open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rocca d'Arce

**Rocca d'Arce** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot  sootheast o Roum an aboot  sootheast o Frosinone.

Rocca d'Arce borders the follaein municipalities: Arce, Colfelice, Fontana Liri, Roccasecca, Santopadre.

## Demographic evolution

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## References
Maasdijk

**Maasdijk** mey refer tae:

*Maasdijk, Binnenmaas, a hamlet in the Dutch province o Sooth Holland, pairt o the municipality o Binnenmaas
*Maasdijk, Westland, a veelage in the Dutch province o Sooth Holland, pairt o the municipality o Westland
Vinni Pairish

**Vinni Parish** () is a landwart municipality o Estonie, in Lääne-Viru Coonty. It haes a population o 5,630 (as o 1 Januar 2009) an a aurie o 486.65 km².

## Dounsets
Thare are 5 smaw burghs: Pajusti, Roela, Tudu, Vinni, Viru-Jaagupi, an 37 veelages: Alavere, Allika, Anguse, Aravuse, Aruküla, Aruvälja, Inju, Kadila, Kakumäe, Kannastiku, Karkuse, Kaukvere, Kehala, Koeravere, Kulina, Küti, Lähtse, Lepiku, Mäetaguse, Mõdriku, Nurmetu, Obja, Palasi, Piira, Puka, Rasivere, Ristiküla, Rünga, Saara, Soonuka, Suigu, Tammiku, Vana-Vinni, Veadla, Vetiku, Võhu an Voore.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*
Binnenmaas

**Binnenmaas** () is a municipality in the wastren Netherlands, in the province o Sooth Holland. The municipality haed a population o  in , an covers a aurie o  o which  is watter. It is namit efter the loch o the same name.

The municipality wis shapit on 1 Januar 1984, bi the merger o the municipalities Puttershoek, Maasdam, Mijnsheerenland, Westmaas, an Heinenoord. On 1 Januar 2007, the municipality 's-Gravendeel wis addit tae Binnenmaas.

The municipality o Binnenmaas consists o the follaein commonties: Blaaksedijk, De Wacht, Goidschalxoord, 's-Gravendeel, Greup, Heinenoord, Kuipersveer, Maasdam, Maasdijk, Mijnsheerenland, Puttershoek, Reedijk, Schenkeldijk, Sint Anthoniepolder, Westdijk, Westmaas an Zwanegat.

## Topografie

*Dutch Topographic map o the municipality o Binnenmaas, 2013.*

## References

## Freemit airtins

*Offeecial wabsteid
Maasdijk, Binnenmaas

**Maasdijk** is a hamlet in the Dutch province o Sooth Holland an is pairt o the municipality Binnenmaas. Maasdijk lees north wast o Westmaas on the road tae Reedijk.

## References
MØ

**Karen Marie Ørsted** (born 13 August 1988), better kent bi her stage name **MØ** (pronoonced: mew), is a Dens sangster-sangwriter signed tae Sony Music Entertainment.
Cayman Islands

The **Cayman Islands** ( or ) are a Breetish Owerseas Territory in the wastren Caribbean Sea.

## References
Aruba

**Aruba** (, ) is an island in the soothren Caribbean Sea, locatit aboot  wast o the Lesser Antilles an  north o the coast o Venezuela.

## References
John Barbour

**John Barbour** (c.1320 &ndash; 13 Mairch 1395) wis a Scots poet an the first major named leeterary figur tae write in Scots. He is weel-kent fae scrievin the historical epic poem *[[The Brus]]*.

## References
Blind Harry

**Blind Harry** ( 1440 – 1492), kent as **Harry**, **Hary** or **Henry the Minstrel**, is renount as the author o *The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace*, mair commonly kent as *[[The Wallace (poem)|The Wallace]]*. He wis peyed for his wark bi  James IV, King o Scots.

**References**

**Freemit Airtins**
Books by Blind Hary, active 1470-1492 Project Gutenberg https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/45423
Maasdam

**Maasdam** is a veelage in the Dutch province o Sooth Holland. It is locatit aboot 14&nbsp;km sooth o the ceety o Rotterdam, in the municipality o Binnenmaas.

Maasdam wis a separate municipality till 1984, when it became pairt o Binnenmaas. 

## References


## Freemit airtins
*Map of the former municipality in 1868
Billy Kay

**Billy Kay** is a writer, broadcaster an leid activist. Born in Galston, East Ayrshire, Scotland in 1951, he studied Inglis Leeteratur at the Varsity o Edinburgh. His study on the history an current status o the Lawland Scots leid, *Scots: The Mither Tongue* is his maist notable wark, which wis even made intae a telly series.  Kay his recordit a soond version wi 'aw the braw Scots passages' frae his wark, an so frae leeteratur in Scots, like Barbour's *Brus* an RL Stevenson's *Thrawn Janet,* MacDiarmid's screivin, Border Ballads and a Robert Burns letter, that gie this wark 'its virr an smeddum'. His project stertit in Januar 2021, efter settin up a hame studio in the Covid lockdoon, an it wis released as an audio buik int November thon year. Kay thoucht mony folks wid nae hae heard 'how the language sounds'.

