ecologically-themed amusement pairk in the Caucasus.
Mary, Turkmenistan

**Mary** (pronounced Mur-ree) is a ceety o Turkmenistan, caipital o the Mary Province. Umwhile names include **[[Merv]]**, **Meru** an **[[Margiana]]**. In 1999 its population wis 123,000 (up frae 92,000 in the 1989 census).

## Geography
It is locatit at . The ceety is an oasis in the Karakum Desert, locatit on the Murghab river.

## History
### Ancient ceety o Merv

Merv wis an oasis ceety on the Silk Road.

### Modren history
Merv Oasis wis occupied bi Imperial Roushie in 1884, triggerin the Panjdeh Incident atween Afghan forces an the Imperial Roushie Airmy. The modren settlement wis foondit later that year as a Roushie military an administrative post.

A force o the Breetish Indian Airmy consistin o a machine gun detachment comprisin 40 Punjabi troops an a Breetish officer resistit the Bolsheviks near Merv in August 1918 in wha wis the first direct confrontation atween Breetish an Roushie troops since the Crimea War.

It wis developed bi the Soviet Union as a center for cotton production through the uise o extensive irrigation. In 1968, huge reserves o natural gas wur discovered 20 kilometers wast o the toun.

## Economy
Mary is Turkmenistan's fowert-lairgest ceety, an a lairge industrial centre, for the natural gas an cotton industries, the naition's twa major export industries. It is a trade center for cotton, cereals, hides, an oo.

## Sichts
Mary haes little tae recommend it ither than its interestin Regional Museum. Housomeivver, it lies near the remains o the ancient ceety o Merv, which in corruptit form gives its name tae the modren toun. The main fitbaa team is Merw Mary who play at the Mary Stadium.

## Notable fowk
*Akmammedov Myratgeldy -politeecian
*Khadyr Saparlyev-politeecian

## Sister ceeties
* Istanbul, Turkey
* Jeddah, Saudi Arabie
* Samarkand, Uzbekistan

## References
Namp'o

**Namp'o** (North Korean offeecial spellin: *Nampho*; ; 남포특별시, 南浦特別市; Namp'o T'ŭkpyŏlsi, Nampo Teukbyeolsi) is a ceety an seaport in Pyongannam-do, North Korea.  It wis a provincial-level Directly Governed Ceety (*Chikhalsi*) frae 1980 tae 2004, when it wis designatit a "Special Ceety" (*T'ŭkgŭpsi*) an made a pairt o Sooth P'yŏngan.

Namp'o is situatit some 50 kilometres sooth wast o P'yŏngyang, at the mooth o the Taedong River. It wis oreeginally a sma fishin veelage, but opened as a port o foreign tred in 1897, an began tae develop intae a modren port efter liberation in 1945. Wi the rapid increase in state investment, the ceety's industrial capacity grew.

Thay include the *Namp'o Smelter Complex*, the *Namp'o Glass Corporation*, the *Namp'o Shipbuilding Complex*, the *Namp'o Fishery Complex* an ither central an local factories.  Namp'o is a centre for the DPRK shipbiggin industry. North o the ceety are facilities for freight transportation, aquatic products, an fishery, an a sea salt factory.  The apples grown in Namp'o's Ryonggang destrict (룡강군) are a famous local product.

## Sister ceeties
* **[[Tianjin]]**, Cheenae
* **[[St. Petersburg]]**, Roushie
* **[[Chiautempan]]**, Mexico

## References
Alexandria

**Alexandria** (Arabic:  *al-Iskandariyya*; Coptic:  **; ; ; Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه ), wi a population o 4.1 million, is the seicond-lairgest ceety in Egyp, an is the kintra's lairgest seaport, servin approximately 80% o Egyp's imports an exports. Alexandria is an' a' an important tourist resort. Alexandria extends aboot 32&nbsp;km (20&nbsp;mi) alang the coast o the Mediterranean Sea in north-central Egyp. It is hame tae the *[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]* (the new Library o Alexandria). It is an important industrial centre acause o its natural gas an ile pipelines frae Suez.

