Uburezi mu Rwanda

## Amateka yuburezi [[Rwanda|bw'u Rwanda]]

## Mbere yo Mu mwaka 1900
**Uburezi mu Rwanda** ntabwo bwari busanzwe kandi bwatangwaga ahanini binyuze mumuryango . Amasomo yatangwaga kandi binyuze mu matorero. aho bigaga ibya  gisirikare, ibijyanye n'intambara,  gucura ibyuma, ibisigo, kuboha ibitebo, n'ibindi

Ubumenyi bwabo mubuzima. 

## Mu mwaka 1960 kugeza mu mwaka 1994
Nyuma y'ubwigenge, hibanzwe ku kuvugurura gahunda y'uburezi no guteza imbere integanyanyigisho z'igihugu. Intego nyamukuru kwari ukugera ku bana benshi bo mu Rwanda cyane cyane kunoza uburyo bwo kwiga mu cyaro. Gahunda yigihugu no guhinduranya igitondo n'ikigorobabyatangijwe mu mwaka 1966. Kuva mu mwaka 1977 ,amashuri abanza yari imyaka 8 mu Kinyarwanda, mugihe amashuli yisumbuye yigishijwaga mugifaransa.

## Kuva Mu mwaka 1994 kugeza Mu mwaka 2012

Imyaka ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yibanze ku gushora imari kwabantu no kongera umubare w’abanyeshuri.mu mwaka 1996 hashyizweho amashuri abanza yimyaka 6, ikiciro rusange cyayisumbuye cyimyaka 3, nayisumbuye yimyaka 3, aho Kinyarwanda yari ururimi rwo kwigisha kugeza kumyaka 6 y'ibanze, mugihe ayisumbuye , yahindutse igifaransa nicyongereza .

Mu mwaka wa 2006, Gahunda ya 4 y’Ingamba z’Uburezi (ESSP 2006–2010) yashyizeho amashuri atishyurwa -9 Yibanze  - harimo abanza na tatu yisumbuye. Mugihe igipimo cyo kwiyandikisha cyazamutse, ibiciro bijyanye nishuri byakomeje kuba inzitizi kuri benshi. 

Mu mwaka wa 2008, mu rwego rwo gushimangira kwinjira ku Rwanda m'umuryango w’ibihugu by’Afurika y’iburasirazuba (EAC), icyongereza cyemejwe nkururimi rw’igihugu rwigisha, imyaka 3 gusa yambere y’amashuli abanza niyo yigishwa mu Kinyarwanda. 

Hashyizweho abayobozi benshi bashya:

* Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere abakozi (WDA) cyashinzwe mu mwaka 2008 kugira ngo gikemure muri politiki nziza, gukenera amahugurwa ya tekiniki n’imyuga kwabakozi.
* Ikigo gishinzwe uburezi mu Rwanda (REB), cyashinzwe mu mwaka 2011, cyabaye ikigo gishyira mu bikorwa uburezi rusange: gutanga politiki y’uburezi ibitekerezo ku bumenyi, guhuza ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda z’uburezi, kugenzura iterambere ry’imyigishirize, ibipimo by’uburezi, ibizamini by’igihugu ku bumenyi, n'ibindi.
* Muri Gashyantare mu mwaka 2018 Rwanda Polytechnic  ( http://www.rp.gov.rw/ )yashyizweho  ibumbira hamwe Ishuri rikuru ry'imyuga (IPRC), yabaye ikigo cy'ibikorwa n'amahame ya tekiniki, n'imyuga y'igihugu, etc

## Kuva Mu mwaka 2012 kugeza Mu mwaka 2016

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2012, muri gahunda nshya y’ingamba z’uburezi (ESSP 2013-2015), intego yavuye mu kongera umubare w'abinjira n'abiyandikisha mu myaka 9 y'ibanze igera ku kuzamura ireme n’akamaro k’ishuri ndetse no kongera amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri yisumbuye hatangijwe imyaka 12 y’ibanze. Politiki yuburezi (12YBE), ituma amafaranga yishuri atishyurwa kugeza mumashuri yisumbuye. 