## Fremmit airtins

* audio buik Billy Kay (2021) *[https://www.audible.co.uk/pd/Scots-The-Mither-Tongue-Audiobook/B09LXPTTFY Scots: The Mither Tongue]*

## References
Fontechiari

**Fontechiari** is a toun an *[[comune]]* in province o Frosinone, Lazio, Italy. 
The toun haes borders wi the touns o Arpino, Broccostella, Casalvieri, Posta Fibreno an Vicalvi.

## References


## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid
* Pro Loco
Linzi Destrict

The **Linzi Destrict** (simplifee'd Cheenese:  临淄区; pinyin: Línzī Qū) is pairt o Zibo,  a prefectur-level ceety central Shandong province, Cheenae.

Linzi wis the caipital o auncient State o Qi durin the Zhou Dynasty.

Thare are mony petro-chemical refineries in this aurie, some which are locatit in hills tae the sooth o the commercial destrict. The aurie includes agricultural laund an aw.

Linzi is ane o the maist heichly developit industrial destricts in north Cheenae wi the heichest GDP in Shandong Province.

## Fowk frae Linzi
#Zuo Si (左思), poet o the Wastren Jin
#Zuo Fen (左芬), poet o the Wastren Jin
Castelnovo di Sotto

**Castelnovo di Sotto** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, locatit aboot  northwast o Bologna an aboot  northwast o Reggio Emilia.

Castelnovo di Sotto borders the follaein municipalities: Boretto, Cadelbosco di Sopra, Campegine, Gattatico, Gualtieri, Poviglio.

It is hame o ane o the maist auncient carnivals in Italy, datin frae the 16t hunderyear.

## Demographic evolution

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## References
Castelnovo

**Castelnovo** is the name o several comunes in Italy:

* Castelnovo di Sotto, Province o Reggio Emilia
* Castelnovo ne' Monti, Province o Reggio Emilia
Busana

**Busana** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, locatit aboot  wast o Bologna an aboot  soothwast o Reggio Emilia.

Its territory is includit in the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano Naitional Pairk.

## References
Boretto

**Boretto** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, locatit aboot  northwast o Bologna an aboot  northwast o Reggio Emilia. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 4,920 an a aurie o .

Boretto borders the follaein municipalities: Brescello, Castelnovo di Sotto, Gualtieri, Pomponesco, Poviglio, Viadana.

## Demographic evolution

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## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial Comune Wabsteid

## References
Dionysus

**Dionysus** (; , *Dionysos*) is the god o the grape harvest, winemakkin an wine, o ritual madness, growthiness, theatre an releegious ecstasy in Greek meethologie. Alcohol, especially wine, played a important role in Greek cultur wi Bacchus bein a important raison for this life style. His name, thocht tae be a theonym in Linear B tablets as *di-wo-nu-so* (KH Gq 5 inscription), shows that he mey hae been wirshippit as early as c. 1500–1100 BC by Mycenean Greeks; ither traces o the Dionysian-teep cult hae been foond in auncient Minoan Crete. His oreegins are uncertain, an his cults teuk mony shapes; some are describit bi auncient sources as Thracian, ithers as Greek. In some cults, he arrives frae the east, as an Asiatic foreigner; in ithers, frae Ethiopie in the Sooth. He is a god o epiphany, "the god that comes", an his "foreignness" as an arrivin ootsider-god mey be inherent an essential tae his cults. He is a major, popular figur o Greek meethologie an releegion, an is includit in some leets o the twal Olympians.  Dionysus wis the last god tae be acceptit intae Mt. Olympus.  He wis the youngest an the anerly ane tae hae a mortal mither. His festivals were the driving force behind the development of Greek theatre. He is an example of a dying god.

## Notes

## Further readin
* Livy, *[http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy39.html History of Rome, Book 39]:13,* Description of banned Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy
* Detienne, Marcel, *Dionysos at Large*, tr. by Arthur Goldhammer, Harvard University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-674-20773-4. (Originally in French as *Dionysos à ciel ouvert*, 1986)
* Albert Henrichs, ''Between City and Country: Cultic Dimensions of Dionysus in Athens and Attica'', (April 1, 1990). Department of Classics, UCB. Cabinet of the Muses: Rosenmeyer Festschrift. Paper festschrift18.
* Seaford, Richard. *Dionysos (Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World)*. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 ISBN 0-415-32487-4.
* Taylor-Perry, Rosemarie *The God Who Comes: Dionysian Mysteries Revisited*. New York: Algora Press, 2003 ISBN 0-87586-214-4.

## Freemit airtins
Sony Music

**Sony Music Entertainment** (or **Sony Music**) is the seicont-lairgest global recordit muisic company o the "big fower" record companies an is controlled bi Sony Corporation of America.

## Ither pages
*Sony BMG
*Leet o record labels

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial steid
Sudzhansky Destrict

**Sudzhansky Destrict** () is a admeenistrative an municipal destrict (raion), ane o the twinty-aicht in Kursk Oblast, Roushie. It is locatit in the soothwast o the oblast. The aurie o the destrict is . Its admeenistrative centre is the toun o Sudzha. Population:  31,466 (2002 Census);  The population o Sudzha accoonts for 22.4% o the destrict's total population.

