open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Usuli

**Usulis** () are the majority Twaler Shia Muslim group. They differ frae their nou hintle smawer rival Akhbari group in favorin the uise o ijtihad i.e. raisonin in the creation o new rules o fiqh; in assessin hadith tae exclude traditions they believe unreliable; in considerin it obligatory tae obey a mujtahid when seekin tae determine Islamically correct behavior. 

Syne the crushin o the Akhbaris in the late 18t century, it haes been the dominant schuil o Twaler Shia an nou forms an owerwhelmin majority athin the Twaler Shia denomination. 

## Backgrund

The Usuli believe that the Hadith collections contained traditions o vera varyin degrees o reliability, an that creetical analysis wis necessary tae assess their authority.  In contrast the Akhbari believe that the sole sources o law are the Qur'an an the Hadith, in pairticular the Fower Beuks acceptit bi the Shia: iverything in these sources is in principle reliable, an ootside them there wis nae authority competent tae enact or deduce further legal rules. 

In addition tae assessin the reliability o the Hadith, Usuli believe the task o the legal scholar is tae establish intellectual principles o general application (*[[Usul al-fiqh]]*), from which pairticular rules mey be derivit bi wey o deduction: accordinly, legal scholarship haes the tuils in principle for resolvin ony situation, whether or no it is specifically addressed in Quran or Hadith (see Ijtihad).

The dominance o the Usuli ower the Akhbari came in last half o the 18t century when Muhammad Baqir Behbahani led Usulis tae challenge Akhbari dominance an "completely routit the Akhbaris at Karbala an Najaf," so that "anerlie a haundful o Shi'i ulama hae remained Akhbari tae the present day."

## Taqlid

An important tenet o Usuli doctrine is Taqlid or "imitation", i.e. the acceptance o a releegious rulin in matters o wurship an personal affairs frae someane regardit as a heicher releegious authority (e.g. an 'ālim) athoot necessarily askin for the technical proof.  These heicher releegious authorities can be kent as a "source o imitation" (Arabic *marja taqlid* مرجع تقليد, Persie marja) or less exaltitly as an "imitatit ane" (Arabic مقلَد *muqallad*). Housomeivver, his verdicts are no tae be taken as the anerlie source o releegious information an he can be aaways correctit bi ither muqalladeen (the plural o muqallad) which come efter him. Obeyin a deceased taqlid is forbidden in Usuli.

Taqlid haes been introducit bi scholars who felt that Quranic verses an traditions wur no enough an that ulama wur needit no anerlie tae interpret the Quran an Sunna but tae mak "new rulins tae respond tae new challenges an push the bundaries o Shia law in new directions." Creetics anaw say a major motive ahint introducin this wis tae collect Islamic taxes.

## References

* Twelvers / Ithna Ashari Islamic Schools of Thought
*Andrew J. Newman, The Nature of the Akhbārī/Uṣūlī Dispute in Late Ṣafawid Iran. Part 1: 'Abdallāh al-Samāhijī's "Munyat al-Mumārisīn Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 55, No. 1 (1992), pp. 22–51

## See an aw
* Marja
* Leet o marjas
Twaler

**Twaler** or **Imami Shīa Islam** (**Athnā‘ashariyyah** or **Ithnā‘ashariyyah**, ) is the lairgest branch o Shī‘ī (Shi'a) Islam. Adherents o Twaler Shī‘ism are commonly referred tae as *Twelvers*, which is derivit frae their belief in twal divinely ordained leaders, kent as the Twal Imāms an their belief that the Mahdi will be nane ither than the returned Twalt Imam that disappeared an is believit bi Twalers tae be in occultation. Approximately 85% o Shī‘a are Twalers, an the term *Shi'a Muslim* as commonly uised in Inglis uisually refers tae Twaler Shī‘a Muslims anerlie.

Twelvers share mony tenets o Shī‘ism wi relatit sects, such as the belief in Imāms, but the Ismā‘īlī an Zaydī Shī‘ī sects each believe in a different number o Imāms an for the maist pairt, a different path o succession regardin the Imāmate. They an aw differ in the role an oweraw definition o an Imām.

The Twaler faith is a majority in kintras like Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq, an Lebanon. Alevis in Turkey an Albanie an Alawis o Sirie an Lebanon an aw regard thairsels as Twalers, but hauld significantly different beliefs frae mainstream Twaler Shiites.”. The Twaler faith an aw forms a lairge minority in Indie, Pakistan,  Afghanistan, Nigerie, Tanzanie, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE an Saudi Arabie. Smawer minorities o Twaler an aw exist in Oman, Yemen, Egyp, Sudan, Kenyae, Ghana, Senegal, Indonesie, Malaysie an in mony ither kintras o the warld, includin Europe an the Americas.
File:Mohammad Helal Ali امامزاده هلال ابن علی 04.jpg|
File:Imam-Reza-shrine-mashhad-Iran ایران-مشهد-حرم-علی-ابن-موسی-الرضا 01.jpg|
File:Fatimah Ma'sumah Shrine قم، حرم فاطمه معصومه دختر موسی ابن جعفر امام هفتم شیعیان 11.jpg|
File:Sultan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Baqir امامزاده سلطان علی ابن محمد الباقر در روستای مشهد اردهال 08.jpg|
File:Iran-Qom-khezr-Mosque-Night-Photography2.jpg|
File:Marneuli მარნეული مارنئولی 15.jpg|


## Footnotes
Wahhabi

**Wahhabism** is a wird uised tae describe Salafism, a releegious muivement athin Sunni Islam an a branch o Islam. It wis developit bi an 18t century Muslim theologian (Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) (1703–1792) frae Najd, Saudi Arabie. Ibn Abdul Al-Wahhab advocatit purgin Islam o wha he considered tae be impurities an innovations.  It is the dominant form o Islam in Saudi Arabie. Its adherents prefer tae be cried Salafis.

The muivement claims tae adhere tae the correct unnerstaundin o the general Islamic doctrine o Tawhid, the Uniqueness an Unity o God, skared bi the majority o Islamic sects, but uniquely interpretit bi Abdul Al-Wahhab. Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab wis influencit bi the writins o Ibn Taymiyya an questioned classical interpretations o Islam, claimin tae rely on the Qur'an an the Hadith. He attacked a "perceived moral decline an poleetical weakness" in the Arabie Peninsulae an condemned what he perceivit as idolatry, the popular cult o saunts, an shrine an tomb visitation.

