open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rhodesie

**Rhodesie** (), offeecially the **Republic o Rhodesie** frae 1970, wis an unrecognised state locatit in soothren Africae that existit atween 1965 an 1979 follaein its Unilateral Declaration o Independence frae the Unitit Kinrick on 11 November 1965. Wi its government based at the umwhile colonial caipital o Salisbury, its territory consistit o the umwhile Breetish colony o Soothren Rhodesie. The state wis named efter Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the 19t century.

The landlockt kintra bordered Sooth Africae tae the sooth, Botswana (post-1966) tae the soothwast, Zambie tae the northwast an Mozambique (a Portuguese territory till 1975) tae the east. The state wis governed bi a predominantly white minority government till 1979, initially as a self-governin colony then, efter the Unilateral Declaration o Independence as a self-proclaimed sovereign Dominion an latterly a Republic.

Throughoot its history, Rhodesie continued tae be referred to by the British, who did no recognize the state, as "Soothren Rhodesie". Afore 1964, the name "Rhodesie" haed referred tae the territory consistin o Soothren Rhodesie an Northren Rhodesie which formed the Federation o Rhodesia an Nyasaland. It consistit o modern Zambie, Zimbabwe, an Malawi; housomeivver, when the umwhile colony o Northren Rhodesie renamed itself Zambie on independence in 1964, Nyasaland renamed itself Malawi in 1964, an the colony o Soothren Rhodesie chynged its name tae simply "Rhodesie". Housomivver, the chynge haed no yet been offeecially ratified when Rhodesie declared itself independent, an as a result, the Breetish Government continued tae refer tae the breakaway colony as "Soothren Rhodesie" throughoot its existence, a stance it maintained regardin the Juin–December 1979 successor state o Zimbabwe Rhodesie. Therefore, when Zimbabwe Rhodesia returned tae colonial status frae December 1979 tae Aprile 1980, it wis as "Soothren Rhodesie", which, accordin tae Breetain, it haed niver ceased tae be cawed. Soothren Rhodesie subsequently gained internaitional recognition o its independence in Aprile 1980, when it became the independent Republic o Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe

**Zimbabwe** (), offeecially the **Republic o Zimbabwe** (an umwhile **[[Soothren Rhodesie]]**, the **[[Rhodesie|Republic o Rhodesie]]**, an **[[Zimbabwe Rhodesie]]**), is a landlockt kintra locatit in the soothren pairt o the continent o Africae, atween the Zambezi an Limpopo rivers. It is mairched bi Sooth Africae tae the sooth, Botswana tae the soothwast, Zambie tae the northwast an Mozambique tae the east. Zimbabwe haes three offeecial leids: Inglis, Shona (a Bantu leid), an Ndebele (a Bantu leid an aa).

## References
Proton Tiara

The **Proton Tiara** wis a Malaysian automobile based on the Citroën AX, built unner licence bi the automobile manufacturer Proton atween 1996 an 2000.

## History
The genesis o the Tiara wis the result o an agreement durin the mid-1990s atween Proton's then CEO, Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad, an PSA Peugeot Citroën, a producer o Citroën an Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya haed expressed wishes that Proton no uise Mitsubishi platforms, an that Proton cooperate wi PSA Peugeot Citroën for access tae its diesel ingines.

Yahaya Ahmad wis killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, an Proton returned tae uisin various Mitsubishi-based platforms an developed in-hoose designed models later. Production o the Tiara ceased in 2000 due tae low sales volume; in 2005, the Proton Savvy wis launched as a successor tae the Proton Tiara.

## Design an market
The Tiara wis kent as the cheapest uised caur in its market. Its appearance mimicked that o mair pouerful Citroën AXs, such as the AX GT, but the grille wis restyled tae match the existin Saga an Wira models. Ither cosmetic differences includit different bumpers an taillicht clusters. It wis ae available wi a 1.1-litre 45&nbsp;kW (60&nbsp;hp) ingine.

The Proton Tiara wis sauld ae in the Malaysian market, due tae similarities wi the Citroën AX.
Studebaker US6

The **Studebaker US6** (**M16A**) is a class o 2.5-ton trucks manufactured bi Studebaker durin Warld War II, produced in the Unitit States frae 1941-1945 an in the Soviet Union beginnin in 1942.

## Specifications
The US6 haed a sax-cylinder petrol ingine that attained 94 horsepouer (70&nbsp;kW), wi a five-speed transmission. Production wis dividit atween GMC producin trucks for the US Airmy, Studebaker Company producin 2.5-ton trucks for Lend-Lease, an International Harvester producin for the US Navy & Marines. Three primary manufacturers produced ower 900,000 2.5-ton trucks in aw, in baith 6x4 an 6x6 axle/wheel versions, wi approximately 200,000 Studebaker trucks built in thirteen variations, includin dump truck an tractor models.

## Allied uise
Lairge numbers o Lend-Lease Studebaker trucks wur sent intae the Soviet Union via the Persian Corridor.  The Soviets foond them a guid platform for Katyusha rocket launchers, although it wis no their prime uise in the Soviet Union. It filled mony roles in the RKKA, such as pullin artillery an wis renowned for its ruggedness an reliability. The truck wis affectionately kent as the *Studer* bi Soviet troops.

 

## See an aa
* G-numbers
* Katyusha rocket launcher
## References
* SNL G630
## Freemit airtins
* http://www.olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_us6.php
Studebaker Light Four

The **Studebaker Light Four** wis an automobile produced bi the Studebaker Corporation o Sooth Bend, Indiana in 1918 an 1919. The caur wis offeecially designatit **Model SH Series 19** an available as a touring caur, sedan an roadster.

The Light Four rode a 112 in (2,800&nbsp;mm) wheelbase, an wis pouered bi Studebaker's inline 192 cu in (3,150 cc) fower-cylinder ingine, deliverin 40&nbsp;bhp (30&nbsp;kW) at 2,000&nbsp;rpm.

The Light Four wis dropped in 1920 as Studebaker shiftit its model range exclusively tae sax cylinder ingines.

Acause o its law production nummers, the Light Four is considered tae be a rare model bi Studebaker collectors o this era o automobile.

