open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Richard Feynman

**Richard Phillips Feynman** (11 Mey, 1918 – 15 Februar, 1988) (surname said *FINE-man*;  in IPA) wis ane o the maist influential pheesicists o the 20t century, haein duin a deal o wark on the theory o quantum electrodynamics. As weel as bein an inspirin lecturer an amateur muisician, he holpit in the makkin o the atomic bomb an wis later a member o the buird that leukit intil the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. For his wark on quantum electrodynamics, Feynman wis gien the 1965 Nobel Prize in Pheesics alang wi Julian Schwinger an Sin-Itiro Tomonaga.

He is weel kent forby for his mony sprees, detailt in the beuks *[[Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!]]*, *[[What Do You Care What Other People Think?]]* an *Tuva Or Bust!*. Richard Feynman wis, in mony respects, an eccentric an a free speerit.

## Fremmit airtins

* Richard P. Feynman - Nobel Lecture
* Feynman Online! 
* Unique freeview videos o Feynman's lectures on QED courtesy o The Vega Science Trust an The Varsity o Auckland 
* Los Alamos National Laboratory Richard Feynman page 
* The Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 1965
* Anent Richard Feynman
*  Feynman's classic 1959 talk:''There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom''
* Richard Feynman an The Connection Machine 
* IMDB leet for ''Infinity''
* PhysicsWeb review o the play ''QED'' 
* BBC Horizon: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out — wi Richard Feynman. A 50-meinute documentary interview wi Feynman recorded in 1981 
* Richard Feynman, Winner o the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics 
* Feynman's Scientific Publications 
* The Letters o Richard P. Feynman Online
Henry Ford

**Henry Ford** (30 Julie, 1863 – 7 Aprile, 1947) wis the foonder o the Ford Motor Company an is creditit wi holpin mak a middle cless in American society. He wis ane o the first til applee assembly line manufacturin ti the mass production o cheap caurs. This feat didna juist revolutionise industrial production in the United States an the lave o the warld, but haed a fluence ower modren cultur ti sic an extent that monie social theorists identifee's this phase o economic an social history as "Fordism."

## Fremmit Airtins
* Fordismo (Português) 
* The Henry Ford Heritage Association
* *The Nation*, asd24, 2000.
* Review of Henry Ford an the Jews
* Airticle anent the 1916 Peace Ship expedition
* Full text o *[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/7213 My Life and Work] * frae Project Gutenberg
* American Corporate Support for the Nazis
* Notable quotations an speech excerpts 

### Patents
* US610040  -- Carburettor
* US686046  -- Motor carriage

## References
* Lee, Albert; *Henry Ford and the Jews*; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1980; ISBN 0-8128-2701-5 
* Baldwin, Neil; *Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate*; PublicAffairs, 2000; ISBN 1-58648-163-0
* Ford, Henry an Crowther, Samuel; *My Life and Work*
* Wallace, Max *The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich*; ISBN 0-312-33531-8
* Bryan, Ford R. *Henry's Lieutenants*, 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2
French leid

**French** is the **[[leid]]** that's spak in Fraunce, Canadae (Quebec, New Brunswick), Soothren Belgium, Luxembourg (alang wi German and Letzebuergisch) an Wastren Swisserland (La suisse Romande). It wis spreid tae Africae, Sooth Aest Asie an pairts o the New Warld throu French colonisation. French is a Romance leid, meanin that it comes frae the Laitin leid. Like maist Romance leids, its nouns haes masculine an feminine gender.

## History
In times bygane the Celtic fowk bydit in whit the day is Fraunce. In thae days the land wis cried *Gallia* or *Gaul*. Romans invadit Gallia an makkit pairts o it intae Roman provinces. Syne Romans spak the Laitin, the local fowk learnt the Laitin an stertit tae spaek it. Thair ain leid, Gaullic, wisna aften spak, altho the leids o Celtic oreegin is spak the day in some airts the like o Brittany.

### Early Influences

The muckle pairt o French vocabulair comes frae Latin. Wirds are lent tae Latin till now, if they're lackin in the common leid.

We ignor hou Gauls leid haes impregnatit French leid. Mebbe a hunderd o wirds, as char/charrue (car/pleuch), mouton (mutton/sheep), crème (cream), an som ithers that come frae Latin uise o Gallis wirds. An for its impact on pronounciation, we dinnae ken till whit it is.

The Fransick (the Germanic leid o Dauntoners o Fraunce in the Early Middle-Eige), as a superstrate, haes gi'en aloot o important wirds (gris (grey), blanc (white), blond, bleu (blou), etc.)
* The Laitin leid wis chyngin, an in medieval Fraunce it chynged intae twa leids or byleids: *langue d'oc* an *langue d'oil*, meanin "leid o *oc*" an "leid o *oil*", frae the wirds meanin "aye" in the twa leids. The northren fowk bydin aboot Paris spak *langue d'oil*, an the soothren fowk bydin aboot Toulouse spak *langue d'oc*. The French leid o the day comes frae *langue d'oil*, speceifically the accent o Touraine. *Langue d'oc*, nou cryed Occitan, is aye spak bi some fowk in soothren Fraunce.

### Contemporary an modren history

* In 1539, Villers-Cotterêts ordonancy, signit bi François Ist imposes French as official leid o the Kinrick.
Fraunce haes been the kintra wi the seicont biggest empire o the XIXt an XVIIIt centuries, jast efter England. Sae the cultural an lingueestic inheritance o French is gey important warldwide.
* French is, for example, the leid that spread maist speedy in the African continent (as official or fremmit leid). French is teachit in aloot o varsities aw aroond the warld. French is the seicont maist studied leid in European schuils. Syne Romanie an Bulgaria enterit in European Union in Januar 2007, French is mair studied than German in Europe. See, French is ane o the maist studied leids o the warld, but som fowks deplore it is lesser teachit year efter year, acaus o the pouer o globalization an "American Imperalism".

## Verb Examples

tae be: être (présent)

tae gang: aller (passé simple)

tae dae: faire (imparfait)

Manger (tae eat)

Tae eat (imperfect form)

## References
Leid

The concept o **leid** is maist aften uised thir days as a synonym o **langage** an can be exponed in twa weys in modren Scots:

* a wey o communicatin anent hings, acts an ideas, inspeciallie a national ane,
* in the Doric, it can mean a rame, i.e. a undevaulin or owerturnin owercome, or a lang randerin sonnet

## See an aw

* Byleid
* Leet o leids
* Mither tongue
* Orthography
* Philology an Historical lingueistics
* Philosophy o leid
* Phonology
* Psycholingueistics
* Saicont leid
* Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
* Semantics
* Phono-semantic matching

## References
Karl Marx

**Karl Marx** (5t Mey 1818 in Trier, Germany – 14t Mairch 1883 in Lunnon, UK) wis a German philosopher and poleitical thinker that wrat aboot economics an politics. Ane o his first beuks wis the *[[Communist Manifesto]]*, written thegither wi Friedrich Engels in 1848. In this beuk thay set oot the ideas an ettles o the Communist muvement for the first time. His theories wis gien the name Marxism efterhaund, baith bi thaim that gree'd wi him an thaim that criticeesed him.

