open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Perth an Kinross

**Perth an Kinross** () is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland, an a lieutenancie area anaw. It haes mairches wi Aiberdeenshire, Angus, Dundee, Fife, Clackmannanshire, Stirlin, Argyll an Bute an Hieland cooncil areas. 

The cooncil area braidlie marraes the umwhyl coonties o Perthshire an Kinross-shire. Perthshire an Kinross-shire haed a jynt coontie cooncil frae 1929 till 1975. The area wis made a singil destrik in 1975 an than remade as a cooncil area (wi a smaw mairch chynge) in 1996.

The mukkilest toun is Perth, whilk is the cooncil area's heidsteid.

## Touns an veilages

*Abbots Deuglie
*Abernethy
*Aberfeldy
*Acharn
*Airntully
*Almondbank
*Alyth
*Amulree
*Auchlyne
*Auchterarder
*Balado
*Balbeggie
*Ballinluig
*Bankfuit
*Blekfuird
*Blair Atholl
*Blairgowrie
*Brig o Balgie

*Brig o Cally
*Brig o Earn
*Brig o Tilt
*Burrelton
*Campmuir
*Clunie
*Comrie
*Coupar Angus
*Crieff
*Dull
*Dunkell
*Dunning
*Errol
*Fearnan
*Finegand
*Forgandenny
*Forteviot
*Fortingall

*Glencarse
*Glenfarg
*Glenshee
*Grandtully
*Inchture
*Invergowrie
*Kenmore
*Killiecrankie
*Kingoodie
*Kinloch Rannoch
*Kinross
*Kinrossie
*Kirkmichael
*Lawers
*Leetoun
*Logierait
*Luncarty
*Madderty
*Meigle

*Meikleour
*Methven
*Milnathort
*Moneydie
*Muthill
*Perth
*Pitcairngreen
*Pitlochry
*Rattray
*Redgorton
*Scone
*Scotlandwell
*Spittal o Glenshee
*Stanley
*St Fillans
*St Madoes
*Trinafour
*Waterloo
*Weem

## Steids o interest
*Ben Lawers
*Blackhall Roman Camps
*Blair Atholl Mill
*Blair Castil
*Cairngorms Naitional Pairk
*Castil Menzies
*Clan Donnachaidh Centur
*Cluny Houss
*Drummond Castil
*Forest o Atholl
*Fortingall Yew
*Glen Lyon
*Grampian Muntains
*Loch Earn
*Loch Lomond an the Trossachs Naitional Pairk
*Loch Rannoch
*Loch Tay
*Melville Monument
*Portmoak
*Rannoch Muir
*Strathearn
East Ayrshire

**East Ayrshire**, spelt **Eist Ayrshire** an **Aest Ayrshire** anaw (), is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland. It haes mairches wi North Ayrshire, Sooth Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, Sooth Lanrikshire, an Dumfries an Gallowa.

Alang wi Sooth Ayrshire an the mainland bits o North Ayrshire, it furm'd the umwhyl coontie o Ayrshire. The cooncil area wis shapit in 1996, frae the umwhyl *Kilmarnock an Loudoun* an *Cumnock an Doon Valley* destriks.

## Touns an veilages
The mukkilest toun in East Ayrshire is Kilmarnock, whilk is the cooncil area's heidsteid. Ither mukkil touns bes Cumnock, New Cumnock an Stewarton.

*Afton Brigend
*Auchinleck
*Catrine
*Chapeltoun
*Corsehill
*Craigmalloch
*Cronberry
*Cumnock
*Dalmellington
*Dalrymple
*Darvel
*Drongan
*Dunlop

*Fenwick
*Galston
*Gateheid
*Glenbuck
*Greenholm
*Hurlfuird
*Kilmarnock
*Kilmaurs
*Knockentiber
*Lugton
*Mauchline
*Moscow
*Muirkirk

*Netherthird
*New Cumnock
*Newmilns
*Ochiltree
*Patna
*Polnessan
*Priestland
*Rankinston
*Riccarton
*Sorn
*Stair
*Stewarton
*Trabboch
*Wattirside

## Steids o interest
*Aiket Castil
*Dalmore Houss an Estate
*Loch Doon
*Loudoun Castil
*Kilmaurs Place
*Rowallan Castil
*Scots Industrial Railwey Centur
*Sorn Castil
*Stair Houss
*Dean Castil
*Robertland Houss
Dumfries an Gallowa

**Dumfries an Gallowa** (;  is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland.

## History an geography
Dumfries an Gallowa wis ane o the nine admeenistrative regions o mainland Scotland made in 1975 bi the *Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1973*. The regions o Scotland wis abolisht bi the *Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994* an Dumfries an Gallowa becam ane o the new cooncil areas in 1996.

Dumfries an Gallowa is made up o a wheen o sindry areas an umwhile coonties.

The name Dumfries an Gallowa his been uised syne at least the 19t century - bi 1911 the three coontys hid a shirradom unner that name. Dumfries an Gallowa kivers maist o the wastren area o the Soothren Uplands an inhauds Scotland's maist soothren pynt, at the Mull o Gallowa.

Til the north, the cooncil borders Sooth Ayrshire, East Ayrshire an Sooth Lanrikshire; in the east the Mairches; an til the sooth the coonty o Cumbria in Ingland. It lies til the north o the Solway Firth an til the east o the Erse Sie.

## Places o Dumfries an Galloway
*Main sattlements is in *'bauld*'.*

## References
Shetland

**Shetland** (aulder spellin: **Zetland**, frae *[[Yoch|Ȝetland]]*; Auld Norse **; Gaelic: Sealtainn) is an archipelago aff the northeast coast o mainlaund Scotland. The islands lees tae the northeast o Orkney, 280&nbsp;km (170&nbsp;mi) frae the Faroe Islands an mak up pairt o the diveesion atween the Atlantic Ocean tae the wast an the German Ocean tae the east. The hail area is aboot 1,466 km² (566 sq&nbsp;mi). Shetland is ane o the 32 cooncil areas o Scotland. The islands' admeenistrative centre an anely burgh is Lerwick.

The lairgest island, kent as "the Mainland," haes an area o 967&nbsp;km² (374 sq&nbsp;mi), makkin it the third-lairgest Scots island an the fifth-lairgest o the Breetish Isles.

