open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gaza Ceety

**Gaza** ( , ;  , ; forby referrt to as **Gaza Ceety**, ) is a Palestinian ceety in the Gaza Strip, wi a population o aboot 410,000, makin it the lairgest ceety in the State o Palestine.

The primary economic activities o Gaza is sma-scale industries, agriculture an labor. Housomever, the economy haes been devastatit bi the blockade an recurrin conflicts. Maist o Gaza's indwallers adhere tae Islam, thouch there exists a Christian minority. Gaza haes a vera young population wi thareby 75% bein unner the age o 25, an thir days the ceety haes ane o the heichest population densities in the warld—refugees make up ower hauf o the residents.

## Etymology
Accordin tae Zev Vilnay, the name "Gaza," frae the Arabic "Ġazza", oreeginally derives frae the Canaanite/Ebreu ruit for "strang" (ʕZZ), an wis introduced tae Arabic bi way o the Ebreu, "ʕazzā", i.e. "the strang ane (f.)"; cpr. English *stronghold*. Accordin tae Mariam Shahin, the Canaanites gied Gaza its name, the Auncient Egyptians cawed it "Ghazzat" ("prized ceety"), an the Arabs aften refer tae it as "Ghazzat Hashim", in honor o Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, the great-grandfaither o Muhammad, wha is buried in the ceety, accordin tae Islamic lore.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns an sister ceeties
Gaza is twinned wi:

## Freemit airtins
Insignie o Angolae

The **insignie o [[Angolae]]** is the naitional emblem. It reflects the recent past o the new naition. Thare is hivy Marxist imagery foond on the device, waxt frae wha is foond on the naitional banner. In the past, Angolae haes uised coats o airms tae represent the naition.

In the center is a machete an hoe, representin the revolution throu whilk the naition gained unthirldom, an the importance o agricultural wirkers. Abuin baith emblems is a starn that is aften foond in mony socialist images. The starn is taken tae represent progress. The risin sun is the traditional seembol o a new beginnin. Thir emblems are aw enclosed athin a circle formed bi a hauf cog-wheel that represents the industrial wirkers, an a hauf vine o coffee an cotton leafs that represents the coffee resp. cotton industry.

At the bottom is an open beuk that is tae represent eddication. A banner reads "Republic o Angolae" at the bottom, in Portuguese.

Details o the insignie is laid doun in Airticle 163 o the Constitution o Angolae.

## Historical coats o airms

File:Coat of arms of Portuguese West Africa (1935-1951).svg|Coat o airms o Portuguese Wast Africae atween Mey 8, 1935 - Juin 11, 1951.
File:Coat of arms of Portuguese West Africa (1951-1975).svg|Coat o airms o Portuguese Wast Africae frae Juin 11, 1951 tae November 11, 1975.
File:Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese West Africa.svg|Lesser coat o airms atween Mey 8, 1935 - November 11, 1975.


## Freemit airtins
* Coat of arms of Angola In The World All Countries Coat of arms
Hebron

**Hebron** (Arabic:  ; Hebrew: , Staundart Ebreu: , Tiberian: ), is a Palestinian ceety locatit in the soothren Wast Bank, 30&nbsp;km (19&nbsp;mi) sooth o Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Muntains, it lies 930 meters (3,050&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level. It is the lairgest cieety in the Wast Bank an hame tae aroond 165,000 Palestinians, an ower 500 Jewish settlers concentratit in an aroond the auld quarter. The ceety is maist notable for containin the traditional burial site o the biblical Patriarchs an Matriarchs an is therefore considered the seicont-holiest ceety in Judaism efter Jerusalem. The ceety is an aa veneratit bi Muslims for its association wi Abraham an wis traditonally viewed as ane o the "fower Haly ceeties o Islam."

Hebron is a busy hub o Wast Bank tred, responsible for roughly a third o the aurie's gross domestic product, lairgely due tae the sale o marble frae quarries. It is locally well-kent for its grapes, figs, limestane, pottery wirkshops an glassblowing factories, an is the location o the major dairy product manufacturer, *al-Junaidi*. The auld ceety o Hebron is characterized bi nairae, windin streets, flat-ruifed stane hooses, an auld bazaars. The ceety is hame tae Hebron University an the Palestine Polytechnic University.

## Etymology
The name "Hebron" traces back tae twae Semitic ruits, which coalesce in the form *ḥbr*, haein reflexes in Ebreu, Amorite an Arabic, an denotin a range o meanins frae "colleague", "unite", "friend" or "tae be noisy". In the proper name *Hebron*, the sense mey be *alliance*. In Arabic, *Ibrahim al-Khalil* () means "Abraham the friend", accordin tae Islamic teachin signifyin that, God chose Abraham as his friend.

## References
Gaziantep

**Gaziantep** (Ottoman Turkis: ***Ayintap***; previously an still informally cawed **Antep**; ʻayn tāb ; North Sirian vernacular: ʻəntāb , adj. ʻəntēbī ) is the caipital ceety o the Gaziantep Province in Turkey. It is amangst the auldest continually inhabitit ceeties in the warld. The ceety haes twa central destricts unner its administration, Şahinbey an Şehitkamil, an the metropolitan aurie haes a total population o 1,252,329 (2007) and an area of 7,642&nbsp;km² (2,950 sq mi). Gaziantep is the saxt lairgest ceety in Turkey an the lairgest ceety in the kintra's Sootheastren Anatolie Region.

## Etymology
Gaziantep wis oreeginally cawed **Aïntap** (frae Arabic عين تاب) but efter some centuries the name shiftit tae **Antep**. The oreegin o the name is shroudit in mystery, but there are several theories:
* "Aïntap" mey be derived frae "Khantap", meanin "keeng's land" in the Hittite leid.
* "Aïntap" means "full o springs" in Persian.
* "Aïn", a wird o praise, an "tap", meanin "spring", mey hae combined tae form the name.
* "Ayin ţaba" means "guid spring" in Aramaic (housomeivver, the Arabic name for the ceety is spelled with t, not ṭ)

In 1921, "Antep" wis legally renamed "Gaziantep", meaning "Victorious Antep".

