open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Norman

**Norman** or **Normans** mey refer tae:
* The Normans, a fowk descendit frae Norse Vikings who settled in the territory o Normandy in Fraunce efter bein gien a Duchy bi the French Keeng, conquered ither launds an pertectit the French coast frae foreign attacks.
** Norman airchitectur, styles o Romanesque airchitectur developed bi the Normans
** Norman dynasty, a series o monarchs who ruled Ingland an/or Normandy
** Norman leid, a Romance leid spoken in Normandy
* Norman (name), name origin an leet o fowk wi the gien name an surname *Norman*

## Places
;United States
* Norman, Arkansas, a toun in Montgomery Coonty
* Norman, Californie, in Glenn Coonty
* Norman, Indiana, in Jackson Coonty
* Norman, Nebraska, a veelage in Kearney Coonty
* Normans Kill, a creek in New York
* Norman, North Carolina, a town in Richmond Coonty
* Loch Norman, a major man-made loch in North Carolina
* Norman, Oklahoma, a city in Cleveland Coonty
* Norman, Alabama, in Perry Coonty
* Norman, Georgie, in Wilkes Coonty
* Norman, Pennsylvanie
* Norman, Washington, a place alang Washington State Route 530's umwhile route
* Norman, Wisconsin
* Norman Tounship (disambiguation)

;Elsewhaur
* Norman (crater) on the Muin
* Cape Norman, distinguishin landmark o Newfoundland, Canadae

## Ither
* Norman Reedus, actor, director, model, etc.
* Norman (sang), a 1962 hit for Sue Thompson
* Norman ASA, producers o antivirus an ither security saftware
* Norman boat, a cabin cruiser biggit bi Norman Cruisers leemitit
* Norman Cycles, a Breetish bicycle, autocycle, moped, an motorcycle manufacturer
* ''Norman'' (film), a 2010 American film
* ''The Normans'' (TV series), TV documentary
* , several ships o the Ryal Australie Navy
* Norman Guitars, a guitar brand frae Canadae
* Norman Bicycles, an Australie-based bicycle manufacturer, currently unner receivership

## See an aa
* Harvey Norman, a lairge retailer o electrical, computer, furnitur an beddin guids
* Tropical Storm Norman (disambiguation)
* Normand, a surname
*
Aiberdeen (disambiguation)

**[[Aiberdeen]]** is a Scots citie. It kin refer tae:

## North Americae
### Unitit States
*Aberdeen, Sooth Dakota
Dublin (disambiguation)

**[[Dublin]]** is the caipital ceety o the Republic o Ireland. It mey an aa refer tae:

## Ither entities in Ireland
* Coonty Dublin, a umwhile admeenistrative unit aroond the ceety which haes been abolished
* Dublin Region, an offeecial state region aroond the ceety
* Sooth Dublin, a local admeenistrative unit within the Dublin Region.
* Dublin Coonty (Dáil Éireann constituency), an umwhile constituency which sent deputies forrit tae Dáil Éireann
* Dublin Coonty (UK Pairlament constituency), an umwhile constituency which sent deputies forrit tae the pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick
* Dublin Ceety (Pairlament o Ireland constituency)
* Dublin Coonty (Pairlament o Ireland constituency)
* Dublin Varsity (Pairlament o Ireland constituency)
* Dublin (European Pairlament constituency)
* Dublin (barony), a umwhile barony in Ireland

## Ither places

### Australie
*Dublin, Sooth Australie

### Canadae
* Dublin, Ontario

### Unitit States
* Dublin, Alabama, an unincorporatit commonty
* Dublin, Californie
* Dublin, Georgie
* Dublin, Indiana
* Dublin, Kentucky
* Dublin, Maryland
* Dublin, New Hampshire
* Dublin, Paterson, New Jersey, a neebourheid
* Dublin, North Carolina
* Dublin, Ohio
* Dublin, Pennsylvanie
* Dublin, Texas
* Dublin, Virginie
* Royal, Beaufort Coonty, North Carolina, umwhile cried Dublin
* Dublin Township, three places in ane state (ane defunct), ane each in twa ither states

## Ither uises
* Dublin (surname)
* Marquess o Dublin, Robert de Vere, 9t Earl o Oxford
* Dublin Airport, the internaitional airport servin Dublin ceety
* Dublin Convention, the asylum accord o the European Union
* Dublin Core, a metadata staundart
* Dublin (European Pairlament constituency)
* Dublin GAA, representative teams in Gaelic gemmes
* HMS ''Dublin'', a ship o war
* Dublin Metro, a licht rail transport seestem
* Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra, an orchestra

## See an aw
*Dublin City (disambiguation)
Edinburg

**Edinburg** mey refer:

## Places
;Sooth Africae
* Edinburg, North Wast
* Edinburg, Mpumalanga

;Unitit States
* Edinburg, Illinois
* Edinburg, Iowa
* Edinburg, Maine
* Edinburg, Mississippi
* Edinburg, Missouri
* Edinburg, New Jersey
* Edinburg, New York
* Edinburg, North Dakota
* Edinburg, Ohio
* Edinburg, Pennsylvanie
* Edinburg, Texas
* Edinburg, Virginie
* Edinburg Acres Colonia, Texas
* Edinburg Forest, Maryland
* Edinburg Park, New Jersey
* Edinburg Tounship, Portage Coonty, Ohio

## Ither
* The German exonym for the toun o Dzintari, Latvie (in Jelgavas Rajons)

## See an aa
* Edinburgh (disambiguation)
Nevada (disambiguation)

**[[Nevada]]** is a state in the Unitit States o Americae.

**Nevada** mey an aa refer tae:

## Places
* Nevada, Granada, a veelage in Andalusie, Spain
* Nevada, Indiana
* Nevada, Iowa
* Nevada, Missouri
* Nevada, Ohio
* Nevada, Texas
* Nevada (Kuršumlija)

## Leeteratur
* ''Nevada'' (Zane Grey novel), a 1927 novel bi Zane Grey
* ''Nevada'' (comics), a comic series published bi DC unner its Vertigo imprint
* ''Nevada'' (comic beuk), a French comic beuk published bi Editions Lug

