open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wheelchair Football (American)

**Umupira w’abamugaye** ni siporo yihuta cyane ikinwa neza mugihe abakinnyi bameze neza mumubiri, kandi hejuru ni umukino wabo mugukorera hamwe, ingamba hamwe nu buhanga bwo gutwara abamugaya, kubakoresha igare ryintoki hamwe n’abakoresha amagare y’ibimugaye . Muri 2020, USA Football League League yatangijwe na Move United, ku bufatanye na fondasiyo ya Bob Woodruff na National Football League, ikaba itangiriye i Chicago, Los Angeles, Phoenix na Kansas City, Missouri muri amerika. 

## Amateka
Siporo yu mupira wa maguru w’abamugaye yatunganijwe na Porofeseri Tim Nugent muri 1948. Siporo yu mupira wa maguru w’abamugaye yatejwe imbere mu marushanwa hagati y’ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamerika ry’imikino ya Adapted Sports Programme ya Atlanta, Jeworujiya, Amerika, kugira ngo yinjizemo intebe y’ibimugaye n’imbaraga mu gihe cyo gukina. Umupira w’ebimugaye wakozwe nyuma yu mupira wa maguru w'abanyamerika, bityo ukaba utandukanye n'umupira w'amaguru wa Powerchair cyangwa umupira w'amaguru w'ibimuga ( umupira wamaguru ).

## Reba kandi

* Intebe Yumupira wamaguru
* Umupira wamaguru wibimuga

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Wheelchair ramp

**Ikibuga cy'abafite ubumuga** ni indege yegeranye yashyizwemo cyangwa aho kunyura ku ngazi . Ramps yemerera abakoresha igare ryibimuga, kimwe n'abantu basunika ibimuga, amagare, cyangwa ibindi bintu bifite ibiziga, kugirango byoroshye kubona inyubako, cyangwa kugendagenda hagati yu burebure butandukanye. Ibitambambuga byo kugerwaho birashobora kubanziriza intebe y’abamugaye kandi iboneka mu Bugereki bwa kera. 

Ibitambambuga bigomba gutegurwa neza kugirango bibe ingirakamaro. Ahantu henshi, amategeko ategeka ubugari ntarengwa n'uburebure ntarengwa.  

## Ibishushanyo mbonera

Muri Amerika, Itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga   risaba ahantu harenga 1:12 ku magare y’ibimuga n’ibimuga kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu bucuruzi no mu ruhame rusange, bikora kuri metero 305 ya rampi kuri buri mm 25.4  yo kuzamuka. K'urugero mm 510 kuzamuka bisaba byibura m6.10 mu burebure. Byongeye kandi, ADA igabanya umwanya muremure wa rampi, mbere yo kuruhuka cyangwa guhindukira, kugera kuri m 9.14  .  

## Ibinyabiziga bigenda
Ibinyabiziga nka bisi, gariyamoshi, tagisi, imodoka na vanseri bishobora kuba birimo tapi yorohereza kwinjira no gusohoka kuri bose. Ibi birashobora kuba yubatswe cyangwa bigendanwa. Amasosiyete menshi akomeye atwara ibinyabiziga atangira kugabanyirizwa ibicuruzwa byoroshye kandi bigendanwa kubinyabiziga bishya. Kugera kuri bisi na tramamu birashobora kuba bikubiyemo gusubira inyuma .

## Reba kandi

* Imodoka yahinduwe
* Isahani yikiraro (uburyo)
* Inzira nyabagendwa curb intebe yintebe
* Kuzamura intebe

## Reba
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation

**Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’abamugaye n’imikino ngororamubiri** ( **IWAS** ) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga wa siporo ugenga siporo ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw’umubiri .

IWAS ni umuryango utegamiye kuri leta ufite icyicaro gikuru giherereye muri Aylesbury College i Buckinghamshire .  N'inzego nyobozi zawo mpuzamahanga ku mikino Paralympike siporo yo kuzitira abamugaye kimwe na siporo itera imbere ya Hockey . IWAS ifite ibihugu birenga 60 byabanyamuryango kandi itanga inkunga kumahirwe ya siporo kwisi yose.

IWAS ikora nkuwateguye amarushanwa ya siporo menshi mumikino ya IWAS na IWAS yabatarengeje imyaka 23 .

## Amateka
**Imikino mpuzamahanga ya Stoke Mandeville** niyo y'abanjirije imikino Paralympike kandi ikurikiza iyerekwa ryabayiremye nuwashinze, Sir Ludwig Guttmann .

Muri 2021, Inama y’abakinnyi b’imikino y’abamugaye ya IWAS yagaragaje abahagarariye amahanga muri *komisiyo nshya y’uburinganire* . 

## Amateka y'imikino

# 1948 Imikino idasanzwe Stoke Mandeville Imikino yabamugaye
# 1949 - 1951 Imikino idasanzwe ya Stoke Mandeville
# 1952 - 1995 Imikino mpuzamahanga ya Stoke Mandeville 39 Inyandiko
# 1997 - 2003 Imikino Yabamugaye Yisi 6 Inyandiko
# 2005 - 2007 Imikino Yimuga Yabamugaye nImikino ya Amputee 3 Inyandiko
# 2009 - 2022 IWAS Imikino Yisi 7 Inyandiko
# 2023 - Imikino Yisi Yabishoboye Yimikino 1 Inyandiko

Na none muri   Edition ya 12 (2005 - 2016) kubana bato: IWAS Imikino Yabato Yisi

## Imikino

# IMIKINO YUBUBASHA BW'ISI
# IMIKINO YUBUBASHA BW'ISI / Imikino ya Guttmann 
# Imikino Yisi (IWAS na CPISRA) (Imikino imwe yabategarugori yahagaritswe)   
# Imikino y'urubyiruko ku isi 

### 2023
Muri 2023 yahujwe na CPISRA kugirango habeho imikino yubushobozi bw'isi . CPISRA yishimiye cyane gutangira gukorana na IWAS munsi yumuryango mushya watangiye mu ntangiriro za 2023. Andi makuru azakurikira mumezi ari imbere.   

# 2023 Imikino Yubushobozi Bwisi    Tayilande   1 - 9 Ukuboza 2023 i Nakhon Ratchasima, Tayilande.

Imikino ya mbere y'ubushobozi bwisi yose (56  / 60  Byose)

Abakinnyi bafite imyaka 16-23, 24-40 na 40+

Gahunda y'imikino y'agateganyo ikubiyemo:

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* https://www.paralympic.org/amakuru/fie-iwas-kwagura-ubwumvikane
* http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.
* http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/sports/iwas-intebe y'intebe-intebe /
* http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/sports/iwas-intebe y'intebe-intebe / amarushanwa1 /
* http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/sports/iwas-intebe y'intebe-intebe / amateka1 /
* Official website
Dancing on Wheels

***Dancing on Wheels*** ni ikiganiro cyo mu gihugu cyu Bwongereza cyitwa Reality TV cyakozwe na sosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa bya Fever Media kandi cyatangajwe bwa mbere kuri BBC ya gatatu ku ya 11 Gashyantare 2010. Igitekerezo cyo kwerekana ko ibyamamare bishoboye kubyina hamwe n’abamugaye. Abashakanye babyina buri cyumweru, kandi buri cyumweru couple imwe igomba kuba ikomeza kubyina. Ku mukino wanyuma, abashakanye bombi basigaye bombi babyina imbyino ebyiri, kandi couple imwe yatsinze igitaramo maze ihitamo guhagararira Ubwongereza muri Shampiyona yu Burayi y'abamugaye .

