open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Banner o Iran

The current **banner o [[Iran]]** () wis adoptit on 29&nbsp;Julie 1980, an is a reflection o the chynges brocht aboot bi the Iranian Revolution. Its field is a tricolour comprisin equal horizontal baunds o green, white, an reid. The reid emblem in the centre o the banner, designed bi Hamid Nadimi, is a heichlie stylized composite o various Islamic elements: a geometrically seemmetric form o the wird *[[Allah]]* ("God") an owerlappin pairts o the phrase *[[Shahadah|La ilaha illa Allah]]* ("There is nae god but Allah"), formin a monogram in the form o a tulip. Written in white on the inner edges o the green an reid baunds is the repeatit phrase *[[Allahu Akbar]]* ("God is great") in a stylized version o the Kufic script uised for the Qur'an. This writin renders the banner non-reversible.

Pheesical requirements for the Iranian banner, the exact shape o the emblem, an a compass-an-straightedge construction are describit in the naitional Iranian staundart..

## Interpretation o the colours

## References
Coat o airms o Jordan

On August 25, 1934, the Executive Cooncil (The Cooncil o Meenisters at the time) issued Directive No. 558 declarin the **Coat o Airms** (), (which wis designed in 1921 upon the request o His Hieness Prince Abdullah I) as the offeecial emblem o the kintra an ootlinin its specific design layoot. On Februar 21, 1982, the Cooncil o Meenisters issued the offeecial Notification No. 6, which gae written specifications an explanations o the offeecial emblem o the kintra.

## Freemit airtins
* Description frae Keeng Hussein's wabsteid 
* Description frae Embassy o Jordan in Washington
Emblem o Kuwait

The **emblem o [[Kuwait]]** () wis adoptit in 1962 an it consists o the shield o the banner design in colour superimposed on a falcon wi wings displayed. The falcon supports a disk containin a sailin ship (dhow) wi the full name o the state written (in Arabic) at the tap o the disk. 

The dhow is a seembol o the maritime tradeetion o the kintra an is an aa foond in the naitional coats o airms o Qatar.  The falcon is a seembol o the Banu Quraish line, tae which the prophet Muhammad belanged an is likwise foond in mony coats o airms o the Arabian Peninsula.    

The coat o airms replaced an aulder emblem wi a falcon an twa crossed banners.  

## See also
*Banner o Kuwait
Emblem o Bahrain

The **emblem o the Kinrick o Bahrain** wis designed in 1933 bi Charles Belgrave, the Breetish advisor tae the then-emir o Bahrain. 

Awtho haein the appearance o a shield, the 2002 constitution speaks o an emblem an no a coat o airms. 
The shield contains a near identical design as that foond on the naitional banner, the ae difference bein the hoist o the banner rotatit tae be displayed at the chief o the shield. The mantlin is reid wi white interior, an displayed aroond the shield athoot a helm or torse in a manner unuisual tae heraldic practice. The five white indentations represent the five pillars o the Muslim faith.

## See an aa
* Coat o airms
* Heraldry
* Bahrain
Banner o Djibouti

The naitional **banner o [[Djibouti]]** (French: *Drapeau de Djibouti*) features twa equal horizontal baunds o blue (top) an green wi a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearin a reid five-pointit starn (representin the auries Somalis live in the region) in the centre. (These five auries are Breetish Somaliland (Somalie), Italian Somaliland (Somalie), French Somaliland (Djibouti), the Ogaden, an the Northren Frontier Destrict.) The colours uised can be seen tae seembolise the earth (green), the sea an sky (blue) an peace (white), wi the reid starn representin unity. It wis hoistit on the day o the unthirldom o Djibouti on 27t Juin 1977. Thare is a reid five-pointit starn on Djibouti's white triangle.

The naitional banner, adoptit in 1977, wis an adaptation o the banner o the Ligue Populaire Africaine pour l'Independence (LPAI) that led Djibouti tae unthirldom. The LPAI banner haed a reid triangle wi a white starn. For the naitional banner, the star wis placed in an upright rather than a slantit poseetion, an the proportions o the banner wur lengthened. The licht blue represents the Issa Somalis, an the green represents the Afar. White, green, an licht blue are the colors o the LPAI. The reid starn signifies the unity o the diverse state.  


## See an aa
*History o Djibouti
*Djibouti (sang)

## Freemit airtins
*
Banner o Armenie

The naitional **banner o [[Armenie]]**, the **Armenian Tricolour** (kent in Armenian as Եռագույն, *Yerakouyn*), consists o three horizontal baunds o equal width, reid on the tap, blue in the middle, an orange (an aa describit as "colour o apricot") on the bottom. The Armenian Supreme Soviet adoptit the current banner on 24 August 1990. On 15 Juin 2006, the Law on the Naitional Banner o Armenie, governin its uisage, wis passed bi the Naitional Assembly o Armenie.

Throughoot history, thare hae been mony variations o the Armenian banner. In auncient times, Armenian dynasties wur representit bi different seembolic ainimals displayed on thair banners. In the twintiet century, various Soviet banners representit the Armenian naition.

The meanings o the colors hae been interpretit in mony different ways. For ensaumple, red haes stood for the bluid shed bi Armenian sodgers in war, blue for the Armenian sky, an orange represents the fertile lands o Armenie an the wirkers who wirk them.

The offeecial definition o the colors, as statit in the Constitution o the Republic o Armenie, is:

## Design
Syne the Armenian govrenment daes no specify the exact shades o reid, blue, an orange, twa different versions o the banner are in common uise. The mair common version consists o brichter shades, whauras the colors o the less common version are mair mutit. The follaein table gies the approximate RGB values o the colors uised in those twa versions:

## References
Banner o Israel

The **banner o [[Israel]]** (Ebreu: דגל ישראל, *Degel Yisrael*, Arabic: علم إسرائيل) wis adoptit on October 28, 1948, five month efter the kintra's establishment. It depicts a blue Star o David on a white backgrund, atween twa horizontal blue stripes. The blue colour is mandatit ae as "daurk sky-blue", andvaries fra banner tae banner, rangin frae a hue o pure blue, whiles shadit amaist as daurk as navy blue, tae hues aboot 75% toward pure cyan an shades as licht as vera licht blue. The banner wis designed for the Zionist Movement in 1891. The basic design recaws the *[[Tallit]]*, the Jewish prayer shawl, which is white wi blue stripes. The hexagram in the centre is the *[[Magen David]]* ("shield o David"). It became a Jewish seembol stairtin in late medieval Prague, an wis adoptit bi the First Zionist Congress in 1897.

