open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wright brithers

The **Wright brithers**, **Orville Wright** (19 August 1871 – 30 Januar 1948) an **Wilbur Wright** (16 Aprile 1867 – 30 Mey 1912), is maistlins credited wi the design an construction o the first practical aeroplane, an wi makkin the first controllable, pouered hivier-nor-air flicht alang wi monie ither aviation milestanes. Houaniver, their accomplishments haes been subject ti monie conter-claims bi some fowk an nations frae their foremaist claim, til the nou.

## References
Lithuanie

The **Republic o Lithuanie** (Lithuane: *Lietuvos Respublika*), kent braidly as juist **Lithuanie**, is a kintra in nor'-eastren Europe.

Ane o the three Baltic States at the Baltic Sea, it mairches wi Latvie tae the north, Belaroushie tae the sooth-east, Poland tae the sooth, an the Kaliningrad Oblast o Roushie tae the sooth-wast.

## Geography

The maist muckle an populous o the Baltic states, Lithuanie haes aboot 100&nbsp;km o saundy coastline, aboot 38&nbsp;km o't faces the appen Baltic Sea. Lithuanie's major wairm-watter port o Klaipėda is at the nairae mooth o *Kuršių marios* (Curonian bucht), a shauld bucht raxin sooth tae Kaliningrad.

The chief river, the Nemunas, an a puckle o its tributaries cairies internaitional shippin vessels.

## Membership o internaitional bodies
* European Union, 2004
* Cooncil o Europe
* NATO, 2004
* Unitit Naitions

## Weel-kent Lithuanes
* Dalia Grybauskaitė, European Commissioner 2004-2009, Preses o Lithuanie (2009-2019).
* Vytautas Landsbergis, owergang the Sangin Revolution o Lithuanie. Foonder o unthirldom organization Sąjūdis. Heid o the umwhile Heid-Cooncil - Reconstituent Seimas o Lithuanie (1989-1993); European Pairlament, 2004-2009.

## Ceeties an touns o Lithuanie
Ceeties:
* Vilnius
* Kaunas
* Klaipėda
* Šiauliai
* Panevėžys
Touns:
* Palanga
* Druskininkai
* Alytus
* Marijampolė
* Ukmergė
* Tauragė
* Kretinga
* Trakai
* Birštonas
* Kelmė

## Lithuane sportsmen
* Arvydas Sabonis, Basketbaa, Žalgiris Kaunas (Sportsman, preses o Lithuane Basketbaa Federation)
* Šarūnas Jasikevičius, Basketbaa, Žalgiris Kaunas (Sportsman, coach)
* Žydrūnas Ilgauskas, Basketbaa, Cleveland, Unitit States (Sportsman, manager)
* Rūta Meilutytė, Souming, Olympic Gemmes gowd winner.
* Ričardas Berankis, Caitch player.

## References

## Fremmit airtins
* http://www.lietuva.lt
Calculus

**Calculus** is a mathematical or logical formal seestem. It wis cleckit in the 17t century bi Isaac Newton an Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz an uises infineetesimal quantities for tae find the tangent o curves  — differential calculus — or for tae calculate lenths an areas o curved feegurs — integral calculus. Thir operations is inverses, frae the fundamental theorem o calculus.

Introduction coorses in calculus for ordinar includes the study o logarithms, exponential functions an trigonometric functions

Amang the important areas o calculus is:

* differential calculus — a brainch o mathematics based on the notions o the differential an dereivative, an that's adae wi solvin differential equations.
* infineetesimal calculus — a brainch o mathematics includin differential an integral calculus that's adae wi infineetesimals.
* integral calculus — a brainch o mathematics that's adae wi the calculation o integrals an conter-dereivatives, an wi reddin differential equations.
* probabeelity calculus — a brainch o mathematics that's adae wi the modellin o chance.

The'r boolean calculus, proposeetional calculus, lambda calculus an predicate calculus forby.
Ole Rømer

**Ole Christensen Rømer** (25 September 1644 – 19 September 1710) wis a Dens astronomer that made the first quantitative meisurments o the speed o licht in 1676. Rømer wis born in Aarhus an dee'd in Copenhagen.
Raing

A **raing** is a roond set, sic as the letter "o". It is the set generate bi a pynt tracin oot a peth that's aye a fixt lenth (the radius, r) frae some ither fixt pynt (the mids).

The diameter ("aa the wey athort"), or d, o a raing is equal tae its radius twice ower, i.e. d=2r)

The nummer pi, for ordinar written uisin its seembol π, equal tae aboot 22/7 or 3.14159, is gey uissfu whan dealin wi raings:

* The circumference ("aa the wey aboot") o a raing (c) is equal tae π tymes the diameter (c=πd).
* The area o a raing (a) is equal tae the radius quadert , syne multiplee'd bi π (a=πr&nbsp;²).

## See forbye
* Pi
Pi

**Pi**, kent as **[[Ludolph Van Ceulen|Ludolph]]'s nummer** or **[[Archimedes]]' constant** an aw, is an irraitional nummer that's gey uissfu in mathematics an naitural philosophy. The seembol uised for it comes frae the 16t letter o the Greek ABC, **π**

## Defineition

π can be defined aither as the ratio atween the perimeter an the diameter o a circle, or as the area o a circle that's radius equals 1 (the unit circle).

## Vailyie

Acause π is an irraitional nummer, it canna be written wi a finite nummer o decimal places. It's kent that π is a transcendental nummer an aw; houaniver, the hypothesis that it is a ordinar nummer, haesna yet been pruiven the tae wey or the tither. Calculation o the vailyie o π tae sae monie decimal places as is possible haes become a popular task tae set gey swith computers. An approximate vailyie o π wis aareadies kent in the 20t C ACE in Babylon. Archimedes, in the 3d C ACE, fund the weel-kent approxmiation 22/7. In ther 17t C Ludolph Van Ceulen wis successfu in calculatin the vailyie o π tae 35 decimal places. In 1949 a computer (Eniac) wis uised for the first time, an calculatit the first 2 037 decimals. In 2003 the first 1 241 100 000 000 (1.241 billion) digits o π wis calculate.

The vailyie o π roondit tae the first 64 digits (sequence A000796  in the OEIS) is thon:

:3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 58209 74944 5923

Ye can hae a keek at e'en mair digits o π: , , , .

## Fremmit airtins
* Rake π  (in Inglis)
* Pi-memory  (in Inglis)
Square

A **square** (an aa spelled **squerr**, amang ither weys) is a set wi fower aqual sides an angles. 

