open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl o Derby

**Robert I de Ferrers, 1st Earl o Derby** ( 1068 – 1139) wis born in Derbyshire, Ingland, a younger son o Henry de Ferrières an his wife Bertha l'Aigle.  His faither, born in Ferrières, Normandy, France accompanied William the Conqueror durin his invasion o Ingland. The family wis rewardit wi a grant o Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire an 114 manors in Derbyshire.

Robert's aulder brither William's main interests war in Fraunce. He jyned Robert Curthose an wis captured at Tinchebrai. His ither brither Engenulf deed shortly efter his faither an so Robert succeedit tae the estates in 1088.

Fae the beginnin, he gied great support tae Henry I. As pairt o his tenure o Duffield Frith in 1129–30, he is on record as haevin interests in leid mines at Wirksworth. At aboot this time he grantit the kirk o Potterspury, Northamptonshire, tae Bernard the Scribe.

It is, howiver, durin his last yeirs that he is maist in evidence as a leadin supporter o Keeng Stephen. He teuk a muckle body o Derbyshire men northwards tae assist in repellin an invasion o the Scots unner King David I o Scotland, nominally on the behalf o Matilda. Little actual fechtin teuk place, but Thurstan, Archbeeshop o York, won the Battle o the Standard on Stephen's behalf, fecht neist Northallerton, on 22, August, 1138.

Robert wis mainly instrumental in securin the victory fur his Sovereign, wha fur this an ither important services makkit him Earl o Derby, awtho charters an chronicles durin this period refer tae him interchangeably as Earl Ferrers, Earl o Nottingham or Earl o Derby.

He deed in the follaein yeir (1139) an wis succeedit in his earldom bi his seicont but auldest survivin son Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl o Derby aften kent as Robert de Ferrars the Younger.

As wi maist Norman lairds, the Ferrers brocht their Norman underlairds tae Ingland wi them – in this case, the Curzon (o Kedleston), Livet (Levett) an Boscherville (Baskerville) families, wha haudit their fiefs in Normandy frae the Ferrers, an wha subsequently haudit their Inglis lands fraae Ferrers as weel. (The undertenant family names derive frae Notre-Dame-de-Courson, Livet-en-Ouche an Boscherville, aw pairt o the Ferrers barony in Normandy.) These undertenant retained their ties tae the Ferrers efter the faimilies haed flittit tae Ingland follaein the Norman Conquest.

## References

* *Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700* by Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 55-26
* Jones, M.,(2004) *Ferrers, Robert de, first Earl Ferrers (d. 1139)’', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press[ accessed 28 Oct 2007]*
* Bland, W., 1887 *Duffield Castle: A lecture at the Temperance Hall, Wirksworth,* Derbyshire Advertiser
* Loyd, Lewis, 1951 "The Origins of Some Anglo Norman Families," Harleian Society https://books.google.com/books?id=2J5rkqos7wAC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=lewis+loyd+the+origins+of+some+%22anglo+norman%22+families+curzon+livet&source=web&ots=dBzXog-kGi&sig=65f18HMghGlrhkxdMzDd1U-eYgA

## External links

* freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com
Tractor

A **Tractor** is an engineering vehicle specifically designed tae deliver at a heich tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery uised in agricultur or construction.  Most commonly, the term is uised tae describe a ferm vehicle that provides the power an traction tae mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (an oreeginally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements mey be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, an the tractor mey an aa provide a soorce of power if the implement is mechanised.
Commer

**Commer** wis a Breetish manufacturer o commercial vehicles frae 1905 until 1979. Commer vehicles included caur-derived vans, licht vans, medium tae hivy commercial larries, military vehicles an buses. The company designed an biggit its ain diesel ingines for its hivy commercial vehicles.
Linwuid

**Linwuid** (Inglis: *Linwood*) is a smaw toun in Renfrewshire in the wast central Lowlands o Scotland, 14 mile (23&nbsp;km) wast Glesga. It is aboot a mile an a hauf north-east Johnstoun an wast Paisley close tae the Black Cairt Watter an the A737 road.
Leyland Tractors

**Leyland tractors** wis creatit efter the merger o the British Motor Corporation (BMC) wi Leyland Motors tae form British Leyland in 1968. Nuffield Tractors haed been stairtit efter Warld War II bi Lord Nuffield, awner o Morris Motors LImited, thit haed become pairt o BMC in 1951.

Efter the merger, Leyland chynged the colour frae the Poppy Reid o Nuffield tae twa-tone blue, thit wad last richt up tae the early 1980s. Production muived tae Bathket in Scotland. Whan Leyland haed taen ower Nuffield, the Nuffield name still appeared until 1969 afore it wis completely abolished.

Models includit the: 154, 245, 253, 255, 262, 270, 272, 282, 285, 344, 384, 462, 472, 482 an 485. Than the "harvest gold" coloured: 602, 604, 702, 704, 802, 804 an the 904XL.

BL sellt Leyland tractors in 1982 tae Marshall Tractors Ltd an production muived tae Gainsborough in Lincolnshire, Ingland.
Vaccine

A **vaccine** is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity tae a parteecular disease. A vaccine teepically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causin microorganism an is eften made frae weakened or killed forms o the microbe, its toxins, or ane o its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune seestem tae recognise the agent as a threat, destroy it, an tae further recognise an destroy ony o the microorganisms associated wi that agent that it mey encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylactic (ensaumple: tae prevent or ameliorate the effects o a future infection bi a naitural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (e.g., vaccines against cancer are bein investigated).

The admeenistration o vaccines is cried vaccination. Vaccination is the maist effective method o preventin infectious diseases; widespread immunity due tae vaccination is largely responsible for the warldwide eradication o smallpox an the restriction o diseases sic as polio, maisles, an tetanus frae much o the warld. 

