open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
European route E40

**European route E&nbsp;40** is the langest European route, mair nor  lang, connectin Calais in Fraunce via Belgium, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Roushie, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, an Kyrgyzstan, wi Ridder in Kazakhstan near the border tae Cheenae.

## Route
The route passes through:
*Fraunce: Calais - Dunkerque
*Belgium: Adinkerke - Veurne - Bruges - Ghent - Brussels - Leuven - Liège - Eupen
*Germany: Aachen - Cologne - Gummersbach - Olpe - Siegen - Wetzlar - Giessen - Bad Hersfeld - Herleshausen - Eisenach - Gotha - Erfurt - Weimar - Jena - Gera - Chemnitz - Dresden - Bautzen - Görlitz
*Poland: Zgorzelec - Legnica - Wrocław - Opole - Gliwice - Katowice - Jaworzno - Kraków - Tarnów - Rzeszów - Korczowa
*Ukraine: L'viv - Dubno - Rivne - Zhytomyr - Kiev - Lubny - Poltava - Kharkiv - Slovyansk - Debaltseve - Luhans'k
*Roushie: Kamensk-Shakhtinsky - Volgograd - Astrakhan' (Roushie route M21 an Roushie route M6)
*Kazakhstan: Atyrau - Beyneu
*Uzbekistan: Kungrad - Nukus
*Turkmenistan: Daşoguz
*Uzbekistan: Buchara - Samarkand - Jizzakh - Tashkent
*Kazakhstan: Shymkent - Taraz
*Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek
*Kazakhstan: Korday - Almaty - Sary-Ozek - Taldykorgan - Usharal - Taskesken - Ayagoz - Georgiyevka - Öskemen - Ridder

The road maks a big detour in Central Asie. The shortest road atween Calais an Ridder is aboot 2000&nbsp;km shorter, maistly uisin the E30 via Berlin-Moscow-Omsk.

## Local nummerin
The E40 coincides wi the follaein naitional roads:
*France:
** Calais - Dunkirk (border)
*Belgium:
** Dunkirk (border) - Jabbeke
** Jabbeke - Brussels
** Brussels - Eynatten (border)
*Germany:
** Eynatten (border) - Aachen
** Aachen - Olpe
** Olpe - Wetzlar
** Wetzlar - Giessen
** Giessen
** Giessen - Reiskirchen
** Reiskirchen - Hattenbach
** Hattenbach - Kirchheim
** Kirchheim - Görlitz (border)
*Poland:
** Zgorzelec (border) - Tarnów
** Tarnów - Radymno
** Radymno - Przemyśl
** Przemyśl - Medyka (border)
*Ukraine:
**(planning)***' [[Krakovets]] (border) - [[Lviv]]
*****' (border) - Lviv
*****' Lviv - [[Kiev]]
*****' Kiev - Debaltseve
*****' Debaltseve - [[Krasnodon]] (border)
*Russia:
*****' Donetsk (border) - Volgograd
****** Volgograd - Astrakhan
*Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, an Kazakhstan:
**A340 Astrakhan - Nukus
**A380 Nukus - Bukhara
**M37 Bukhara - Samarkand
**M39 Samarkand - Korday (border)
**M33/M39 Korday (border) - Almaty
**А350 Almaty - Ridder

## Gallery


File:E40 Jabbeke.jpg|At Jabbeke in Belgium
File:Borna-Viadukt-Tunel.jpg|Crossin a railway at Chemnitz in eastren Germany
File:Autostrada A4 w Zabrzu-Makoszowach (Nemo5576).jpg|at Zabrze in Upper Silesian Industrial Region in Poland
File:Київ-Житомир.JPG|E&nbsp;40 road on Ukrainian highway Kyiv-Zytomyr
File:E8398-Korday-entering-KZ.jpg|On Kazakh-Kyrgyz border at Korday
File:E40 schlagloch kasachstan.jpg|Road atween Beyneu (Kazakhstan) an Kungrad (Uzbekistan)


## References
;Notes
Shymkent

**Shymkent** (), formerly kent as *Chimkent* () till 1993, is the caipital ceety o Sooth Kazakhstan Province, the maist populatit region in Kazakhstan. It is the third maist populous ceety in Kazakhstan behind Almaty an Astana wi a population o 629,600 (2011-02-01). A major railwey junction on the Turkestan-Siberie Railway, the ceety is an aa a notable cultural centre, wi an internaitional airport. It is situatit 690&nbsp;km wast o Almaty an 120&nbsp;km tae the north o Tashkent, Uzbekistan.  

## History
Shymkent wis foondit in the 12t century as a caravanserai tae protect the Silk Road toun o Sayram, 10&nbsp;km tae the east.  Shymkent grew as a mercat center for trade atween Turkic nomads an the settled Sogdians. It wis destroyed several times: bi Genghis Khan, soldiers frae the soothren Khanates, an bi nomad attacks.  Ance pairt o the Khanate o Kokand, it acame pairt o the Emirate o Bukhara in 1810 an wis then annexed bi the Roushie Empire in 1864. It wis renamed Chernyaev in 1914 an renamed *Shymkent* in 1924.  Follaein the Roushie conquest, Shymkent wis a ceety o trade atween nomadic Turks an sedentary Turks, an wis famous for its kumis.

Thare wis a gulag locatit near Shymkent, an mony Roushie-speakin fowk came tae the aurie via imprisonment.

The name Shymkent comes frae twa wirds: *shym* meanin "turf, an *kent* meanin "ceety". Shymkent an Chimkent hae identical translations.

Efter Kazakhstan gained unthirldom, the ceety wis renamed *Shymkent* in 1993 as pairt o the govrenment’s campaign tae apply Kazakh names tae ceeties. The formal spellin o Шымкент (Shymkent) as codified in Kazakhstan's Constitution goes against the Roushie spellin rules o never havin the letter "ы" follae the letter "ш". As a result, the new name Шымкент (Shymkent) is uised anly in Kazakhstan, while Roushie an some ither kintras uisin Roushie leid continue tae uise the oreeginal spellin Чимкент (Chimkent).