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns - Sister ceeties

Gaziantep is twinned wi:

## References
Gandhi

**Gandhi** mey refer tae:
*Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Indian leader.
*Indira Gandhi, Prime Meenister o Indie
*Gandhi (surname), a surname (an leet o fowk wi that name)
*''Gandhi'' (film), a 1982 film
**[[Gandhi, My Father]]*, a 2000 film
*Gandhi (American baund), an American rock baund
*Gandhi (Costa Rican baund), a Costa Rican rock baund
*"Gandhi", a sang bi Anne McCue
*"Gandhi", a sang bi Patti Smith frae *[[Trampin']]*
Banner o São Tomé an Príncipe

The **banner o [[São Tomé an Príncipe]]** wis adoptit on Julie 12, 1975.

The reid triangle seembolizes the struggle for unthrildom, an the twa black starns represent the kintras twa main islands. The green, yellae an black are the Pan-African colors.

## References
Coat o airms o São Tomé an Príncipe

The **Coat o airms o [[São Tomé an Príncipe]]** consists o a falcon on the left an a parrot on the richt hauldin a coat o airms wi a palm in its center. The coat o airms is surmountit bi a blue starn. Abuin, thare is a baund that states the name o the kintra. At the base o the airms the naitional motto, "Unity, discipline, wirk" is inscribed.

## Historical coat o airms

File:Coat of arms of Portuguese Sao Tome and Principe (1935-1951).svg|Coat o airms o Portuguese São Tomé an Príncipe atween Mey 8, 1935 - Juin 11, 1951.
File:Coat of arms of Portuguese Sao Tome and Principe (1951-1975).svg|Coat o airms o Portuguese São Tomé an Príncipe frae Juin 11, 1951 tae Julie 12, 1975.
File:Lesser coat of arms of Portuguese Sao Tome and Principe.svg|Lesser coat o airms atween Mey 8, 1935 - Julie 12, 1975.
Govrenorates o Sirie

Sirie haes fowerteen govrenorates, or *muhafazat* (singular: *[[muhafazah]]*).  The governorates are dividit intae saxty destricts, or *manatiq* (sing. *[[mintaqah]]*), whilk is thairsels dividit intae subdestricts, or *nawahi* (sing. *[[nahia]]*). The *nawahi* conteen veelages, whilk is the smawest admeenistrative units.  

A govrenor, whase appyntment is proponed bi the meenister o the interior, approved bi the cabinet, an annoonced bi executive decree, heids ilka governorate. The governor is responsible for admeenistration, heal, social services, eddication, tourism, public wirks, transportation, domestic trade, agricultur, industry, ceevil defense, an maintenance o law an order in the province. The meenister o local administration wirks close wi ilka governor tae coordinate an owersee local development projects. The governor is assistit bi a provincial cooncil, three-quarters o whase members is popularly elect for a term o fower year, the remainder bein appointit bi the meenister o the interior an the govrenor. In addition, ilka cooncil haes an executive airm consistin o sax tae ten officers appynt bi the central govrenment frae amang the cooncil's electit members. Ilka executive officer is chairgit wi specific functions.

Destricts an subdestricts are admeenistered bi offeecials appointit bi the govrenor, subject tae the approval o the meenister o the interior. These offeecials wirk wi electit destrict cooncils tae attend tae assortit local needs an ser as intermediaries atween central govrenment authority an tradieeional local heid anes, lik veelage chiefs, clan leaders, an cooncils o elders. 







## See an aa
*Destricts o Sirie
*Leet o ceeties in Sirie
*Leet o touns an veelages in Sirie
*ISO 3166-2:SY
Emirates o the Unitit Arab Emirates

The Unitit Arab Emirates is composed o 7 emirates (*imarat*; singular: *imarah*):

## See an aa
*ISO 3166-2:AE

## References
Banner o Bolivie

The current **banner o [[Bolivie]]** wis oreeginally adoptit in 1851. The state banner an ensign (an war banner) is a horizontal tricolor o reid, yellae, an green wi the Bolivian coat o airms in the center. Accordin tae ane soorce, the reid staunds for Bolivie's brave soldiers, while the green seembolizes fertility an yellae the naition's mineral deposits.

Accordin tae the new constitution, the Wiphala is considered a naitional seembol o Bolivie (alang wi the banner, naitional anthem, coat o airms, the cockade; kantuta flouer an patujú flouer).

Despite its landlockit status, Bolivie haes a naval ensign uised bi navy vessels on rivers an lakes.  It consists o a blue field wi the state banner in the canton bordered bi nine sma yellae five-pointit starns, wi a lairger yellae five-pointit starn in the flee.  The nine sma starns represent the nine depairtments o Bolivie, an the lairger starn the naition's rigcht tae access the sea (access that it lost in 1884 in the War o the Paceefic).

File:Flag of Bolivia (state).svg | State banner an ensign.  Banner ratio: 15:22
File:Naval ensign of Bolivia.svg | Naval ensign. Banner ratio: 2:3
File:Banner of the Qulla Suyu (1979).svg| The Wiphala, An aa Airmed Forces Banner


## Historical banners

File:Flag of Bolivia (1825-1826).svg | *Bandera Menor* (1825–1826)
File:Flag of Bolivia (state, 1825-1826).svg | *Bandera Mayor* (1825–1826)
File:Flag of Bolivia (1826-1851).svg | *Bandera Menor* (1826–1851)
File:Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg | *Bandera Mayor* (1826–1851)
File:Flag of Bolivia (militar).svg | *Armed Forces banner* (till 2010).  Banner ratio: 15:22


## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Coat o airms o Bolivie

**The Coat o Airms o [[Bolivie]]** haes a central cartouche surroondit bi Bolivian banners, muskets, laurel branches, an haes an Andean condor on tap.

