open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Burj Khalifa

**Burj Khalifa** (, "Khalifa touer"), kent as *Burj Dubai* prior tae its inauguration, is a skyscraper in Dubai, Unitit Arab Emirates, an is the tallest man-made structur in the warld, at .

Construction began on 21 September 2004, wi the exterior o the structur completit on 1 October 2009. The biggin offeecially opened on 4 Januar 2010, an is pairt o the new  development cried Dountoun Dubai at the 'First Interchynge' alang Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business destrict.
The touer's airchitecture an engineering wur performed bi Skidmore, Owings an Merrill o Chicago, wi Adrian Smith as chief airchitect, an Bill Baker as chief structural engineer. The primary contractor wis Samsung C&T o Sooth Korea.

## References
Pervez Musharraf

**Pervez Musharraf ** (; born 11 August 1943; deed 5 Februar 2023) wis a fower-star general an a politeecian who wis broucht tae pouer throu a militar coup d'état in 1999. He served as the tenth Preses o Pakistan frae 2001 till 2008. Prior tae that, he wis the 13t Chief o Airmy Staff frae October 1998 till November 2007, an wis an aa the tenth Chairman o the Jynt Chiefs o Staff Committee o Pakistan Airmed Forces frae 1998 till 2001. Commissioned frae the Pakistan Airmy in 1964, Musharraf rose tae naitional prominence efter bein appointit a fower-star general in October 1998 bi then-Prime Meenister Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf wis the mastermind an strategic field commander ahind the Kargil infiltration. Previously, Musharraf played a vital role in the Afghan ceevil war, baith assistin the peace negotiations an attemptin tae end the bloodshed in the kintra. Efter months o contentious relations wi Prime Meenister Sharif, Musharraf wis broucht tae pouer throu a militar coup d'état in 1999, subsequently placin the Prime meenister unner a strict hoose-arrest afore movin him tae Adiala Jail in Punjab Province.

Wi Aziz havin completit his term, an the suspension o the Chief Justice in 2007, Musharraf dramatically fell frae pouer in 2008, tenderin his resignation o the presidency efter facin potential impeachment, led bi the electit opposition parties. Musharraf then lived in self-imposed exile in Lunnon for fower years, returnin tae Pakistan on 24 Mairch 2013, in order tae participate in the upcomin general elections, despite receivin daith threats frae the Taliban. Whilst absent frae Pakistan, the kintra's courts issued reest warrants for baith Musharraf an Aziz, for thair alleged involvement in the assassination o Benazir Bhutto an Akbar Bugti. He wis disqualified frae takin pairt in the 2013 election bi Heich Court judges in Aprile 2013.

Musharraf dee'd in Dubai on 5 Februar 2023, agit 79, efter a lang illness.

## References
Shinzō Abe

wis a twa-time Prime Meenister o Japan, in office frae 2006 tae 2007 an agin frae 2012 tae 2020; he wis Japan's langest-servin Prime meenister. He wis assassinatit in 2022, durin a speech in Nara.

Preses o the Liberal Democratic Pairty (LDP) an chairman o the ''Oyagaku'' propulsion parliamentary group, Abe is the 90t Japanese Prime Meenister, electit bi a speicial session o the Naitional Diet on 26 September 2006. He wis then Japan's youngest post-Warld War II prime meenister an the first born efter the war. He served as prime meenister for less nor a year, resignin on 12 September 2007. He wis replaced bi Yasuo Fukuda, beginnin a string o Prime Meenisters who did nae maintain the position for mair nor ane year. On 26 September 2012, Abe defeatit umwhile Meenister o Defense Shigeru Ishiba in a run-aff vote tae win the LDP presidential election.

Abe became the Prime Meenister again followin the LDP's landslide victory in the 2012 general election wi a govrenment on 26 December 2012.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Official website  
* 
* 
* Prime Minister of Japan Official Website
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta Internaitional Airport

**Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport** , known locally as **Atlanta Airport**, **Hartsfield**, an **Hartsfield–Jackson**, is locatit seeven mile (11&nbsp;km) sooth o the central business destrict o Atlanta, Georgie, Unitit States. It haes been the warld's busiest airport bi passenger traffic syne 1998, an bi nummer o laundins an take-affs syne 2005. Hartsfield–Jackson held its rankin as the warld's busiest airport in 2011, baith in  passengers an nummer o flichts, bi accommodatin 92 million passengers (252,000 passengers daily) an 923,991 flichts. Mony o the nearly ane million flichts are domestic flichts frae within the Unitit States, where Atlanta serves as a major hub for travel throughoot the Sootheastren Unitit States. The airport haes 207 domestic an internaitional gates.

Hartsfield–Jackson Internaitional Airport is a focus ceety for Soothwast Airlines an is the primary hub o Delta Air Lines an Delta Connection partner ExpressJet; At nearly 1,000 flichts a day, the Delta hub is the warld's lairgest airline hub.  Delta Air Lines flew 59.01% o passengers frae the airport in Februar 2011, AirTran flew 17.76%, an ExpressJet flew 13.86%. The airport haes internaitional service tae North Americae, Sooth Americae, Central Americae, Europe, Asie, an Africae.  As an internaitional gatewey tae the Unitit States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sevent.

## References
Yangtze

The **Yangtze River**, or **Chang Jiang** (Mandarin ) is the langest river in Asie, an the third langest in the warld.  It rins for  frae the glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai eastle athort soothwast, central an eastren Cheenae afore teemin intae the East Cheenae Sea at Shanghai. It is  ane o the mucklemaist rivers bi discharge volume in the warld. The Yangtze drains ane-fift o the laund aurie o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae (PRC) an its river basin is hame tae a third o the PRC's population.