## Minisiteri y'Uburezi
**Minisitiri w’uburezi** Dr. Valentine Uwamariya yasimbuye Dr Eugene Mutimura mu mwaka 2020 aba minisitiri w’uburezi

## '''Ubutumwa n'Intego'''
"Kurwanya ubujiji no kutamenya gusoma."

"Gutanga abakozi bafite akamaro mu iterambere ry'ubukungu n'umuryango by'u Rwanda binyuze mu burezi n'amahugurwa" 

## Amafaranga yuburezi
Uburezi bufite 15% byingengo y'igihugu muriyo 9.5% ahabwa HE

Mu 2003 amafaranga leta yakoresheje mu burezi yari Miliyari 48 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda (ni ukuvuga miliyoni 48.6 z'amapound cyangwa miliyoni 86 z'Amanyamerika).

Hagati ya 1996 na 2001 amafaranga rusange yakoreshejwe ava kuri 3.2% agera kuri 5.5%. Icyakora ibyinshi muribi byakoreshejwe mu mashuri yisumbuye.

## Ibipimo byuburezi

Inzego zikurikira zigenzura ibipimo byuburezi

- Urwego rw'ubwubatsi n'ibikoresho

* Gushiraho ibipimo by'icyumba cy'ishuli /ubwubatsi bwishuri.

- Inama y’igihugu ishinzwe ibizamini

* Gushyiraho ibipimo byamanota niterambere murwego rukurikira rwuburezi.

Ishami rishinzwe igenamigambi

* Gushyiraho no gukurikirana ibipimo byerekana imikorere ya sisitemu.

- Ubugenzuzi Bukuru bw’Uburezi

* Kugenzura no gutanga inama kubijyanye no kubahiriza amahame.

## Ikoranabuhanga n'itumanaho(ICT) mu burezi

Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yashyizeho ingamba z'igihugu mu ikoranabuhanga n'itumanaho (ICT). Ibi bihuzwa n’ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ry’u Rwanda (RITA)  cyari kigamije kuba urwego rw’igihugu mu rwego rwo gushyigikira iterambere no gushyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa remezo by’itangazamakuru n’itumanaho mu nzego za Leta n’abikorera.

Minisiteri y’Uburezi (MINEDUC) http://mineduc.gov.rw/ igira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya ICT mu mashuri kandi ikaba iyobora umushinga umwe wa mudasobwa igendanwa ku mwana http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Rwanda mu gihugu.

Nubwo muri iki gihe hari ubumenyi buke bwa ICT n’inkunga ya tekiniki, uburezi bwa ICT bwigishwa mu mashuri makuru kugeza mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye. Kwigisha ICT byatangiye gutanga umusaruro , aho abanyeshuri benshi ubu babona ibiraka bagahabwa umushahara mwiza (ukurikije ibipimo byaho). U Rwanda kandi rushobora gukurura ubucuruzi binyuze mu ndimi ebyiri Igifaransa n'Icyongereza zikoreshwa  n'abaturage benshi.

Rwanda Education Commons (REC) ni gahunda yimyaka ine iterwa inkunga na USAID mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya ICT mu burezi. Kuva REC yafungura ibiro byayo muri MINEDUC muri Mutarama mu mwaka 2009, yakoze mu rwego rwo kwagura ubumenyi bw'abarimu, guhuza abarezi hagati yabo, ndetse no gushishikariza no guha ubushobozi abarimu. REC yesheje umuhigo wo kugera ku ntego zayo no kumenyekana nk'umufatanyabikorwa ufatika kandi mwiza mu gufasha u Rwanda kugera kuri ICT mu ntego z'uburezi. REC yateguye urubuga rwuburezi kuri interineti www.educationcommons.rw Uyu muryango wa interineti urimo isomero riteye imbere ryujuje ubuziranenge ninteganyanyigisho, inama zungurana ibitekerezo, ibikoresho byimbuga rusange, hamwe namakuru. Abarimu barenga 1.630 biyandikishije kuri uru rubuga  kandi bahora barukoresha.