The terms *Wahhabi* an *[[Salafi]]* (as well as ''ahl al-hadith'', fowk o hadith) is aften uised interchyngeably, but Wahhabi haes forby been cried "a pairticular orientation athin Salafism", an orientation some consider ultra-conservative an heretical.

Accordin tae Riadh Sidaoui, habitual uise o the term Wahhabism is scientifically fause, an the concept o *Saudi Wahhabism* shoud be substitutit. Deed, it is an Islamic doctrine whilk is based on the historical alliance atween the poleetical an financial pouer representit bi Ibn Saud an the releegious authority representit bi Abdul Al-Wahhab, the doctrine continues tae exist tae this day thanks tae this alliance, the financin o several releegious channels an the formation o several sheikhs.

## See an aw
* Muslim Britherheid

## References
Chillán

**Chillán** is a ceety in Chile wi 161,953 inhabitants an the aurie o 511 km² in 2002.

## References


## Fremmit Airtins
* Offeecial Wabsteid {es}
Marxism–Leninism

**Marxism–Leninism** is a communist ideology, offeecially based upon the theories o Marxism an Leninism, that promotes the development an creation o an internaitional communist society through the leadership o a vanguard pairty ower a revolutionary socialist state that represents a dictatorship o the proletariat. Marxist-Leninist society seeks tae purge onything considered bourgeois, idealist, or releegious frae it. It supports the creation o a single-pairty state. It rejects poleetical pluralism external tae communism, claimin that the proletariat need a single, able poleetical pairty tae represent them an exercise poleetical leadership. Through the policy o democratic centralism, the communist pairty is the supreme poleetical institution o the Marxist-Leninist state.

Marxism–Leninism is a far-left ideology. It is based on principles o class conflict, egalitarianism, dialectical materialism an raitionalism, as well as social progress. It is anti-bourgeois, anti-caipitalist, anti-conservative, anti-fascist, anti-imperialist, anti-leeberal, anti-reactionary, an is opposed tae bourgeois democracy.

The Marxism-Leninist state utilizes a centrally planned state socialist economy. It supports public awnership o the economy an supports the confiscation o aw private property that becomes public property admeenistered bi the state, while personal property is left untouched. It typically replaces the role o mercat in the caipitalist economy wi centralizit state management o the economy that is kent as a command economy. Housomeivver in recent decades an alternative Marxist-Leninist economy that exists is the Socialist mercat economy that haes been uised bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, Socialist Republic o Vietnam an historically bi the Fowkrepublic o Hungary an the Socialist Federal Republic o Yugoslavie.

## See an aw
* Fundamentals o Marxism–Leninism

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Definition at marxists.org
* ''Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism''  Soviet textbook explaining Marxism–Leninism
* Leninist Ebooks 
* Alexander Spirkin. Fundamentals of Philosophy . Translated from Russian by *Sergei Syrovatkin*. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990.
* Spirkin's textbook offers a systematic exposition of the foundations of dialectical and historical materialism. The book was awarded a prize at a competition of textbooks for students of higher educational establishments.
Naama Province

**Naâma** () is a province (*[[wilaya]]*) o Algerie namit efter its provincial seat, the toun o Naâma. There is an airport in Mécheria; an a big sabkha.

## Admeenistrative diveesions
The province is dividit intae 7 destricts (*[[daïra]]s*), which are further dividit intae 12 ''communes'' or municipalities.

### Destricts

# Aïn Séfra
# Asla
# Mécheria
# Mekmen Ben Amar
# Moghrar
# **[[Naâma Destrict|Naâma]]**
# Sfissifa

### Communes

# Aïn Ben Khelil
# Aïn Séfra
# Asla
# Djéniane Bourzeg
# El Biod
# Kasdir
# Mécheria
# Mekmen Ben Amar
# Moghrar
# Naâma
# Sfissifa
# Tiout

## References
Santiago de Cuba Province

**Santiago de Cuba Province** is the seicont maist populatit province in the island o Cuba. The mucklest ceety Santiago de Cuba is the main admeenistrative center. Ither muckle ceeties include Palma Soriano, Contramaestre, Mayarí Arriba, San Luis an Songo-la Maya.

## History
Santiago de Cuba province haes been the steid o mony battles, baith durin the war for unthirlrdom an the 1959 Cuban Revolution, whaur hintle o the guerrilla fechtin teuk place in the muntainous province.

Prior tae 1976, Cuba wis dividit intae sax historical provinces. Ane o thir wis Oriente province, which wis, prior tae 1905, kent as Santiago de Cuba province. The present day province comprises the sooth-central region o Oriente.

## Economy
The province is rich in material resoorces sic as iron an nickel. The economy, housomeivver, relees maistly on agricultur, wi muckle plantations growin bananaes, cacao an coffee dottin the landscape. Industry is growin aroond the caipital, as is tourism. The naitural beauty o the aurie is attractin mony tourists frae baith the rest o Cuba an frae owerseas.

## Municipalities

:*Source: Population from 2004 Census.* *Area from 1976 municipal re-distribution.*

## Demographics
In 2004, the province o Santiago De Cuba haed a population o 1,043,202. Wi a tot aurie o , the province haed a population density o .

## See an aw
*Oriente Province
*Roman Catholic Diocese o Cubao
*Father José Conrado

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Santiago.cu (in Spanish) 
*Travel info on Santiago de Cuba
*santiagoencuba.com (in Spanish)
*Santiago de Cuba City (in English and Spanish)
Gadabay Rayon

**Gadabay** (; ,  *Gadabek*; mair common traditional Roushie spellin Кедабек, Кедабекский район) is a rayon o Azerbaijan renouned for its tatties an its gowd fields. The famous Siemens company wirkit here in the Tsarist era claimin that they wur exportin copper. Housomeivver it haes been racently revealt that in fact they wur acqually secretly exportin gowd. The gowd minin operation haes racently resumit

## Demographics
### Ethnic Groups
* Azeris 99,29%
* Ither 0,71% (maistly ethnic Roushies, some o wham belangs the Molokan releegious minority, bidin in veelages lik Slavyanka)

### Releegion
* Muslim 99,9%
* Ither 0,1%

### Language
* Azerbaijani leid 100%

## References
Dashkasan Rayon

**Dashkasan** () is a rayon o Azerbaijan. The destrict wis cried **Dastafur** () till 1956.

The destrict is locatit in northwastren Azerbaijan, 33–41&nbsp;km awa frae Ganja ceety an on northeastren edge o Lesser Caucasus risin 1,600-1,800 meter abuin sea level. The regional caipital o the raion is Dashkasan ceety locatit bi Qoshqar River on a muntain. The caipital wis established as an urban facility on 16 Mairch 1948, efter the end o Warld War I, mainly tae splore an mine iron ore an ither naitural resources.