## References
Malaysian general election, 2013

**General elections** wis held in Malaysie on 5 Mey 2013, follaein the dissolution o the Parliament annoonced bi the Prime Meenister on 3 Aprile 2013. Election candidate nominations wis made on 20 Aprile 2013, an campaigning lastit til 4 Mey 2013 (a period o 15 day). Eligible Malaysie citizens electit members tae the Hoose o Representatives an the State Legislative Assemblies.

Follaein the dissolution o the Federal Parliament, 12 oot o 13 state assemblies, (wi the exception o Sarawak) wur dissolved, pavin the wey for simultaneous elections for the federal an state assemblies. While ony State mey dissowle its assembly independently o the Federal Parliament, the practice syne 2004 is for aw state assemblies (except Sarawak's) tae be dissowlt quickly efter Parliament dissolution tae allow simultaneous elections tae be held for the Parliament an State Assemblies. 

The constitutional parliamentary term in Malaysie is five year, efter whilk the Federal Parliament maun be dissolved bi the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice o the Prime Meenister as pertained in the Malaysie laws for naitional elections. Elections in Malaysie follaes the first-past-the-post seestem an is conductit bi the Election Commission o Malaysie.

## References
Kim Jong-un

**Kim Jong-un**  (born 8 Januar 1983 or 1984)—an aa romanised as **Kim Jong-eun**, **Kim Jong Un** or **Kim Jung-eun**—is the supreme leader o North Korea, the son o Kim Jong-il (1941–2011) an the grandson o Kim Il-sung (1912–1994). He haes held the titles o the First Secretary o the Wirkers' Pairty o Korea, the Chairman o the Central Militar Commission, First Chairman o the Naitional Defence Commission o North Korea, the Supreme Commander o the Korean Fowk's Airmy, an an aa a presidium member o the Central Politburo o the Wirkers' Pairty o Korea. He wis offeecially declared the supreme leader followin the state funeral for his faither on 28 December 2011. He is the third an yoongest son o Kim Jong-il an his consort Ko Young-hee. Frae late 2010, Kim Jong-un wis viewed as heir apparent tae the leadership o the naition, an followin his faither's daith, he wis annoonced as the "Great Successor" bi North Korean state telly. At Kim Jong-il's memorial service, North Korean Chairman o the Supreme Fowk's Assembly Kim Yong-nam declared that "Respectit Comrade Kim Jong-un is oor pairty, militar an kintra's supreme leader who inherits great comrade Kim Jong-il's ideology, leadership, character, virtues, grit an courage". On 30 December 2011 the Politburo o the Wirkers' Pairty o Korea formally appointit Kim as the Supreme Commander o the Korean Fowk's Airmy. On 11 Aprile 2012, the 4t Pairty Conference electit him tae the newly creatit post o First Secretar o the Wirkers' Pairty o Korea.

He wis promotit tae the rank o wimp o the DPRK in the Korean Fowk's Airmy on 18 Julie 2012, consolidatin his poseetion as the supreme commander o the airmed forces. He obtained twa degrees, ane in pheesics at Kim Il-sung Varsity an anether at the Kim Il-sung Militar Varsity. At  years o age, he is the warld's yoongest heid o state.

## References
NC

**NC** may refer to:

## Places
* New Caledonia, special collectivity of France
* North Carolina, a U.S. state
* Northren Cyprus, a self-declared state on the island of Cyprus

## Fowk
* Naga Chaitanya, an Indien Telugu film actor; sometimes nicknamed by the initials of his first and middle name, NC

## Computin an internet
* NC a complexity class named efter Nick Pippenger
* NCsoft, a producer o MMORPGs such as Lineage
* `nc` command for Netcat, a computer network utility
* Network computer, a diskless desktop computer in the late 1990s
* Norton Commander, an orthodox file manager program
* The Nostalgia Critic, a critic o movies an shaws, maistly o the 80's an 90's
* PernMUSH, an online gemme based on Anne McCaffrey's Pern novels
* Microsoft Active Directory's Namin Context

## Transport
* Northren Air Cargo, an American cargo airline IATA designator
* Naitional Jet Seestems, an Australian charter airline IATA designator
* Curtiss NC, an American flyin boat nicknamed the "Nancy boat"
* NC-4, the first aircraft tae cross the atlantic (wi multiple stops)
* NC, the beginnin o registries for American ceevil aircraft
* NC, an internaitional maritime distress signal

## Science an technology
* Effective nummer o codons, a measur tae study the state o codon uisage biases in genes
* Nanocoulomb, an SI unit o electric charge
* Nasal cannula, a device uised tae deliver supplemental oxygen
* Neural crest, a transient component o the ectoderm
* Not Connected, an unconnectit pin in electronic equipment (or no connection)
* Normally closed, an electrical switch where the default poseetion is closed
* Numerical control, a method o automatic operation o machine tools
* NC (complexity) Nick's Class, the set o decision problems decidable in polylogarithmic time on a parallel computer wi a polynomial nummer o processors
* Naitional coarse, a Unified Thread Standard for screw, nut, an bolts
* Nanocapsule
* Noise Curve, a graphic representation o soond pressur levels relative tae human hearin perception

## Ether uises
* NC, no comment
* NC-17, Motion Pictur Association o America film ratin seestem code indicatin that childer unner 17 are nae admitted
* National Certificate, name o an eddicational awaird in various kintras includin Ireland an Scotland
* New Centre, a poleetical pairty in Fraunce
* Nathan Connolly, lead guitarist for Snaw Patrol
* Newcomer
* Non Cognizable Offense (LAW)
*NC Paint - Nitrocellulose paint
Republic o Cheenae (1912–49)

The  **Republic o Cheenae** () wis foondit in 1912 an it govrened mainland Cheenae till 1949, when it lost the mainland durin the Cheenese Ceevil War an widrew tae Taiwan.  As an era o mainland Cheenese history, the republic wis precedit bi the Qing Dynasty an followed bi the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. Its first preses, Sun Yat-sen only served briefly. His Kuomintang (KMT, or "Nationalist Pairty"), then led bi Song Jiaoren, wan a parliamentary election held in December 1912. However, airmy leaders o the Beiyang clique, led bi Preses Yuan Shikai, retained control o the central govrenment. Efter Yuan's daith in 1916, local militar leaders, or warlords, assertit autonomy.