Aa the sides o a squerr is aqual. The diagonals o a squerr crosses at richt angles. The angle atweesh onie diagonal an a side o a squerr is 45 degree.
Buckminster Fuller

**Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller** (12 Julie, 1895 - 1 Julie, 1983) wis an American visionary, designer, architect, an inventor. He wis a professor at Southern Illinois Varsity forbye an an eydent writer.

## Major design projects
Fuller wis best kent for his geodesic domes, that can be seen as pairt o military radar stances, ceivic biggins, an exhibeetion attractions. Their construction is foondit on extendin some basic preenciples ti big semple tensegrity structurs (tetrahedron, octahedron, an the closest packin o speres). Biggit in this gate thay are unco lichtwecht an stable. The patent for geodesic domes wis awairdit in 1954, pairt o Fuller's decades-lang ettles til splore naiture's princeeples o biggin for ti finnd design solutions.
Geometry

In mathematics, **geometrie** is uised ti descreive shapes. Squares, circles and triangles is a puckil o the semplest shapes in geometrie. is also used tae descreebe ae compooters raydeeus

Geometrie is uised ti meisur a flet shape's aurie an pereimeter. Geometrie is uised tae meisur a solit shape's vollum an surface aurie.
Hans Christian Ørsted

**Hans Christian Ørsted** (Rudkøbing 14 August,1777 &ndash; 9 Mairch,1851 in Copenhagen) wis a Dens pheesicist an chemist, influenced bi the conceits o Immanuel Kant. In 1820 he diskivered the relationship atween eletric an magnetism in an unco semple experiment. He shawed that a wire cairyin a current dow deflect a magnetised compass needle. Ørsted dinnae suggest onie guid explanation o the phenomenon, nor did he ettle ti represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework.

Ørsted wisna the first body ti discover that eletric an magnetism are relatit. Gian Domenico Romagnosi, an Italian legal scholar, discovert the connection 18 year afore. An accoont o Romagnosi's discovery wis published in 1802 in an Italian newspaper, but it wisna noticed bi the scienteific commonty.

In 1825 he produced alumeenium for the first time.

The CGS unit o magnetic induction (the oersted) is named in honour o his wark in the field o electromagnetism.

On his passin in 1851, Hans Christian Ørsted wis birriet in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro section o Copenhagen. He wis the brither o the politeecian Anders Sandøe Ørsted.

## See forbye
*James Clerk Maxwell
*pheesics
Coca-Cola

**Coca-Cola**, kent as **Coke** an aw, is a carbonatit, sweetened saft drink that is selt in maist kintras, an is the warld's best-sellin saft drink. The Coca-Cola Company threaps that the beverage is selt in mair nor 200 kintras.  The company's heidquarters are in Atlanta, Georgie.  Coca-Cola's main rival is Pepsi.

## References
Pepsi

**Pepsi-Cola** (aften dockit tae Pepsi), is a weel-likit cola, a carbonatit saft drink makkit bi PepsiCo, alang wi bein the main rival o Coca-Cola.

## Fremmit airtins
* Pepsi
PepsiCo

**PepsiCo**, Inc. NYSE:PEP is a global fuid an drinks company. The Company maks, mercats an sells a nummer o carbonatit an nae-carbonatit drinks alang wi sautie, convenient   snacks, an ither fuids. Aside fae the Pepsi-Cola brands (includin Mountain Dew), the company maks Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito-Lay an Tropicana.
Million

Ae **million** (1,000,000), or ae thoosand thoosand, is the naitural nummer efter 999,999 an afore 1,000,001. In scienteefic notation, it's written as 106.

The million is whiles uised as a metaphor for a gey muckle nummer, as in "Ne'er in a million year", or a hyperbole, as in "A'v walked a million mile". Hence, a "millionaire" can mean juist a rich bodie, nae maiter the actual siller or the exact quantity. Il Milione is the teetle o Marco Polo's narration o his traivels tae Cheenae. The name is jaloused tae come frae Polo's byname efter his tales o riches an multitudes.

The wird "million" is common tae the dock scale an lang scale nummerin seestems (an tae the proposed Rowlett nummerin seestem forby), no like the muckler nummers that haes differin names in the twa seestems.

The name is derived frae Italian, whaur milla wis 1,000, an 1,000,000 becam millione, "a lairge thoosand".
Triangle

In geometry, a **triangle** is the flet set generate bi connectin three pynts, that isna collinear, wi straucht-line segments. It is a three-sidit polygon.

The internal angles o a triangle eiks up tae 180 degrees.

The'r three kynds o triangle: aquilateral, whaur aa three sides is aqual; isoceles, whaur twa sides is aqual juist; an scalene, whaur nane o the sides is aqual tae onie o the ithers.
BBC America

**BBC America** is the BBC Warldwide awned-an-operatit cable televeesion netwark in the Unitit States. It wis lencht on Mairch 29t, 1998.

Frae the affset, BBC America haes the chice heilichts frae the UK telly netwarks, includin comedy, drama, an lifestyle programmin. Ower an abuin this thare's at least fower hauf-oor BBC World news bulletins includit in ilka 24 oor period. The day, the creetically-acclaimed hielichts o the BBC netwarks airs in primetime slots, while the daytime is gien tae ranes o hame-betterment shaws sic as *Changing Rooms*.

BBC America is distribute in troke wi Discovery Networks, the faither company o the Discovery Channel, that haundles the affiliate an adverteesin sales an aw. The chainel, unalike the BBC's hamelt netwarks that's paid for throu telly leeshence fees, is fendit alanerly throu adverteesin. Houaniver, the comedy programs rins in ance-eerant-formattit stocks that allous thaim tae rin uneditit (this haes begoud tae chynge).

Aforehaund, BBC America simulcast news bulletins frae BBC Warld wi U.S. adverteesin insertit. Thay nou rin adverteesin-free. Oot throu major breakin news situations, the netwark will whiles tak BBC World's cuiver an pre-empt raiglar programmin. The Lunnon Bombins in Julie 2005 wis ane example o siclike.

BBC America caused some dismay tae some viewers whan it rappit the saip opera *[[EastEnders]]* in October 2003, but it agrufee'd  that the shaw wis ane o the chainel's least likit, awthou *EastEnders*, alang wi ither BBC programmin kythes on PBS chainels. It nou airs rerins o *[[The Office]]*, *[[Keeping Up Appearances]]*, *[[Coupling (TV series)|Coupling]]*, *[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]*, *[[My Hero]]* an *[[Blackadder]]* an aw. It whiles coffs the US braidcast richts tae nane-BBC Breetish programmes, sic as *[[Father Ted]]*, *[[The Avengers (televeesion)|The Avengers]]*, an *[[Simon Templar|The Saint]]*. The Canadian comedy *[[Trailer Park Boys]]* airs on BBC America an aw.