## Admeenistrative diveesions
The rayon itsel wis foondit as an admeenistrative center in 1930 an wis namit Dastafur till 1956 whan it wis renamit tae Dashkasan. In 1963, the rayon status wis eliminate an Dashkasan province wis mergit wi Khanlar Rayon. Housomeivver, in 1965, it wis split again an Dashkasan regained its admeenistrative rayon status. Thare is ane ceety, sax ceety type settlements and 42 veelages in Dahskasan Rayon. Dashkasan rayon skares a 8&nbsp;km mairch wi Armenie an 24.5&nbsp;km mairch wi Shamkir Rayon, 23&nbsp;km mairch wi Kalbajar Rayon, 41&nbsp;km mairch wi Gadabay Rayon, 56.3&nbsp;km mairch wi Khanlar Rayon.

## Demographics
### Ethnic Groups
Population 30,510
*Azeris 99,5%
*Roushies 0,3%
* Ither 0,2%

### Releegion
*Muslim 99,8%
*Ither 0,2%

### Leid
*Azerbaijani leid 100%

## Natur
The rayon covers the Dashkasan plateau o the Lesser Caucasian Muntain range encompassin pairts an tips o Shahdagh an Murovdag ranges. The heuchest altitudes are at Hinaldag Peak (3,367 meters) an Qoshqar Peak (3,361 meter). Pairt o Bashkend-Dastafur lawlands an aw faws in Dashkasan rayon. This pairt o the region is rich wi cretaceous chalk. Average annual rainfaw is 600–900&nbsp;mm. It maistly rains in spring time. The muntains are enriched wi aik forests.
 
Thare is a feck o vegetation uised for curin various deceases. Amang the treatin plants, ane can fynd thyme, achillea, asteraceae, stellaria, muntain viola, etc.

Thare are anaw so-cried treatment springs containin pure muntain watter which cleanse the internal organs.
# Yumurtalı spring - Qabaqtəpə veelage;
# Narzan spring - Yuxarı Daşkəsən dounset;
# Turşsu spring - Alaxançallı veelage;
# Qiblə spring - Qabaqtəpə kəndi;
# Qayğı spring - Qabaqtəpə kəndi;
# Böyrək spring - Alunitdağ dounset;
# İdris spring - Əmirvar veelage;
# Seyid spring - Xoşbulaq veelage.

In Dashkasan rayon, the animal habitat is rich wi roe deer, gazelle, deer, Caucasian gait, rabbit, marten, hurcheon, brock, wild bear, lynx, wouf, beir, tod, jackal.

## Natural resources
Stairtin frae Soviet times, the region wis ane o the strategic centers for minin iron ore, aluminum, cobalt, marble. At the moment, gowd, capper, cobalt, iron ore, marble are bein mined.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Minerals in Dashkasan
Agstafa Rayon

**Aghstafa** (; ) is a rayon in northwastren Azerbaijan.

## Owerview
Agstafa raion wis creatit on 24 Januar 1939 as an independent admeenistrative unit oot o lairger Qazakh region o Azerbaijan. On 4 December 1959, the status o the raion wis abolished an it wis incorporatit intae Qazakh Rayon. Then on 14 Aprile 1990 bi the decree o the Cooncil o Deputees o Azerbaijan SSR, it wis split frae Qazakh raion an wis again re-established as a separate raion. The regional centre o the raion is its caipital Ağstafa. The raion is locatit in the northwastren pairt o the kintra, atween Qabirri basin an Lesser Caucasus muntain range, an Ganja-Qazakh
lawlands an Ceyrançöl highlands. It is sandwiched bi Qazakh raion in the wast an Tovuz raion in east, an borders Armenie on the soothren frontier an Georgie on the north.
The aurie o the raion is 1,503.7&nbsp;km2. Thare are 36 veelages in the raion. Thare are 39 seicontary schuils, lyceum, muisical schuil, 2 museums, 38 cultural clubs, State Airts Gallery, 49 libraries, 3 ceety an 10 veelage hospitals functionin in the raion. Ganja, Qazakh an Qarayazi lawlands mak up the maist o the raion's aurie, whilst its soothwastren an northeastren pairts comprise lesser muntain steids.

### Etymology
The aurie's name comes frae the name o the Oghuz Turks which include mainly the population o Azerbaijan, Turkey an Turkmenistan.
**Ağstafa** is a merger o twa wirds: *Oğuz + tayfa* *(Oghuz + tribe)*. Housomeivver, some fowk argue that it is a merger o the ither twa wirds which are: *Oğuz + təpə* *(Oghuz + hill)*.

## Footnotes
Tovuz Rayon

**Tovuz** is a rayon o Azerbaijan.  It is situatit atween Shemkir an Agstafa, 360&nbsp;km frae Baku an 107&nbsp;km frae Tbilisi. A major train line runs throu the centre, stoppin at Tovuz Stansiya.  Tovuz an aw borders Armenie naur the veelage o Eli Beli.

The toun o Tovuz is a municipal centre o this rayon.

## Geography
Tovuz covers 412&nbsp;km².  The rayon is muntainous in the sooth, whaur it is crossed bi the Lesser Caucasus muntains.

The region includes rich deposits o ores an precious metals, notably gowd.

## Population
The recordit population in 2009 stuid at 157,400 fowk, split atween 113 settlements.

## Economy
The region is dominatit bi agricultur. Wine, fruit, vegetables an grain crops are aw producit alang wi cattle.

## Notable residents

* Ganira Pashayeva, Member (MP) o the Naitional Assembly o Azerbaijan for Tovuz Rayon an jurnalist

## Sources an further readin
Absheron Rayon

**Absheron Rayon** (, ), spelt as **Apsheron** anaw, is a rayon o Azerbaijan demarkated in 1963. Awtho it shares the same name as the Absheron Peninsulae, the aurie covered bi the rayon is no conterminous, bein further wast an maistly inland.

