open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Norawa

The **Kinrick o Norawa** or **Norrowey** (whiles cried **Norseland**) is a Nordic kintra in the wastren pairt o the Scandinavian Hauf-island.  Hit haes mairches wi Swaden, Finland an Roushie, an its watters meets the watters o Denmark an the Unitit Kinrick.  It haes a sair streekit shape an a lang strand alang the North Atlantic Ocean, whaur Norawa's namely fjords is fund.  The nearby island launds o Svalbard an Jan Mayen is pairt o the kinrick o Norawa, an Bouvet Island in the Sooth Atlantic Ocean an Peter I Island in the Sooth Paceefic Ocean is Norse dependencies, an isnae pairt o the kinrick. The naitional day o Norawa is 17t o Mey.

## References
Kirkcaldy

**Kirkcaldy** (: [kɪrˈkɔːdi], whyls spelt **Kirkcaudy** an kent as *the Lang Toun* anaw) (Scots Gaelic: *Cathair Challdainn*) is a toun in Fife wi aboot fiftie thousan indwallers. 

Tradeitional industrie is dwynin but the makkin o linoleum yit gaes on.

Adam Smith, writer o *[[The Wealth of Nations]]* wis born in the toun. Monie ither weil-kent fowk wis born in this toun forby. Amang thaim wis Mairjorie Fleemin the poet (*Marjorie Fleming* in Inglis), Robert Aidam the airchitect (his faither William an brither James forby). Gordon Broun's faither wis the meinister o St Brycedale kirk an Broun hissel bade in the Lang Toun whyl he wis a bairn. 

The toun haes monie things til interest veisitors. The Airt Gailerie an Museum has weil-kent pentins bi airtists o the Glesca Boys an Scottis Colourist skuils. Ower the street is the Aidam Smith Theater. The toun hauds the Links Mercat ilka yeir an locals wad sey that it's Europe's langest street fair (but that's doutfu).

The toun's senior fitba team is the Raith Rovers, promotit til the Scots First Diveision in 2009.

## References
Canadae

**Canadae** (, ; ) is a kintra in North Americae, ane o the northmaist in the warld, an the mucklest kintra bi area efter Roushie.  It mairches the Unitit States an its watters eiks northart intil the Arctic Ocean tae the Nor' Powl.

Canadae is a federation o ten provinces an three territories.  It wis first shapit bi the British North Americae Act o 1867 an cried the "Dominion o Canadae".  It is a pairlamentary representative democracy an is a constitutional monarchy wi King Charles III as the heid o state.

Canadae's offeicial leids is Inglis an French. The French is spak feckly in Quebec (or *Québec* in French). Its offeicial estimate o indwallers for 2013 is 35,158,300.

The first prime meenister o Canadae wis the Scots-Canadian John Macdonald.

## Provinces an territories

Canadae is a federation makit wi ten provinces an three territories;

Provinces:
* British Columbie
* Alberta
* Saskatchewan
* Manitoba
* Quebec
* Ontario
* New Brunswick
* Prince Edward Island
* Nova Scotia
* Newfoundland an Labrador

Territories:
* Yukon
* Northwast Territories
* Nunavut

Provinces haes mair autonomy nor territories. Ilkane haes its ain provincial o territorial symbols.

The provinces is responsible fur maist o Canadae's social programs (lik halth care, eddication, an welfar) an thegither collect mair revenue nor the federal govrenment, an awmaist lanerly structur amang federations in the Yird. Uisin its spendin powers, the federal govrenment can stairt naitional policies in provincial airts, sic as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt thaimsels oot o thaim but thay aften dinnae in practice. Equal pey is duin bi the federal govrenment fur tae mak siccar thit raisonable uniform standaurts o services an taxation is kept atween the richer an puirer provinces.

## Notes


## References
Johann Sebastian Bach

**Johann Sebastian Bach** wis a German componer. He wis born on 21 Mairch 1685 in Eisenach, til a faimlie o muisicians. He wrat monie o his muisical warks for uiss in the kirk: Passions frae John an Matthew, oratorios an aboot 300 cantatas, monie o whilk canna be foond. Forbye he wrat muisic for the muisical instruments fiddle, cello, flute, organ, harpsichord and clavichord. For orchestra, he componed amang ithers the weel-kent sax Brandenburg concerti. He wis mairrit twa times an haed 20 bairns, some o them becam muisicians an aa. He dee'd on 28 Julie 1750 in Leipzig.

Atho he haes past awa, his muisic is aye gey influential wi us. His muisic wis unco rich an deep, an wis loved by ane an aa. An atho he wisna widely kent o in his time, he is ane o the warld's maist beloved muisicians in history, the day.
Elizabeth II

**Queen Elizabeth II** (21 Aprile 1926 – 8 September 2022) wis the Queen an heid o state o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland, an 15 ither kintras an thair dependencies. Thae kintras war Antigua an Barbuda, Australie, the Bahamas, Belize, Canadae, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saunt Kitts an Nevis, Saunt Lucia, Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, an Tuvalu.

Elizabeth II haudit mony ither poseetions, amang them Heid o the Commonweel, Supreme Governor o the Kirk o Ingland, Duke o Normandy, Laird o Mann, an Paramount Chief o Fiji. Her lang ring saw muckle chynges in her kinricks an the warld an aw, aiblins the maist kenspeckle is the dissolution o the Breetish Empire (a process that begoud in the hindermaist years o her faither's ring) an the evolution o the modren Commonweel o Nations.

Frae 1947 tae his daith in 2021 aged 99, the Queen wis wad tae Prince Philip, Duke o Edinburgh, born a prince o Greece an Denmark but efter naituralisation he wis kent as Philip Mountbatten an efter wis cried the Duke o Edinburgh. Nou the couple haes fower childer an aicht grandchilder; the aicht (Viscount Severn) wis born on 17 Dizember 2007 tae Prince Edward an Sophie, Countess o Wessex.