## Ukrainian Haud o' the Land.
A gey muckle pairt o' the airt is haudit by Ukraine in the coorse o' the "Kursk Operation". On the grund o' the airt there's aboot twa thoosand sodgers o' the Ukrainian forces, as weel as fechtin' formations o' RDK an' LSR. There's a tale gaun aboot that in Sudzha itsel', members o' the NSBM muisic group "МОЛОТХ" gied a concert in the cultur hoose o' the toun o' Sudzha.

## References
### Notes

### Sources
*
*
Colfelice

**Colfelice** is a *[[comune]]* (municipality) in the Province o Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, locatit aboot  sootheast o Roum an aboot  sootheast o Frosinone. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 1,840 an a aurie o .

Colfelice borders the follaein municipalities: Arce, Rocca d'Arce, Roccasecca, San Giovanni Incarico.

## Demographic evolution

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## References


## Freemit airtins
* www.comune.colfelice.fr.it/
Guadalupe, Zacatecas

**Guadalupe** is the third-lairgest ceety in the state o Zacatecas in Mexico. It lees adjacent tae the east side o the ceety o Zacatecas an is a component o the Zacatecas-Guadalupe metropolitan aurie. The ceety haed a 2005 census population o 99,572 inhabitants and serves as municipal seat o the municipality o Guadalupe.

## References
*Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005  INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
*Zacatecas  Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid
Guadalupe Municipality, Zacatecas

**Guadalupe** is ane o 58 municipalities locatit in the Mexican state o Zacatecas. Its municipal seat is locatit in the toun o Guadalupe. It haes a area o 804 km². The municipality is locatit in the sootheastren pairt o the state.

## References
Guadalupe Municipality

**Guadalupe Municipality** mey refer tae several municipalities o Mexican states:

* Guadalupe Municipality, Chihuahua
* Guadalupe Municipality, Nuevo León
* Guadalupe Municipality, Oaxaca
* Guadalupe Municipality, Puebla
* Guadalupe Municipality, Zacatecas

## See an aw
*Guadalupe y Calvo Municipality, Chihuahua
*Guadalupe Victoria Municipality, Durango
*San Juan de Guadalupe Municipality, Durango
Czech Sign Leid

**Czech Sign Leid**  (**Český Znakový Jazyk**, **CZJ**) is the sign leid uised in the Czech Republic an is the first or preferred leid o deif fowk in the UE; There are 63,000 Deif adults in the UE who uise *CZJ* plus an estimatit children. The leid makes uise o space an involves movement o the hands, body, face an heid. Mony thoosans o fowk who are no deif an aa uise CZJ, as hearin relatives o deif fowk, sign leid interpreters or as a result o ither contact wi the Czech Republic deif commonty.

## References
Tigre Partido

**Tigre Partido** is a *[[partido]]* or municipality o Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae, situatit in the north o Greater Buenos Aires. The depairtment covers a muckle section o the Paraná Delta an its law-leein islands. The main toun o the diveesion is Tigre; ither touns include Don Torcuato, El Talar, General Pacheco, Benavídez.

The partido is boond tae the north bi the Paraná de las Palmas River, tae the northeast bi the Río de la Plata, tae the sootheast bi San Fernando Partido, tae the sooth bi San Martín Partido, tae the soothwast bi Malvinas Argentinas Partido an tae the wast bi Escobar Partido.

Its total aurie includin the islands is 368&nbsp;km² an its population wis 380,709 as o 2010.

The partido wis oreeginally namit 'Las Conchas' after a local river (nou kent as the Reconquista River), but became popularly kent as 'Tigre' in the 19t hunderyear. Tigre wis the name o a stream an aw an is thocht tae derive frae the *tigres* or jaguars seen in the aurie when first settled. The municipality offeecially chyngit its name tae Tigre in 1952.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Municipality o Tigre
Merlo Partido

**Merlo** is a *[[partido]]* o Buenos Aires Province, Argentinae. It is locatit in Greater Buenos Aires, Argentinae, wast o the ceety o Buenos Aires. Its caipital is the ceety o Merlo.
Moreno Partido

**Moreno Partido** is a partido o the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, athin the Greater Buenos Aires urban agglomerate. It haes an area o 186 square kilometre, an a population o 462,242 (). It is cried efter the Argentine politician Mariano Moreno.

## Museums
The Museo de Historia Natural "Francisco Javier Muñiz" de Moreno wis inauguratit in Moreno Partido in 1999 in honor o Francisco Javier Muñiz, wha wis considert the first paleontologist o Argentinae. Partido de Luján, nou pairt o Moreno, wis the steid o his maist important discoveries.

## Destricts (localidades)
***[[Moreno, Buenos Aires|Moreno]]** (caipital, or *cabecera*)
*Moreno Sur
*La Reja
*Francisco Álvarez
*Cuartel V
*Trujui
*Paso del Rey

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Municipalidad de Moreno - Offeecial steid  (Spaingie)
*Population estimates for the Buenos Aires aurie frae the Unitit Naitions Varsity 

### News WabPage
*InfoBAN Merlo  (Spaingie)
Streptococcus

***Streptococcus*** is a genus o coccus (spherical) Gram-positive bacteria belangin tae the phylum Firmicutes an the Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria) order.

