open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Biotelemetry

**Biotelemetrie** (cyangwa **telemetrie yubuvuzi) isobanura ikoreshwa rya**  tekinologi ya telemetrie mubijyanye n'ubumenyi bw'ibinyabuzima, ubuvuzi, n'izindi serivisi z'ubucuzi hagamijwe gukurikirana kure ibimenyetso by'ingenzi by'abarwayi bashobora ba  ambulatori. 

## Gusaba
Ikoreshwa cyane kuri biotelemetrie ni mubice byabugenewe byita k'umutima cyangwa ibice byamanutse mu bitaro.  byose bifatika bishobora kwanduzwa, porogaramu igarukira gusa ku kugenzura umutima na SpO2 .

Biotelemetry iragenda ikorwa cyane mu kumenya inyamaswa n'ibinyabuzima byo mu ishyamba, binyuze mu gupima kure imikorere y'imibiri yabo, imyitwarire yabo, n'imikoreshereze y'ingufu. Irashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanukirwa uburyo inyamaswa zimuka, hamwe nibidukikije bahura nabyo mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika, nuburyo bigira  yabyo mugupima ibinyabuzima bihindagurika nkumutima nubushyuhe.   ya telemetrie irashobora kwomekwa hanze yinyamaswa , cyangwa igashyirwa imbere, hamwe nubwoko bwokwirakwiza kubikoresho biterwa nibidukikije inyamaswa yimukiramo.  Urugero, mu bushakashatsi ku mikorere y'inyamaswa ziba mu mazi, bakoresha uburyo bwo kohereza ubutumwa hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi y'amajwi (radio transmission) cyangwa amajwi atumvikana (ultrasonic transmission). Ariko inyamaswa ziba ku butaka cyangwa iziguruka zo, zishobora gukurikiranywa hifashishijwe GPS n'ubutumwa mu kirere (satelitte transmission)

## Ibigize sisitemu ya biotelemetrie
Sisitemu isanzwe ya biotelemetrie igizwe na:

* Sensor ikwiranye nibimenyetso byihariye bigomba gukurikiranwa
* Amashanyarazi akoreshwa na Batiri, abarwayi bambara imashini
* Radiyo Antenna n'iyakira 
* Igice cyo kwerekana gishobora icyarimwe gutanga amakuru kubarwayi benshi

## Amateka
Bumwe mu buryo bwa mbere bwakoreshejwe bwa sisitemu ya biotelemetrie bwatangiye mu isiganwa ry’ikirere hakiri kare, aho ibimenyetso bya physiologique byakuwe mu nyamaswa cyangwa abagenzi b’abantu byoherejwe ku isi kugira ngo bisesengurwe (izina ry’uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi Spacelabs Healthcare ni uburyo rwerekana ko rwatangiye mu 1958 rutezimbere uburyo bwa biotelemetrike muri gahunda yo muri Amerika yo hambere).

Ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku binyabuzima byakoreshejwe kuva byibura 1980.  Ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku binyabuzima byateye imbere kugira ngo bidasobanukirwe gusa n’imiterere n’imiterere y’inyamaswa zidafite ubwisanzure, ahubwo binasobanura uburyo inyamaswa zitandukanye zikorana, urugero, hagati y’inyamanswa n’inyambo. 

## Ibigezweho
Kubera ubwinshi bwa radiyo bitewe na televiziyo ya digitale iherutse gutangizwa muri Amerika no mu bindi bihugu byinshi, komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho (FCC) kimwe n’ibindi bigo bisa ahandi vuba aha.  yatangiye gutanga imirongo yihariye yabugenewe yo gukoresha biotelemetrie yihariye, urugero, Serivise ya Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS). FCC yashyizeho Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe ubuvuzi bw’ubuzima bw’ishyirahamwe ry’ibitaro by’Abanyamerika (ASHE / AHA) nkumuhuzabikorwa wa WMTS.

Mubyongeyeho, hari ibicuruzwa byinshi bikoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe bya radio bisanzwe biboneka nka Bluetooth na IEEE 802.11 .

## AMASHAKIRO
Alijeriya mu Mikino ya Paralimpike y’Amahoro yo mu 1992

Abakinnyi baturutse muri **[[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]]** bitabiriye imikino **Paralympike yo mu 1992** yabereye i Barcelona, Espanye. Iyi ni yo yabaye inshuro ya mbere Alijeriya yitabiriye ayo mikino.

## Abahatanye
Alijeriya yari ifite itsinda rinini rigizwe n’abantu 8 i Barselona, bose bari abagabo. Ntibohereje abagore ku nshuro ya mbere kugeza ku Mikino yo mu mwaka wa 2000. Itsinda ryari ririmo Abdelkrim Yousei . 

