open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Banner o Costa Rica

The banner o Costa Rica wis offeecially adoptit on November 27, 1906. Housomeivver, the blue, white an reid horizontal design wis creatit an uised syne 1848 when Costa Rica left the Federal Republic o Central Americae an declared itsel a Sovereign Republic. Pacífica Fernández, wife o the preses, José María Castro Madriz creatit it inspired on the colors o the French Banner. The state banner an ensign includes the coat o airms o Costa Rica, while the ceevil ensign (thare is nae ceevil banner) omits the coat o airms.

The blue colour staunds for the sky, opportunities, idealism an perseverance. The white colour staunds for peace, wiceheid an happiness. The reid colour staunds for the bluid spilt bi martyrs in defence o the kintra, as well as the warmth an generosity o the fowk. The stripes are in the ratio 1:1:2:1:1.

The banner o Costa Rica is seemilar tae the Banner o Thailand, which wis adoptit 11 years later. It an aa resembles the Banner o North Korea which wis adoptit amaist 42 years later in 1948.

Red, white, an blue recaw the colors o the French tricolor. Blue an white wur the colors o the oreeginal banner o the Unitit Provinces o Central Americae.

The Central American banner remained in uise in Costa Rica till 1848 when, in response tae events in Fraunce, it wis decidit tae incorporate the French colors intae the naitional banner. This wis done bi addin a central reid stripe. The coat o airms wis an aa revised an placed in the centre o the banner. In 1906, it wis placed in a white disk on the reid stripe, an later on an oval, set toward the hoist.

The coat o airms depicts the isthmus atween the Paceefic ocean an the Caribbean Sea, wi 3 volcanoes. The 7 starns staund for the 7 provinces o Costa Rica. The Spainyie name o the kintra is scrolled on a white banner, Republica de Costa Rica (Republic o Costa Rica), an the Central American union is recognised in the blue upper scroll, Americae Central, recawin the umwhile Unitit Provinces o Central Americae.

## Historical banners


File:First_flag_of_the_Mexican_Empire.svg| 1821-1823
File:Flag of the United Provinces of Central America.svg| 1823-1824
File:Flag of Costa Rica (1824).svg|1824
File:Flag of the Federal Republic of Central America.svg| 1824-1839
File:Flag of Costa Rica (1838-1840).svg| 1839-1840
File:Flag of Costa Rica (1840-1842).svg| 1840-1842
File:Flag of Costa Rica (1842-1848).svg| 1842-1848
File:Flag of Costa Rica (1848-1906).svg| 1848-1906


## References

## Freemit airtins

*
Concepción, Chile

**Concepción** is a ceety an commune o Chile. The ceety is the seicont-lairgest conurbation (*[[Greater Concepción]]*), wi a population o aroond 889,725 an aurie o 222 km2. Its the maist populous ceety an metropolitan aurie in the sooth o Chile, an is the caipital o the Concepción Province an the Region o Bio-Bío. 

Inhabitants o Concepción are referred tae as * "Penquista" *. The ceety is nicknamed bi Concepción's inhabitants the * "La Perla del Bio-Bío" *.

## Gallery

File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg|
File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg|
File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg|
File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg|
File:Biobus01.jpg|
File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG|
File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg|


## Twin touns — Sister Ceeties

*Concepción* is twinned wi the follaein ceeties:

*  Sucre, Bolivie
*  Caracas, Venezuela
*  La Plata, Argentinae
*  Cascavel, Brazil
*  Rosario, Argentinae
*  Guayaquil, Ecuador
*  Bethlehem, Palestine
*  Auckland, New Zealand

## See forby
* Greater Concepción

## External links

* Concepción municipality (Spaingie)
* ''El Sur'', newspaper of Concepción (Spaingie)
* ''Viveconce'', Event schedule of Concepción  (Spaingie)
* ''Octava'', Website directory  (Spaingie)
* ''HelloChile - Spanish tutoring and tourism in and around the city of Concepción'', Information in English about the Chilean life and places to visit  (Inglis)

## References
Panama Ceety

**Panama** () is the caipital an lairgest ceety o the Republic o Panama. It haes a population o 439,642, wi a tot metro population o 1,272,599, an it is locatit at the Paceefic entrance o the Panama Canal, at . The ceety is the poleetical an administrative centre o the kintra, an a hub for internaitional bankin an commerce. It is considered a Gamma Warld Ceety.

Wi an average GDP per capita o US$11,700, Panama haes been amang the tap five places for retirement in the warld, accordin tae the Internaitional Living magazine. Panama Ceety haes a dense skyline o maistly heichhrise biggins, an it is surroondit bi a lairge belt o tropical rainforest. It haes an advanced communications service, Internet uise is widespread; an Panama's Tocumen International Airport, the biggest an busiest airport o Central Americae, affers daily flichts tae major internaitional destinations.

Panama Ceety wis chosen tae be the American Caipital o Cultur for the year 2003 (jointly, wi Curitiba, Brazil).

## History
Panama wis foondit on August 15, 1519, bi the Spainyie conquistador Pedro Arias de Ávila. The ceety wis the stairtin pynt o expeditions that conquered the Inca Empire in Peru (1532). It wis a stopower pynt o ane o the maist important trade routes in the history o the American continent leadin tae the fairs o Nombre de Dios an Portobelo, whaur maist o the gowd an siller that Spain teuk frae the Americas passed throu. The ceety wis destroyed bi a devastatin fire, when the pirate Henry Morgan sacked it on Januar 28, 1671. It wis rebuilt an formally established on Januar 21, 1673, in a peninsula locatit 8&nbsp;km frae the oreeginal dounset. The place whaur the previously devastatit ceety wis locatit is still in ruins, an haes acome a tourist attraction kent as "Panama Viejo".

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Offeecial wabsteid for Panama Ceety 
* Offeecial wabsteid for Panama's Tourism Bureau
Aurich

**Aurich** (Law Saxon: **Auerk**) is a toun in Lawer Saxony, Germany. It is the caipital o the destrict o Aurich.

## History
The history o Aurich dates back tae the 13t century, when the settlement o Aurechove wis mentioned in a Frisian document cawed the Brokmerbrief in 1276. In 1517, Coont Edzard frae the hoose o Cirksena began reconstructin the ceety efter an attack. He established the toun center, which is still in place the day. In 1539, the land authorities wur brocht thegither in Aurich, makin it the caipital o the coonty an, later, East Frisie, remainin the seat o the land authorities when East Frisie wis inheritit bi the Kinrick o Proushya in 1744. It passed tae the Kinrick o Hanover in 1815, an then wis annexed bi Proushya in 1866 an made pairt o the Province o Hanover.