## References
Coccus

**Coccus** (plural **cocci**) can be used tae describe ony bacterium that haes a spherical, ovoid, or generally roond shape.

## References
Escherichia coli

***Escherichia coli*** (; commonly abbreviatit ***E. coli***) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium o the genus *[[Escherichia]]* that is commonly foond in the lawer thairm o warm-bluidit organisms (endotherms). Maist *E. coli* strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious fuid pushionin in thair hosts, an are occasionally responsible for product recalls due tae fuid contamination.

## References
Proteobacteria

The **Proteobacteria** are a major group (phylum) o bacteria. Thay include a wide variety o pathogens, such as *[[Escherichia]]*, *[[Salmonella]]*, *[[Vibrio]]*, *[[Helicobacter]]*, an *[[Yersinia]]*, an mony ither notable genera.

## References
Microorganism

A **microorganism** (frae the , *mikros*, "smaa" an , *organismós*, "organism") is a microscopic livin organism, which mey be a single cell or a multicellular organism.

## References
Helicobacter pylori

***Helicobacter pylori*** (), previously named ***Campylobacter pylori***, is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium foond in the stomach, an mey be present in ither parts o the body, such as the ee.

## References
Klaus Iohannis

**Klaus Werner Iohannis** (, ; an aa spelled **Johannis**; born 13 Juin 1959) is a Romanie politeecian wha is the Preses o Romanie.
Guadalupe (name)

**Guadalupe** is a unisex gien name in the Spainyie leid.

The name initially designatit a river in the province o Extremadura, Spain. It haes been interpretit aither as an Arabic wird, or a Arabic/Latin compoond wird. In the first case, it wad derive frae *Wad-al-luben*, in Arabic "hidden river"; in the seicont case it wad derive frae *Wadi Lupe*, a compoond o *wadi* (Arabic for "river") an *lupe* (Laitin for "wouf").

The name became famous as a result o a 14t-hunderyear Marian apparition an associatit pilgrimate steid, locatit in a toun cried Guadalupe near the soorce o the Guadalupe river. The apparition, an the statue associatit wi it, wis oreeginally kent as "Oor Lady o Guadalupe" an is nou kent as "Oor Lady o Guadalupe, Extremadura" or "Oor Lady o Extremadura".

Twa hunderyears later, the name gained even greater fame throu association wi anither Marian apparition associatit wi the name Guadalupe. The apparition an the image it made famous became kent as Oor Lady o Guadalupe.

The Mexican Guadalupe supplantit her Spainyie oreeginal baith in name an in fame - tae the pynt whaur douts aboot her Spainyie parentage hae even been raised. Thare are some who contend that the Mexican "Guadalupe" is in fact a corruption o a wird in the native Nahuatl leid. Nanetheless it is fairly certaint that the Mexican name "Guadalupe", as a title for the Virgin Mary, daes in fact derive frae the Spainyie place-name, probably bi some association o the Virgin wi the Spainyie cult o Oor Lady o Guadalupe (Extremadura), which wad hae been strang at the time o the Spainyie *conquista* o Mexico, an which claimit its awn apparition, shrine an pilgrimage.

The day, the name "Guadalupe" is relatively common in Hispanic kintras, especially in Mexico, whaur it can be a personal name as well as a place name. As a personal name, it can be gien tae baith boys an girls. Notable examples for a boy's name are Guadalupe Victoria, a Mexican general, an Guadalupe Acosta Naranjo, a Mexican politeecian.

## Notable fowk
* Guadalupe Victoria, *nom de guerre* o the first Preses o Mexico
* María Guadalupe Jones Garay, best kent as Lupita Jones (born 1968), Mexican businesswumman, umwhile model an brawness queen
* María Guadalupe Villalobos Vélez, kent as Lupe Velez (born 1908), a Mexican film actress who starred in mony clessic Hollywood films.

## See an aw
* 

## References
Chiconcuac de Juárez

**Chiconcuac de Juárez**, teepically referred tae simply as Chiconcuac, is a toun an *[[municipio]]* (municipality) in the state o Mexico, approximately 10 kilometers north o Texcoco de Mora. The name Chiconcuac derives frae the Aztec wird *Chicome Coatl*, “Seiven snakes”, which wis a date on the Aztec calendar.

## The ceety

Chiconcuac is principally famous for its muckle *[[tianguis]]*, or public mercat, which haes 2,400 permanent vendors, an attracts up tae 6,000 mair semi-permanent an itinerant vendors on weekends. The muckle fuid court in the Chiconcuac mercat is widely famous for preparin *[[barbacoa]] de borrego* (lamb barbecue), an ither specialties o Mexican cuisine.

### History

The aurie which is nou aw ane ceety, wis a cluster o dounsets o maistly Chichimecas an Tlailotlaques.

The aurie wis conquered bi the Spainyie in 1597, wi laund here grantit tae Hernando Núñez where he established the Hacienda de Santa Cruz de Prado Alegre, better kent as the  “Arojo”.  The aurie wis then evangelized by the Franciscans. Acause o its proximity tae Mexico Ceety, the ceety suffered battles durin the Mexican War o Unthirldom, the French intervention in Mexico an the War o "La Reforma".

