Ibitangaje ku ishyamba rya Amazon

Amazon ni ishyamba rinini kw’isi ririmo byinshi bitangaje ndetse binateye ubwoba, harimo ibiti bigenda, amazi ashyushye, ibikeri bibonerana n’ibindi byinshi.

## Imiterere byavuzwe na Jacques IRAKOZE

Ugize ibyago ukajugunywa muri iryo shyamba ntuzirirwe wigora ushakisha aho usohokera ngo uvemo, kuko ubunini bwaryo ni inshuro 17 ugereranije n’igihugu cy’u Bwongereza ugateranyaho n’ibirwa bya Ireland.

Amazon ni ishyamba riherereye muri America y’Amajyepfo, rikaba rikora kubihugu icyenda bya America y’amajyepfo ari byo Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname na French Guyana ariko kinini cy’iri shyamba giherereye muri Brazil.

Amazon ni ishyamba ryuzuye ibiti by’inzitane byugarijwe n’umwijima ku buryo hagati mw’ishyamba hahora ari ninjoro, abashakashatsi bemeje ko 1% by’urumuri rw’izuba arirwo rubasha gucengera mu biti by’iryo shyamba.

Iyo imvura iguye mw’ishyamba rya AMAZON bifata iminota irenga 10 kugira ngo ibitonyanga bitangire gucengera bigere hasi.

Hagati muri Amazon hanyuramo uruzi runini rwa "Amazon River" rufite uburebure bwa Km 6400, 

niwo mugezi wa kabiri mu bunini kw’isi nyuma y’uruzi rwa Nile.

### Amazon river

Amazon River ni uruzi rufite amazi menshi cyane hakabamo n’ibiremwa byinshi bitangaje byiberamo birimo inzoka nini cyane utigeze ubona zo mu bwoko bwa Anaconda.

### Inyamaswa zirimo

Mu ishyamba rya Amazon harimo inyamaswa nyinshi zitangaje, nk’umuserebanya abashakashatsi bise "Jesus Lizard" ukaba ufite ubushobozi bwo kugendera hejuru y’amazi. Ushobora kandi guhagarara ku maguru abiri nk’umuntu, ubundi ukavuduka cyane hejuru y’amazi ukambukiranya imigezi yose kandi nta kwibira na gato, ibintu bidakorwa n’ikindi kiremwa hano kw’isi.

Ikindi gitangaje muri iryo shyamba ni ibikeri bifite uruhu rw’ikirahure (rubonerana), ku buryo iyo urebye icyo gikeri uhita ubona ibice biri mu nda yacyo byose kuko habonerana.

## Ubushakashatsi
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahanga mu mwaka wa 2006 bugaragaza ko umugezi uri muri Amazon, kera amazi yawo yavaga mu burasirazuba bwa America y’Epfo ahagana Iburengerazuba, ariko mu myaka 100 yakurikiyeho byaje guhinduka amazi akajya agenda ikinyumanyuma kugeza ubu agenda asubira inyuma (rewind), bitandukanye n’uko Imana yari yarabiremye.

### Imigezi
Amazon kandi ifite n’indi migezi minini harimo nk’uhorana amazi aserura nk’ayo kwarika ubugari, ayo mazi hari igihe ashyuha kugeza ku gipimo cya Dogre 93, ku buryo n’iyo wanyura iruhande rw’umugezi utangira kubira ibyuya. Ibikeri, inzoka n’utundi dukoko dusuzugura iyo twinyujijemo usanga tureremba hejuru twapfuye.

### Ibiti bigenda

Mu ishyamba rya Amazon harimo ibiti bitangaje ku buryo bimwe bigenda, ari byo bita "Working palms". Ibyo biti ntabwo bigenda nk’abantu ahubwo bigenda buhoro buhoro kandi mu gihe kire kire ku buryo iyo igiti gishaka kumera imizi yacyo itangira kugenda ishakisha urumuri rw’izuba mbere y’uko igiti kizamuka, ku buryo gishobora kuva muri metero 1 kikajya kumerera muri metero 20.

### Inzoka yitwa Anaconda( JACQUES IRAKOZE)
Ni inzoka nini cyane kw’isi kandi zitinyitse, bivugwa ko izo nzoka zatangiye kuba kw’isi mu myaka irenga ibihumbi yashize. Izo nzoka za nta bumara zigira ahubwo zitinyitse kubera imbaraga n’ubunini bwazo.