In 2007, an Israeli banner measurin 660 bi 100 metres an weighin 5.2 tonnes wis unfurled near the auncient Jewish fortress o Masada, breakin the warld record for the lairgest banner.

## Interpretation o colours

## References
Coat o airms o Cyprus

The **[[Heraldry|coat o airms]] o [[Cyprus]]** depicts a dou cairryin an olive branch (a weel-kent seembol o peace) ower “1960”, the year o Cypriot unthirldom frae Breetish rule. The background is a capper-yellae colour; this seembolises the muckle deposits o capper ore on Cyprus (chiefly in the form o chalcopyrite, that is yellae in colour).

Whan Cyprus wis a Breetish Croun Colony, local colonial offeecials uised a coat o airms (whilk wur niver in fact offeecially grantit) o twa lions passant guardant, based on the emblem o Breetain.

## See an aa
* The Cypriot coat o airms wis recently selectit as the main motif o a vera heich value collectors' coin, the Cyprus introduction tae the Eurozone commemorative coin, mintit in 2008. The obverse depicts the Coat o airms o Cyprus while the reverse depicts Cyprus connectit wi a ring tae Europe, οn a transfigured cairt.

## Freemit airtins
*Cyprus  &mdash; frae International Civic Heraldry
Banner o Cyprus

The **Banner o Cyprus** (, ) came intae uise on August 16, 1960 unner the Zürich an Lunnon Agreements, wherebi a constitution wis draftit an Cyprus wis proclaimed an independent state. 

The naitional banner features a map o the entirety o the island, wi twa olive branches belaw (a seembol o peace) on white (anither seembol o peace). The olive branches signify peace atween the Turks an Greeks. The map on the banner is a copper-orange colour, seembolisin the lairge deposits o copper ore on the island (chiefly in the form o chalcopyrite, which is yellae in colour), frae which it mey hae received its name.

Cyprus wis conquered bi the Ottoman Empire in 1571, which initiatit Turkis dounset on the island. It then fell unner Breetish control in 1878. The banner, adoptit at unthirldom in 1960, deliberately chose peaceful an neutral seembols in an attempt te indicate harmony atween the rival Greek an Turkish communities, an ideal that haes no yet been realized. In 1974, Turkish forces invadit an occupied the northren pairt o the island, formin the Turkish Republic o Northren Cyprus, a *de-facto* state recognised ae bi Turkey an the non sovereign Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan. Thay an aa introduced a banner seemilar tae the Turkish, wi invertit colours an twa reid stripes. The pairt which is occupied bi the Turkish forces an aa tends tae flee the naitional banner o Turkey, whilst in soothren Cyprus, the naitional banner o Greece is aften uised thegether wi the banner o Cyprus.
Emblem o Algerie

The **Naitional Emblem o [[Algerie]]** () is the seal uised bi the govrenment, as ither states uise coats o airms.  The current form o the emblem wis adoptit in 1976, but wis ae differentiatit frae previous ane bi the chyngin o the motto frae French tae Arabic. Contained on the emblem is the crescent that is an aa foond on the banner o Algerie, an is a seembol o Islam.  The text that rings the emblem says in Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية ("The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria", the kintra's offeecial name).  

The hand o Fatima, a traditional seembol o the region, appears in front o the Atlas Muntains, belaw a risin sun representin a new era.  Biggins staund for industry an plants for agricultur.

## Historic coats o airms an emblems

File:Coat_of_arms_Algeria_(1830-1962).svg|Coat o airms o French Algerie (1830-1962)
File:Algeria coa (1962).svg|Coat o airms o the Republic o Algerie (1962-1971)
File:Seal_of_Algeria_(1971-1976).svg|Emblem o the Republic o Algerie (1971-1976)
File:Algeria_emb_(1976).svg|Emblem o the Republic o Algerie (1976-present)


## Freemit airtins
*Algeria  at naitional-seembol.com
Coat o airms o Chad

The **Coat o Airms o [[Chad]]** wis adoptit in 1970.  The center haes a shield wi wavy blue an yellae lines, wi a sun risin ower it.  The shield is supportit bi a gait an a lion. Belaw the shield is a medal an a scroll wi the naitional motto in French, Unité, Travail, Progrès ("Unity, Wirk, Progress" in Scots).

The wavy lines on the shield are representative o Lake Chad, an the sun risin ower it represents a new beginnin.  The gait on the left represents the northren pairt o the naition, while the soothren pairt is representit bi the lion.  Danglin frae the bottom o the shield is the medal for the Naitional Order o Chad.

Thare an aa exists a separate state seal or emblem o Chad, which haes a black-an-white design consistin o a circle wi the wirds "République du Tchad – Unité, Travail, Progrès" surroondin a depiction o the heid an upper body o a tribal girl wi her hair in cornrows.
Banner o Guatemala

The **[[Naitional banner|banner]] o [[Guatemala]]** features twa colors: sky blue an white.  The twa sky blue stripes represent the fact that Guatemala is a land locatit atween twa oceans, the Paceefic Ocean an the Caribbean sea; an the sky ower the kintra (see Guatemala's Naitional Anthem). The white colour signifies peace an purity.

In the centre o the banner is the Guatemalan coat o airms.  It includes the Resplendent Quetzal, the naitional bird o Guatemala that seembolizes liberty; a pairchment scroll bearin the date o Central Americae's unthirldom frae Spain, 15 September 1821; crossed rifles, indicatin Guatemala's willinness tae defend itsel bi force if need be; a bay laurel croun, the seembol for victory; an crossed swords, representin honor.