The central cartouche haes a border wi ten starns in the bottom, which seembolise the nine *Departamentos* an the umwhile province Litoral that wis taken ower bi Chile in 1879, an the name o Bolivie in the tap section.  Athin the border the siller muntain Potosí — recognised bi a mine entrance — is depictit, wi a sun risin abuin it, an wi an alpaca staundin next tae a tree an some wheat. The alpaca staunds on a plain that contrasts wi the muntain. The muntain an its contrast wi the plains are indicative o the geography o Bolivie. The alpaca is the naitional ainimal, an the items next tae it are seembolic o the resoorces o the naition.

Aroond the shield thare are three Bolivian banners on each side. Behind these are twa pairs o crossed rifles that seembolise the struggle for unthrildom. Next tae the muskets thare are an axe an a reid Phrygian huid, which is the seembol o leeberty an freedom. The laurel branches are seembolic o peace, an the condor perched upon the shield is seembolic o a willingness tae defend the naition an its leeberty.

In some depictions o these coat o airms, the twa pairs o muskets are replaced bi twa cannons.  Ither depictions an aa hae mair realistic seembols in the shield.

## Freemit airtns
*Bolivia could put coca leaves on coat of arms, Reuters.com
Kalâat el-Andalous

**Kalâat el-Andalous** is a toun an commune in the Ariana Governorate, Tunisie. It is locatit 30 mile north o Tunis. As o 2004 it haed a tot population o 15,313.

Its name means "citadel o the Andalusians' an evokes the installation o Moors driven oot o Spain an Andalusie  seiventeent century in the valley fertile Medjerda.

The dominant activity is the agricultur, which benefits frae the proximity o ae river perennial Tunisie.

The ceety is split wi a veelage coast which hosts a port o fishin. The proximity o the ceety Tunis constitutes a northren boondary an the beauty o a coastal strip o saund mak it ane o the future tourist auries o the caipital.


Image:CityHallKalâatElAndalous.JPG|Ceety hall
Image:MainMosqueKalâat el-Andalous1.JPG|Mosque o Cordoba
Image:MainStreetKalâatElAndalous.JPG|Main street 

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
Preses o Tunisie

The **Preses o the Tunisian Republic** () colloquially referred tae in Scots as the **Preses o Tunisie**, is Tunisie's electit Heid o State.

The current Preses o the Republic is Beji Caid Essebsi.

## Leet
This is a **leet o Presidents o [[Tunisie]]** syne the establishment o that office in 1957.

### Preses o the [[Tunisie|Republic o Tunisie]]
## Preses o the [[Tunisie|Republic o Tunisie]]

* Béji Caïd Essebsi, (1926-2019), 2014-2019.
* Mohamed Ennaceur, (1934-), 2019-2019.
* Kaïs Saïed, (1958-), 2019-.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
Hammam Sousse

**Hammam Sousse** () is a coastal toun in northeastren Tunisie. It is locatit north o Sousse, at around . It haes aboot 35,000 inhabitants (2004 est.). Preses Zine El Abidine Ben Ali an the meenister o defense, Kamel Morjane, wur born in this toun.

## Sister ceeties
 : Cheyenne, Wyoming
Calgary

**Calgary** () is the lairgest ceety in the Province o Alberta, Canadae. It is locatit in the sooth o the province, in an aurie o fuithills an prairie, approximately 80&nbsp;km (50&nbsp;mi) east of the front ranges o the Canadian Rockies. The ceety is locatit in the Grassland region o Alberta.

## Sister ceeties
The City of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural an educational pairtnerships in twinnin agreements wi sax ceeties:

## References
Habib Bourguiba

**Habib Bourguiba** () (August 3, 1903 &ndash; April 6, 2000) wis a Tunisian statesman, the founder an  First Preses o the Tunisian Republic frae Julie 25, 1957 till November 7, 1987. He is aften compared tae Turkis leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk acause o the pro-Wastren reforms enactit durin his presidency.
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

**Zine El Abidine Ben Ali** ( *Zayn al-‘Ābidīn bin ‘Alī*; born 3 September 1936; deed 19 September 2019) wis the seicont preses o the Tunisian Republic. He held this office frae November 7, 1987 till bein forcit tae step doun on Januar 14, 2011. He wis appointit Prime Meenister in October 1987, an assumed the Presidency in November 1987 in a bleedless coup d'état frae then Preses Habib Bourguiba who wis declared incompetent. Ben Ali wis subsequently re-electit wi enormous majorities at ivery election, the last time bein October 25, 2009.

## References
El Mourouj

**El Mourouj** (Arabic: **المروج**) is a toun an commune in the Ben Arous Governorate, Tunisie. It is the tent-lairgest ceety in the kintra.

## History
This is a new ceety biggit bi the state in the 1980s tae organize the spatial growth o metropolitan  Tunis facin the expansion o informal settlements in a period o strang land crisis, it haed been programmed in 1977 an designed tae accommodate 130,000 fowk.

The municipality o El Mourouj wis creatit May 31, 1991

## Subdiveesions
The ceety o El Mourouj dividit intae five destricts (numbered 1, 3, 4, 5 an 6), for major axis Avenue des Martyrs which divides intae twa pairts frae north tae sooth.

The type o hoosin is the maist widespread collective hoosin, so that even the airms o the ceety biggins are surroondit bi twa olive branches. Housomeivver, there are an aa single dwellins an semi-collective. The municipality haes a total o some 23,444 units.
## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties in Tunisie

## References
Coat o airms o Seychelles

The **coat o arms o the Republic o [[Seychelles]]** shows a shield, in which a turtle is locatit on green grunds.  On the grund thare is a coconut tree.  Ahint it thare is a blue sea wi twa islands an a boat tae be seen.  The shield is enthroned bi a siller helmet, on which a tropicbird is locatit afore blue an white waves.  The shield is supportit bi twa white swordfish.  Beneath the shield the motto o Seychelles is statit: "Finis Coronat Opus" (Latin for "The End Crouns the Wirk").
Banner o Seychelles

The **banner o the [[Seychelles]]** wis adoptit on Juin 18, 1996.  The oblique baunds seembolise a dynamic new kintra movin intae the future.  The colour blue depicts the sky an the sea that surroonds the Seychelles. Yellow is for the sun which gies licht an life, red seembolises the fowk an thair determination tae wirk for the future in unity an love, whilst the white baund represents social juistice an harmony. The green depicts the land an naitural environment.

