open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
25 December

The **25t o December** is the 359t day o the year (360t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 6 days bidin.

## Events

 
*800 - Charlemagne is crouned Haly Roman Emperor.
*1066 - William the Conqueror is crouned King o Ingland.
*1559 - Pape Pius IV is electit.
*1758 - Halley's Comet appears, as predictit bi Edmond Halley. 
*1776 - George Washington and his airmy cross the Delaware River tae attack the monarchy's Hessian mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey.
*1926 - Hirohito becomes Emperor o Japan.
*1932 - A yirdquauk in Gansu, Cheenae, kills 70,000 fowk.
*1952 - Queen Elizabeth II delivers her first Christenmas message.
*1977 - Menachem Begin meets Anwar Sadat for talks in Egyp.
*1989 - Deposed Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu an his wife Elena are executit.
*1990 - First trial run o the Warld Wide Web.
*1991 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as Soviet leader.
*2003 - The Beagle 2 probe goes missin on the planet Mars.
*2004 - Cassini-Huygens: The Cassini orbiter releases the Huygens probe, which will laund on Saturn's muin Titan.
*2016 - A Roushie Defence Ministry Tupolev-154 aircraft crashes intae the Black Sea shortly efter tak-aff frae Sochi, killin aw 92 fowk on baird.

## Births

* 4 BC − Jesus Christ (conventional datin)
* 1652 - Archibald Pitcairne, Scots medicinar (d. 1713)
* 1665 - Lady Grizel Baillie, Scots sangwriter (d. 1746)
* 1717 - Pape Pius VI (d. 1799)
* 1876 - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader o Pakistan (d. 1948)
* 1876 - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, German chemist (d. 1959)
* 1899 - Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
* 1906 - Ernst Ruska, German pheesicist (d. 1988)
* 1918 - Ahmed Ben Bella, 1st Preses o Algerie (d. 2012)
* 1918 - Anwar Sadat, Preses o Egyp (d. 1981)
* 1924 - Atal Bihari Vajpayee, umwhile Prime meenister o Indie; d. 2018
* 1927 - Ram Narayan, Indian muisicker
* 1949 - Nawaz Sharif, umwhile Prime meenister o Pakistan
* 1949 - Sissy Spacek, American actress
* 1950 - Karl Rove, American poleetical advisor
* 1954 - Annie Lennox, Scots sangster
* 1957 - Shane MacGowan, Erse sangster
* 1959 - Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (d. 2003)
* 1961 - Ingrid Betancourt, Colombian politeecian
* 1964 - Gary McAllister, Scots fitbawer
* 1971 - Dido, Inglis sangster
* 1971 - Justin Trudeau, Prime meenister o Canadae

## Daiths
* 795 - Pape Adrian I
* 1635 - Samuel de Champlain, French splorer (b. 1567)
* 1875 - Young Tom Morris, Scots gowfer (b. 1851)
* 1926 - Emperor Taisho o Japan (b. 1879)
* 1977 - Charlie Chaplin, Inglis actor, director an comedian (b. 1889)
* 1989 - Nicolae Ceausescu, leader o Romanie (b. 1918)
* 2000 - Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher (b. 1908)
* 2006 - James Brown, American sangster (b. 1933)
* 2008 - Eartha Kitt, American sangster (b. 1927)
* 2015 - Ali Eid, Lebanese politeecian (b. 1940)
* 2016 - George Michael, Inglis sangster (b. 1963)

## Halidays

* Yuil
* Christenmas
* Birthday o Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Pakistan)
23 December

The **23rd o December** is the 357t day o the year (358t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 8 days bidin.

## Events

* 484 &ndash; Huneric dies an is succeedit bi his nephew Gunthamund, who becomes king o the Vandals. During his reign the Catholics are free frae persecutions.
* 558 &ndash; Chlothar I is crouned Keeng o the Franks.
* 583 &ndash; Maya queen Yohl Ik'nal is crouned ruler o Palenque.
* 679 &ndash; King Dagobert II is murthert while huntin.
*1672 &ndash; Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovers Saturn's muin Rhea.
*1933 &ndash; A train crash occurs at Lagny-Pomponne, Fraunce, killin 204 fowk.
*1948 &ndash; Seiven Japanese convictit o war crimes bi the Internaitional Militar Tribunal for the Far East are executit at Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, Japan.
*1958 &ndash; The Tokyo Touer opens.
*1972 &ndash; A 6.5 magnitude yirdquauk strikes the Nicaraguan caipital o Managua killin mair nor 10,000.
*1979 &ndash; The Europe-built rocket "Ariane 1" launches.
*1990 &ndash; 88% o voters in Slovenie choose unthirldom frae Yugoslavie.
*1991 &ndash; Germany recognises the unthirldom o Croatie.
*2003 &ndash; A splosion at PetroChina Chuandongbei naitural gas field naur Chongqing, Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, kills 234 fowk.
*2005 &ndash; Lech Kaczynski becomes Preses o Poland.
*2005 &ndash; Chad declares isself tae be in a state o war.
*2017 &ndash; A fire at a shoppin mall in Davao, Philippines, kills at least 37 fowk.

## Births

* 1777 - Tsar Alexander I o Roushie (d. 1825)
* 1790 - Jean-François Champollion, French Egyptologist (d. 1832)
* 1799 - Karl Bryullov, Roushie penter (d. 1852)
* 1805 - Joseph Smith, founder o the Mormon Kirk (d. 1844)
* 1881 - Juan Ramon Jimenez, Spaingie writer (d. 1958)
* 1918 - Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor o West Germany (d. 2015)
* 1933 - Akihito, Emperor o Japan
* 1942 - Quentin Bryce, umwhile Govrenor-General o Australie
* 1943 - Queen Silvia o Swaden
* 1943 - Harry Shearer, American actor an producer
* 1945 - Matti Ahde, Finnish politeecian (d. 2019)
* 1945 - Adly Mansour, Egyptian politeecian
* 1950 - Vicente del Bosque, Spaingie fitbaa manager
* 1955 - Dame Carol Ann Duffy, Scots poet an playwricht
* 1961 - Carol Smillie, Scots telly presenter
* 1962 - Stefan Hell, German pheesicist
* 1967 - Carla Bruni, Italian-French sangster an umwhile First Lady o Fraunce
* 1979 - Kenny Miller, Scots fitbawer
* 1979 - Frazer Wright, Scots fitbawer
* 1985 - Harry Judd, Inglis sangster

## Daiths
* 1948 - Hideki Tojo, Prime meenister o Japan (b. 1884)
* 1953 - Lavrentiy Beria, Soviet-Georgie politeecian (b. 1899)
* 1967 - David McLean, Scots fitbawer (b. 1890)
* 1972 - Andrei Tupolev, Roushie aircraft designer (b. 1888)
* 2004 - P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime meenister o Indie (b. 1932)
* 2013 - Mikhail Kalashnikov, Roushie inventor (b. 1919)

## Halidays
* Birthday o Emperor Akihito (Japan)
* St. Thorlak's Day (Iceland)
* Kisan Diwas (Uttar Pradesh)
* Victory Day (Egyp)
* Children's Day (Sudan an Sooth Sudan)
* HumanLicht (Humanism)
* Festivus
19 December

The **19t o December** is the 353t day o the year (354t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 12 days bidin.