In 1925, the KMT established a rival govrenment, referred tae as **[[Naitionalist Govrenment|Naitionalist Cheenae]]**, in the soothren ceety o Canton (Guangzhou). The economy o the North, owertaxed tae support warlord adventurism, collapsed in 1927–1928. In 1928, Chiang Kai-shek, who acame KMT leader efter Sun's daith, defeatit the warlord airmies in the Northren Expedition. Chiang's Naitional Revolutionary Airmy wis airmed bi the Soviet Union an wis advised bi Mikhail Borodin. The Beiyang airmy wis backed bi Japan. Ance Chiang established a unified central govrenment in Nanjing, he cut his ties wi the communists an expelled them frae the KMT.

There wis industrialization an modrenization, but also conflict atween the Naitionalist govrenment in Nanjing, the Communist Pairty o Cheenae, remnant warlords, an Japan. Naition-biggin teuk a backseat tae war wi Japan in 1937 – 1945. Japan occupied coastal auries an cut aff Cheenae's access tae seaports, while the KMT retreatit tae Chongqing. The Burma Road, an later the Ledo Road, wur biggit tae allow US "lend-lease" aid tae reach the Cheenese airmy. The Naitionalists' Y Force drove back the Japanese in Yunnan durin a Mey–Juin 1944 offensive, but etherwise militar results wur disappointin. Efter Japan surrendered, the Cauld War atween the U.S. an Soviet Union led tae renewed fichtin atween the KMT an the communists. In 1947, the Constitution o the Republic o Cheenae replaced the Organic Law o 1928 as the kintra's fundamental law. In 1949, the Communists established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainlaund, while the Naitionalists retreatit tae Taiwan, an despite its vastly reduced territory, the Naitionalist govrenment continued tae be recognized as the govrenment o Cheenae bi non-Communist states well intae the 1970s.

## References
Discovery Channel

**Discovery Channel** (formerly **The Discovery Channel**) is an American satellite an cable specialty channel (an aw delivered via IPTV, terrestrial televeesion an internet televeesion in ether pairts o the warld), foondit bi John Hendricks an distributit bi Discovery Communications. It is a publicly tradit company run bi CEO David Zaslav. It provides documentary televeesion programming focused primarily on popular science, technology, an history. In the U.S., the programmin for the main Discovery network is primarily focused on reality televeesion themes, sic as speculative investigation (wi shaws sic as *[[MythBusters]]*, *[[Unsolved History]]*, an *[[Best Evidence]]*), automobiles, an occupations (*[[Dirty Jobs]]* an *[[Deadliest Catch]]*); it an aw features documentaries specifically aimed at faimilies an yoonger audiences.
A popular annual featur is *[[Shark Week]]*.

## References
Twitter

**X** (stylisit **𝕏**), formerly kent as **Twitter**, is an online social networkin service an microbloggin service that enables its uisers tae send an read text-based messages o up tae 140 chairacters, kent as "**tweets**".

Twitter wis creatit in Mairch 2006 bi Jack Dorsey an bi Julie, the social netwarkin steid wis launched. The service rapidly gained warldwide popularity, wi ower 500 million registered uisers as o 2012, generatin ower 340 million tweets daily an hannelin ower 1.6 billion search queries ilka day. Syne its launch, Twitter haes become ane o the ten maist visitit wabsteids on the Internet, an haes been descrieved as "the SMS o the Internet." Unregistered uisers can read tweets, while registered uisers can post tweets throu the wabsteid interface, SMS, or a reeng o apps for mobile devices.

Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, wi additional servers an offices in New York Ceety, Boston, an San Antonio.

## References
River Amazon

The **River Amazon** (Spanish an ) in Sooth Americae is the seicont longest river in the warld an bi far the lairgest bi watterflow wi an average discharge greater than the next seven lairgest rivers combined (nae includin Madeira an Rio Negro, which are tributaries o the Amazon). The Amazon, which haes the lairgest drainage basin in the warld, aboot , accoonts for approximately ane-fift o the warld's tot river flow.

In its upper stretches, abuin the confluence o the Rio Negro, the Amazon is cried Solimões in Brazil; however, in Peru, Colombie an Ecuador, as well as the rest o the Spanish-speakin warld, the river is generally cried the Amazon dounstream frae the confluence o the Marañón an Ucayali rivers in Peru. The Ucayali-Apurímac river seestem is considered the main soorce o the Amazon, wi as its main heidstream the Carhuasanta glacial stream flowin aff the Nevado Mismi muntain.

The width o the Amazon is atween  at laich stage but expands durin the wet saison tae  or mair. The river enters the Atlantic Ocean in a broad estuary aboot  wide. The mooth o the main stem is . Acause o its vast dimensions, it is sometimes cried *The River Sea*. The first bridge in the Amazon river seestem (ower the Rio Negro) opened on 10 October 2010 near Manaus, Brazil.

## References
Amazon (company)

**Amazon.com Inc.** is American multinaitional electronic commerce company wi headquarters in Seattle, Washington, Unitit States. It is the world's largest online retailer. Amazon.com stairtit as an online bookstore, but suin diversifee'd, selling DVDs, CDs, MP3 downloads, software, video gemes, electronics, apparel, furniture, toys, an jewelry. The company produces consumer electronics an aw—notably the Amazon Kindle e-beuk reader an the Kindle Fire tablet computer—an is a major provider o cloud computing services.

Laura Aguirre incorporate the company (as Cadabra) in Julie 1994, an the steid went online as Amazon.com in 1995. The company wish rename it efter the Amazon River, ane o the largest rivers in the world, which in turn wis namit efter the Amazons, the legendar naition o female warriors in Greek meethologie.