The effectiveness o vaccination haes been widely studied an verified; for ensaumple, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, an the chicken pox vaccine. The Warld Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twinty-five different preventable infections.

The terms *vaccine* an *vaccination* are derived frae *Variolae vaccinae* (smallpox o the cow), the term devised bi Edward Jenner tae denote cowpox. He uised it in 1798 in the lang title o his *Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox*, in which he describit the protective effect o cowpox against smallpox. In 1881, tae honour Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extendit tae kiver the new protective inoculations then bein developed.

## Effectiveness
Vaccines hae historically been the maist effective means tae fecht an eradicate infectious diseases. Limitations tae thair effectiveness, nevertheless, exist. Whiles, pertection fails acause the host's immune seestem simply daes nae respond adequately or at aw. Lack o response commonly results frae clinical factors sic as diabetes, steroid uise, HIV infection or age. It an aa might fail for genetic reasons if the host's immune seestem includes no strains o B cells that can generate antibodies suited tae reacting effectively an binding tae the antigens associated wi the pathogen.

## References
Side-valve ingine

A **Side-valve ingine** is an internal combustion ingine wi valves placed in the ingine block beside the piston, insteid o in the cylinder heid, as in an owerheid valve ingine.  As the cylinder cross-section haes the shape o an inverted L, ither names sic as **L-block** or **L-heid** are an aa common.

The side-valve ingine's poppet valves are uisually sited on ane side o the cylinder(s). A recess in the cylinder heid creates a corridor connecting the valves an the combustion chamber. The valve gear comprises a camshaft which operates the valves via semple tappets, maist commonly wioot ony faur valvetrain components (sic as pushrods, rocker arms, owerheid valves or owerheid camshafts).

The side-valve arrangement wis ance the maist common across aw motor industries (automotive, agricultural, marine, aviation, an others), but it haes syne fallen frae favour in maist multicylinder applications, sic as automotive an aviation, haein been displaced bi owerheid valve designs. Side-valve designs are still commonly biggit new for mony smaw ingine applications o ane an twa cylinders, sic as lawnmowers, rotary tillers, an twa-wheel tractors.
Voltmeter

A **voltmeter** is an instrument uised for meisurin electrical potential difference atween twa pynts in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters muive a pointer across a scale in proportion tae the voltage o the circuit; digital voltmeters gie a numerical display o voltage bi uise o an analog tae digital converter.

A voltmeter in a circuit diagram is represented bi the letter *V* in a circle.

Voltmeters are made in a wide range o styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are uised tae monitor electric generators or ither fixed apparatus. Portable instruments, uisually equipped tae an aa meisur current an resistance in the form o a multimeter, are standard test instruments uised in electrical an electronics work. Ony measurement that can be converted tae a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for ensaumple, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant.

General purpose analog voltmeters mey hae an accuracy o a few percent o full scale, an are uised wi voltages frae a fraction o a volt tae several thoosand volts. Digital meters can be made wi heich accuracy, teepically better nor 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments hae higher accuracies, wi laboratory instruments capable o meisurin tae accuracies o a few pairts per million. Meters uisin amplifiers can meisur tiny voltages o microvolts or less.
Stirling ingine

A **Stirling ingine** is a heat ingine that operates bi cyclic compression an expansion o air or ither gas (the *working fluid*) at different temperatures, sic that thare is a net conversion o heat energy tae mechanical wirk. Mair specifically, the Stirling ingine is a closed-cycle regenerative heat ingine wi a permanently gaseous wirkin fluid. *Closed-cycle*, in this context, means a thermodynamic seestem in which the wirkin fluid is permanently contained within the seestem, an *regenerative* describes the uise o a specific teep o internal heat exchanger an thermal store, kent as the *regenerator*. Strictly speakin, the inclusion o the regenerator is what differentiates a Stirling ingine frae ither closed cycle het air ingines.

Oreeginally conceived in 1816 bi Robert Stirling as an industrial prime mover tae rival the steam ingine, its practical uise wis largely confined tae law-pouer domestic applications for ower a century.

## Diagrams

File:Alpha_Stirling.gif|thumb|216x216px|Alpha-teep Stirling ingine. Thare are twa cylinders. The expansion cylinder (red) is maintained at a heich temperature while the compression cylinder (blue) is cooled. The passage atween the twa cylinders contains the regenerator.
File:Stirling_Animation.gif|thumb|272x272px|Beta-teep Stirling ingine. Thare is anly ane cylinder, het at ane end an cauld at the ither. A loose-fitting displacer shunts the air atween the het an cauld ends o the cylinder. A power piston at the end o the cylinder drives the flywheel.


## References
Nuclear pouer station

A **nuclear power station** or **nuclear power plant** is a thermal pouer station in which the heat soorce is a nuclear reactor. As is teepical o thermal pouer stations, heat is uised tae generate steam that drives a steam turbine connected tae a generator that produces electricity. , the IAEA report thare are 449&nbsp;nuclear power reactors in operation operating in 31&nbsp;countries.

Nuclear plants  are uisually considered tae be base load stations syne fuel is a smaw pairt o the cost o production an acause thay canna be easily or quickly dispatched. Thair operations an maintenance (O&M) an fuel costs are, alang wi hydropower stations, at the law end o the spectrum an mak them suitable as base-load pouer suppliers.  The cost o spent fuel management, houiver, is somewhat uncertain.

