Nizhny Novgorod

**Nizhny Novgorod** (), colloquially shortened tae **Nizhny**, is, wi the population o 1,250,600, the fift lairgest ceety in Roushie, rankin efter Moscow, St.&nbsp;Petersburg, Novosibirsk, an Yekaterinburg. It is the economic an cultural centre o the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, an the admeenistrative centre o Nizhny Novgorod Oblast an Volga Federal Destrict an aw.

Frae 1932 tae 1990, the ceety wis kent as **Gorky** (, ), efter the writer Maxim Gorky who wis born thare.

The ceety is an important economic, transport an cultural centre o the Roushie Federation.

## Admeenistrative an municipal status
Nizhny Novgorod is the admeenistrative centre o the oblast. Athin the framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions, it is, thegither wi ane resort dounset an twal rural localities, incorporatit as the **[[ceety o federal subject significance|ceety o oblast significance]] o Nizhny Novgorod**—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the destricts. As a municipal diveesion, the ceety o oblast significance o Nizhny Novgorod is incorporatit as **Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug**.

## Ceety layoot an diveesions

Nizhny Novgorod is dividit bi the Oka River intae twa distinct pairts. The Upper Ceety (, *Nagornaya chast*) is locatit on the hilly eastren (richt) bank o the Oka. It includes three o the aicht ceety destricts intae which the ceety is admeenistratively dividit:
*Nizhegorodsky (the historical an admeenistrative centre o the ceety);
*Prioksky;
*Sovetsky.

The Lawer Ceety (, *Zarechnaya chast*) occupees the law (wastren) side o the Oka, an includes five ceety destricts:
*Kanavinsky (the steid o the Nizhny Novgorod Fair an the location o the main train station);
*Moskovsky (hame o the Sokol Aircraft Plant an its airfield);
*Sormovsky (whaur Krasnoye Sormovo an the Volga Shipyard are locatit);
*Avtozavodsky (biggit aroond the  GAZ automotive plants);
*Leninsky.
Aw o the day's lawer ceety wis annexed bi Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

## Demografics
*Population (Jan 2009): 1,272,599 
*Births (2008): 12,969
*Daiths (2008): 20,757

## Climate
The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (*Dfb*) an it is seemilar tae the climate in Moscow, awtho caulder in winter, which lasts frae late November till late Mairch wi a permanent snaw kiver. Average temperaturs ranges frae  in Julie tae  in Januar.

## Economy
### Information technologie
Nizhny Novgorod is ane o the centres o the IT Industry in Roushie. It ranks amang the leadin Roushie ceeties in terms o the quantity o software R&D providers. Intel haes a big software R&D centre wi mair nor 500 ingineers in the ceety, as well as a major datacentre. In Nizhny Novgorod thare is a nummer o affshore ootsourcin software developers an aw, includin Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd. , MERA Networks, RealEast Networks, Auriga,  SoftDrom , an Teleca , an mony ither smawer anes that specialise in deliverin services tae telecommunication vendors.

Thare are twinty-five scienteefic R&D institutions focusin on telecommunications, radio technologie, theoretical an appleed pheesics, an thirty-three heicher educational institutions, amang them are Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute o Information Technologies (umwhile MERA Networks trainin centre), that focuses on information technologies, software development, seestem admeenistration, telecommunications, cellular netwirks, Internet technologies, an IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod haes been chosen as ane o fower steids for biggin an IT-orientit technologie pairk—a special zone that haes an established infrastructur an enjoys a favorable tax an customs policy.

### Ingineerin industrie
The ingineerin industrie is the leadin industrie o Nizhny Novgorod economy. It is mainly orientit towards transportation, i.e., the auto industrie, shipbiggin, diesel iengines, aircraft manufactur, an machine tuils, wi the auto industrie bein the leadin sector (50%).
Lairgest plants include:
*JSC "Gorky Automobile Plant" - personal caurs, larries, armored personnel carriers, an ither autos;
*JSC "Krasnoye Sormovo" - river an sea ships, submarines;
*JSC "Sokol" - airplanes, jets;
*JSC "Hydromash"- hydraulic actuators, landin gears
*JSC "Nitel" - TV sets;
*JSC "RUMO" - diesel generators;
*JSC "Krasny yakor" - anchor chains;