## Geografie

### Climate
Shymkent featurs a borderline continental climate (Köppen climate classification *Dsa*). Shymkent featurs het, relatively dry simmers an cauld winters.
Houever, winters here are noticeably wairmer than in ceeties such as Almaty an Astana, wi the mean monthly temperatur durin the ceety’s cauldest month (Januar) averagin aroond -1 C. Shymkent averages juist unner 600&nbsp;mm o precipitation annually.

## Sister ceeties



## References

## Freemit airtins

*shymkent.com 
*shymkent.ru
*shymkentonline.com 
*chimkent.kz
*shymkent.kz
Saltvik

:*See an aw [[Saltvik, Swaden]].*
:*For the preeson, see [[Saltvik Preeson]].*

**Saltvik** is a municipality o Åland, an autonomous territory o Finland. The total aurie is 1 161,8&nbsp;km², o which 150,7&nbsp;km² is laund, 4,7&nbsp;km² lochs an 1006,4&nbsp;km² sea.

The airchipelago north o Saltvik is aiblins the maist bonnie ane in Åland. Closest tae laund are the big islands Boxö, Sommarö, Flatö an Ryssö. Ayont, the horizon opens up an efter passin Saggö it is mair or less unbreuken.

## History
The municipality haes a rich history. When Åland emergit frae the sea aboot 10,000 years ago, Saltvik wis the first laund tae be seen. Durin the Viking ages, Kvarnbo uised tae be a central croun court- an place o merchandise. The day, you mey visit the medieval kirk an at the court place see the memorial monument.

The kirk St:a Maria is locatit bi Kvarnboviken in the east o Saltvik. The red granite kirk is ane o the auldest in Åland, an wis ance the main church in the region. The kirk haes been rebuilt an extendit several times. The auldest parts are frae the late 13t century, but various reconstructions hae been made frae the 14t century till the day. For example, the chalk drawins on the waws hae first been paintit, then covered an then uncovered again. Aroond an unner the kirk, thare are traces o hooses frae Viking Age. This is no so strange, considerin the kirk is locatit in the middle o the biggest grave field frae Iron Age in Åland.

## Business
Aboot 50% o the fowk livin in Saltvik wirk in the service industrie or in the public sector. 15% wirk in transport an 14% in industrie. Construction an fermin/fishin employ, respectively, 10 an 7%.

The heid office an ane factory o the Chips Group is locatit in the municipality. The company begun its operations in Saltvik in 1969 an wis the first potato chip producer in Finland. Throu acquisitions, new establishments an growthe, the group haes grown an is the day the mercat leader athin snacks in the Nordic an Easter kintras. The best-kent buists are Taffel, OLW, KiMs an Oolannin. In 2005, the Norse industrial group Orkla ASA acquired aw the shares in the Chips Group.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Municipality o Saltvik  – Offeecial wabsteid
Sarah Palin

**Sarah Louise Palin** (; née **Heath**; born Februar 11, 1964) is an American politeecian, commentator an author who served as the 9t Govrenor o Alaska, frae 2006 tae 2009. As the Republican Pairty nominee for Vice Preses in the 2008 presidential election alangside Arizona Senator John McCain, she wis the first Alaskan on the naitional ticket o a major pairty an first Republican woman nominatit for the vice presidency.  Her beuk *[[Going Rogue: An American Life|Going Rogue]]* haes sauld mair nor twa million copies. Syne Januar 2010, she haes providit poleetical commentary for Fox News, an hostit a telly shaw, *[[Sarah Palin's Alaska]]*. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for TLC.

She wis electit tae Wasilla Ceety Cooncil in 1992 an acame mayor o Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, efter an unsuccessful run for lieutenant govrenor, she wis appyntit Chairman o the Alaska Ile an Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for owerseein the state's ile an gas fields for safety an efficiency.  The youngest person an first woman tae be electit Govrenor o Alaska, Palin held the affice frae December 2006 till her resignation in Julie 2009. She haes syne endorsed an campaigned for the Tea Pairty movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections.  Frae the time o her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin wis considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election till she annoonced in October 2011 that she would nae run. In Januar 2016 she declarit her support for Donald Trump's campaign tae acome Preses o the Unitit States.

## References
Asunción Ocotlán

**Asunción Ocotlán** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 12.76&nbsp;km². It is pairt o the Ocotlán Destrict in the sooth o the Valles Centrales Region. Its name "Asunción" alludes the assumption o Mary an Ocotlán means atween ocotes -Oco (ocote) an tlan (atween) in Nahuatl. It borders at north an wast wi Ocotlán de Morelos, sooth wi San Pedro Apóstol an east wi San Pedro Mártir. Amaist aw the launds are plains an its watter sources come frae the Mijangos an Atoyac rivers. Its economie is based in agricultur in spite o its semi-desert climate. The lairgest pairt o population is Catholic. Its main celebration is The Assumption o Virgin Mary on 15 August, mairower they celebrate wi a fair, dances an calendas (celebrations o the patron saunts o the Oaxacans kirks. As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 3257.

## Cultur
Asunción Ocotlán's cultur is shapit bi celebrations, tradeetions an airt. The main celebration is The Assumption o Virgin Mary. As in mony smaw touns or veelages, a weddin pairty tradeetion is that the couple an their faimilies dance wi the presents they hae receivit. Muisic an crafts are integral pairts o the ceety. Tradeetional muisic, cried Banda muisic, is still the maist played genre in the aurie. Fowk mak crafts such as baskets wi a reed cried Phragmites. Tradeetional fuids include Mole (sauce) ower a turkey cried the Ocellatit Turkey an white rice, barbacoa, tlayudas, memelas, an empanadas. Beverages include hot chocolate, atole wi chocolate, tepache, an mezcal.

## Infrastructur
Its govrenment taks care o the hospitals, schuils, pavit roads an ithers, tho no aw o the population tak advantage o these amenities. Thare is ane preschuil, twa elementar schuils, ane middle schuil, an ane hospital. Thare are 781 hooses, maist o thaim are privately awned. 96 percent o fowk tak advantage o street lichtin, 70 percent o the ceeties watter, an 10 percent take advantage o the sewer an garbage pickup service. The pavit roads connect the toun wi San Dionisio Ocotlan an San Pedro Apóstol. The media channels are local awtho fowk can pay tae get SKY (a Mexican cable TV company).

