open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Plovdiv

**Plovdiv** () is the seicont-lairgest ceety in Bulgarie wi a population o 381,738. Plovdiv's history spans some 6,000 years, wi traces o a Neolithic dounset datin tae roughly 4000 BC. It is the admeenistrative centre o Plovdiv Province in soothren Bulgarie an three municipalities (Plovdiv, Maritsa an Rodopi) an Bulgarie's Yuzhen tsentralen plannin region (NUTS II), as well as the lairgest an maist important ceety in Northren Thrace an the braider internaitional historical region o Thrace. The ceety is an important economic, transport, cultural an eddicational centre.

Kent in the Wast for maist o its history bi the Greek name **Philippopolis**, it wis oreeginally a Thracian dounset afore becomin a major Roman ceety. In the Middle Ages, it retained its strategic regional importance, chyngin haunds atween the Byzantine an Bulgarian Empires. It came unner Ottoman rule in the 14t century. In 1878, Plovdiv wis made the caipital o the autonomous Ottoman region o Eastren Rumelie; in 1885, it became pairt o Bulgarie wi the unification o that region an the Principality o Bulgarie.

Plovdiv is situatit in the soothren pairt o the Plovdiv Plain on the twa banks o the Maritsa River. The ceety haes historically developed on seiven syenite hills, some o whilk are 250&nbsp;m (820.21&nbsp;ft) heich. Acause o thir seiven hills, Plovdiv is aften referred tae in Bulgarie as "the Ceety o the Seiven Hills".

Plovdiv is host tae economic an cultural events sicna the International Fair Plovdiv, the internaitional theatrical festival "A stage on a crossroad", the TV festival "The golden chest". Thare are mony remains preserved frae Antiquity sicna the Auncient amphitheatre, Roman odeon, Roman Stadium, the airchaeological complex *Eirene* an ithers.

## Name

Plovdiv wis gien various names throughoot its lang history. It wis oreeginally a Thracian dounset bi the name o *Eumolpias*. Philip II o Macedon conquered the aurie in 342-341 BC an renamed the ceety *Philippoupolis* (), o whilk the later Thracian name for the ceety, *Pulpudeva*, is a translation. Efter the Romans teuk control o the aurie, the ceety wis named , meanin the Three Hills. Durin the Middle Ages the ceety wis kent as Philippoupolis in Byzantine Greek an *Paldin* (Пълдин) or *Plavdiv* (Плъвдив) in Auld Bulgarie, variations o the toun's earlier Thracian name. The ceety wis kent as Philippopolis in Wastren Europe well intae the early 20t century. The ceety wis kent as *Filibe* in Turkis durin the Ottoman Empire.

The asteroid (minor planet) 3860 Plovdiv is named efter the ceety. It wis discovered bi the Bulgarian astronomer Violeta G. Ivanova on 8 August 1986. Plovdiv Peak (1,040 m/3,412&nbsp;ft) on Livingston Island in the Sooth Shetland Islands, Antarctica is an aa named efter Plovdiv.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Plovdiv is twinned wi the follaein ceeties:

## References
Macau

**Macau** (), an aw spelled **Macao**, is, alang wi Hong Kong, ane o the twa special admeenistrative regions o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae.  It lies on the wastren side o the Pearl River Delta, borderin Guangdong province tae the north an facin the Sooth Cheenae Sea tae the east an sooth.

The territory's economy is hivily dependent on gamblin an tourism but includes manufacturin an aw.

Macau wis a Portuguese colony an baith the first an last European colony in Cheenae. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16t century an subsequently admeenistered the region till the haundower on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration an the Basic Law o Macau stipulate that Macau operates wi a hie degree o autonomy till at least 2049, fifty years efter the transfer.

Unner the policy o "ane kintra, twa seestems", the PRC's Central Fowr Govrenment is responsible for the territory's defense an foreign affairs, while Macau maintains its awn legal seestem, polis force, monetary seestem, customs policy, an immigration policy.  Macau participates in mony internaitional organizations an events that dae no require members tae possess naitional sovereignty.
Accordin tae the CIA factbeuk, Macau haes the heichest life expectancy in the warld.

## Etymology

Afore the Portuguese settlement in the early 16t century, Macau wis kent as *Haojing* (Oyster Mirror) or *Jinghai* (Mirror Sea). The name *Macau* is thocht tae be derived frae the *[[A-Ma Temple]]* (), a temple built in 1448 dedicatit tae Matsu — the goddess o seafarers an fishermen. It is said that when the Portuguese sailors laundit at the coast juist ootside the temple an asked the name o the place, the natives replied "媽閣" (jyutping:Maa1 Gok3). The Portuguese then named the peninsula "Macau". The present Chinese name (澳門) means "Inlet Gates".

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Macau is twinned  wi:

*  São Paulo, Brazil
*  Lisbon, Portugal
*  Kolkata, Indie
*  Porto, Portugal
*  Brussels, Belgium
*  Linköping, Swaden

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Portal o the govrenment o Macau
Kinshasa

**Kinshasa** (umwhile French: *Léopoldville*, an Dutch: ) is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Democratic Republic o the Congo (umwhile, Zaire). The ceety is locatit on the Congo River.

Ance a steid o fishin veelages, Kinshasa is nou a urban aurie wi a population o 10,076,099 indwallers in 2009.  The ceety o Brazzaville (aboot 1.2 million in 2007 wi its suburbs), caipital o the Republic o the Congo, ligs juist athort the Congo River fae Kinshasa. Wi Brazzaville, the conurbation o Kinshasa-Brazzaville gane thegither haes sicweys naurly 12 million indwallers—makkin it the maist populous transborder metropolitan aurie in the warld.  Acause the admeenistrative bundaries kiver sic a vast aurie, ower 60% o the ceety's laund is landwart in naitur, an the urban aurie anerlie occupees a smaw section in the faur wastren end o the province.

## Sister ceeties
*  Bologna (Italy)
*  Brazzaville (Republic o the Congo)
*  Brussels (Belgium) (syne 2002)
*  Dakar (Senegal)
*  Ankara (Turkey)

## References
Jacmel

**Jacmel**, (*Jakmèl* in Kréyòl) an aa kent bi its indigenous Taíno name o *Yaquimel*, is a toun in soothren Haiti foondit in 1698. It is the caipital o the depairtment o Sud-Est an haes an estimatit population o 40,000, while the municipality (commune) o Jacmel haed a population o 137,966 at the 2003 Census. 