## Ibisubizo ku byabaye

### Imikino ngororamubiri
 
Abdelkrim yitabiriye isiganwa rya 5000 m ry’abagabo mu cyiciro cya TW3-4, mu mukino wa kane (heat 4), arangiza ari uwa nyuma n’igihe cy’iminota 14 n’amasegonda 2.06. Yasoje adashoboye kurangiza isiganwa (DNF) mu marato y’abagabo mu cyiciro cya TW3-4. 

; Abagabo

### Goalball
 

; Abagabo

## Reba kandi

* Alijeriya mu mikino Paralympike
* Alijeriya mu mikino Olempike yo mu 1992

## Reba
Cerebral(company)

**Cerebral Inc.** ni isosiyete y'Abanyamerika ikorera mu rwego rwa telehealth, itanga serivisi z'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga, zirimo ubujyanama, ibiganiro na muganga (therapy), ndetse no gucunga imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye zo mu mutwe. 

## Amateka
Cerebral yashinzwe mu 2020 na Kyle Robertson na Ho Anh.   Isosiyete yahise igabanya ibikorwa byayo muri Amerika yose kandi ikura urusobe rwayo irimo abaganga babarirwa mu bihumbi babifitemo uruhushya. 

Kera, Cerebral yafatanije na gymnast hamwe n'uwatsindiye umudari wa zahabu mu mikino Olempike Simone Biles nk'umuyobozi mukuru w’ingaruka. 

Muri Kamena 2021, isosiyete yakusanyije miliyoni 127 z'amadolari, ifite agaciro ka miliyari 1.2.   Mu Kuboza 2021, Cerebral yakusanyije miliyoni 300 z'amadolari mu cyiciro cy’inkunga ya Series C iyobowe na SoftBank Vision Fund 2, bituma igiciro cy’isosiyete kigera kuri miliyari 4.8.  Muri iki cyiciro harimo abashoramari nka Prysm Capital, Access Industries, na WestCap Group.  

Mu 2022, Ubwonko bwaragenzuwe kubera imikorere yabugenewe, cyane cyane ku bintu bigenzurwa nka Adderall . Minisiteri y'Ubutabera yo muri Amerika (DOJ) yatangiye gukora iperereza ku kurenga ku itegeko rigenga ibiyobyabwenge . Mu gusubiza, Cerebral yatangaje ko izahagarika imiti myinshi yandikiwe ibintu.  

Nyuma yo gusohoka kwa Kyle Robertson, muri Gicurasi 2022, Ubwonko bwaragize ibibazo bikomeye, harimo ku gabanya abakozi no guhindura ingamba, mu gihe hagenzuwe amabwiriza ndetse n’ingutu z’amafaranga.    Kyle Robertson kuva ubwo yasanze Zealthy, isosiyete ikora imiti.  David Mou, yinjiye kuba umuyobozi mukuru hagati ya 2022, wahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w’ikigo.

Ugushyingo 2024, Cerebral yaje kwemera kwishyura miliyoni 3.65 z'amadolari kugira ngo ikemure iperereza rya DOJ. 

Mou yeguye ku mirimo ye mu Kuboza 2024. Brian Reinken wahoze mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi, kuva yatangira kuba umuyobozi mukuru w'agateganyo. 

Muri Kanama 2025, Cerebral yatangaje ko yaguze Resilience Lab, isosiyete y’ubuzima y’imyitwarire yibanda ku guhugura abaganga b’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe hakiri kare no kugabanya umuriro w’abaganga no gucuruza.

Cerebral yavuze ko iteganya kwagura urugero rw’amahugurwa ya Resilience Lab hamwe na protocole ku rubuga rwayo kugira ngo hongerwe ireme ry'ubuvuzi, ibisubizo by'abakiriya, ndetse n'ibisubizo bifatika ku bishyura ubwishingizi.  

## Serivisi
Cerebral itanga serivisi zo gufasha mu buzima bwo mu mutwe hifashishijwe internet,zirimo ubuvuzi bwo mu buryo bw'ibiganiro (therapy), issuzuma rikorwa n'abaganga b'inzobere mu mutwe (psychiatrist evaluations), gucunga imikoreshereze y'imiti (medication management), ndetse no gutanga ubufasha buhoraho (ongoing support). Ihuriro rikoresha uburyo bwo kwiyandikisha kandi rikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya telehealth kugirango rihuze abakoresha nabavuzi babifitemo uruhushya. 

