Least developed countries

Igihugu gishobora gushyirwa mucyiciro cy’ibihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere iyocyujuje ibi bikurikira bitatu:  

* Ubukene – igipimogihindurwa gishingiye kumusaruro mbumbew’igihugu (GNI) kumuturage ugereranije mumyaka itatu. As of 2024 , igihugu kigomba kugirumusaruro w’imbere w’umuturage urimunsi y’amadolari y’Amerika 1,088 kugirango gishyirwe kururwo rutonde, kandi kigomba kuba gifite arenga $1,306 kugirango kivemo (cyangwa arenga $3,918 munsi y’umubare w’amafaranga yinjiragusa, arina womubare uruta inshuro eshatu umubare w’amafaranga yinjira).
* Urwego rw'Imitungo y'Abantu ruri hasi (hashingiwe ku bipimo by'imirire, ubuzima, uburezi n'ubumenyi bw'abakuze ). Guhera mu 2024, igihugu kigomba kuba gifite amanota ya HAI ari munsi ya 60 kugira ngo kibashe gushyirwa kuri urwo rutonde, n'abarenga 66 kugira ngo kibe cyararangije.
* Ingorane z'ubukungu (zishingiye ku kutumvikana k'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi, kutumvikana k'ibicuruzwa na serivisi byoherezwa mu mahanga, akamaro k'ubukungu bw'ibikorwa bitari ibyagakondo, ubwinshi bw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mumahanga, ubumuga bw'ubukungu buke, n'ijanisha ry'abaturage bakuwe mu byabo n'ibiza ). Guhera mu 2024, igihugu kigomba kuba gifite amanota ya EVI arenga 36 kugira ngo kibarwe kuri urworutonde, kandi abatarenze 32 bakarurangiza.

Kugeza mu Ukuboza 2024, ibihugu 44 byaribikiri mucyiciro cya LDC, mugihe umunani byarangije hagatiya 1994 na 2024.  Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Ubucuruzi (WTO) wemeyurutonde rwa Loni kandi uvugako "Ingamba zafashwe murwego rwa WTO zishobora gufasha LDC kongera ibyo zohereza mu mahanga kubindibihugu bigize WTO nogukurura ishoramari. Mubihugu byinshi biri munzira y’amajyambere, amavugurura ashyigikira isoko yashishikarije iterambere ryihuse, gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mumahanga, nokugira uruhare rugaragara mu bucuruzi bw’ibihugu byinshi." 

## Incamake

Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya LDC bisuzumwa burimyaka itatu na Komite ishinzwe Politiki y'Iterambere (CDP) y'Inama y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ishinzwe Ubukungu n'Imibereho Myiza (ECOSOC). Ibihugu bishobora gukurwa mucyiciro cya LDC iyibipimo birengeje ibibipimo mu isuzuma rikurikiranye inshuro eshatu.  Ibiro by'Umuryango w'Abibumbye by'Intumwa Nkuru y'Ibihugu Bikiri mu Majyambere, Ibihugu Bidakora ku Nyanja n'Ibihugu Bikiri mu Majyambere Bito (UN-OHRLLS) bihuzinkunga ya Loni kandibigatanga serivisi z'ubuvugizi kubihugu Bikiri mu Majyambere Myiza. Icyiciro ( as of December 2024  ) ireba ibihugu 44. 

Munama yakane ya Loni kubihugu bya LDCs, yabaye muri Gicurasi 2011, intumwa zemeye intego igamije kuzamura nibura kimwe cya kabiri cy'ibihugu bya LDCs biriho ubumumyaka icumi iri imbere.  Kugeza mu 2018, ibihugu icumi cyangwa birenga byari byitezwe kobizarangiza mu 2024, muri Bangladesh byaribyujuje ibisabwa byose mu 2018. 

Ntagihugu cyujujibisabwa ubukandi haribihugu bitatu byaribyujuje ibisabwa kugirango bibe LDC, arikobyanze gushyirwa murutonde, bibaza nibamakuru ya CDP afitukuri cyangwukuri: Ghana (ntikibyujuje ibisabwa kuvamu 1994), Papua Nouvelle-Guinée (ntikibyujuje ibisabwa kuva mu 2009), na Zimbabwe (ntikibyujuje ibisabwa kuva mu 2018). 