The biggins are historic an date frae the early nineteent century; the toun haes been tentatively acceptit as a Warld Heritage site an UNESCO reports that it haes sustained damage in the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

## Sister ceeties
* Strasbourg, Fraunce
* Palm Beach, USA
* Gainesville, USA
Novgorod

**Veliky Novgorod** (, , *New-Ceety The Great*), commonly kent as **Novgorod** is ane o Roushie's maist historic ceeties an the admeenistrative centre o Novgorod Oblast.  It is situatit on the M10 federal hieway connectin Moscow an St.&nbsp;Petersburg.  The ceety lees alang the Volkhov River juist belaw its ootflow frae Lake Ilmen.  

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns, Sister ceeties & Pairtner touns
Veliky Novgorod is twinned wi:

## References
Irkutsk

**Irkutsk** () is ane o the lairgest ceeties in Siberie an the admeenistrative center o Irkutsk Oblast, situatit 5,185 kilometers (3,222&nbsp;mi) bi rail frae Moscow.

## Sister ceeties/Twin Ceeties
Irkutsk haes the follaein sister/twin ceety relationships:
* Ulan Bator, Mongolie
* Shenyang, Cheenae
* Kanazawa, Japan
* Eugene, U.S.A.
* Novi Sad, Serbie
* Pforzheim, Germany
* Évian-les-Bains, Fraunce
* Strömsund, Swaden
* Pordenone, Italy
* Grenoble, Fraunce
* Dijon, Fraunce
Artrosis

**Artrosis** is a Pols gothic metal baund foondit in 1995 in Zielona Góra.

In 2001 baund wis nominatit tae Fryderyk, an annual award in Pols muisic.

## Baund members
; Current members
*Magdalena "Medeah" Stupkiewicz-Dobosz – vocals, keybuirds (1995-)
*Rafał "Grunthell" Grunt – guitar (1999-2002, 2011-)
*Maciej Niedzielski – keybuirds (1995-2005, 2011-)
*Piotr Milczarek – bass guitar (2011-)

; Past members
*Konrad "Lombardo" Biczak – drums (2005-2006)
*Mariusz "Mario" Kuszewski – guitar (2003-2004)
*Marcin Pendowski – bass guitar (1998-2001)
*Krzysztof "Chris" Białas - guitar (1995-1999)
*Krystian "MacKozer" Kozerawski – guitar (2002-2010)
*Remigiusz "Remo" Mielczarek – bass guitar (2002-2010)
*Łukasz "Migdał" Migdalski – keybuirds (2005-2010)
*Paweł "Świcol" Świca - drums (2006-2010)

## Discography
* (1996) *Siódma Pieczęć (Demo)* (MC)
* (1997) *Ukryty Wymiar* (MC/CD Morbid Noizz Productions)*
* (1998) *W Imię Nocy* (MC/CD/DG Morbid Noizz Productions)
* (1998) *W Górę (Sp)* (CD Morbid Noizz Productions)
* (1998) *Hidden Dimension EP* (MC Morbid Noizz Productions)
* (1999) *Pośród Kwiatów I Cieni* (MC/CD/DG [[Metal Mind Productions]])
* (1999) *Hidden Dimension* (Hall Of Sermon Productions)
* (2000) *Live in Kraków (VHS)* (Metal Mind Productions)
* (2000) *In The Flowers Shade* (MC/CD/DG Edycja ANG Metal Mind Productions)
* (2001) *Koncert w Trójce* (MC/CD/DG Metal Mind Productions)
* (2001) *Ukryty Wymiar (re-release)* (MC/CD/DG Metal Mind Productions)
* (2001) *W Imię Nocy (re-release)* (MC/CD/DG Metal Mind Productions)
* (2001) *In Nomine Noctis*' (MC/DG Edycja ANG Metal Mind Productions)
* (2001) *Fetish* ( MC/CD/DG Edit. POL i ANG: Metal Mind Productions)
* (2002) *Live in Kraków: Among The Flowers And Shadows (DVD)* (DVD Metal Mind Productions)
* (2002) *Melange* (CD Edit. POL and ANG: Metal Mind Productions)
* (2006) *Con Trust'' (CD Mystic Production)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial steid
Delight

**Delight** is  a Pols gothic metal baund. They are currently signed tae Roadrunner Records.

## Muisickers
### Current members
* Paulina "Paula" Maślanka - vocal
* Jarosław "Jaro" Baran - electric guitar
* Marek Tkocz - bass guitar
* Ziemowit Rybarkiewicz - drums
* Jakub Kubica "Cube" - keyboard (Thy Disease)
* Grzegorz Gustof - electric guitar

### Past members
* Piotr Wójcik - drums
* Piotr Szymański - bass guitar
* Tomasz Polczyk - keyboard
* Daniel Kaczmarczyk - keyboard
* Tomasz Baran - drums
* Barbara Lasek - keyboard
* Sebastian Wójtowicz - electric guitar

## Discography
### Studio albums
* (2000) *Last Temptation*
* (2001) *The Fading Tale*
* (2002) *Eternity*
* (2004) *Anew*
* (2004) *Od Nowa*
* (2007) *Breaking Ground*
### DVDs
* (2003) *The Last Tale of Eternity*

## References



## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid  
* Offeecial wabsteid on MySpace
Dresden

**Dresden** () (, , , ) is the caipital ceety o the Free State o Saxony in Germany. It is situatit in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is pairt o the Saxon Triangle metropolitan aurie.

## Internaitional relations
### Removal o UNESCO Warld Heritage status
Dresden Elbe Valley that obtained UNESCO Warld Heritage status in 2004 wis placed on the leet o endangered Warld Heritage sites in 2007. In 2009, Dresden haed its status as UNESCO Warld Heritage formally removed for the destruction o warld heritage through the biggin a controversial hieway brig athort the site.

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties

Alang wi its twin ceety Coventry, Dresden wis ane o the first twa ceeties tae twin wi a foreign ceety. Similar seembolism occurred in 1988, when Dresden twinned wi the Dutch ceety o Rotterdam. The cities became twins efter Warld War II in an act o reconciliation, as they haed suffered incisive destructions frae bombins. The Coventry Blitz an Rotterdam Blitz bombardments o the German Luftwaffe are an aa considered tae be disproportional. Dresden haes haed a triangular pairtnership wi Saunt Petersburg an Hamburg syne 1987. Dresden haes twal twin ceeties.