## AMASHAKIRO
LifeMD

**LifeMD, Inc.** ni sosiyete ya Amerika ikorera mu rwego rwa telehealth,  kandi icuruza ku isoko ry'imari rusange (publicly traded company) .  Iyi serivisi ituma abakiriya babona abagnga n'abaforomo b'inzobere  (nurse practitioners) kugira ngo bagirirwe inama z'ubuvuzi hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga (virtual medical consultations) ndetse banahabwe ubuvuzi hakoreshejwe imiti yanditswe  n'umuganga (prescription medications). 

## Amateka
Isosiyete yashinzwe nka ImmuDyne, Inc. mu 1994 kandi yakoze igurishwa ry'imigabane rya mbere ku isoko rusange (IPO) muri 2001.  Mu mwaka 2018, yahinduriye izina ikitwa Convesion Labs,Inc, aho Justin Schreiber yashyizwe ku mwanya w'Umuyobozi Mukuru (Chief Executive Officer)  Isosiyete yahinduye izina yitwa LifeMD muri 2020 itangira gukoresha izina rya ticker LFMD.  

Mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2025, LifeMD yatangaje ko amafaranga yinjije yiyongereyeho 49% YoY agera kuri miliyoni 65.7. 

## Serivisi
Muri Nzeri 2022, LifeMD yahaye Bobby Jindal wahoze ari guverineri wa Louisiana mu nama y'ubuyobozi. 

Muri kamena 2023, LifeMD yatangaje gahunda yo gucunga ibiro kugirango yandike imiti ya GLP-1 yujuje ibisabwa mugihe cyo kubonana na muganga.  Yatangiye gahunda yicyitegererezo hamwe na Medifast, nyuma itangaza ubufatanye hagati yamasosiyete kugirango ihuze abakiriya bayo. LifeMD kandi yakiriye ishoramari rya miliyoni 20 z'amadolari ya Medifast muri kiriya gihe. 

Isosiyete yashyizeho ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima bwigenga mu 

Muri Werurwe 2025, LifeMD yashyize umukono ku masezerano yo guha Eli Zilly imiti igabanya ibiro Zepbound ku barwayi bishyura. By'umwihariko, amasezerano yasinywe n’umufatanyabikorwa wa farumasi ya LillyDirect, aho ibicuruzwa bya Zepbound bigurishwa ku giciro ku bakiriya bishyura amafaranga. Ububiko bwa LifeMD bwazamutse mu 2025 nyuma y’amasezerano yagiranye na Novo Nordisk yo guha Wegovy binyuze kuri platform ya LifeMD ku giciro gito. 

Muri Mata 2025, LifeMD yaguze ubuvuzi bw’ubuzima bw’umugore Optimal Human Health MD, kugira ngo bushinge umusingi w’ubuzima bw’imisemburo, metabolisme, n’ubucucike bw’amagufwa kuri platifomu.
Urubyiruko rufite ubumuga mu bukorikori

Abafite ubumuga Bishimira politike y'urwanda yo kudaheza no guha Amahirwe buri munyarwanda wese yo gukora icyaricyo cyose Amategeko y'urwanda yemera.

## Uburezi
Afite ubumuga cyane cyane urubyiruko ruhabwa Amahirwe yo kwiga  mushuri yose harimo nayubumenyangiro.ahobigira imyuga itandukanye Izabateza imbere bihangira imirimo Binyuze muri gahunda y'igihugu.

## Ibirushijeho
https://m.imvahonshya.co.rw?p=66224

https://radiotv10.rw/inkuru-yurubyiruko-rufite-ubumuga-rukora-ibikora-ku-mutima-benshi-ariko-babitangiye-bacibwa-intege/

https://www.ngororero.gov.rw/news-detail-1/urubyiruko-rufite-ubumuga-rugiye-kwigishwa-imyuga
Ababyeyi Bateganijwe Bitaziguye

Planned Parenthood Direct ni porogaramu ya telephone  igenewe gutanga serivisi z'ubuzima bw'imyororokere ikoresheje icyitegererezo cyangwa uburyo bwa telehealth . Itangazwa n'ishyirahamwe ryita ku buzima ry'izina rimwe.

Planned Parenthood Direct Yatangije serivisi muri 2015, ubwo yatangizaga porogaramu iteganijwe kubyara muri Californiya. Muri kiriya gihe, imikorere ya porogaramu igamije cyane gupima indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina (STD). Ibikoresho byo kwipimisha byoherezwa mu mazu y'abarwayi, hanyuma umurwayi asubiza ibikoresho inyuma, kandi ibisubizo bigezwa k'umurwayi binyuze muri porogaramu. 