## References
Palladium

**Palladium** is a chemical element wi the chemical seembol **Pd** an an atomic nummer o 46. It is a rare an lustrous sillery-white metal discovered in 1803 bi William Hyde Wollaston. He named it efter the asteroid Pallas, that wis itsel named efter the epithet o the Greek goddess Athena, acquired bi her whan she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium an osmium fairm a group o elements referred tae as the platinum group metals (PGMs). Thae hae seemilar chemical properties, but palladium haes the lawest meltin pynt an is the least dense o thaim.

Ower hauf o the supply o palladium an its congener platinum gangs intae catalytic converters, that convert up tae 90% o harmfu gases frae auto exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, an nitrogen dioxide) intae less-harmful substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide an watter vapor). Palladium is uised in  electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwatter treatment an jewelry. Palladium plays a key role in the technology uised for fuel cells, that combine hydrogen an oxygen tae produce electricity, heat, an watter.

Ore deposits o palladium an ither PGMs are rare, an the maist extensive deposits hae been foond in the norite belt o the Bushveld Igneous Complex coverin the Transvaal Basin in Sooth Africae, the Stillwatter Complex in Montana, Unitit States, the Thunder Bay Destrict o Ontario, Canadae, an the Norilsk Complex in Roushie. Recyclin is a soorce o palladium, maistly frae scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications an leemitit supply soorces o palladium result in the metal attractin considerable investment interest.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Palladium at *[[The Periodic Table o Videos]]* (Varsity o Nottingham)
* Current an Historical Palladium Price
* Special Mercat Report on Palladium an Precious Metals
Platinum

**Platinum** is a chemical element wi the chemical seembol **Pt** an an atomic nummer o 78.

Its name is derived frae the Spaingie term *platina*, which is leeterally translatit intae "little siller". It is a dense, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transeetion metal.

Platinum haes sax naiturally occurring isotopes. It is ane o the rarest elements in the Yird's crust an haes an average abundance o approximately 5&nbsp;μg/kg. It is the least reactive metal. It occurs in some nickel an copper ores alang wi some native deposits, maistly in Sooth Africae, which accoonts for 80% o the warld production.

As a member o the platinum group o elements, as well as o the group 10 o the periodic table o elements, platinum is generally non-reactive. It exhibits a remarkable resistance tae corrosion, even at heich temperaturs, an as sic is considered a noble metal. As a result, platinum is eften foond chemically uncombined as native platinum. Acause it occurs naiturally in the alluvial sands o various rivers, it wis first uised bi pre-Columbie Sooth American natives tae produce artifacts. It wis referenced in European writings as early as 16t century, but it wis nae till Antonio de Ulloa published a report on a new metal o Colombie origin in 1748 that it acame investigated bi scientists.

Platinum is uised in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts an electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, an jewelry. Acause anly a few hunder tonnes are produced annually, it is a scarce material, an is heichly valuable an is a major precious metal commodity. Bein a hivy metal, it leads tae heal issues upon exposur tae its salts, but due tae its corrosion resistance, it is nae as toxic as some metals. Compoonds containin platinum, maist notably cisplatin, are applee'd in chemotherapy against certaint types o cancer.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Platinum at *[[The Periodic Table o Videos]]* (Varsity o Nottingham)
* *[http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html Nuclides an Isotopes]  Fowerteent Edeetion: Chart o the Nuclides*, General Electric Company, 1989.
* NIOSH Pocket Guide tae Chemical Hazards - Platinum Centers for Disease Control an Prevention
Calcium

**Calcium** is the chemical element wi seembol&nbsp;**Ca** an atomic nummer&nbsp;20. Calcium is a saft gray alkaline yird metal, an is the fift-maist-abundant element bi mass in the Yird's crust. Calcium is the fift-maist-abundant dissolved ion in seawatter bi baith molarity an mass, efter sodium, chloride, magnesium, an sulphate.

Calcium is essential for livin organisms, in parteecular in cell pheesiology, whaur muivement o the calcium ion Ca2+ intae an oot o the cytoplasm functions as a signal for mony cellular processes. As a major material uised in mineralisation o bane, teeth an shells, calcium is the maist abundant metal bi mass in mony ainimals.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* WebElements.com – Calcium
* Calcium at *[[The Periodic Cairt o Videos]]* (Varsity o Nottingham)
* USDA Naitional Nutrient Database, Calcium content o selectit fuids 
* UK Fuid Staundarts Agency: Calcium 
* Nutreetion fact sheet frae the Naitional Institutes o Health
Alumeenium

**Alumeenium** is a chemical element in the boron group wi seembol&nbsp;**Al** an atomic nummer&nbsp;13. It is a sillery white, saft, ductile metal. Alumeenium is the third maist abundant element (efter oxygen an silicon), an the maist abundant metal, in the Yird's crust. It maks up aboot 8% bi wicht o the Yird's solit surface. Alumeenium metal is sae chemically reactive that native specimens are rare an leemitit tae extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is foond combined in ower 270 different minerals. The chief ore o alumeenium is bauxite.

Alumeenium is remarkable for the metal's law density an for its ability tae resist corrosion due tae the phenomenon o passivation. Structural components made frae alumeenium an its alloys are vital tae the aerospace industry an are important in ither auries o transportation an structural materials. The maist uiseful compounds o alumeenium, at least on a wicht basis, are the oxides an sulfates.

Despite its prevalence in the environment, alumeenium salts are nae kent tae be uised bi ony fairm o life. In keepin wi its pervasiveness, alumeenium is well toleratit bi plants an ainimals. Owin tae thair prevalence, potential beneficial (or itherwise) biological roles o aluminium compounds are o continuin interest.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Aluminium at *[[The Periodic Cairt o Videos]]* (Varsity o Nottingham)
* CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide tae Chemical Hazards - Aluminum
* Electrolytic production 
* Warld production o primary aluminium, bi kintra
* Price history o aluminum, accordin tae the IMF
* History o Aluminium  – frae the wabsteid o the Internaitional Aluminium Institute
* Emedicine – Aluminium
*
Paracel Islands

The **Paracel Islands**, cried Xīshā Islands () in Cheenese an Hoàng Sa Islands (Quần đảo Hoàng Sa) in Vietnamese an aw, is a group o islands whaur the sovereignty is disputit bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (PRC), Republic o Cheenae (Taiwan) an Vietnam. Aw o the islands are currently unner the admeenistration o Hainan Province o the PRC, which, in Julie 2012, established Sansha Ceety coverin the islands as ane o the three tounships o the ceety. Cheenese an Sooth Vietnamese forces baith occupied pairts o the Paracel Islands afore 1974, when the Battle o the Paracel Islands occurred, efter which the umwhile teuk ower an controlled aw o the Paracels.