*  Coventry, Unitit Kinrick, syne 1959
*  Saunt Petersburg, Roushie, syne 1961
*  Wrocław, Poland, syne 1963
*  Skopje, Macedonie, syne 1967
*  Ostrava, Czech Republic, syne 1971
*  Brazzaville, Congo, syne 1975
*  Florence, Italy, syne 1978
*  Hamburg, Germany, syne 1987
*  Rotterdam, Netherlands, syne 1988
*  Strasbourg, Fraunce, syne 1990
*  Salzburg, Austrick, syne 1991
*  Columbus, Ohio, Unitit States, syne 1992
*  Hangzhou, Cheenae, syne 2009

## References
Sinop, Turkey

**Sinop** (, *Sinópi*) is a ceety wi a population of 36,734 on İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince), bi its Cape Sinop (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situatit on the maist northren edge o the Turkis side o Black Sea coast, in the auncient region o Paphlagonie, in modren-day northren Turkey, historically kent as **Sinope**.  It is the caipital o Sinop Province.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns — sister ceeties

Sinop is twinned wi the follaein:
*  Bogota, Colombie
*  Çorlu, Turkey
*  Izki, Oman
*  Jarve, Estonie
*  Lyon, Fraunce
*  Mosjøen, Norawa
*  Murmansk, Roushie
*  Swansea, Wales
*  Varna, Bulgarie

## References

## Freemit airtins
Lucerne

**Lucerne** (; , ; , ; , ; ; Lucerne German: *Lozärn*) is a ceety in north-central Swisserland, in the German-speakin portion o that kintra. Lucerne is the caipital o the Canton o Lucerne an the caipital o the destrict wi the same name. Wi a population o aboot 76,200 fowk, Lucerne is the maist populous ceety in Central Swisserland, an a nexus o transportation, telecommunications, an govrenment o this region. The ceety's metropolitan aurie consists o 17 ceeties an touns locatit in three different cantons wi an oweraw population o aboot 250,000 fowk.

Due tae its location on the shore o Lake Lucerne (der *Vierwaldstättersee*), athin sicht o Munt Pilatus an Rigi in the Swiss Alps, Lucerne haes lang been a destination for tourists. Ane o the ceety's famous laundmerks is the Chapel Bridge (*Kapellbrücke*), a widden brig first erectit in the 14t century. Lucerne haes been votit as the fift maist-popular tourism destination in the warld in 2010 bi Tripadvisor, an it haes private hottles an schools maistly shores o Lake Lucerne.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Lucerne is twinned wi the follaein ceeties an touns:
*  Bournemouth, Unitit Kinrick (1981)
*  Chicago, Unitit States (1999)
*  Cieszyn, Poland (1994)
*  Guebwiller / Murbach, Fraunce (1978)
*  Olomouc, Czech Republic (1994)
*  Potsdam, Germany (2002)

## References
Shenyang

**Shenyang** (; ), or **Mukden** ( in Manchu), is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Liaoning Province in Northeast Cheenae. Currently hauldin sub-provincial admeenistrative status, the ceety wis ance kent as **Shengjing** (盛京) or **Fengtianfu** (奉天府). Shenyang wis first uised bi the Manchu fowk as their caipital in the 17t century an is the day the biggest ceety in the Northeast.

## Internaitional relations
### Consulates in Shenyang
Japan, Roushie, Sooth Korea, an the Unitit States hae consulates in Shenyang's Heping Destrict; North Korea haes a consulate in Huanggu Destrict. Fraunce recently annoonced it will open a consulate general's office in Shenyang.

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Shenyang is twinned wi:
* Sapporo, Japan (1980)
* Kawasaki, Japan (1981)
* Turin, Italy (1985)
* Chicago, Unitit States (1985)
* Irkutsk, Roushie (1992)
* Quezon Ceety, Philippines (1993)
* Ramat Gan, Israel (1993)
* Monterrey, Mexico (1993)
* Seongnam, Republic o Korea (1998)
* Yaoundé, Cameroon (1998)
* Katowice, Poland (2007)
* Thessaloniki, Greece
* Gumi, Republic o Korea
* Leverkusen, Germany
* Düsseldorf, Germany

## References
Leicester

**Leicester** ( , but aften locally ) is a ceety an unitar authority aurie in the East Midlands o Ingland, an the coonty toun o Leicestershire. The ceety lees on the River Soar an at the edge o the National Forest.

In the 2011 census the population o the City of Leicester unitar authority wis c.330,000 makkin it the maist populous municipality in the East Midlands region. The associatit urban aurie is the 11t lairgest bi population in Ingland an aw an the 13t lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick.

Leicester is at the intersection o the north/sooth Midland Main Line an east/wast Birmingham/Leicester/Cambridge CrossCountry railwey lines an the confluence o the M1/M69 motorways an the A6/A46 trunk routes.

## Etymologie
The name "Leicester" is thocht tae derive frae the wirds castra o the "Ligore", meanin a camp on the River Legro, an early name for the River Soar. Leicester appears in the *[[Domesday Book]]* as "Ledecestre". Leicester continued tae grow throuoot the Early Modren period as a mercat toun, awtho it wis the Industrial Revolution that facilitatit an unparalleled process o unplanned urbanisation in the aurie.

## Sister ceeties
Leicester haes a nummer o twin/sister ceties, thir are:
* Strasbourg (Fraunce),
* Krefeld (Germany),
* Haskovo (Bulgarie),
* Masaya (Nicaragua),
* Rajkot (Indie) an
* Chongqing (Cheenae)

## References
Kelso

**Kelso** or **Kelsae** mey refer tae:

## Places
### Australie
* Kelso, New Sooth Wales, suburb o Bathurst
* Kelso, Tasmania, sma veelage in the north o Tasmanie
* Kelso, Queensland, suburb o Townsville, Queensland

### Canadae
*Kelso, sma veelage in Regional Municipality o Halton, Ontario, locatit beside Lake Kelso

### New Zealand
*Kelso, New Zealand, an abandoned toun in Otago

### Sooth Africae
* Kelso, KwaZulu-Natal, sma veelage coastal sooth o Durban

### Unitit Kinrick
*Kelsae, toun in Scotland
**Kelso Abbey
**Kelso Racecourse
*New Kelsae, Scots Hielands, Auncient Settlement in Wester-Ross Hielands o Scotland (circa. 1750)
**New Kelso House & Lodge
**New Kelso Farm
**New Kelso Cottages
**New Lodge

### Unitit States
*Kelso, Californie, ghost toun in the Mojave Desert Naitional Preserve-MDNP
:*Kelso Depot, Restaurant and Employees Hotel, historic landmark in the MDNP
:*Kelso Dunes, dune field in the MDNP
*Kelso, Californie, umwhile name o Claraville, Californie, Kern Coonty
*Kelso, Fresno Coonty, Californie
*Kelso, Missouri
*Kelso, Washington
*Kelso Tounship, Sibley Coonty, Minnesota

