open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cottbus

**Cottbus**  (; Lawer Sorbie: *Chóśebuz*; ; ) is a varsity ceety in Brandenburg, Germany, situatit aroond  sootheast o Berlin, on the River Spree. Cottbus is a major railwey junction wi extensive sidins/depots.

## History
The dounset wis established in the 10t century, when Sorbs erectit a castle on a sandy island in the River Spree. The first recorded mention o the toun's name wis in 1156. In the 13t century German settlers came tae the toun an thareefter livit side-bi-side wi the Sorbs. In medieval times Cottbus wis kent for oo, an the toun's drapery wis exportit aw ower the Brandenburg, Bohemie an Saxony. In 1462 Cottbus wis acquired bi the Margraviate o Brandenburg; in 1701 the ceety became pairt o the Kingdom o Proushie. In 1815 the surroondin districts o Upper an Lawer Lusatie war cedit bi the Kinrick o Saxony tae Proushie. During World War II, Cottbus wis taken bi the Red Airmy on 22 Apryle 1945.

Frae 1949 till German reunification in 1990, Cottbus wis pairt o the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

## Demografie

File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Cottbus.pdf|Blue line: Population syne 1875 within the current boundariesDotted Line: Comparison wi population o Brandenburg stateGrey background: Time o Nazi rule; Red Background: Time o Communist rule
File:Bevölkerungsprognosen Cottbus.pdf|Recent Population development (blue line) an forecasts


## Cultur an education
Cottbus is the cultural centre o the Lawer Sorbie minority. Mony signs in the toun are bilingual, an thare is a Lawer Sorbie-middlin *[[Gymnasium (schuil)|Gymnasium]]*, but Sorbie is rarely spoken on the streets.

Next tae Cottbus is the famous Branitz Park, creatit bi Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau efter 1845. Schloss Branitz (Branitz Castle) wis rebuilt bi Gottfried Semper in a late Baroque style atween 1846 an 1852, end the gardens laid bi Prince Hermann featur twa pyramids. Ane o thir, the Seepyramide, is in the middle o a airtificial loch an serves as his mauseoleum.

Cottbus is hame o the Brandenburg Varsity o Technology (BTU) an the maths/science-orientit Max-Steenbeck-Gymnasium, which is namit efter the pheesicist Max Steenbeck.

Every year Cottbus is host tae the East European Film Festival.

Cottbus haes a fitbaa team cried FC Energie Cottbus, which currently play in the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga. Thair hame matches are played at the ceety's Stadion der Freundschaft.

## Pouer generation
Thare are several coal-fired pouer stations in the aurie aroond Cottbus (Lausitz). The biggest stations are "Schwarze Pumpe" (1600 MW), "Boxberg" (1900 MW) an "Jänschwalde" (3000 MW).

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Cottbus is twinned wi:

## See an aw
* Cottbus Air Base
* Cottbus-Drewitz Airport
* Cottbus-Neuhausen Airport
* Klinge

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial Wabsteid 
* Homepage of Brandenburg Technical University 
*
Lorraine

**Lorraine** mey refer tae:

## Fowk

*Lorraine Kelly, Scots TV presenter

## Places

* Lotharingie or Lorraine, a short-livit Kinrick in wastren Europe. Later an independent duchy frae aroond 910 tae its pairtition in 959 intae:
** Lawer Lorraine, Duchy o Lawer Lorraine, which is the day roughly Belgium, 
** Lorraine (duchy),  Duchy o Upper Lorraine,  which became the modren French province o Lorraine:
*** Lorraine (region), ane o the 27 régions o Fraunce
* Parc naturel régional de Lorraine, a protectit aurie o northeastren Fraunce
* Lorraine, Californie, U.S.
* Lorraine, Kansas, U.S.
* Lorraine, New York, U.S.
* Lorraine, Ontario, Canadae
* Lorraine, Quebec, Canadae
* Lorraine Island, Australie

## See an aw
* Lorain (disambiguation)
* Loraine (disambiguation)
* Lorrain (disambiguation)
Limousin

**Limousin** can refer tae:
* Limousin (region), the modren-day admeenistrative region
* Limousin (province), the historical French province
* Limousin dialect, is a dialect o the Occitan leid
* Limousin (cattle), are a breed o beef cattle oreeginatin frae the Limousin

## See an aw
* Limousine
* The Limousines
Colón

**Colón** is the Spaingie form o the surname o **[[Christopher Columbus]]**. It mey refer tae an aw:

## Places
;Argentinae
* Colón, Entre Ríos
* Colón Depairtment, Córdoba
* Colón Depairtment, Entre Ríos
* Colón, Buenos Aires

;Colombie
* Colón, Nariño
* Colón, Putumayo

;Costa Rica
* Ciudad Colón

;Cuba
* Colón, Cuba

;Honduras
* Colón Depairtment (Honduras)

;Mexico
* Colón, Querétaro

;Panama
* Colón, Panama
* Colón Province

;Puerto Rico
* Plaza Colón, in Mayagüez

;Spain
* Plaza de Colón (Madrid)

;Uruguay
* Colón Centro y Noroeste, barrio o Montevideo
* Colón Sudeste, barrio o Montevideo
* Colón, Uruguay, veelage in Lavalleja Depairtment

;Venezuela
* Colón, Venezuela

## Fitbaw teams
* Club Atlético Colón, frae Santa Fe, Argentinae
* Club Deportivo Colón, a Mexican club
* Colón Fútbol Club, a Uruguayan club

## Ither uisses
* Colón (surname)
* Colón (currency)
** Costa Rican colón, currency o Costa Rica
** Salvadoran colón, umwhile currency o El Salvador
* Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires, Argentinae