Inzoka za Anaconda ziri mu bwoko bwinshi kandi ziteye ubwoba, ariko izizwi cyane ni Iz’icyatsi kibisi. Anaconda niyo nzoka ipima ibiro byinshi kw’isi kuko iyo ikuze ishobora gupima ibiro bisaga 250 ikagira n’uburebure bwa metero 10.

Nugira ibyago ugahura nayo byaba byiza wirukankiye ku butaka kuko igenda buhoro, ariko wibeshye ukajya mu mazi bizaba bikurangiranye burundu, umuvuduko wa Anaconda mu mazi ni nk’umwambi urashwe kure.

Anaconda yikundira kurya ingurube z’ishyamba n’utundi tunyamaswa, ariko bikaba gake cyane ko iyo nzoka irya umuntu dore ko batanahura kenshi. Iyo iriye ikintu igahaga imara ukwezi kose nta kindi kintu irya kuko ifite uburyo ibika munda.

Inzoka ya Anaconda ibona neza iyo hari umwijima ukabije kandi izi kwihisha cyane ku buryo ishobora kwigira nk’ibuye cyangwa umugina ukagenda ukicaraho utabizi. Ni zimwe mu nzoka ziboneza urubyaro kuko zimyanya mu kwezi kwa 5 n’ukwa 6 zikabika amagi mu nda, ikabyara nyuma y’amezi 6 kandi mu buzimabwayo ibyara hagati y’ibyana 30 na 40.

### Intozi(JACQUES)
Mu ishyamba rya Amazone rifite intozi zitangaje ku buryo iyo uriwe n’urutozi ugira ububabare bungana no kuraswa isasu mu kaguru, kandi izo ntozi zifite ubumara butuma ubyimba umubiri wose.

### Isamaki(JACQUES)
Harimo kandi isamaki bita "Electric eel", ni isamaki nini ishobora gupima ibiro 21 ariko igitangaje iyi samaki iba yifitemo amashanyarazi mu ruhu rwayo. Iyo ukoze ku gice cy’umurizo cyayo ukubitwa n’umuriro udasanzwe w’amashanyarazi kuko uba ufite Volt hagati ya 300-650.

Icyakora izo samaki ntabwo zishotorana ariko iyo ingona igerageje kuyirya cg kuyifataho ihura n’ikibatsi cy’amashanyarazi igataha yimyiza imoso.

### Ubwatsi
Muri Amazon habamo ubwatsi bwitwa "Victoria amazonica", ni ubwatsi bunini bumeze nk’urufunzo akenshi usanga bureremba hejuru y’imigezi. Ibyo byatsi kandi bishobora gukoreswa nk’ubwato ku buryo n’iyo wakwicara hejuru yabyo ukomeza kureremba nta kibazo.

### Martin Strey

Umugezi munini uri mw’ishyamba rya Amazon nubwo huzuyemo inzoka za Anaconda hakabamo isamaki zifite amashanyarazi n’ibindi bikoko biteye ubwoba, hari umugabo waciye agahigo yoga mu mugezi umwe arawambuka.

Uwo mugabo yitwa "Martin Strey", mu mwaka wa 2007 yakoze ibintu bitangaje yidumbaguza mu mugezi wa Amazon mu minsi 66 ariko ashyirwa arangije umugezi wose. Yakoreshaga amasaha 10 ku munsi yoga agana imbere kandi abizi neza ko habamo ibiremwa biteye ubwoba anyuramo kugeza ashoje.

### Isi yose ikura ingofero
Nubwo iryo shyamba riteye ubwoba, bivugwa ko rituwemo n’ubwoko 400 bw’abantu baryiberamo hagati kandi bakabona ibyo bifuza byose, gusa bamwe mu batuye muri Amazon babayeho batazi iby’iyi si dutuyemo.

## Ubushakashatsi kubiryangiza

Ikibabaje ni uko abashakashatsi bagaragaza ko mu myaka 40 iri imbere iryo shyamba rizaba ritagihari kubera uburyo ikiremwa muntu cyangiza ibidukikije. Ibyo byose bigaragara ukurikije uburyo abantu kw’isi hose barimo gutema ibiti byinshi ariko bagatera bicye cyane.