## Scots teetles
The'r some controversy ower Elizabeths teetles an modes o address in Scotland:

* Some argies that as Scotland ne'er haed a Queen Elizabeth I, she shuid be kent as Elizabeth I in Scotland; some fowk haudin this belief haes e'en defaced or malafoustert postboxes wi the ineetials "E.R.II". Houaniver, the nummerin o monarchs is a maiter o the ryal prerogative, an it haes been decree'd that aw monarchs wi the same name as aither a Scots or Inglis  monarch sall tak the heichest nummer — in this case, Elizabeth II.
* It wis tradeetional tae cry Scots monarchs *Keeng* or *Queen o Scots*, nae *o Scotland*.
* It wis tradeetional forby tae address Scots monarchs as "Yer Grace" raither nor "Yer Maijesty" awtho it wis James VI o Scotland that brocht in "Yer Maijesty" tae the exclusion o aw ithers.

## See an aa
;Faimily
*George VI
*Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
*The Prince Charles, Duke o Rothesay
*Prince Andrew, Duke o York
*Prince William, Yerl o Strathearn
*Prince Harry, Yerl o Dumbairton
*Prince George o Cambridge
*Princess Charlotte o Cambridge
;Hames
*Balmoral Castle
*Windsor Castle
*Buckingham Pailace

## References
Jack McConnell

The Richt Honourable **Jack McConnell [[Memmer o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]]** (born 30 Juin 1960) is the umwhile Labour MSP for Mitherwall an Wishae an bygane heidsman o the in Scotland.
He wis the 3rd First Meenister o Scotland frae 27 November 2001 til 16 Mey 2007, whan Alex Salmond o the Scots Naitional Pairty teuk ower.
Ludwig van Beethoven

**Ludwig van Beethoven** wis a German componer and pianae player. He wis born in 1770 an dee'd on 26 Mairch 1827. He componed clessical muisic for the pianae an hale orchestras. His weel-kent warks is his fift an nint seemphonies an the pianae piece 'Für Elise' forby. He is conseidered ti be ane o the verra finest clessical componers. Whan he wis a younker he wis a talentit pianist, weel likit bi the rich an important fowk in Vienna whaur he bade.

Houaniver, in 1801 he stairtit tae growe deif. His deifness became waur an bi 1817 he wis stane deif. Awtho he coudna play in concerts ony mair he held on componin, an at thon time componed some o his finest warks.

He flittit ti Vienna in 1792 an bade thare for the lave o his life. He niver mairiet. He dee'd on Mairch 26, 1827 (aged 56) during a thunnerstorm in Vienna, Austrick. His warks bides weel forrit in classical muisic.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

**Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart** (27 Januar 1756 – 5 December 1791) wis an Austrian componer. He wis born in the ceety o Salzburg on the 27 Januar 1756. He componed aboot 700 warks, includin the operas *[[Don Giovanni]]* an *[[Die Zauberflöte]]*. He dee'd on 5 December 1791. It isna kent the reason Mozart dee’d, houaniver maist doctors nou thinks it wis frae the rheumatic fivver.
Richard Wagner

**Wilhelm Richard Wagner** (22 Mey 1813 in Leipzig – 13 Februar 1883 in Venice) wis an gey moyen German componer, muisic theorist, an essayist, maistlie kent for his grundbrakking symphonic-operas (or "music dramas"). His warks is byordinar for thair conteenous contrapuntal textur, rich harmonies an orchestration, an elaborate uiss o leitmotifs: themes pitten thegither wi parteeclar chairacters or seetiations. Wagner's chromatic muisical leid wis lik later oncomes in European classical muisic, includin unco chromaticism an atonality. He chynged muisical thocht throu his idea o *Gesamtkunstwerk* ("hail airt-wark"), epitomed bi his muckle fower-opera cycle *[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]* (1876). His concep o leitmotif an integrated muisical expression wis a stieve fluence on monie 20t hunderyear film scores. Forby Wagner is an unco controversial feegur, baith for his muisical an dramatic innovations, an for his unco public expression o anti-semitic ideas.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

**Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky** (Roushie: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский, sometimes transliteratit as **Piotr**, Anglifee'd tae **Peter Ilich**), (7 Mey 1840 – 6 November 1893 (N.S.); 25 Aprile 1840 – 25 October 1893 (O.S.)) wis a Roushie componer o the Romantic era. Atho nae a member o the group o nationalistic componers aften kent in Inglis-spaeking kintras as The Five, his muisic haes come tae be kent an loued for its parteecular Russian chairacter as weel as its rich harmonies an stirrin melodies. His warks, houaniver, wis a deal mair westren nor his Russian contemporars sin he uised baith nationalistic fowk melodies an warldwide elements effective.
13 Februar

The **13t o Februar** is the 44t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 321 days ti come (322 in lowp years).

## Events

* 1575 - Coronation o Henry III o Fraunce.
* 1689 - William III o England an Mary II, Queen o Scots become jynt monarchs.
* 1692 − Massacre o Glencoe: Aboot 78 Glen Coe Macdonalds is kilt at the screich o day for no timeously hechtin lealty tae the new king, William o Orange.
* 1918 - A magnitude 7.3 yirdquauk hits Guangdong, Cheenae.
* 1945 - Warld War II: Breetish firebombin o Dresden.
* 1980 - Stairt o the Winter Olympic Gemmes in Lake Placid, New York, Unitit States.
* 1988 - Stairt o the Winter Olympic Gemmes in Calgary, Alberta, Canadae.
* 1990 - An agreement is reached on a twa-stage plan tae re-unite Germany.
* 2001 - A magnitude 6.6 yirdquauk hits El Salvador.
* 2008 - Australian prime meenister Kevin Rudd apologises tae the Stolen Generations.
* 2014 - Italian prime meenister Enrico Letta resigns.
* 2017 - Kim Jong-nam (aulder half-brither o North Korean leader Kim Jong-un) is murthert at Kuala Lumpur Internaitional Airport.
* 2021 - Mario Draghi becomes Prime meenister o Italy, leadin a technocratic govrenment.
* 2021 - Umwhile US Preses Donald Trump's seicont impeachment trial in the Unitit States Senate ends; a majority o senators votes tae convict him (incluidin 7 Republicans), but faws short o the twa-thirds majority needit.