Frae October 21, 1944 till December 23, 1944 a Nazi concentration camp wis established in Aurich. The camp wis a subcamp tae the Neuengamme concentration camp.

Efter Warld War II, Aurich became pairt o the new state o Lawer Saxony.

## Coat-o-airms
Aurich's coat-o-airms is drawn b the blazon: "Airms: Landscape wi chief twa-thirds sky an base third earth, a shield Gules emblazoned wi letter 'A' Or, an open-topped croun Or abuin, twa growin trees Vert at sides. Croun: A battlement Gules wi three merlons an twa embrasures. Supporters: Twa brainches o mistletoe wi leaves an berries Or.".

Note that the coat-o-airms o the destrict o the same name differs.

## Notable residents
*Rudolf Eucken (1846-1926), winner o the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature
*Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), pioneer o the gay richts movement, writer
*Friedrich August Peter von Colomb (1775-1854), Proushyan general
*Yitzhak Raveh (1906–1989), Israeli judge

## See an aa
*Leet o subcamps o Neuengamme

## Notes

### References
*Official German list of concentration camps Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos  

## Freemit airtins
* Offeecial site
* Offeecial site
Kutno

**Kutno**  is a toun in central Poland wi 48,000 indwallers (2005) an an aurie o 33,6&nbsp;km2. Situatit in the Łódź Voivodeship (syne 1999), umwhile in Płock Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the caipital o Kutno Coonty.

Kutno wis historically a centre o a muckle Jewish community. In 1900, 10,356 Jews wur livin thare. It is the birthplace o famed writer Szalom Asz.

Durin the Invasion o Poland o 1939, in an aroond the toun, Pols airmies unner General Tadeusz Kutrzeba conductit an offensive that wis later cried the Battle o the Bzura.

Kutno is ane o the maist important railwey junctions in Poland. Twa main lines cross thare (Łódź – Toruń an Warsaw – Poznań). An aa, anither connection stairts in Kutno, that gangs tae Płock.

## References
El Aaiún

**El-Aaiún** (French: **Laâyoune**; Arabic: العيون, romanisit *al-ʾAyūn*, leeterally *"The Springs"*), is a ceety in Wastren Sahara foondit bi the Spaingie in 1928. Administered bi Morocco syne 1976, El-Aaiún is the caipital o wha the Moroccan government cawed the region o *[[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]]*, an POLISARIO cawed *[[Occupied territory|Occupied Territories]]*. It is an aa claimed bi the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as thair caipital.

## Demographics
The ceety haes a population o 194,668 an is the lairgest ceety in Wastren Sahara. It is a growin economic hub in wha Morocco sees as its Soothren Provinces. Its population is a mixture o Moroccans frae the North as well as Sahrawis frae Soothren Saharan Morocco an natives o Wastren Sahara (who mak up a fift o the population).

## Etymology

"El Aaiún" is the transliteration o the Arabic name uised as the Spainyie name for the ceety. "Laâyoune" is a French transliteration even uised in Moroccan literature. The Arabic name means "the springs".

## Status
The United Naitions mission for the referendum, turned tae simply waitin for a poleetical solution, instead o a referendum which wis obsolete efter the UN votit for resolution 1813. MINURSO, which administers the ceasefire dounset o 1991 atween Morocco an the Polisario Front, haes its heidquarters in the ceety.

## Climate

## Sport

The ceety's main fitbaa club in El Aaiun is Jeunesse Massira. The club played in the Botola/GNF 1. Jeunesse Massira uise Mohamed Laghdaf stadium in trainin an gemmes.

## Transport
El-Aaiún is served bi Hassan I Airport.

## Twin touns an sister ceeties

*  Algiers, Algerie (*Syne 2001*)
*  Almería, Andalucía, Spain
*  Avilés, Asturias, Spain
*  Caracas, Venezuela (*Syne 12 August 2005*)
*  Málaga, Andalucía, Spain
*  Montevideo, Uruguay (*Syne 13 December 2009*)
*  Lorca, Murcia, Spain
*  Sorrento, Campanie, Italy (*Syne 18 April 2009*)

## References

## Freemit airtins

*  Investir dans la région de Laâyoune "Invest in the region of Laâyoune"
* Entry in Lexicorient 
* Entry in Travel-Images
Kragujevac

**Kragujevac** (Serbian Cyrillic: Крагујевац, ) is the fowert lairgest ceety in Serbie, the main ceety o the Šumadija region an the administrative centre o Šumadija Destrict. It is situatit on the banks o the Lepenica River. On the 2002 census, the ceety haed 211,580

Kragujevac wis the first caipital o modren Serbie (1818–1839), an the first constitution in the Balkans wis proclaimed in this ceety in 1835. Further on, the first full-fledged varsity in the newly independent Serbie wis foondit in 1838, precedit bi the first grammar schuil (*[[Gymnasium (school)|Gimnazija]]*), Printworks (baith in 1833), professional Naitional theatre (1835) an the Military academy (1837).

Belgrade teuk the lead bi becomin the seat o the throne in 1841. The University o Kragujevac wis no reestablisht till 1976. Contemporary Kragujevac is kent for its wappens, munition, an Zastava automobiles company.