Bamwe mu banyeshuri bagiye biga muri kaminuza nyafurika yemerera abanyeshuri kwiga kumurongo mugihe bigishwa nabarimu baturutse mubindi bihugu.

Mu Kwakira umwaka 2006, Komisiyo ya e-Africa ya NEPAD yatangije umushinga wo kurushaho guteza imbere ICT mu mashuri yo mu Rwanda. Umushinga uzahuza amashuri muri Afrika, harimo abanza n'ayisumbuye, kandi ugamije kwaguka; amaherezo izashyiramo amashuri yisumbuye yose yu Rwanda.

Ibigo bibiri nibyo bifite uruhare runini mu burezi bwa ICT - KIST (Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga rya Kigali)  na KIE (Ikigo cy’uburezi cya Kigali .

Kuva mu mwaka 2005, KIE yagize uruhare muri ICT muri gahunda y’uburezi mu rwego rw’umushinga munini wa EdQual , uterwa inkunga n’ishami ry’Ubwongereza rishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga DfID kandi urimo ibihugu bine by’abafatanyabikorwa ba Afurika. Gahunda ya EdQual mu Rwanda  yagiye ikorana n’abarimu bo mu mashuri 12 abanza nayisumbuye mu Rwanda. Binyuze muri gahunda y'amahugurwa n'ibikorwa mumashuri, abarimu bagiye batezimbere ubumenyi bwabo bwa ICT no gukoresha ICT kugirango bashyigikire kwigisha no kwiga siyanse n'imibare. Ubundi bushakashatsi buciriritse bwa EdQual bwagereranije umushinga wa NEPAD mu mashuri yo mu Rwanda na Kenya.

## Igipimo cyo gusoma no kwandika
Igipimo cyo gusoma no kwandika mu gihugu, cyerekanye ko abafite imyaka 15 kuzamura bashobora gusoma no kwandika, cyari 71% mu mwaka 2009, 38% mu 1978 na 58% mu  mwaka 1991.

## Imbogamizi z'uburezi mu Rwanda
Urwego rw'uburezi umuntu aba afite akenshi rubonwa nk'uburyo bwo gukusanya imari ifasha mu iterambere ry'ibihugu. Mu Rwanda, mu myaka yashize guverinoma yashyize mu bikorwa politiki yo kugira ngo habeho umubare munini w'abaturage bazi gusoma no kwandika. Mu mwka 2004–2008, 77% by'abagabo n'abagore bari bazi gusoma no kwandika, ibyo bikaba ari ijanisha ryinshi, nyamara, abakomeza amashuri yisumbuye bahagaze kuri 31%.  Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, **Minisiteri y'Uburezi (MINEDUC)**  igaragara nkitarashobora kwesa umuhigo wo kugirango abana bato bose bajye ku ishuli.

Urwego rw'uburezi, mu Rwanda, rukomeje kuba ruto nubwo hashyizwe mu bikorwa politiki y'uburezi buteganijwe ku mashuri abanza (imyaka 6) ndetse n'ayisumbuye (imyaka 3 ) iyobowe n'amashuri ya Leta. Abana ntibasabwa kuriha amafaranga yishuri kuri ayo mashuri. Biteganijwe ko umunyarwanda arangiza impuzandengo y'imyaka 10,6 y'uburezi.  Ariko, impuzandengo y'imyaka u Rwanda ikoresha mumashuri ni imyaka 3.3, ibyo bikaba biri munsi yibyateganijwe. Bikaba biri no munsi y'imyaka isanzwe y'ishuri mubihugu byateye imbere na Afrika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara, kuko ho biga imyaka 10.0 n'imyaka 4.5.  Hashingiwe kuri raporo **y’iterambere ry’abantu** 2010 **(HDI)**, u Rwanda ruri ku mwanya wa 152 mu bihugu 169 byose biri mu cyiciro cy’iterambere ry’abantu. 