## Births

* 1457 - Mary o Burgundy (d. 1482)
* 1599 - Pape Alexander VII (d. 1667)
* 1766 - Thomas Robert Malthus, Inglis cleric an scholar (d. 1834)
* 1769 - Ivan Krylov, Roushie writer (d. 1844)
* 1891 - Grant Wood, American penter (d. 1942)
* 1901 - Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Scots writer (d. 1935)
* 1903 - Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (d. 1989)
* 1910 - William Shockley, American pheesicist (d. 1989)
* 1913 - King Khalid o Saudi Arabie (d. 1982)
* 1915 - Aung San, Burmese politeecian (d. 1947)
* 1923 - Chuck Yeager, American pilot (d. 2020)
* 1933 - Paul Biya, Preses o Cameroon
* 1944 - Jerry Springer, Inglis-American entertainer
* 1945 - Simon Schama, Inglis historian
* 1950 - Peter Gabriel, Inglis muisicker (Genesis)
* 1960 - Pierluigi Collina, Italian fitbaa referee
* 1974 - Robbie Williams, Inglis sangster
* 1979 - Rafael Marquez, Mexican fitbawer
* 1979 - Mena Suvari, American actress
* 1979 - Anders Behring Breivik, Norse terrorist
* 1980 - Sebastian Kehl, German fitbawer
* 1986 - Jamie Murray, Scots tennis player

## Daiths
* 858 − Kenneth MacAlpin, King o Pechts, first Keeng o Scots
* 1542 - Catherine Howard, Queen Consort o Ingland (b. 1521)
* 1571 - Benvenuto Cellini, Italian airtist (b. 1500)
* 1660 - Charles X Gustav o Swaden (b. 1622)
* 1883 − Richard Wagner, German componer (b. 1813)
* 2014 - Ralph Waite, American actor (b. 1928)
* 2016 - Antonin Scalia, Unitit States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1936)
* 2017 - Kim Jong-nam, half-brither o Kim Jong-un (b. 1971)

## Halidays
* Warld Radio Day
Roald Amundsen

**Roald Amundsen** (; 16 Julie 1872&nbsp;– c. 18 Juin 1928) wis a Norse chiel that splored the Airctic an the Antairtic. Amundsen wis born on 16 Julie 1872 an dee'd on 18 Juin 1928.

Amundsen wis the first ti veisit the Sooth Pole. On 14 December 1911, he cam ti the Sooth Pole thegither wi his men. Robert Falcon Scott's team got there a month later, but perished on the return journey.

Amundsen went missin on a rescue mission near Svalbard on 18 Juin 1928. His plane is believed tae hae crashed.
Still Game

***Still Game*** is a telly sitcom pitten oot bi the BBC, starrin Ford Kiernan an Greg Hemphill. The chief chairacters o the shaw is Jack an Victor, twa auld anes that bide in a Glesga hie touer. The programme is an affshoot o Kiernan an Hemphill's sketch shaw *[[Chewin' the Fat]]*, whaur thae twa chairacters first kythed.

Ither chairacters includes Winston, thair freend; Navid, the Johnnie-awthing; Isa, the bletherskite; an Tam, the misert.

Maist o the crack in the programme is in the Glesga byleid o Scots.

The first three series wis pitten oot on BBC Scotland juist, an pou'd in huge audiences (aboot 60% o the Scots viewin nummers). Series 4, 5 an 6 wis pitten oot ower the hail o the Unitit Kinrick.

## References


## Fremmit airtins
* BBC wabsteid
Chewin' the Fat

***Chewin' the Fat*** is a telly sketch shaw pit oot bi BBC Scotland, screived bi an featurin Ford Kiernan an Greg Hemphill.

It wis oreiginally pit oot on BBC Radio Scotland, an later muived tae the telly. The first twa series wis pit oot on BBC Scotland juist, but series three an fower wis pit oot ower the hail o the Unitit Kinrick. The last series feinisht in 2002, but the'r a speecial programme ilka Hogmanay on BBC Scotland.

Baith Scots an Inglis wis uised in the sindry sketches i the programme. The programme introduced the phrase "Gaunae no dae that" — frae a sketch whaur a lichthoose keeper wad plaintively bode at his freend tae stop playin hunt-ee-gowk wi him — tae popular spaek.

An affshoot o the shaw wis *[[Still Game]]*.

The teitle o the shaw is screived wi the apologetic apostrophe.

## Airtins tae ootby steids
* BBC wabsteid. In English wi some Scots (altho the Scots is maistly uised as "nedspeak").
Apologetic apostrophe

The **apologetic apostrophe** is the name gien tae a wey o writin Scots for tae mak the seemilarities atween Scots an Inglis gey appearent. It is the uiss o an apostrophe (') for tae shaw letters wantin frae Scots wirds but's aye tae the fore in Inglis, for tae gie the impression that Scots is nocht but orra Inglis.

Aften thae wirds haes niver haed thir letters "wantin". Ae example in this seestem is the wird *taen;* it wad be spelt *ta'en* (frae Inglis *taken*); but the wird wis spelt *tane* in the 14t century, sae the apostrophe here coud be cawed specious.

Robert Burns, awtho a Scot his ain sel, wis the maist weel-kent uiser o the apologetic apostrophe, but its uiss bides in written Scots the day.

## Examples

## Legeetimate uiss o the apostrophe in Scots

Antrin wirds in Scots haes a cutty form an a lang form; for ordinar an apostrophe is uised for tae shaw the wantin letters in the cutty form. Some examples:

Thare's an apostrophe forby in the bygane mak o wirds endin wi *ee* for tae evite haein three *eee's* in a wird:
*dee* > *deed*, *gree* > *greed* etc.

Apostrophes is for ordinar uised in Scots the selsame wey as in Inglis an aw, in the rinnin thegither o twa wirds sic as *A*, *there*, *its* an sae on.
Christopher Columbus

**Christopher Columbus** (;  &ndash; 20 Mey 1506) wis an Italian explorer, navigator, coloniser, an ceetizen o the Republic o Genoa. Unner the auspices o the Catholic Monarchs o Spain, he haed duin fower voyages throu the Atlantic Ocean. Thae voyages an his efforts tae estaiblish permanent settlements on the island o Hispaniola ineetiatit the European colonisation o the New Warld.

