open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jurassic Park III

***Jurassic Park III*** is a 2001 American science feection adventur film. It is the third installment in the ''Jurassic Park'' film series. The film starns Sam Neill, William H. Macy, Téa Leoni, Alessandro Nivola, Trevor Morgan, an Michael Jeter. It is the first film in the series nae tae hae been directit bi Steven Spielberg, nor based on a beuk bi Michael Crichton (thou numerous scenes in the film war ultimately taken frae Crichton's novels *[[Jurassic Park (novelle)|Jurassic Park]]* an *[[The Lost World (Crichton novelle)|The Lost World]]*).

## Premieres

## References
Reseda

**Reseda** mey refer tae:
## In naitural science
*''Reseda'' (plant), a plant genus kent as *mignonette* an aw

## Places
*Reseda, Los Angeles, a neebourheid in the San Fernando Valley o Soothren Californie
**Reseda Boulevard, a north-sooth street in wastren San Fernando Valley; passes throu the Reseda neebourheid
***Reseda (Los Angeles Metro station), a station on the Orange Line o the LACMTA rail transportation seestem; namit for Reseda Boulevard
*Reseda Theater, the cinema prominently featured in the openin shots o the film *[[Boogie Nights]]* (1997) that fixes the scene's location
Denis Diderot

**Denis Diderot** (; 5 October 1713 – 31 Julie 1784) wis a French filosofer, airt creetic, an writer. He wis a prominent figur during the Enlichtenment an is best kent for servin as co-foonder, chief eeditor, an contreibutor tae the *[[Encyclopédie]]* alang wi Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

Diderot begoud his eddication bi obteenin a Master o Airts degree in philosofie at a Jesuit college in 1732. He conseedert wirkin in the kirk clergy afore briefly studyin law. Whan he decidit tae acome a writer in 1734, his faither disawned him for nae enterin ane o the leared professions. He leeved a bohemian exeestence for the next decade. He befriendit filosofer Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1742.

Tho his wark wis braid as weel as rigourous, it did nae bring Diderot riches. He siccart nane o the posts that war occasionally gien tae needy men o letters; he coud nae even obteen the bare offeecial recogneetion o merit that wis implee'd bi bein chuisen a member o the Académie française. He saw na alternative tae sellin his leebrar tae provide a dote for his dochter. Empress Catherine II o Roushie heard o his financial tribbles an commissioned an agent in Paris tae buy the leebrar. She then requestit that the filosofer reteen the beuks in Paris till she required them, an act as her leebrarian wi a yearly sellary. Atween October 1773 an Mairch 1774, the sick Diderot spent a few months at the empress's coort in Saunt Petersburg.

Diderot dee'd o pulmonary thrombosis in Paris on 31 Julie 1784, an wis buried in the ceety's Église Saint-Roch. His heirs sent his vast leebrar tae Catherine II, that haed it depositit at the Naitional Leebrar o Roushie. He haes several times been denee'd buirial in the Panthéon wi ither French notables. The French govrenment conseedert memorialisin him in this fashion on the 300t anniversar o his birth, but this did nae come tae pass.

Diderot's leeterar reputation in his lifetime restit primarily on his plays an his contreibutions tae the *Encyclopédie*; mony o his maist important works, includin *[[Jacques the Fatalist]], [[Rameau's Neffae]]*, *[[Paradox o the Actor]]*, an *[[Le Rêve de d’Alembert|D'Alembert's Dream]]*, war published anerly efter his daith.

## References
Jean le Rond d'Alembert

**Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert** (; ; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) wis a French mathematician, mechanician, pheesicist, philosopher, an muisic theorist. Till 1759 he wis an aa co-eeditor wi Denis Diderot o the *[[Encyclopédie]]*. D'Alembert's formula for obtainin solutions tae the wave equation is named efter him.

## References
Pete Postlethwaite

**Peter William "Pete" Postlethwaite**  (; 7 Februar 1946 – 2 Januar 2011) wis an Inglis actor.

## References
Bryan Singer

**Bryan Jay Singer** (born September 17, 1965) is an American film an telly director, film an telly producer, screenwriter, an actor.

## References
Quentin Tarantino

**Quentin Jerome Tarantino** (; born Mairch 27, 1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is an American director, screenwriter, producer, an actor. His films are characterised bi non-linear storylines, satirical subject matter, an aestheticization o violence, references tae pop cultur, thair soondtracks an featurs o neo-noir film.

## References
Jessica Alba

**Jessica Marie Alba** (born 28 Apryle 1981) is an American actress, model an businesswoman.

Her big screen breakthrou came in *[[Honey (2003 film)|Honey]]* (2003). She suin established hersel as a Hollywood actress, an haes starned in numerous box office hits ootthrou her career, includin *[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]* (2005), *[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]* (2007), *[[Good Luck Chuck]]* (2007), *[[The Eye (2008 film)|The Eye]]* (2008), *[[Valentine's Day (2010 film)|Valentine's Day]]* (2010), *[[Little Fockers]]* (2010), an ** (2016). She is a frequent collaborator o director Robert Rodriguez, haein starred in *[[Sin City (film)|Sin City]]* (2005), *[[Machete (2010 film)|Machete]]* (2010), *[[Spy Kids: All the Time in the World]]* (2011), *[[Machete Kills]]* (2013), an *[[Sin City: A Dame to Kill For]]* (2014).

## References
Aamir Khan

**Aamir Khan** (; born **Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan** on 14 Mairch 1965) is an Indian film actor, director, producer, televeesion personality, social wirker, screenwriter an philanthropist.

## References
Wastren Sahara

**Wastren Sahara** ( **; ; ) is a disputit territory in the Maghreb region o North Africae, bordered bi Morocco tae the north, Algerie tae the northeast, Mauritanie tae the east an sooth, an the Atlantic Ocean tae the wast.

## References
Bengal teeger

The **Bengal teeger**, cried the **Ryal Bengal teeger** (*Panthera tigris tigris*) an aw, is the maist numerous teeger subspecies. It is the naitional ainimal o baith Indie an Bangladesh.