## History o the rayon
Absheron wis foondit in 1963 bi the Soviet govrenment tae assur enough labour force, heichlie educatit professional staff an necessary provisions is gien tae enterprises an firms, kolkhozs an collective ferms, poultry an agrarian industries, construction centres, scienteefic-research institutes an laboratories present on the territories o Baku an Sumgait.
Thare are lots o historical monuments on the territory o Absheron. For example, in the veelage Aşağı Güzdək thare are agricultural tuils frae the 19t century. In Goradile veelage, thare is Abdurrahman mosque pertainin tae 19t century which wis biggit bi the veelager Haji Gurban, mosques frae 18t century in Məmmədli biggit bi Garadaglilar faimily, mosque-madrasa biggit in 19t century bi Haji Safarali in Novxani, Albattin mosque in Fatmai which goes back tae 18t century. 
Aside frae releegious monuments, thare are mony monuments pertainin tae social life o fowk in last centuries. For example, hamams biggit in Middle Ages bi Haji Kazim in Qobu veelage an anither ane biggit bi Meshadi Imam Baxish in Xirdalan. Auncient wells which providit watter supply tae fowk livin in this territory are still uised in Aşağı Güzdək an Xirdalan. 
Tombs frae 8t - 18t centuries are an aw preservit: in Fatmai, Digah, Masazir, Hökməli an Saray.

## Geography an economy
Absheron is situatit pairtially on Absheron Peninsulae an pairtially inland. The basic pairt o its economy is agricultural production which develops in twa directions: plant growin an cattlebreedin. Mair attention in plant growin is gien tae gardenin an olive growin. In the sheep breedin, raisin local stock o "Gala" wi semi-haurd or haurd skin prevails.

## Demographics
* Azeris  96.2% (86,592)
* Ither 3.8% (3,608)

## Oreegin o the name
The name Absheron comes frae the wirds 'ap shuran', meanin 'place o salty watter', frae the auncient Iranian Azeri leid.

## References
Masally Rayon

**Masally** (Masallı) is an destrict in the sooth o Azerbaijan

## Geography
This territory haes mairches wi Lankaran, Lerik, Yardimli, Jalilabad, Neftchala districts. In the east, the destrict is washed bi the Caspian Sea, an in the wast it approaches Talysh Muntains, Burovar rig. Hicht o the territory reaks 917 m. Thare mineral an geothermal springs in Masally. Average temperatur is 2,5&nbsp;°C in Januar, an 25,6&nbsp;°C in Julie. The amunt o annual precipitation is 600–800&nbsp;mm. Vilash is the lairgest river o the destrict. Thare braid-leavit forests o Girkan type-chestane-leaved aik, hornbeam, beech, Persie ironwood tree, Girkan boxwood, Caucasian persimmon, medlar an ithers in the muntainous pairt o the destrict. Tot aurie o the destrict's forests equals tae 16,9 thoosan acre.

## History
Masally rayon wis oreeginatit in 1930. Aforehaun, the territory o the destrict wis the pairt o Arkevan aurie o Lankaran rayon.

## State poleetical seestem
The heid o Masally rayon is chief executive. Chief executives:

* Safarov Azer Fattah oglu-till September 30, 2004]
* Aliyev Ogtay Jalil oglu-frae Semtember 30, 2004 tae September 29, 2006
* Agayev Gazanfar Arif oglu-syne September 30, 2006

## Admeenistrative structur
The centre o the destrict is  ceety Masally. Average population density is 158 fowk per km². Boradigah tounship, Arkevan, Banbashi, Gizilagaj, Teze Alvadi veelages are the ither lairgest population aggregates.

## Photos

Image: Masalli08.jpg
Image: Masalli01.jpg
Image: Masalli05.jpg
Image: Масаллы011.jpg


## References
Samukh Rayon

**Samukh** (Samux) is a rayon o Azerbaijan.
The term Samukh comes frae a Caucasian Albanie wird for 'Forest Huntin Place'.
Thare are Bronze Age burial munds aroond Nəbiağalı, the rayon's admeenistrative centre.

## References
David Mundell

**David Gordon Mundell** (born 27 Mey 1962) is a politeecian, an a member o the Unitit Kinrick pairlament at Wastmeinster, representin the Conservative Pairty. He represents the *Dumfriesshire*, *Clydesdale* an *Tweeddale* consteetuency in the Hoose o Commons. He wis Secretar o State for Scotland in David Cameron's govrenment an later Theresa May's cabinet frae 11 Mey 2015 tae 24 Julie 2019, whan Boris Johnson replacit him wi Alister Jack.

## Fremmit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid - *in Inglis*
Lyzanxia

**Lyzanxia** is a French hivy metal baund that combine thrash metal wi elements o daith metal.

## Biography

Lyzanxia wur formit in 1996 bi the Potvin brothers. Thay quickly recordit thair first demo, * RIP My Skin*, it displayed the baund's potential. In 1997 the baund producit an 11 sang demo entitled **Lullaby** that introducit them tae the press an unnergrund scene. Thay then stairtit tae play wi groups sic as Edge of Sanity, Disfear, Loudblast an No Return.

For thair first album: **Eden**, thay recruitit ane o the better kent producers in European metal: Fredrik Nordström. The album wis released in 2000 tae creetical acclaim an guid reviews (6/6 *Hard Rock*: Fraunce, 84/100 *[[Burrn!]]*: Japan). Twa videos wur released tae promote the album: "Bewitched" an "Dream Feeder".

In 2002 Lyzanxia recordit thair seicont album, *Mindcrimes*. The group wirked again wi Nordström an the Potvin brithers travelled tae Gothenburg, Swaden tae mix the sangs wi Nordström an master the album wi Goran Finnberg. Tae support the album, Lyzanxia released twa videos, "Silence Code" an "Medulla Need". Thay toured wi Shaman an Behemoth tae promote the album.

In 2006 Lyzanxia signed wi Listenable Records. Thay recordit an released thair album *Unsu*. The baund ance again wirked wi Nordström (who ance again mixed the album) an recently toured wi Exit Ten an Soilwork tae promote it.

In 2010 Lyzanxia released thair fift studio album *Locust*. The muisical style is based continue tae wirk closely tae the rules o thrash metal. The album wis mastered bi Björn Engelmann an lik mony albums, it wis producit bi Nordström. It wis released bi XIII BIS Records.