## Abacamanza
Abacamanza b'uruhererekane rwa mbere ni:

## Abanywanyi
Abahatanira urukurikirane rwa mbere ni:

## Reba kandi

* Intebe Yabamugaye

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Dancing on Wheels at BBC Online 
* American DanceWheels Foundation
* Wheelchair Dance Sport Association UK National Body
Wheelchair DanceSport

**Intebe y'abamugaye DanceSport** ni amarushanwa yo kubyina, umuntu ku giti cye, umufatanyabikorwa, itsinda ni Dancesport aho byibuze umwe mubabyinnyi aba ari mu kagare k'abamugaye .

## Siporo
Imbyino y'abamugaye y'ibyiniro ni iy'abakoresha amagare abiri cyangwa ku mukoresha umwe w’abamugaye hamwe n’umufatanyabikorwa uhagaze kandi harimo imbyino zisanzwe nka waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, buhoro buhoro foxtrot na yihuta kandi n'imbyino zo muri Amerika y'Epfo nka samba, cha-cha-cha, rumba, paso doble na jive . Hariho n'imbyino zo gushyira ababyinnyi bane, batandatu cyangwa umunani. 

Imbyino y’abamugaye yatangiriye muri Suwede muri 1968, mu ntangiriro yo kwidagadura cyangwa gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, amarushanwa ya mbere yabaye muri 1975. Amarushanwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga nayo yabereye muri Suwede, mu 1977. Amarushanwa menshi yo mu karere no ku rwego mpuzamahanga yarakurikiranye kandi Shampiyona ya mbere y'isi yabereye mu Buyapani muri 1998. Kuva muri 1998, Imikino  yabamugaye iyobowe na World Para Dance Sport, wahoze ari komite mpuzamahanga y'imikino y'abamugaye '(IPWDSC), ikaba ari komite ya komite mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye . Siporo ihuza amategeko y’ishyirahamwe ry’imbyino ku isi (WDSF). 

### Ibyiciro

* **Combi** : kubyina hamwe numuntu ushoboye (uhagaze)
* **Duo** : kubyina abakoresha amagare abiri hamwe
* **Imiterere** : imbyino kubashakanye bane, batandatu cyangwa umunani babyina muburyo

Abakinnyi bashyizwe muri rimwe mu **byiciro bibiri** : 

* **LWD 1** : amanota 14 cyangwa munsi yayo
* **LWD 2** : amanota arenga 14

### Amarushanwa yisi ya Para DanceSport

## Amasomo
Muri Gashyantare, 2008 hashyizweho gahunda ya kaminuza ya Delaware Collegiate DanceWheels Gahunda yo kwigisha abanyeshuri kubyinana n' abamugaye. Nibwo buryo bwa mbere bwemewe muri ubwo buryo muri Amerika. Iyi gahunda yateguwe ku bufatanye na Fondasiyo y'Abanyamerika DanceWheels binyuze ku nkunga yatanzwe na Christopher na Dana Reeve Foundation . 

## Reba kandi
 

* Imbyino ihuriweho
* Kubyina Ibiziga (televiziyo yo mu Bwongereza)
* Piotr Iwanicki
* Brian Fortuna

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website IPC- Wheelchair Dancesport
* https://www.paralympic.org/dance-sport/results
Wheelchair curling

**Intebe y’abamugaye** ni umukino wo gukinisha abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bigira ingaruka ku maguru yo hepfo cyangwa kugenda. Intebe y’abamugaye igengwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’imikino ngororamubiri ku isi, kandi ni umwe mu mikino mu mikino Paralempike hakonjea .

## Incamake

Amarushanwa y'igihugu ndetse n’amahanga akinishwa hakurikijwe amategeko yashyizweho na federasiyo yisi yose. Aya mategeko ategeka ko amakipe yaba afite uburinganire buvanze,  kandi ko imikino iba umunani irangiye. Igihe ntarengwa cy'iminota 38 yo gutekereza kuri buri kipe hamwe nigihe kimwe cya kabiri cya kabiri kizashyirwa mubikorwa nisaha. Kwemererwa kugarukira kubantu bafite ubumuga kuburyo igare ry’abamugaye rikoreshwa mu kugenda kwa buri munsi cyane abadafite ambilansi cyangwa bashobora kugenda urugendo rurerure cyane.

## Shampiyona yisi

* 2002 :   Busuwisi ( Urs Bucher )
* 2004 :  Scotland ( Frank Duffy )
* 2005 :  Scotland (Frank Duffy)
* 2007 :  Noruveje ( Rune Lorentsen )
* 2008 :  Noruveje (Rune Lorentsen)
* 2009 :  Kanada ( Jim Armstrong )
* 2011 : > Kanada (Jim Armstrong)
* 2012 :  Uburusiya ( Andrey Smirnov )
* 2013 :  Kanada (Jim Armstrong)
* 2015 :  Uburusiya (Andrey Smirnov)
* 2016 :  Uburusiya (Andrey Smirnov)
* 2017 :  Noruveje (Rune Lorentsen)
* 2019 :  Ubushinwa ( Wang Haitao )
* 2020 :  Uburusiya ( Konstantin Kurokhtin )
* 2021 :  Ubushinwa ( Wang Haitao )

## Imikino y'abamugaye

* 2006 : Kanada ( Chris Daw )
* 2010 :  Kanada ( Jim Armstrong )
* 2014 :  Kanada (Jim Armstrong)
* 2018 :  Ubushinwa ( Wang Haitao )
* 2022 :  Ubushinwa ( Wang Haitao )

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ihuriro ry’isi yose
* Intebe Yabamugaye Kurubuga rwa komite mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye
* Intebe yimuga yibimuga
Adaptive Sports USA

**Move United** ni umuryango w’abanyamerika udaharanira inyungu ugamije guteza imbere parasiporo mu rubyiruko ndetse n’abantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bw’umubiri. Uyu muryango ukora gahunda ya parasporti yabaturage ukoresheje ibice birenga 150 byaho mu gihugu hose.  Move Unitedi yashinzwe muri 2020 nk'uguhuza imiryango ibiri; **Abamugaye muri Amerika**, yashinzwe bwa mbere muri 1956 ikaba ifite icyicaro i Rockville, muri Mayilandi,   , umuryango wa kabiri washinzwe muri 1967. Himura  ni umwe mu bagize komite ishinzwe imikino Olempike muri Amerika .  Kugeza muri 2020, uyu muryango ukora gahunda zikorera abaturage 100.000 muri leta 43.  Muri 2020, iyo miryango yombi yahujwe nka Move  , itangiza indangamuntu nshya na Super union . Intego yatangajwe ko uyu muryango uzakorera 90% by'abatuye Amerika hamwe na gahunda zaho mu 2028, mu gihe cy'imikino Paralympike yo muri 2028 yabereye i Los Angeles muri amerika. 

## Imikino yo kumenyera Amerika
**Imikino ya Adaptive Sports USA** (yahoze ari Ishyirahamwe ry’imikino ngororamubiri ry’imikino y’abamugaye, Imikino y’ibimuga muri Amerika, na intebe y'abamugaye, muri Amerika ) yashinzwe muri 1956, nk’ishyirahamwe ry’imikino ngororamubiri ry’abamugaye, n’abasirikare bahoze mu gisirikare bamugaye kugira ngo bafashe mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abakomeretse mu ntambara bavuye muri Koreya . 

**Abamugaye muri USA** yashinzwe muri 1967 nkishyirahamwe ry'igihugu ry'imikino ngororamubiri; mubayishinze harimo Jim Winthers, umusirikare waciwe wabaye inararibonye mu gice cya 10 cy’imisozi .  