## Leid

The Pechts leid deed oot durin the Viking occupation an wis replaced by Auld Norse, whilk in turn evolved intae Norn. This remains the maist kenspeckle aff-faw o Norse cultur on the islands. Awmaist ivery place name in uise thare can be traced back tae the Vikings. Norn continued tae be spoken till the 18t century whan it wis replaced by a insular byleid o Scots kent as Shetlandic an aw, that in turn is bein replaced by Scots Inglis.

Awtho Norn wis spoken for hunders o years it is nou extinct an few written sources remain.

## Fowklair

A wulver be a craitur fae Shetland fowklair alike the warwouf, descrived as a man wi a wouf heid kivert in broun fur. Unalike the veecious warwouf it be a pally beast that wad anely fash thaim that fasht it.

## Archaeological steids

Jarlshof is the best kent prehistoric archaeological steid in Shetland.

## References
Geographie

**Geographie** (or **geography**) is the scientific studie o the locational an spatial variation o baith physical an human phenomena on the Yird. The wird cums frae the Greek wirds γη or γεια ("Yird") an γραφειν ("ti descrieve" an "ti scrieve,").

Geographie is an aw-encompassin discipline that seeks an unnerstaunin o the Yird an its human an natural complexities—nae anely whaur objects are, but hou thay hae chynged an come tae be an aw. Whiles geographie is specific tae the Yird, mony concepts kin be pit mair broadly tae ither celestial bodies in the field o planetary science. Geographie haes been cawed "a brig atween natural science an social science disciplines."

## Soorces

## See forby
* Cairt
Maltae

**Maltae**, kent offeecially as the **Republic o Maltae** (Maltese: *Ir-Repubblika ta' Malta*) is a wee island naition in the mids o the Mediterranian Sea. It lies sooth o Sicily, tae the east o Tunisie an north o Libie. The kintra's offeecial leids is Maltese an Inglis. Roman Catholicism is the maist muckle releegion on the island. The kintra o Maltae haes chynged haunds monie times ower the years. It haes been aucht the Knights o St. John, the French an syne the Breetish afore becomin independent in 1964 an a republic in 1974. Maltae is the ae kintra in the hale warld that haes been awairdit the George Cross for its ettles durin WWII. It haes a replica o the George Cross on it banner. Syne 2004 it haes been pairt o the European Union an in 2008 it teuk up the Euro.

## References
Dunnys & Dragons

***Dunnies & Draigons*** is a weel=kent fantasy role-playin gemme oreegialy shapit bi Gary Gygax an Dave Arneson. It wis first prentit in 1974 bi Gygax’s company, Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The gemme is nou prentit by *Wizards of the Coast*, a diveesion o Hasbro. Ite wis taen frae the little gemmes o war, wi a variation o the *Chainmail* gemme serrin as the first rule seestem. The publication is thocht tae be the beginin o modren role-playin gemmes an the hale gemmes industry.

## References
Ocean

An **ocean** (frae , ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) in Greek) is a muckle body o saut watter, an a preencipal pairt o the hydrosphere.  Aroon 71% o the Yird's surface (an area o some 361 million square kilometer) is covert bi ocean, the ae body o watter that is maistlins split intil twa-three muckle oceans an a puckle smawer seas.  Mair nor hauf o this area is ower 3,000 meter (9,800&nbsp;ft) deep.  Average oceanic salinity is aroon 35 pairts per thoosand (ppt) (3.5%), an juist aboot aw seawatter haes a salinity in the range o 31 tae 38 ppt.
Sampo

**The Sampo** is an objeck frae Finnish meethologie.  It wes made bi Ilmarinen, the maister smith, bot naebodie kens fer certaint exacklie whit it wes meant tae be, tho aften fowk think o it as a mill o sum kynd.  Onieane wha haed a Sampo wadnae hae tae wark e'ev again, an sae in Kalevala it is cleirly sumthing that fowk desire tae he.

## The Sampo in ''Kalevala''
### Bakgrund
On ane o his vaiges, Väinämöinen becam lost in *Pohjola* (Nor Land).  He speirs the Spaewife o the Nor, Louhi, gin she'll gie him a boat.  She tells him that she will, bot ainlie gin he maks her a Sampo - in retour fer whilk she will gie him her dauchter's haund in mairraige forbye.  He says he cannae mak ane, bot haes a frien, Ilmarinen, that can.  Ilmarinen daesna want tae dae it, bot Louhi hechts her dauchter tae him an aa, an sae he duis.  Her wurds tae him ar:

::*Ilmarinen, wothie brithir,*
::*Ye, wha ar the ainlie skeily blacksmith,*
::*Gang an see her unco bonnieness;*
::*See her gowd an siller claes,*
::*See her clad in braw claes,*
::*See her sittin on the wattergaw,*
::*Walkand on the purpie cluds.*
::*Smidd fer her the weirdly Sampo,*
::*Smidd the lid in monie colours,*
::*Yer fairin sall be the maiden,*
::*Ye sall win this bonnie guidwife*
::*Gang an bring the bonnie maiden*
::*Tae yer hame in Kalevala.*

### The Makkin o the Sampo
Ilamarinen gangs on tae darg fer a twa-thrie day at his michty smiddy until he finally maks the Sampo.  Ance it haes been duin, it is a braw piece o skeily warkmanskip, as is ainly fittin fer the maister smith.  The finished Sampo is telt o thus:

::*On ae side the flour is runchin,*
::*On anithir saut is makkin,*
::*On a third is money smiddin,*
::*An the lid is monie-coloured,*
::*Weil the Sampo runches whan finished,*
::*Tae an frae the lid is rockin,*
::*Runches ae meisure at the day-brak*
::*Runches a meisure guid fer eatin*
::*Runches a seicond fer the mercat*
::*Runches a third ane fer the store-hous.*

### The Sampo is Tint
Efter aa this, Louhi (a wickit spaewife) chores the Sampo, chawin Ilmarinen an Väinämöinen tae gang intil her stranghauld  secretlike fer tae chore it bak.  Whan Louhi gets kennin o this, she chases thaim an fechts Väinämöinen.  In the strauchle, Louhi is defeatit, an the Sampo is brak an tint, sunk tae the bottom o the Sea.