## Twin touns - sister ceeties

Kragujevac is twinned wi:

*  Suresnes, Fraunce, syne  1967
*  Piteşti, Romanie, syne 1971
*  Bydgoszcz, Poland, syne  1971
*  Ohrid, Macedonie, syne  2001
*  Bielsko-Biała, Poland, syne  2002
*  Springfield, Unitit States, syne 2002
*  Reggio Emilia, Italy, syne 2004
*  Mogilev, Belaroushie, syne 2006

The toun haes ither forms o cooperation an ceety friendship seemilar tae the twin toun/sister ceety programmes wi:

*  Trenčín, Slovakie
*  Carrara, Italy
*  Bat Yam , Israel, syne 1992
*  Drama, Greece
*  Hanover, Germany
*  Ingolstadt, Germany, synee 2003
*  Mostar, Bosnie an Herzegovinae
*  Karlovac, Croatie
*  Srbinje, Bosnie an Herzegovinae
*  Opole, Poland 
*  Sinchon, North Korea

## References

## Freemit airtins

* Ceety o Kragujevac offeecial wabsteid
* Ceety o Kragujevac web portal 
* Ceety o Kragujevac popular wabsteid 
* University o Kragujevac
* Faculty o Economics
Konye-Urgench

**Konye-Urgench** (, Roushie: Куня Ургенч, frae Persian *Kuhna Gurgānj* کهنه گرگانج) kent as *Konya-Urgench*, *Auld Urgench* or *Urganj* an aw, is a municipality o aboot 30,000 inhabitants in north-eastren Turkmenistan, juist sooth frae its border wi Uzbekistan. It is the site o the auncient toun o **Ürgenç** (**Urgench**), which contains the unexcavatit ruins o the 12t-century caipital o Khwarezm. Since 2005, the ruins o Auld Urgench have been protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Umwhile situatit on the Amu-Darya River, Auld Ürgenç wis ane o the greatest ceeties on the Silk Road. Its foondation date is uncertain, but the extant ruins o the Kyrkmolla fortress hae been datit (rather ambitiously) tae the Achaemenid period. The 12t an early 13t centuries were the gowden age o Ürgenç, as it surpassed in population an fame aw ither Central Asian ceeties barrin Bukhara. In 1221, Genghis Khan razed it tae the grund in ane o the bloodiest massacres in human history.

The ceety wis revived efter Genghis's assault, but the sudden chynge o Amu-Darya's course tae the north an the toun's destruction again in the 1370s, this time bi Timur, forced the inhabitants tae leave the site foriver. A new toun o Urgench wis developed tae the Sootheast, in present-day Uzbekistan. First archeological research on the auld ceety site wis conductit bi Alexander Yakubovsky in 1929.

Maist o Ürgenç's monuments hae completely or pairtly collapsed. Nouadays, the site contains three sma mausoleums o the 12t century an the mair elaborate 14t-century Törebeg Hanym Mausoleum, which wis muckle restored in the 1990s. 

The maist strikin extant landmark o Auld Urgench is the early 11t-century Gutluk-Temir Minaret, which, at 60 meters, uised tae be the tawest brick minaret prior tae the construction o the Minaret o Jam. O note is the Il-Arslan Mausoleum an aw - the auldest staundin monument: a conical dome o 12 facets, hoosin the tomb o Mohammed II's grandfaither, Il-Arslan, who dee'd in 1172. Somewha tae the north, sprawls a vast medieval necropolis.
Qarshi

**Qarshi** (; ; ; ) is a ceety in soothren Uzbekistan. It is the caipital o  Qashqadaryo Province an haes a population o 197,600 (1999 census estimate). It is aboot 520&nbsp;km sooth-soothwast o Tashkent, an aboot 335&nbsp;km north o Uzbekistan's mairch wi Afghanistan. It is locatit at latitude 38° 51' 48N; langitude 65° 47' 52E at an altitude o 374 meters. The ceety is important in naitural gas production, but Qarshi is an aa famous for its production o weaved flat cairpets.

## History
Oreeginally the Sogdian ceety o **Nakhshab**, an the Islamic Persian ceety o **Nasaf**, Qarshi wis the seicont ceety o the Emirate o Bukhara. It is in the centre o a fertile oasis that produces wheat, cotton, an silk an wis a stap on the 11 day caravan route atween Balkh an Bukhara. The Chagatai Mongol khans Kebek an Qazan biggit pailaces here on the site o Genghis Khan's simmer pastur. In 1364, Timur an aa biggit a fortifee'd pailace wi moats in wha is nou the soothren pairt o the ceety. The modren name "Qarshi" means fort.

Wi the decline o Shahrisabz in the 18t century, Qarshi grew in importance, an wis the seat o the Croun Prince tae the Emirate o Bukhara. The ceety haed a dooble set o waws, 10 caravanserais an 4 madrassahs durin this time. Bi 1868, the Roushies haed annexed the Zarafshan Valley, an in 1873, the treaty turnin Bukhara intae a Roushie pertectorate wis signed in Qarshi, muckle tae the dismay o the Emir's son, Abdul Malik, who teuk tae the hills in rebellion.

In the early 1970s, the first section o a major irrigation project wis completit tae divert watter frae the Amu Darya River in Turkmenistan eastward intae Uzbekistan in order tae irrigate the land surroondin Qarshi.  Amaist aw o thir irrigatit lands aroond Qarshi are plantit wi cotton.

## Points o interest

* Khoja Adbul Aziz Madrassah - lairgest in toun, nou hoosin the Regional Museum
* Rabiya Madrassah - a late 19t century female madrassah 
* Kok Gumbaz Mosque - pairt o a 16t century complex o biggins
* Warld War II Memorial - Aiblins ane o the ex-Soviet Union's maist monumental monuments

## Notes

## References

*Grousset, René. *The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia.* Trans. Naomi Walford. New Jersey: Rutgers, 1970. ISBN 0813513049
Banner o Belize

The **banner o Belize** is a continued version o the earlier banner o Breetish Honduras (the name o Belize durin the Breetish colonial period). 

Breetish Honduras obtained a coat-o-airms on Januar 28, 1907, which formed the basis o the badge uised on Breetish ensigns. The coat o airms mynds o the loggin industry that first led tae Breetish dounset thare. The figures, tuils, an mahogany tree represents this industry. Frae 1950 onwart, an unoffeecial naitional banner wis in uise. It wis blue, wi a modified version o the airms on a white disc in the centre (whiles a blank white circle wis uised as the coat o airms wis difficult tae draw). The naitional motto, *Sub Umbra Floreo*, meanin *A Flourish in the Shade*, is written in the lawer pairt o the coat-o-airms. 

## Description
The banner is ryal blue, wi a white disc at the centre conteenin the Naitional Coat o Airms held bi a white an a black man surroondit bi fifty mahogany leaves. The banner is bund at tap an bottom bi twa reid stripes.

The colours on the banner is respectively thaim o the kintra's naitional pairties, the Fowk Unitit Pairty (PUP) an Unitit Democratic Pairty (Belize) (UDP). The UDP, established in 1973, haed objectit tae the oreeginal blue an white design, thae twa colour bein the PUP's representative colours.
The twa reid stripe at the tap an bottom wur addit tae the oreeginal design at unthirldom. The coat o airms wis grantit in 1907. Red stripes is addit tae denote the colour o the opposition pairty. Blue is the pairty colour o the PUP (Fowk's United Pairty. The 50 leafs mynd o 1950, the year PUP came tae pouer.