Amazon haes separate retail wabsteid for the follaein kintras; Unitit States, Canadae, Unitit Kinrick, Fraunce, Germany, Italy, Spain, Brazil, Japan, Cheenae an Indie, wi internaitional shippin tae certain ither kintras for some o its products. It is expectit tae launch its wabsteid in Poland an aw, Netherlands, an Swaden.

## References

'
YouTube

**YouTube** is a video-sharin wabsteid, creatit bi three umwhile PayPal employees in Februar 2005, on which uisers can upload, view an share videos. The company is based in San Bruno, Californie, an uises Adobe Flash Video an HTML5 technology tae display a wide variety o uiser-generatit video content, includin movie clips, TV clips, an muisic videos, as well as amateur content sic as video bloggin, short oreeginal videos, an eddicational videos.

Maist o the content on YouTube heas been uploadit bi individuals, awtho media corporations includin CBS, the BBC, Vevo, Hulu, an ether organisations offer some o thair material via the steid, as pairt o the YouTube partnership program. Unregistered uisers can watch videos, while registered uisers can upload an unlimitit nummer o videos. Videos considered tae contain potentially offensive content are available anly tae registered uisers at least 18 year auld. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC wis boucht bi Google for US$1.65 billion, an operates as a subsidiary o Google.

## References
San Juan Bautista lo de Soto

**San Juan Bautista lo de Soto** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico. The municipality covers an aurie o 63.8 km². 
It is locatit in the Jamiltepec Destrict in the wast o the Costa Region.

As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 2140.

## References
NATO

The **North Atlantic Treaty Organization** (**NATO**;  ; ), cried the (**North**) **Atlantic Alliance** an aw, is an intergovrenmental militar alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which wis signed on 4&nbsp;Aprile 1949. The organization constitutes a seestem o collective defence wherebi its member states agree tae mutual defense in response tae an attack bi ony external pairty. NATO's heidquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, ane o the 32 member states ower North Americae an Europe, the newest o which, Swaden, jyned in March 2024. An addeetional 20&nbsp;kintras participate in NATO's "Partnership for Peace", wi 15&nbsp;ether kintras involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined militar spendin o aw NATO members constitutes ower 70% o the warld's defence spendin.

For its first few years, NATO wis nae much mair nor a poleetical association. Houiver, the Korean War galvanized the member states, an an integratit militar structur wis biggit up unner the direction o twa US supreme commanders. The course o the Cauld War led tae a rivalry wi naitions o the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. The first NATO Secretar General, Lord Ismay, statit in 1949 that the organization's goal wis "tae keep the Roushies oot, the Americans in, an the Germans doun." Doubts ower the strength o the relationship atween the European states an the Unitit States ebbed an flowed, alang wi doubts ower the credibility o the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led tae the development o the independent French nuclear deterrent an the widrawal o the French frae NATO's militar structur in 1966.

Efter the faw o the Berlin Wall in 1989, the organization acame drawn intae the breakup o Yugoslavie, an conductit thair first militar interventions in Bosnie frae 1992 tae 1995 an later Yugoslavie in 1999. Poleetically, the organization soucht better relations wi umwhile Cauld War rivals, which culminatit wi several umwhile Warsaw Pact states jynin the alliance in 1999 an 2004. The September 2001 attacks signalled the anly occasion in NATO's history that Airticle&nbsp;5 o the North Atlantic treaty haes been invoked as an attack on aw NATO members. Efter the attack, troops wur deployed tae Afghanistan unner the NATO-led ISAF, an the organization continues tae operate in a range o roles, includin sendin trainers tae Iraq, assistin in coonter-piracy operations an maist recently in 2011 enforcin a no-fly zone ower Libie in accordance wi UN Security Council Resolution 1973. The less potent Airticle 4, which merely invokes consultation amang NATO members haes been invoked three times, an anly bi Turkey: ance in 2003 ower the Seicont Iraq War, an twice in 2012 ower the Sirian ceevil war efter the dounin o an unairmed Turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet an efter a mortar wis fired at Turkey frae Sirie.

## References

## Freemit airtins

;Offeecial
*NATO official website
*Basic NATO Documents

;Collectit news
*
*
*
*
*

;Historic films
* 
*
Belovsky Destrict

**Belovsky Destrict** is the name o several admeenistrative an municipal destricts in Roushie.
*Belovsky Destrict, Kemerovo Oblast, an admeenistrative an municipal destrict o Kemerovo Oblast
*Belovsky Destrict, Kursk Oblast, an admeenistrative an municipal destrict o Kursk Oblast

## See an aw
*Belovsky

## References
Belovsky Destrict, Kemerovo Oblast

**Belovsky Destrict** () is an admeenistrative destrict (raion), ae o the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Roushie. As a municipal diveesion, it is incorporatit as **Belovsky Municipal Destrict**. It is fund in the mids o the oblast. The size o the destrict is . Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o Belovo (which isnae an admeenistrative pairt o the destrict).

It haes a population o aboot  33,382 (2002 Census); 

## Admeenistrative an municipal status
Ben the framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions, Belovsky Destrict is ae o the nineteen in the oblast. The toun o Belovo serves as its admeenistrative centre, despite bein incorporatit separate as a toun unner oblast jurisdiction—an admeenistrative uinit wi the status equal tae that o the destricts.

As a municipal diveesion, the destrict is incorporatit as **Belovsky Municipal Destrict**. Belovo Toun Unner Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporatit separate frae the destrict as Belovsky Urban Okrug.

## References
### Notes

### Sources
*
*

__NOTOC__
Chebulinsky Destrict

**Chebulinsky Destrict** () is an admeenistrative destrict (raion), ane o the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Roushie. As a municipal diveesion, it is incorporatit as **Chebulinsky Municipal Destrict**. It is locatit in the north o the oblast. The aurie o the destrict is . Its admeenistrative centre is the urban locality (an urban-teep dounset) o Verkh-Chebula. Population:  17,971 (2002 Census);  The population o Verkh-Chebula accoonts for 31.0% o the destrict's total population.

