Orenburg

**Orenburg** () is a transcontinental ceety an the admeenistrative centre o Orenburg Oblast, Roushie, locatit on the Ural River  sootheast o Moscow, vera close tae the mairch wi Kazakhstan. Population: 548,331 (2010 Census); 549,361 (2002 Census); 

## History

The Roushie Empire began plans for the expansion intae Asie bi construction o an eastren frontier fortress toun in the soothren Ural region tae be namit *Orenburg* in 1734. The colonists oreeginally foondit a dounset in 1735 at the confluence o the Ural River wi the Or River. The toun's name meant "fortress near the Or," as *Burg* is German for fortress. This dounset chyngit its name in 1739 tae Orsk. An attempt wis made tae foond anither Orenburg aboot  wast at a location cried Krasnogor, or "Red Hill," in 1741, but this dounset failed. A third Orenburg wis successfully establisht bi Ivan Neplyuyev at its present location approximately  wast doun the Ural frae Orsk in 1743. This third Orenburg functioned as an important militar ootpost on the frontier wi the nomadic Kazakhs. It became the centre for the Orenburg Cossacks.

Orenburg played a major role in the Pugachev rebellion (1773–1774). At the time, it wis the caipital o a vast destrict an the seat o the govrenor. Yemelyan Pugachev besiegit the ceety an its fortress frae nearbi Berda frae October 1773 - 26 Mairch 1774. The defence wis organisit bi lieutenant-general Reinsdorp. General Golytsin defeatit Pugachev at Berda, an later again at Kargala (north o Orenburg). Maist o the ceety wis left in ruins, an thoosans o indwallers haed dee'd in the siege.

The famous Roushie writer Alexander Pushkin visitit Orenburg in 1833 durin a research trip for his beuks *[[The History o Pugachev]]* an his famous novel *[[The Caiptain's Dochter]]*. He met his friend Vladimir Dal here, who wad later write the first serious dictionar o the Russian leid.

Orenburg wis the base for General Perovsky's spedeetions against the Khanate o Khiva in the 1830s throu 1850s.  Efter the incorporation o Central Asie intae the Roushie Empire, Orenburg became a tradin station an, syne the completion o the Trans-Aral Railwey, a prominent railwey junction on route tae the new Central Asie possessions an tae Siberie.

Orenburg functioned as the caipital o the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in present-day Kazakhstan) athin Roushie frae 1920–1925. Whan that republic wis renamit Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925, Orenburg jynt Roushie an Qyzylorda became the new caipital. Alma-Ata became the caipital in 1929 efter the construction o the Turkestan–Siberie Railwey. Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic wis promotit tae the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936. Orenburg remained in Roushie.

Frae 1938 tae 1957, the ceety bore the name **Chkalov** () (efter the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov). The ceety's distance frae the German invasion durin Warld War II led mony Soviet enterprises tae flee thare, helpin tae spur the ceety's economic growthe.

## Admeenistrative an municipal status
Orenburg is the admeenistrative centre o the oblast. Athin the framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions, it serves as the admeenistrative centre o Orenburgsky Destrict, even tho it is no a pairt o it. As an admeenistrative diveesion, it is, thegether wi ten landwart localities, incorporatit separately as the **[[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety]] o Orenburg**—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the destricts. As a municipal diveesion, the Ceety o Orenburg is incorporatit as **Orenburg Urban Okrug**.

## Economy
Orenburg is a hame for several lairge companies or thair subsidiars: *Orenburggazprom*, the subsidiar o Gazprom; *Orenburgneft*, the subsidiar o TNK-BP ile company; *Orenburgenergy*, ane o the biggest energy generatin companies in Roushie.

### Transportation

Orenburg haes been a major railwey centre iver syne the Samara-Zlatoust an Orenburg-Tashkent railweys wur completit, respectively in 1876 an 1905.

Orenburg's main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport, locatit aboot  east o the ceety, on the Orsk destination, an is the heidquairters o Orenair.

## Militar
Thare is an airbase locatit  soothwast o the ceety.

## Climate

## Sports
*Lokomotiv haes played in the heichest diveesion o the Roushie Bandy League. Nou thay play in the seicont heichest diveesion. Thair hame arena haes a capacity o 5000.http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/15/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/15/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=6qu7UJq3E8z74QTT6oB4&ved=0CDMQ7gEwAA
*Nadezhda Orenburg is a women's basketball club competin in the Russian Women's Basketball Premier League an playin in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall.

## Honors
The asteroid 27709 Orenburg wis namit efter the ceety on 1 Juin 2007.

## Internaitional relations

Orenburg haes the follaein sister ceeties:
* Khujand, Tajikistan
* Legnica, Poland
* Orlando, United States
* Ufa, Roushie
* Oral, Kazakhstan

## References
### Notes

### Sources
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## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid o Orenburg  
*Orenburg State Institute o Management 
*Photos o Orenburg