His maist important contreibution is thocht tae be his beuk *[[Das Kapital]]* that wis written ower monie decades; in it he analeesed and criticeesed the system of Caipitalism. For the maist pairt it disagreed wi leiberal economic views an haes led tae gran debates atween its supporters an detractors. Juist ae volume haed been finisht bi the time Marx dee'd; Engels teuk his jots an completit twa mair volumes.

Born in Trier in the Kinrick o Proushie, Marx started his studies at the universities o Bonn, Berlin, an Jena, gettin his doctorate in philosophy frae Jena in 1841. He was a Young Hegelian, influencet by the works o Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, an in his ain works, like *The German Ideology* an the *Grundrisse*, he both critiqued an developed Hegel’s ideas. While in Paris in 1844, Marx wrote his *Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts* an met Engels, wha became his closest friend an collaborator. Efter flittin tae Brussels in 1845, the pair war active in the Communist League, an by 1848, they wrate *The Communist Manifesto*, a pamphlet pittin doon Marx's thoughts an a plan for revolution. After bein expelled from Belgium an Germany, Marx made his way tae Lunnon in 1849, whaur he penned *The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte* an *Das Kapital*. In 1864, Marx got involved in the International Workingmen's Association (First International), whaur he tuik on the anarchists led by Mikhail Bakunin. In his *Critique of the Gotha Programme* (1875), he laid doon his thochts on revolution, the state, an the road tae communism. Marx passed away stateless in 1883 an was buried in Highgate Cemetery.

## Notes

## References
Lewis Grassic Gibbon

**Lewis Grassic Gibbon** (13t Februar 1901 - 7t Februar 1935), born **James Leslie Mitchell** wis a Scots owthor.

Born an fesst up in Aiberdeenshire, he stairtit wirkin as a jurnalist fur the *Aberdeen Journal* an the *Scottish Farmer* at the age o 16.  In 1920 he listit wi the Ryal Air Force, wirkin as a clark an spendin some time in the Middle Aest.  In 1928 he quat the RAF an stairtit tae write fou-time.  He wrat monie beuks an shorter warks baith unner his rael name an his nom de plume afore his airlie daith in 1935.

Altho no recogneised in the owthor's lifetime, his trilogy *[[A Scots Quair]]*, an in parteicular its first beuk *[[Sunset Song]]* is conseidert tae be amang the definin warks o the 20t century Scots Renaissance.

The leid he wrate in wis Inglis; the dialogue o his chairacters is meant tae be *read* as Scots, but is *written* in an Inglis-like kin o wey for tae mak readin mair eith for Inglis readers. For example, Grassic Gibbon wad write *braw* as "brave", an *siller* as "silver".

His beuk *Sunset Song* his bin translatit intae Spainish, Pols, Czech, Japanese an Roushie amang mony mair leids.

The Grassic Gibbon Centre wis estaiblisht in Arbuthnott in 1991 for tae commemorate the owthor's life an his the fairmaist collect o his warks an memorabilia, gien bi his son.

In 2016 *Sunset Song* wis votit Scotland's favourite novelle in the BBC *Love to Read* public vote, afore J.K.Rowling's Harry Potter beuks, Iain Banks's *The Wasp Factory* nor ither weel-kent novelles ower mony ages. A faitur airticle on the novelle wis screived bi Nicola Sturgeon, wha eeditet a new edition. *Sunset Song* had bin pit oot oan TV bi BBC Scotland in 1971,1982 and 1983 wi Vivien Heilbron as 'Chris Guthrie', an a new pictur wi Agyness Deyn as Chris, directit bi Terence Davies, wis pit oot in 2016.

## List o warks
* *Hanno: or the Future of Exploration* (1928)
* *Stained Radiance: A Fictionist's Prelude* (1930)
* *The Thirteenth Disciple* (1931)
* *The Calends of Cairo* (1931)
* *Three Go Back* (1932)
* *The Lost Trumpet* (1932)
* *Sunset Song* (1932), the first beuk o the trilogy *A Scots Quair*
* *Persian Dawns, Egyptian Nights* (1932)
* *Image and Superscription* (1933)
* *[[Cloud Howe]]* (1933), the saicont beuk o the trilogy *A Scots Quair*
* *Spartacus* (1933)
* *Niger: The Life of Mungo Park* (1934)
* *The Conquest of the Maya* (1934)
* *Gay Hunter* (1934)
* *Scottish Scene* (1934), wi Hugh MacDiarmid
* *[[Grey Granite]]* (1934), the thrid beuk o the trilogy *A Scots Quair*
* *Nine Against the Unknown* (1934)
* *The Speak of the Mearns* (1982), furthset efter his daith

## See forby

* Aiberdeenshire

* Scots Renaissance

## Fremmit airtins
* The Lewis Grassic Gibbon Centre 
* *The International Companion to Lewis Grassic Gibbon,* Lyall, Scott (2015), pub. Scottish Literature International
**Media**
* Lewis Grassic Gibbon  
* *Sunset Song* fir Heicher scholarts BBC bitesize 
* BBC Scotland TV *Sunset Song* 1971 Pairts 1-3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQEYysEz7X0 Pairts 4-6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRBjcfWyDbY

## Soorces
Paris

**Paris** is the caipital an maist muckle city o Fraunce. It is situatit on the river Seine, in northren Fraunce, at the hert o the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, ). The city o Paris, athin its admeenistrative limits (the 20 arrondissements), maistlins unchynged syne 1860, haes an estimatit population o 2,211,297 (Januar 2008), but the Paris metropolitan area haes a population o 12,089,098 (Januar 2008), an is ane o the maist populatit metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris wis the maistmuckle city in the Wastren warld for aboot 1,000 year, prior tae the 19t century, an the maistmuckle in the entire warld atween the 16t an 19t centuries.

Kent warldwide as the Ceity o Licht (la Ville Lumière), Paris haes been a major tourist destination for centuries. The ceity is weel-kent fae the beauty o its airchitectur, its urban perspectives an avenues, an the walth o its museums an aw. Biggit on an airc o the Watter Seine, it is dividit intil twa pairts: the Richt Baunk tae the north and the smawer Left Baunk tae the sooth.