The oreeginal banner wis adoptit at unthirldom on Juin 29, 1976. In 1977, when preses James Mancham wis owerthrown bi France-Albert René, the auld banner wis abolished an the reid, white an green banner o the Seychelles People's United Party came intae uise.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Coat o airms o Honduras

The **coat o airms o Honduras** features the text "Republic o Honduras free sovereign an independent", topped wi a cornucopia, a quiver o arraes, flanked bi deciduous trees an limestane cliffs, wi a Masonic eye at the center. The coat o airms o Honduras wis acceptit in 1825 an it wis modified in 1935. It is seemilar tae the coat o airms o Guatemala o 1843. The coat o airms shows the triangle coat o airms o the Central American federation wi a volcano atween twa golden touers in an oval. The touers staund for the defense readiness an the unthrildom o the kintra. The triangle seembolizes equality an freedom. Ahint it are a sun an a rainbow. Aroond the oval is the signature Republica de Honduras Libre Soberana E Independiente, thus free ane, sovereigns, independent Republic o Honduras. On the oval are twa fillin horns an an arrae bundle. The arraes remind o the native indwallers o the kintra. Unner the oval a landscape wi oaks, pine, tillage implements an devices for the minin industry is shawn - seembols o the naitural wealth o the kintra.

## References
Banner o El Salvador

The **banner o [[El Salvador]]** wis inspired bi the banner o the Federal Republic o Central Americae, an bi the banner o Argentinae, the kintra that sent ane o the first fleets tae help consummate the unthirldom o Central American republics frae Spain.

Thare are twa versions o the banner, ane containin the Naitional Coat o Airms an the ither the wirds "DIOS UNION LIBERTAD" (). The ane bearin the Coat o airms is uised bi the govrenment or state organisations. The ither version is uised for ceevil purposes. Baith banners hae a 3:5 aspect ratio.

Frae 1865 tae 1912, a different banner wis in uise, wi a field o alternatin blue an white stripes an a reid canton containin white starns.

The actual Blue an White stripes in banner are based on the importance o Añil exports, Añil wis commonly uised as a soorce for indigo dye.
Coat o airms o El Salvador

The **coat o airms o [[El Salvador]]** haes been in uise in its current form syne 15 September 1912.  Its center consists o a triangle, in which five volcanoes rise oot o the sea.  Thay seembolise the five member states o the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae.  Abuin the volcanoes is a reid Phrygian cap on a staff afore a golden sun an the date 15 September 1821, Unthirldom Day o El Salvador.  Ower it is a rainbow.  Ahint the coat o airms thare are five banners representin the banners o the Federal Republic o Central Americae raised.  Unner it, thare is a scroll which states the naitional motto o El Salvador: *Dios, Unión, Libertad* (Spaingie, "God, Union, Liberty").  
Aw o this is surroondit bi a laurel garland, which is tied thegither unner the naitional banner. The garland is dividit intae 14 different pairts, which seembolise the 14 Depairtaments, the Salvadoran subnaitional administrative units.  Aw this is surroondit bi golden letters, which form the Spaingie wirds *REPÚBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMÉRICA CENTRAL* (Inglis: Republic o El Salvador in Central Americae).
Admeenistrative diveesions o Myanmar

Burma (cried **Myanmar** an aa) is dividit intae twentie-ane administrative subdiveesions, which include seiven states (; *pyi ne*, ), seiven regions (; *taing detha gyi*, ), sax sel-administered zones an ane sel-administered diveesion (Wa Sel-Administered Diveesion). The regions wur cawed diveesions prior tae August 2010, an five o them are named efter their caipital ceity, the exceptions being Ayeyarwady Region an Tanintharyi Region. The regions can be described as ethnically predominantly Burman (Bamar), while the states, the zones an Wa Diveesion are ethnic minority-dominant.

Mandalay Region haes the lairgest population an Yangon Region is the maist densely populatit. The smawest population is Kayah State. In terms o land area, Shan State is the lairgest an Yangon Region is the smawest.

States an diveesions are dividit intae destricts (; *kha yaing* or *khayai*, ). These destricts consist o tounships (; *myo ne*, ) that include touns (; *myo*, ), wards (; *yat kwet*, )) and village-tracts (; *kyay ywa ok su*, ). Veelage-tracts are groups o adjacent veelages (; *kyay ywa*, ).

## Admeenistrative regions

## References
Provinces o Laos

Laos is dividit intae provinces (Lao ແຂວງ, *khoeng*, *qwang* or *khoueng*) an 1 prefecture (kampheng nakhon) plus the Vientiane Caipital ceety municipality (ນະຄອນຫຼວງ, nakhon louang, or *Na Kone Luang Vientiane*). The special administrative zone (ເຂດພິເສດ, *khet phiset*) Xaisomboun creatit in 1994 wis dissolved on 13 Januar 2006.

## Distribution o provinces

# Attapu (Attapeu) 
# Bokeo (Borkeaw)
# Bolikhamxai (Bolikhamsai, Borlikumsai)
# Champasak (Champasack)
# Houaphan (Houaphanh, Huapun, Hoapang)
# Khammouan (Khammuane)
# Louang Namtha
# Louangphabang (Luang Prabang)
# Oudomxai (Oudomxay)
# Phongsali (Phongsaly, Pongsalee)
# Sainyabuli (Xaignabouli, Saiyabouly)
# Salavan (Saravan)
# Savannakhet (Sawangnekate)
# Sekong (Xekong)
# Vientiane Prefectur an Vientiane Capital (municipality)
# Vientiane Province
# Xiangkhoang (Xieng Khouang, Siangkuang)

