open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
SSE plc

**SSE plc** (umwhile **Scottish an Southern Energy plc**) is a Breetish energy company heidquartert in Pairth, Scotland.

## References
Lerwick Pouer Station

The main pouer supply for Shetland is providit bi **Lerwick Pouer Station**, locatit in Gremista,  northwast o Lerwick toun centre.
Broch o Clickimin

The **Broch o Clickimin** (forby kent as **Clickimin Broch**) is a lairge an weel preserved, though less or mair restored broch in Lerook in Shetland, Scotland ().

## References


## Fremit airtins

* Clickimin Broch - HES
Frank Gifford

**Francis Newton "Frank" Gifford** (16 August 1930 &ndash; 9 August 2015) wis an American fitbaa player an telly sportscaster. He wis kent for broadcastin on *[[Monday Night Football]]*. Gifford playit for the New York Giants frae 1952 throu 1964. He wis born in Santa Monica, Californie.

On 9 August 2015, Gifford deit frae natural causes at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut, agit 84. He is survivit bi his wife o 29 years Kathie Lee Gifford.

## References
Supermercat

A **supermercat**, a muckle form o the tradeetional grocery store, is a sel-service shop offerin a wide variety o fuid an hoosehauld products, organised intae aisles.
Yes Scotland

**Yes Scotland** wis the organisation representin the pairties, organisations, an individuals campaignin for a *Yes* vote in the Scots unthirldom referendum, 2014. It wis launched in Edinburgh on 25 Mey 2012.

## References
Great Glen

The **Great Glen** (Scots Gaelic: *An Gleann Mòr*), kent as **Glen Albyn** (frae the Scots Gaelic *Gleann Albainn* "Glen o Scotland") or **Glen More** (frae the Scots Gaelic *An Gleann Mòr*) an aw, is a lang an stracht valley (or glen) in Scotland runnin for  fae Inverness on the edge o Moray Firth, til The Fort at the heid o Loch Linnhe.

## References
Abellio ScotRail

**Abellio ScotRail** is the naitional train operatin company o Scotland, ained bi an operatit bi Abellio, Its services were previously run by First ScotRail.

## References
Dunblane

**Dunblane** () is a smaa cathedral toun an umwhile burgh north o Stirlin in the Stirlin cooncil area o Scotland.

## References
Jackie Bird

**Jackie Bird** (née Macperson, born 31 Julie 1962 in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire) is a Scots jurnalist an newsreader, currently anchor o BBC Scotland's news programme *[[Reporting Scotland]]*.

## References
Mohammad Ashraf Ghani

**Mohammad Ashraf Ghani**  (Pashto/, born 1949) is the current Preses o Afghanistan, electit on 21 September 2014.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika

**Abdelaziz Bouteflika** (;  ;  2 Mairch 1937 &ndash; 17 September 2021) wis an Algerian politeecian who wis the fift Preses o Algerie (1999-2019).

## References
Itamar Franco

**Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco** (; 28 Juin 19302 Julie 2011) wis a Brazilian politeecian who served as Preses o Brazil frae December 29, 1992, tae Januar 1, 1995.

## References
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa

**Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa** ( **; born 28 Januar 1950) is the 1st Keeng o Bahrain (syne 14 Februar 2002), havin previously been its 2nt *[[Emir]]* (frae 6 Mairch 1999).

## References
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović

**Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović** (; born 29 Aprile 1968) is a Croatie politeecian wha servit as Preses o Croatie frae Februar 2015 tae Februar 2020.

## References
Giorgi Margvelashvili

**Giorgi Margvelashvili** (; born 4 September 1969) is a Georgie academic an politeecian who wis Preses o Georgie frae 17 November 2013 tae 16 December 2018.
Eduard Shevardnadze

**Eduard Shevardnadze** (, ; , tr. *Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze*; 25 Januar 1928 – 7 Julie 2014) wis a Georgie politeecian an diplomat.

## References
Prokopis Pavlopoulos

**Prokopis "Pakis" Pavlopoulos** ( , born 10 Julie 1950) is an umwhile Preses o Greece, in office frae 2015 tae 2020, when he wis succeedit bi Katerina Sakellaropoulou.

## References
János Áder

**János Áder** (; born 9 Mey 1959) is a Hungarian lawyer that wis the Preses o Hungary frae 10 Mey 2012 til 10 Mey 2022. He is a member o the Fidesz Pairty.

## References
B. J. Habibie

**Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie**  FREng (25 Juin 1936 - 11 September 2019) wis Preses o Indonesie frae 1998 tae 1999.

## References
Suharto

**Suharto** (Javanese: ; Gêdrìk: *Suhartå*; O-Javanese: *Suharta*; ; 8 Juin 1921 – 27 Januar 2008) wis the seicont Preses o Indonesie, hauldin the office for 31 years frae the oostin o Sukarno  in 1967 till his resignation in 1998.

Suharto wis born in a smaw veelage, Kemusuk, in the Godean aurie near the ceety o Yogyakarta, in the Dutch colonial era. He grew up in hummle circumstances. His Javanese Muslim paurents divorced nae lang efter his birth, an he leeved wi foster paurents for muckle o his bairnheid. In the Japanese occupation o Indonesie, Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesie siccarity forces. Indonesie's unthirldom struggle saw his jynin the newly formed Indonesie airmy. Suharto rose tae the rank o major general follaein Indonesie unthirldom. An attemptit coup on 30 September 1965 allegedly backed bi the Indonesie Communist Pairty wis coontered bi Suharto-led truips. The airmy subsequently led an anti-communist purge that the CIA descrived as "ane o the worst mass murthers o the 20t century" an Suharto wrestit pouer frae Indonesie's foondin preses, Sukarno. He wis appyntit acting president in 1967, replacin Sukarno, an electit Preses the follaein year. He then muntit a social campaign kent as De-Soekarnoisation in an effort tae reduce the umwhile Preses' influence. Support for Suharto's presidency wis strang ootthrou the 1970s an 1980s. Bi the 1990s, the New Order's authoritarianism an widespreid corruption war a soorce o discontent an, follaein a severe financial creesis, led tae widespreid unrest an his resignation in Mey 1998. Suharto dee'd in 2008 an wis gien a state funeral.