## Events

* 1154 - Henry II o Ingland is crouned.
* 1187 - Pape Clement III is electit.
* 1666 - Lund Varsity in Soothren Swaden is foondit.
* 1783 - William Pitt the Younger becomes the youngest Prime meenister o Great Breetain, at age 24.
* 1842 - The Unitit States recognises the unthirldom o the Kinrick o Hawaii.
* 1909 - German fitbaa club Borussia Dortmund is foondit.
* 1916 - Warld War I: The Battle o Verdun ends.
* 1945 - Austrick becomes a republic for the seicont time.
* 1972 - Apollo 17, the last Muin mission, returns tae the Yird.
* 1980 - Anguilla becomes a separate dependency frae Saunt Kitts an Nevis.
* 1984 - The Unitit Kinrick agrees tae the handower o Hong Kong tae Cheenae (in 1997).
* 1986 - Mikhail Gorbachev releases Andrei Sakharov frae exile.
* 1998 - The Unitit States Hoose o Representatives passes the airticles o impeachment against Bill Clinton.
* 2007 - Lee Myung-bak is electit Preses o Sooth Korea.
* 2011 - The daith o North Korea's leader Kim Jong-il is annooncit.
* 2012 - Park Geun-hye is electit the first female Preses o Sooth Korea.
* 2016 - Andrei Karlov, Roushie Ambassador tae Turkey, is assassinatit in Ankara.
* 2016 - A lorry is driven intae a Christenmas mercat in central Berlin, killin 12 fowk.

## Births

* 1594 - Gustavus Adolphus o Swaden (d. 1632)
* 1683 - Philip V o Spain (d. 1746)
* 1852 - Albert A. Michelson, Proushie-American pheesicist (d. 1931)
* 1903 - George Davis Snell, American geneticist (d. 1996)
* 1906 - Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader (d. 1982)
* 1915 - Édith Piaf, French sangster (d. 1963)
* 1934 - Pratibha Patil, umwhile Preses o Indie
* 1941 - Lee Myung-bak, umwhile Preses o Sooth Korea
* 1961 - Eric Allin Cornell, American pheesicist
* 1969 - Richard Hammond, Inglis telly presenter
* 1969 - Kristy Swanson, American actress
* 1972 - Alyssa Milano, American actress an sangster
* 1980 - Jake Gyllenhaal, American actor
* 1985 - Gary Cahill, Inglis fitbawer
* 1986 - Ryan Babel, Dutch fitbawer
* 1987 - Karim Benzema, French fitbawer
* 1988 - Alexis Sánchez, Chilean fitbawer

## Daiths
* 211 - Geta, Roman Emperor
* 1370 - Pape Urban V (b. 1310)
* 1741 - Vitus Bering, Dens splorer (b. 1681)
* 1811 - Mairjorie Fleemin, Scots poet (b. 1803)
* 1848 - Emily Bronte, Inglis writer (b. 1818)
* 1851 - J. M. W. Turner, Inglis penter (b. 1775)
* 1908 - Thomas Lomar Gray, Scots ingineer (b. 1850)
* 1915 - Alois Alzheimer, German medicinar (b. 1864)
* 1972 - Thomas Brooke, 2nt Viscoont Alanbrooke (b. 1920)
* 1996 - Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (b. 1924)
* 1999 - Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (b. 1914)
* 2015 - Kurt Masur, German conductor (b. 1927)
* 2015 - Jimmy Hill, Inglis fitbawer an pundit (b. 1928)
* 2016 - Andrei Karlov, Roushie diplomat (b. 1954)

## Halidays

* Liberation Day (Goa)
* Naitional Heroes an Heroines Day (Anguilla)
13 December

The **13t o December** is the 347t day o the year (348t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 18 days bidin.

## Events

* 1642 - Abel Tasman reaches the Sooth Island o New Zealand.
* 1864 - Paraguay declares war on Brazil.
* 1941 - Warld War II: Hungary an Romanie declare war on the Unitit States.
* 1941 - A glacier breaks on Palcacocha Lake in the Peruvian Andes, killin 6,000 fowk.
* 1949 - The Knesset votes tae make Jerusalem the caipital o Israel.
* 1962 - NASA launches the "Relay 1" space probe.
* 1974 - Malta becomes a republic.
* 1982 - Wojciech Jaruzelski declares mairtial law in Poland.
* 1996 - Kofi Annan is chosen tae become the naxt Secretar-General o the Unitit Naitions.
* 2001 - An airmed attack is carried oot on Indie's pairlament.
* 2002 - The European Union annoonces that 10 new members are set tae jyn in 2004.
* 2003 - Saddam Hussein is captured near his hame toun o Tikrit bi American forces.
* 2016 - Govrenment forces take control o the Sirie ceety o Aleppo, efter a three-week offensive.
* 2019 - UK Leeberal Democrat leader Jo Swinson demits efter losin her seat tae the SNP's Amy Callaghan in the General Election.

## Births

* 1521 - Pape Sixtus V (d. 1590)
* 1533 - Eric XIV o Swaden (d. 1577)
* 1553 - Henry IV o Fraunce (d. 1610)
* 1678 - Yongzheng Emperor o Cheenae (d. 1735)
* 1797 - Heinrich Heine, German writer (d. 1856)
* 1816 - Werner von Siemens, German inventor an industrialist (d. 1892)
* 1821 - Joseph Noel Paton, Scots penter (d. 1901)
* 1818 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady o the Unitit States (d. 1882)
* 1902 - Talcott Parsons, American sociologist (d. 1979)
* 1906 - Princess Marina o Greece an Denmark (d. 1968)
* 1920 - George P. Shultz, 60t Unitit States Secretar o State
* 1923 - Philip Warren Anderson, American pheesicist (d. 2020)
* 1925 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor
* 1929 - Christopher Plummer, Canadian actor
* 1945 - Herman Cain, American politeecian (d. 2020)
* 1953 - Ben Bernanke, American economist
* 1957 - Steve Buscemi, American actor an director
* 1967 - Jamie Foxx, American actor an muisicker
* 1971 - Leanne Wood, Welsh politeecian
* 1984 - Santi Cazorla, Spainyie fitbawer
* 1989 - Taylor Swift, American sangster an actress

## Daiths
* 1124 - Pape Callixtus II (b. 1050)
* 1250 - Frederick II, Haly Roman Emperor (b. 1194)
* 1721 - Alexander Selkirk, Scots sailor (b. 1680)
* 1754 - Mahmud I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1696)
* 1784 - Samuel Johnson, Inglis writer (b. 1709)
* 1930 - Fritz Pregl, Austrick-Slovenie chemist (b. 1869)
* 1935 - Victor Grignard, French chemist (b. 1871)
* 1944 - Wassily Kandinsky, Roushie penter (b. 1866)
* 1961 - Grandma Moses, American penter (b. 1860)
* 2016 - Thomas Schelling, American economist (b. 1921)
* 2016 - Alan Thicke, Canadian actor (b. 1947)

## Halidays

* Saunt Lucy's Day (Scandinavie an Italy)
* Naitional Day (Saunt Lucia)
* Republic Day (Malta)
3 December

The **3rd o December** is the 337t day o the year (338t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 28 days bidin.