## References
Kinto Sol

**Kinto Sol** is a hip hop group frae México.

## Discography

### Albums
* Kinto Sol (1999)
* Del Norte al Sur (2000)
* Hecho En Mexico (2003)
* La Sangre Nunca Muere (2005)
* Los Hijos del Maiz (2007)
* 15 Rayos (2007)
* Cárcel De Sueños (2009)
* El Ultimo Suspiro (2010)
* Familia, Fe y Patria (2012)
* La Tumba del Alma (2013)
* Protegiendo el Penacho (2014)
* Lo Que No Se Olvida (2015)
* Somos Ance (2017)
* Lengua Universal (2018)
Trolleybus

A **Trolleybus** is an electric bus that draws power frae owerheid wires (generally suspended frae roadside posts) uisin spring-loaded trolley poles. Twa wires an poles are required tae complete the electrical circuit. This differs frae a tram, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing anly ane wire an ane pole or a pantograph. Thay are an aa distinct frae ither kinds o electric buses, which uisually rely on batteries. Power is maist commonly supplied as direct current at 500 or 600 volts
Masada

**Masada** ( **, "fortress") is an auncient fortification in the Soothren Destrict o Israel situatit on tap o an isolatit rock plateau, akin tae a mesa.

## References
Chiyo Miyako

wis a Japanese supercentenarian that wis the auldest verifee'd leevin person follaein the daith o Nabi Tajima on Apryle 21, 2018. She maistly bidit in Kanagawa Prefectur.

## References
Menhir

A **menhir** or **stannin stane** (frae Brittonic leids: *maen* or *men*, "stane" an *hir* or *hîr*, "lang") is a muckle manmade upricht stane, pit up bi prehistoric fowk.

## References
Nimrud

**Nimrud** () is the Assirian Neo-Aramaic name for the auncient Assirian ceety o **Kalhu** (the Biblical Calah), locatit  sooth o the ceety o Mosul, an  sooth o the veelage o Selamiyah (), in the Nineveh plains in northren Mesopotamie.
Continental climate

**Continental climates** are defined in the Köppen climate clessification as haein a cauldest month mean temperature ablo -3&nbsp;°C (26.6&nbsp;°F), or 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F), dependin on the isotherm that is uised for the cauldest month, an for the fower month abuin 10&nbsp;°C.
Lanzarote

**Lanzarote** () is a Spaingie island, the eastrenmaist o the autonomous Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
Khanate o Kazan

The **Khanate o Kazan** (; Roushie: Казанское ханство, Romanisation: *Kazanskoye khanstvo*) wis a medieval Bulgarie-Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory o umwhile Volga Bulgaria atween 1438 an 1552.
Örnsköldsvik

**Örnsköldsvik**  is a locality an the seat o Örnsköldsvik Municipality in Västernorrland Coonty, Swaden, wi 32,953 indwallers in 2017.

## References
Tokushima, Tokushima

is the caipital ceety o Tokushima Prefectur on Shikoku island in Japan.

## Sister ceeties
* Saginaw, Michigan, USA
* Leiria, Portugal
* Dandong, Liaoning, Cheenae
Camagüey

**Camagüey** () is a ceety an municipality in central Cuba an is the naition's third lairgest ceety wi mair nor 321,000 indwallers. It is the caipital o the Camagüey Province.

## References
Pyeonghwa Motors

**Pyeonghwa Motors** (Hangul : 평화자동차) (Hancha : 平和自動車), a Korean leid wird for "peace", an aa spelled **Pyonghwa**, is ane o the twa caur manufacturers an dealers in the North Korean automotive industry. It is a jynt ventur in Nampo atween Pyonghwa Motors o Seoul (Sooth Korea), a company owned bi Sun Myung Moon's Unification Kirk, an the North Korean Ryonbong General Corp. The jynt ventur produces smaw caurs unner licence frae Fiat an Brilliance Cheenae Auto, a pickup truck an an SUV uisin complete knock doun kits frae Cheenese manufacturer Dandong Shuguang, an a luxury car o Mercedes-Benz/SsangYong design.

Pyeonghwa haes the exclusive rights tae caur production, purchase, an sale o uised caurs in North Korea. Houiver, maist North Koreans are unable tae afford a caur. Because o the very smaw mercat for caurs in the kintra, Pyeonghwa's output is reportedly very law. In 2003, anly 314 caurs war produced even tho the factory haed the facilities tae produce up tae 10,000 caurs a year. Erik van Ingen Schenau, author o the beuk *Automobiles Made in North Korea*, haes estimatit the company's tot production in 2005 at nae mair nor aroond 400 units.

## References

## External links
The offeecial wabsteid appears tae hae been blocked but brief details can be foond at:
* Northkoreatech
Toronto van attack

On Apryle 23, 2018, a white rental van collided wi pedestrians in North York Ceety Centre in North York, Toronto, Ontario, Canadae, killin 10 an woundin 15 ithers. The driver o the van, 25-year-auld Alex Minassian, wis arrestit aboot 30 meenits later. Minassian wis incel.

## References
Wonsan

**Wŏnsan** (), previously kent as **Wŏnsanjin** (元山津), **Port Lazarev**, an **Gensan** (元山), is a port ceety an naval base locatit in Kangwŏn Province, North Korea, alang the eastren side o the Korean Peninsula, on the Sea o Japan (East Sea) an the provincial caipital.  The port wis opened bi occupying Japanese forces in 1880. Afore the 19501953 Korean War, it fell within the jurisdiction o the then Sooth Hamgyong Province, an during the war it wis the location o the Blockade o Wŏnsan. The population o the ceety wis estimatit at 329,207 in 2013. Notable fowk frae Wŏnsan include Kim Ki Nam, diplomat an Secretary o the Wirkers' Pairty o Korea. The ceety haes several major factories.