In 1980, mammoth bones wur discovered in a neebourheid cried Calxiacatl.

## The municipality

As municipal seat, Chiconcuac de Juárez haes jurisdiction ower anerly ane ither commonty, which is cried Ejido San Cristóbal.

The municipality borders wi Atenco, Chiautla an Texcoco.

## References


## Freemit airtins
* Chiconcuac in the Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Spainyarts

The **Spainyarts** ( ) are a naition an ethnic group native tae Spain that share a common Spaingie cultur an speak the Spaingie leid as a mither tongue. Athin Spain thare are a nummer o naitionalisms an regionalisms, reflectin the kintra's complex history. The offeecial leid o Spain is Spaingie (kent as Castilian) an aw, a staundart leid based on the mediaeval dialect o the Castilians o north-central Spain. Thare are several commonly speuken regional leids (mainly Basque, Catalan an Galicie). Wi the exception o Basque, the leids native tae Spain are Romance leids. Thare are substantial populations ootside Spain wi ancestors who emigratit frae Spain; maist notably in Hispanic Americae.

The Roman Republic conquered Iberie durin the 2nt and 1st hunderyears BC. As a result o Roman colonization, the majority o local leids, wi the exception o Basque, stem frae the Vulgar Laitin. The Germanic Vandals an Suebi, wi pairt o the Iranian Alans unner Keeng Respendial, arrivit in the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula wis invadit bi Muslim airmies in 711. Ultimately, Jews an Muslims either convertit tae Catholicism or wur expelled frae Spain in 1492 an 1502, follaein the Reconquista. In the 16t hunderyear, a wave o emigration began, wi 240,000 Spaniards voyagin tae the Americas. They wur jyned bi 450,000 in the next hunderyear. Syne the conquest o Mexico an Peru these twa regions became the principal destinations o Spaingie colonial settlers in the 16t hunderyear. In the period 1850–1950, 3.5 million Spaingie left for the Americas, pairticularly Argentinae, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, an Cuba.

Spain is hame tae ane o the lairgest commonties o Romani fowk (commonly kent bi the Inglis exonym "gypsies", Spaingie: *gitanos*). The Spaingie Roma, which belang tae the Iberie Kale subgroup (*calé*), are a umwhile-nomadic commonty, which spread athort Wastren Asie, North Africae, an Europe, first reachin Spain in the 15t hunderyear. The population o Spain is becomin increasinly diverse due tae recent immigration. Frae 2000 tae 2010, Spain haed amang the heichest per caipita immigration rates in the warld an the seicont heichest absolute net migration in the Warld (efter the USA) and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population.

## Footnotes

## References
* Castro, Americo. Willard F. King and Selma Margaretten, trans. *The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History*. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1980. ISBN 0-520-04177-1.
* Chapman, Robert. *Emerging Complexity: The Later Pre-History of South-East Spain, Iberia, and the West Mediterranean*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-521-23207-4.
* Goodwin, Godfrey. *Islamic Spain*. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1990. ISBN 0-87701-692-5.
* Harrison, Richard. *Spain at the Dawn of History: Iberians, Phoenicians, and Greeks*. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1988. ISBN 0-500-02111-2.
* James, Edward (ed.). *Visigothic Spain: New Approaches*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. ISBN 0-19-822543-1.
* Thomas, Hugh. *The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870*. London: Picador, 1997. ISBN 0-330-35437-X.
Galicie fowk

The **Galicies** (; ) are a naitional, cultural an ethnolinguistic group whose historic hameland is Galicie, in the north-wast o the Iberie Peninsula. Twa Romance leids are widely spoken an offeecial in Galicie: the native Galicie, an Castilian.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Galicie Portal
Turks in Mexico

**Turks in Mexico** () comprise Turkis fowk livin in Mexico an their Mexican-born stryndants. The Turkis commonty is lairgely made up o immigrants, or the stryndants o immigrants, born in the Ottoman Empire afore 1923, in the Republic o Turkey syne then, or in neebourin kintras ance pairt o the Ottoman Empire that still hae some Turkis population.

## References
San Martín de las Pirámides

**San Martín de las Pirámides** is a smaw toun an municipality, in the State o Mexico in Mexico. The municipality covers a aurie o 70&nbsp;km².

As o 2005, the municipality haed a total population o 21,511.

## References
Archaea

The **Archaea** ( or ; singular *archaeon*) constitute a domain or kinrick o single-celled microorganisms.

## References
Prokaryote

A **prokaryote** is a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-boond nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or ony ither membrane-boond organelles.

## References
Cell nucleus

In cell biology, the  **nucleus** (pl. *nuclei*; frae Laitin  or , meanin *kernel* or *seed*) is a membrane-enclosed organelle foond in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes uisually hae a single nucleus, but a few cell teeps, sic as mammalian reid bluid cells, hae na nuclei, an a few ithers hae mony. Human skeletal muscle cells hae mair nor ane nucleus, as dae eukaryotes lik fungi.

