open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Al Jawf Province

**Al-Jawf** ( ** ), an aw spelt *Al-Jouf*, is a province o Saudi Arabie, locatit in the north o the kintra, borderin Jordan. It haes an aurie o 100,212&nbsp;km² an a population o 440,009 at the 2010 Census (preliminary result). Its caipital is Sakakah.

The province haes three govrenorates - Sakakah, Qurayyat an Dumat Al-Jandal.

## See an aw
* Winston's Hiccup

## Freemit airtins
* A travel through the province o Al Jouf, Splendid Arabia: A travel steid wi photos an routes
Ararat Province

**Ararat** () is a province (*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|marz]]*) o Armenie wi its caipital in Artashat.  Namit efter Munt Ararat, the province borders Turkey tae the wast an Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic tae the sooth. It surroonds the Karki exclave o Nakhichevan which haes been controlled bi Armenie syne its captur in Mey 1992 durin the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Twa umwhile Armenie caipitals are locatit in this region (Artashat (Artaxata) an Dvin) as well as the Khor Virap monastery, significant as the place o Gregory the Illuminator's 13-year impreesonment an the closest point tae Munt Ararat athin Armenie borders.

Ararat borders the follaein marzer:
*Armavir - northwast
*Kotayk - north
*Gegharkunik - east
*Vayots Dzor - sootheast
Ararat an aw borders Yerevan in the north, atween its borders wi Armavir an Kotayk.

In 1993 an again in 1995, CYMA (Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia) operatit frae Ararat province, biggin commonty centres, renovatin schuils, managin a childer's day camp an distributin aid tae faimilies affectit bi the Nagorno-Karabakh War.  CYMA co-foonders Airchbishop Hovnan Derderian an Ronald Alepian chose Ararat due tae its well-organisit youth muivement.  

## Commonties
The province o Ararat consists o the follaein 97 commonties (*hamaynkner*), o which 4 (**bauld** in the table) are considered urban an 93 are considered rural. The diveesion belaw is bi raion, the admeenistrative subdiveesions o Armenie afore 1995.

## Gallery

File:KhorVirap-view.jpg|Khor Virap Monastery
File:Artashat_Apricot_Garden3.jpg|Apricot ferms
File:Arevchat.jpg|Arevshat kirk
File:Dvin and Verin Dvin.JPG|Near the auncient ceety o Dvin
File:Nor Kyurin.JPG|Ararat frae Nor Kyurin veelage


## References
*


## See an aw
* Urartu
* Ayrarat
Libie Ceevil War (2011)

The **Libie ceevil war** (an aw referred tae as the **Libie revolution**) wis an airmit conflict in the North African state o Libie, focht atween forces lyal tae Colonel Muammar Gaddafi an those seeking tae oust his govrenment. The war wis precedit bi protests in Benghazi beginnin on 15 Februar 2011, which led tae clashes wi security forces that fired on the croud. The protests escalatit intae a rebellion that spread athort the kintra, wi the forces opposin Gaddafi establishin an interim govrenin body, the Naitional Transitional Cooncil.

The Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil passed an initial resolution on 26 Februar, freezin the assets o Gaddafi an his inner circle an restrictin thair traivel, an referrit the matter tae the Internaitional Creeminal Court for investigation. In early Mairch, Gaddafi's forces ralliet, pushed eastwards an re-teuk several coastal ceeties afore attackin Benghazi. A further U.N. resolution authorised member states tae establish an enforce a nae-flee zone ower Libie. The Gaddafi government then annoonced a ceasefire, but failed tae uphauld it.

In August, rebel forces engaged in a coastal offensive an teuk maist o thair lost territory, an capturit the caipital ceety o Tripoli, while Gaddafi evadit captur an lyalists engagit in a rearguard campaign.  On 16 September 2011, the Naitional Transitional Cooncil wis recognised bi the Unitit Naitions as the legal representative o Libie, replacin the Gaddafi govrenment. Muammar Gaddafi remained at lairge till 20 October 2011, when he wis capturit an killed attemptin tae escape frae Sirt. The Naitional Transitional Cooncil declarit the leeberation o Libie an the offeecial end o the war on 23 October 2011.

## References
Armavir

**Armavir** mey refer tae:
*Armavir Province, a province (*marz*) in Armenie o which the ceety o Armavir is caipital
*Armavir, Armenie, a ceety in Armenie an a umwhile caipital o the Kinrick o Armenie
*Armavir, Roushie, a ceety in Krasnodar Krai, Roushie namit efter the ane in Armenie
*, a Soviet cargo ship in service 1946–47
Muammar Gaddafi

**Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar Gaddafi** ( **' ;<sup>[[#Transliteration ofhis Arabic name|[variations]]]</sup> (Juin 1942 20 October 2011), commonly kent as **Muammar Gaddafi**  or **Colonel Gaddafi*', wis the offeeial ruler o the Libie Arab Republic frae 1969 tae 1977 an then the "Brither Leader" o the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] frae 1977 tae 2011.

==Transliteration o his Arabic name==
Acause o the lack o staundartization o [[Romanization o Arabic|transliteratin written an regionally pronooncit Arabic]], Gaddafi's name haes been [[romanization|romanized]] in mony different ways. Even tho the Arabic spellin o a wird daes no chynge, the pronunciation mey vary in different [[varieties o Arabic]], which mey suggest a different romanization. In [[Literary Arabic]], the name  can be pronooncit . [[gemination|Geminated]] consonants can be simplified. In [[Libyan Arabic]],  () is replacit wi ; an  (), as [[Th (digraph)#Voiced /ð/|"th" in "this"]], is replacit wi . Vouel  aften alternates wi  in pronunciation in ither regions. Sicweys,  is normally pronooncit in Libie Arabic . The definite airticle [[al-]] () is aften omittit.

The Arabic verb قَذَفَ *qaðafa'' haes various meanins centerin on "he threw".

## Notes

## References
Vayots Dzor Province

**Vayots Dzor** (Armenie: ) is a province (*[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|marz]]*) o Armenie.  It lees in the sootheast o the kintra, borderin the Nakhichevan exclave o Azerbaijan in the wast an the Azerbaijan in the east. It covers an aurie o 2,308 km². Wi a population o anerlie 53,230 (2002 census), it is the maist spairsely populatit province in the kintra. The caipital is Yeghegnadzor.

## History
Durin the Middle Ages, Vayots Dzor wis a principality o the Kinrick o Syunik.  The name literally means "Valley o Woes" acause the aurie wis devastatit bi several earthquakes durin its history.