## Geography

Wŏnsan's aurie is . It is locatit in Kangwŏn Province, on the westernmost pairt o the Sea o Japan (East Sea o Korea) an the east end o the Korean peninsula's neck. Mt. Changdok (Changdok-san) an Mt. Nap'al (Nap'al-san) are locatit tae the wast o the ceety. Mair nor 20 smaw islands flank Wŏnsan's immediate coastal aurie, includin Hwangt'o Island an Ryŏ Island. Wŏnsan is considered an excellent naitural port location. Kŭmgang-san moontain is locatit near Wŏnsan.
Zhang Heng

**Zhang Heng** (; AD 78–139), umwhile romanised as **Chang Heng**, wis a Han Cheenese polymath frae Nanyang that bed in the Han dynasty.
Morrissey

**Steven Patrick Morrissey** (; born 22 Mey 1959), kent mononymously as **Morrissey**, is an Inglis sangster, sangwriter an author. He rose tae prominence as the frontman o the Smiths, that war active frae 1982 tae 1987. Syne then, Morrissey haes haed a solo career, makkin the tap ten o the UK Singles Chart on ten occasions an reachin nummer ane on the UK Albums Chart three times.

## References
Spark plug

A **spark plug** (whiles, in Breetish Inglis, a **sparking plug**, an, colloquially, a **plug**) is a device for delivering electric current frae an ignition seestem tae the combustion chamber o a spark-ignition ingine tae ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture bi an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the ingine. A spark plug haes a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated frae a central electrode bi a porcelain insulator. The central electrode, which mey contain a resistor, is connected bi a heavily insulated wire tae the output terminal o an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed intae the ingine's cylinder heid an sicweys electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes throu the porcelain insulator intae the combustion chamber, forming ane or mair spark gaps atween the inner end o the central electrode an uisually ane or mair protuberances or structures attached tae the inner end o the threaded shell an designated the *side*, *earth*, or *ground* electrode(s).

## References
Lead–acid battery

The **lead–acid battery** wis invented in 1859 bi French physicist Gaston Planté an is the auldest teep o  rechairgeable battery. Despite haein a very law energy-tae-wecht ratio an a law energy-tae-volume ratio, its ability tae supply heich surge currents means that the cells hae a relatively lairge pouer-tae-wecht ratio. Thir features, alang wi thair law cost, mak them attractive for uise in motor vehicles tae provide the heich current required bi automobile starter motors.

As thay are inexpensive compared tae newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely uised even when surge current is nae important an ither designs coud provide higher energy densities. Large-format lead–acid designs are widely uised for storage in backup pouer supplies in cell phone touers, heich-availability settings lik hospitals, an staund-alone pouer seestems. For thir roles, modified versions o the standard cell mey be uised tae improve storage times an reduce maintenance requirements. *Gel-cells* an *absorbed glass-mat* batteries are common in thir roles, collectively kent as VRLA (valve-regulated lead–acid) batteries.

## References
Nickel–iron battery

The **nickel–iron battery** (NiFe battery) is a rechairgeable battery haein nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive plates an airn negative plates, wi an electrolyte o potassium hydroxide. The active materials are held in nickel-plated steel tubes or perforated pockets.  It is a very robust battery which is tolerant o abuse, (overcharge, overdischarge, an short-circuiting) an can hae very lang life even if sae treatit. It is eften uised in backup situations whaur it can be continuously charged an can last for mair nor 20 years. Due tae its law specific energy, poor charge retention, an heich cost o manufacture, ither types o rechairgeable batteries hae displaced the nickel–iron battery in maist applications.

## References
Mika (sangster)

**Michael Holbrook Penniman, Jr.** (born 18 August 1983, Beirut), kent bi the stage name **Mika** (stylizit as **MIKA**), is a Lebanese-born Inglis sangster-sangwriter.

## References
Suffragette

**Suffragettes** war members o weemen's organisations in the late 19t an early 20t centuries that advocatit the extension o the "franchise", or the richt tae vote in public elections, tae weemen.
Distributor

A **distributor** is an enclosed rotating shaft uised in spark-ignition internal combustion ingines that hae mechanically-timed ignition. The distributor's main function is tae route seicontar, or heich voltage, current frae the ignition coil tae the spark plugs in the correct firing order, an for the correct amount o time. Except in magneto seestems, the distributor an aa houses a mechanical or inductive breaker switch tae open an close the ignition coil's primary circuit.

The first reliable battery operated ignition wis developed bi Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co. (Delco) an introduced in the 1910 Cadillac. This ignition wis developed bi Charles Kettering an wis considered a wonder in its day. Atwater Kent invented his Unisparker ignition seestem aboot this time in competeetion wi the Delco seestem. Bi the end o the 20t century mechanical ignitions war disappearing frae automotive applications in favour o inductive or capacitive electronic ignitions, fully controlled bi ingine control units (ECU), rather than directly timed tae the ingine's crankshaft speed.

## References
Florence and the Machine

**Florence and the Machine** (stylisit as **Florence + the Machine**) are an Inglis indie rock baund that formit in Lunnon in 2007, consistin o vocalist Florence Welch, keybuirdist Isabella Summers, an a collaboration o ither airtists.

## References
Alternator

An **alternator** is an electric generator that converts mechanical energy tae electrical energy in the form o alternatin current. For reasons o cost an simplicity, maist alternators uise a rotating magnetic field wi a stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature wi a stationary magnetic field is uised. In principle, ony AC electric generator can be cried an alternator, but uisually the term refers tae smaw rotating machines driven bi automotive an ither internal combustion ingines. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is cried a magneto. Alternators in pouer stations driven bi steam turbines are cried turbo-alternators.  Large 50 or 60&nbsp;Hz three phase alternators in pouer plants generate maist o the warld's electric power, which is distributed bi electric power grids.

