open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leet o leids

## Leids, faimlies o leids, an dialects

*Germanic leids
**Afrikaans
**Dutch leid
***Fleems leid
**Frisie leids
***Wast Frisie leid (*Frysk*)
***East Frisie leid
****Saterland Frisie leid) (*Seeltersk*)
***North Frisie leids
****Mainlaund North Frisie leid (*Frasch*)
****Islaund North Frisie leids
*****Heligoland Frisie leid (*Halunder*)
*****Amrum Frisie leid (*Öömrang*)
*****Föhr Frisie leid (*Fering*)
*****Sylt Frisie leid (*Söl'ring*)
**German leid
**Inglis leid
***Auld Inglis leid
**Law Saxon leid ("Law German" leid)
***Auld Saxon leid
**Scots leid (Lallans)
***Ulster Scots leid (Ullans, Ulstèr-Scotch)
**Yiddish leid

*Romance leids
**Aragonese leid
**Astur-Leonese leids
***Asturie leid
***Leonese leid
***Mirandese leid
**Dalmatie leid
**Franco-Provençal leid
**French leid
***Picard leid
**Friulian leid
**Galician-Portuguese leids
***Galician leid
***Portuguese leid
***Fala leid (Extremaduran leid)
**Judaeo-Spainyie leid (Ladino leid)
**Ladin leid
**Mozarabic leid
**Norman leid
**Occitan-Catalan leids
***Catalan leid
***Occitan leid
**Romanian leid
**Romansh leid
**Sardinian leid
**Spainyie leid (Castilian leid)

*Celtic leids
**Gaelic leid
***Manx Gaelic leid
***Erse leid
***Scots Gaelic leid
**Breton leid
**Cornish leid
**Welsh leid

*Slavic leids
**East Slavic leids
***Belaroushie leid
***Roushie leid
***Rusyn leid
***Ukrainian leid
**South Slavic leids
***Bosnie leid
***Bulgarie leid
***Croatie leid
***Macedonie leid
***Serbie leid
***Slovenie leid
**Wast Slavic leids
***Czech leid
***Kashubian leid
***Pols leid
***Slovak leid
***Upper Sorbian leid
***Lawer Sorbian leid
**Interslavic leid

*Indo-Iranian leids
**Indo-Aryan leids
***Gujarati leid
***Hindustani leid
****Hindi
****Urdu
***Nepal leid
***Panjabi leid
***Sanskrit
***Sindhi leid
***Punjabi leid
**Iranian leids
***Balochi leid
***Kurdish leid
***Pashto leid
***Persie leid
***Tajik leid
***Zazaki leid

*Finno-Ugric leids
**Estonian leid
**Finnish leid
**Hungarian leid

*Afro-Asiatic leids
**Berber leids
**Cushitic leids
***Somali leid
**Semitic leids
***Arabic
***Gulf Arabic
***Hebrew leid
***Maltese leid

*Constructit leids
**Esperanto
***Ido
**Interlingua
**Novial

*Maori leid
*Mongol leid
*Moriori leid
*Swauheilie
Scots Pairlament election, 2007

The **Scots pairlamentary walin**,** 2007**, wis the thrid general election tae the devolved Scots Pairlament syne it wis creatit in 1999. It teuk place on Thuirsday 3 Mey. The Scots National Pairty bore the gree in the election, winnin the maist seats o onie pairty (47 seats, tae 46 for Labour, the umwhile governin pairty), but no eneuch tae form a majority govrenment or stable coalition, leadin tae the formation o an SNP minority govrenment.

Apairt frae the defeat o Labour bi the SNP, the election wis mairkit bi the faw in support for the smawer pairties: the Scots Socialist Pairty, Solidarity, an the Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party (*Scots Seniour Ceetizen's Unity Pairty*) aw tint aw thair seats, while the Scots Green Pairty went frae haein seeven seats tae twa juist.

## Election seestem
The walin wis the first uisin consteituencies that arna identical tae consteituencies o the Hoose o Commons. Scots Wastmeinster consteituencies wis replaced wi a new set o consteituencies, fewer in nummer but for normal lairger, in 2005.

The Arbuthnott Commission reportit in Januar 2006, concernin the nummer o votin seestems an electoral divisions in Scotland, but thare wisna be onie chynge tae the Halyeruid election seestem, cept as regairds uiss o vote-coonting machines an the design o the ballot paper, afore the 2007 walin.

## Pairty leaders

Oot o the major pairty leaders in the Scots Pairlament, juist the ane (Jack McConnell o the Scots Labour Pairty) wis awready pairty leader in the 2003 election. Nicol Stephen succeedit Jim Wallace as Depute First Meinister an Leader o the Scots Leiberal Democrats in Juin 2005, efter Wallace annunced that he wadna be contestin the 2007 walin. Alex Salmond wis electit convener o the Scots National Pairty in 2004, wi his depute Nicola Sturgeon. Salmond haed led the SNP afore, atween 1990 an 2000, but demittit an wis replaced bi his preferred successor John Swinney, that led the pairty atween 2000 an 2004. Efter Swinney's demission in 2004, Salmond annunced that he wad contest for the heid again, an he bore the gree in the ballot o SNP members in Juin 2004. Annabel Goldie wis electit leader o the Scots Tories in November 2005 efter the demission o the incumbent David McLetchie on October 31, 2005 efter a taxi chairges stramash.

## Constitutional issue
On the 1st o November 2006 *[[The Scotsman]]* furthset an opeinion poll  conductit bi ICM. The survey foond that 51% wis fur Scots unthirldom, wi 37% agin.

On the 10t September 2006 *[[The Sunday Times Scotland]]* publisht an opeinion poll  conductit bi YouGov. 1176 respondents wis interviewed atween 5-7 September 2006 . The survey foond that 44% wis in favour whan askit "If there wis a referendum the morra on whether Scotland should become an independent kintra, separate frae the rest o the Unitit Kinrick, hou wad ye be inclined tae vote?" 42% wis agin, an 15% didna ken. 64% wis fur giein the Scots Pairlament mair pouers, wi 19% disagreein.

## References


## See an aw
* Walins in Scotland

## Fremmit airtin
* Scottish Politics
Uniformitarianism

The **Preenciple o Uniformitarianism** is that the naitral processes o the past is the same as the nou.  This is aften cried, "The praisent is the key tae the bygane."  James Hutton developit this idea, that is sae important in modren sciences sic as geology, palaeontology, an astronomy.