Kugeza muri 2019, Gahunda iteganijwe kubyara yatangaga serivisi muri leta 27 na Washington DC . Serivisi yibanze ku gutanga ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, no gutanga ubuvuzi bwanduza inkari (UTI). Muri , mu rwego rwo gusubiza gahunda za leta zo kugabanya inkunga y’ubuzima ku babyeyi bateganijwe, Gahunda yo Kubyara Directeur yashyizeho gahunda yo kwagura kugera muri leta zose uko ari mirongo itanu. 

Muri 2024, Planned Parenthood Direct Yaguye serivisi yaguye kugirango ibone imiti ikuramo imiti ku barwayi bo muri leta zimwe na zimwe.  Abarwayi basaba ibinini byo gukuramo inda bitangwa kugeza ibyumweru 10 batwite, kandi bisaba ubuvuzi bwateganijwe kubuvuzi ( umuganga cyangwa umuforomo wimenyereza umwuga ) kugirango bandike imiti. Niba byemejwe n'ushinzwe ubuvuzi, imiti yoherezwa murugo rw'umurwayi. Iyi serivisi iraboneka gusa kubarwayi baba muri leta aho gukuramo imiti byemewe. 

## Serivisi n'ibicuruzwa
Ibicuruzwa byibanze byateganijwe kubabyeyi ni porogaramu za porogaramu zikoresha kuri iPhone, terefone ya Android, PC, na mudasobwa ya Mac . Porogaramu zisangiye izina rimwe na sosiyete: Gahunda iteganijwe yo kubyara. ​​ 

Porogaramu n'urubuga rutanga serivisi z'ubuzima bw'imyororokere hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cya telehealth, cyemerera abakoresha kubona serivisi z'ubuzima ziva mu rugo, batiriwe basura ibiro bya muganga. Serivisi zitangwa ziratandukanye bitewe na leta, bitewe n'amategeko ya leta. 

Serivisi ziratandukanye bitewe na leta, ariko zirashobora kubamo uburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro byihutirwa, gupima indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, ibinini byo kuboneza urubyaro, no gukuramo imiti.
Thriveworks

**Thriveworks** ni kompanyi yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika itanga serivisi zubujyanama n'ubuvuzi bw'indwara zo mu mutwe haba mu buryo bwo guhura imbonankubone ndetse no hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga (online). Yashinzwe mu 2008 i Cambridge, muri Massachusetts.  

Isosiyete ifite ibiro birenga 330 kandi ikoresha abaganga barenga 2200.  

## Amateka
Thriveworks yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2008. 

Muri Gashyantare 2022, Will Furness yagizwe Umuyobozi mukuru (CEO) 

Mu Ugushyingo 2022, Thriveworks yafunguye ibigo 18 byo kuvura, kubana bafite imyaka 12 na munsi yayo. 

Muri Mata 2024, Dan Frogel yagizwe Umuyobozi mukuru. 

## Ubufatanye
Muri Nyakanga 2022, Thriveworks yafatanije n'Umujyi wa Joliet, Illinois gutanga serivisi z'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe ku baturage badafite ubwishingizi budahagje. Umujyi wa Joliet wijeje 400.000 $ yo gutera inkunga iyi gahunda. 

Muri Nyakanga 2024, abatanga ubuvuzi bw’ibiyobyabwenge, Eleanor Health, na Thriveworks bashizeho ubufatanye mu gufasha abarwayi mu kuvura indwara ziterwa n’ibiyobyabwenge muri Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Carolina y'Amajyaruguru, Ohio, Texas na Washington. 

Muri Nyakanga 2024, Ophelia, utanga imiti ivura ibiyobyabwenge, na Thriveworks bafatanije kwagura ubuvuzi bw'abarwayi kubera indwara ya opioide . 

Mu Kwakira 2024, Thriveworks yaguze Synchronous Health, isosiyete ishingiye kuri Nashville . 

## Reba kandi
TiLR

**TiLR** ni robot ya mbere ku isi yo mu rwego rw'ibigo ikora uburyo bwa telepresence, yakozwe na kompanyi yitwa RoboDynamics Corporation. ***Telepresence ya enterineti ihujwe na robot ihendutse (TiLR)*** ituma uyikoresha ahita atwara ahantu kure aho robot yaba ikubiyemo umukoresha ahantu kure. Ibyiza bya robotic telepresence bigabanya ingendo n'igihe cyo gutaha kimwe no kongera ibicuruzwa n'ubufatanye.

