open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Azores

The Airchipelago o the **Azores** ( ,  ; , ) is composed o nine wee volcanic islands situatit in the middle o the North Atlantic Ocean, an is locatit aboot  wast frae Lisbon an aboot  east frae the east coast o North Americae. The islands, an their economic exclusion zone, form the **Autonomous Region o the Azores**, ane o the twa autonomous regions o Portugal. Its main industries are: agricultur, dairy fermin (for cheese an butter products primarily), minor livestock ranchin, fishin an tourism, whilk is becomin the major service activity in the region; eikit tae whilk, the govrenment o the Azores employs a lairge percentage o the population directly or indirectly in mony aspects o the service an tertiary sectors.

## References
### Notes
Ningbo

**Ningbo** (; Ningbo dialect: ) is a seaport ceety in the northeast o Zhejiang province, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. Hauldin sub-provincial admeenistrative status an separate state-plannin status, as o the 2010 census, the municipality haes a population o 7,605,700 indwallers, 3,089,180 o who reside in the urban aurie which comprises 6 destricts. It lees sooth o the Hangzhou Bay, facin the East China Sea tae the east. Ningbo borders Shaoxing tae the wast an Taizhou tae the sooth, an is separatit frae Zhoushan bi a narrae body o watter.

## Etymology
The first character in the ceety's name (宁 or 寧) means "serene", while its seicont character (波) translates tae "waves". Thegither, the name literally means "Serene Waves". The ceety is abbreviatit Yǒng (甬), efter the Yong Hill (甬山), a prominent coastal hill near the ceety, juist lik the Yong River (甬江) that flows throu Ningbo. The abbreviation Ning is uised mair commonly for Nanjing.

It wis ance namit "明州" (Míngzhōu). The character Ming (明) wis componed bi twa pairts, representin twa lakes inside the ceety waw, i.e., the Sun Lake (日湖) an the Moon Lake (月湖), but anerlie Moon Lake remains.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns an sister ceeties
Ningbo is twinned wi:

#### Sister ceeties

* Nagaokakyo, Japan (syne Aprile 1983)
* Aachen, Germany (October 1986)
* Wilmington, Delaware, Unitit States (Mey 1988)
* Rouen, Fraunce (Mairch 1990)
* Waitakere, New Zealand (November 1998)
* Santos, São Paulo, Brazil (Januar 2002)
* São Paulo, Brazil
* Veszprem, Hungary (Julie 2003)
* Nelson Mandela Municipality, Sooth Africae (September 2003)
* Varna, Bulgarie (Juin 2004)
* Stavanger, Norawa (September 2004)
* Nottingham, Ingland, Unitit Kinrick (September 2005)
* Bydgoszcz, Poland (November 2005)

#### Ceeties o friendly exchyynges ()

* Masuda, Japan (syne October 1990)
* Ueda, Nagano, Japan (Februar 1995)
* Barcelona, Spain (October 1995)
* Suncheon, Jeollanam-do (Juin 1997)
* Surrey, Breetish Columbie, Canadae (Mey 1999)
* Houston, Unitit States (September 2000)
* Wiener Neustadt, Austrick (September 2000)
* Daegu, Sooth Korea (September 2000)
* Aguascalientes, Mexico (November 2006)
* Milwaukee, Unitit States (2006)
* Manzanillo, Mexico (Juin 2010)
* Rijeka, Croatie (Juin 2011)

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Ningbo Govrenment wabsteid 
*
*Ningbo Flight Schedules in Inglis
Mendoza, Argentinae

**Mendoza** () is the caipital ceety o Mendoza Province, in Argentinae.  It is locatit in the northren-central pairt o the province, in a region o fuithills an heich plains, on the eastren side o the Andes.  As o the , Mendoza's population wis 110,993.  The metropolitan population wis 848,660 in 2001, makkin Greater Mendoza the fowert lairgest census metropolitan aurie in the kintra.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Mendoza is twinned wi:

*  São Paulo, Brazil
*   Sertãozinho, Brazil
*  Ramat Gan, Israel
*   Monterrey, Mexico
*  Tacna, Peru
*  Miami-Dade County, USA
*   Nashville, USA

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
* (Spanish) Municipality o Mendoza Offeecial wabsteid
Santiago de Compostela

**Santiago de Compostela** (, ) is the caipital o the autonomous commonty o Galicie, Spainie.

The ceety's Cathedral is the destination theday, as it haes been throughout history, o the important 9t century medieval pilgrimage route, the Wey o St. James. In 1985 the ceety's Auld Toun wis designatit a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid.

## Sister ceeties

Santiago de Compostela is twinned wi:
*  São Paulo, Brazil
* Coimbra, Portugal, syne 1994
* Santiago do Cacém, Portugal, syne 1980s
* Mashhad, Iran
* Buenos Aires, Argentinae, syne 1980s
* Qom, Iran
* Santiago de Querétaro, México (2005)
* Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic (2004)
* Assisi, Italy (2008)
* Pisa, Italy (2010)
* Santiago de Cuba, foondit bi Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (1514)

## References
;Notes
Cluj-Napoca

**Cluj-Napoca** (; ; , Hungarian pronunciation: ; Medieval Laitin:  *Castrum Clus*, *Claudiopolis*; , *Kloiznburg*), commonly kent as **Cluj**, is the seicont maist muckle ceety in Romanie an the seat o Cluj Coonty in the northwastren pairt o the kintra. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant frae Bucharest (324&nbsp;km / 201&nbsp;mi), Budapest (351&nbsp;km / 218&nbsp;mi) an Belgrade (322&nbsp;km / 200&nbsp;mi). Locatit in the Someşul Mic River valley, the ceety is considered the unoffeecial caipital tae the historical province o Transylvanie.  In 1790&ndash;1848 an 1861–1867, it wis the offeecial caipital o the Grand Principality o Transylvanie.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Cluj-Napoca is twinned wi:

*  Dijon, Fraunce *(1965)*
*  Nantes, Fraunce *(1990)*
*  Zagreb, Croatie *(1976)*
*  Cologne, Germany *(1976)*
*  Pécs, Hungary *(1990)*
*  Columbie, Sooth Carolina, Unitit States *(1991)*

*  Beersheba, Israel *(1991)*
*  Zhengzhou, Cheenae *(1994)*
*  Suwon, Sooth Korea *(1999)*
*  Makati, Philippines *(1996)*
*  Chacao, Caracas, Venezuela *(1999)*
*  São Paulo, Brazil *(2000)*