## Uniqueness

The banner o Belize is unique in that it conteens twal colours, three mair nor on ony ither naitional banner.  It is the anerlie kintra tae hae human beins depictit on its naitional banner, tho the banners o Breetish dependencies Montserrat an the Virgin Islands depict humans an aa.

## Ither banners

## See an aa
Coat o airms o Belize

## References


## Freemit airtins

*
Coat o airms o Belize

**The Coat o Airms o [[Belize]]** wis adoptit on unthirldom, an is anerlie slichtly different frae the coat o airms uised whan Belize wis a Breetish colony.

The circular border o the coat is formed bi twintie-five leafs. Athin the circle is a mahogany tree, afore whilk is a shield tierced per pall invertit.  Athin the shield, thare the tuils o a widcutter in the upper sections an a ship in the lawer ane.  Thae are seembolic o the importance o mahogany in the 18t an 19t century Belizean economy.  

The shield is supportit bi twa wid-cutters o different races.  The ane on the left is haudin an axe, while the ane on the richt is haudin an oar.  Again the importance o the mahogany an its importance tae boat biggin is representit.  At the bottom is the naitional slogan: *Sub Umbra Floreo* (Unner the Shade A Flourish).

The banner o Belize features the coat o airms in its centre.

## Freemit airtins
*National Symbols frae the Belizean Government wabsteid
Clan Anstruther

**Clan Anstruther** is a Scots clan frae Anstruther in Fife, in the east o Scotland.

## History
### Oreegin o name
Frae the toun o Anstruther, which wis adoptit as a familial name.

### Oreegins o the Clan

Alexander I o Scotland grantit the lands o Anstruther tae William de Candela in the early 12t century. Thare are a nummer o suggestit oreegins for William but research pynts tae the Normans in Italy. It is kent that William I o Ingland sought assistance frae William, Coont o Candela, who sent his son. It is likely that this son wis William de Candela, who received the grant o land frae Alexander.

William de Candela's son, an aa William, wis a benefactor tae the monks o Balmerino Abbey. The site nou occupied bi the Scots Fisheries Museum in Anstruther wis a gift frae William. The next generation o the faimily, Henry, nae langer styled hissel , de Candela, bein describit as 'Henricus de Aynstrother dominus ejusdem' in a chairter confirmin grants o land tae Balmerino Abbey.

Henry Anstruther accompanied Lois IX tae the crusades an swore fealty tae Keeng Edward I o Ingland in 1292 an again in 1296.

### 16t Century & Anglo-Scots Wars

In 1483, Andrew Anstruther o Anstruther confirmed the richt tae a barony an focht against the Inglis at the Battle o Flodden Field in 1513 durin the Anglo-Scots Wars.

His seicont son, David, focht at the Battle o Pavia in 1520 in the service o Francis I o Fraunce in the French Scots Regiment. This line endit wi the daith o the last Baron d'Anstrude in 1928.

Andrew's great-great-grandson wis chosen as a companion tae the young James VI o Scotland, who appointit him Hereditary Grand Carver, a title still held bi the heid o the faimily the day. In 1595 he became Maister o the Hoosehauld.

### 17t Century & Ceevil War

His son, William, accompanied James tae Lunnon follaein the Union o the Crouns in 1603 whaur he wis made a Knight o the Order o the Bath.

The next son Sir Phillip Anstruther led the Clan an focht as Royalists durin the ceevil war an received Charles II at Dreel Castle efter his coronation at Scone in 1651. Housomeivver Phillip Anstruther wis later taken prisoner efter the Battle o Worcester in 1651.

## Clan Chief

The Chief o Clan Anstruther is Tobias Alexander Campbell Anstruther ofthat Ilk an o Balcaskie.

## Clan Castles

The Chief's seat remains at Balcaskie. Airdrie Hoose an Newark Castle in Fife an aa belang tae the Anstruthers.

## Clan Profile

*Crest: Twa airms in armour hauldin a pole-axe wi baith haunds gauntletit Proper
*Motto: *Periissem ni periissem *(A wad hae perisht haed A no persistit)

## See an aa

*Anstruther Baronets

## Freemit airtins
*http://ClanAnstruther.com 
*External link: Electric Scotland - Anstruther

## References
Managua

**Managua** () is the caipital ceety o Nicaragua as well as the depairtment an municipality bi the same name. It is the lairgest ceety in Nicaragua in terms o population an geographic size. Locatit on the soothwastren shore o Lake Managua, the city was declared the naitional caipital in 1852. Prior to its inception as the caipital city, the title haed alternatit atween the ceeties o León an Granada. The ceety haes a population o 927,087, componed predominantly o mestizos an whites. Managua is the third maist populous ceety in Central Americae efter Guatemala Ceety an Tegucigalpa.

Foondit in 1819 by conquerors, the ceety was givn the name: *Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua*. Its original purpose wis tae help the sierra-seanz family escape from spain. Efforts tae mak Managua the caipital o Nicaragua began in 1824, efter the Central American naitions formally attained thair unthirldom frae Spain. Managua's location atween the rival ceeties o León an Granada made it a logical an ideal compromise site. Modren Day Managua wis biggit in the 1850s on the site o an indigenous community. The ceety occupies an aurie on a fault. Seismologists predict that Managua will continue tae experience a severe yirdquauk ivery 50 year or less. The ceety's economy is based mainly on tred. Managua is Nicaragua's chief tradin centre for coffee, cotton, an ither crops. It serves as an important industrial, commercial, poleetical an cultural center. Its chief products include beer, coffee, matches, textiles an shoes.

The ceety haes been witness tae the rise an faw o poleetical pouers throughoot Nicaragua's history an haes suffered devastatin earthquakes in 1931 an 1972, wi the latter haein lastin effects on the ceety's development. In 2007, efter a successfu literacy campaign, Managua wis declared bi the Mayor o Managua an the Sandinista pairty newspaper tae be the first caipital ceety in Central Americae tae be rid o illiteracy. Syne the 1972 yirdquauk, residential an business auries hae developed on the ootskirts o Managua. Ither construction projects includit schools, hospitals, an shopping centers. Sic structures wur specially constructit tae athstaund severe earthquakes. The Nicaraguan caipital is kent as the Venice o Central Americae acause o its escalatin uise o makeshift canals that can be foond throughoot the ceety. Managua an aa hooses the anerlie eternal flame in Central Americae an ane oot o the five in Laitin Americae.