## Imikoreshereze n'amagambo ahinnye
Ibihugu bikiri munzira y'amajyambere bishobora gutandukanywa n'ibihugu bikiri munzira y'amajyambere, "ibihugu bikiri munzira y'amajyambere", "ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere", cyangwa andi magambo asa nayo.

Ijambo "igihugu kidateye imbere cyane" (LEDC) naryo rikoreshwa murikigihe. Arikokugira ngo hirindwe urujijo hagati y'"igihugu kidateye imberecyane" n'"igihugu kidateye imbere cyane" (bishobora gusobanurwa mu magambo ahinnye nka LDC), nokugirango hirindwurujijo n'igihugu kidateye imbere kidakora kunyanja (bishobora gusobanurwa mu magambo ahinnye nka LLDC), "igihugu kidatera imbere" gikoreshwa cyane kuruta "igihugu kidateyimberecyane".

Mwisuzuma ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu 2018, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wasobanuye ko ibihugu bitagira ingano mubihugu bya LDC byujuje ibipimo bitatu, kimwemuribyo kikabacyari ikigereranyo cy’imyaka itatu cy’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu (GNI) kuri burimuturage kirimunsi y’amadolari y’Amerika 1,025. 

## Inama za Loni

Habayeho inameshanu z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye kubihugu bya LDC, zibaburimyaka icumi. Ebyiri za mbere zabereye i Paris, mu 1981 na 1991; iyagatatu yabereye i Buruseli mu 2001.

Inamaya kane ya Loni ku bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere (LDC-IV) yabereye i Istanbul muri Turukiya, ku ya 9-13 Gicurasi 2011. Yitabiriwe na Ban Ki-moon, umuyobozi wa Loni, hamwe n’abaminisitiri b’intebe n’abakuru b’ibihugu bagera kuri 50. Iyi nama yemeje intego yogukura kimwe cyakabiri cy’ibihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere mucyiciro cya LDC mu 2022. Kimwe n’amasezerano y’iterambere ya Seoul yateguwe mu 2010, hashyizwe imbaragacyane mukongera ubushobozi bwo gukora umusaruro n’ibikorwa remezo bifatika, ahwimiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri leta itishimiye imbaraga zishyirwa kurwego rw’abikorera.  

Inama ya Gatanu y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye kubihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere (LDC-V) yagabanyijwemo ibice bibiri mugihe kingana n’umwaka, hagatiy’icyicaro gikuru cya Loni i New York ku ya 17 Werurwe 2022 na Doha kuya 5-9 Werurwe 2023. 

## Ubucuruzi
Ibibazo bijyanye n'amategeko agengubucuruzi mpuzamahanga na za LDC byakuruye itangazamakuru na politiki cyanebitewe n'ibiganiro bya Doha Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) byasenyutse vuba ahabyitwaga uruzinduko rw'iterambere. Mugihe cya Minisitiri wa Hong Kong wa WTO, hemejwe ko za LDC zishobora kubona 100% by'inyungu kumasoko y'Amerika mu gihe uruzinduko rwarangiye. Ariko isesengura ry'amasezerano yakozwe n'imiryango itegamiye kuri leta ryagaragaje ko inyandiko y'amasezerano ya LDC yari yatanzwe yari ifite icyuhokinini gishobora gutuma ubwishingizi buke kuruta 100% by'inyungu ku masoko y'ibihugu bikize, ndetse bishobora no gusiba uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwa LDCs bwokugera kumasoko y'ibihugu bikize mu buryo budafite imisoro.   Kutanyurwa n'ibi cyuho byatumye bamwe mu bahanga mu by'ubukungu basaba ko amasezerano ya Hong Kong avugururwa. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Chiedu Osakwe, kuvamu 2001, Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Ubufatanye mubya Tekiniki mu Bunyamabanga bwa WTO, akaba n’umujyanama w’Umuyobozi Mukuru kubibazo by’ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere, yagizwe Umuhuzabikorwa wihariye wa WTO kubihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere kuva mu 1999.  Yakoranye bya hafi n’izindi nzego eshanu hamwe na WTO zigize Urwego rw’ibikorwa bihuriweho ku bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere. Baganiriye ku bibazo byokubona isoko, ingingo zihariye n’izitandukanye kubihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere, uruhare rw’ibihugu bikiri munzira y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu byinshi, n’ibibazo by’iterambere, cyane cyane inyungu z’ibihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere muri politiki y’ipiganwa.  Munama ya 28 ya G8 yabereye i Kananaskis, muri Alberta, Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Kanada Jean Chrétien yatanze igitekerezo kandi ashyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo kubona isoko, kugira ngo ibihugu 48 bikiri munzira y’ubucuruzi bishobore kungukira mu "bucuruzi butari inkunga".  Byongeye kandi, Intego ya 14 y’Iterambere Rirambye ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ishyigikira ko LDC zifatwa muburyo bwihariye kandi butandukanye nk’igice cy’ingenzi cy’ibiganiro byo gutanga inkunga kuburobyi muri WTO. 