Formerly the caipital o a colonial empire raxin ower five continents, Paris is yit regairdit as the hert o the French-speakin warld an haes hauden a strang international poseetion, hostin the heidquarters o the OECD an the UNESCO amang ithers. This, combined wi its financial, business, poleetical, and tourism acteevities, haes turned Paris intil ane o the major transportation hubs in the warld. New York, Lunnon, Tokyo, an Paris is aften listit as the fower major global ceeties.

The Sooth Bay airt o Paris is cried Paris-Saclay.

## See an aw
* Disneyland Resort Paris
* Paris in the 20th Century
* Musée des Arts et Métiers

## References
Leeteratur

**Leeteratur** is leiterally "an acquent wi letters" (frae the Latin *littera* meanin "the ae written chairacter (letter)"). The term haes maistly come til identifee a collection o texts. The wird "leeteratur" as a common noon can refer til onie kin o writin, sic as essays; "Leeteratur" as a proper noon refers til a hail bodie o leiterar wark, global or anent the ae cultur. Monie a time there's confusion on the actual defineition o leeteratur an Leeteratur. The wird "leeteratur" can be baith singular an plural, juist like "Literatur". Sayin that, "leeteraturs" is plural forby. Houaniver "Leeteratur", wi emphasis on uppercase L, is a subset o the mair wide-reengin "leeteratur". "Leeteratur" is uised for onie written wark o byordinar intellectual calibre, whiles "leeteratur" can be oniething written. Sae, *[[War and Peace]]* bi Tolstoy is "Leeteratur" (singular) as weel as "leeteratur" (singular), but Charles Dickens's wark is pairt o "Leeteratur" (plural) as weel as "leeteratur" (plural). Mairanower a Harry Potter novel will be thocht on as "leeteratur" (singular) but nae as "Leeteratur" (singular) sith maist fowk wadna deem the beuks as intellectual or meaninfu eneuch at an academic level. Likewice the Harry Potter collection bi J. K. Rowling will be thocht on as "leeteratur" (plural) but nae as "Leeteratur" (plural). What is intellectual an meaninfu is subjective an aften controversial or dubious, but it daesna interfere wi the defineition abuin.
Places o Scotland

A leet o places athort the hale o Scotland.

## [[Cooncil auries o Scotland|Cooncil areas]]
*Ceetie o Aiberdeen
*Aiberdeenshire
*Angus
*Argyll an Bute
*Clackmannanshire
*Dumfries an Gallowa
*Ceetie o Dundee
*East Ayrshire
*East Dunbartonshire
*East Lowden
*East Renfrewshire
*Ceetie o Edinburgh
*Fawkirk
*Fife
*Ceetie o Glesga
*Hieland
*Inverclyde
*The Mairches
*Midlowden
*Moray
*North Ayrshire
*North Lanrikshire
*The Orkneys
*Perth an Kinross
*Renfrewshire
*Shetland
*Sooth Ayrshire
*Sooth Lanrikshire
*Stirlin 
*Wast Dunbartonshire 
*Wast Lowden
*The Waster Isles

## Ceities an touns
This leet o touns an ceities is ordert by nummer o fowk gaun bi the "General Register Office for Scotland Mid-2008 Population Estimates for Localities in Scotland".

## Burghs
*Inverurie
*Kintore

## [[Loch]]s
*Loch Duich
*Loch Lomond
*Loch Ness

## [[Muntain|Moontain]]s
*Ben Nevis

## References
What Not to Wear (UK TV series)

***What Not to Wear*** (Whit no tae Weir) is a reality makower televeesion shaw in baith Breetain an the Unitit States.

It stairtit in the UK on BBC Twa syne on BBC Ane; syne it wis braidcast in the US on BBC Americae. An American version gaes oot on TLC. The Breetish version wis aince presentit bi Trinny Woodall an Susannah Constantine but sin the saxt series his bin presentit bi Lisa Butcher an Mica Paris. In the US version the hosts is Stacy London an Clinton Kelly.

Ilka episode featurs a style confrontation an makower o a man or wumman that haes been leetit bi thair feres as bein no parteecularly fashionable. The veectim is gien £2000 in the UK version, ($5000 in the American version) for tae coff new claes. Awtho thay are open tae weir the claes hou thay wiss, thay are leukit ower an coonselt on the weys o fashion bi the shaw's twa hosts. At the end, the bodie confronts thair freends an familie for tae shaw thair new leuk.

A lethal faur-futur version o the shaw kythed in the *[[Doctor Who]]* episode "Bad Wolf". Set in the year 200,100, Constantine an Woodall wis the vyces o the killer androids Trinn-E an Zu-Zanna.

## External links
* ''What Not to Wear'' - bbc.co.uk
* ''What Not to Wear''  - BBCAmerica.com
* ''What Not to Wear'' - imdb.com
Zen gairden

A **Zen gairden**, a Japanese kynd o Karesansui 枯山水 stane gairden, is a shauld saundpit conteenin saund, grush, stanes, whiles girse or ither naitral elements. Thay are uised bi Japanese Zen monks in meditation.

## Ryoan-ji Temple
The stane gairden wis addit for tae provide a place for the monks tae meditate an is aften said tae hae a suithin eftercome.

## Layoot

Thare haes been monie attempts tae expone the Zen gairden's layoot. Some o thir are:

* the grush represents the ocean an the stanes represents the islands o Japan
* the stanes represents a mither teeger wi her cubs, soumin tae a draigon
* the stanes forms pairt o the kanji fae *hert* or *mynd*

It is doutfu that a Zen maister wad gree wi thae claims, houaniver.

A recent sugeestion bi researchers Gert van Tonder o Kyoto Varsity an Michael J. Lyons  o ATR Media Information Labs is that the stanes forms the subleeminal eimage o a tree. This eimage canna be consciously perceived whan leukin at thaim; the researchers claims the subconscious mynd is able tae see a subtle association atween the stanes. Thay believe this is responsible for the suithin eftercome o the gairden.

## Mainteenance as a discipline
The rakin o the grush is an experience closely associate wi Zen philosophy, bein the preenciple raison for haein sicna gairden. This is shawn in the "executive Zen garden" kits that's selt, seemilar tae that shawn abuin, in that a body daesna expect tae mak an keep a perfit gairden as a static object, but raither tae experience the processes o design an maintenance. Whan the raking is duin in a fou size gairden, a body can anerly tread whaur a body haesna yit rakit, an sae this canna be duin thochtless-lik, yit tae dae it weel (an tae win the maist frae it) requires the *nae mynd* state o mynd, an the *koan* intrinsic in this fecht gaes tae the hert o Zen.