## See an aw
* Colon
* Cologne (disambiguation)
Colon

**Colon** mey refer tae:

*Colon (anatomy), the feenal section o the digestive seestem
*Colon (CONFIG.SYS directive), uisage o :label in DR DOS configuration files
*Colon (punctuation), the punctuation mark **:**
*Colon (rhetoric), a clause which is grammatically, but no logically, complete
*Colon (grape), a French wine grape that is kent as Gros Verdot an aw
*Colon clessification, a leebrar clessification system named for the uise o the punctuation mark 
*Colon, Michigan, veelage locatit athin Colon Tounship
*Colon, Nebraska, veelage in Saunders Coonty

## See an  aw
*Colón
*Cologne (disambiguation)
*Colonus (bouk) (in Auncient Roum)
Colón, Buenos Aires

**Colón** is a toun in Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae. It is the heid toun o the Colón Partido.

The toun is locatit in a agricultural aurie, the main auries o employment are in agricultur, the production o agricultural machinery an textiles.

The museum is locatit in the auld Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre railwey station an haes a display o auld photographs an airtifacts.

## Freemit airtins
Colón Partido

**Colón Partido** is a  partido locatit on the northren mairch o Buenos Aires Province in Argentinae.

The provincial subdiveesion haes a population o aboot 23,000 indwellers in a aurie o  1,022&nbsp;km², an its caipital ceety is Colón, whilk is locatit aroond 260&nbsp;km frae Buenos Aires.

## Dounsets

***[[Colón, Buenos Aires|Colón]]**
*Pearson
*Sarasa
*Villa Manuel Pomar

## Freemit airtins
* Colón Wabsteid 
* Provincial Wabsteid
Ituzaingó Partido

**Ituzaingó** is a partido in the Greater Buenos Aires urban aurie, Argentinae, 10 kilometres wast o Buenos Aires ceety. It haes a aurie o  an a population o 168,419 (). Its caipital, the ceety o Ituzaingó, an the ither destricts currently in Ituzaingó Partido wur pairt o the Morón Partido till 1995.

## History

The partido o ltuzaingó stems frae the Provincial Law No. 11,610 enactit on 28 Dizember 1994 when Eduardo Duhalde wis govrenor o the Province o Buenos Aires. It alloued the creation o the partidos o Hurlingham Partido an ltuzaingó frae the diveesion o the umwhile partido o Morón Partido.

Durin the elections of 14 Mey 1995 came the first electit offeecials o ltuzaingó Partido for 1995-1999: Alberto Daniel Descalzo wis electit mayor an teuk office on 11 Dizember that year at a ceremony in the haw acts o the Schuil No. 1.
At the same time, the Ceety Cooncil wis constitutit bi Horacio Ramiro González (First Ceety Cooncil preses), Marcelo Nadal, Adalberto Montes de Oca, Luis Sosa, an Jose Gonzalez componin Justicialist Pairty bloc. Ricardo Vallarino, Ruben Rosso, an Alberto Fusco componin electoral coalition Frepaso-Pais bloc, an Yolanda Jaimez an Fernando Miño componin the Radical Ceevic Union bloc.

## Dounsets
***[[Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires|Ituzaingó]]**
*Villa Udaondo

### Destricts
** Parque Leloir
** El Pilar
** Villa Ariza
** San Alberto

## Sport
Ituzaingó Partido is hame tae Club Atlético Ituzaingó, a fitbaa club who currently play in the regionalisit 4t Diveesion.

## Freemit airtins
* La Voz De Ituzaingó
* Offeecial steid o Ituzaingó's Municipality 

## News WabPage
* InfoBAN Ituzaingó 

## References
Ituzaingó, Montevideo

**Ituzaingó** is a *[[barrio]]* (neebourheid or destrict) o Montevideo, Uruguay.

## Location
It borders Castro Castellanos tae the soothwast, Las Acacias tae the northwast, Jardines del Hipódromo tae the northeast, Flor de Maroñas tae the sootheast an Villa Española tae the sooth.

## Places o wirship
* Pairish Kirk o Oor Lady o the Sacred Hert an St. Rita (Maroñas), which is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage sanctuar an aw

## See an aw
*Barrios o Montevideo

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Revista Raices / Historia del barrio Maroñas/Pueblo Ituzaingò
Nuevo París

**Nuevo París** is a *[[barrio]]* (neebourheid or destrict) o Montevideo, Uruguay.

## See an aw
*Barrios o Montevideo

## Freemit airtins
* Intendencia de Montevideo / Historia / Barrios / (see section) Nuevo París, Belvedere y 19 de Abril
Ivanovskoye Destrict

**Ivanovskoye Destrict**  is a admeenistrative destrict (raion) o Eastren Admeenistrative Okrug, an ane o the 125 raions o Moscow, Roushie.

## See an aw
*Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow

## References
### Notes
Vyatsky

**Vyatsky** (masculine), **Vyatskaya** (feminine), or **Vyatskoye** (neuter) mey refer tae:
*Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, a veelage in Khabarovsk Krai, Roushie
*Vyatskoye, Mari El, a veelage (*selo*) in the Mari El Republic, Roushie
*Vyatskoye, Udmurtie, a veelage (*selo*) in the Udmurt Republic, Roushie
*Vyatskoye, Yaroslavl Oblast, a veelage (*selo*) in Yaroslavl Oblast, Roushie
Ituzaingó

**Ituzaingó** is a wird o Guaraní oreegin meaning approximately "watterfaw, cascade". It mey refer tae:
* The Battle o Ituzaingó (soothren Brazil, 1827)
* The Club Atlético Ituzaingó, an Argentine fitbaa club
* Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires, a ceety in Argentinae
* Ituzaingó, Corrientes, a ceety in Argentinae
* Ituzaingó, Montevideo, a barrio o Montevideo, Uruguay
* Ituzaingó, Uruguay, a toun o San José, Uruguay
Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires

**Ituzaingó** is the caipital o the Ituzaingó Partido in the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan aurie, Argentinae near Buenos Aires ceety.