*  Korçë, Albanie *(2001)*
*  Province o Parma, Italy *(2005)*
*  Rockford, Illinois, Unitit States *(2005)*
*  East Lansing, Michigan, Unitit States *(2005)*
*  Rotherham, Ingland, Unitit Kinrick *(2006)*
*  Valdivia, Chile *(2009)*

## Notes
Funchal

**Funchal** [] is the lairgest ceety, the municipal seat an the caipital o Portugal's Autonomous Region o Madeira. The ceety haes a population o 111,892 an haes been the caipital o Madeira for mair nor five centuries.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Funchal is twinned wi:



## References
;Notes
Cathedral o Concepción, Chile

The **Cathedral o Concepción** (Spainyie: *Catedral de la Santísima Concepción*) is a roman catholic cathedral o Chile. The cathedral is in the Ceety o Concepción. Here is the Archbishops o Concepción. The cathedral haes a elevation o 22 meters. The 2nd construction starts in 1940 and ends on 1964.

## Fremmit airtins

* Official Website  
* The Cathedral in gcatholic.com
Hodonín

:*See ither places named [[Hodonín (disambiguation)|Hodonín]].*

**Hodonín** (; ) is a toun on the River Morava in the sootheast o Moravie, in the Czech Republic. It lees in the Sooth Moravie Region. The population is 25,259 (2012). Hodonín wis first mentioned in 1046. In 1228 it became a toun. In 1850 Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first preses o independent Czechoslovakie, wis born thare.

In the vicinity o the toun thare is a ile field an a stratum o lignite, that wis umwhile transportit tae the toun o Otrokovice, a few kilometres frae the ceety o Zlín, bi a special watter chainel kent as the Baťův kanál. It wis biggit bi the famous Czech entrepreneur Tomáš Baťa an nou operates as a tourist attraction.

## Twin touns
Hodonín is twinned wi:
*   Cattolica, Italy, syne 5 October 1996 
*  Jasło, Poland, syne Mey 2006 

## References
;Notes

## Freemit airtins
* Municipal wabsteid
Marostica

**Marostica** (Venetian leid: **Maròstega**), is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Vicenza, Veneto, northren Italy. It is maistly famous for its livin chess event an for the local cherry variety.

## Twin touns
* São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
* Tendō, Japan
* Mignano Monte Lungo, Italy
* Montigny-le-Bretonneux, Fraunce
Shunan

is a ceety locatit in east central Yamaguchi Prefectur, Japan.

The ceety wis foondit on 21 Aprile 2003, mergin twa umwhile ceeties, Tokuyama an Shinnan'yō an twa touns, Kano an Kumage.

Its name is derivit frae the first character (周) o the name o the umwhile Suō Province (周防国), an the character for sooth (南), reflectin its location, comprisin hintle o the soothren pairt o the auld province.

The ceety is bordered in the wast bi the ceeties o Yamaguchi an Hōfu, in the east bi Iwakuni, in the sootheast bi Hikari an Kudamatsu, an in the north bi Yoshika, Shimane Prefecture. Tae the sooth is the Inland Sea.

## History

*21 Aprile 2003: Shūnan is foondit bi the merger o Tokuyama, Shinnan'yō, Kano, an Kumage
*25 Mey 2003: Kazuto Kawamura becomes first mayor
*22 Aprile 2007: Yukio Shimazu defeats Ken'ichirō Kimura tae become ceety's seicont mayor

## Sister ceeties

* Delfzijl, Netherlands (1990, Shinnan'yō)
* Townsville, Australie (1990, Tokuyama)
* São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil (1973, Tokuyama)

## See an aw
* Shunan English School (SES): English schuil locatit at Shûnan.

## Economy an Industry
Fuid processin company o Shimaya, heidquarter base on Shunan. An aw, petroleum company o Idemitsu Kosan, chemical company o Tosoh and Tokuyama, iron product company o Nisshin Steel, which plant base on Shunan. 

## Freemit airtins
* Shunan offeecial wabsteid in Japanese
* Kaiten Memorial Museum 
* SES offeecial wabsteid
Gelsenkirchen

**Gelsenkirchen** () is a ceety in North Rhine-Westphalie, Germany. It is locatit in the northren pairt o the Ruhr aurie. Its population in 2006 wis c.&nbsp;267,000.

Gelsenkirchen wis first documentit in 1150, but it remained a smaa veelage till the 19t century, when the Industrial Revolution led tae the growth o the entire aurie. In 1840, when the minin o coal began, 6000 inhabitants livit in Gelsenkirchen; in 1900 the population haed increased tae 138,000.

## Twinned touns
* Newcastle upon Tyne, Unitit Kinrick (syne 1948)
* Zenica, Bosnie an Herzegovinae (syne 1969)
* Shakhty, Roushie (syne 1989)
* Olsztyn, Poland (syne 1992)
* Cottbus, Germany (syne 1995)
* Büyükçekmece, Turkey (syne 2004)
* Kutaisi, Georgie
* Campo Grande, Brazil (syne 2007)
* Doncaster, Unitit Kinrick

## References

## Freemit airtins
Mignano Monte Lungo

**Mignano Monte Lungo** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Caserta in the Italian region Campanie, locatit aboot 70&nbsp;km northwast o Naples an aboot 45&nbsp;km northwast o Caserta. 

Mignano Monte Lungo borders the follaein municipalities: Conca della Campania, Galluccio, Presenzano, Rocca d'Evandro, San Pietro Infine, San Vittore del Lazio, Sesto Campano, Venafro.

## References
Yemeni revolution

The **2011−2012 Yemen revolution**, referred tae as the **Yemeni uprisin** an aw, follaeed the initial stages o the Tunisie revolution an occurred simultaneously wi the Egyptian Revolution an ither mass protests in the Middle East in early 2011. In its early phase, protests in Yemen wur initially against unemployment, economic conditions an corruption, as well as against the govrenment's proposals tae modifee Yemen's constitution. The protestors' demands then escalatit tae caws for Yemeni Preses Ali Abdullah Saleh tae resign. Mass defections frae the military, as well as frae Saleh's govrenment, effectively rendered hintle o the kintra ootside o the govrenment's control, an protesters voued tae defee its authority.

