open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Edward III o Ingland

**Edward III** (13 November 1312&nbsp;– 21 Juin 1377) wis Keeng o Ingland frae 25 Januar 1327 till his daith; he is notit for his militar success an for restorin ryal authority efter the disastrous ring o his faither, Edward&nbsp;II. Edward&nbsp;III transformed the Kinrick o Ingland intae ane o the maist formidable militar pouers in Europe. His lang ring of 50 year wis the seicont langest in medieval Ingland (efter that o his great-grandfaither Henry III) an saw vital developments in legislation an govrenment, in pairteecular the evolution o the Inglis pairlament, as weel as the ravages o the Black Daith.

Edward wis crouned at age fowerteen efter his faither wis deponed bi his mither, Isabella o Fraunce, an her luver Roger Mortimer. At age seiventeen he led a successfu coup d'état against Mortimer, the de facto ruler o the kintra, an begoud his personal ring. Efter a successfu campaign in Scotland he declared himsel richtfu heir tae the French throne in 1337. This stairtit whit becam kent as the Hunder Years' War. Follaein some ineetial setbacks, this first phase o the war went exceptionally weel for Ingland; veectories at Crécy an Poitiers led tae the heichly favourable Treaty o Brétigny, in that Ingland made territorial gains, an Edward renoonced his claim tae the French throne. This phase wad acome kent as the Edwardian War. Edward's later years war merkit bi internaitional failyie an domestic strife, lairgely as a result o his inactivity an puir heal.

Edward&nbsp;III wis a temperamental man but capable o unuisual clemency. He wis in mony weys a conventional king that's main interest wis warfare. Admired in his awn time an for centuries efter, Edward wis denoonced as an irresponsible adventurer bi later Whig historians sic as William Stubbs. This view has been challenged recently an modren historians creedit him wi some signeeficant achievements.

## References

;Soorces
*
Edward II o Ingland

**Edward II** (25 Aprile 1284&nbsp;– 21 September 1327), cried **Edward o Caernarfon** an aw, wis King o Ingland frae 1307 till he wis deponed in Januar 1327.
Cnut the Great

**Cnut the Great** (Auld Norse: *Knútr inn ríki*; c. 985 or 995&nbsp;– 12 November 1035), mair commonly kent as **Canute**, wis a king o Denmark, Ingland, Norawa an pairts o Swaden, thegither iften referred tae as the Anglo-Scandinavian or North Sea Empire.

## References
Odo o Fraunce

**Odo** (or **Eudes**) (c. 852 &ndash; 1 Januar 898) wis a King o Wastren Francie, reignin frae 888 tae 898.
Egbert o Wessex

**Egbert** (771/775–839), forby kent as  **Ecgberht**, **Ecgbert**, or **Ecgbriht**, wis King o Wessex frae 802 till his daith in 839.

## References
Hassan Nasrallah

**Hassan Nasrallah ** (; 31 August 1960 -27 September 2024) wis the third Secretar General o the Lebanese poleetical an paramilitar organisation Hezbollah. He wis kilt bi an Israeli airstrike in Beirut.

## References
Hayden Panettiere

**Hayden Lesley Panettiere** (; ); born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, model, sangster, an activist. She is kent for her roles as cheerleader Claire Bennet on the NBC series *[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]* (2006–10) an Juliette Barnes in the ABC muisical drama series *[[Nashville (2012 TV series)|Nashville]]* (syne 2012).

## References
Christina Ricci

**Christina Ricci** (born Februar 12, 1980) is an American actress, who began her actin career appearin in commercials an received early recogneetion as a bairn starn. Her debut performance in *[[Mermaids (1990 film)|Mermaids]]* (1990) wis follaed bi a breakthrou role as Wednesday Addams in *[[The Addams Family (film)|The Addams Family]]* (1991) an its sequel *[[Addams Family Values]]* (1993) when she wis eleven an thirteen year auld, respectively. Follaein her success wi the *Addams Family* films, she earned somewhit o a "teen icon" status thanks tae appearances in various big budget productions, notably *[[Now and Then (film)|Now and Then]]* (1995) an *[[Casper (film)|Casper]]* (1995), which war mercatit for younger audiences afore makin a successfu transeetion intae adult-orientit roles wi the airt hoose drama *[[The Ice Storm (film)|The Ice Storm]]* (1997) at the age o seiventeen.

## References
John Huston

**John Marcellus Huston** (August 5, 1906&nbsp;– August 28, 1987) wis an American film director, screenwriter an actor. He wrote the screenplays for maist o the 37 featur films he directit, mony o which are the day considered classics: *[[The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)|The Maltese Falcon]]* (1941), *[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]* (1948), *[[Key Largo (film)|Key Largo]]* (1948), *[[The Asphalt Jungle]]* (1950), *[[The African Queen (film)|The African Queen]]* (1951), *[[Moulin Rouge (1952 film)|Moulin Rouge]]* (1952), *[[The Misfits (film)|The Misfits]]* (1961), an *[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]* (1975).

## References
Roushie ruble

The **ruble** or **rouble** (, **', plural , ''rubli'') ([[ISO 4217|code]]: **RUB''') is the siller o Roushie an the twa pairtially recognised republics o Abkhazie an Sooth Ossetie.

## References
Charles X o Fraunce

**Charles X** (*Charles Philippe*; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) wis kent for maist o his life as the Coont o Artois (in French, *comte d'Artois*) afore he reigned as Keeng o Fraunce frae 16 September 1824 till 2 August 1830.

## Mairiage

On In November 1773, Charles mairit Princess Marie Thérèse o Savoy, a dochter o Victor Amadeus III o Sardinie an his Spaingie Bourbon wife Maria Antonia o Spain.

