Urubyiruko mu Rwanda

**Urubyiruko** ni umuntu wese uri hagati y'umwaka umwe ndetse n'imyaka 35 mu rwanda ubu urubyiruko rugize 40% by'abatuye mu Rwanda. Muri 2012, abagera kuri miliyoni 4.1 bari urubyiruko,  Minisiteri y’urubyiruko, umuco, na Siporo ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda isobanura urubyiruko nkabafite kuva ku myaka 14 kugeza 35.  Kimwe n'ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abatuye u Rwanda muri rusange ni bato. Kurenga 50% byabatuye u Rwanda bari munsi yimyaka 20 naho hagati yabaturage bafite imyaka 22 kuzamura.  Imijyi y'u Rwanda ifite umubare munini w'urubyiruko kurusha icyaro, nubwo 80% by'urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda rutuye mu cyaro. Urubyiruko rugizwe na 53% by'abaturage mu murwa mukuru, Kigali . Umubare w'urubyiruko mu Rwanda wiyongereyeho 30% kuva 2002 kugeza 2012. 

Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994 yangije ubukungu, iterambere, n'imiryango. Hishwe abantu 500.000 kugeza 1.000.000  abatutsi n'abahutu bose bagizweho ingaruka na jenocide ndetse nabatishoboye muri rusange   . Muri iki gihe urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda ugereranyije nicyo gihe bari impinja gusa muri jenoside cyangwa zitaravuka. Perezida uriho ubu , Paul Kagame yise iki gisekuru "u Rwanda rushya," yerekeza ku byababayeho gusa nyuma ya jenoside, guverinoma iyobowe na FPR . Mu rwego rwo gufasha urubyiruko kumenya amateka ndetse gufasha igihugu mwiterambere guverinoma y'u Rwanda yateguye gahunda zo kwigisha no kwibuka jenocide yakorewe abatutsi ibigira igikorwa ngaruka mwaka. Izi gahunda za leta zikora kugirango zihuze urubyiruko ninkuru yihariye, ya jenoside nibyabaye batigeze bahura nabyo. 

Ingaruka za jenoside zikomeye harimo ihinduka ry'imibereho y’abaturage bose bo mu Rwanda kandi zagize ingaruka zihariye ku myigire y’urubyiruko, ubuzima, ndetse n’umuryango.  Harimo no gusenyuka kwa  gahunda z’ubukungu, guverinoma, n’imiryango, umubare munini w’urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda rubaho mu bukene kandi ntirukurikirana amashuri abanza.  jenocide yagize ingaruka mu kwiyongera k'ubukene, n'impfu zatewe na virusi itera SIDA byatumye abana b'abanyarwanda barenga 95.000 ubu ari impfubyi abandi arabafakazi bityo niyomamvu twahagurukiye kuyirwanya binyuze mukwigisha amateka yaranze u Rwanda muri 1994. 

## Uburezi

Mbere y'ubukoloni, gahunda y'uburezi yo mu Rwanda ntiyari yubatswe neza. Abadage bakolonije igihugu ariko bahita basimburwa n’Ububiligi bwasobanuye gahunda nyinshi z’u Rwanda zirimo uburezi. Abamisiyonari gatolika bari bageze mu Rwanda hakiri kare kurusha abakoloni b'Abadage bari barashinze amashuri y'abamisiyoneri bigisha urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda kandi abakoloni b'Ababiligi bakomeje kwemerera Kiliziya gukora imirimo y'uburezi.  Ububiligi bwashizeho amashuri yonyine hagati ya 1923 na 1925 ariko byose byarafunzwe mbere ya 1929. Ububiligi ahubwo bwigaruriye mu buryo butaziguye amashuri y'abamisiyoneri. Igihe u Rwanda rwabonaga ubwigenge mu 1962, guverinoma nshya yashyize mu bikorwa amashuri abanza ku buntu kandi hateganijwe  gukomeza gahunda y'ubukoloni. 

Uyu munsi, Minisiteri y’Uburezi iragenzura gahunda zose z’uburezi rusange mu gihugu kandi igakomeza kugira intego yuko  " buri umuturage w’u Rwanda akomeza kuba isoko y' ubumenyi bugamije iterambere ry’imibereho myiza y’ubukungu n’igihugu hagamijwe kugera ku buringanire bw’uburezi bufite ireme bwibanda ku kurwanya ubujiji, guteza imbere siyanse no ikoranabuhanga, gutekereza kure n'indangagaciro nziza. "  Nyuma ya 1994, serivisi rusange zagombaga gusubirwamo no kongera gutekereza ku gukora intego nshya n’ibitekerezo by’u Rwanda.