The legacy o Suharto's 31-year rule is debated baith in Indonesie an abraid. Unner his "New Order" admeenistration, Suharto constructit a strang, centralised an militar-dominatit gorvenment. An abeelity tae mainteen stabeelity ower a sprawlin an diverse Indonesie an an avowedly anti-Communist stance wan him the economic an diplomatic support o the Wast in the Cauld War. For maist o his presidency, Indonesie experienced signeeficant economic growthe an industrialisation,
dramatically improvin heal, eddication an leevin staundarts.

Plans tae awaird Naitional Hero status tae Suharto are bein conseedert bi the Indonesie govrenment an hae been debatit vigorously in Indonesie. Accordin tae Transparency Internaitional, Suharto is the maist corrupt leader in modren history, haein embezzled an alleged $15–35 billion in his rule.

## References
Ali Khamenei

**Ali Hosseini Khamenei** (  ;  19 Aprile 1939 –28 Februar 2026 ) wis the seicont Supreme Leader o Iran an a Muslim cleric.

## References
Laurent Gbagbo

**Laurent  Gbagbo** (Gagnoa Bété:  ; ; born 31 Mey 1945) wis the Preses o Côte d'Ivoire frae 2000 till his reest in Aprile 2011. He is tholin an assise anent human richts fae 28t Januar 2016 on.

## References
Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah

**Sabah IV Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah** GCB (Hon) (Arabic: الشيخ صباح الأحمد الجابر الصباح born 16 Juin 1929; deed 29 September 2020) wis the 15t Ruler an 5t Emir o Kuwait an the Commander o the Militar o Kuwait.
Albert II, Prince o Monaco

**Albert II** (Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi; born 14 Mairch 1958) is the reignin monarch o the Principality o Monaco, an heid o the Princely Hoose o Grimaldi.

## Issue
# HSH Jacques o Monaco, "Hereditary Prince o Monaco" (born 10 December 2014) hier tae the throne o Monaco. 
# HSH Princess Gabriella o Monaco, "Coontess o Carladès" (born 10 December 2014) twin o the abuin. 

## Teetles an styles

***14 Mairch 1958 – 16 Mairch 1958** *His Serene Highness* The Hereditary Prince o Monaco
***16 Mairch 1958 - 6 April 2005** *His Serene Highness* The Hereditary Prince o Monaco, Marquis o Baux.
****31 Mairch 2005 - 6 April 2005** *His Serene Highness* The Prince Regent o Monaco.
***6 April 2005 – present** *His Serene Highness* The Sovereign Prince o Monaco.

## References
Filip Vujanović

**Filip Vujanović** (Serbie Cyrillic: Филип Вујановић, ) (born September 1, 1954) is a Montenegrin politeecian wha wis the Preses o Montenegro frae 2003 tae 2018.
Willem-Alexander o the Netherlands

**Willem-Alexander** (; Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 Aprile 1967) is the  Keeng o the Netherlands.
Daniel Ortega

**José Daniel Ortega Saavedra** (; born November 11, 1945) is a Nicaraguan politeecian who haes been Preses o Nicaragua syne 2007; previously he wis leader o Nicaragua frae 1979 to 1990, first as Coordinator o the Junta o Naitional Reconstruction (1979–1985) an then as Preses (1985–1990).
Queen Rania o Jordan

**Queen Rania o Jordan** ( *Rānyā al-‘abdu l-Lāh*) (born **Rania al-Yassin** on 31 August 1970) is the Queen consort o Jordan.
Abdullah II o Jordan

**Abdullah II bin al-Hussein** (, *ʿAbdullāh aṯ-ṯānī ibn al-Ḥusayn*; born 30 Januar 1962) haes been the Keeng o Jordan syne he ascendit the throne on 7 Februar 1999 upon the daith o his faither Keeng Hussein.

## References
Qaboos bin Said al Said

**Qaboos bin Said Al Said** ( **; 18 November 1940 – 10 Januar 2020) wis the Sultan o Oman an its dependencies.

## References
Vincent Price

**Vincent Leonard Price, Jr.** (27 Mey 1911 – 25 October 1993) wis an American actor. He wis weel kent for his  vyce an serious but comic attitude in a series o horror films made in the later pairt o his career.

## Ither wabstieds
*
Shapur I

**Shapur I** (; New Persie: ), forby kent as **Shapur I the Great**, wis the seicont *[[shahanshah]]* (king o kings) o the Sasanian Empire.

## References
Zhou dynasty

The **Zhou dynasty** ( ) wis a Cheenese dynasty that follaed the Shang dynasty an precedit the Qin dynasty. The Zhou dynasty lastit langer nor ony ither dynasty in Cheenese history (790 year). The militar control o Cheenae bi the ryal house, surnamed Ji, lastit ineetially frae 1046 till 771 BC for a period kent as the Wastren Zhou an the poleetical sphere o influence it creatit conteena'd weel intae Eastren Zhou for anither 500 year.

In the Zhou Dynasty, centralised pouer decreased ootthrou the Ware an Autumn period till the Warrin States period in the last twa centuries o the Zhou Dynasty. In this period, the Zhou coort haed little control ower its constituent states that war at war wi ilk ither till the Qin state consolidatit pouer an formed the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. The Zhou Dynasty haed formally collapsed anerly 35 year earlier, awtho the dynasty haed anerly nominal pouer at that pynt.

This period o Cheenese history produced whit mony conseeder the zenith o Cheenese bronze-ware makin. The Zhou dynasty an aw spans the period in that the written script evolved intae its awmaist-modren form wi the uise o an archaic clerical script that emerged in the late Warrin States period.
Roushie Empire

The **Roushie Empire** (Pre-reform Roushie orthografie: *Россійская Имперія*, Modren Roushie: *Российская империя*, translit: *Rossiyskaya Imperiya*) wis a state that existit frae 1721 till owerthrown bi the short-lived leeberal Februar Revolution in 1917.