## Issue

# Louis Antoine, Duke o Angoulême (Versailles, 6 August 1775 –  3 Juin 1844) mairit Marie Thérèse o Fraunce, but haed nae issue.
# "''Mademoiselle d'Artois''" (Versailles, 5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783)  died young. 
# Charles Ferdinand, Duke o Berry (24 Januar 1778 –  14 Februar 1820) mairit Princess Maria Carolina o Naples an Sicily an haed issue. 
# Marie Thérèse d'Artois, "*Mademoiselle d'Angoulême*" (6 Januar 1783 – 22 Juin 1783) died young.

## References
Louis XVIII o Fraunce

**Louis XVIII** (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755&nbsp;– 16 September 1824), kent as "the Desired" (*le Désiré*), wis a monarch o the Hoose o Bourbon who ruled as King o Fraunce frae 1814 tae 1824 except for a period in 1815 kent as the Hunder Days.

## Teetles an styles

***7 November 1755 - 6 Apryle 1814** *[[His Ryal Highness]]* Louis Stanislas Xavier, Son o Fraunce, Coont o Provence.
***6 Apryle 1814 - 20 Mairch 1815** *His Majesty* The Keeng o Fraunce an o Navarre.
***20 Mairch 1815 - 8 Julie 1815** *His Majesty* Keeng Louis XVIII o Fraunce (Cent-Jours)
***8 Julie 1815 - 16 September 1824** *His Majesty* The Keeng o Fraunce an o Navarre.

## References
William I o the Netherlands

**William I** (Willem Frederik, Prince o Orange-Nassau; 24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843) wis a Prince o Orange an the first Keeng o the Netherlands an Grand Duke o Luxembourg.

## Issue

# William II o the Netherlands (6 December 1792 - 17 Mairch 1849) mairit Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna o Roushie an haed issue.
# Stillborn son	(18 August 1795 - 18 August 1795)	 
# Prince Frederick o the Netherlands (28 Februar 1797 - 8 September 1881) mairit Princess Luise o Proushie an haed issue
# Princess Pauline o the Netherlands (1 Mairch 1800	22 December 1806) 	 
Stillborn son (30 August 1806	30 August 1806)
# Princess Marianne o the Netherlands (9 Mey 1810 - 29 Mey 1883) mairit Prince Albert o Proushie an haed issue.
Louis Bonaparte

**Louis Napoléon Bonaparte** (2 September 1778 – 25 Julie 1846), Keeng o Holland (1806–10), kent as **Lodewijk Napoleon** () in Dutch, wis the fift survivin bairn an the fowert survivin son o Carlo Buonaparte an Letizia Ramolino. His brither wis the first Emperor o the French, Napoleon I, an his son wis the last, Napoleon III.

## Mairiage

Louis was married on 4 Januar 1802 he mairit Hortense de Beauharnais, the dochter o Alexandre de Beauharnais, Viscoont o Beauharnais an his wife Josephine Tascher de La Pagerie. Josephine was the first wife of Louis's brither Napoleon. Thus Hortense was also Louis's step-niece.

## Issue

# Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, Prince Ryal o Holland (10 October 1802 – 5 Mey 1807) died young. 
# Napoléon Louis Bonaparte  (11 October 1804 – 17 Mairch 1831) niver mairit an haed nae issue.
# Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 Aprile 1808 – 9 Januar 1873) mairit Eugenia Palafox Portocarrero de Guzmán y KirkPatrick an haed issue.
Napoleon III

**Louis Napoléon Bonaparte** (20 Aprile 1808 – 9 Januar 1873) wis the anly Preses (1848–52) o the French Seicont Republic an, as **Napoléon III**, the Emperor (1852–70) o the Seicont French Empire.

## Bairn
# ''Napoléon'' Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte, Prince Imperial o Fraunce (16 Mairch 1856 – 1 Juin 1879) died in the Anglo-Zulu War. Haed nae childer.

## Teetles an styles
* **20 Aprile 1808 – 9 Julie 1810**: *His Imperial an [[Ryal Highness]]* Prince Louis Napoléon o Fraunce, Prince o Holland.
* **20 Aprile 1808 – 20 December 1848**: *His Imperial Highness* Prince Louis Napoléon o Fraunce.
* **20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852**: *His Imperial Highness* Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, The Prince-President o the French Republic.
* **2 December 1852 – 1 Mairch 1871**: *His Imperial Majesty* The Emperor o the French.
* **1 Mairch 1871 – 9 Januar 1873**: *His Imperial Majesty* Napoléon III.
Genseric

**Genseric** or mair eften **Gaiseric** or sometimes **Geiseric** (c. 389 &ndash; Januar 25, 477), wis King o the Vandals an Alans (428&ndash;477) who established the Vandal Kinrick wis ane o the key players in the troubles o the Wastren Roman Empire in the 5t century.
Claudius Gothicus

**Claudius II** (; Mey 10, 210 – Januar 270), kent maistlins as **Claudius Gothicus**, wis Roman Emperor frae 268 tae 270. He focht weel thro his ring wi the Alamanni an obteinit muckle victorie ower the Goths at the Battle o Naissus. He deed efter fain lerpous wi an onfa o plague (aiblins the mortal pock) nor gaed athort aw the airts o the Empire.

## References
Aemilianus

**Aemilianus** (; c. 207/213 – 253), forby kent as **Aemilian**, wis Roman Emperor for three month in 253.

## References
Valerian (emperor)

**Valerian** ( (); ; 193/195/200 – 260 or 264, forby kent as **Valerian the Elder**, wis Roman Emperor frae 253 tae 260 AD.

## References
Marcus Aurelius Probus

**Probus** (; ; c. 19 August 232 – September/October 282), wis Roman Emperor frae 276 tae 282.

## References
Romulus Augustulus

**Romulus Augustus** (born aiblins aroond 461 – died efter 476, an wis apparently still alive as late as 507) wis the last Emperor (alleged usurper) reignin ower the Wastren Roman Empire frae 31 October 475 till 4 September 476 efter Odoacer invadit Roum.