Wastren imperialism an economic competeetion war emergin amang European kinricks throu the estaiblishment o trade routes an colonies. Columbus proponed tae reach the East Indies bi sailin wastwird, an this eventually received the support o the Spainish Croun, as thay saw a chance tae enter the spice trade wi Asie throu a new wastwaird route. During his first voyage in 1492, he reached the New Warld insteid o arrivin at Japan as he haed intendit, laundin on an island in the Bahamas airchipelago that he named "San Salvador". Ower the coorse o three mair voyages, he veesitit the Greater an Lesser Antilles, as weel as the Caribbean coast o Venezuela an Central Americae, claimin aw o it for the Croun o Castile.

Columbus wisna the first European explorer tae rax the Americas, haein been precedit bi the Viking expedeetion led bi Leif Erikson in the 11t yearhunner, but his voyages led tae the first lastin European contact wi the Americas, inauguratin a period o European exploration, conquest, an colonisation that lastit several yearhunners. As a result, the voyages haed an enormous impact in the historical development o the modren Wastren warld. He spearheidit the transatlantic slave trade an haes been accuised bi twa-three historian o stairtin the genocide o the Hispaniola natives. Columbus hissel saw his accomplishments primarily in the licht o spreadin the Christian releegion.

Columbus niver admittit that he haed raxed a continent thit afore wis unkent tae Europeans, raither nor the East Indies whaur he haed set coorse tae. He cried the indwallers o the launds that he veesitit *indios* (Spainish for "Indies"). His strained relationship wi the Spainish croun an its appyntit colonial admeenistrators in Americae led tae his reest an dismissal as govrenor o the settlements on the island o Hispaniola in 1500, an later tae protractit litigation ower the benefits that he an his heirs claimed war awed tae them bi the croun.

## Notes


## References
Willem Barentsz

**Willem Barents** (1550? − 20 Juin 1597, Dutch name **Barentsz**) wis a Dutch navigator an explorer, leader o aerlie expedeetions in far northren watters.

In 1594 he sailed frae Amsterdam wi twa gaileys for ti graip for the Northeast passage ti aestren Asie. He reached the wast coast o Novaya Zemlya, an follaed it northward, until he wis forced ti turn back whan bi its northren tip.

The follaein year he commaundit anither expedeetion o sieven gaileys, that sailed for the strait atween the Asie coast an Vaygach Island, but wis ower late ti finnd clear watter. His thrid trip failed forby an endit wi his daith. That time he haed twa ships, an on the gate oot sichtit Beir Island an Svalbard (kent as Spitsbergen forby), whaur the gaileys pairtit. Barents' veshel, aifter gaun aboot the north o Novaya Zemlya, wis catched in the ice an the crew haed ti winter on Novaya Zemlya, strippin thair gailey's deckhooses an spare timmer for ti big a ludge. Sin the gailey wisna free'd frae the ice till aerlie in 1597, Barents pairty left her in twa open boats on 13 June 1597 an maist o the crew escaped. Houaniver Barents hissel dee'd on 20 June 1597.
Hernán Cortés

**Hernán Cortés** (1485 - 2 December, 1547) wis a explorer an Sodger frae Spain. Atween 1519 an 1521 he conquered the Aztec empire o Emperor Montezuma.

Cortés wis born in Medellín, a toun in the Extremadura province o the Kinrik o Castile in Spain. He gaed tae the Varsity o Salamanca but drapped oot whan 17 year auld. He chose tae try his luck in the New Warld.

He gaed tae the New Warld in 1506. He teuk a haund in the conquest o Hispaniola an Cuba. In 1519 he stairtit frae Cuba bi gailey an gaed ti Yucatán. In Yucatán he conquered the Aztec empire. Cortés saa the caipital o the empire Tenochtitlán, an wis surprised tae see that the ceity wis as great as Constantinople. Later in 1521 he destroyed it.

Cortés returned frae Honduras. Aifter he gaed back tae Spain wi a great treisure. He dee'd in Seville in 1547.
James Cook

**James Cook** ( – 14 Februar 1779) wis a Breetish explorer an a navigator. He was a cairt maker forbye. He made three voyages tae the Paceefic Ocean, chairtin its main shorelines.

## Innin

James Cook was born in Marton in North Yorkshire on , naur whit is the day recognized as the town of Middlesbrough. Cook was ane o five bairns born tae Grace an James, Sr., wha wrocht as a day labourer on a ferm. As a bairn, Cook flittit wi his familie tae Great Ayton. 
Whan Cook wis saxteen, he wis prenticed tae a shopkeeper in the fishin clachan o Staithes. Gaun bi tradeetion, it wis durin his time thare that Cook first felt the tice o the sea whan govin oot the shop windae. Efter aboot a year an a hauf in Staithes, the shop fiar brocht Cook tae the naurby port toun o Whitby an introduced him tae the shipwricht John Walker, that gied him employ as a prentice on a collier that distributit coal alang the Inglis coast. Whan wirkin tae Walker, Cook begoud tae study algebra, trigonometry, navigation, an astronomy, skeels he wad need ae day for tae commaund his ain gailey. Cook rose in the ranks o the merchand fleet but tint the commaund o his ain collier in 1755 on the e'en o the navigation Years War for tae stairt ower at the neathmaist  level in the Breetish Ryal Navy.
14 Februar

The **14t o Februar** is the 45t day o the year in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 320 days ti come (321 in lowp years).

## Events

* 1779 - James Cook is killt bi locals in Hawaii.
* 1859 - Oregon becomes the 33rd State o the Unitit States.
* 1876 − Alexander Graham Bell applee'd for a patent for the telephone.
* 1912 - Arizona becomes the 48t State o the Unitit States.
* 1929 - St. Valentine's Day massacre in Chicago.
* 1949 - The Israeli Knesset convenes for the first time.
* 1952 - The 1952 Winter Olympic Gemmes in Oslo stairt.
* 1989 - Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader o Iran, issues a "Fatwa" (daith warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie frae his beuk The Satanic Verses.
* 1990 - Voyager 1 taks the "Pale Blue Dot" photograph o the Yird.
* 2002 - Bahrain becomes a Kinrick.
* 2005 - YouTube is foondit.
* 2005 - A car bomb kills 23 fowk in Beirut, includin umwhile Prime meenister Rafik Hariri.
* 2011 - Arab Ware: Protests begin in Bahrain.
* 2014 - Italian prime meenister Enrico Letta submits his demission tae Preses Giorgio Napolitano.
* 2015 - An attacker in Copenhagen, Denmark, kills 1 person an wounds an ither.
* 2018 - A shuitin at a heich schuil in Parkland, Florida, results in 17 daiths.
* 2018 - Jacob Zuma propales his demission as Preses o Sooth Africae.
* 2019 - An attack on an Indie troop convoy in Indie-controlled Jammu an Kashmir kills 40 fowk.
* 2020 - COVID-19 pandemic: Egyp records its first COVID-19 case.
* 2021 - Pro-unthirldom pairties retain thair majority in Catalonie.