Umubare w’abanyarwanda binjira mu mashuri wiyongereye hagati yu mwaka 2001 na 2008, ariko ibikoresho n’umutungo ntibyiyongereye ku kigero kimwe. Kwiyandikisha mu mashuri abanza byikubye hafi kabiri mu myaka icumi ishize, ku mpuzandengo y’ubwiyongere buri mwaka ya 5.4 ku ijana hagati ya 1998 na 2009, igera ku banyeshuri bagera kuri miliyoni 2.2 muri 2008. Icyakora, ubwiyongere bw'abanyeshuri bwatinze mu 2007/08 hiyongereyeho abanyeshuri 40.000 gusa, ugereranije no kwiyongera kw'abanyeshuri 160.000 muri 2005/06. Igitangaje ni uko nta kwiyongera gukomeye kugaragara nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’uburezi bwibanze ku buntu mu 2003/04, bivuze ko ibintu bitari amafaranga y’ishuri bigira uruhare mu cyemezo cyo kohereza umwana ku ishuri. Mu mwaka wa 2008, abanyeshuri bagera ku 71 bo mu mashuli abanza bigiraga mu cyumba kimwe, mu mashuri yisumbuye abanyeshuri bagera kuri 5 ugereranyije basangiye igitabo 1. Mu mashuli abanza umwarimu yigisha abanyeshuri bagera kuri 62 ugereranyije. Amashuri yo mucyaro cya kure cyane nayo abona ko bigoye gukurura abarimu.  Inzitizi zindi n’uko ibikoresho by’inyongera byo gusoma bitari bihagije, cyane cyane ku byiciro by’amashuri abanza.

* (i) gukwirakwiza ibitabo biterwa cyane no kuboneka kwinkunga, bigira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwa guverinoma bwo gukora igenamigambi rihagije, kandi ntibishobora gusubiza neza amasoko n'ibisabwa.
* (ii) gusuzuma amasoko yo gutangaza ibitabo akenshi bifata igihe kirekire
* (iii) abarimu bumva ko badafite uruhare ruhagije mugikorwa cyo gutoranya ibitabo
* (iv) ibitabo bishobora kwangirika kubera gukwirakwiza nabi no gucunga aho bibikwa

Izi ngingo zitera kunyuranya ibitabo kwabanyeshuri hagati y’ishuri no mu turere. Ibi bigenda byerekana ko hakiri imbogamizi mubijyanye no kubona n'ibitabo byujuje ubuziranenge mu Rwanda biteganijwe ko bizakemurwa muri gahunda zimirije. 

Abagera kuri 40% by'abarimu mu Rwanda bafite uburambe bwimyaka 5 yo kwigisha.  Umubare w’abarimu bujuje ibisabwa mu mashuri abanza wiyongereye kugera kuri 99% muri 2008, nyamara, umubare w’abarimu bujuje ibisabwa mu mashuri yisumbuye ikiciro cya mbere ni 36% na 33% gusa mu kiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri yisumbuye.  Ibi bivuze ko u Rwanda rudafite abakozi bafite ubumenyi buhanitse, cyane cyane iyo urebye umubare munini wabarimu badafite ubushobozi bwo kwigisha abanyeshuri bo mumashuri yisumbuye. 

Abigisha benshi bumvaga ko bahembwa nabi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, 10% gusa by’abarimu babajijwe bose nibo bize kugira ngo babone impamyabumenyi ihanitse yo kwigisha mu Rwanda.  Benshi mubarimu bigisha mumashuri yisumbuye bariga bashaka impamyabumenyi ihanitse itari iyo kwigisha. Ibi birerekana ko ubushake bwo gukomeza amashuri ari buke kandi hari n'indi mirimo ifite inyungu nyinshi ugereranije no kwigisha mu Rwanda. Muri rusange, kutagira ireme muri gahunda yuburezi, nkibipimo byabarimu, kubura ibikoresho nubutunzi bituma amashuri adashimishije. 