## References

## Freemit airtins
Yakhtul

**Yakhtul** is a lairge coastal fishin veelage in the Ta'izz Govrenorate o soothwastren Yemen. Yakhtul is locatit aboot "twa German leagues (10 miles) north o the ceety o Mocha." It contains a nummer o white hooses, the Yakhtul Mosque an a schuil.

## History
Durin Warld War I, Breetish patrol vessels shelled Dhubab fort in November 1914 an opened fire on Yakhtul on 8 December 1914, damagin 7 or 8 dhows moored thare.

## Geography
Yakhtul lees on the coast o the Reid Sea, at the heid o a sma shoal inlet, 10 mile north o Mocha. Jirdan lies further tae the north o Yakhtul, 'Abus tae the sootheast an Kudhaysah tae the northeast. The 9 mile stretch atween Yakhtul an Marsa Farjah haes numerous saund an coral patches which gie the sea a daurk grey colour. The stretch atween Yakhtul an Al Zahari contains coastal palm groves.

## Economy
MEED describes Yakhtul as bein tourist orientit. Fishin is a major soorce o income for the locals. As o 1996, despite mony o the hooses hae thair awn wells, heich watter salinity meant that it coud anerlie be uised for bathin an cleanin an drinkin watter haed tae be importit. Housomeivver, the local diet is said tae meet the World Health Organization minimum requirements, wi a plentiful supply o nutrients frae fresh fish an ither local commodities. A French medical team wis reportit tae be operatin in Yakhtul in the mid 1980s.

## Notable laundmarks
Yakhtul is describit as consistin o "a few white hooses, some huts, an a mosque."  The toun contains Yakhtul Mosque, which wis said tae hae been "built at the expense o the guid fowk o the aurie at a cost o ane million riyals." The same man who biggit the mosque established Yakhtul preparatory schuil in the toun an aw, at a cost o l50,000 riyals. The "first phases o construction wirk" wur reportit tae hae been completit in 1989.

At the veelage is wha is cried  "Dar al-milh" (the place o salt). The saut pans, cried *darah* are said tae be "cut oot o the haurd grund an the soil heapit up on the sides tae form bunds (*zabir al-darah*).
 
## References
Port Sudan

**Port Sudan** ( **) is the caipital o Reid Sea State, Sudan; it haes 489,725 residents (2007). Locatit on the Reid Sea, it is the kintra's main port ceety.

## History

Port Sudan wis foondit bi the Breetish in 1909 as the terminus o a rail  linkin the Reid Sea tae the River Nile. It servit as a new modren port tae replace Suakin. The railwey wis uised tae transport the naition's cotton an sesame seed, as well as sorghum, frae the agriculturally rich auries o the Nile Valley tae mercats.

## Notes
Montigny-le-Bretonneux

**Montigny-le-Bretonneux** is a commune in the Yvelines depairtment in the Île-de-France region in north-central Fraunce. It is locatit in the sooth-wastren suburbs o Paris  frae the center, in the "new town" of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, o which it is the central an maist populatit commune.

## Twin touns
* Kierspe, 
* Lunca, 
* Denton, 
* Wicklow, 
* San Fernando, 
* Marostica, 
* São Bernardo do Campo, 

## Freemit airtins

* The ''commune'''s wabsteid (in French)
Al-Malikiyah

**Al-Malikiyah** ( **, , *Dêrik*, ) is a sma Sirie ceety an the centre o an admeenistrative destrict belangin tae Al-Hasakah Govrenorate.  The destrict constitutes the northeastren corner o the kintra. The Tigris river defines the mairch that separates Sirie frae Turkis an Iraqi territories.  The population enjoys demographic an ethnic diversity that is characteristic o maist o Al-Hasakah Govrenorate. The toun is inhabitit bi Assiries/Syriacs, Arabs, Kurds, an Armenies.
Tarsus, Mersin

**Tarsus** (Hittite: Tarsa, Greek: Ταρσός) is a historic ceety in south-central Turkey, 20&nbsp;km inland from the Mediterranean Sea. It is pairt o the Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Aurie, the fowert-lairgest metropolitan aurie in Turkey wi a population of 3 million. Tarsus Destrict forms an admeenistrative destrict in the eastren pairt o the Mersin Province an lees in the core o Çukurova region.

Wi a history goin back ower 2,000 years, Tarsus haes lang been an important stop for traders, a focal point o mony ceevilisations includin the Roman Empire, when Tarsus wis the caipital o the province o Cilicie, the scene o the first meetin atween Mark Antony an Cleopatra, an the birthplace o Saunt Paul.

## Geography

Locatit on the mooth o the Tarsus Çay (Cydnus), which empties intae the Mediterranean Sea, Tarsus is a junction point o land an sea routes connectin the Cilicie plain (the day cried Çukurova), central Anatolie an the Mediterranean sea. The climate is typical o the  Mediterranean region, simmers are vera hot, winters chilly an damp.

Tarsus haes a lang history o commerce an is still a commercial centre the day, tradin in the produce o the fertile Çukurova plain; an aw Tarsus is a thrivin industrial centre o refinin an processin that produces some for export. Industries include agricultural machinery, spare pairts, textiles, fruit-processin, brick biggin an ceramics.

Agricultur is an important source o income, hauf o the land aurie in the destrict is fermland (1,050&nbsp;km²) an maist o the remainder is forest an orchard. The fermland is maistly well-irrigatit, fertilisit an managit wi the latest equipment.

## Etymology

The auncient name is **Tarsos**, derivit frae "Tarsa", the oreeginal name o the ceety in the Hittite leid, which wis possibly derivit frae a pagan god, *Tarku*, as Hittites wur the first settlers. At ither times the ceety wis namit *Tarsisi*; *Antiochia on the Cydnus* (Greek: *Αντιόχεια του Κύδνου*, Laitin: *Antiochia ad Cydnum*); *Juliopolis*, Տարսոն, Darson in Wastren Armenie an Tarson in Eastren Armenie .

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Destrict o Tarsus
*Municipality o Tarsus
Dongcheng Destrict

**Dongcheng Destrict** () mey refer tae the follaein twa destricts in Cheenae:

*Dongcheng Destrict, Beijing, destrict in Beijing
*Dongcheng Destrict, Dongguan, destrict in Dongguan, Guangdong
Dongcheng Destrict, Beijing

**Dongcheng Destrict** (; literally "east ceety precinct") is an urban destrict in Beijing coverin the eastren hauf o Beijing's urban core. It is 24.7 square kilometres in aurie an haes a population o 535,558 (2000 Census). Dongcheng Destrict covers several important pairts o Beijing. Wangfujing an Dongdan, as well as the Beijing Railway Station, the Eastren Chang'an Avenue, an the northeastren stretch o the 2nt Ring Road aw belang tae its jurisdiction. The destrict is subdividit intae 17 subdestricts o the ceety proper o Beijing. The umwhile Chongwen Destrict wis mergit intae Dongcheng on Julie 2010.