## Events

* 1804 - Thomas Jefferson is electit Preses o the Unitit States.
* 1818 - Illinois becomes the 21st state o the Unitit States.
* 1904 - Charles Dillon Perrine discovers Jupiter's muin Himalia.
* 1910 - Modren neon lichtin is demonstratit for the first time, bi Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.
* 1912 - Bulgarie, Greece, Serbie an Montenegro sign an airmistice.
* 1919 - The Quebec Brig opens tae traffic.
* 1959 - The current Banner o Singapore is adoptit.
* 1967 - Christiaan Barnard performs the first hairt transplant in Cape Toun, Sooth Africae.
* 1971 - Full-scale war erupts atween Indie an Pakistan.
* 1973 - The Pioneer 10 probe sends images o Jupiter.
* 1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini becomes Supreme Leader o Iran.
* 1984 - A chemical leak in Bhopal, Indie, kills 8,000 fowk.
* 1989 - George H. W. Bush an Mikhail Gorbachev meet for talks in Maltae.
* 2007 - Kevin Rudd becomes the 26t Prime Meenister o Australie.
* 2007 - Climate chynge talks stairt on Bali.
* 2009 - A suicide bombin in Mogadishu, Somalie, kills 25 fowk.
* 2012 - Typhoon Bopha strikes the Philippines.
* 2018 - An internaitional climate chynge summit stairts in Katowice, Poland.

## Births

* 1368 - Charles VI o Fraunce (d. 1422)
* 1447 - Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1512)
* 1797 - Andrew Smith, Scots zoologist (d. 1872)
* 1857 - Joseph Conrad, Pols-Breetish writer (d. 1924)
* 1880 - Fedor von Bock, German field marshal (d. 1945)
* 1884 - Rajendra Prasad, 1st Preses o Indie (d. 1963)
* 1886 - Manne Siegbahn, Swadish pheesicist (d. 1978)
* 1895 - Anna Freud, Austrick-Breetish psychoanalyst (d. 1982)
* 1900 - Richard Kuhn, Austrick-German biochemist (d. 1967)
* 1927 - Andy Williams, American sangster (d. 2012)
* 1930 - Jean-Luc Godard, French film director
* 1948 - Ozzy Osbourne, Inglis muisicker
* 1956 - Ewa Kopacz, Pols politeecian
* 1960 - Daryl Hannah, American actress
* 1960 - Julianne Moore, American actress
* 1964 - Tosh McKinlay, Scots fitbawer
* 1968 - Brendan Fraser, American-Canadian actor
* 1970 - Christian Karembeu, French fitbawer
* 1973 - Derek Stillie, Scots fitbawer
* 1981 - Martin Canning, Scots fitbawer
* 1981 - David Villa, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1982 - Michael Essien, Ghanaian fitbawer
* 1985 - Amanda Seyfried, American actress
* 1985 - László Cseh, Hungarian swimmer

## Daiths
* 312 - Diocletian, Roman Emperor (b. 244)
* 1154 - Pape Anastasius IV (b. 1073)
* 1552 - Francis Xavier, Spaingie Jesuit (b. 1506)
* 1837 - Charles Douglas, 6t Marquess o Queensberry, Scots peer (b. 1777)
* 1839 - Frederick VI o Denmark (b. 1768)
* 1894 − Robert Louis Stevenson, Scots writer (b. 1850)
* 1919 - Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French penter (b. 1841)
* 1983 - James Macrae Aitken, Scots fitbawer (b. 1908)
* 1999 - Scatman John, American sangster (b. 1942)
* 2017 - John B. Anderson, American lawer an politeecian (b. 1922)

## Halidays
* Internaitional Day for fowk wi Disabilities
* Doctors' Day (Cuba)
2 December

The **2nt o December** is the 336t day o the year (337t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 29 days bidin.

## Events

* 1409 - The Varsity o Leipzig is foondit.
* 1697 - The new St. Paul's Cathedral in Lunnon, designed bi Christopher Wren, opens.
* 1804 - Napoleon I crouns hisself Emperor o the French.
* 1848 - Franz Joseph I o Austrick becomes Emperor.
* 1852 - Napoleon III crouns hisself Emperor o Fraunce.
* 1908 - Puyi ascends the Cheenese throne.
* 1942 - Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustainin nuclear chain reaction.
* 1956 - Fidel Castro an 80 revolutionaries laund in Oriente province, Cuba.
* 1959 - The Malpasset-dam in soothren Fraunce breaks, killin 421 fowk.
* 1971 - The Unitit Arab Emirates are formed.
* 1976 - Fidel Castro becomes Preses o Cuba.
* 1988 - A cyclone devastates Bangladesh.
* 1990 - A coalition led bi Helmut Kohl wins the first elections in a reunitit Germany.
* 1993 - Colombie drug boss Pablo Escobar is shot deed bi polis.
* 1999 - Northren Ireland gets increased autonomy.
* 2010 - Roushie an Qatar get the richts tae host the 2018 an 2022 FIFA Warld Cups respectively.
* 2019 - Poleetical leaders meet in Madrid for climate chynge talks.

## Births

* 1822 - David Masson, Scots academic, leeterar creetic an historian (d. 1907)
* 1825 - Pedro II o Brazil (d. 1891)
* 1837 - Joseph Bell, Scots surgeon (d. 1911)
* 1859 - Georges Seurat, French penter (d. 1891)
* 1891 - Otto Dix, German airtist (d. 1969)
* 1923 - Maria Callas, Greek-American soprano (d. 1977)
* 1924 - Alexander Haig, 59t Unitit States Secretar o State (d. 2010)
* 1925 - Julie Harris, American actress (d. 2013)
* 1930 - Gary Becker, American economist (d. 2014)
* 1939 - Harry Reid, American politeecian
* 1946 - Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer (d. 1997)
* 1948 - Patricia Hewitt, Inglis politeecian
* 1968 - Lucy Liu, American actress
* 1973 - Monica Seles, Yugoslavie-American tennis player
* 1973 - Jan Ullrich, German cyclist
* 1975 - Mark McLaughlin, Scots fitbawer
* 1978 - Nelly Furtado, Canadian sangster
* 1981 - Britney Spears, American sangster
* 1983 - Chris Burke, Scots fitbawer
* 1988 - Stephen McGinn, Scots fitbawer
* 1989 - Richard Tait, Scots fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1547 - Hernán Cortés, Spaingie conquistador (b. 1485)
* 1594 - Gerardus Mercator, Flemish mapmaker (b. 1512)
* 1814 - Marquis de Sade, French philosopher (b. 1740)
* 1944 - Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian poet, editor an airt theorist (b. 1876)
* 1947 - John Campbell, Scots fitbawer (b. 1871)
* 1985 - Philip Larkin, Inglis poet (b. 1922)
* 1993 - Pablo Escobar, Colombie droglaird (b. 1949)
* 2001 - Willie Woodburn, Scots fitbawer (b. 1919)
* 2007 - Thomas F. Torrance, Scots theologian (b. 1913)
* 2009 - Eric Woolfson, Scots sangwriter (b. 1945)
* 2020 - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Preses o Fraunce (b. 1926)

## Halidays
* Naitional Day o Laos
* Naitional Day o the Unitit Arab Emirates
6 December

The **6t o December** is the 340t day o the year (341t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 25 days bidin.