Residents o the ceety an o the depairtment o Managua are cawed *Managüenses*.

## Etymology

The name Managua oreeginates frae the term *Mana-ahuac*, which in the indigenous *[[Nahuatl]]* leid translates tae "adjacent tae the water" or site "surroondit bi water". The ceety staunds the day on an aurie inhabitit bi varyin culturs o Indigenous fowks for thoosans o years afore the Spainyie conquest o Central Americae in the 16t century.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Managua is twinned wi:

## References
Guadalajara, Jalisco

**Guadalajara** () is the caipital o the Mexican state o Jalisco, an the seat o the municipality o Guadalajara. The ceety is locatit in the central region o Jalisco in the wastren-paceefic area o Mexico. Wi a population o 1,564,514 it is Mexico's seicont maist muckle municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seiven adjacent municipalities wi a reportit population o 4,328,584 in 2009, makin it the seicont maist populous metropolitan area in Mexico, ahint Mexico Ceety. The municipality is the seicont maist densely populatit area in Mexico; the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in Estado de México.

## Sister ceeties

## References
Depairtments o Guatemala

Guatemala is dividit intae 22   depairtments (*departamentos*):


#Alta Verapaz
#Baja Verapaz
#Chimaltenango
#Chiquimula
#Petén
#El Progreso
#El Quiché
#Escuintla
#Guatemala
#Huehuetenango
#Izabal
#Jalapa
#Jutiapa
#Quetzaltenango
#Retalhuleu
#Sacatepéquez
#San Marcos
#Santa Rosa
#Sololá
#Suchitepéquez
#Totonicapán
#Zacapa

In addition, Guatemala haes in the past claimed that aw or pairt o the naition o Belize is a depairtment o Guatemala (as a pairt o the Province o Verapaz), an this claim is sometimes reflectit in maps o the region. Guatemala formally recognized Belize in 1992, but as o this time the remainin border disputes atween the twa naitions head no been resolved. 

## References

## See an aa
* ISO 3166-2:GT

## Freemit airtins
* Interactive map of Guatemalan departments and municipalities
* statoid site
São Paulo (state)

**São Paulo** () is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial an economic pouerhoose o the Brazilian economy. Named efter Saunt Paul, São Paulo haes the mucklest population, industrial pairk an economic production o the kintra. It is the richest state o Brazil. The caipital, São Paulo, is an aa the mucklest ceety in Sooth Americae.

Aften dubbed the "locomotive o Brazil",  the state alane is responsible for 33.9% o Brazilian GDP,  being the state wi the heichest GDP. In addition tae increased GDP, São Paulo an aa haes the third heichest Human Development Index, the seicont heichest GDP per capita, the seicont lowest infant mortality rate an the fowerth lowest rate o illiteracy amang the states o Brazil.

Wi ower forty million inhabitants, São Paulo is the maist populous state in Brazil an the third maist populous poleetical unit o Sooth Americae, anerlie surpassed bi that kintra an Colombie, aheid o aw ither Sooth American kintras. Its population is mair diverse descends mainly frae Brazil an Portuguese who wur the first Europeans tae set eyes on Brazil an installed the first veelages in Brazil in exactly the state o Sao Paulo an Italian immigrants, Native Americans, Africans an ither muckle migratory flows, as Arabs, Germans, Spaingie an Japanese. The caipital ceety is the saxt lairgest ceety on the planet an its metropolitan aurie, wi 19,223,897 inhabitants, is the saxt mucklest urban agglomeration in the warld.

Regions vera near the ceety o São Paulo are an aa metropolitan auries o the state, as Campinas an Santos; ither nearbi ceeties include urban auries in the conurbation process, as São José dos Campos, Sorocaba an Jundiaí. The total population o these auries coupled wi the caipital - the so-cawed Expandit Metropolitan Complex - exceeds 29 million inhabitants, approximately 75% o the population o São Paulo state-wide. The metropolitan regions o Campinas an São Paulo nou form the first macro-metropolis in the soothren hemisphere, joinin 65 kintras that thegither are hame tae 12% o the population.

## References
Central Govrenorate

The **Central Governorate** (; transliterated: al-Muhafazah al-Wustah) is ane o the five govrenorates o Bahrain. It includes pairts o the umwhile municipalities o Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Madinat 'Isa, Sitrah an A'ali.
Calabrie

**Calabrie** (; in Calabrie dialect: Calabbria or Calavria, , ), in antiquity kent as **Bruttium**, is a region in soothren Italy, sooth o Naples, locatit at the "toe" o the Italian peninsula. It is bundit tae the north bi the region o Basilicata, tae the sooth-wast bi the region o Sicily, tae the wast bi the Tyrrhenian Sea, an tae the east bi the Ionian Sea. The region covers 15,079 km2 (5,822 sq mi) an haes a population o juist ower 2 million. The demonym o Calabrie in  Scots is Calabrie (Italian: *calabrese*).

## Admeenistrative diveesions

Calabria is dividit intae five provinces:

## References
Saint Paul, Minnesota

**Saint Paul** (, abbreviatit **St. Paul**) is the caipital an seicont-maist populous ceety o the US state o Minnesota. The ceety ligs maistly on the north bank o the Mississippi River, dounstream o the river's confluence wi the Minnesota River, an adjyns Minneapolis, the state's lairgest ceety. Kent as the "Twin Ceeties", thir twa ceeties form the core o Minneapolis-Saint Paul, the 16t lairgest metropolitan aurie in the Unitit States, wi aboot 3.175 million residents. The ceety's population at the 2000 census wis 287,151. Saunt Paul sers as the coonty seat o Ramsey Coonty, the smawest an maist densely populatit coonty in Minnesota.