## Adaptations tae laundscape design
The conceits o Zen gairden design haes been adaptit tae the makkin o a mair naturalistic plantit laundscape. This can be seen in the eimage ablo, a wee zen gairden that is a pairt o the Japanese Tea Gairden in San Francisco's Gowden Yett Pairk. Nae seen in this view is a wheen whappin boulders tae the left at the strand o the peeble bed inby bi the borderin fulyerie.





## Fremmit airtins
* Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden (Requires subscription)
* Neuroscience unlocks secrets of Zen garden  (Mirror)
* Zen garden images and meaning
Scotch pie

A **Scotch pie** is a dooble-crust pie, oreiginally frae Scotland.

The fillin is minced mutton, aften spiced wi pepper an ither ingredients. Ilka piemakker's preceise receipt, includin the kinds an amoonts o spice uised, is for ordinar keepit gey saicret, for fear o eimitations. It is bakkit in a roond, straucht-sidit tin, aboot 3 1/2in (8&nbsp;cm) aroond an 1 3/4in (4&nbsp;cm) heich, wi the tap crust aboot 1/4in (1&nbsp;cm) laigher nor the rim tae mak room for addin accompaniments sic as chappit tatties, bakkit beans or bree.

Scotch pies is aften sert by tak-awa restaurants, an at ootdoor events sic as fitbaa gemmes.

Ilka year, the Scotch Pie Club hauds the Warld Scotch Pie Championship. Fleshers and baxters enter thair pies intae this competeition, an the makker o the pie juidged maist gustie bi a panel o juidges is awairdit the teitle o Warld Scotch Pie Champion.
Irn-Bru

**Irn-Bru** (pronoonced "Airn Brew" or "Ayron Brew") is the tap kenmark o carbonatit saft drink in Scotland. A.G. Barr plc, o Glesga maks it. Barr's Irn-Bru is selt in the Unitit Kinrick, Republic o Ireland, Roushie, Canadae, Australie, an a puckle ither kintras in Europe. Its adverteesin slogan uisst tae be *Makkit in Scotland frae girders*, atho the naurest oniebodie can come tae substantiatin this boast is the 0.002% ammonium ferric(III) citrate leetit in the ingredients. It is kent as *Scotland's ither naitional drink* (referrin tae whisky) an aw. It haes lang been the tap-sellin carbonatit saft drink in Scotland, ootsellin Coca-Cola, but neow steive competeetion atween the twa kenmarks haes brocht thair sales tae rochly seimlar leivels.

## Ither kynds o Irn-Bru
*Irn-Bru 32 (fushion drink)
*Irn-Bru XS (sport drink, lenched 1995, disconteenad)
*Irn-Bru Succar Free (uised tae be kent as Diet Irn-Bru until 2011)

## References


## Fremmit airtins
* Irn-Bru's Wabsteid
* A.G. Barr's Wabsteid 
* Irn-Bru (US) Wabsteid
Butterie

*This airticle is tae dae wi a kin of breid rowe. For the dairy product, see [[butter]].*

A **butterie**, kent as a **rowie** or **Aiberdeen rowe** an aw, is a savoury Scots breid rowe. Thay ar notit for thair flaky texture an buttery gust, whaur the name comes frae.

As the alternate name o *Aiberdeen rowe* suggests, butteries is a speciality o Aiberdeen.

Thay war creatit in the 1880s, tae provide the growin Aiberdeen fishin industry a kin o hie-creesh rowe that wadna gae aff for langer periods at sea nor normal rowe.
Alfred Kirke Ffrench

**Alfred Kirke Ffrench** wis a recipient o the Victoria Cross, the heichmaist an maist presteegious awaird for gallantry afore the fae that can be awairdit tae Breetish an Commonweel forces.

Ffrench wis twenty-twa year auld, an a Lieutenand in the 53d Regiment o Fit (later The Keeng's Shropshire Licht Infantry) o the Breetish Airmy in throu the Indian Mutiny, whan he performed the deed that he wis awairded the V.R. for.  On 16t November 1857 at Lucknow, Indie, Lieutenand Ffrench wis in chairge o the Grenadier Company, an guide yerselt wi kenspeckle bravery at the taein o the Secundra Bagh. He wis ane o the foremaist tae gang intil the biggin. Efter thon he ris tae the rank o Caiptain.

His Victoria Cross is shawn at The Keeng's Shropshire Licht Infantry Museum in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Ingland.

## Fremmit airtins
*Location of grave and VC medal  *(Brompton Cemetery)*
Preses o the Scots Pairlament

The **Preses** (, ) is the bodie waled bi the Memmers o the Scots Pairlament tae preside ower thair convenes.  Thay ar the heid o the corporate bodie o the Scots Pairlament an aa, an acause o this thay ar thocht o as a figurheid for the hail organisation.  Twa depute preses is waled tae help fulfil the role.

The memmer waled as Preses is expectit tae gie up thair pairty allegiance for the hail time that thay'r "in the cheer". Depute Preses disna gie up votin richts unless thay'r in the cheer at Deceision Time, but the Preses thairsel niver haes votin richts in the Pairlament. Altho haein ane o thair CSPs waled as Preses syne means that thay tyne a vote in the Pairlament, monie o the pairties (includin the smaaer anes) in the Scots Pairlament aye awidlie pit forrit thair ain candidate for the post. 

The first bodie tae haud the poseition wis David Steel, waled in 1999; he wis follaed bi George Reid in 2003.

## References
Preses

A **Preses** is a bodie that presides ower a convene or collogue. Bi extension it can mean the heid o state o a kintra an aa, for exemplar the Preses o the Unitit States.

The Preses o the Scots Pairlament is aften cryed juist the Preses.
Bridie

Ae **bridie,** or **[[Farfar]] bridie**, is ae Scots kin o maet pastry or pie, oreiginallie fae tha toun o Farfar, seimlar tae ae Cornish pastry. It's meakkit o minced beef, whiles wi ingans and spices, stappit intae pastry (aither shortcrust or puff) nickit intae ae hauf-muin shape; the hail thing is bakkit in an uin.

Maggie Bridie o' Glamis inventid the Farfar bridie in Farfarshire in the 19th century. Maggie wis ae fuidsellar wha sauld Farfar Bridies a' the buttermarket a' Farfar. Some fowk sae it was inventid in the 1950s.