### Prior tae 2006 dissolution o [[Xaisomboun]] in 2006


# Attapu (Attapeu)
# Bokeo
# Bolikhamxai (Bolikhamsai)
# Champasak (Champasack)
# Houaphan (Houaphanh)
# Khammouan (Khammuane)
# Loung Namtha
# Louangphabang (Luang Prabang)
# Oudomxai (Oudomxay)
# Phongsali (Phongsaly)
# Salavan (Saravan)
# Savannakhet
# Vientiane Prefectur an Vientiane Capital (municipality)
# Vientiane Province
# Sainyabuli (Xaignabouli, Saiyabouly)
# Xaisomboun (special administrative zone, dissolved in 2006)
# Sekong (Xekong)
# Xiangkhoang (Xieng Khouang) 


While transliterates spellin may differ, the nomenclature uised in the 2005 census is as follaes:
Phongsaly, Luangnamtha, Oudomxay, Bokeo, Luangprabang, Huaphanh, Xayaboury, Xiengkhuang, Vientiane Province, Borikhamxay, Khammuane, Savannakhet, Saravane, Sekong, Champasack, Attapeu, Xaysomboon.

### Population
The population o each province in 2005 is gien in the census data,
 
rangin frae the lairgest (Savannakhet) tae smawest (Sekong).

## History
In 1989 Vientiane prefecture wis split frae Vientiane province an the caipital o Vientiane province moved frae Vientiane tae Muang Phôn-Hông. In 1994 Xaisômboun khetphiset (special region) wis formed frae pairts o Bolikhamxai, Vientiane, an Xiangkhoang provinces. In 2006 Xaisomboun special region wis dissolved an the Longsan, Xaysomboun, Phun, an Hom destricts addit tae Vientiane province, while Thathon destrict wis transferred tae Xiengkhuang province.

## Further diveesions
The provinces are then subdividit intae districts (*muang*) an veelages (*baan*).

## Geography
The provinces are grouped geographically intae 3 strata, North (frae Phongsaly tae Saiyabouly, Luang Prabang an Xiengkhuang), Central (Vientiane and Bolikhamxay) Sooth (frae Khammuane tae Champasack).

## References

## See also
* ISO 3166-2:LA

## Freemit airtins
* CityMayors.com article
* Provinces Of Laos
Emblem o Laos

The **naitional emblem o [[Laos]]** shows the naitional shrine Pha That Luang. A dam is pictured which as a seembol o pouer generation at the reservoir Nam Ngum, an asphalt street is an aa pictured, as well as a stylized watered field. In the lawer pairt is a section o a gear wheel. The inscription on the left reads "Peace, Unthirldom, Democracy" (lao script: ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ) an on the richt, "Unity an Prosperity" (Lao script: ເອກະພາບ ວັດຖະນາຖາວອນ.)

The coat o airms wis modified in 1991. The Communist red starn an hammer an sickle wur replaced wi the naitional shrine at Pha That Luang. The coat o airms is specified in the Laotian constitution:


File:Royal Seal of the Kingdom of Laos.svg|1949-1975
File:Laos Ministry of AF.svg|Airms o the Laos Meenistry o Agricultur an Forestry


## References
Dhaka

**Dhaka** (Bangla: ঢাকা, pronoonced ; umwhile kent as **Dacca**, an **Jahangirnagar**, durin Mughal era), is the caipital o Bangladesh an the principal ceety o Dhaka Diveesion. Dhaka is a megaceety an ane o the major ceeties o Sooth Asie. Locatit on the banks o the Buriganga River, Dhaka, alang wi its metropolitan aurie, haes a population o ower 12 million, makin it the lairgest ceety in Bangladesh. It is the 9t lairgest ceety in the warld an forby amang the maist densely populatit ceeties in the warld. Dhaka is kent as the *Ceety o Mosques* an renouned for producin the warld's finest muslin. Dhaka is forby kent as the *Rickshaw Caipital o the Warld*. Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run ilka day. The day it serves as ane o the prime centres for cultur, eddication an business in the region.

Unner Mughal rule in the 17t century, the ceety wis kent as Jahangir Nagar. It wis a provincial caipital an a centre o the warldwide muslin tred. The modren ceety, housomeivver, wis developed chiefly unner Breetish rule in the 19t century, an became the seicont-lairgest ceety in Bengal efter Cawcuttie (presently Kolkata). Efter the Partition o Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the caipital o the new province o Eastren Bengal an Assam but lost its status as a provincial caipital again efter the partition wis annulled in 1911. Efter the partition o Indie in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative caipital o East Pakistan, an later, in 1971, the caipital o an independent Bangladesh. Durin the intervenin period, the ceety witnessed widespread turmoil; this includit mony impositions o martial law, the declaration o Bangladesh's unthirldom, military suppression, devastation durin war, an naitural calamities.

Modren Dhaka is the centre o poleetical, cultural an economic life in Bangladesh. Awtho its urban infrastructure is the maist developed in the kintra, Dhaka suffers frae urban problems sic as pollution, congestion, an lack o adequate services due tae the risin population. In recent decades, Dhaka haes seen modrenization o transport, communications an public wirks. The ceety is attractin lairge foreign investments an greater volumes o commerce an tred. It is forby experiencin an increasin influx o fowk frae athort the naition, this haes made Dhaka the fastest growin ceety in the warld.

## Sister ceeties

## References
Thimphu

**Thimphu** (, Dzongkha: ཐིམ་ཕུ), spelt Thimpu an aw, is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Bhutan. It is situatit in the wastren central pairt o Bhutan an the name o the surroondin valley is *[[dzongkhag]]*, the Thimphu Destrict. The ceety became the caipital o Bhutan in 1961. In 2005 it haed a population o 79,185, wi 98,676 fowk livin in the entire Thimphu destrict.

The ceety is spread oot longitudinally in a north-sooth direction on the wast bank o the valley formed bi the Wang Chuu, kent as the Thimphu Chuu River an aw. Thimphu is locatit at  an is spread ower an altitudinal range atween 2,248 metres (7,375&nbsp;ft) an metres (8,688&nbsp;ft). Unuisually for a caipital ceety, Thimphu is no served bi an airport, but relies on the airport at Paro, connectit bi road some 54 kilometres (34&nbsp;mi) away.