The islands are locatit in the Sooth Cheenae Sea consistin o ower 30 islets, sandbanks an reefs wi aboot  o the ocean surface, an less nor  o land surface. The archipelago is approximately equidistant frae the coastlines o Vietnam an Cheenae,  sootheast o Hainan Island, an aboot ane-third o the way frae central Vietnam tae the northren Philippines. Turtles live on the islands, an seabirds hae left nests an guanae deposits, but thare are na permanent human residents except militar personnel an fishermen.

The islands are dividit intae twa main groups. The Amphitrite group is in the northeast an the Crescent group is in the soothwast, an thay are locatit aboot  frae ane anither. Subject tae het an humid climate, wi abundant rainfall an frequent typhuins, the archipelago is surroondit bi productive fishin grounds an potential ile an gas reserves.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Sovereignty ower the Paracel an Spratly Islands, bi Monique Chemillier-Gendreau 
* Wabsteid aboot Paracels an Spratly 
* CIA Warld Factbook for Paracel Islands 
* Territorial claims in the Spratly an Paracel Islands
* A Collection o Documents on Paracel an Spratly Islands bi HoangSa.Org
* Paracels Islands Dispute 
* A Collection o Documents on Paracel an Spratly Islands bi Nguyen Thai Hoc Foundation 
* Vietnamese leid airtin
Senkaku Islands

The , forby kent as the **Diaoyu Islands** (; or jist 钓鱼岛) in Mainland Cheenae or **Tiaoyutai Islands** () in Taiwan, or the **Pinnacle Islands**, is a group o islands controlled bi Japan in the East Cheenae Sea wi nae indwellers. Thay are locatit thareby due east fae Mainland Cheenae, noreast fae Taiwan, wast fae Okinawa Island, an north fae the soothwastren end o the Ryukyu Islands.

Efter it wis diskivert in 1968 that ile reserves micht be foond unner the sea near the islands, Japan's sovereignty ower them haes been disputit bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (PRC) an the Republic o Cheenae (ROC, commonly kent as Taiwan) follaein the transfer o admeenistration frae the Unitit States tae Japan in 1971. The Cheenese claim the discovery an control o the islands frae the 14t century. Japan controlled the islands frae 1895 till its surrender at the end o Warld War II. The Unitit States admeenistered them as pairt o the Unitit States Ceevil Admeenistration o the Ryukyu Islands frae 1945 till 1972, whan the islands revertit tae Japanese control unner the Okinawa Reversion Treaty atween the Unitit States an Japan.

The islands are an issue in foreign relations atween Japan an the FRC an atween Japan an the ROC. In maugre o the complexity o relations atween the FRC an ROC, baith govrenments gree that the islands is pairt o Taiwan as pairt o Toucheng Township in Yilan Coonty o thair respective diveesions. Japan disnae offeecially recognise Taiwan as a sovereign state, an regards the islands as a pairt o Ishigaki, Okinawa Prefectur an aknawledges the claims o naither the FRC nor ROC tae the islands. The Japanese govrenment hisnae alloued Ishigaki tae develop the islands.

## References
Leet o ceeties proper bi population

This is a leet o the maist populous ceeties in the warld defined accordin tae a concept o ceety proper (an urban locality wioot its suburbs). A ceety proper is a locality defined accordin tae legal or poleetical boundaries an an admeenistratively recognised urban status that is uisually characterized bi some fairm o local govrenment.

"Warld Urbanization Prospects", a Unitit Naitions publication, defines the population o a ceety proper as "the population livin within the admeenistrative boundaries o a ceety." The beuk continues tae say that "ceety proper as defined bi admeenistrative boundaries mey nae include suburban auries whur an important proportion o the population wirkin or studyin in the ceety lives."

The term ceety can tak on mony meanins in different pairts o the warld. For the purposes o this leet, the definition o a ceety as a primarily urban locality is uised.  This leet enumerates the populations o some o the warld's lairgest ceeties, the boundaries o which mey or mey nae correspond tae those o municipalities.  The populations leetit are for the admeenistratively defined ceety an nae for the urban aurie nor the metropolitan aurie.  Statistical definitions for each ceety, approximate surface aurie, an population density are an aa indicatit.

## Ceeties proper bi population

## Notes an references
Venus

**Venus** (seembol: ) is the seicont planet frae the Sun, orbitin it ivery 224.7 Yird days. The planet is named efter the Roman goddess o luve an beauty. Efter the Muin, it is the brichtest naitural object in the nicht sky, reachin an apparent magnitude o −4.6, bricht enough tae cast shadaes. Acause Venus is an inferior planet frae Yird, it niver appears tae ventur far frae the Sun: its elongation reaches a maximum o 47.8°. Venus reaches its maximum brichtness shairtly afore sunrise or shortly efter sunset, for which reason it haes been referred tad bi auncient culturs as the Mornin Star or Evenin Star.