## References
*
Studebaker Light Six

The **Studebaker Light Six** wis a caur biggit bi the Studebaker Corporation o Sooth Bend, Indiana frae 1918-1927.

## Studebaker Standard Six
In August, 1924, the caur wis renamed the **Studebaker Standard Six**.

While in production, the Light Six / Standard Six representit Studebaker's least expensive model. The caur wis available in a full array o body styles throughoot its production.

## Studebaker Standard Six Dictator
In 1927, the caur wis renamed the Studebaker **Standard Six Dictator** in preparation for the 1928 model year whan the caur wad be hencefort kent as the Studebaker Dictator.

## Standard Six Coach specifications (1926 data)
***Colour** - Belgian blue wi black upper structur
***Seating Capacity** – Five
***Wheelbase** - 113 in (2,900&nbsp;mm)
***Wheels** - Wid
***Tires** - 31” x 5.25” balloon
***Service Brakes** - contractin on rear
***Emergency Brakes** - contract on drum on rear o transmission
***Ingine ** - Sax-cylinder, vertical, cast in block, 3-3/8 x 4-1/2&nbsp;inches; heid removable; valves in side; H.P. 27.3 N.A.C.C.
***Lubrication** - Force-feed
***Crankshaft** - Fower bearin
***Radiator** – Tubular
***Cooling** – Watter Pump
***Ignition** – Storage Battery
***Stairtin seestem** – Twa Unit
***Voltage** – Sax tae aicht
***Wiring seestem** – Single
***Petrol seestem** – Vacuum
***Clutch** – Dry plate, single disc
***Transmission** – Selective slidin
***Gear Changes** – 3 forrit, 1 reverse
***Drive** – Spiral bevel
***Rear Springs** – Semi-elliptic
***Rear Axle** – Semi-floatin
***Steering Gear** – Worm-an-wheel

### Staundart equipment
The new caur price includit the follaein items:
*tuils
*jack
*speedometer
*ammeter
*electric horn
*thief-proof lock
*automatic windshield cleaner
*demountable rims
*stap licht
*spare tire carrier
*rear-view mirror
*sun visor
*coul ventilator
*heidlicht dimmer
*clock
*dome licht

### Optional equipment
The follaein equipment on new caurs wur available at extra chairge:
*Hydraulic fower-wheel brakes wi disc wheels

Source: 

## References
*
Studebaker Champion

The **Champion** wis an automobile o the Studebaker Corporation o Sooth Bend, Indiana. Production for the model began at the beginnin o the 1939 model year an continued till 1958, when the model wis phased oot in preparation for the 1959 Studebaker Lark. Prior tae that time, Studebaker haed been placed unner receivership, an the company wis tryin tae return tae a profitable poseetion.

Success o the Champion in 1939 wis imperative tae Studebaker’s survival follaein waik sales durin the 1938 model year.

Unlik maist ither caurs, the Champion wis designed frae a "clean sheet"; that is, haein nae restrictions caused bi necessarily utilizin aulder pairts o requirin the subsequent uise o its components in hivier vehicles. Careful mercat research guidit the selection o features, but a key principle adhered tae wis the ingineerin watchwird "Weight is the enemy." For its size, it wis ane o the lichtest caurs o its era; its main competitor in this regaird bein the Willys Americar, which did no hae sae thoroughgoin a design process. An the ingineerin wis guid; its compact straight-6 ingine wis maintained tae the end o the 1964 model year (wi a chynge tae an OHV design in 1961).

The Champion wis ane o Studebaker's best-sellin models bi virtue o its law price (US $660 for the twa-door business coupe in 1939), durable ingine an stylin. The caur's ponton stylin wis authored bi industrial designer Raymond Loewy who haed been unner contract wi Studebaker for the design o thair automobiles. Champions wan Mobilgas economy runs bi postin the hichtest gas mileage tests. Durin Warld War II, Champions wur covetit for thair hie mileage in a time when gas wis rationed in the Unitit States. Frae 1943-1945, the Champion motor wis uised as the pouerplant for the unique Studebaker M29 Weasel personnel an cargo carrier, which an aa uised fower sets o the Champion's leaf springs arranged transversely for its bogie suspension.

In 1946, Studebaker biggit a leemitit nummer o caurs based on thair 1942 body shell in preparation o its new body an design roll oot in 1947. Aw Studebakers biggit in 1946 wur designatit **Skyway Champion** models.

In 1957, the **Champion Scotsman**, a stripped doun Champion, wis introduced bi Studebaker in an attempt tae compete wi the Big Three an Nash in the law price field. Shortly efter its introduction, the caur wis redesignatit the Studebaker Scotsman.

## References
*
*
* 
*Reminiscence frae the 1985 Interview wi Audrey Moore Hodges http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Design/Hodges_interview.htm
Jersey City

**Jersey City** is the seat o Hudson Coonty, New Jersey, Unitit States. As o the Unitit States 2000 Census, the population o Jersey Ceety wis 240,055, makkin it New Jersey's seicont-lairgest ceety efter Newark. As o the Census Bureau's 2017 estimate, the population haed grown tae 270,753.

Pairt o the New York metropolitan aurie, Jersey Ceety lees atween the Hudson River an Upper New York Bay athort frae Lawer Manhattan an the Hackensack River an Newark Bay. A commercial an industrial center, it is a port o entry an a manufacturin center. Wi 11 mile (17.7&nbsp;km) o waterfront an significant rail connections, Jersey Ceety is an important transportation terminus an distribution center. Service industries hae played a prominent role in the redevelopment o its waterfront an the creation o ane o the naition's lairgest office-space real estate mercats.

## References
Abdullah o Saudi Arabie

**King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Bin Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Bin Turki Bin Abdullah Bin Muhammad Bin Saud**, Custodian o the Twa Holy Mosques, (, born 1 August 1924-dee'd 23 Januar 2015) wis the saxt Keeng o Saudi Arabie, an heid o the Hoose o Saud frae 2005 till his daith. He succeedit tae the throne an assumed the title o King upon the daith o his hauf-brither, Keeng Fahd, on August 1, 2005. As Crown Prince syne 1982, he haed previously actit as *[[de facto]]* regent an thus ruler o Saudi Arabie syne Januar 1, 1996, when king Fahd wis incapacitatit bi a major stroke. He wis formally enthroned on August 3, 2005. Ane o his sons, Prince Mutaib, serves as a deputy commander in the Saudi Naitional Guard.