Thimphu, as the poleetical an economic centre o Bhutan, haes a dominant agricultural an livestock base, which contributes tae 45% o the kintra's GNP. Tourism, tho a contributor tae the economy, is strictly regulatit, maintainin a balance atween the traditional an development an modrenization. Thimphu contains maist o the important poleetical biggins in Bhutan, includin the Naitional Assembly o the newly formed parliamentary democracy an Dechencholing Palace, the offeecial residence o the Keeng, locatit tae the north o the ceety. As a metroplis an caipital ceety, Thimphu is coordinatit bi the "Thimphu Structure Plan", an Urban Development Plan which evolved in 1998 wi the objective o protectin the fragile ecology o the valley. This development is ongoin wi financial assistance frae the World Bank an Asian Development Bank.

The cultur o Bhutan is fully reflectit in Thimphu in respect o literature, releegion, customs, an naitional dress code, the monastic practices o the monasteries, muisic, dance, literature an in the media. Tsechu festival is an important festival when mask dances, popularly kent as Cham dances, are performed in the courtyards o the Tashichhoe Dzong in Thimphu. It is a fower day festival held ivery year durin Hairst (September/October), on dates correspondin tae the Bhutanese calendar.

## References
Banner o Argentinae

The naitional. **[[banner]] o [[Argentinae]]** is a tribaund, componed o three equally wide horizontal baunds coloured licht blue, white an licht blue. The banner wis creatit bi Manuel Belgrano, in line wi the recent creation o the Cockade o Argentinae, an wis first raised at the ceety o Rosario on Februar 27, 1812, durin the Argentine War o Unthirldom. The Naitional Banner Memorial wis later biggit on the site. The First Triumvirate did no approve the uise o the banner, but the Asamblea del Año XIII alloued the uise o the banner as a war banner. It wis the Congress o Tucumán which finally designatit it as the naitional banner, in 1816. In 1818, a yellae Sun o Mey wis addit tae the center.

The full banner featurin the sun is cawed the Offeecial Ceremonial Banner (). The banner athoot the sun is considered the Ornamental Banner (). While baith versions are equally considered the naitional banner, the ornamental version must always be hoistit belaw the Offeecial Ceremony Banner. In vexillological terms, the Offeecial Ceremonial Banner is the ceevil, state an war banner an ensign, while the Ornamental Banner is an alternative ceevil banner an ensign.

### Reasons for the colors
Popular belief attributes the colors tae those o the sky, clouds an the sun; some anthems tae the banner lik "Aurora" or "Salute tae the banner" state sae as well. Housomeivver, historians uisually disregard sic idea, an attribute them tae aither the devotion o Virgin Mary or lealtie tae the Hoose o Bourbon.

Virgin Mary is uisually represented dressed in white an wi a licht blue piece o cloth. She wis the patron o the Commerce Consulate o Buenos Aires, directit bi Manuel Belgrano, an it is tho that the Consulate uised a white an licht blue banner. Belgrano hissel haed strang Catholic beliefs. The sodgers o Juan Martín de Pueyrredón mey hae an aa uised white an licht blue ribbons for sel-identification durin the Breetish invasions o the Río de la Plata, which wur taken frae the sanctuary o the Virgin o Luján.

Anither interpretation attributes the colors tae those o the Hoose o Bourbon. Syne the Mey Revolution, the first times o the Argentine War o unthirldom claimed tae be actin in behauf o the Spainyie King Ferdinand VII, who wis prisoner o Napoleón Bonaparte durin the Peninsular War. Whenever sic lealtie wis real or a trick tae conceal independentism is a topic o dispute. The creation o a new banner wi those colors wad hae been then a wey tae denote autonomy, while keepin the relations wi the captive king alive.

## References
Coat o airms o Argentinae

**The Coat o Airms o [[Argentinae]]** () wis established in its current form in 1944, but haes its oreegins in the seal o the Sovereign General Assembly o 1813, tho thare is no kent decree or ony ither teep o order or authorisation orderin its specific uise. It is supposed, housomeivver, that this seembol wis chosen quickly acause o the existence o a decree signed on Februar 22, sealed wi that seal. The first mention o it in a public document dates tae Mairch 12 o that same year, in which it is statit that this seal haed tae be uised bi the executive pouer, that is, the seicont triumvirate.
On Aprile 13 the Naitional Assembly coined the new siller an gowd coins, each wi the seal o the Assembly on the reverse, in that way what stairtit as a seal became a naitional coat o airms.
On Aprile 27 the Coat o Airms became a Naitional Emblem. The decree states an aa that the Coat o Airms shoud no be uised in banners, tho Belgrano ordered tae paint the Coat o Airms ower the banner he gae tae the ceety o Jujuy.
Mairower, durin the Argentine War o Unthirldom, maist banners haed the Coat o Airms.
Grenada

**Grenada** () is an island kintra an Commonweel Realm consistin o the island o Grenada an sax smawer islands at the soothren end o the Grenadines in the sootheastren Caribbean Sea. Grenada is locatit northwast o Trinidad an Tobago, northeast o Venezuela, an soothwast o Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines.

Grenada is forby cried the "Island o Spice" due tae the production o nitmug an mace crops o which Grenada is ane o the warld's lairgest exporters.

Its size is 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), wi an estimatit population o 110,000. Its caipital is St. George's. The naitional bird o Grenada is the critically endangered Grenada Dove.