## Fremmit Airtins
BBC America's offeecial Wabsteid

BBC America IDs at TV Ark
Wikiquote

**[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikiquote]** is a sister project o Wikipaedia, uisin the same MediaWiki saftware. It is ane o a faimly o wiki-based projecks rin bi the Wikimedia Foondation. Based on a consait bi Daniel Alston an implemented bi Brion Vibber, the aim o the projeck is for fowk ti produce thegither a muckle reference o quotations frae prominent fowk, beuks an saws, an ti gie details anent them. 

Ti stairt wi, the projeck wis aa in English, but fae Julie 2004, mair leids war eikit.

## Historie
* 27 Juin, 2003 - Pit on the wolof leid wikipaedia for a while: wo.wikipedia.com
* 10 Julie, 2003 - Ain subdomain: quote.wikipedia.org
* 25 August, 2003 - Ain domain: wikiquote.org
* 17 Julie, 2004 - Neow leids eikit
* 13 November, 2004 - English edeition raxes 2000 page.
* November, 2004 - 24 leids
* Mairch, 2005 - Wikiquote raxes 10,000 page in total. English edeition haes near 3,000 page.
* Juin, 2005 - 34 leids wi ae classical leid (Latin) an ae artifeicial ane (Esperanto).

## Multilingual cooperation
In Julie 2004, aroon 70 subdomains wis set up, but maist o them hinna onie contreibutors. Them ablo are pairts o subdomains that haed been created in Julie 2004: aa o them wis attracted by editors' interest at the time an suin becam active. 
* Inglis leid http://en.wikiquote.org/
* Bulgarian leid http://bg.wikiquote.org/
* Cheenese leid http://zh.wikiquote.org/
* Dutch leid http://nl.wikiquote.org/
* German leid http://de.wikiquote.org/
* Greek leid http://el.wikiquote.org/
* French leid http://fr.wikiquote.org/
* Pols leid http://pl.wikiquote.org/
* Italian leid http://it.wikiquote.org/
* Japanese leid http://ja.wikiquote.org/
* Korean leid http://ko.wikiquote.org/ 
* Romanian leid http://ro.wikiquote.org/
* Spainish leid http://es.wikiquote.org/
* Tamil leid http://ta.wikiquote.org/ 
* Thai leid http://th.wikiquote.org/
* Afrikaans leid http://af.wikiquote.org/
* Portuguese leid http://pt.wikiquote.org/
* Turkish leid http://tr.wikiquote.org/
* Hebrew leid http://he.wikiquote.org

The nummer o active Wikiquote projecks is growing. On January 2005 26 projects for different leids wis active. Here 'active' means the projeck haes mair not the ae legeitimate airticle an ae edit a month. Aifter a sixmonth, 34 projecks are kent ti be active. 

As o the 13 August, 2005, fower projecks hae mair nor 1,000 airticles. The mucklest Wikiquote is the English projeck wi ower 25,000 airticles as o the 4 December, 2015. Neist come the German, French, Polish an Bulgarian projecks. Aboot ten projecks, coontin thae fower, hae mair nor 100 airticles.

## References
Tycho Brahe

**Tycho Brahe** (14 December 1546, in Knudstrup, Denmark – 24 October 1601, in Prague, Bohemia, nou the Czech Republic) wis a Dens nobleman, weel kent as an astronomer/astrologer (the twa wisna distinct at thon tyme) an an alchemist. He haed Uraniborg biggit, that becam an aerlie 'research institute'. For purposes o publeication, he awned a prentin press an a paper mill. His best kent assistant wis Johannes Kepler.
Ernest Rutherford

The Richt Honourable **Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford o Nelson,** PC, OM, FRS (30 August 1871–19 October 1937), wis a New Zealand-born Breetish nuclear physicist. He wis kent as the "faither" o nuclear physics, pioneered the orbital theory o the atom, in his kenspeckle diskiverie o rutherford scatterin aff the nucleus wi his gowd foil experiment.

Rutherford wis born at Spring Grove (nou in Brightwater), naur Nelson. He studied at Nelson College an wan a scholarship for studie at Canterbury College, Varsity o New Zealand, wi three degrees an twa year o resairch at the forefront o electrical technology.

Nobel Prize winner in chemistry 1908.

## Fremmit airtins

* *Rutherford Scientist Supreme*http://www.rutherford.org.nz
* Dictionary of New Zealand Biography entry https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3r37/rutherford-ernest
* Public Broadcasting Service 'Science Odyssey People and Discoveries'https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bpruth.html
* On the anniversary of Ernest Rutherford's discoveries http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/rutherford.html 
* http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/radhistory/ernestrutherford.html 

## References
Nikola Tesla

**Nikola Tesla** (10 Julie 1856, in Smiljan, Croatie — 7 Januar 1943, in  New York; baptismal name: Nikola) wis a Serbie American inventor, pheesicist, mechanical ingineer, an electrical ingineer. He is aften thocht on as ane o the greatest geniuses o technological oncome.

Tesla is seen as ane o the maist innovative ingineers o the late 1800s an aerlie 1900s. His patents an theoretical wark forms the foonds o modren alternatin current eletric pouer (AC) seestems, includin the polyphase pouer deistribution seestem an AC motor, that he uised for ti stairt the Seicont Industrial Revolution. Nikola Tesla wis o Serb descent an, born in the Austrian Empire (Croatie the day), while conductin his wark in the Unitit States, becam an American ceetizen in 1891.

## See an aa

## Fremmit airtins
* NikolaTesla.fr  - Mair nor 1,000 documents on Tesla
Christmas

**Christmas** or **[[Yuil]] day** is wan o the maist well-kent Christian halidays. It comes oan 25 Dizember. Fur ordinar, the date that is jaloused as that o Jesus' birth. In Eastren Orthodox Kirks, it is celebratit oan 6 or 7 Januar.

Durin Christmas, a tree is pit up, decoratit wi decorations such as lichts, streamers, an baubles.

The tradeetional Christmas narrative fae the New Testament says thit Jesus wis born in Bethlehem. Whan Mary an Joseph won tae the ceetie, the in didnae hiv ony rooms, an war gien a stable whaur the bairn wis born, wi angels affirmt the news tae shepards. The separds than pit the wird oot aboot it.