### Igihembo cy'Ubuyobozi bwa Dr. Robert Harney
Igihembo cya Dr. Robert Harney Leadership Award ni igihembo ngarukamwaka cyo guha sosiyete, umuryango cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye wagaragaje kandi utanga ubuyobozi budasanzwe mu myitozo ngororamubiri ihuza n'imikino. "Dr. Bob" yari umupayiniya wa siporo umenyereye kandi akaba umuyobozi udacogora muri siporo y'abamugaye mu nzego z'ibanze, iz'igihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Yari indashyikirwa mu rwego rw’igihugu ndetse n’amahanga mu rwego rw’abakinnyi bafite ubumuga. 

Nkumukorerabushake, Harney yari mu ikipe mpuzamahanga y’ubuvuzi bw’abamugaye mu mikino yo gusiganwa ku maguru no gusiganwa ku magare kandi yitabira imikino yose y’imbeho n’izuba kuva mu 1998. Dr. Bob kandi yari umwarimu w’umwuga wabigize umwuga akaba n’igihe cyose akora umwuga wo kubaga amagufwa y’amagufwa i Boston, akaba n'umuganga w’itsinda ryabigenewe mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Winthrop na Melrose mu mujyi yavukiyemo wa Winthrop, Massachusetts mu myaka irenga 20. 

## Video

* NBC Amakuru Yimikino Yabamugaye USA
* CBS Amakuru Yimikino Yabamugaye USA
* CNN amashusho yimikino yabamugaye USA
* CBS Amakuru Yimikino Yabamugaye USA
* Amashusho Yimikino Yose Yimikino Yamugaye USA
* Denver Post amashusho yimikino yabamugaye USA

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
2021 Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup final

Umukino w'anyuma w'igikombe cyisi cyo muri 2021 cy'ibimuga by'abamagare muri Rugby League yari umwe mu mikino itatu yanyuma y'igikombe cy'isi cya 2021 cya Rugby League ( cyasubitswe kandi kiba muri 2022). Yakiniwe ahitwa i Manchester Central Convention Complex i Manchester ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2022, ejobundi haba umukino wa nyuma w’abagabo n’abagore . 

Ubwongereza bwatsinze Ubufaransa muri 28-24 kugirango butware igikombe cya kabiri.

## Amavu n'amavuko
Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa niyo makipe abiri yashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere muri IRL Wheelchair ya World Rankings yagize mu irushanwa.  Bari mu matsinda atandukanye kumikino yo mu matsinda.  Ubwongereza bwatsinze irushanwa rya mbere muri 2008, Ubufaransa bwatsinze Ubwongereza ku mukino wa nyuma n'andi marushanwa abiri muri 2013 na 2017. 

## Inzira ijya ku mukino w'anyuma
Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza byombi byatsinze amatsinda amanota atatu, buri wese yatsinze imikino itatu yose yo mu matsinda.  Ubufaransa bwatsinze kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza na Ositaraliya n'amanota arenga 40, mu gihe Ubwongereza bwatsinze ubwabwo na Walesi amanota arenga 100 mumukino yabahuje. 

## Umukino

## Kohereza umukino

## Reba
Wheelchair netball

**Intebe** ni itandukaniro rya netball yahujwe no gukinira mu ma magare . Ishobora gukinwa n'abantu bombi bafite ubumuga cyangwa kandi badafite ubumuga. 

## Amateka
Imvange ya basketball na netball yatangijwe mu iserukiramuco rikuru rya siporo ya Paraplegike muri 1949.  Amakipe atandatu agizwe na bakinnyi 37 yarushanwe muri ibyo birori.  Iyi verisiyo ya netball yakinwe m'ubirori byu mwaka kugeza muri 1954; yasimbuwe na basketball y'abamugaye muri 1956. 

Ubwoko bugezweho bw'ibimuga bya bamugaye bisa na netball isanzwe, ariko hamwe n'amategeko yahinduwe yerekeye guhuza, kubuza no gutembera. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Netball Ubwongereza bwa ParaNetball ingamba 2018-2021
Dasher (software)

**Dasher** n'uburyo bwinjiza n'igikoresho kandi kigera kuri mudasobwa gifasha abakoresha guhimba inyandiko badakoresheje igikoresho cyandika muri mudasobwa, winjiza inyandiko kuri hamwe hagaragara amashusho hamwe n'igikoresho cyerekana kuri mudasobwa cyitiranwa n'imbeba, ahagaragara amashusho ikoraho, cyangwa imbeba ikoreshwa n'ikirenge cyangwa umutwe. Ibikoresho nk'ibi bishobora kuba ibikoresho bya prosthetic k'ubantu bafite ubumuga badashobora gukoresha igikoresho cyandika kuri mudasobwa isanzwe, cyangwa aho gukoresha imwe bigoye cyangwa bidashoboka.  

Dasher ni ubuntu kandi ifungura isoko y'ikoranabuhanga, ingingo yabayeho hubahirijwe ibisabwa na GNU  (General Public License)GPL, verisiyo ya 2. Dasher iboneka kuri sisitemu y'imikorere hamwe na GTK +, ni ukuvuga Linux, BSDs hamwe na Unix isa na macOS, Microsoft Windows, Pocket PC, iOS na Android .   

Dasher yahimbwe na David JC MacKay kandi yatejwe imbere na David Ward hamwe n'abandi bagize itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi bwa MacKay rya Cambridge research group. Umushinga Dasher ushyigikiwe cyangwa uterwa inkunga na Fondasiyo ya Gatsby Charitable hamwe na EU aegis-project. 

## Igishushanyo cy'umushinga
Kubintu byose umwanditsi ashaka kwandika, bahitamo ibaruwa yanditswe yerekanwe ku habugenewe kugaragaza amashusho muri mudasobwa bakoresheje icyerekezo, aho sisitemu ikoresha uburyo bwo guhanura ibintu kugira ngo hamenyekane ibishobora guhuzwa n'ibice bikurikira, hanyuma bihuze ibyo byihutirwa byo kubigaragaza cyane kuruta inyuguti zishoboka. Ibi bizigama umukoresha imbaraga n'igihe mu gihe bagiye guhitamo ibaruwa ikurikira kubatanzwe. Inzira yo guhimba inyandiko murubu buryo yagereranijwe nu mukino wa arcade, mu gihe abakoresha bahinduranya inyuguti ziguruka hejuru ya ahabugenewe kugaragaza amashusho hanyuma bagahitamo kugira ngo bahimbe inyandiko. Sisitemu yigira kuburambe inyuguti zikomatanya nizo zizwi cyane, kandi igahindura protocole yayo mu gihe cyo kwerekana ibi.

## Ibiranga
Porogaramu ya Dasher ikubiyemo amadosiye atandukanye yubaka kandi yigenga:

* inyuguti zisobanura indimi zirenga 150 
* inyuguti y'amabara y'igenamiterere
* imyitozo ya dosiye mundimi zose zishyigikiwe 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
Pickleball

**Pickleball** ni umukino wa racketi cyangwa padile aho abakinnyi babiri (abaseribateri) cyangwa abakinnyi bane (inshuro ebyiri) bakubise umupira wa pulasitike usobekeranye, wuzuye umwuka hamwe na padi m 0.86 z'inshundura kugeza uruhande rumwe rudashoboye gusubiza umupira cyangwa gukora amakosa. Pickleball ikinirwa mu nzu no hanze. Yavumbuwe muri 1965 nk'u mukino w'inyuma w'abana muri Amerika, ku kirwa cya Bainbridge muri leta ya Washington . Muri 2022, pickleball yiswe siporo ya leta ya Washington muri amerika. 