## Companies
*Kelso & Company, private equity firm foondit in 1971 based in New York Ceety

## Fowk
* Beverley Kelso, Jamaican sangster
* Bill Kelso (1940-2009), Major League Baseball pitcher
* Frank B. Kelso II (1933- ), Unitit States Navy admiral
* J. A. Scott Kelso (1947- ), neuroscientist
* J. J. Kelso (1864-1935), creautor o the Childer's Aid Society in Canadae
* Jack W. Kelso (1934-1952), Medal o Honour recipient
* Jamie Kelso (1948- ), poleetical activist
* John R. Kelso (1831-1891), politician an author
* Louis O. Kelso (1913-1991), lawyer an economic thinker
* Mark Kelso (born 1963), umwhile Buffalo Bills defensive back
* Phil Kelso (1871-1935), Scots fitbaa player
* Thomas Kelso (1784-1878), philanthropist

### Fictional Fowk
* Bob Kelso, Chief o Medicine frae the TV show *[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]*, played bi Ken Jenkins
* Michael Kelso, character on the telly series *[[That '70s Show]]*, played bi Ashton Kutcher
* Casey Kelso, *That '70s Show* character and Michael Kelso's brither, played bi Luke Wilson
* 'Wyoming Bill' Kelso, character in the 1968 movie *[[The Party (film)|The Party]]*, played bi Denny Miller

## Sports

*Kelso (horse), a famous thoroughbred racehorse frae the Unitit States

## Schools
*Kelso High School, Kelso, Washington, Unitit States
*Kelso High Campus, Bathurst, New Sooth Wales, Australie

## Ships
*, a Tristan da Cunha fishing vessel, kent as RV ''Kelso'' an aw
*SS Kelso Victory, Unitit States Navy ship in Warld War II

## See as weel
*Roxburgh
*Kelsey
Orchies

**Orchies** is a commune in the Nord depairtment in northren Fraunce.

Orchies is the biggest toun o the Pévèle. It is especially kent for its *Musée de la chicorée*, the museum o chicory.

Orchies is twinned wi Kelsae in the Scots Borders aurie o the Unitit Kinrick.

## Heraldry

## See an aa
*Communes o the Nord depairtment

## References
* INSEE commune file

## Freemit airtins

* Official wabsteid
Kelso, Washington

**Kelso** is a ceety in soothwast Washington State, Unitit States, an is the coonty seat o Cowlitz Coonty. The population o the 2008 estimate wis 11,895. Kelso is pairt o the Longview, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Aurie, which haes a population o 101,254. Kelso shares its lang wastren border wi Longview, Washington.  It is locatit near Mount St. Helens.

## Sister ceeties
Kelso haes the twa sister ceeties:
* Kelsae, Unitit Kinrick
* Sagara, Japan

## References
Karmiel

**Karmiel** (, *lit.* "God's vinyairds") is a ceety in northren Israel. Established in 1964 as a development toun, Karmiel is locatit in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper an lawer Galilee. The ceety is locatit sooth o the Acre-Safed road, 32 kilometres (20&nbsp;mi) frae Safed an 20 kilometres (12&nbsp;mi) frae Acre. In  Karmiel haed a population o .

## Twin touns

## References
Ma'alot-Tarshiha

**Ma'alot-Tarshiha** (; ) is a mixed ceety in the North Destrict in Israel, some 20&nbsp;km east o Nahariya. The ceety wis established in 1963 through a municipal merger o the Arab toun o Tarshiha an the Jewish toun o Ma'alot. In  the ceety haes a population o .

## Twin Towns - Sister Ceeties

*  Birobidzhan, Roushie

## References
Afula

**Afula** (; , **) is a ceety in the Northren Destrict o Israel, aften kent as the "Capital o the Valley", referrin tae the Jezreel Valley. The ceety haed a population o 40,500 at the end o 2009.

## History
Locatit in the lawer Galilee region, Afula is roughly haufway atween Jenin an Nazareth. It lies on the site o the Israelite veelage ofOfel, the hametoun o the Biblical figure Gideon.  It is mentioned in the Beuks o Keengs (2 Keengs 5, 24) in connection wi Elisha an the disciple o Elijah, who lived in the vicinity.

The tent century Sultan Saladin foondit an Arab veelage named al-Fulah on the site. In 1799, durin Napoleon's Syrian campaign, the Battle o Munt Tabor wis fought aroond al-Fulah.

In 1909 or 1910, Yehoshua Hankin completit his first major purchase in the Jezreel Valley. He bought some 10,000 dunams (10&nbsp;km²) o land in Al-Fuleh (now Afula), which became the hame o Merhavia an Tel Adashim. This purchase also marked the start of bitter disputes atween Arabs an Jews ower the richts o tenant fermers who haed been evictit, an regardin the employment o Jewish or Arab watchmen for the land.

The modren community o Afula wis foondit in 1925 bi the American Zionist Commonwealth, efter the completion o the purchase o the valley frae the Sursuk family o Beirut. The nearbi Arab veelage o Al-Fulah wis disbandit bi the turn o the century. At the time, the community wis served bi the Jezreel Valley railwey, which wis abandoned durin the War o Unthirldom.

## References
Nazareth

**Nazareth** (; , *Natzrat* or *Natzeret*;  *al-Nāṣira* or *al-Naseriyye*) is the lairgest ceety in the North Destrict o Israel. Kent as "the Arab caipital o Israel," the population is predominantly made up o Arab citizens o Israel. In the New Testament, the ceety is describit as the childhood hame o Jesus, an as such is a centre o Christian pilgrimage, wi mony shrines commemoratin biblical events. The Mayor o Nazareth is a Palestinian Christian.

## Twin touns — sister ceeties
Nazareth is twinned wi:
*  Florence, Italy
*  Loreto, Italy
*  Nablus, Palestine.
*  Saint-Denis, Fraunce
*  The Hague, Netherlands
*  Częstochowa, Poland

## References
Beit She'an

( *Beth Šəān*; , **, *Beisan* or *Bisan*) is a ceety in the North Destrict o Israel which haes played an important role historically due tae its geographical location at the junction o the Jordan River Valley an Jezreel Valley. It haes an aa played an important role in modren times, actin as the regional center for the numerous veelages in the Beit She'an Valley Regional Cooncil.

## Twin touns — Sister ceeties

Beit She&#39;an is twinned wi:
* Cleveland, Unitit States *(Syne 1995)* 

## References
Niigata

is a name o a place o Japan an the Chubu region. 