The Central American banner wis uised in Guatemala till 1851, when a pro-Spaingie faction teuk ower an addit the Spaingie colors o reid an yellae tae the banner. The oreeginal colors wur restored on August 17, 1871, but as vertical (rather than horizontal) stripes an wi a new coat o airms.

The Resplendent Quetzal previously appeared in the 1830s in the banner o Los Altos, the saxt state in the Federal Republic.

## History
The Guatemalan Banner haes chynged throughoot history an arrivin tae its current design in 1871.


File:Flag_of_Guatemala_(1825-1838).svg|1825-1838 (Athin Central Americae)
File:Flag_of_Guatemala_(1838-1843).svg|1838-1843
File:Flag_of_Guatemala_(1843-1851).svg|1843-1851
File:Flag_of_Guatemala_(1851-1858).svg|1851-1858
File:Flag_of_Guatemala_(1858–1871).svg|1858-1871


## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Coat o airms o Guatemala

The **coat o airms o [[Guatemala]]** comprises: 
* A wreath o Bay Laurel branches, the seembol for veectory; 
* The Resplendent Quetzal, a bird that seembolizes liberty;
* A scroll on which is written *LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821* (15 September 1821 is the date o Central Americae's unthirldom frae Spain);
* Twa crossed *[[Remington Arms|Remington]]* rifles wi bayonets indicatin Guatemala's willinness tae defend itsel bi force if need be;
* Twa crossed swords, representin honour.

The emblem wis designed bi the Swiss airtist an engraver Jean-Baptiste Frener, who lived in Guatemala frae 1854 till his daith in 1897.

The coat o airms an aa appears on the Banner o Guatemala. The quetzal previously appeared in the banner o Los Altos, Central Americae in the 1830s.

## Freemit airtins
* Guatemala - Coat of Arms at *[[Flags of the World]]*
Liberie

**Liberie** (), offeecially the **Republic o Liberie**, is a kintra on the wast coast o Africae, bordered bi Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, an the Atlantic Ocean. As o the 2008 Census, the naition is hame tae 3,476,608 fowk an covers 111,369 square kilometres (43,000 sq mi).

Liberie's caipital is Monrovia. Liberie haes a het equatorial climate wi maist rainfall arrivin in the rainy saison wi hersh harmattan winds in the dry saison. Liberie's populated Pepper Coast is componed o maistly mangrove forests while the spairsely populatit inland is forestit, later openin tae a plateau o drier grasslands.

## Etymology
The name Liberie denotes "liberty". The newly arrived settlers formed a new ethnic group cried the Americo-Liberians. Housomeivver, this introduction o a new ethnic mix resultit in ethnic tensions wi the saxteen ither main ethnicities awready residin in Liberie.
Frae the 16t century till 1822, European splorers an traders haed multiple names for Liberie, varyin bi leid.

Durin the spice trade, in non-Inglis speakin Europe, Liberiae wis cawed the Malaguetta Coast or Pepper Coast in Inglis. It earned its name frae the melegueta pepper foond in rural Liberie that wis dubbed the "Grains o paradise" syne it wis a rare spice in heich demand throughoot continental Europe. In late 18t century Inglis splorers referred tae the kintra as the Windward Coast acause o notoriously unnavigable, choppy waters aff the coast o Cape Palmas at the tip o Soothren Liberie that wur difficult for European ships tae sail throu.

## References
Beipiao

**Beipiao** () is a ceety in Chaoyang prefectur, Liaoning province, in northren Cheenae. It haes a population o 202,807. The main industry in the aurie is coal minin. Wi vertical shafts o amaist 1000m, these are some o the deepest coal mines in Cheenae. The coal produced is uised for cokin. Daheishan Naitional Forest Pairk is locatit in the northwastren pairt o Beipiao ceety.

The dinosaur *[[Beipiaosaurus]]* wis named efter the ceety whaur its fossils wur foond nearbi.
Holden Nova

The **Holden Nova** wis a compact caur that wis produced bi the GM-Holden-Toyota alliance, kent as United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI) in Australie atween August 1989 an 1996. The alliance, an therefore the caur, wis a result o the failed Button caur plan which attemptit tae rationalise the Australian caur manufacturin industry. The Nova wis sauld an mercatit unner the Holden nameplate, awtho it wis a badge ingineered version o the Toyota Corolla, receivin minor stylistic chynges. Unlik the Corolla, the Nova wis sauld ae as a fower-door sedan an five-door hatchback.

In aw years, the Nova wis ootsauld bi the Toyota Corolla in Australie, an frae 1996 caur wis replaced bi the Holden Astra.

## First generation (LE, LF; 1989–1994)

The LE an LF series, based on the Corolla E90 wur sauld atween 1989 an 1994. The LE wis affered wi Toyota's 1.4&nbsp;litre 60-kilowatt (80&nbsp;hp) ingine (hatchback anerlie) an 1.6&nbsp;litre 67-kilowatt (90&nbsp;hp) ingine, in Holden's traditional SL (hatchback anerlie), SLX an SLE trims. The LF Nova, available frae October 1991, addit fuel injection tae the 1.6&nbsp;litre unit, nou ratit at 75 kilowatts (101&nbsp;hp). The SLE hatchback wis replaced bi a GS model, awtho SLE continued as a trim on the sedan, then in October 1992, a fuel-injectit 1.8&nbsp;litre 85-kilowatt (114&nbsp;hp) ingine wis affered for the GS hatchback. The 1.4&nbsp;litre option an the SLEs wur unavailable frae 1993.


File:1989-1991 Holden LE Nova SL hatchback 04.jpg|LE Nova SL hatchback
File:1989-1991 Holden LE Nova SLX sedan 01.jpg|LE Nova SLX sedan


File:1991-1994 Holden LF Nova SL hatchback 02.jpg|LF Nova SL hatchback
File:1992 Holden Nova (LF) SLX hatchback (2008-09-04) 02.jpg|LF Nova SLX hatchback
File:1993-1994 Holden LF Nova SLX Limited hatchback 04.jpg|LF Nova SLX Leemitit hatchback


## Seicont generation (LG; 1994–1996)

The LG Nova wis sauld atween 1994 an 1996, awtho a smawer range wis affered. The SLX trim level wis equipped wi a 1.6&nbsp;litre 78-kilowatt (105&nbsp;hp) ingine, while the GS trim level denotit the fitment o the 1.8&nbsp;litre ingine. Fower-door sedan an five-door hatchback options wur affered for baith levels, an aw ingines featurt fuel injection.