It is the seicont lairgest precinct in the aurie o the auld ceety (which is inside the 2nt Ring Road) an haes the postal code 100010. Afore the communist takeower, maist walthy merchants an middle-class residit in this precinct.

The Chaoyangmen aurie is locatit in the Dongcheng Destrict.

Some o the well-kent auries in the Dongcheng Destrict are:
*Forbidden Ceety
*Yong He Gong Lamasery
*Temple of Confucius
* Imperial College (Guozijian)
*Tian'anmen Square
*Mausoleum o Mao Zedong
*Zhongshan Park
*National Museum o Cheenae
*Temple o Earth
*Jingshan Park
*St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Dong Tang)
*Beijing Gulou an Zhonglou (Drum Tower & Bell Tower)
* Cheenae Airt Gallery (Zhongguo Meishuguan)
*Zhihua Si Temple
* Science & Technology Museum (Kejiguan)
*Donghuamen Night Market
*The Temple of Heaven
*Longtan Park
*Wangfujing

## Govrenment
The Ceevil Aviation Admeenistration o Cheenae an the Cheena Maritime Safety Admeenistration are heidquairtered in the destrict.

## Economy

China National Petroleum Corporation an subsidiary PetroChina share ane heidquarters facility in the destrict.

Air Koryo haes an office in the Swissôtel Beijing in Dongcheng Destrict.

The Beijing offices o a number o WPP Group-awned mercatin agencies are locatit on Jinbao Street, Dongcheng Destrict. 

## Admeenistrative diveesions

The destrict contains 17 subdestricts:

*Jingshan Subdestrict (seat o govrenment)
*Donghuamen Subdestrict
*Jiaodoukou Subdestrict
*Andingmen Subdestrict
*Beixinqiao Subdestrict
*Dongsi Subdestrict
*Chaoyangmen Subdestrict
*Jianguomen Subdestrict
*Dongzhimen Subdestrict
*Hepingli Subdestrict
*Qianmen Subdestrict
*Chongwenmenwai Subdestrict
*Donghuashi Subdestrict
*Longtan Subdestrict
*Tiyuguan Road Subdestrict
*Temple of Heaven Subdestrict
*Yongdingmenwai Subdestrict

## References

## Further readin
* *Lonely Planet Beijing*, 10th Edition (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications, 2007), 133-137.
* Calum MacLeod, "Beijing bulldozes its old neighborhoods: Some decry loss; others cheer change," *USA Today*, May 27, 2010, p. A7.
Madeira

**Madeira** (  or  ;  or ) is a wee Portuguese airchipelago that lees atween  an , juist unner 400&nbsp;km north o Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean an an ootermaist region o the European Union. The airchipelago comprises the major pairt o ane o the twa Autonomous regions o Portugal (the ither being the Azores locatit tae the northwast), that includes the islands o Madeira, Porto Santo, an the Desertas, admeenistered thegither wi the separate airchipelago o the Savage Islands.

## References
;Notes
Kelibia

**Kelibia** (**Kélibia**) ( / ALA-LC: *Qilībiyah*) is a coastal toun on the Cap Bon peninsula, Nabeul province in the far northeastren pairt o Tunisie. Its saund beaches are considered ane the finest o the Mediterranean sea. Kelibia wis foondit bi the Carthaginians as the fortifeed toun o Aspis in the 5t century BC.

The main laundmerk o Kelibia is the recently-restored fortress owerleukin the harbor. Kelibia is a fishin port an is hame tae Tunisie's Naitional Fishin Schuil. The toun haes a population o 43,209 (2004 census).

The 'Muscat de Kélibia', a fruity regional white wine is widely recognizit as ane o the bests o the kintra.

Kelibia is hame o the Tunisie volleybaw wi Club Olympique de Kélibia active syne 1959 an winner o 2 naitional championships in 1977 an 2003; an aw 8 Cup titles: 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1989, 2004 an 2011.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties
* Almuñécar, Spain
## Notes

## Freemit airtins
* Kelibia.net - Kelibia ceety wab portal
* Lexicorient
Daith/doom

**Daith/doom** (), sometimes written as **daith-doom** or **daithdoom**, is an extreme subgenre o hivy metal. It combines the slow tempos an pessimistic or depressive mood o doom metal wi the deep grouling vocals an double kick drummin o daith metal. The genre emergit in the mid 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s, but haed become less common bi the turn o the 21st century. In turn, daith/doom gave rise tae the closely relatit genre o funeral doom as well as tae the mair melodic an romantic gothic metal.

## History
The daith/doom genre oreeginatit in the mid-1980s when early progenitors like Dream Death began tae mix traditional doom metal wi the soonds o thrash an the nascent daith metal scene. Early records bi such baunds as Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride an Anathema (kent as the Peaceville Three due tae the fact aw three wur on Peaceville Records at the time an aw) combined the soonds o mid-1980s Celtic Frost an Candlemass wi the uise o female vocals, keybouids an, in the case o My Dying Bride, violins. The influence o these baunds haes been acknowledgit bi the likes o Within Temptation, Lacuna Coil, The Gathering, Celestial Season an Saturnus. The tag o daith/doom seemit tae become less popular towards the end o the decade as mony o the scene progenitors abandoned their early soond tae embrace a mair accessible or palatable direction. Housomeivver, the style persists in the form o funeral doom, a heichlie relatit genre that emergit in the mid-1990s, pairticularly in the form o Finnish baunds such Thergothon, Unholy an Skepticism.

## References
Jinotega

**Jinotega, Nicaragua** is the caipital o Jinotega Depairtment in the north central region o Nicaragua. It haes a population o aboot 51,000 (2005) livin inside a vast valley surroondit bi muntains. Located near Apanas Lake, Jinotega is kent as "La Ciudad de las Brumas" ("Ceety o Mists") for the magnificent whisks o clouds continuously featherin through the top o the valley.