## References
Ignition coil

An **ignition coil** (cried a **spark coil** an aw) is an induction coil in an automobile's ignition system that transforms the battery's law voltage tae the thousands o volts needed tae creaut an electric spark in the spark plugs tae ignite the fuel.  Some coils hae an internal resistor, while others rely on a resistor wire or an external resistor tae leemit the current flowing intae the coil frae the car's 12-volt supply. The wire that goes frae the ignition coil tae the distributor an the heich voltage wires that go frae the distributor tae each o the spark plugs are cried spark plug wires or heich tension leads. Oreeginally, every ignition coil system required mechanical contact breaker pynts an a capacitor (condenser). Mair recent electronic ignition systems uise a power transistor tae provide pulses tae the ignition coil. A modren passenger automobile mey uise ane ignition coil for each ingine cylinder (or pair o cylinders), eliminating fault-prone spark plug cables an a distributor tae route the heich voltage pulses. Ignition systems are nae required for diesel ingines which rely on compression tae ignite the fuel/air mixture.
Magneto

A **magneto** is an electric generator that uses permanent magnets tae produce periodic pulses o alternatin current. Unlik a dynamo, a magneto daes nae contain a commutator tae produce direct current. It is categorized as a form o alternator, awtho it is uisually considered distinct frae maist ither alternators, which uise field coils rather than permanent magnets.

Haund-cranked magneto generators war uised tae provide ringing current in telephone seestems. Magnetos war an aa adapted tae produce pulses o heich voltage in the ignition seestems o some petrol ingines tae provide power tae the spark plugs. Uise o sic ignition magnetos for ignition is nou leemitit mainly tae the follaein kinds o engines:

* Engines wioot a law-voltage electrical seestem, sic as lawnmowers an chainsaws. 
* Aircraft engines, in which keepin the ignition independent o the rest o the electrical seestem ensures that the ingine continues running in the event o alternator or battery failure. For redundancy, virtually aw piston ingine aircraft are fitted wi twa magneto seestems, each supplying power tae ane o twa spark plugs in each cylinder.

## Notes

## References
Scottish Oils

**Scottish Oils Ltd**, established bi the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (the ancestor o BP) in 1919 bi mildin five Scottish ile shale companies (Young's Paraffin Licht & Mineral Oil Company, Broxburn Oil Company, Pumpherston Shale Oil Company, Oakbank Oil Company an James Ross & Company Philpstoun Oil Works), wis a producer o shale ile. Shale ile production in Scotland stappit in the aerly 1960s but thare wis a failt revival attempt in 1973. The company wis wound up on 15 December 2010. The Scottish Oil Agency Ltd wis a distributing an selling organisation o Scottish Oils Ltd. A Scottish Oil Agency rail tanker is preserved at the Museum o the Scottish Shale Oil Industry.

## Picture gallery

File:Addiewell Works West Lothian.jpg|thumb|Young's Addiewell Works, Wast Lowden
File:Former Broxburn Shale Oil Works - geograph.org.uk - 1018508.jpg|Former Broaxburn Shale Ile Works
File:Pumpherston Retorts.png|Pumpherston ile shale retorts, Scotland, 1922


## References
Dungal MacDouall

**Dungal MacDouall** (Duncan Macdowall, Dugald Macdowall), wis a 13t–14t-century noble, that wis a key feegur against Robert de Brus, later King Robert I of Scotland, in Gallowa, Scotland.
Philippine eagle

The **Philippine eagle** (*Pithecophaga jefferyi*), an aa kent aes the **monkey-eatin eagle** or **great Philippine eagle**, is an eagle o the faimily Accipitridae endemic tae forests in the Philippines. It haes broun an white-coloured plumage, an a shaggy crest, an generally measures  in lenth an wechts . It is conseedert the lairgest o the extant eagles in the warld in terms o lenth an weeng surface, wi  Steller's sea eagle an the harpy eagle bein lairger in terms o wecht an bulk. Amang the rarest an maist pouerfu birds in the warld, it haes been declarit the Philippine naitional bird. It is creetically endangered, mainly due tae massive loss o habitat resultin frae deforestation in maist o its range. Killin a Philippine eagle is punishable unner Philippine law up tae 12 years in prison an hivy fines.

## Freemit Airtins

*Philippine Eagle Foundation. A foundation devoted tae saving the Philippine eagle.
*Animal Diversity Web – Pithecophaga jefferyi
*National Geographic Magazine – "The Lord of the Forest" 
*Bringing Back Ol' Blue Eyes  – article on Philippine Eagle Foundation work on Mindanao
*Video of Philippine eagle hunting flying lemurs 
*Photos of the Philippine eagle  bi Klaus Nigge
*Original announcement of 1896 an detailed account from 1897 bi W. R. Ogilvie-Grant.
TE10

**TE10** () is a Soviet-Ukrainian diesel-electric locomotive. The name o this locomotive (ТЭ10) is frae ***т'''епловоз с '''э'''лектрической передачей, '''тип 10***, which translate tae "diesel-electric locomotive type 10." Thay war made in single-unit form (TE10) an twa-unit form (2TE10). Thare war an aa three-unit an fower-unit versions (3TE10 an 4TE10).

## History
In 1957–1961, the Kharkov plant "Electrotyazhmash" an Malyshev Factory designed a new single-unit locomotive wi 50% mair power than a single TE3 unit an anly a slichtly greater mass. The result wis the TEP10 an TEP10L designs. Efter 1961, work on the freight version o the design wis assigned tae the Lugansk works. Thir designs received the suffix "L" tae the name tae signify the transfer.

The first locomotive o the new design, designated TE10-001 (Kharkov), wis released in November 1958.

Anly smaw nummers o the TEP variant o the design war produced afore the design became a dedicated freight locomotive, while a passenger version wis nae further developed.

## Ingines

Initial prototypes uised the 12 cylinder 9D100 opposed piston twa-stroke diesel ingine tae achieve the required power levels.