Niigata mey refer tae:

* Niigata, Niigata, a ceety in Japan an the caipital o Niigata Prefectur
* Niigata Prefectur in Japan
* Albirex Niigata, the ceety's professional fitbaa club
* Niigata Transys, a Japanese railway vehicle manufacturer
* Niigata Stadium, an athletic stadium in Niigata, Japan. 
* *Niigata Shimbun*, 19t century newspaper, editit bi Yukio Ozaki
Beaverton

**Beaverton** mey refer tae the follaein places:

In **Canadae**:
*Beaverton, Ontario

In the **Unitit States**:
*Beaverton, Alabama
*Beaverton, Michigan
*Beaverton Tounship, Michigan
*Beaverton, Oregon
**Beaverton Mall, in Beaverton, Oregon

**Fictional touns**:
*A fictional toun in *South Park* as seen in the episode Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow
Niigata (ceety)

is the caipital an the maist populous ceety o Niigata Prefectur, Japan. It lies on the northwast coast o Honshū, the lairgest island o Japan, an faces the Sea o Japan an Sado Island.

Wi a lang history as a port toun, Niigata became a free port follaein the Meiji Restoration. Niigata's ceety govrenment wis established in 1889. Mergers wi nearbi municipalities in 2005 alloued the ceety's population tae jump tae 810,000. The annexation o the surroonding aurie haes an aa gien the ceety the greatest rice paddy field acreage in Japan. On 1 Aprile 2007, it became the first govrenment-designatit ceety on the Japan Sea coast o Honshū.

## History
### Mergers

* On 1 Aprile 1889 - the veelage o Sekiya wis amalgamatit intae the toun o Niigata.
* On 1 Aprile 1914 - The toun o Nuttari frae Nakakanbara Destrict wis amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 1 Juin 1943 - The veelage o Ohgata frae Nakakanbara Destrict wis amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 8 December 1943 - The veelages o Ishiyama an Toyano frae Nakakanbara Destrict wur amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 5 Aprile 1954 - The veelage o Matsugasakihama frae Kitakanbara Destrict wis amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 1 November 1954 - The veelages o Nigorikawa, Minamihama frae Kitakanbara Destrict an the veelage o Sakaiwa frae Nishikanbara Destrict wur amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 3 Mey 1957 - The veelages o Ryokawa, Sonoki an Oheyama frae Nakakanbara Destrict wur amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 11 Januar 1960 - The toun o Uchino frae Nishikanbara Destrict wis amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 1 Juin 1961 - The veelages o Nakanokoya an Akatsuka frae Nishikanbara Destrict wur amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 1 Januar 2001 - The toun o Kurosaki frae Nishikanbara Destrict wis amalgamatit intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 12 Mairch 2005 - The ceety o Niitsu, Shirone an Toyosaka, the touns o Kameda, Kosudo an Yokogoshi frae Nakakanbara Destrict an the toun o Nishikawa an the veelages o Ajikata, Iwamuro, Katahigashi, Nakanokuchi an Tsukigata frae Nishikanbara Destrict wur aw merged intae the ceety o Niigata.
* On 10 October 2005 - The toun o Maki frae Nishikanbara Destrict merged intae the ceety o Niigata.

## Sister ceeties
Niigata maintains sister ceety ties wi sax ceeties:

*  Galveston, Unitit States (1965)
*  Khabarovsk, Roushie (1965)
*  Harbin, Cheenae (1979)
*  Vladivostok, Roushie (1991)
*  Birobidzhan, Roushie (Ance a sister ceety o Toyosaka, Niigata assumed the sister ceety honors in 2005)
*  Nantes, Fraunce (2009, shiftit frae friendship ceety syne 1999)

In addition, special exchynge agreements hae been set up wi:
*  Kingston upon Hull, Unitit Kinrick
*  Ulsan, Republic o Korea (2007)

## Sports
* J. League (Fitbaa/Soccer)
** Albirex Niigata play at Big Swan Stadium
* Bj league (Basketbaa)
** Niigata Albirex BB play at Toki Messe

## References
Beaverton, Oregon

**Beaverton** is a ceety in Washington Coonty, Oregon, Unitit States, seeven mile (11&nbsp;km) wast o Portland in the Tualatin River Valley.
As o 2008, its population is estimated to be 86,205, amaist 14% mair nor the 2000 census figure o 76,129. This makes it the seicont-lairgest ceety in the coonty an Oregon's saxt-lairgest ceety.  In 2010, Beaverton wis named bi *[[Money (magazine)|Money]]* magazine as ane o the 100 "best places tae live", amang smawer ceeties, in the kintra.

## References
Hegang

**Hegang** (, kent as **Haoli** an aw, is a prefectur-level ceety in Heilongjiang province o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. Hegang is a ceety athin a coal minin aurie an haes a population o 654,000. In 2007 it haed a GDP o RMB 15.7 billion wi a 13.2% growthe rate.

## Subdiveesions

## History
1906, the aurie o Hegang Ceety wi unner the admeenistrator o Tangyuan Coonty o Qing Dynasty

1945-12-20, Xingshan Toun wis renamed as Xingshan Ceety

1949-11-24, Xingshan Ceety wis renamed as Hegang Ceety

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid
Banner o Portugal

The **banner o Portugal** () is the naitional banner o the Portuguese Republic. It is a rectangular bicolour wi a field unevenly dividit intae green on the hoist, an reid on the flee. The lesser version o the naitional coat o airms (i.e. airmillary sphere an Portuguese shield) is centred ower the colour bundary at equal distance frae the upper an lawer edges. On 30 Juin 1911, less nor a year efter the dounfaw o the constitutional monarchy, this design wis offeecially adoptit for the new naitional banner, efter selection bi a special commission whose members includit Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, João Chagas an Abel Botelho.

The conjugation o the new field colours, especially the uise o green, wis no traditional in the Portuguese naitional banner's composition an representit a radical republican-inspired chynge that broke the bond wi the umwhile releegious monarchical banner. Syne a failed republican insurrection on 31 Januar 1891, red an green haed been established as the colours o the Portuguese Republican Pairty an its associatit movements, whose poleetical prominence kept growin till it reached a culmination period follaein the Republican revolution o 5 October 1910. In the ensuin decades, thir colours wur popularly propagandized as representin the hope o the naition (green) an the bluid (red) o thae who dee'd defendin it, as a means tae endou them wi a mair patriotic an dignified, therefore less poleetical, sentiment.