## Sichts
The province is rich in historical an airchitectural steids, such as the Noravank monastery, the Smbataberd fortress, an the Tsakhats Kar monastery. The spa toun o Jermuk, ane o Armenie's premiere tourist attractions durin Soviet times, is locatit in the province an aw.

## Geografie
Vayots Dzor borders the follaein *[[Admeenistrative diveesions o Armenie|marz]]er:*
*Ararat - northwast
*Gegharkunik - north
*Syunik - southeast

## Commonties

The province o Vayots Dzor consists o the follaein 44 commonties (*[[hamaynk]]ner*), o which 3 (**bauld** in the table) are considered urban an 41 are considered rural. The diveesion belaw is bi raion, the admeenistrative subdiveesions o Armenie afore 1995. It wis pairt o Sharur-Daralagez uyezd in Erivan Govrenorate as Daralagez afore foondation o Democratic Republic o Armenie in 1918.

## Gallery

File:Noravank.JPG|Noravank, 1205 AD
File:Areni church.jpg|Areni Kirk, 1321 AD
File:Djermuk.JPG|Jermuk
File:Jermuk Waterfall4.jpg|Sparklin watter o Jermuk
File:Areni-1 cave panorama.jpg|The Areni-1 cave complex



## References
*


## Freemit airtins

* Vayots Dzor Marz Tourist Guide
Levon Ter-Petrossian

**Levon Ter-Petrossian** (; ) (born 9 Januar 1945), whiles transliteratit **Levon Ter-Petrosyan** or **Ter-Petrosian** (wit or withoot the hyphen), wis the first Preses o Armenie frae 1991 tae 1998. Due tae some economic an poleetical problems, he resigned on 3 Februar 1998 an wis succeedit bi Robert Kocharyan.
Robert Kocharyan

**Robert Kocharyan** (, ) (born 31 August 1954) wis the seicont Preses o Armenie, servin frae 1998 till 2008. He wis previously Preses o Nagorno-Karabakh frae 1994 tae 1997 an Prime Meenister o Armenie frae 1997 tae 1998.
Serzh Sargsyan

**Serzh Azati Sargsyan** (, born 30 Juin 1954) is the umwhile third Preses o Armenie. He wan the Februar 2008 presidential election wi the backin o the conservative Republican Pairty o Armenie, a pairty in which he serves as chairman, an teuk office in Aprile 2008.

## Personal life
Serzh Sargsyan wis born on 30 Juin 1954 in Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, Azerbaijan SSR.  He wis admittit tae Yerevan State University in 1971, servit in the Soviet Airmit Forces durin 1971-72, an graduatit frae the Philological Depairtment o Yerevan State University in 1979.  In 1983, he marriet his wife, Rita.  Thay hae twa dochters, Anush an Satenik, an ane granddochter, Mariam. He is the chairman o the Chess Federation o Armenie. In addition tae his native Armenie, he is fluent in Roushie, Inglis an Azeri, but he haes no spoken Azeri for 20 years. He is o nae relation tae the current Prime Meenister o Armenie, Tigran Sargsyan.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Offeecial wabsteid

|-
Adıyaman Province

**Adıyaman Province** () is a province in sooth-central Turkey. The province wis creatit in 1954 oot o pairt o Malatya Province. Aurie 7,614&nbsp;km². Population 590,935 (2010 est), up frae 513,131 in 1990. The caipital is Adıyaman. 
The aurie haes been inhabitit syne the earliest times an mony ceevilisations hae settled here. There are therefore a number o places o historical interest which attract visitors. Nemrud Dağı is a major steid o interest here, notit for its sanctuary o statues biggit bi Antiochus Theos, king o Commagene. It is accessed through the toun o Kâhta.

A branch o the muckle Atatürk reservoir lees atween Adıyaman an the toun o Samsat, an wi mair investment the irrigation this coud become a rich agricultural zone. Currently it does feel impoverished an fowk travellin bi mule or donkey are a common sicht.

## Politics
Till the 1950s Adıyaman wis a ceety in the province o Malatya, but wis made intae a province in its awn richt as a reward for votin for the winnin Democratic Pairty in the 1954 general election.

Adıyaman haes syne been kynd tae Islamist politeecian, Necmettin Erbakan. His muivement (then, the Naitional Salvation Pairty) scorit a landmark 15% here in 1973 a few years efter its modest beginnin, an his score went on tae gradually increase. Efter being damagit bi the military coup in 1980, Erbakan's pairty (which haed become the Welfare Pairty) came back tae win the province wi 29.24% an 23.53% in 1994 an 1999, respectively.

Even wi his breakaway pupil, the current Turkis PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's AKP winnin the 2004 local elections wi 41.11%, a faithful follaein o 15% (a rarity amang Turkey's provinces) o the electorate haed still votit for Erbakan, then Virtue Pairty, who thus came seicont efter AKP.

## Geography
Adıyaman is traversit bi the northeasterly line o equal latitude an langitude.

## Destricts
Adıyaman province is dividit intae 9 destricts:
*Adıyaman (caipital destrict)
*Besni
*Çelikhan
*Gerger
*Gölbaşı
*Kâhta
*Samsat
*Sincik
*Tut

## Notes
Destricts o Sirie

The 14 govrenorates, or *muhafazat* (sing. *[[muhafazah]]*), o Sirie are dividit intae saxty-fower destricts, or *manatiq* (sing. *[[mintaqah]]*), includin the ceety o Damascus. The destricts are further dividit intae 206 subdistricts, or *nawahi* (sing. *[[nahiya]]*). The destrict bears the same name as the destrict caipital.

Destricts an subdestricts are admeenistered bi offeecials appointit bi the govrenor, subject tae the appruival o the meenister o the interior. These offeecials wirk wi electit destrict cooncils tae attend tae assortit local needs an serve as intermediaries atween central govrenment authority an traditional local leaders, such as veelage chiefs, clan leaders, an cooncils o elders.

The destricts (ither than Damascus) are leetit belaw, bi govrenorate (wi caipital destricts in **bold** text). The Ceety o Damascus is a separate govrenorate but is includit belaw wi the surroondin Rif Dimashq Govrenorate. Note that pairts that uised tae be unner the Quneitra govrenorate are unner Israeli control syne 1967 (see Golan Hichts).