This wis based on the Kharkov 10 cylinder 2D100 twa-stroke diesel unit. Houiver problems war encountered an anither variant o the 2D100 wis uised, the 10D100, anither 10 cylinder twa-stroke diesel design. Aw derivatives o the TE10 locomotive biggit as new uised this ingine.

## Body
Ane o the innovations in Soviet locomotive factories wis semi-monocoque construction - the principle o whole body supporting structur (what the US wad caw a carbody structur). This haed previously been uised anly bi the Czechoslovakian CHS1 electric locomotives an the Riga ER1 electric train. The body o the locomotive wis based on twa three-axle trucks lik the TE3 predecessor.

Wi much less wecht than the twa-unit locomotive TE3, a single TE10 diesel locomotive coud successfully replace a pair o TE3s.

## Derivative designs
This single unit design formed the basis for a faimily o locomotives that wis biggit for ower 30 years an ranged frae single unit passenger locomotives TEP10 throu twa an three unit freight locomotives 2TE10 3TE10 tae fower unit very hivy freight 4TE10U ingines.

## References
Mothercare

**Mothercare plc** () is a Breetish retailer that specialises in products for expectant mithers an in general merchandise for childer up tae 6 year auld.

## References
Spottiswoode Aitken

**Frank Spottiswoode Aitken** (16 Apryle 1868 – 26 Februar 1933) wis a Scots actor o the seelent era. He wis aiblins best kent for his role as Dr. Cameron in *[[The Birth of a Nation]]* (1915).

## References
Baku (meethologie)

are Japanese supernaitural beins that devoor dreams an nichtmares. Accordin tae leegend, thay war creatit bi the spare pieces that war left ower whan the gods feenished creautin aw ither ainimals.
Pornography

**Pornography** (aften cried **porn** an aw) is the performance o sexual subject maiter fir the ettle o sexual pleisur. Pornography mey be kythed in aw teeps o media, includin leeteratur, postcarids, photaes, sculptur, drawin, pentin, animation, soond recordin, phone caws, scrievin, film, video, an video gemms. The term applees tae a performance o the act raither than the act hitsel, an sae daes no include live exheebeetions like sex shaws an striptease. The foremaist subjects o praisent-dey pornographic performances are pornographic models, that pose fir still photaes, an pornographic actors ir porn starns, that perform in pornographic films. Gin that dramatic skeels are no insnorlt, a performer in a porn film micht be cried a model an aw.

## References
Straucht ingine

The **straucht** or **inline ingine** is an Internal combustion ingine wi aw cylinders aligned in ane row an haein no offset. Uisually foond in fower, sax an aicht cylinder configurations, thay hae been uised in caurs, locomotives an aircraft.

A straucht ingine is considerably easier tae big than an otherwise equivalent horizontally opposed or V ingine, acause baith the cylinder bank an crankshaft can be milled frae a single metal castin, an it requires fewer cylinder heads an camshafts. In-line engines are an aw smawer in oweraw physical dimensions than designs sic as the radial, an can be mounted in ony direction. Straucht configurations are simpler than thair V-shaped counterparts.

## Diagrams

File:Reihenmotor Vier Zylinder 1-2-4-3.gif|Straucht-4 ingine, firing order 1-2-4-3
File:Inline 6 Cylinder with firing order 1-4-2-6-3-5.gif|Straucht-6 ingine, firing order 1-4-2-6-3-5
File:Inline 8 Cylinder with firing order 1-4-7-3-8-5-2-6.gif|Straucht-8 ingine, firing order 1-4-7-3-8-5-2-6
Aggretsuko

***Aggretsuko*** or  is a Japanese anime franchise based on the eponymous chairacter creatit bi "Yeti" for the mascot company Sanrio.
Plurality votin seestem

**Plurality voting** is an electoral seestem in whilk ilka voter is alloued tae vote fur anerly the ae candidate, an the candidate wha gains the maist votes amang thair marraes (a plurality) is electit. In a seestem based on single-member districts, it mey be cried first-past-the-post (FPTP), **single-choice votin**, **simple plurality** or **relative/simple majority**. In a system based on multi-memmer districts, it mey be referred to as bloc votin. The seestem is aften uised fur tae elect memmers o a legislative assemmly or executive officers. It is the maist common form o the seestem, and is uised in Canadae, the laicher house (Lok Sabha) in Indie, maist elections in the Unitit Kinrick (ootwi some Scots and Northren Irish elections), an maist Unitit States elections.
Schindler's List

***Schindler's List*** is a 1993 American historical period drama film directit an co-produced bi Steven Spielberg an written bi Steven Zaillian. It is based on the novelle *[[Schindler's Ark]]* bi Australie novelist Thomas Keneally. The film follaes Oskar Schindler, a Sudeten German businessman, that saufit the lifes o mair nor a thoosand maistly Pols-Jewish refugees frae the Holocaust bi employin them in his factories in Warld War II. It starns Liam Neeson as Schindler, Ralph Fiennes as SS officer Amon Göth, an Ben Kingsley as Schindler's Jewish accoontant Itzhak Stern.

## References

;Soorces
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Comedy-drama

**Comedy-drama**, occasionally kent as **dramedy** (portmanteau o wirds **dram**a an com**edy**), is a subgenre in contemporary forms o **[[tragicomedy]]**, especially in telly, that combines elements o comedy an drama.

## References
North Wast Ingland

**North Wast Ingland**, one o nine offeecial regions o Ingland, consists o the five counties o Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire an Merseyside. The North Wast had a population o 7,052,000 in 2011. It is the third most populatit region in the Unitit Kinrick after the Sooth East an Greater Lunnon.