Ituzaingó haes been the caipital o the Ituzaingó Partido or municipality o Buenos Aires Province syne 1995, when the partido wis creatit. Biggins o mair nor three storeys wur till recently prohibitit an maist hooses are anerly ane storey heich.

The shoppin aurie near the train station connectin the ceety wi Buenos Aires Ceety (Dountoun) is locatit surroondin a square, opposite the kirk, whaur concerts, cultural events an fares are held on weekends an holidays.

## References
* Municipality o Ituzaingó 
* 
* ''La Voz De Ituzaingó'' - Local newspaper.
*   The Battle of Ituzaingó - History of the battle from which the city takes its name.
Saunt Philip

**Saunt Philip**, **São Filipe**, or **San Felipe** mey refer tae:

**Fowk**
* Saunt Philip the Apostle
* Saunt Philip the Evangelist kent as Philip the Deacon an aw
* Saunt Philip Neri
* Saunt Philip Benitius (Benizzi), frae Florence, 13t century
* Saunt Philip Minh Van Doan o the Vietnamese Martyrs

**Institutions**
*San Felipe Cooperative School in Lima, Peru

**Places in the Americas**
* Saint Philip Parish, Antigua an Barbuda
* The Pairish o Saint Philip, Barbados, locatit in Barbados
* San Felipe, Baja Californie
* San Felipe, Orange Walk, Belize
* San Felipe, Toledo, Belize
* San Felipe, Guainía, Colombie
* San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico
* San Felipe, Texas
* San Felipe, Yucatán
* San Felipe, Yaracuy, in Venezuela
* San Felipe de Puerto Plata, in the Dominican Republic
* San Felipe, Chile
* San Felipe, Retalhuleu, in Guatemala
* San Felipe, a destrict o Panama Ceety

**Places elsewhaur**
*São Filipe, Cape Verde
*São Filipe, Cape Verde (municipality)
*Sint Philipsland, in the Netherlands
*San Felipe, Zambales, in the Philippines
*Castillo San Felipe in Minorca, Spain
**San Felipe*, feectional island in the novel *Success To The Brave* bi Douglas Reeman (writin as Alexander Kent)
San Miguel Chimalapa

**San Miguel Chimalapa** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico.   
It is pairt o the Juchitán Destrict in the wast o the Istmo de Tehuantepec region.

The municipality kivers a aurie o 1593.5 km² at a altitude o 120 metre abuin sea level.
The climate is wairm temperate, sub-humid wi simmer rains, wi 2100 mm o annual precipitation.
Flora include cedar, Guanacaste, pine, aik, nopo, mahogany, orange, bananae, tangerine, mamey an nanche. 
Fauna include teeger, lion (endangered), raccoon, tapir, paca, coyote, tod, brocks, anteaters, wild boar, rabbit, armadillo, mazatec, monkey, parrots, pheasant, rattlesnake an coral snake.

As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 6,541 1,988 o wham spake an indigenous leid.
As o 2,000 thare wis aboot 1,675 Zoque speakers in the municipality. 
The municipality covers pairt o the Selva Zoque, an ecologically sensitive forest aurie.
Economic activity includes agricultur (corn, beans, squash an coffee), animal husbandry (nowt, pigs, gaits an sheep) an loggin o timber for furnitur makkin.
Huntin an fishin is practicit bi permission in the dry saison.

## References
Atlamajalcingo del Monte (municipality)

**Atlamajalcingo del Monte** is ane o the 81 municipalities o Guerrero, in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipal seat lees at Atlamajalcingo del Monte.  The municipality covers a aurie o 199.4&nbsp;km².

As o 2005, the municipality haed a tot population o 5,143.

## References
Ituzaingó, Uruguay

**Ituzaingó** is a smaw toun o San José Depairtment o soothren Uruguay.

## Location
The toun is locatit on Route 79,  north o Route 11, bi the stream Arroyo de la Virgen. Juist athort the stream o it, is the toun Veinticinco de Agosto o Florida Depairtment, an  tae its sootheast is the ceety Santa Lucía o Canelones Depairtment.

## History
It wis declared a "Pueblo" (veelage) bi Decree o 23 October 1875. On 15 October 1963, its status wis elevatit tae "Villa" (toun) bi the Act o Ley Nº 13.167.

## Population
In 2011 Ituzaingó haed a population o 771.
 
Source: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay*

## References

## Freemit airtins
*INE map of Ituzaingó
Choapam Destrict

**Choapam Destrict** is locatit in the sooth o the Papaloapan Region o the State o Oaxaca, Mexico. The destrict haes a aurie o 3,166&nbsp;km2, an as o 2005 had a population o 37,809.
The soothwastren portion o the destrict is muntainous, while the northeast is in the coastal plain o the gulf o Mexico.

## Municipalities

The destrict includes the follaein municipalities:

## References
San Juan Guichicovi

**San Juan Guichicovi** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico.   
It is pairt o the Juchitán Destrict in the wast o the Istmo de Tehuantepec region.
The toun wis foondit on 15 Mairch 1825: Guichicovi means "New Toun" in Zapotec.

## Environs

The municipality covers a aurie o 563.91&nbsp;km² at a elevation o 260 metre abuin sea level.
The climate is wairm an humid wi rain in simmer an hairst.
Flora include cassava, mahogany, cedar, aik, ceiba, spring, passion, locust, pine, Nopo, aik staund, cedrillo, orangers an mamey.
Wild fauna include Tepeizcuinte, armadillo, deer, brocks, skunks, boar an toucan.