Gahunda yabanjirije amashuri abanza kugeza mu yisumbuye mu Rwanda igabanyijemo ibice bine, ikurikirwa n’amashuri makuru. Amashuri abanza kwiyandikisha bikomeza kuba bito ariko bigenda byiyongera kubana bafite imyaka 3-6. Amashuri abanza yakira abanyeshuri kuva 7-12 kumyaka 6. *Tronc commun,* iyongerwa ryimyaka itatu yuburezi bwibanze ku buntu, ikora nkicyiciro cyo hasi cyamashuri yisumbuye. Amashuri yisumbuye arasaba amafaranga n'ikizamini cyo kwinjira nyuma yo gusoza *tronc commun* . 60 ku ijana by'amashuri yisumbuye ni amashuri acumbikira abanyeshuri. Nyuma yishuri ryisumbuye, abanyeshuri barangiza ikizamini A-kigena ubushobozi bwabanyeshuri nubushobozi bwo kwiga kaminuza nibindi bigo byisumbuye. U Rwanda rwahurije hamwe amashuri makuru ya leta kuko kaminuza yu Rwanda n’ibigo by’amashuri makuru yigenga byatejwe imbere kandi bikura. 

### Intego z'iterambere z'ikinyagihumbi
U Rwanda rwasinye kandi ruharanira kugera ku ntego z'umuryango w'abibumbye z'ikinyagihumbi (MDG) . Umubare umwe w’abahungu n’abakobwa biyandikisha mu mashuri abanza, bagera  kuburinganire bwibanze.  Itandukaniro ryinjiza ku bushobozi bwababyeyi  riracyari ikibazo muri gahunda yuburezi. U Rwanda rugaragaza intego z'ikinyagihumbi rushimangira ubushobozi bw’uburezi mu kugabanya ubukene no guteza imbere ubukungu n’iterambere rirambye.  intego z'ikinyagihumbi z'ibanda ku kugera ku gipimo cyo gusoma no kwandika 100%. 84,6% by'imyaka 15-19 na 79,9% by'imyaka 19-25 bafite gusoma no kwandika kandi bajijutse 

Ibintu  bibiri intego zikinyagihumbi zibandaho harimo kwiyandikisha kwambere mumashuri abanza no kurangiza icyiciro cyuburezi. 98% by'ingimbi biyandikisha mu mashuri abanza mugihe runaka mu Rwanda. Abenshi mu banyeshuri ntibakomeza kwiga ngo barangize amashuri  mu Rwanda. 

### Igipimo cyo kwiyongera ku rubyiruko mu Rwanda

Kuva mu 1998 kugeza 2009, kwiyandikisha mu mashuri abanza bwikubye hafi kabiri, hatangijwe uburezi bw'ibanze ku buntu mu 2003. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008 abanyeshuri bagera kuri miliyoni 2.2 bariyandikishije mu mashuri abanza. Mugihe amashuri abanza yiyongereye ku kigero cya 5.4 ku mwaka, muri icyo gihe amashuri yisumbuye yiyongereye ku gipimo cya 11%.  Igipimo cyo kuguma mu mashuri  kuva ku mashuri abanza kugeza mucyiciro cya kabiri cyaragabanutse mugihe. 42% by'abanyeshuri binjira mu mashuri abanza mu 2002 barangije amashuri barangije ayisumbuye, mu gihe biteganijwe ko abatageze kuri kimwe cya gatatu bazabikora ku banyeshuri binjiye mu mashuri abanza mu 2008.  85% by'abanyeshuri binjira *mu kiciro cya mbere cy'amashuri yisumbuye,* barangiza amashuri yisumbuye yisumbuye ateganijwe. 

Itandukaniro ryinjiza nuburinganire hagati yuburinganire bigira uruhare mubanyeshuri batarangije icyiciro cyuburezi. Abanyeshuri bari hejuru ya 20 ku ijana byubutunzi mu Rwanda bafite amahirwe umunani yo kurangiza icyiciro cy’uburezi kurusha abanyeshuri bari munsi ya 20% byubutunzi.  Amafaranga ataziguye yuburezi bwibanze n’amafaranga y’ishuri asabwa mu mashuri yisumbuye bituma bigora abanyeshuri bo mu miryango ikennye cyangwa / cyangwa urubyiruko ruyobora ingo gukomeza binyuze muri gahunda y’uburezi. Ikizamini cya OLevel, cyakozwe nyuma ya *tronc commun*, kigena abanyeshuri biyandikisha mumashuri yisumbuye. Abasore birashoboka cyane kurusha abakobwa bakiri bato gutsinda ikizamini cya OLevel bakiyandikisha mumashuri yisumbuye. 