## Ithir Uises
Sampo is a boy's name in Finland.
There is a Christian ska baund cryed Sampo.
A nummer o Finnish projecks (e.g. scienteefic) hae been cryed "Sampo", as hae a wheen o producks.

## See Forbye
*Kalevala
*Ilmarinen
*Väinämöinen
Ilmarinen

**Seppo Ilmarinen** (aften juist cried **Ilmarinen**) is ane o the maist important chairacters in Finnish meethology.  He is the "airch-type" o the maister smith in Finnish meethology, sib in some respects tae sic ither maister smiths o fowklair as Vulcan (Roman), Hephaistos (Greek) an the Droichs (Norse).  His maist kenspeckle warks is the makkin o the lift-dome an the smiddin o the Sampo.  Efter it wis taen frae the fowk o Kalevala, he wis ane o curn that tried tae chore it back.

## His Name
*Seppo* is a common Finnish boy's name, an is sib tae the Finnish wird *seppä* that means *blacksmith*.  Whaur that's taen frae isna certaint oniemair, it micht be that syne he wis the maister smith, his name wis gien tae the airt o smiddyin; or it micht be that the name wis gien him syne he wis the maister smith.
*Ilamarinen* means *Son o Ilmar*, bit wha Ilmar wis isna kent - an he kythesna in ony fowklair.
His name wis uised for the name o a Finnish warship that wis sunk in 1941.

## Luve
Tho Ilmarinen wis the maister o aw metal-crafts, an coud mak white'er he wantit frae gowd, airn, bress or copper, he wis kenspeckle for bein unchancy whan it cam tae luve.  In ae meeth, efter the Maiden o Pohjola rejects his offer o mairiage, he maks for himsel a guidwife oot o gowd an siller.  Findin his gowd guidwife haurd an cauld, he ettles tae hae her haundfastit til his brither, Väinämöinen.  Väinämöinen rejects her, an tells Ilmarinen tae pit her back in the smiddy an "mak frae her a thoosand gee-gaws."  Speakin tae aw his fowk, he then says:

::*Ilka bairn o Nor'land, listen,*
::*Whither puir, or chancy-faurt:*
::*Ne'er lout afore an eemage*
::*Born o meltit gowd an siller:*
::*Ne'er while the sunlicht brichtens*
::*Ne'er while the muinlicht glimmers,*
::*Wale a maiden o the metals,*
::*Wale a guidwife create frae gowd*
::*Cauld the gams o the gowden maiden,
::*Siller breathes the breath o dule.*

Some fowk haes seen in this tale the auld morals o "siller canna buy ye blytheness*.  Modren readers haes seen that the tale coud be anent pride an aw, as in the legends o the Golems, or the novelle *Frankenstein* - than e'en the maist dab-haundit an skeely o mortal fowk canna match the perfit wark o the divine whan makkin life.

## See Forbye
*Kalevala
*Sampo
Väinämöinen

**Väinämöinen** is the heidmaist chairacter in Finnish meethologie as weil as the Finnish naitional epic, *[[Kalevala]]*.  He is aften descrived as a wyce auld man wi a pouersome, weirdly voice.

## Väinämöinen in non-''Kalevalan'' fowklair
Ane o the first screivers in the Finnish leid, Michael Agricola, scrieved a list o auld Tavastian gods in 1551, in whilk the name o Väinämöinen kythes.  He wes, in monie tales, the heidmaist figure in the bith or makkin o the yird.  There twa-thrie versions o the yird-makkin meeth, bot they seem tae involve burds' eigs bein uised tae mak the warld.

## Väinämöinen in ''Kalevala''
In *[[Kalevala]]*, Väinämöinen kythes as a muckle less godlike chiel, bein mair a shaman, or spaeman.  Maist o the stories in *Kalevala* ar anent Väinämöinen, maistle in his search fer a guidwife, whilk at the end o aa the stories he still ne'er finnds.  This search fer a guidwife brings his fowk, the fowk o Kalevala intil conrack wi the fowk o Pohjola, whilk is at first friensome, bot later comes nesty.  

Forbye bein a wyce-chiel, Väinämöinen is a lilter o unco pouer an aw.  In ae poem he kills a muchle pike, an uises its chowk-banes tae mak a kantele, a Finnish stringed instument a tait like a zither.  

The last poem o *Kalevala* sees Väinämöinen leave the warld.  In it a woman cryed Marjatta gets impregnatit frae a berry she ate an gies birth tae a son, whilk is an allusion tae Mary an Jesus (In Finnish ***Maria*** means *Mary* an ***marja*** means *berry*).  Whan Väinämöinen orders the killin o the lad, the lad stairts tae speak an wytes Väinämöinen fer his sins an ill walin; the bairn is then baptised king o Karelia. Väinämöinen lilts a capper boat intae existence an sails awa, leavin ahent his kantele as a seembol o the gift o muisic tae his fowk, hechtin tae retour at sum tyme..  Maist scholars ar greed that this poem represents the kythin o Christianity in Finland - the bairn is a representation o Jesus, an Väinämöinen's quattin the land is a seembol for the fadin o the native pagan releegions.  There ithir fowktales sib tae this ane, sic as that o King Arthur.

## In Popular Cultur
Fowk metal baund Ensiferum is amang a wheen o fowk metal baunds wha haes baised sum o their wark on *Kalevala*, sic as their sangs *Old Man* an *Little Dreamer* whilk ar anent Väinämöinen.

Sum fowk threap that Gandalf in JRR Tolkien's *The Hobbit* an *[[The Lord of the Rings]]* wes in pairt baised on Väinämöinen.

There is a Finnish comic-beuk cryed *Väinämöisen paluu* (Sco: *The Retour o Väinämöinen*) whilk is anent Väinämöinen retourin frae his thousan yeir awa an his humorous adventures an comments on life in modren Finland.

A Finnish battleship uisit in the Seicond Warld Weir wes cryed Väinämöinen.  It survived the weir, bot wes scrapped in 1968.

## See Forbye
*Kalevala
*Ilmarinen
Thrash metal

**Thrash metal** is a kynd o hivy metal muisic that stairtit as an affshuit o hivy metal in the late 1970s an early 1980s. The term **Speed metal** wis uised for this genre in the aichties, but for ordinar that nou is uised whan talkin anent Pouer metal that pits a wheen emphasis on fast playin - baunds sic as DragonForce bein guid exemplars.