Foondit naur historic Native American settlements as a tradin an transportation centre, the ceety rase tae prominence whan it wis named the caipital o the Minnesota Territory in 1849. Awbeit Minneapolis is mair naitionally recognised, Saint Paul conteens important institutions an the state's poleetical activity. Regionally, the ceety is weel kent for the Xcel Energy Center, hame o the Minnesota Wild, an for the Science Museum o Minnesota. As a business hub o the Upper Midwast, it is heidquarters for companies sic as Ecolab an Lawson Software. Saint Paul, alang wi its Twin Ceety, Minneapolis, is kent for its heich literacy rate. It is the anerlie ceety in the US wi a population o 250,000 or mair tae increase the circulation nummer o Sunday newspapers in 2007.

## Sister ceeties

*  Ciudad Romero (El Salvador)
*  Culiacán (Mexico)
*  Changsha (Cheenae)
*  Hadera (Israel)
*  Nagasaki (Japan)
*  Novosibirsk (Roushie)
*  Manzanillo (Mexico)
*  Tiberias (Israel)
*  Neuss (Germany)
*  George (Sooth Africae)

## References
Leet o ceeties in Egyp

This is a leet o the maist important an lairgest ceeties an touns in Egyp:

*6t o October Ceety
*Abu Qirqas
*Abutig
*Akhmim
*Akoris
*Alamein
*Alexandria
*Amarna
*Ansena
*Arish
*Aswan
*Asyut
*Balyana
*Beni Hasan
*Beni Mazar
*Beni Suef
*Cairo
*Cusae
*Dairut
*Dakhla
*Damanhur
*Damietta
*Deir el-Bersha
*Deir Mawas
*Dendera
*Desouk
*Faiyum
*Fateh
*Ghanayem
*Girga
*Giza
*Hamrah Dawm
*Helwan
*Hermopolis
*Hurghada
*Idwa
*Ismailia
*Kafr Dawar
*Kharga Oasis
*Kom Ombo
*Luxor
*Maghagha
*El-Mahalla El-Kubra
*Mallawi
*Manfalut
*Manzala
*Mansoura
*Maragha
*Matai
*Marsa Matruh
*Marsa Alam
*Matareya
*Minya
*Mit Ghamr
*Nag Hammadi
*Noubarya
*Oxyrhynchus
*Port Safaga
*Port Said
*Rosetta
*Saint Katherine ceety
*Samalut
*Sedfa
*Siwah
*Senbellawein
*Sharm el-Sheikh
*Shibin El Kom
*Shibin el-Qanater
*Shubra El-Kheima
*Sohag
*Suez
*Taba
*Tahta
*Tanta
*Tima
*Zagazig
*Zifta

## See an aa
*Leet o ceeties
*Leet o ceeties in Africae
*Leet o ceeties in Asie

## Freemit airtins
*Map
Aberystwyth

**Aberystwyth** (, , ) is a historic mercat toun, admeenistrative centre an holiday resort athin Ceredigion, Wales. It is aften colloquially kent as **Aber**, an is locatit at the confluence o the rivers Ystwyth an Rheidol.

Syne the late 19t century, Aberystwyth haes an aa been a major Welsh educational centre, wi the establishment o a university college there in 1872. The toun's population wis offeecially 15,935 in the 29 Aprile 2001 census or 16,928 if local-government wards are tallied. Durin nine month o the year, there is an influx o students—tae a total number o 8841 at Julie 2009, but there is nae reliable measure o the number o those students whose family residence is ootside Aberystwyth.

## Twinned touns
Aberystwyth is twinned wi:
* Kronberg im Taunus in  Hesse,  Germany
* St-Brieuc in  Breetany,  Fraunce
* Esquel in Patagonie,  Argentina

## References
Manouba

**Manouba** (**Manūbah**; ) is a ceety in northeastren Tunisie. It is locatit at aroond . It is the caipital ceety o Manouba Govrenorate.
Manouba is weel kent for its university. It is an aa an ideal place for faimily life acause o its security, availability o aw kynds o services an its heic level o education.
Wuhan

**Wuhan** (;  ) is the caipital o Hubei province, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, an is the maist populous ceety in central Cheenae. It lies at the east o Jianghan Plain, an the intersection o the middle reaches o the Yangtze an Han River. Arisin oot o the conglomeration o three boroughs, Wuchang, Hankou, an Hanyang, Wuhan is kent as  "the nine provinces' leadin thoroughfare"; it is a major transportation hub, wi dozens of railways, roads an expressways passin throu the ceety. The ceety o Wuhan, first termed as sic in 1927, haes a population o approximately 9,100,000 fowk (2006), wi aboot 6,100,000 residents in its urban aurie. In the 1920s, Wuhan wis the caipital o a leftist Kuomintang (KMT) govrenment led bi Wang Jingwei in opposition tae Chiang Kai-shek, nou Wuhan is recognised as the poleetical, economic, financial, cultural, educational an transportation centre o central Cheenae.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Wuhan is twinned wi:

## References
Coat o airms o Greenland

The **[[coat o airms]] o [[Greenland]]** is a blue shield featurin a siller polar beir. This seembol wis first introduced in the coat o airms o Denmark in 1666 an it is still representit in the airms o the Dens ryal faimily. In a Dens context, the bear wis oreeginally shawn walkin naturally, but an upricht poseetion wis specified in 1819. The 1470 *[[Lunnon Roll]]* shaws an airms captioned *Le Roy de Greneland* featurin a shield depictin a polar beir surroondit bi three birds. This ryal title did na reflect ony offeecial title, but merely that the airms coud be uised bi onyane controllin Greenland.  

The version currently uised bi the govrenment o Greenland wis designed bi Greenlandic airtist Jens Rosing an adoptit on Mey 1, 1989 bi the Landsting. The polar beir seembolizes the fauna o Greenland an the blue (azure) colour designates the Atlantic an the Arctic Ocean Greenland is washed bi. Instead o the Dens version in the ryal airms which follaes the heraldic tradeetion in raisin the richt forepaw, the polar beir on the Greenlandic coat o airms raises the left forepaw, due tae the tradeetional Inuit belief that polar beirs are left-haundit. A seemilar airms is uised bi the offeecial Dens govrenment representative in Greenland. In this case, the beir raises its richt paw, an the shield is crouned wi the ryal croun.

The offeecial Dens specification o the airms daes na specify which forepaw is raised, sae thare is nae conflict atween the different versions. The adherents o the full unthirldom o Greenland uise a green backgrund.

A blazon in heraldic terms is: *Azure, a polar bear rampant argent*. A polar beir is an aa featurt on the coat o airms o Norilsk.