Cell nuclei conteen maist o the cell's genetic material, organised as multiple lang linear DNA molecules in complex wi a muckle variety o proteins, sic as histones, tae form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome an are structurt in sic a wey tae promote cell function. The nucleus mainteens the integrity o genes an controls the activities o the cell bi regulatin gene expression—the nucleus is, tharefore, the control centre o the cell. The main structurs makkin up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a dooble membrane that encloses the entire organelle an isolates its contents frae the cellular cytoplasm, an the nuclear matrix (that includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, muckle lik the cytoskeleton, that supports the cell as a hale.

Acause the nuclear membrane is impermeable tae muckle molecules, nuclear pores are required tae regulate nuclear transport o molecules athort the envelope. The pores cross baith nuclear membranes, providin a channel throu that muckler molecules maun be actively transportit bi cairier proteins while allouin free muivement o smaw molecules an ions. Muivement o muckle molecules sic as proteins an RNA throu the pores is required for baith gene expression an the maintenance o chromosomes. Awtho the interior o the nucleus daes nae conteen ony membrane-boond sub compartments, its contents are nae uniform, an a nummer o *sub-nuclear bouks* exeest, made up o unique proteins, RNA molecules, an pairteecular pairts o the chromosomes. The best-kent o thir is the nucleolus, that is mainly involved in the assemmly o ribosomes. Efter bein produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exportit tae the cytoplasm whaur thay translate mRNA.

## References
Mitochondrion

The **mitochondrion** (plural **mitochondria**) is a membrane boond organelle foond in maist eukaryotic cells (the cells that mak up plants, ainimals, fungi, an mony ither forms o life). Some cells in some multicellular organisms mey houiver lack them (for emsaumple, matur mammalian reid bluid cells). A nummer o unicellular organisms, sic as microsporidia, parabasalids, an diplomonads, hae an aa reduced or transformed thair mitochondria intae ither structurs. Tae date, anerly ane eukaryote, *[[Monocercomonoides]]*, is kent tae hae completely lost its mitochondria. The wird mitochondrion comes frae the Greek , , "threid", an , , "granule" or "grain-lik". Mitochondria generate maist o the cell's supplee o adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uised as a soorce o chemical energy.

Mitochondria are commonly atween 0.75 an 3&nbsp;μm in diameter but vairy conseederably in size an structur. Unless speceefically steened, thay are nae veesible. In addeetion tae suppleein cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in ither tasks, sic as signalin, cellular differentiation, an cell daith, as weel as mainteenin control o the cell cycle an cell growthe. Mitochondrial biogenesis is turn aboot temporally coordinatit wi thir cellular processes. Mitochondria hae been implicatit in several human diseases, includin mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, hert failyie an autism.

The nummer o mitochondria in a cell can vairy widely bi organism, tishie, an cell teep. For instance, reid bluid cells hae na mitochondria, whauras liver cells can hae mair nor 2000. The organelle is componed o compartments that cairy oot specialised functions. Thir compairtments or regions include the ooter membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, an the cristae an matrix.

Awtho maist o a cell's DNA is conteened in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion haes its awn independent genome that shaws substantial seemilarity tae bacterial genomes. Mitochondrial proteins (proteins transcrived frae mitochondrial DNA) vairy dependin on the tishie an the species. In humans, 615 distinct teeps o protein hae been identifee'd frae cardiac mitochondria, whauras in rats, 940 proteins hae been reportit. The mitochondrial proteome is thocht tae be dynamically regulatit.

## References
Eukaryote

A **eukaryote** is ony organism whase cells conteens a nucleus an ither organelles enclosed within membranes.

## References
Cell biology

**Cell biology** (umwhile **cytology**, frae the Greek *kytos*, "contain") is a branch o biology that studies cells – thair physiological properties, thair structur, the organelles thay contain, interactions wi thair environment, thair life cycle, diveesion, daith an cell function.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

***Saccharomyces cerevisiae*** is a species o baurm. It is aiblins the maist uisefu baurm, havin been instrumental tae winemakin, bakin, an brewin syne auncient times.
El Astillero

**El Astillero** (Inglis: "The Shipyard") is a toun an municipality in the province an autonomous commonty o Cantabrie, northren Spain. It is near the province caipital, Santander, an it is kent for its shipyard, an for hauldin the title o Spain Rowin Championships. Its location is determined geographically bi the estuars that surroond it: the majority o uised, an the estuar o Carmen an the Shipyard (Bay o Santander) an is locatit atween the municipalities o Camargo, who umwhile belangit El Astillero, Villaescusa, Piélagos, Environs an Marine Cudeyo Cudeyo. Locatit at the fuit o Peña Cabarga, is locatit 7.5 kilometers frae the caipital o the commonty, Santander, an is 20 meters abuin the sea level.

The confluence o the rivers an the coast o the bay is a lairge expanse o wetlands whaur they nest throuoot the year various migratory birds. The municipality covers a aurie o 6.80 km.

## Touns
* El Astillero (caipital)
* Guarnizo

## Twin touns
* Chiclana de la Frontera, Spain

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid
Chapa de Mota

**Chapa de Mota** is a veelage an municipality locatit in the northwast o the State o Mexico.
 It is locatit in the north pairt o the State o Mexico. It is 2 oors awa frae Mexico Ceety.