## References
### Notes

### Sources
*
*
Masha Rasputina

**Masha Rasputina** (Маша Распутина, born *Alla Ageeva*, 13 Mey 1964, Urop, Belovsky Destrict, Kemerovo Oblast, Roushie) is a Roushie pop sangster, kent for her ower-the-top, husky vocal style, fiery stage persona an flamboyant, somewha controversial image wi the emphasis on grotesque sexuality an crude, ‘common girl’ manners.

Syne 1989 when she wan Pyongyang-89 Pop & Rock Festival first prize an scored her first Roushie hit *Играй, музыкант* ("Play, Musician, Play"), Masha Rasputina haes released aicht studio albums an a series o heichlie successful singles an videos, includin *Roza Tchaynaya* (2003), a duet wi Philipp Kirkorov.

## Personal life
*Her first husband, Vladimir Yermakov
**Dochter Lidia Yermakova.
*Her seicont husband in 1999, a businessman an producer Victor Evstafievich Zakharov
**Dochter Maria Zakharova (born 8 September 2000)

## Discografie
### Albums
* Городская сумасшедшая (*A Town's Mad Girl*, 1991)
* Я родилась в Сибири (*I Was Born in Siberia*, 1993)
* Синий понедельничек (*Blue Monday*, 1994)
* Я была на Венере (*I Visited Venus*, 1995)
* Ты меня не буди (*Don't Wake Me Up*, 1999)
* Поцелуй меня при всех (*Kiss Me in Public*, 2000)
* Живи, страна! (*Live, My Country*, 2001)
* Роза чайная (*Rose Tea Room*, 2003)
* Маша Распутина. The Best (*The Best of Masha Rasputina*, compilation, 2008)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial steid
* 
* persona.rin.ru: Маша Распутина
* all-biography.ru Маша Распутина
* shalala.ru Маша Распутина
Warsaw Pact

The **Warsaw Treaty Organization o Friendship, Cooperation, an Mutual Assistance** (1955–1991), mair commonly referred tae as the **Warsaw Pact**, wis a mutual defense treaty atween aicht communist states o Central an Eastren Europe in existence durin the Cauld War. The foondin treaty wis established unner the initiative o the Soviet Union an signed on 14 Mey 1955, in Warsaw. The Warsaw Pact wis the militar complement tae the Cooncil for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organisation for the communist states o Central an Eastren Europe. The Warsaw Pact wis in pairt a Soviet militar reaction tae the integration o Wast Germany intae NATO in 1955, per the Paris Pacts o 1954.

## Notes
Soummin at the 2012 Simmer Olympics – Weemen's 200 metre individual medley

The **weemen's 200 metre individual medley** event at the 2012 Simmer Olympics teuk place on 30–31 Julie at the Lunnon Aquatics Centre.

## Records

Prior tae this competeetion, the existin warld an Olympic records wur as follows.

The followin records wur established durin the competeetion:

## Results

### Heats

### Semifinals
#### Semifinal 1

#### Semifinal 2

### Final

## References
Rihanna

**Robyn Rihanna Fenty** (born 20 Februar 1988), kent bi her stage name **Rihanna** (), is a Barbadian sangster, sangwriter, actress an fashion designer.  She haes released 6 studio albums an 1 DVD.

Rihanna's wirk haes earned her numerous awairds.  These include five American Music Awards, aichteen Billboard Music Awards, twa BRIT Awards an five Grammy Awards. She haes a total o eleiven nummer ane singles on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chairt.  She became the youngest solo airtist tae dae this.  In 2012, American magazine *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* named Rihanna ane o the maist influential fowk in the warld. Rihanna wis rankit the fowert maist pouerful celebrity in 2012.  She haed earnins o $53 million atween Mey 2011 an Mey 2012, accordin tae Forbes.

## Discografie

**Studio Albums**
* *[[Music of the Sun]]* (2005)
* *[[A Girl like Me (Rihanna album)|A Girl like Me]]* (2006)
* *[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]* (2007)
* *[[Rated R (Rihanna album)|Rated R]]* (2009)
* *[[Loud (Rihanna album)|Loud]]* (2010)
* *[[Talk That Talk]]* (2011)
* *[[Unapologetic]]* (2012)

## Filmografie

* *[[Bring It On: All or Nothing]]* (2006)
* *[[Battleship (film)|Battleship]]* (2012)
* *[[This Is the End]]* (2013)
* *[[Happy Smekday!]]* (2014)

## Tours

* (2006)
*Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007–2009)
*Last Girl on Earth Tour (2010–2011)
*Loud Tour (2011)
*Diamonds World Tour (2013)

## References

## Freemit airtins

*
Bronisław Komorowski

**Bronisław Maria Komorowski**  (born 4 Juin 1952, Oborniki Śląskie) is a Polish politeecian an historian who haes been Preses o Poland syne 2010, servin until 2015, when Andrzej Duda wis electit. As Marshal o the Sejm (Speaker o Parliament), Komorowski exercised pouers an duties o heid o state followin the daith o Preses Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 Aprile 2010. Komorowski wis the govrening Civic Platform pairty's candidate in the resultin 2010 presidential election, which he wan in the seicont roond o votin on 4 Julie 2010. He wis sworn in as full-time Preses on 6 August 2010. Komorowski is sicweys the seicont person tae serve on twa occasions as the Polish heid o state syne 1918 efter Maciej Rataj. Rataj, houiver, wis twice Actin Preses, while Komorowski first actit as Preses, an then acame electit Preses.