## Ither uises
* ''Nevada'' (1927 film), a film starrin Gary Cooper
* ''Nevada'' (1944 film), a film starring Robert Mitchum
* Nevada (Portuguese baund), a Portuguese duo
* Nevada (UK baund), a Breetish folk/progressive baund
* USS ''Nevada'', a Unitit States naval vessel
* Renault Nevada, a model o automobile
* Varsity o Nevada, Reno
** Nevada Wolf Pack, the schuil's athletic program
* Nevada, the development code name for the Solaris Operatin Seestem release follaein Solaris 10

## See an aa
* Nevada City
* Nevada Coonty
* Nevada Township
* Nevada Faw, a waterfaw on the Merced River in Yosemite Naitional Pairk
* *[[Supershow Nevada]]*, a Bulgarie TV gemme shaw
*
Jeff Bridges

**Jeffrey Leon** "**Jeff**" **Bridges** (born 4 Dizember 1949) is a American actor, country muisicker, an producer. He comes frae a well-kent actin faimily an began his televisit actin in 1958 as a child wi his faither, Lloyd Bridges, an brither, Beau, on televeesion's *[[Sea Hunt]]*. He wan the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Otis "Bad" Blake in the 2009 film *[[Crazy Heart]]* an earned Academy Award nominations for his roles in *[[The Last Picture Show]]*, *[[Thunderbolt and Lightfoot]]*, *[[Starman (film)|Starman]]*, *[[The Contender (2000 film)|The Contender]]*, an *[[True Grit (2010 film)|True Grit]]*. Amang his ither better-kent major motion films are: *[[The Big Lebowski]]*, *[[Fearless (1993 film)|Fearless]]*, *[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]*, *[[The Fabulous Baker Boys]]*, *[[Jagged Edge (film)|Jagged Edge]]*, *[[Against All Odds (film)|Against All Odds]]*, *[[The Fisher King]]*,  **', ''[[Seabiscuit (film)|Seabiscuit]]'', ''[[Arlington Road]]'', ''[[Tron]]'', **' an *[[The Giver (film)|The Giver]]*.

## Filmografie an televeesion programs

## Discografie

### Studio albums

### Singles

### Muisic videos

## References

## Freemit airtins

* 
* 
* 
* Jeff Bridges at Emmys.com
Durham

**Durham** commonly refers tae:

*Durham, Ingland, a ceety in Coonty Durham, Ingland
*Durham, North Carolina, a ceety in North Carolina, Unitit States

**Durham** mey an aa refer tae:

## Places

### Australie
* Durham, Queensland, an ootback locality in the Bulloo Shire o Queensland
*Durham Ox, Victoria
*Durham Lead, Victoria, a locality in the Ceety o Ballarat

### Canadae
*Durham, Ontario, a smaa toun in Grey Coonty, Ontario
*Durham Coonty, Ontario, a historic coonty
*Regional Municipality o Durham, a regional govrenment in the Greater Toronto Aurie o Ontario
**Durham (electoral destrict), a federal electoral destrict in Durham Region
**Durham (provincial electoral destrict), a provincial electoral destrict in Durham Region
*Durham, Nova Scotia
*Durham Pairish, New Brunswick
*Durham Brig, New Brunswick

### Unitit Kinrick
*County Durham, a ceremonial coonty an unitary destrict
*Durham Destrict, a umwhile local govrenment destrict, which held ceety status 1974-2009
*Durham an Framwelgate, a umwhile local govrenment destrict, which held ceety status till 1974
*Kirkpatrick Durham, a veelage an parish in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland
*Coonty Palatine o Durham, a historic ecclesiastical coonty

### Unitit States
*Durham, Arkansas
*Durham, Californie
*Durham, Connecticut
*Durham Tounship, Hancock Coonty, Illinois
*Durham, Gibson Coonty, Indiana, a place in Union Tounship
*Durham, La Porte Coonty, Indiana, a place in New Durham Tounship
*Durham, Kansas
*Durham, Maine
*Durham, Missouri
*Durham, New Hampshire
*Durham, New York
*Durham, Oklahoma
*Durham, Oregon
*Durham, Colorado, a place in Mesa Coonty
*Durham, Florida, a place in Calhoun Coonty
*Durham, Georgie, a place in Walker Coonty

## Railroad stations
*Durham–UNH station, in New Hampshire
*Durham, North Carolina (Amtrak station)
*Durham railway station in Coonty Durham, Ingland

## Ither uises
* Durham (surname)
* Bishop o Durham, an Anglican bishop
* Earl o Durham, a Breetish title, frae 1833 tae present
* Durham Fair, the lairgest agricultural fair in Connecticut
* Durham Museum (umwhile the Durham Western Heritage Museum), in Omaha, Nebraska
* Durham Varsity, in Durham, Ingland
* Fort Durham, an airchaeological steid near Taku Harbor, Alaskae
* USS ''Durham'' (LKA-114), a Charleston cless amphibious cargo ship o the Unitit States Navy
* Durham Glaster, a feectional character in the manga series ''Black Cat''
* Durham rule, ane way that haes been uised tae frame the insanity defense in the U.S.

## See an aa
*Durum, a breed o wheat
* Durham City (disambiguation)
* Durham Coonty (disambiguation)
* Durham Tounship (disambiguation)
* Durhamville (disambiguation)
* New Durham (disambiguation)
Zodiacal licht

**Zodiacal licht** is a faint, roughly triangular, diffuse white glow seen in the nicht sky that appears tae extend up frae the vicinity o the Sun alang the ecliptic or zodiac.

## References
Sicilian Wikipaedia

The **Sicilian Wikipaedia** (*Wikipedia 'n lingua sicìliana*) is the Sicilian leid edeetion o Wikipaedia. It wis stairtit in 2004 (5 October 2004). It reachit ower 25,000 airticles on 15 Februair 2015; during May 2020 it reachit ower 26,076 airticles. 
The admeenistrators are electit for a period o ane year an hae tae be reelectit efter that time.
State Duma

The **State Duma** ( (Gosudarstvennaya duma), common abbreviation: Госду́ма (Gosduma)) in the Roushie Federation is the lawer hoose o the Federal Assembly o Roushie (legislatur), the upper hoose bein the Federation Cooncil o Roushie.

## Notes


## References
Vladimir Zhirinovsky

**Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky**  (), (born **Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein** () on 25 Aprile 1946; deed 6 Aprile 2022), wis a Roushie politeecian an poleetical activist. His views hae been describit as far-richt.