## Ibisobanuro
TiLR mu byukuri sisitemu yo guteranya amashusho kumuziga. Umukoresha ashoboye kuyobora robot mu gucunga kure, gutwara robot no kugenzura imikorere ya pan / tilt / zoom ya kamera ya robo. Nka TiLR itanga uburyo bwo guterana amagambo *ad hoc imbona nkubone* kimwe no kurebera amajwi n'amashusho.

## Ibikorwa

Hariho ibice bibiri kuri sisitemu ya TiLR ya telepresence. Imashini ya TiLR ihagaze ku rubuga rwa kure. Igice cya kabiri ni software ya TiLR Command Centre (TCC) ishyira kuri PC iyariyo yose hamwe na web kamera hamwe n'umuyoboro mugari. Umukoresha atangiza gusa TiLR Command Centre hanyuma yinjira muri TiLR. Iyo winjiye, hariho amashusho-yerekana amashusho / amajwi hagati ya robo na TCC. Umukoresha noneho arashobora kuyobora robot kuva kure, gufata amashusho, ndetse no kwandika isomo kugirango turebe nyuma. Ubuyobozi bwa TiLR bushyigikiwe gusa kuri Windows XP / Vista. Kwishushanya gukurikira kwa TiLR Command Centre bizaba bishingiye ku buhanga bwa Flash aho abakoresha bazashobora kwinjira muri TiLR no kuyobora robot kuva kurubuga rwisi.

## Iterambere
TiLR yatangijwe mu mpera za 2007 na RoboDynamics ikurikira porogaramu ya MILO ya telepresence yatangijwe mu 2004. Ibi bituma TiLR igira robot  ya telepresence yakozwe na RoboDynamics. Muri Kanama 2008 RoboDynamics yatangije gahunda yabo ya Beta ishyira robot mu miryango itandukanye kugirango bungurane ibitekerezo. Abitabiriye gahunda ya mbere cyane ni itsinda rya Google Lunar X Igihembo  cya X Award Foundation . RoboDynamics yateganyaga gukomeza gahunda ya TiLR Beta kugeza mu mpera za 2008.
UWA Telerobot

**UWA telerobot** ni robo igenzurwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya kure,ibarizwa mu ishuri ry'ubuhanga mu by'imashini n'ubwubatsi (Mechanical and Civil Engineering) muri kaminuza yuburengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya .

## Iterambere
UWA telerobot ni ikimenyetso cy'amateka kuri interineti na kaminuza yo mu burengerazuba bwa Ositaraliya. Nicyo gikoresho cya mbere cya telerobot cyabonetse kugirango gikoreshwe muri rusange muri 1994. Telerobot ya UWA yakozwe bwa mbere mu rwego rwa PhD na Kenneth Taylor  kandi yaje gukorerwa impamyabumenyi ya PhD na Barney Dalton. 

Imashini ya mbere kuri interineti, robot ikinisha plastike ifite ubwisanzure bwa dogere 2 gusa, yashyizwe k'umurongo ni tsinda riyobowe na Ken Goldberg muri kaminuza y'amajyepfo ya Californiya  ibyumweru bitatu gusa mbere yuko ikipe ya UWA isohora urubuga rwabo. Imashini ya USC yamaze amezi arindwi gusa. Imashini ya UWA iracyari k'umurongo uyu munsi, nubwo robot y'umwimerere yasimbuwe mu mwaka wa 1996  kandi robot ntikiboneka kugirango abantu babone imbogamizi, nubwo ababishaka bashobora gusaba uruhushya. 

## Gushyira mu bikorwa
Kugeza ubu televiziyo ya UWA ni moderi ya ABB IRB1400 ya 6 ya robot ya seriveri ya DOF yashyizweho na pneumatic gripper attachment. Imashini ikora kuri ABB S4 isanzwe igenzura imashini ihujwe na seriveri ya Linux kandi nayo ikavugana na seriveri ya kabiri ikoresha porogaramu ya RobComm ya ABB hamwe na porogaramu ya National Instruments Labview yari isanzwe yandikiwe icyo gikorwa na James Trevelyan abifashijwemo na Perth ishingiye kuri Icon Technologies hamwe n’abanyeshuri.  igice cyumushinga UWA telelabs. 

Telerobot yagize impinduka nyinshi muburyo bwo kugenzura igihe. Ubusanzwe wagenzuwe ukoresheje paji y'urubuga ya HTML ihagaze ukoresheje CGI, umurimo wa Dalton wabonye itangizwa ryukuri ryagutse Java -ishingiye kuri interineti yahuye nubutsinzi buke.  Igenzura ubu nuburyo bwo gukuramo porogaramu ya LabVIEW ishobora gukururwa ikubiyemo amashusho yigihe-gihe, hamwe nubugenzuzi butangwa na sisitemu ya Telelabs. 