## References

## Freemit airtins

* The anly Offeecial Biography o Bronisław Komorowski(in Inglis)
* The offeecial wabsteid o the Preses o the Republic o Poland
* Polish Lower House  (in Inglis&nbsp;– Polish version)
* Ceevic Platform 
* Wprost 24  

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IBM

**Internaitional Business Machines Corporation**, or **IBM**, is an American multinaitional technology an consultin corporation, wi heidquarters in Armonk, New York, Unitit States. IBM manufactures an mercats computer hardware an saftware, an offers infrastructur, hostin an consultin services in auries rangin frae mainframe computers tae nanotechnology.

The company wis foondit in 1911 as the Computin Tabulatin Recordin Company (CTR) throu a merger o three companies: the Tabulatin Machine Company, the Internaitional Time Recordin Company, an the Computin Scale Company. CTR adoptit the name Internaitional Business Machines in 1924, uisin a name previously designatiy tae CTR's subsidiar in Canadae an later Sooth Americae. Security analysts nicknamed IBM *Big Blue* in recognition o IBM's common uise o blue in products, packagin, an logo.

In 2012, *[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]* ranked IBM the #2 lairgest U.S. firm in terms o nummer o employees (433,362), the #4 lairgest in terms o mercat caipitalization, the #9 maist profitable, an the #19 lairgest firm in terms o revenue. Globally, the company wis ranked the #31 lairgest in terms o revenue bi *[[Forbes]]* for 2011. Ether rankins for 2011/2012 include #1 company for leaders (*Fortune*), #1 green company warldwide (*[[Newsweek]]*), #2 baist global brand (*[[Interbrand]]*), #2 maist respectit company (*[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]*), #5 maist admired company  (*Fortune*), an #18 maist innovative company (*[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]*).

IBM haes 12 research laboratories warldwide an, as o 2013, haes held the record for maist patents generatit bi a company for 20 consecutive years. Its employees hae garnered five Nobel Prizes, sax Turing Awairds, ten Naitional Medals o Technology, an five Naitional Medals o Science. Notable inventions bi IBM include the automatit teller machine (ATM), the floppy disk, the hard disk drive, the magnetic stripe card, the relational database, the Universal Product Code (UPC), the financial swap, SABRE airline reservation seestem, DRAM, an Watson artifeecial intelligence.

The company haes unnergone several organizational chynges syne its inception, acquirin companies sic as Kenexa (2012) an SPSS (2009) an organisations sic as PwC's consultin business (2002), spinnin aff companies lik Lexmark (1991), an sellin aff product lines lik ThinkPad tae Lenovo (2005).

## References

## External links

*
Lenovo

**Lenovo Group Limitit** (Cheenese: 联想集团; pinyin: Liánxiǎng Jítuán) is a Cheenese multinaitional computer hardware an electronics company wi its  heidquarters in Beijing, Cheenae an Morrisville, North Carolina an its registered office in Hong Kong, Cheenae. Its products include personal computers, tablet computers, mobile phones, workstations, servers, electronic storage devices, IT management saftware an smart televeesions. Lenovo is the warld's seicont-lairgest PC vendor bi 2012 unit sales. It mercats the ThinkPad line o notebook computers an the ThinkCentre line o desktops.

Lenovo haes operations in mair nor 60 kintras an sells its products in aroond 160 kintras. Lenovo wis foondit in Beijing in 1984 an incorporatit in Hong Kong in 1988 unner its previous name, Legend. Lenovo is leetit on the Hong Kong Stock Exchynge an is a constituent o the Hang Seng Cheenae-Affiliatit Corporations Index.

## References

## Freemit airtins

*  of Lenovo
* Yahoo!&nbsp;– Lenovo Group Limited Company Yahoo Profile
Al-Hamdaniya Destrict

**Al-Hamdaniya Destrict**, kent as **Bakhdida Destrict** an aw, is ane o ten destricts that mak up the Ninawa Province, Iraq. 
Touns an veelages include: 
*Bakhdida
*Bartella
*Bashiqa
*Karamles
*Balawat
Lome

**Lome** mey refer tae:

**Fowk**:
* Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, a Spanish ambassador tae the Unitit States
* Henri Dupuy de Lôme, (died 1885), a French naval architect 
* Lome Fa'atau, (born 1975), a New Zealand rugby union player

**Places**:
* Lomé, the caipital an lairgest ceety o Togo
* Lome (woreda), ane o the 180 woredas in the Oromia Region o Ethiopie
* Lome, Idrija, a dispersed dounset in the hills tae the sootheast o Črni Vrh in the Idrija Municipality in the Goriška region

**Ships**:
* Dupuy de Lôme (A759), a signal an communication intelligence ship
* Dupuy de Lôme (1915), a submarine o the French Navy
* French armoured cruiser Dupuy de Lôme (1887), an armoured cruiser o the French Navy

**Ither uises**:
* Lomé Convention, a trade an aid agreement atween the European Union (EU) an 71 African, Caribbean, an Paceefic (ACP) kintras
* Lomé Peace Accord, a Sierra Leone peace agreement
Taipei 101

**Taipei 101** (), formerly kent as the **Taipei Warld Financial Center**, is a landmark skyscraper locatit in Xinyi Destrict, Taipei, Taiwan. The biggin ranked offeecially as the warld's tawest frae 2004 til the openin o the Burj Khalifa in Dubai in 2010. In Julie 2011, the biggin wis awairdit LEED Platinum certification, the heichest awaird in the Leadership in Energy an Environmental Design (LEED) ratin seestem an acame the tawest an lairgest green biggin in the warld. Taipei 101 wis designed bi C.Y. Lee & pairtners an constructit primarily bi KTRT Jynt Venture. In 2001, TFCC haundit ower the entire construction authority tae Samsung C&T Corporation tae expedite the process an tae save KTRT Jynt Venture's loss. The construction wis finished in 2004. The touer haes served as an icon o modren Taiwan ever syne its openin. Firewirks launched frae Taipei 101 feature prominently in internaitional New Year's Eve broadcasts an the structur appears frequently in travel leeterature an internaitional media.