In geology, uniformitarianism means that the processes shapin the yird the day is the same as in the bygane.  We can uise whit we ken o the day tae unnerstaund the history o the yird.

In Hutton's day, this idea wis revolutionar.  This wis acause the releegious thochts syne didna gree wi it.
Geology

**Geologie** is the science or studie o the Yird, its chemical upmak, morphologie, development an historie. Petrologie (the studie o stanes), mineralogie (the studie o minerals), geophysics, paleontologie (the studie o auncient life), an planetarie geologie (the studie o ither planets) is jist sum o the airts o geologie. 

Geologists haes helpit calculate the eild o the Yird at aboot 4.6 thoosand million yeir.

The origin o the wird "geologie" is: "geo"="gaya" in Greek leird an logie=logos in Greek, science.

## Scots Geologists
Important lowps forrit in geologie haes been made bi Scots geologists. Amang the maist weil-kent is:
* James Hutton - kent as "the faither o modren geology"
* Charles Lyell
James Hutton

**James Hutton** (3 Juin 1726 O.S. (14 Juin 1726 N.S.), Edinburgh, – 26 Mairch 1797) wis a Scots geologist, weel kent for the preenciple o uniformitarianism.  He is cried the 'faither o modren geology'.
Africae

**Africae** is the warld's seicont mucklest an seicont maist-populous continent (the first bein Asie in baith categories). At aboot 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square&nbsp;miles) includin adjacent islands, it cuivers 6% o Yird's tot surface aurie an 20.4% o its tot laund aurie. Wi  billion fowk as o , it accoonts for aboot 16% o the warld's human population. The continent is surroundit bi the Mediterranean Sea tae the north, baith the Suez Canal an the Reid Sea alang the Sinai Peninsula tae the northeast, the Indie Ocean tae the sootheast an the Atlantic Ocean tae the wast. The continent includes Madagascar an various airchipelagos. It conteens 54 fully recognised sovereign states (kintras), nine territories an twa *[[de facto]]* independent states wi leemitit or na recogneetion. The majority o the continent an its kintras are in the Northren Hemisphere, wi a substantial portion an nummer o kintras in the Soothren Hemisphere.

Africae's average population is the youngest amangst aw the continents; the median age in 2012 wis 19.7, whan the warldwide median age wis 30.4. Algerie is Africae's mucklest kintra bi aurie, an Nigerie is its mucklest bi population. Africae, pairteecularly central Eastren Africae, is widely acceptit as the place o oreegin o humans an the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced bi the diskivery o the earliest hominids an thair auncestors, as weel as later anes that hae been datit tae aroond seiven million years ago, includin *[[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]*, *[[Australopithecus africanus]]*, *[[Australopithecus afarensis|A. afarensis]]*, *[[Homo erectus]]*, *[[Homo habilis|H. habilis]]* an *[[Homo ergaster|H. ergaster]]*—wi the earliest *[[Homo sapiens]]* (modren human) foond in Ethiopie bein datit tae circa 200,000 year ago. Africae straidles the equator an encompasses numerous climate auries; it is the anly continent tae stretch frae the northren temperate tae soothren temperate zones.

Africae hosts a muckle diversity o ethnicities, culturs an leids. In the late 19t century European kintras colonised awmaist aw o Africae; maist present states in Africae oreeginatit frae a process o decolonisation in the 20t century. African naitions cooperate throu the establishment o the African Union, that is heidquartert in Addis Ababa.

## References

## Fremmit airtins
Antarcticae

### Antarcticae
**Antarcticae** is a continent at the dowp o the yird. The wather's gey cauld. Maist o Antarcticae is happit wi ice an snaw maist o the year. Gey few fowk stays there, cept in the smaw touns o McMurdo an Palmer neist the sea. There's a science base at the Sooth Pole whaur experiments is cairit oot, maistly adae wi the wather an ooter space exploration.

Antarcticae's the ae continent wi nae kintras. Nane o the laund in Antarcticae belangs ony kintra.

There' nae mony plants in Antarcticae; the ae muckle air-braithin ainimals is penguins, selchs, an whales.

Antarcticae's surroundit bi the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, an the Indie Ocean, but nouadays, the seas neist tae it is cried the "Soothren Ocean". The neist nearest continent is Sooth Americae.

### Oreigin o Nemm

The nemm Antarcticae is gien frae a Roman version o a Greek word 'Antarktike'. Anti is for common uised as a conter word in baith Greek an Inglish leeds an sicwyce Antarcticae means the conter o The Arctic Land o The North.
Anti an Arctic thegither gies us the compoond word Antarcticae.

### Geographie

Unique tae Antarcticae is the fack it is awmaist hailie cuivered bi Glacier Ice.Tho aftimes sic Ice cuiver is referred tae as the ae singil Ice sheet,in truith it is twa sindrie lairge aureas o ice at differ frae ither in baith physical an heistorical terms. Thir Ice sheets are cryed Aest an Wast Antarcticaen Ice sheets. The Aest Ice sheet is baith the maist muckle o the twa alang wi bein the thickest an auldest an aw.

Tho the continent itsel isnae centred ower The Sooth Pole,the muckle pairt faws intil  the Aestern hemisphere an is sae defined bi The Prime Meridian.
The Wastren Ice sheet hauds a smawer aurea o land athin The Wastren Hemisphere. This haes The Weddell Sea on the tae side an Ross Sea on the tither.
The  Moontains cryed The Transantarctic Moontains extend athort the Continent giein us a kennable mairch atween Aest Antarcticae (Muckle Antarcticae) an Wast Antarcticae (Lesser Antarcticae).
Ither nor pairts o the Aest Antarcticaen Coast an  Penninsula the maist feck o Antarcticae is Sooth o The Antarctic Circle.