On 27 December 2021, he appeared tae predict 22 Februar 2022 (it later happened on 24 Februar) as the date for the 2022 Roushian invasion o Ukraine.
Picometre

The **picometre** is a unit o lenth in the metric seestem, equal tae ane trilliont (i.e., 1/1,000,000,000,000) o a metre, that is the SI base unit o lenth.
Grand Theft Auto V

***Grand Theft Auto V*** is a open warld, action-adventur video gemme developit bi Rockstar North an published bi Rockstar Games. It wis released on 17 September 2013 for the PlayStation 3 an Xbox 360. A enhancit version o the game wis released on 18 November 2014 for the PlayStation 4 an Xbox One, an on 14 Apryle 2015 for Microsoft Windows. The gemme is the first main entry in the ''Grand Theft Auto'' series syne 2008's *[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]*. Set athin the feectional state o San Andreas (based on Soothren Californie), the single-player story follaes three creeminals an thair efforts tae commit heists while unner pressur frae a govrenment agency. The open warld design lets players freely roam San Andreas, which includes open kintraside an the feectional ceety o Los Santos (based on Los Angeles).

## Notes
Grand theft auto

**Grand Theft Auto** or **grand theft auto** mey refer tae:

*Motor vehicle thift, a crime in virtually aw jurisdictions
*''Grand Theft Auto'' (film), a 1977 film directit bi Ron Howard
*''Grand Theft Auto'' (series), a video gemme series
**''Grand Theft Auto'' (video gemme), the first gemme in the series
****[[Grand Theft Auto: London, 1969]]*, an expansion pack for the first gemme
***[[Grand Theft Auto 2]]*, the seicont gemme in the series
***[[Grand Theft Auto III]]*, the third gemme in the series, alang wi the sequels an prequels:
****[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]*, a 2002 video gemme developit bi Rockstar North an published bi Rockstar Games
****[[Grand Theft Auto (Game Boy Advance)]]*, a 2004 Game Boy Advance gemme developit bi Digital Eclipse, published by Rockstar Games
****[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]*, a 2004 video gemme developit bi Rockstar North an published bi Rockstar Games
****[[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]]*, a 2005 PlayStation Portable video gemme developit bi Rockstar North an Rockstar Leeds
****[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories]]*, a 2006 video gemme developit bi Rockstar Leeds in association wi Rockstar North
***[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]*, the fowert gemme in the series
****[[Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars]]*, a 2009 mobile video gemme for Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, an iOS, developit bi Rockstar Leeds in conjunction wi Rockstar North an developit bi Rockstar Games
****[[Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City]]*, a 2009 compilation o the 2 DLCs:
*****[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]*, the first o twa episodic expansion packs developit for *Grand Theft Auto IV*
*****[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]*, the seicont o the twa episodic expansion packs available for *Grand Theft Auto IV*
***[[Grand Theft Auto V]]*, the fift gemme in the series, released in 2013
****[[Grand Theft Auto Online|Grand Theft Auto: Online]]*, a 2013 multiplayer video gemme
Grand Theft Auto IV

***Grand Theft Auto IV*** is a open warld action-adventur video gemme developit bi Rockstar North an published bi Rockstar Games. It wis released on 29 Apryle 2008 for the PlayStation 3 an Xbox 360 consoles, an on 2 Dizember 2008 on Microsoft Windows. It is the eleivent title in the ''Grand Theft Auto'' series, an the first main entry syne 2004's *[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]*. Set athin the feectional Liberty City (based on New York Ceety), the single-player story follaes a war veteran, Niko Bellic an his attempts tae escape his past whilk unner pressur frae lend shairks an mob bosses. The open warld design lets players freely roam Liberty City, consistin o three main islands.

Awready in the first week o sax million units o the gemme hae been sauld, makkin a conversion wis obtained o aboot $ 500 million. In addeetion, GTA IV is, accordin tae the Internet Rankings, GameRankings an Metacritic ane o the heichest ratit video gemmes o aw time.

## References
**Notes**
Quantum chemistry

**Quantum chemistry** is a branch o chemistry whase primary focus is the application o quantum mechanics in pheesical models an experiments o chemical seestems.
Florence Devouard

**Florence Jacqueline Sylvie Devouard,** *née* **Nibart** (born 10 September 1968) wis the Chair o the Buird o Trustees o the Wikimedia Foondation atween October 2006 an Julie 2008, succeedin Jimmy Wales.

Devouard wis born in Versailles, France. She grew up in Grenoble an studiet in Nancy, an later livit in Antwerp in Belgium an in Arizona in the Unitit States. She resides in the veelage o Malintrat, near the ceety of Clermont-Ferrand in France. She haed a maister's degree in agronomy.

Devouard became active on Wikipaedia when she wis a hoosewife an takkin care o twa childer. She jynt the buird o Wikimedia Foondation in Juin 2004 an wis a founder of Wikimedia France in October 2004. She haes servit on the Advisory Buird o the Foundation syne Julie 2008. On 9 Mairch 2008, she wis electit member o the municipal cooncil o Malintrat. On 16 Mey 2008, she wis made a knicht in the French Naitional Order o Meerit, proponit bi the Meenistry o Foreign Affairs as "chair o a internaitional foondation".

She is marriet tae Bertrand Devouard an haes three childer.

Devouard hauds a ingineerin degree in agronomy frae ENSAIA. She an aa holds a DEA in genetics an biotechnologies frae INPL. She wirkit in public research, first in flouer plant genetic impruivement, an seicont in microbiology tae study the feasibility o pollutit soil bioremediation. She wis employed till 2005 in a French firm tae design decision-makkin tuils in sustainable agricultur an nou is a consultant in Internet Communication Strategy. At times, she haes disagreed wi the notion o "verifiability, no truth" as the basis for biggin consensus via collaboration.

Co-founder o Wikimedia Fraunce in 2004, she is vice-chair o its buird as o 2011 till Dizember 2012.

## References
* Lih, Andrew. *[[The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia]]*. Hyperion, New York City. 2009. First Edition. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 (alkaline paper).