See tho the month an date o Jesus' birth isnae kent, the kirk in the early 4t yearhunner pit the date at 25 Dizember. This matches the date o the winter solstice on the Roman calendar. Maist Christians celebrate on 25 Dizember in the Gregorian calendar. This is haes been taen on aw ower in secular calendars uised in kintras oothrou the warld. Hounaiver, some Eastren Christian Kirks celebrate Christmas on 25t Dizember on the aulder Julian calenders, equivalent tae Januar 7 on the Gregorian Calendar.

For Christians, believin thit God came intae the warld as man tae pey fur Humanitie's sins, raither nor kennin Jesus' exact birth day, is seen tae be the primary purpose in delebratin Christmas.

The celebrations performed durin Christmas in sindry kintra ur a mix o pre-Christian, Christian an secular themes an oreegins. 

Popular weys o celebratin includin gien gifts; daein an Advent calendar or Advent wreath; Christmas muisic an carolin; seein a Nativity play; Gien Christmas cairds tae wan anither; Kirk services; a special meal; an pittin up sindry Christmas decorations, includin Christmas lichts, Nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe an holly.

As weel as that, twa-three closely relatit an aftern interchangable feegurs, kent as Santae Claus, Faither Christmas, Caunt Nicholas, an Christkind, ur associatit wi gien gifts tae bairns durin Yule, maistly Christmas Eve. Thay hiv thair ain lot o tradeetions an lair.

Giein gifts an money ither pairts o the Chrstmas festival cause the economic acteevity tae rise, acause o this, the haily haes turnt intae a muckle event an a key sales period fur retailers an businesses. The economic impact fae Christmas haes grawn mair ower the past twa-three yearhunner in mony pairts in the warld.

## Nativity
The gospels o Luke an Matthew pit Jesus as bein born in Bethlehem tae Virgin Mary. In Luke, Joseph an Mary won fae Nazareth til Bethlehem fur the census, an Jesus is born thare an pit doun in a manger. Anglens affirmt him as the body tae hain aw fowk, an shepards came aboot tae adore him.

Matthew pits in thit tha magi follaw a star til Bethlehem tae gie gifts tae Jesus, born tae bnot twa year old in Bethlehem, but the familie gits awa til Egypt an returns back til Nazareth later on.

## References
Chemical element

A **chemical element** is a speshies o atoms haein the same nummer o protons in thair atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic nummer, or *Z*).

## References
Leonhard Euler

**Leonhard Euler** [oi'lər] (15 Aprile 1707–18 September 1783) wis a Swiss mathematician an pheesicist. He is thocht ti be ane o the finest mathematicians that ivver leived. Leonhard Euler wis the first til uise the wird "function" (defined bi Leibniz in 1694) ti descreive an expression makkin uiss o various arguments; i.e., *y* = F(*x*). He is credited wi bein ane o the first til applee calculus ti pheesics.

Born an bred in Basel, he wis a mathematical child prodigy. He worked as a professor o mathematics in St. Petersburg, an aifter in Berlin, an then cam back ti St. Petersburg. He is the maist proleific mathematician bar nane, his collected wark fullin 75 volumes. He dominated the mathematics o the 1700s an worked oot mony consequences o the neow inventit calculus. He wis blind for the hindmaist seventeen year o his life, a time whan he produced near on hauf o aa his wark.

An asteroid haes been cried 2002 Euler in his honour.
## External links

* LeonhardEuler.com
* 
* 
* How Euler did it contains columns explaining how Euler solved various problems
* Euler Archive
* Leonhard Euler – Œuvres complètes Gallica-Math
* Euler Committee of the Swiss Academy of Sciences
* References for Leonhard Euler
* Euler Tercentenary 2007
* The Euler Society
* Euler Family Tree
* Euler's Correspondence with Frederick the Great, King of Prussia
* 
* Euler Quartic Conjecture
* Portrait of Leonhard Euler from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections 
* Euler's (1769–1771) ''Dioptricae, 3 vols.'' 
* 
* 
*Euler Archive
H. P. Lovecraft

**Howard Phillips "H. P." Lovecraft** (20 August 1890 – 15 Mairch 1937) wis an American owthor o fantasie an grue fiction, kent for giein grue stories a science feection framewark. Lovecraft's readership wis leemitit in throu his life, but his warks haes turnt raither important an hanks amang scrievers an fans o grue fiction.

## Fremmit Airtins
* The H. P. Lovecraft Archive
Greg Bear

**Gregory Dale Bear** (born Augist 20, 1951; dee'd November 19, 2022) wis a Science Fiction owthor. His wark haes kivered leids o galactic fecht  (Forge of God beuks), mim universes (Eon series) an gied evolution (Blood Music, Darwin's Radio an Darwin's Children). Bear wis born in San Diego, California. Frae 1968 tae 1973 he wis at San Diego State Varsity whaur he wis awairdit an A.B. degree. In 1975, he mairiet on Christina M. Nielson, but thay divorced in 1981. He remairiet on Astrid Anderson, the dochter o Science Fiction owthor Poul Anderson, in 1983.

## Fremmit Airtins
*Darwin's Radio Review
*Greg Bear's wabsteid
*A swatch o ''Slant'' (1997)
Pape John XIV

**John XIV** (dee'd Augist 20, 984), Pape frae 983 tae 984, successor tae Benedict VII, wis born at Pavia, an afore his hystin tae the papal chair wis imperial chancellor o Otto II, an wis the latter's seicont chyce.

His oreeginal name wis Peter, but he chynged it tae evite bein likent wi St.Peter hissel.

Otto dee'd short syne aifter his election; his heir, Otto III bein juist 3 year auld. Antipape Boniface VII, on the strenth o the strang feelin agin the new pape, cam back fae frae Constantinople an sent John tae the jyle, in Castel Sant'Angelo, whaur he dee'd aither fae hunger or pushion.

Dee'd on Augist 20t, 984; Papes Benedict XIV an Pius X baith dee'd on Augist 20t.
Saunt

**Saunts** are bodies o exceptional haliness that are important in mony releegions, parteecular Christianity. In some uissages, the wird "saunt" is uised mair generally for tae refer tae onybody that is a Christian.
26 November

The **26t o November** is the 330t day o the year (331st in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 35 days bidin.