## References
Julian Bond

**Horace Julian Bond** (14 Januar 1940 - 15 August 2015), kent as **Julian Bond**, wis an American social activist, politeecian, professor, an writer. He wis a leader in the Civil Rights Movement.

Bond deit on August 15, 2015 efter a brief undisclosit illness in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, agit 75.

## References
Black Forest

The **Black Forest** (, ) is a great forested moontain range in the state o Baden-Württemberg in soothwastren Germany. It is boondit bi the Rhine valley tae the wast an sooth. Its heichest peak is the Feldberg wi an elevation o 1,493 metres (4,898&nbsp;ft). The region is almaist rectangular in shape wi a lenth o  an breadth o up tae .
Makalu

**Makalu** (in Nepal offeecially **मकालु**, in Cheenae offeecially **Makaru**; Cheenese: 马卡鲁山, Pinyin: *Mǎkǎlǔ Shān*;  **Makalungma** in Limbu) is the fift heichest mountain in the warld at .

## References
Manaslu

**Manaslu** (Nepali: मनास्लु, forby kent as **Kutang**) is the aicht heichest mountain in the warld at  abuin sea level.

## References
Five Dynasties an Ten Kinricks period

The **Five Dynasties an Ten Kingdoms period**, cried **Five Dynasties** an aw, wis an era o political upheaval in 10t-century imperial Cheenae. During this period, five states quickly succeedit ane anither in the Cheenese Central Plain, while mair nor a dozen concurrent states war established elsewhaur, mainly in sooth Cheenae.

## The states

**The Five Dynasties** war:
* Later Liang (June 1, 907–23)
* Later Tang (923–36)
* Later Jin (936–47)
* Later Han (947–51 or 979, dependin on whether Northren Han is considered pairt o the dynasty)
* Later Zhou (951–60).

**The Ten Kinricks** war:
* Wu (907–37)
* Wuyue (907–78)
* Min (909–45)
* Chu (907–51)
* Soothren Han (917–71)
* Umwhile Shu (907–25)
* Later Shu (934–65)
* Jingnan (924–63)
* Soothren Tang (937–75)
* Northren Han (951–79).
Eastren Wu

**Wu** (222–280), commonly kent as **Eastren Wu** or **Sun Wu**, wis ane o the three major states that competit for supremacy ower Cheenae in the Three Kinricks period (220–280).

## References
Lhotse

**Lhotse** (Nepali: ल्होत्से; ; ) is the fowert heichest moontain in the warld at , efter Moont Everest, K2, an Kangchenjunga.

## References
Gasherbrum II

**Gasherbrum II** (; ), forby kent as **K4**, is the 13t heichest moontain in the warld at  abuin sea level.

## References
Gasherbrum I

**Gasherbrum I** (; ), kent as **Hidden Peak** or **K5** an aw, is the 11t heichest moontain in the warld at  abuin sea level.

## References
Cho Oyu

**Cho Oyu** (Nepali: चोयु; : ) is the saxt heichest moontain in the warld at  abuin sea level.

## References
Willem Drees

**Willem Drees** () (5 Julie 1886 – 14 Mey 1988) wis a Dutch politeecian. He servit as Prime meenister o the Netherlands frae 7 August 1948 to 22 December 1958.
Oolong

**Oolong** /uloŋ/ () is a tradeetional Cheenese tea (*[[Camellia sinensis]])* produced throu a unique process includin witherin the plant unner the strang sun an oxidation afore curlin an twistin.

## References
Tibetan Buddhism

**Tibetan Buddhism** is the bouk o releegious doctrine an institutions characteristic o Buddhism in  Tibet, Mongolie, Tuva, Bhutan, Kalmykie an certaint regions o the Himalayas, includin northren Nepal,  an Indie (pairteecularly in Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Dharamsala, Lahaul an Spiti destrict in Himachal Pradesh an Sikkim). It is the state releegion o Bhutan.

## References
Green tea

**Green tea** is made frae the leafs frae *[[Camellia sinensis]]* that haes unnergaun minimal oxidation throu the processin.

## References
Camellia sinensis

***Camellia sinensis*** is a species o evergreen shrub or smaa tree whase leafs an leaf buds is uised tae produce **[[tea]]**.

## References
White tea

**White tea** is made frae *[[Camellia sinensis]]*.

Currently thare isnae a general acceptit definition o white tea an vera little internaitional agreement. Ane soorce says that white tea is minimal processed tea (jist dryin, nae fermentation or ither procedures) Anither says that "white tea is made frae buds an young leafs, that is steamed or fired tae inactivate polyphenol oxidase, an then dried."

## References
Subway (restaurant)

**Subway** (stylised as **SUBWAY**) is an Americie fast fuid restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine pieces (subs) an salads.

## References
Susan B. Anthony

**Susan Brownell Anthony** (Februar 15, 1820 – Mairch 13, 1906) wis an American social reformer an feminist who played a pivotal role in the weemen's suffrage movement.
Michel Platini

**Michel François Platini** (born 21 Juin 1955) is a current fitbaw admeenistrator, wha servit as the preses o the Union o European Fitbaa Associations (UEFA) frae 2007 tae 2015, an umwhile a French fitbaw player an manager.

## References
Edvin Kanka Ćudić

**Edvin Kanka Ćudić** (born 1988, Brcko, BiH, Yugoslavia)  is a Bosnian human rights activist an' th' foonder an' coordinatur ay UDIK, an organisation campaignin' fur human rights an' reconciliation in th' former Yugoslavia. It was formed in 2013.

## Fremmit airtins

*Oficial Site 
* Edvin Kanka Cudic
Camelopardalis

**Camelopardalis**  or **the Giraffe** constellation is a muckle, faint groupin o starns in the northren sky.

## References
Perseus

In Greek meethology, **Perseus** (; ), the legendary foonder o Mycenae an o the Perseid dynasty o Danaans, wis the first hero.
Fomalhaut

**Fomalhaut** (**Alpha&nbsp;Piscis Austrini**, **Alpha&nbsp;PsA**, **α&nbsp;Piscis Austrini**, **α&nbsp;PsA**) is the brichtest starn in the constellation Piscis Austrinus an ane o the brichtest starns in the sky.