## Notes

## Freemit airtins

* Anthere Consulting wabsteid 
* Personal blog 
* Wikimedia Foondation an sustainability
Nicholas o Cusa

**Nicholas o Kues** (1401 – 11 August 1464), kent as **Nicolaus Cusanus** an **Nicholas o Cusa** anaa,  wis a German philosopher, theologian, jurist, an astronomer.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

**Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** (; 27 August 1770&nbsp;– 14 November 1831) wis a German philosopher that wis a major feegur in German idealism. He achieved wide recogneetion in his day an—while primarily influential within the continental tradeetion o philosophie—haes acome increasinly influential in the analytic tradition as well. Although Hegel remains a divisive figure, his canonical stature within Western philosophy is universally recognized.

Hegel's principal achievement wis his development o a distinctive airteeculation o idealism, whiles termed *[[absolute idealism]]*, in that the dualisms of, for instance, mynd an naitur an subject an object are owercome. His philosophie o speerit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, airt, releegion an philosophie. His accoont o the master–sclave dialectic haes been heichly influential, especially in 20t-century Fraunce. O special importance is his concept o speerit (*[[Geist]]*, whiles an aw translatit as "mynd") as the historical manifestation o the logical concept an the "sublation" (*Aufhebung*, integration withoot elimination or reduction) o seeminly contradictory or opposin factors: ensaumples include the apparent opposeetion atween necessity an freedom an atween immanence an transcendence. Hegel haes been seen in the 20t century as the oreeginator o the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad, but as an expleecit phrase it oreeginatit wi Johann Gottlieb Fichte.

Hegel haes influenced mony thinkers an writers that's awn poseetions vary widely. Karl Barth descrived Hegel as a "Protestant Aquinas" while Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote that "aw the great philosophical ideas o the past century—the philosophies o Marx an Nietzsche, phenomenology, German existentialism, an psychoanalysis—haed thair beginnins in Hegel."

## References
Mona Lisa

The ***Mona Lisa*** (***Monna Lisa*** or ***La Gioconda*** in Italian; ***La Joconde*** in French) is a hauf-length portrait o a woman bi the Italian airtist Leonardo da Vinci, which haes been acclaimed as "the best kent, the maist veesitit, the maist written aboot, the maist sung aboot, the maist parodied wirk o airt in the warld".

## References
Pietà (Michelangelo)

The ***Pietà*** (1498–1499) is a warld-famous wirk o  Renaissance sculptur bi Michelangelo Buonarroti, hoosed in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican Ceety.
David (Michelangelo)

***David*** is a masterpiece o Renaissance sculptur creatit in merble atween 1501 an 1504 bi Michelangelo. *David* is a  merble statue o a staundin male nude. The statue represents the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art o Florence.

*David* wis oreeginally commissioned as ane o a series o statues o prophets tae be poseetioned alang the ruifline o the east end o Florence Cathedral, but wis insteid placed in a public square, ootside the Palazzo Vecchio, the seat o ceevic govrenment in Florence, in the Piazza della Signoria whaur it wis unveiled on September 8, 1504.

Acause o the naitur o the hero it representit, the statue suin cam tae seembolise the defence o ceevil leeberties embodied in the Republic o Florence, an independent ceety-state threitened on aw sides bi mair pouerfu rival states an bi the hegemony o the Medici faimily. The een o David, wi a wairnin glare, war turned taewart Roum. The statue wis muived tae the Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, in 1873, an later replaced at the oreeginal location bi a replica.

## Notes

## References
Heresy

**Heresy** is ony provocative belief or theory that is strangly at variance wi established beliefs or customs. A **heretic** is a proponent o such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct frae baith apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation o ane's releegion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is  toward releegion.

## References
Meister Eckhart

**Eckhart von Hochheim** O.P. (c. 1260 – c. 1328), commonly kent as **Meister Eckhart** [], wis a German theologian, philosopher an mystic.

## References
Mural

A **mural** is ony piece o airtwirk pentit or applied directly on a waw, ceilin or ither muckle permanent surface.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

**Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein** (; ; 26 Aprile 1889 – 29 Aprile 1951) wis an Austrick-Breetish filosofer who wirked primarily in logic, the filosofie o mathematics, the filosofie o mind, an the filosofie o leid.

## References
Ludwig von Mises

**Ludwig Heinrich [[Edler]] von Mises** (; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) wis a philosopher, Austrick Schuil economist, sociologist, an classical liberal.
Ludwig Feuerbach

**Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach** (Julie 28, 1804 – September 13, 1872) wis a German philosopher an anthropologist best kent for his beuk *[[The Essence o Christianity]]*, which provided a critique o Christianity which strangly influenced generations o later thinkers, includin baith Karl Marx an Frederich Engels.
Wolfgang Pauli

**Wolfgang Ernst Pauli** (25 Apryle 1900 – 15 December 1958) wis an Austrick-born Swiss theoretical physicist an ane o the pioneers o quantum physics. In 1945, efter haein been nominatit bi Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contreibution throu his diskivery o a new law o Naitur, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle". The diskivery involved spin theory, that is the basis o a theory o the structur o maiter.

## References
Wolfgang Paul

**Wolfgang Paul** (August 10, 1913 &ndash; December 7, 1993) wis a German pheesicist, who co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foondation for whit we nou caw an ion trap.

## References
Peter Paul Rubens

**Sir Peter Paul Rubens** (; ; 28 Juin 1577 – 30 Mey 1640), wis a Flemish airtist. He is conseedert the maist influential airtist o Flemish Baroque tradeetion. Rubens' heichly chairged composeetions reference erudite aspects o clessical an Christian history. His unique an immensely popular Baroque style emphasized muivement, colour, an sensuality, that follaed the immediate, dramatic airtistic style promotit in the Coonter-Reformation. Rubens specialised in makkin altarpieces, portraits, laundscapes, an history pentins o meethological an allegorical subjects.

In addeetion tae runnin a muckle studio in Antwerp that produced pentins popular wi nobility an airt collectors ootthrou Europe, Rubens wis a clessically eddicatit humanist scholart an diplomat that wis knichtit bi baith Philip IV o Spain an Charles I o Ingland. Rubens wis a proleefic airtist. The catalogue o his warks bi Michael Jaffé leets 1,403 pieces, excludin numerous copies made in his wirkshop.

His commissioned warks war maistly "history pentins", that includit releegious an meethological subjects, an hunt scenes. He pentit portraits, especially o friends, an sel-portraits, an in later life pentit several laundscapes. Rubens designed tapestries an prents, as weel as his awn hoose. He owersaw the ephemeral decorations o the ryal entry intae Antwerp bi the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635.