## Events

* 986 - First documentit mention o Montpellier, Fraunce.
* 1703 - The Great Storm o 1703 sinks 12 Ryal Navy ships, killin 1,500 fowk.
* 1842 - The Varsity o Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, is foondit.
* 1898 - A storm aff New Ingland, Northeastren Unitit States, sinks the "Portland" passenger ship, killin 152 fowk.
* 1917 - The National Hockey League, nou the main league o North Americae ice hockey, is foondit.
* 1922 - Howard Carter enters the tomb o Tutankhamun in Egypt.
* 1942 - The film "Casablanca", starrin Humphrey Bogart an Ingrid Bergman, premieres.
* 1949 - Indie declares isself a republic.
* 1950 - Korean War: The Battle o Chosin stairts efter the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae enters the war on the side o North Korea.
* 1970 - In Guadeloupe, 38 millimetres o rain faws in a minute.
* 1990 - A Delta II racket maks its first flicht.
* 1992 - Vienna's Hofburg Pailace is severely damaged bi fire in the nicht tae 27 November.
* 1998 - The Khanna rail disaster in Indie kills 212 fowk.
* 1998 - Breetish Prime Meenister Tony Blair speaks at the Republic o Ireland's pairlament.
* 2003 - Concorde maks its last flicht.
* 2008 - A series o coordinatit terrorist attacks in Mumbai stairts, killin 174 fowk.
* 2011 - The Mars Science Laboratory is launched.

## Births

* 1607 - John Harvard, Inglis clergyman (d. 1638)
* 1847 - Maria Feodorovna, Empress o Roushie (d. 1928)
* 1857 - Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist (d. 1913)
* 1885 - Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor o Germany (d. 1970)
* 1898 - Karl Ziegler, German chemist (d. 1973)
* 1903 - Alice Herz-Sommer, Czech-born pianist (d. 2014)
* 1918 - Huber Matos, Cuban writer an activist (d. 2014)
* 1918 - Patricio Aylwin, Preses o Chile (d. 2016)
* 1919 - Ryszard Kaczorowski, Pols statesman (d. 2010)
* 1922 - Charles M. Schulz, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
* 1931 - Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist
* 1939 - Tina Turner, American-Swiss sangster
* 1948 - Elizabeth Blackburn, Australie-American molecular biologist
* 1953 - Hilary Benn, Inglis politeecian
* 1961 - Willie McStay, Scots fitbawer
* 1965 - Dougray Scott, Scots actor
* 1976 - Donald Cameron, Scots politeecian
* 1977 - Campbell Walsh, Scots slalom canoeist
* 1981 - Natasha Bedingfield, Inglis sangster
* 1990 - Rita Ora, Kosovo-born Inglis sangster an actress
* 1990 - Danny Welbeck, Inglis fitbawer

## Daiths
* 399 - Pape Siricius (b. 334)
* 1836 - John Loudon McAdam, Scots ingineer (b. 1756)
* 1855 - Adam Mickiewicz, Pols poet an playwricht (b. 1798)
* 1917 - Elsie Inglis, Scots medicinar an suffragist (b. 1864)
* 1952 - Sven Hedin, Swadish splorer (b. 1865)
* 1981 - Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (b. 1901)
* 1992 - Jim Forrest, Scots fitbawer (b. 1927)
* 2016 - David Provan, Scots fitbawer (b. 1941)
* 2018 - Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian film director (b. 1941)
* 2018 - Stephen Hillenburg, American marine biologist and animator, creator o SpongeBob SquarePants (b. 1961)

## Halidays
* Constitution Day (Indie)
* Republic  Day (Mongolie)

## Ootside airtins
*
Pape Pius VII

Pius VII, O.S.B., born **Giorgio Barnaba Luigi Chiaramonti** (Augist 14t, 1742 – Augist 20t, 1823), wis Pape fae Mairch 14t, 1800 tae Augist 20t, 1823.

Chiaramonti wis born at Cesena intil a bien Italian familie. He wis eddicatit in Ravenna afore jynin the Benedictine prattick in 1756 tae conteena his studies. He syne became a dominine in the prattick. His career becam a series o swipper promotions follaein the election o a familie freend, Giovanni Braschi, as Pape Pius VI. Pius trystit him abbot o San Callisto in Roum in 1776 an aifter makkin him a bishop makkit him a cairdinal in Februar 1785.

## References
Niels Bohr

**Niels Henrik David Bohr** (7 October, 1885 – 18 November, 1962) wis a Dens pheesicist that made essential contreibutions til the unnerstaundin o atomic structur an quantum mechanics.

## Bohr's contreibutions ti pheesics
* Bohr's model o atomic structur.
* The electron's orbital angular momentum is quantifee'd; L=nħ.
* The theory that electrons traivels in discrete orbits aboot the atom's kirnel, wi the chemical properties o the element bein maistlins determined bi the nummer o electrons in the ooter orbits.
* The consait that an electron coud drap frae a heicher-energy orbit til a laicher ane, emeetin a photon (licht quantum) o discrete energy (this becam the foonds o quantum theory).
* The Copenhagen interpretation o quantum mechanics.
He gat the Nobel Prize for Pheesics for this wark in 1922.

## Fremmit airtins
 
* Niels Bohr Archive
* Nobel Fundation: Niels Bohr 
* Aboot Niels Bohr
TZ Arietis

**TZ Arietis** is a wee reid droich o a starn in the constellation Aries. This starn is faur ower dwaum tae be seen wi the nakit ee, althou it lies relatively close tae oor Sun at a lenth o aboot 14.5 licht year. It is a bleizin starn, whilk means it's brichtness can rax awfu suddent for a whilie.

## References
Didsbury

**Didsbury** is a suburb in Manchester in north-wast Ingland. It is aboot sax mile sooth o the mids o Manchester lyin on baith sides o the gate sooth tae Wilmslow. The airt is maistly populate bi collegianers an the commonality's families an is hiechly socht in the haudin mercat.

The area is spleet intae the twa wairds o Manchester Ceity Cooncil Didsbury Aest an Didsbury Wast.

The area is for ordnar conseidered ti be atween the River Mersey tae the south, Princess Parkway tae the wast, Kingsway tae the east, and Lapwing Lane/Fog Lane tae the north. Bi wey o the 2001 Census, Didsbury haed a population o 14,292. O this figure, 87.64% recognise thairsels as White, 7.77% as Asian/Asian British, 1.28% Bleck/Bleck British, and 1.26% as Chinese or anither ethnic minoritie.
Scotched English

**Scotched English** is (for ordinar) Staundart Inglis that's been buskit for tae mak it leuk lik Scots. This can come aboot in twa-three weys.

It micht juist coud be an affcome o the fact that maist native Scots-speakers haes anerly iver been teached hou tae write English an that gars thaim stap thair ain Scots intae the haud an bind o Staundart Inglis grammar an eediom. 

The fowk scrievin isna native Scots-speakers.  Whan scrievin thay're thinkin in Inglis an juist chynge the lexemes an spellins o the Inglis model in thair heids. Anither form o this is whaur an Inglis screed is taen as a foond an the selsame chyngin o lexemes an spellins is duin wi't.