## Geografie
North Wast Ingland is bounded tae the east bi the Pennines an tae the wast bi the Erse Sea. The region extends fro the Scottish Borders in the north tae the Wast Midlands region in the sooth. Tae its soothwast is North Wales. Amongst the better kent o the North Wast's pheesiographical features are the Lake District an the Cheshire Plain. The highest point in North Wast Ingland (an the highest peak in Ingland) is Scafell Pike, Cumbria, at a heicht o .

Windermere is the lairgest natural lake in Ingland. Broad Crag Tarn on Broad Crag is Ingland's highest lake. Wast Water is Ingland's deepest lake, being 74m deep .

A mix o rural an urban landscape, two lairge conurbations, centred on Liverpuil an Manchester, occupy much o the sooth o the region. The north o the region, comprising Cumbria an northren Lancashire, is lairgely rural, as is the far sooth which encompasses parts o the Cheshire Plain an Peak District.
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

***Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom*** () is a 1984 American action-adventur film directit bi Steven Spielberg. It is the seicont instawment in the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise an a prequel tae the 1981 film *[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]*, featurin Harrison Ford reprisin his role as the teetle chairacter. Efter arrivin in North Indie, Indiana Jones is asked bi desperate veelagers tae find a mystical stane an rescue thair childer frae a Thuggee cult practicin bairn sclavery, black magic an reetual human saicrifeece in honour o the goddess Kali.

## References
Natalie Wood

**Natalie Wood** (born **Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko**; Julie 20, 1938&nbsp;– November 29, 1981) wis an American actress. She begoud her career in film as a bairn an becam a successfu Hollywood starn as a young adult, receivin three Academy Awaird nominations afore she turned 25 year auld. Her maist signeeficant roles includit *[[Miracle on 34th Street]]*, *[[Splendor in the Grass]]*, *[[Rebel Without a Cause]]*, *[[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice]]*, *[[The Searchers]]*, an *[[West Side Story (film)|West Side Story]]*.

## References
Ava Gardner

**Ava Lavinia Gardner** (24 December 1922 – 25 Januar 1990) wis an American actress an sangster.

She wis signed tae a contract wi Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1941, an appeared mainly in smaw roles till she drew attention wi her performance in *[[The Killers (1946 film)|The Killers]]* (1946). She wis nominatit for the Academy Awaird for Best Actress for her wark in *[[Mogambo]]* (1953), an aw so received BAFTA Awaird an Gowden Globe Award nominations for ither films.

Gardner appeared in several heich-profile films frae the 1940s tae 1970s, includin *[[The Hucksters]]* (1947), *[[Show Boat (1951 film)|Show Boat]]* (1951), *[[Pandora and the Flying Dutchman]]* (1951), *[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]* (1952), *[[The Barefoot Contessa]]* (1954), *[[Bhowani Junction (film)|Bhowani Junction]]* (1956), *[[On the Beach (1959 film)|On the Beach]]* (1959), *[[55 Days at Peking]]* (1963), *[[Seven Days in May]]* (1964), *[[The Night of the Iguana (film)|The Night of the Iguana]]* (1964), *[[The Bible: In the Beginning...]]* (1966), *[[The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean]]* (1972), *[[Earthquake (1974 film)|Earthquake]]* (1974), an *[[The Cassandra Crossing]]* (1976). Gardner conteena'd tae act regularly till 1986, fower years before her daith in Lunnon in 1990, at the age o 67.

She is leetit 25t amang the American Film Institute's "25 Greatest Female Stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema."

## References
West Highland Line

The **West Highland Line** ( - "Iron Road to the Isles") is a railwey line linking the ports o Mallaig an Oban in the Scottish Highlands tae Glasgow in Central Scotland. The line wis voted the tap rail journey in the warld bi readers o independent traivel magazine *Wanderlust* in 2009, ahead o the iconic Trans-Siberian line in Roushie an the Cuzco tae Machu Picchu line in Peru. The ScotRail wabsteid haes syne reportit that the line haes been voted the maist scenic railway line in the warld for the seicont year running.

The West Highland Line is ane o twa railway lines which access the remote and mountainous wast coast o Scotland, the ither bein the Kyle o Lochalsh Line which connects Inverness wi Kyle o Lochalsh. The line is the westernmost railway line in Great Britain.

At least in pairt, the West Highland Line is the same railway line as that referred tae as the West Highland Railway.

## References

### Notes
Mallaig

**Mallaig** ( ) is a port in Lochaber, on the wast coast o the Hielands o Scotland. The local railwey station, Mallaig, is the terminus o the West Highland Line (*Fort William & Mallaig* branch), completit in 1901, an the toun is linkit tae Fort William bi the A830 road &ndash; the "Road to the Isles".

The veelage o Mallaig wis foondit in the 1840s, whan Lord Lovat, ainer o North Morar Estate, dealt ap the fairm o Mallaigvaig intae seventeen parcels o land an encouraged his tenants tae flit tae the wastren pairt o the peninsula an turn tae fishin as a wey o life. The population an local economy expandit rapidly in the 20t yeirhunner wi the arrival o the railwey. Ferries operatit bi Caledonian MacBrayne an Bruce Watt Sea Cruises sail frae the port tae Armadale on the Isle o Skye, Inverie in Knoydart, an the isles o Rùm, Eigg, Muck, an Canna. Mallaig is the main commercial fishin port on the West Coast o Scotland, an durin the 1960s wis the busiest herrin port in Europe. Mallaig pridit itsel at that time on its kenspeckle traditionally smokit kippers, but the day anely ane traditional smokehouse remains, Jaffy's an Sons. Mallaig an the surroondin area is a kenspeckle area for holidays.

The feck o the commonity spiks Inglis, wi a minority o residents spikkin baith Inglis and Gaelic. In addition, traditional Gaelic is aye taught in the schuil tae pupils that choose tae lairn the leid.