## The toun
The Chapa de Mota aurie wis first inhabited in the early 16t hunderyear bi different ethnic groups; housomeivver, the [Otomis haed the control ower the whole zone an established the oreeginal veelage. The Mexica eventually conquered the aurie. 

In Chapa de Mota, the day, thare are a lot o retail businesses like clothin stores, fuitwear stores, butchers, groceries an pharmacies. Feenally thare is a industry cried Camil SA. De CV, that manufacturs plastic heuks. (Ceety haw)

## The municipality
As municipal seat, the toun o Chapa de Mota haes govrenin jurisdiction ower the follaein commonties:

Barajas, Cadenqui, Damate, Danxhó, Ejido de Barajas, Ejido de San Felipe Coamango, Dongu, El Chabacano, El Puerto, El Quinte, El Salto, Ex-hacienda de Bodengui, La Alameda, La Concepción, La Esperanza, La Ladera, La Loma, La Palma, Las Ánimas, Los Limones, Macavaca (Santa Ana Macavaca), Mefi, Rancho el Tejocote, Rancho la Soledad, Rancho los Negritos, San Felipe Coamango, San Francisco de las Tablas, San Gabriel, San Juan Tuxtepec, San Rafael (Balneario las Cascadas), Santa Elena, Santa María, Tenjay, Venú, Ventey, Xhoñe, an Xhote

The principal economic activities are agricultur, fermin an industry;  the population in Chapa de Mota is aboot 756 fowk. Chapa de Mota haes forests wi a lot o vegetation an ainimals. 

### Flora an fauna
Chapa De Mota is rich in natural resources; the principal landmark is muntains an rainforest.  Thare are mony kynds o vegetation an animals. In the forests o Chapa de Mota, thare are pines, oyamel firs, ocote pines, oaks, cedars, eucalyptus, an ither kynds o trees. Thare are a lot o ainimals that live thare such as rabbits, squirrels, moles, bats, weasels, badgers, tlacuaches, an ferrets an aw, as well as reptiles an insects like frogs, chameleons, scorpions, snakes, ants, bees, an crickets.  

### Economic activities

In Chapa de Mota the principal economic activities are irrigation an agricultur, especially corn, oats, beans an broad beans as well as the breedin o cattle, pigs, poultry an sheep. Thare is a open aurie cried "Mexico Chiquito"  an aw whaur competitions o model planes taks place.

An aw in Chapa de Mota (the seat) exist a lot o retail businesses o clothin stores, fuitwear stores, butcheries, groceries an pharmacies.
Feenally thare is an industry cried Camil SA. De CV. That manufactures plastic hooks. (Ceety haw)

## References
Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias

**Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias** is a ceety that is municipal seat o the surroondin municipality o **Chalco**.  It lees in the eastren pairt o the State o Mexico juist east o the Federal Destrict o Mexico an is considered pairt o the Mexico Ceety metropolitan aurie.

## The ceety

Its kirk wis biggit in 1585, efter bein evangelized bi the Franciscans an haes been considered a ceety syne 1861. The ceety haed a 2010 census population o 168,720 indwellers. It is an important center for dairy production as weel as the manufacturin o thread an yarn o oo an cotton.  A major employer is the San Rafael paper factory. Govrenment soorces mention that the helicopter whaur Francisco Blake Mora traveled collided in this municipality, leaving 8 tap govrenment officials dead.

## The municipality o Chalco

The municipality, which haes a aurie o 234.72&nbsp;km² (90.626 sq mi), haed a population o 310,130 indwellers at the 2010 census.

Chalco is ramfeeselt wi the Valle de Chalco Solidaridad municipality as the name Chalco is a pairt o baith. The major difference is that Valle de Chalco Solidaridad is locatit near the auncient Loch Chalco. In fact, Chalco is interconnectit tae Valle de Chalco throu Avenida Solidaridad.

### Touns an veelages
Chalco is ane o anerly three municipalities in Mexico that hae at least nine localities o ower 10,000 indwallers. (It an Tijuana Municipality, Baja California baith hae nine, while Tlajomulco de Zúñiga Municipality, Jalisco haes eleiven.) The lairgest localities (ceeties, touns, an veelages) are:

### History o the aurie
The first ceevilization which arrivit tae whit the day is Chalco wur the Acxotecas. Accordin tae Chimalpahin, thay came frae Tula an namit thairsels "chalcas"
The seicont group arrivin wur the Mihuaques, who haedna leaders an adoptit those anes o the Acxotecas. Circa 1160, the Chichimecas Teotenancas arrivit frae the Toluca glen an came athort Tlahuac. Thay aw shapit the Chalca ceevilization thegither. Thay livit thare till 1510, whan the Spainyie conquistadors arrivit.

The place remained athoot indwallers till the early 20t hunderyar. The municipality haes expandit tae the leemits o Mexico Ceety.

### Transportation
Chalco is servit bi the State o Mexico collective transports dividit in geographical auries (AG-##) locatin Chalco athin the AG-10. Volkswagen vans ("combis" or "colectivos") transport fowk frae the municipality tae the boondars o the Federal Destrict in order tae let fowk tak the subway frae that pynt intae the inner Mexico Ceety. Several colectivos rin frae Chalco tae Mexico Ceety Internaitional Airport an aw.