## Gallarie

File:Mount Saint Catherine.jpg
File:St. George's, Grenada (46945012071).jpg
File:Courtyard of Fort George, Grenada.jpg
File:Statue in Grenada dedicated to fire victims - panoramio.jpg
File:St. Antoine Rum Distillery (2).JPG
File:NutmegGrenada4.jpg
File:Tufton Hall Waterfalls.jpg
File:Main Mt. Rich Petroglyph.jpg
File:Belmont Estate, St Patrick's, Grenada 1.JPG
File:Grand Etang Lake.jpg
File:Grenada Lake Antoine - panoramio - Stefan und Bille.jpg
File:La Sagesse Beach 1.JPG


## References
Palau

**Palau** , offeecially the **Republic o Palau** (), is an island naition in the Paceefic Ocean, some 500 mile (800&nbsp;km) east o the Philippines an 2,000 mile (3,200&nbsp;km) sooth o Tokyo. Haein emerged frae Unitit Naitions trusteeship (administered bi the Unitit States) in 1994, it is ane o the warld's youngest an smawest sovereign states. In Inglis, the name is sometimes spelled **Belau** in accordance wi the native pronunciation. It wis umwhile an aa spelled **Pelew**.

## References
Samoa

**Samoa** , offeecially the **Independent State o Samoa**, umwhile kent as **Wastren Samoa** an German Samoa, is a kintra governin the wastren pairt o the Samoan Islands in the Sooth Paceefic Ocean. It became independent frae New Zealand in 1962. The twa main islands o Samoa are Upolu an ane o the biggest islands in Polynesie,  Savai'i. The caipital ceety, Apia, an Faleolo Internaitional Airport are situatit on the island o Upolu.

## References
Marshall Islands

The **Republic o the Marshall Islands** (RMI) , is a Micronesian naition o atolls an islands in the middle o the Paceefic Ocean, juist wast o the Internaitional Date Line an juist north o the Equator. The population is aboot 62,000. In 1986 unthirldom wis attained unner a Compact of Free Association wi the Unitit States.

## References
Madagascar

The **Republic o Madagascar** (aulder name **Malagasy Republic**, ,  ) is an island naition in the Indian Ocean aff the sootheastren coast o Africae. The main island, an aa cawed Madagascar, is the fowert-lairgest island in the warld.

Most archaeologists believe Madagascar wis first inhabitit sometime atween 300 BC an 500 AD bi Austronesian peoples arrivin on outrigger canoes frae Borneo an Sulawesi in the Indonesian archipelago. Suin afterward, Bantu migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel, an the population o the island began tae mix. Later Arab an East Africann migrants war added tae the mix. Madagascar wis ruled bi the local Merina kingdom in the 19t century an wis pairt o the French colonial empire frae 1890 tae 1960, when the current Republic o Madagascar became independent.

Malagasy, the local leid spoken bi the majority o the population, is an Austronesian leid an ane o the offeecial leids. The ither offeecial leid is French (offeecial syne unthirldom).

The primary releegions are Malagasy meethology an Christianity, but adherents tae ither faiths, Islam in parteecular, are foond throughoot the kintra.

Madagascar is hame tae as mony as 12,000 o the warld's plant species. Approximately 80% o aw plant an animal species foond in Madagascar are endemic, includin the lemur infraorder o primates, the carnivorous fossa, three bird families an three o the island's sax baobab species.

## References
Mauritius

**Mauritius** (, ; Mauritian Creole: *Moris*), offeecially the **Republic o Mauritius** (; ; Mauritian Creole: *Republik Moris*), is an island naition aff the sootheast coast o the African continent in the soothwast Indian Ocean, aboot 900 kilometres (560&nbsp;mi) east o Madagascar.  In addition tae the island o Mauritius, the Republic includes the islands o Cargados Carajos, Rodrigues an the Agalega Islands. Mauritius Island is pairt o the Mascarene Islands, wi the French island o Réunion 200&nbsp;km (120&nbsp;mi) tae the soothwast an the island o Rodrigues 570&nbsp;km (350&nbsp;mi) tae the northeast.

The Breetish teuk control durin the Napoleonic Wars an Mauritius became independent frae the UK in 1968. Mauritius's aurie is 2040&nbsp;km2 wi Port Louis for caipital. It is a parliamentary republic an is a member o the Soothren African Development Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the African Union, La Francophonie an the Commonweel o Naitions. Mauritius haes an upper middle income economy.

The main leids spoken in Mauritius are Mauritian Creole, French an Inglis. Inglis is the ae offeecial leid but the lingua franca is Mauritian Creole an the newspapers an telly programmes are uisually in French. Rodriguan Creole an Mauritian Bhojpuri are minority leids an, in the case o Rodriguan creole, spoken in certaint pairts o the kintra anerlie. In terms o the ethnic composition o the kintra, the population is componed o fowk o Indian, African, Cheenese an French ancestries. Thare wur nae indigeneous fowk livin on the island.

The island o Mauritius is renowned for haein been the ae kent hame o the dodo. This bird wis an easy prey tae settlers due tae its wecht an inability tae flee. It became extinct less nor aichtie years later.

## Notes

## References
Lyon

**Lyon** (; , ;  or anglicised as **Lyons** ), is a ceety in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situatit atween Paris an Marseille. Lyon is locatit at 470&nbsp;km (292&nbsp;mi) frae Paris, 320&nbsp;km (199&nbsp;mi) frae Marseille, 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) frae Geneva, 280&nbsp;km (174&nbsp;mi) frae Turin, an 600&nbsp;km (373&nbsp;mi) frae Barcelona. The woners o the ceety are cawed *Lyonnais* (singular an plural).

The ceety o Lyon haes 480,660 indwallers. Thegither wi its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the seicont-lairgest metropolitan aurie in Fraunce efter that o Paris, wi the population o its urban aurie estimatit tae be 1,422,331 an that o its metropolitan aurie 1,757,180. Its urban region represents hauf o the Rhône-Alpes region population wi 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the caipital o this region, as well as the caipital o the smawer Rhône département.

Lyon haes a lang cultural influence on Fraunce an the warld. The ceety is kent for its historical an architectural landmarks an is a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid. Lyon wis historically kent as an important aurie for the production an weavin o silk an in modren times haes developed a reputation as the caipital o gastronomy in Fraunce. It haes a significant role in the history o cinema due tae Auguste an Louis Lumière. The local professional fitbaa team, Olympique Lyonnais, haes increased the profile o Lyon internaitionally throu participation in European fitbaa championships.