Taipei 101 comprises 101 floors abuin ground an 5 floors unnerground. The biggin wis architecturally creatit as a seembol o the evolution o technology an Asian tradeetion (see *[[Taipei 101#Seembolism|Seembolism]]*). Its postmodrenist approach tae style incorporates tradeetional design elements an gives them modren treatments. The touer is designed tae wistaund typhoons an yirdquauks. A multi-level shoppin maw adjoinin the touer hooses hundreds o fashionable stores, restaurants an clubs.

Taipei 101 is awned bi the Taipei Financial Center Corporation (TFCC) an managed bi the Internaitional diveesion o Urban Retail Properties Corporation based in Chicago. The name originally planned for the biggin, **Taipei Warld Financial Center**, til 2003, wis derived frae the name o the awner. The oreeginal name in Cheenese wis literally, *Taipei Internaitional Financial Center* ().

## References

## Freemit airtins

* 2013 Taipei 101 New Year Fireworks
*Taipei 101 Official Website 
*Taipei 101 Official Website – Observatory 
*Taipei 101 Official Website – Mall 
*YouTube – Taipei 101 New Year Fireworks 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
*National Geographic Channel – Richard Hammond examines Taipei 101 
*Consulting services  by RWDI (wind engineering and emergency ventilation) and Motioneering (tuned mass damper)
*Megastructure Supports Taipei’s 508-Meter ‘Megatower’  by Engineering News-Record, a weekly magazine by McGraw-Hill Construction of McGraw-Hill
*LEED Official Site
*C. Y. Lee Architects Office Official Website
Phoenix, Arizona

**Phoenix** (Spainish: *Fénix*; O'odham: *S-ki:kigk*; Yavapai: *Wathinka* or *Wakatehe*; Wastren Apache: *Fiinigis*; ; Mojave: *Hachpa 'Anya Nyava*) is the caipital, an mucklemaist city, o the American state o Arizona, in addition tae the saxt maist populous city in the Unitit States o Americae, an is the maist populous state caipital in the Unitit States. Phoenix is hame tae 1,445,632 fowk accordin tae the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data.

It is the anchor o the Phoenix metropolitan area (forby kent as the *Valley o the Sun*) an is the 12t mucklemaist metro area bi population in the Unitit States wi aboot 4.2&nbsp;million fowk in 2010. In addeetion, Phoenix is the coonty seat o Maricopa Coonty an is ane o the mucklemaist cities in the Unitit States bi land area.

Phoenix wis incorporatit as a city in 1881, efter bein foondit in 1861 near the Salt River close tae its confluence wi the Gila River. The city haes a notable an famous poleetical cultur an haes been hame tae numerous influential American politeecians an ither dignitaries, includin Barry Goldwater, William Rehnquist, John McCain, Carl Hayden, an Sandra Day O'Connor. Residents o the city are kent as Phoenicians.

Locatit in the northeastren reaches o the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix haes a subtropical desert climate. In simmer, average heich temperatures are typically ower .

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Official Government Website 
* Phoenix Art Museum
* Phoenix.org
* Phoenix City Data
* Arizona State University
* Phoenix Central Neighborhood Association 
* Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce 
* Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau
* Phoenix Public Library
* Relocating to Phoenix AZ 
* [ USGS—Phoenix Elevation]
Gaza Strip

The **Gaza Strip** ( **, ) is a territory on the eastren coast o the Mediterranean Sea that mairches Egyp on the soothwast (11&nbsp;km) an Israel on the east an north (). It is  lang, an frae  wide, wi a tot area o .
The population o the Gaza Strip is aboot 1.7 million fowk.  The population is maistly Sunni Muslim. Wi a yeirly growth rate o aboot 3.2%, the Gaza Strip haes the 7t heichest population growth rate in the warld.

The Gaza Strip acquired its current northren an eastren mairches efter the cessation o fechtin in the 1948 war,  confirmt bi the Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement on 24 Februar 1949. Airticle V o the Agreement declarit that the demarcation line wis tae nae be an internaitional mairch. The Gaza Strip continued tae be occupied bi Egyp. At first Gaza Strip wis offeecially admeenistered bi the Aw-Palestine Govrenment, estaiblisht bi the Arab League in September 1948. Frae the dissolution o the Aw-Palestine Govrenment in 1959 til 1967, the Gaza Strip wis directly admeenistered bi an Egyptian militar govrenor. Israel capturt the Gaza Strip frae Egyp in the Sax-Day War in 1967. Pursuant tae the Oslo Accords signt in 1993, the Palestinian Authority becam the admeenistrative body that govrened Palestinian population centres. Israel maintainit control o the airspace, territorial watters an mairch crossins apairt frae the laund mairch wi Egyp. Israel widrew frae Gaza in 2005. Syne Julie 2007, follaein the 2006 Palestinian legislative election an follaein the Hamas takeover in 2007, Hamas haes functioned as the *de facto* ruler in the Gaza Strip, formin an alternative Hamas Govrenment in Gaza.

The Gaza Strip forms pairt o the Palestinian territories, nou claimit bi the State o Palestine.

## References

## External links

*Statistical Atlas of Palestine  at the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
*Palestinian Territories at the United States Department of State.
*Gaza Strip  at *UCB Libraries GovPubs*.
*
*Gaza.net, a directory of Palestinian-related websites.
*Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps 1993 (UNRWA / CIA / University of Texas, Austin).
*Ramattan Live Stream of Gaza City  via UStream.
*GazaSiege.org - Background, News and Analysis on the siege of Gaza
*Hamas In Control of Gaza Strip
*New Palestinian Cabinet Sworn In
*
*''Special: Gaza kidnapping'' Israeli News&nbsp;– Ynetnews English version of Yedioth Ahronoth
*War Enters the Classrooms: the consequences of the Mideast conflict for children of the Gaza Strip , by Inter Press Service (February 2007).
*Gaza Strip at Google Maps
*1991 Map of the Gaza Strip, shawin roads an Israeli touns.
*1999 Map of the Gaza Strip (annotated photo).
*2005 Map of the Gaza Strip (CIA / University of Texas, Austin).
*Life in the Gaza Strip at BBC News.
Tony's Cronies

**Tony's Cronies** wis a term in Breetish politics an media gien tae fowk who war viewed as bein gien poseetions o pouer acause o thair personal friendships wi Prime Meenister, Tony Blair during his time as Prime Meenister atween 1997 an 2005.