## Twin touns
* Zoetermeer, Netherlands
* Solingen, Germany
* Ulm, Germany

## Freemit airtins
Złotoryja

**Złotoryja**  (, Latin: *Aureus Mons*, *Aurum*) is a toun in Lawer Silesie Voivodeship o soothwastren Poland. It is locatit in the Kaczawa river valley, close tae Legnica. It is the seat o Złotoryja Coonty, an o the smawer destrict o Gmina Złotoryja (although it is no pairt o the territory o the latter, syne the toun is a gmina in its awn richt).

Syne the Middle Ages the toun wis a centre o gowd an copper minin. Currently it haes approximately 17,000 inhabitants an is ane o the important centres o basalt minin.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Złotoryja is twinned wi:
*  Buchach, Ukraine
*  Mimoň, Czech Republic
*  Westerburg, Germany
*  Solingen, Germany
*  Magdeburg, Germany

## Freemit airtins
Gouda, Sooth Holland

**Gouda** (; population 70,828  in 2009) is a ceety an municipality in the wastren Netherlands, in the province o Sooth Holland. Gouda, which was granted ceety richts in 1272, is famous for its Gouda cheese, smokin pipes, and 15th-century ceety hall.

In the Middle Ages, a dounset wis foondit at the location o the current ceety bi the Van der Goude family, who biggit a fortifeed castle alangside the banks o the Gouwe River, frae which the family an the ceety teuk its name. The aurie, oreeginally mairshland, developit ower the course o twa centuries. Bi 1225, a canal wis linkit tae the Gouwe an its estuary wis transformit intae a harbour. Gouda's array o historic kirks an ither biggins maks it a vera popular day trip destination.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Gouda is twinned wi:
* Gloucester, Ingland, syne 1972
* Kongsberg, Norawa, syne 1956
* Solingen, Germany, syne 1957

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
Chalon-sur-Saône

**Chalon-sur-Saône** () is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire depairtment in the region o Burgundy in eastren Fraunce.

It is a sub-prefectur o the depairtment. It is the mucklest ceety in the depairtment; housomeivver, the depairtment caipital is the smawer ceety o Mâcon.

## Twin touns
Chalon-sur-Saône is twinned wi:
* St. Helens, Unitit Kinrick.  Lik Chalon, which haes a muckle Saint-Gobain factory, St. Helens is a prominent centre o gless manufacturin.
* Solingen, Germany
* Novara, Italy
* Næstved, Denmark

## References

## Freemit airtins
*  
* Local web portal www.vivre-a-chalon.com
Aue

**Aue** () is a sma toun in Germany at the ootlet o the river Schwarzwasser intae the river Mulde in the Ore Muntains, an haes roughly 18,000 inhabitants. Aue wis the admeenistrative seat o the umwhile destrict o Aue-Schwarzenberg in Saxony, an is pairt o the Erzgebirgskreis syne August 2008. It belangs tae the Silberberg Toun League (*Städtebund Silberberg*)

The minin toun haes been kent for its copper, titanium, an kaolinite. The toun wis a machine-biggin an cutlery manufacturin centre in East German times an is nou developin tourism, as the Siller Road (*Silberstraße*) runs through toun. The toun is kent for the fitbaa club FC Erzgebirge Aue an aw, which made it intae the Seicont ''Bundesliga'' in 2003 an 2010.

Aue wis till 1991 a centre o the *Sowjetisch-Deutsche Aktiengesellschaft Wismut* (“Soviet-German Wismut Corporation”, or SDAG Wismut).

## References

## Freemit airtins
Blyth, Northumberland

**Blyth** ( "blithe") is a toun an ceevil parish in sootheast Northumberland, Ingland. It lees on the coast, tae the sooth o the River Blyth an is approximately 21&nbsp;kilometres&nbsp;(13&nbsp;mi) northeast o Newcastle upon Tyne. It haes a population o aboot 35,818.

## References
Skrillex

**Sonny John Moore** (born 15 Januar 1988 in Los Angeles, Californie), better kent bi his stage name **Skrillex** (), is an American electronic muisic producer an sangster-sangwriter.
Anglesey

**Anglesey**  ( ) , is an island an, as *Isle o Anglesey*, a coonty aff the north west coast o Wales. Twa brigs, spannin the Menai Strait, connect it tae the mainland: the oreeginal Menai Suspension Bridge (carryin the A5), designed bi Thomas Telford in 1826; an the mair recently rebuilt Britannia Bridge (replacin the oreeginal designed bi Robert Stephenson), which carries the A55 an the North Wales Coast Railway Line. Historian an author John Davies argues that it wis durin the tumultuous 10t century that the Norse name for Môn, *Anglesey*, came intae existence; the name wis later adoptit intae Inglis efter Anglo-Norman occupeers arrivit tae conquer the island durin the Norman invasions o Gwynedd.

The name *Anglesey* wis later uised in the Inglis leid as a coonty name which includit Holy Island an ither nearbi sma islands. Aboot hauf o the inhabitants can speak, read an write Welsh as well as Inglis, an 70% hae a knowledge o Welsh. Ance the Welsh leid wis grantit equal status in govrenment wi the Welsh Leid Act o 1993, the representative constituency names for the island wur chyngit tae the Welsh name o the island, Ynys Môn (UK Parliament constituency) in the UK pairlament, an Ynys Môn (Assembly constituency) in the Naitional Assembly for Wales. Wi an aurie o , Anglesey is the lairgest Welsh island, the saxt lairgest surroondin the island o Great Breetain, an the lairgest island in the Erse Sea aheid o the Isle o Man.

## Etymology
*Môn* is the Welsh name o Anglesey, derivit frae the Breetish *enisis mona*, appearin first durin the Roman era as 'Mona': it is the *Mona* o Tacitus (Ann. xiv. 29, Agr. xiv. 18), Pliny the Elder (iv. 16) an Dio Cassius (62). It is cried *Môn Mam Cymru* ("Môn, Mither o Wales") bi Giraldus Cambrensis, for the claimit ability o the fertile land tae produce enough fuid for the whole o Wales. In reality, the claim was probably mair directit at an ability tae sustain Gwynedd. Auld Welsh names are *Ynys Dywyll* ("Dark Isle") an *Ynys y Cedairn* (*cedyrn* or *kedyrn*; "Isle o brave fowk"). *Clas Merddin*, an *Y fêl Ynys* (honey isle) are ither names. The Inglis name Anglesey is in fact derivit frae the Auld Norse, meanin 'Ongull's Island'. The alternative "isle (*ey*) o the Angles" is discreditit.