## References
Elegy (baund)

**Elegy** are a Dutch pouer metal baund, foondit in 1986 in Eindhoven. Their muisic is characterizit bi the fusion o pouer an progressive metal, which made them the pioneers o the 'progressive pouer metal' subgenre. The baund wis plagit bi a continuin chyngin roster, which coonts in the current line-up anerlie ane foondin member. Elegy hae currently suspendit ony recordin or live activity.

## Discography
### Albums
* *[[Labyrinth of Dreams]]* (1992)
* *[[Supremacy (Elegy album)|Supremacy]]* (1994)
* *[[Lost (Elegy album)|Lost]]* (1995)
* *Primal Instinct* (EP) (1996)
* *[[State of Mind (Elegy album)|State Of Mind]]* (1997)
* *[[Manifestation Of Fear]]* (1998)
* *[[Forbidden Fruit (Elegy album)|Forbidden Fruit]]* (2000)
* *[[Principles of Pain]]* (2002)

## Band members
### Current members
*Ian Parry - Vocals
*Patrick Rondat - Guitar
*Martin Helmantel  - Bass
*Bart Bisseling - Drums
*Joshua Dutrieux - Keyboards

### Umwhile members
*Eduard Hovinga - Vocals
*Henk van der Laars - Guitar
*A. Van Brusse - Guitar
*Gilbert Pot - Guitar
*S. Meeuwsen - Drums
*Ed Warby - Drums
*Dirk Bruinenberg - Drums
* Ton van der Stroom - Keyboards
*G. Hager - Keyboards

## External links
*Ian Parry/Elegy/Consortium Project website
Samarkand

**Samarkand** (; ; ; frae Sogdian: "Stane Fort" or "Rock Toun") is the seicont-lairgest ceety in Uzbekistan an the caipital o Samarqand Province. The ceety is maist notit for its central poseetion on the Silk Road atween Cheenae an the Wast, an for bein an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14t century, it became the caipital o the empire o Timur (Tamerlane), an is the site o his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains ane o the ceety's maist notable laundmerks. The Registan wis the auncient centre o the ceety.

In 2001, UNESCO addit the ceety tae its Warld Heritage Leet as *Samarkand – Crossroads o Culturs*.

## Sister ceeties

*  Nishapur, Iran
*  Bukhara, Uzbekistan
*  Balkh, Afghanistan
*  Merv, Turkmenistan
*  Cusco, Peru
*  Lahore, Pakistan
*  Lviv, Ukraine
*  Kairouan, Tunisie
*  Istanbul, Turkey
*  İzmir, Turkey
*  Khujand, Tajikistan
Thai leid

**Thai** ( *Phasa Thai* ) is the naitional an offeecial leid o Thailand an the native leid o the Thai fowk, Thailand's dominant ethnic group. Thai is a member o the Tai group o the Tai-Kadai leid faimily. Historical linguists hinnae can definitively link the Tai-Kadai leids tae ony ither leid faimily. Some wirds in Thai is borraed frae Pali, Sanskrit an Auld Khmer. It is a tonal an analytic leid. Thai haes a complex orthography an relational markers an aa. Thai is mutually intelligible wi Lao.

## References
Joseph Stalin

**Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin** (18 December 1879 – 5 Mairch 1953) wis a Soviet politeecian an heid o state who servit as the first General Secretar o the Communist Pairty o the Soviet Union's Central Committee frae 1922 till his daith in 1953. Efter the daith o Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Stalin rase tae acome the leader o the Soviet Union, which he ruled as a dictator.

Stalin launcht a command economy, replacin the New Economic Policy o the 1920s wi Five-Year Plans an launchin a period o rapid industrialization an economic collectivization. The upheaval in the agricultural sector disruptit fuid production, resultin in widespread faimin, includin the catastrophic Soviet faimin o 1932–1933 (kent in Ukraine as the *[[Holodomor]]*).

Durin the late 1930s, Stalin launcht the Great Purge (cried the "Great Terror" an aa), a campaign tae purge the Communist Pairty o fowk accuised o sabotage, terrorism, or treachery; he extendit it tae the military an ither sectors o Soviet society. In practice, the purges wur indiscriminate. Targets wur aften executit, impreesoned in Gulag labor camps or exiled. In the years which follaed, millions o members o ethnic minorities wur deportit an aw.

In 1939 Stalin entered intae a non-aggression pact wi Nazi Germany, follaed bi the Soviet invasion o Poland, Finland, the Baltics, Bessarabie an northren Bukovinae. Efter Germany violatit the pact in 1941, the Soviet Union jynt the Allies tae play an important role in the Axis defeat, at the cost o the lairgest daith toll for ony kintra in the war (maistly due tae the mass daiths o civilians in territories occupeed bi Germany). Efter the war, Stalin instawed subservient communist govrenments in maist kintras in Eastren Europe, formin the Eastren bloc, ahint wha wis referred tae as an "Airn Curtain" o Soviet rule durin the Cauld War.

Stalin fostered a cult o personality aroond hissel, but efter his daith, his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, denoonced his legacy an drove the process o de-Stalinization o the Soviet Union.

## References
Gary Glitter

**Gary Glitter** (born **Paul Francis Gadd** on 8 Mey 1944) is an Inglis umwhile glam rock sangster-sangwriter an muisician.

Glitter first came tae prominence in the glam rock era o the early 1970s. He haed a lang solo UK chairt run durin the 1970s, wi several hits includin "Rock and Roll parts 1 & 2", "I Love You Love Me Love", "I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am)" an "Hello, Hello, I'm Back Again". Atween 1972 an 1995 Glitter chairtit twintie-sax hit singles which spent a total o 180 weeks in the UK Top 100. He continued tae record in the 1980s an 1990s, wi his 1984 sang "Another Rock N' Roll Christmas" being ane o the Top 30 Christmas hits o aw time. He released seiven studio albums, an at least 15 greatest hits collections or live albums. In 1998, his recordin o "Rock and Roll" wis leetit as ane o the "Top 1001 sangs in muisic history." The maistly instrumental "Rock and Roll, Part 2" haes been played as a popular cheerin sang at American sportin events for several decades. 