=== Ibyifuzwa byo kugera ku isoko ===
Ibihugu byinshibiha uburenganzira bwokugera kubihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere. Urugero, [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi]] washyize mubikorwa gahunda ya Everything but Arms, mu gihe [[Ubusuwisi]] buha uburenganzira bwo kugera kwisoko ry’ibicuruzwa byose ku bihugu bikirimu nzira y’amajyambere.  Kugera kwisoko ry’u Buyapani na byonubuntu kubihugu bikiri munzira y’amajyambere. 

Guhera kwitarikiya 1 Ukuboza 2024, Ubushinwa bwakuyeho imisoro kubicuruzwa byinjizwaga mu bihugu byose Umuryango w’Abibumbye ushyira mubyiciro ko bitaratera imbere kandi Ubushinwa bufitanye umubano wa dipolomasi . Ibihugu mirongo itatu na bitatu bizungukira muri aya masezerano biri mur'Afurika nahibihugu bitari iby'Afurika bihabwa imisorontamisoro ni Yemeni, Kiribati, Ibirwa bya Salomo, Afuganisitani, Bangladesh, Kamboje, Lawosi, Miyanimari, Nepali, na Timoru y’Iburasirazuba . 

== Urutonde rw'ibihugu ==
[[Lawosi|Ibihugu]] [[Uburundi|44]] [[Lesoto|bikurikira]] [[Liberiya|bikurikira]] [[Cade|byashyizwe]] [[Komore|ku]][[Bangaladeshi|rutonde]] [[Eritereya|nk’ibihugu]]  [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|cyane]][[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika|n’umuryango]] [[Bene|w’abibumbye]] [[Jibuti|guhera]] [[Burukina Faso|mu]] [[Afuganisitani|Kuboza]] [[Kambodiya|2024]] [[Angola|:]][[Etiyopiya|​]][[Gambiya|​]][[Gineya|​]][[Gineya-Biso|​]][[Hayiti|​]][[Kiribati|​]] [[Madagasikari|.]][[Malawi|​]][[Mali|​]][[Moritaniya|​]][[Mozambike|​]][[Mayanimari|​]][[Nepali|​]][[Nigeri|​]][[Rwanda|​]][[Senegali|​]][[Siyera Lewone|​]][[Ibirwa bya Solomoni|​]][[Somaliya|​]][[Sudani y’Amajyepfo|​]][[Sudani|​]][[Tanzaniya|​]][[Timoro-Lesite|​]][[Togo|​]][[Tuvalu|​]][[Ubugande|​]][[Yemeni|​]][[Zambiya|​]]

=== Hakurikijwe umugabane cyangwa akarere ===
Hari ibihugu 32 byashyizwe mu cyiciro cy’ibihugu bidakize cyane mur'[[Afurika]], 8 muri [[Aziya]], 3 muri [[Oseyaniya]], nakimwe mur'[[Amerika]] .

Urutonde rw' "ibihugu bidateye imberecyane" nk'uko [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w'Abibumbye]] ubivuga, bimwe muribyo bikaba biri mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bidakora kunyanja n'ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byo mubirwa bito : 

**Afurika**

* Angola
* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* D.R. Congo
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* The Gambia
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mozambique
* Niger
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Uganda
* Zambia

**Amerika**

* Haiti

**Aziya**

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Cambodia
* Laos
* Myanmar
*   Nepal
* Timor-Leste
* Yemen

**Oseyaniya*'

* Kiribati
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu

Ibipimobitatu (umutungo w’abantu, ibibazo by’ubukungu n’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu kuri buri muturage) bigenzurwa na Komite ishinzwe Politiki y’Iterambere buri myaka itatu. Ibihugu bigomba kuzuza bibiri muribitatu mwisuzuma rikurikiranye ry’imyaka itatukugira ngo bisuzumwe mbere yo kurangiza amasomo. Komite ishinzwe Politiki y’Iterambere yohereza inama zayo zo kwemeza Inama y’Ubukungu n’Imibereho Myiza (ECOSOC). 