Venus is a terrestrial planet an is whiles cried Yird's "sister planet" acause o thair seemilar size, gravity, an bouk composeetion (Venus is baith the closest planet tae Yird an the planet closest in size tae Yird). Houiver, it haes an aa been shawn tae be very different frae Yird in ither respects. It haes the densest atmosphere o the fower terrestrial planets, consistin o mair nor 96% carbon dioxide. The atmospheric pressure at the planet's surface is 92 times that o Yird's. Wi a mean surface temperatur o , Venus is bi far the hettest planet in the Solar Seestem. It haes na carbon cycle tae lock carbon back intae rocks an surface features, nor daes it seem tae hae ony organic life tae absorb it in biomass. Venus is shrouded bi an opaque layer o heichly reflective cloods o sulfuric acid, preventin its surface frae bein seen frae space in veesible licht. Venus micht hae possessed oceans in the past, but thir wad hae vaporized as the temperatur rose due tae a runaway greenhoose effect. The watter haes maist probably photodissociated, an, acause o the lack o a planetary magnetic field, the free hydrogen haes been swept intae interplanetary space bi the solar wind. Venus's surface is a dry desertscape interspersed wi slab-lik rocks an periodically refreshed bi volcanism.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Venus Profile  at NASA's Solar Seestem Exploration steid
* Missions tae Venus  (Hostit bi NASA)
* Gallery o Venus exploration images  (Hosted bi NASA)
* The Soviet Exploration o Venus, Image catalog
* Venus page at ''The Nine Planets''
* NASA page aboot the Venera missions 
* Magellan mission home page
* Pioneer Venus information frae NASA 
* Detailed information aboot transits o Venus
* Geody Venus, a sairch ingine for surface featurs
* Cairts o Venus in NASA Warld Wind 
* Chasin Venus, Observin the Transits o Venus Smithsonian Institution Libraries
* Venus Crater Database Lunar an Planetary Institute
* Calculate/show the current phase o Venus  (U.S. Naval Observatory)
* Venus Astronomy Cast episode No. 50, includes full transcript.
* Thorsten Dambeck: *[http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/multimedia/mpResearch/2009/heft04/pdf12.pdf The Blazing Hell Behind the Veil] *, MaxPlanckResearch, 4/2009, p.&nbsp;26–33

### Cartographic resoorces
* PDS Cairt-a-Planet & Venus Nomenclature 
* Gazeteer o Planetary Nomenclature&nbsp;– Venus (USGS)
* Cairt o Venus 
* Movie o Venus  at Naitional Oceanic an Atmospheric Admeenistration
Mercur (planet)

**Mercur** (seembol: ) is the smawest  an closest tae the Sun o the aicht planets in the Solar Seestem, wi an  orbital period o aboot 88 Yird days. Seen frae the Yird, it appears tae muive aroond its orbit in aboot 116 days, which is much faster than ony ither planet. This rapid motion mey hae led tae it bein named efter the Roman deity Mercur, the fast-flyin messenger tae the gods. Acause it haes almaist na atmosphere tae retain heat, Mercur's surface experiences the greatest temperatur variation o aw the planets, rangin frae  at nicht tae  durin the day at some equatorial regions. The poles are constantly belaw . Mercur's axis haes the smawest tilt o ony o the Solar Seestem's planets (aboot  o a degree), but it haes the lairgest orbital eccentricity. At aphelion, Mercur is aboot 1.5 times as far frae the Sun as it is at perihelion. Mercur's surface is hivily cratered an seemilar in appearance tae the Muin, indicatin that it haes been geologically inactive for billions o years.

Mercur daes nae experience saisons in the same wey as maist ither planets, sic as the Yird. It is locked sae it rotates in a wey that is unique in the Solar Seestem. As seen relative tae the fixed starns, it rotates exactly three times for every twa revolutions it maks aroond its orbit. As seen frae the Sun, in a frame o reference that rotates wi the orbital motion, it appears tae rotate anly ance every twa Mercurian years. An observer on Mercur wad tharefore see anly ane day every twa year.

Acause Mercur's orbit lies within Yird's orbit (as daes Venus's), it can appear in Yird's sky in the mornin or the evenin, but nae in the middle o the nicht. An aa, lik Venus an the Muin, it displays a complete range o phases as it moves aroond its orbit relative tae the Yird. Awtho Mercur can appear as a very bricht object whan viewed frae Yird, its proximity tae the Sun maks it mair difficult tae see than Venus.

## Notes


## Freemit airtins
* Mariner 10 Atlas o Mercury – NASA 
* Mercury nomenclature an cairt wi feature names frae the USGS planetary nomenclature page
* MESSENGER Mission wab steid
* Mercur QuickMap frae MESSENGER wab steid 
* SolarViews.com – Mercury
* Astronomy Cast: Mercury
* Geody Mercur Warld's sairch ingine that supports NASA Warld Wind, Celestia, an ither applications.
* A Day On Mercury  flash animation
* Mercur airticles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries
* 'BepiColombo', ESA's Mercury Mission 5 Juin 2013
* 
* MESSENGER False Color Mercur Globe Spin - APOD
Haneda Airport

, commonly kent as  or  , is ane o the twa primary airports that serve the Greater Tokyo Aurie in Japan. It is locatit in Ōta, Tokyo,  sooth o Tokyo Station.

Haneda haundles almaist aw domestic flichts tae an frae Tokyo, while Narita Internaitional Airport haundles the vast majority o internaitional flichts. In 2010, a dedicatit internaitional terminal wis opened at Haneda in conjunction wi the completion o a fowert runway. This allowed for a dramatic increase in internaitional flichts gangin tae Haneda, which previously haed anly "scheduled charter" flichts tae Seoul, Shanghai, Hong Kong an Taipei. The Japanese govrenment plans tae further expand Haneda's internaitional role in the futur.

Haneda haundelt 66,795,178 passengers in 2012. Bi passenger throughput, it wis the seicont busiest airport in Asie an the fowert busiest in the warld, efter Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, Beijing Caipital Airport (Asie's busiest) an Lunnon Heathrow Airport.  Wi Haneda an Narita combined Tokyo haes the third busiest ceety airport seestem in the warld, efter Lunnon an New York Ceety.

Haneda is the primary base o Japan's twa major domestic airlines, Japan Airlines (Terminal 1) an Aw Nippon Airways (Terminal 2), as well as law-cost carriers Hokkaido Internaitional Airlines, Skymark Airlines, Skynet Asie Airways, an StarFlyer.  It is able tae haundle 90 million passengers per year follaein its expansion in 2010.

In December 2009, ForbesTraveller.com  recognised Haneda Airport as the maist punctual airport in the warld for twa years in a row, wi 94.3% o its flichts departin on time an 88.6% arrivin on time.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Tokyo Internaitional Airport Homepage  
* Haneda Airport Terminal Portal Steid  
* openNav: HND / RJTT charts
* Tokyo Internaitional Air Terminal Corporation
Ivan Babushkin

**Ivan Babushkin** () (pseudonym Nikolay Nikolaevich) (3 Januar 1873 – 18 Januar 1906) wis a Roushie profeesional Bolshevik revolutionar. He wis born in the *selo* o Ledengskoye o the Vologda Govrenorate, currently in Babushkinsky Destrict o Vologda Oblast.