In the late 1990s Glitter returned tae public attention due tae his conviction for possession o child pornography in the Unitit Kinrick, an subsequent conviction in Vietnam for committin obscene acts wi minors. 

## References
Manila

**Manila** (; pronounced  in Tagalog,   in Inglis), offeecially the **Ceety o Manila**, is the caipital o the Philippines an ane o the saxteen ceeties athin the Manila metropolitan aurie, ane o the maist populous metropolitan auries in the warld wi a population o 20 million fowk. It is locatit on the eastren shores o Manila Bay on the wastren side o the island o Luzon. Several ceeties lee on its border: Navotas an Caloocan tae the north, Quezon Ceety tae the northeast, San Juan an Mandaluyong tae the east, Makati tae the sootheast, an Pasay tae the sooth.

## Sister ceeties
Manila haes a nummer o sister ceeties warldwide, as classifee'd bi the ceety govrenment. Each sister ceety is dividit intae three pairts, namely the *International*, *Friendly location* an *Local Ceety*. Manila haes 33 Internaitional Sister Ceeties, three Friendly Location Ceeties an twa Local Sister Ceeties.

## References
Banner o the Faroe Islands

The **banner o the [[Faroe Islands]]** is an affset cross, follaein as wi ither Nordic banners the tradeetion set bi *[[Banner o Denmark|Dannebrog]]*. The banner is cawed ***Merkið*** which means "the banner" or "the mark". It resembles the banners o neighbouring Norrowey an Iceland.

The banner wis devised in 1919 bi Jens Oliver Lisberg an ithers while thay wur studyin in Copenhagen. The first time the Merkið wis raised in the Faroe Islands wis on Juin 22 that year in Famjin on the occasion o a weddin. On 25 Aprile 1940 the Breetish occupation govrenment approved the banner for uise bi Faroese vessels. Aprile 25 is still celebratit as **Flaggdagur** an it is a naitional holiday. Wi the Hame Rule Act o 23 Mairch 1948, the banner wis finally recognised bi the Dens Govrenment as the naitional banner o the Faroes. The oreeginal copy o the banner is displayed in the kirk o Fámjin in Suðuroy.

## Popular cultur

In the muisic video for sangster Björk's sang Declare Independence, the banner o the Faroe Islands (as well as that o Greenland's) are featurt on the uniforms o those who appear in the video. Björk, who is frae the umwhile Dens possession o Iceland, haes utilized her sang as a wake-up caw for colonized fowks tae break thair ties wi thair colonizers.

## See an aa
* Nordic Cross Banner

## References

*
Burmese leid

The **Burmese leid** (; ; MLCTS: *myanma bhasa*) is the offeecial leid o Burma. The mair the constitution offeecially recognises it as the **Myanmar leid**, maist Inglis speakers continues tae refer tae the leid as Burmese. Burmese is the native leid o the Bamar an relatit sub-ethnic groups o the Bamar, as weel as that o some ethnic minorities in Burma like the Mon. Burmese is spaken bi 32 million as a first leid an as a seicont leid bi 10 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Burma an thaim in neibourin kintras.

Burmese is a tonal an pitch-register, lairgely monosyllabic an analytic leid, wi a Subject Object Verb wird order. It is a memmer o the Tibeto-Burman leid faimily, whilk is a subfaimily o the Sino-Tibetan leid faimily. The leid uises the Burmese script, derived frae the Old Mon script an, at the hinder end, frae the Brāhmī script.

## References
Khmer leid

**Khmer** (ភាសាខ្មែរ), or **Cambodian**, is the leid o the Khmer fowk an the offeecial leid o Cambodie. It is the seicont maist widely spaken Austroasiatic leid (efter Vietnamese), wi speakers in the tens o millions. Khmer haes been considerably influenced bi Sanskrit an Pali, inspecially in the ryal an releegious registers, throuch the vehicles o Hinduism an Buddhism. It is the earliest recordit an earliest written leid o the Mon-Khmer faimily  an aa, predatin Mon an, bi a significant margin, Vietnamese. As a result o geographic proximity, the Khmer leid haes influenced, and been influenced bi Thai, Lao, Vietnamese an Cham an aa, mony o whilk aw form a pseudo-sprachbund in peninsular Southeast Asia, syne maist conteen heich levels o Sanskrit an Pali influences.

Khmer haes its awn script, an abugida kent in Khmer as Aksar Khmer.
Khmer differs frae neighborin leids lik Thai, Lao an Vietnamese in that it isna a tonal leid.

## References
Kirundi

**Rundi** (commonly seen in its native form, ***Kirundi***) is a Bantu leid (D62 in Guthrie's classification) spake bi some 8.7 million fowk in Burundi an adjacent pairts o Tanzanie an Congo-Kinshasa, as weel as in Ugandae. 84% o the spekers ur Hutu, 15% ur Tutsi an 1% ur Twa.

Rundi is closely relatit tae the Rwanda leid, the principal leid o neighbourin kintra Rwanda, an tae Ha, a leid spake in wastren Tanzanie. Rundi an Rwanda ur mutually intelligible.

The inhabitants o Rwanda an Burundi belang tae three different ethnic groups: Hutu, Tutsi, an Twa (a pygmy fowk). The fact that these ethnic groups share the same leid is assumed tae be the result o the Hutu ootnummering the latter twa groups (see Hutu for a mair complete historical perspective).

Rundi is frequently citit as a leid whaur Meeussen's rule, a rule describin a certain pattern o tonal chynge in Bantu lsid, is active.