File: 061212-nordkapp.jpg
File:GletscherMM.jpg
File:Fryxellsee Opt.jpg
File:Mount Erebus Aerial 2.jpg
File:Aurore australe - Aurora australis.jpg


## Fremmit airtins
* Antarctic Place-names Commission ae Bulgaria
* L.L. Ivanov et al, Topographic map ae Livingston Island an Greenwich Island
Aisie

**Asie** is Yird's mucklest an maist populous continent, locatit primarily in the Eastren an Northren Hemispheres. It shares the continental laundmass o Eurasie wi the continent o Europe an the continental laundmass o Afro-Eurasie wi baith Europe an Africae. Asie covers an aurie o , aboot 30% o Yird's tot laund aurie an 8.7% o the Yird's tot surface aurie. The continent, that haes lang been hame tae the majority o the human population, wis the steid o mony o the first ceevilisations. Asie is notable for nae anly its oweraw muckle size an population, but an aa dense an muckle settlements, as weel as vast barely populatit regions. Its  billion fowk constitute aboot 60% o the warld's population.

In general terms, Asie is boondit on the east bi the Paceefic Ocean, on the sooth bi the Indie Ocean an on the north bi the Arctic Ocean. The wastren boondar wi Europe is a historical an cultural construct, as thare is na clear pheesical an geografical separation atween them. The maist commonly acceptit boondaries place Asie tae the east o the Suez Canal, the Ural River, an the Ural Moontains, an sooth o the Caucasus Moontains an the Caspian an Black Seas.

Cheenae an Indie alternatit in bein the lairgest economies in the warld frae 1 tae 1800 CE. Cheenae wis a major economic pouer an attractit mony tae the east, and for many the legendary wealth and prosperity of the ancient culture of India personified Asia, attractin European commerce, exploration an colonialism. The accidental diskivery o Americae bi Columbus in sairch for Indie demonstrates this deep fascination. The Silk Road becam the main East-Wast treddin route in the Asie hinterlands while the Straits o Malacca stuid as a major sea route. Asie haes exhibited economic dynamism (pairteecularly East Asie) as weel as robust population growthe in the 20t century, but oweraw population growthe haes syne fawen. Asie wis the birthplace o maist o the warld's mainstream releegions includin Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism (or Daoism), Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastranism, as weel as mony ither releegions.

Gien its size an diversity, the concept o Asie—a name datin back tae clessical antiquity—mey actually hae mair tae dae wi human geografie nor pheesical geografie. Asie varies greatly athort an within its regions wi regaird tae ethnic groups, culturs, environments, economics, historical ties an govrenment seestems. It an aa haes a mix o mony different climates rangin frae the equatorial sooth via the het desert in the Middle East, temperate auries in the east an the  continental centre tae vast subarctic an polar auries in Siberie.

## See an aa
* Asie apes
* Asie Minor
* Asie Gemmes
* Asie influenza
* Asie cholera

## References
North Americae

**North Americae**'s a continent in the northren hauf o the warld, locate tae the east o the Pacific Ocean, the wast o the Atlantic Ocean, the sooth o the Arctic Ocean, an the north o Sooth Americae. It's the northrenmaist pairt o the Americaes. 

Northren Americae includes thir muckle kintras, listit frae north tae sooth:
* Canadae
* Unitit States o Americae
* Mexico

The kintras o Central Americae is thocht tae be pairt o North Americae an aw. They are: Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, an Panama. 

Aw the kintras an islands o the Caribbean is pairt o North Americae.

Greenland, governt bi Denmark, is a muckle island tae the nor'east o Canadae, an is thocht tae be pairt o North Americae an aw.
Sooth Americae

**Sooth Americae**'s the continent locatit tae the sooth o North Americae. The twa continents is sindert bi the Panama Canal. Tae the wast o Sooth Americae's the Pacific Ocean an tae the east is the Atlantic Ocean. 

A few important pairts o Sooth Americae's geography includes:

* The Andes
* The Amazon River
* The ceety o Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* The ceety o Lima, Peru
* Cape Horn, Chile/Argentinae

In Sooth Americae is the follaein kintras:

* Argentinae
* Bolivie
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombie
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Thir areas is still governt bi European kintras:

* Faukland Islands (UK)
* French Guiana (Fraunce)
* Sooth Georgia an the Sooth Sandwich Islands (UK)
Oceanie

**Oceanie**'s a name uised in geography for the region made up o Australie, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, an a puckle ither island naitions in the surroondin area. Some fowk caws this pairt o the warld **Australasie** an aw.

Whiles fowk uises the name **Oceanie** for tae include anerly the Polynesien, Melanesien an Micronesien islands in the Pacific Ocean, as distinct frae "Australasie".
Middle East

The **Middle East** or **Soothwastren Asie** is an aurie o laund an a group o kintras in Wastren Asie in the continent o Asie. The kintras is jyned acause thay share history an maist o the fowk o thir kintras is Muslims.

Middle Eastren kintras includes:
*Bahrain
*Cyprus
*Egyp
*Iran
*Iraq
*Israel
*Jordan
*Kuwait
*Lebanon
*Oman
*Palestine (Wast Baunk an Gaza)
*Qatar
*Saudi Arabie
*Sirie
*The Unitit Arab Emirates
*Turkey
*Yemen

## See forby
*Central Asie
*East Asie
*Sooth Asie
*Sootheast Asie
Laitin Americae

**Laitin Americae** ( or ) is a region o Americae.

Laitin Americae is in the Americaes. No aabody grees on whit kintras is in Laitin Americae. Some fowk cry Sooth Americae, Central Americae, an Mexico Laitin Americae. Ither fowk crie the Caribbean Islands Laitin Americae an aw. Ither fowk cries aa Americaen kintras whaur fowk speaks Spainish, Portuguese, an French Laitin Americae.

The ward 'Laitin' comes fae the Laitin leid. The Spaingie, Portuguese, an French leids, spak bi mony fowk in Laitin Americae is Romance leids. Romance leids is derived fae Latin. Bit no aa fowk in Laitin Americae speaks Romance leids. Some Latin Americaen fowk speaks Native American leids an aa.

Maist Laitin Americaens is Roman Catholic.

Some fowk cries the kintras in the Americaes that's no pairt o Laitin Americae "Germanic America". In Germanic American kintras, maist fowk speaks Germanic leids: Inglis, Dutch, an Dens.