## Members
**Current members**

*Franck Potvin - guitars an vocals
*David Potvin - guitars an vocals
*Perdicaro Wines - bass
*Clement Decrock - drums

**Session muisickers/umwhile members**

*Gaël Feret - Drums
*Close Eguil - Bass
*Gweltaz Kerjan - Drums
*Dirk Verbeuren - Drums

## Discography

*1996: RIP My Skin (demo)
*1997: Lullaby (demo)
*2000: Eden
*2003: Mindcrimes
*2006: Unsu
*2010: Locust

## External links
*Offeecial wabsteid
*Offeecial MySpace
Bint Jbeil

**Bint Jbeil** () is the seicont lairgest toun in the Nabatieh Govrenorate in Soothren Lebanon. 

The toun haes an estimated population of 30,000.  Its exact population is unkent, acause Lebanon haes no conductit a population census syne 1932.

## References

This beuk haes mony references for fowk frae Bint Jbeil ** أغاني الهوى ورسائل الحنين بقلم إحسان شرارة**, ''Link to PDF Book (12 MB)''.

## Freemit airtins
*Unoffeecial Wabiteid o Bint Jbeil 
*Unoffeecial Wabsteid o Bint Jbeil-Arabic
*Population Estimate o Bint Jbeil
Miniyeh

**Miniyeh** (, ) is the caipital o the Miniyeh-Danniyeh Destrict in the North Govrenorate o Lebanon.  Minya is locatit 96 km frae Beirut at an altitude o 20m abuin sea level. Administratively, the ceety is Minich ad Nabi Youchieaa is anerlie ane municipality.
Neftchala Rayon

**Neftchala** (Neftçala) is a rayon on the shores o the Caspian Sea. Its name is Persie نفت چاله *Naft-Chala* an means ile trench.

## History
The Neftchala region wis formit as destrict in the composition o Azerbaijan on 11 Februar  1940. Till this time it wis locatit in the urie o modren Salyan, an durin the year it become pairt o the Khilly region, organized on 24 Januar 1939. Due Neftchala wis exceptionally industrial region, it wis liquidatit in December 1959 an unifeed wi the Salyan region. Housomeivver, efter 4 year it wis isolatit frae Salyan region an became independent industrial zone. But seemilar mixed seestem for control did no justify itsel, an ance again Neftchala region wis again liquidatit in 1965 an became pairt o the Salyan. The region become independent efter 7 year on 27 Aprile 1973.

## Famous fowk frae Neftchala
*Khalil Rza Uluturk, writer

## Population bi years

## References
Lankaran Rayon

**Lankaran** (Lenkoran, Lənkəran) is a rayon o Azerbaijan. It surroonds but daes no include the ceety o Lankaran, which is technically a separate admeenistrative region.

## History

Airchaeological excavations indicate that fowk hae livit in the region syne at least the Bronze Age (3rd or 2nt millennia BC). The aurie aroond Lankaran haets fertile soil, rich watter reserves an a humid subtropical climate wi a maximum annual precipitation o 1,600 tae 1,800&nbsp;mm, the heichest precipitation in Azerbaijan, lendin tae abundant agricultur, cattle-breedin, gairdenin, fishin, bee-keepin an silk production. Blacksmith, capper-smith, pottery an ither treds hae lang been well established too. The aurie's development wis an aw aidit bi its location as a pynt o communication atween auncient empires, leadin tae caravan trade funnelled alang the Caspian Sea coast.

Atween 1747 an 1813 Lankaran wis the main ceety o the Talysh Khanate. Follaein the 1813 Gulistan Treaty, the northren aurie o the khanate wis occupeed bi Roushie, then the remainder wis seized in the final Russo-Persie war o 1826-1828. The 1828 Treaty o Turkmenchay left the aurie athin the Roushie empire an the khanate wis abolished. Durin the 19t century Lankaran's exports (rice, silk, vegetables, firth an fish) wur aimit mainly at the Roushie mercat. Durin the 20t century the tea-cultivation an processin industry became important in the rayon.

The aurie wis briefly the centre o a Bolshevik-inspired Mughan Soviet Republic durin 1919. History repeatit itsel somewha in 1993. Durin the period o instability that follaeed Azerbaijan's 1991 unthirldom frae the USSR, Lankaran an surroondin rayons wur briefly declared the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, but this anerlie survivit atween Juin an August 1993. The day the region is an integral pairt o the Azerbaijan Republic.

## Geography
The region haes a vast aurie o naitional pairks, whaur a variety o fauna an flora are preservit. Gizil-Agach State Reserve hosts ower 250 kinds o plants, 30 species o fish an mair nor 220 kynds o birds. Lankaran is an aw kent for *[[Parrotia persica]]*, or ironwood. It is naturally grown in the region an coud be seen in Hirkan National Pairk. Local meeth haes it that it is the anerlie firth that sinks in watter, hence the name (ironwood). Historically it haes been uised for heatin, syne it burns for a lang time an is no easily extinguished. The Persie leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) subspecies o the leopard, lives in the naitional pairk as well.

## Destricts
* Liman (ceety)
* Narimanabad 
* Garmatuk
* Ashagi Nuvadi 
* Hirkan
* Haftoni 
* Isti Su
* Balighcilar

## Population
* Tot population :197.500
* Percentage urban population : 39%
* Percentage rural population : 61%

## Notable natives

* Samad bey Mehmandarov
* Azi Aslanov
* Allahshukur Pashazadeh, Sheikh ul-Islam an Grand Mufti o the Caucasus

## References

## External links
*Offeecial rayon wabpage  
*(Inglis version)
An-Nusayriyah muntains

The **an-Nusayriyah Muntains** ( / ALA-LC: *Jibāl an-Nuṣayriyah*), kent as **al-Alawiyin Muntains** (جبال العلويين / *Jibāl al-‘Alawīyin*) an aw—baith names referrin tae the Alawi sect which haes traditionally livit there—or unner their Sirie offeecial name o **Coastal Muntain Range** (سلسلة الجبال الساحلية / *Silsilat al-Jibāl al-Sāḥiliyah*), are a muntain range in northwastren Sirie runnin north-sooth, parallel tae the coastal plain. Classically they wur kent as the **Bargylus** an unner the Hashashins wur kent as the **Jabal Bahra**.

The muntains hae an average width o , an their average peak elevation is juist ower 1,200 meters wi the heichest peak, Nabi Yunis, reachin , east o Latakia. In the north the average hicht declines tae , an tae  in the sooth.