## References
* Meeussen, A.E. (1959) *Essai de grammaire Rundi* Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Série Sciences Humaines - Linguistique, vol. 24. Tervuren

## External links

*Ethnologue on Rundi
*Free English-Kirundi Dictionary 
*Free Kirundi-English Dictionary 
*PanAfrican L10n page on Kirundi... 
*Learning Kirundi  (in Spanish)
*Online Kirundi/English dictionary
Vietnamese leid

**Vietnamese** (*tiếng Việt*, or less commonly *Việt ngữ*) is the naitional an offeecial leid o Vietnam. It is the mither tongue o 86% o Vietnam's population, an o aboot three million owerseas Vietnamese. It is spaken as a seicont leid bi mony ethnic minorities o Vietnam an aw. It is pairt o the Austroasiatic leid family, o which it haes the maist speakers bi a significant margin (several times lairger than the ither Austroasiatic leids put thegither).
As wi Korean an Japanese, muckle vocabulary haes been borraed frae Cheenese, maist notably Cantonese, especially wirds that denote abstract ideas (in the same wey European leids borrae frae Latin an Greek), an it wis umwhilie written uisin the Cheenese writin seestem, albeit in a modified format an wis gien vernacular pronunciation. As a biproduct o French colonial rule, the leid displays some influence frae French, an the Vietnamese writin seestem in uise the day is an adaptit version o the Latin alphabet, wi additional diacritics for tones an certaint letters.

## References

## External Links
* Vietnamese Dictionary 
* Vietnamese Translator
Banner o Thailand

The **[[banner]] o the Kinrick o [[Thailand]]** shows five horizontal stripes in the colours reid, white, blue, white an reid, wi the middle blue stripe bein twice as wide as each o the ither fower. The three colours reid-white-blue staund for naition-releegion-king, an unoffeecial motto o Thailand. The banner wis adoptit on 28 September 1917, accordin tae the ryal decree aboot the banner in that year. The Thai name for the banner is ธงไตรรงค์ (*Thong Trairong*), which simply means *[[tricolour]] banner*.

## History

The first banner uised for Siam wis probably a plain reid ane, first uised unner Keeng Narai (1656–1688). Naval flags later uised different seembols on the reid grund&mdash;a white chakra (the wappen o god Vishnu which uise as the seembol o the Hoose o Chakri), or a white elephant inside the chakra.

Offeecially the first banner wis creatit in 1855 bi King Mongkut (Rama IV), showin a white elephant (a ryal seembol) on reid grund, as the plain coloured banner wis no distinct enough for internaitional relations.

In 1916 the banner wis chynged tae shaw a white elephant in ryal regalia. In 1917, the current design, but wi the middle colour bein the same reid as the ooter stripe, wis defined as the civil ensign. The story goes that durin a fluid King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) saw the banner hangin upside-doun, an tae prevent this frae happenin again creatit a new banner which wis seemmetrical. Later in 1917 the middle colour wis chynged tae dark blue, which wis seemilar in tone tae indigo, which at the time wis regarded as the auspicious colour for Seturday, the day King Vajiravudh wis born. Accordin tae ither soorces, the blue colour wis an aa chosen tae shaw solidarity wi the Allies o Warld War I, which an aa haed the colours blue-red-white in thair flags.

The banner resembles the banner o Costa Rica, which wis adoptit 11 years prior tae Thailand's. The main difference is that the blue an reid colours are invertit; the banner o Costa Rica an aa haes a different proportion o 3:5.

In the "reimagined" Battlestar Galactica televeesion series in 2004, the colour an layoot o the banner o Caprica, ane o twal colonies in the series, is closed resemble tae Thailand's banner.

### Timeline

## Maritime flags

The naval ensign o Ryal Thai Navy is seemilar tae the naitional banner but haes the reid circle in the middle which reaches as far as the reid stripes at the tap an bottom. In the circle stands a white elephant, in full caparison, facin the flagpole. Thai Navy jack is the naitional banner wi an additional emblem o Ryal Thai Navy in the middle. The design o the regimental colours o RTN is as same as this banner. Thir twa ensigns are adoptit in 1917.

## See an aa
* Leet o Thai banners
* Ryal Staundart o Thailand
* Ryal Banners o Thailand
* Leet o Military banners o Thailand

## Sources
*

## Freemit airtins

*
* Royal Flags (Thailand)
* Siam Flag museum  (Thai anly)
* Historical thai flag
William the Conqueror

**William the Conqueror** () (circa 1028 – 9 September 1087), forby kent as **William I o Ingland** (*Guillaume Ier d’Angleterre*) an **William II o Normandy** (*Guillaume II de Normandie*), wis the first Norman Keeng o Ingland frae Christmas, 1066 till his daith. He wis forby Duke o Normandy frae 3 Julie 1035 till his daith. Afore his conquest o Ingland, he wis kent as **William the Bastard** (*Guillaume le Bâtard*) acause o the illegitimacy o his birth.

Tae press his claim tae the Inglis croun, William invadit Ingland in 1066, leadin an airmy o Normans, Bretons, Flemings, an Frenchmen (frae Paris an Île-de-France) tae victory ower the Inglis forces o King Harold Godwinson at the Battle o Hastings, an suppressed subsequent Inglis revolts in wha haes become kent as the Norman Conquest.
His reign, whilk brocht Norman-French cultur tae Ingland, haed an impact on the subsequent course o Ingland in the Middle Ages. The details o that impact an the extent o the chynges hae been debatit bi scholars for centuries. In addition to the obvious change o ruler, his reign forby saw a programme o biggin an fortification, chynges tae the Inglis leid, a shift in the upper levels o society an the kirk, an adoption o some aspects o continental kirk reform.

## References
Ford Windstar

The **Ford Windstar** is a minivan that wis produced an sauld bi the Ford Motor Company frae Mairch 1994 (for the 1995 model year) tae 2003.  This front-wheel drive minivan wad eventually replace Ford's agin rear-wheel drive Aerostar minivan.  The twa ran concurrently for three model years till the Aerostar's demise in 1997.  For the 2004 model year, it wis replaced bi the Freestar.  Aw Windstars wur biggit in Oakville, Ontario, Canadae.

Unlik maist Fords, the Windstar did no hae a seemilar Mercury vehicle "twin", an wis completely unrelatit tae the Mercury Villager (awtho the Windstar's successor the **Ford Freestar** did hae a twin, the Mercury Monterey.

## References
Julius Caesar

**Gaius Julius Caesar** (13 Julie 100 BC – 15 Mairch 44 BC) wis a Roman general an statesman. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation o the Roman Republic intae the Roman Empire.