## Leet o destricts

### [[Al-Hasakah Govrenorate]]
***[[Al-Hasakah Destrict]]**
*Qamishli Destrict
*Al-Malikiyah Destrict
*Ra's al-'Ayn Destrict

### [[Aleppo Govrenorate]]
*Afrin Destrict 
*Al-Bab Destrict
*Al-Safira Destrict
*Azaz Destrict
*Ayn Al-Arab Destrict
*Atarib Destrict
*Dayr Hafir Destrict
*Jarabulus Destrict
*Manbij Destrict
*Munt Simeon Destrict

### [[Ar-Raqqah Govrenorate]]
***[[Ar-Raqqah Destrict]]**
*Al-Thawrah Destrict
*Tal Abyad Destrict

### [[As-Suwayda Govrenorate]]
***[[As-Suwayda Destrict]]**
*Salkhad Destrict
*Shahba Destrict

### [[Daraa Govrenorate]]
*Al-Sanamayn Destrict
***[[Daraa Destrict]]**
*Izra Destrict

### [[Deir ez-Zor Govrenorate]]
*Abu Kamal Destrict
*Mayadin Destrict
***[[Deir ez-Zor Destrict]]**

### [[Hama Govrenorate]]
*Al-Suqaylabiyah Destrict
***[[Hama Destrict]]**
*Masyaf Destrict
*Mhardeh Destrict
*Salamiyah Destrict

### [[Homs Govrenorate]]
*Al-Mukharram Destrict
*Al Qusayr Destrict
*Al-Rastan Destrict
***[[Homs Destrict]]**
*Palmira Destrict
*Talkalakh Destrict

### [[Idlib Govrenorate]]
*Arihah Destrict
*Harem Destrict
***[[Idlib Destrict]]**
*Jisr ash-Shugur Destrict
*Ma'arrat al-Numan Destrict

### [[Latakia Govrenorate]]
*Al-Haffah Destrict
*Jableh Destrict
***[[Latakia Destrict]]**
*Qardaha Destrict

### [[Quneitra Govrenorate]]
*Fiq Destrict
***[[Quneitra Destrict]]**

### [[Rif Dimashq Govrenorate]]
*Al-Qutayfah Destrict
*An-Nabk Destrict
*Al-Tall Destrict
*Darayya Destrict
***[[Markaz Rif Dimashq|Markaz Rif Dimashq Destrict]]**
*Duma Destrict
*Qatana Destrict
*Yabrud Destrict
*Zabadani Destrict

### [[Damascus|Madinah Dimashq]]
*Damascus Ceety

### [[Tartus Govrenorate]]
*Al-Shaykh Badr Destrict
*Baniyas Destrict
*Duraykish Destrict
*Safita Destrict
***[[Tartus Destrict]]**

## See an aw
* Govrenorates o Sirie
* Leet o ceeties in Sirie
* Leet o touns an veelages in Sirie

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria 
*
North Africae

**North Africae** or **Northren Africae** is the northmaist region o the African continent, linkit bi the Sahara tae Sub-Saharan Africae. Geopolitically, the Unitit Naitions definition o Northren Africae includes aicht kintras or territories; Algerie, Egyp, Libie, Morocco, Sooth Sudan, Sudan, Tunisie, an Wastren Sahara. Algerie, Morocco, Tunisie, Mauritanie, an Libie thegither are an aw referred tae as the Maghreb or **Maghrib**, while Egyp is a transcontinental kintra bi virtue o the Sinai Peninsulae, which is in Asie. The ither notable pairt o North Africae is the territory o the Wastren Sudan. Three sma Spaingie *[[plazas de soberanía]]* &ndash; tiny islets wi military bases aff the coast o Morocco wi nae ceevilian population &ndash; are in the aurie, an the Spaingie Canary Islands an Portuguese Madeira Islands, in the North Atlantic Ocean northwast o the African mainland, are whiles includit in considerations o the region.

Mony scholars hae emphasized a destinction atween Northren Africae an the rest o Africae as historically an ecologically significant acause it haes been assertit the the Sahara desert haes made it sae that contact wi Sub-Saharan Africae wis limitit an that the culturs o North Africae became hintle mair closely teed tae Soothwastren Asie an Europe. Indeed, the modren Islamic influence in the aurie is significant, an North Africae, alang wi the Middle East, is a major pairt o the Arab Warld. Recent wirk in the field o Saharan studies an airchaeology housomeivver, are beginnin tae quaisten this paradigm, pairticularly wi respect tae historicizin the region.

Some researchers hae postulatit that North Africae, an no East or Sooth Africae, wis the oreeginal hame o the modren humans who first trekkit oot o the continent.

## Notes

## Freemit airtins
* Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples
* North Africa's Weather Forecasts and Weather Conditions 
* North Africa news and analysis
* Africa Interactive Map  frae the United States Army Africa
Constantine

**Constantine** maist commonly refers tae ane o the follaein:

*Constantine (name), a gien name an surname
*Constantine I, Roman Emperor frae 306 tae 337, commonly kent as Constantine the Great

It mey an aw refer tae:
## Fowk
;Roman/Byzantine Emperors
*Constantine II (emperor)
*Constantine III (wastren emperor)
*Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)
*Constantine IV
*Constantine V
*Constantine VI
*Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
*Constantine VIII
*Constantine IX Monomachos
*Constantine X Doukas
*Constantine XI Palaiologos Dragases

;Ither rulers
*Constantine I, Prince o Armenie
*Constantine II, Prince o Armenie
*Constantine I, Keeng o Armenie
*Constantine II, Keeng o Armenie
*Constantine III, Keeng o Armenie
*Constantine IV, Keeng o Armenie
*Constantine o Baberon, regent o Zabel, an faither o Hetoum I o Armenie, 13t century
*Constantine I (*or* Kuestantinos I) o Ethiopie, kent an aw as Zara Yaqob
*Constantine II (*or* Kuestantinos II) o Ethiopie, kent an aw as Eskender
*Constantine I o Greece
*Constantine II o Greece
*Constantín mac Fergusa, or Constantin o the Picts
*Constantín mac Cináeda, or Constantine I o Scotland
*Constantine I of Arborea
*Constantine II o Scotland
*Constantine III o Scotland
*Constantine I o Cagliari
*Constantine II o Cagliari
*Constantine III o Gallura
*Constantine I o Torres
*Constantine Tikh o Bulgarie
*Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich o Roushie
*Constantine Dragaš
*Constantine I o Georgie
*Constantine II o Georgie
*Constantine I o Imereti
*Constantine Mavrocordatos
*Constantine Ypsilantis
*Tiberius II Constantine
*Constantine (Breeton), king in sub-Roman Breetain
*Constantine o Strathclyde, supposed king o Strathclyde