Aften wirds is howkit fae dictionars an uised oot o context or fowk clecks idiosyncratic lexemes, eedioms, morphological elements or syntactic structurs that's taen fae or foondit on Inglis an isna a pairt o Scots, syne uisin thaim whaur Scots wad hae an exeestin authentic hamelt mak o its ain. That for ordinar comes aboot acause o the want o ken o Scots on the pairt o the *scriever*.

It whiles comes aboot acause the Scots dialect o the writer is awfu Englifee'd onywey.
15 October

The **15t o October** is the 288t day o the year (289t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 77 days bidin.

## Events

* 1582 - The Gregorian calendar is introduced in Spain, Portugal, Italy an Poland.
* 1815 - Napoleon I stairts his time in exile on the Sooth Atlantic island o St. Helena.
* 1880 - Cologne Cathedral is completit efter ower 600 year.
* 1894 - French military office Alfred Dreyfus is arrested, stairting the Dreyfus Affair.
* 1945 - Vichy Fraunce politeecian Pierre Laval is executit.
* 1946 - Hermann Göring, Nazi politeecian, commits suicide.
* 1987 - Blaise Compaoré takes ower in Burkina Faso.
* 1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
* 1993 - Nelson Mandela an Frederik Willem de Klerk win the Nobel Peace Prize.
* 1997 - The Cassini-Huygens space probe is launched tae the planet Saturn.
* 2001 - The Galileo spacecraft passes within 112 mile o Jupiter's muin Io.
* 2012 - In the Edinburgh Agreement, David Cameron an Alex Salmond agree the terms for a referendum on Scots unthirldom.

## Births

* 70 BC - Virgil, Roman poet (d. 19 BC)
* 1542 - Akbar the Great, Mughal Emperor (d. 1605)
* 1608 - Evangelista Torricelli, Italian pheesicist an mathemateecian (d. 1647)
* 1795 - Frederick William IV o Proushie (d. 1861)
* 1814 - Mikhail Lermontov, Roushie writer, poet an penter (d. 1841)
* 1829 - Asaph Hall, American astronomer (d. 1907)
* 1844 - Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (d. 1900)
* 1893 - Carol II o Romanie (d. 1953)
* 1894 - Moshe Sharett, 2nt Prime meenister o Israel (d. 1965)
* 1914 - Mohammed Zahir Shah, King o Afghanistan (d. 2007)
* 1920 - Mario Puzo, American writer (d. 1999)
* 1923 - Italo Calvino, Italian jurnalist an writer (d. 1985)
* 1926 - Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
* 1931 - A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, 11t Preses o Indie (d. 2015)
* 1944 - Sali Berisha, Albanian politeecian
* 1944 - David Trimble, Northren Erse politeecian
* 1946 - Stewart Stevenson, Scots politeecian
* 1959 - Sarah, Duchess o York
* 1968 - Didier Deschamps, French fitbawer
* 1971 - Andy Cole, Inglis fitbawer
* 1974 - Bianca Rinaldi, Brazilian actress
* 1977 - David Trezeguet, French fitbawer
* 1981 - Elena Dementieva, Roushie tennis player
* 1988 - Mesut Oezil, German fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1389 - Pape Urban VI (b. 1318)
* 1917 - Mata Hari, Dutch dancer an spy (b. 1876)
* 1934 - Raymond Poincaré, French politeecian (b. 1860)
* 1945 - Pierre Laval, French politeecian (b. 1883)
* 1946 - Hermann Göring, German Nazi politeecian (b. 1893)
* 1956 - Jules Rimet, 3rd Preses o FIFA (b. 1873)
* 1964 - Cole Porter, American componer (b. 1891)
* 2012 - Norodom Sihanouk, King o Cambodie (b. 1922)

## Halidays
* Global Handwashing Day
* Teacher's Day (Brazil)
22 September

The **22t o September** is the 265t day o the year (266t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 100 days bidin.

## Events

* 1761 - George III o Great Breetain is crouned.
* 1857 - Roushie warship "Lefort" capsizes an sinks in the Gulf o Finland, killin 806 fowk.
* 1877 - French astronomer Edouard Jean-Marie Stephan discovers a group o 5 galaxies.
* 1896 - Queen Victoria becomes the langest-reignin Breetish monarch. Her record is beaten bi Elizabeth II on 9 September 2015.
* 1908 - Bulgarie declares unthirldom frae the Ottoman Empire.
* 1934 - A splosion at the Gresford Colliery in Wales kills 226 fowk.
* 1955 - Breetish telly network ITV goes on air.
* 1960 - Mali gains unthirldom frae Fraunce.
* 1980 - Iraq invades Iran, stairtin the Iran-Iraq War.
* 1990 - Alex Salmond is electit convener o the Scots Naitional Pairty.
* 2002 - Gerhard Schröder is re-electit Chancellor o Germany.
* 2013 - Angela Merkel is electit tae a 3rd term as Chancellor o Germany.
* 2013 - A bomb attack on a kirk in Peshawar, Pakistan, kills at least 70 fowk.
* 2014 - Ewa Kopacz becomes Prime Meenister o Poland.

## Births

* 1515 - Anne o Cleves, German-born Queen Consort o Ingland (d. 1557)
* 1552 - Vasili IV o Roushie (d. 1612)
* 1601 - Anne o Austrick, Queen Consort o Fraunce (d. 1666)
* 1741 - Peter Simon Pallas, German zoologist an botanist (d. 1811)
* 1768 - George Campbell, 6t Duke o Argyll, Scots politeecian an nobleman (d. 1839)
* 1791 - Michael Faraday, Inglis scientist (d. 1867)
* 1810 - John Brown, Scots medicinar an essayist (d. 1882)
* 1882 - Wilhelm Keitel, German field marshal (d. 1946)
* 1931 - George Younger, 4t Viscoont Younger o Leckie, Scots politeecian an banker (d. 2003)
* 1942 - Wu Ma, Hong Kong actor (d. 2014)
* 1944 - Jim Forrest, Scots fitbawer
* 1947 - Tommy Hutchison, Scots fitbawer
* 1951 - David Coverdale, Inglis rock sangster
* 1953 - Ségolène Royal, French politeecian
* 1958 - Andrea Bocelli, Italian tenor
* 1959 - Saul Perlmutter, American astropheesicist
* 1961 - Liam Fox, Scots politeecian
* 1964 - John Clark, Scots fitbawer
* 1970 - Emmanuel Petit, French fitbawer
* 1972 - Marcus Campbell, Scots snooker player
* 1976 - Ronaldo, Brazilian fitbawer
* 1978 - Allan Jacobsen, Scots rugby union player
* 1978 - Harry Kewell, Australian fitbawer
* 1982 - Billie Piper, Inglis actress
* 1983 - Andy Graham, Scots fitbawer
* 1984 - Thiago Silva, Brazilian fitbawer
* 1987 - Tom Felton, Inglis actor
* 1989 - Sabine Lisicki, German tennis player