## Economy

As o 2005, the municipality haed 7,120 hoosehaulds wi a tot population o 27,646, 19,367 o wham spak an indigenous leid.
The municipality is the farthest east o the Mixe commonties o Oaxaca.
The hooses hae concrete or dirt floors, concrete or masonry waws an concrete, metal or tile roofs.
The toun is connectit bi a pavit road tae the Federal trans-isthmus heich-gate.
Thare is some tourism potential, wi airchaeological remains o the colonial era an scenic forest-covered muntains.

Economic activities include agricultur - maistly coffee, maize an beans - an mair importantly raisin o nowt, pigs, gaits, sheep an horse.
Some o the fowk engage in huntin an fishin.
Thare is some loggin o fine firths for furnitur makkin, an cottage industries product palm handicrafts lik mat, backstrap an tenate basket, as weel as pottery pots an jaurs.
The Union o Indigenous Commonties o the Isthmus Region, a cooperative foondit in 1982, assists in production an distribution o the local products unner a fair trade label.

## Freemit airtins
*

## References
Asunción Tlacolulita

**Asunción Tlacolulita** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. 
It is pairt o the Yautepec Destrict in the east o the Sierra Sur Region.

The municipality covers a aurie o 244.96&nbsp;km² at a hicht o 450 meter abuin sea level in the Sierra Madre del Sur.
The climate is tropical wi puckle rain in the simmer.
Tree include mahogany, cedar, aik, breadsticks, gunacaxtle, Guayacan an pine.
Mango, tamarind, plum, sapodilla, lemon, avocado an papaya fruits are grown. 
Wild fauna include wild boar, ocelots, snakes, lion, coyotes an tod.

As o 2005, the municipality haed 186 hoosehoaulds wi a total population o 699, 54 o wham spak an indigenous leid
Some speak the hieland version o Oaxacan Chontal.
Economic activities include agricultur, growin maize, sorghum, peanuts, beans, coffee an various fruits. 
The veelage haes twa cooperative associations that raise nowt, an important source o income, an some raise gaits, sheep, an pigs an aw.
Huntin an fishin are practicit on a smaw scale for personal consumption.
Bricks an riggin tiles are manufactured locally for biggin hooses,

## References
Manziana

**Manziana** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 40&nbsp;km northwast o Roum.

Manziana borders the follaein municipalities: Bracciano, Canale Monterano, Oriolo Romano, Tolfa.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
* Tourism Portal
Santa Marinella

**Santa Marinella** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 60&nbsp;km northwast o Roum. 

It includes the beach resort o Santa Severa (the auncient Pyrgi), an a medieval castle.

## History
In antiquity, Santa Marinella wis the steid o **Aquae Caeretanae**, a Roman bathin resort.

## Cultur
Actress Ingrid Bergman an director Roberto Rossellini haed a villa here.
The gypsy punk baund, Gogol Bordello hae a sang titled "Santa Marinella" an aw.

Famous for its "Wheels o Immigration" - a pretzel-like snack consumit bi Roushie Jewish immigrants who temporarily settled thare in the late 1980s on their wey tae Unitit States or Israel.

## Twin touns - Sister ceeties
* Limanu, Romanie

## References

## Freemit airtins
Riano

**Riano** mey refer tae:

*Riano, Lazio - a comune (municipality) in the Province o Roum, Italy.
*Riaño, León, in the province o León, Spain
*Riaño, a locality o the municipality o Valle de Valdebezana, Spain
*Riaño, a locality o the municipality o Solórzano, Spain
*Riaño de Ibio, a locality o the municipality o Mazcuerras, Spain
*Riaño de Campoo, a pairish in the municipality o Hermandad de Campoo de Suso, Spain
*Riaño (Langreo), a pairish in the municipality o Langreo, Spain
Riano, Lazio

**Riano** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio. It is locatit aboot 20&nbsp;km north o Roum, in the Tiber River glen, no far frae Veio.

Riano borders the follaein municipalities: Castelnuovo di Porto, Monterotondo, Roum, Sacrofano.

## Demographic evolution

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## References
Yautepec Destrict

**Yautepec Destrict** is locatit in the east o the Sierra Sur Region o the State o Oaxaca, Mexico.

## Environs

The destrict lees in the eastren end o the Sierra Madre del Sur an is muntainous, wi a aurie o 4,772 square kilometre.
The temperatur is generally temperate, wairmer in the lawer auries an ceuler heicher up, wi prevalent winds frae the north.
Trees include mahogany, cedar, aik, guanacaste an pine. Mango, tamarind, ploum, sapodilla, lemon, avocado an papaya fruits are grown. Wild fauna include wild boar, ocelots, snakes, muntain lion, coyotes an tods.

## Fowk

The total population is 31,688. 
Indigenous fowk include Zapotec, Mixe an Chontal.
Economic activities include agricultur, growing maize, sorghum, peanuts, beans, coffee an various fruits. Some nowt is raised, an veelagers aften raise gaits, sheep, an pigs. Huntin an fishin are teepically practicit on a smaw scale for personal consumption. Thare is some loggin activity, an the wild maguey is hervestit for its juice.

## Municipalities

The destrict includes the follaein municipalities, wi population statistics as o 2005:

## References
Monterotondo

**Monterotondo** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the Province o Roum, central Italy.

## History
Accordin tae some historians, Monterotondo is the heir o auncient Sabine toun o Eretum, awtho the modren dounset appeared in the 10t-11t centuries in a different location. The name derives frae the medieval corruption (then *Mons Teres*, then *Monte Ritondo*) o the oreeginal *Mons Eretum*.

In the Middle Ages, due tae its location athort the Via Salaria, Monterotondo wis a strategic pynt for the defence o Roum. Initially unner the Capocci faimily, it wis sauld in the 12t century tae the Orsini, who held it till the 18t century. In 1432 it wis seizit bi the *condottiero* Niccolò Fortebraccio, an in 1485 it wis set on fire bi the Orsini.