The first European tae find Laitin Americae wis Christopher Columbus, in 1492. Columbus wis wantin tae find a cuttie wey tae eastren Asie. Whan Christopher Columbus cam back tae Europe, fowk wis excitit aboot the discovery. The Pape drew the Line o Demarcation in 1493 acause he didna want Spain an Portugal tae fecht ower whit kintra haed the richt tae claim the new laund. Awthing on the wast side o the line wis gien tae Spain an awthing tae the east wis gien tae Portugal. The Spaingie invadit Mexico wi ease. The Native Americaens coudna fecht agin the Spaingie acause the Spaingie haed horse an guns. The Native Americaens in Mexico thocht that the Spaingie fowk wis gods. Lades o fowk dee'd acause o the diseases brocht bi the Spaingie an aw.

## References
Alphabet

An **alphabet** or **ABC** is a scrievin seestem, a series o seembols for scrievin. A seembol in an alphabet is for ordinar cried a "letter". In an alphabet, ilka digraph can be a seembol for a soond or morpheme.

The name *alphabet* comes frae *Alpha* an *Beta*, the first twa letters in the Greek alphabet.

The alphabet uised in this airticle is the **[[Laitin alphabet]]** (or "Roman alphabet"). It wis first uised in Auncient Rome for tae scrieve Laitin. Mony leids uises the Laitin alphabet. Alphabets uise letters for scrievin, an aw letters cry a soond (a vowel or a consenant), an ither scrievin seestems dinnae uise letters for aw soonds.

### Alphabets
A leet o some alphabets an examples o leids at uise thaim:
* Laitin alphabet (or "Roman alphabet"), uised fur Europeen leids, American leids, an mony soothern Africaen leids
* Greek alphabet, uised fur Greek
* Arabic alphabet, uised fur Arabic an Farsi
* Ebreu alphabet, uised fur Ebreu an Yiddish
* Cyrillic alphabet, foondit on the Greek alphabet, uised fur Roushie, Bulgarian, an mony ither leids aroond the auld Soviet Union.
* Hangul, uised for Korean
* Phoenician alphabet, uised fur the auncient Phoenician leid, which developed intae the Greek, Aramaic, Tifinagh, Brahmi, an ither scrievin seestems.

### Ither scrievin seestems
Ither scrievin seestems daena uise seembols that means a soond, but insteid uises seembols that means a wird or a syllab. Lang syne, mony culturs uised sic scrievin seestems, but thay are maistly juist uised bi leids that fowk speaks in Asie the day.

* The Cheenese scrievin is cried "pictographic" acause thair scrievin evolved frae uisin picturs for tae represent wirds or ideas insteid o soonds.
* Japanese uises a mixter-maxter o the Cheenese scrievin an twa syllabarie cried *[[hiragana]]* an *[[katakana]]*. Modren Japanese aft uises *romaji* an aw, that's the Japanese *syllabary* scrievedd in the Roman alphabet.
A *syllabary* is a seestem o scrievin that is seemilar tae an alphabet. A syllabary uises ae symbol for tae represent ilka syllab o a wird, insteid o ae seembol for ilka letter o the wird.  For exemple, a syllabary wad uise ae seembol for tae mean the syllab "ga", insteid o twa letters o the alphabet "g" an "a".
* Korean uised the Cheenese scrievin lang syne, but thay uise an alphabet kent as "Hangul" the day. Cheenese chairacters can still be seen in a few offeecial govrenment documents. This is kent as "Hanja".

## References
Cheenese chairacter

**Cheenese chairacters** is seembols uised for writin Cheenese an Japanese. Lang syne, Korean an Vietnamese uised them an aw. The stairt o thir chairacters wis at least 4000 year syne.

Cheenese chairacters is ideograms — thay maistlins represent ideas insteid o soonds. Maist earlier Cheenese chairacters wis pictographs - semple picturs uised tae mean wirds, bit no mony modren Cheenese chairacters is pictographs. Mony modren Cheenese chairacters is a combination o twa or mair semple chairacters.

Cheenese chairacters is an important pairt o East Asie cultur. Cheenese chairacters can be thocht o as bein abstract airt, acause o hou the chairacters is made up o lines an pynts.
Shiva

**Shiva** is ane o the three main gods in Hinduism. Shiva's kent as the destroyer god acause he remuives aw ill frae the yird. His wife's the goddess Parvati. He's got a blae hause acause, gaun bi tae Hindu leegend, he swallaed a pushion for tae sauf the universe. He's got three een. The third ee's on his brou. Shiva's ae third o the Hindu treenity alang wi Brahma an Vishnu. Laird Shiva bides in the Himalayas.
Vishnu

**Vishnu** (; , **) is ane o the three maist important gods in Hinduism. Vishnu is the preserver god. That means he bields the yird frae bein malafoustert. He's came tae the yird in nine kynds (cawed avataras) sae faur, wi ane mair tae come. His maist weel-kent kynds is Rama an Krishna. Vishnu's wife is Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess o guid fortuin.

Vishnu is shawn wi licht blae skin an fower airms, fur ordinar.

## Avataras
Thare's ten avatars o Vishnu (in order o appearance):
* Matsya (Fish)
* Kurma (Turtle)
* Varaha (Pig/Boar)
* Narasimha (Lion man / frae the torso an up lion, ablo, human)
* Vamana (Pygmy / Short man)
* Parasurama (Fierce man / Hunter)
* Rama (Developit man / Ideal man)
* Krishna (Mentally advanced man)
* Different brainches o the Hindu tradeetion accepts twa unalike feegurs as the 9t avatar o Vishnu:
:* Balarama (Physically advanced man)
:* Buddha (Intellectual an scientific man)
* Kalki (Prophesied, still tae happen)
Brahma

## Whit is Brahma

Accordin tae Hinduism an Hindu mythology, **Brahma** is ane o the three maist important gods. The ither twa gods is Vishnu an Shiva. Brahma represents Brahman, a term an concept o Hinduism.

The Hindu tradeetion says that Brahma haes five heids. Houaniver, the mythological story tells that Shiva cuttit ane o the heids aff o Brahma. The tradeetion states that the fower heids o Brahma represents mony aspects o Hinduism na aw. The fower heids represents the fower Vedas - gey important Hindu scripturs. Thae fower heids represents the fower diveesions o time o Hinduism cried the Yugas an aw. They represent the fower diveesions o the Hindu society, the fower Varnas an aw.

