Dortmund

**Dortmund** (Laich German: *Düörpm*; ; Latin: *Tremonia*) is a ceety in Germany. It is locatit in the Bundesland o North Rhine-Westphalie. Its population o 580,444 (in December 2010) maks it the 8t lairgest ceety in Germany. It is a pairt o the Ruhr aurie, an urban aurie wi some 5.2 million (2009) indwallers whilk is the lairgest urban agglomeration in Germany.  It is a pairt o the lairger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region o mair nor 12 million fowk an aw.

The river Ruhr flows sooth o the ceety, an the sma river Emscher rins throuch the municipal aurie. The Dortmund-Ems Canal terminates in the Dortmund Port an aw, whilk is the lairgest European canal port, an links Dortmund tae the North Sea.

Dortmund is kent as Westphalie's "green metropolis". Near hauf the municipal territory consists o watterweys, firthland, agricultur an green spaces wi spacious pairks lik Westfalenpark an the Rombergpark. This contrasts wi near a hunner year o extensive coal minin an steel millin athin the ceety leemits.

## History
A sma veelage at the location o Dortmund wis mentioned in offeecial documents frae aboot 880 as **Throtmanni**. Efter it wis perisht bi a fire, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor haed the toun rebuilt in 1152 an residit thare for twa year. It became an Imperial Free Ceety in 1220. In that century, it wis the "chief ceety" o the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle o the Hanseatic League.

Efter 1320, the ceety appeared in writin as "Dorpmunde", an the 1661 yirdquauk collapsed the Reinoldikirche. Athin the Proushie Province o Westphalie, Dortmund wis a destrict seat athin Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg til 1875, efter whilk it wis an urban destrict athin the region. Throuch the industrialisation o Proushie, Dortmund became a major centre for coal an steel.

Unner Nazi Germany, the synagogue wis malafoustert in 1938. Anither thing is that, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally an/or pheesically disabled patients for euthanasia at the Hadamar mental hospital as pairt o the Action T4 (an additional 229 childer wis killt in the "Bairns Specialist Department", whilk wis transferred frae Marburg in 1941). Dortmund bombin targets o the Ile Campaign o Warld War II includit Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG, the "Hoesch-Benzin GmBH" synthetic ile plant, an the **Zeche Hansa [[Coker unit|cokin plant]]**; an bombin malafoustert aboot 66 % o the Dortmund hames an aboot 98 % o the inner ceety aurie. The code wird *Dortmund* wis radioed tae initiate the 1941 Operation Barbarossa campaign again the Soviet Union.

The Allied grund advance intae Germany reakit Dortmund in Aprile 1945. The US 95t Infantry Diveesion, attackit the ceety on 12 Aprile 1945 again a spiritit German defense.  The diveesion, assistit bi close air support, advancit throuch the ruins in urban combat an completit its captur on 13 Aprile 1945.

Post-war, biggins lik the Reinoldikirche an Marienkirche (kirks) wis restored/rebuilt, an extensive pairks an gardens wur laid oot. The LWL-Industriemuseum began in 1969, an the ceety subsequently became a centre for heich-tech industry.

## Main sichts
Cultural history tones is set bi the kirks in the ceety centre whase touers characterise the skyline o Dortmund. The Reinoldikirche an the Marienkirche is gems o medieval airchitectur.

The ceety centre o Dortmund still retains the ootline o the medieval ceety. A ring road marks the umwhile ceety waw, an the Westen-/Ostenhellweg, pairt o a medieval saut tradin route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisectin the ceety centre.

* Reinoldikirche, a Protestant kirk (biggit in 1233-1450)
* Petrikirche, a Protestant kirk (stairt o construction 1322). It is famous for the huge carvit altar (kent as "Gowden Miracle o Dortmund"), frae 1521. It consists o 633 gilt carvit aik figurs depictin 30 scenes aboot Easter.
* Marienkirche, a Protestant kirk oreeginally biggit in 1170-1200 but rebuilt efter Warld War II. The altar is frae 1420.
* U-Touer, umwhile Dortmund Union brewery, nou a museum
* Florianturm, (telly touer Florian)
* Westfalenstadion: Fitbaa grund o Borussia Dortmund, licensed till 2016 unner the name Signal Iduna Pairk. Close tae it are the Westfalenhallen, a lairge convention centre, the steid o several major conventions, trade fairs, ice-skeitchin competitions, concerts an ither major events syne the 1950s.
* Westphalian Industrial Museum Zollern Colliery, an Anchor Pynt o ERIH, the European Route o Industrial Heritage
* Hansa Coking Plant
* Haus Bodelschwingh (13t century), a moatit castle
* Haus Dellwig (13t century), a moatit castle partly rebuilt in the 17t century. The façade an the steep touer, an twa hauf-timbered biggins, are oreeginal.
* Haus Rodenberg (13t century), a moatit castle.
* Altes Stadthaus, biggit in 1899 bi Friedrich Kullrich
* Wasserschloss Bodelschwingh
* Romberg Pairk Gatehouse (17t century), ance a gatehoose tae a moatit castle. Nou it hooses an airt gallery.
* RWE Touer (120 metres heich skyscraper — the tawest in Essen)
* Opernhaus Dortmund, opera hoose biggit in 1966 on the steid o the auld synagogue whilk wis wrackit bi the Nazis in 1938.
* The major airt museums include the Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte an the mair recent Museum Ostwall.