In 60 BC, Caesar entered intae a poleetical alliance wi Crassus an Pompey that wis tae dominate Roman politics for several years. Thair attempts tae amass pouer for themselves throu populist tactics wur opposed athin the Roman Senate bi the conservative elite, amang them Cato the Younger wi the frequent support o Cicero. Caesar's conquest o Gaul extendit Roum's territory tae the North Sea, an in 55 BC he conductit the first Roman invasion o Breetain. Thir achievements grantit him unmatched military pouer an threatened tae eclipse Pompey's standin. The balance o pouer wis faur upset bi the daith o Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Roum finally led tae a staund-aff atween Caesar an Pompey, the latter haein taken up the cause o the Senate. Ordered bi the senate tae staund trial in Roum for various chairges, Caesar mairched frae Gaul tae Italy wi his legions, crossin the Rubicon in 49 BC. This spairked a civil war frae which he emerged as the unrivaled leader o the Roman warld.

Efter assumin control o govrenment, he began extensive reforms o Roman society an govrenment. He centralised the bureaucracy o the Republic an wis eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity". A group o senators, led bi Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinatit the dictator on the Ides o Mairch (15 Mairch) 44&nbsp;BC, hopin tae restore the constitutional govrenment o the Republic. Housomeivver, the result wis a series o civil wars, which ultimately led tae the establishment o the permanent Roman Empire bi Caesar's adoptit heir Octavius (later kent as Augustus). Muckle o Caesar's life is kent frae his awn accoonts o his military campaigns, an ither contemporary soorces, mainly the letters an speeches o Cicero an the historical writins o Sallust. The later biographies o Caesar bi Suetonius an Plutarch are an aa major soorces.

## References
Indonesie

**Indonesie** ( or ), offeecially the **Republic o Indonesie** (), is a kintra in Sootheast Asie an Oceanie. Indonesie comprises 17,508 islands. Wi a population o aroond 238 million fowk, it is the warld's fowert maist populous kintra, an haes the warld's mucklest population o Muslims. Indonesie is a republic, wi an electit legislature an preses. The naition's caipital ceety is Jakarta. The kintra shares land borders wi Papua New Guinea, East Timor, an Malaysie. Ither neighborin kintras include Singapore, Philippines, Australie, an the Indian territory o the Andaman an Nicobar Islands. Indonesie is a foondin member o ASEAN an a member o the G-20 major economies.

The Indonesian archipelago haes been an important tred region syne at least the seivent century, when Srivijaya an then later Majapahit tradit wi Cheenae an Indie. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, releegious an poleetical models frae the early centuries CE, an Hindu an Buddhist kinricks flourisht. Indonesian history haes been influenced bi foreign pouers drawn tae its naitural resoorces. Muslim traders brocht Islam, an European pouers focht ane anither tae monopolize tred in the Spice Islands o Maluku durin the Age o Diskivery. Follaein three an a hauf centuries o Dutch colonialism, Indonesie secured its unthirldom efter Warld War II. Indonesie's history haes syne been turbulent, wi challenges posed bi naitural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, an periods o rapid economic chynge. The current naition o Indonesie is a unitary presidential republic consistin o thirtie three provinces.

Athort its mony islands, Indonesia consists o distinct ethnic, linguistic, an releegious groups. The Javanese are the mucklest—an the politically dominant—ethnic group. Indonesia haes developed a shared identity defined bi a naitional leid, ethnic diversity, releegious pluralism athin a majority Muslim population, an a history o colonialism includin rebellion against it. Indonesie's naitional motto, *"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"* ("Unity in Diversity" *literally,* "mony, yet ane"), articulates the diversity that shapes the kintra. Despite its muckle population an densely populatit regions, Indonesia haes vast auries o wilderness that support the warld's seicont hichtest level o biodiversity. The kintra is richly endowed wi naitural resoorces, yet poverty remains widespread in contemporary Indonesie.

## Notes

## References
Lao leid

**Lao** or **Laotian** (BGN/PCGN: phasa lao, ) is a tonal leid o the Kradai leid faimily. It is the offeecial leid o Laos, an an' a' spaken in the northeast o Thailand, whaur it is uisually referred tae as the Isan leid. Bein the primary leid o the Lao fowk, Lao is an aa an important seicont leid for the multitude o ethnic groups in Laos an in Isan. Lao, lik aw leids in Laos, is written in an abugida script. Awtho thare is nae offeecial staundart, the Vientiane dialect haes acome the de facto staundart.
Ögedei Khan

**Ögedei Khan** (, *Ögedei*; an aa  **Ogotai** or **Oktay**;  **Ogodei**) (c. 1186 – December 11, 1241) wis the third son o Genghis Khan an seicont Great Khan (Khagan) o the Mongol Empire bi succeedin his faither. He continued the expansion o the empire that his faither haed begun, an wis a warld figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent wast an sooth durin the invasions o Europe an Asie. Lik aw o Genghis' primary sons, he participatit extensively in conquests in Cheenae, Iran an Central Asie.

## References
Huali

**Huali** is a brand o Tianjin Auto Works Company, a caur manufacturer subsidiary o First Automobile Works Group.

The **Huali Dafa** is an extremely popular three-cylinder microvan in the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. It is weel kent for its law cost an reliability. It is hichtlie identifiable bi its unique curved "snub" shape. For this reason it is commonly nicknamed the "breid caur". Production o the Huali Dafa wis discontinued some time ago, but hunders o thoosans remain on the roads o Cheenae. Bi far, its maist common colour is maroon, follaed bi siller.

The day, Huali produces twa rebadged versions o the first-generation Daihatsu Terios (**Huali Dario**) an the first-generation Daihatsu Move (**Huali Yiqi**).

## Freemit airtins
*Huali Wabsteid
Subaru Sumo

The **Subaru Sumo**, kent as the **Libero** in European markets apairt frae the UK an Norrowey, an as the **Domingo** in the Japanese mercat, wis a microvan produced frae 1983 tae 1998.  In Swaden, it wis kent as the **Columbuss**. It wis an aa cawed the **Subaru E10** an **Subaru E12** respectively due tae the size o the ingine. The Sumo shared mony characteristics wi the Sambar, except it haed extendit front an rear bumpers an a lairger ingine borraed frae the Subaru Justy. Acause o thir modifications, it didna conform tae kei caur regulations, which stipulate the maximum dimensions o the vehicle an the maximum ingine displacement requirements, which then determine the vehicle tax tae be peyed.