## Amashuri abanza
Ururimi rukoreshwa mu kwigisha mu myaka itatu yambere yuburezi bwibanze ni Kinyarwanda . Mu mwaka wa kane kugeza mu wa gatandatu, ni Icyongereza.

Amasomo y’igifaransa yasubukuwe buri cyumweru mu mashuri abanza, guhera mu 2016. 

Imibare kuva mu mwaka 2003: 

Nubwo hari byinshi byagezweho mu Rwanda rugerageza kugera ku burezi bw'ibanze ku isi yose, kuri ubu rufite kimwe mu bipimo byisubiramo cyane mu karere ka Sahara.

Amashuri abanza arangiye, abanyeshuri bafata icyemezo cyibanze cyuko barangije amashuli abanza (PLE).

## Amashuri yisumbuye
Ururimi bigamo ni Icyongereza.

Imibare, kuva 2007: 

Amashuri yisumbuye agabanijwe mu  cyiciro cya mbere n'icyiciro cya kabiri, byombi bimara imyaka 3. Amashuri Yisumbuye, kimwe n'abanza yibanda ku kunguka ubumenyi nubuhanga. Hamwe na 6 abanza ukongeraho 3 yisumbuye ikiciro cya mbere nibyo bikora -9YBE - 9 yibanze. Iyo myaka 3 irangiye, abanyeshuri bakora Urwego-O,ibizamini byigihugu bibafasha gukomeza Amashuri Yisumbuye. Benshi kandi bakomeza muri sisitemu ya TVET - sisitemeTekiniki, imyuga n'amahugurwa.

Guhera mu kiciro cya kabiri cy'ayisumbuye, abanyeshuri batangira amasomo yihariye:

* Amashuri Yisumbuye  (GSS): aho abanyeshuri bazobereye muri siyanse, ubumuntu, cyangwa indimi bakazakora ibizamini byo kurwego rw'igihugu.
* Amashuri yisumbuye ya Tekinike (TSS): amahugurwa ya tekinike aganisha ku cyemezo cya A2. Muri EDPRS II  guteza imbere ubumenyi bwa tekiniki n’imyuga byagaragaye ko ari ngombwa mu kuzamura ubukungu bw’u Rwanda. Hifashishijwe ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere abakozi (WDA) mu mwaka wa 2008 iyi nzira yisumbuye ya tekiniki iri mu nzira yo kwinjizwa mu bigo by’ubukungu by’akarere ka IPRC,  hamwe n’ibigo byigisha imyuga (VTC's) hamwe n’Amashuri makuru. y'Ikoranabuhanga (CoT's).
* Amashuri makuru yo guhugura abarimu (TTC) : Abanyeshuri bari muriyamashuli bahugurirwa kuba abarimu bo mumashuri abanza (nubwo bamwe bakomeza amasomo mumashuri makuru). Kuri 16 TTC, gutegura integanyanyigisho, gusuzuma no gutanga ibyemezo ninshingano za kaminuza yuburezi ya kaminuza yu Rwanda (UR-CE). 

Umubare wabanyeshuri nuburinganire muri mwaka 2015: 

## Amashuri makuru
Kugeza mu mwaka 2015, mu Rwanda hari ibigo 44 by'amashuri makuru, 12 muri byo ni ibya Leta naho 32 byigenga.  Kaminuza ya mbere mu Rwanda, kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda (NUR ubu iri muri kaminuza yu Rwanda ), yafunguwe na guverinoma mu mwaka 1963, ifite abanyeshuri 49. Umwaka w'amashuri wa 1999–2000, ibi byariyongereye bigera ku 4,550. Mu 1997-1998 u Rwanda rwari rufite abanyeshuri 5.571 biyandikishije mu mashuri makuru. Uyu munsi abanyeshuli babarirwa muri 26.796, 39% muri bo ni igitsina gore.