## References
Wastren Roman Empire

In historiografie, the **Wastren Roman Empire** consists o the wastren stewartry o the Roman Empire at ony een time while which thay war admeenistered bi a separate independent Imperial coort, coequal wi (or anly nominally subordinate tae) that admeenisterin the eastren hauf.

## References
Constantius Chlorus

**Constantius I** (; 31 Mairch 25 Julie 306) wis Roman Emperor frae 293 tae 306, commonly kent as **Constantius Chlorus** (, *Kōnstantios Khlōrós*, &nbsp;"Constantius the Paewae"). He wis the faither o Constantine the Great an foonder o the Constantinian dynasty.

## References
William II o the Netherlands

**William II** (Willem Frederik George Lodewijk, anglicised as William Frederick George Louis; 6 December 1792 – 17 Mairch 1849) GCB wis Keeng o the Netherlands, Grand Duke o Luxembourg, an Duke o Limburg.
William III o the Netherlands

**William III** (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk, anglicised: William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis; 19 Februar 1817 – 23 November 1890) wis Keeng o the Netherlands an Grand Duke o Luxembourg frae 1849 till his daith in 1890.
Wilhelmina o the Netherlands

**Wilhelmina** (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) wis Queen o the Kinrick o the Netherlands frae 1890 tae 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, langer nor ony ither Dutch monarch. Her reign saw Warld War I an Warld War II, the economic crisis o 1933, an the decline o the Netherlands as a major colonial pouer.

## Teetles an styles

***1880–1884** *[[Her Ryal Highness]]* Princess Pauline o Orange-Nassau.
***1884–1890** *Her Ryal Highness* Princess Wilhelmina o the Netherlands.
***23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948** *Her Majesty* The Queen o the Netherlands.
***1948–1962** *Her Ryal Highness* Princess Wilhelmina o the Netherlands.
Beatrix o the Netherlands

** Princess Beatrix o the Netherlands** (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, ; 31 Januar 1938) reigned as Queen o the Netherlands frae 1980 till her abdication in 2013.
Billy Crystal

**William Edward** "**Billy**" **Crystal** (born Mairch 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, director, comedian, an telly host.

## References
Taranto

**Taranto** (; early Italian: *Tarento* frae ; Auncient Greek:  *Tarās*; Modren Greek:  *Tarantas*; Tarantino "Tarde") is a coastal ceety in Apulia, Soothren Italy. It is the caipital o the Province o Taranto an is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base.

## Twin touns
Taranto is twinned wi:

* Sparta, Greece, frae 24t Julie 2015 
* Brest, Fraunce; frae 1964.
* Donetsk, Ukraine; a sister ceety frae 1985.

## References
Syracuse, Sicily

**Syracuse** (; , ; ; ; , *Syrakousai*; medieval ) is a heestoric ceety in Sicily, the caipital o the province o Syracuse.

## References
Giugliano in Campania

**Giugliano in Campania** , an aa kent simply as **Giugliano**, is a ceety an *[[comune]]* in the Metropolitan Ceety o Naples, Campanie, Italy.
Vicenza

**Vicenza**   () is a ceety in northeastren Italy. It is in the Veneto region at the northren base o the *[[Monte Berico]]*, whaur it straddles the Bacchiglione River.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns - Sister ceeties
Vicenza is twinned wi:
* Annecy, Fraunce, frae 1995
* Pforzheim, Germany, frae 1991
* Wuxi, Cheenae, frae 2006 
* Cleveland, USA, frae 2009

Basilica Palladiana (Vicenza) - facade on Piazza dei signori.jpg|Basilica Palladiana
Piazza dei Signori - Torre Bissara - Piazza della Biade - Vicenza.jpg|Piazza dei Signori - Torre Bissara - Piazza della Biade
Palazzo Chiericati (Vicenza).jpg|Palazzo Chiericati
Monument to Andrea Palladio (Vicenza).jpg|Andrea Palladio
Cathedral (Vicenza) - Sud esposizione.jpg|Santa Maria Annunciata
Interior of Teatro Olimpico (Vicenza).jpg|Teatro olimpico


## References
Annecy

**Annecy** (; Arpitan:&nbsp;**' or **') is a commune in the Haute-Savoie depairtment in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in sooth-eastren Fraunce.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Annecy is twinned wi:
* Bayreuth, Germany
* Cheltenham, Unitit Kinrick
* Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakie
* Sainte-Thérèse, Canadae
* Vicenza, Italy

## References
Haute-Savoie

**Haute-Savoie** (;  or **'; ;  or **'; ) is a depairtment in the Rhône-Alpes region o eastren Fraunce, borderin baith Swisserland an Italy.
Dauphiné

The **Dauphiné** ( or ; ) or **Dauphiné Viennois**, umwhile **Dauphiny** in Scots an Inglis,  is a umwhile province in sootheastren Fraunce, whose aurie roughly correspondit tae that o the present depairtments o Isère, Drôme, and Hautes-Alpes.
Andria

**Andria**   is a ceety an *[[comune]]* in Apulie (soothren Italy). It is an agricultural an service center, producin wine, olives an awmonds.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Andria is twinned wi:
* Alberobello, Italy
* Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy (syne 2013)

## References
Alberobello

**Alberobello** (; leeterally "beautiful tree") is a smaa toun an *[[comune]]* o the Metropolitan Ceety o Bari, Apulie, soothren Italy.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Alberobello is twinned wi:
* Shirakawa-go, Japan
* Gokayama, Japan
* Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy (syne 2013)
* Andria, Italy
* Harran, Turkey (syne 2013)

## References
Castor an Pollux

In Greek an Roman meethology, **Castor** an **Pollux** or **Polydeuces** war twin brothers, thegither kent as the **Dioskouri**.

## References
Alphen aan den Rijn

**Alphen aan den Rijn** (, Scots: *Alphen on the Rhine*) is a toun an municipality in the wastren Netherlands, in the province o Sooth Holland, atween Leiden an Utrecht.