In auncient times, Alexandria wis ane o the maist famous ceeties in the warld. It wis foondit aroond a sma pharaonic toun *c.* 331 BC bi Alexander the Great. It remained Egyp's caipital for nearly a thoosan years, till the Muslim conquest o Egyp in AD 641, when a new caipital wis foondit at Fustat (Fustat wis later absorbed intae Cairo). Alexandria wis kent acause o its Lichthouse o Alexandria (*Pharos*), ane o the *[[Seiven Wonders o the Ancient Warld]]*; its library (the lairgest leebrar in the ancient warld); an the Catacombs o Kom el Shoqafa, ane o the Seiven Wonders o the Middle Ages. Ongoin maritime archaeology in the harbor o Alexandria, which began in 1994, is revealin details o Alexandria baith afore the arrival o Alexander, when a ceety named Rhacotis existit thare, an durin the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Frae the late 19t century, Alexandria became a major centre o the internaitional shippin industry an ane o the maist important tradin centers in the warld, baith acause it profitit frae the easy owerland connection atween the Mediterranean Sea an the Red Sea, an the lucrative tred in Egyptian cotton.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Alexandria  is twinned wi:

## References
Gwangju

**Gwangju** (offeecially kent as **Gwangju Metropolitan Ceety**; ) is the saxt lairgest ceety in the Republic o Korea. It is a designatit metropolitan ceety unner the direct control o the central govrenment's Hame Meenister. The ceety wis an aa the caipital o Sooth Jeolla Province till the provincial office moved tae the soothren veelage o Namak in Muan Coonty in 2005.

*Gwang* (광, hanja 光) means "licht" an *Ju* (주, hanja 州) means "province."

## Sister ceeties
* Guangzhou, Cheenae
* San Antonio, Unitit States http://www.sanantonio.gov/iad/Gwangju.asp
* Sendai, Japan http://www.city.sendai.jp/soumu/kouhou/press/02-06-19/gwangju-e.html 
* Tainan, Taiwan
* Hobart, Australie
* Medan, Indonesie http://www.kotamedan.com/main/medan.htm
* Maceio, Brazil
Incheon

**Incheon** (), offeecially the **Incheon Metropolitan Ceety**, is Sooth Korea's third lairgest metropolis, efter Seoul an Busan. As the lairgest seaport on the wast coast an hame tae the kintra's lairgest airport, Incheon Internaitional Airport, Incheon is Sooth Korea's maist important transport hub. In the 21st century, Incheon haes transformed intae a global business hub centred aroond the high-tech an futuristic Songdo Internaitional Ceety, which is hame tae Sooth Korea's tawest biggin, the 305m supertall Northeast Asie Trade Touer.

Human dounset at the location goes back tae the Neolithic. In modren times Incheon became important acause its location on an estuary made it a guid harbor; when the port wis foondit in 1883, the ceety,  cawed **Jemulpo** at the time (hangul: , hanja: ), haed a population o ae 4,700. Incheon is nou hame tae ower 2.5&nbsp;million fowk an unner the control o ane o the twa free economic zone authorities in Korea, aimed at attractin foreign investment; the ceety aims tae turn itsel intae a financial an corporate hub alang wi the Busan-Jinhae Free Economic Zone Authority.

Incheon is regardit as pairt o the greater Seoul metropolitan aurie due tae pairt o it borderin the caipital, an the fact that the Seoul Metropolitan Subway an the Incheon Subway seestems are linked. Incheon is, housomeivver, a major ceety in its awn richt an is a separate jurisdiction frae Seoul.

## Sister ceeties

*  Burbank, Californie (1961)
*  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1983)
*  Anchorage, Alaska (1986)
*  Kitakyushu (1988)
*  Tianjin (1993)
*  Hai Phong, Vietnam (1997)
*  Panama Ceety, Panama (2000)
*  Tel Aviv, Israel (2000)
*  Alexandria, Egyp (2000)
*  Honolulu, Hawaii (2003)
*  Chongqing (2007)
*  Mérida, Mexico (2007)
*  Kolkata, Indie (2007)
*  Manila, Philippines (2008)
*  Phnom Penh, Cambodie (2009)
*  Yekaterinburg, Roushie (2009)
*  Banten, Indonesie (2009)
*  Kobe (2010)
*  Veneto, Italy (2010)
*  Belo Horizonte, Brazil (2011)
*  Vladivostok, Roushie (2012)

## References
Xinji

**Xinji**(辛集，Xīnjí) is ceety o Hebei province in northren Cheenae.  There are 8 tounships(镇，zhèn) an 7 rural districts(乡，xiāng) unner the administration o Xinji.  

## Geography
*Population: The population wis 610,000 in the year 2003.
*Aurie: 951 km2
**Latitude: about 38° N
**Longitude: about 115° E
*Aurie code: +86+311
*Post Code: 052360
*Drivin Plate: 冀AF

The ceety is locatit in North Cheenae Plain. The dountoun aurie is about 7.7&nbsp;km lang, wi a width 4.3&nbsp;km. 

## History
Xinji wis umwhile named Shulu Coonty (束鹿县，Shùlù Xian), an became a ceety in 1986.

## Freemit airtins
*Blog: http://blog.ixinji.com 
*Information： http://www.ixinji.com