## amagambo
Nk’uko byatangajwe na Joan Pritchard, umugore wa Joel Pritchard, ati: " Izina ry'umukino ryabaye Pickle Ball nyuma yo kuvuga ko bibyibukije ubwato bwa pickle mu bakozi aho hatoraguwe abasare mu yandi mato. "  Andi makuru avuga ko izina "pickleball " ryakomotse ku izina ry’imbwa yo mu muryango wa Pritchards,   .  Pritchards yavuze ko imbwa yaje nyuma yuko umukino umaze kwitwa, kandi imbwa ni yo yitiriwe umukino wa pickleball. Bavuze ko urujijo rwadutse ubwo umunyamakuru yabazaga Pritchards mu ntangiriro ya 70 yemeje ko bizoroha abasomyi guhuza imbwa aho kuba ubwato bworoshye. Abahagarariye Amerika Pickleball bavuga ko ubushakashatsi bwabo bwemeje ko imbwa Pickles yavutse nyuma yuko umukino wari umaze kwitwa. 

## Amateka

### Ivumburwa
Igihe Pritchard na Bell bagarukaga muri golufi ku wa gatandatu nyuma ya saa sita muri 1965, basanze imiryango yabo irambiwe.  Bagerageje gushyiraho badaminton, ariko nta muntu numwe washoboraga kubona shutlecock . Pritchard na Bell bahamagariye abana babo gutegura umukino wabo. Abakuze n'abana barangije mu rukiko rwa badiminton batangira kugerageza imipira itandukanye hamwe na racket, harimo na tennis ya sitade . Urushundura rwa badminton 1.5 metero amaherezo rwa manuwe kugeza kurwego rwo mu kibuno kugirango rwemere gutwara umupira. 

### Amarushanwa
Amarushanwa yo muri 1976 yabereye muri Southcenter Athletic Club i Tukwila, Washington, ashimirwa ko ariryo rushanwa rya mbere rya pickleball. Yiswe " Shampiyona ya mbere ya Pickleball ku Isi na Joel Pritchard kandi yakiriwe mu kinyamakuru *Tennis* cyo muri Nyakanga 1976.  Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika Amateur Pickleball ( USAPA ) ryashinzwe muri 1984, ni bwo basohoye igitabo cya mbere cyemewe cy’imikino kandi bakora amarushanwa ya mbere y’igihugu cya kabiri yabereye i Tacoma, i Washington . Kugeza 1990, siporo yakinwaga muri leta zose uko ari 50.  Muri 2001, pickle ball yashyizwe muri siporo yo kwerekana mu mikino Olempike nkuru ya Arizona   yitabiriye 100. Irushanwa rya pickle ball ryabereye muri Happy Trails RV Resort i Surprise, Arizona, kandi mu myaka itanu harimo 275 bitabiriye. Kwinjiza pickleball muri aso byagaragaye nku musanzu wagize uruhare mukuzamura amarushanwa muri Amerika. 

## Urusaku

Iyo umupira wa pickle ball ukubise umupira ukomeye, utanga amajwi atyaye. Ijwi rihoraho mu gihe cyo gukina ryateje amakimbirane hagati ya nyiri ikibuga cya pickle ball hamwe n'abafite imitungo iri hafi.   Urusaku, hamwe n’izamuka ryihuse ry'amamare rya pickle ball, ryateje ikibazo gikomeye muri siporo mu baturage bo muri Amerika. 

## Reba

### Bibliografiya
 

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Wheelchair soccer

**Umupira w'amaguru w'abamugaye** ni itandukaniro ry'umupira w'amaguru w'ishyirahamwe, aho abitabiriye bose ari abakoresha amagare kubera ubumuga bw'umubiri . Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe nabwo bushobora kuba ikintu cyingenzi, ariko ntabwo buri gihe aribyo. Intebe y’abaimugaye irashobora kuba moteri, cyangwa intoki.

Mugihe amashanyarazi yose hamwe n'intebe y'imuga y'intoki, umukinnyi arigenda aho bishoboka. Niba ibi bidashoboka ku mubiri, umukinnyi yemerewe gukoresha pusheri kugirango azenguruke mu rukino. Ariko, gusunika ni pasiporo mu buryo badashobora kwishora mu mikino. Umupira wa maguru w’abamugaye urasa cyane nu buryo bushoboye bw'imikino y'umukino ukurikije amategeko n'imiterere - itandukaniro nyaryo ni uko umukinnyi ukoresha igare ry’abamugaye kugira ngo azenguruke mu rukino kandi anazunguruka umupira iyo arenganye, kugira ngo akemure undi mukinnyi n, no gutsinda ibitego . Niba umukinnyi ashoboye gutera umupira, noneho baremerewe kubikora. Nanone, niba umunyezamu ashoboye guhagarika umupira n'amaboko yabo, baremerewe kubikora.

Imikino ikinirwa mu nzu (mu bisanzwe ku kibuga cya basketball cyahinduwe). Umupira nawo munini cyane kuruta umupira wa maguru umupira wamaguru.

Umupira w’ibimuga wavumbuwe muri Victoriya, Ositaraliya, aho utezwa imbere nkubufatanye hagati ya Scope y na Federasiyo yumupira wa maguru Victoriya . Umupira wa maguru w’abamugaye ugabanijwemo uturere tubiri, Amajyepfo n’Amajyaruguru, hamwe n’ibigega ndetse n’ibice bikomeye. Ikipe ya mbere muri buri cyiciro cy'akarere ihurira kuri Final ya Leta.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Intebe y’ibimuga Victoria (Ositaraliya)
* FIPFA (Federation Internationale de Powerchair Amashyirahamwe yumupira wamaguru)
WCMX (siporo)

**WCMX** ni siporo abakinyi y'abamugaye bakora amayeri yakuwe muri skateboarding na BMX, ubusanzwe ikorerwa kuri skatepark .  Yahimbwe na Aaron Fotheringham . 

## Incamake
Siporo ifite amarushanwa yayo hamwe n'intebe y'abamugaye yabigenewe. 

## Amateka
Ijambo WCMX, mash up y'intebe y’abamugaye na BMX,  yahimbwe na Fotheringham.  Fotheringham yinjije igare ry'ambere ry'ibimuga hamwe ninyuma ya kabiri. 

### Australiya
Timothy Lachlan niwe Australiya wa mbere waguye inyuma y’abamugaye. 

### Ubwongereza
Lily Rice niwe muntu wa mbere mu Bwongereza waguye inyuma.  Yatsindiye igikombe cya mbere cy'isi muri Nzeri 2019.  

Ihuriro rya mbere rya WCMX mu Bwongereza ryabaye mu ntangiriro za 2019. 

Mu mwaka wa 2016, ubukangurambaga kuri interineti bwa parike ya skate ya Lego yamaganwe.  Ariko, WCMX ihagarariwe muri Lego City Skate Park (60290) yashyizwe ahagaragara, yasohotse 2021. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* 2018 Amategeko ya Shampiyona yisi WCMX
Accessaphone

**accessaphone**, yatangijwe bwa mbere mu mwaka 2005 ni CTI ( Computer Telephony Integration ) ifasha software itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha abantu bakoresha kumeza nka terefone yoroshye ukoresheje uburyo bwabugenewe bwokwandika muri mudasobwa,imbeba ikoreshwa kuri mudasobwa  cyangwa amategeko y'ijwi. Porogaramu ni ingirakamaro cyane kubakoresha bafite icyerekezo gitandukanye n'ubushobozi bwo kugenda.

## Uburyo ikoreshwa
Nk'urugero, mu gihe ukoresheje terefone y'umushinga muri Cisco,  NEC cyangwa Tadiran Telecom, imirimo nka Dial, Hold na Transfer ishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe urufunguzo rushyushye D, H na T (ibanzirizwa n'urufunguzo rwa ALT). accessaphone ikoresha Microsoft Windows Terefone Porogaramu (TAPI) kugira ngo ivugane na sisitemu ya terefone y'umushinga.