## References
Katwijk

**Katwijk** () is a coastal municipality an toun in the province o Sooth Holland.

## Sister ceeties
* Ohrid, Republic o Macedonie
* Lowestoft, UK (till the 1990s)
* Siegen, Germany (syne merge wi Valkenburg an Rijnsburg) 

## References
Aristophanes

**Aristophanes** ( or ; , ; c. 446 – c. 386 BC), son o Philippus, o the deme Cydathenaeum, wis a comic playwricht o auncient Athens.

## References
Barneveld

**Barneveld** () is a toun an a municipality in the province o Gelderland in the centre o the Netherlands.

## References
Limburg (Netherlands)

**Limburg** (; Dutch an Limburgish: *(Nederlands-)Limburg*; ) is the soothrenmaist o the 12 provinces o the Netherlands.

## References
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

**Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn** (; , ; 11 December 19183 August 2008) (eften Romanized tae Alexandr or Alexander) wis a Roushie novelist, historian, an ootspoken creetic o the Soviet Union, especially its totalitarianism, who helped tae raise global awareness o its gulag forced labor camp seestem.

## Notes

## References
Manuel Noriega

**Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno** (; born Februar 11, 1934; died Mey 29, 2017) wis a umwhile Panamanian politeecian an militar officer. He wis militar dictator o Panama frae 1983 tae 1989, when he wis removed frae pouer during the invasion o Panama.

## References
Empress Dowager Cixi

**Empress Dowager Cixi**1 (an aa romanised as **Empress Dowager Tzu-hsi**; ; ; Manchu: Tsysi taiheo; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908), o the Manchu Yehenara clan, wis a Cheenese empress dowager an regent who effectively controlled the Cheenese govrenment in the late Qing dynasty for 47 year frae 1861 till her daith in 1908.
Shunzhi Emperor

The **Shunzhi Emperor** (15 Mairch 1638&nbsp;– 5 Februar 1661), umwhile romanised as the **Shun-chih Emperor**, wis the third emperor o the Qing dynasty an the first Qing emperor tae rule ower Cheenae, frae 1644 tae 1661.

## Notes

## References
Zeist

**Zeist** () is a municipality an a toun in the central Netherlands, locatit east o the ceety o Utrecht.

## References
Darius I

**Darius I** (Auld Persie: *Dārayava(h)uš*,  c. 550–486 BCE) wis the third king o the Persie Achaemenid Empire.

## References
Pape Alexander VI

**Pape Alexander VI**, born **Roderic Llançol i [[Borgia|de Borja]]** (,  ; 1 Januar 1431&nbsp;– 18 August 1503), wis Pape frae 11 August 1492 till his daith.

## Notes

## References
Chen Shui-bian

**Chen Shui-bian** (born October 12, 1950) is a retired Taiwanese politician an lawyer that wis Preses o the Republic o Cheenae (Taiwan) frae 2000 tae 2008.
## Soorces

## Freemit Airtins
* Human Rights Action Center - Free Chen Shui-Bian!
Boris Yeltsin

**Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin** (; ; 1&nbsp;Februar 1931 – 23 Aprile 2007) wis a Roushie politeecian an the first Preses o the Roushie Federation, servin frae 1991 tae 1999.

## References
Francisco Franco

**Francisco Franco Bahamonde** (; December 4, 1892 &ndash; November 20, 1975) wis a Spaingie general an the dictator o Spain frae 1939 till his daith in 1975.
Fidel V. Ramos

**Fidel Valdez Ramos**  (born Mairch 18, 1928; deed Julie 31, 2022), popularly kent **FVR** an **Eddie**, wis the 12t Preses o the Philippines frae 1992 tae 1998.

## References
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

**Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo** (born Aprile 5, 1947) is a Filipino politeecian who served as the 14t Preses o the Philippines frae 2001 tae 2010, as the 12t Vice Preses o the Philippines frae 1998 tae 2001, an as member o the Hoose o Representatives representin the 2nt Destrict o Pampanga syne 2010.

## References
Lewis Carroll

**Charles Lutwidge Dodgson** (; 27 Januar 1832 – 14 Januar 1898), better kent bi his pen name **Lewis Carroll** (), wis a writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, an photographer. His is maist-kent fir his novelle *[[Alice's Adventirs in Wunnerlaun]]*.

## References
Charles Dickens

**Charles John Huffam Dickens** (; 7 Februar 1812&nbsp;– 9 Juin 1870) wis an Inglis writer an social creetic. He creatit some o the warld's best-kent feectional chairacters an is regairdit bi mony as the greatest novelist o the Victorian era. His warks enjoyed unprecedentit popularity in his lifetime, an bi the 20t century creetics an scholarts haed recognised him as a leeterar genius. His novelles an short stories are still widely read the day.

Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left schuil tae wark in a factory whan his faither wis incarceratit in a detors' preeson. Despite his lack o formal eddication, he eeditit a weekly jurnal for 20 years, wrote 15 novelles, five novellas, hunders o short stories an non-feection airticles, lecturt an performed readins extensively, wis an indefatigable letter writer, an campaigned veegorously for childer's richts, eddication, an ither social reforms.

Dickens's leeterar success begoud wi the 1836 serial publication o *[[The Pickwick Papers]]*. Within a few years he haed acome an internaitional leeterar celebrity, famous for his humour, sateer, an keen observation o chairacter an society. His novelles, maist published in monthly or weekly instawments, pioneered the serial publication o narrative feection, that becam the dominant Victorian mode for novelle publication. Cliffhanger endins in his serial publications keept readers in suspense. The instawment format alloued Dickens tae evaluate his audience's reaction, an he eften modifee'd his plot an chairacter development based on sic feedback. For ensaumple, whan his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the wey Miss Mowcher in *[[David Copperfield]]* seemed tae reflect her disabeelities, Dickens impruived the chairacter wi positive featurs. His plots war carefully constructit, an he eften weaved elements frae tapical events intae his narratives. Masses o the illiterate puir chipped in ha'pennies tae hae ilk new monthly episode read tae them, appenin up an inspeerin a new cless o readers.