Whit's in the bridie is indicatit bi the nummer o holes in the tap; juist th' ane hole shaws that the'r nae ingans in the ingredients an twa holes shaws that ingans haes bin uised.

It is the subject o the Dundee shibboleth, *Twa plain bridies an an ingan ane an aa*, supposedlie impossible tae say gin ye dinnae come fae thit toun. 

In 2016, Forfar Athletic, the Loons, startit tae uise a Bridie as their mascot.

## References


## Fremmit airtins
* The Famous Farfar Bridie. A wabpage anent bridies, in Inglis wi some Scots.
25 August

The **25t o August** is the 237t day o the year (238t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 128 days bidin.

## Events

* 1609 - Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope tae Venetian lawmakers.
* 1718 - The ceety o New Orleans in Louisiana is foondit.
* 1768 - James Cook stairts his first voyage.
* 1778 - Triglav, the heichest peak in the Julian Alps, an in present-day Slovenie, is climbed for the first time.
* 1825 - Uruguay declares unthirldom frae Brazil.
* 1830 - The Belgian Revolution stairts.
* 1875 - Matthew Webb becomes the first person tae soum the Inglis Chainel.
* 1912 - The Kuomintang, Cheenese Naitionalist Pairty, is foondit.
* 1944 - Warld War II: The Allies liberate Paris, endin its occupation bi Germany.
* 1960 - The 1960 Simmer Olympics in Roum stairt.
* 1980 - Zimbabwe jyns the Unitit Naitions.
* 1981 - Voyager 2 flies bi Saturn.
* 1988 - Lisbon's Auld Toun is devastatit bi fire.
* 1989 - Voyager 2 flies bi Neptune.
* 1991 - Belaroushie declares unthirldom frae the Soviet Union.
* 1997 - Umwhile East German leader Egon Krenz is convictit o orderin a shoot-tae-kill policy at the Berlin Waw.
* 2012 - Voyager 1 enters interstellar space.
* 2013 - 42 fowk are kilt in bomb attacks across Iraq.
* 2017 - The Rohingya creesis in Myanmar escalates.
* 2017 - Riots in Northren Indie result in the daiths o 36 fowk efter the rape conviction o self-styled guru Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh.
* 2017 - Hurricane Harvey hits Texas.
* 2018 - Pape Francis veesits the Republic o Ireland.

## Births

* 1530 - Ivan the Terrible, Tsar o Roushie (d. 1584)
* 1707 - Louis I o Spain (d. 1724)
* 1744 - Johann Gottfried Herder, German philosopher, theologian an poet (d. 1803)
* 1786 - Ludwig I o Bavarie (d. 1868)
* 1845 - Ludwig II o Bavarie (d. 1886)
* 1850 - Charles Richet, French physiologist (d. 1935)
* 1911 - Võ Nguyên Giáp, Vietnamese politeecian (d. 2013)
* 1912 - Erich Honecker, leader o East Germany (d. 1994)
* 1928 - Herbert Kroemer, German-American physicist
* 1930 - Sir Sean Connery, Scots actor
* 1934 - Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Preses o Iran (d. 2017)
* 1942 - Ivan Koloff, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2017)
* 1958 - Tim Burton, American film director, producer, airtist, screiver an animator
* 1968 - Stuart Murdoch, Scots muisicker
* 1987 - Amy Macdonald, Scots sangster
* 1987 - Blake Lively, American actress
* 1988 - Alexandra Burke, Inglis sangster

## Daiths

* 1330 - James Douglas, Laird o Douglas, Scots knicht an feudal laird (b. 1289)
* 1776 - David Hume, Scots philosopher (b. 1711)
* 1819 - James Watt, Scots inventor (b. 1736)
* 1822 - William Herschel, German-Inglis astronomer (b. 1738)
* 1900 - Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (b. 1844)
* 1984 - Truman Capote, American screiver (b. 1924)
* 2000 - Carl Barks, American airtist (b. 1901)
* 2001 - Aaliyah, American sangster an muisicker (b. 1979)
* 2009 - Ted Kennedy, American politeecian (b. 1932)
* 2012 - Neil Armstrong, American astronaut (b. 1930)
* 2016 - James Cronin, American physicist (b. 1931)
* 2016 - Marvin Kaplan, American actor (b. 1927)
* 2018 - John McCain, American politeecian (b. 1936)

## Halidays
* Naitional Day o Uruguay
Leet o poleetical pairties in Scotland

Ablo is a leet o aa poleetical pairties in Scotland.

## Pairties wi representation at [[Scots Pairlament|Halyruid]]

### Scots brainches o [[Unitit Kinrick|UK]] pairties

* Scots Conservative an Unionist Pairty
* Scots Labour Pairty (includin the Co-operative Pairty)
* Scots Leiberal Democrats

### Scots pairties

* Scots Green Pairty
* Scots Naitional Pairty
* Scots Senior Ceitizens Unity Pairty
* Scots Socialist Pairty

## Ither pairties

### UK pairties yauld in Scotland

* Breetish Naitional Pairty
* Communist Pairty o Breitain
* Operation Christian Vote
* Socialist Labour Pairty
* Socialist Pairty o Great Breetain
* Unitit Kinrick Unthirldom Pairty (*United Kingdom Independence Party*)
* Veritas

### Scots pairties

* Clannasaor
* Free Scotland Pairty
* Scots Enterprise Pairty
* Scots Fishin Pairty
* Scots Pensioners Pairty
* Scots Unionist Pairty
* Scots Unthirldom Pairty (*Scottish Independence Party*)
* Strathkelvin Fowk's Unthirlt Labour Pairty (*Strathkelvin People's Independent Labour Party*)
Barghest

**Barghest**, **Bargtjest** or **Bargest** is the name gien in the north o Ingland, speicially in Yorkshire, tae a meethical monstrous boodie-dug wi great muckle teeth an cleuks.

The ghaist-hoond unner sindry names is weel-kent in fowklair:

* The Wirricowe o Tedworth, the Black Dug o Winchester an the Padfuit o Wakefield aw shared the chairactereestics o the Barghest o York.

*In Wales its coonterpairt wis Gwyllgi, the Dug o Mirk, a frichtsome wraith o a mastiff wi balefu braith an bleizin reid een. A Welsh variant is the Cwn Annwn, or dugs o hell.

*In Lancashire the ghaist-hoond is cried Trash or Striker.

*In Cambridgeshire an on the Norfolk coast it's kent as Black Shuck or Shock.

*In the Inch o Man it is stylt Mauthe Dug. Fowk believes that onybody that sees the dug clearly will dee eenou efter the encoonter. It is mentiont bi Sir Walter Scott in *The Lay o the Last Minstrel*--
:"For he wis speechless, ghastly, wan
:Like him o whom the Storie ran
:Who spoke the spectre hoond in Man."