## Daiths
* 1520 - Selim I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1465)
* 1774 - Pape Clement XIV (b. 1705)
* 1956 - Frederick Soddy, Inglis chemist (b. 1877)
* 1989 - Irving Berlin, Roushie-American componer an sangwriter (b. 1888)
* 2007 - Marcel Marceau, French mime airtist (b. 1923)
* 2011 - Aristides Pereira, 1st Preses o Cape Verde (b. 1923)
* 2015 - Yogi Berra, American basebaw player an coach (b. 1925)

## Halidays
* Independence Day (Bulgarie, Mali)
* Northren Hairst an Soothren Ware Equinox in some years
Nina Hossain

**Nina Rathryn Hossain** is an Inglis televeesion braidcaster fae Huddersfield, altho she nou bides in sooth Lunnon.  She is best kent as a presenter o the wittins for ITN.  She wis at Border Telly for fower year forby, daein wark baith afore an ahint the camera.

Nina's vyce wis aften heard on *Hard Spell*, a BBC spellin competeetion for bairns, acause o her unco abeelity tae pronoonce wirds - whiles awfu lang wirds - in a gey clear mainer.

## Airtins tae ootby steids
* Nina Hossain at ITV wittins wabsteid  - *smaa biographie in Inglis*
* IMDB leet for Nina Hossain - *in Inglis*
* Photie wabsteid 
* Anither photie steid
16 September

The **16t o September** is the 259t day o the year (260t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 106 day left.

## Events

* 1620 - The Mayflower, wi the Pilgrim Faithers, leaves Plymouth, Devon, Ingland.
* 1701 - James Francis Edward Stuart becomes the Jacobite pretender.
* 1810 - Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, wi his Grito de Dolores, stairts Mexico's fecht for unthirldom frae Spain.
* 1824 - Charles X o Fraunce becomes King.
* 1859 - David Livingstone reiks Loch Malawi in the Sooth-East o Africae.
* 1902 - Alagoas becomes a state o Brazil.
* 1920 - A bomb is detonatit in front o J. P. Morgan bank in Wall Street, New York Ceety.
* 1928 - The Okeechobee hurricane maks laundfaw in Florida.
* 1961 - The leftovers o Hurricane Debbie hit the Unitit Kinrick an Republic o Ireland.
* 1963 - The Federation o Malaysie is creatit.
* 1975 - Papua New Guinea gains unthirldom frae Australie.
* 1978 - Filmin stairts for Monty Python's film "The Life o Brian".
* 1978 - A yirdquauk o magnitude 7.8 in Iran kills 25,000 fowk.
* 2007 - A plane cairryin 128 fowk crashes on the Thai island o Phuket, killin 89 fowk.
* 2009 - Yukio Hatoyama becomes Prime meenister o Japan.
* 2010 - Pape Benedict XVI visits Scotland as pairt o a state veesit tae the Unitit Kinrick.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Indie reaches a total o 5 million recordit cases.
* 2020 - Yoshihide Suga replaces Shinzo Abe as Prime meenister o Japan.
* 2020 - The govrenment o Barbados propales its intention tae abolish the monarchy; Elizabeth II is its exeestin Heid o State.

## Births

* 1387 - King Henry V o Ingland (d. 1422)
* 1858 - Andrew Bonar Law, Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1923)
* 1859 - Yuan Shikai, Cheenese general an politeecian (d. 1916)
* 1891 - Karl Dönitz, German admiral (d. 1980)
* 1923 - Lee Kuan Yew, Prime meenister o Singapore (d. 2015)
* 1924 - Lauren Bacall, American actress (d. 2014)
* 1925 - B.B. King, American blues muisicker (d. 2015)
* 1926 - Robert H. Schuller, American televangelist (d. 2015)
* 1930 - Jerry Parr, American secret service agent (d. 2015)
* 1957 - Norman Lamb, Inglis politeecian
* 1971 - Amy Poehler, American actress an comedienne
* 1981 - Alexis Bledel, American actress
* 1983 - Kirsty Coventry, Zimbabwean soummer

## Daiths
* 96 - Domitian, Roman Emperor (b. 51)
* 1380 - Charles V o Fraunce (b. 1338)
* 1701 - James VII, Keeng o Scots (b. 1633)
* 1824 - Louis XVIII o Fraunce (b. 1756)
* 1977 - Maria Callas, Greek-American opera sangster (b. 1923)
* 1980 - Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist (b. 1896)
* 2016 - Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 10t Preses o Italy (b. 1920)

## Halidays
* Independence Day/Grito de Dolores (Mexico)
* Malaysie Day
* Naitional Day o Papua New Guinea
* Stateheid Day in Alagoas, Brazil
11 September

The **11t o September** is the 254t day o the year (255t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 111 days bidin.

## Events

* 1041 - Fire destroys pairt o Bremen's auld toun.
* 1297 - Battle o Stirlin Brig: Scots forces, led bi William Wallace, defeat the Inglis airmie.
* 1609 - Henry Hudson reaches Manhattan Island.
* 1916 - The 2nt Quebec Brig collapses.
* 1941 - The foondation stane o the Pentagon biggin in Arlington, Virginie, is laid.
* 1944 - Warld War II: A bombin raid on Darmstadt kills 11,500 fowk.
* 1973 - In Chile, Preses Salvador Allende commits suicide efter bein flung oot bi Augusto Pinochet in a militar 'coup' fendit by the Unitit States.
* 1989 - Hungary opens its mairch wi Austrick tae allou East German refugees throu.
* 1997 - Scots devolution referendum, 1997: Voters in Scotland vote, bi a majority, in favour o a new Scots Pairlament.
* 1999 - Tennis: Serena Williams wins her first Grand Slam singles teetle, at the US Open.
* 2001 - 11t September terror attacks on New York Ceety an Washington, D.C., killin thousands.
* 2003 - Swadish foreign meenister Anna Lindh dies a day efter bein stabbed in a depairtment store in Stockholm.
* 2012 - Unitit States diplomatic missions in Libyae an Egyp are attackit.
* 2015 - A crane collapse at Mecca's Central Mosque kills ower 100 fowk.