## References
Asiatic lion

The **Asiatic lion** (*Panthera leo persica*), kent as the **Indian lion** or **Persie lion** an aa, is a lion subspecies that exists as a single population in Indie's Gujarat state. 

## References
Cave o Altamira

The **Cave o Altamira** is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave pentins featurin drawins an polychrome rock pentins o wild mammals an human haunds.
Tina Fey

**Elizabeth Stamatina** "**Tina**" **Fey** (; born Mey 18, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, writer, an producer.

## References
Amy Poehler

**Amy Meredith Poehler** (; born September 16, 1971) is an American actress, comedian, vyce airtist, director, producer, an writer.

## References
Inside Out (2015 film)

***Inside Out*** is a 2015 American 3D computer-animatit comedy-drama adventur film produced bi Pixar Animation Studios an released bi Walt Disney Pictures. Directit an co-written bi Pete Docter, the film is set in the mind o a young girl, Riley Andersen (Kaitlyn Dias), whaur five personified emotions—Joy (Amy Poehler), Sadness (Phyllis Smith), Fear (Bill Hader), Anger (Lewis Black), an Disgust (Mindy Kaling)—try tae lead her throu life as her parents (Diane Lane an Kyle MacLachlan) muive the faimily tae a new ceety.

## References
Rip Torn

**Elmore Rual** "**Rip**" **Torn, Jr.** (born **Elmore Rudolph Torn, Jr.**; Februar 6, 1931 - Julie 9, 2019) wis an American actor, vyce airtist, an comedian.
Lina Medina

**Lina Medina** (born September 27, 1933) is a Peruvian woman who is the youngest confirmed mither in medical history, givin birth at the age o five years, seeven month an 17 days. She lives in Lima, the caipital o Peru.
Siblin

A **siblin** is ane o twa or mair individuals havin ane or baith parents in common. A female siblin is a *[[sister]]* an a male siblin is a *[[brither]]*.
Womb

The **uterus** (frae Laitin "uterus", plural *uteri*) or **womb** is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ o maist mammals, includin humans. Ane end, the cervix, apens intae the vagina, whiles the ither is connectit tae ane or baith fallopian tubes, (uterine tubes) dependin on the species. It is athin the uterus that the fetus develops durin gestation, uisually developin completely in placental mammals sic as humans an partially in marsupials sic as kangaroos an opossums.
Circumceesion

Male **circumceesion** (frae Laitin *circumcidere*, meanin "tae cut aroond") is the surgical removal of the foreskin (prepuce) from the human penis. In a teepical procedur, the foreskin is appent an then separatit frae the glans efter inspection. The circumceesion device (gin uised) is placed, an then the foreskin is remuived.  Topical or locally inject anesthesia is occasionally uised tae reduce pyne an pheesiologic stress.

## References
Human body

The **human body** includes the entire structur o a human bein an comprises a heid, neck, trunk (which includes the thorax an abdomen), airms an hands, legs an feet.
Cloaca

In ainimal anatomy, a **cloaca**  is the posterior orifice that serves as the anly openin for the intestinal, reproductive, an urinary tracts o certain animals, openin at the **vent**.
Down syndrome

**Down syndrome** (**DS** or **DNS**) or **Down's syndrome**, forby kent as **trisomy 21**, is a genetic disorder caused bi the presence o aw or pairt o a third copy o chromosome 21.

## References
Genetic disorder

A **genetic disorder** is a genetic problem caused bi ane or mair abnormalities in the genome, especially a condeetion that is present frae birth (congenital).
HIV/AIDS

**Human immunodeficiency virus infection an acquired immune deficiency syndrome** (**HIV/AIDS**) is a spectrum o condeetions caused bi infection wi the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Follaein ineetial infection, a person mey nae notice ony symptoms or mey experience a brief period o influenza-lik illness. Teepically, this is follaed bi a prolonged period wi na symptoms. As the infection progresses, it interferes mair wi the immune seestem, increasin the risk o common infections lik tuberculosis, as well as ither opportunistic infections, an tumors that rarely affect fowk that hae wirkin immune seestems. Thir late symptoms o infection are referred tae as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is eften an aa associatit wi wecht loss.

HIV is spread primarily bi unpertectit sex (includin anal an oral sex), contaminatit bluid transfusions, hypodermic needles, an frae mither tae bairn in pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeedin. Some bodily fluids, sic as saliva an tears, dae nae transmit HIV. Methods o prevention include sauf sex, needle exchynge programmes, treatin thae that are infectit, an male circumcision. Disease in a baby can eften be preventit bi giein baith the mither an bairn antiretroviral medication. Thare is na cure or vaccine; houiver, antiretroviral treatment can slaw the coorse o the disease an mey lead tae a near-normal life expectancy. Treatment is recommendit as suin as the diagnosis is made. Withoot treatment, the average survival time efter infection is 11&nbsp;years.

In 2016 aboot 36.7 million fowk war leevin wi HIV an it resultit in 1 million daiths. Thare war 300,000 fewer new HIV cases in 2016 nor in 2015. Maist o thae infectit live in sub-Saharan Africae. Atween its diskivery an 2014 AIDS haes caused an estimatit 39&nbsp;million daiths warldwide. HIV/AIDS is conseedert a pandemic—a disease ootbrak that is present ower a lairge aurie an is actively spreidin. HIV is believed tae hae oreeginatit in wast-central Africae in the late 19t or early 20t century. AIDS wis first recognised bi the Unitit States Centres for Disease Control an Prevention (CDC) in 1981 an its cause—HIV infection—wis identifee'd in the early pairt o the decade.

HIV/AIDS haes haed a great impact on society, baith as an illness an as a soorce o discrimination. The disease an aa haes lairge economic impacts. Thare are mony misconceptions aboot HIV/AIDS sic as the belief that it can be transmittit bi casual non-sexual contact. The disease haes acome subject tae mony controversies involvin releegion includin the Catholic Kirk's poseetion nae tae support condom uise as prevention. It haes attractit internaitional medical an poleetical attention as weel as lairge-scale fundin syne it wis identifee'd in the 1980s.

## References
Egg

An **egg** is the organic vessel containin the zygote in which an ainimal embryo develops till it can survive on its ain, at which pynt the ainimal hatches. An egg results frae fertilisation o an ovum. Maist arthropods, vertebrates, an mollusks lay eggs, althou some dae nae, such as scorpions, mony shairks, an maist mammals.
Strand

A **strand** is a laundform alang the shore o a body o watter, sic as a sea, loch or river. It uisually consists o loose pairticles, that ar aften componed o rock, such as saund, graivel, shingle, peebles, or cobblestanes.

## Teep o strand uise
* A nude strand, sometimes cried a cleidin-optional or free strand, is a strand whaur uisers are legally at leeberty ti be nude.

## References
Obesity

**Obesity** es a medical condeetion in which excess body fat haes accumulatit tae the extent that it mey hae a negative effect on heal, leadin tae reduced life expectancy an/or increased heal problems.

## References
Man

A  **man** (plural **men**) is a male human. The term *man* is uisually reserved for an adult male, wi the term lad or loon bein the uisual term for a male bairn or adolescent.
Retrovirus

*Retroviridae* is a faimily o enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell throu the process o reverse transcription.

## References
Autopsy

An **autopsy**, kent as a **post-mortem examination**, **necropsy**, **autopsia cadaverum**, or **obduction** an aw, is a heichly specialised surgical procedur that conseests o a thorae examination o a corp tae determine the cause an manner o daith an tae evaluate ony disease or injury that mey be present.
Venus o Willendorf

The **Venus o Willendorf**, nou kent in academia as the **Wumman o Willendorf**, is a  heich statuette o a female feegur estimate tae hae been made atween aboot 28,000 an 25,000 BC.

## References
Efterbirth

The **placenta** (kent as **efterbirth** an aw) is an organ that connects the developin fetus tae the uterine waw tae allae nutrient uptak, waste elimination, an gas exchynge via the mither's bluid supply, fecht against internal infection an produce hormones tae support pregnancy.
Birth

**Birth**, forby kent as **hame-comin**,  is the act or process o bearin or bringin forth affspring. It is the culmination o a period o biggenin wi the expulsion o ane or mair newborn bairns frae a woman's uterus.

## References
Portia de Rossi

**Portia Lee James DeGeneres** (born **Amanda Lee Rogers**; 31 Januar 1973), kent professionally as **Portia de Rossi** , is an Australie-American actress, model an philanthropist, kent for her roles as lawyer Nelle Porter on the telly series *[[Ally McBeal]]* an Lindsay Fünke on the sitcom *[[Arrested Development (TV series)|Arrested Development]]*.

## References
Great Northren War

The **Great Northren War** (1700–1721) wis a war whaur a coaleetion led bi the Tsardom o Roushie kempit wi the supremacy o the Swadish Empire wi sonse, in Middlins, Northren, an Eastlin Europe. The initial heid anes o the anti-Swadish alliance war Peter the Great o Roushie, Frederick IV o Denmark–Norawa an Augustus II the Strang o Saxony-Poland. Frederick IV an Augustus II war forced oot o the alliance in 1700 an 1706 respectively, but rejyned it in 1709. George I o Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) jyned the coaleetion in 1714 for Hanover an in 1717 for Breetain, an Frederick William I o Brandenburg-Proushie jyned it in 1715.

## References
Priapus

In Greek meethology, **Priapus** (; , *Priapos*) wis a minor rustic fertility god, pertector o fermstockin, fruit plants, gairdens an male  genitalia.

## References
Hygiene

**Hygiene** is a set o practices performed for the preservation o heal. Accordin tae the World Health Organization (WHO), hygiene refers tae condeetions an practices that help tae maintain heal an prevent the spreid o diseases.

## References
Ungulate

**Ungulates** are ony members o a diverse clade o primarily muckle mammals that includes odd-taed ungulates sic as horse an rhinoceroses, an even-taed ungulates such as kye, pigs, giraffes, caumels, deer, an hippopotami.

## References
Rosa Parks

**Rosa Louise McCauley Parks** (February 4, 1913&nbsp;– October 24, 2005) wis een Eefrican-Eemerican Ceevil Reets activist, whom the Yank Congreess cried "The first lassie o civil rights" and "The maw o' freedom meevemeent".

Awn December 1, 1955, een Montgomeree, Eelabama, Parks jus wouldnae sit doon. James F. Blake telt her tae stop bein a big hoor an tae give up her seat in the darkie section to a proper passeenger, after the white section was filled. Parks wasnae the first person to cause a bus kerfuffle. Others had taken the piss n aw, including Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful *[[Browder v. Gayle]]* lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, an Mary Louise Smith) who was arrested in Montgomeree for nae geen up their bus seats months afore Parks.

## References
Rae deer

The European **rae deer** (*Capreolus capreolus*), kent as the **wastren rae deer**, *chevreuil*, or **rae deer** an aa, is an Eurasie species o deer. It is relatively smaw, reiddish an grey-brown, an well-adaptit tae cauld environments.

## References
Social Darwinism

**Social Darwinism** is a modren name gien tae various theories o society that emerged in the Unitit Kinrick, North Americae, an Wastren Europe in the 1870s, which claim tae apply biological concepts o naitural selection an survival o the fittest tae sociology an politics.

## References
Giordano Bruno

**Giordano Bruno** (; ; Januar 1548 – 17 February 1600 CE), born **Filippo Bruno**, wis an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, an astrologer.

## References
George Orwell

**Eric Arthur Blair** (25 Juin 1903 – 21 Januar 1950), that uised the pen name **George Orwell**, wis a Breetish novelist, essayist, jurnalist an creetic, that's wark is chairacterised bi lucid prose, awaurness o social injuistice, opposeetion tae totalitarianism, an ootspoken support o democratic socialism.

As a writer, Orwell produced leeterar creeticism an poetry, feection an polemical jurnalism; an is best kent for the allegorical novella *[[Ainimal Ferm]]* (1945) an the dystopian novelle *[[Nineteen Aichty-Fower]]* (1949). His non-feection warks, includin *[[The Road tae Wigan Pier]]* (1937), documentin his experience o wirkin-cless life in the north o Ingland, an *[[Homage to Catalonia]]* (1938), an accoont o his experiences sodgerin or the Republican faction o the Spaingie Ceevil War (1936–1939), are as creetically respectit as his essays on politics an leeteratur, leid an cultur. In 2008, *[[The Times]]* ranked George Orwell seicont amang "The 50 greatest Breetish writers syne 1945".

Orwell's wark remeens influential in popular cultur an in political cultur, an the adjective "Orwellian" – descrivin totalitarian an authoritarian social practices – is pairt o the modren leid, lik mony o his neologisms, such as "Big Brither", "Thocht Police", an "Hate week", "Room 101", the "memory hale", an "Newspeak", "dooblethink" an  "proles", "unperson" an "thochtcrime".

## See forby

* *[[Notes on Nationalism]]* -- an essay scrieved bi Orwell.

## References
Clara Zetkin

**Clara Josephine Zetkin** (*née* **Eissner**; Wiederau, Kinrick o Saxony, German Confederation, 5 Julie 1857 – Moscow, Roushie, 20 Juin 1933) wis a German communist politeecian an advocate o weemen's richts. She wis founder an member o the KPD, *Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands* (Communist Pairty o Germany).
Femme fatale

A ***femme fatale*** () is a stock chairacter o a mysterious an seductive wumman whase chairms ensnare her luvers, aften leadin thaim intae compromisin, dangerous, an deadly situations. She is an archeteep o leeteratur an airt. Her ability tae entrance an hypnotise her victim wi a spell wis in the aerliest stories seen as bein literally supernatural; hence, the femme fatale the day is aye aften descrieved as haein a pouer akin tae an enchantress, seductress, vampire, witch, or demon, haein pouer ower men.
Driver (video gemme)

***Driver*** (kent as ***Driver: You Are the Wheelman*** (Ye are the wheelmannie) in North Americae), is a 1999 action/drivin video gemme developed bi Reflections Interactive an published bi GT Interactive Software for the PlayStation. It wis released in North Americae on Juin 30, 1999; in Europe on Julie 2; an in Japan on Mairch 9, 2000. It is the first gemme in the *Driver* series.

## References
Franz Boas

**Franz Uri Boas** (; ; July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) wis a German-American anthropologist an a pioneer o modren anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".

## References
Jacob Grimm

**Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm** (4 Januar 1785&nbsp;– 20 September 1863) wis a German filologist, jurist, an meethologist.
Émile Durkheim

**David Émile Durkheim** ( or ; Aprile 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) wis a French sociologist, social psychologist an philosopher. He formally established the academic discipline an — wi Karl Marx an Max Weber — is commonly citit as the principal airchitect o modren social science an faither o sociology.

## References
Baruch Spinoza

**Baruch Spinoza** (; born **Benedito de Espinosa**, ; 24 November 1632 – 21 Februar 1677, later **Benedict de Spinoza**) wis a Dutch philosopher o Sephardi Portuguese oreegin. Ane o the early thinkers o the Enlichtment an modren biblical creeticism, includin modren conceptions o the sel an the universe, he cam tae be conseedert ane o the great raitionalists o 17t-century philosophie. Inspired bi the grundbrakin ideas o René Descartes, Spinoza becam a leadin philosophical feegur of the Dutch Gowden Age. Spinoza's gien name, that means "Blessed", varies amang different leids. In Ebreu, it is written . His Portuguese name is  or . In his Laitin warks, he uised .

Spinoza wis raised in a Portuguese-Jewish commonty in Amsterdam. He developed heichly controversial ideas regairdin the authenticity o the Ebreu Bible an the naitur o the Divine. Jewish releegious authorities issued a *[[Herem (censur)|cherem]]* () against him, causin him tae be effectively expelled an shunned bi Jewish society at age 23, includin bi his awn faimily. His beuks war later addit tae the Catholic Kirk's *[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Index o Forbidden Beuks]]*. He wis frequently cried an "atheist" bi contemporaries, awtho nawhaur in his wark daes Spinoza refute the exeestence o God.

Spinoza leeved an ootwartly semple life as an optical lens grinder, collaboratin on microscope an telescope lens designs wi Constantijn an Christiaan Huygens. He turned doun rewairds an honours ootthrou his life, includin prestigious teachin poseetions. He dee'd at the age o 44 in 1677 frae a lung illness, aiblins tuberculosis or silicosis exacerbatit bi the inhalation o fine gless dust while grindin lenses. He is buiried in the Christian kirkyaird o Nieuwe Kerk in The Hague.

Spinoza's *[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]*, the *[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]*, wis published posthumously in the year o his daith. The wark opponed Descartes' philosophie o mynd–bouk dualism, an earned Spinoza recogneetion as ane o Wastren philosophie's maist important thinkers. In it, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Laitin masterpiece, an ane in that the refined conceptions o medieval philosophie are feenally turned against themsels an destroyed entirely". Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said, "The fact is that Spinoza is made a testin-pynt in modren philosophie, so that it mey really be said: Ye are aither a Spinozist or nae a philosopher at aw." His philosophical accomplishments an moral chairacter promptit Gilles Deleuze tae name him "the 'prince' o philosophers."

## References
Arthur Schopenhauer

**Arthur Schopenhauer** (; 22 Februar 1788&nbsp;– 21 September 1860) wis a German philosopher. He is best kent for his 1818 wark *[[The Warld as Will an Representation]]* (wauxt in 1844), whaurin he chairacterises the phenomenal warld as the product o a blinnd an stainchless metapheesical will. Proceedin frae the transcendental idealism o Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developit an atheistic metapheesical an ethical seestem that haes been descrived as an exemplar kythin o philosophical pessimism, rejectin the contemporaneous post-Kantian philosophies o German idealism. Schopenhauer wis amang the first thinkers in Wastren philosophie tae skare an affirm signeeficant tenets o Eastren philosophie (e.g., asceticism, the warld-as-appearance), haein ineetially arrived at seemilar conclusions as the eftercast o his ain philosophical wark.

Tho his wark failed tae get substantious attention in his ain life, Schopenhauer haes haed a posthumous impact athort various discipleenes, includin philosophie, leeteratur, an science. His writin on aesthetics, morality, an psychology influenced thinkers an airtists ootthrou the 19t an 20t centuries. Thaim that citit his influence includes Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Leo Tolstoy, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Otto Rank, Gustav Mahler, Joseph Campbell, Albert Einstein, Anthony Ludovici, Carl Jung, Thomas Mann, Émile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, Jorge Luis Borges an Samuel Beckett.

## References
Claude Lévi-Strauss

**Claude Lévi-Strauss** (;  28 November 1908&nbsp;– 30 October 2009) wis a French anthropologist an ethnologist whose wirk was key in the development o the theory o structuralism an structural anthropology.

## References
Pierre Bourdieu

**Pierre Bourdieu** (; 1 August 1930 – 23 Januar 2002) wis a sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher, an renained public intellectual.

## References
William Kennedy (penter)

**William Kennedy** (1859–1918) wis a Scots penter associatit wi the Glesgae Schuil.

## Biographie

William Kennedy wis born in Paisley, whare he tendit the Paisley Schuil o Airt. In the early 1880s he muived til Paris, in Fraunce, whaur he tendit the Académie Julian an studied wi airtists sic as Jules Bastien-Lepage, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Raphaël Collin, Gustave-Claude-Etienne Courtois, and Tony Robert-Fleury.

He estaiblisht a studio in Stirling an pentit landwarts, an boldly-coloured depictions o Hieland soldiers at Stirlin Castle.

Kennedy becam a kenspeckle member o a group o airtists kent as the Glesgae Boys.  In 1887 he wis electit preses o a society formed bi the group's members.

He muived til Berkshire in the 1890s, an til Tangier in 1912, for halth reasons.

## References
Patrick Stewart

**Sir Patrick Stewart** OBE (born 13 Julie 1940) is an Inglis film, telly, an stage actor, who haes haed a distinguished career on stage an screen. He is maist widely kent for his roles as Caiptain Jean-Luc Picard in *[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]* an its successor films, as Professor Charles Xavier in the ''X-Men'' film series o superhero movies (2000–present), his prolific stage roles wi the Royal Shakespeare Company, an his mony vyce actin roles, maist notably as CIA deputy director Avery Bullock in *[[American Dad!]]*. Born near Huddersfield.
Exeter

**Exeter** () is a historic ceety in Devon, Ingland wi a population o  ().

## Twin touns
Exeter is twinned wi Rennes in Fraunce, Bad Homburg in Germany, Yaroslavl in Roushie, an Terracina in Italy.

## References
Rosamund Pike

**Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike** is an English actress. Her first screen credit is in 1998 for the telly film *[[A Rather English Marriage]]* an she cam tae tent whan she wis cast at age 21 as Bond girl Miranda Frost in *[[Die Another Day]]* (2002).  She wan the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2004 for *[[The Libertine (2004 film)|The Libertine]]*; an received BIFA nominations for her performances as Helen in *[[An Education]]* (2009), an Lisa in *[[Made in Dagenham]]* (2010) an aw.

Ither film appearances include Jane Bennet in *[[Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)|Pride & Prejudice]]* (2005), *[[Fracture (2007 film)|Fracture]]* (2007), *[[Barney's Version (film)|Barney's Version]]* (2010), an *[[Gone Girl (film)|Gone Girl]]* (2014). Her performance as Amy Elliott Dunne in *[[Gone Girl (film)|Gone Girl]]* wis met wi creetical acclaim, that she receivit numerous awaird nominations, includin nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama an the :en:Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.

On telly, Pike played the role o Gudrun Brangwen in *[[Women in Love (TV series)|Women in Love]]* in 2011. On stage she haes performit in the West End in several productions, includin *Hitchcock Blonde* in 2003, *[[Summer and Smoke]]* in 2006, *[[Gas Light]]* in 2007, an *[[Hedda Gabler]]* in 2010.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*
Middlesbrough

**Middlesbrough** ( ) is a muckle industrial toun situatit on the sooth bank o the River Tees in North Yorkshire, Ingland.

## References
Eastbourne

**Eastbourne** () is a lairge toun, seaside resort, an borough in the non-metropolitan coonty o East Sussex on the sooth coast o Ingland,  east o Brighton. As o 2011, it haes a population o 99,412. Fowk born in the toun include biochemist Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1861 tae 1947) an Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick Theresa May (born 1956).
Colchester

**Colchester**  is an heestoric toun an the lairgest dounset within the borough o Colchester in Essex, Ingland.

## Twin touns
Colchester's twin touns are:

* Wetzlar, Germany, syne 1969
* Avignon, Fraunce, syne 1972
* Imola, Italy, syne 1997

## References
MS-DOS

MS-DOS is a text intafaece bassed x86 operatin' seestem foor computin' that was sauld bi Microsoft on August 12, 1981. The Last version is 8.0 (includit in Windows Me). Windows XP replacit MS-DOS wi CMD
Free mercat

A **free mercat** is a mercat economy seestem in which the prices for guids an services are set freely  bi consent atween vendors an consumers, in which the laws an forces o supply an demand are free frae ony intervention bi a govrenment, price-setting monopoly, or ither authority.
Bir el Qutt inscriptions

The **Bir el Qutt inscriptions** () are the Georgie leid *[[Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East|Byzantine mosaic]]* inscriptions written in the Georgie *[[Asomtavruli]]* script which war excavatit at a Georgie monastery in 1952 bi an Italian airchaeologist Virgilio Canio Corbo near Bir el Qutt, in the Judaean Desert, 6 km sooth-east o Jerusalem an 2 km north o Bethlehem.

## References
William Ewart Gladstone

**William Ewart Gladstone** (; 29 December 1809&nbsp;– 19 Mey 1898), wis a Breetish Liberal politeecian. He wis the Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick fower times.

Gladstone wis born in Liverpuil tae Scots paurents. He first entered the Hoose o Commons in 1832, beginnin his poleetical career as a High Tory, a groupin that becam the Conservative Pairty unner Robert Peel in 1834. Gladstone served as a meenister in baith o Peel's govrenments, an in 1846 jynt the brakawey Peelite faction, that eventually merged intae the new Liberal Pairty in 1859. He wis Chancellor unner Laird Aiberdeen (1852–1855), Laird Palmerston (1859–1865) an Laird Russell (1865–1866). Gladstone's awn poleetical doctrine—that emphasised equality o opportuinity, free tred, an laissez-faire economic policies—cam tae be kent as Gladstonian leeberalism. His popularity amangst the wirkin-cless earned him the sobriquet "The People's William".

In 1868, Gladstone becam Prime Meenister for the first time. Mony reforms war passed in his first meenistry, includin the disestablishment o the Kirk o Ireland an the introduction o saicret votin. Efter electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader o the Leeberal Pairty. Frae 1876 he begoud a comeback based on opposeetion tae Turkey's reaction tae the Bulgarie Apryle Uprisin. His Midlowden Campaign o 1879–80 wis an early ensaumple o mony modren poleetical campaignin techniques. Efter the 1880 general election, Gladstone formed his seicont meenistry (1880–1885), that saw the passage o the Third Reform Act as weel as creeses in Egyp (culminatin in the Faw o Khartoum) an Ireland, whaur his govrenment passed repressive meisurs but an aw impruived the legal richts o Erse tenant fermers.

Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone proponed hame rule for Ireland but wis defeatit in the Hoose o Commons. The resultin spleet in the Leeberal Pairty helped keep them oot o office – wi ane short brak – for 20 years. Gladstone formed his last govrenment in 1892, at the age o 82. The Second Home Rule Bill passed throu the Commons but wis defeatit in the Hoose o Lairds in 1893. Gladstone left office in Mairch 1894, agit 84, as baith the auldest person tae serve as Prime Meenister an the anerly Prime Meenister tae hae served fower terms. He left Pairlament in 1895 an dee'd three years later.

Gladstone wis kent affectionately bi his supporters as "The People's William" or the "G.O.M." ("Grand Old Man", or, accordin tae his poleetical rival Benjamin Disraeli, "God's Only Mistake"). Historians eften cry him ane o Breetain's greatest leaders.

## References
Transit o Venus

A **transit o Venus** athort the Sun taks place whan the planet Venus passes directly atween the Sun an a superior planet, becomin veesible agin (an hence obscurin a smaa portion o) the solar disk.
Lincoln, Ingland

**Lincoln** is a cathedral ceety an the coonty toun o Lincolnshire, athin the East Midlands o Ingland. The nan-metropolitan destrict o Lincoln haes a 2012 population o 94,600.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns
Lincoln is twinned wi:

## References
Sens

**Sens** () is a commune in the Yonne depairtment in Burgundy in north-central Fraunce, 120&nbsp;km frae Paris.

## Twin touns
* Chester, Unitit Kinrick
* Lörrach, Germany
* Senigallia, Italy
* Vyshhorod, Ukraine
* Fafe, Portugal

## References
Avallon

**Avallon** is a commune in the Yonne depairtment in Burgundy in central-eastren Fraunce.

## Twin touns
Avallon is twinned wi:
* Pepinster, Belgium
* Cochem, Germany
* Tenterden, Unitit Kinrick
* Saku, Japan
Hereford

**Hereford** is a cathedral ceety, ceevil pairish an coonty toun o Herefordshire, Ingland.

## Twin touns
* Dillenburg, Germany
* Vierzon, Fraunce (syne 1994)

## References
Alès

**Alès** ( ; *Alès* in Occitan) is a commune in the Gard depairtment in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in soothren Fraunce.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Alès is twinned wi:
*  Bílina, Czech Republic
*  Kilmarnock, Scotland, UK
El Jadida

**El-Jadida** or **al-Jadida** (Arabic: *الجديدة*, Arabic: الجّديدة *ejjdida*, Berber: *ⴰⵍ-ⵊⴰⴷⵉⴷⴰ* or *ⵊⴷⵉⴷⴰ*, French: *el-Jadida*) --with former names **Mazagan** (Arabic: *مازاگان*, Berber: *ⵎⴰⵣⴰⴳⴰⵏ*, French: *Mazagan*, Portuguese: *Mazagão*), **al-Mahdouma** (Arabic: *المهدومة*) and **al-Breyja** (Arabic: *البريجة*)-- is a port ceety on the Atlantic coast o Morocco, in the province o El Jadida.

## Toun twinnin
* Vierzon, Fraunce
* Sintra, Portugal
* Arenzano, Italy
* Tacoma, Unitit States
Palencia

**Palencia** () is a ceety sooth o *Tierra de Campos*, in north-northwast Spain, the caipital o the province o Palencia in the autonomous commonty o Castile an León.
Foix

**Foix** (;  ;  ) is a commune, the umwhile caipital o the Coonty o Foix.

## Internaitional relations
Foix is twinned wi the follaein places:
*  Lleida (Spain) syne 1962
*  Andorra la Vella (Andorra)
*  Ripon (Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland)
Naitional Rally (Fraunce)

The **National Rally** (, **RN**), known as the **National Front** (, ; **FN**) until 2018, is a socially conservative, an naitionalist, richt tae far-richt  poleetical pairty in Fraunce.

## References
Scotland naitional cricket team

The **Scotland naitional cricket team** represents Scotland in the gemme o cricket. Thay pley thair hame matches at The Grange, Edinburgh.
## History
Ariège (depairtment)

**Ariège** (; ) is a depairtment in the Midi-Pyrénées region o soothwestren Fraunce named efter the Ariège River.
Princes Street Gairdens

**Princes Street Gairdens** is a public pairk in the centre o Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow o Edinburgh Castle.
The Mound

**The Mound** or **The Moond** is an airtifeecial hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, which connects Edinburgh's New Toun an Auld Toun.

## See an aw
* Sermon on the Mound
Age o Enlichtenment

The **Enlichtenment**, kent in French as the *Siècle des Lumières* (Century o Enlichtenment),  an in German as the *Aufklärung*, wis a filosofical muivement which dominatit the warld o ideas in Europe in the 18t century.
Watter o Leith

The **Water of Leith** (Scots Gaelic: Uisge Lìte) is the main river flowin throu Edinburgh, Scotland, tae the port o Leith whaur it tooms intae the Firth o Forth.

It rins by Balerno, Currie, Juniper Green, Colinton, Slateford, Longstone, Saughton, Balgreen, Roseburn, Wester Coates, Dean Village, Stockbridge, Inverleith, Canonmills and Warriston.
Leith

**Leith** (); is a destrict tae the north o the ceety o Edinburgh at the mooth o the Watter o Leith.

The earliest survivin historical references are in the ryal charter authorisin the construction o Halyruid Aibey in 1128. The medieval settlements o Leith haed growed intae a burgh bi 1833, an the burgh wis merged intae Edinburgh in 1920.

Historically pairt o the coonty o Midlowden, Leith is steidit on the coast o the Firth o Forth an lies within the cooncil aurie o the Ceety o Edinburgh.

Leith became well kennt eftir Irvine Welsh screived his buik Trainspotting in 1993, but the neighboorhuid haes changed a lot sin then due tae gentrification.

The port remeens ane o its maist valuable enterprises, haundlin ower 1.5 million tonnes o cargae a year in 2003.

## Notable bodies frae Leith

* Christian Salvesen
* Irvine Welsh
* Jack Lowden

## References
Polwarth

**Polwarth**  mey refer tae:

*Polwarth (sheep), a breed o sheep
*Polwarth, Edinburgh
*Polwarth, The Mairches
*Patrick Hume o Polwarth, makar in the coort o James VI o Scotland
*Electoral destrict o Polwarth in the Pairlament o Victoria, Australie
*Coonty o Polwarth, a coonty o Victoria, Australie.
Feminism

**Feminism** is a range o muivements an ideologies that share a common goal: tae define, establish, an achieve equal poleetical, economic, cultural, personal, an social richts for weemen.

## References
Jean Sibelius

**Jean Sibelius** (), born **Johan Julius Christian Sibelius** (8 December 186520 September 1957), wis a Finnish componer an violinist o the late Romantic an early-modren periods. He is widely recognised as his kintra's greatest componer an, throu his muisic, is eften creditit wi haein helped Finland tae develop a naitional identity in its struggle for unthirldom frae Roushie.

The core o his oeuvre is his set o seiven symphonies, that, lik his ither major warks, are regularly performed an recordit in his hame kintra an internaitionally. His ither best-kent composeetions are *[[Finlandia]]*, the *[[Karelia Suite]]*, *[[Valse triste (Sibelius)|Valse triste]]*, the Violin Concerto, the choral symphony *[[Kullervo (Sibelius)|Kullervo]]*, an *[[The Swan o Tuonela]]* (frae the *[[Lemminkäinen Suite]]*). Ither warks include pieces inspired bi naitur, Nordic meethologie, an the Finnish naitional epic, the *[[Kalevala]]*, ower a hunder sangs for vyce an pianae, incidental muisic for numerous plays, the opera *[[Jungfrun i tornet]]* (*The Maiden in the Touer*), chaumer muisic, pianae muisic, Masonic reetual muisic, and 21 publications o choral muisic.

Sibelius componed proleefically till the mid-1920s, but efter completin his Seivent Symphony (1924), the incidental muisic for ''The Tempest'' (1926) an the tone poem *[[Tapiola (Sibelius)|Tapiola]]* (1926), he stappit producin major warks in his last thirty years, a stunnin an perplexin decline commonly referred tae as "The Silence o Järvenpää", the location o his hame. Awtho he is reputit tae hae stappit componin, he attemptit tae conteena writing, includin abortive efforts on an aicht symphony. In later life, he wrote Masonic muisic an re-eeditid some earlier warks while retainin an active but nae ayeweys favourable interest in new developments in muisic.

The Finnish 100 mark note featurt his eemage till 2002, whan the euro wis adoptit. Syne 2011, Finland haes celebratit a Banner Day on 8 December, the componer's birthday, kent as the "Day o Finnish Muisic" forby. In 2015, the 150t anniversary o the componer's birth, a nummer o special concerts an events war held, especially in the ceety o Helsinki.

## References
Yerl o Moray

The teetle **Yerl o Moray** (pronoonced "Murry") haes been creatit several times in the Peerage o Scotland.

## References
Avicii Arena

**Ericsson Globe** (oreeginally kent as **Stockholm Globe Arena**) is the naitional induir arena o Swaden, locatit in the Johanneshov destrict o Stockholm (Stockholm Globe Ceety).

## References
Nîmes

**Nîmes** (; ; Provençal Occitan: *Nimes*) is a ceety in the Languedoc-Roussillon region o soothren Fraunce.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Nîmes is twinned wi:

## References
Apollo programme

The **Apollo programme**, kent as **Project Apollo** an aw, wis the third Unitit States human spaceflicht programme cairried oot bi the Naitional Aeronautics an Space Admeenistration (NASA), whilk accomplished laundin the first humans on the Muin frae 1961 tae 1972.
Buzz Aldrin

**Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr.** (born Januar 20, 1930) is an American ingineer an umwhile astronaut, an the seicont person tae walk on the Muin in Julie 1969, efter Neil Armstrong.
Luna 1

***Luna 1***, forby kent as ***Mechta*** (, *lit.*: *Dream*), ***E-1 No.4*** an *First Cosmic Ship*,  wis the first spacecraft tae reach the vicinity o the Yird's Muin, an the first spacecraft tae be placed in heliocentric orbit.

## References
Global Positioning System

The **Global Positioning System** (, **GPS**) is a space-based navigation seestem that provides location an time information in aw wather condeetions, onywhaur on or near the Yird whaur thare is an unobstructit line o sicht tae fower or mair GPS satellites.

## References
Heterosexuality

**Heterosexuality** is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behaviour atween persons o opposite sex or gender.
Rockstar North

|num_employees=650|num_employees_year=2018|parent=|website=}}**Rockstar North Limited** (umwhiles kent as **DMA Design Limited**) is a video gemme development hoose based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The company wis foondit as DMA Design, in Dundee in 1988, bi David Jones. Durin its early years, DMA Design wis backt bi its publisher psygnosis, primarily focusin on Amiga, Atari ST an Commodore 64 games. Durin this time, thay creatit successfu shooters sic as menace, an blood money, but it suin turnt tae platform gemms efter the lowsin o Lemmings in 1991, that wis an international success an lit tae several sequels an spin-affs. Efter developin unirally for Nintendo, DMA Design wis set tae be ane o their main second-party developers, but this partnership endit efter Nintendo's disapproval o Body Harvest.
 
In 1997, DMA pit oot Grand Theft Auto, that wis a huge success; the gemm turnt a successfu series. The company wis suin bocht bi Gremlin Interactive. Follaein the lowsin o Grand Theft Auto 2, Gremlin wis bocht bi Infogrames. DMA Design wis selt aff tae Take-Two Interactive, the awner o Grand Theft Auto publisher Rockstar Games. In 2001, efter the lowsin o Grand Theft Auto III, DMA Design wis ultimately recried tae **Rockstar North** an became part o the Rockstar Games label. Efter the shift, the company stairtit wirk on new titles, includin Manhunt, gied support tae other Rockstar Games sic as Red Dead Redemption an Max Payne 3, an keppit up the Grand Theft Auto franchise wi Grand Theft Auto IV (2008) an Grand Theft Auto V (2013). Baith gemmes are considerit ane o the best video gemmes made an Grand Theft Auto V became ane o the best-sellin games o aw time. Leslie Benzies heidit the studio syne the Take-Two acquisition till his depairtur in 2016.

## References
Ferdinand von Zeppelin

**Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin** (kent as Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin an aw, Graf Zeppelin an in Scots, **Coont Zeppelin**) (8 Julie 1838 – 8 Mairch 1917) wis a German general an later aircraft manufacturer. He foondit the Zeppelin airship company.

## Notes

## References
Pansexuality

**Pansexuality** is sexual attraction,  romantic love, or emotional attraction taeward fowk o ony sex or gender identity.

## References
Muthill

**Muthill** (soondit [ˈmiθl] or [ˈmɪθl] ) (Scots Gaelic *Maothail* ) is a veelage in the cooncil aurie o Pairth an Kinross.

## References


## Fremmit airtins
Poem: To my Muthill School Mates: A Lilt on Familiar Names
Zeppelin

A **Zeppelin** wis a teep o rigid airship named efter the German Coont Ferdinand von Zeppelin who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginnin o the 20t century.
Erich Ludendorff

**Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff** (whiles incorrectly referred tae as **von Ludendorff**) (9 Aprile 1865 – 20 December 1937) wis a German general, victor o Liège an o the Battle o Tannenberg.

## References
T. E. Lawrence

**Thomas Edward Lawrence** CB DSO (16 August 188819 Mey 1935) wis a Breetish airchaeologist, militar officer, diplomat an writer. He wis renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign an the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during the First Warld War. The breadth and variety o his activities and associations, an his ability tae describe them vividly in writing, earned him internaitional fame as **Lawrence o Arabia**—a title uised for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities.

He wis born oot o wedlock in Tremadog, Wales, in August 1888 tae Thomas Chapman (who became, in 1914, Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet), an Anglo-Irish nobleman frae County Westmeath, and Sarah Junner, a Scottish governess (whom Chapman haed left his wife and first family in Ireland tae cohabit wi; thay cried themselves Mr and Mrs Lawrence).The faimily next moved tae Kirkcoobrie in Gallowa' in 1888 whaur wis born his brither William George.

Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcoobrie, Gallowa', the Lawrence faimily hame.

In 1896, the Lawrences moved tae Oxford, whaur thair son attended the High School an in 1907–1910 studied History at Jesus College. Atween 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist, chiefly at Carchemish, in what is nou Sirie.

Suin efter the outbreak o war he volunteered for the Breetish Airmy and wis stationed in Egyp. In 1916, he wis sent tae Arabia on an intelligence mission and quickly became involved wi the Arab Revolt, providin, alang wi ither Breetish officers, liaison tae the Arab forces. Wirkin closely wi Emir Faisal, a leader o the revolt, he participated in and whiles led military activities against the Ottoman armed forces, culminatin in the capture o Damascus in October 1918.

Efter the war, Lawrence jynt the Foreign Office, wirkin wi baith the Breetish govrenment and wi Faisal. In 1922, he retreated frae public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, maistly in the Royal Air Force, wi a brief stint in the Airmy. During this time, he wrote and published his best-kent work, *[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]*, an autobiographical accoont o his participation in the Arab Revolt. He an aw translated beuks intae Inglis and wrote *[[The Mint (book)|The Mint]]*, which wis published posthumously and detailed his time in the Royal Air Force wirkin as an ordinary aircraftman. He corresponded extensively and wis friendly wi well-kent artists, writers, an politicians. For the Royal Air Force, he participated in the development o rescue motorboats.

Lawrence's public image resulted in pairt frae the sensationalised reporting o the Arab revolt bi American jurnalist Lowell Thomas, as well as frae *Seven Pillars o Wisdom*. In 1935, Lawrence wis fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.

## References
Witten

**Witten** is a varsity ceety in the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis (destrict) in North Rhine-Westphalie, Germany.

## Twin touns – sister ceeties
Witten is twinned wi:
*  Beauvais, Fraunce, syne 1975
*  Lunnon Borough o Barking an Dagenham, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1979
*  Mallnitz, Carinthia, Austrick, syne 1979
*  Lev HaSharon district, Israel, syne 1979
*  Wolfen, Germany, since 1990
*  Kursk, Roushie, syne 1990
*  Tczew, Poland, syne 1990
*  San Carlos, Nicaragua (syne 1990, friendship contract)

## References