## Kubahiriza kugerwaho
Bumwe mu buryo bwa enterineti butuma sisitemu ya terefone igerwaho kandi Igice cya 508 cyujuje ni ugutanga indangamuntu yumvikana. Iki nicyo gisabwa kuri (Voluntary Product Accessibility Template).  Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane kubakoresha bafite igihombo cyo kutabona nkuko kumenyekanisha umuhamagaro winjira bitangazwa no gukoresha ikoronabuhanga. Ikigo gishinzwe kwinjira muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika(United State Access Board) ikigo gishinzwe Igice cya 508, cyohereje accessphone hamwe na sisitemu ya terefone ya Cisco ku bakozi babo basabaga kugera ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya terefone nka Indangamuntu cyangwa abo bakozi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri bakeneye amajwi kugira ngo babashe kumenya ibijyanye telefone. 

Mu mwaka wa 2009, Fondasiyo y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona yakoze ubushakashatsi bwakozwe maze yemeza ko accessaphone ikurikiza ingingo ya 508 kandi mu by'ukuri yazamuye Ijwi hejuru y'ibikoresho bya terefone ku bakoresha bakeneye kubona kuri ibyo bikoresho. 

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* urubuga rwa enterineti
* Reta zunz'ubumwe z'amerika: Igice 508 Archived
Wheelchair Australian rules football

Umukino w'ambere w'ateguwe w'abamugaye muri Australiya, amategeko y'umupira w'amaguru yakinwe m'ukigo cya RAAF i Adelaide, Ositaraliya yepfo ku ya 8 Ugushyingo 2015.   Umukino wari urimo m' itsinda ry’abasirikare bakomeretse bo muri Ositaraliya (ADF) bakomeretse mu kigo cy’abasirikare ba Darwin cy’abasirikare ba Darwin hamwe n’ikipe y’imikino y’ubumuga ya Ositaraliya (DSA) igizwe n’abakinnyi baturutse muri Ositaraliya yepfo. Umukino wateguwe na ADF, Shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru muri Ositaraliya na DSA. Amanota yanyuma yari: Ikipe ya DSA 16.8.104 yatsinze ikipe ya ADF 14.5.89. 

Muri Mata 2015, igikomangoma Harry mu gihe yasuraga Darwin, Intara y'Amajyaruguru yazamuye uyu mukino mushya yitabira umukino w’ibimuga AFL.  Umukino warimo abasirikare ba Ositaraliya bakomeretse. 

Ugushyingo 2015, hari gahunda yo gushyiraho shampiyona y'igihugu. 

## Amategeko
Amategeko y'umukino afite aho ahuriye n'amategeko ya AFL k'umategeko ya Australiya umupira w'amaguru kandi harimo: 

* Umukino utangirana no gutera umupira hagati yikibuga.
* Ingingo esheshatu ku ntego, n'ingingo imwe inyuma.
* Gutera imigeri bisimbuzwa imipira, na ballball isimbuzwa gutera hasi.
* Umupira utukura wa Sherrin ukoreshwa, hamwe umukino ugabanyijemo kane.
* Umukino ukinirwa ku kibuga cya basketball hamwe na positike ya plastike kuri buri mpera yurukiko.
* Abakinnyi batanu gusa muri buri kipe barashobora kuba mukibuga umwanya uwariwo wose.
* Ikipe igabanijwe inyuma, hagati no imbere ariko imbere gusa ni bo bashobora gutsinda.

## Reba kandi

* Imikino y'abamugaye
* Intebe yimikino ya rugby
* Rugby

## Reba
WheelPower

**WheelPower** n’umuryango w’igihugu ushinzwe siporo y’abamugaye mu Bwongereza, kandi igamije gufasha ababana n’ubumuga kuzamura imibereho yabo.

Yiswe **Fondasiyo y'Ubwongereza ya Wheelchair Sports Foundation**, ni umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta  kandi ukaba ubarizwa kuri Sitade Mandeville kuri Buckinghamshire . Abakunzi bayo barimo Baroness Tanni Gray-Thompson na Ade Adepitan .

## Amateka
WheelPower yabanje gushingwa muri 1972 ( 52 ) imyaka yashize  ( 1972 ) nka Sosiyete y'Abongereza Paraplegike Sports.

Uyu muryango washinzwe na nyakwigendera Professor Sir Ludwig Guttmann, wahinduye uburyo bwo kuvura abantu bafite ibikomere by'umugongo mu bitaro bya Stoke Mandeville mu mpera za 1940. Guttmann yatangiye gukoresha siporo mu rwego rwo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze mu ntambara ya kabiri y'isi yose maze mu 1948 ashyiraho amarushanwa hagati y'amakipi y'imikino n'ibindi bitaro kugira ngo ahure n'imikino Olempike yabereye i Londres.

## Imbaraga
Kuva mu minsi ya mbere ya Guttmann, WheelPower yateje imbere ibikorwa bitandukanye bya siporo kandi muri iki gihe ikorana n’amashyirahamwe ya siporo.

Itangwa ry'imikino ngororamubiri kuri Sitoke Mandeville ryatangiye mu myaka ya za 1940 maze mu 1969 Stade Stoke Mandeville ifungura na Nyiricyubahiro Umwamikazi.

Muri 1984 iki kigo cyakinnye imikino Paralympike hamwe na bakinnyi bagera ku 1200 bitabiriye ibirori bya siporo.

## Imikino
WheelPower ishyigikira, mubindi, siporo ikurikira:

## Reba kandi

* Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’ibimuga hamwe n’imikino ngororamubiri
* Stoke Mandeville

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwa WheelPower
Arabic Braille

**Icyarabu Icyarabu**  (Icyarabu: بِرَيْل الْعَرَبِيَّة, *birayl alʿarabīyah*) ni inyuguti ya braille y'ururimi rw'icyarabu . Bikomoka ku nyuguti z'impumyi zazanywe mu Misiri n'umumisiyonari w'Ubwongereza mbere ya 1878, bityo rero ibaruwa yandikiwe muri rusange ihuye n'Icyongereza ndetse no gukundana kimwe no mu zindi gahunda za braille, nk'ikigereki n'ikirusiya . Ariko, harigeze kubaho amahame menshi, amwe murimwe (nka Braille yo muri Alijeriya ) ntaho yari ahuriye na Coptic Braille . Icyarabu cyarabu cyunze ubumwe cyemejwe mu myaka ya za 1950 mu rwego rwo kwerekeza ku mpapuro mpuzamahanga, kandi ni cyo gipimo mu bihugu by'Abarabu.  Izindi nyuguti zishingiye ku cyarabu zifite sisitemu ya braille isa na Braille yicyarabu, nka Urdu na Persian Braille, ariko itandukanye mu nyuguti zimwe na zimwe za diacritic. 

Bitandukanye n’icyarabu, icyarabu Braille gisomwa uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo, nyuma y’amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Imibare nayo isigaye iburyo, nko mucyarabu cyacapwe.

## Imbonerahamwe braille y'icyarabu

Icyarabu Braille kirimo amagambo ahinnye, amwe yaranzwe nudomo 4 cyangwa akadomo 5 (koma), bidasobanuwe hano. Inama yabereye muri Arabiya Sawudite mu 2002 yashyizeho amahame ahuriweho n’icyarabu, ariko guhera mu 2013 ntabwo ibihugu byose byari byiyandikishije; abadakurikiza amahame barimo ibihugu bimwe byabarabu ariko nibindi bihugu byabayisilamu batari abarabu nka Irani, Maleziya, na Indoneziya.

## Inzandiko
Nubwo inyuguti ngufi-inyajwi atari diacritics mu cyarabu cy'icyarabu, zirahitamo kandi muri rusange zirekuwe, kimwe no mucyarabu cyanditse.