The current banner design represents a dramatic chynge in the evolution o the Portuguese staundart, which haed aye been closely associatit wi the ryal airms. Syne the kintra's foondation, the naitional banner developit frae the blue&nbsp;cross-on-white armorial square banner o Keeng Afonso I tae the leeberal monarchy's airms ower a blue-an-white rectangle. In atween, major chynges associatit wi determinant poleetical events contributit tae its evolution intae the current design.
Coat o airms o East Timor

The ** [[coat o airms]] o [[East Timor]]** (offeecially: Timor-Leste) wis introduced on 18 Januar 2007 unner the Law 02/2007. It is based on a design first uised when the kintra unilaterally declared unthirldom on 28 November 1975.

The motto in Portuguese  is "*Unidade, Acção, Progresso*" ("Unity, Action, Progress").

## Portuguese Timor (1935-1975)

The airms o Portuguese Timor followed the same format o ither Portuguese colonies (later owerseas provinces) wi the territory bein representit bi the black an white Dominican cross in recognition o the role played bi the Dominican Order in convertin the Timorese tae Catholicism.

## Indonesian Rule (Timor Timur)

Indonesie invadit East Timor in 1975 an annexed it the follaein year as its 27t province o Timor Timur. Durin this period, Timor Timur haed its awn coat o airms which remained in uise till Indonesie rescinded its annexation in 1999. The airms consistit o a gowden shield containin wreaths o wheat an cotton enclosin a blue roundel containin a stylized traditional East Timor hoose. This wis surmuntit bi a blue shield depictin a gowd starn representin the faith in ane God. Belaw the roondel appeared a traditional Timorese heiddress (Kaibauk) bearin the inscription "Timor Timur".

## Unitit Naitions Transitional Admeenistration in East Timor

The seal uised bi the Unitit Naitions Transitional Admeenistration in East Timor (UNTAET) depictit an ootline o the island o Timor, a crocodile, traditional heid-dress an tais patterns. The seal includit the wirds *Timor Lorosa’e* an *Governu* in Tetum or *Timor Leste* an *Governo* in Portuguese.

## Umwhile coat o airms (2002-2007)

The umwhile coat o airms contains the shield o the *[[Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense]]* (Naitional Cooncil o Timorese Resistance). The main elements are twa crossed *Suriks* (traditional Timorese swords), thegither wi a spear, a starn, an twa arraes. 

The kintra's title, in Portuguese, is on a blue ring aroond the shield an a sun wi 14 rays.  

The motto in the banner translates as: "Honour, Hameland, an Fowk".


File:Coat of arms of Portuguese Timor (1935–1975, lesser).svg|Coat o airms o Portuguese Timor 1935-1975
File:Timor Timur Wappen.png|Coat o airms o Timor Timur durin Indonesian rule
File:TIM Government UN.jpg|Seal o East Timor durin UNTAET admeenistration
File:Coat of arms of East Timor (2002–2007).svg|Coat o airms o East Timor 2002-2007

## Source
*Law 02/2007, National symbols of Timor-Leste (Portuguese language) 

## References
Exit-13

**Exit-13** wis a grindcore baund frae Millersville, Pennsylvania. The baund wur formed in 1989 bi Relapse Records foonder an co-awner Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals), guitarist Steve O'Donnell an bassist Joel DiPietro. Their early recordins, includin the *Disembowelling Party*, *The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup* an *Eat More Crust* demos (aw 1989), their debut fully-length *Green Is Good* (1990) an the EPs *The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup* (1990) an *Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth* (1991) featured a line-up o Yurkiewicz, O'Donnell an DiPietro, wi drum duties being shared atween Bill Schaeffer an Pat McCahan.

Exit-13 unnerwent a line-up chynge prior tae 1994's *Ethos Musick*, an recruitit the rhythm section of Dan Lilker, famous for his wirk wi Anthrax, Nuclear Assault an Brutal Truth on bass guitar, an his Brutal Truth baund-mate Scott Lewis on drums. Brutal Truth's vocalist Kevin Sharp an aa providit backin vocals. Future line-ups wur tae include Bliss Blood (o Pain Teens), Richard Hoak (o Brutal Truth) an Dave Witte (o Burnt by the Sun, Discordance Axis an Municipal Waste), amangst ithers.

The band's leerics mainly focused on environmental issues (wi open support tae radical groups like Earth First!), but an aa concentrate on social issues. The baund an aa supportit the decreeminalization o marijuana.

## Members
### Last recordin line-up
* Bill Yurkiewicz (vocals)
* Bliss Blood (vocals)
* Dan Lilker (bass, piano, vocals)
* Steve O'Donnell (guitars, vocals)
* Richard Hoak (drums, piano, vocals)

### Ither members
* Scott Lewis (drums)
* Joel DiPietro (bass)
* Pat McCahan (drums)
* Bill Shaeffer (drums)
* Dave Witte (drums)

## Discography
* 1989: *Disembowelling Party* (demo)
* 1989: *The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup* (demo)
* 1989: *Eat More Crust* (demo)
* 1990: *Green Is Good* (Ecocentric Records)
* 1990: *The Unrequited Love of Chicken Soup* EP (Thrash Records)
* 1991: *Spare the Wrench, Surrender the Earth* EP (Relapse)
* 1993: *Don't Spare The Green Love* compilation (Relapse)
* 1994: *Ethos Musick* (Relapse)
* 1995: Split 7" EP with Multiplex (HG Fact)
* 1995: *...Just A Few More Hits* (Relapse)
* 1996: Split CD with Hemdale (Visceral Productions)
* 1996: *Gout d'Belgium/Black Weakeners* (Relapse)
* 1996: *Smoking Songs* (Relapse)
* 2004: *Relapse Singles Series Vol. 4*, split with Phobia, Goreaphobia an Amorphis (Relapse)
* 2007: *High Life!* compilation (Relapse)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial Exit-13 wabsteid 
* Offeecial Exit-13 Myspace page
* Exit-13 biography @ Rockdetector
* Exit-13 @ Relapse Records
Technical daith metal

**Technical daith metal** (sometimes cried **tech daith**) is a muisical subgenre o daith metal that focuses on complex rhythms, riffs an sang structures. Technical experimentation in daith metal began in the late '80s an early '90s bi baunds such as Death, Atheist an Cynic. In 1990, Nocturnus released their debut album, *[[The Key (album)|The Key]]*, which wis follaed bi Sarcófago's third album, *[[The Laws of Scourge]]*, featurin a chynge in their muisical style, black metal/thrash metal tae **technical daith metal**. Atheist's seicont album, *[[Unquestionable Presence]]*, Pestilence's third album, *[[Testimony of the Ancients]]*, an Death's fowert album, *[[Human (Death album)|Human]]*, wur aw released the vera next year. *Human* an later Death albums hae proven especially influential on later '90s technical daith metal baunds. In 1991, New York's grindcore-influenced Suffocation released the *[[Effigy of the Forgotten]]* debut album, which focused on fusin speed an brutality wi a sophisticatit sense o sangwritin an subsequently became grundbreakin in the genre.