## Transportation

### Railwey
The Gorkovskaya Railroad, a Russian Railways depairtment which operates some  o rail lines throuout the Middle Volga region an  in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is heidquairtered in Nizhny Novgorod. Syne 1862, thare is an railwey connection atween Nizhny Novgorod an Moscow. Owernicht trains provide access tae Nizhny Novgorod frae Moscow, Saunt Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl an ithers. Syne Dizember 2002, a fast train transports passengers atween Nizhny Novgorod an Moscow in less nor five oors.  Ane can continue frae Nizhny Novgorod eastwaird alang the Trans-Siberian Railway, wi direct trains tae major ceeties in the Urals an Siberie, as well as tae Beijing, Pyongyang, an Ulan-Bator.

The first heich-speed rail ''Sapsan'' train tae Moscow] (Kursky Rail Terminal) an Saunt Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) wis launched on 30 Julie 2010.

Suburban commuter trains (*[[elektrichka]]*) connect Nizhny Novgorod wi Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, an ithers.

### Airport
The Nizhny Novgorod Internaitional Airport haes direct flichts tae major Roushie ceeties, as well as tae Frankfurt (five flichts a week bi Lufthansa), Dubai, Prague. The air base Sormovo wis an important militar airlift facility, an Pravdinsk air base wis an interceptor aircraft base durin the Cauld War. S7 Airlines, UTair Aviation goes tae Moscow's Domodedovo an Vnukovo Airports daily.

### Waterweys
Nizhny Novgorod is an important centre o Volga cargo an passenger shippin. In the simmer, cruise vessels operate atween Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saunt Petersburg, an Astrakhan. In 2006 a sma nummer o Meteor-class hydrofoils resumit operations on the Volga river.

### Heich-gates
The ceety is servit bi Roushie heich-gate M-7 (Moscow&nbsp;– Nizhny Novgorod&nbsp;– Kazan&nbsp;– Ufa), an is a hub o the regional heich-gate netwirk.

### Public transportation
Public transportation athin the ceety is providit bi a sma subwey seestem (Nizhny Novgorod Metro), tramways, *[[marshrutka]]s* (routit taxis), buses, an trolleybuses. Electric an diesel commuter trains run tae suburbs in several directions.

Free shuttle buses run frae several pynts in the ceety tae the MEGA shoppin complex, which opened in October 2006 in Fedyakovo, a few kilometres tae the east o the Nizhny Novgorod ceety line.

### Aerial tramway
The Nizhny Novgorod Volga Aerial Tramway frae Nizhny Novgorod tae Bor athort Volga river, wis opened in 2012.

## Main sichts
Hintle o the ceety dountoun is biggit in the Roushie Revival an Stalin Empire styles. The dominatin featur o the ceety skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), wi its reid-brick touers. Efter Bolshevik devastation, the anerlie auncient edifice left athin the kremlin waws is the tent-lik Archangel Cathedral (1624–31), first biggit in stane in the 13t century.

### Cultural featurs

Thare are mair nor sax hunder unique historic, airchitectural, an cultural monuments in the ceety.

Thare are aboot twa hunder municipal an regional airt an cultural institutions athin Nizhny Novgorod. Amang thir institutions thare are aicht theatres, five concert haws, ninety-seiven libraries (wi branches), seiventeen movie theatres (includin five movie theatres for childer), twinty-five institutions o childer optional eddication, aicht museums (saxteen includin branches), an seiven pairks.

### Nizhny Novgorod airt gallery
The airt gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a lairge an important airt gallery an museums o human history an cultur.

Nizhny Novgorod haes a great an extraordinary airt gallery wi mair nor 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection o wirks bi Roushie airtists sic as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, thare are greater collections o wirks bi Boris Kustodiev an Nicholas Roerich an aw, no anerlie Roushie airt is pairt o the exhibition it include an aw a vast accumulation o Wastren European airt lik wirks bi David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, an lot mair.

Feenally what maks this gallery extremely important is the amazin collection Russian avant-garde wi wirks bi Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov an sae on. Thare is collection o East Asie airt an aw.