*In Jersey fowklair, the Black Dug o Dth is cried the *Tchico*, but a sib belief in the *Tchian d'Bouôlé* (Black Dug o Bouley) tells o a phanton dug that's kythin presages storms. The story is believed tae hae been fordert bi smugglers that socht tae discourage muinlicht flittins bi fowk that micht witness the flittin o contraband.

The barghest wis foremaist a nicht ghaist, an its kythin wis regairdit as a portent o daith. Its Welsh furm is nithert tae the sea-coast pairishes, an on the Norfolk coast the craitur is jaloused tae be ampheebious, comin oot the sea bi nicht an traivellin aboot the lanely loanins. 

The derivation o the wird *barghest* is threapit ower. *Ghaist* in the north o Ingland is pronounced *guest*, an the name is thocht tae be *burh-ghest*, toun-ghaist. ihers expone it as German *Berg-geisl*, muntain wirricowe, or *Bar-geist*, beir-wirricowe, in allusion tae its leged appearance at times as a beir. The barghest haes a kinsman in the *Rongeur d'Os* o Norman fowklair.

## References
*Wirt Sikes, *Breetish Goblins* (1880); *[[Notes and Queries]]*, foremaist series, ii. 51;
*Joseph Ritson, *Fairy Tales* (Lond. 1831), p.&nbsp;58;
**Lancashire Fowklair* (1867);
*Joseph Lucas, *Studies in Nidderdale* (Pateley Bridge, 1882).
Map

A **map** is a simplifee'd depeection o a space, a navigational aid that hielichts relations atween objects inouth that space. For ordinar a map is a twa-dimensional, geometrical richt representation o a three-dimensional space. The science an airt o cairt-makkin is kent as cairtografie.
Arnhem

**** (Law-Saxon: *Ernem*) is a ceity in the aest o the Netherlands, an the caipital o the province Gelderland. It haes  aboot 141&nbsp;600 indwallers (2005), an is ane o the 15 lairgest ceities in the Netherlands.

Arnhem wis grantit ceity-richts in 1233 bi Otto II, coont o Guelders that wis Coont o Zutphen.

In 1850 Arnhem haed aboot 9&nbsp;000 indwallers, but in the 19t hunneryear Arnhem becam popular wi upper-cless fowk frae the wastren pairt o the Netherlands.

Throu Warld-War II Arnhem wis skaithed sair. In the battle o Arnhem in September 1944 mony Breetish and Polish sodgers wis kilt. Efter the battle o Arnhem wis lost, 95&nbsp;000 ceetizen were evacuatit, feckly tae the open air museum whaur they bidet in the 19. hunneryear ferms. Efter thay cam back, the ceity wis herried. Mony biggins wis malafousterd. In 1978 the brig ower the watter Rhine wis named efter John Frost, the Breetish heidsman.

Efter the war Arnhem wis upbuilt again. Arnhem is the hindermaist ceity wi a trolley bus.

## Tourist Attractions
**Burgers Zoo*
**Nederlands openluchtmuseum* - a open air museum wi 18t and 19t hunneryear ferms
**Eusebiuskerk* - Lairgest kirk o Arnhem
**Park Sonsbeek*
**John Frost Brig*
**Bronbeek* - museum aboot Dutch colonialism in the Dutch-Indies

## References
BBC

The **British Broadcasting Corporation** (BBC) is a Breetish public service broadcaster. wis foondit in 1927 bi means o a Ryal Chairter. The BBC is the naitional publicly fundit braidcaster o the Unitit Kinrick. It maks programmes an braidcasts on televeesion, radio, an the Internet.

The BBC operates the UK's ae dedicatit politics chainel forby kiverin ongauns in the Breetish Hooses o Pairlament, The Scots Pairliament, Northren Ireland Assemmly an the Welsh Assemmly. The chainel is kent as BBC Parliament.

## Ye can aye see tae

* BBC Radio Scotland
* BBC Alba 
* BBC Radio nan Gaidheal
* BBC America
## See also
* NHK - Japanese version o BBC

## References
Lafayett Bunnell

**Lafayette Houghton Bunnell** (1824-1903), a noted explorer o Yosemite Valley, wis born in Homer, Minnesota. In 1851, Bunnell wis a member o the Mariposa Battalion that became the non-indigenous discoverers o the Yosemite Valley. Discovery wisna the main purpose o the vaige: the Battalion rode oot in rake o Native American tribal leaders involved in recent raids on American settlements. Bunnell splored the Valley an cried mony o its features. *Discovery o the Yosemite, an the Indian Weir o 1851* (1880) contains his accoont o his sploration an the actions o the Battalion.

Dr. Bunnell later served as a surgeon in the Civil Weir.

Bunnell Pynt at the aest end o Little Yosemite Valley is cried efter Bunnell.

## Fremmit airtins an references
*[Library o Congress summary o Bunnell's beuk](http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/consrvbib:@FIELD(NUMBER(vg20)))
*On-line copy of Bunnell's beuk
* Hank Johnston, *Yosemite Yesterdays* v. 2 chapter 1 haes a biography o Dr. Bunnell
Samuel Rutherford Crockett

**Samuel Rutherford Crockett** (24 September 1859

&ndash; 16 Aprile 1914) wis a Scots novellist, born at LIttle Duchrae, Galloway, grandson  o Galloway  tenant fermer William Crocket.

He wis brocht up on a Galloway ferm, won the Gallowa Bursary  tae Edinburgh Varsity in 1876 an, efter studies an some years o traivel abroad as a private tutor, graduated fre  New College  in 1886. He became meenister o Penicuik in November 1886. Earlier that year he produced his first publication, *Dulce Cor* (), a collection o verse. 

He  resigned the Free Kirk ministry in 1895 for novelle-writin.

The sonse o J.M. Barrie an the Kailyard schuil o writin haed creatit a demand for stories in Scots whan Crockett furthsetit his sonsefu stories o *The Stickit Minister* in 1893. It wis follaet bi near 70 popular novelles, half o them featurin the history o Scotland and his native Galloway. The ithers sat aroon Europe. 