The wastren slopes catch moistur-laden winds frae the Mediterranean Sea an are thus mair fertile an mair hivily populatit than the eastren slopes. The Orontes River flows north alang side the range on its eastren verge in the Ghab valley, a  langitudinal trench, an then aroond the northren edge o the range tae flow intae the Mediterranean. Sooth o Masyaf there is a lairge northeast-soothwast strike-slip faut that separates An-Nusayriyah Muntain frae the coastal Lebanon Muntains an the Anti-Lebanon Muntains o Lebanon, in a featur kent as the Homs Gap.

## References
Anti-Lebanon muntains

The **Anti-Lebanon muntains** is the Wastren name for the **Eastren Lebanon Muntain Range** (), which are a soothwast-northeast-trendin muntain range atween Sirie an Lebanon. Its Wastren name (Anti-Lebanon) comes frae the Greek wird for ‘opposite’. The majority o the muntain range lees in Sirie. The border atween Sirie an Lebanon is lairgely defined alang the crest o the range. At its soothren end it is an aw athin the Golan Hichts.  The range lees east o an parallel (opposite) tae the Munt Lebanon range.  Tae the wast lees the Beqaa Valley in the north an the Hasbani River valley in the sooth. These valleys separate it frae the Lebanon range in central Lebanon. Tae the east, in Sirie, lees the Eastren Plateau which contains the ceety o Damascus. 

The Anti-Lebanon range is approximately 150&nbsp;km in length. Tae the north, it extends tae amaist the latitude o the Sirie ceety o Homs afore dying oot. Tae the sooth, the range coalesces wi the Golan Hichts plateau but includes the heichest peaks o Munt Hermon (*Jabal el-Shaykh*, in Arabic), at 2,814 metres, an Ta'la't Musa, at 2,669 metres. These peaks are snaw-covered for hintle o the year an are locatit on the Lebanese-Sirie border.

## References

## Further readin
*
Angers

**Angers** () is the main ceety in the Maine-et-Loire depairtment in wastren Fraunce aboot  sooth-wast o Paris. Angers is locatit in the French region kent bi its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, an its inhabitants are cried Angevins.

Angers proper haes a population o 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan aurie. The ceety traces its ruits tae early Roman times. It occupees baith banks o the Maine, which is spanned bi sax brigs. The destrict alang the river haes flourishin nurseries an mercat gardens. It is kent for its fresh produce an cut flouers.

### Twin touns – sister ceeties
Angers is twinned wi:
*  Haarlem, Netherlands, syne 1964
*  Osnabrück, Germany, syne 1964
*  Bamako, Mali, syne 1974
*  Pisa, Italy, syne 1982
*  Wigan, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1988
*  Södertälje, Swaden, syne 1998
*  Seville, Spain, syne 2000
*  Yantai, Cheenae, syne 2006

## References
* 

## Notes

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial wabsteid
* Offeecial wabsteid 
* Angers Info 
* University o Angers 
* ESSCA
* Angers SCO Offeecial Wabsteid 
* The offeecial wabsteid o Angers Tourist Information Centre 
* “A Visit to the Slate Quarries of Angers,” France, article from the ''Scientific American'' – Supplement No. 974, Munn & Co., New York, 1894, on Stone Quarries and Beyond.
Baja California

**Baja California** (; ) offeecially *Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California* () is ane o the 31 states which, wi Mexico Ceety-the Federal Destrict, comprise the 32 Federal Entities o Mexico. It is the northwastmaist state o Mexico, but afore becomin a state in 1953, the aurie wis kent as the **North Territory o Baja California**. It haes an aurie o , or 3.57% o the land mass o Mexico an comprises the northren hauf o the Baja California peninsulae, north o the 28t parallel.

## References
;Notes

## Freemit airtins
*Baja California Sur: Cabo Pulmo Coral Reef in Danger
*Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense
* State government 
* Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México 
*To Be In Baja  Aw o the current information on Baja California
Baja California Sur

**Baja California Sur** (), officially *Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California Sur* (), (literally: *Sooth Lawer Californie*), is ane o the 31 states that, wi Mexico Ceety-the Federal Destrict, mak the 32 Federal Entities o Mexico. Afore becomin a state on 8 October 1974, the area wis kent as the **Sooth Territory o Baja California**. It haes an area o , or 3.57% o the land mass o Mexico an maks the soothren hauf o the Baja California peninsulae, sooth o the 28t parallel. It is mairches tae the north bi the state o Baja California, tae the wast bi the Paceefic Ocean, an tae the east bi the Gulf o Californie, kent as the "Sea o Cortés" an aw. The state haes maritime mairches wi Sonora an Sinaloa tae the east athort the Gulf o Californie.

## Line notes

## Freemit airtin

* www.AllAboutBaja.com  Learn all about Baja California Sur and the entire Baja peninsula.
* Baja California Sur: Cabo Pulmo Coral Reef in Danger
* Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense
*  Baja California Sur State Government 
*  Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México  Entry on Baja California Sur
Tijuana

**Tijuana** () is the lairgest ceety on the Baja California Peninsulae an centre o the Tijuana metropolitan aurie, pairt o the internaitional San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan aurie. An industrial an financial centre o Mexico, Tijuana exerts a strang influence on economics, education, cultur, airt, an politics. As the ceety haes become a leadin centre in the kintra, so haes the surroondin metropolitan aurie, a major industrial an paramount metropolis in northwastren Mexico. Currently ane o the fastest growin ceeties in Mexico, Tijuana maintains global ceety status.

## Sister ceeties
Tijuana haes multiple sister ceeties an twin touns. These relations hae been formalisit bi a variety o organisations as well as municipal govrenments. Currently twinned wi the Ceety o Tijuana are:



## References

## Freemit airtins
;Offeecial
* Tijuana Municipal Govrenment 
* Tijuana Economic Development Corporation 

;Owerviews
* Tijuana Historical Society
Okinawa Prefectur

is ane o Japan's soothren prefecturs.  It consists o hunders o the Ryukyu Islands in a chain ower  lang, which extends soothwast frae Kyūshū (the soothwastmaist o Japan's main fower islands) tae Taiwan. Okinawa's caipital, Naha, is locatit in the soothren pairt o Okinawa Island. The disputit Senkaku Islands (Mandarin: Diaoyu Islands) are admeenistered as pairt o Okinawa Prefectur.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Map 
*Okinawa Prefectur 
*Okinawa Tourist Information WEB SITE Okinawastory
Naha

is the caipital ceety o the Japanese prefectur o Okinawa.