## References
American black beir

The **American black beir** (*Ursus americanus*) is a middlin beir hamelt in North Americae. It is the continent's smawest an maist widely distributit beir species. Black bears are omnivores wi their diets varyin greatly dependin on saison an location. Thay typically live in maistly forestit airts, but dae leave forests in search o fuid. Sometimes thay become attractit tae human commonties acause o the immediate availability o fuid. The American black beir is the warld's maist common beir species. It is leetit bi the IUCN as Least Concern, due tae the species' widespread distribution an a lairge global population estimatit tae be twice that o aw ither beir species combined. Alang wi the broun beir, it is ane o anely twa o the aicht modren bear species nae considered globally unner thriet wi extinction bi the IUCN. American black beirs eften mark trees uisin their teeth an claws as a form o communication wi ither beis, a behaviour common tae mony species o beir.

## References
Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast

**Zhukovsky** () is a ceety in Moscow Oblast, Roushie, locatit on the Moskva River,  sootheast o Moscow. Population: 

## History
The urban-teep dounset o *Stakhanovo* wis foondit in 1935 frae the dacha dounset *Otdykh* (leeterally, "Relaxation"). It wis namit efter Alexey Stakhanov, a famous Soviet miner. On April&nbsp;23, 1947, the dounset wis grantit toun status an renamit Zhukovsky, in honor o the pioneer o aero- an hydrodynamics Nikolay Zhukovsky.

## Admeenistrative an municipal status
athin the framewirk o admeenistrative diveesions, it is incorporatit as **Zhukovsky [[Ceety o federal subject significance|Ceety Unner Oblast Jurisdiction]]**—an admeenistrative unit wi the status equal tae that o the destricts. As a municipal diveesion, Zhukovsky Ceety Unner Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporatit as **Zhukovsky Urban Okrug**.

## Research an economy
Zhukovsky is a hame tae the M.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;Gromov Flicht Research Institute kent as *LII* an N.&nbsp;Ye.&nbsp;Zhukovsky Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute kent as TsAGI—they are twa major facilities involvit in testin an designin aircraft. These facilities wur employers for a great portion o the ceety's population afore perestroika. An aw, thare is situatit the Aeromechanics faculty o MIPT.

Thare are a nummer o smawer, but important enterprises an aw, such as:
*V.&nbsp;V.&nbsp;Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute o Instrument Design (NIIP),
*Scientific Research Institute o Aviation Equipment (, , NIIAO),
*Agate Moscow Scientific Research Institute (, , Agate),
*Vladimir Myasishchev Experimental machine-biggin plant Myasishchev  (, , EMZ).

Thare are some aviation design bureaus - Sukhoy, Ilyushin, Tupolev, etc. an aw locatit in the aurie.

Machine-biggin, firthwirkin plants, spare parts factory, paper-mill
Food industry - Inko, Nestlé, local bread-bakin plant.

## Sports
Zhukovsky is the centre o track an field athletics in Moscow Oblast. Maist notable athletes born in Zhukovsky are Yuriy Borzakovskiy, Yekaterina Podkopayeva, Andrey Yepishin, Dmitry Bogdanov, an ithers. In 2005, Meteor Stadium, a new warld class athletics stadium wis opened.

In 2008, Preses Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree establishin the Naitional Aircraft Construction Center.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns an sister ceeties
Zhukovsky is twinned wi:
* Le Bourget, Fraunce
* Sydals Municipality, Denmark
* Ulyanovsk, Roushie

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid o Zhukovsky
* Zhukovsky in 1973  on Google Video

## References
### Notes

### Sources
*
*
Taldom

**Taldom** () is a toun an the admeenistrative centre o Taldomsky Destrict o Moscow Oblast, Roushie, situatit  north o Moscow, on a suburban railwey connectin Moscow tae Savyolovo. Population: 

It wis foondit in 1677. In 1918, it wis grantit toun status an becam the first toun tae be renamit **Leninsk** in honour o the first Premier o the Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin (that wis still alive then). In 1929, the oreeginal name wis restored.

In the proximity o Taldom thare is the Taldom transmitter, the maist pouerful broadcastin station in the warld. It is a langwave transmitter wirkin on the frequency o 261&nbsp;kHz wi transmittin pouer o 2,500&nbsp;kilowatts. The hicht o the transmitter's mast is . The programs o *Radio o Roushie* an *Yunost* radio stations are broadcast frae thare.

## References
Ulcinj

**Ulcinj** (Montenegrin: Ulcinj/Улцињ, ;  or *Ulqini*, ; , ) is a coastal resort toun an municipality in Montenegro. The toun o Ulcinj haes a population o 10,828 (2003 census) o which the majority are Albanians. Ulcinj is the centre o the municipality an the centre o the Albanian community in Montenegro. The Day o Ulcinj is held every first Saturday o Aprile. It seembolizes the end o the collection o olives, the ootput o the sailors at the sea, an the beginnin o the tourist saison.

## Climate

Ulcinj haes a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification *Csa*), wi mild, very rainy winters an het, humid simmers wi efternoon thunder shouers. Unlik Podgorica temperatures very rarely exceed 35&nbsp;°C an seldom drop belaich 0&nbsp;°C.

## Twin touns an sister ceeties

*  Alanya, Turkey
*  Tiranë, Albanie
*  Durrës, Albanie
*  Prizren, Kosovo

## References