## History
Thrash metal stairtit slaw, wi a stauchered development as first the guitar style, then the drummin, then vocals emerged an wis jyned thegither tae mak Thrash metal. Things really stairtit tae get muivin in the mid-aichties. Baunds sic as Metallica, Slayer, Anthrax an Megadeth led the chairge as the first o the sae cried "Extreme Metal" (Thrash, Deid an Black) genres teuk aff.

Bi the early nineties, housome'er, the Thrashers haed been ootpaced bi the ither developin forms o metal. Pouer metal baunds wis playin faster an mair technical muisic, takkin the "Speed metal" tag for thaimsels, while Deid an Black metal wis mair extreme baith muisically an ideologically, an sae chored the thunner o the Thrashers' pouer tae shock. Nae langer the fastest, hiviest, scariest or maist bruital strynd o metal, Thrash tint muckle o its appeal, as young fowk turned tae the mair extreme expressions o whit Thrash haed ance cried its ain territory. 

Still, haen gien birth tae (in chronological reddin) Deid metal, Black metal an Metalcore, Thrash still haes a wheen o influence on the metal scence the day. An tho new Thrash baunds arna as nummersome as they ance wis (wi baunds sic as Trivium bein airgieable exceptions) the auld gaird sic as Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth an Testament still tours an pits oot new material quite aften.

## Muisical Chairacteristics
* Guitar wark is aften based on fast, sneddy riffs an heich pitched solos, wi the strings aften doun-tuined tae *Drop-D* tuinin or laicher. Shreddin an soupin techniques is common forby.
* Drummin tends tae be unco fast, an maist thrash drummers uises aither twa bass drums, or a dooble-kick pedal.
* For tae haud up wi the gey fast pace o the muisic, maist bassits will uise a plectrum, tho this isna aye true. Distortin on the bass isna byordinar ava.
* Vocals is for ordinar naither as melodic as in Pouer metal nor as harsk as in Deid metal or Black metal. Maistlie they are gruff, e'en yelloched - but this isna aye the case, syne some are melodic lilters.
* Leerical themes kivvers quite a braid reenge, frae poleetics tae daith; society tae nihilism.

## Kenspeckle Baunds
* *Anthrax*
* *Death Angel*
* *Forbidden*
* *Kreator*
* *Megadeth*
* *Metallica*
* *Slayer*
* *Sodom*
* *Testament*

## Fremmit Airtins
* The Metal Crypt, wi a guid page anent genres
* Metal Archives - wi a muckle list o Thrash metal baunds
* A guid steid wi reviews an news anent Thrash metal
Leids o Scotland

Scotland haes twa auncient leids (Scots leid an Scots Gaelic) an ane that's been aboot for the bygane three-fowerhunder year (Inglis). Mony leids haes been spoken thare ower the years faws intae twa general kynds: Germanic leids an Celtic leids.

## Leevin leids
### Germanic leids
*The Scots leid
**Doric
**Shetlandic
**Sooth Scots
*The Inglis leid
**Scots Inglis
**Hieland Inglis

### Celtic leids
*The Scots Gaelic leid

### Ither leids
*Breetish Sign Leid: Some hearin fowk haes it as a mither tongue acause thair mithers an faithers is deif. It isna sib tae Inglis, but is a leid in its ain richt.
### Differences
Atween Ingles and Scots thar ur sum wurds an grammar in common an sum no.

## Extinct leids
### Celtic leids

*The Cumbric leid
*The Pechts leid

### Germanic leids
*The Norn leid
*Auld Inglis
*Auld Norse

### Roman leids
* Norman
* French
* Laitin

## Ither leids

Ither leids haes been spoken in Scotland:

*The Romani leid
*Mony immigrant leids, for ensaumple
**Polish leid
**Hindi leid
**Urdu
Astronomy

**Astronomy** (frae Greek: αστρονομία) is a naitural science that studies celestial objects an phenomena. It applees mathematics, physics, an chemistry, in an effort tae expleen the oreegin o thae objects an phenomena an thair evolution. Objects o interest include planets, muins, starns, galaxies, an comets; while the phenomena include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, an cosmic microwave backgrund radiation. Mair generally, aw astronomical phenomena that oreeginate ootside Yird's atmosphere are within the purview o astronomy. A relatit but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned wi the study o the Universe as a whole.

Astronomy is the auldest o the naitural sciences. The early ceevilisations in recordit history, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Indies, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Cheenese, an Maya performed methodical observations o the nicht sky. Historically, astronomy haes includit disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy an the makkin o calendars, but professional astronomy is nou eften conseedert tae be synonymous wi astrophysics.

During the 20t century, the field o professional astronomy split intae observational an theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquirin data frae observations o astronomical objects, which is then analysed using basic principles o physics. Theoretical astronomy is orientit taewart the development o computer or analytical models tae descrive astronomical objects an phenomena. The twa fields complement ilk ither, wi theoretical astronomy seekin tae expleen the observational results an observations bein uised tae confirm theoretical results.

Astronomy is ane o the few sciences whaur amateurs can still play an active role, especially in the discovery an observation o transient phenomena. Amateur astronomers hae made an contreibutit tae mony important astronomical discoveries, such as findin new comets.

## References

## Fremmit airtins
* Czech astronomie (in Czech)
* Astronomie in Canada  (in baith French an Ingles)
* Aurora Borealis (gies a chyce atween 6 leids)
Biology

**Biologie** is the science o life (frae the Greek wirds *βιos* meanin "life" an *λoγos*, meanin "raesoned accoont"). It is concernt wi the chairacteristics an laits o aw craiturs, the wey speshie an individuals comes til exeest, leeve, an the interactions thay hae wi ilk ither an wi the environs. Biologie encompasses a braid spectrum o academic fields that's aften seen as thair ain disciplines. Thegither, thay study life ower a braid reenge o schuils.