## References
Eddication in Scotland

**Eddication in Scotland** is owerseen bi the Scots Govrenment an haes a history o universal proveesion o public eddication, an the Scots eddication seestem is distinctly different frae thae in the ither kintras o the Unitit Kinrick. The Scotland Act 1998 gies the Scots Pairlament legislative control ower aw eddication matters, an the Education (Scotland) Act 1980 is the principal legislation govrenin eddication in Scotland.

## References
Ford flatheid V8 ingine

The **Ford flathead V8** (eften cried simply the **Ford flathead**, **flathead Ford**, or **flatty** when the context is implicit, sic as in het-rodding) is a V8 ingine o the valve-in-block teep designed bi the Ford Motor Company an biggit bi Ford an various licensees. During the ingine's first decade o production, when owerheid-valve engines war rare, it wis uisually kent simply as the **Ford V‑8**, an the first car model in which it wis installed, the Model 18, wis (an still is) eften cried simply the "Ford V&#x2011;8", efter its new ingine. Awtho the V8 configuration wis nae new when the Ford V8 wis introduced in 1932, the latter wis a mercat first in the respect that it made an 8-cylinder affordable an a V ingine affordable tae the emerging mass mercat consumer for the first time. It wis the first independently designed an biggit V8 ingine produced bi Ford for mass production, an it ranks as ane o the company's maist important developments. A fascination wi ever-mair-powerful engines wis aiblins the maist salient aspect o the American car an truck mercat for a hauf century, frae 1923 until 1973. The Ford flathead V8 wis perfectly in tune wi the cultural moment o its introduction, leadin the wey intae a future o which the Ford company wis a principal architect. Sicweys it became a phenomenal success. The ingine design, wi various changes but no major ones, wis installed in Ford passenger cars an trucks until 1953, makin the ingine's 21-year production run for the U.S. consumer mercat langer than the 19-year run o the Ford Model T ingine for that mercat. The ingine wis on Ward's leet o the 10 best engines o the 20t century. It wis a staple o het rodders in the 1950s, an it remains famous in the classic car hobbies even the day, despite the huge variety o ither popular V8s that followed.
Glossary o rail transport terms

Rail terminology is a form o technical terminology. The difference atween the American term *railroad* an the internaitional term *railway* (uised bi the Internaitional Union o Railways an Inglis-speakin countries ootside the United States) is the maist significant difference in rail terminology. Thare are an aw others, due tae the parallel development o rail transport seestems in different pairts o the warld.

Various global terms are presented here; whaur a term haes multiple names, this is indicated. The abbreviation "UIC" refers tae standard terms adoptit bi the Internaitional Union o Railways in its offeecial publications an thesaurus.

## H
;Hivy rail
:Inglis, Heavy rail. In the Unitit Kinrick, heavy rail refers to conventional railweys forming part of the national network, including commuter, intercity, high-speed rail, rural and freight services, as distinct from metro, light rail and tram lines, people movers and similar.

## O
;OHLE
:Overhead Line Equipment. An owerheid line supplying current to electric trains or trams.
Ice creestals

**Ice creestals** are solit ice exhibitin atomic ordering on various lenth scales an include hexagonal columns, hexagonal plates, dendritic crystals, an diamond dust. The hugely symmetric shapes are due tae depositional growth, namely, direct deposition o watter vapour onto the ice crystal. Dependin on environmental temperature an humidity, ice crystals can develop frae the initial hexagonal prism intae numerous symmetric shapes. Possible shapes for ice crystals are columns, needles, plates an dendrites. If the crystal migrates intae regions wi different environmental conditions, the growth pattern mey chynge, an the final crystal mey show mixed patterns. Ice crystals tend tae faw wi thair major axis aligned alang the horizontal, an are sicweys visible in polarimetric wather radar signatures wi enhanced (positive) differential reflectivity values. Electrification o ice crystals can induce alignments different frae the horizontal. Electrified ice crystals are an aw well detectable bi polarimetric wather radars.
Combustion chamber

A **combustion chamber** is that pairt o an internal combustion ingine (**ICE**) in which the fuel/air mix is burned. ICEs teepically comprise reciprocating piston ingines, rotary ingines, gas turbines an jet turbines.

## Internal combustion ingine

The combustion process increases the internal energy o a gas, which translates intae an increase in temperature, pressure, or volume dependin on the configuration. In an enclosure, for ensaumple the cylinder o a reciprocating ingine, the volume is controlled an the combustion creates an increase in pressure. In a continuous flow seestem, for ensaumple a jet ingine combustor, the pressure is controlled an the combustion creates an increase in volume.
This increase in pressure or volume can be uised tae dae work, for ensaumple, tae muive a piston on a crankshaft or a turbine disc in a gas turbine. If the gas velocity changes, thrust is produced, sic as in the nozzle o a rocket ingine.

### Petrol ingine

At tap dead centre the pistons o a petrol ingine are flush (or nearly flush) wi the tap o the cylinder block. The combustion chamber mey be a recess aither in the cylinder heid, or in the tap o the piston. A design wi the combustion chamber in the piston is cried a  Heron heid, whaur the heid is machined flat but the pistons are dished. The Heron heid haes proved even mair thermodynamically efficient  than the hemispherical heid.  Intake valves  permit the inflow o a fuel air mix; an exhaust valves allou burnt gases tae be scavenged.

Various shapes o combustion chamber hae been uised, sic as: L-heid (or flathead) for side-valve ingines; "bathtub", "hemispherical", an "wedge" for owerheid valve engines; an "pent-roof" for engines haein 3, 4 or 5 valves per cylinder.  The shape o the chamber haes a merked effect on power output, efficiency an emissions. The designer's objectives are tae burn aw o the mixture as completely as possible, while avoiding excessive temperatures which creaut nitrogen dioxide.  This is best achieved wi a compact rather than elangatit chamber.