His drawins are predominantly verra forcefu but nae owerly detailed. He made great uiss o ile sketches as preparatory studies.  He wis ane o the last major airtists tae mak consistent uiss o widden panels as a support medium, e'en for verra muckle warks, but he uised canvas as weel, especially whan the wark needit tae be sent a lang distance. For altarpieces he whiles painted on sclate tae reduce reflection problems.

## References
Titian

** Tiziano Vecelli** or **Tiziano Vecellio** ( 1488/1490 – 27 August 1576), kent in Inglis as **Titian** (), wis an Italian penter, the maist important member o the 16t-century Venetian schuil.

## References
Museo del Prado

The **Museo del Prado** is the main Spaingie naitional airt museum, located in central Madrid.

## References
Thomas Gainsborough

**Thomas Gainsborough** FRSA (christened 14 Mey 1727, died 2 August 1788) wis an Inglish portrait an landscape penter.
Edvard Munch

**Edvard Munch** (; ; 12 December 1863 – 23 Januar 1944) wis a Norse penter an prentmakker.

## References
Édouard Manet

**Édouard Manet** (; 23 Januar 1832 – 30 Aprile 1883) wis a French penter. He wis ane o the first 19t-century airtists tae pent modren life, an a pivotal feegur in the transeetion frae Realism tae Impressionism.

Born intae an upper-cless hoosehaud wi strang poleetical connections, Manet rejectit the futur oreeginally enveesioned for him, an becam engrossed in the warld o pentin. His early masterwarks, *[[Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe|The Luncheon on the Gress (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe)]]* an *[[Olympia (Manet)|Olympia]]*, baith 1863, caused great controversy an served as rallyin pynts for the young penters that wad creaut Impressionism. The day, thir are conseedert wattershed pentins that merk the stairt o modren airt. The last 20 years o Manet's life saw him form bonds wi ither great airtists o the time, an develop his awn style that wad be heraldit as innovative an serve as a major influence for futur penters.
Andy Warhol

**Andy Warhol** (; August 6, 1928&nbsp;– Februar 22, 1987) wis an American airtist who wis a leadin figur in the veesual airt movement kent as pop airt.

## References
Diego Velázquez

**Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez** (; (baptized on Juin 6, 1599 – August 6, 1660) wis a Spaingie penter that wis the leading airtist in the coort o King Philip IV an ane o the maist important penters o the Spaingie Gowden Age. He wis an individualistic airtist o the contemporary Baroque period. In addition tae numerous rendeetions o scenes o historical an cultural signeeficance, he pentit scores o portraits o the Spaingie ryal faimily, ither notable European feegurs, an commoners, culminatin in the production o his masterpiece *[[Las Meninas]]* (1656).

Frae the first quarter o the nineteent century, Velázquez's airtwark wis a model for the realist an impressionist penters, in pairteecular Édouard Manet. Syne that time, famous modren airtists, includin Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí an Francis Bacon, hae paid tribute tae Velázquez bi recreauting several o his maist famous warks.

## References
Claude Monet

**Oscar Claude Monet** (; ; 14&nbsp;November 1840&nbsp;– 5&nbsp;December 1926) wis a foonder o French Impressionist pentin, an the maist consistent an proleefic practeetioner o the muivement's filosofie o expressin ane's perceptions afore naitur, especially as applee'd tae plein-air laundscape pentin. The term "Impressionism" is derived frae the teetle o his pentin *Impression, soleil levant* (*[[Impression, Sunrise]]*), that wis exhibitit in 1874 in the first o the independent exhibeetions moontit bi Monet an his associates as an alternative tae the Salon de Paris.

Monet's ambeetion o documentin the French kintraside led him tae adopt a method o pentin the same scene mony times in order tae captur the chyngin o licht an the passin o the saisons. Frae 1883 Monet leeved in Giverny, whaur he purchased a hoose an property an began a vast laundscapin project that includit lily ponds that wad acome the subjects o his best-kent warks. In 1899 he begoud pentin the watter lilies, first in vertical views wi a Japanese brig as a central featur, an later in the series o lairge-scale pentins that wis tae occupy him conteenuously for the next 20 years o his life.

## References
Edgar Savisaar

**Edgar Savisaar** (born 31 Mey 1950 in Harku, Harju Coonty; deed 29 December 2022), wis an Estonie politeecian, ane o the foondin members o Popular Front o Estonie an the leader o the Centre Pairty. He wis Mayor o Tallinn frae 2007 tae 2015.
John Forbes Nash, Jr.

**John Forbes Nash Jr.** (Juin 13, 1928 &ndash; Mey 23, 2015) wis an American mathematician wha wirks in game theory an differential geometry. He wis born in Bluefield, West Virginia. He skared the 1994 Memorial Prize in Economics wi twa ither game theorists, Reinhard Selten an John Harsanyi.

## Ither wabsteids
* Autobiography at the Nobel Prize wabsteid
* Nash's home page at Princeton
* John Forbes Nash Jr Information 
* Nash FAQ  frae Princeton's Mudd Library, includin a copy o his dissertation in PDF format
* Beautiful mind, unconventional matter , a 2001 *Daily Princetonian* interview
* PBS documentary 
* John Nash speaks out about alleged bisexuality
Amphetamine

**Amphetamine** (; contractit frae ) is a potent central nervous seestem (CNS) stimulant o the phenethylamine class that is uised in the treatment o attention deficit hyperacteevity disorder (ADHD) an narcolepsy.

## References
Tokyo Skytree

is a broadcastin, restaurant, an observation touer in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. It acame the tawest structur in Japan in 2010 an reached its full hicht o  in Mairch 2011, makin it the tawest touer in the warld, displacin the Canton Touer, an the seicont tawest structur in the warld efter Burj Khalifa (829.8 m/2,722&nbsp;ft).

## References
Robert H. Schuller

**Robert Harold Schuller** (September 16, 1926&nbsp;– Apryle 2, 2015) wis an American televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, an author. He wis principally kent for the weekly *[[Hour o Power]]* telly program, which he foundit in 1970 an hostit until 2010.

## Ither wabsteids
James Best

**James Best** (Julie 26, 1926 &ndash; Apryle 6, 2015) wis an American actor. He is best kent for his starring role as bumblin Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the CBS televeesion series *[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]*.