### Hooses o wirship

Ither notable laundmerks are the twa great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery featurs the austere five-domit cathedral (1632) an twa rare kirks surmoontit bi tent ruifs, datin frae the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likwise surroondit bi strang waws, haes anither five-domit cathedral (1649) an the Assumption kirk (1678). The anerlie private hoose preservit frae that epoch umwhile belangit tae the merchant Pushnikov.

Thare can be little dout that the maist oreeginal an delichtful kirks in the ceety wur biggit bi the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. O thir, the Virgin's Nativity Kirk (1719) graces ane o the central streets, whareas the Kirk o Oor Lady o Smolensk  (1694–97) survives in the umwhile veelage o Gordeyevka (nou, pairt o the ceety's Kanavinsky Destrict), whaur the Stroganov palace ance stuid.

Ither notable kirks include:
*the Saviour Cathedral, kent as the Auld Fair Cathedral an aw, a huge domit edifice biggit at the steid o the great fair tae an Empire style design bi Agustín de Betancourt an Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
*the sae-cried New Fair Cathedral, designed in the Russian Revival style an biggit atween 1856 an 1880 at the confluence o the Oka an the Volga;
*the recently reconstructit Kirk o the Nativity o John the Precursor  (1676–83), staundin juist belaw the Kremlin waws; it wis uised durin the Soviet period as an apairtment hoose;
*the parish kirks o the Holy Wives  (1649) an o Saunt Elijah  (1656);
*the Assumption Kirk on St Elijah's Hill  (1672), wi five green-tiled domes arrangit unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shapit barrel ruif;
*the shrine o the Auld Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery , erectit in the 1910s tae a creetically acclaimit design bi Vladimir Pokrovsky;
*the firthen chapel o the Intercession (1660), transportit tae Nizhny Novgorod frae a landwart aurie.

Thare is a mosque in Sennaya Square an aw, whaur the Muslim populations o the ceety go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities an activities which are organisit bi the mosque. Thare is a sma shop tae buy halal meats an aw. Maist o the Muslims in this ceety are Tatars.

The centrally locatit Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue wis biggit in 1881-1883; disuised during the Soviet era, it wis renovated an reopened ca. 1991.

### Ither
A singular monument o industrial airchitectur is a 128-metre-heich open-wirk hyperboloid touer  biggit on the bank o the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as pairt o a pouerline river crossin bi the eminent ingineer an scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.

A staircase connectin the Kremlin wi the Volga river affers a panoramic view o the surroondins. The staircase itsel wis constructit in the late 1940s bi German preesoners o war forcit tae labor aroond Gorky.

## Education
Nizhny Novgorod is hame tae the follaein educational facilities:
*N. I. Lobachevsky State University o Nizhny Novgorod
*R.Y. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
*Nizhny Novgorod State University o Airchitectur an Ceevil Ingineerin
*Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University
*Nizhny Novgorod Commercial Institute
*Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
*Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy
*Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy
*Volgo-Vyatsky Region Ceevil Service Academy

Thare are twinty research institutes locatit in the ceety an aw.

## Sports
The ceety ice hockey team Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod play in the KHL. The ceety is representit at fitbaa bi FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod which plays in the Roushie Premier League. FC Nizhny Novgorod plays in the Roushie First Diveesion. The ither fitbaa team frae Nizhny Novgorod, FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod which haed played in the Roushie Premier League an Intertoto Cup became defunct in 2006. The ceety field hockey team are HC Stairt. The ceety bandy team Stairt plays in the heichest diveesion o the Roushie Bandy League. In 2002 thay reached the feenal against Vodnik. Baith matches wur played in Arkhangelsk due tae wairm wather. Efter that a new arena, wi an airtificial ice an a capacity o 20079, wis biggit.http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/6/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/6/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=BLO3UKbfL9P24QSy-4D4Cw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ7gEwAA

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Nizhny Novgorod is twinned wi:

## Climate
The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (*Dfb*) an it is seemilar tae the climate in Moscow, awtho caulder in winter, which lasts frae late November till late Mairch wi a permanent snaow kiver.

### Notes

## Freemit airtins

*Nizhny Novgorod Ceety Govrenment wabsteid