Dickens wis regairdit as the leeterar colossus o his age. His 1843 novella, *[[A Christmas Carol]]*, remeens popular an conteenas tae inspire adaptations in ivery artistic genre. *[[Oliver Twist]]* an *[[Great Expectations]]* are an aw frequently adaptit, an, lik mony o his novelles, evoke eemages o early Victorian Lunnon. His 1859 novelle, *[[A Tale of Two Cities]]*, set in Lunnon an Paris, is his best-kent wark o historical feection. Dickens haes been praised bi fellae writers—frae Leo Tolstoy tae George Orwell, G. K. Chesterton an Tom Wolfe—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique chairacterisations, an social creeticism. On the ither haund, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, an Virginia Woolf complained o a lack o psychological deepth, lowse writin, an a vein o saccharine sentimentalism. The term *Dickensian* is uised tae descrive something that is reminiscent o Dickens an his writins, sic as puir social condeetions or comically repulsive chairacters.

## References
Benigno Aquino III

**Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III** (born Februar 8, 1960; deed Juin 24, 2021) wis a Filipino politeecian wha wis the 15t Preses o the Philippines frae Juin 2010 tae Juin 2016. He wis the son o umwhile Preses Corazon Aquino; he deed on 24 Juin 2021 agit 61, haein been ill for a while.

## References
Ferdinand Marcos

**Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr.** (11 September 1917 – 28 September 1989) wis a Filipino politeecian an kleptocrat that wis Preses o the Philippines frae 1965 tae 1986. He ruled  as a dictator unner martial law frae 1972 till 1981.  His regime wis infamous for its corruption, extravagance, an brutality.

Marcos claimed an active part in Warld War II, includin fechtin alangside the Americans in the Bataan Daith Mairch an bein the "maist decoratit war hero in the Philippines". A nummer o his claims war foond tae be fause an the Unitit States Airmy documents descrived Marcos's wartime claims as "fraudulent" an "absurd".

Marcos stairtit as an attorney, then served in the Philippine Hoose o Representatives frae 1949 tae 1959 an the Philippine Senate frae 1959 tae 1965. He wis electit Preses in 1965, an presidit ower a growin economy in the beginnin an intermediate portion o his 20-year rule, but endit in loss o liveliheid, extreme poverty, an a crushin det creesis. Marcos placed the Philippines unner martial law on 23 September 1972, during which he revamped the constitution, silenced the media, an uised veeolence an oppression against the poleetical opposeetion, Muslims, communist rebels, an ordinar ceetizens. Martial law wis ratifee'd bi 90.77% o the voters in the Philippine Martial Law referendum, 1973 tho the referendum wis marred wi controversy.

Public ootrage led tae the snap elections o 1986. Allegations o mass cheatin, poleetical turmoil, an human richts abuisses led tae the Fowk Pouer Revolution in Februar 1986, that remuived him frae pouer. Tae avoid whit coud hae been a militar confrontation in Manila atween pro- an anti-Marcos truips, Marcos wis advised bi Preses Ronald Reagan throu Senator Paul Laxalt tae "cut an cut cleanly", efter that Marcos fled tae Hawaii. Marcos wis succeedit bi Corazon "Cory" Aquino, widae o the assassinatit opposeetion leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. that haed flown back tae the Philippines tae face Marcos.

Accordin tae soorce documents providit bi the Presidential Commission on Guid Govrenment (PCGG), the Marcos faimily stole US$5–10 billion. The PCGG an aw mainteened that the Marcos faimily enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, takkin awey billions o dollars frae the Philippines atween 1965 an 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, that's excesses in the couple's conjugal dictatorship made her infamous in her awn richt, spawned the term "Imeldific". Twa o thair childer, Imee Marcos an Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., are still active in Philippine politics.

## References
Kurt Georg Kiesinger

**Kurt Georg Kiesinger** (; 6 Aprile 1904 – 9 Mairch 1988) wis a German lawyer, Catholic politeecian an member o the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
Ludwig Erhard

**Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard** (; 4 Februar 1897 – 5 Mey 1977) wis a German politeecian affiliated wi the CDU an Chancellor o the Federal Republic o Germany (West Germany) frae 1963 till 1966.
Theodor Heuss

**Theodor Heuss** (31 Januar 1884 &ndash; 12 December 1963) wis a liberal German politeecian who served as the first Preses o the Federal Republic o Germany efter Warld War II frae 1949 tae 1959.
Post-Impressionism

**Post-Impressionism** (also spelled **Postimpressionism**) is a predominantly French airt muivement that developed roughly atween 1886 an 1905; frae the last Impressionist exhibeetion tae the birth o Fauvism.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

**Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa** (24 November 1864&nbsp;– 9 September 1901), kent as **Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec** () an aw, wis a French penter, prentmakker, draughtsman an illustrator whose immersion in the colourfu an theatrical life o Paris in the late 19t century yieldit a collection o excitin, elegant an provocative images o the modren an whiles decadent life o those times.
Tarn (depairtment)

**Tarn**  ( or ; ) is a French depairtment locatit in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the soothwast o Fraunce named efter the Tarn river.

## References
Perpignan

**Perpignan** (; , ; , ) is a ceety, a commune an the caipital o the Pyrénées-Orientales depairtment in Occitanie, Fraunce.

### Internaitional relations
;Twin touns – sister ceeties
Perpignan is twinned wi:

## References
René Préval

**René Garcia Préval**  (; born Januar 17, 1943; died Mairch 3, 2017) wis a Haitian politeecian an agronomist who wis twice Preses o the Republic o Haiti.
Pyrénées-Orientales

**Pyrénées-Orientales** (; ; , ; ) are a depairtment o soothren Fraunce adjacent tae the northren Spaingie frontier an the Mediterranean Sea.
Céret

**Céret** (;  ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales depairtment in soothren Fraunce.

Céret haes an estimatit population o 7,747 (Januar 2016).