## Births

* 1404 - Leon Battista Alberti, Italian polymath (d. 1472)
* 1483 - Babur, Moghul Emperor (d. 1530)
* 1858 - Joseph Thomson, Scots geologist an splorer (d. 1895)
* 1869 − Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scots pheesicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1959)
* 1917 - Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathemateecian (d. 2011)
* 1927 - Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (d. 2007)
* 1941 − Sir John Butterfill, Inglis politeecian
* 1942 - Michael Bloomberg, 108t Mayor o New York Ceety
* 1945 - Hans Adam II, Prince o Liechtenstein
* 1951 - Kevin Keegan, Inglis fitbawer
* 1967 - Mark Rutte, Prime meenister o the Netherlands
* 1970 - Simon Pegg, Inglis actor
* 1974 - Valentina Vezzali, Italian fencer
* 1983 - Bacary Sagna, French fitbawer
* 1985 - Philippe Senderos, Swiss fitbawer
* 1987 - Edinson Cavani, Uruguayan fitbawer
* 1988 - Angel Di Maria, Argentine fitbawer
* 1992 - Christian Eriksen, Dens fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1400 - Richard II o Ingland (b. 1367)
* 1779 − James Cook, Breetish splorer an navigator (b. 1728)
* 1891 - William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (b. 1820)
* 1938 - Christian Lous Lange, Norse politeecian (b. 1869)
* 1943 − David Hilbert, German mathemateician (b. 1862)
* 2004 - Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
* 2005 - Rafik Hariri, Lebanese politeecian (b. 1944)
* 2014 - Tom Finney, Inglis fitbawer (b. 1922)
* 2015 - Philip Levine, American poet (b. 1928)
* 2015 - Louis Jourdan, French actor (b. 1921)
* 2018 - Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime meenister o Zimbabwe (b. 1952)
* 2021 - Carlos Menem, Preses o Argentinae (b. 1930)

## Halidays

* St. Valentine's Day
* Statehood Day (Arizona, Oregon)
Vasco da Gama

**Vasco da Gama** (1469? − 24 December 1524) wis a Portuguese sailor. He wis the first European that gaed ti Indie aboot the Cape o Guid Howp, the sooth tip o Africae. He gaed ti Indie twice bi ship, atween 1497 an 1499.

On 8 Julie 1497, fower ships (the *São Gabriel*, the *São Rafael*, the *Berrio*, an a bairge that's name isna kent) sailed frae Lisbon an his first trip ti Indie stairtit. Afore him naebodie haed raxed Sooth Africae. Wi Christenmas near, thay gied the coast thay war passin the name o Natal (Christenmas in Portuguese), that it aye haes til this day. Bi Januar thay haed raxed the laund nou kent as Mozambique, Arab-controlled laund on the East Africae coast that wis pairt o the Indie Ocean's netwark o troke. Haein gotten that faur, da Gama coud uise a pilot at Malindi, that brocht the expedeetion the lave o the gate ti Calicut (the Malayalam name is *Kozhikode*) on the soothwast coast o Indie on 20 Mey 1498. He wun back ti Portugal in September 1499.
Edmund Hillary

Sir **Edmund Percival Hillary**, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 Julie 1919 – 11 Januar 2008) is a New Zealander, a muntaineer an a explorer, best kent for the first successfu clim o Munt Everest. He raxed the 29,035-fit (8850 m) tap on  wi Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa. Aifter comin doun, legend haes it the chiel said he an Tenzing haed 'knocked the bastard off', a phrase that haes fund its wey intil colloquial New Zealand Inglis.

Sir Edmund is the ae leivin New Zealander ti kythe on a banknote.
Ferdinand Magellan

**Ferdinand Magellan** (1480–1521; ; ) wis a Portuguese explorer. He wis born in Sabrosa, in northren Portugal, but later obtained Spaingie naitionality in order tae serve Keeng Charles I o Spain in sairch o a wastward route tae the "Spice Islands" (modren Maluku Islands in Indonesie).

Magellan's expedeetion o 1519–1522 became the first expedeetion tae sail frae the Atlantic Ocean intae the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" bi Magellan; the passage bein made via the Strait o Magellan), an the first tae cross the Pacific. It an aa completit the first circumnavigation o the Yird, awtho Magellan hissel did no complete the entire voyage, bein killed durin the Battle o Mactan in the Philippines. (Magellan haed, housomeivver, travelled eastwards tae the Malay Peninsula on an earlier voyage, sae he became ane o the first explorers tae cross aw o the meridians o the globe.) O the 237 men who set oot on five ships, ae 18 completit the circumnavigation an managed tae return tae Spain in 1522, led bi the Basque navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, who teuk ower command o the expedeetion efter Magellan's daith. Seiventeen ither men arrived later in Spain: twal men captured bi the Portuguese in Cape Verde some weeks earlier an atween 1525 an 1527, an five survivors o the ''Trinidad''.

Magellan an aa gies his name tae the Magellanic Penguin, which he wis the first European tae note, an the Magellanic clouds, nou kent tae be nearby dwarf galaxies.
 
## References

### Soorces

* 
* *[https://archive.today/20120709201107/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]*, full text, Inglis translation bi Laird Stanley o Alderley, Lunnon: Hakluyt, [1874] – sax contemporary accoonts o his voyage
* 

## Fremmit airtins
* Leets o crew members:
** 107 fowk
** The 18 arrivin on ''Victoria''
Leif Ericsson

**Leif Ericsson** (  or  ; Icelandic: *Leifur Eiríksson*; Norwegian: *Leiv Eiriksson* c. 970 &ndash; c. 1020) wis a Viking explorer frae Norawa. He wis the first European tae veesit North Americae in historical times. He splored the laund aboot the day's Newfundland, Canadae, cryin it Vinland. He wis the son o Eric the Reid (*Eiríkr rauði*), a Norwegian ootlaw, that wis the son o anither, Thorvald Asvaldsson (*Þorvald Ásvaldsson*). His mither wis Þjoðhild. His faither haed stairtit twa Norse colonies, the Wastren Settlement and the Eastren Settlement, in Greenland.