;Releegious leaders
*Patriairch Constantine I o Constantinople
*Patriairch Constantine II o Constantinople
*Patriairch Constantine III o Constantinople
*Patriairch Constantine IV o Constantinople
*Patriairch Constantine V o Constantinople
*Patriairch Constantine VI o Constantinople
*Pape Constantine
*Antipape Constantine II

;Ither
* Saunt Cyril the Philosopher, whose oreeginal name wis Constantine
* Constantine or Causantín, Earl of Fife (fl. 1095-1128), a Scots nobleman
* Constantine the African (c.1020-1087), a Tunisie doctor
* Constantine o Preslav, a medieval Bulgarian scholar
* Constantine (Breetish saunt), several obscure saunts

## Places
* Constantine, Algerie, the caipital o Constantine Province
* Constantine Province, Algerie
* Constantine (département), in French-rule Algerie
* Constantine, Cornwall, near Falmouth, Unitit Kinrick
* Constantine Bay, near Padstow, Cornwall, Unitit Kinrick
* Constantine, Michigan, a veelage in the Unitit States
* Constantine, Swisserland, a municipality in the canton o Vaud, Swisserland

## Ither
*''Constantine'' (film), a 2005 American film loosely based on Hellblazer
*John Constantine, a fictional character appearin in DC Comics includin Hellblazer
* ''Constantine'' (video game), an action-adventur video gemme based on the film
* Angelici, the Order o Constantine, the Byzantine order o knichts

## See an aw
* Constantines, indie rock bannd
* Konstantine
* Konstantinos
*Constantine Bay, Cornwall, Unitit Kinrick
Baniyas

**Baniyas** ( **') is a ceety in northwastren [[Sirie]], locatit at the fuit o the hill of Qalaat el-Marqab (hoosin the Crusade castle o [[Marqab]], Margat in wastren sources), 55&nbsp;km tae the sooth o [[Latakia]] (auncient Laodicea) an 35&nbsp;km north o [[Tartus]] (auncient Tortosa), an a Catholic [[titular see]] unner the Laitin name o **Balanea''', which is presently vacant.

It is famous for its orchards an its export o wood. The day it is best kent for its ile refinery north o the ceety, ane o the lairgest in Sirie; a pouer station is an aw present.

It still contains citrus fruit orchards surroondit bi green hills. Ane o the hills haes at its top the imposin Margat Citadel, a huge Knichts Hospitaller fortress biggit wi black basalt stane.

## Sources an references
*
*GigaCatholic- Titular Sees
Arzni

**Arzni** () is a toun in the Kotayk Province o Armenie. The toun wis foondit in 1925. Till the late 1980s, the veelage wis predominantly Assirie Christian.

## References

*
*World Gazeteer: Armenia &ndash; World-Gazetteer.com
*
Batroun Destrict

**Batroun Destrict** () is a destrict (*[[qadaa]]*) in the North Govrenorate, Lebanon, sooth o Tripoli. The caipital is Batroun.

## Ceeties an touns
* Abrine
* Assia
*Batroun
* Bazbina
* Bchaaleh
* Beit Kassab
* Bijdarfil
* Billa
* Deir Billa
* Bqosmaya
* Chatine
*Chekka
* Chibtine
*Douma
*Edde
* Ghouma
* Hadtoun
*Hamat
* Hardine
* Heri
* Ijdabra
* Jran
* Jrebta
* Kandoula
* Kfar Abida
* Kfar Hatna
* Kfar Hay
* Kfar Hilda
* Kfifane
* Kfour El Arbi
* Koubba
* Kour
* Madfoun
* Mazraat Bani Saab
* Nahleh
* Rachana
* Rachkidda
* Ras Nhash
* Selaata
*Smar Jbeil
* Sourat
*Tannourine El Fawqa
*Tannourine El Tahta
* Thoum
* Wata Hob
* Zane

## Sources
*Mapquest
Miniyeh-Danniyeh Destrict

The **Miniyeh-Danniyeh Destrict** is a destrict in the North Govrenorate o Lebanon. As it names indicates, the destrict includes the Dinniyeh region. In December 1999-Januar 2000 the Lebanese airmy an Islamist militants were involvit in hivy fechtin in the aurie.

## References
But an ben

A **but an ben** is a kynd o wee hoos maistly uised fur poor fowk sich as crofters an the lik. But an bens wid maistly hae been big o dry stane wi a thached ruif o staw. This kynd o biggen wis mastly biggit affore the stert o the twentieth cetuary an is aa but obsilete as a wey o buildin noo.
Hawick Royal Albert F.C.

**Hawick Royal Albert F.C. ** are a Scots senior fitbaa club locatit in the toon o Hawick, foondit in 1947, an playin in the East o Scotland Fitbaa League. They play thair gemmes at Albert Park, Hawick. 

In September 2009, Hawick Royal Albert became pairt o a match fixing probe efter thay lost 7&ndash;0 in a Scots Cup tie conter Huntly. Nocht wis proven.

## Honours
* **Border Amateur League Championship** 1947-48 *(1)*

## References
Ha'il Province

**Haʾil** ( **) is a province o Saudi Arabie, locatit in the north o the kintra. It haes an aurie o 103,887&nbsp;km² an a population o 527,033 (2004) census). Its caipital is Haʾil. It is subdividit intae fower govrenorates: (wi population):

#Baqa 38,778
#Al-Ghazalah 94,670
#Ha'il 356,876
#As-Shinan 36,709

The province's current govrenor is Prince Saud bin Abdul-Muhsin. Prince Mishaal wis the umwhile govrenor o Ha'il Province frae 1980 tae 1999.

## References

## External links
* A travel through the province o Hail, Splendid Arabia: A travel steid wi photos an routes
Nightfall

**Nightfall** is a Greek hivy metal baund frae Athens. Formit bi vocalist/bassist Efthimis Karadimas in 1991, the group is currently signed tae Metal Blade Records.