## Seembols
Seembols

* The Four Hands - Brahma's four airms repriesent the four cardinal directions: east, sooth, waist, an north. The back richt hand repriesents mind, the back left hand repriesents intellect, the front recht hand is ego, an the front left hand is self-confidence.
* The Four Faces - The four Vedas (Rik, Sāma, Yajuh and Atharva). The Vedas Seembolises his four faces, heids an arms
* The Rosary - Seembolizes the substances uised in the process o creation.
* The Beuk - The beuk is kenis (knawledge).
* The Gold - Gold seembolizes activity; the gowden face o Brahma indicaites that he is actively involved in the process o creating the Univers.
* The Swan - The swan is the seembol o grace an understandin ability. Brahma uises the swan as his vāhana, or far personal vehicle.
* The Lotus - The lotus seembolizes natur an the livin essence o aw things an beins in the Univers.
* The Beard - Brahma's black or white beard denotes wisdom an the eiternal process o creation.
Volcanae

A **volcanae** is a muntain whaur lava (unco het, mowten rock) comes tae the surface o the yird.  Maist volcanoes haes a crater at the tap.

Volcanaes is made near tectonic plate boonds or abuin manteel het plouks.

## Weel-kent volcanaes
* Etna (Seecily, Italy)
* Hekla (Iceland)
* Kilauea (Hawaii, USA)
* Krakatoa (Rakata, Indonesie)
* Mauna Loa (Hawaii, USA)
* Mauna Kea (Hawaii, USA)
* Munt Baker (Washington, USA)
* Munt Erebus (Ross Island, Antarctica)
* Munt Hood (Oregon, USA)
* Munt Fuji (Honshu, Japan)
* Munt Rainier (Washington, USA)
* Munt Shasta (Californie, USA)
* Munt St. Helens (Washington, USA)
* Novarupta (Alaskae, USA)
* Olympus Mons (Maurs (planet))
* Popocatépetl (Mexico-Puebla state line, Mexico)
* Surtsey (Surtsey island, Iceland)
* Santorini (Santorini island, Greece)
* Tambora (Sumbawa, Indonesie)
* Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain)
* Vesuvius (Bey o Naples, Italy)
* Munt Ruapehu (Nth Island, New Zealand)
* Munt Edziza (Breetish Columbia, Canadae)
Entomology

**Entomology** is the science o insects. Sicna wee beasties haes been studied syne prehistoric times, but it wisna till sae early as the 16t century that insects wis studied scienteefic.
Theo Jörgensmann

**Theo Franz Jörgensmann** (born 29 September 1948; deed 6 October 2025) wis a German clarinet player. He is weel-kent as ane o the cleckers o contemporar jazz-clarinet playin.

## Discography
* **Contact 4tett** *Loud Enough To Rock The Kraut*  (2015)
* **Oles Jörgensmann Oles** *Live in Poznan 2006* (2007)
* **Theo Jörgensmann** *Fellowship* (2005)
* **Theo Jörgensmann Quartet** *Hybrid Identity* (2002)
* **Theo Jörgensmann Eckard Koltermann** *Pagine Gialle* (2001)
* **Theo Jörgensmann Quartet** *Snijbloemen* (2000)
* **Theo Jörgensmann Albrecht Maurer** *European Echoes* (1999)
* **Theo Jörgensmann Quartet** **Ta eko mo** (1997)

## Fremmit airtins
*  allmusic guide profile on Theo Jörgensmann
* Theo Jörgensmann at myspace
Jean Redpath

**Jean Redpath**, MBE, (b. 28 Apryle 1937 - d. 21 August 2014) wis a sangster o Scots muisic. She wis weel-kent as a folk sangster an recordit mony o the sangs o Robert Burns.

Jean Redpath wis born in Edinburgh, an dee'd in Arizona in the Unitit States. She hid bided and sang wi sangster Bob Dylan in New York whiles. An she travailit athort Americae wi her sangs an wis o TV an Radio, an recordit Scots folk sangs an mony sangs o Robert Burns, frae 1962 tae 1990. She becam airtist in residence in 1972 at the Wesleyan Varsity o Middletoun, Connecticut an syne at Stirlin varsity in 1979 an in 2011 at the Varsity o Edinburgh. 

She wis gien honorar doctorates frae the varsities o Stirlin, Saunt Andraes, Glesga an the Ryal Scottish Academie o Drama an Airt (noo the Ryal Conservatoire o Scotland). She wis makit an MBE in 1987.

In 2008, Redpath wis eikit tae the Scottish Traditional Music Hall o Fame. She wis makit a Colonel of the Steet o Kentucky. 

The Varsity o Sooth Carolina haes an archive o Jean Redpath warks an correspondence. 

Leven, Fife wis whaur she wis brocht up, an haes a street cried efter hir: 'Jean Redpath Wynd'.

Scots sangster, Sheena Wellington thocht Redpath wis (*in Inglis*) "the foremost ambassador for Scottish traditional song for more than 50 years".

## Discography

**Scottish Ballad Book* 	 (1962)
**Laddie Lie Near Me* 	 (1963)
**Lilt and Laughter* 		 (1963)
**Frae My Ain Countrie* 	 (1973)
**Jean Redpath* 		 (1975)

**Songs Of Robert Burns vol 1* (1976)
**Song of the Seals* 		 (1978)
**Father Adam* 		 (1979)
**Lowlands* 			 (1980)
**Songs Of Robert Burns vol 2* (1980)
**Songs Of Robert Burns vol 3* (1981)
**Songs Of Robert Burns vol 4* (1981)
**Haydn: Scottish Songs* 	 (1984)
**Songs of Robert Burns vol 5* (1985)
**Lady Nairne* 		 (1986)
**A Fine Song For Singing* 	 (1987)
**Songs Of Robert Burns vol 6* (1987)
**First Flight* 		 (1989)
**Songs Of Robert Burns vol 7* (1990)
**Leaving the Land* 		 (1990)

## Fremmit airtins
* Offeecial wabsteid
* 
* Varsity o Sooth Carolina Archive collect 

## Sources
Ally McCoist

**Alistair Murdoch "Ally" McCoist**, MBE (born 24 September 1962 in Bellshill, North Lanrikshire) wis a kenspeckle Scots fitbaa player, he is wis maist recently manager for The Rangers fibaa club frae 2011 tae 2014, efter bein an assistant tae Walter Smith. Ally wis on the telly, wi the BBC.
Leid (element)

**Leid** is a chemical element in the periodic cairt that haes the seembol **Pb** (L.: *Plumbum*) an atomic nummer 82.
Buckfast Tonic Wine

**Buckfast Tonic Wine**, mair aften kent as **Buckfast** or **Buckie** juist, is a tonic wine makkit bi monks in Buckfast Abbey in Ingland. It haes the repute o bein ane o the favourite drinks o neds.
Buckie

:*"Buckie" micht refer tae [[Buckfast Tonic Wine]] an aw.*
 
**Buckie** is a burgh o aboot 9,000 fowk on the Moray Firth coast o Scotland in the coonty o Moray. Ance a thrang fishin port, its industries haes dwyned. Fuid processin is aye tae the fore, wi muckle fish factories an smoke hooses situate about the herbour. The Buckie Shipyaird nou bigs an mends lifeboats for a fair bit o the Unitit Kinrick. A signeeficant pairt of the populace wirks in the affshore ile industry.