## References
Abel Tasman

**Abel Janszoon Tasman** (1603 - 1659) wis a Dutch sea explorer. On vaiges in 1642 an 1644, in the service o the VOC (*Dutch East India Company*) he cam ower Tasmanie an New Zealand. He cam ower monie pairts o Australie forby.

Twa or three places haes been cried efter him, sic as Tasmanie an the Tasman Sea.
Zheng He

**Zheng He** wis born in 1371 in the province o Yunnan in Cheenae an dee'd in 1435. He wis a weel-kent admiral an explorer, that made the vaiges jyntly cried "the Eunuch Sanbao tae the Wastern Ocean" (三保太監下西洋) or "Zheng He to the Western Ocean", atween 1405 an 1433.
Francis Drake

Vice Admiral Sir **Francis Drake** (c. 1540 – 28 Januar, 1596) wis an Inglis privateer, navigator, naval pioneer, pirate, politeecian, an ceevil ingineer o the Elizabethan period. He wis the first Inglisman (an the first chiel on oniething ither than a Spaingie ship) ti gang aw the wey aboot the globe, atween 1577 an 1580. He wis knichtit on his return bi Queen Elizabeth I o Ingland. He wis seicont-in-command o the Inglis fleet that defeatit the Spaingie Armada in 1588.

## References
* "The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660-1649", bi N.A.M. Rodger, (Lunnon, 1997).
* "The defeat of the Spanish Armada", Garett Mattingly, (1959), Pulitzer Prize winner in 1960 – a grand accoont o the defeat o the Spainyie Armada.
* "The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580", bi R. Samuel Bawlf, (Douglas & McIntyre, 2003)

## Fremmit airtins
* http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/static/content/3525.html  Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake c1540-1596
* Oliver Seeler's wabsteid "Sir Francis Drake"
* Francis Drake 
* Meission ti rescue Drake's corp
* Kraus Collection o Sir Francis Drake at the Librar o Congress
* Haund-coloured cairt shawing Sir Francis Drake's attack on Saint Augustine frae the State Archives o Florida
* Michael Turner An author that haes veisited maist o the places veisited bi Drake an haes written anent baith Drake's experiences an his ain.
* Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''
Moriori leid

**Moriori** is a Malayo-Polynesie leid sib wi the Maori leid. It is the mither tung o the Moriori, the indigenous fowk o the Chatham Islands.

The Moriori name for the Chathams is "Rekohu".

## Fremmit Airtins

* Galbraith, Sarah: A Grammar o the Moriori leid.
* Clark, R. 1994. Moriori an Maori: The Linguistic Evidence. In Sutton, D. (ed) The origins o the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland Varsity Press. pp.&nbsp;123–135.
* King, M. 2000. Moriori: A fowk rediscovered. (Revised Edition) Viking: Auckland.
Archimedes

**Archimedes** (287 B.C. – 212 B.C.) wis a Greek philosopher, astronomer, pheesicist, ingineer an a fine mathemateecian born in the Greek seaport colonie o Syracuse. He is conseedert bi some maths historians tae be ane o history's bestest mathemateecians, alang wi the likes o Newton, Gauss, an Euler.

## Diskiveries an inventions
Archimedes becam a weel-likit withie as an affcome o his involvement in the defence o Syracuse conter the Roman siege in the First an Seicont Punic Weirs. He is reputit tae hae hauden the Romans aff wi weir machines o his ain design; tae hae been able tae muive a fou-bouk gailey stappit fou wi wi crew an fraucht bi pullin an aesome raip; tae hae diskivered the preenciples o density an buoyancy that's kent as Archimedes' preenciple an aw, whan haein a bath (syne taein tae the toun nakit heuchterin "*eureka*" - "A hae fund it!"); an tae hae cleckit the irrigation luim cried the Archimedean feeze.

Anither weel kent Archimedes storie tells that a king thocht he wis bein cheatit o his siller, sin he thocht his croun wisna richt gowd. Archimedes uised a theory aboot watter displacement caused bi wecht for tae finnd oot that the croun did hae siller in't, atho the keeng haed peyed for richt gowd.
Karl Benz

**Karl Friedrich Benz** (25 November 1844 – 4 Aprile 1929) wis a German mechanical engineer. He is widely kent as ane o the inventors (wi contemporary Gottlieb Daimler) o the petrol-pouered caur. He dee'd in 1929 in Ladenburg-on-Neckar, Germany.


Image:Werkstatt Carl Benz.png|Carl Benz‘ workshop in Mannheim/Germany
Image:Benz Patent Motorwagen 1886 (Replica).jpg|Replica o the Benz Patent Motorwagen biggit in 1885
Image:Benz Patent Motorwagen Engine.jpg|Ingine o the Benz Patent Motorwagen
Image:Karl Benz Führerschein.jpg|The warld’s first drivers‘ licence, issued tae Carl Benz on August 1, 1888 
Image:Automuseum Dr Carl Benz.jpg|Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz in Ladenburg/Germany
Image:Patentmotorwagen mit Karl und Bertha Benz.jpg|Carl an Bertha Benz
Image:berthabenzmemorialrouteschild.jpg|offeecial sign o Bertha Benz Memorial Route, commemoratin the warld's first lang distance journey wi a Benz Patent Motorwagen in 1888 
Image:WslErsteTanke.jpg|The Warld’s first Filling-Station, the City Pharmacy in Wiesloch/Germany 


## Fremmit airtins
* Gottlieb Daimler an Karl Benz-Foondation 
* Karl Benz on 3-wheelers.com 
* Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz. Ladenburg (Heidelberg)
* Bertha Benz Memorial Route
Nicolaus Copernicus

**Nicolaus Copernicus** (in Laitin; German: Niklas Koppernigk, Pols *Mikołaj Kopernik*); 19 Februar, 1473 – 24 Mey, 1543) wis a Pols astronomer, mathematician an economist that cam up wi the heliocentric (Sun-centred) theory o the solar seestem in a form detailt eneuch tae mak it scienteefically uisefu.