It wis launched wi the option o fower-wheel drive an pouered bi 1.0- an 1.2-litre 3-cylinder EF ingines based on those uised in the Subaru Justy awtho in the van thay wur rear mountit. Somewha unuisual for a microvan, the 1200cc Sumo coud be ordered wi selectable 4WD, operatit via a gear stick mountit button.
In normal drivin conditions, ae the rear wheels wur driven, as thare wis nae central differential tae allae hieway drivin in 4WD mode. In 1994, Subaru's Full Time 4WD wis addit tae the options leet wi the ECVT transmission ae an a viscous coupling. An ile cuiler wis installed on European versions tae better facilitate licht duty towin.

The Sumo wis discontinued when the saxt generation Sambar wis introduced, an the mercat that the Sumo wis targetit at wasr efocused towards the Subaru Forester, which, in comparison tae the Sumo, haed permanent 4WD, a mair potent 2.5 L boxer ingine an increased cargo capacity. In Japan, the Domingo mercat segment is nou served bi the Subaru Exiga, which is capable o carryin up tae seiven passengers.

A mair passenger-caur-lik Subaru Domingo hie-ruif van wi 997 cc, later 1189 cc ingines an coil springs at the rear wis addit in October 1983. It haed a lenth o 341/342.5&nbsp;cm an a width o 143&nbsp;cm. This vehicle wad stay available well efter the release o the next generation Sambar. In the export the ingine became a 665 cc an the vehicle wis cawed Subaru 700 (lenth 322.5&nbsp;cm).

## References
Mywaddy

**Myawaddy** () is a toun in sooth-eastren Myanmar in Kayin State close tae the border wi Thailand. Separatit frae the Thai border toun o Mae Sot bi the Moei River, the toun is maist important tradin point atween Myanmar an Thailand.

On 6 August 2010, a bomb explodit in the parkin lot o a crowdit market in Myawaddy, killin twa men an seriously injurin fower ithers.

## Economy
The border-crossin is a major route for the export o Burma's gems, mony o which hae their provenance chynged ance athort the border.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*"Myawadi Map — Satellite Images of Myawadi" at Maplandia
*"Myawaddy Photos: Pictures of Myawaddy, Myanmar" , TravelPod
Clan Macdonald o Sleat

**Clan Macdonald o Sleat**, whiles kent as **Clan Donald North** an in Gaelic ***Clann Ùisdein*** , is a Scots clan an a branch o Clan Donald — ane o the lairgest Scots clans. The foonder o the Macdonalds o Sleat is Ùisdean, 6t  ieroe o Somhairle, a 12t century Rì Innse Gall. The clan kin forbye be kent in  Gaelic as *Clann Ùisdein* ("children of Ùisdein"), an its chief's Gaelic designation is *Mac Ùisdein* ("son of Ùisdean"), in reference tae the clan's foonder. Baith the clan an its clan chief are recognised by the Lord Lyon Keeng o Airms, who is the heraldic authority in Scotland.

The Macdonalds o Sleat participatit in several feids wi thair  neebours, maist notably the Macleods o Harris an Dunvegan, an the Macleans o Duart. The clan suffered fae fechtin within itself in the early 16t century, as the leadin members o the clan focht an murthert ilk ane ither.

The clan seemt tae hae grudgingly supportit the Royalist cause in the Wars o the Three Kinricks, an suffered grievous in militar defeats anent Parliamentarian forces. The clan supportit the Jacobite cause in the 1715 rebellion, but  refuist tae cam oot for Bonnie Prince Charlie an his faither efter in 1745. In the early 18t century, the clan's chief wis insnorlt  in a plan tae sell tenants intae slavery in the American Colonies. By the late 18t century, the chiefs haed distanct thairsels fae the common clansfowk, whan thay seatit thairsels in northren Ingland an didnae visit the auld clan lands. The 18t an 19t centuries thar wis muckle sufferin o the common clansfolk. Mony wur cleared aff thair lands at the haunds o thair absentee lairds in the Clearances. Nouadays descendants o the clan live aw ower the warld.
Banner o North Vietnam

The **banner o North Vietnam**, kent as *"Red flag wi Yellow star"* an aw, wis adoptit as the Naitional banner o the Democratic Republic o Vietnam (North Vietnam) on November 30, 1955. It became the national banner o Vietnam follaein reunification wi Sooth Vietnam on Julie 2, 1976.

The flag wis designed bi Nguyễn Hữu Tiến, a communist revolutionary o the 1940 Cochinchina Uprising ("Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa") against French colonialism, when the banner wis seen on the first time. The uprising failed, and Tiến wis arrestit an executit alang wi ither leaders o the uprising.

The Western heraldric blazon is *Gules, a mullet Or*.

The banner o the Democratic Republic o Vietnam (the Viet Minh-controlled auries in Northren an Soothren Vietnam an later o juist North Vietnam) in the period of 1945&ndash;1955 wis similar tae the current banner o Vietnam but wi the points o the star set at a mair obtuse angle.

## See also
* Banner o Vietnam
* Banner o Sooth Vietnam
5 October 1910 revolution

The **revolution o 1910** wis a republican *[[coup d'état]]* that occurred in Portugal on 5 October 1910, whilk deposed Keeng Manuel II an establisht the Portuguese First Republic.

Prior tae the coup, Prime Meenister João Franco stepped doun an gaed intae exile. New elections war hudden, but factionalism preventit the formation o a stable govrenment. On 1 October 1910, a veesit bi preses Hermes da Fonseca o Brazil providit a pretext for extensive republican demonstrations. On 3 October the Airmy refused tae pit doun a mutiny on Portuguese warships anchored in the estuary o the Tagus River, an insteid teuk up poseetions aroond Lisbon. On 4 October, twa o the warships began tae shell the ryal palace, causin Manuel II an the ryal faimily tae flee tae Breetain. On 5 October, a provisional republican govrenment wis organised wi the writer Teófilo Braga as Preses.