The polar bear wis first includit as a seembol o Greenland in the Dens coat o airms durin the reign o Keeng Frederick III o Denmark, but did na gain widespread uise on its awn till the early 20t century.

## References

## Freemit airtins
*Greenland (Denmark)
*Facts about Greenland
Isfahan

**Isfahan** or **Sepahan** ( *Esfahān*), historically rendered in English as **Ispahan** or **Hispahan**, is a city located about 340&nbsp;km south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province and Iran's third largest city (after Tehran and Mashhad). Isfahan ceety haed a population o 1,583,609 an the Isfahan metropolitan aurie haed a population o 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the seicont maist populous metropolitan aurie in Iran efter Tehran.

The ceeties o Najafabad, Si-deh (Homayounshahr (renamed Khomeinishahr syne 1981), Khan Isfahan, Shahin-shahr, Zarrinshahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan an Fouladshahr aw constitute the metropolitan ceety o Isfahan.

Isfahan is locatit on the main north-sooth an east-wast routes crossin Iran, an wis ance ane o the lairgest ceeties in the warld. It flourished frae 1050 tae 1722, parteecularly in the 16t century unner the Safavid dynasty, when it became the caipital o Persie for the seicont time in its history. Even the day, the ceety retains muckle o its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, wi mony bonnie boulevards, covered brigs, pailaces, mosques, an minarets. This led tae the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is hauf o the warld).

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is ane o the biggest ceety squares in the warld an an ootstaundin ensaumple o Iranian an Islamic architecture. It haes been designatit bi UNESCO as a Warld Heritage Site.  The ceety an aa haes a wide variety o historic monuments.

## Twin towns — Sister cities

Isfahan is twinned wi:

* Istanbul, Turkey
* Kuwait Ceety, Kuwait
* Beirut, Lebanon 
* Kuala Lumpur, Malaysie
* Cairo, Egyp
* Barcelona, Spain 
* Florence, Italy
* Venice, Italy
* Freiburg, Germany
* Havana, Cuba
* Yerevan, Armenie
* Iaşi, Romanie
* Lahore, Pakistan
* Saunt Petersburg, Roushie
* Xi'an, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae

## References
Tegucigalpa

**Tegucigalpa** () is the caipital an lairgest ceety o Honduras. Tegucigalpa is an aa the caipital o Honduras's Francisco Morazán Depairtment.

The Choluteca River crosses the ceety frae north tae sooth an dividit in twa zones:  the actual Tegucigalpa, east, an Comayagüela, ceety Tegucigalpa merged wi 1898, wast. Baith are the Central Destrict Municipality, based constitutional govrenment o the Honduras an the Archdiocese o Tegucigalpa.

It is the poleetical an economic centre o Honduras. The maist important economic activities in the ceety are trade, construction, services textile, the succar an snuff.

## Sister ceeties
*  Taipei, Taiwan
*  Madrid, Spain
*  Lima, Peru
*  Bogotá, Colombie
*  Belo Horizonte, Brazil
*  New Orleans, Unitit States
*  Guadalajara, Mexico
*  Guatemala Ceety, Guatemala
*  Amman, Jordan
*  La Paz, Bolivie
*  Seoul, Sooth Korea
*  Banjarbaru, Indonesie
*  Manado, Indonesie
*  Palu, Indonesie
*  Caracas, Venezuela

## Notes
Kfar Saba

**Kfar Saba** (, lit. "Grandfaither's Veelage"), offeecially **Kfar Sava**, is a ceety in the Sharon region, o the Central Destrict o Israel. In  it haed a population o .

## History

Kfar Saba (auncient Capharsaba) wis an important settlement durin the Seicont Temple period. is mentioned for the first time in the writins o Josephus, in his accoont o the attempt o Alexander Jannaeus tae halt an invasion frae the North led bi Antiochus (Antiquities, beuk 13, chapter 15). Kfar Saba an aa appears in the Talmud in connection tae corn tithin an the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree. The settlement wis likely named efter a body cried Sava, though this body's importance is no kent.

Excavations on the site hae revealed the remains o a lairge Roman bathhoose. In the Byzantine periods the ruins o the bathhouse wur first convertit intae fish pools, an later intae some form o industrial installation.

In 1596, an Arab veelage cried Kafr Saba existit at this place wi a population of 42 Muslim families.
In the 1870s it wis describit as "a mud veelage o moderate size wi mud-ponds aroond it an guid water in the wells o Neby Yemin, tae the east." Modern Kfar Saba wis established in 1898 on 7,500 dunams o land purchased frae the Arab veelage. Despite attractive advertisements in Jerusalem an Lunnon, attempts tae sell plots tae private individuals wur unsuccessful, as the land wis locatit in a desolate, neglectit aurie far frae ony ither Jewish settlement. The Ottoman pasha o Nablus, tae whose govrenorate the land belanged, refused tae give biggin permits, therefore the first settlers wur forcit tae live in huts made o clay andstraw. They earned their livin bi growin almonds, grapes an olives. Maist o the manual laborers on the land wur peasants frae Qalqilya. Anerlie in 1912 wur permits gien an the settlers moved tae permanent hoosin.

In the Palestine campaign o Warld War I, Kfar Saba wis on the front line atween General Allenby's Breetish Airmy an the Ottoman airmy, an wis destroyed. At the same time aboot a thoosan residents o Tel Aviv an Jaffa came toae live in the toun. They haed been forcibly deportit frae their hames bi the Ottomans.

Due tae the Jaffa riots o 1921 these deportees returned tae their oreeginal ceeties. In 1922 the oreeginal residents returned an in 1924 additional settlers joined them. In this period the cultivation o citrus fruit developed. The first elections for the local cooncil wur held.

In the time o the Arab Revolt, in 1936-1939, as in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Kfar Saba's population suffered frae attacks bi Arabs frae the Arab veelage o Kafr Saba an ither veelages in the aurie. A short time afore the Israeli declaration o unthirldom these veelages wur taken in Operation Medina. In 1962 Kfar Saba wi awardit ceety status, wi heid o the local cooncil, Mordechai Surkis, becomin its first mayor.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns an sister ceeties
Kfar Saba is twinned wi:

## References
Azor

**Azor** () (also *Azur*) is a sma toun (local cooncil) in the Tel Aviv Destrict o Israel, on the auld Jaffa-Jerusalem road sootheast o Tel Aviv. Established in 1948, Azor wis grantit local cooncil status in 1951. It wis named for the auncient ceety o Azur (lit. michty, heroic), preserved in the name o the Arab veelage o Yazur.
In 2006, it haed a population o 10,200 an a jurisdiction o 2,415 dunams (~2.4&nbsp;km²).