Amashuri makuru yongera umubare w'abiyandikisha hamwe n’ubwiyongere bwa buri mwaka bwa 19% hagati ya 1999 na 2008.   Abakobwa bakiri bato bahagarariye 42 ku ijana by'abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri makuru. 

## Ubuzima
Amahirwe yo gupfa kubagabo nigitsina gore mbere yimyaka 15 ni 23% na 19%.  Urubyiruko, muri rusange, rufite ibibazo byinshi byubuzima nkabantu bakuru mu Rwanda. Indwara zandura, cyangwa zandura zigize 90% by'ibibazo by'ubuzima. Malariya ikomeje kuba ibyago byinshi by’impfu mu Rwanda ariko byagaragaye ko igabanuka rikabije ry’imfu n’impfu. Hagati ya 2001 na 2007, malariya yapfuye yavuye kuri 10.1% igera kuri 2%.  Kunywa itabi n'ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha itabi biriyongera mu gihugu ku rubyiruko. 24% by'abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri yisumbuye banywa itabi mu 2004 nk'uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'umuryango w'abibumbye ryita ku buzima.  12.3% by'abana kuva ku myaka 13 kugeza ku myaka 15 banywa itabi muri 2008. Ibitaro n’amavuriro byanditseho ubwiyongere bw’abarwayi bemewe n’indwara ziterwa n’itabi. 

### Ubuzima bw'imyororokere
Ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA mu Rwanda ni 3 ku ijana by'abaturage bari hagati y’imyaka 15 na 49.   Urubyiruko rwo mu mijyi rushobora kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu cyaro ku kigero cya 7.3 ku ijana na 2,2 ku ijana mu cyaro. Abakobwa bo mu mijyi, bafite hagati ya 15-24, banduye 3,9 ku ijana, mu gihe abasore bafite ubwandu bwa 1,1%. Kimwe cya gatandatu cyurubyiruko mu Rwanda rufatwa nkintege nke kubera ingaruka za sida mubuzima bwabo. 

Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yibanda kuri gahunda z'ubuzima bw'urubyiruko ku buzima bw'imyororokere n'imibonano mpuzabitsina. Urubyiruko rubona amakuru menshi kuri gahunda yubuzima bwimibonano mpuzabitsina na gahunda kuri radio. Gahunda nyinshi zo kwigisha urubyiruko kuri virusi itera SIDA zibanda ku kwifata gusa kandi ntizishimangira akamaro ko gukoresha agakingirizo.  Igikorwa cyimibonano mpuzabitsina cyurubyiruko rwu Rwanda rugaragaza urwego rwo hasi rwuburezi ku gukoresha agakingirizo. Abagera kuri 20 ku ijana by'urubyiruko rwo mu Rwanda ruri hagati ya 20 na 24 bemera ko bakoze imibonano mpuzabitsina mbere y’imyaka 18.  Igikorwa cyimibonano mpuzabitsina cyiganje cyane mu bagore bo mu ngo zifite ubukire ndetse no mu rubyiruko rw’abagabo n’abagore bayobora ingo. Gukoresha agakingirizo ntibigaragara cyane muri urwo rubyiruko rumwe n'abaturage muri rusange.  Ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera SIDA (ART) buboneka mu gihugu butuma abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA bakomeza kubaho mu mibonano no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bakuze.  Ibyavuye mu kumenya niba urubyiruko rwabana na virusi itera SIDA rwandika cyangwa rwinshi rwerekana imyitwarire y’imibonano mpuzabitsina ishobora kuba nyinshi cyangwa nkeya kurusha ababana na virusi itera SIDA ntibishoboka. 

Umubare munini w’u Rwanda rw’imfubyi n’urubyiruko rufite ibyago byinshi bibasirwa n’imibonano mpuzabitsina . Ubu buryo bwo guhuza ibitsina bufitanye isano n’ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Imibonano mpuzabitsina ikunze kugaragara muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ku rubyiruko mu kwagura ubukungu hagamijwe kubaho neza.  Minisiteri y’urubyiruko irimo gukora ibishoboka ngo ikureho ikibazo cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina n’ubukangurambaga bwa "Singurisha" (Ntabwo ngurishwa) yigisha ubucuruzi, amatorero, n’abandi bayobozi ku bijyanye n’inshingano z’abaturage mu gukemura iki kibazo. 