Phil Freeman, ex-editor o *[[Metal Edge]]*, haes described the sub-genre o technical daith metal as "the hidden side o its genre, haeing mair in common wi prog-rock an jazz fusion than wi the mechanistic, Satan-obsessed grindin that's the muisic's dominant public image."

## Notable baunds

## Notes
Arkona

**Arkona** mey refer tae:
* Cape Arkona on the German island o Rügen
* Arkona (Roushie baund), a Roushie fowk metal baund
* Arkona (Pols baund), a black metal baund
* Arkona, Ontario
* ARKONA, a GAF Tactical Air Command and Control System (TACC System)
* Arkona, a Dealer Management System (DMS) based in South Jordan, Utah
* Icebreaker ''Arkona'', ane o the icebreakers o Germany
Arkona (Pols baund)

**Arkona** is a Pols black metal baund formed in 1993.

## History
The baund wis formed bi guitarist Khorzon an vocalist Messiah, who decidit tae stairt a baund combinin the aspects o raw black metal an paganism. The first demo "The Unholy War" wis released in 1993. Efter recordin three mair demos, Madness Morbid Records label, signed them, leadin Arkona tae record their first full-length album. The first offeecial album "Imperium", wis released on  Astral Wings Records. The next album, "Zeta Reticuli" wis recordit in 1996, an it wis released in 2001. In 2002 the baund released their third studio album "Nocturnal Arkonian Hordes" unner the Czech labed Eclipse Productions. In 2003 the baund released their fowert studio album "Konstelacja Lodu".

## Members
### Current members
*Khorzon - guitar
*Triumphator - guitar
*Conqueror - bass guitar
### Umwhile members
*Messiah - vocals
*Nuclear - vocals
*Pitzer - guitar
*Lewy - keybuird
*Witchlord - drums
*Sylvian - drums
*Namtar - drums
*Hexen - drums

## Discography
### Albums
* *[[:pl:Imperium (album muzyczny)|Imperium]]* (1996)
* *[[:pl:Zeta Reticuli: A Tale About Hatred and Total Enslavement|Zeta Reticuli: A Tale About Hatred and Total Enslavement]]* (2001)
* *[[:pl:Nocturnal Arkonian Hordes|Nocturnal Arkonian Hordes]]* (2002)
* *[[:pl:Konstelacja Lodu|Konstelacja Lodu]]* (2003)
* *Chaos.Ice.Fire* (2013)
* *Lunaris* (2016)
* *Age of Capricorn* (2019)

### Split
* *[[Zrodzony Z ognia I Lodu / Mankind's Funeral]]* (2004)
* *[[Holokaust Zniewolonych Mas / Diabolus Perfectus / Raise The Blasphemer]]* (2005)
* *[[W Szponach Wojennej Bestii]]* (2005)
* *Jesienne Krakowskie Zgliszcza* (2013)

### Demos
* *[[Bogowie Zapomnienia (demo)|Bogowie Zapomnienia]]* (1994)
* *[[An Eternal Curse of the Pagan Godz (demo)|An Eternal Curse of the Pagan Godz]]* (1994)
### Compilations
* *[[An Eternal Curse of the Pagan Godz (kompilacja)|An Eternal Curse of the Pagan Godz]]* (1997)
* *[[Bogowie Zapomnienia (kompilacja)|Bogowie Zapomnienia]]* (2005)
* *[[Raw Years 1993-95]]* (2005)
* *[[Wszechzlodowacenie]]* (2008)

## Freemit airtins
* Encyclopaedia Metallum
Rami Haikal

**Rami Abdel-Hakeem Haikal** (born on 12 September 1983) is a prominent muisicker in the Jordanian hivy metal scene.  He is weel kent for his distinct guitar wirk in the baund BILOCATE.

## Biography

Rami wis born on September 12, 1983 in Amman, Jordan an grew up there. When Rami wis young, he met Saeb Abu Al-Ragheb. The twa suin became friends an stairtit playin muisic thegither. Sharin the same passion for the Guitar instrument they tried tae build custom made guitars in the age o 15.

Rami joined several local Jordanian baunds but wi nae recordit achievements, later in the simmer o 2004 an while haein a practice session wi ane o the local baunds, he met Hani Al-Abbadi whom wis the Bassist o the Jordanian baund BILOCATE, 2 weeks later Ramzi Essayyed frae BILOCATE cried Rami tae set up for a meetin in which they hae affered him tae join the baund as a guitarist.

## Personal discografie
*BILOCATE - Summoning the Bygones (2012) (Guitar/Pre-production)
*BILOCATE - Sudden Death Syndrome (2008) (Guitar)
*BILOCATE - Dysphoria (2005) (Guitar)
*BILOCATE - Dysphoria EP (2003) (Guitar)

## Endorsements & Equipment

*Mayones Guitars & Basses
*ENGL Amplifiers
* Steve Clayton, Inc. Custom Guitar Picks
* Radial Engineering

## References



## Freemit airtins
*BILOCATE Official Homepage  - The famous Jordanian Dark Oriental metal band which Rami plays in as a guitarist.
*Rami's Official artist page on Mayones guitars  - Rami's Official artist page on Mayones guitars.
White houlet

The **White houlet** (*Tyto alba*) is the maist widely distreebute speshie o houlet, an ane o the maist widespread o aw birds.

## References
Eurasie

**Eurasie** is a continent in the northren pairt o the Yird. Eurasie is made o Europe an Asie, that is on the same tectonic plate an disna hae a sea atween thaim, sae thay are scientifically the ae continent. The wird is made by eikin "Eur" (frae *Eur*ope) tae "Asie" for tae mak "Eurasie".

Some geographers says it's aw juist ae continent, acause unalike the Americaes or Africae, Europe an Asie isna sindered by sea. The Auncient Greeks sindered the warld thay kent intae Europe, Asie an Africae. Syne than, fowk haes been speakin aboot Asie an Europe as twa continents sae it is nou a tradietion. 

Some ither continents isna evendoun sindered by sea an is jynt thegither by a nairae strip o laund (cryed a isthmus) like North Americae an Sooth Americae. Houaniver, Europe an Asiea isna sindered by sea ava.