Ibyo bituma hakekwa ko ishyamba rya Amazon rifatwa nk’ibihaha by’isi naryo rishobora kwangizwa n’ikiremwa muntu mu myaka iri imbere kuko 20% by’umwuka duhumeka kw’isi uturuka muri Amazon, ndetse na 30% by’umwuka wanduye uva mu nganda no mu bindi bihumanya umwuka kw’isi ujya muri Amazon bigatuma abatuye isi bagira ubuzima bwiza.

### Imibare igaragara

Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ishyamba rya Amazon rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare miliyoni 5,5, risigaye risohora umwuka mubi [CO2] kuruta uwo ryinjiza mu gihe bimenyerewe ko ibiti n’amashyamba muri rusange byinjiza umwuka mubi bigasohora umwiza [O2].

Iri shyamba rifatwa nk’ ‘ibihaha by’Isi’ kubera akamaro rigira mu guha umwuka mwizi abatuye Isi, byagaragaye ko riri gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kwakira umwuka mubi ahubwo rikawusohora, kubera ibibazo byo kwibasirwa n’inkongi z’umuriro za hato na hato ndetse n’abarituriye batema ibiti kugira ngo babone aho baragira amatungo yabo.

### Ikinyamakuru Nature

Ubushakashatsi bwanyuze mu kinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cyandika kuri siyansi, Nature, bwagaragaje ko kuva mu 1960 ibyatsi n’ibiti bitwara kimwe cya kane cy’imyuka iva nganda no mu binyabiziga ndetse iri shyamba rya Amazon rikaba rimwe mu byagiraga uruhare runini mu gukurura umwuka mubi woherezwa mu kirere, none byagaragaye ko uwo ryohereza mu kirere usigaye uruta uwo ryinjiza.

Abashakashatsi batangaje ko bakoresheje indege bapimye umwuka uva muri Amazon inshuro 590 kuva mu 2010 kugeza mu 2018, bagasanga havamo umwuka mubi uzamuka muri metero 4.500 hejuru y’ishyamba, gusa Uburasirazuba bwaryo akaba aribwo buvamo umwuka mubi mwinshi kurusha Uburengerazuba.

### Abahanga mu bya siyansi
Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga ko biteye ikibazo kubona igice kimwe cy’iri shyamba kiri gusohora umwuka wa CO2 kandi ritahiye, ibintu bavuga ko byatewe na ba rutwitsi ndetse n’abatema ibiti bigatuma biba bike bityo imvura ikabura, hakabaho ubushuhe butuma bimwe bishya n’ibindi ntibikure.

#### Luciana Gatti

Luciana Gatti ukora mu kigo cy’ubushakashasi mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere muri Brésil, wanayoboye itsinda ryakoze ubu bushakashatsi avuga ko iyo ishyamba rihiye risohora umwuka mubi ukubye inshuro eshatu y’uwo ryinjiza.

Yongeyeho ati “Ahantu batema amashyamba ku rugero rwa 30% cyangwa kuzamura hasohora umwuka mubi mwinshi ukubye inshuro icumi kuruta aho batema amashyamba ku rugero ruri munsi ya 20%.”

### Ibisabwa
Aba bashakashatsi bavuze ko hakenewe kubaho amasezerano mpuzamahanga arengera ishyamba rya Amazon kuko riha Isi umwuka mwiza ungana na 20% buri mwaka, kugira ngo hirindwe itemwa ry’ibiti rituma habaho ihindagurika ry’ikirere ridasanzwe, cyane ko byagaragate ko ibiti ibyinshi Brésil yohereza hanze biba byatemwe muri iri shyamba.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na satellite bwerekanye ko ishyamba rya Amazon riherereye muri Brazil risigaye risohora umwuka wa CO2 urengaho 20% uwo ryinjiza. Ibi byerekana ko mu myaka iri mbere hashobora kubaho ihindagurika ry’ikirere rikabije kuko ibihaha by’Isi biri kwangirika.

## Ibindi
Amazon ni ishyamba rinini cyane rifite ubuso buruta ubwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo inshuro ebyiri, riherereye muri Amerika y’Amajyepfo rikaba rikora ku bihugu icyenda ariko igice kinini ryacyo kingana na 64% gikora kuri Brazil.

Ni ishyamba ribamo urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byinshi, birimo ibiti bitangaje inyamaswa zidasanzwe ndetse n’imigezi igenda inyuranyuranamo.

## Reba ibyavuzwe na jacques IRAKOZE

5. Jacques IRAKOZE umunyeshuri wo muri TTC DE LA SALLE BYUMBA adufitiye byinshi