## References

## Freemit airtins
Naypyidaw Union Territory

**Naypyidaw Union Territory** ( , spelt **Naypyitaw** an aw) is an admeenistrative diveesion in central Myanmar.  The Union Territory encompasses the admeenistrative caipital o Myanmar, Naypyidaw.

## Admeenistrative diveesions
The Naypyidaw Union Territory consists o the follaeing destricts an tounships:
* Ottara Destrict (kent as North Naypyidaw an aw)
** Ottarathiri Tounship ()
** Pobbathiri Tounship ()
** Tatkone Tounship ()
** Zeyathiri Tounship ()
* Dekkhina Destrict (kent as South Naypyidaw an aw)
** Dekkhinathiri Tounship ()
** Lewe Tounship ()
** Pyinmana Tounship ()
** Zabuthiri Tounship ()

## Admeenistration
Naypyidaw Union Territory is unner the direct admeenistration o the President. Day-tae-day functions are carried oot on the President's behalf bi the Naypyidaw Council led by a Chairperson. The Chairperson an members o the Naypyidaw Council are appyntit bi the President an include baith civilians an Armed Forces representatives.

On 30 Mairch 2011, President Thein Sein appyntit Thein Nyunt as chairman o the Naypyidaw Council, alang wi 9 chair members: Than Htay, Colonel Myint Aung Than, Kan Chun, Paing Soe, Saw Hla, Myint Swe, Myint Shwe an Myo Nyunt.

## Demographics

## References
Concepción del Uruguay

**Concepción del Uruguay** is a ceety in Argentinae.

It is locatit in the Entre Ríos province, on the wastren shore o the Uruguay River, some 320 kilometers north frae Buenos Aires. Its population is aboot 65,000 indwallers (2001).
Blaenau Gwent

**Blaenau Gwent** (pronooncit , ) is a coonty burgh in Sooth Wales, sharin its name wi a parliamentary constituency.  It borders the unitary authority auries o Monmouthshire an Torfaen tae the east, Caerphilly tae the wast an Powys tae the north.  Its main touns are Abertillery, Brynmawr, Ebbw Vale an Tredegar.

## Govrenment
The burgh wis formit in 1974 as a local govrenment destrict o Gwent.  It wis a merger o the Monmouthshire urban destricts o Abertillery, Ebbw Vale, Nantyglo an Blaina an Tredegar, alang wi Brynmawr urban destrict an the pairish o Llanelly in Brecknockshire.

It wis reconstitutit in 1996 as a coonty burgh, excludin Llanelly which insteid wis transferred tae the reconstitutit Monmouthshire.  The aurie is nou govrened bi Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council.

### Politics
Blaenau Gwent hit the heidlines at the 2005 UK General Election whan an independent candidate, Peter Law, wan the Wastmeenster seat. He haed resigned frae the Labour Pairty efter an internal pairty row follaein the retirement o incumbent MP Llew Smith, an defeatit the offeecial Labour candidate, Maggie Jones, bi a margin o 9,121 votes. The seat haed previously been held bi Aneurin Bevan an Michael Foot, an wis considered ane o Labour's safest. Law deed on 25 Aprile 2006 an in the by-election, a umwhile supporter o his, Dai Davies wan, runnin as an independent candidate. Peter Law's widow, Trish Law, wan his umwhile Welsh Assembly seat, an aw runnin as an independent candidate. In 2007 she retained her seat. Dai Davies held the Wastmeenster seat for the Fowk's Voice frae 2006 tae 2010 whan he lost his seat in a huge majority tae Labour's Nick Smith o 10,516 votes.

## Ither information
Blaenau Gwent haes the heichest level o severe bairn poverty in Wales, as revealed bi statistical data accordin tae a report bi Save the Childer.

## Freemit airtins
*
* Blaenau Gwent County Borough Council Home
* Channel 4's Kirstie and Phil's Best & Worst Places to Live on Blaenau Gwent
Caerphilly Coonty Burgh

**Caerphilly** () is a coonty burgh in soothren Wales, straddlin the auncient coonty bundary atween Glamorgan an Monmouthshire.

Its main toun is Caerphilly, an the lairgest an aw. Ither touns in the coonty burgh are Bedwas, Risca, Ystrad Mynach, Newbridge, Blackwood, Bargoed, New Tredegar an Rhymney.

## History
The coonty burgh wis formit on 1 Aprile 1996 bi the merger o the Rhymney Valley destrict o Mid Glamorgan wi the Islwyn burgh o Gwent.

## Govrenment
The region is govrened bi Caerphilly Coonty Burgh Cooncil.

## Eddication

Seicondary schuils in Caerphilly Coonty Burgh:

*Bedwas High School, Bedwas
*Blackwood Comprehensive School, Blackwood
*Cwmcarn High School, Cwmcarn
*Heolddu Comprehensive School, Bargoed
*Lewis Girls Comprehensive School, Hengoed
*Lewis School Pengam, Bargoed
*Newbridge Comprehensive School, Newbridge
*Oakdale Comprehensive School, Oakdale
*Pontllanfraith Comprehensive School, Pontllanfraith
*Rhymney Comprehensive School, Rhymney
*Risca Community Comprehensive School, Risca
*St Martin's Comprehensive School, Caerphilly
*St Cennydd Comprehensive School, Caerphilly
*Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni, Blackwood (Welsh leid)

## See an aw
*Leet o places in Caerphilly Coonty Burgh for a leet o touns an veelages

## Freemit airtins
* Caerphilly Council offeecial wabsteid 
*
* Menter Iaith Sir Caerffili  the Welsh Language Initiative for Caerphilly County Borough
* Visit Caerphilly Tourism steid bi the local authority
* Caerphilly Net  News steid for the borough
Merthyr Tydfil

**Merthyr Tydfil** (;  ) is a toun in Wales, wi a population o aboot 30,000.  Awtho ance the lairgest toun in Wales, it is nou rankit as the 15t lairgest urban aurie in Wales. It is the caipital o the Merthyr Tydfil Coonty Burgh. It is locatit in the historic coonty o Glamorgan.  It is aften referred tae simply as 'Merthyr'.