Nyuma yogutangiza icyiciro cya LDC, ibihugu umunani byarangije kugera kurwego *rw'igihugu gikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere* . Igihugu cyambere cyarangije kugera kurwego rw'ubukungu ni [[Botswana]] mu 1994. Igihugucyakabiri cyari [[Kapu Veri|Cape Verde]] mu 2007.  [[Malidivezi|Maldives]] yarangije kugera ku rwego *rw'igihugu gikiri munzira y'amajyambere'' muntangiriro za 2011, Samoa mu 2014,   Guinée Equatorial mu 2017,  Vanuatu mu Ukuboza 2020,  Bhutan mu Ukuboza 2023,  na São Tomé na Príncipe mu Ukuboza 2024. 

Ibihugu bikurikira ntibikiri mu itsinda ry’ "ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere":

* Sikkim (became a state within the Republic of India on 16 May 1975)
* Botswana (graduated from LDC status in December 1994)
* Cape Verde (graduated in December 2007)
* Maldives (graduated in January 2011)
* Samoa (graduated in January 2014)
* Equatorial Guinea (graduated in June 2017)
* Vanuatu (graduated on 4 December 2020)
* Bhutan (graduated on 13 December 2023)
* São Tomé and Príncipe (graduated on 13 December 2024)

### Biteganijwe ko ibihugu bizarangiza amasomo vuba aha

* Bangladesh yujuje ibisabwa kabiri, rimwe mu 2018 na none mu 2021. Igihugu kizarangiza ku mugaragaro sitati ya LDC ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2026, nyuma y'imyaka ibiri cyari giteganyijwe, kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19 . 
* Lawosi na Nepal nazo zizarangiza ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 2026.  Uyu wa nyuma yatoranyijwe ku rwego rwo kurangiza amashuri ye mu mwaka wa 2018. Ariko, abayobozi ba Nepal basabye gusubika kurangiza amashuri kugeza mu mwaka wa 2021.  Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri ye, nyuma y’indi myaka itanu y’inyongera, impamyabumenyi yasubitswe.
* Biteganijwe ko Ibirwa bya Salomo bizarangiza amasomo mu 2024, ariko igihe cyo kwitegura cyongereweho imyaka itatu kubera ibintu byahungabanyije cyane gahunda yo kurangiza amasomo mu gihugu.  Igihugu kizarangiza amasomo ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2027. 
* Biteganijwe ko Kamboje izarangiza ku ya 19 Ukuboza 2029. Yujuje ibisabwa mu 2021 kandi mbere byari biteganijwe ko izarangiza ku ya 2027, ariko nyuma iza gusubikwa kugira ngo habeho impinduka nziza. 
* Senegali izarangiza amasomo yayo kuya 19 Ukuboza 2029. 
* Djibouti, Kiribati na Tuvalu bishobora kurangiza kumwanya wa LDC ku ya 13 Ukuboza 2027 vuba. 
* Comoros na Myanmar byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngobahabwe impamyabumenyi nibura kabiri. Bashobora gusabirwa guhabwa impamyabumenyi mu 2027. 
* U Rwanda, Uganda na Tanzaniya byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo bahabwe impamyabumenyi kunshuro yambere mu 2024. Bashobora gusabirwa guhabwa impamyabumenyi mu 2027.   
* Byari byitezwe ko Angola izarangiza mu 2021, ariko igihe cyo kwitegura cyongereweho imyaka itatu kubera ibibazo by'ubukungu by'igihugu nokwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa.  Impamyabumenyi yongeye gusubikwa mu Kuboza 2023, nta gihe cyagenwe. Mu 2024, icyo gihugu nticyari kicyujuje ibisabwa byo kurangiza. 
* Zambiya na Timor-Leste byujuje ibisabwa mu gihe cyashize ariko ntibicyujuje ibisabwa. 

## Reba kandi
  

## Amareferensi

## Amasano yo hanze

* Ibiro by'Uhagarariye Ibihugu Bikiri mu Majyambere, Umuryango w'Abibumbye
* Urutonde rw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rw'Ibihugu Bikomeye
* Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kumenya aba-LDC
* Inama ya kane ya Loni ku bihugu bya LDC
* Raporo y'ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ya UNCTAD (Urukurikirane)
* Ihuriro ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Baturage (LDC-IV)