Best deit on Apryle 6, 2015, in Hickory, North Carolina frae complications o pneumonia. He wis 88.

## References

## Ither wabsteids

*
*
*James Best's website 
*James Best Bio at HazzardNet.com 
*James Best Crystal Reel Awards
Manoel de Oliveira

**Manoel Cândido Pinto de Oliveira** GCSE, GCIH (; 11 December 1908 - 2 Apryle 2015) wis a Portuguese director an screenwriter. He wis, at 106, possibly the auldest active movie director.

Manoel de Oliveira wis born in Cedofeita, Porto an wis raisit as a Roman Catholic. He began makin films in 1927. Oliveira marrit Maria Carvalhais on 4 December 1940. Thay hae fower childer thegither that war aw born in the 1940s. When he wis younger, Oliveira competit as a race car driver. He wis an aa an athlete competin in the pole vault event. He died on Apryle 2, 2015 frae heart failure, aged 106.

## References

## Ither wabsteids

*
B. R. Ambedkar

**Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar** (; 14 Aprile 1891&nbsp;– 6 December 1956), popularly kent as **Babasaheb**, wis an Indian jurist, economist, politeecian an social reformer who inspired the Modren Buddhist Movement an campaigned against social discrimination o Dalits, weemen an labour.

## References

]
Richard Dysart

**Richard A. Dysart** (Mairch 30, 1929 &ndash; Apryle 5, 2015) wis an American actor. He wis best kent for his role as Leland McKenzie on the NBC legal drama *[[L.A. Law]]*. Dysart wis born in Boston, Massachusetts. He wan an Emmy Awaird in 1992.

Dysart deit at hame in Santa Monica, Californie efter a lang illness, agit 86.

## References

## Ither wabsteids
* 
* 
* Richard Dysart  at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Plaza de España (Seville)

The **Plaza de España** ("Spain Square", in Inglis) is a plaza locatit in the Parque de María Luisa (*[[Maria Luisa Park]]*), in Seville, Spain biggit in 1928 for the Ibero-American Exposeetion o 1929. It is a landmark example o the Renaissance Revival style in Spainyie airchitectur.

## References
Günter Grass

**Günter Wilhelm Grass** (; 16 October 1927&nbsp;– 13 Apryle 2015) wis a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic airtist, sculptor an recipient o the 1999 Nobel Prize in Leeteratur.

## References
Percy Sledge

**Percy Sledge** (November 25, 1940 &ndash; Apryle 14, 2015) wis an American R&B sangster. He wis born in Leighton, Alabama. He wis best kent for his sang "When a Man Loves a Woman".

Sledge deit o liver cancer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, agit 74.

## References

## Ither wabsteids

*
*Percy Sledge at Discogs
Eduardo Galeano

**Eduardo Hughes Galeano** (3 September 1940 – 13 Apryle 2015) wis a Uruguayan jurnalist, writer an novelist. His best-kent wirks are *Las venas abiertas de América Latina* (Open Veins of Latin America, 1971) an *Memoria del fuego* (Memory of Fire Trilogy, 19826).

Galeano deit in Montevideo, Uruguay frae lung cancer, agit 74."

## References

## Ither wabsteids

*Interview with Eduardo Galeano 
*Sandra Cisneros reads "Los Nadies/The Nobodies" bi Eduardo Galeano frae *Book of Embraces*, *El libro de los abrazos* (1989)  "http://pen.org/audio_archive/soe_2005/soe_cisneros.mp3 ".
*"'Voices of Time': Legendary Uruguayan Writer Eduardo Galeano on Immigration, Latin America, Iraq, Writing – and Soccer ,"  *Democracy Now!* 19 Mey 2006
*"Reflections from Eduardo Galeano ," *The Leonard Lopate Show*, 19 Mey 2006.
*"Writer Without Borders "—interview bi Scott Widmer on *In These Times*
*"Author of the Month ," *Escritores.org*
*The Guardian: Chávez creates overnight bestseller with book gift to Obama
*Eduardo Galeano Interviewed by Jonah Raskin  bi *[[Monthly Review]]*, October 2009
*Uruguayan Author Eduardo Galeano Returns with ''Mirrors: Stories of Almost Everyone'' – video report bi *[[Democracy Now!]]*
*Haiti Occupied Country
Surya Bahadur Thapa

**Surya Bahadur Thapa** ( Mairch 21, 1928 &ndash; Apryle 15, 2015) wis a Nepalese politeecian. He haes servit as the Prime Meenister o Nepal for five terms, unner three different keengs, in a poleetical career lastin mair nor 50 years. His terms war 1963-64, 1965–69, 1979–83, 1997–98 an 2003-04.
Surya Bahadur Thapa haed been the first Prime Meenister o the Panchayat seestem.

Thapa deit at the age o 87 in a hospital in Delhi, Indie frae respiratory failure efter undergoin surgery.

## References
Richie Benaud

**Richard "Richie" Benaud** OBE (; 6 October 1930 – 10 Apryle 2015) wis an Australian cricketer. Efter his retirement frae internaitional cricket in 1964, he became a well-kent commentator on the gemme.

In November 2014, Benaud announcit that he wis diagnosit wit skin cancer in Sydney, Australia, agit 84. He deit in his sleep on 10 Apryle 2015.

## References
Helmut Dietl

**Helmut Dietl** (22 Juin 1944 – 30 Mairch 2015) wis a German movie director an author. He wis born in Bad Wiessee, but raisit in Munich, Germany. He wis kent for directin the popular telly series *[[Monaco Franze – Der ewige Stenz]]*.

Dietl deit o lung cancer in Munich, Germany, agit 70.

## Awairds
*1996 Bavarian Film Awairds, Best Director
*2013 Deutscher Filmpreis, lifetime achievement award
*2014 Bambi Award, lifetime achievement award

## References

## Ither wabsteids

*
Terry Pratchett

Sir **Terry Pratchett** OBE (**Terence David John Pratchett**; 28 Apryle 1948 &ndash; 12 Mairch 2015) wis an English author. He wis kentfor his fantasy wirks, includin the famous *[[Discworld]]* series.

Pratchett deit at his home in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England on 12 Mairch 2015 frae a severe chest infection wi final complications frae his Alzheimer's disease, at 66 year auld.