## References
2000s (decade)

File:2000s decade montage3.png|Frae left, clockwise: The Warld Trade Center an the Statue o Liberty during the 9/11 attacks; the euro enters intae European siller in 2002; a statue o Saddam Hussein bein toppled during the Iraq War; U.S. truips heidin toward an airmy helicopter during the War on Terror; social media throu the Internet spreads athort the warld; a Cheenese soldier gazes at the 2008 Simmer Olympics commencin; an economic crisis, the lairgest since the Great Depression, hits the warld in 2008; a tsunami frae the Indian Ocean follaein a yirdquauk kills ower 250,000 on Boxin Day, 2004.|420px|thumb
rect 1 1 234 178 September 11 attacks
rect 236 1 371 178 Euro
rect 374 1 495 181 Iraq War
rect 244 181 495 326 War on Terror
rect 327 330 494 486 Social media
rect 165 330 324 487 2008 Simmer Olympics
rect 1 331 163 487 Financial crisis o 2007–08
rect 3 181 241 327 2004 Indian Ocean yirdquauk an tsunami
desc bottom-left


The **2000s** (pronoonced "twa-thoosands") wis a decade o the Gregorian calendar that began on Januar 1, 2000, an endit on December 31, 2009.
2010s

File:2010s collage v21.png|Frae left, clockwice: Anti-govrenment protests spreid athort the Arab Wsrld in the **[[Arab Ware]]**; Crimea is **[[Annexation o Crimea bi the Roushie Federation|annexed]]** bi Roushie in 2014; **[[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant|ISIL]]** performs terrorist attecks athort warld an capturs, but later loses pairts o Sirie an Iraqi territory; concern aboot **[[climate chynge]]** leads tae Paris Greement an increases in climate activism; the first eemage o a **[[black hole]]** is revealed in 2019; **[[same-sex mairiage]]** becomes legal in the US an several ither kintras; deegital an mobile technologies sic as the **[[smairtphone]]** rise tae mainstream adoption; populism increases in muckle o the warld, wi the UK votin tae **[[Brexit|leave]]** the EU in 2016.|420x420px|thumb
rect 0 0 400 400 Arab Spring
rect 400 0 800 400 Annexation o Crimea bi the Roushie Federation
rect 800 0 1200 400 Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant
rect 0 400 600 800 Brexit
rect 600 400 1200 800 Paris Greement
rect 0 800 400 1200 Smaurtphone
rect 400 800 800 1200 Obergefell v. Hodges
rect 800 800 1200 1200 Black hole

The **2010s** (pronoonced "twenty-tens" or "twa thoosand (an) tens")  wis a decade in the Gregorian calendar that began on Januar 1, 2010 an endit on December 31, 2019.

## References
1990s

File:1990s decade montage.png|Frae left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope floats in space efter it was taen up in 1990; American F-16s an F-15s flee ower burnin ile fields in Operation Desert Storm, forby kent as the 1991 Gulf War; The signin o the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; The World Wide Web gains a public face durin the stairt o decade an as a result gains massive popularity warldwide; Boris Yeltsin an follaers stand on a tank in defiance tae the August Coup, which leads tae the Soviet Union's dissolution on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal tae be cloned frae an adult somatic cell; The funeral procession o Diana, Princess o Wales, who dies in 1997 frae a caur crash in Paris, an is moorned bi millions; Hunders o thoosands are killed in the Rwandan Genocide o 1994.|420px|thumb
rect 1 1 385 312 Hubble Space Telescope
rect 392 1 1101 312 Gulf War
rect 477 318 1101 718 Oslo Accords
rect 723 724 1101 1080 World Wide Web
rect 311 723 717 1080 Dissolution o the Soviet Union
rect 1 723 305 1080 Dolly the sheep
rect 1 535 471 717 Daith o Diana, Princess o Wales
rect 1 317 471 529 Rwandan Genocide
desc bottom-left


The **1990s** (pronoonced "nineteen-nineties" an abbreviat as "**Nineties**") wis a decade o the Gregorian calendar thit stairtit on 1st Januar, 1990, an endit on Dizember 31, 1999.
Chornobyl disaster

The **Chornobyl disaster** (referred tae as the **Chornobyl accident** forby) wis a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 Aprile 1986 at the Chornobyl Nuclear Pouer Plant in Ukraine (then offeecially the Ukrainian SSR), which wis unner the direct jurisdiction o the central authorities o the Soviet Union. An explosion an fire released muckle quantities o radioactive pairticles intae the atmosphere, which spread ower much o the wastren USSR an Europe.

## References
1980s

File:1980s replacement montage02.PNG|thumb|400px|Frae left, clockwise: The first Space Shuttle, *[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]*, liftit off in 1981; American preses Ronald Reagan an Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev eased tensions atween the twa superpouers, leadin tae the end o the Cauld War; The faw o the Berlin Waw in 1989 is considered tae be the maist momentous event o the 1980s; In 1981, the IBM Personal Computer is released; In 1985, the Live Aid concert wis held in order tae fund relief efforts for the faimin in Ethiopie during the time Mengistu Haile Mariam ruled the kintra; Ukraine an much o the warld is filled wi radioactive debris frae the 1986 Chernobyl disaster; The Iran–Iraq War leads tae ower ane million dead and $1 trillion spent.
rect 2 3 199 169 Space Shuttle Columbia
rect 201 1 497 171 End o the Cauld War
rect 1 172 241 336 Iran–Iraq War
rect 246 173 506 336 Faw o the Berlin Waw
rect 123 337 323 525 Live Aid
rect 326 338 510 536 IBM Personal Computer
rect 0 339 121 515 Chernobyl disaster