In 1634 the Barberini acquired the toun, restorin or enlairgin several edifices, an biggin the Cathedral (1639). On 28 Apryle 1864 the Roum an Monterotondo Railroad wis opened for service.

In 1943, efter the Italian airmistice wi the Allees, 800 German paratroopers treed unsuccessfully tae reconquer it.

## Main sichts
*The Baroque *Duomo* (Cathedral)
*Kirk o *Madonna delle Grazie*
**Palazzo Orsini*, includin frescoes bi Girolamo Siciolante, the Zuccari brothers an Perin del Vaga (attributit).
*Airchaeological museum, wi remains frae Eretum, Crustumerium an Nomentum.
Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire

**Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire** is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence depairtment in sootheastren Fraunce.

## Population

## Observatory
Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire is the "host toun" o the Haute-Provence Observatory, a naitionally rankit facility. It is considered, bi mony astronomers, tae be the best European law-altitude (400 meters) observatory in operation. Thare is a astronomy centre for eddicational purposes an aw. It hosts students o elementar schuils for brief stays (1–2 weeks) durin the year an organizes theme nichts o combined sky observations an expositions/debates on different themes.

St. Michael wis chosen as the location o the Haute-Provence Observatory steid, aboot 600 metres north. The veelage is locatit 543m altitude. The rock Guerin rises tae 767 metres in the municipality.
The neebourin touns o Saint-Michel-Observatoire are Revest-des-Brousses, Mane, Dauphin, Saint-Martin-les-Eaux, Villemus, Reillane an Aubenas-les-Alpes.

### The territory o the Regional Natural Pairk o Luberon

The veelage is locatit in the Regional Natural Pairk o Luberon. The toun is ane o the seiventy-seiven Member States o the Regional Natural Pairk o the Luberon Pairk, which extends frae Cavaillon in the wast tae the east Durance, twa depairtments an aichty-five touns an 185,145 hectares. Tae the sooth, it owerleuks the Luberon Durance basin an the coonty o Aigues.

The toun haes twa main villages, Saint-Michel an Lincel an several hamlets includin the Craux, an quite a few differences.

## Internaitional relations
The commune is twinned wi:
* Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

## See an aw
*Luberon
*Communes o the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence depairtment

## References
*INSEE
Penicillin

**Penicillin** (whiles abbreviatit **PCN** or **pen**) is a group o antibiotics derived frae *[[Penicillium]]* fungi, includin penicillin G, procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin, an penicillin V.  Penicillin wis diskivert in 1928 bi Scots scientist Alexander Fleming. 

Penicillin antibiotics are historically signeeficant acause thay are the first drugs that wur effective against mony previously serious diseases, such as syphilis, an infections caused bi staphylococci an streptococci. Penicillins are still widely uised the day, tho mony types o bacteria hae nou acome resistant. Aw penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics an are uised in the treatment o bacterial infections caused bi susceptible, uisually Gram-positive, organisms.

## References
Atlamajalcingo del Monte

**Atlamajalcingo del Monte** is a ceety an seat o the municipality o Atlamajalcingo del Monte, in the state o Guerrero, sooth-wastren Mexico.

## References
Frascati

**Frascati** () is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Roum in the Lazio region o central Italy. It is locatit  sooth-east o Roum, on the Alban Hills close tae the auncient ceety o Tusculum.  Frascati is closely associatit wi science, bein the location o several internaitional scientific laboratories.

Frascati is renouned for its white wine, Frascati. It is a important historical an airtistic centre an aw.

Frascati is the see o the suburbicarian diocese of Frascati.

## Twin touns
* Bad Godesberg, Germany
* Saint-Cloud, Fraunce
* Kortrijk, Belgium
* Windsor and Maidenhead, Unitit Kinrick.

## Freemit airtins

*Offeecial wabsteid
Grottaferrata

**Grottaferrata** is a smaw toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Roum, situatit on the lawer slopes o the Alban Hills,  sooth east o Roum. It is boondit bi ither communes, Frascati, Rocca di Papa, Marino, an Roum.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin towns — sister ceeties
Grottaferrata is twinned wi:

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Exarchic Abbey of St. Mary in Grottaferrata 
*Abbey of St. Nile 
*Italy's Byzantine Catholics
Ammonia

**Ammonia** or **azane** is a compoond o nitrogen an hydrogen wi the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas wi a characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contreibutes signeeficantly tae the nutreetional needs o terrestrial organisms bi serving as a precursor tae fuid an fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is an aa a biggin-block for the synthesis o mony pharmaceuticals an is uised in mony commercial cleanin products. Altho in wide uise, ammonia is baith caustic an hazardous. The global industrial production o ammonia for 2012 wis anticipatit tae be 198 million tonnes, a 35% increase ower the estimatit 2006 global output o 146.5 million tonnes.

NH3 boils at −33.34&nbsp;°C (−28.012&nbsp;°F) at a pressur o 1 atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored unner heich pressur or at law temperatur. Hoosehauld ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution o NH3 in watter. The concentration o such solutions is measured in units o the Baumé scale (density), wi 26 degrees baumé (aboot 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5&nbsp;°C) bein the teepical heich-concentration commercial product.

## References
Marino

**Marino**, **Mariño** or **Maryino** mey refer tae:

**Places**:
* Marino, Lazio, a toun in the province o Roum, Italy
* Marino, Sooth Australie, a suburb o Adelaide
* Marino, Coonty Doun in Northren Ireland
* Marino railwey station in Coonty Doun, Northren Ireland
* Marino, Dublin, a suburb o Dublin, Ireland
* Marino, Macedonie, a veelage in the Republic o Macedonie
* Maryino Destrict o Moscow, Roushie
* Maryino (Moscow Metro), a station o the Moscow Metro

As a **name**:
* Marino (name), includin fowk wi the surname an gien name
* Marino, a thief in the video gemme *[[Mega Man X: Command Mission]]*
* Marino (comic beuk), a comic beuk hero published bi Editions Lug
* Marino, wis a surname o *[[Saunt Marina]]* (Marina the Monk), *[[Lebanon]]*.