## References
Yuan Shikai

**Yuan Shikai** (16 September 1859 – 6 Juin 1916) wis a Cheenese general, politeecian an "emperor", famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leadin up tae the abdication o the last Qing Emperor, his autocratic rule as the first formal Preses o the Republic o Cheenae, an his short-lived attempt tae restore monarchy in Cheenae, wi himsel as the **Hongxian Emperor** ().
Sun Yat-sen

**Sun Yat-sen** (; 12 November 1866 – 12 Mairch 1925)  wis the foondin faither o the Republic o Cheenae. The first proveesional preses o the Republic o Cheenae, Sun wis a Cheenese physeecian, writer, filosofer, Georgist, calligrafer an revolutionary. As the foremaist pioneer an first leader o a Republican Cheenae, Sun is referred tae as the "Faither o the Naition" in the Republic o Cheenae (ROC) an the "forerunner o democratic revolution" in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (PRC). Sun played an instrumental role in the owerthraw o the Qing dynasty (the last imperial dynasty o Cheenae) in the years leadin up tae the Xinhai Revolution. He wis appyntit tae serve as Proveesional Preses o the Republic o Cheenae whan it wos foondit in 1912. He later co-foondit the Kuomintang (Naitionalist Pairty o Cheenae), servin as its first leader. Sun wis a unitin feegur in post-Imperial Cheenae, an he remeens unique amang 20t-century Cheenese politeecians for bein widely revered amangst the fowk frae baith sides o the Taiwan Strait.

Awtho Sun is conseedert tae be ane o the greatest leaders o modren Cheenae, his poleetical life wis ane o constant struggle an frequent exile. Efter the success o the revolution an the Han Cheenese regainin pouer efter 268 years o leevin unner Manchurian rule (Qing dynasty), he quickly resigned frae his post as Preses o the newly foondit Republic o Cheenae tae Yuan Shikai, an led successive revolutionary govrenments as a challenge tae the warlairds that controlled muckle o the naition. Sun did nae leeve tae see his pairty consolidate its pouer ower the kintra in the Northren Expedeetion. His pairty, that formed a fragile alliance wi the Cheenese Communist Pairty, split intae twa factions efter his daith.

Sun's chief legacy resides in his developin o the poleetical filosofie kent as the Three Principles o the Fowk: naitionalism (Han Cheenese naitionalism: unthirldom frae imperialist domination – takkin back pouer frae the Manchurian Qing dynasty), “richts o the fowk,” whiles translatit as “democracy,” an the fowk's liveliheid (juist society).

## References
Philmont Scout Ranch

**Philmont Scout Ranch** is a ranch in Cimarron, New Mexico, an is property o the Boy Scouts of America.
Harold Wilson

**James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson o Rievaulx**,  (11 Mairch 191624 Mey 1995) wis a Breetish Labour Pairty politeecian who served as the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1964 tae 1970 an 1974 tae 1976.

Enterin Pairlament in 1945, Wilson wis appyntit a pairlamentar secretar in the Attlee meenistry an rose quickly throu the meenisterial ranks; he becam Secretar for Owerseas Tred in 1947 an wis elevatit tae Cabinet shortly thareefter as Preses o the Buird o Trede. In opposeetion tae the next Conservative govrenment, he served as Shaidae Chancellor (1955&ndash;1961) an Shaidae Furrin Secretar (1961&ndash;1963). Hugh Gaitskell, then Labour leader, dee'd suddent in 1963 an Wilson wis electit leader. Narraely winnin the 1964 general election, Wilson wan an increased majority in a snap election in 1966.

Wilson's first period as Prime Meenister coincidit wi a period o law unemployment an relative economic prosperity, tho hindert bi signeeficant problems wi Breetain's freemit balance o peyments. In 1969 he sent Breetish truips tae Northren Ireland. Efter losin the 1970 election tae Edward Heath, he spent fower years as Leader o the Opposition afore the Februar 1974 election resultit in a hung pairlament. Efter Heath's talks wi the Leeberals brak doun, Wilson returned tae pouer as leader o a minority govrenment till anither general election in October, resultin in a narrae Labour veectory. A period o economic creesis haed began tae hit maist Wastren kintras, an in 1976 Wilson suddent annoonced his resignation as Prime Meenister. Wilson's approach tae socialism wis moderate compared wi ithers in his pairty at the time, emphasisin programmes aimed at increasin opportunity in society throu relatively indirect means raither nor the mair direct socialist goal o promotin wider public awnership o industrie an wirkers' control o production. He teuk little action tae pursue the Labour Pairty constitution's statit dedication tae naitionalisation as a steppin stane taewart this goal, tho he did nae formally disavou it. Himsel a member o the pairty's saft left, Wilson joked aboot leadin a cabinet made up maistly o social democrats, comparin himsel tae a Bolshevik revolutionary presidin ower a Tsarist cabinet, but thare wis argiebly little tae divide him ideologically frae the social democratic cabinet majority.

Oweraw, Wilson is seen tae hae managed a nummer o difficult poleetical issues wi conseederable skill, includin sic potentially diveesive issues for his pairty as the role o public awnership, membership o the European Economic Commonty, an involvement in the Vietnam War, in that he refuised tae allou the uise o Breetish combat truips, while conteenuin tae maintain a costly militar presence east o Suez. His stated ambeetion o substantially impruivin Breetain's lang-term economic performance, applyin technology mair democratically, an reducin inequality wis largely unfulfilled. He seemed tae lose his energy an drive in his seicont premiership an foond it difficult tae mediate disputes concernin European integration an tred union richts.