The **1980s** (pronoonced "nineteen-aichties", commonly abbreviatit as the "**Aixhties**") wis a decade o the Gregorian calendar that began on Januar 1, 1980, an endit on December 31, 1989.
Jacob Bekenstein

**Jacob David Bekenstein** (Ebreu: יעקב בקנשטיין; Mey 1, 1947 – August 16, 2015) wis a Mexican theoretical physicist.

## References

## Ither wabsteids

* Bekenstein's papers list at ArXiv wi links tae the full papers
* Israel Prize Official Site - CV of Jacob Bekenstein
Sowerby's nebbed whaul

**Sowerby's nebbed whaul** is a sea mammal found aff the shores o Scotland an ootower the north Atlantic Ocean.

## References
Gustave Courbet

**Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet** (; 10 Juin 1819 &ndash; 31 December 1877) wis a French penter who led the Realist movement in 19t-century French pentin.
Islamic Gowden Age

The **Islamic Gowden Age** refers tae the period in Islam's history during the Middle Ages when much o the heestorically Arabic speakin warld wis ruled bi various caliphates, experiencin a scienteefic, economic, an cultural flourishin.

## References
John Eleuthère du Pont

**John Eleuthère du Pont** (22 November 1938 – 9 December 2010) wis an American convictit murderer. He wis a multimillionaire an member o the prominent du Pont family.

## Ither wabsteids
*"LIFE photos" , LIFE, US Olympic pentathlete, August 1967.
*"flickr", Collector, May 2008.
* "How About At Your Place?" Said the Colonel", *LIFE*, Aug 4, 1967
Leonid Hurwicz

**Leonid Hurwicz** or **Leonid Hurwicz** () (August 21, 1917 – Juin 24, 2008) wis an American economist an mathematician. He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics.

## References

## Ither wabsteids
*
*
*
*
*
*
Honoré de Balzac

**Honoré de Balzac** (; 20 Mey 1799&nbsp;– 18 August 1850) wis a French novelist an playwricht. The novelle sequence *[[La Comédie humaine]]*, that presents a panorama o post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his *[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]*.

Awin tae his keen observation o detail an unfiltered representation o society, Balzac is regairdit as ane of the foonders o realism in European leeteratur. He is renawned for his multi-faceted chairacters; even his lesser chairacters are complex, morally ambiguous an fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued wi chairacter as wall; the ceety o Paris, a backdrap for muckle o his writin, taks on mony human qualities. His writin influenced mony famous writers, includin the novelists Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Jack Kerouac, an Henry James, filmmakkers Akira Kurosawa an Eric Rohmer as weel as important filosofers sic as Friedrich Engels. Mony o Balzac's warks hae been made intae films, an thay conteena tae inspire ither writers.

An enthusiastic reader an independent thinker as a bairn, Balzac haed tribble adaptin tae the teachin style o his grammar schuil. His willfu naitur caused tribble ootthrou his life an frustratit his ambeetions tae succeed in the warld o business. Whan he feenished schuil, Balzac wis apprenticed in a law office, but he turned his back on the study o law efter wearyin o its inhumanity an banal routine. Afore an in his career as a writer, he attemptit tae be a publisher, prenter, businessman, creetic, an politeecian; he failed in aw o thir efforts. *La Comédie Humaine* reflects his real-life difficulties, an includes scenes frae his awn experience.

Balzac suffered frae heal problems ootthrou his life, possibly due tae his intense writin schedule. His relationship wi his faimily wis eften strained bi financial an personal drama, an he lost mair nor ane friend ower creetical reviews. In 1850, Balzac mairied Ewelina Hańska, a Pols aristocrat an his langtime love; he dee'd in Paris five month later.

## References
Alexandre Dumas

**Alexandre Dumas** (, born **Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie** ; 24 Julie 1802 – 5 December 1870), forby kent as **Alexandre Dumas, ''père**'', wis a French writer.

## References
Villers-Cotterêts

**Villers-Cotterêts** ( or ) is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northren Fraunce.

## References
Loch Erie

**Loch Erie** (; , ) is the fowerth lairgest loch (bi surface area) o the five Great Lochs in North Americae, an the thirteent lairgest globally if measurt in terms o surface area.

## References
Thunner

**Thunner** is the soond caused bi lichtnin. Dependin on the distance an naitur o the lichtnin, thunner can range frae a sharp, loud crack tae a lang, law rumble (brontide). The sudden increase in pressur an temperatur frae lichtnin produces rapid expansion o the air surroondin an within a bolt o lichtnin. In turn, this expansion o air creates a sonic shock wave, seemilar to a sonic boom, which produces the soond o thunner, eften referred tae as a *clap*, *crack*, or *peal o thunner*.
Perception

**Perception** (frae the Laitin *perceptio, percipio*) is the organisation, identification, an interpretation o sensory information in order tae represent an unnerstaund the environment.

## References
Symon Petliura

**Symon Vasylyovych Petliura** (, Mey 10, 1879 – Mey 25, 1926) wis a publicist, writer, jurnalist, Ukrainian politician, statesman o the Ukrainian Fowkrepublic, an naitionalist leader who led Ukraine's struggle for unthirldom follaein the Roushie Revolution o 1917 (1918–1921).

## Notes

## References

*   (audiobook)
Ukrainian Fowkrepublic

The **Ukrainian Fowkrepublic** or **Ukrainian Naitional Republic** (; abbreviatit УНР, **UNR**), or simply **Ukraine** is the predecessor o modren Ukraine that was declared (on 23 Juin 1917) at first as a part o the Roushie Republic efter the Roushie Revolution but that proclaimed its unthirldom on 25 Januar 1918.