Babushkin wirkit as an apprentice metalwirker in Kronstadt atween 1887-91. In the simmer o 1891, he foond wirk at the Semiannikov Factory in St. Petersburg. In 1894, he made the acquaintance o Lenin durin the wirkers' Marxist circle meetins, which Lenin conductit. A year later, he wis an active pairticipant in the St. Petersburg’s League o Struggle for the Emancipation o the Wirkin Class. He organisit revolutionar activities targetin the wirkers o the Semiannikov an Aleksandrov factories.

His role in the League o Struggle resultit in arrest an subsequent exile tae Ekaterinoslav in 1897. Less nor ten month later he wis ane o the organizers o the Ekaterinoslav League o Struggle for the Emancipation o the Wirkin Class. In October o the follaein year he set up the Ekaterinoslav Committee o the Roushie Social Democratic Labour Pairty (RSDLP). In 1900, Babushkin establisht an illegal newspaper, Luzhnyi Rabochii. Babushkin wis a key agent an correspondent for Lenin’s Iskra. Atween 1900–01 he wis ahint notable revolutionar activities in Moscow, Smolensk, Polotsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, an ither ceeties. In 1902 he managit tae escape frae the Ekaterinoslav preeson, an sneakit intae Lunnon. He returned tae Roushie in October 1902.

He wis executit at the Mysovaya station o the Trans-Siberie Railwey in 1906. The nearbi toun o Mysovsk wis renamit efter him in 1941.

In 1941, Ledengsky Destrict o Vologda Oblast an the selo o Ledengskoye hae been renamit intae Babushkinsky Destrict an the selo o Imeni Babushkina, respectively. Thare are streets in mony Roushie ceeties an aw (includin Moscow, Ivana Babushkina Street), namit efter Babushkin.

## References
Stephen Harper

**Stephen Joseph Harper** (born Aprile 30, 1959), PC, MP, is the twenty-seicont prime meenister o Canadae an leader o the Conservative Pairty. Harper becam prime meenister whan his pairty fairmed a minority govrenment efter the 2006 federal election. He is the first prime meenister frae the newly reconstitutit Conservative Pairty, follaein a merger o the Progressive Conservative an Canadian Alliance pairties.

Harper is an evangelical Christian wi a pouer base in Alberta, home o Canadae's ile boom. Kent as an ally o Canadian fossil fuels, he haes promotit thair export tae the U.S. an Cheenae. He haes helped the federal govrenment tae dismantle some environmental restrictions on economic growth. Harper increased federal defense spendin bi nearly $1 billion annually in his first fower years in affice, wi mair projectit. Canadae haes amassed a federal debt ower $600 billion bi mid-2013.

Harper haes been the Member o Parliament (MP) for the ridin o Calgary Soothwast in Alberta syne 2002. Earlier, frae 1993 tae 1997, he wis the MP for Calgary Wast. He wis ane o the foondin members o the Reform Pairty, but did nae seek re-election, an instead joined, an shortly thareefter led, the Naitional Citizens Coalition. In 2002, he succeedit Stockwell Day as leader o the Canadian Alliance (the successor tae the Reform Pairty) an returned tae parliament as Leader o the Opposeetion. In 2003, he reached an agreement wi Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger o their twa pairties tae fairm the Conservative Pairty o Canadae. He wis electit as the pairty's first non-interim leader in Mairch 2004.

Harper's Conservative Pairty wan a stranger minority in the October 2008 federal election, shawing\ a smaa increase in the percentage o the popular vote an increased representation in the Canadian Hoose o Commons, wi 143 o 308 seats. The 40t Canadian Parliament wis dissolved in Mairch 2011, efter his govrenment failed a na-confidence vote on the issue o the Cabinet bein in contempt o parliament.

In the Mey 2011 federal election, Harper's Conservative Pairty wan a majority govrenment, the first syne the 2000 federal election. His pairty wan 166 seats, an increase o 23 seats frae the October 2008 election.
## References

## Freemit airtins

*
* Prime Meenister o Canada&nbsp;– offeecial wabsteid 
* Conservative Pairty Wabsteid
* Stephen Harper's M.A. Thesis 
* CBC&nbsp;– The Conservative Leader
* 
* Affice o the Prime Meenister's YouTube channel
* Harper's Air Miles – Stephen Harper's foreign trips, syne 2006
Tõdu

**Tõdu** is a veelage in Kõlleste Pairish, Põlva Coonty in sootheastren Estonie. It haes a population o 43 (as o 1 August 2007).

Inside the Govrenorate o Livonie Tõdu belangit tae historical Põlva Pairish which wis then pairt o Võru Coonty. Tõdu knicht manor (*Tödwenshof*) wis locatit in the veelage.

## References
Mahtra

**Mahtra** is a veelage in Juuru Pairish, Rapla Coonty, Estonie. It haes a population o 92 (as o 1 Januar 2010).

In 1858 a peasant insurgency cried the Mahtra War teuk place at the Mahtra Manor.

## References
Lilli, Harju Coonty

**Lilli** is a veelage in Anija Pairish, Harju Coonty in northren Estonie. It's locatit on the richt bank o the Jägala River, aboot  north o the toun o Kehra. Lilli haes a population o 118 (as o 1 2010).

## References
Raikküla

**Raikküla** is a veelage in Raikküla Pairish, Rapla Coonty in northwastren Estonie.

Geologist an paleontologist Alexander Keyserling (1815–1891) livit in Raikküla Manor syne 1847. Anton Raadik, the maist famous Estonie born Middleweicht boxer o the 1940s an 50s wis born in Raikküla.
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga

**Jo-Wilfried Tsonga** (; born ) is a French professional tennis player. He wis born in Le Mans, tae a French mither, Évelyne, an a Congolese faither, Didier Tsonga, who moved tae Fraunce in the 1970s tae play haundbaw.
Tsonga is a member o the Tennis Club de Paris (TCP). His career-heich singles rankin is Warld No. 5, which he achieved in Februar 2012.