Whiles Eurasiea is sindered intae Wast Eurasie an East Eurasie. Wast Eurasie is Europe an the Mid East. Historians whiles adds North Africae tae Wast Eurasie acause the Sahara Desert sinders North Africae frae the ither pairts o Africae an gaun ower the Sahara is juist as haurd as gaun ower a sea.
Fern houlet

**Fern houlets** (*Caprimulgidae*) are middlin nocturnal or crepuscular birds wi lang weengs, cutty legs an gey cutty nebs. Maugre thair name fern houlets arna houlets ava.
Karachi

**Karachi**  (; ) is the lairgest ceety, main seaport an the main financial centre o Pakistan, an the caipital o the province o Sindh. Wi an estimatit population atween 13 million an 15 million, Karachi is ane o the warld's lairgest ceeties in terms o population, the 13t lairgest urban agglomeration, an the 4t lairgest metropolitan aurie in the warld. It is Pakistan's premier centre o bankin, industry, an trade an is hame tae Pakistan's lairgest corporations, includin those involved in textiles, shippin, automotive industry, entertainment, the airts, fashion, advertisin, publishin, software development an medical research. The ceety is a major hub o heicher education in Sooth Asie an the wider Islamic warld.

Karachi is ranked as a Beta warld ceety. It wis the oreeginal caipital o Pakistan till the construction o Islamabad an is the location o the Port o Karachi an Port Bin Qasim, twa o the region's lairgest an busiest ports. Efter the unthirldom o Pakistan, the ceety population increased dramatically when hunders o thoosans o Urdu-speakin migrants or Muhajirs frae Indie, East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) an ither pairts o Sooth Asie came tae settle in Karachi.

The ceety is spread ower 3,527 km2 (1,362 sq mi) in aurie, amaist fower times bigger than Hong Kong. It is locally kent as the "Ceety o Lichts" () an "The bride o the ceeties" () for its liveliness, an the "Ceety o the Quaid" (), haein been the birth an burial place o Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), the foonder o Pakistan, who made the ceety his hame efter Pakistan's unthirldom.

## Sister ceeties
*  Jakarta, Indonesie
*  Shanghai, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, syne 15 Februar 1984
*  Port Louis, Mauritius syne 1 Mey 2007
*  Houston, Unitit States syne 8 Mey 2008
*  Moscow, Roushie
## References
Hornit houlet

The **Hornit houlet** (*Asio otus*) is a speshie o houlet that leeves in Europe, Asie, an North Americae.

## References
Jennie houlet

The **Jennie houlet** (*Strix aluco*) is a laich-set, middlin houlet for ordinar fund in widlands athort a hantle o Eurasie. Its unnerpairts are fauch wi derk spraings, an the upperpairts are aither broun or gray.

## References
Namangan

**Namangan** (; ) is the third-lairgest ceety in Uzbekistan (2006 pop. 432,456.). It is the caipital o Namangan Province, in the northren edge o Fergana Valley o north-eastren Uzbekistan.

## Geography
Namangan is aboot 300&nbsp;km east o Tashkent, aboot 65&nbsp;km wast o Andijan, an aboot 75&nbsp;km north o Fergana.  It is locatit at  1561 feet (476 meters) abuin sea level. The Qoradaryo an Naryn Rivers join thegither tae form the Syr Darya juist ootside the soothren edge o the ceety.

## Friendly ceeties
* Seongnam, Sooth Korea (September 22, 2009)

## Freemit airtinss
* Political Salience of Ethnic Identities in Namangan and Samarqand (pdf) 
* http://population-of.com/en/Uzbekistan/06/Namangan/
* Open Street Map
Cape Arkona

**Cape Arkona** () is a cape on the island o Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Cape Arkona is the tip o the Wittow peninsula, juist a few kilometres north o the Jasmund National Park.

The temple fortress o Arkona, the day cried *Jaromarsburg*, wis the releegious centre o the Slavic Rani in the Early Middle Ages. The temple wis dedicatit tae the deity Svantevit, who wis depictit wi fower heids. The temple hoosed an important horse oracle in Slavic times, whaur the behaviour o a white stallion coud decide peace or war (horse oracles hae a lang history in this region, being awready attestit in the writins o Tacitus).  

The day, anerlie aboot a quarter o the auld fortress is left, as the chalk-promontory it wis built on is slowly erodit bi the Baltic. Rescue excavations are in progress.

The fortress at Arkona wis destroyed in 1168 bi Dens invaders (see Absalon). The sanctuary o Slavic god Svantevit wis an aa destroyed. This event precedit the forced Christianisation o the region's inhabitants.

There are twa auld lichthooses at the cape, ane constructed in 1827, the ither ane in 1902. The umwhile is ane o the auldest still existin lichthooses o the Baltic Sea. It wis constructit bi the famous architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel.

In 1927, the cape's name wis gien tae a German liner, the SS ''Cap Arcona''.

Prior tae the German reunification, Arkona wis aften conseedert the maist northren point in the German Democratic Republic. Housomeivver, the site Gellort is locatit aboot ane kilometre northwast.

## See an aw
*Pomeranie durin the Early Middle Ages
*Pomeranie durin the Late Middle Ages
*Conversion o Pomeranie
*Rani (Slavic tribe)
*Principality o Rügen
Kharkhorin

**Kharkhorin** () is a toun an sum (destrict) center in the Övörkhangai Province in Mongolie. Sum population wis 13,828 (1994), 13,964 (2000), 13,496(2003). Kharkhorin ceety population is 8,977 (2003), ceety aurie is 20.5&nbsp;km2.

Kharkhorin is locatit at the lawer end o the upper valley o the Orkhon River, pairt o the Warld Heritage Site  Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape. The location marks the eastren fuithills o the Khangai Muntains, whaur thay meet the rollin steppe o central Mongolie.

Nearbi are the ruins o the auncient toun o Karakorum, which for a short time served as the caipital o the Mongol Empire unner Ogedei Khan. Anither laundmerk is the Erdene Zuu monastery.

The main soorces o income tae Kharkhorin are tourism an agricultur. Watter frae the Orkhon river serves tae irrigate the crops on the lairge plain east o the toun. The Kharkhorin Airport (KHR/ZMHH) haes ane unpaved runway an is served bi regular flichts frae an tae Ulan Bator.

## References
* PADCO: Mongolie Urban Development an Housing Sector Strategy, Final Report, Vol. 2, 2005 http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/Mon-UrbanDev-Housing/vol2.pdf