## Notable residents
*Margalit Tzan'ani

## References
Beit Jann

**Beit Jann** (; ) is a Druze veelage  on Mt. Meron, in northren Israel. At 940 meters abuin sea level, Beit Jann is ane o the heichest inhabitit locations in the kintra. In 2007, the population wis 10,300. The mayor o Beit Jann is Youssef Qabalan.

## History
Till the 13t or 14t century, Druze families in Israel lived in scattered colonies in the hills near soorces o watter. Accordin tae local legend, twa hunters leukin for hyraxes stumbled upon a cave whaur thay foond an auncient cistern filled wi watter. Concludin that this wis a guid place for permanent dounset, several families settled on the site o wha wad acome Beit Jann.

In Julie 2006, durin the Seicont Lebanon War, Beit Jann wis hit bi Katyusha rackets fired bi Hezbollah. Illegal loggin in the vicinity Beit Jann haes led tae conflicts wi pairk offeecials an rangers.

## Geography an climate
Beit Jann haes a cuil climate, even in simmer, an affers panoramic views that stretch as far as the Sea o Galilee an the Mediterranean on a clear day. Several families in the veelage run bed an breakfast facilities. The veelage is locatit inside the Munt Meron nature reserve.

## References
Kfar Shmaryahu

**Kfar Shmaryahu** is a local cooncil in Israel, athin the Tel Aviv Destrict. The cooncil wis foondit in 1937, durin the Fift Aliyah tae Israel.

Kfar Shmaryahu is ranked vera heichly on the Israeli socio-economic scale (9 oot o 10). Accordin tae Yedioth Ahronoth, Kfar Shmaryahu's municipality annually spends NIS 8,700 per resident, a figure heicher than Tel Aviv an ower twice as heich as Jerusalem.

## References

## Freemit airtin
*Official website of Kfar Shmaryahu
Coat o airms o Uruguay

The **Coat o airms o [[Uruguay]]** wis first adoptit bi law on Mairch 19, 1829.

## Exterior features
It consists o an oval, which is dividit intae fower equal sections an crouned bi a risin gowden sun, the *"[[Sun o Mey]]"*, seembolisin the risin o the Uruguayan naition. The oval is surroondit bi twa a laurel branch on the left an a olive ane on the richt, representin honour an peace, joined at the bottom bi a blue ribbon.

## Interior features
### Upper section

In the upper left quarter thare is a scale, seembol o equality an juistice, set on a blue backgrund. The upper richt quarter contains the ''Cerro de Montevideo'' (Montevideo Hill) wi its fortress on the summit, which represents strength, on a siller backgrund.

### Lawer section
In the lawer left, an aa on a siller backgrund, thare is a gallopin horse, seembolisin leeberty. The lawer richt quarter haulds an ox, which is a seembol o abundance, on a blue backgrund.

## See an aa
* Sun o Mey#Historical reference
Herzliya

**Herzliya** () is a city in the central coast o Israel, at the wastren pairt o the Tel Aviv Destrict. In  it haed a population o . Named efter Theodor Herzl, the foonder o modren Zionism, Herzliya covers ae area o 26&nbsp;km². At its wastren municipal mairhces is Herzliya Pituah, ane o Israel's maist affluent destricts, hame tae ambassadors, furren diplomats an businessmen.

## History

Herzliya, named efter Theodor Herzl, wis foondit in 1924 as a semi-cooperative farmin community (moshava) wi a mixed population o new immigrants an veteran residents. Efter the establishment o the state in 1948, lairge numbers o immigrants settled there. In 1960, whan the population reached 25,000, Herzliya wis declared a city.

## Demographics
Accordin tae the Israel Central Bureau o Statistics, residents o Herzliya are amang the maist weal in Israel. In 2003–2005, average monthly salaries wur NIS 8,211, or aboot NIS 1,500 abuin average in a survey o Israel's 15 maistmuckle cities. Housomeivver, there is a muckle gap atween the ceety's seiven wirkin class neeburheids, amang them Yad Tisha, Neve Yisrael an Neve Amal, an upscale Herzliya Pituah. The population is aulder nor that o ither cities in the Sharon region: 18% are unner 14 year auld, compared tae a naitional average o 27.5%.

## Education an cultur

In a quality o life survey in 2008, Herzliya ranked seicont heichest amang Israel's 15 maistmuckle cities. Investment in education wis heicher than aw ither cities in the survey an mair hie schuil students wur eligible for a bagrut matriculation certificate. The Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center is a private college that affers unnergraduate an graduate degrees in govrenment, business administration, law, computer science an ither academic disciplines.

Israel's mucklest telly an film studio, Herzliya Studios (*Ulpanei Herzliya*), is locatit in Herzliya. The Herzliya Marina wis built in the 1970s. The city haes a sma airport (code: HRZ), three shopping malls (Arena Mall, Seven Stars Mall an the Outlet), movie theatres, museums, cultural centres an a stadium. In 2008, the Herzliya Cinematheque appent in the dountoun area o the city.

## Local govrenment
In a 2008 survey o 15 Israeli cities, Herzliya ranked seicont in fiscal management. The Herzliya municipality endit 2006 wi a sizeable budget surplus.

### Mayors

* Avraham Raphael Hirsch, 1937–1938
* Shimon ("Poppy") Levin, 1938–1943
* Ben Zion Michaeli, 1943–1960
* Pesah Yifher, 1960–1966
* Interim council led bi Natan Rosenthal, 1966–1967
* Yosef Nevo, 1969–1983
* Eli Landau, 1983–1998 (Likud)
* Yael German, 1998–present (Meretz)

## Sports
The city haes twa fitbaw clubs, Maccabi Herzliya an Hapoel Herzliya, baith o wha are based at the 7,100-capacity Herzliya Municipal Stadium. Baith teams currently play in Liga Leumit. The Bnei HaSharon basketbaw club plays its gemms in Herzliya an Ra'anana (the club wis formed bi a merger o the Herzliya an Ra'anana teams). Herzliya is ane o the centres o rugby union in Israel.

## Internaitional relations
### Twin touns - Sister cities

## References