## Warks
**The Raiders*, *The Lilac Sun-bonnet* an *Mad Sir Uchtred* (1894)
**The Men of the Moss Hags* (1895)
**Cleg Kelly* an *The Grey Man* (1896)
**The Surprising Adventures of Sir Toady Lion* (1897)
**The Red Axe* (1898)
**Kit Kennedy* (1899)
**Joan of the Sword Hand* an *Little Anna Mark* (1900)
**Flower o' the Corn* (1902)
**Red Cap Tales* (1904)
Catholicism

**Catholicism** haes twa main meanins, described in *Webster's Dictionar* as:

* 1) "the faith o the Roman Catholic Kirk, or adherence tharetil."
* 2) "the hail orthodox christian kirk, or adherence tharetil"; an the term comes frae the Greek adjective καθολικός-ή-όν (katholikos), meanin "general" or "universal". In Greek, the wird for "Kirk" is feminine an taks the feminine furm o the adjective, viz.: ἡ Καθολικὴ Ἐκκλησία.
Christianity

**Christianity** is a monotheistic releegion foondit oan the life an teachins o Jesus o Nazareth as pitten ower in the New Testament writins o his earlie follaers. It is the warld's lairgest releegion, jaloused tae huv 2.1 billion follaers, or aboot ae thrid o the warld's indwallers. It shares wi Judaism the beuks o the Ebreu Bible (the first five is incorporate in the Auld Testament), an fur this reason is whiles cried an Abrahamic releegion.

## See an aa
* Kirk o Scotland
* Catholicism
* Protestantism
* Baptists
Buddhism

**Buddhism** is a releegion an philosophy foondit on the teachins o the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a speeritual leader that leeved fae aboot 563 tae 483 BCE in whit's noo Nor-east India an Nepal. (Modren scholars cannae be shair aboot the dates, but mony pit them aboot a century later.)   

Wi aboot 500 million folliers, Buddhism is conseedert a major warld releegion, wi aboot 7% o the warld's population.  Onlike maist ither releegions, Buddhism isnae centered on a creator Goad.  

Fae its origins in India, Buddhism spread tae maist o Asie an noo haes mony folliers in Europe an in North and Sooth Americae.   

Buddhism haes twa main forms: Theravada, fund in Sri Lanka an Sootheast Asia; an Mahayana, fund in East Asia (China, Korea, Japan an Vietnam), Tibet, Western China, Mongolia, Bhutan, pairts of India, Nepal an Russia.

## The Buddha
Accordin tae tradeetion, Gautama (Gotama in Pāli) lived fae aroond 563 BCE tae aboot 483 BCE. He waes born in the Sakyan Republic, auldest son tae Suddhodana, wha was like tae hae been the heid o the republic's governin cooncil. Tradeetion gies Gautama the forename "Siddhartha" (Sanskrit) or "Siddhattha" (Pāli). Hooaniver, the early screeptures niver caw him bi his first name, whilk daesna appear ontil several hunnert year eftir his deith.

As a loon, Gautama "gaed furth" fae hame, seyin fareweil tae his faither and step-mither, an leain his wife, Yaśodharā (Pali: Yasodharā) an bairn, Rāhula, in their care. His ettle waes tae finn an end tae the sufferin he cuidna chaip in life.

He jined twa speeritual teachers — Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta — ain eftir the ither, maisterin the forms o meditation each taucht, but didna finn the escape fae sufferin he langed fir. He formed his ain community o ascetics, practicin sel-torture and fastin in order tae atteen complete maistery ower hissel. Aince mair, he didna finn an escape fae sufferin, an his ascetic practices brocht him near tae deith.

Takin food aince mair, he minded on a time whan, as a bairn, he'd haed a blissfu experience o meditation ablow a tree. Intuitively, he kent this path o meditation tae be the wey tae liberation. Eftir oors o meditatin deeply, he kent hissel tae hae won tae *nibbāna*, or the "smorin" o ignorance. He haed, aged 35 year, become "Buddha," meanin "Ane That's Awaukent."

Fae then oan, until his deith at the age o 80, he taucht his path tae awaukenin tae awbody at wid lissen. He gaithered aboot him a "fowerfauld assembly" (cattaro parisā) o monks (bhikkhus), nuns (bhikkhunīs), male hoosehauders (upāsakas), an female hoosehauders (upāsikās).

## See forby
* Zen gairden

## References
Stane (mass)

A **stane** or **stane wecht** () is a unit o mass in the Inglis and imperial system o wechts an measures uised in the Unitit Kinrick, Ireland. A stane uises the symbol  an is equal tae 14 pund avoirdupois (aboot 6.35&nbsp;kg). In SI units it is equal tae 6.35 kilogram. The stane is aften uised in the Unitit Kinrick an Ireland whan speakin but wis prohibitit for purposes o commerce in the Unitit Kinrick bi the Weights and Measures Act of 1985 and in Ireland bi legislation in response tae the same EU directive.

## References
Gelderland

**Gelderland** (**Guelders**) is a province o the Netherlands. Its caipital city is Arnhem. Ither important ceities is Nijmegen an Apeldoorn that's baith mair muckle nor Arnhem. Guelder's girst maks it the lairgest province o the Netherlands. In 2005 Gelderland haed 1&nbsp;970&nbsp;865 indwallers, 31% Protestant, 29% Catholic.

## References
Eilean Donan

**Eilean Donan** is a smaw island in Loch Duich in the wast hielands o Scotland. It is situatit aboot 1/2 a mile (1&nbsp;km) frae the clachan Dornie.

The kenspeckle Eilean Donan castle, dates frae the 13t hunneryear. It wis biggit bi Alexander II, an wis wrackit bi Inglis frigates in 1719, a month afore the battle o Glen Shiel. The castle wis rebiggit bi Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap an is the nou ane o the maist weel-kent moniments in Scotland.

Eilean Donan is the hame o Clan MacRae.

The isle is cried aifter the Gaelic priest an saunt Donnàn o Eigg, that wis mairtyrt in 617. It wis seyed that Donnàn foondit ae kirk on the isle, tho there isna ony remains o iss ony mair. The Scots Gaelic name fur the isle gets pit ower as isle o Donnàn.

## History
It is possible that ae aerly Christian monastic cell wis foondit in the saxt or seivint yeirhunner, and that it wis deedicatit ti Donnán of Eigg, an Irish saunt that wis mairtyrt on Eigg in Aprile 617. There isna ony remains o Christian biggins in the airt, tho bits o vitrified steen (steen that haes been pit throu geyly heich temperatures) hae been fand, indicatin that there wis ae Airn Age or aerly medieval fortification on the isle.

## References
Loch Duich

**Loch Duich** (Scots Gaelic: Loch Dubhthaich) is a sea loch alang the wastren coast o Scotland, in the Hielands. It's a weel likit airt for tourists an fishers.