File:1994-1996 Holden LG Nova SLX sedan 01.jpg|LG Nova SLX sedan
File:1994-1996 Holden LG Nova SLX hatchback 02.jpg|LG Nova SLX hatchback
File:1995 Holden Nova (LG) GS hatchback (20678223615).jpg|LG Nova GS hatchback


## References
Mali

**Mali**, offeecially the **Republic o Mali** (, ), is a landlocked kintra in Wastren Africae. Mali mairches wi Algerie norle, Niger easle, Burkina Faso an the Côte d'Ivoire soothle, Guinea sooth-wastle, an Senegal an Mauritanie wastle. Its size is juist ower 1,240,000&nbsp;km² wi a population o 14.5 million. Its caipital is Bamako.

Mali consists o aicht regions an its norlan mairches racks howe intae the middle o the Sahara, while the kintra's soothren region, whaur the feck o indwallers bides, features the Niger an Sénégal rivers. The kintra's economic structur centres aroond agricultur an fishin. Some o Mali's naitural resoorces includes gowd, uranium, an saut.

Present-day Mali wis ance pairt o three Wast African empires that guidit trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (Mali's name faither), an the Songhai Empire. In the late 19t century, durin the Scrammle for Africae, Fraunce clauchtit owerance o Mali makkin it a pairt o French Sudan. French Sudan (then kent as the Sudanese Republic) gained unthirldom in 1959 wi Senegal, as the Mali Federation. A year ahin haun, follaein Senegal's withdrawal frae the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itsel the independent Republic o Mali.  Efter a lang track o time o ane-pairty rule, a 1991 coup led tae the writin o a new constitution an the estaiblishment o Mali as a democratic, multi-pairty state. Aboot hauf the population lives ablo the internaitional poverty line o US$1.25 a day.

## References
Haiti

**Haiti** (; French *,* ; Haitian Creole: *Ayiti*, ), offeecially the **Republic o Haiti** ( ;
) is a Caribbean kintra. It occupies the wastren, smawer portion o the island o Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares wi the Dominican Republic. *Ayiti* (*land o heich muntains*) wis the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the muntainous wastren side o the island. The kintra's heichest pynt is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793&nbsp;ft). The tot area o Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) an its caipital is Port-au-Prince. French an Haitian Creole are the offeecial leids.

## Gallarie

File:Labadee, Haiti III.jpg
File:Jérémie haïti 3.JPG
File:HaitianPresidentialPalace.jpg
File:Cour-de-cassation-haiti-actunews7.jpg|alt=
File:Cathedral Les Cayes Haiti.jpg
File:Universite henrichristophe.jpg
File:Le Marron Inconnu - April 2018 front 2.jpg
File:Villa Miramar, Port-au-Prince 20180716 02.jpg
File:Hispaniolan Trogon (Priotelus roseigaster) (8082768540).jpg
File:Citadelle Laferrière Aerial View.jpg
File:Harbour Petite Riviere de Nippes Haiti.jpg
File:Amid rows of cabbage, Haiti.jpg|alt=


## References
Emblem o the Maldives

The **[[Maldives|Maldivian]] Naitional Emblem** consists o a coconut palm, a crescent, an twa criss-crossin naitional banners wi the tradeitional title o the kintra.

## Interpretation
The depicted coconut palm resembles the livelihuid o the naition. The indwellers believe it tae be the maist beneficial tree tae them as thay utilize ivery pairt o the tree on various applications rangin frae medicine tae boat-biggin. The Crescent (a universal Islamic seembol) an its accompanyin starn embodies the Islamic faith o the state an its authority respectively.

The wirds o the scroll **Ad-Dawlat Al-Mahaldheebiyya** is written in the Arabic naskh style o script. Thay wur uised bi Sultan AI-Ghazee Mohamed Thakurufaanu Al-Azam ane o the maist illustrious heroes o the naition. The title Ad-Dawlat Al-Mahaldheebiyya () means the "State o the Mahal Dibiyat", that is the name Ibn Battuta an ither Mediaeval Arab travellers uised tae refer tae the Maldives.

## Modren Uisage
The Coat o Airms is a seembolic representation o the Maldivian Government an is uised frequently in offeecial documents (on the heider richt unnerneath the Bismillah) an ither Governmental Representations.

## Umwhile version
The crescent an starn in the middle o the Maldive Coat o Airms uised tae be fauch blae an white (siller) at the time o its first design in the 1940s in Muhammad Amin Doshimēna Kalēgefānu's regency. The colour o the crescent an starn wis chynged tae gowd in the 1990s. 

## References
Banner o Bangladesh

The naitional **banner o [[Bangladesh]]** (Bengali: **বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় পতাকা**) wis adoptit offeecially on 17 Januar 1972. It is based on a seemilar banner uised durin the Bangladesh Liberation War o 1971. The cairt wis later deletit frae the banner bi the order o General Abul Manzur, maist likely tae simplify the design. A reid disc is on tap o the green field, affset slichtly toward the hoist sae that it appears centred when the banner is flyin. The reid disc represents the sun risin ower Bengal, an an aa the bluid o those who dee'd for the unthrildom o Bangladesh. The green field staunds for the lushness o the land o Bangladesh. The reid disc is a socialist seembol o the risin Sun o unthirldom efter the daurk nicht o a bluid-drenched struggle against Pakistan.

The ceevil ensign an naval ensign place the naitional banner in the canton o a reid or white field, respectively.

## References
Kebili

**Kebili** (or **Qibilī**; ) is a desert toun in central Tunisie. It is locatit at aroond , sooth o the Chott el-Jerid. It is the caipital o the Kebili Govrenorate.