## Imfubyi n'urubyiruko rutishoboye

Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yagize ingaruka zirambye ku miryango yo mu Rwanda. kuruhande rwa guverinoma ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo hamwe n'imfubyi zarasenyewe mu gihe cya jenoside kandi ubwicanyi ubwabwo bwasize hafi icumi ku ijana by’abana bafite hagati y’imyaka 0-18 ari impfubyi.  Ingo zigera ku 10 ku ijana, cyangwa ingo 65.000, mu Rwanda ubu ni ingo ziyobowe n’urubyiruko.  Abana barenga 300.000 baba murugo nk'urwo 90 ku ijana bayobowe nabakobwa.  Imiryango iyobowe nurubyiruko ishyira mu kaga abakobwa bakagira ibyago byo gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina no guhuza ibitsina bakiri bato. 

Imfubyi zo mu Rwanda zumva ko zatewe isoni kandi zidashyigikiwe mu gace batuyemo kubera isano bashobora kuba bafite kuri virusi itera SIDA. VIH / SIDA ikomeje kwiyongera mu Rwanda bityo impfubyi zabuze ababyeyi umwe cyangwa bombi bazize virusi itera SIDA bigaragara ko zanduye. Nanone, impfubyi zimwe na zimwe za jenoside ni abana babagize uruhare muri jenocide yakorewe abatutsi. Imfubyi zifatwa nkizitera ibibazo kandi ntizifite inshingano mu Rwanda.  Muri jenoside na nyuma yayo, ibibazo byo kwizerana byagaragaye mu gihugu kandi bikomeje kugabanya umubano runaka.  Abana bafite ababyeyi nabana badafite ababyeyi ni urugero rwo rwibyo mu Rwanda.  Bitewe bitewe n'impamvu zimwe na zimwe, imfubyi zibona inkunga nke mumiryango yabo. Ubukene bukabije bugabanya ubushobozi bw'abaturage bamwe bwo gutunga imfubyi cyangwa urubyiruko rufite ingo.  Hamwe n'inkunga nke, ibibazo byo guhangayika, kwiheba, hamwe no guhungabana bikomeje gukara kandi birakomeje.  Abakobwa bakiri bato bakunze guhura nibibazo byuko nta muntu mukuru uba uhari ngo abayobore cyangwa abagire inama cyane cyane ab'imfupfi bigatuma bahura nibibazo byinshi bishingiye kwihohoterwa.

Umusore utishoboye ntabwo byanze bikunze ari impfubyi. 80 ku ijana by'urubyiruko rwo mu cyaro bafatwa nk'abatishoboye mu Rwanda.  Urubyiruko rufite intege nke rwimukira i Kigali rwizeye ko ruzatera imbere mu bukungu ariko rukagira amahirwe make cyangwa ubushobozi buke bwo kubona akazi karambye. Urubyiruko rwo mu mijyi rufite intege nke rukunze kubaho umunsi kuwundi mubihe bitaboroheye 

## Urugendo rwo kuva mu cyiciro kimwe bajya mukindi
Uburyo gakondo kubasore bava mu cyiciro kimwe bajya  mu kindi mu Rwanda ni ugukora bukwe. Mbere yo gushyingirwa, umusore agomba kubaka inzu y'umuryango wejo hazaza.  Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizeho amabwiriza asobanura uburyo n'aho amazu mashya agomba kubakwa. Guverinoma yu Rwanda yatangiye imishinga mishya y'imiturire yabaturage. miryango myinshi ituye mukarere hagendewe ku midugudu; bitandukanye na *gakondo, Muri*  gakondo byabaga ari urugo rw'umuryango wose ku butaka bumwe, kenshi babaga ari abahinzi. Guverinoma ifite amabwiriza y'ukuntu amazu agomba kubakwa mumugi wa kigali kandi abasore biracyabagoye kuyubaka kubera ubushobozi Inzitizi nini ku basore ni ukubona amabati yo hejuru akenewe mu kubaka inzu kandi arahenze mu Rwanda. Abasore bashakisha amahirwe yo kubona akazi kugirango babone uko bubaka inzu mu ndetse ngo babone n'ibikoresho. 

Amategeko yu Rwanda abuza gushyingirwa mbere y'imyaka makumyabiri n'umwe. Urubyiruko rw'abakobwa, cyane cyane mu cyaro cy'u Rwanda, bafatwa nk'abashaje cyane iyo bageze ku myaka makumyabiri n'itanu. Urubyiruko rwabakobwa babangavu narwo ntirukunze gutegereza iyo myaka ngo bashake. 12 ku ijana by'urubyiruko rw'abakobwa birangira badakoze ubukwe, bitewe nuko abagore ari benshi kurusha abagabo mu Rwanda
 

## Reba Kandi