Economically, Lyon is a major centre for bankin an forby the chemical, pharmaceutical, an biotech industries. The ceety contains a significant software industry wi a particular focus on video gemmes, an in recent years haes focussed on a growin local stairt-up sector. Lyon hosts the internaitional heidquarters o Interpol, Euronews an International Agency for Research on Cancer.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Lyon is twinned wi:

## References
Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines

**Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines** () is a kintra in the Lesser Antilles chain, namely in the soothren portion o the Windward Islands, which lie at the soothren end o the eastren border o the Caribbean Sea whaur the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean. Its 389-square-kilometre (150 sq mi) territory consists o the main island o Saunt Vincent an the northren twa-thirds o the Grenadines, which are a chain o smawer islands stretchin sooth frae Saunt Vincent Island tae Grenada. Tae the north o St. Vincent lies St. Lucia, tae the east Barbados. Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines is densely populatit (ower 300 inhabitants/km2) wi its 120,000 fowk. Its caipital is Keengstoun, an aa its main port. The kintra haes a French an Breetish colonial history an is nou pairt o the Commonweel o Nations an CARICOM.

## Gallerie

File:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines OnEarth WMS.png
File:Saint Vincent harbor overlook.jpg
File:St. Vincent, Karibik - Botanical Garden of Kingstown - panoramio.jpg
File:St. Vincent, Karibik - Curator's House at the Botanical Garden of Kingstown - panoramio.jpg
File:Soufriere Volcano St Vincent.jpg
File:Petroglyphs of Grenada and a recently discovered petroglyph in St. Vincent (1921) (14755809436).jpg
File:Walillabou Bay - Flickr - AndrewJBourke.jpg
File:Young Island St. Vincent.jpg
File:Kingstown – Fort Charlotte - panoramio.jpg
File:Clifton memorial.jpg
File:Cotton House Sugar Mill.jpg
File:Macaroni Bay, Mustique - panoramio.jpg


## References
Barbados

**Barbados** () is an island naition o the Lesser Antilles, 34 kilometres (21&nbsp;mi) in length an as muckle as 23 kilometres (14&nbsp;mi) in width, amoontin tae 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situatit in the wastren aurie o the North Atlantic Ocean an 100 kilometres (62&nbsp;mi) east o the Windward Islands an the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104&nbsp;mi) east o the islands of Saunt Vincent an the Grenadines, an 400 kilometres (250&nbsp;mi) north-east o Trinidad an Tobago. Barbados is ootside o the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.

Ance a Portuguese territorial possession kent as **, in 1625 it became an Inglis, an later a Breetish, colony. The island haes an estimated population o 275,338 fowk, wi aroond 80,000 livin in or aroond Bridgetown, the lairgest ceety an the kintra's caipital. In 1966, Barbados became an independent naition an Commonweel realm. Barbados is ane o the Caribbean's leadin tourist destinations an is the maist developed island in the region, wi an HDI number o 0.788.

## Gallarie

File:Sea cliff, Barbados coast.jpg
File:Approaching Barbados - deep water terminal atBridgetown Harbour - panoramio.jpg
File:St. John's Church, Barbados.jpg
File:Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison-115163.jpg
File:Barbados, Karibik - Freed from the Shackles - Reminder of Emancipation - panoramio.jpg
File:East Coast, Barbados (3253095513).jpg
File:Garrison Savannah, sitio donde se declaró la Independencia de Barbados en 1966.jpg
File:Baobab Tree (46674496915).jpg
File:StNicholasAbbey.jpg
File:Harrisoncave1.JPG
File:Speightstown 025.jpg
File:Barbados beaches 2007 005.jpg


## References
Trinidad an Tobago

**Trinidad an Tobago**, kent offeecially as the **Republic o Trinidad an Tobago** () is an archipelagic state in the soothren Caribbean, lyin juist aff the coast o northeastren Venezuela an sooth o Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boondaries wh ither naitions includin Barbados tae the northeast, Guyana tae the sootheast, an Venezuela tae the sooth an wast.

The kintra covers an aurie o 5,128 square kilometres (1,980 sq mi) an consists o twa main islands, **[[Trinidad]]** an **[[Tobago]]**, an numerous smawer landforms. Trinidad is the lairger an mair populous o the main islands; Tobago is muckle smawer, comprisin aboot 6% o the total aurie an 4% o the entire population which is estimatit at 1.3 million (2005). The naition lies ootside the hurricane belt.

Trinidad an Tobago wis a Spainyie colony frae the times o Christopher Columbus tae 1802, when it wis cedit tae Breetain. The kintra obtained unthirldom in 1962, becomin a republic in 1976. Unlike maist o the Inglis-speakin Caribbean, Trinidad an Tobago's economy is primarily industrial,  wi an emphasis on petroleum an petrochemicals. Trinidad an Tobago haes a soond macroeconomic framewirk an a lang tradition o institutional stability. It scores relatively well in mony o the 10 economic freedoms, an its economy haes grown at an average rate o close tae 7 percent ower the period 2003 - 2008. The govrenment haes tried tae diversify the economic base, an the kintra haes evolved intae a key financial center in the Caribbean region.

Trinidad an Tobago is kent for its Carnival an is the birthplace o steelpan, calypso, soca, an limbo.

## References
Cameroon

The **Republic o Cameroon** () is a kintra o central an wastren Africae. It is bordered bi Nigerie tae the wast; Chad tae the northeast; the Central African Republic tae the east; an Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, an the Republic o the Congo tae the sooth. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight o Bonny, pairt o the Gulf o Guinea an the Atlantic Ocean. The kintra is cawed "Africae in miniature" for its geological an cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, muntains, rainforests, an savannas. The heichest point is Munt Cameroon in the soothwast, an the lairgest ceeties are Douala, Yaoundé, an Garoua. Cameroon is hame tae ower 200 different linguistic groups. The kintra is weel kent for its native styles o muisic, particularly makossa an bikutsi, an for its successful naitional fitbaa team. Inglis an French are the offeecial leids.

## References