## History

Kebili or in correct spellin **Gibili** is ane o the auldest Oasis in Tunisie an North Africae. Kebili haulds the earliest haurd evidence o human habitation in Tunisie (foond near the toun) an dates back aboot 200,000 years. Kebili, as mony ithers Tunisian touns, entered unner the control o Roman Empire efter the Punic Wars.

## Demographics

The Kebili population is diverse compared tae ither Tunisian governorates. There are three main race/ethnic groups:

*Arabs: They came tae Kebili in early days o Islamic Conquest. Maist came frae the Soothren Arabian Peninsula (kent today as Saudi Arabie an Yemen). They still hauld the names o their ancestor's tribes.
*Berbers: They are the native inhabitants o Tunisie an North Africae. Berbers are considered minorities acause they prefer tae live in muntains (the maist famous site is Matmata).
*Blacks: They came tae the ceety when it wis a famous slavery trade center. See economy for mair information.

## Leid an Releegion

Arabic is the dominant leid in the region. The awday Arabic differs frae literal Arabic tae varyin degrees. The maist noticeable difference is in the pronunciation o the letter Qäf; it is pronoonced Gä. See an aa *[[Tunisian Arabic]]*.
Islam is the dominant releegion. Kebili, as mony ither Tunisian touns, haulds a great number o Soofiat Maqams (Saleheen).

## Economy

The Kebilian economy haes seen diverse orientations through its history. Kebili wis ane the main hubs o the African slavery trade tae satisfy European needs at that time. Slaves wur taken tae Europe through the port o Gabès. Nouadays, Kebili relies hivily on agricultur an tourism.

### Agricultur

The main agricultural product in the region is dates, or deglets. Kebili produce a vera hie quality date, exportit aroond the warld an contributin significantly tae the local an naitional economy.

### Tourism

Beginnin wi naitional unthrildom, the government o Tunisie haes encouraged tourism projects an resorts in the Saharan region. O these Douz, sooth o Kebili, is the maist famous Saharian destination o Tunisie (kent as the Sahara Gate).

## Freemit airtins
* Lexicorient 
* Kebili Guide
* Collection of photos
Emblem o Eritrea

The **Emblem o [[Eritrea]]** wis adoptit on 24 Mey 1993 on the occasion o the declaration o unthridom frae Ethiopie. The emblem mainly depicts a camel surroondit bi a wreath o laurel. Previously, as a colony o the Kinrick o Italy, traditional European heraldry haed been introduced, but bi 1952 the European heraldic tradeetions wur abandoned as ither emblems wur adoptit tae represent the region.

## History
Eritrea wis first assigned a coat o airms in 1919 as a colony o the Kinrick o Italy. The shield wis pairtit in hauf horizontally, wi the tap portion displayin a reid lion chairged on his breast wi a white starn an the bottom hauf dividit intae sax wavy bars alternatin blue an white. The reid lion represents the Italian Kinrick, lions alludin tae the Italian Keeng who uised the beasts as supporters an reid bein a common colour associatit wi Italy an an' a' uised bi the rulin Hoose o Savoy. The starn haes lang been a seembol o the Italian fowk, kent as the ''Stellone d'Italia'', which protects an guards the naition. The bottom portion displaying blue an white wavy bars is a common heraldic depiction representin watter, an alludes tae the oreegins o the colony's name. Eritrea is derived frae the Latin *Erythræa*, the name applee'd tae the Reid Sea in antiquity; the colony wis named sae for its coastline alang that body o watter.

Durin the Fascist regime o Italy, which began in 1926, the airms wur augmentit wi seembols o the new govrenment.  A reid chief wis addit, which wis chairged wi fasces an laurel wreath.  Eritrea wis then absorbed intae the colony o Italian East Africae in 1936, reducin it tae a province o the new an lairger colony. In 1941, when the province wis liberatit an placed unner Breetish admeenistration, the fascist chief wis promptly removed an the oreeginal airms wur again employed.  In 1951, the process o annexation bi Ethiopie began, an the airms continued in uise till the follaein year.

Durin the annexation period, frae 1952 tae 1962, an emblem wis adoptit that consistit o a vertical olive branch encircled bi an olive wreath.  This emblem is uised still on the naition's banner.

The modren emblem wis adoptit 24 Mey 1993, the date o the declaration o unthirldom frae Ethiopie. It shows a scene o a dromedary camel in the desert, which is surroondit bi an olive wreath. The camel wis the beast o burden uised durin the war o unthrildom frae Ethiopie tae transport supplies an guids, an wis seen as bein instrumental tae the movements success an the seembol o the naitionalists.  The name o the kintra appears on a scroll towards the bottom o the emblem threefold, in Tigrinya, Inglis an Arabic, the three offeecial leids o the state.

## See an aa
* Emblems an coats o airms o African naitions
* Eritrea
* Eritrea's banner

* Coat o airms
* Heraldry

## References
Buchfudder

**Balquhidder**, soondit *Balwhidder* (]), frae the Gaelic *Both Chuidir* is a sma toun in the Stirlin cooncil area o Scotland. It is owerleukit by the dramatic muntain terrain o the Braes o Balquhidder, at the heid o Loch Voil.
Yamaha TZR250

The **Yamaha TZR250** is motorcycle manufactured an produced bi the Japanese motorcycle manufacturer Yamaha atween 1986 an 1996.

Yamaha produced road goin 2-stroke motorcycle, loosely based on the TZ250 Yamaha racin bike. Parallel-twin, reverse cylinder an finally V-twin variants wur produced. It evolved as a natural replacement for the popular RD 250/350 LC series o the 1980's. It haes Yamaha Power Valve System (YPVS) which raises an lawers the exhaust port dependin on the rpm o the ingine, the YPVS servo starts tae open at aboot 6,000rpm. In staundart form 50&nbsp;bhp is claimed at 10,000rpm. Although mid 40's is mair realistic, an will no rev much abuin 9,500rpm in staundart trim awin tae the restrictive staundart exhausts an ignition boxes.