## References
Georgy Lvov

Prince **Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov** () (2 November 18617 / 8 Mairch 1925) wis a Roushie statesman an the first post-imperial prime meenister o Roushie, frae 15 Mairch tae 21 Julie 1917.
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

Baron **Carl ''Gustaf'' Emil Mannerheim** () (in , *Gustav Karlovich Mannerheym*) (4 Juin 1867 – 27 Januar 1951) wis a Finnish militar leader an statesman. He wis Regent o Finland frae 1918 tae 1919 an Preses o Finland frae 1944 tae 1946, an wis succeedit bi Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg in 1919 an bi Juho Kusti Paasikivi in 1946. He dee'd in Lausanne in Swisserland in 1951.
Nikolai Yezhov

**Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov** or **Ezhov** (, ; Mey 1, 1895 &ndash; Februar 4, 1940) wis a Soviet secret police offeecial unner Joseph Stalin.

## References
Nikita Khrushchev

**Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev** (&nbsp;– September 11, 1971) wis a Roushie politeecian who led the Soviet Union during pairt o the Cauld War as the First Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union frae 1953 tae 1964, an as Chairman o the Cooncil o Meenisters, or Premier, from 1958 tae 1964. Khrushchev wis responsible for the de-Stalinisation o the Soviet Union, for backin the progress o the early Soviet space programme, an for several relatively leeberal reforms in auries o domestic policy. Khrushchev's pairty colleagues remuived him from pouer in 1964, replacin him wi Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretar an Alexei Kosygin as Premier.

Khrushchev wis born in 1894 in the veelage o Kalinovka, that is close tae the present-day mairch atween Roushie an Ukraine. He wis employed as a metal wirker in his youth, an he wis a poleetical commissar in the Roushie Ceevil War. Wi the help o Lazar Kaganovich, he wirked his wey up the Soviet hierarchy. He supportit Joseph Stalin's purges, an appruived thoosands o arrests. In 1938, Stalin sent him tae govren Ukraine, an he conteena'd the purges thare. In whit wis kent in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastren Front o Warld War II), Khrushchev wis again a commissar, servin as an intermediary atween Stalin an his generals. Khrushchev wis present at the bluidy defence o Stalingrad, a fact he teuk great pride in ootthrou his life. Efter the war, he returned tae Ukraine afore bein recried tae Moscow as ane o Stalin's close advisers.

Stalin's daith in 1953 caused a pouer struggle, frae that Khrushchev ultimately emerged veectorious. On 25 Februar 1956, at the 20t Pairty Congress, he deleevered the "Saicret Speech", that denoonced Stalin's purges an ushered in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at betterin the lives o ordinar ceetizens, war eften ineffective, especially in agricultur. Haipin eventually tae rely on missiles for naitional defence, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the maist tense years o the Cold War, culminatin in the Cuban Missile Creesis.

Khruschev's popularity wis eroded bi flaws in his policies. This embauldened his potential opponents, that quietly rose in strenth an deponed the Premier in October 1964. Houiver, he did nae suffer the deidly fate o previous Soviet pouer struggles, an wis pensioned aff wi an apairtment in Moscow an a *[[dacha]]* in the kintraside. His lenthy memoirs war smuggled tae the Wast an published in pairt in 1970. Khrushchev dee'd in 1971 o hert disease.

## Notes
Nikolai Bulganin

**Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin** ( ;  – 24 Februar 1975) wis a prominent Soviet politeecian, who served as Meenister o Defence (1953–55) an Premier o the Soviet Union (1955–58).

## References
Anastas Mikoyan

**Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan** (;  *Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan*; ; &nbsp;– 21 October 1978) wis an Auld Bolshevik an Soviet statesman during the mandates o Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, an Brezhnev.

## References
Leonid Brezhnev

**Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev** (; , 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December)&nbsp;– 10 November 1982) wis the General Secretar o the Central Committee (CC) o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union (CPSU), presidin ower the kintray frae 1964 till his daith in 1982. His aichteen-year term as General Secretar wis seicont anly tae that o Joseph Stalin in duration. In Brezhnev's rule, the global influence o the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in pairt acause o the expansion o the Soviet militar in this time. His tenur as leader wis merked bi the beginnin o an era o economic an social stagnation in the Soviet Union.

Brezhnev wis born in Kamenskoye, Roushie Empire (nou Kamianske, Ukraine), intae a Roushie wirker's faimily in 1906. Efter graduatin frae the Dniprodzerzhynsk Metallurgical Technicum, he becam a metallurgical ingineer in the airn an steel industry, in Ukraine. He jyned the Komsomol in 1923 an becam an active member o the CPSU bi 1929. Wi the onset o Warld War II, he wis drauchtit intae immediate militar service an left the airmy in 1946 wi the rank o major general. In 1952, Brezhnev wis promotit tae the Central Committee an, in 1957 tae full member o the Politburo. In 1964, he succeedit Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union. 

As the leader o the Soviet Union, Brezhnev's conservatism an carefuness tae reach deceesions bi consensus wi the rest o the Politburo resultit in susteened poleetical stability within the kintra. Houiver, his hosteelity taewart reform an active cultivation o cronyism ushered in a period o pervasive corruption an socioeconomic decline that cam tae be kent as the Brezhnev Stagnation. On the warld stage, Brezhnev pushed haurd for the adoption o détente, a commitment bi baith twa superpouers taewart the relaxation o Cauld War tensions an economic cooperation. Despite sic diplomatic gesturs, Brezhnev's regime presidit ower a hawkish foreign policy chairacterised bi widespreid militar interventionism an an airms bigup that ultimately compreesed 12.5% o the naition's GNP. Ultimately, in December 1981, he optit nae tae hae the Soviet militar suppress unrest in Poland tharebi merkin the end o the interventionist Brezhnev Doctrine.

Efter years o declinin heal, Brezhnev dee'd on 10 November 1982 an wis quickly succeedit in his post as General Secretar bi Yuri Andropov. Brezhnev haed fostered a cult o personality, awtho nae nearly tae the same degree as Stalin. Mikhail Gorbachev, that wad lead the USSR frae 1985 tae 1991, denoonced his legacy an drove the process o leeberalisation o the Soviet Union.