## Gallery

File:Guriezo Adino vaca toro terneras.jpg|Animalia – Bos primigenius taurus
File:Zboże.jpg|Planta – Triticum
File:Morchella esculenta 08.jpg|Fungi – Morchella esculenta
File:Fucus serratus2.jpg|Stramenopila/Chromista – Fucus serratus
File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|Bacteria – Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Micrometer)
File:Halobacteria.jpg|Archaea – Halobacteria
File:Gamma phage.png|Virus – Gamma phage
Airchaeology

**Airchaeologie** (frae the Greek wirds αρχαίος = auncient an λόγος = wird/speak/discoorse) is the study o human culturs throu the findin, documention an analysis o maiteral, the orts o human dealins an environmental data, includin architectur, airtefacts, biofacts, human wate, an laundscapes. Airchaeologists studies airtefacts, that's onything shawin signs o human uiss or modifeecation. The ettle o airchaeologie is tae document an expoond the springheid an oncome o human cultur, unnerstaund cultur historie, chronicle cultural evolution, an study human laits an ecologie. It is the ae discipline that possesses the gate an theory for the collectin an interpretation o information aboot pre-written human history, an coud mak a creetical contreebution tae wir unnerstaundin o documentit societies an aw.

## References
History

**Historie** (or **history**) is a term uised ti descrieve information that ist aboot the bygane. Whan uised as the name o a field o studie, historie refers ti the studie o the written historie o fowk. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica remerkt that:Historie in the maist braid meanin is aw that haes came tae, no juist aw the phenomenae o human life, but thir o the naitural warld forby. That includes awthing that unnergaes chynge; an as modren science haes shawn that thar is nocht absolutelie staitic, tharfore the hail universe, an iverie pairt o it, haes its historie.
 
Knawledge o historie is aft sayd ti encompass baith ken o the past an historical thinkin skeels.

In modren academia, historie is nou mair acceptit as a social science, in parteecular whan chronologie an the speirin oot o siclyk is applee'd.
Habby

A **habby** is a acteevity duin for pleisur. Whit can be ae bodies's wark can be anither bodie's habby. For ensaumple, a body micht gowf for thair perfaission, but anither body micht gowf in thair free time, an this wad be a habby.
Scots law

**Scots Law** is a legal seestem foondit on Roman law, that brings thegither featurs o baith ceevil law an common law. The terms o union atween Scotland an Ingland specifeed the retention o separate seestems. 

Aforetimes there wis sindrie regional law seestems in Scotland, ane bein Udal Law (cryed *allodail* or *odal law* forbye) in Shetland an Orkney. This wis a direct descendant o Auld Norse Law, but wis duin awa wi in 1611.  Mauger this, Scots coorts haes acknowledged the owerins o udal law in some property cases as recently as the 1990s. There's a muvement tae bring back udal law  tae the islands as pairt o a devolution o pouer frae Edinburgh tae Shetland an Orkney.

## References

## Fremmit airtins
*Scots legal wabsteid
*Criminal law resource
Fuid an farin

**Fuid an farin** is ony substance, for ordinar made o carbohydrates, fats, watter an/or proteins, that can be etten or drunk bi an ainimal or human bein for nutreetion or pleisur.

Items conseedered fuid micht be soorced frae plaunts, ainimals or ither categories sic as fungus or fermentit products lik alcohol. Awtho mony human culturs socht fuid items throu huntin an gaitherin, the day maist culturs uises fermin, ranchin, an fishin, wi huntin, reengin an ither gates o a local naitur includit but playin a minor role.
Cultur

**Cultur** (frae the Laitin *cultura* ruitit frae *colere*, meanin "tae cultivate") for ordinar refers tae paiterns o human acteevity an the seembolic structurs that gies sic acteevity signeeficant importance. Different defineetions o "cultur" reflects different theoretical bases for unnerstaundin, or criteria for evaluatin, human acteevity.

Cultur is manifestit in muisic, leeteratur, pentin an sculptur, theatre an film. Awtho some fowk identifees cultur in terms o consumption an consumer guids (as in hie cultur, law cultur, fowk cultur, or popular cultur), anthropologists unnerstaund "cultur" tae refer no juist tae consumption guids, but tae the general processes that produces sicna guids an gies thaim meanin, an tae the social relationships an practices that sicna objects an processes becomes embeddit in. For thaim, cultur sic includes technology, airt, science, as weel as moral seestems.
Media

**Media** is uised in sindry weys: 

In **communication**:
*Recordin media, graith uised for tae hain information

*Prent media, communications deleevered via paper or cannas
*Electronic media, communications deleevered via electronic or electromechanical energy
**Multimedia, communications that incorporates multiple forms o information content an processin
**Hypermedia, media wi hyperlinks
**Deegital media, electronic media uised tae hain, transmeet, an receive deegitized information

*Published media, ony media setten furth tae the public
**Mass media, aw means o mass communication
***Braidcast media, communications deleevered ower mass electronic communication netwarks
***News media, mass media focused on communicatin newsins

*New media, media that can anerly be creatit or uised wi the help o modren computer processin pouer
*Media for adverteesin, media-buyin, or the chuisin an buyin o TV airtime, radio airtime, newspaper etc. space, for adverteesin.
Economy o Scotland

The economy o Scotland cleeks intae that o the lave o Europe an is tae the maist pairt a melled economy. Scotland haes the fowert lairgest GDP per heid o ony region o the Unitit Kinrick efter Lunnon, the Sooth East o Ingland an the East o Ingland.

Scotland wis ane o the industrial pouerhooses o Europe frae the time o the Industrial Revolution forrit, bein a warld leader in manufacturin an shipbiggin relatit industries, at the time, that the day haes left a legacy in the diversity o guids an services that the Scots economy produces frae textiles, whisky an shortbreid tae aeroingines, buses, computer saftware, ships, avionics an microprocessors tae baunkin, insurance, fond guidal an ither sib financial services.

In common wi maist ither advanced industrialised economies, Scotland haes seen a dwynin o the importance o the manufacturin industries an primary-based extractive industries. This haes, housomeiver, been gang thegither wi a rise in the service sector o the economy that's nou the lairgest sector in Scotland, wi signeeficant rates o growthe ower the bygane decade.

