Imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu Rwanda

***Imihindagurikire y’ibihe*** bivuga ihinduka rirambye ry’ubushyuhe n’imiterere y’ikirere. Ihindagurika rishobora kuba karemano, nko muburyo butandukanye bwizuba. Ariko guhera mu myaka ya 1800, ibikorwa byabantu nibyo byabaye intandaro y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ahanini kubera gutwika ibicanwa nka makara, peteroli na gaze.

## Ibimenyetso by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Isesengura rikomeye ryerekanye ibimenyetso bigaragara by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku rwego rw’isi kuko ubushyuhe bwazamutse bugera kuri 0.8 selisiyusi mu gihe cy’imyaka 150. Ibimenyetso bigaragara no ku gipimo cy'u Rwanda.

* Ibimenyetso byingenzi by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku rwego rw’isi
* Ubushyuhe bwazamutse bugera kuri 0.8 selisiyusi mugihe cyimyaka 150
* Ikigereranyo cy'inyanja ku isi cyazamutse hagati ya 10 na 20 santimetero (8ins) mu kinyejana gishize
* Umubare w’ibiza biterwa nikirere wiyongereyeho ibintu bitanu mu myaka 50
* Kuva mu myaka ya 1800, inyanja yahindutse aside igera kuri 40%, igira ingaruka ku buzima bwo mu nyanja

### Ibimenyetso by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu Rwanda

* U Rwanda rufite amapfa akomeye, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba. Izi mpinduka zijyanye n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe zagaragaye mu Rwanda:
* Isesengura ry’ibipimo by'ubushyuhe byafatiwe i Kanombe na Kamembe hagati ya 1971 na 2009, byerekana ko ubushyuhe bwiyongereyeho 1,2 selisiyusi mu Rwanda, mu gihe ubushyuhe bwo kwiyongera ku rwego rw'isi ari 0.8 selisiyusi mu gihe cy'imyaka 150
* U Rwanda rufite ubushyuhe bwiyongera, aho ku manywa; rimwe na rimwe ubushyuhe burenga dogere selisiyusi 30.Naho Mu gihe cyimvura (Werurwe, Mata, na Gicurasi) iminsi yizuba yariyongereye
* Ibihe by'imvura bigenda bibagufi kandi bikomeye, cyane cyane mu ntara y'amajyaruguru n'iburengerazuba. Ibyo na byo bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ubuhinzi;
* Rimwe na rimwe, imvura igwa ku munsi ishobora kungana ni imvura igwa mugihe kingana ni ukwezi. Ibi bitera imyuzure, inkangu, nibindi
* Umubare wiminsi imvura igwa kumwaka waragabanutse. Ikigereranyo kuri sitasiyo ya Kanombe cyerekanye ko hagati ya 1971 na 2009, iminsi y'imvura ku mwaka yagabanutse kuva ku 148 igera ku minsi 124

## Impamvu y'Imihindagurikire y'Ibihe
Siyanse yemeje ko ibikorwa byabantu byongereye imyuka ya parike mu kirere. Urugero, gutwika ibicanwa biva mu bwikorezi, gutema amashyamba, gutwika amakara, peteroli cyangwa gaze mu kubyara amashanyarazi, amatungo magufi, ibikorwa byubuhinzi nko gukoresha cyane ifumbire mvaruganda, nibindi. Uku kwiyongera kwa gaze ya parike byatumye ubushyuhe bwiyongera ku isi, ari nabwo butera imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

### Impamvu zitera imyuka ihumanya ikirere

* Gutwika amakara, peteroli, na gaze bitanga karuboni ya dioxyde na aside nitide.
* Gutema amashyamba, ibiti bifasha kugenzura ikirere hifashishijwe CO2 mu kirere. Iyo zimaze gutemwa, izo ngaruka zingirakamaro ziratakara kandi karubone yabitswe mubiti irekurwa mukirere, bikongerera ingaruka za parike.
* Kongera ubworozi bw'amatungo, kubera ko inyamaswa zororoka zitanga metani nyinshi iyo zinogeye ibiryo byazo.
* Gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ikabije irimo azote itanga imyuka ya azote.
* Imyuka ya fluor isohoka mubikoresho (firigo, ibyuma bikonjesha, nibindi) nibicuruzwa bikoresha iyi F-gaze. Ibyo byuka bifite ingaruka zikomeye zo gushyuha, bikubye inshuro 23 000 kurenza dioxyde de carbone.

#### Nigute ibikorwa byabantu byateye ubushyuhe bwisi?
Ibikorwa by'iterambere byakomeje kwiyongera kuva impinduramatwara mu nganda yatangiraga mu mwaka wa 1870. Inganda zakoresheje ibicanwa bitandukanye, birimo amakara, gaze, n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, byose bisohora gaze ya parike. Ibi bimaze igihe kinini mbere yuko abantu bakanguka ngo bibagiraho ingaruka. Byongeye kandi, kubera ubwinshi bwimijyi, ubwubatsi, guteka, nibindi, amashyamba yaraciwe, kandi nyamara ashobora gukuraho dioxyde de carbone (CO2) mukirere. Iyo amashyamba yangiritse, dioxyde de carbone isohoka mu kirere, kandi ibyo byatumye imyuka myinshi ya karuboni ihumanya. 

###### Tubwirwa n'iki ko abantu bafite uruhare mu bushyuhe bw'isi?
Abahanga bakoze ubushakashatsi ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere kugira ngo basobanukirwe n’ibintu bishobora gutera umubumbe gushyuha cyangwa gukonja. Ibinini ni impinduka zingufu zizuba, kuzenguruka inyanja, ibikorwa byibirunga, nubunini bwa gaze ya parike mukirere kandi buriwese yabigizemo uruhare mugihe kimwe. 

Mu kugerageza kumenya icyateye imihindagurikire y’ikirere muri iki gihe, abahanga barebye ibyo bintu byose. Ibice bitatu bya mbere byagiye bitandukana gato mu binyejana byashize kandi birashoboka ko byagize ingaruka nke ku kirere, cyane cyane mbere ya 1950. Ariko, ntibashobora kubara ubushyuhe bwiyongera kumubumbe iyo bwihuse cyane cyane mugice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 20, mugihe izuba ryagabanutse mubyukuri kandi kuruka kwikirunga byagize ingaruka zikonje.

Ubwo bushyuhe busobanurwa neza no kuzamuka kwa gaze ya parike. Imyuka ya parike igira ingaruka zikomeye ku kirere. Byongeye kandi, kuva Impinduramatwara mu inganda, abantu bagiye bongera byinshi muri byo mu kirere, cyane cyane mu gucukura no gutwika ibicanwa biva mu kirere nk’amakara, peteroli, na gaze bisohora karuboni ya dioxyde.

Iyongera ryihuse rya gaze ya parike yatumye ikirere gishyuha bitunguranye. Mubyukuri, imiterere yikirere yerekana ko ubushyuhe bwa parike bushobora gusobanura hafi y’imihindagurikire y’ubushyuhe kuva mu 1950. Ibi byemejwe n’akanama mpuzamahanga k’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (IPCC) kuri raporo yacyo ya mbere y’isuzuma.