## Births

* 1771 - Mungo Park, Scots explorer (d. 1806)
* 1862 - O. Henry, American writer (d. 1910)
* 1882 - Robert Clark, Scots marine zoologist an explorer (d. 1950)
* 1885 - D. H. Lawrence, Inglis novelist (d. 1930)
* 1903 - Theodor W. Adorno, German philosopher, sociologist an componer (d. 1969)
* 1917 - Ferdinand Marcos, Preses o the Philippines (d. 1989)
* 1928 - Reubin Askew, American politeecian (d. 2014)
* 1936 - Billy Ritchie, Scots fitbawer (d. 2016)
* 1937 - Queen Paola o Belgium
* 1940 - Brian De Palma, American director an screenwriter
* 1942 - John Greig, Scots fitbawer
* 1944 - Serge Haroche, French pheesicist
* 1945 - Franz Beckenbauer, German fitbawer
* 1960 - Hiroshi Amano, Japanese pheesicist
* 1965 - Moby, American DJ, sangster an componer
* 1965 - Graeme Obree, Scots cyclist
* 1965 - Bashar al-Assad, Preses o Sirie
* 1967 - Sung Jae-ki, Sooth Korean activist (d. 2013)
* 1968 - Slaven Bilic, Croatie fitbawer an manager
* 1970 - Taraji P. Henson, American actress
* 1970 - John Spencer, Scots fitbawer
* 1978 - Dejan Stankovic, Serbie fitbawer
* 1982 - Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Belaroushie political activist
* 1983 - Alasdair Dickinson, Scots rugby union player

## Daiths
* 1948 - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistani statesman (b. 1876)
* 1971 - Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet leader (b. 1894)
* 1973 - Salvador Allende, Preses o Chile (b. 1908)
* 1994 - Jessica Tandy, Inglis-American actress (b. 1909)
* 2003 - Anna Lindh, Swadish foreign meenister (b. 1957)
* 2007 - Ian Porterfield, Scots fitbawer (b. 1946)
* 2019 - Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Preses o Indonesie (b. 1936)

## Halidays

* Naitional Day o Catalonie
* Ethiopian New Year
* Patriot Day (Unitit States)
Eurovision Sang Contest 1972

The **Euroveesion Sang Contest 1972** wis the 17t edeetion o the lang-rinnin televeesion competeetion, an wis hauden in the Usher Hall in Edinburrie on Mairch 25t, 1972. It is the ae time up til nou that the competeetion haes been hauden in Scotland. The presenter wis Moira Shearer. The tap sang, waled at the end o the nicht bi a puckle fowk fae athort Europe, wis Luxembourg's *Après toi* (French for 'efter ye'), bi Vicky Leandros.

The sang fae the hame kintra (the Unitit Kinrick, acause Scotland wisna - an still isna - able tae pit a sang forrit til the competeetion in its ain richt) wis *Beg, Steal or Borrow* bi the New Seekers, an it cam a guid seicont.
3 September

The **3d o September** is the 246t day o the year (247t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 119 days bidin.

## Events

* 301 - Tradeetional foondin date o San Marino, the warld's auldest republic.
* 1189 - Richard I o Ingland is crouned at Wastmeenster Aibey.
* 1783 &ndash; American Revolutionary War: The war ends wi the signin o the Treaty o Paris bi the Unitit States an the Kinrick o Great Breetain.
* 1933 - The Erse poleetical pairty Fine Gael is foondit.
* 1939 - Warld War II: The Unitit Kinrick an Fraunce declare war on Germany, follaein its invasion o Poland on 1 September.
* 1945 - Warld War II: Cheenae celebrates Victory o'er Japan.
* 1967 - Swaden changes frae left tae right-haund road traffic, on what is referred tae as "Dagen-H".
* 1971 - Qatar gains unthirldom.
* 1995 - The shoppin wabsteid eBay is foondit.
* 2004 - A schuil siege in Beslan, Sooth o Roushie, ends in a massacre, killin hunders.
* 2007 - American businessman an aviator Steve Fossett goes missin in Californie; his remains are later foond.
* 2016 - The Fowkrepublic o Cheenae an the Unitit States ratify the Paris climate agreement.
* 2017 - North Korea reportedly tests a hydrogen bomb.

## Births

* 1856 - Louis Sullivan, American airchitect (d. 1924)
* 1859 - Jean Jaurès, French politeecian (d. 1914)
* 1869 - Fritz Pregl, Slovenie-Austrick chemist an medicinar (d. 1930)
* 1875 - Ferdinand Porsche, Austrick-German automotive ingineer (d. 1951)
* 1900 - Urho Kekkonen, Preses o Finland (d. 1986)
* 1905 - Carl David Anderson, American pheesicist (d. 1991)
* 1910 - Kitty Carlisle, American actress (d. 2007)
* 1914 - Jimmy Delaney, Scots fitbawer (d. 1989)
* 1936 - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Preses o Tunisie (d. 2019)
* 1937 - Willie Bell, Scots fitbawer
* 1938 - Ryoji Noyori, Japanese chemist
* 1940 - Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan jurnalist an screiver (d. 2015)
* 1947 - Mario Draghi, umwhile Heid o the European Central Bank
* 1947 - Kjell Magne Bondevik, umwhile Prime meenister o Norawa
* 1948 - Levy Mwanawasa, Preses o Zambie (d. 2008)
* 1965 - Charlie Sheen, American actor
* 1970 - Gareth Southgate, Inglis fitbawer an coach
* 1977 - Olof Mellberg, Swadish fitbawer
* 1979 - Júlio César, Brazilian fitbawer
* 1982 - Sarah Burke, Canadian freestyle skier (d. 2012)
* 1986 - Shaun White, American snawbuirder
* 1988 - Jerome Boateng, German fitbawer
* 1993 - Dominic Thiem, Austrick tennis player
* 1994 - Chris Johnston, Scots fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1420 - Robert Stewart, Duke o Albany (b. 1340)
* 1658 - Oliver Cromwell, Inglis politeecian (b. 1599)
* 1883 - Ivan Turgenev, Roushie writer (b. 1818)
* 1918 - Margaret Todd, Scots medicinar (b. 1859)
* 1974 - James McCrae, Scots fitbawer (b. 1894)
* 1991 - Frank Capra, Italian-American filmmaker (b. 1897)
* 2007 - Steve Fossett, American businessman an aviator (b. 1944)
* 2012 - Sun Myung Moon, Korean religious leader (b. 1920)
* 2012 - Michael Clarke Duncan, American actor (b. 1957)

## Halidays
* Naitional Day (San Marino)
* Independence Day (Qatar)
* Dagen-H (Swaden)
* Banner Day (Australie)
* Merchant Navy Day (Unitit Kinrick)