## Events

* 1534 - The ceety o Quito is foondit.
* 1865 - Georgie ratifies the 13nt Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution.
* 1877 - The Washington Post newspaper is published for the first time.
* 1884 - The Washington Monument is completit.
* 1907 - A coal mine splosion in Monongoah, Wast Virginie, kills 362.
* 1916 - David Lloyd George becomes Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1917 - Finland declares unthirldom frae Roushie.
* 1917 - Naur Halifax, Nova Scotia, a Norse vessel collides wi a French cargo ship laden wi splosives, causin a splosion that kills aroond 1,900 fowk.
* 1921 - The Anglo-Erse Treaty is signed in Lunnon by Breetish an Erse representatives.
* 1922 - The Erse Free State comes intae existence.
* 1947 - The Everglades Naitional Pairk in Florida is creatit.
* 1971 - Pakistan ends ties wi Indie.
* 1973 - The Unitit States Hoose o Representatives confirms Gerald Ford as US Vice Preses.
* 1978 - Maist voters in Spain approve a new constitution in a referendum.
* 1998 - Hugo Chávez is electit Preses o Venezuela.
* 2005 - David Cameron becomes leader o the Breetish Conservative Pairty.
* 2011 - Elio Di Rupo becomes Prime meenister o Belgium.
* 2013 - The draw is made for the 2014 FIFA Warld Cup.
* 2017 - US Preses Donald Trump offeecially recognises Jerusalem as the caipital ceety o Israel.

## Births

* 1421 - Henry VI o Ingland (d. 1471)
* 1721 - James Elphinston, Scots eddcator, orthografer, phonologist an lingueestics expert (d. 1809) 
* 1792 - William II o the Netherlands (d. 1849)
* 1841 - Frédéric Bazille, French penter (d. 1870)
* 1898 - Alfred Eisenstaedt, German-American photographer (d. 1995)
* 1898 - Gunnar Myrdal, Swadish economist, sociologist an politeecian (d. 1987)
* 1916 - Kristján Eldjárn, 3rd Preses o Iceland (d. 1982)
* 1933 - Henryk Górecki, Pols componer (d. 2010)
* 1942 - Peter Handke, Austrick writer
* 1948 - Keke Rosberg, Finnish racin driver
* 1948 - Yoshihide Suga, Prime meenister o Japan
* 1957 - Andrew Cuomo, American politeecian
* 1958 - Nick Park, Inglis animator, director an producer
* 1959 - Satoru Iwata, Japanese video gemme programmer (d. 2015)
* 1965 - Gordon Durie, Scots fitbawer
* 1977 - Grant Brebner, Scots fitbawer
* 1979 - Tim Cahill, Australie fitbawer
* 1982 - Alberto Contador, Spaingie cyclist
* 1982 - Susie Wolff, Scots racin driver
* 1990 - Tamira Paszek, Austrick tennis player

## Daiths
* 343 - Saunt Nicholas (b. circa 270)
* 1352 - Pape Clement VI (b. 1291)
* 1746 - Lady Grizel Baillie, Scots sangwriter; b. 1665
* 1799 - Joseph Black, Scots scientist (b. 1728)
* 1889 - Jefferson Davis, Preses o the Confederate States o Americae (b. 1808)
* 1956 - B. R. Ambedkar, Indie social reformer (b. 1891)
* 1988 - Roy Orbison, American sangster (b. 1936)
* 1993 - Don Ameche, American actor (b. 1908)

## Halidays

* Saunt Nicholas Day
* Naitional Day o Finland
* Constitution Day (Spain)
Carl Friedrich Gauss

**Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß)** (30 Aprile, 1777 – 23 Februar, 1855) wis a German mathematician an scientist that eikit muckle ti monie fields, like nummer theory, analysis, deifferential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy an optics. Whiles kent as "the preince o mathemateicians", Gauss haed a profoond influence on monie fields o mathematics an science an is rankit alangside Euler, Newton an Archimedes as ane o history's greatest mathemateicians.

Gauss wis a child prodigy an made his first grund-brakkin mathematical discoveries whan yet a youngker. He feinished *[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]*, his magnum opus, at the age o twinty-fower. This wark wis fundamental in consolidatin nummer theory as a deiscipline an haes shapit the field til the day.

## Ootside airtins
* Gauss biography 
* Carl Friedrich Gauss, covers topics in the history o Fermat's Last Theorem frae Diophantus of Alexandria til Andrew Wiles.
* Obituary: MNRAS '''16''' (1856) 80
Snake

**Snakes** is cauld bluidit legless reptiles sib tae lizards, maist snakes is thocht tae be venomfu but that isna richt acause anerly a quarter o the snakes on the warld is pushionable.

* *Vipera berus* the edder or muir-edder, whiles cried a muir-eel or hill-eel
* *Anguis fragilis* the slae

## References
Rudyard Kipling

**Joseph Rudyard Kipling** (30 December, 1865 – 18 Januar, 1936) wis an Anglo-Indien writer an makar, born ti Breetish paurents. He is best kent for the bairns' beuk *[[The Jungle Book]]* (1894), the Indien spy novelle *[[Kim]]* (1901), the poems "Gunga Din" (1892) an "If— " (1895), an his mony cutty stories. His first novelle wis *[[The Light That Failed]]*. He wrote in Scots tae in the poem "The Fall of Jock Gillespie".

## References
Johnson's Dictionary

**Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language**, ane o the maist kenspeckle dictionars in the historie o the Inglis leid, wis prepared bi Samuel Johnson an furthset on 15 Aprile, 1755. The dictionar responed tae a need for staundart wey o writin. Caws an proposals for a new dictionar haed been made for decades afore a menyie o Lunnon Stationers (includin Robert Dodsley an Thomas Longman) contractit Johnson in Juin, 1746 tae write the wark for the soum o £1575.

Whan first publisht, the dictionar contained around 200 wirds o the Scots leid.

## References
Serpon

**Serpon** is an aulder Scots furm o modren *serpent*. It is o Laitin oreegin (serpens, serpentis) an is for ordinar a substitute for "snaik" in a speceefically meethic or relgeeous context for tae sinder sic craiturs fae real biological anes.
Bress

**Bress** is an alloy o copper an zinc. For ordinar it is mair nor 50% copper. Some types o bress is cried bronzes, mauger thair heich zinc content.

## Ither uises

**Bress** or **Bres** is the Gaelic god o healing, fertility an agriculture. Bres wis an aa the name o the Fomorian prince who became the first king o the united Tylweth Teg, wi his consort Brigid.

**Bress** is a polite wey o defining something's excellence, wioot uisin harsh (the shit) or potty language (the tits). Example: "This IPA is the bress." Syne its conception, 'bress' haes been uised in a diluted form as a replacement for the wird 'best'. Tho nae wholly backed bi the Bress Buird, the substitution is still quite common.

## See an aa
* Airn
Pape Agapetus I

**Agapetus I**, or **Agapitus I**, Pape (535–536), wis the son o Gordian, a priest that haed been ennit in throu the gilravages in the days o Pape Symmachus.

He thegither wi Cassiodorus biggit a leebrarie in Rome o ecclesiastical owthors in the Greek an Laitin, an helpit Cassiodorus wi the project at Vivarium o pittin the staundart Greek philosophers ower intil Laitin.