The fitba team is cried Buckie Thistle F.C..
A Red, Red Rose

**A Red, Red Rose** is a Scots sang bi Robert Burns that he wrate in 1794, based on tradeetional soorces.

## Oreegins o the sang
Burns wrocht for the hintmaist ten year o his life for tae uphaud tradeetional Scots sangs for times tae come.  In aw, he haed a haund in hainin ower three hunder sangs, the maist kenspeckle airgiably bein *[[Auld Lang Syne]]*.  He wrocht on this project fer James Johnson's *The Scots Musical Museum* (1787-1803) an for George Thomson's five-vollum *A Select Collection of Orginal Scottish Airs for the Voice*.  Burns ettelt that *A Red, Red Rose* shoud be setten furth as pairt o Thomson's ingaitherin.  Houe'er, he wrate a freend that Thomson an him didna gree on the merits o thon teep o sang: *"Whit tae me appears tae be the semple an the will, tae him, an I jalouse tae ye an aw, wuill be leukit on as the ludicrous an the daftlike."*
Insteid, Burns gied the sang tae Scots lilter Pietro Urbani, that set it furth in his *Scots Songs.*  In his beuk, Urbani wrate:

::*"The wirds o the* Red Red Rose* wis obleeginly gien tae me by a celebratit Scots poet, that wis that struck by thaim whan liltit by a landwart lassie that he wrate thaim doun an, no bein blythe wi the air, beggit the author tae set thaim tae muisic in the style o a Scots tuin, that he haes duin accordin."*

In ither letters, Burns referred tae it as a "semple Scots sang that I haed pickit up in the kintra."

## The text o the poem

O my Luv's like a red, red rose
That’s newly sprung in June;
O my Luv's like the melodie
That’s sweetly play'd in tune.

As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in luv am I:
And I will luv thee still, my dear,
Till a’ the seas gang dry:

Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,
And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:
I will luv thee still, my dear,
While the sands o’ life shall run.

And fare thee weel, my only Luv
And fare thee weel, a while!
And I will come again, my Luv,
Tho’ it were ten thousand mile.


## Muisical performances
Urbani set the sang furth tae an oreeginal tuin that he wrate.  The sang kythed in Johnson's *Museum* in 1797 tae the tuin o Neil Gow's *Major Graham* that wis the tuin Burns wis wantin.  In 1799, it kythed in Thomson's *Scottish Airs* setten tae William Marshall's *Wishaw's Favourite* wi the leerics chynged a tait.

The sang becam mair popular whan Robert Archibald Smith jyned it wi the tuin o *Low Down in the Broom* in his *Scottish Minstrel* beuk in 1821.  This haes acome the maist popular arreengment.  The same haes been widely performed bi a reenge o airtists sinsyne, wi mony deefferent fowk, pop, rock an choral versions kythin.

A Swadish translate an recordin cried *Min älskling (du är som en ros)* wis made fawmous bi the weel kent Swadish muisicker Evert Taube.

## Fremmit airtins

*Eddi Reader's version o the sang
Nursultan Nazarbayev

**Nursultan Nazarbayev** (born 6 Julie 1940 in Chemolgan, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union) is a politeecian an umwhile Preses o Kazakhstan. He wis First Secretar o the Communist Pairty o Kazakhstan frae 1989 tae 1991, while Kazakhstan wis aye a consteetuent republic o the Soviet Union. He becam preses o Kazakhstan in 1991, whan it becam unthirlt frae the USSR, an haes been preses sinsyne. He wis an atheist but nou aften hielichts his Muslim heritage.

## Notes
Mairjorie Fleemin

**Mairjorie Fleemin** (Inglis: *Marjorie Fleming*) (15 Januar 1803 – 19 December 1811) wis a poet born in Kirkcaldy in Fife. She did aw her wark as a bairn, deein o meningitis at the age o eicht.

## References
Baffies

**Baffies** is a type o indoor fitweir, conseistin o a sole hauden tae the weirer's fit by a strap rinnin ower (or atwix) the taes or instep. Baffies are saft an lichtwecht compared tae ither types o fitweir.

## See Forby

*Shae
*Buit

## References
Dick Cheney

**Richard Bruce Cheney** or **Dick Cheney** (born 30 Januar 1941; deed 3 November 2025) wis the vice-preses o the Unitit States o Americae , depute tae Preses George W. Bush frae 2001 tae 2009. He is a graduate o Yale Varsity. He haes sayed that he haesna onie ambeetion tae gang for the Presidency hissel.
Istanbul

**Istanbul** ( ), historically kent as **Constantinople** an **Byzantium**, is the maist populous ceety in Turkey an the kintra's economic, cultural, an historic centre. Istanbul is a transcontinental ceety in Eurasie, straddlin the Bosphorus strait (which separates Europe an Asie) atween the Sea o Marmara an the Black Sea. Its commercial an historical centre lies on the European side an aboot a third o its population leeves on the Asie side.
The ceety is the admeenistrative centre o the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( wi Istanbul Province), baith hostin a population o aroond 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is ane o the warld's maist populous ceeties an ranks as the warld's 7t-lairgest ceety proper an the lairgest European ceety.

Foondit unner the name o *[[Byzantium|Byzantion]]* (Βυζάντιον) on the Sarayburnu promontory aroond 660 BCE, the ceety developed tae acome ane o the maist signeeficant in history. Efter its reestablishment as *[[Constantinople]]* in 330 CE, it served as an imperial caipital for awmaist 16 centuries, during the Roman an Byzantine (330–1204 an 1261–1453), the Laitin (1204–1261), an the Ottoman (1453–1922) empires. It wis instrumental in the advancement o Christianity during Roman an Byzantine times, afore the Ottomans conquered the ceety in 1453 an transformed it intae an Islamic stranghauld an the seat o the Ottoman Caliphate.