Naha is a coastal ceety locatit on the East Cheenae Sea coast o the soothren pairt o Okinawa Island, the lairgest o Okinawa Prefectur. The modren ceety wis offeecially foondit on 20 Mey 1921, but prior tae that Naha haed awready been for centuries ane o the maist important an populous steids in Okinawa.

Naha is the poleetical, economic an educational centre o Okinawa Prefectur. In the medieval an early modren periods, it wis the commercial centre o the Ryūkyū Kinrick an aw.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Naha is twinned wi:

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Naha offeecial wabsteid 
*Naha offeecial wabsteid 
*Naha-te  - explains oreegin o Naha-te, the mairtial airt frae Naha
São Vicente, São Paulo

**São Vicente** is a coastal ceety o soothren São Paulo, Brazil. Its estimatit population in 2006 wis 329,370 inhabitants.

It was the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas an the first caipital o the Caiptaincy o São Vicente, nou the state o São Paulo.  Established as a proper veelage in 1532 bi Martim Afonso de Sousa on wha wis then the Porto dos Escravos (port o the slaves), operatit bi three Portuguese colonists who trafficked on slaves captured bi alleed tribes, São Vicente is titled *Cellula Mater* (Mither Cell) o Brazil for being the first organizit toun in the kintra. The first Ceety Cooncil o aw the Americas wis democratically electit an established in São Vicente on 22 August 1532.

The day's ceety is positioned aff the island o São Vicente, being maistly a dormitory ceety for the portuary an commercial ceety o Santos, wi whom São Vicente share its island. São Vicente haes a sma fishin industry in its mainland aurie an aw.

A suspension brig linkin the island an the mainland wis first constructit in 1914.  Neehbourheids include Humaitá, Parque das Bandeiras, Vila Ema an Quarentenário.  São Vicente is linkit wi the Rodovia Manuel da Nóbrega.

It is the birthplace o soccer player Robinho.

## Population history

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
São Vicente is twinned wi:
*  Naha, Okinawa, Japan

## References
### Bibliography
* 
* 

### Notes

## Freemit airtins
*  São Vicente's offeecial hame page
*  Portal Nosso São Paulo
*  São Vicente São Paulo Brazil
Kobe

, pronooncit , is the fift-lairgest ceety in Japan an is the caipital ceety o Hyōgo Prefectur on the soothren side o the main island o Honshū, approximately  wast o Osaka. Wi a population o about 1.5 million, the ceety is pairt o the  metropolitan aurie alang wi Osaka an Kyoto.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns an sister ceeties
Kobe haes seiven sister ceeties an a number o ither affiliations. They are:

*  Seattle, Unitit States (1957)
*  Marseille, Fraunce (1961)
*  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1969)
*  Riga, Latvie (1974)
*  Brisbane, Australie (1985)
*  Barcelona, Spain (1993)
*  Incheon, Republic o Korea (2010)

## References

## Freemit airtins
Van, Turkey

**Van** (   *Van*,  ) is a ceety in sootheastren Turkey an the seat o the Kurdish-majority Van Province, an is locatit on the eastren shore o Lake Van. The ceety's offeecial population in 2010 wis 367,419, but mony estimates put this as hintle heicher wi a 1996 estimate statin 500,000 an umwhile Mayor Burhan Yengun quotit as sayin it mey be as heich as 600,000.

The Van Central destrict stretches ower 2,289 square kilometers.

## Sister ceeties
* Odessa, Ukraine

## See an aw

* Caucasus Campaign
* 2011 Van earthquake

## References

## Bibliography
* 

## External links
* Governorship of Van
* Municipality of Van 
* Van 100th Year University
* Plan of Van city as it was before 1915
Iksha

**Iksha** () is an urban locality (an urban-teep dounset) in Dmitrovsky Destrict o Moscow Oblast, Roushie, situatit  north o Moscow alang the Dmitrov heich-gate an the Moscow Canal, an is a junction o the Savyolovo Railway. Population: 

The settlement wis foondit durin the construction o the railwey frae Moscow tae Dmitrov in 1889. It further developit due tae the construction o the Moscow Canal in the 1930s. The main point o interest is a cascade o Moscow Canal locks on the Iksha Reservoir built in Socialist Classicism style.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid o the admeenistration
Akita Prefectur

is a prefectur o Japan locatit in the Tōhoku region o northren Honshu, the main island o Japan. The caipital is the ceety o Akita.

## Notes

## References
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005).  ''Japan encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5;  OCLC 58053128

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial Akita Prefectur wabsteid 
* Offeecial Akita Prefectur wabsteid  
* Akita Sichtseein Guide
Segovia

**Segovia** is a ceety in Spain, the caipital o Province o Segovia in the autonomous commonty o Castile an León. It is situatit north o Madrid, 30 minutes bi heich speed train. The municipality coonts some 55,500 inhabitants.

## Etymology
The name o Segovia is o Celtiberian oreegin. The first inhabitants namit the ceety *Segobriga." This name comes frae twa terms o [[Celtiberian language|celtiberian]] oreegin, leid o the [[Celtic leids|celtic]] [[Indo-European leids|Indo-European branch]]. It comes frae the term *Sego*, which means «victory» (prefix an aw present in ither ceeties such as [[Segeda]] an [[Sigüenza|Segontia]]) an the suffix *-briga'', which wad mean «ceety» or «strength». So it micht be translatit as "Ceety o the victory" or "Victorious ceety".

Unner the Romans and Arabs, the ceety wis cried Segovia (Σεγουβία, Ptolomeo ii. 6. § 56) an Šiqūbiyyah (Arabic شقوبية) respectively.

## Sister ceeties
*  Edinburgh, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1985.
*  Marysville, Ohio, Unitit States, syne 2001.
*  Tucson, Arizona, Unitit States.
*  Tours, Fraunce, syne 1972
*  Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic o Korea

## References

## External links

* Offeecial wabsteid 
* Offeecial tourism office o Segovia
*  Offeecial Leid Schuils o Segovia 
* Segovia photo and video essay Part I and Part II
Nice

**Nice** (pronooncit , ; ;  or ; ; ; ) is the fift maist muckle ceety in Fraunce, efter Paris, Marseille, Lyon an Toulouse, wi a population o 348,721 athin its admeenistrative limits on a land aurie o . The urban aurie o Nice extends ayont the admeenistrative ceety limits wi a population o mair nor 955,000 on an aurie o . Locatit on the sooth east coast o Fraunce on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the seicont-lairgest French ceety on the Mediterranean coast efter Marseille.