Copernicus wis born in 1473 in the ceety o Thorn (Toruń) in Ryal Proushie. There's a story that the first pre*[[De revolutionibus (Copernicus)|s]]* wis pitten intil Copernicus's haunds the same day he dee'd, sae that he coud say guidbye tae his *opus vitae*. They say that he waukent frae a coma, keekit at his beuk, an dee'd.

## Reference
* D.C. Goodman, C.A. Russell, eds. *The Rise of Scientific Europe 1500-1800*. Bath, UK: Hodder & Stoughton

## Fremmit airtins

* Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork 
* Portraits of Copernicus: Portrait ; Nicolaus Copernicus 
* Copernicus an Astrology  - A reliable wabsteid frae Cambridge Varsity describin Copernicus' astrological wark.
* The Copernican Universe frae the De Revolutionibus 
* De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition  - Hale deegital facsimile, Lehigh Varsity.
* De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript  - Hlae deegital facsimile, Jagiellonian Varsity.
* The front page o the De Revolutionibus 
* The text  o the *De Revolutionibus*
* A java applet aboot Retrograde Motion 
* Copernicus in Bologna - in Italian
* "*[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1746110.html Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read]*". - Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored?. All Things Considered, NPR. March 4, 2004.
* Copernicus Foondation Chicago 
* Nicolaus Copernicus Varsity in Toruń
* Stanford Encyclopaedia o Philosophy entry
Marie Curie

**Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie**, (7 November 1867 – 4 Julie 1934), (Dolega coat o airms) wis a Pols-born French chemist an pioneer i the airly field o radiology an a twafauld Nobel laureate. She foondit the Curie Institutes in Paris an in Warsaw.

Element 96 Curium (Cm) wis named i her mense. The Marie Curie Hospise i Edinburrie wis named i her mense an aa.

## Bibliography
* *Madame Curie: A Biography*, bi Eve Curie, ISBN 0-306-81038-7
* *Marie Curie: A Life*, bi Susan Quinn, ISBN 0-201-88794-0
* *Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie*, bi Barbara Goldsmith, ISBN 0-393-05137-4

## Fremmit airtins

* 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics  an  1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry  - Nobel committee page; presentation speech, her awaird lecture an sae furth.
* Concise biographie at nobel-winners.com; GFDL
* Detailed Biographie at Science in Poland wabsteid ; wi quotes, photographs, links etc.
* Lang biographie  at American Institute o Physics wabsteid *(steid haes a short version for bairns entitled [http://www.aip.org/history/curie/brief/index.html "Her story in brief!")] *
* Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum in Warsaw
Charles Darwin

**Charles Robert Darwin**,  (; 12&nbsp;Februar 1809&nbsp;– 19&nbsp;Aprile 1882) wis an Inglis naituralist, geologist an biologist, kent best fir his theory a evolution. He wis thinkin aw species o life hae descendit ower time frae common ancestors. Ats now kent as richt, aun a foundational concept fur scientists the day.

Wurkin wi Alfred Russel Wallace, he forwart scientific theory that all species a life decended fae eachother. This sinderin paitern a evolution wis cried naitural selection. A'hings struggle fir existence is awfy similar tae artificial selection in selective breedin.

Darwin is ane a the maist influential folk in human historie fir sure. Darwin furthset his theory o evolution wi compellin evidence in his 1859 beuk *[[On the Oreegin o Speshies|On the Origin of Species]]*, owercomin scientific rejection o earlier concepts o transmutation o species. Bi the 1870s, the scientific commonity an maist leart fowk war insense't wi the idea o evolution wis true. Houaniver, mony war mair taen wi competin explanations an it wis nae till efter the modren evolutionary synthesis o the 1930s tae the 1950s that braid concord wi keppit wi that naitural selection is the steidin evolution is biggit on. Darwin's scientific wark is the maist-muckle theory o the life sciences, an expones the diversity o life.

Darwin taen a conceit wi naitur early on, whilk gart him mislippin his medical learnin at the Varsity o Edinburgh; insteid, he gied ae haund tae speir intil marine invertebrates. Studies at the Varsity o Cambridge (Christ's College) steert up his luve o naitural science. Efter ae five-year vaige on , he wis ae weel-forrit geologist wi observes an theories that fordert Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, an the furthsettin o his jurnal o the vaige gart him ae kenspeckle author.

Bumbazelt wi the geografi distribution o beasts an fossils gaithert on the vaige, Darwin pit doun ae puckle o jottins, an frae them biggit his theory o naitural selection in 1838 . Thou he haed communes wi ae hantle ither naituralists about his ideas, he haedna time for richt canny resairch an his geological wark wis aye pit abuin aathin. In 1858, whiles screivin his theory in 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace sent him ae quair that pit forrit the same idea, garrin the jynt furthsettin o baith o thair theories belive. Darwin's wark establisht evolutionary strynd wi modification as the mucklest scientific raison ahint sinderins in naitur. In 1871 he speirt intil human evolution an sexual selection in *[[The Strynd o Man, an Selection in Relation tae Sex|The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]*, follaed bi *[[The Expression o the Emotions in Man an Ainimals|The Expression of the Emotions in Man an Animals]]* (1872). His resairch on plants wis furthset in a series o beuks, an in his lest beuk, ''The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms'' (1881), he leukit at swinkies an their eftercasts on syle.

Darwin, the day, is kent as ane o the maist influential fowk o aa time, an he wis gien the mense o bein yirdit in Wastminster Abbey.