## Sports

Dortmund is hame o the sport club Borussia Dortmund which wan the UEFA Champions League an the Intercontinental Cup in 1997, as weel as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup again Liverpool in 1966. This made it the first European Cup Winner in Germany. Thay play at Westfalenstadion, currently kent as Signal Iduna Pairk. It wis biggit for the 1974 FIFA Fitbaa Warld Cup an hostit some matches o 2006 FIFA Warld Cup an aw, includin Italy's 2-0 defeat o Germany in the semi-feenals. It is Germany's lairgest fitbaa stadium wi a maximum capacity o 80,720 spectators.
Borussia Dortmund haes a weemen's handbaw team playin in the first Bundesliga an aw, while Borussia's table tennis team an the SVD 49 Dortmund basketbaw team play in thair respective seicont naitional diveesions.

Dortmund is the Olympiastützpunkt for Westphalie.

The Sparkassen Chess-Meeting haes been hostit in Dortmund syne 1982.

## Transportation
Dortmund Airport is a medium-sizit, but fast growin airport  east o the ceety centre at the ceety leemit tae Holzwickede. The closest intercontinental airport is Düsseldorf Internaitional Airport.

The central train station (Dortmund Hauptbahnhof) is the third lairgest lang distance traffic junction in Germany.

Dortmund Harbour (*Hafen*) is the lairgest canal harbour in Europe an the 11t fluvial harbour in Germany.

Dortmund serves as a major European an German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem an aw. The Ruhrschnellweg follaes auld Hanseatic trade routes tae connect the ceety wi the ither metropolises o the Ruhr aurie. Connections tae the mair destant pairts o Germany is mainteened bi the A1 an the A2 whilk pass closely tae the north an east o the ceety an cross ilk anither at the Kamener Kreuz interchynge northeast o Dortmund.
Thegither wi the A45 in the wast thay biggit the Dortmund Beltway (*Dortmunder Autobahnring*).

For public transportation, the ceety haes an extensive Stadtbahn an bus seestem. In Aprile 2008, the newly constructit east-wast unnergrund licht rail line wis opened, completin the unnergrund service in the ceety centre an replacin the last trams on the surface.

The H-Bahn at Dortmund University o Technology is a hangin monorail biggit specifically tae shuttle passengers atween the varsity's twa campuses, whilk is nou flankit bi research laboratories an ither heich-tech corporations an stairtups an aw. A near identical monorail seestem transfers passengers at Düsseldorf Internaitional Airport.

## Demographics
As o 2010, Dortmund haed a population o 580.400, aboot 180.000 (~30%) o wham wis o nan-German oreegin.

Nummer o minorities (1st an 2nt generation) in Dortmund bi kintra o oreegin per 31 December 2009

## Economy
Dortmund haes historically been an industrial aurie. Dortmund is nou hame tae a nummer o medium-sizit information technology companies, mony linkit tae the local varsity TechnologieZentrumDortmund program. The ceety wirks closely wi research institutes, private varsities, an companies tae collaborate on the commercialization o science initiatives.

In 2009, Dortmund wis classifeed as a *Node ceety* in the *Innovation Ceeties Index* published bi 2thinknow.

## Politics
The politics o Dortmund is dominate bi the social-democratic SPD. Syne Warld War II, the SPD haes been the biggest pairty on the toun cooncil (German: Stadtrat). Syne the 2004 local election, thare hae been 9 pairties an electors' groups on the toun cooncil (88 seats; 1999: 82 seats):

Syne Mey 2010, the laird mayor o Dortmund is Ullrich Sierau (SPD). He leads a coalition made up o SPD an Grüne.

## Cultur

The ceety haes a lang tradeetion o muisic an theatre. The orchestra wis foundit in 1887 an is nou cried Dortmunder Philharmoniker. The first opera hoose wis biggit in 1904, perisht in Warld War II an opened again in 1966 as Opernhaus Dortmund. It is operatit bi Theater Dortmund thegither wi ither locations, includin (syne 2002) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Dortmund U-Touer in umwhile times a brewery is nou centre o creative industries an the Museum am Ostwall
The ceety is namesake for the Dortmunder style beer an is hame tae the Dortmunder Actien Brauerei.

## Twin touns — sister ceeties

Dortmund is twinned wi:
* &nbsp;Rostov-on-Don, Roushie
* &nbsp;Amiens, Fraunce, syne 1960
* &nbsp;Leeds, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1969
* &nbsp;Buffalo, Unitit States, syne 1977
*  Netanya, Israel, syne 1981
*  Novi Sad, Serbie, syne 1982
*  Zwickau, Germany, syne 1988
*  Xi'an, Cheenae, syne 1992
*  Trabzon, Turkey, syne 2014

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial wabsteid