## Racin
Still raced in the Yamaha Past Masters race series wi the Breetish racin club - BMCRC. Racin ingines currently claiming circa 56&nbsp;bhp @ 11,000rpm. Racin pre-mix fuel ratios typically 1:30. Staundart exhausts are difficult tae improve on in terms o pouer an torque but they are vera hivy an impede grund clearance. Jolly Moto exhausts are popular replacements as they are licht an produce similar performance, an allou better grund clearance.

Matt Oxley wis the first body tae lap the Isle o Man TT course at ower 100&nbsp;mph on this bike in 1987. An F3 racin kit wis produced for a few years which includit ignition boxes, carbs an exhaust pipes, helpin increase maximum revs, pouer an torque.

## History
Production stairtit in Juin 1986. At a cost o aroond $6,000 new on release it wis seen as an expensive bike for a 250 cc, but gien that places such as Japan an Australie haed 250 licencin laws in place ane can imagine the stir that somethin that coud hassle 750's on a track caused. 2MA variant being the UK variant an the 1KT model being the domestic Japanese variant. Variations atween these twa models being minimal, i.e. wirdin on the brake maister cylinder in Inglis or Japanese. Lichtin arrangements wur also different, tae comply wi UK type approval regulations, particularly the indicators wur mountit on stalks rather than faired intae the bodywirk.

Then came the reverse cylinder version 3MA, then the V-twins 3XV. The variants follaed the configuration o the racin TZ250 o the time. Production o aw TZR250s stopped in 1996.

## Freemit airtins
* Magazine Review o the 1987 Yamaha TZR250 released in Canadae  *(Hosted by Chinoy of RD Dreams [http://www.rddreams.com/])*
Souk Lahad

**Souk Lahad** is a toun an commune in the Kebili Govrenorate, Tunisie. As o 2004 it haed a population o 18,285.

It is the chief toun o a delegation o 28,540 indwallers an is in 2004 a municipality o 18,285 indwallers.

As its name suggests - Souk Lahad means "Sunday Market" which is the first day o the week in the Muslim calendar - its haes developed as agricultural toun afore experiencin a slicht industrialization an a relatit development Saharan tourism wi a luxury hotel.

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
El Golâa

**El Golâa** is a veelage in soothren Tunisie. It is locatit sootheast o Chott el Djerid a few miles north o Douz in the region o Nefzaoua.

It is admeenistratively attacht tae the Kebili Govrenorate, Tunisie. As o 2004, it haed a population o 7,037.

Like mony veelages an touns surroondin its name provides information on the site. Here, El Golâa means "citadel" (like its namesake in the sooth o Algerie). Indeed, the population o El Golâa oreeginally occupied a heich point relative tae the plain surroondin. Estimatit at aboot 700 fowk at the end o the nineteent century, it haes steadily expandit its aurie o Habitat tae hauld doun the hill an then the surroondin plain. As shown in the photo o the village, it remains at the top o the Hill as ane mosques o the village (o which there are the minaret) an a public garden.

Gien the absence o written sources, first hand, it is difficult tae define precisely the oreegins o the population o El Golâa. Several competin narratives aboot the oreegin an descent o Guelaouas (so that the villagers are cawed).

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
Djemna

**Djemna** (or Jemna) (جمنة in Arabic) is a sma toun locatit in soothren Tunisie. The toun is pairt o the Kebili Govrenorate.

It is surroondit bi the Tunisian Sahara. The ceety is kent bi its A'in (العين in Arabic) which is a soorce o healthy water.

Djemna is ane o the biggest producers o dates or deglets in Tunisie.

Djemna contains ane o the auldest libraries in Tunisie (locatit in the auld mosque). Djemna an' a' contains the sooth scienteefic centre o the Ceety o Sciences.

Ae a little minority still live in the toun. The majority live ootside Tunisie (mainly Fraunce an Germany).
Douz

**Douz** or **Dūz** () is a toun in Kebili Govrenorate, Tunisie, kent as the "gateway tae the Sahara."  In previous times it wis an important stop on the trans-Saharan caravan routes.  The day, it is destination for tourists who are interestit in seein the desert, an a stairtin point for desert treks bi camel, motorcycle, or fower-wheel-drive vehicle.

Douz is a major palm oasis an as such a muckle producer o "diglat noor" dates.

Ivery year Douz hosts the Internaitional Festival o the Sahara, a fower-day celebration o traditional desert cultur. The festival, uisually held in November or December, features traditional muisic an dancin, poetry readins, camel wrestlin, an racin o horse an salugis (a type o dog, similar tae a greyhund, native tae the North African desert.)

Douz is hame tae the Museum o the Sahara, which showcases displays on traditional nomadic desert cultur o the Mrazig fowk who nou maistly live a settled life in the toun.
Banner o Brunei

The naitional **[[banner]] o [[Brunei]]** wis adoptit on September 29, 1959 when the kintra wis a Breetish protectorate, an wis retained when the kintra gained full unthirldom on Januar 1, 1984, as *Brunei Darussalam* (State o Brunei, Abode o Peace). The banner haes the Crest o Brunei in the centre, on a yellae field. The field is cut bi black an white diagonal stripes, awtho thay are offeecially cawed parallelograms.

The coat o airms is as follaes: a crescent (seembolising Islam) joined wi a parasol (seembolising monarchy), an twa gloves on baith sides. Belaw the crescent is a ribbon. On the crescent an ribbon are Arabic inscriptions translatin as "State o Brunei, Abode o peace" an Brunei's motto, "Aaways in service wi God's guidance"

In Sootheast Asie, yellow is tradeetionally the colour o royalty, an the ryal staundarts o Malaysie an Thailand, alang wi the presidential banner o Indonesie, an aa uise a yellae field.

Black an white stripes represent Brunei's chief meenisters, an yellae represents the Sultan o Brunei. The naitional emblem wis placed in the center in 1959. A seemilar version o this banner, athoot the coat o airms, wis first uised in 1906. The coat o airms bears a crescent seembolic o the Islamic faith, an the central mast is a seembol o the state. The banner an umbrella are seembols o ryalty, an the upturned haunds signify the benevolence o the govrenment. The Arabic motto on the crescent translates as, Aaways render service bi God's guidance. Belaw it, a scroll bears the inscription Brunei Darussalam, the kintra's offeecial title, meanin Ceety o Peace.