## References
Clement Attlee

**Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee**,  (3 Januar 1883 – 8 October 1967) wis a Breetish politeecian wha wis the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1945 til 1951. He wis the Labour Prime Meenister unner wham the NHS wis estaiblisht.
David Lloyd George

**David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George o Dwyfor**,  (17 Januar 1863 &nbsp;– 26 Mairch 1945) wis a Breetish Liberal politeecian an statesman. He is best kent for his roles in mobilisin Breetish resoorces in the First Warld War, an then for leadin Breetain tae veectory ower Germany. 

As Chancellor o the Exchequer (1908–1915) in H. H. Asquith's tenur as Prime Meenister, Lloyd George wis a key feegur in the introduction o mony reforms that laid the foondations o the modren weelfare state. His maist important role cam as the heichly energetic Prime Meenister o the Wartime Coaleetion Govrenment (1916–22), in an immediately efter the First Warld War. He wis a major player at the Paris Peace Conference o 1919 that reordered Europe efter the defeat o the Central Pouers. Awtho he remeened Prime Meenister efter the 1918 general election, the Conservatives war the lairgest pairty in the coaleetion, wi the Leeberals split atween thae leal tae Lloyd George, an thae still supportin Asquith. He becam the leader o the Leeberal Pairty in the late 1920s, but it grew even smawer an mair dividit. Bi the 1930s he wis a marginalised an widely mistrustit feegur. He gae waik support tae the war effort in the Seicont Warld War amang fears that he wis favourable taewart Germany. 

He wis votit the third-greatest Breetish prime meenister o the 20t century in a poll o 139 academics organised bi the mercat-resairch company MORI, an wis named amang the 100 Greatest Britons in a UK-wide vote in 2002.

## References
H. H. Asquith

**Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl o Oxford an Asquith**  (12 September 1852&nbsp;– 15 Februar 1928), served as the Liberal Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1908 tae 1916. He wis the last prime meenister tae lead a majority Leeberal govrenment, an he played a central role in the design an passage o major leeberal legislation an a reduction o the pouer o the Hoose o Lairds. In August 1914, Asquith teuk Great Breetain an the Breetish Empire intae the First Warld War. In 1915, his govrenment wis veegorously attacked for a shortage o muneetions an the failyie o the Gallipoli Campaign. He formed a coalition govrenment wi ither pairties, but failed tae satisfee creetics. As a result, he wis forced tae resign in December 1916, an he niver regained poyer.

Efter attendin Balliol College, Oxford, he becam a successfu barrister. In 1886 he wis the Leeberal candidate for East Fife, a seat he held for ower thirty years. In 1892 he wis appyntit as Hame Secretar in Gladstone's fowert meenistry, remainin in the post till the Leeberals lost the 1895 election. In the decade o opposeetion that follaed Asquith becam a major feegur in the pairty, an whan the Leeberals regained pouer unner Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905 Asquith wis named Chancellor o the Exchequer. In 1908 Asquith succeedit him as Prime Meenister. The Leeberals war determined tae advance thair reform agenda. An impediment tae this wis the Hoose o Lairds, that rejected the People's Budget o 1909. Meanwhile the South Africa Act 1909 passed. Asquith cried an election for Januar 1910, an the Leeberals wan, tho war reduced tae a minority govrenment. Efter anither general election in December 1910 he gained passage o the Pairlament Act 1911, allouin a bill three times passed bi the Commons in consecutive sessions tae be enactit regairdless o the Lairds. Asquith wis less successfu in dealin wi Erse Hame Rule. Repeatit creeses led tae gun rinnin an veeolence, vergin on ceevil war.

Whan Breetain declared war on Germany in response tae the German invasion o Belgium, heich profile conflicts war suspendit regairdin Ireland an weemen's suffrage. Awtho mair o a committee chair nor a dynamic leader, he owersaw naitional mobilisation; the dispatch o the Breetish Expedeetionary Force tae the Wastren Front, the creaution o a mass airmy, an the development o an industrial strategy designed tae support the kintra's war aims. The war becam bogged doun an the demand rose for better leadership. He wis forced tae form a coaleetion wi the Conservatives an Labour early in 1915. He wis waikened bi his awn indeceesion ower strategy, conscription, an financin. Lloyd George replaced him as Prime Meenister in December 1916. Thay becam bitter enemies an focht for control o the fest-declinin Leeberal Pairty. His role in creautin the modren Breetish weelfare state (1906–1911) haes been celebratit, but his waiknesses as a war leader an as a pairty leader efter 1914 hae been heichlichtit bi historians.

## References
Arthur Balfour

**Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl o Balfour**  (; 25 Julie 1848 – 19 Mairch 1930) wis a Breetish Conservative politeecian who wis the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae Julie 1902 tae December 1905, an later Foreign Secretar.

## References
Anthony Eden

**Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl o Avon**,  (12 Juin 1897&nbsp;– 14 Januar 1977) wis a Breetish Conservative politeecian who served three periods as Foreign Secretar an then a relatively brief term as Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1955 tae 1957.

Achievin rapid promotion as a young Member o Pairlament, he becam Furrin Secretar aged 38, afore resignin in protest at Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy taewart Mussolini's Italy. He again held that poseetion for maist o the Seicont Warld War, an a third time in the early 1950s. Haein been depute tae Winston Churchill for awmaist 15 years, he succeedit him as the leader o the Conservative Pairty an prime meenister in Apryle 1955, an a month later wan a general election.

Eden's warldwide reputation as an opponent o appeasement, a "man o peace", an a skilled diplomat wis owershaidaed in 1956 whan the Unitit States refuised tae support the Anglo-French militar response tae the Suez Creesis, that creetics athort pairty lines regairdit as an historic setback for Breetish foreign policy, seegnallin the end o Breetish predominance in the Middle East. Maist historians argie that he made a series o blunners, espeicially nae realisin the deepth o American opposeetion tae militar action. Twa month efter orderin an end tae the Suez operation, he resigned as prime meenister on grunds o ill heal an acause he wis widely suspectit o haein misled the Hoose o Commons ower the degree o collusion wi Fraunce an Israel.