The revolution an the republic that it spawned war anticlerical an haed a "hostile" approach tae the issue o kirk an state separation, lik that o the French Revolution, the Spainyie Constitution o 1931 an the Mexican Constitution o 1917. As pairt o the anticlerical revolution, the bishops war driven frae thair dioceses, the property o clerics wis seized bi the state, weirin o the cassock wis banned, aw minor seminaries war closed an aw but five major seminaries. A law o 22 Februar 1918 permittit ae twa seminaries in the kintra, but thay haed no been gien thair property back.  Releegious orders war expelled frae the kintra, includin 31 orders comprisin members in 164 hooses (in 1917 some orders war permittit tae form again).  Releegious eddication wis prohibitit in baith primary an seicontar schuil.

The involvement o mutinous warships in the revolution prefigured a seemilar involvement in baith the October Revolution in 1917 Roushie an the faw o the German Monarchy in 1918.

## See an aa
*History of Portugal (1834–1910)
*Lisbon Regicide
*Portuguese First Republic
*Timeline o Portuguese history (Fowert Dynasty)
*Timeline o Portuguese history (First Republic)
*Line o succession tae the Portuguese throne 1910

## References


## Freemit airtins
*OnWar.com, Armed Conflict Events Data Naval Mutiny in Portugal 1910
Huế

( in chữ Nôm) is the municipality o Vietnam. Atween 1802 an 1945, it wis the imperial caipital o the Nguyễn Dynasty.  It is weel kent for its monuments an architecture. Its population stands at aboot 340,000 fowk.

## History

Huế originally rose tae prominence as the caipital o the Nguyễn Lords, a feudal dynasty which dominatit muckle o soothren Vietnam fae the 17t tae the 19t century. In 1775 when Trịnh Sâm captured it, it wis kent as *[[Phú Xuân]]*. In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (later Emperor Gia Long) succeedit in establishin his control ower the whole o Vietnam, therebi makin Huế the naitional caipital.

Huế wis the naitional caipital till 1945, when Emperor Bảo Đại abdicatit an a communist government wis established in Hà Nội (Hanoi), in the north. While Bảo Đại (Hue city) wis briefly proclaimed "Heid o State" wi the help o the returnin French colonialists in 1949 (although no wi recognition frae the communists an the full acceptance o the Vietnamese people), his new caipital wis Sài Gòn (Saigon), in the sooth.

In the Vietnam War, Huế’s central position placed it vera near the border atween North Vietnam an Sooth Vietnam; housomeivver, the ceety wis locatit in Sooth Vietnam. In the Tết Offensive o 1968, durin the Battle of Huế, the ceety suffered considerable damage no ae to its physical features, but its reputation as well, maist o it frae American firepouer an bombings on the historical buildings as well as the massacre at Huế committit bi the communist forces. Efter the war’s conclusion, mony o the historic features o Huế wur neglectit acause they wur seen bi the victorious regime an some ither Vietnamese as "relics frae the feudal regime"; the Vietnamese Communist Pairty doctrine offeecially described the Nguyễn Dynasty as "feudal" an "reactionary." There haes since been a chynge o policy, housomeivver, an mony historical auries o the ceety are currently being restored.

## References
Bosaso

**Bosaso** (, ) is a ceety in northren Somalie, which serves as the naition's main port. Situatit on the soothren coast o the Gulf o Aden () at the estuary of Baalade Wadi, it is the commercial capital of the Bari region (*[[Regions o Somalie|gobolka]]*) in the autonomous Puntland macro-region.

Relatively stable in comparison tae the soothren pairts o Somalie, Bosaso is a rapidly growin ceety. As wi Hargeisa, Burao an Galkacyo, the brisk construction it haes enjoyed o late has lairgely been financed bi Somalis frae the diaspora. Bosaso haes grown exponentially since the civil war, as it haes attractit fowk frae aw ower the kintra. Economically, it is actually doing better nou than it wis prior tae the war.

Bosaso is an' a' a major port for boats carryin emigrants athort the Gulf o Aden tae settle (sometimes illegally) in Yemen, Saudi Arabie, an the ither Persian Gulf states. Khat is an aa shipped frae the port.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* http://www.biyokulule.com/Bosaso_history.htm
Pol Pot

**Saloth Sar** (19 Mey 1928 – 15 Aprile 1998), better kent as **Pol Pot**, (), wis the leader o the Cambodian communist movement kent as the Khmer Rouge an wis Prime Meenister o Democratic Kampuchea frae 1976&ndash;1979. His time as the leader o Cambodie, in which he attemptit tae "cleanse" the kintra, resultit in the daiths o an estimatit 1.7 tae 2.5 million fowk.

Pol Pot became leader o Cambodie in mid-1975. Durin his time in pouer, Pol Pot imposed a version o agrarian collectivization, forcin ceety dwellers tae relocate tae the kintraside tae wirk in collective farms an forced labour projects, toward a goal o "restairtin civilization" in a "Year Zero". The combined effects o sclave labour, massacre, an forced starvation resultit in the daiths o approximately 26% o the Cambodian population.

In 1979, efter the invasion o Cambodie bi neighbourin Vietnam in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, Pol Pot fled intae the jungles o soothwast Cambodie an the Khmer Rouge govrenment collapsed. Frae 1979 tae 1997 he an a remnant o the auld Khmer Rouge operatit frae the mairch region o Cambodie an Thailand, whaur thay clung tae pouer an Unitit Naitions recognition as the richtful govrenment o Cambodie.

Pol Pot dee'd in 1998 while held unner hoose reest bi the Ta Mok faction o the Khmer Rouge. Syne his daith, rumours that he wis pushiont hae persistit.

## References
Dahmani

**Dahmani** (formerly *Abbah Quşūr*, *Abbah Qusur* or *Ebba Ksour*) is a ceety in Tunisie.

It haes approximately 6350 inhabitants an is pairt o the Kef Governorate. It is locatit at 625 meters abuin sea level, 225 kilometers soothwast o Tunis. 

Near the village kent theday as Medeïna, 9&nbsp;km tae the soothwast, is the archaeological site o Althiburos an ancient numidian ceety, an umwhile Roman toun hall.

Frae 1941 on, it became a parish o the Bishop o Tunisia. In 1943 it accommodatit the American troops engaged in the combat on t'African front durin Warld War II.