**Sports teams**:
* A.S.D. Città di Marino or simply Marino, an Italian association fitbaa team
* CD Marino, a fitbaa team in the Canary Islands
* Yokohama Marinos, a Japanese fitbaa team which mergit wi the Yokohama Flügels tae form the Yokohama F. Marinos

**Ither uisses**:
* Marino leid, a leid o Vanuatu kent as *Sungwadia* an aw
* Marino DOC, an Italian wine
* Palazzo Marino, a 16t-century palace in Milan, Italy

## See an aw
* Toyota Sprinter Marino, a version o the Toyota Corolla caur
*San Marino (disambiguation)
Marino, Lazio

**Marino** (*Marinum* or *Castrimoenium* in Laitin, *Marini* in local dialect) is an Italian ceety an *[[comune]]* in Lazio (central Italy), on the Alban Hills, Italy,  sooth east o Roum, wi a population o 37,684 an a territory o . It is boondit bi ither communes, Castel Gandolfo, Albano Laziale, Rocca di Papa, Grottaferrata, an Ciampino. Marino is famous for its white wine, an for its *Grape Festival*, which haes been celebratit syne 1924.

## Notes

## Freemit airtins

*History an cultur in Marino  
*The ''sagra'' of Marino  
*
Marcellina

**Marcellina** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 30&nbsp;km northeast o Roum.

## References
Fiano Romano

**Fiano Romano** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Roum, Italy, approximately 40 kilometres north that ceety.
Civitavecchia

**Civitavecchia**  is a toun an *[[comune]]* o the province o Roum in the central Italian region o Lazio. A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea, it is locatit  wast-northwast o Roum, athort the Mignone river. The harbour is formit bi twa piers an a breakwatter, on which is a lichthoose. The name Civitavecchia means "auncient toun".

## Twin touns an sister ceeties
Civitavecchia is twinned wi:
* Amelia, Italy
* Bethlehem, Palestine, (syne 2000)  
* Ishinomaki, Japan
* Nantong, Cheenae
* Tivat, Montenegro
* Magas, Roushie
* Mobile, USA

## See an aw
*Civitavecchia Calcio
*Civitavecchia di Arpino exists in the province o Frosinone (Lazio).

## References

## Freemit airtins
Sgonico

**Sgonico** () is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Trieste in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, locatit aboot 12&nbsp;km northwast o Trieste, on the border wi Slovenie. , it haed a population o 2,130 an a aurie o 31.3&nbsp;km2. Accordin tae the 1971 census, 81.6% o the population are Slovenes.

Sgonico borders these municipalities: Duino-Aurisina, Monrupino, Sežana (Slovenie), an Trieste.

## Name
The name o the dounset wis first attestit in 1309 as *Swonich* (an as *de Svonicho* in 1348, *de Vonicho* in 1373, *de Champanilo* in 1374, *de villa Svonich* in 1421, *Suonich* an *de Suonigo* in 1525, an *Sgonico* in 1819). The name is o Slovene oreegin, derivit frae the Slovene common noun *zvonik*, "belfry", (in reference tae the kirk o Saunt Michael). The phonological chynge *zvonik* tae *zgonik* is characteristic o the local Slovene dialect; cf. dialect *zgon* an aw, "bell", frae *zvon*.

## Points o interest
* Grotta Gigante
* Giardino Botanico Carsiana

## Demographic evolution

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## References


## See an aw
*Kras
*Gorizia an Gradisca
*Julian March
*Slovene Lands
Grado

**Grado**  mey refer tae:

## Places
;Italy
* Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a *comune* in the Province o Gorizia

;Spain
* Grado, Asturias, a *municipio* in the Principality o Asturias
** Grado (pairish)
* El Grado, a municipality in the province o Huesca, Aragon

## Airts an entertainment
* *[[Grado. Süße Nacht]]*, a novel bi Austrian playwricht Gustav Ernst

## Ither uisses
* Grado Labs, an American heidphone an phonograph cartridge manufacturer
Sabah

**Sabah** is ane o the 13 member states o Malaysie, an is its eastmaist state. It is locatit on the northren portion o the island o Borneo. It is the seicont lairgest state in the kintra efter Sarawak, which it borders on its soothwast. It shares a border wi the province o North Kalimantan o Indonesie in the south. The caipital o Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, umwhile kent as Jesselton. Sabah is aften referred tae as "The Land Belaw The Wind", a phrase uised bi seafarers in the past tae describe land sooth o the typhoon belt.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Sabah Govrenment Portal
Tawau

**Tawau** is the admeenistrative centre o Tawau Diveesion, in the Malaysie states o Sabah on the island o Borneo. Tawau haes a population o 397,673 an become the third lairgest toun in Sabah efter Kota Kinabalu an Sandakan. It is locatit on the coast o the Celebes Sea at the Cowie Bay.

## References

### Notes


## Freemit airtins
Kota Kinabalu

**Kota Kinabalu** (pronooncit ), **亚庇** (Cheenese, Mandarin pronoonced Yà bì) umwhile kent as **Jesselton**, is the caipital o the state o Sabah, locatit in East Malaysie. It is the caipital o the West Coast Diveesion o Sabah an aw. The ceety is locatit alang the northwast coast o Borneo facin the Sooth Cheenae Sea. The Tunku Abdul Rahman Naitional Pairk lees on its wast an Munt Kinabalu, which gae the ceety its name, is locatit towards the east. Kota Kinabalu haes a population o 452,058, housomeivver, aften mistaken, even bi maist locals, as a pairt o Kota Kinabalu, locatit side bi side, is the Penampang destrict, it haes a estimatit population o 628,725.