## See an aw
*Universidad Azteca

## Notable fowk
* Antonio Pujol (1913–1995), penter

## References

*2010 census tables: INEGI : Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
*México  Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo

**Villa de Tututepec de Melchor Ocampo** is a toun an municipality in Oaxaca in sooth-wastren Mexico.

## History
Afore the arrival o Spainyie, the aurie wis occupee'd bi a smaw Mixtec kinrick, established in 357 AD, when Prince Mazatzin arrivit frae Tilantongo. Upon climbin a muntain full o seabirds, Prince Mazatzin decidit tae foond his caipital in this bonnie location, cawin it “Yucu – Saa”, or "Bird muntain" in the Mixtec leid.

Tututepec servit as a Mixtec caipital unner Aicht Deer Jaguar Claw, maintainin its unthirldom despite comin unner attack frae the Aztecs atween 1483-1519.

When the conquistador Pedro de Alvarado arrivit on 3 Mairch 1522, he defeatit Tututepec's warriors, who focht unner Cuaxintecutli (Venerable Laird Serpent). Cuaxintecutli dee'd frae tortur on 22 Mairch 1522. In Apryle 1522, Hernán Cortés muivit the Villa de la Segura de la Frontera tae Tututepec, an instawed Gutierre de Badajoz as the first mayor.

## Geografie
Tututepec is pairt o the Juquila Destrict in the centre o the Costa Region.
The name "Tututepec" means "Bird Muntain".

The municipality covers a aurie o 1,249&nbsp;km² at a average altitude o 280 m abuin sea level, leein on the Paceefic coast o Oaxaca. The climate is het an humid. Flora include palmera, cotton, coffee, citrus, melons, bananaes, lemon, hibiscus. Fauna include iguanas, deer, snakes an lochs wi abundant fish. The municipality includes the lairge Lagunas de Chacahua Naitional Pairk an the airchaeological steid o Villa Segura Tututepec.

## Demographics
As o 2005, the municipality haed 9,397 hoosehaulds wi a tot population o 40,767 o which 2,144 spoke a indigenous leid, Tututepec Mixtec.
90% o the population is engagit in cultivation o fruits sic as wattermelon, cantaloupe, papaya, hibiscus, an banana.
Mony o the fowk engage in smaw-scale ainimal husbandry an aw, an some mak pots, jars, beads an blouses.

## Cultur
Champurrado, a tradeetional chocolate-based atole drink, is considered a seembol o Mixtec cultur. It wis servit at a ceremony commemoratin the 1656t anniversar o the municipality, wi a blessin o fuid, thanks tae mither yird, an a tradeetional mass o thanksgivin. A caravan o bicyclists an ither guests o honour inauguratit the openin o a exposition o airtisan handicrafts an local cuisine, alang wi a beuk fair.

## Gallery

File:Palafito y manglar Chacahua Mexico.jpg|Stilt hoose on Chacahua lagoon
File:Chacahua Pier.jpg|Pier in Cacahua lagoon
File:Chacahua surf Vico.jpg|Surfer in Cacahua lagoon 


## See an aw
*Tututepec, airchaeological steid

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Tututepec offeecial wabsteid , (in Spainyie)
Camargo

**Camargo** mey refer tae:

## Places
**Bolivie**:
* Camargo, Chuquisaca 
**Brazil**:
* Camargo, Rio Grande do Sul
**Mexico**:
* Camargo, Chihuahua 
** Camargo Municipality, Chihuahua
* Camargo Municipality, Tamaulipas 
**Spain**:
* Camargo, Cantabrie
**Unitit States o Americae**:
* Camargo, Illinois
* Camargo, Kentucky 
* Camargo, Mississippi 
* Camargo, Oklahoma

## Fowk
* Hebe Camargo (1929-2012), Brazilian telly presenter
Colombie Mexicans

Thare is a smaw **Colombie commonty in [[Mexico]]**. Accordin tae the 2005 census, thare wur roughly 13,000 Colombie ceetizens residin in Mexico.
## Migration history

Efter Mexico's unthirdom frae Spain, the presence o Colombie fowk in Mexico wis amaist nanexistent, awtho ower the years thare wis a increase o some Colombie immigrants for various raisons in Mexican territory, awtho it wis no till the 70s when the presence o Colombies increased unner the protection o poleetical asylum as refugees bi the Mexican govrenment acause o the Colombie guerrilla problems fleein frae their kintra durin the 80s an mony o thaim wur protectit an kept anonymous tae avoid persecution.

## References
Leza

**Leza** is a toun an municipality locatit in the province o Álava, in the Basque Kintra, northren Spain.

## Freemit airtins
* LEZA in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia 
* Leza offeecial wabsteid
Cuzamá

**Cuzamá** is a toun in the state o Yucatán, Mexico, caipital o the homonymous municipality, locatit aboot 50 kilometers sootheast o the ceety o Mérida, the state caipital an 15&nbsp;km sootheast o the toun o Acanceh.