## Members
;Current members
* Efthimis Karadimas - vocals (1991–present)
* Evan Hensley - guitars (2009–present)
* Constantine - guitars (2011–present)
* Stathis Ridis - bass (2011–present)
* Stathis Kassios - keyboards (2005–present)
* Jörg Uken - drums (2009–present)

;Umwhile members
* Chris Adamou - guitars (1991–1999)
* Jim Agelopoulos - guitars (1997)
* Mike Galiatsos - guitars (1991–1999)
* Phil Anton - guitars (1999–2002)
* Costas Savidis - drums (1991–1999)
* George Kollias - drums (1999–2005)
* Mark Cross - drums (on Diva Futura)
* George Aspiotis - keyboards, piano, effects (1993–1999)
* Marc McKnight - bass (1999–2002)
* George Bokos - guitar (2002–2005)
* Bob Katsionis - guitar (1999–2005)
* Kostas Kyriakopoulos - bass (2004–2005)

## Discography
* *[[Parade into Centuries]]* (1992)
* *[[Macabre Sunsets]]* (1994)
* *[[Athenian Echoes]]* (1995)
* *[[Lesbian Show]]* (1997)
* *[[Diva Futura (Nightfall album)|Diva Futura]]* (1999)
* *[[I Am Jesus]]* (2003)
* ** (2005)
* *Astron Black and the Thirty Tyrants* (2010)
* *Cassiopeia* (2013)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
Al-Qassim Region

**Al-Qassim Province**  ** ), an aw spellt *Al-Qaseem*, *Al-Qasim*, or *Qassim*, is ane o the thirteen admeenistrative provinces o Saudi Arabie. Locatit at the hert o the kintra, an amaist in the centre o the Arabie Peninsulae. It haes a population o 1,016,756 an an aurie o 65,000&nbsp;km². It is kent tae be the "alimental basket" o the kintra, for its agricultural asset.

It is the seivent maist populatit province in the kintra efter the province o Jizan. It haes mair nor 400 ceeties, touns, veelages, an Bedouin settlements, Ten o which are recognised as govrenorates. Its caipital ceety is Buraydah, which is inhabitit bi approximately 49% o the region's tot population.
The govrenor o the province is prince Faisal Bin Bandar Al Saud.

## Etymology
Al Qassim is derivit frae the wird "Qassimah" (), a reference tae قصائم الغضا, meanin the region's saund dunes frae which the white saxaul trees grow.

The region is actually kent tae contain a lairge group o Calligonum plants sic comosum (or Arta atween locals).

## Location
The province is locatit in the centre o Saudi Arabie approximately 400&nbsp;km northwast o Riyadh the caipital. It is bordered bi Ar Riyad Province tae the sooth an east, bi Ha'il Province tae the north, an bi Al Madinah Province tae the wast. The region is connectit tae amaist ivery pairt o Saudi Arabie bi a vera complicatit heichgates net. It haes a regional airport which an aw connects Al Qassim tae ither provinces o the kintra.

## References

## Freemit airtins
Musandam Govrenorate

**Musandam Govrenorate** (Arabic : مسندم) is a govrenorate o Oman.

Geographically, the **Musandam peninsulae** juts intae the Strait o Hormuz, the narrae entry intae the Persie Gulf, frae the Arabie Peninsulae. The Musandam peninsulae is an exclave o Oman, separatit frae the rest o the kintra bi the Unitit Arab Emirates. Its location gies Oman pairtial control, shared wi Iran, o the strategic strait. In the northren section o Musandam, aroond Kumzar, the leid is Kumzari, which is ane o the sooth-wastren Iranian leids an a sub-branch o Persie. The Musandam Peninsulae haes an aurie o  an a population o 31,425 fowk.
Connectivity haes tradeetionally been a problem for the region, but this haes greatly impruivit syne August 2008 wi the warld's fastest passenger ferry launchin service atween Muscat an Musandam.

## Admeenistrative diveesions

Musandam Govrenorate consists o fower destricts (*wilayat*):
#Khasab
#Bukha
#Dibba Al-Baya
#Madha
Khasab toun is the regional centre o the Govrenorate.

The aurie haes great strategic importance awin tae its proximity tae the Strait o Hormuz.

## Geography
The ruggit coastline resembles the glacier-carvit coasts o polar regions, but in this case, the coast wis shaped bi the movement o Yird’s crust. The Arabie plate is slowly pushin unner the Eurasie plate, creatin the yirdquauk-prone muntains o Iran. On the leadin edge o the Arabie plate, the Musandam Peninsulae is sinkin. The heicher elevation muntains remain abuin the watter, but the sea haes rushed in tae fill the valleys wi fingers o watter.

## Sources


* https://web.archive.org/web/20060222111410/http://home.pages.at/maxifant/Frames/madha-na.jpg—Cairt shawin the territory.
*Musandam Peninsula, Oman *NASA Earth Observatory*
Lauterstein

**Lauterstein** is a toun in the destrict o Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in soothren Germany. It is locatit 15&nbsp;km east o Göppingen, an 11&nbsp;km sootheast o Schwäbisch Gmünd.

## References
Diyarbakır Province

**Diyarbakır Province** () is a province in eastren Turkey. The province covers an aurie o 15,355&nbsp;km² an the population is 1,528,958. The provincial caipital is Diyarbakir

It haes been hame tae mony ceevilisations an the surroondin aurie includin itsel is hame tae mony Mesolithic era stane carvins an airtifacts. The province haes been ruled bi Hittites, Assirie, Armenians, Persie, Macedonie an Seleucid Greeks, Roum, Parthie, Byzantium, Sassanid Persie, Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongol Empire, Safavid dynasty, Ottoman Empire an feenally the Republic o Turkey.

Diyarbakir wis an early stranghauld o Syriac Christianity, an an aw o Armenian Christians. Afore Warld War I, Christian ethnic groups made up 30% o the population. Syne Warld War I, due tae the massacres o the Christian population an mass imigration, anerlie a few thoosan Christians still live in the province, some in the ceety o Diyarbakir, an ithers in Assirie an Armenie veelages.

The Kurds are the predominant population. Ither groups include Turks, Assiries, Armenians, Arabs an Yazidis.

## Destricts
Diyarbakır province is dividit intae 14 destricts (caipital destrict in **bauld**):
*Bismil
*Çermik
*Çınar
*Çüngüş
*Dicle
***[[Diyarbakır]]**
*Eğil
*Ergani
*Hani
*Hazro
*Kocaköy
*Kulp
*Lice
*Silvan

## References

## Freemit airtins
*  Picturs o the caipital o this province
*  Diyarbakir Weather Forecast Information 
*  Historical Armenian presence in Diyarbakir Province
* Tourism information is available in English at the Southeastern Anatolian Promotion Project site. 
*  Diyarbakir Live News
Khomein Coonty

**Khomein Coonty** () is a coonty in Markazi Province in Iran. The caipital o the coonty is Khomein. At the 2006 census, the coonty's population wis 108,840, in 29,888 families.  The coonty is subdividit intae twa destricts: the Central Destrict an Kamareh Destrict.  The coonty haes twa ceeties: Khomein an Qurchi Bashi.