Kota Kinabalu is aften kent as **KK** athin Malaysie an internaitionally. For the locals it is kent as **A-bi** (Hakka for Jesselton). It is a major fishin destination an a popular gatewey for travellers visitin Sabah an Borneo. Kinabalu Naitional Pairk is locatit aboot 90&nbsp;kilometres frae the ceety an thare are mony tourist attractions in an aroond the ceety. Kota Kinabalu is ane o the major industrial an commercial centres o East Malaysie an aw. Thir twa factors combine tae mak Kota Kinabalu ane o the fastest growin ceeties in Malaysie.

## Internaitional relations

Several kintras hae set up thair consulates in Kota Kinabalu, includin Australie, Brunei, Finland, Indonesie, Japan, Romanie an Swaden.

### Sister ceeties
Kota Kinabalu currently haes five sister ceeties:

## References
### Footnotes

## Freemit airtins

* 
* Kota Kinabalu  bi abcSabah.com
Mount Erebus

**Mount Erebus**  is the seicont heichest volcano in Antarctica (efter Mount Sidley) an the soothrenmaist active volcanae on yird. It is the 6t heichest ultra muntain on an island. Wi a summit elevation o , it is locatit on Ross Island, which is an aa home tae three inactive volcanoes, Mount Terror, Mount Bird, an Mount Terra Nova.

The volcano haes been observed tae be continuously active syne 1972 an is the steid o the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run bi the New Mexico Institute o Minin an Technology.

## References
Flores Sea

The **Flores Sea** covers 93,000 square mile (240,000 square kilometre) o watter in Indonesie, the Flores Sea is athin Sootheast Asie.

## Soorces
Continental shelf

The **continental shelf** is the extendit perimeter o each continent an associatit coastal plain. The shelf surroondin an island is kent as an **insular shelf**. Much o the shelf wis exponed durin glacial periods, but it is nou submerged unner relatively shallae seas (kent as **shelf seas**) an gulfs an wis similarly submerged durin ither interglacial periods.
	
The continental margin, atween the continental shelf an the abyssal plain, comprises a steep continental slope follaed bi the flatter continental rise. Sediment frae the continent abuin cascades doun the slope an accumulates as a pile o sediment at the base o the slope, cried the continental rise. Extendin as far as 500&nbsp;km frae the slope, it consists o thick sediments depositit bi turbidity currents frae the shelf an slope. The continental rise's gradient is intermediate atween the slope an the shelf, on the order o 0.5–1°.

Unner the Unitit Naitions Convention on the Law o the Sea, the name continental shelf wis gien a legal defineetion as the stretch o the seabed adjacent tae the shores o a pairticular kintra tae which it belangs.

## References
Biscay

**Biscay** (or **Bescay**; in Basque an offeecially **Bizkaia** an in Spaingie *Vizcaya*) is a province o Spain locate jist sooth o the Bay o Biscay. The name refers tae a historical territory o the Basque Kintra, heir o the auncient Lordship o Biscay. Its caipital ceety is Bilbao. It is ane o the maist weel-tae-pass an important provinces o Spain as a result o the massive industrialization in the last few year o the 19t century an first hauf o the 20t century. Syne the deep deindustrialization o the 1970s, the economy haes come tae rely mair on the services sector.
West Coast Diveesion

**West Coast Diveesion** is a admeenistrative diveesion o Sabah, east Malaysie, on the island o Borneo. It occupees the northwast portion o Sabah. Wi a aurie o 7,588 square kilometres, it occupees 10.3% o Sabah's territory. It haes approximately 30% o Sabah's total population an aw.

The diveesion is dividit intae the destricts o Ranau, Kota Belud, Tuaran, Penampang, Putatan, Papar, an the state caipital Kota Kinabalu. The main touns are as in the names o the destricts, plus ither touns includin Putatan, Inanam, Telipok, Tamparuli, an Kinarut.
Selangor

**Selangor**  kent bi its Arabic honorific, **Darul Ehsan** an aw, or "Abode o Sincerity" is ane o the 13 states o Malaysie. It is on the wast coast o Peninsular Malaysie. It surroonds the federal territories o Kuala Lumpur an Putrajaya, baith o which wur ance unner Selangor's sovereignty.

The state o Selangor haes the lairgest economy in Malaysie in terms o gross domestic product (GDP) wi RM 128.815 billion (roughly USD 42 billion) in 2010 makkin up 23% o the total GDP o Malaysie. This state is the maist developit in Malaysie wi guid infrastructur such as heich-gates an transport an aw. The state haes the lairgest population in Malaysie an aw, wi a heich staundart o livin an the state's poverty rate is the lawest in the kintra.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
Soothren Ocean

The **Soothren Ocean** (cried the **Great Soothren Ocean**, **Antarctic Ocean**, **Sooth Polar Ocean** an **Austral Ocean** an aa) comprises the soothrenmaist watters o the Warld Ocean, that is generally taen tae be sooth o 60°S latitude an encirclin Antarctica. It is regardit as the fowert-mucklest o the five principal oceanic diveesions (efter the Paceefic, Atlantic, an Indian Oceans, but lairger nor the Arctic Ocean). This ocean zone is whaur cauld, northward flowin watters frae the Antarctic mix wi warmer subantarctic watters.

Geografers disagree on the Soothren Ocean's northren boondary or even its existence, wi mony considerin the watters pairt o the Paceefic, Atlantic, an Indian Oceans insteid. Ithers regaird the Antarctic Convergence, an ocean zone which fluctuates seasonally, as separatin the Soothren Ocean frae ither oceans, rather nor the 60t parallel. Australie authorities regaird the Soothren Ocean as lyin immediately sooth o Australie.