King Theodahad o the Ostrogoths sent him on an legetion tae Constantinople, tae slock Emperor Justinian I follaein the daith o Amalasuntha. Thare, he flytit the patriarch Anthimus I anent the Monophysite heresy, an haein taen him in flyte, deponed the patriarch an ordeenit Menas his successor. He dee'd no lang efter, on the 22nt o Aprile, 536.
Pape Caius

**Saunt Caius** or **Gaius** wis Pape frae 283 til his daith in 296. He wis the son o Gaius, or, bi *St.Susanna o Concordius* wey o it, kin o the emperor Diocletian, an becam Pape on 17 December 283. His tomb, wi the origeenal epitaph, wis diskivered in the catacombs o Calixtus an in it the raing that he uised as a selkie  fae his letters (see Arringhi, Roma subterr., 1. iv. c. xlviii. p.&nbsp;426).

His eatis on Aprile 22, thegither wi Pape Soter. Saunt Caius is shawn in airt kirtelt in the Papal Tiara wi Saunt Nereus. He is veneratit in Dalmatia an Venice.
Pape Alexander II

Alexander II, **né Anselmo Baggio** (d. Aprile 21, 1073), pape fae 1061 tae 1073, wis a bairn o Milan. As bishop o Lucca he haed been a fersle coadjutor wi Hildebrand in ettlin tae smuir simony, an tae gar the clergy haud the Cœlibat. His election, that Hildebrand haed redd in conformitie wi the decern o 1059 (see Pape Nicholas II), wis nae greed wi bi the imperial coort o Germany. This coort, true tae the haunt observed bi it in the afore gaun elections, homologated anither candidate, Cadalus, bishop o Parma, that wis cried bi the cooncil o Basel unner the name o Honorius II, mairched tae Roum, an for a lang time thraitent his rival's poseetion. At lenth, houaniver, he wis forleetit bi the Germanic coort an deponed bi a cooncil hauden at Mantua; an Alexander's poseetion baud unchailenged. Alexander wis follaed bi his associate Hildebrand, that takkit the teitle o Gregory VII.
Pape Silverius

**Silverius**, Pape frae 536 tae 537, wis a legeetimate son o Pape Hormisdas, born afore his faither haed gane intil the priestheid.
Pape Soter

**Pape Soter**, kent as the "Pape o Chairity" forby, wis Pape frae 166 tae 174 (the Vatican cites 162 or 168 tae 170 or 177). He lat licht that a mairiage wis alloued as a sacrament blissed bi a priest juist. He wis born in Fondi, Italy, an dee'd, bi wey o tradeetion, as a mairtyr. He wis birriet in the Callixtus grunds in Roum. His feast day is the 22t o Aprile.
536

*This airticle is aboot the year 536.*

## Events
* 8 Juin − St Silverius becomes Pape (likely date).

## Births

## Daiths
* 22 Aprile - Pape Agapetus I
Pape Hormisdas

**Hormisdas** wis Pape frae 20 Julie 514 tae 523. He wis born at Frosinone, Campagna di Roma, Italy. Saunt Hormisdas wis a wanter(?) an a Roman deacon at the time o his accession tae the papal throne. His son becam Pape unner the name o Silverius.
27 Julie

The **27t o Julie** is the 208t day o the year (209t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 157 days ti come.

## Events

* 1689 - The Battle o Killiecrankie ends.
* 1694 - A Ryal Chairter in granted tae the Bank o Ingland.
* 1830 - The Julie Revolution stairts against Charles X o Fraunce.
* 1890 - Vincent van Gogh shuits hisself.
* 1924 - End o the 1924 Simmer Olympics in Paris.
* 1940 - The cartoon character Bugs Bunny maks his debut.
* 1945 - Clement Attlee becomes Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1953 - End o the Korean War.
* 1955 - The Allied occupation o Austrick ends.
* 1967 - Homosexuality is pairtially decriminalisit in Ingland an Wales.
* 1990 - Belaroushie declares unthirldom frae the Soviet Union.
* 1990 - The last Citroen 2CV rolls aff the assembly line in Portugal.
* 1996 - A bomb is detonatit at the 1996 Simmer Olympics in Atlanta.
* 2002 - The Lviv airshow disaster in Ukraine kills 85 fowk.
* 2012 - Stairt o the 2012 Simmer Olympics in Lunnon.
* 2018 - Julie 2018 lunar eclipse.

## Births

* 1452 - Ludovico Sforza, Duke o Milan (d. 1508)
* 1768 - Charlotte Corday, assassin o Jean-Paul Marat (d. 1793)
* 1773 - Princess Luisa o Naples (d. 1802)
* 1824 - Alexandre Dumas, fils, French writer (d. 1895)
* 1835 - Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer an poet (d. 1907)
* 1881 - Hans Fischer, German organic chemist (d. 1945)
* 1928 - Joseph Kittinger, American pilot
* 1929 - Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher (d. 2007)
* 1944 - Bobbie Gentry, American sangster
* 1951 - Roseanna Cunningham, Scots politeecian
* 1959 - Siobhan Redmond, Scots actress
* 1960 - Emily Thornberry, Inglis politeecian
* 1974 - Eason Chan, Hong Kong sangster
* 1975 - Alex Rodriguez, American basebaw player
* 1977 - Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Erse actor
* 1987 - Marek Hamsik, Slovakie fitbawer
* 1988 - John Hardie, New Zealand-Scots rugby player
* 1990 - Indiana Evans, Australie actress
* 1993 - Jordan Spieth, American gowfer
* 1997 - Craig Wighton, Scots fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1689 - John Graham, 1st Viscoont Dundee, Scots sodger an nobleman (b. 1648)
* 1841 - Mikhail Lermontov, Roushie writer an penter (b. 1814)
* 1844 - John Dalton, Inglis pheesicist an scientist (b. 1776)
* 1873 - Fyodor Tyutchev, Roushie poet (b. 1803)
* 1932 - Airchduchess Gisella o Austrick (b. 1856)
* 1946 - Gertrude Stein, American writer (b. 1874)
* 1970 - António de Oliveira Salazar, Preses o Portugal (b. 1889)
* 1980 - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah o Iran (b. 1919)
* 1982 - William Wyler, American film director, producer an screenwriter (b. 1902)
* 2003 - Bob Hope, Inglis-American actor an comedian (b. 1903)
* 2015 - A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Preses o Indie (b. 1931)
* 2016 - Piet de Jong, Prime meenister o the Netherlands (b. 1915)
* 2016 - Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish componer (b. 1928)
* 2019 - John Robert Schrieffer, American pheesicist (b. 1931)

## Halidays
* Naitional Sleepy Head Day (Finland)
* Victory Day (North Korea)
13 Juin

The **13t o Juin** is the 164t day o the year (165t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 201 days ti come.