Eilean Donan Castle staunds at the meetin pynt o Loch Duich, Loch Long, an Loch Alsh. In 1719, the Breetish airmy burnt mony steidins alang the loch’s shores in the months afore the Battle o Glen Shiel.
Supreme Court o Chile

The **Supreme Coort o Chile** is the heichest coort in Chile. It administrates the laicher coorts in the naition forby. 

In the Chilean seestem, the coort wants the braider pouer o judeecial scowth—it canna set bindin precedent or invalidate laws. Insteid, it acts on a case-bi-case basis. 

Trials is cairied oot in *salas*, chaumers o at laist five juidges, moderate bi the maist senior member.

## Membership

The members o the Supreme Coort is appyntit bi the Presses o Chile, but maun be waled frae a leet o five chyces that is redd bi the sittin members o the coort. Twa o thaim waled maun be senior juidges frae appellate coorts; the ither three needna hae ony judicial experience. The preses's chyce maun syne be ratifee'd bi the senate. Supreme Coort juistices maun be at laist 36 year auld. Thay ser for life an canna be remuived cep for "inappropriate ongauns."

The Supreme Coort haes twintie-ane members, cried *ministros*. Ae member is waled tae ser a three-year term as Preses o the Supreme Coort.
 
Rraisent Supreme Coort members:
* Enrique Tapia Witting (Preses o the Supreme Coort)
* Marcos Libedinsky Tschorne
* Eleodoro Ortiz Sepúlveda
* Ricardo Gálvez Blanco
* Alberto Chaigneau del Campo
* Jorge Rodríguez Ariztía
* Enrique Cury Urzúa
* José Luis Pérez Zañartu
* Orlando Álvarez Hernández
* Urbano Marín Vallejo
* Domingo Yurac Soto
* Jorge Humberto Medina Cuevas
* Domingo Kokisch Mourgues
* Milton Juica Arancibia
* Nibaldo Segura Peña
* María Antonia Morales Villagrán
* Adalis Oyarzún Miranda
* Jaime Rodríguez Espoz
* Rubén Ballesteros Cárcamo
* Sergio Muñoz Gajardo
* The twintie-first seat is vacant.

## Notable decisions

### Augusto Pinochet

The Chilean Supreme Coort haes been inrowed in monie important human richts cases adae wi the umwhile Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.
* In Julie 2002, it dismissed a case agin Pinochet, sayin that he wis unfit tae thole an assize acause o dementia.
* In Augist 2004, it homologated a laicher coort's deceesion that Pinochet shoud tyne his automatic immunity he acquired for ance bein a senator.
* In Mairch 2005, it reversed a laicher coort's deceesion tirrin Pinochet o immunity in the case o the assassination o Carlos Prats.

### Gay richts

The Chilean Supreme Coort haes makkit important deceesions in the area o gay richts.
* In 2004, it homologated a laicher coort's deceesion that tirrit ae-time juidge Karen Atala o custory o her three dochters acause she is a lesbian.
* In Januar 2004, it remuived juidge Daniel Calvo frae his locus on the Santiago Court o Appeals, efter media reports that he veesitit a sauna frequent bi gay men.

## Fremmit Airtins
*Chilean Judiciary wabsteid (in Spanish)
Wertheim am Main

**Wertheim** is a toun in soothwastern Germany, in the state o Baden-Württemberg wi 24,764 indwallers. It is situate on the confluence o the rivers Tauber an Main.

It is weel-kent for its wine, castle an medieval up-toun.

For monie years Wertheim wis hame tae Peden Barracks, a US Airmie installation.  Heidquartered at Peden Barracks wis the 72t Field Artillery Brigade an twa Field Artillery Battalions - 3/35FA (8&nbsp;inch sel-propellt) an 4/27 FA (MLRS).  The US Airmie left Peden Barracks in the early 1990s as pairt o the post Cauld Weir reorganisation o the US airmed forces in Germany.

Events: Simmer festival on the last three days o Julie, follaed bi a medieval festival on the castle.

## Fremmit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid 
*Steid in German
*Photies o Wertheim an Peden Barracks (1999)
M32 motorwey

The **M32** motorwey is the main artery road in Bristol, Ingland. Stairtin at Junction 19 o the M4, it runs sooth bi Filton, Frenchay, Horfield, Lockleaze, Aeston an St Pauls an intil the mids o Bristol. At aboot 5 mile lang, it is ane o Breetain's shortest motorweys, wi juist three junctions. At junction 3, the motorwey feeds intil the A4032 trunk road in the mids of the ceity. It is a twa lane motorwey an haes a 60 mile an oor speed leemit frae junction 2 onwards.

## Junctions
# Frenchay an Filton
# Horfield
# Bristol ceity mids

## See an aa
*Leet o motorweys in the Unitit Kinrick

## Ootside airtins
*UK Roads Yitt
Speed leemit

A **speed leemit** is the maximum speed allout bi law for vehicles on a road.

Speed leemits are for ordinar merkit wi a traffec sign. Speed leemit signs are aften shawn naur poleetical mairchs an road intersections, an in some cases speed leemit signs kythe at raiglar intervals. Poleetical mairchs can reenge frae kintra mairchs tae ceity leemits.

(Forbye, an axiom o Einstein's relativity theories states that the **speed leemit** o the Universe is the speed o licht in a vacuum, i.e. 299,792,458 metres per second.)
Jules Verne (crater)

**Jules Verne** is a lairge lunnar crater on the far side o the Muin. It is locatit tae the wast-soothwast o the Mare Ingenii, ane o the few lunnar mares on the hyne awa. Tae the soothaest o Jules Verne is the Lundmark crater, whilk Koch crater is locatit tae the sooth-soothaest. Tae the northwast is the lairge Pavlov wawed-plain.

Maist o the interior fluir o this crater haes been flooded wi basaltic-lava, leavin a daurk, laich albedo surface that is relatively level an flat. It is somewhat unco for a crater featur on the far side tae be flooded wi lava, as the crust is generally thicker than on the naur side. Houaniver this crater is locatit entirely inouth the Sooth Pole-Aitken bossie.

The ooter rim o Jules Verne is worn an eroded, wi several craters laying athort the laggin. Alang the aestern laggin lies 'Jules Verne G', whilk 'Jules Verne C' penetrates the nor-aestern rim an 'Jules Verne Z' cuts across the northren rim. A smaa crater forbye lies athort the soothern rim, whilk 'Jules Verne P' is attached tae the exterior alang the sooth-soothwast.

Jules Verne is ane o the few lunnar craters that is kent bi a chiel's full name raither than juist the surname. It is forbye cried for a science fiction owthor, raither than a namely scientist or splorer as is teepical. (But see H. G. Wells crater.)