## Parade


File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 14-43-52.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 14-47-17.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 14-50-16.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 14-53-48.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 14-56-44.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 15-00-53.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 15-18-29.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 15-23-33.jpg
File:Bataille de fleurs. 2020-02-22 15-15-01.jpg


## References

## Sources
*INSEE
* 
* 

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial wabsteid  
* Visitors an Convention Bureau Nice   
* 
*
Maine-et-Loire

**Maine-et-Loire** () is a depairtment in wast-central Fraunce, in the Pays de la Loire region.

## History

Maine-et-Loire is ane o the oreeginal 83 depairtments creatit durin the French Revolution on 4 Mairch 1790. Oreeginally it wis cried Mayenne-et-Loire, but its name wis chyngit tae Maine-et-Loire in 1791. It wis creatit frae pairt o the umwhile province o Anjou. Its present name is drawn frae the umwhile province o Maine an the Loire River, which runs through it.

## Geography
Maine-et-Loire is pairt o the current region o Pays-de-la-Loire an is surroondit bi the depairtments o Ille-et-Vilaine, Mayenne, Sarthe, Indre-et-Loire, Vienne, Deux-Sèvres, Vendée, an Loire-Atlantique.

It haes a varied landscape, wi forestit ranges o hills in the sooth an north separatit bi the valley o the Loire. The heichest point is Colline des Gardes (689 feet/210m).

The area has many navigable rivers such as the Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, Loir, and Authion.

## Demographics
The inhabitants o Maine-et-Loire are cried *Angevins*, frae the umwhile province o Anjou.

## Tourism
* The Loire Valley an its castles.
* The lairgest vineyard o the Loire Valley.
* The boule de fort, the traditional boules geme in Anjou

**[[Angers]]** an aroond:
* The Angers castle an the Apocalypse Tapestry, the lairgest tapestry in the warld.
* The Cointreau museum, in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou
* The Château de Brissac, the tawest castle o the Loire Valley.
* The crooked spires in Baugé region.

**[[Saumur]]** an aroond:
* The Cadre Noir, ane o the maist famous horsemanship schuil in the warld.
* Aroond Saumur, the lairgest concentration o troglodyte hoose in Europe.
* The Royal Abbey o Fontevraud an the graves o the Hoose o Plantagenet, includin Richard I o ingland.
* The Tank museum o Saumur, which display the lairgest tank collection in Fraunce.

**[[Cholet]]** an aroond:
* The textile museum o Cholet, an the creation o the famous red an white handkerchief.
* The Château de Touvois
* The Parc Oriental de Maulévrier, the lairgest Japanese garden o Fraunce

**[[Segré]]** an aroond:
* The fortifeed ceety o Pouancé an its medieval castle.
* The Blue Mine, a slate mine, wi a funicular which goes 130 meters unner the surface.
* The Naitional stud o Le Lion-d'Angers, which host ivery year Le Mondial du Lion
* The Château de Challain-la-Potherie

## See an aw
*Cantons o the Maine-et-Loire depairtment
*Communes o the Maine-et-Loire depairtment
*Arrondissements o the Maine-et-Loire depairtment
*Anjou wine

## Freemit airtins

*  Prefectur wabsteid 
*  General cooncil wabsteid
*  Anjou Tourism Board wabsteid
Bykovo

**Bykovo** () is an urban locality (an urban-teep dounset) in Ramensky Destrict o Moscow Oblast, locatit  sootheast o Moscow.  Population: 

It wis foondit in 1861–1862 upon construction o the Moscow-Ryazan railwey, replacin the umwhile veelage  tae the sooth.  Urban-type settlement status wis grantit tae it in 1962.

Bykovo is a hame (an a place o birth) for Pavel Chukhrai, Vladimir Sorokin, an Nikolay Rastorguyev.

Bykovo Airport an an aircraft repairment facility are locatit here.

## References
Calais

**Calais** (; in Inglis uisually  , tradeetionally ; ) is a toun an muckle ferry port in Northren Fraunce i the depairtment o Pas-de-Calais, o whilk it is a sub-prefectur. In aulder Scots scrievin it wis cried **Calice**. Calais is the mucklest toun in Pas-de-Calais, awtho the depairtment's caipital is its third-mucklest toun o Arras. Thair wis 125,584 indwallers i the metropolitan area at the census o 1999. Calais owerleuks the Strait o Dover, the maist nairra pynt o the Inglis Channel, whilk is jist  wide here, an is the closest French toun tae Ingland. The White Cliffs o Dover can easy be seen on a bricht day frae Calais. Calais is a muckle port fir ferries atween Fraunce an Ingland, an syne 1994 the Channel Tunnel haes linkit tae nearbu Coquelles frae Folkestone bi rail.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns&nbsp;– Sister ceeties
Calais is twinnt wi:

### Notes

## Freemit airtins

* 
*Agglomération  
*Info about the port and city  
*Info about the port and city 
*Port of Calais
Hebei

**** (; Postal map spelling: **Hopeh**) is a province o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae in the North Cheenae region. Its ane-character abbreviation is "" (jì), namit efter Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (*[[zhou (poleetical diveesion)|zhou]]*) that includit wha is nou soothren Hebei. The name *Hebei* means "north o the river", referrin tae its location completely abuin the Yellae River.

In 1928, Hebei wis formit efter the central govrenment dissolvit the province o *[[Zhili|Chih-li]]* (直隸), which means "Directly Ruled (bi the Imperial Court)". 

A common alternate name for Hebei is **Yānzhào** (), efter the state o Yan an state o Zhao that existit here durin the Warrin States Period o early Cheenese history.

## Admeenistrative diveesions

Hebei is made up o 11 prefectur-level diveesions, which are aw prefectur-level ceeties:

These are subdividit intae 172 coonty-level diveesions (22 coonty-level ceeties, 108 coonties, 6 autonomous coonties an 36 destricts). Those are, in turn, dividit intae 2207 tounship-level diveesions (1 destrict public office, 937 touns, 979 tounships, 55 ethnic tounships, an 235 subdestricts).

## Notes

*Economic profile for Hebei at HKTDC

## Freemit airtins

* Hebei Govrenment wabsteid 
*