Muri sisitemu yo mumashuri makuru harakorwa PhD zigera ku 100, igice kinini cyazo zikorerwa muri NUR. Mu bice by'ubushakashatsi harimo ubuhinzi, ubworozi, n'amahugurwa y'abashinzwe imirima. Hashyizweho gahunda ya 'Universités du soir' (kaminuza zo mu ishuri rya nijoro) kugira ngo yongere kaminuza. Ariko, habaye impaka zijyanye nubwiza bwamasomo yatanzwe.

Ishami rishinzwe amashuri makuru mu Rwanda riracyafite byinshi mu guteza imbere imyigishirize. Muri 2000–1, umwaka wanyuma abanyeshuri barangije bafite amanota ari hagati ya 11 na 50%. Mu myaka yose, iki gipimo cyo gutsinda ni 53-76%.

Amashuri makuru mu Rwanda ni:

Kaminuza y'u Rwanda, nayo igizwe na kaminuza 6:

* Kaminuza y'u Rwanda - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga (ahahoze hitwa Kigali Institute of Science and Technology)
* Kaminuza yu Rwanda - Ishuri Rikuru Nderabarezi (ryahoze ryitwa Kigali Institute of Education)
* Kaminuza y'u Rwanda - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuvuzi n'Ubuzima (ryahoze ryitwa Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Kigali)
* Kaminuza y'u Rwanda - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubucuruzi n'Ubukungu (ahahoze hitwa Ishuri ry'Imari na Banki)
* Kaminuza yu Rwanda - Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuhinzi, Ubumenyi bw’inyamaswa n’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo (ahahoze hitwa ISAE Busogo)
* Kaminuza y'u Rwanda - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuhanzi n'Ubumenyi bw'Imibereho (yahoze yitwa kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda)
* Ishuri Rikuru ry'Abarimu mu Rwanda (RTC)

Kaminuza Nyafurika y'Ubuyobozi 

Tumba College of Technology (TCT)

Umutara Polytechnic (UP)

Ikigo cya Polytechnic Regional Centre Centre Kicukiro Campus (IPRC)

Ikigo cy’amategeko n’iterambere (ILPD)

Amashuri Makuru Yigenga

Ikigo Gatolika cya Kabgayi (ICK)

Kaminuza yigenga ya Kigali (ULK)

Ikigo cy'Ubuhinzi, ikoranabuhanga n'Uburezi ya Kibungo (INATEK)

Institut Laique adventiste de Kigali (INILAK)

Kaminuza y'Abadiventisti bo muri Afurika yo Hagati n'Uburasirazuba (AUCA)

Institut d'Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri (INES)

Kaminuza Gatolika y'u Rwanda (CUR)

Kaminuza ya KIM (yahoze ari ikigo gishinzwe imiyoborere ya Kigali): www.kimuniversity.ac.rw

Byumba Polytechnic (IPB) - Kibogora Polytechnic (KP)

- Ikigo cy'Abaporotesitanti cy'Ubuhanzi n'Ubumenyi bw'Imibereho (PIASS)

- Kaminuza y'Ubukerarugendo, Ikoranabuhanga n'Ubucuruzi (UTB)

Kaminuza ya Mount Kenya Kigali (MKU Kigali)

Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Kigali, ikigo cy’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (ISAE)

- Ikigo cya Akilah gishinzwe abagore

## Reba kandi

* Urutonde rw'amashuri mu Rwanda

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Umuyoboro Mpuzamahanga w'Amashuri Makuru Muri Afurika
* Kaminuza ya NUR
* Minisiteri y'Uburezi, u Rwanda
* U Rwanda Uburezi, u Rwanda
* Rwanda Gateway
* Amakuru Yaturutse muri Afurika
* Akilah Institute for Women