Eden is generally rankit amang the least successfu Breetish prime meenisters o the 20t century, awtho twa braidly sympathetic biografies (in 1986 an 2003) hae gane some wey tae shiftin the balance o opeenion. Biografer D. R. Thorpe descrived the Suez Creesis as "a truly tragic end tae his premiership, an ane that came tae assume a disproportionate importance in ony assessment o his career."

## References
Bonar Law

**Andrew Bonar Law** (16 September 1858&nbsp;– 30 October 1923), commonly cried **Bonar Law** wis a British Conservative Pairty statesman an Prime Meenister.

Law wis born in the British colony o New Brunswick (nou a Canadian province), the first British prime meenister tae be born ootwi the British Isles. He wis o Scots an Ulster Scots strynd an flittit tae Scotland in 1870. He left schuil aged saxteen tae wirk in the airn industry, becomin a walthie man bi the age o thirty. He entered the Hoose o Commons at the 1900 general election, relatively late in life for a front-rank politeecian, an wis made a junior meenister, Pairlamentar Secretar tae the Buird o Tred, in 1902. Law jynt the Shaidae Cabinet in opposeetion efter the 1906 general election. In 1911, he wis appyntit a Privy Cooncillor, an stuid for the vacant pairty leadership. Despite niver haein served in the Cabinet, an despite trailin third ahint Walter Long an Austen Chamberlain, Law becam leader whan the twa front-rinners widrew raither nor risk a draw splittin the pairty.

As Leader o the Conservative Pairty an Leader o the Opposeetion, Law focused his attentions in favour o tariff reform an against Erse Hame Rule. His campaignin helped turn Leeberal attempts tae pass the Third Home Rule Bill intae a three-year struggle eventually haultit bi the start o the First Warld War, wi muckle argiement ower the status o the sax coonties in Ulster that wad later become Northren Ireland, fower o that war predominantly Protestant.

Law first held Cabinet office as Secretar o State for the Colonies in Asquith's Coaleetion Govrenment (Mey 1915 – December 1916). Upon Asquith's faw frae pouer he declined tae form a govrenment, insteid servin as Chancellor o the Exchequer in David Lloyd George's Coaleetion Government. He resigned on grunds o ill heal in early-1921. In October 1922, wi Lloyd George's Coaleetion haein become unpopular wi the Conservatives, he wrate an anonymous letter tae the press giein anerly lew-wairm support tae the Govrenment's actions ower Chanak. Efter Conservative MPs votit tae end the Coaleetion, he again becam Pairty Leader an, this time, Prime Meenister. Bonar Law wan a clear majority at the 1922 general election, an his brief premiership saw negotiation wi the Unitit States ower Breetain's war loans. Seriously ill wi cancer o the thrapple, Law demittit in Mey 1923, an dee'd later that year. He wis the shortest-servin Prime Meenister o the twentiet century (211 days in office), an is whiles cried "The Unkent Prime Meenister".

## References
James Callaghan

**Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan o Cardiff**,  (27 Mairch 1912 – 26 Mairch 2005), eften kent as **Jim Callaghan**, wis the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 1976 til 1979 an Leader o the Labour Pairty frae 1976 til 1980.

Tae date, Callaghan remeens the anerly person tae hae haud aw fower Great Offices o State, haein served as Chancellor o the Exchequer (1964–1967), Hame Secretar (1967–1970) an Furrin Secretar (1974–1976) prior tae his appyntment as Prime Meenister. As Prime Meenister, he haed some successes, but is maistly mindit for the "Winter o Discontent" o 1978–79. In a gey cauld winter, his battle wi tred unions led tae immense strikes that seriously inconvenienced the public, leadin tae his defeat in the polls bi Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher.

Whan enterin the Hoose o Commons in 1945, he wis on the left weeng o the pairty. Callaghan steadily shiftit thewarts the richt, but mainteened his reputation as "The Keeper o the Cloth Cap"—that is, he wis seen as dedicatit tae mainteenin close ties atween the Labour Pairty an the tred unions. Callaghan's period as Chancellor o the Exchequer coincidit wi a turbulent period for the Breetish economy, in that he haed tae deal wi wi a balance o peyments deficit an speculative attacks on the poond sterling (its exchynge rate tae ither currencies wis awmaist fixed bi the Bretton Woods system). On 18 November 1967, the govrenment devailyie'd the poond sterling. Callaghan becam Hame Secretar. He sent the Breetish Airmy tae support the polis in Northren Ireland, efter a request frae the Northren Ireland Govrenment.

Efter Labour wis defeatit at the 1970 general election, Callaghan played a key role in the Shaidae Cabinet. He becam Furrin Secretar in 1974 upon Labour regainin govrenment, takin responsibility for renegotiatin the terms o the UK's membership o the European Commonties, an supportin a "Ay" vote in the 1975 referendum tae remeen in the EC. Whan Prime Meenister Harold Wilson resigned in 1976, Callaghan defeatit five ither candidates tae be electit as his replacement. Labour haed alresdy lost its narrae majority in the Hoose o Commons bi the time he becam Prime Meenister, an forder bi-election defeats an defections forced Callaghan tae deal wi minor pairties sic as the Leeberal Pairty, pairteecularly in the "Leeb–Lab pact" frae 1977 til 1978. Industrial disputes an widespreid strikes in the 1978 "Winter o Discontent" made Callaghan's govrenment unpopular, an the defeat o the referendum on devolution for Scotland led tae the successfu passage o a motion o nae confidence on 28 Mairch 1979. This wis follaed bi a defeat at the general election that happent.

Callaghan remeened Labour Pairty leader till November 1980, in order tae reform the process bi that the pairty electit its leader, afore returnin tae the backbenches whaur he remeened till he wis made a life peer as Baron Callaghan o Cairdiff. He went on tae live langer nor ony ither Breetish prime meenister in history—92 years an 364 days.

## References