Istanbul's strategic poseetion on the historic Silk Road, rail networks tae Europe an the Middle East, an the anerly sea route atween the Black Sea an the Mediterranean hae produced a cosmopolitan populace, awtho less sae syne the establishment o the Turkis Republic in 1923. Owerleuked for the new caipital Ankara during the interwar period, the ceety haes syne regained much o its prominence. The population o the ceety haes increased tenfauld syne the 1950s, as migrants frae across Anatolie hae muived in an ceety leemits hae expandit tae accommodate them. Airts, muisic, film, an cultural festivals war established at the end o the 20t century an continue tae be hostit bi the ceety the day. Infrastructur impruivements hae produced a complex transportation network.

Approximately  foreign veesitors arrived in Istanbul in 2015, five year efter it wis named a European Caipital o Cultur, makkin the ceety the warld's fift maist popular tourist destination. The ceety's biggest attraction is its historic centre, pairtially leetit as a UNESCO Warld Heritage Steid, an its cultural an enterteenment hub can be foond athort the ceety's naitural harbor, the Gowden Horn, in the Beyoğlu destrict. Considered a global ceety, Istanbul haes ane o the fastest-growin metropolitan economies in the warld. It hosts the heidquarters o mony Turkis companies an media ootlets an accoonts for mair nor a quarter o the kintra's gross domestic product. Hopin tae caipitalise on its revitalisation an rapid expansion, Istanbul haes bid for the Simmer Olympics five times in twinty years.

## References

### Footnotes
The L Word

***The L Word*** is a televeesion programme aboot a group o lesbian an bisexual weemen that bide in the ceity o Los Angeles in Californie. It starns Jennifer Beals, Mia Kirshner, Laurel Holloman, Katherine Moennig, Rachel Shelley, Leisha Hailey an Daniela Sea. It stairtit bein braidcast on 14 Januar 2004 on the station "Showtime" an syne haes been playin for fower series. In the Unitit Kinrick it is braidcastit on the station "Living TV".
Snawbuirdin

**Snawbuirdin** is a winter sport. A body staunds on a *snawbuird* an gaes scrievin doun a brae happit wi snaw. It's sib tae skiin but baith feet is strappit tae the ae buird insteid o haein a buird (*ski*) on ilka fit.

In Scotland, there's five muntain resorts whaur ye can snawbuird: Cairngorm, Glenshee, The Lecht, Glencoe an Aonach Mor.

## See an aa
*Skiin
Snaw

**Snaw** is gealt ice creestals o rain. Whan cloods is fou thay poor oot rain but in cauld wather ice creestals faws oot as wee saft flauchts cried snawflauchts.

At a speceefic temperatur (cried the *[[freezin pynt]]*, 0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit), snaw melts awa an turns intae watter. Whiles, the snaw melts gey fast an turns intae watter vapour, watter in the air. This is cried sublimation. The ither wey aboot, whaur watter vapour turns intae snaw, is cried deposeetion.

Snaw is needit for some winter sport acteevities like skiin an snawbuirdin. Fowk can play wi snaw an big hings wi it, like snawmen an snawbaws.
Celebrity Big Brother 5

**Celebrity Big Brother 2007** wis the celebrity version o the tv shaw cried *Big Brother*, in whit fowks maun bide thegither in a hoose an cairy oot tasks setten bi the chairacter kent tae them aw as *Big Brother* foondit on the teetle chairacter o the beuk *Nineteen Eighty-Four* bi the 20t century author George Orwell.

## Controversy

In the 2007 series, delations o racism cam tae the fore, whan Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd, an Jo O'Meara appeart tae baund up agin the Bollywood film starn Shilpa Shetty. Tens o thoosands o tv viewers cawed the chainel tae compleen anent thair ill-laits.
Jade Goody

**Jade Cerisa Lorraine Goody** (5 Juin 1981&nbsp;– 22 Mairch 2009) wis a Inglis reality-telly personality. She entered the public spotlicht in the third series o the then-Channel 4 programme *[[Big Brother (UK)|Big Brother]]* in 2002, an appearance which led tae her awn TV programmes an the introduction o her products efter her eviction frae the shaw.

In Januar 2007, Goody wis a hoosemate on *[[Celebrity Big Brother 5]]*. Durin the shaw, she wis accuised o racially bullyin the Indie actress Shilpa Shetty. Efter her eviction frae the shaw, she admittit that her actions wur wrang an made a nummer o public apologies. In late 2007 an early 2008, polls indicatit that Goody wis vera unpopular wi the public.
 
In August 2008 she appeared on the Indie version o *Big Brother*, *[[:en:Bigg Boss (season 2)|Bigg Boss]]*, but left the shaw early an returned tae the UK efter she learned she haed cervical cancer. Bi Februar 2009, the cancer haed metastasisit, an Goody wis terminally ill. Goody marriet fellae *Celebrity Big Brother* contestant Jack Tweed on 22 Februar 2009, an dee'd ane month later, in the early oors o 22 Mairch 2009, at the age o 27. Sky Living broadcast five tribute shaws tae Goody frae 2009 tae 2012, documentin her life frae early bairnheid throu her rise tae fame an her feenal months. The last episode o *Big Brother* on Channel 4 featurt a 15-minute tribute tae Goody, praisin her as the ultimate *Big Brother* contestant. She appeared on the front kiver o the feenal edeetion o *[[News of the World]]* in Julie 2011.

## Filmografie

## Fitness DVDs
* *Jade's All New Diet* (wi Steve Kemsley, 2003)
* *Jade* (wi Steve Kemsley, 2004)
* *Jade's Workout/ Workout with Helen – The "Girls" from Big Brother* (wi Helen Adams, 2004)
* *The Big Brother Collection: Jade's Dance Workout, Dance Workout with Helen Adams and Latino Dance Workout with Nadia* (2005)
* *Jade's Shape Challenge* (2006)

## References

## Fremmit airtins

*
*
Shilpa Shetty

**Shilpa Shetty** is a Bollywood starn that's kent maist recent in Breetain for haein won the maist controversial *[[Celebrity Big Brother]]* in the shaw's history.