Tsonga rose tae fame bi virtue o his performance in the 2008 Australian Open when, as an unseedit player, he reached the final, havin defeated fower seedit players alang the way, includin earnin a straight-sets win ower the Warld No. 2 Rafael Nadal in the semifinals. Tsonga eventually lost tae the Warld No. 3 Novak Djokovic in the final in fower sets, efter winnin the first set, the anly set Djokovic dropped durin the toornament.

Tsonga followed this up bi winnin his first ATP Masters Series championship at the 2008 Paris Masters, thus qualifyin for the 2008 Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, Cheenae. His best performances in a major toornament syne 2008 are semifinal appearances in the 2010 Australian Open, the 2013 French Open an at Wimbledon in 2011 an 2012. He an aa reached the final o the 2011 ATP Warld Tour Finals, whaur he lost tae five-time an defendin champion Roger Federer.

He is ane o the few active players on tour tae hae reached the quarterfinal stage o aw fower Grand Slams.

## References
Tomáš Berdych

**Tomáš Berdych** (; born September 17, 1985) is a Czech professional tennis player. His maist notable achievement wis reachin the final o the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, causin consecutive upsets bi defeatin tap seed an sax-time champion Roger Federer in the quarterfinals, an Warld No. 3 Novak Djokovic in the semifinals. In the final, he lost tae Rafael Nadal in straucht sets.

He an aa reached the semifinals o the 2010 French Open, defeatin fowert seed Andy Murray in straicht sets in the fowert roond, an droppin na sets till his loss in the semifinals tae Robin Söderling, an the 2012 US Open whaur he defeatit Warld No. 1 Roger Federer again at the quarterfinal stage, afore losin tae eventual champion Andy Murray in the semifinals. He is the seicont player (efter David Nalbandian) tae defeat Roger Federer multiple times in Grand Slam events afore the semifinal stage. He defeatit the Croatian player Ivan Ljubičić in five sets tae win the Paris Masters in 2005. He haes syne reached the finals o the Miami Masters in 2010 an the Madrid Open in 2012, losin tae Andy Roddick an Roger Federer respectively. He reached a career heich o Warld No. 6 on October 18, 2010, an matched that effort again on September 10, 2012.

He an aa played the langest ATP doubles match ever, wi Lukáš Rosol, defeatin Marco Chiudinelli an Stanislas Wawrinka in the first roond o the 2013 Davis Cup 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–7, 24–22. The match wis played on 2 Februar 2013, lastin 7 oors, 2 minutes. It wis the seicont langest ATP match ever (singles an doubles combined).

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Tomáš Berdych Offeecial Wabsteid
*Wabsteid aboot Tomáš Berdych 
*
*
*
*Berdych Recent Match Results 
*Berdych Warld Rankin History
Parintins

**Parintins** is a ceety in Brazil, in the state o Amazonas. The Indwallers wi 103 828.

## Sister ceeties
*  - Olinda, Brazil
*  - Nairobi, Kenyae
*  - Montgomery, USA
*  - Istanbul, Turkey
*  - Luxor, Egyp
Stanislas Wawrinka

**Stanislas "Stan" Wawrinka** ( ; , born 28 March 1985) is a Swiss professional tennis player. He also holds German citizenship as his faither is German. His career-high singles ranking is World No. 9, achieved on 9 June 2008. He considers clay his best surface and his serve and volley his best shot. He won the Gold medal for Switzerland in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, partnering Roger Federer, by beating Swedish team Simon Aspelin/Thomas Johansson in the final. They were also honoured with the 2008 Swiss Team of the Year Award.

John McEnroe believes Wawrinka has one of the most powerful backhands he has ever seen and describes him as having "the best one-handed backhand in the game today".

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*
*
*
*Stan Wawrinka  Offeecial Steid
Cintalapa

**Cintalapa** is a toun an ane o the 122 Municipalities o Chiapas, in soothren Mexico. It covers an aurie o 2404.6&nbsp;km².

As o 2010, the municipality haed a total population o 78,114, up frae 64,013 as o 2005. 

The municipality haed 943 localities, the lairgest o which (wi 2010 populations in parentheses) wur: Cintalapa de Figueroa (42,467), Lázaro Cárdenas (3,002), classifee'd as urban, an Cereso 14 (El Amate) (2,243), Villamorelos (1,677), Nueva Tenochtitlán (Rizo de Oro) (1,640), Emiliano Zapata (1,507), Pomposo Castellanos (1,489), Francisco I. Madero (1,444), Mérida (1,412), an Vista Hermosa (1,149), classifee'd as landwart.

## References
Chilón

**Chilón** is a toun an ane o the 119 Municipalities o Chiapas, in soothren Mexico.

As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 77,686. It covers an area of 2490&nbsp;km².

## References
White oul

The **Snawy Houlet** (*Bubo scandiacus*) is a muckle houlet o the typical houlet faimily Strigidae. The Snawy Houlet wis first classified in 1758 bi Carolus Linnaeus, the Swadish naturalist who developed binomial nomenclature tae classify an organize plants an ainimals. Till recently, it wis regardit as the sole member o a distinct genus, as **''Nyctea** scandiaca*, but [[mtDNA]] [[cytochrome b|cytochrome *b*]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]] data (Olsen et al. 2002) shaws that it is very closely relatit tae the [[horned houlet]]s in the genus *Bubo*. The Snawy Houlet is the offeecial bird o the [[Canadae|Canadian]] [[Provinces an territories o Canadae|province]] o [[Quebec]].

==References==


==Freemit airtins==


* [http://www.explorebiodiversity.com/BIRDS/BirdsofWorld/video/SnowyOwl/video.html Free Online Video Aboot Snawy Houlets] 
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Snowy_Owl.html Snawy Houlet Species Accoont]—Cornell Lab o Ornithology
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3760id.html Snowy Owl *Bubo scandiacus''] —USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
*
Chicomuselo

**Chicomuselo** is a *municipio* (municipality) in the Mexican state o Chiapas, an the name o the municipality's lairgest dounset an the seat o the municipal govrenment an aw. The municipality haes a aurie o some 1,043 km², an haed a census population (INEGI 2000 figurs) recordit o 24,994 inhabitants.
Chicomuselo is currently sufferin the exploitation o laund in the haunds o the Blackfire exploration LTD a minin company frae Canadae.  