The toun o Khomein is locatit tae the sooth o the province, in a fertile plain. The climate o Khomein is a moderate muntainous inclinin tae a semi-desert ane. Winters are cauld an simmers are moderate. This ceety lees at a distance o 323&nbsp;km. frae Tehran. The name o Khomein wis primarily mentioned in a beuk namit "The History of Prophets and Kings". Subterranean canals (qanats), sewers an its famous fire-temple can be namit as some pre-Islamic relics. This toun wis cawed the centre o Kamareh 200 years ago. 
Presently, this toun is famous acause o the leader o the Islamic Revolution. This toun is the birthplace o the leader o the Islamic Revolution. His faither's hoose haes acome an important historical monument.

## References
Arak

**Arak** mey refer tae:

* Arak, Iran, a ceety in Markazi Province, Iran
* Arak Coonty, an admeenistrative subdiveesion o Markazi Province Iran
* Arak, Roushie, a veelage in the Tabasaran rayon o Dagestan, Roushie
* Arak (drink), an alcoholic beverage produced an consumit in the Eastren Mediterranean an North Africae
* Arrack, an alcoholic beverage made in Sooth Asie an Sooth East Asie
* Arak gorges, series o gorges in Algerie
* Arak (comics), the hero o *Arak, Son of Thunder*, a swuird an sorcery comic beuk published bi DC Comics
Arak Coonty

**Arak Coonty** () is a coonty in Markazi Province in Iran. The caipital o the coonty is Arak. Its umwhile name wis Sultanabad. At the 2006 census, the coonty's population (includin those portions later split aff tae form Khondab Coonty an Farahan Coonty) wis 602,971, in 165,955 families; excludin those portions, the population wis 535,449, in 148,646 families.  The coonty haes ane destrict: the Central Destrict.  The coonty haes fower ceeties: Arak, Senjan, Davudabad, an Karahrud.

## References
Mariagerfjord Municipality

**Mariagerfjord** is a municipality (Dens, *[[Commune (subnational entity)|kommune]]*) in North Denmark Region in Denmark.  It covers an aurie o 769 km² an a total population o 42,667 (2008).

On 1 Januar 2007 Mariagerfjord municipality wis creatit as the result o ''Kommunalreformen'' ("The Municipal Reform" o 2007), consistin o the umwhile municipalities o Arden, Hadsund an Hobro, an pairt o Mariager Municipality.

The municipality consists o the land aroond Mariager Fjord frae which the municipality takes its name.

## Freemit airtins
*  Mariagerfjord municipality's offeecial wabsteid 

## References
* Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta , delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
* Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map
Earache Records

**Earache Records** is a hivy metal-orientit record label based in Nottingham, Ingland. It helped tae pioneer extreme metal bi releasin mony o the earliest grindcore an daith metal records in the period 1988-1994.

## History
Earache wis foondit in the late aichties bi Digby "Dig" Pearson. In 1985, afore adoptin the name "Earache Records", Pearson released *[[Anglican]] Scrape Attic*, a compilation o early hardcore punk an crossover acts (Hirax, Lipcream, Concrete Sox, etc.). The first offeecial Earache release, on vinyl in 1987 an wi the catalogue reference MOSH 1, wis The Accüsed's *Return of Martha Splatterhead*. The label's first major release, housomeivver, was Napalm Death's *[[Scum (Napalm Death album)|Scum]]*. Then, in 1989, Earache released Naked City's *Torture Garden*, an LP o "hardcore miniatures". Ither early records include albums bi some o extreme metal's finest baunds, regardit as genre-definin classics.

Earache haed up till recently a number o sublabels, includin Wicked World Records, Elitist Records, an the short-lived Necrosis Records ran bi Jeffrey Walker - which released the first album bi Repulsion an Bill Steer o Carcass, an Sub Bass Records.

Later releases include wirk bi Deicide an bi Californie rockers Adema, who entered the USA Billboard chairts top 200 in Aprile 2005.

Earache haes become inextricably linkit wi the daith metal scene in pairticular, but an aw released Welsh ragga-metal act Dub War, Nottingham's hardcore techno ootfit Ultraviolence, an Mick Harris' industrial/experimental Scorn, each time expandin the bundaries o extreme muisic, an openin a path that ither labels hae follaed, sometimes wi greater success. Earache hae signed even mair muisically adventurous groups such as Ewigkeit in recent years, but the daith metal an grindcore wi which it made its name still predominates.

In early 2007 the label signed a distribution deal wi EMI.  The deal includes baith digital an retail distribution o the label's releases.

In 2009, Earache repressed Texas grindcore baund Insect Warfare's *World Extermination* album for the European mercat, efter haein anerlie previously been available frae a vera sma independent record label in Americae. Later on in the year, even though the band haed split up months aforehaund Earache brocht the baund ower tae the UK tae play a "*farewell tour*" playin numerous dates aroond the UK & Ireland anerlie.

In early 2010 it wis annooncit that Earache's newest signin wad be the Singaporean grindcore baund Wormrot, an that the label wad be reissuin the baunds popular debut album - which haed anerlie previously been available direct frae the baund thairsels - alang wi a seicont disc o ower thirty bonus tracks.

## Logo
The oreeginal logo o Earache Records wis designed bi Jeffrey Walker, vocalist an bassist o the baund Carcass.

## Notable airtists (past an present)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* 
* Chronicles o Chaos interview wi Digby Pearson
AK-47

The **AK-47** is a selective-fire, gas-operatit 7.62×39mm assault rifle, first developit in the Soviet Union bi Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is offeecially kent as *Avtomat Kalashnikova* (**А**втомат **К**алашникова). It is kent as a **Kalashnikov**, an "AK", or in Roushie slang, **Kalash** forby.

Design wirk on the AK-47 stairtit in the last year o Warld War II (1945). Efter the war in 1948, the AK-47 wis presentit for offeecial military trials. In 1947 the fixed-stock version wis introducit intae service wi select units o the Soviet Airmy. An early development o the design wis the **AKS** (S—*Skladnoy* or "fauldin"), which wis equippit wi an unnerfauldin metal shoulder stock. In 1949, the AK-47 wis offeecially acceptit bi the Soviet Airmit Forces an uised bi the majority o the memmer states o the Warsaw Pact.