She nou staunds tae dae weel frae her positive publicity, as agin the likes o Jade Goody, Dannielle LLoyd an Jo O'Meara.

## References
Protactinium

**Protactinium** is a chemical element in the periodic cairt that haes the seembol **Pa**, atomic nummer 91, an atomic mass 231.036. It is a siller-coloured metal an ane o the actinides. It readily reacts wi oxygen, watter vapor an inorganic acids. It forms sindry chemical compoonds whaur protactinium is uisually wi in the oxidation state +5, but it can assume +4 an e'en +3 or +2 states an aw. Concentrations o protactinium in the Yird's crust are teepically twa-three pairts ilka trillion, but micht rax tae twa-three pairts ilka million in some uraninite ore deposits. Acause o its scarcity, heich radioactivity an heich toxicity, thare arenae ony uises for protactinium ootwi scientific resairch the nou, an for this purpose, protactinium is maistly taen frae spent nuclear fuel.

The element wis first fund in 1913 bi Kazimierz Fajans an Oswald Helmuth Göhring an cried "brevium" acause o the short hauf-life o the speceefic isotope studied, i.e. protactinium-234m. A mair stable isotope o protactinium, 231Pa, wis diskivert in 1917/18 bi Lise Meitner in collaboration wi Otto Hahn, an thay chose the name protactinium. The IUPAC chose the name "protactinium" in 1949 an confirmt Hahn an Meitner as diskiverers. The new name meant "(nuclear) precursor tae actinium", an implied thit actinium is a product o radioactive decay o protactinium. John Arnold Cranston (working wi Frederick Soddy an Ada Hitchins) is credited wi diskiverin the maist stable isotope in 1915 an aw, but pit back his annooncement due tae bein cawed up for sairvice in the First Warld War.

## References
Caipital

In politics, a **caipital city** (cried **heidtoun**, **heidsteid** or **political caipital** an aw — awtho the latter haes a seicont meinin based on anither sense o "caipital") is the heid city or toun associatit wi a kintra's govrenment. It is awmaist aye the city that physicalie hauds the offices an meetin steids o the seat o govrenment an is fixt bi law.

The wird caipital cums frae the Laitin *caput* meinin "heid".

Seats o govrenment in mukkil sub-kintra stewartries is aften cried "capitals", but this is forordnar the case anerlie in kintras wi sum amoont o federalism, whaur mukkil sub-kintra stewartries haes an element o sovereignty. In unitary kintras, "admeenistrative centur" or ither siclyk terms is forordnar uised. For byspel, the seat o govrenment in a state o the Unitit States o Americae is forordnar cried its "caipital", but the main city in a region o Ingland isna. At lawer administrative subdiveesions, terms sic as coontie toun, coontie seat, or burgh seat is forordnar uised.

In ither senses, the wird "caipital" is uised ti mein "heidsteid" (heidquarters).

## References
Bungee leid

The **Bungee leid** wis a leid spak in wastren Canadae by Metis fowk that wis the bairns o Scots fur trokers an native Cree fowk. It wis a mixtur o the native Cree leid an the Scots Gaelic leid an wis influenced by the Orcadian dialect o the Scots leid an aw, the Inglis leid an ither native leids asides Cree. The leid wis spak in the province o Manitoba till the 1950s. Anither leid cried Michif wis spak by the Metis fowk at aboot the same time in history. It wis a mixtur o the Cree an French leids.
New Delhi

**New Delhi** is the caipital ceety o Indie. Mair nor ten million fowk bide in this ceity. It haes a gey lang historie. It's locatit in the north o India.

## Sister ceeties
*  Belgrade, Serbie
*  Chicago, Illinois, Unitit States
*  Washington, D.C., Unitit States
*  Lunnon, Unitit Kinrick
*  Moscow, Roushie
*  Tokyo, Japan
*  Ulan Bator, Mongolie
*  Seoul, Sooth Korea
*  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysie
*  Melbourne, Australie

## References
Beijing

**Beijing** is the caipital o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. The ceety is kent as *Peking* an aw. It's locatit in the nor'east o the kintra.

The ceity o Beijing haes played a gey important pairt in the oncome o Cheenae. Mony fowk fae ither ceeties an kintras haes flittit tae Beijing tae leuk for wark. Near-haund 15 meellion fowk bides thare. In 2008 Beijing hostit the Olympic Gemmes.

Beijing haes a kenspeckle history. Syne the Jin deenasty, Beijing's been the caipital for mony deenasties, sic as the Yuan, Ming, Qing, an ithers forby. Thare's mony places o historic interest in Beijing. Thir places includes the Simmer Pailace, the Temple o Heiven, an the Great Waw o Cheenae.

## Name
Beijing means "the northren caipital" in the Cheenae leid. It wis ance a coonterpairt tae Nanjing, "the soothren caipital", durin the Ming Deenasty. This deenasty gied Beijing its name.

## History
The middle o Beijing wis settelt in the 1st millennium BC. In thae days, the Kinrick o Yan (?) set up thair caipital whaur Beijing is the day. Thay cried it Ji (?). Efter the Kinrick o Yan wis malafoustert, the ceity becam wee-er, awtho it wis still an important place.

Beijing becam mair important again in the 10t century, whan the Jin deenasty set its caipital thare. This ceity wis malafoustert bi Mongol arimies in 1215. Then in 1267, Mongols biggit a new ceity on the north lip o the Jin caipital, an cried it "Great Caipital" (??). That wis the beginnin o modren Beijing. Whan Kublai Khan, the Mongolian monarch, set up the Yuan deenasty, this ceity becam his caipital.

The Yuan, Ming, an Qing deenasties aw uised Beijing as thair caipitals. Whan the Qing deenasty tint pouer an the Republic o Cheenae wis establisht, the new Republic muived its caipital fae Beijing tae Nanjing. Whan the communists claucht pouer an estaiblisht the Fowk's Republic, Beijing becam the caipital o Cheenae ance again.

## Internaitional relations

### Twin touns — sister ceeties
Beijing haes numerous twin touns an sister ceeties aroond the warld, mony o them the caipitals o thair respective kintras:

### Pairtner ceeties
Beijing haes twa pairtner ceeties, baith in Europe:

## References