## References
Boyar

A **boyar**  wis a member o the heichest rank o the feudal Bulgarie, Moscovian, Kievan Rus'ian, Wallachie, an Moldavie aristocracies, seicont anly tae the rulin princes (in Bulgarie, tsars), frae the 10t century tae the 17t century.
Contrail

**Contrails** (; short for "condensation trails") or **vapor trails** are lang, thin airtifeecial cloods that sometimes form behind aircraft.  Thair formation is maist eften triggered bi the watter vapor in the exhaust o aircraft ingines, but can an aa be triggered bi chynges in air pressure in weengtip vortices or in the air ower the entire weeng surface. Contrails are made o watter in the form o a suspension o billions o liquid droplets or ice crystals.

## References
Elizabeth o Roushie

**Elizaveta Petrovna** () ( – ), kent as **Yelisavet** an **Elizabeth** an aa, wis the Empress o Roushie frae 1741 till her daith.

## References
Vitali Klitschko

**Vitali Volodymyrovych Klitschko** (; , ; born 19 Julie 1971, Belovodsk, Kyrgyzstan) is a Ukrainian politeecian an the current Mayor o Kiev (the caipital an lairgest ceety in Ukraine), heid o the Kiev Ceety State Admeenistration an umwhile professional boxer.

## References
Ivan the Terrible

**Ivan IV Vasilyevich** (;  – ), commonly kent as **Ivan the Terrible** (, *Ivan Grozny*), wis the Grand Prince o Moscow frae 1533 tae 1547 an Tsar o Aw the Roushies frae 1547 till his daith.

## References
Knyaz

**Knyaz** or **knez** is a historical Slavic title, uised baith as a ryal an noble title, fir uisual pit ower intae Inglis aither as Prince or less common as Duke, an in Laitin soorces as *[[comes]]* or *[[princeps]]*, but the wird wis oreeginally derived frae the Proto-Germanic *[[Germanic keengship|kuningaz]]* (king).

## References
Montesquieu

**Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron o La Brède an o Montesquieu** (; ; 18 Januar 1689 – 10 Februar 1755), generally referred tae as simply **Montesquieu**, wis a French lawyer, man of letters, an political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.

## References
Dmitri Mendeleev

**Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev** (; ; 8 Februar 1834 &ndash; 2 Februar 1907 O.S. 27&nbsp;Januar 1834 &ndash; 20 Januar 1907) wis a Roushie chemist an inventor. He formulatit the Periodic Law, creatit a faursichtit version o the periodic cairt o elements, an uised it tae correct the properties o some awreidy diskivert elements an an aa tae predict the properties o aicht elements yet tae be diskivert.

## References
Tsar

**Tsar** (Auld Kirk Slavonic: ц︢рь (uisually written thus wi a tilde) or цар, царь; an aa **Czar** or **Tzar** in Laitin alphabet leids) is a teetle uosed tae designate certain European Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers.
Varsity o Freiburg

The **Varsity o Freiburg** (German ***Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg***, colloquially ***Uni Freiburg***), whiles referred tae wi its full teetle, the **Albert Ludwig Varsity o Freiburg**, is a public research varsity locatit in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## References
Reid Airmy

The **Wirkers' an Peasants' Reid Airmy** (: **RKKA**, frequently shortened in Roushie tae ; **KA**, in Scots: **Reid Airmy**) wis the airmy an the air force o the Roushie Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, an efter 1922 the Union o Soviet Socialist Republics.
Sioux

The **Sioux**  are a Hamespun American tribe an First Naitions baund govrenment in North Americae.

## References
Hernando de Soto

**Hernando de Soto** (October 21, 1496– Mey 21, 1542) wis a Spaingie explorer an *[[conquistador]]* who led the first European expedeetion deep intae the territory o the modren-day Unitit States (Florida, Georgie, Alabama an maist likely Arkansas), an the first documentot European tae hae crossed the Mississippi River.

## References
Open world

***Open world*** (Scots: **open warld**) is a term fur video gemmes whaur a player kin shift freely throu a virtual warld an is gien freedom in chuisin howfur or whin tae approach objectives, as opposed tae ither computer gemmes that hae a mair linear structure. *Open world* an *free-roaming* suggest the absence o fake barriers, or the invisible waws an loadin screens that ur common in linear level designs. Generally open world gemmes aye enforce mony restrictions in the gemm environment, either fur o absolute technical limitations or in-gemm limitations (sic as locked areas) imposed bi a gemme's linearity. Examples o heich level o autonomy in computer gemmes kin be fun in massively multiplayer online role-playing gemmes (MMORPG) or in ither gemmes adherin tae the open world concept. Thair main appeal is thay gie a simulated reality an allou players tae develop thair character an its behaviour in the direction o thair chuisin. In thae cases, thare is aften na concrete goal or end tae the gemme. Thare ur limitations tae this autonomy throu the rules o the simulation an its limitations. But the direction o gemmplay kin nae ayeweys rely ultimately upon the decision o the player, or be completely controllable bi the player, the type depends on the requirements an availabilities o the gemme.

## Gemmplay an design
An open world is a level or gemme designed as a nonlinear, open areas wi mony ways tae reach an objective. Some gemmes are designed wi baith traditional an open world levels. An open world facilitates greater exploration than a series o smawer levels, or a level wi mair linear challenges. Reviewers hae judged the quality o an open world based on whither thare are interesting ways fur the player tae interact wi the broader level whin thay dingy ha thair main objective. Some gemms actually uise real settings tae model an open world, sic as New York City.

A major design challenge is tae balance the freedom o an open world wi the structure o a dramatic storyline. Sin players kin perform actions that the gemme designer didnae expect, the gemme's writers maun find creative weys tae impose a storyline on the player athoot interfering wi thair freedom. As sic, gemmes wi open worlds wull whiles break the gemme's story intae a series o missions, or hae a muckle simpler storyline altogether. Ither gemmes instead gie side-missions tae the player that daenae disrupt the main storyline. Maist open world gemmes mak the character a blank slate that players kin project thair ain thochts ontae, awtho loads o gemmes sic as *Landstalker: The Treasures o King Nole* offer mair character development an dialogue. 