## References
Malcolm Fraser

**John Malcolm Fraser** AC, CH, GCL, PC (21 Mey 1930 &ndash; 20 Mairch 2015) wis an Australian politeecian. He servit as the 22nt Prime Meenister of Australie frae 11 November 1975 throu 11 November 1983. He wis an aa leader o the Liberal Party frae 1975 tae 1983.
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice

***Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice*** is an 2016 American superhero film. It is based on the DC Comics chairacters Superman, Batman an Wonder Woman. It wis co-producit bi Dune Entertainment an Syncopy Films, an distributit bi Warner Bros. 

The movie is the sequel tae 2013's *[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]* an the seicont instawment in the DC Cinematic Universe. The movie wis directit bi Zack Snyder.

*Dawn of Justice* wis pit oot in the Unitit Kinrick on 29t Apryle, 2016. It wis pit oot in the Unitit States on 25t Mairch, 2016 in 3D.

## Premieres

## References

## Freemit airtins
* 
*
Ben Affleck

**Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt** (born August 15, 1972) is an American actor, movie director, producer, an screenwriter. His accolades include twa Academy Awairds, three Gowden Globe Awairds, twa BAFTA Awairds, an twa Screen Actors Guild Awairds. He begoud his career as a bairn an starned in the PBS eddicational series *[[The Voyage of the Mimi]]* in 1984, afore a seicont rin in 1988. He later appeared in the independent comin-o-age comedy *[[Dazed and Confused (film)|Dazed and Confused]]* (1993) an various Kevin Smith films, includin *[[Chasing Amy]]* (1997) an *[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]* (1999). Affleck gained wider recogneetion whan he an bairnheid friend Matt Damon wan the Gowden Globe an Academy Awaird for Best Oreeginal Screenplay for writin *[[Good Will Hunting]]* (1997), that thay an aw starned in. He then established himsel as a leadin man in studio films, includin the disaster drama *[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]* (1998), the romantic comedy *[[Forces of Nature (1999 film)|Forces of Nature]]* (1999), the war drama *[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]* (2001), an the spy thriller *[[The Sum of All Fears (film)|The Sum of All Fears]]* (2002).

Efter a career dounturn, in that he appeared in *[[Daredevil (film)|Daredevil]]* an *[[Gigli (film)|Gigli]]* (baith 2003), Affleck received a Gowden Globe nomination for his performance in the noir biopic *[[Hollywoodland]]* (2006). His directorial debut, *[[Gone Baby Gone]]* (2007), that he an aw co-wrote, wis weel received. He then directit, co-wrote, an starned in the crime drama *[[The Town (2010 film)|The Town]]* (2010). For the poleetical thriller *[[Argo (2012 film)|Argo]]* (2012), that he directit, co-produced, an starned in, Affleck wan the Gowden Globe an BAFTA Awaird for Best Director, an the Gowden Globe, BAFTA, an Academy Awaird for Best Pictur. He starned in the psychological thriller *[[Gone Girl (film)|Gone Girl]]* in 2014. In 2016, Affleck begoud playin Batman in the DC Extended Universe, starned in the action thriller *[[The Accountant (2016 film)|The Accountant]]*, an directit, wrote an actit in the gangster drama *[[Live by Night (film)|Live by Night]]*.

Affleck is the co-foonder o the Eastern Congo Initiative, a grantmakkin an advocacy-based nonprofit organisation. He is an aw a stalwart member o the Democratic Pairty. Affleck and Damon are co-awners o the production company Pearl Street Films. His younger brither is actor Casey Affleck, wi that he has wirkit on several films, includin *Good Will Hunting* an *Gone Baby Gone.* Affleck mairied actress Jennifer Garner in 2005; thay separatit in 2015 an divorced in 2018. Thay hae three childer thegither.

## References
Deportivo Cali

**Asociación Deportivo Cali**, kent as **Deportivo Cali** an familiarly as **Cali** an aw, is a profeesional fitbaw club, based in Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombie. They are ane o the maist successful an popular fitbaw teams in Colombie.

## Honours

### Domestic honours
***[[Categoría Primera A]]:**
::**Winners (9):** 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1995–96, 1998, 2005–II, 2015–I
::Runners-up (14): 1949, 1962, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1985, 1986, 2003–II, 2006–I, 2013–II, 2017–I
***[[Copa Colombia]]:**
::**Winners (1):** 2010
::Runners-up (1): 1981
***[[Superliga Colombiana]]:**
::**Winners (1):** 2014
::Runners-up (1): 2016

### Internaitional honours
***[[Copa Libertadores]]**
::Runner-up (2): 1978, 1999

***Copa Merconorte**
::Runner-up: 1998
Death Race

**Death Race** mey refer tae:

;Death Race franchise
* ''Death Race'' (franchise)
** *[[Death Race 2000]]*, a 1975 cult action film
*** ''Death Race'' (1976 video game), a 1976 video gemme
*** *[[Death Race (1990 video gemme)]]* , a remak o the 1976 game
*** ''Death Race 2000'' (album)
** ''Death Race'' (film), a 2008 remak (or prequel) o *Death Race 2000*
** ''Death Race 2'' (film), 2010 prequel tae the 2008 film
** ''Death Race 3: Inferno'' (film), 2013 sequel tae the 2008 film
Death Race (franchise)

The ***Death Race*** series is a caur combat franchise encompassin a series o films an ither media centred on a reality show set in a preeson, whaur inmates race against ilk ither in order tae win thair freedom.
Eva Mozes Kor

**Eva Mozes Kor** (31 Januar 1934 - 4 Julie 2019) wis a survivor o the Holocaust who, wi her twin sister Miriam, wis subjectit tae human experimentation unner Josef Mengele at Auschwitz.

## References
Volodymyr (сeety)

**Volodymyr** (, , , ) is a ceety locatit in Volyn Oblast, in north-wastren Ukraine.

## Twin touns - Sister ceeties
Volodymyr-Volynsky is twinned wi:
* Kętrzyn, Poland
* Hrubieszów, Poland
Glesga Ceety Chambers

The **Ceety Chambers** in Glesga, Scotland haes functioned as the heidquarters o Glasgow Ceety Cooncil syne 1996, an o precedin forms o municipal govrenment in the ceety syne 1889, locatit on the eastren side o the ceety's George Squerr.
Burgheid

**Burgheid** (, ), cried **The Broch** an aw, is a smaa toun in Moray, Scotland, aboot  north-wast o Elgin. 

## References
400 kV Forth Crossin

The **400 kV Forth Crossing** is the tawest electricity touer in Scotland. It stands next tae the Clackmannanshire Brig an the Kincardine Brig, an crosses the River Forth. The touer at the soothren end is 153.9 metres (505 ft), that at the northren end 137.16 metres (450 ft) taw.