## Freemit airtins

* 
* Flag and Crest Description from Government website 
* History Brunei Flag
Ettadhamen-Mnihla

**Ettadhamen-Mnihla**, cried **At-Tadaman** an aa, is the fift-lairgest ceety in Tunisie, an the lairgest in the Ariana Governorate in which it is locatit. As o 2004 it haed a total population o 118,487.

It consists o twa ceeties proper Ettadhamen (meanin "solidarity") an Mnihla, which are creatit in the 1970s wi  the arrival o fowk frae domestic migration.  Aulder neighborhuids constructit illegally, they are then integratit intae the master plan for Greater Tunis an it currently forms the fowert municipality in Tunisie in terms o population wi 118,487 inhabitants in 2004.

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
Aryanah

**Aryanah** (**Ariana**; ) is a coastal ceety in northeastren Tunisie. It is locatit at aroond . It is the caipital an seicont lairgest ceety o Ariana Governorate an the kintra's 8t lairgest ceety.
Giza

**Giza** or **Gizah** (, transleeteratit *el-Gīzah*) is the third mucklest ceety in Egyp. It is locatit on the wast bank o the Nile River, some 20&nbsp;km soothwast o central Cairo. Alang wi Shubra El-Kheima, Cairo an Helwan, the fower ceeties form the Province o Greater Cairo metropolis. The ceety o Giza is the caipital o the Giza Govrenorate, an is locatit near the northeast border o this govrenorate in coordinates. It is locatit richt on the banks o the River Nile.  The ceety's population wis 2,681,863 in the 2006 naitional census, while the governorate haed 6,272,571 at the same census.  Its muckle population makes it the seicont mucklest suburb in the warld, tied wi Incheon, Korea an Quezon Ceety, Philippines, seicont ae tae Yokohama, Japan.

Giza is maist famous as the location o the Giza Plateau: the site o some o the maist impressive ancient monuments in the warld, includin a complex o auncient Egyptian ryal mortuary an saucrit structures, includin the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid o Giza, an a number o ither muckle pyramids an temples. The plateau an its monuments hae been recordit in the Giza Plateau Mapping Project run bi Ancient Egypt Research Associates, directit bi Dr. Mark Lehner. AERA's 2009 field season was recorded in a blog.

The Great Pyramid o Giza at ane time wis advocatit (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference pynt uised for determinin a base langitude.

## History
"Mn Nefer" (Memphis, in Greek) - which means "the bonnie wall" in the ancient Egyptian leid -, the caipital ceety o the first unified Egyptian state since the days o the Pharaoh Narmer, lies nearly 20&nbsp;km sooth o Giza. Giza's maist famous archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, haulds some o the maist astonishin monuments in Egyptian history. Ance thrivin wi the Nile that flowed richt intae the Giza Plateau, the pyramids o Giza wur built owerleukin the auncient Egyptian caipital o Memphis, which wis near modren day Cairo.

The Giza Plateau is an aa hame tae mony ither ancient Egyptian monuments, includin the tomb o Pharaoh Djet o the First Dynasty, as well as that o Pharaoh Ninetjer o the Seicont Dynasty.

## Twinnins
* Los Angeles, Unitit States
* Rinkeby, Stockholm, Swaden

## See an aa
*Giza Govrenorate
*Pyramids o Giza
*Great Sphinx
*Leet o Egyptian pyramids
*Leet o megalithic sites

## References
Xi'an

**Xi'an** () is the caipital o the Shaanxi province, an a sub-provincial ceety in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. As ane o the auldest ceeties in Cheenae, wi mair nor 3,100 years o history, the ceety wis kent as **[[Chang'an]]** afore the Ming Dynasty. Xi'an is ane o the Fower Great Ancient Caipitals o Cheenae, haein held that position unner several o the maist important dynasties in Cheenese history, includin Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, an Tang.  Xi'an is the eastren terminus o the Silk Road an hame tae the Terracotta Airmy.

Syne the 1990s, as pairt o the economic revival o interior Cheenae especially for the central an northwast regions, the ceety o Xi'an haes re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial an eddicational centre o the central-northwast region, wi facilities for research an development, naitional security an Cheenae's space sploration programme.

## Historical names o Xi'an
The twa Cheenese characters "西安" in the name Xi'an literally mean "Wastren Peace", whilst the pronunciation in the local Xi'anese dialect is amaist the same as the Staundart Mandarin pronunciation based on Hanyu Pinyin. Throughout history the ceety's name haes aften chynged. At the time o the Zhou Dynasty, frae aroond 1046 BC it was cried "Fenghao" (沣镐/沣鎬) then renamed Chang'an (长安/長安), meanin "Perpetual Peace", durin the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). It chynged in 581 AD tae Daxing (大兴/大興) durin the Sui Dynasty then again became Chang'an frae 618 durin the Tang Dynasty. Durin the Yuan Dynasty (1270-1368), the ceety wis first gien the name Fengyuan (奉元), followed by Anxi (安西) then Jingzhao (京兆). It finally became Xi'an in the year 1369 at the time o the Ming Dynasty. This name remained till 1928, then in 1930 it wis renamed Xijing (西京). The ceety's name ance again revertit tae its Ming-era designation of Xi'an in 1943.

Xi'an is abbreviatit in Cheenese tae either Hao (镐/鎬) or Tang (唐). The umwhile abbreviation is derived frae the Zhou Dynasty name Haojing (镐京/鎬京), whilst the latter comes frae the name o the Tang Dynasty.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns—Sister ceeties
Xi'an's sister ceeties are:

### Consulates
* Gaoxin Internaitional, Keji Road, September 2007
* Yulang Internaitional, Jiefang Road, 2006

## References
Crest o Brunei

The **Naitional Crest o [[Brunei]]** is featurt prominently on the Banner o Brunei.  It wis adoptit in 1932.  Thare are five main components te the naitional crest accordin tae the Govrenment's Offeecial wabsteid.  Thay are the banner, the ryal umberellae, the weeng, the haunds, an the crescent.  On the crescent is writin in Arabic script that contain the naitional motto o: "Aaways in service wi God's guidance".  Belaw this is a banner wi the name o the naition in Arabic script as "Brunei Darussalam" or Brunei, land o peace.