## Reba
Wheelchair Cricketers Welfare Association of Bangladesh

**Ishyirahamwe ry’imikino y’abamugaye muri Bangladesh** ( **WCWAB** ) ni umuryango w’igihugu utegamiye kuri Leta kandi udaharanira inyungu washyizweho hagamijwe iterambere ry’abaturage bafite ibibazo by’ubumuga bo muri Bangladesh . Uyu muryango washinzwe n’umukinnyi w’abamugaye   Mohammad Mohasin . Uyu muryango ukorera abamugaye kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 ugamije kwinjiza ababana n'ubumuga no gushimangira umuryango rusange. Muri 2016, umuryango wiyandikishije mu ishami rishinzwe imibereho myiza ya Bangladesh . WCWAB yatoye inama y'ubuyobozi. Intwali ku ntebe ziziga zatangiye urugendo rwo gukina umupira wamaguru muri 2010. Kuva icyo gihe, abakinyi ba Cricket bo muri Bangladeshi bitabiriye amarushanwa akomeye nkaya marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya Cricket ya ICRC yabereye muri Bangladesh ndetse nigikombe cya Aziya mubuhinde.    

WCWAB yari umwe mu mashyirahamwe 30 ayobowe n’urubyiruko yahawe igihembo cy’urubyiruko cya Joy Bangla na Young Bangla mu 2017, kubera ibikorwa byabo byo guteza imbere siporo.   

## Intebe y’ibimuga yatangijwe muri Bangladesh
Irushanwa ry'ambere ry' abamugaye muri Bangladesh ryatangijwe mu mwaka wa 2016 nu buyobozi bwa Imago Sports bufatanije n'ishyirahamwe ry'imibereho y'imikino ya Cricket ya Bangladesh.  Abakinnyi mirongo itatu na batandatu (36) b'abamugaye b'amagare (makumyabiri na batanu ( 25 ) baturutse hanze ya Dhaka) bitabiriye iri rushanwa ry'umunsi wose. Kubenshi mubakoresha igare ryibimuga bwari ubwambere bitabiriye umukino wa siporo uhatanira.

WCWAB iyobowe n'inama yatowe.  Mohammad Mohsin ni Perezida wa WCWAB. 

## Reba
Wheelchair sport classification

**Intebe y'imikino yabamugaye** ni uburyo bwagenewe kwemerera irushanwa ryiza hagati y’abafite ubumuga butandukanye, no kugabanya ingaruka z’ubumuga bwihariye bw’umuntu ku byavuye mu marushanwa. Imikino y’ibimuga ifitanye isano n’imvune y’umugongo, kandi ikubiyemo ubwoko butandukanye bw’ubumuga burimo paraplegiya, quadriplegiya, dystrofiya yimitsi, syndrome ya polio na spina bifida . Ubumuga bugomba kuba bwujuje ibyangombwa byibura by'imikorere y'umubiri.  Intebe y'imuga y'imikino na siporo kubantu bafite ibikomere byumugongo akenshi bishingiye kumyanya y'ibisebe by'umugongo hamwe n'ubumuga bwabo n'ubumuga.

## Intego
Intebe y'imikino y'abamugaye imwe itandukanye muri siporo mu buryo bwihariye.    Mu ruzitiro rw'abamugaye, intego yo gushyira mu byiciro ni ukwemeza ko abaterankunga bashyirwa mu byiciro hashingiwe ku kugenda neza kugira ngo imyitozo yabo, urwego rw’ubuhanga, impano n'uburambe bigena ibizava mu mukino, ntabwo ari ubwoko bwabo bw'ubumuga. Ibi byishingira uburinganire muri siporo.  Muri ruhago y’ibimuga, intego yo gushyira mu byiciro ni uguha imiterere siporo hagabanywa ingaruka z’ubumuga butandukanye bw’imikorere ku rukiko kuko bijyanye n’ibyavuye mu mukino. 

## Amasomo
Ubusanzwe, amasomo yakoreshejwe kuri WASI yashingiye ku mikino ngororamubiri hamwe nibisabwa mubindi siporo. Hano hari ibyiciro bine byo gukurikiranwa na munani kubirometero. Impinduka zaya masomo zishingiye ku mikorere yu mugongo zikoreshwa muyindi siporo.  Aya masomo yatangiriye kumunsi wa mbere wa siporo yimuga ya bamugaye, mugihe sisitemu yo gutondekanya yari 1A , 1B , 1C , 2 , 3, 4, 5 na 6. Habayeho guhinduka kuva icyo gihe mubijyanye nu busobanuro bukora nubwo ibisobanuro by'ubuvuzi byaho biherereye aho igikomere cyo mugongo cyagumye bisa.    

## Kubona ibyiciro
Gutondekanya akenshi siporo yihariye.   

Ibyiciro by'ubuvuzi by'imikino y'abamugaye birashobora kuba bigizwe n'ubuvuzi bwoherejwe m'ubyiciro byubuvuzi muri federasiyo ya siporo. Umuganga w'umukinnyi wa siporo arashobora gusabwa gutanga amakuru menshi yubuvuzi harimo gupima ubuvuzi no gutakaza imikorere yose ijyanye nubuzima bwabo. Ibi birimo niba imiterere igenda itera imbere cyangwa ihamye, niba ari ibintu byavutse cyangwa byavutse. Irashobora kubamo gusaba amakuru kubijyanye n'ubuvuzi buteganijwe. Irashobora kandi kubamo gusaba imiti iyo ari yo yose umuntu afata. Inyandiko zishobora gusabwa harimo x imirasire, ibisubizo bya ASAI ibisubizo, cyangwa amanota ya Ashworth yahinduwe. 

## Reba
Gardner–Salinas braille codes

**Kode ya Gardner - Salinas** nuburyo bwo gushushanya imibare nubumenyi bwa siyanse ukoresheje selile ya braille kugirango usome neza nababana nubumuga bwo kutabona. Uburyo bukunze kugaragara bwa Gardner - Salinas braille nubwoko 8-selile, bakunze kwita GS8. Hariho kandi ifishi 6 ihuye yitwa GS6. 

Kode yatunganijwe mu rwego rwo gusimbura Nemeth Braille na John A. Gardner, umuhanga mu bya fiziki muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Oregon, na Norberto Salinas, umunyamibare wo muri Arijantine.

Kode ya Gardner - Salinas ni urugero rwururimi rworoshye rusomeka rwabantu. Syntax ishingiye kuri sisitemu ya LaTeX yo kwandika siyanse.

## Reba
Algerian Braille

**Alijeriya Braille** yari inyuguti ya braille yakoreshwaga mu kwandika ururimi rwicyarabu muri Alijeriya . Biragaragara ko bishaje. 

Muri Braille yo muri Alijeriya, inyuguti z'inyuguti zashyizweho zikurikirana mu nyuguti z'icyarabu ; kurupapuro rwicyarabu rusanzwe kurundi ruhande rukoresha umukoro utandukanye rwose, ukurikiza amahame mpuzamahanga ukurikije gahunda yinyuguti yigifaransa. Kurugero, inyuguti ya gatanu ya braille, ⠑, ikoreshwa muri Braille yo muri Alijeriya kuri ج *j*, inyuguti ya gatanu yinyuguti ya Alijeriya / Icyarabu. Mu nyuguti nyinshi za braille muri iki gihe, ⠑ ikoreshwa kuri *e*, inyuguti ya gatanu y’inyuguti y’igifaransa / Ikilatini, cyangwa ku nyuguti isa na *e*, aho yaba ari hose muri izo nyuguti.

Gusubiramo ubwoko bwa Alijeriya byari bisanzwe mu guhuza imiterere ya braille hakiri kare, ariko ahanini byaratereranywe hashyirwaho amahame yumvikana guhera mu guhuza Braille y’igifaransa, Icyongereza, Ikidage, n’icyarabu ku rutonde rwambere mu 1878. 