## References
Bluevale an Whitevale Touers

The **Bluevale an Whitevale Touers** (tae-names: The Gallaegate Twins) wis twa touer block flats in the Camlachie destrict within the East End o Glesga, Scotland. Thare wis 174 hooses tae ilka block The biggins wis caaed doun in a tap-doun, fluir-by-fluir gate frae 2014-2016.
Makarios III

**Makarios III** (), born **Michail Christodoulou Mouskos** (; August 13, 1913 – August 3, 1977), wis the airchbishop an primate o the autocephalous Kirk o Cyprus, a Greek Orthodox Kirk (1950–1977), an the first Preses o the Republic o Cyprus (1960–1974 an 1974–1977).
Demetris Christofias

**Demetris Christofias**, an aa spelled **Dimitris Christofias** ( ; born 29 August 1946; deed 21 Juin 2019), wis a Cypriot politeecian who wis the saxt Preses o Cyprus frae 2008 tae 2013.
Nicos Anastasiades

**Nicos Anastasiades** ( ; born 27 September 1946) is a Cypriot politeecian who haes been Preses o Cyprus syne 2013.
Glesga Touer

**Glesga Touer** is a free-staundin touer locatit on the sooth bank o the River Clyde in Glesga, Scotland an forms pairt o Glesga Science Centre complex.
Süleyman Demirel

**Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel** (), born 1 November 1924 &ndash; 17 Juin 2015), is a Turkis politeecian an statesman who served as the 9t Preses o Turkey frae 1993 tae 2000.
Kenan Evren

**Kenan Evren** (; 17 Julie 1917 &ndash; 9 Mey 2015) wis a retired Turkis militar officer who wis the sevent Preses o Turkey frae 1980 tae 1989.
Moshe Dayan

**Moshe Dayan (Kitaigorodsky)** (; 20 Mey 1915 – 16 October 1981) wis an Israeli militar leader an politeecian.

## References
Moshe Sharett

**Moshe Sharett** (, born **Moshe Shertok** (Hebrew: משה שרתוק)&lrm; 15 October 1894 &ndash; 7 Julie 1965) wis the seicont Prime Meenister o Israel (1954–55), servin for a little unner twa years atween David Ben-Gurion's twa terms.

## References
Robert Peel

**Sir Robert Peel, 2nt Baronet** (5 Februar 17882 Julie 1850) wis a Breetish Conservative statesman, who twice served as Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick frae 10 December 1834 tae 8 Aprile 1835, an again frae 30 August 1841 tae 29 Juin 1846.

## References
Zenobia the Iberian

**Zenobia the Iberian** () (fl. 1st century) wis a ryal princess o the Pharnavazid dynasty o the Kinrick o Iberia who wis a Queen o Armenie frae 51 tae 53 an 54 tae 55 durin the reign o her husband, King Rhadamistus.

## References
Ahmet Davutoğlu

**Ahmet Davutoğlu** (; born 26 Februar 1959) is a Turkis diplomat an politeecian who wis the Prime Meenister o Turkey frae 28 August 2014 until his demission on 24 Mey 2016.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

**Recep Tayyip Erdoğan** (; born 26 Februar 1954) is the 12t an current Preses o Turkey, in office syne 2014.

## References
Rhadamistus

**Rhadamistus** (, ) (died 58) wis a ryal prince o the Pharnavazid dynasty o the Kinrick o Iberia who reigned ower the Kinrick o Armenie frae 51 tae 53 an 54 to 55. He wis considered an usurper an tyrant, who wis owerthrown in a rebellion supportit bi the Parthian Empire.

## References

### Soorces

*Crévier, Jean-Baptiste Louis (1814) L'Histoire des empereurs des Romains
*Toumanoff, Cyril (1969), Chronology of the early Kings of Iberia, Vol. 25
*Tomlins, Frederick (1844) A Universal History of the Nations of Antiquity
Pharnavazid dynasty

The **Pharnavazid** or **Parnavazianni** () is the name o the first dynasty o Georgie keengs o Kartli (Iberia) preserved bi the Georgie heestorical tradeetion.
Pharnavaz I o Iberia

**Pharnavaz** ( ) an aa transleeteratit as **Parnavaz** or **Farnavaz** wis the first keeng o Kartli, an auncient Georgie kinrick kent as Iberia tae the Classical soorces, who is creditit bi the medieval Georgie written tradeetion wi foondin the kingship o Kartli an the Pharnavazid dynasty. Based on the medieval evidence, maist scholars locate Pharnavaz’s rule in the 3rd century BC: 302–237 BC accordin tae Prince Vakhushti o Kartli, 299–234 BC accordin tae Cyril Toumanoff an 284–219 BC accordin tae Pavle Ingoroqva.

## References
Kinrick o Kartli-Kakheti

The **Kinrick o Kartli-Kakheti** () (1762–1801 or 1801) wis creatit in 1762 bi the unification o twa eastren Georgie kinricks, which haed existed independently syne the disintegration o the unitit Georgie Kinrick in the 15t century.

## References
Stress

Physiological or biological **stress** is an organism's response tae a stressor such as an environmental condeetion or a stimulus.
Washington Monument

The **Washington Monument** is an obelisk on the Naitional Maw in Washington, D.C., biggit tae commemorate George Washington, ance commander-in-chief o the Continental Airmy an the first American preses.
Traian Băsescu

**Traian Băsescu** (; born 4 November 1951) wis the fowert Preses o Romanie, servin frae 2004 tae 2014.

## References
Empathy

**Empathy** is the capacity tae unnerstand whit anither person is experiencin frae within the ither person's frame o reference, ie, the capacity tae place anesel in anither's shaes.

## References
Cologne Cathedral

**Cologne Cathedral**  () (, offeecially **, Scots: Heich Cathedral o Saunts Peter an Mary) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany.