Ruhr

The **Ruhr** (German *Ruhrgebiet*, colloquial *Ruhrpott*, *Kohlenpott*, *Pott* or *Revier*), is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalie, Germany. Wi 4435&nbsp;km² an a population o some 5.2 million (2009), it is the lairgest urban agglomeration in Germany. It consists o several lairge, umwhile industrial ceeties bordered bi the rivers Ruhr tae the sooth, Rhine tae the wast, an Lippe tae the north. In the Southwest it borders tae the Bergisches Land. It is considered pairt o the lairger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region o mair nor 12 million fowk.

Syne the Ruhr is polycentric, coordinates shawn are *general* in natur an sae can be uised tae focus on the entire region o the Ruhr:  .

Frae wast tae east, the region includes the ceeties o Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne,  Hagen, Dortmund, an Hamm, as weel as pairts o the mair "rural" destricts Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna an Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis. Historically, the wastren Ruhr towns, siclik Duisburg an Essen, belangit tae the historic region o the Rhineland, whauras the eastren pairt o the Ruhr, includin Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Dortmund an Hamm, wur pairt o the region o Westphalie. Syne the 19t century, thir destricts hae grown thegither intae a muckle complex wi a vast industrial landscape, inhabitit bi some 7.3 million fowk (whan includin Düsseldorf an Wuppertal). It is the fowert maistmuckle urban area in Europe efter Moscow, Lunnon an Paris.

For 2010, the Ruhr region wis ane o the European Caipitals o Cultur.

## Notes

## References
*
*Bishop, Patrick.  *Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940–1945*
* French Directorate for Economic Affairs, Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions , 8 September 1945.
*Gareau, Frederick H.  "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", *Western Political Quarterly,* Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp.&nbsp;517–53 in JSTOR
*Yoder, Amos. "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", *Review of Politics,* Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp.&nbsp;345–358 in JSTOR

## Forder readin
* Kift, Roy, *Tour the Ruhr: The English language guide* (3rd ed., 2008)  (ISBN 3-88474-815-7) Klartext Verlag, Essen http://www.roy-kift.com 
* Berndt, Christian. *Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area* (2001)
* Crew, David. *  Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914* (1979) (ISBN 0231043007)
* Fischer, Conan. *The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924* (2003)
* Gillingham, John.  "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", *Journal of Social History* Vol. 15, No. 4 (Simmer, 1982), pp.&nbsp;637–653 in JSTOR* Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", *Geographical Review,* 36 (1946), 194–221.
* Gillingham, John. *Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe* (1985) (ISBN 0231062605)
* Pounds, Norman J. G. *The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography* (1952) online
* Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", *Business History Review* Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp.&nbsp;65–78 in JSTOR
* Royal Jae Schmidt. *Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II* (1968)
* Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914" *Journal of Modern History* Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp.&nbsp;397–412 in JSTOR
* Spencer, Elaine Glovka.  *Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914.*  Rutgers Varsity Press. (1984) online
* Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", *Osiris* 2nt Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp.&nbsp;242–259 in JSTOR

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