The Breetish poond sterling is the offeecial siller o Scotland, an the middlins baunk o the UK is the Bank o Ingland that hauds responsibeelity for the monetar policy o the hale o the Unitit Kinrick.
Gemme

A **[[gemme]]** is a structurt or semi-structurt acteevity, for ordinar unnertaen for enjoyment an whiles uised as an eddicational tuil. (The term "gemme" is uised for tae descrieve simulation o sindry acteevities e.g., for the purposes o trainin, analysis or predeection, etc. Gemmes is for ordinar distinct frae wark that's for ordinar cairiet oot for remuneration, an frae airt that's mair adae wi the expression o thochts. Housomeiver, the disteenction isna clear-cut, an mony gemmes micht be conseedered wark an/or airt an aw. Key components o gemmes is dales, rules, chailenge, an interacteevity. Gemmes for ordinar involves mental or pheesical stimulation, an aften baith. Mony gemmes helps upbig practical skeels, sers as a form o exercise, or itherwice performs an eddicational, simulational or psychological role.

## References
Heal

**Heal** is freedom frae skaith, that is won at wi the prevention, traitment, an management o illness an the preservation o mental an pheesical weel bein throu the services gien by the medical, nouricin, an allee'd heal perfaissions. Gaun by the *World Health Organisation*, heal care inrowes aw the guids an services designed tae forder heal, includin “preventive, curative an palliative interventions, whither aitit at indiveeduals or tae populations”. The organised proveesion o sic services micht constitute a heal care seestem. This can include a speceefic govrenmental organisation sic as, in the Unitit Kinrick, the *[[National Health Service]]* or a cooperation athort the *National Health Service* an the *Social Services* as in *Shared Care*.
Militar

**Militar** haes twa braid meanin. Firstlins it forordnar refers ti sodgers an sodgerin. Seicont it refers ti airmed forces as a hail. Ower the yeirs, militar units haes cum in aw shapes an sizes. Thay hae been as wee as a gowpen mediaeval peasants baundit thegither for battil unner thair feudal laird or as mukkil as the invasion force creatit in 1944 for D-Day. Thay can be organised sae stieve as the impis o Shaka Zulu or naur-haund autonomous lyk the Knichts Templar durin the Crusades. Sum states - for ensaumple, Spartae or mair recent Proushae - haes e'en pitten militar pouer at the hert o govrenment.
Theatre

**Theatre** (frae the French: "théâtre", frae the Greek "theatron", θέατρον, meanin "place o seein") is the brainch o the performin airts defined juist as whit "occurs whan ane or mair human being, isolatit in time an/or space, presents themsels tae anither or ithers." By this braid defineetion, theatre haes existit syne the daw o man, as an affcome o the human prattick for story tellin. Sin its upmak, theatre haes come tae tak on mony furms, aften uisin elements sic as speech, gestur, muisic, dance, an spectacle, souderin the ither performin airts, aften as weel as the veesual arts, intae an aesome airteestic furm. Modren Wastren theatre is dominate by realism, awtho mony ither furms, includin clessical an experimental furms, as weel as Eastren furms, is aften performed.
Kantele

A **kantele** (frae the Finnish) is a tradeetional poukit string instrument frae Finland.  In some weys it is sib tae a zither.

## The Instrument

The auldest kynds o kantele haes anerly five or sax strings made o cuddy-hair, eikit tae a widden bouk cairved frae the ae bit wid.  Mair modren kanteles haes metal strings, an the bouk is aften made frae mair nor the ae bit wid.  Modren concert kanteles (for ordinar uised in clessical muisic) can hae sae mony as 39 strings, tho maist modren kanteles haes 15 or fewer, an is for ordinar mair sib tae tradeetional shapes.  This anes is aften cried **smaw kanteles**.  Wi smaw kanteles, the langest strings (that's lawest in pitch) is furdest awa frae the muisickers body, but wi concert kanteles it is the ither wey aboot, wi the cutty, heich pitched strings bein furdest awa.  The instruments is uised for tae play strynds o muisic that's sib tae ilk ither but deeferent in mony weys.

Thare is sic a thing as the **electric kantele** an aw, that's a gey modren oncome.  It uises a pickup no sae deeferent frae them uised on electric guitars, an haes been uised bi a twa-three hivy metal baunds.

Kanteles haes a disteenctive, skellat-lik soond, an is played aither bi poukin wi the fingers or bi strummin wi a wee wand no unlik a matchstick.  The muisicker hauds the kantele aither on thair laips or on a wee buird afore thaim.

## Kanteles in ''Kalevala''
In the Finnish naitional epic, *[[Kalevala]]*, the weirdman Väinämöinen maks the first kantele frae the chowk-bane o a muckle ged an a few hairs frae a cuddy.  The muisic the kantele syne maks draws aw the shaw-beasties near tae it, for tae strange at hou bonny the muisic is.  Later, Väinämöinen maks a kantele o wid, strung wi the hairs o a maiden, an the glamoury it gies is juist as fell.  Whan he quats the laund o Kalevala (seen bi maist fowk as a seembol for the kythin o Christianity in Finland, he lea's ahint his kantele as the gift o muisic for his fowk.

## Kanteles in Modren Muisic
Mony Fowk metal baunds, sic as Ensiferum uises kanteles in thair muisic, as an exemplar o the wey that tradeetional muisic an mair modren weys o playin hae been jyned thegither in the recent past.  The uiss o kanteles in modren forms o muisc (as weel as the growth in interest in makkin tradeetional kynds o muisic) is likely tae growe in the futur, syne kantele is teached in schuils in Finland the nou this will gar mair young muisickers tak tae the instrument.  It can nou be studied at aw levels, e'en tae *The Sibelius Acadamy*, the ae muisic varsity in Finland.

## Fremmit Airtins
*Ae exemplar o kantele playin
*Anithir exemplar, this tyme wi American fowk muisic jyned wi the tradeetional Finnish instrument
*Sibelius Academy
*Finnish Kantele musician Eva Alkula 
*Kantele music
Kirk Faithers

The **Kirk Faithers** is a name gien tae the early an influential theologians an scrievers o the Christian Kirk.  The terms **Early Faithers** an **Faithers o the Kirk** is uised forby.  For ordinar the term disna refer tae the saunts or the New Testament scrievers - tho the scrievins o some o the Kirk Faithers wis hauden tae be haly bi some early Christians.