## Notes
Neath Port Talbot

**Neath Port Talbot** () is a coonty burgh an ane o the unitary authority auries o Wales.  Neath Port Talbot is the 8t maist populous coonty in Wales an the third maist populous coonty burgh.

The coonty burgh borders the ither principal auries o Bridgend an Rhondda Cynon Taf tae the east, Powys an Carmarthenshire tae the north an Swansea tae the wast.  Its principal touns are Neath, Port Talbot an Pontardawe.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*
Phidippus mystaceus

**Phidippus mystaceus** is a species o jumpin speeder that is fun in North Americae. Females Graw tae aboot ane centimeter in body length.
Local govrenment in Wales

For local govrenment purposes, Wales haes been dividit intae 22 single-tier **principal auries** syne 1 Apryle 1996.. The principal cooncils are responsible for the proveesion o aw local govrenment services, includin eddication, social wirk, environment an roads services. Belaw thir in some auries thare are commonty cooncils, which kiver specific auries athin a principal cooncil's aurie.

The principal auries are variously styled as "coonty", "coonty burgh", "ceety" or "ceety an coonty". Housomeivver some auries no styled as a "coonty" hae mistakenly been referred tae as sic bi the media, includin bi BBC Wales.

## Ceeties
Thare are sax ceeties in tot in Wales: in addition tae the three principal auries wi ceety status, the commonties o Bangor an St Davids hae the status an aw. Ceety status is determined bi letters patent.

* Bangor
* Cairdiff
* Newport
* St Davids
* Swansea
* St Asaph

## Principal auries o Wales
Thare are 22 principal auries in Wales, thay came intae bein on 1 Apryle 1996 bi virtue o the Local Govrenment (Wales) Act 1994 (1994 c. 19). Eleiven are namit as coonties, includin the Ceeties an Coonties o Cairdiff an Swansea (markt *), an eleiven are styled as coonty burghs (markt †). In 2002 Newport wis grantit ceety status, an the coonty burgh is nou styled as the "Ceety o Newport". Welsh leid forms are gien in parentheses, except whaur thare is nae Inglis equivalent.

*Locations o each cooncil heodquarters are indicatit bi yellae markers*.

## References

*CIA World Factbook 2002
Naitional Progressive Front (Sirie)

The **Naitional Progressive Front** (, *al-Jabha al-Wataniyyah at-Taqaddumiyyah*, NPF), estaiblisht in 1972, is a coalition o poleetical pairties in Sirie that uphauds the socialist an Arab naitionalist orientation o the govrenment an accepts the leadin role in society o the Arab Socialist Ba’th Pairty. 

The Front wis estaiblisht by the Sirie preses Hafez al-Assad for tae allou a leemitit degree o pairteecipation in govrenment by poleetical pairties ither nor the rulin Ba'th Pairty. Its constitution allous that the Ba'th Pairty haes owerins o 50% plus ae vote on its executive comatee. A numer o seats in the Fowkcooncil o Sirie is resered for members o NPF pairties ither nor the Ba'th Pairty.

## Notable pairties
*Arab Socialist Ba'th Pairty 
*Arab Socialist Muivement
*Arab Socialist Union
*Communist Pairty o Sirie (Khalid Bakdash faction)
*Communist Pairty o Sirie (Yusuf Faisal faction)
*Social Democratic Unionists
*Socialist Unionists
*Sirie Social Naitionalist Pairty
*Democratic Socialist Unionist Pairty
*Arabic Democratic Unionist Pairty
*Naitional Vou Muivement
Naitional Progressive Front (Iraq)

The **Naitional Progressive Front** (, *al-Jabha al-Wataniyyah at-Taqaddumiyyah*, NPF, whiles kent as the **Progressive Patriotic an Naitional Front**) wis an Iraqi Popular Front annooncit on 16 Julie 1973 an constitutit in 1974, ostensibly formit athin the framewirk o a "joint action programme" tae establish a coalition atween the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Pairty, the Iraqi Communist Pairty, the Kurdistan Revolutionary Pairty, a pro-govrenment section o the Kurdish Democratic Pairty, an miscellaneous independents. The creation o the Front ensured the leadin role o the Ba'athists in state an society whilst allouin limitit autonomy for ither pairticipatin pairties lyal tae the govrenment. Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein spak o it ance as "ane of the essential forms tae voice oor will an tae deepen democracy an poleetical participation o the fowk an the naitional forces in biggin the new experiment in aw fields." In effect the Front wis controlled an maintained solely bi the Ba'ath, wi aw ither legal poleetical forces actin in subservience tae it.

Its oreegins lay in Julie 1970 when the govrenment unner Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, amid fechtin the militant Iraqi Communist Pairty (Central Command) an dealin wi Kurdish separatist militancy, affered the formation o the Front tae moderate sections o the Iraqi Communists unner conditions guaranteein Ba'athist dominance ower the state an poleetical exclusivity athin the airmit forces. Tae quell Kurdish separatist sentiment an autonomy agreement wis agreed tae in 1970 tae creaut Iraqi Kurdistan while attempts wur made tae get the Kurdistan Democratic Pairty tae jyne the Front in the 1973-1974 period. This resultit in a majority section led bi Mustafa Barzani continuin tae rebel against the state while a smawer faction jynt the Front.

The Iraqi Communists, despite entry intae the Front, continued tae experience repression sic as the arrest o factory members, execution o members athin the airmit forces, an strang censorship o the ICP's daily newspaper. Bi 1979 the leadership o the ICP wis aither arrestit or in exile, wi the pairty itsel formally athdrawin frae the Front bi 1980 tae openly oppose the govrenment. In the 1995-2000 period a sma pro-govrenment Popular Unity Pairty, then cried the Iraqi Communist Pairty at the time, led bi Yusuf Hamdan wis proclaimit an its existence wis toleratit, tho it wis no a formal member o the Front.

Upon the formation o Iraq's Naitional Assembly in 1980 the Front wis tasked wi nominatin candidates tae staund in elections. Throughoot its existence the Secretary General o the Front wis Naim Haddad. It wis disbandit in 2003 follaein the owerthrow o the Ba'athist Govrenment in the Iraq War.

## See an aw
*Republic o Iraq (1968-2003)

## References
Yaoundé

**Yaoundé** ( or , ) is the caipital o Cameroon an, wi a population o approximately 1.5 million, the seicont lairgest ceety in the kintra efter the port ceety Douala. It lees in the centre o the naition at an elevation o aboot 750 metres (2,500&nbsp;ft) abuin sea level.