## Events

* 1381 - End o Ingland's Peasants' Revolt.
* 1886 - Ludwig II o Bavarie dies in mysterious circumstances while soummin in Loch Starnberg, Bavarie.
* 1886 - Vancouver, Breetish Columbie, Canadae is heavily damaged bi fire.
* 1898 - The Yukon Territory in Northwast Canadae is creatit.
* 1974 - The 1974 FIFA Warld Cup in Wast Germany stairts.
* 1982 - Fahd o Saudi Arabie becomes King.
* 1983 - "Pioneer 10" becomes  the first man-made object tae leave the inner Solar Seestem.
* 1990 - Demoleetion work on the Berlin Waw stairts.
* 1996 - Guernsey votes tae legalise abortion.
* 1997 - The Uphaar Cinema Fire in New Delhi, Indie, kills 59 fowk.
* 2005 - The Erse leid becomes an offeecial leid o the European Union.
* 2005 - Pop starn Michael Jackson is cleared o bairn molestation.
* 2012 - 93 fowk are kilt in bomb attacks across Iraq.
* 2014 - 2014 FIFA Warld Cup: Defendin champions Spain are beaten 5-1 bi the Netherlands in thair openin match.
* 2019 - Twa ile tankers are attackit in the Strait o Hormuz; The governments o the Unitit States an the Unitit Kinrick blame Iran.

## Births

* 823 - Charles the Bald, Haly Roman Emperor (d. 877)
* 839 - Charles the Fat, Haly Roman Emperor (d. 888)
* 1831 - James Clerk Maxwell, Scots inventor an pheesicist (d. 1879)
* 1865 - William Butler Yeats, Erse writer (d. 1939)
* 1870 - Jules Bordet, Belgian immunologist an microbiologist (d. 1961)
* 1884 - Anton Drexler, German far-richt politeecian (d. 1942)
* 1888 - Fernando Pessoa, Portuguese writer (d. 1935)
* 1897 - Paavo Nurmi, Finnish athlete (d. 1973)
* 1911 - Luis Walter Alvarez, American pheesicist (d. 1988)
* 1928 - John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathemateecian (d. 2015)
* 1943 - Malcolm McDowell, Inglis actor
* 1944 - Ban Ki-moon, 8t Secretar-General o the Unitit Naitions
* 1946 - Paul L. Modrich, American biochemist
* 1953 - Tim Allen, American actor
* 1955 - Alan Hansen, Scots fitbawer
* 1959 - Boyko Borissov, Prime meenister o Bulgarie
* 1959 - Klaus Iohannis, Preses o Romanie
* 1962 - Paul Motwani, Scots chess player
* 1968 - David Gray, Breetish sangster an sangwriter
* 1981 - Chris Evans, American actor an director
* 1982 - Kenenisa Bekele, Ethiopie athlete
* 1982 - Chris Cusiter, Scots rugby union player
* 1986 - Keisuke Honda, Japanese fitbawer
* 1986 - Mans Zelmerlow, Swadish sangster
* 2000 - Penny Oleksiak, Canadian soummer

## Daiths
*1636 - George Gordon, 1st Marquess o Huntly, Scots nobleman (b. 1562)
*1844 - Thomas Charles Hope, Scots medicinar, chemist an lecturer (b. 1766)
*1886 - Ludwig II o Bavarie (b. 1845)
*1948 - William Watson, Baron Thankerton, Scots politeecian an juidge (b. 1873)
*1951 - Ben Chifley, Prime Meenister o Australie (b. 1885)
*1965 - Martin Buber, Austrick philosopher (b. 1878)
*1982 - Khalid o Saudi Arabie (b. 1912)
*1986 - Benny Goodman, American muisicker (b. 1909)
*1992 - Pumpuang Duangjan, Thai sangster (b. 1961)
*2000 - Jock Shaw, Scots fitbawer (b. 1912)

## Halidays
* Inventors' Day (Hungary)
11 Juin

The **11t o Juin** is the 162nt day o the year (163rd in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 203 days tae come.

## Events

* 1488 - James IV, Keeng o Scots becomes King.
* 1509 - Henry VIII o Ingland marries Catherine o Aragon.
* 1770 - James Cook runs aground on Australie's Great Barrier Reef.
* 1788 - Roushie splorer Gerasim Izmailov reaches Alaska.
* 1901 - The Unitit Kinrick expands the colony o New Zealand tae include the Cook Islands.
* 1955 - The Le Mans disaster kills 77 fowk.
* 1962 - Three preesoners escape frae Alcatraz, in San Francisco Bay, Californie.
* 1971 - Alcatraz prison is closed.
* 1978 - Scotland defeat the eventual losin feenalists the Netherlands 3-2 in thair feenal FIFA Warld Cup group gemme.
* 1981 - A yirdquauk in Iran kills 3,000 fowk.
* 1987 - Margaret Thatcher is electit tae a third term as Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1990 - Scotland loses 1-0 tae Costa Rica in its openin gemme o the 1990 FIFA Warld Cup in Italy.
* 2004 - The Cassini-Huygens space probe flies bi Saturn's muin Phoebe.
* 2007 - Mudslides in Chittagong, Bangladesh, kill 130 fowk.
* 2010 - The 2010 FIFA Warld Cup in Sooth Africae stairts: Hosts Sooth Africae draw 1-1 wi Mexico in the openin gemme.
* 2019 - FIFA Weemen's Warld Cup: The Unitit States set a toornament record wi a 13-0 win ower Thailand.

## Births

* 1572 - Ben Jonson, Inglis playwricht, poet, actor an leeterar creetic (d. 1637)
* 1776 - John Constable, Inglis penter (d. 1837)
* 1818 - Alexander Bain, Scots philosopher (d. 1903)
* 1864 - Richard Strauss, German componer (d. 1949)
* 1895 - Nikolai Bulganin, Soviet-Roushie politeecian (d. 1975)
* 1899 - Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese writer (d. 1972)
* 1910 - Jacques Cousteau, French marine biologist, historian an inventor (d. 1997)
* 1929 - George Niven, Scots fitbawer (d. 2008)
* 1933 - Gene Wilder, American actor (d. 2016)
* 1934 - Henrik, Prince Consort o Denmark (d. 2018)
* 1937 - Robin Warren, Australie pathologist
* 1939 - Jackie Stewart, Scots racin driver
* 1959 - Hugh Laurie, Inglis actor an muisicker
* 1969 - Peter Dinklage, American actor
* 1971 - Warwick Smith, Scots curler
* 1986 - Shia LaBeouf, American actor
* 1994 - Ivana Baquero, Spaingie actress

## Daiths
* 1488 - James III, Keeng o Scots (b. 1451)
* 1488 - Alexander Cunningham, 1st Yerl o Glencairn, Scots nobleman (b. 1426)
* 1560 - Mary o Guise, Queen Consort o Scots (b. 1515)
* 1662 - John Drummond, 2nt Yerl o Perth, Scots nobleman (b. 1588)
* 1727 - George I o Great Breetain (b. 1660)
* 1828 - Dugald Stewart, Scots philosopher an mathemateecian (b. 1753)
* 1859 - Klemens von Metternich, German-Austrick statesman (b. 1773)
* 1957 - Hughie Gallacher, Scots fitbawer (b. 1903)
* 1970 - Alexander Kerensky, Roushie politeecian (b. 1881)
* 1979 - John Wayne, American actor (b. 1907)

## Halidays
* Kamehameha Day (Hawaii)
* St. Barnabas Day
4 Juin

The **4t o Juin** is the 155t day o the year (156t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 210 days ti come.