## Reba
Nemeth Braille

**Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics** ni code ya Braille yo gushushanya imibare na siyansi umurongo ukoresheje selile zisanzwe zitandatu-Utudomo two mu bwoko bwa Braille kugirango dusome neza nabafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Kode yatunganijwe na Abraham Nemeth. Kode ya Nemeth yanditswe bwa mbere mu 1952. Yavuguruwe mu 1956, 1965, na 1972.http://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/fr/fr28/fr280110.htm Nintangarugero yimvugo isomeka yumuntu isomeka imvugo.

Nemeth Braille ni code imwe gusa ikoreshwa mukwandika imibare muri braille. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bukoreshwa kwisi yose.

## Amahame ya Code ya Nemeth
Igitabo cya Nemeth Code Book (1972) gifungura n'amagambo akurikira:

Iyi kode ya Braille kubiharuro na siyansi yateguwe kugirango itange sisitemu yibimenyetso bizemerera ibitabo bya tekiniki kwerekana no gusomwa mu nyandiko. Kode igamije gutanga ibisobanuro nyabyo bishobotse kubasoma braille yumwandiko wanditse, kandi iki nikimwe mubintu byingenzi biranga. Iyo umusomyi wa braille afite imyumvire isobanutse yumwandiko wanditse, aho itumanaho riri hagati ye na mwarimu we, abo bakorana, abo bakorana, ndetse nisi muri rusange ryagutse cyane. Ikizamini cyukuri kode itanga amakuru kuva icapiro kugeza umwandiko wa braille ni ugukora inyandiko mvugo yerekeza. Ingano yamasezerano hagati yumwimerere wacapwe nuwandukuwe muri braille ni igipimo cyukuri kode.

Ingaruka imwe nuko uwandukura braille adakeneye kumenya imibare ishingiye. Umwanditsi wa braille agomba kumenya ibimenyetso byanditse kandi akamenya kubitanga muri Nemeth Code braille. Kurugero, niba ikimenyetso kimwe cyimibare gishobora kugira ibisobanuro bibiri bitandukanye, ibi ntacyo bitwaye; ingero zombi zashyirwa ahagaragara kimwe. Ibi bitandukanye na Code yumuziki mpuzamahanga ya Braille, aho braille iterwa nubusobanuro bwumuziki wino. Rero ubumenyi bwumuziki burasabwa kubyara umuziki wa braille.

## Ishakiro
Greek Braille

Greek Braille ninyuguti ya braille yururimi rw'ikigereki. Ishingiye kumasezerano mpuzamahanga ya braille, mubisanzwe bihuye no guhindura ikilatini. Mu kigereki, izwi nka Κώδικας Μπράιγ Kôdikas Brég "Kode ya Braille".

Mu byukuri hariho inyuguti ebyiri z'ikigereki z'inyuguti z'ikigereki, zitandukanye mu itangwa ry'inyuguti nke: Braille y'Abagereki ya none ikoreshwa mu Bugereki, na Braille mpuzamahanga y'Abagereki ku nyuguti z'ikigereki cyangwa amagambo yakoreshejwe mu mibare cyangwa ubundi yashyizwe mu Cyongereza no mu zindi ndimi.

## Braille y'ikigereki mpuzamahanga
Inshingano mpuzamahanga zinyuranye ziratandukanye nimwe hejuru. Mu Bugereki bwa none bw'Ikigereki, urugero, inyuguti ya omega (ω) yanditswe kimwe n'ikilatini  *j*, mu gihe mu nyandiko y'Icyongereza cyangwa Igifaransa cyanditswe mu nyandiko y’igifaransa cyanditswe nka *w*, gisa n'icapiro. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Ikigereki cya none upsilon cyanditswe nk'ikilatini *y*, ariko mu kigereki mpuzamahanga cyanditswe nka *u*, kandi inyuguti ya eta ihindagurika.

Iyi nyuguti ikoreshwa, kurugero, mumibare yanditswe mubindi bitabo byikilatini-braille. Ikora kandi ishingiro ryinyuguti z'ikigereki muri kode ya Nemeth Braille na Gardner - Salinas. Ntabwo ikoreshwa mu Bugereki cyangwa Kupuro. Imbonerahamwe ikurikira, inyuguti zitandukanye na Braille ya none yubugereki iragaragara.

## Reba
Urdu Braille

**Urdu Braille**

Ni inyuguti ya braille ikoreshwa ku Urdu. Hano hari inyuguti ebyiri zisanzwe za braille zikoreshwa muri Urdu, imwe muri Pakisitani indi mu Buhinde. Inyuguti zo muri Pakisitani zishingiye ku nyuguti z'Ubuperesi kandi zikoreshwa mu gihugu hose, mu gihe inyuguti z'Ubuhinde zishingiye kuri Bharati Braille y'igihugu.

## Itandukaniro nu Buperesi na Bharati Braille
Usibye kongeramo inyuguti zihariye za Urdu zisa n’inyuguti ziyongereye mu nyuguti zanditse zitwa Urdu ugereranije n’inyuguti z’Abaperesi, Urdu braille yo muri Pakisitani itandukanye na Udru y’Abaperesi mu iyandikwa ry’inyuguti yacapishijwe ž, yanditswe nk'igishushanyo mu rurimi rwa Udru. kuruta nk'Igifarisi ⠬, mu Urdu rikoreshwa kuri ڈ ḍ. .

Umuhinde Urdu Braille itandukanye nizindi nyuguti za Bharati braille mu kugira inyuguti nyinshi yatijwe mu Giperesi,such as ⠟ for ق *q* (Bharati *kṣ*), ⠱ for ح *ḥ* (Bharati *jñ*), and ⠷ for ع *‘* (Bharati *ḻ*). Another such letter, ⠭ for خ *x*, is shared with Gurmukhi Braille ਖ਼ *x* but with no other Bharati alphabet, where ⠭ is otherwise the vowel *o*.

## Indanganturo
K-NFB Reader

Umusomyi wa K-NFB (mu magambo ahinnye ya Kurzweil - Ihuriro ry’igihugu ry’abasoma impumyi) ni igikoresho cyo gusoma cya elegitoroniki cyifashishwa n'abafite ubumuga. Yakozwe ku bufatanye hagati ya Ray Kurzweil na federasiyo y’abafite ubumuga

Inyandiko yumwimerere yabasomyi yari igizwe na kamera ya digitale na PDA, yarimo software yihariye ya OCR hamwe na synthesizers yo kuvuga kugirango basome ibikoresho byabitswe mu ijwi riranguruye. Yasohotse ku giciro cya $ 3.495. 

Porogaramu yaje koherezwa muri sisitemu y'imikorere ya Symbian, kugira ngo ikoreshwe kuri terefone ya Nokia N82, igiciro gishya cy'amadorari 1.595.

Yatunganijwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatabona na Sensotec NV mu 2014, icyambu cya iOS cyasohotse ku giciro cy’amadolari 99. Verisiyo ya Android yasohotse nyuma gato.