## Imiterere y'ubu
Imashini ikomeje kuba ishingiro ry'ubushakashatsi n'imishinga yitsinda ryakozwe n'abanyeshuri ba Mechatronics Engineering hamwe nabakozi muri UWA, Byibanze birimo kongeramo ibintu bishya cyangwa ubushobozi muri sisitemu. Imashini ikoreshwa kandi nk'imfashanyo yo kwigisha mu masomo ya sisitemu na sisitemu nyinshi ikoreshwa na Karol Miller .
The Croods

***The Croods*** ni filime yo muri Amerika yo muri 2013 yayobowe na Chris Sanders na Kirk DeMicco. Muriyi filime hagaragaramo amajwiya Nicolas Cage, Emma Stone, Ryan Reynolds, Catherine Keener, Clark Duke na Cloris Leachman.

## Abakinnyi
* Emma Stone nka Eep Crood
* Nicolas Cage nka Grug Crood
* Ryan Reynolds nka Guy
* Catherine Keener nka Ugga Crood
* Clark Duke nka Thunk Crood
* Cloris Leachman nka Gran
* Randy Thom nka Sandy Crood
* Chris Sanders nka Belt

## References
Yale Child Studay Center

**Ikigo cyiga abana Yale** ni ishami ryishuri ryubuvuzi rya Yale. Ikigo gikora ubushakashatsi kandi gitanga serivisi zamavuriro namahugurwa yubuvuzi ajyanye nabana nimiryango. Ingingo ziperereza zirimo autism nindwara ziterwa nayo,  Syndrome de Tourette, izindi mpungenge zubuzima bwo mumutwe bwabana bato, kurera, na neurobiology . 

## Inshingano
Ikigo gikora ubushakashatsi kandi gitanga serivisi zamavuriro namahugurwa yubuvuzi ajyanye nabana nimiryango. Ingingo ziperereza zirimo indwara ziterwa na autism,  Syndrome ya Tourette, izindi mpungenge z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bw’abana, kurera, na neurobiology . 

## Amateka
Ikigo cyatangiye mu mwaka wa 1911 nka **Yale Clinic yiterambere ry’abana** na Arnold Gesell . Dr. Gesell ufatwa nku umusingi w’iterambere ry’abana muri Amerika, yayoboye iki kigo kugeza mu mwaka wa 1948.  Abayobozi bakurikira ni: 

* Milton JE Senn, 1948–1966
* Albert J. Solnit, 1966–1983
* Donald J. Cohen, 1983–2001
* John E. Schowalter, (by'agateganyo) 2001–2002
* Alan E. Kazdin, 2002–2006
* Fred R. Volkmar, 2006–2014 
* Linda C. Mayes, (by'agateganyo) 2014–2016; 2016-kugeza ubu 

## Amashakiro

## Ibindi gusoma

* 
* Mayes LC (2015). Vision(s) for the Yale Child Study Center

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
Uruguay at the Deaflympics

**[[Irigwe|Uruguay]]** yitabiriye imikino yo kutumva ku nshuro ya mbere mu mwaka wa 2001, ubwo boherezaga intumwa zigizwe n'umukinnyi umwe gusa muri ibyo birori. Ku nshuro ya kabiri mu batumva ni imikino mukwaka wa 2022 yabereye i Caxias do Sul, muri Burezili, hamwe n'abakinnyi batatu. Uruguay itarabona umudari muri Deaflympics.  

## Uburebure bw'imidari

### Impeshyi

## Imidari miremire na siporo

## Reba kandi

* Uruguay mu mikino Olempike
* Uruguay muri Paralympique

## Reba
JS Academy

**JS Academy for abatumva** ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu i Karachi, muri Pakisitani, ihagaze ku kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva gusoma no kwandika. Yashinzwe na Laila Dossa mu 2004. Kugeza ubu niwe muyobozi. 

Abaterankunga nyamukuru ba JS Academy ni Fondasiyo ya Mahvash & Jahangir Siddiqui.

Iri shuri ryakira  imiryango 150 ifite abana bafite ubumuga  bwo kutumva no kutabona.  Ifite isomero, uburezi bw'umubiri, ubuhanzi, siyanse, kudoda ..

## Reba
Illinois School for the Deaf

**The Illinois School for the Deaf** ( **ISD** ), riherereye i Jacksonville, muri Leta ya Illinois, ni ishuri ryigenga na leta rikorerwa ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva, kutabona, rikaba rifite amashami ya mbere y'incuke (pre-kindergarten), amashuri abanza (elementary), n'ayisumbuye (high school). [  ​​  ISD ikoresha icyongereza hamwe na American Sign Language (ASL), ifite politiki ishingiye ku ishuri rya Wisconsin ry'abana b'impumyi y'amatwi.