## References
Humanism

**Humanism** is a schuil o thocht that pits the human at its mids, aroond the idea that "man is the meisur o aa things".

It is splitten intil sindry schuils o thocht itsel:

* *releegious* (or *speiritual*) *humanism*
* *renaissance humanism*
* *secular humanism*
Thomas Edison

**Thomas Alva Edison** (11 Februar, 1847 – 18 October, 1931) wis an American inventor an businessman that cleckit monie important luims. "The Wizard o Menlo Park" wis ane o the first inventors til applee the principles o mass production ti the process o invention. In 1880 Edison foondit the jurnal ''Science'', that in 1900 becam the jurnal o the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Edison is conseidered ane o the maist proleific inventors o his time, haudin a record 1,093 patents in his name. Maist o thir inventions wisna oreiginal but betterments o aerlier patents, an wis raelly cleckit bi his monie warkers. Edison wis aften creiticised for nae sharin the credit. Houaniver, Edison gat patents warldwide, in, amang ither places, the United States, Unitit Kinrick, Fraunce, an Germany. Edison stairtit the Motion Picture Patents Company, that wis a conglomerate o nine big film studios (better kent as the Edison Trust). Edison cleckit the diamont listenin record an aw whaur he uised his productit phonograph for tae play a thich  80 rpm record.
Ray Bradbury

**Ray Bradbury** (b. 22 August, 1920 – d. 5 Juin, 2012) is an American science feection an fantasie screiver wi Swadish forebeirs, best kent fae his 1950 short storie collection *[[The Martian Chronicles]]* an his 1953 dystopian novelle *[[Fahrenheit 451]]*.

## Fremmit airtins
* Bradbury's offeicial wabsteid
Science fiction

**Science feection** is scrievin that for ordinar taks place in the futur, an is quite weel-likit. Thare's monie forms o it sic as "Cyberpunk", "Hard Science Fiction", an "Soft Science Fiction". Monie fowk threaps that the novelle *[[Frankenstein]]* wis the first science feection novelle, but awtho it coud hae been the first it wisna till the "Dime Novels" o the 1920-30s, an the "pulps" o the 1950s that fowk taen tae it.

Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, Fred Pohl, an Theodore Sturgeon is amang the maist kenspeckle science feection writers.

Ae science feection novelle in Wir Leid is *[[But'N'Ben A-Go-Go]]* bi Matthew Fitt.
Albert Einstein

**Albert Einstein** (; ; 14 Mairch 1879&nbsp;– 18&nbsp;Apryle 1955) wis a German-born theoretical physicist. He developpit the theory o relativity, ane o the twa pillars o modren physics (alangside quantum mechanics). Einstein's work is forby kent for its influence on the filosofie o science. Einstein is best kent in popular cultur for his mass–energy equivalence formula  (which haes been dubbed "the warld's maist famous equation"). He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services tae theoretical physics, an especially for his diskivery o the law o  the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the evolution o quantum theory.

Near the beginnin o his career, Einstein thocht that Newtonian mechanics wisna eneuch ony mair fur tae reconcile the laws o clessical mechanics wi the laws o the electromagnetic field. This led him tae develop his special theory o relativity throu his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern, Swisserland. Briefly afore, he aquired the Swiss ceetizenship in 1901, whilk he kept for his hale life, efter bein stateless for mair nor five year. He realised, housomever, that the principle o relativity coud forby be extendit tae gravitational fields, an wi his subsequent theory o gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on general relativity. He continued tae deal wi problems o stateestical mechanics an quantum theory, whilk led tae his explanations o pairticle theory an the motion o molecules. He forby investigatit the thermal properties o licht whilk laid the foondation o the photon theory o licht. In 1917, Einstein applee'd the general theory o relativity tae model the lairge-scale structur o the universe.

He wis veesitin the Unitit States whan Adolf Hitler came tae pouer in 1933 an, bein Jewish, didnae gae back tae Germany, whaur he haed been a professor at the Berlin Academy o Sciences. He sattlet in the Unitit States, becomin an American ceetizen in 1940. On the een o Warld War II, he endorsed a letter tae Preses Franklin D. Roosevelt alertin him tae the potential development o "extremely pouerful bombs o a new teep" an recommendin that the U.S. begin seemilar resairch. This eventually led tae whit wad become the Manhattan Project. Einstein supportit defendin the Allied forces, but generally denoonced the idea o uisin the newlins diskivert nuclear fission as a wappen. Later, wi the Breetish filosofer Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, whilk heichlichtit the danger o nuclear wappens. Einstein wis affiliatit wi the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, till his daith in 1955.

Einstein published mair nor 300 scienteefic papers alang wi ower 150 non-scienteefic warks. On 5 December 2014, varsities an archives annoonced the release o Einstein's papers, comprisin mair nor 30,000 unique documents. Einstein's intellectual achievements an oreeginality haes made the wird "Einstein" synonymous wi "genius".

## Notes


## References
Fantasie an Science Fiction

***F&SF*** (first cried ***The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction***) is an American science feection an fantasie magazine furthset bi Spilogale press. It wis foondit in 1949 bi Anthony Boucher an J. Francis McComas.

It wis initially quarterly, than bi-monthly an finally monthly. As o 2005 it conteenas tae furthset leeterar science feection, fantasie an grue stories. Thare's nou 11 issues per year, includin an extendit "anniversary dooble issue" ilka October.

Editors throu the years haes includit Avram Davidson, Edward L. Ferman, Kristine Kathryn Rusch an the current editor Gordon Van Gelder. Aw o its editors haes mainteent a gey heich leeterar staundart.

## Outwi airtins
*Fantasie an Science Fiction's offeicial wabsteid 

* Visual Index o Science Fiction Batters Art (VISCO)  - includes an archive o *F&SF* batters, 1949 - current
Hippocrates

**Hippocrates** wis a Greek doctor. He wis probably born in 460 BC, an dee'd in 377 BC.

Hippocrates is cried the "Faither o medicine". He wis the first chiel ti scrieve o scientific raisons that fowk gat ill. Fowk uised ti believe that illness wis caused bi cantrips or mad gods.

Hippocrates scrievit anent the traitment o seek fowk. His writings are yit thocht important ti doctors the day. He stairted monie things that doctors aye study. Ae conceit he wrat aboot wis "patient confidentiality". This is the conceit that doctors cannae tell onie ither bodie whit thair patients hae telt them. Anither conceit is that the doctor maunna ivver dae oniething ti skaithe a patient. 

The *Hippocratic Oath* is named efter him. This is a leet o things that he thocht a doctor shuid swear ti dae (atho fowk nou jalouse that Hippocrates probably didna screive it himsel). A new version that haes been edited ti keep up tae date is aye uised in medical schuils the day.