The oreeginal AK-47 wis ae o the first true "assault rifles" tae be manufacturt, efter the oreeginal Sturmgewehr 44. Efter sax decades the model an its variants wis still the maist widely uised an popular assault rifles in the warld acause o thair durability, law production cost, an ease o uise. It haes been manufactured in mony kintras an haes seen service wi airmit forces as well as revolutionary an terrorist organisations warldwide. The AK-47 wis the basis for developin mony ither types o individual an crew-served fireairms. Mair AK-type rifles haes been producit nor aw ither assault rifles pit thegither.

Firin the 7.62x39mm cartridge, the AK-47 produces significant woondin effects whan the projectile tumbles an fragments in tissue; but it produces relatively minor woonds whan the projectile exits the body afore beginnin tae yaw.

## Uisers

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  Bulgarie modification manufactured bi Arsenal J.S.Co as the AR-M1 in 7.62x39mm, 5.45x39mm, & 5.56x45mm
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* : AK-47 variant.
* : Type 56 variant wis uised.
* 
* : Uised bi the Georgie Airmit Forces for ower 15 years. Replacit bi the M4 carbine in 2008.
* : EKAM counter-terrorist unit o the Hellenic Polis.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* : In uise bi Force One.
* 
* 
*  
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* : Type 56 variant.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* : Type 56 an Type 58 variants wis uised.
*  
* : Type 56 variant is uised bi the Special Service Group o the Pakistan Airmy.
* 
* : Uised bi the Santiago City PNP.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* : Adoptit bi the Soviet Union in 1951.
* : Type 56 variant.
* 
*  Tanzanie
* 
* 
* : Type 56 variant wis uised extensively bi the Viet Cong.
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Manufacturer's Offeecial Steid 
* AK Site – Kalashnikov Hame Page
* US Airmy Operator's Manual for the AK-47 Assault Rifle
Robert Ker, 1st Yerl o Roxburghe

**Robert Ker, 1st Earl o Roxburghe** (1570? – 1650) wis a Scois nobleman. He wis the eldest son o William Ker o Cessford (died 1605), an grandson o Sir Walter Ker o Cessford (d. c. 1584), who focht against Mary I, Queen o Scots, baith at Carberry Hill an at Langside.

He helpit James VI against Boddke. He wis a member o the Privy Cooncil o Scotland frae 1599, an wis creatit Laird Roxburghe in 1600. He accompaniet Keeng James tae Lunnon in 1603.

He succeedit tae his faither's estates in 1606 an wis creatit Yerl o Roxburghe in 1616. He wis appointit Keeper o the Privy Seal o Scotland in 1637.

He subscribit the Keeng's Covenant at Halyruid in 1638, an jynt the Keeng's pairty in the ceevil war. When the Keeng attemptit tae reest five members o the House o Commons in 1642, Ker kept the door o the chamber open (see airticle on William Lenthall). He supportit the "Engagement" for the Keeng's rescue in 1648, an wis consequently deprivit o his office as Keeper o the Privy Seal in 1649.

He deed at Floors, his residence near Kelsae, on 18 Januar 1650. His son Harry, Laird Ker, haed deed in Januar 1643. Consequently his titles an estates passed bi special arrangement tae his grandson, William Drummond (d. 1675), the youngest son o his dochter Jean an her husband John Drummond, 2nt Yerl o Perth. William teuk the name o Ker, became 2nt Earl o Roxburghe, an marriet his cousin, Laird Ker's dochter Jean.

## References
*
Margaret, Coontess o Mar

**Margaret o Mar** (died c. 1391) wis Coontess o Mar frae 1374 tae 1391, an auncient Earldom in Scotland, in her awn richt.

She wis a dochter o Domhnall II o Mar an efter the daith o her childless brither Thomas became Coontess o Mar. She haed marriet William Douglas, 1st Earl o Douglas, who wis succeedit bi thair son, James Douglas, 2nt Earl o Douglas an Earl o Mar an Garioch in right o his mither, an whan he fell, leadin the Scots at the battle o Otterburn.

She wis succeedit bi her dochter, Isabel, who became Coontess o Mar, possessed the Lairdship o the Garioch, an an aw became the Coontesss o the unentailed lands o the Hoose o Douglas.

## Freemit airtins
* Weemen in pouer
* The Auncient Earldom o Mar
Ruadrí, Yerl o Mar

**Ruadrí o Mar** is the first kent Mormaer o Mar frae the 12t century, awtho that the mormaerdom wis hintle aulder. For instance, thare wis a Mormaer o Mar at the Battle o Clontarf, 1014.

He is mentioned as *Ruadrí mormar Marr* in the Gaelic notes on the Book of Deer. This means his floruit dates a little efter 1130.

## Freemit airtins
* Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer
Gille Chlerig, Yerl o Mar

**Gille Chlerig**,1 an aa **Gillocheri** 2 or **Gillocher**, **Gillocher** or **Gylocher** is a Gaelic name attestit anerlie in a Laitin soorce, a 13t century forgery designed tae advance the cause o Scots unthirldom. The name is heichlie corruptit, an therefore the name an meanin is unclear. Gille Chlerig is no kent in ony capacity ither than bein faither o Morggán, but maist scholars seem tae be comfortable acceptin him as the Mormaer o Mar who precedeit his son Morggán.

## References
* 1. Anderson, *Early Sources*, Vol. II, p.&nbsp;494 in n.1 o 493
* 2. Oram, "The Earls and Earldom of Mar", p.&nbsp;47

## Bibliography
* Anderson, Alan Orr, *Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500-1286*, 2 Vols (Edinburgh, 1922)
* Richard D. Oram, "The Earls and Earldom of Mar, c1150-1300," Steve Boardman an Alasdair Ross (eds.) *The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, c.1200-1500*, (Dublin/Portland, 2003).  pp.&nbsp;46–66
* Roberts, John L., *Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages*, (Edinburgh, 1997), pp.&nbsp;55–6
Daith groul

A **daith groul**, kent an aw as **daith metal vocals**, **guttural vocals**, **daith grunts**, an **hairsk vocals** amang ither names, is a vocalisation style uisually employed bi vocalists o the daith metal an black metal muisic genre, but an aw uised in a variety o hivy metal an hardcore punk subgenres. 