Umusomyi wa KNFB arashobora gusoma:

* Inyemezabwishyu

* Ibirango bipakira hamwe na posita

* Ibicuruzwa namakuru yintungamubiri

* Shira kuri mudasobwa yawe cyangwa ecran ya ecran

* Inyandiko ndende nkibitabo nigitabo cyabakoresha

* Inyandiko bwite nk'ibikoresho by'imisoro, inyandiko z'inguzanyo, fagitire, na raporo z'ubuvuzi 
* Ibitabo ninyandiko muburyo bwa ePub
* Inyandiko mu ndimi zirenga mirongo itatu

## Ibiranga udushya

* Kumenya inyandiko (ikwereke aho hari icapiro ryo gufata)

* Gufasha na Viewfinder Ifasha (yemeza ko ufata page yose)

* Kumurika Umwandiko (pinpoints inyandiko ya dyslexic nabandi bakoresha-bamugaye)

## Indanganturo
WebAIM

**WebAIM** (Urubuga rwa interineti mu bitekerezo) ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu ukorera muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Utah i Logan, muri Leta ya Utah . WebAIM yatanze ibisubizo byurubuga kuva 1999. Intego ya WebAIM nukwagura ubushobozi bwurubuga kubantu bafite ubumuga batanga ubumenyi, ubumenyi bwa tekinike, ibikoresho, ingamba zo kuyobora imitegekere, hamwe nicyerekezo giha imbaraga amashyirahamwe kugirango ibikubiyemo bigere kubantu bafite ubumuga.  

## Ibicuruzwa na serivisi
WebAIM itanga ibicuruzwa byinshi na serivisi byinjira kurubuga.  Igikoresho cyo gusuzuma WAVE igenzurwa na WebAIM. Iki gikoresho cyubuntu, kumurongo gitanga ibitekerezo byerekana page igerwaho . WAVE Toolbar nayo iraboneka nkiyagurwa kuri mushakisha zombi za Firefox & Chrome.

Serivise zo kurubuga rwa WebAIM zirimo amahugurwa yo kugerwaho, gukurikirana urubuga no kugenzura, gutanga ibyemezo, kugisha inama, gushushanya urubuga, no gusana ibiboneka.

## Umuryango
WebAIM iyobora umuryango kumurongo wibanda kumurongo wurubuga. Umutungo wabaturage urimo akanyamakuru, blog, urutonde rwibiganiro kuri imeri, kurubuga rwiminsi 2, hamwe na RSS .

## Ibikoresho
Urubuga rwa WebAIM rutanga amakuru arambuye kubategura urubuga, banyarubuga, nabandi bashishikajwe no kugera kubintu byurubuga kubumuga bukurikira:

* ubumuga bwo kutabona - abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, kutabona neza, no guhuma amabara
* ubumuga bwa moteri - harimo indwara ya Parkinson, paraplegia, dystrofi yimitsi, ubumuga bwubwonko, arthrite, stroke, nibindi.
* ubumuga bwo kumenya - harimo guta umutwe, dyslexia, autism, Down Syndrome, gukomeretsa ubwonko bwubwonko, ikibazo cyo kubura ibitekerezo, cyangwa ubundi bumuga bukora bushobora kugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwo kwibuka, gukemura ibibazo, kwitondera, no gusoma, imibare, cyangwa gusobanukirwa neza.
* Ubumuga bwo kutumva bwa burundu no kumva gake .

## Reba ibindi
Urubuga rwa WebAIM ruvuga ingingo zitandukanye zo kugera kurubuga, harimo:

* Intangiriro Kuri Urubuga
* Uburyo abantu bafite ubumuga bagera kandi bagakoresha urubuga
* Ikoranabuhanga rifasha
* Flash ya Adobe
* HTML
** Ifishi
** Amakadiri
** JavaScript
** AJAX
** Impapuro zerekana
** Imbonerahamwe
* Itangazamakuru rikungahaye
** Adobe Acrobat
** Ibisobanuro bifunze
** Flash ya Adobe
** Microsoft word na PowerPoint
* Isuzuma, Ikizamini, nibikoresho
* Ibipimo n'amategeko
** Urubuga rwa W3C Ibirimo Kugerwaho Amabwiriza
** Icyiciro 508
** Amategeko mpuzamahanga
* Politiki, Guhuza, n'amahugurwa

## Ishakiro
Paraplegia

**Paraplegia, cyangwa paraparesis**, ni ukubangamira imikorere ya moteri cyangwa ibyumviro byimpera zo hepfo. Ijambo ryaturutse mu kigereki cya Ionic (παραπληγίη) "gukubitwa kabiri". Agace k'umuyoboro wumugongo wibasiwe na paraplegia ni thoracic, lumbar, cyangwa uruti rw'umugongo. Niba ingingo enye zatewe nubumuga, tetraplegia cyangwa quadriplegia nijambo ryukuri. Niba ingingo imwe gusa ifite ingaruka, ijambo ryukuri ni monoplegia. Paraplegia ya spastique nuburyo bwa paraplegia isobanurwa nubwinshi bwimitsi yanduye, aho kuba paralike ya flaccid.

Ishyirahamwe ry’imvune z’Abanyamerika ryashyize mu majwi ubukana bw’umugongo mu buryo bukurikira. ASIA A nugutakaza rwose imikorere yimyumvire nubuhanga bwa moteri munsi yimvune. ASIA B ifite imikorere yunvikana munsi yimvune, ariko ntamikorere ya moteri. Muri ASIA C, hari imikorere ya moteri iri munsi yurwego rwimvune, ariko kimwe cya kabiri cyimitsi ntishobora kugenda irwanya imbaraga. Muri ASIA D, kimwe cya kabiri cyimitsi iri munsi yurwego rwimvune irashobora kugenda irwanya imbaraga. ASIA E nugusubiza ibikorwa byose byubwonko

## Umuti
Abantu bafite ubumuga barashobora gutandukana murwego rwubumuga bwabo, bisaba ko imiti itandukana bitewe nibibazo. Gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe bigamije gufasha umurwayi kugarura imikorere n'ubwigenge bushoboka bwose. Physiotherapie irashobora gufasha kunoza imbaraga, urwego rwo kugenda, kurambura no kwimura ubuhanga. Abamugaye benshi bazashingira ku kagare k'abamugaye nk'uburyo bwo gutwara abantu.Ibikorwa by'ubuzima bwa buri munsi (ADLs) birashobora kuba ingorabahizi kubantu bafite ikibazo cyumugongo (SCI). Hifashishijwe abavuzi ba physiotherapiste hamwe nabavuzi babigize umwuga, abantu bafite SCI barashobora kwiga ubumenyi bushya kandi bagahuza nubwa mbere kugirango barusheho kwigenga, akenshi babaho mu bwigenge mu baturage.

### Kuvugurura uruti rw'umugongo
Reba kandi: Gukomeretsa umugongo direction Icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi

Olfactory ensheathing selile (OEC) yatewe mu ntsinzi y’umugongo w’umugabo wo muri Polonye witwa Darek Fidyka, warokotse igitero cy’icyuma cyamuteye ubumuga mu 2010. 

Mu mwaka wa 2014, Fidyka yabazwe ubupayiniya bw'umugongo bwakoresheje imitsi y’imitsi, kuva ku kaguru, kugira ngo 'akureho icyuho' mu ruti rw'umugongo yaciwe ndetse na OEC kugira ngo akangure ingirangingo z'umugongo. Kubaga byakorewe muri Polonye ku bufatanye na Prof. Geoff Raisman, umuyobozi w’ubuzima bushya bw’imyororokere mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuvuzi rya Neurologiya rya kaminuza ya Londere, hamwe n’itsinda rye ry’ubushakashatsi. Uturemangingo twa olfactory twakuwe mu matara y’umurwayi mu bwonko bwe hanyuma akurira muri laboratoire, izo selile zatewe inshinge hejuru no munsi y’umugongo wangiritse.

Fidyka yagaruye ibyiyumvo na moteri mumaguru yo hepfo, cyane cyane kuruhande rwa OEC yatewe. Fidyka yabanje kubona intsinzi nyuma y'amezi atatu abikora, mugihe ikibero cye cy'ibumoso cyatangiye kwiyongera. MRIs zerekana ko icyuho cyo mu ruti rw'umugongo cyafunzwe. Yizera ko ari we muntu wa mbere ku isi wagaruye imikorere y’imyumvire kuva yaciwe burundu imitsi yumugongo.