Maist o the Kirk Faithers scrieved in the Laitin or the Greek, an sae is kent as the *Laitin Faithers* an the *Greek Faithers* respective.  The Laitin scrievers includes Tertullain, Gregory the Great, St. Augustine an St. Jerome (kenspeckle for pittin  *[[Bible|The Bible]]* ower intae the Laitin in the wark kent as *The Vulgate*). Kenspeckle Greek Faithers includes Irenaeus (wha's wark, ironically, anerly survives in a Laitin translate), Celment o Alexandria an Origen.

## See Forby
*Christianity

## Fremmit Airtins
*Catholic Encyclopaedia page wi mony airtlces anent the Faithers an their scrievins
*Swatches taen frae mony early Christian scrieven an pitten ower intil Inglish
Joel Quarrington

**Joel Quarrington** (born Januar 15, 1955), is a dooble bassist fae Canadae.

He begoud playin the bass as a bairn o 11 year auld. Quarrington plays a bass makkit bi John Paul Muggini that he tuies in fifts.  He uised tae play wi the Toronto Symphony Orchestra as Heid Bass an nou he's awa tae dae the same wi The Naitional Airts Centre Orchestra unner Muisic Director Punkus Zukerman.

In his wee bit spare time he is, gaun by his biography, "*an enthusiastic connoisseur of the world's beer*."
He kens whit wey tae play the ehru an aw, an is weel-kent for his CD *Twa Ehrus a the Acropolus*.

Joel Quarrington teaches at Montreal's McGull Varsity.
Skyforger

**Skyforger** is a Fowk metal baund frae Latvie.  As weel as their ain sangs that's for ordinar anent pagan gods, Latvie history an war; the baund aften kivers tradeetional Latvie fowk sangs as weel as kiverin metal staundarts.

## History
Skyforger begoud in 1995 wi the umwhile members o a spleet baund cried *Grindmaster's Death*, an pit oot their first demo twa year efter.  The demo won thaim a record contract, an the follaein year they pit oot their first fou-lenth album, *Kauja pie Saules* (Sco: *The Battle o the Saule*).  In 1999, for tae merk the aichtiet year efter the Latvian War o Unthirldom, they pit oot  *Latviešu Strēlnieki* (Sco: *Latvie Riflemen*) that wis anent an dedicate tae the Latvie Riflemen that teuk a muckle pairt in that war.  The maist diferent soondin o their albums wis *Zobena Dziesma* (Sco: *Swuirdsang*) in 2003 that wis aw fowk muisic wi nae metal in it ava.

Tho the baund haed aye taen a wheen o tift frae Black metal, their album *Semigalls' Warchant* (2005, maistlins a re-release o their 1997 demo, but wi fower new sangs) haed a wheen mair tift frae Thrash metal, tho the leerics wis aye anent Lativan history an paganism as aye.

## Controversy
Due tae their uiss o auncient pagan seembols, the baund wis inrowed in a scaudnal.  Tho the baund haes aye gane oot their gate tae pynt oot that they arna poleetical in ony wey, their uiss o seembols sic as the swastika, or sunwheel, wis misread bi some fowk as a Neo-Nazi statment.   The producer o the *Pērkonkalve* (Sco:*Thunnerforge*) album jaloused they war allee'd wi Neo-Nazism an quat warkin wi thaim.  Sinsyne, the baund haes chynged their logo sae that the sunwheel isna pairt o it ony langer, forby pittin a statement on the back o their first twa albums sayin "*No Nazi stuff here!*".  The baund sees thaimsels as patriotic, but no poleetical ava.

## Line-up
### Members
**Pēteris Kvetkovskis* - vocals, guitar an Latvie fowk instruments
**Edgars Grabovskis* - bass guitar, backgrund vocals, Latvie fowk instruments
**Edgars Krūmiņš* - drums, percussion
**Kaspars Bārbals* - Latvie fowk instruments, backgrund vocals
**Rihards Skudrîtis* - guitar

### Umwhile Members
**Mārtiņš Pētersons* - guitar
**Viesturs Grīnbergs* - guitar
**Konstantīns Švedovs* - vocals
**Linda Bēce* - fluit
**Imants Vovers* - drums
**Girts "Motors" Kļaviņš* - guitar

## Discography
### Demos
* *Semigall's Warchant* (1997) (demo)

### Albums
* *Kauja pie Saules* (Sco: *Battle o the Saule*) (1998)
* *Latviešu Strēlnieki]]* (Sco: *Latvian Riflemen*) (1999)
* *Pērkonkalve* (Sco: *Thunnerforge*) (2003)
* *Zobena Dziesma* (Sco: *Swuird Sang*) (2003)
* *Semigalls' Warchant* (2005) (re-release o the 1997 demo wi fower new sangs eikit)
* *[[Kurbads]]* (2010)
* *Senprūsija* (Old Prussia) (2015)

## References

## Fremmit airtins
* Skyforger offeecial wabsteid
*Skyforger page at ''Encyclopaedia Metallum'', wi fou leerics, reviews etc.
Agricultur

**Agricultur** is the growin o fuid an ither things for fowk an ainimals. No juist fuid craps is grawn but things like flouers, ornamental plaunts an nursery plaunts, manure or dung, ainimal hides, laither, industrial chemicals (starch, ethanol, an plastics), feebres (cotton, oo, hemp, an flax), fuels (methane, biodiesel, biomass), an drogs (biopharmaceuticals, marijuana, opium)

Agricultur micht hae stairtit mair nor 10,000 year syne, but naebody kens for shuir hou auld it is. Agricultur stairtit in the Fertile Crescent in East Asie. The airt cried the Fertile Crescent is nou in the kintras o Iraq, Sirie, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, an Egyp. Wheat an baurley is some o the first craps fowk grew. Fowk aiblins stairtit agricultur by plautin a puckle craps, but aye gaithert mony fuids frae the wild. Fowk micht hae stairtit fermin acause the wather an syle begoud tae chynge. Fermin can feed mony mair fowk nor gaitherin on the same bit grund.

Mony fowk leeves by tawin awa at whit is cried subseestence agricultur, on a wee ferm. Anerly the fermer's faimily leeves on the ferm. Subseestence agricultur is growin juist eneuch fuid for tae feed the fermer, his faimily, an his beasts. Extrae fuid or ainimals is selt for siller or ither things the fermer canna growe. The yield is the amoont o fuid grown on a gien bit laund, an the yield is aften law, acause subseestence fermers is less eddicate, an they hae less siller for tae coff graith. Whan yields is law, forests is whiles cuttit for tae fend new laund for tae growe fuid. This is guid in the short term, but can be ill for the kintra an the laund in the lang term.