## Notes

## References
* 

## See an aw
*Municipalities o Chiapas
Ciénaga

**Ciénaga** means "swamp" in Spainyie.  

*Ciénaga* mey refer tae an aw:

## Swamps
*Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (Colombie)
*Zapata Swamp (*Ciénaga de Zapata*), Cuba 
*Ciénaga de Zapatosa (Colombie)

## Places
*Ciénega, Boyacá, Colombie
*Ciénaga de Oro, Córdoba, Colombie
*Ciénaga, Magdalena, Colombie
*Ciénega de Flores, Nuevo León, Mexico
*Ciénega de Zimatlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
*Cienega Valley AVA, a Californie wine region

## See an aw
*Cienega
Zona Bananera

**Zona Bananera** is a municipality o the depairtment o Magdalena in northren Colombie. Its main toun is Prado Sevilla.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Zona Bananera official website 
* Gobernacion del Magdalena - Zona Bananera
Sebastián Piñera

**Sebastián Piñera** ( Inglis Pronunciation:      ; born December 1, 1949; deed Februar 6, 2024) wis a Chilean whose career included stints as an economics professor, businessman an politeecian, afore he wis electit Preses o Chile in Januar 2010. He first teuk affice in Mairch 2010 an servit tae Mairch 2014; he wis Preses agin frae Mairch 2018 tae Mairch 2022. Piñera wis a billionaire.

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid 
*  Extendit biography bi CIDOB Foundation 
*  Biographical notes, in Spaingie 
*  Genealogy o the Piñera faimily in Chile
Angelique Kerber

**Angelique Kerber** (born 18 Januar 1988 in Bremen) is a professional German tennis player, who, as o 17 Julie 2017, is ranked warld nummer 14 in singles bi the Weemen's Tennis Association. Her career heich is nummer 1.

Kerber haes competit as a professional syne 2003, haes wan twa WTA titles (2012 Open GDF Suez an 2012 e-Boks Open) an eleven ITF titles. Kerber's best Grand Slam results hae come at the 2011 US Open an the 2012 Wimbledon Championships whaur she wis a semifinalist, an the 2012 French Open whaur she reached the quarterfinals.

## Freemit airtins
* 
* 
* 
* Offeecial wabsteid
*
Zapayán

**Zapayán** is a toun an municipality o the depairtment o Magdalena in northren Colombie.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Zapayan offeecial wabsteid 
* Gobernacion del Magdalena - Zapayan
Pivijay

**Pivijay** is a toun an municipality o the Colombie Depairtment o Magdalena. Foondit in 1774 bi José Flores, Julian Valera an Antonio Sánchez. Promotit tae municipality in 1912.

## Politics
### Admeenistrative diveesions
Corregimientos: 
*Avianca
*Canoas
*Caraballo
*Chinoblas
*Garrapatas
*Las Piedras
*Media Luna
*Paraco (Carmen del Magdalena)
*Paraíso
*Piñuelas
*Placitas
*Salaminita

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Gobernacion del Magdalena: municipios - Pivijay
* Pivijay official website
Jeppe Aakjær

**Jeppe Aakjær** (born *Jeppe Jensen*, 10 September 1866 in Aakjær near Skive in Denmark, deed 22 Aprile 1930 on the ferm *Jenle* in Salling in Denmark) wis a Dens makker.

He isna weil-kent in Scotland the day, but he owerset monie o Burns's poems intae Dens (an Jutlandic dialect), and he wrate monie poems anent Burns, tae. He taucht himsel Scots tae owerset Burns, and he traivelit in Scotland tae see aw the monuments associatit wi Burns.

The day maist o his Burns owersettins hae been forgotten in Denmark. The ainlie ane fowk ken the nou is "Skuld gammel venskab rejn forgo" (*[[Auld Lang Syne]]*), whilk he wrate in Jutlandic dialect.
Copala, Guerrero

**Copala** is a ceety an seat o the municipality o Copala, in the state o Guerrero, sooth-wastren Mexico. 

## References
Cochoapa el Grande (municipality)

**Cochoapa el Grande** is ane o the 81 municipalities o Guerrero, in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipal seat lees at Cochoapa el Grande.  As o 2005, the municipality haed a tot population o 15,572. 
It is ane o the newer municipalies o Guerrero, formit on 13 Juin 2003.

## References
Ciudad de Armería

**Ciudad de Armería** (**Armería**) is a ceety in the sooth-central pairt o the Mexican state o Colima.  It serves as the municipal seat for the surroondin Armería Municipality. Wi a 2005 census population o 14,091, Ciudad de Armería is the fift-lairgest commonty in the state in terms o population.

## Climate





## References

## Freemit airtins
* H. Ayuntamiento de Armería, Col.  Municipal govrenment wab site.
* Armería  in the *Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México*.
Copala (municipality)

**Copala** is ane o the 81 municipalities o Guerrero, in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipal seat lees at Copala. It is kent for its beach, Playa Ventura. The municipality covers a aurie o 344.4&nbsp;km².

As o 2005, the municipality haed a tot population o 11,896. 

## References
Kei Nishikori

(born 29 December 1989 in Matsue, Shimane, Japan) is a Japanese tennis player, currently ranked Warld No. 11 as o Juin 17, 2013. He began playin tennis at the age o five an qualified for his first ATP main draw event at the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles at the age o 17. Nishikori wis named ATP Newcomer o year in 2008. He haes wan 3 singles titles, reached the quarter-finals o the 2012 Australian Open. On Juin 17 2013, he reached a career-heich singles rankin o Warld No. 11.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
*ITF Tennis Kei Nishikori
*ATP DEUCE Magazine: Project 45 Na Longer A Secret
*Kei Nishikori Offeecial Steid
*Kei Nishikori Offeecial Facebook Fanpage
Francesca Schiavone

**Francesca Schiavone** (; born 23 Juin 1980 in Milan) is an Italian tennis player that turnt professional in 1998. She wan the 2010 French Open singles title, becomin the first Italian wumman tae win a Grand Slam event in singles. She wis runner-up at the 2011 French Open an aa. As o 24 Juin 2013, Schiavone's rankin is Warld No. 45; her career heich rankin is Warld No. 4, achieved on 31 Januar 2011.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* 
* SchiavoneFrancesca.com Offeecial wabsteid