## See an aw
*Screamin (in muisic)
*Screamin (wi ither purposes)

## References

## Freemit airtins
* , WikiHow
Mediterranean Region, Turkey

The **Mediterranean Region** () is ane o Turkey's seiven census-defined geographical regions (*bölge*). It is bordered bi the Aegean Region tae the west, the Central Anatolie Region tae the north, the Eastren Anatolie Region tae the northeast, the Sootheastren Anatolie Region tae the east, Sirie tae the sootheast, an the Mediterranean Sea tae the sooth.

## Provinces

*Adana Province
*Antalya Province
*Burdur Province
*Hatay Province
*Isparta Province
*Kahramanmaraş Province
*Mersin Province
*Osmaniye Province

## Climate

The Mediterranean Region haes a Mediterranean climate at the coast, wi hot, dry simmers an mild tae ceul, wet winters an a semi-arid continental climate in the interior wi hot, dry simmers an cauld, snawy winters.

## References

## See an aw
*Provinces o Turkey

## Freemit airtins
Dair Atiah

**Dair Atiah** (****), is a ceety in Sirie, locatit atween the Qalamoun Muntains an the Eastren Lebanon Muntains Series,  north o the caipital Damascus an on the road tae the ceety o Homs. Dair Atiah's current population is estimatit tae be aroond 29,254 fowk.

Dair Atiah enjoys a moderate climate in simmer an cauld in the winter as Dair Atiah is locatit at an altitude o  abuin sea level.

The proximity tae a desert region, whaur the average rainfaw daes na exceed mair nor  annually, means that environmental conditions, includin puir sile, daes na provide adequate resoorces tae economically sustain the local population. Hence locals traivel or emigrate. Mony locals emigratit tae the Americas in the early 20t Century, an tae the kintras o Persie Gulf efter the emergence o job opportunities thare, an tae Eastren Asie.

## History
Historians match the name o this ceety wi Romanie Commander Theodorus Paulus whose name means "Givin God" (). This name haes been associatit in minds o successive generations in Dair Atiah for mair nor ane thoosan years.

A nummer o auncient Roman channels can be foond in Yabrud, close tae Dair Atiah.

## Agricultur
Farmers cultivate grapes, apricots, cherries, fegs an ither fruits.

Dair Atiah benefits frae grundwater locatit in its valley.

Dair Atiah haes a nummer o windmills (whiles referred tae as Air Wheels). The pouer generated bi the windmills is uised tae pump watter frae deep wells. The oreegins o the windmills are no kent, but thay are reportit tae be a major soorce o pouer tae pump watter for agricultur for mair nor a hunder years.

## Cultur
Dair Atiah haes a museum, a sports centre an cultural center.

In 2003, the first private varsity in Sirie, University o Kalamoon, wis opened in Dair Atiah.

Dair Atiah's population reflects Sirie's releegious diversity, made up primarily o Muslims an Christians who biggit strang faimily relationships atween ilk ither.

Fowk in Dair Atiah consume a het drink cried Mate, which Sirie expatriates brocht an introducit frae Sooth Americae. The invitation "Come an drink Mate" is teepical o this region's hospitality. The invitation implies no anerlie the sharin o a drink, but an aw a meal.

## References

## Freemit airtins
* Dara3ta.com  
* DairAtiah.net  
* DairAtiah.com  
* Alkasab schuil
Al-Tall Destrict

**Al-Tall Destrict** () is a destrict (mantiqah) o the Rif Dimashq Govrenorate in Sirie. At the 2004 offeecical census, the destrict haed a population o 115,937. The centre o the destrict is the ceety o Al-Tall.

## Diveesions
The destrict o Al-Tall is dividit intae three sub-destricts or Nāḥiyas (population accordin tae 2004 offeecial census):
*Al-Tall nahiyah (ناحية التل): population 85,933.
*Saidnaya nahiyah (ناحية صيدنايا): population 18,846.
*Rankous nahiyah (ناحية رنكوس): population 11,158.

## References
Marib

**Ma'rib** () or **Marib** is the caipital toun o the Ma'rib Govrenorate, Yemen an wis the caipital o the Sabaean kinrick, which some scholars believe tae be the auncient Sheba o biblical fame.
> It is locatit at , approximately 120 kilometers east o Yemen's modren caipital, Sana'a. It haes a current population o 16,794.

## History
The Sabaean kinrick wis locatit in wha is nou Marib in soothwastren Yemen. The Sabaean keengs made thair caipital at Ma'rib, an biggit great irrigation wirks sic as the Ma'rib dams, whose ruins are still visible. The Marib Dam supportit a flourishin cultur for mair nor a thoosan years; its collapse in 575 C.E., a few years efter the birth o Muhammad, mey be ane o the main raisons that Arabie did no acome Christian. Thay an aw biggit castles an temples in the aurie, an wur kent for tradin the valuable frankincense an myrrh. Thay wur a seafarin fowk an kent tae hae influence an a population in the Northeast African kinrick o Dʿmt, athort the Red Sea in Eritrea an aiblins Ethiopie, the anerlie ither soorce o baith frankincense an myrrh.

In 25 B.C., Aelius Gallus led "an expedition tae Ma'rib (Yemen)."

The steid o Auncient Ma'rib wis lairgely abandoned durin the 20t century. Awtho a sma veelage remains, the multi-story mud-brick biggins o the historic ceety are lairgely in ruins. The modren ceety o Ma'rib is locatit aboot 3.5 kilometers north o the centre o the auncient ceety.

## Ile Refinery
The Yemen Oil Refining Company opened an ile refinery in Ma'rib in 1986, which produces 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) o ile per day (2009). In November 2009, the company annooncit a greement wi Korea's Shinhan tae expand an upgrade the refinery tae produce 25,000 barrels (4,000 m3)/day.

Ma'rib is the stairt o the 438&nbsp;km (272&nbsp;mi) *Marib-Ra's Isa ile pipeline*, wi a capacity o 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day.

## Notes

*Durant, Will (1950). *The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization -- Christian, Islamic, and Judaic -- from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300*, The Story o Civilization, volume IV. Simon an Schuster.
* Korotayev, Andrey (1994). Apologia for "The Sabaean Cultural-Political Area" // Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 57: 469-474 .
* MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). *Christianity: the First Three Thousand Years*, Viking Penguin.

## References

## Freemit Airtins
* German Archaeological Institute (in German) 
* World66