In rich kintras, ferms is aften a hail sicht lairger an the yield on the ferms haes gotten bigger in the last hunder year, acause fermers growes better varieties o plaunts, uise mair fertilizer, uise mair watter, an haes less weeds an pests. Mair oot ower, mony ferms uises machines, sae they need fewer fermers. Sae, there are fewer fermers in rich kintras, but they growe mair fuid. This kind o intensive agricultur maks problems an aw. Fermers uises a lot o chemical fertilizers, pesticides (chemicals that kills insects), an herbicides (chemicals that kills weeds). They whiles pollute the syle or the watter. They whiles mair reseestant insects an weeds. The syle is whiles skaithed by erosion, saut accumulation, or loss o structur. Irrigation (taen watter frae rivers) can pollute watter an lawer the watter table. Haein fewer fermers chynges society an aw an can mak a kintra less able tae feed itsel in haurd times.
Airchitectur

**Airchitectur** is the airt an science o biggins an structurs like yetts, brigs, an ither things that's biggit. Whiles, the pairts aboot the biggins, sic as pads an gairdens, is includit in the design an aw.

Fowk that designs biggins is cried airchitects. They micht be needin skeels in a lot o fields, for ensaumple: mathematics, science, airt, technology, social sciences, politics, history an philosophy.

Fowk in unalike kintras an periods o history haes designed biggins in different styles. This micht lippen on the climate, the materials tae haund for biggin, an fashion.

The earliest airchitectur wis the biggin o semple shielins, bothies an hooses.

As fowk first begoud tae leeve thegither in touns an ceeties, types o airchitectur becam mair complicate. Some o the auldest biggins that's been fund includes the peeramids in Egypt an the ziggurats in Mesopotamia, an ither earlie temples. The hooses ordinar fowk bid in wis fairly semple, wee, an close thegither.

The airchitectur o the Auncient Greeks an Romans is cried Clessical airchitectur. Some important clessical biggins haes stane columns wi complicate designs. Greek columns haes bauks pitten athort them, bit Romans cleckit the airch in their airchitectur that wis spreid athort the Roman Empire.

Indie airchitectur is weel-kent for the stane cairvin o its temples an pailaces. Unalike airchectural styles cam tae the fore in Cheenae, Japan, Sootheast Asie, Africae, Mexico, an Central an Sooth Americae.

Fowk in Wastern Europe in the Middle Ages makkit Romanesque airchitectur, syne Gothic airchitectur. Gothic biggins haes lang, pyntit windaes an airches. A lot o kirks haes Gothic airchitectur. Whan the Normans invadit England it wis merkit that the Ingles likit wee hooses wi a laid o things in them, while the French likit big hooses wi a want o furnitur. A lot o castles wis biggit at that time an aw. In Eastren Europe, the Byzantine influence meant that kirks for ordinar haes domes.

Mosques micht hae domes an aw, that's a wey o biggin a braid appen space that can haud mony fowk. This is important for releegious biggins.

The Industrial Revolution led tae new types o biggins for machines an for fowk tae wirk in. Industrial airchitectur is the airchitectur o factories, mills, an ither wirkin biggins.

Modren airchitectur wis a new type o airchitectur creatit aboot 1900. Modren biggins aften haes a bittie decorement an is aften makkit o steel, gless, an concrete.

## References
Communication

**Communication** is the process o exchyngin thochts an wittins. The maist common forms o communications includes:
* Talkin/Listenin;
* Readin/Writin;
* Body gesturs;
* Shawin your feelins.

Talkin tae freends, readin a beuk, or huggin your loved anes is semple forms o communication. 

Telephones (phone caws), computers (internet an email), radio an televeesion is some examples o communicating uisin technology. 

Naitural communication is whan ony type o ainimal communicates wi ilk ither. They tell ilk ither whan they are ready tae mate, whaur they are (if they are tint), an whan it's time tae migrate tae a wairmer climate. They can tell the difference whan a male or female is leukin for a mate, whan there is danger, an whan a mither is cawin tae her babby. Ainimals dinna juist caw tae ilk ither, they lea' scent merks aboot their territory for tae tell ither ainimals that it's theirs. The leader o the group for ordinar lea's its scent merks for tae shaw that they are the leader.

## References
Trollfest

**Trollfest** (whiles written as **TrollfesT**) is a Fowk metal baund frae Norawa.  They tak their soond frae jynin thegither fowk muisic an Black metal.

Efter formin in 2004 an recordin a demo the same year, the baund wis signed tae *Solistitium Records*, an in 2005 set furth their first fou-lenth record, *Willkommen Folk Tell Drekka Fest*  than can be pitten ower intil Scots as *Walcome, fowk, til the Drinkin Fest*.  Their seicont album, *Brakebein* wis setten furth on *Omvina Records* the neist year.  *Brakebein* is a concept album anent a curn o trowes that gangs awa on an ventur for tae rake for the legendar beer.

The feck o the baund's leerics is written in the upmakkit leid *Trollspråk* (Sco: *Trowe Leid*) that's a mixtur-maxtur o Norse an German.  For ordinar the leerics haes a humorous  focus, bein tae the maist pairt anent trowes an drinkin.

Efter bein thegither for three year, the baund played their first shaw at *Barther Metal Open Air 2007* in Germany.

## Line Up
**Jostein* (a.k.a. *Trollmannen*) - Vocals
**John Espen* (a.k.a. *Mr. Seidel*) - Guitar
**Martin* (a.k.a. *Psychotroll*) - Bass
**Eirik* (a.k.a. *Trollbank*) - Drums

## Discography
* *Willkommen Folk Tell Drekka Fest* (2005)
* *Brakebein* (2006)
* *Villanden* (2008)
* *En Kvest For Den Hellige Gral* (2011)
* *Brumlebassen* (2012)
* *Helluva* (2017)
* *Norwegian Fairytales* (2019)

## Fremmit Airtins
*Trollfest Offeecial Wabsteid
*Trollfest's leerics 
*Review o their first album
*Review o their seicont album