## References

## Freemit airtins
Bengtsfors Municipality

**Bengtsfors Municipality** (*Bengtsfors kommun*) is a municipality in Västra Götaland Coonty in wastren Swaden. Its seat is locatit in the toun o Bengtsfors.

The present municipality wis formit in 1971 when the umwhile mercat toun (*[[köping]]*) o Bengtsfors (institutit in 1926) wis amalgamatit wi the municipalities o Bäckefors, Lelång an Steneby.

## Geography
The municipality haes hintle water auries, consistin o lakes an streams. It maks it a guid place for canoein, fishin an bathin.

Ivery year a canoein marathon cried *Dalslands Kanot Marathon+*, or DKM+, is held. It is an enduring 55 km lang (a marathon "plus"), stretchin through the mony municipal streams, an ane o Swaden's lairgest canoein competitions.

Bengtsfors is crossed bi the Dalsland Canal an aw.

## Localities
Localities in the municipality an inhabitants:
*Bengtsfors (seat), 3,600 inh.
*Billingsfors, 1,400 inh.
*Bäckefors, 750 inh.
*Dals Långed, 1,700 inh.
*Gustavsfors, 700 inh.
*Skåpafors, 400 inh.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Bengtsfors Municipality - Offeecial steid
*Dalsland Canal - In Swadish, Inglis an German
Muisicker

A **muisicker** is a body that pleys a muisical instrument, especially as a profession. It micht or michtna be the body's profession. Muisickers can be clessifeed bi their roles in performin muisic an writin muisic. Forby bodies that mak muisic their profession, onybody (professional or no) that's skilled in makkin muisic or performin muisic creatively, or ane that composes, conducts, or performs muisic (especially instrumental muisic). 

Muisickers can be o ony muisic style no limitit tae classical, orchestral or choral, an muisickers can hae skills in mony different styles ootside o their professional experience.
Examples o muisickers' skills are the orchestration o muisic, improvisation, conductin, singin, composin, arrangin, an/or bein an instrumentalist. 

## References

## Freemit airtins
Dover, Delaware

**Dover** is the caipital ceety o the U.S. state o Delaware. In 2010 Dover haed a estimatit population o 36,047 fowk.

## References
Amazonas

**Amazonas** is derivit frae *Rio Amazonas*, the local Portuguese an Spaingie name for the **[[Amazon River]]**.  It mey refer tae:

## Places
*Amazonas (Brazilian state)
*Amazonas, Colombie
*Amazonas Region
*Amazonas (Venezuelan state), ane o the 23 states makkin up the kintra

## See an aw
*Amazon (disambiguation)
*Amazon Basin
*Amazon Rainforest
*Línea Aérea Amaszonas, Bolivie airline
Pori

**Pori** () is a ceety an municipality on the wast coast o Finland. The ceety is locatit some  frae the Guwf o Bothnie, on the estuary o the Kokemäenjoki river, which is the lairgest in Finland. It wis established in 1558 by John III (). Pori is the maist important ceety in the Satakunta region.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Pori is twinned wi:
*  Bremerhaven, Germany, syne 1967
*  Eger, Hungary, syne 1973
*  Kołobrzeg, Poland, syne 1975
*  Mâcon, Fraunce, syne 1990
* Porsgrunn, Norawa, syne 1956
* Riga, Latvie, syne 1965
*  Stralsund, Germany, syne 1968
* Sundsvall, Swaden, syne 1940
* Sønderborg, Denmark, syne 1952

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Ceety o Pori – Offeecial wabsteid
Amazonas, Colombie

**Amazonas** is a depairtment o Colombie in the sooth o the kintra.  Its caipital is Leticia. Its name comes frae the Amazon River that drains hintle in the depairtment an the rainforest that covers a muckle pairt o the depairtment.

## Municipalities an communities

# El Encanto
# La Chorrera
# La Pedrera
# La Victoria
# Leticia
# Mirití-Paraná
# Puerto Alegría
# Puerto Arica
# Puerto Nariño
# Puerto Santander
# Tarapacá

## References

## Freemit airtins
* 
* Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website 

* http://www.visitleticia.com  Essential Travel Information tae Leticia an its Surroondings
Putumayo

**Putumayo** is a depairtment o Colombie.  It is in the soothwast o the kintra, borderin Ecuador an Peru.  Its caipital is Mocoa.

The wird *putumayo* comes frae the Quechua leid.  The verb *putuy* means "tae spring fort" or "tae burst oot", an *mayo* is a variant o *mayu*, meanin river.  Thus it means "gushin river".

## Municipalities

## History

Oreeginally, the soothwast o the depairtment was territory o the Cofán Indians, the northwast o the Kamentxá Indians, an the center an sooth belang tae tribes that spoke Tukano leids (such as the Siona), an the east tae tribes that spak Witoto leids. Pairt o the Kamentxá territory wis conquered bi the Inca Huayna Cápac in 1492, who efter crossin the Cofán territory, established a Quechua population on the valley o Sibundoy, that is kent the day as Ingas. Efter the Inca defeat in 1533, the region wis invadit bi the Spaingie in 1542 an syne 1547 admeenistered bi Catholic missions.

The current territory o Putumayo wis linkit tae Popayan durin the Spaingie Colony an on the firsts Republican decades belangit tae the huge "Depairtment o Asuay, that includit territories in Ecuador an Perú. Later stairts a ling process o territorial redistributions:

* 1831: Province o Popayán.
* 1857: Estado Federal del Cauca.
* 1886: Depairtament o Cauca.
* 1905: Intendencia del Putumayo.
* 1909: Intendencia del Caquetá.
* 1912: Comisaría Especial del Putumayo.
* 1953: Departament o Nariño.
* 1957: Comisaría Especial del Putumayo.
* 1968: Intendencia Especial del Putumayo.
* 1991: **Departament o Putumayo**.

A daurk chapter in the history o Putumayo wis the rubber fever, frae the late 19t century till the 20t century. Durin this period, the Casa Arana enslavit an killed thoosans o natives frae Amazonie, these wur uised tae extract natural rubber. Nouadays, housomeivver, a few native communities exist that athstuid the Spaingie colonization, the rubber exploitation, the recent ile extraction an the modren colonization.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Govrenment o Putumayo offeecial wabsteid
* Territorial-Environmental Information Seestem o Colombie Amazon SIAT-AC wabsteid