Gemmes wi open worlds typically gie players infinite bides or continues, awtho gemmes like *Blaster Master* force the player tae stairt fae the oncome shuid thay die tae mony times. Thare is a risk that players kin gae awa as thay explore an open world; tharefore designers whiles hae a go tae break the open world intae manageable sections.

## See an aw
* Gemme
* Video gemme
* Computin
* Aluminium

## References
Katharine Hepburn

**Katharine Houghton Hepburn** (12 Mey 1907&nbsp;– 29 Juin 2003) wis ae American actress that kythed in fillums an plays sic as *Morning Glory* (1993) an *The Philadelphia Story*.
Scientist

A **scientist**, in a broad sense, is a person engagin in a seestematic activity tae acquire knawledge for science such as mathematicians, chemists, an physeecians.
## External articles
### Further readin
* Alison Gopnik, "Finding Our Inner Scientist" , Daedalus, Winter 2004.
* Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic Encyclopedia. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=in8qAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA600&as_brr=1&ei=cUGNR5G_CpXGiwHp4dDDBQ#PPA598,M1 Science and the Church]*. The Encyclopedia press, 1913. v.13. Page 598.
* Thomas Kuhn, *The Structure of Scientific Revolutions*, 1962.
* Arthur Jack Meadows. *The Victorian Scientist: The Growth of a Profession*, 2004. .
* Science, *[https://books.google.com/books?id=QwcuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=MFuNR7umLIXqiwGyjOWXBQ#PPA511,M1 The Relation of Pure Science to Industrial Research]*. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Page 511 onwards.

### Websites
* For best results, add a little inspiration 
* Peer Review Journal Science on amateur scientists
* The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history (1847) - Complete Text

### Audio-Visual
* "The Scientist", BBC Radio 4 discussion (*In Our Time*, Oct. 24, 2002)
Antoine Lavoisier

**Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier** (an aa **Antoine Lavoisier** efter the French Revolution; 26 August 17438 Mey 1794; ) wis a French nobleman an chemist central tae the 18t-century chemical revolution an a lairge influence on baith the history o chemistry an the history o biology. He is widely conseedert in popular leeteratur as the "faither o modren chemistry".https://cambridgealert.com/antoine-lavoisier/ 

It is generally acceptit that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry lairgely stem frae his chyngin the science frae a qualitative tae a quantitative ane. Lavoisier is maist noted for his diskivery o the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognised an named oxygen (1778) an hydrogen (1783) an opponed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric seestem, wrote the first extensive leet o elements, an helped tae reform chemical nomenclatur. He predictit the exeestence o silicon (1787) an wis an aw the first tae establish that sulfur wis an element (1777) raither nor a compoond. He diskivert that, awtho maiter mey chynge its form or shape, its mass ayeweys remeens the same.

Lavoisier wis a pouerfu member o a nummer o aristocratic cooncils, an an admeenistrator o the *[[Ferme générale]]*. The *Ferme générale* wis ane o the maist hatit components of the *[[Ancien Régime]]* acause o the profits it teuk at the expense o the state, the saicrecy o the terms o its contracts, an the veeolence o its airmed augents. Aw o thir poleetical an economic acteevities enabled him tae fund his scienteefic resairch. At the hicht o the French Revolution, he wus chaurged wi tax fraud an sellin adulteratit tabaccae, an was guillotined.

## References
Ada Lovelace

**Augusta Ada King, Coontess o Lovelace** (*née* **Byron**; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) wis an Inglis mathematician an writer, chiefly kent for her wirk on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She wis first tae ken that the machine hid uises forby pure calculation and is cawed the 'first computer programmer',  tho this wis recently disputit.

She wis the anely lea'some bairn o makar, Laird Byron an reformer, Anna Isabella Milbanke. Her mither haed studied mathematics, an wis eddicatit preevatly forby in mathematics, which wisna ordinar fir a wumman,  but ae o her tutors wis Mary Somerville. 

Whan she wis seiventeen, throu Somerville, Lovelace stairtit tae wirk wi Charles Babbage an thru him wis able tae study advanced mathematics at the Varsity o Lunnon. Efterwirds, it wis speired at her tae pit ower an airticle aboot Babbage's machine bi an Italian ingineer, Luigi Federico Menabrea for a Swisser jurnal. She didnae juist pit ower the origeenal Frainch airticle intae Inglis, she eikit in notes o her ain, thit endit up three times langer nor the origeenal. 

She mairit Wiliam King in 1835, an whan he becam the Earl o Lovelace in 1838, she becam Coontess o Lovelace, an haed three bairns. 

Lovelace met wi an wrocht wi ithir scientists forby Charles Babbage, sik as Andrew Crosse, David Brewster, Charles Wheatstone, Michael Faraday an author, Charles Dickens. She wis eddicatit frae thaim an forby descrivit hersel as an analyst an metaphysicist, an cawed hir ain method 'poetical science'.

She dee'd o cancer, whaun she wis thirty-six, on 27 November 1852.

### Ada Lovelace Day and ither commemorations
Ada Lovelace Day is celbratit ilka year, sin 2009, oan the seicont Tuesday in October tae "howk up the profile for weemen in science, technology, engineerin, an maths," an tae "hiv new role models for lassies an weemen"  an a medal an annual lectur is awairded in her name. In 2012, a Google Doodle wis pit thegither fir Ada Lovelace Day.  A statue o Lovelace wis addit tae the Trinity Leebrary, Dublin, Ireland in 2018. An Ada Lovelace biggin in Exeter Science Pairk, England, wis appent in 2021. 

In 2023, the UK Ryal Mint, issued a £2 coin tae *"honour the innovative contreebutions o computer science visionary Ada Lovelace an her legacy as a female trailblazer."*  

## References
Laird Byron

**George Gordon Byron** (later **Noel**), **6t Baron Byron**, FRS (22 Januar 1788&nbsp;– 19 Aprile 1824), commonly kent simply as **Laird Byron**, wis an Scots-Inglis poet an a leadin figur in the Romantic movement.