ISD yashinzwe mu 1839 mu cyicaro cy'intara ya Morgan. 

Iri shuri ririmo amacumbi y'abanyeshuri baryo.
Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing

**The Hungarian Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing** ( Hungarian   Országos Szövetsége, **SINOSZ** ) yashinzwe mu 1907. Icyicaro cyayo giherereye i Budapest, muri Hongiriya . Intego y'iyi sosiyete ni guteza imbere imibereho no korohereza ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutabona ba Hongiriya   

SINOSZ itanga serivisi zitandukanye kubabana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutabona ndetse n'imiryango yabo, nko kugisha inama amategeko, amasomo yitumanaho, ibigo byita ku majwi, no gufasha impapuro / gusaba. 

SINOSZ ni umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva (WFD), Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’abatumva (EUD), ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abantu batumva (IFHOH), hamwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi ryumva abantu (EFHOH).
Dummy,the Witch of Sible Hedingham

**Dummy, Umurozi wa Sible Hedingham** ( c. 1788 - 4 Nzeri 1863) ni izina ry'irihimbano ry'umusaza utazwi wari umwe mu bantu ba nyuma bashinjwaga kuroga mu Bwongereza mu kinyejana cya 19. Yapfuye nyuma yo gukubitwa akajugunywa mu ruzi n'abahigi .

Umaze igihe kinini atuye i Sible Hedingham, Essex, umudugudu muto w'ubuhinzi mu cyaro cy'Ubwongereza, yari afite ubumuga bwo kutumva-kutavuga yinjiza amaramuko nk'umupfumu waho. Muri Nzeri 1863, Dummy yashinjwaga na Emma Smith wo muri Ridgewell ko 'yamututse,yamuvumye'kugira indwara, maze akurwa mu kabari *ka Swan* n’agatsiko k’abasinzi. Yategetswe 'gukuraho umuvumo'. Igihe Dummy atabikoze, yajugunywe mu mugezi uri hafi nk '" ibigeragezo n'amazi ". Yakubiswe kandi inkoni mbere yuko ajyanwa mu kazi i Halstead ari naho yapfiriye umusonga . Nyuma y’iperereza ryakozwe n’ubuyobozi, Emma Smith na Samuel Stammers, wari umubaji w'ubuhanga ndetse akaba n'inshuti na Smith, bashinjwaga "gukubita mu buryo butemewe n’umufaransa umusaza bakunze kwita Dummy, bityo bikamuviramo urupfu." (Icyifuzo cy'uko Dummy yari Umufaransa cyari gisanzwe mu mudugudu, ariko nya bimenyetso byinshi byari bihari byerekana niba ari ukuri.) Bageragejwe mu Rukiko rwa Chelmsford Assizes,aho ku itariki ya 8 Werurwe 1864 bahamijwe igihano cy'amezi atandatu y'akazi gakomeye.
British Columbia School for the Deaf

The British Columbia School for the Deaf ni ishuri ry’intara i Burnaby, muri Columbiya y’Abongereza rifite gahunda z’umunsi zikorera abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo  kutumva. Ishuri ryigisha abanyeshuri bo mumashuri yisumbuye. Ikorera abanyeshuri bagera kuri 50 kandi igabana ikigo na Burnaby South Secondary School yo kumva abanyeshuri. 

## Amashuri abanza
 
*The Britsish Columbia School for the Deaf* n’ishuri ryibanze rikora i Burnaby, muri Columbiya y’Ubwongereza, rikorera abanyeshuri kuva mu ishuri ry’incuke kugeza mu cyiciro cya 7.

Amashuri abanza asangiye ikigo n’ishuri ribanza rya Slope y'Amajyepfo, kugira ngo yumve abanyeshuri,  yakira abanyeshuri bagera ku 100.

Abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bo muri Kanada bakunze kwiga muri kaminuza ya Gallaudet cyangwa VCC muri gahunda z'inyuma yisumbuye.
Keyboard y'inzozi

**Inzozi za keyboard** ni porogaramu ya Sinhala y'ububiko bwa Android.  Ubusanzwe yatunganijwe nuwashizeho porogaramu yo muri Sri Lankan yitwa **Malith Dasanayaka** kandi yasohotse bwa mbere kuri Android mu Ugushyingo 2020.  Nyuma yaje gukorerwa mu Ububiko bwa Huawei. Ni porogaramu ishobora kwandika ururimi rwa Sinhala ukoresheje uburyo bwa **Wijesekara** hamwe n'uburyo bwa **Singlish** buzwi cyane muri Sri Lanka .

