Totemsky Destrict

**Totemsky Destrict** () is a admeenistrative an municipal destrict (raion), ane o the twinty-sax in Vologda Oblast, Roushie. It is locatit in the east o the oblast an borders wi Verkhovazhsky an Tarnogsky Destricts in the north, Nyuksensky Destrict in the northeast, Babushkinsky Destrict in the east, Chukhlomsky an Soligalichsky Districts o Kostroma Oblast in the sooth, Mezhdurechensky an Sokolsky Destricts in the soothwast, an wi Syamzhensky Destrict in the wast. The aurie o the destrict is . Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o Totma. Population:  26,392 (2002 Census);  The population o Totma accoonts for 42.0% o the destrict's tot population.

## Geografie
The destrict is elongatit frae sooth tae north, wi a protrusion in the northeast. The main watterwey athin the destrict leemits is the Sukhona River, which crosses it frae soothwast tae northeast. Amaist aw o the destrict lees in the basin o the Sukhona an its tributars, includin the Tolshma frae the richt an the Tsaryova an Yedenga frae the left. Minor auries in the north o the destrict belang tae the basins o the Vaga an Kuloy Rivers. In pairticular, Lake Sonduzhskoye, bi far the biggest lake in the destrict, is the soorce o the Kuloy. Minor auries in the wast o the destrict belang tae the basin o the Syamzhena, a tributar o the Kubena. Some rivers in the sooth o the district drain intae the Unzha an the Kostroma an sicweys, eventually, intae the Volga. The divide atween the basins o the Northren Dvina an the Volga, which crosses the soothren pairt o the destrict, is merked bi the wastren pairt o the Northren Ridge hill chain.

Considerable auries athin the destrict are covered bi coniferous forests.

Swamps cover up tae 8% o the aurie o the destrict. The biggest ane is the Bolshaya Chist Swamp locatit atween the glens o the Sukhona an the Tolshma an shared bi Totemsky an Mezhdurechensky Destricts an bi Kostroma Oblast. The aurie the swamp is aboot  an it is maistly treeless. Bolshaya Chist is the lairgest aurie swamp in Vologda Oblast. Ither swamps are locatit in the north o the destrict, in pairticular in the glens o the Kuloy an the Uftyuga. Lake Sonduzhskoye is surroondit bi swamps.

## History
Totma wis first mentioned in the chronicles in 1137. It wis foondit bi Novgorodians, who uised the Sukhona River as the main waterwey leadin tae the north an eventually tae the White Sea. In the 13t century, salt production stairtit aroond Totma, an the toun, which wis oreeginally locatit dounstream o the current place, wis relocatit. In 1539-1541, Totma wis plundered bi Kazan Tatars, efter which a fortress wis biggit. In the 16t century, Totma wis ane o the maist prosperous touns o the Roushie North, due tae its salt production an trade. In 1554, monk Feodosy Sumorin foondit the Transfiguration Monastery. In the 17t an 18t centuries, Totma wis visitit bi Peter the Great three times, which wis rather exceptional gien the remote location o the toun. In the 18t century, Totma wis ane o the main centres o the sploration o an the trade wi Alaska. In pairticular, Ivan Kuskov, the first admeenistrator o Fort Ross, a Roushie fortress in Californie, wis a native o Totma.

In the course o the admeenistrative reform carriet oot in 1708 bi Peter the Great, the aurie wis includit intae Archangelgorod Govrenorate. Totma wis explicitly mentioned as ane o the touns includit in the govrenorate. In 1780, the govrenorate wis abolisht an transformit intae Vologda Viceryalty; simultaneously, Totemsky Uyezd wis establisht. The viceryalty wis abolisht in 1796, an the pairt o it which includit Totma became Vologda Govrenorate.

On 15 Julie 1929, several govrenorates, includin Vologda Govrenorate, wur mergit intae Northren Krai, an the uyezds wur abolisht. Insteid, Totemsky Destrict wi the admeenistrative centre in the toun o Totma wis establisht as a pairt o Vologda Okrug. It includit pairts o the umwhile aurie o Totemsky Uyezd. In the follaein years, the first-level admeenistrative diveesion o Roushie kept chyngin. In 1936, Northren Krai wis transformit intae Northren Oblast. In 1937, Northren Oblast itsel wis split intae Arkhangelsk Oblast an Vologda Oblast. Totemsky Destrict remained in Vologda Oblast iver syne.