## Events

*1039 - Henry III becomes Haly Roman Emperor.
*1794 - Breetish troops capture Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
*1896 - Henry Ford completes the Ford Quadricycle, his first petrol-pouered automobile, an gives it a successful test run.
*1913 - Emily Davison, weemen's richts activist, is trampled bi King George V's horse at the Epsom Derby.
*1920 - Hungary loses 71% o its territory an 63% o its population wi the signin o the Treaty o Trianon in Paris.
*1940 - Warld War II: Breetish troops complete their withdrawal frae Dunkirk.
*1942 - Warld War II: The Naval Battle o Midway takes place in the Paceefic Ocean, fought bi American an Japanese troops.
*1970 - Tonga gains unthirldom efter 70 year as a Breetish protectorate.
*1989 - A crackdown on pro-democracy protesters at Tiananmen Square, Beijing, kills thousands o fowk.
*1989 - The Ufa train disaster in Roushie kills 575 fowk.
*1989 - Poland holds its first free elections syne the end o Warld War II.
*2001 - Gyanendra becomes King o Nepal.
*2011 - The Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanae in soothren Chile erupts; the ash cloud disrupts air traffic in ither pairts o the Soothren Hemisphere.
*2015 - A splosion at a petrol station in Accra, Ghana, kills ower 200 fowk.

## Births

* 1738 - George III o the Unitit Kinrick (d. 1820)
* 1806 - Daniel Macnee, Scots penter (d. 1882)
* 1867 - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Preses o Finland (d. 1952)
* 1877 - Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist (d. 1957)
* 1903 - Jimmy Crapnell, Scots fitbawer an manager (d. 1991)
* 1929 - Karolos Papoulias, umwhile Preses o Greece
* 1952 - Bronislaw Komorowski, umwhile Preses o Poland
* 1955 - Val McDermid, Scots writer
* 1966 - Cecilia Bartoli, Italian opera sangster
* 1971 - Joseph Kabila, umwhile Preses o the Democratic Republic o the Congo
* 1975 - Russell Brand, Inglis actor an comedian
* 1975 - Angelina Jolie, American actress, producer an activist
* 1979 - Naohiro Takahara, Japanese fitbawer
* 1985 - Lukas Podolski, German fitbawer
* 1990 - Jetsun Pema, Queen o Bhutan
* 1996 - Skip Marley, Jamaican reggae muisicker an sangster-sangwriter

## Daiths
* 1039 - Conrad II, Haly Roman Emperor (b. 990)
* 1798 - Giacomo Casanova, Italian writer (b. 1725)
* 1904 - Bessie MacNicol, Scots penter (b. 1869)
* 1941 - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (b. 1859)
* 2001 - King Dipendra o Nepal (b. 1971)

## Halidays

* Flag Day (Estonie)
* Naitional Unity Day (Hungary)
* Emancipation Day (Tonga)
* St. Petroc's Day (Devon, Cornwall)
2 Juin

The **2nt o Juin** is the 153rd day o the year (154t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 212 days ti come.

## Events

* 455 - Vandals enter Roum an plunder the ceety for twa weeks.
* 576 - Benedict I becam Pape.
* 657 - St. Eugene I becam Pape.
* 1896 - Guglielmo Marconi applies for a patent for his wireless telegraph.
* 1924 - The Indian Citizenship Act comes intae force in the Unitit States.
* 1946 - A referendum in Italy results in a majority votin for a Republic.
* 1953 - Coronation o Elizabeth II o the Unitit Kinrick at Wastmeenster Abbey.
* 1962 - Chile defeat Italy in a violent FIFA Warld Cup group stage match.
* 1966 - The "Surveyor 1" spacecraft lands on the Muin.
* 1979 - Pape John Paul II visits his native Poland for the first time syne his election.
* 1994 - A yirdquauk hits Java, killin 279 fowk.
* 1999 - Bhutan stairts televeesion braidcastin.
* 2010 - A shuitin in Cumbria results in 12 daiths.
* 2014 - Telangana becomes the 29t state o Indie, creatit oot o pairt o Andhra Pradesh.
* 2014 - Juan Carlos I o Spain announces his intention tae abdicate the throne.
* 2015 - FIFA Preses Sepp Blatter propales his demission ower a major corruption scandal.
* 2017 - Leo Varadkar is chosen tae succeed Enda Kenny as leader o the Erse Fine Gael pairty, an is designatit as the naxt Taoiseach.

## Births

* 1535 - Pape Leo XI (d. 1605)
* 1731 - Martha Washington, First Lady o the Unitit States (d. 1802)
* 1740 - Marquis de Sade, French politeecian, philosopher an writer (d. 1814)
* 1810 - Alexander Murray, Scots geologist (d. 1884)
* 1835 - Pape Pius X (d. 1914)
* 1840 - Thomas Hardy, Inglis writer (d. 1928)
* 1857 - Edward Elgar, Inglis componer (d. 1934)
* 1857 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Dens writer (d. 1919)
* 1904 - Johnny Weissmuller, Hungarian-American soummer an actor (d. 1984)
* 1920 - Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Pols-German writer an leeterary creetic (d. 2013)
* 1922 - Charlie Sifford, American gowfer (d. 2015)
* 1923 - Lloyd Shapley, American mathemateecian an economist (d. 2016)
* 1932 - Tom Nairn, Scots poleetical theorist
* 1940 - Constantine II o Greece
* 1941 - Charlie Watts, Inglis muisicker
* 1947 - Tommy McLean, Scots fitbawer
* 1962 - Bernard Cazeneuve, French politeecian
* 1972 - Wentworth Miller, Inglis-American actor
* 1977 - Zachary Quinto, American actor
* 1980 - Abby Wambach, American fitbawer
* 1981 - Nikolay Davydenko, Roushie tennis player
* 1988 - Sergio Aguero, Argentine fitbawer
* 1989 - Freddy Adu, Ghanaian-American fitbawer
* 1990 - Jack Lowden, Scots fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1754 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scots meenister an theologian (b. 1680)
* 1882 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general an politeecian (b. 1807)
* 1922 - William Carruthers, Scots botanist (b. 1830)
* 1941 - Lou Gehrig, American basebaw player (b. 1903)
* 1990 - Rex Harrison, Inglis-American actor (b. 1908)
* 2008 - Bo Diddley, American muisicker (b. 1928)
* 2014 - Alexander Shulgin, American medicinal chemist (b. 1925)
* 2017 - Peter Sallis, Inglis actor (b. 1921)
* 2018 - Paul D. Boyer, American chemist (b. 1918)

## Halidays

* Republic Day - Naitional Day o Italy
* Coronation Day - Unitit Kinrick (1953)
* Hristo Botev Day (Bulgarie)
13 Mey

The **13t o Mey** is the 133t day o the year (134t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 232 days ti come.

## Events

* 1648 - Construction o the Reid Fort in Delhi is completit.
* 1830 - Ecuador gains unthirldom frae Gran Colombie.
* 1846 - The Unitit States delcares war on Mexico.
* 1861 - Australie astronomer John Tebbutt discovers the Comet C/1861 J1, ane o the great comets o the 19t century.
* 1909 - The first Giro d'Italia cycle race is held.
* 1940 - Warld War II: Wilhelmina o the Netherlands flees tae the Unitit Kinrick.
* 1950 - The first roond o the Formula Ane warld championship is held at Silverstone.
* 1952 - The Rajya Sabha, the upper hoose o Indie's pairlament, haes its first sittin.
* 1969 - Race riots occur in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysie.
* 1981 - Pape John Paul II is shot in Roum bi Mehmet Ali Agca.
* 1996 - Thunderstorms an tornadoes in Bangladesh kill ower 600 fowk.
* 2000 - The fireworks factory explosion in Enschede, the Netherlands, kills 22 fowk.
* 2005 - Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan.
* 2008 - Bomb attacks in Jaipur, Indie, kill dozens o fowk.
* 2011 - Bomb attacks in the Charsadda Destrict in Pakistan, kill 98 fowk.
* 2014 - The Soma mine disaster in Turkey kills ower 300 fowk.
* 2017 - Portugal's Salvador Sobral wins the Eurovision Sang Contest in Kiev, Ukraine.