The wings seembolise pertection o juistice an peace.  Belaw these is the crescent that is the seembol o Islam, the naitional releegion o Brunei.  The hands seembolise the govrenment's duty tae pertect the fowk.

## Freemit airtins
Gabès

**Gabès** ( ) is the caipital ceety o the Gabès Governorate, a province o Tunisie. Wi a population o 116,323 (census 2004) it is the 6t lairgest Tunisian ceety.

## History
Gabès wis an integral ceety in the territory o Carthage. Follaein the Seicont Punic War in the 2nt century BC Gabès came unner Roman control wi a new name **Tacape**.

*7t century: The Muslim conquest (Al'Fatah Al'Islami). Muhammed's companion Sidi Abou Loobaba Al'Ansarey settles in Gabès.
*1881: Gabès comes unner a French protectorate.
*1940: Follaein the Fall o Fraunce, Gabès comes unner German control.
*1943: Gabès returns tae French control wi the help o the Breetish (in the Mareth Line). The operation results in serious damage tae the ceety infrastructure.
*1945: The rebiggin o Gabès stairts.
*1956: Gabès reverts tae Tunisian control wi the unthirldom o Tunisie frae the French.

## Education
* University o Gabès

## Economy
Gabès is ane o the biggest industrial ceeties in Tunisie. Maist industries are chemical orientit, this is why the ceety affers ane o the best chemistry degrees in Africae frae the University o Gabès. The main industries are:
* Cement
* Chemical products
* Brick Factories
* Oil refinery

The fast growin nummers o factories haes resultit in fairly serious pollution o the aurie an Gulf o Gabès.  In recent years the govrenment is wirkin on new programs an laws tae decrease the amount o pollution.

## Transport
### Railways
Gabès is terminus o a nairae gauge 1,000&nbsp;mm (3&nbsp;ft 3 3⁄8 in) branch railwey frae the caipital, an is the nearest railwey station tae the Libyan border at Ras Ejder.
Gabès haes an aa ane o the biggest ports in Tunisie; it is uised uisually tae ship the mineral products frae the ceety o Gafsa.
#### Roads
Gabès will be linked suin wi the naitional motorwey A4 ( Tunis - Ras Jdir )

## Climate
Gabes haes a warm-simmer Mediterranean climate, characterized bi a het an dry saison an a cuil an arid saison.

## Tourism
### Owerview
Gabès is famous for its traditional Souqs in Jarah; it is an aa kent for its attractive beach an the unuisual seaside oasis (Gabes is locatit on the coast o the Mediterranean Sea). The best pairts o the beach are in the sooth o the ceety (Road tae Djerba). The best ane is the *Lemawa* or *Lemaya* beach. The govrenment is plannin tae big a tourist zone thare in the comin years.
Gabès haes a unique featur in the warld, in this ceety ye fynd the muntain, the sea, the oasis an the desert.
The maist visitit place in Gabès is the toun Matmata.

Place tae veesit: 
* The tradeetional souks.
* The Kornich.
* Sidi Boulbaba.
* The Mouradi schuil.
* Zaouia Sidi Ahmed Toujani.

### Warld Heritage Status
This site wis addit tae the UNESCO Warld Heritage Tentative List on Mey 28, 2008, in the Cultural category.

## See an aa
*Gabès Governorate, ane o the twintie-fower governorates (provinces) o Tunisie
*Gulf o Gabès
*University o Gabès, a public varsity

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Gabès official website 
*"Gabès: Oasis on the Sea" from Lexicorient
Ford Expedition

The **Ford Expedition** is a full-size SUV biggit bi the Ford Motor Company.  Introduced in 1997 as a replacement tae the Ford Bronco, it wis previously slottit atween the smawer Ford Explorer an the lairger Ford Excursion, but as o the 2005 model year, it is Ford's lairgest an last truck-based, aff-road an tow capable SUV. Ford currently affers the staundart regular-sized model an the lairger EL/Max model, succeedin the Excursion which wis discontinued in 2005. It is the seicont Ford vehicle tae uise the Expedition name, as it wis pairt o the Explorer Sport's trim models durin the 1995 model year. Aw Expeditions wur oreeginally biggit in Wayne, Michigan. In 2009, Ford shiftit its current third generation (2007–present) model production tae Louisville, Kentucky as Ford haes begun convertin the Wayne assembly plant tae stairt biggin the future production o the Focus.

## Vehicle Backgrund
The Expedition affers up tae nine passenger seatin (wi a front bench seat option on its XLT trim, which wis discontinued efter the 2009 model year) an a V8 ingine. It is seemilar tae the Lincoln Navigator, especially for the 2007–present model in *Limited* or *King Ranch* heich end trims; baith o which wur introduced for the 2005 model year.  Wi the 2011 model year Ford made chynges in the base level depairtment, wi the newly designatit XL trim a staundart an upgradin the XLT tae seicont level an replacin the Eddie Bauer trim that wis phased oot frae the entire Ford vehicle lineup. Ower 1,500,000 Expeditions hae been sauld syne its introduction.  A specially modified *Special Service Vehicle* version is an aa available frae Ford for law enforcement agencies, fire depairtments, an EMS agencies.
Kangarli Rayon

**Kangarli** or **Kengerli** (Azeri: Kəngərli) is the newest rayon o Azerbaijan, in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The aurie is 682 square km, an the population is 25,379 (2004). It wis split aff frae Sharur rayon in Mairch 2004. The administrative centre o the rayon is Givrakh.

On 25 Mey 2004, Preses Ilham Aliyev appointit Nazim Cafarov as the executive heid o the rayon.

The name Kangarli wis oreeginally applee'd tae a Turkic tribe who foondit a regional Kangarli Khanate that ruled the aurie frae a caipital at Maku in wha is nou Iran.

## External Resources
http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Districts/_districts_e.html 

## References