On 15 Julie 1929, Tolshmensky Destrict wi the admeenistrative centre in the *[[veelage#Roushie|selo]]* o Krasnoye wis establisht an aw. On 30 Julie 1931, it wis abolisht an dividit atween Shuysky an Totemsky destricts. Syamzhensky Destrict, which wis establisht on 15 Julie 1929 an aw, wis likwise abolisht on 30 Julie 1931 an dividit atween Totemsky an Kharovsky Destricts. On 25 Januar 1935, Syamzhensky Destrict wis re-establisht.

## Admeenistrative an municipal diveesions

As an admeenistrative diveesion, the destrict is dividit intae ane toun o destrict significance (Totma) an fifteen selsoviets. As a municipal diveesion, the destrict is incorporatit as **Totemsky Municipal Destrict** an is dividit intae ane urban an aicht landwart dounsets. The municipal destrict includes aw o the inhabitit localities o the admeenistrative destrict, as well as twa landwart localities (the dounsets o Gremyachy an Karitsa) frae Gryazovetsky Destrict.

## Economie
Industrie (includin the energy, gas, an watter netwirks) employs 12.7% o the population o the destrict; further 17.1% are employed in agricultur, 15.9% in eddication, 12.6% in transportation services, an 11.6% in the trade.

### Industry
Fuid industrie is the major industrie in the destrict.

### Transportation
Paved roads connect Totma wi Vologda via Kadnikov (soothwast), Veliky Ustyug via Nyuksenitsa (northeast), an Nikolsk via Imeni Babushkina (east). Afore the road atween Totma an Veliky Ustyug alang the Sukhona wis completit in the first decade o the 2000s, the anerlie connection atween the touns wis via Nikolsk.

The anerlie railwey in the destrict is the Monza Railroad, biggit for timber transport an operatit bi the timber production authorities, which runs alang the border o Vologda an Kostroma Oblasts. The railwey crosses Totemsky Destrict frae wast tae east. Plans tae extend it further east tae Nikolsk wur niver realisit.

While the Sukhona is navigable athin the destrict leemits, thare is nae passenger navigation.

## Cultur an recreation

Totma is a historical toun which preserved, alang wi ither heritage, several kirks, aw o which hae seemilar structur no relatit tae ony ither region o Roushie. A Totma kirk is a biggin on which the kirk proper is based on ane side an the bell-touer on the ither side, sae that the construction reminds a ship. This style is whiles referred tae as Totma Baroque.

Totemsky Destrict haes a heich concentration o historical, airchaeological, an airchitectural monuments. The destrict contains saxteen objects classifee'd as cultural an historical heritage bi Roushie Federal law (twal o thaim in the toun o Totma), an addeetionally ninety-nine objects classifee'd as cultural an historical heritage o local importance (seiventy-fower o thaim in Totma). Maist o thir are kirks an chapels locatit in the aurie.

The monuments classifee'd as cultural heritage bi the federal law are the follaein:
*the complex o the Resurrection Kirk an the Assumption Kirk (1744–1755) in Totma
*the Nativity Kirk (1746–1748) in Totma
*the Trinity Kirk in Zelenskaya Rybatskaya Sloboda (1768–1772) in Totma
*the complex o the Kirk o the Entry intae Jerusalem an the Kirk o St.&nbsp;John the Baptist (1738–1740) in Totma
*the Kholodilov Hoose (middle o 19t century) in Totma
*the ensemble o Spaso-Sumorin Monastery (1685–1689) in Totma
*the toun haw o Totma
*the hoose whaur Anatoly Lunacharsky livit in 1903-1904
*the *Pogost* in the veelage o Predtecha (the Nativity Kirk an the Kirk o St.&nbsp;John the Baptist). The firthen Kirk o St.&nbsp;John the Baptist collapsed in 2007.
*the umwhile location o the Totma fortress
*the Krugletsky burial grund

Totma hosts five state museums: the Totma Regional Museum, foondit in 1915, the museum o Kirk Antiquities, the Hoose o Ivan Kuskov, the museum o Sea Splorers (in the biggin o the Kirk o the Entry intae Jerusalem), an the museum o airtifacts in Spaso-Sumorin Monastery. Thare is a museum in the dounset o Tsaryova an aw, which shows ethnografic collections.

Roushie poet Nikolay Rubtsov spent aicht years, frae 1942 (age o 6) tae 1950, in an orphanage in the *selo* o Nikolskoye o Totemsky Destrict. He then muivit tae Totma, whaur in 1952 he graduatit frae a college an then left the toun.

## References
### Notes

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