## Births

* 1717 - Maria Theresa, Haly Roman Empress (d. 1780)
* 1792 - Pape Pius IX (d. 1878)
* 1840 - Alphonse Daudet, French novelist (d. 1897)
* 1952 - John Kasich, American politeecian
* 1963 - Andrea Leadsom, Inglis politeecian
* 1964 - Stephen Colbert, American comedian
* 1964 - Masha Rasputina, Roushie pop sangster
* 1968 - Scott Morrison, Australie politeecian, 30t Prime Meenister o Australie
* 1983 - Yaya Touré, Ivorian fitbawer
* 1986 - Robert Pattinson, Inglis actor an muisicker
* 1993 - Romelu Lukaku, Belgian fitbawer
* 1993 - Debby Ryan, American actress, director an sangster

## Daiths
* 1930 - Fridtjof Nansen, Norse splorer an diplomat (b. 1861)
* 1938 - Charles Édouard Guillaume, Swiss pheesicist (b. 1861)
* 1961 - Gary Cooper, American actor (b. 1901)
* 2019 - Doris Day, American actress an sangster (b. 1922)
* 2019 - George Smith, Scots fitbaw referee (b. 1943)

## Halidays
* Feast Day o Oor Lady o Fatima (Roman Catholic kirk)
13 Aprile

The **13t o Aprile** is the 103t day o the year (104t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 262 days ti come.

## Events

* 1598 - Henry IV o Fraunce issues the Edict o Nantes, grantin releegious freedom tae Huguenots.
* 1849 - Hungary becomes a republic.
* 1904 - The Roushie Battleship "Petropavlovsk" runs ower a Japanese mine an explodes.
* 1919 - Breetish troops carry oot the Jallianwala massacre in Amritsar, Northren Indie, killin 379 unarmed demonstrators.
* 1941 - Warld War II: Japan an the Soviet Union sign a neutrality pact.
* 1960 - The Unitit States launches the Transit 1-B satellite system.
* 1970 - An oxygen tank explodes on Apollo 13.
* 1992 - Major floods hit Chicago.
* 1992 - Neil Kinnock resigns as leader o the Labour Pairty.
* 1997 - Tiger Woods becomes the youngest gowfer tae win the Masters Tournament.
* 2014 - The Acayucan bus crash in Mexico kills 36 fowk.

## Births

* 1519 - Catherine de' Medici, Queen Consort o Fraunce (d. 1589)
* 1743 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd Preses o the Unitit States (d. 1826)
* 1906 - Samuel Beckett, Erse writer an playwricht (d. 1989)
* 1920 - Liam Cosgrave, Erse Taoiseach (d. 2017)
* 1922 - Julius Nyerere, 1st Preses o Tanzanie (d. 1999)
* 1926 - John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough (d. 2014)
* 1939 - Seamus Heaney, Erse poet (d. 2013)
* 1947 - Kenny Aird, Scots fitbawer
* 1964 - John Swinney, Scots politeecian
* 1978 - Carles Puyol, Spaingie fitbawer
* 1983 - Claudio Bravo, Chilean fitbawer

## Daiths
* 1827 - Hugh Clapperton, Scots naval officer an splorer (b. 1788)
* 1945 - Ernst Cassirer, Pols-American philosopher (b. 1874)
* 2006 - Muriel Spark, Scots writer (b. 1918)
* 2015 - Günter Grass, German writer (b. 1927)
* 2015 - Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan writer (b. 1940)

## Halidays
* Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (Unitit States)
* Katyn Memorial Day (Poland)
* Teachers' Day (Ecuador)
9 Aprile

The **9t o Aprile** is the 99t day o the year (100t in lowp years) in the Gregorian Calendar, wi 266 days ti come.

## Events

* 1241 - The Mongols defeat a German an Pols airmy at the Battle o Legnica.
* 1865 - American Ceevil War: Robert E. Lee surrenders tae Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox.
* 1867 - The Unitit States Senate approves the purchase o Alaska frae Roushie.
* 1917 - Warld War I: The Battle o Arras stairts.
* 1940 - Warld War II: Nazi Germany invades Denmark an Norawa.
* 1945 - In Nazi Germany, theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executit.
* 1947 - Tornadoes kill 181 fowk in Texas, Oklahoma an Kansas.
* 1963 - Winston Churchill becomes an honorar ceetizen o the Unitit States.
* 1989 - A crackdown on protesters in Tbilisi, Georgie, kills at least 20 fowk.
* 1991 - Georgie gains unthirldom frae the Soviet Union.
* 1992 - The Conservative Pairty unner John Major surprisingly wins the Unitit Kinrick General Election.
* 2002 - Funeral o Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, Queen Mither o the Unitit Kinrick.
* 2003 - Iraq War: Faw o Baghdad.
* 2005 - Charles, Prince o Wales marries Camilla, Duchess o Cornwall.
* 2017 - Bombins at Coptic kirks in Tanta an Alexandria, Egyp, kill 45 fowk on Paum Sunday.
* 2019 - Israel haulds its 2019 general election, wi Benjamin Netanyahu runnin for a record fift term in affice as Prime meenister.

## Births

* 1283 - Margaret, Maid o Norawa (d. 1290)
* 1336 - Timur, Turco-Mongol conqueror an ruler (d. 1405)
* 1802 - Elias Lönnrot, Finnish physeecian an folklorist (d. 1884)
* 1821 - Charles Baudelaire, French poet (d. 1867)
* 1835 - Leopold II o Belgium (d. 1909)
* 1865 - Erich Ludendorff, German general an politeecian (d. 1937)
* 1903 - Marion Ross, Scots physicist (d. 1994)
* 1926 - Hugh Hefner, American publisher (d. 2017)
* 1954 - Iain Duncan Smith, Breetish politeecian
* 1954 - Dennis Quaid, American actor
* 1959 - Bernard Jenkin, Inglish politeecian
* 1974 - Alexander Pichushkin, Roushie serial killer
* 1986 - Leighton Meester, American actress an sangster
* 1987 - Jesse McCartney, American actor, sangster an sangwriter
* 1990 - Kristen Stewart, American actress

## Daiths
* 1626 - Francis Bacon, Inglis philosopher (b. 1561)
* 1922 - Patrick Manson, Scots medicinar (b. 1814)
* 1945 - Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (b. 1906)
* 1959 - Frank Lloyd Wright, American airchitect (b. 1867)

## Halidays
* Day o Naitional Unity (Georgie)
* Day o the Finnish leid
* Martyrs' Day (Tunisie)
* Bataan Day (Philippines)
* Constitution Day (Kosovo)
* Vimy Ridge Day (Canadae)