## References
Tivoli, Lazio

**Tivoli** () is an Italian toun an commune in Lazio, aboot  east-north-east o Roum, at the faws o the Aniene river whaur it issues frae the Sabine hills. The ceety affers a wide view ower the Roman Campagna.

## References

## Freemit airtins
José Eduardo dos Santos

**José Eduardo dos Santos** (born 28 August 1942; deed 8 Julie 2022) wis an Angolan politeecian who wis Preses o Angola frae 1979 tae 2017. As Preses, José Eduardo dos Santos wis an aa the commander in chief o the Angolan Airmed Forces (FAA) an preses o the Fowk's Movement for the Liberation o Angola (MPLA), the pairty that has ruled Angola syne it gained unthirldom in 1975.

## References
MPLA

The **Fowk's Movement for the Liberation o Angolae – Labour Pairty** () is a  poleetical pairty that haes ruled Angolae syne the kintra's unthirldom frae Portugal in 1975. The MPLA foucht against the Portuguese airmy in the Angolan War o Unthirldom o 1961-74, an defeatit the Naitional Union for the Tot Unthirldom o Angolae (UNITA) an the Naitional Liberation Front o Angolae (FNLA) in the decolonization conflict o 1974-75 an the Angolan Civil War o 1975-2002.

## References
Riofreddo

**Riofreddo** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Roum in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot 45&nbsp;km northeast o Roum.

Riofreddo borders the follaein municipalities: Arsoli, Cineto Romano, Oricola, Roviano, Vallinfreda.

## References


## Freemit airtins
*  Museum o Culturs o Riofreddo
Arsoli

**Arsoli** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the province o Roum, central Italy.

The fair held on St. Bartholomew's Day at Arsoli is ane o the auldest attestit fairs o the region.

## History
The narrae auncient streets o the picturesquely steidit an massed medieval centre are still preservit, as well as the *castello*, ance a possession o the Benedictine Order; it dates frae the 11t century. The castle is biggit at the end o a spur, owerleukin Arsoli on ane side an extendin formal gardens on the ither. fower frescoed rooms on the *[[piano nobile]]* are flankit bi gairdrooms hung wi airms an airmour an faimily portraits: it haes been in the possession o the Massimo faimily, whose heid, H.E. the Prince Massimo, is *Principe e Signore di Arsoli (Prince an Laird o Arsoli)*. This *[[Rocca (airchitectur)|rocca]]* haes been in his possession syne it wis purchased bi Fabrizio Massimo in 1574. He commissioned Giacomo Della Porta tae remodel the kirk an commissioned the construction o a aqueduct tae supplement inadequate wells, for the abundant springs o Arsoli hae been tappit tae serve the ceety o Roum syne 600 BC, traditional date o a aqueduct, biggit, accordin tae tradeetion, bi Ancus Marcius.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Arsoli is twinned wi:
* Blagaj, Bosnie an Herzegovinae

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
*Arsoli Tourist Office
Perak

**Perak** (Jawi: ڨيرق,), ane o the 13 states o Malaysie, is the seicont lairgest state in Peninsular Malaysie. It borders Kedah an the Thai Yala Province tae the north; Penang tae the northwast; Kelantan an Pahang tae the east; Selangor tae the sooth, an the Straits o Malacca tae the wast.

The state's admeenistrative caipital o Ipoh wis kent historically for tin-minin activities till the price o the metal droppit, severely affectin the state's economy. The ryal caipital, housomeivver remains at Kuala Kangsar, whaur the palace o the Sultan o Perak is locatit.

The Arabic honorific o Perak is Darul Ridzuan ("Abode o Grace").

## Name
The state's offeecial name is ***Perak Darul Ridzuan*** (Jawi: **ڨيرق دار الرّضوان**), or "Perak, the Abode o Grace" *Perak* means siller in Malay, which is probably derivit frae the silvery colour o tin. In the 1890s, Perak, wi the richest alluvial deposits o tin in the warld wis ane o the jewels in the croun o the Breetish Empire. Housomeivver, some say the name comes frae the "glimmer o fish in the watter" that sparkled lik siller. *Darul Ridzuan* is the state's Arabic honorific, an can mean aither "land" or "abode" o grace.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Perak State Govrenment's Offeecial Wabsteid
Kelantan

**Kelantan** (; ) is a state o Malaysie. The caipital an ryal seat is Kota Bharu. The Arabic honorific o the state is *Darul Naim*, ("The Blissful Abode").

## References


## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial steid o Kelantan State Govrenment
Xanana Gusmão

**Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão**  (, born **José Alexandre Gusmão**, , on 20 Juin 1946) is an East Timorese politeecian. A umwhile militant, he wis the first Preses o East Timor, servin frae Mey 2002 tae Mey 2007. He wis the fowerth Prime Meenister o East Timor frae 8 August 2007 tae 16 Februar 2015.

## References
Ardea

**Ardea** mey refer tae:
*Ardea, Lazio, toun in Lazio, Italy
*Ardea (genus), genus o herons
*Lancia Ardea, a smaw caur producit bi the Turin firm atween 1939 an 1953
Bellegra

**Bellegra** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in the Province o Roum, in the auncient Lazio region o Italy.

Its oreeginal name haed been **Civitella** (). The toun cooncil chyngit that name tae its current ane in 1880, oot o the belief that the toun lay on the steid o a auncient toun cried Belecre, possibly frae the Laitin *bella aegra* (blood-stained wars).

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns – Sister ceeties
Bellegra is twinned wi:
* Bassano del Grappa, Italy

## References
Rioja

**Rioja** (pronooncit Ri-o-ha) or **La Rioja** mey refer tae:
*La Rioja (Spain), a autonomous commonty an province o northren Spain
*La Rioja Province, Argentinae, a province in wastren Argentinae