Sinhala nimwe mundimi zikoreshwa cyane kwisi kandi porogaramu nyinshi za clavier kwisi ntizizishyigikira. 

## Reba
Carlotta Adele Anderson

**Carlotta Adele Anderson (Madamu J. Scott Anderson)** (Ku ya 18 Werurwe 1876 - Ku ya 6 Werurwe 1956) yari umwarimu w’umunyamerika, cyane cyane ashishikajwe n’uburyo bwa Montessori ndetse no kwigisha abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutavuga.

Yavukiye mu mujyi wa New York, umukobwa wa Newell Willard Bloss na Emma C. Jones,  kandi yize muri kaminuza n'amashuri makuru atandukanye, muri bo harimo ishuri rya Wright Humason ryigisha abadafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, na kaminuza y'abarimu, kaminuza ya Columbiya . Yize uburyo bwa Montessori i Roma . We ubwe umwarimu ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva imyaka itari mike, yabaye kuva 1903 kugeza 1915 nyiri amashuri yiminwa y'abatumva ndetse n’ishuri ryigisha abarimu i New York na Pennsylvania. Yamaze imyaka myinshi ashishikajwe no kugeza uburyo bwa Montessori mu mashuriy'imyigire rusange. Yari ashinzwe guhugura abarimu b'abumvise bucyeye muri ishuri risanzwe rya Leta ya New Jersey i Trenton (1918–1921). Yabaye intumwa z’Amerika muri Kongere mpuzamahanga ya gatatu y’uburezi bwo mu rugo i Buruseli mu 1910 kandi yari umunyamabanga mukuru wa Kongere mpuzamahanga ya kane.
American Annals of the Deaf

The A merican Annals of the Deaf ni urungano rwasuzumwe n’ikinyamakuru cyigisha amasomo gisohoka buri gihembwe hamwe numero imwe yumwaka.  n’itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Gallaudet i Washington, DC. Ryashinzwe bwa mbere mu 1847 nka *American Annals of Abatumva n’ibiragi* . Izina ry'icyo kinyamakuru ryahinduwe mu 1886 ubwo hasohokaga umubare wa 31,igice cya 4. The Journey yasohotse ikomeza gucicikana kuva yatangizwa, uretse igihe cy'imyaka irindwi kuva mu 1861 kubera intambara ya sivile y'abanyamerika . 

The journal "ni urwego rwemewe rw’Inama y’Abanyamerika bigisha abadafite ubumuga bwo kutumva (CAID) n’inama y’abayobozi bashinzwe uburezi mu mashuri na gahunda z’abatumva (CEASD)." 

## Abanditsi
World Association of Sign Language Interpreters

**The World Association of Sign Language Interpreters** ( **WASLI** ) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ugamije guteza imbere umwuga wo gusobanura ururimi rw'amarenga .

WASLI yashinzwe ku wa 23 Nyakanga 2003 muri gihe cy'Inteko Nkuru ya 14 y'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w'Abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva yabereye i Montreal, muri Kanada .  Ibiro byayo biherereye i Geneve mu Busuwisi . 

## Reba
Silence (charity)

Silence ( Chinese  ) Ni umuryango utabara imbabare wa Hong Kong, wibanda ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutavuga bakoresha ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Hong Kong n'imiryango yabo n'inshuti zabo,  kandi akaba n'umwe mu bagize akanama gashinzwe imibereho myiza ya Hong Kong .

## Intego

* Guteza imbere no kumenyekanisha ururimi rw'amarenga
* Ubufasha mu gushaka no kubona akazi hamwe n'ubufasha mu iterambere.
* Ubuvugizi mu mibereho 
* Teza imbere Uburezi

## Umuyobozi

* Polly Lam (2008–2010)
* Mandy Tang (2010–2012) 
* Amy Bou (2012–2013)
* William Tang (2013 - ubungubu)

## Umunyamuryango wa Komite

* Siu Yat-chan
Signmark (album)

Signmark ni alubumu ya mbere kuva y'umuraperi w'umunyafinilandi ubana n'ubumuga bwo  kutumva witwa Signmark. Iyi Album yasohotse mu 2006, ikaba ari DVD ya mbere ya hip-hop yanditswe mu rurimi rw'amarenga . 

## Kurikirana urutonde

# "Tuu viittoo"
# "Nyt on aika juhlia"
# "Kahleet"
# "Carl Oscar Malm"
# "Maahan lämpimään"
# "Meidän elämä"
# "Ubuzima Bwacu"
# "Sanaliitto"
See What I'm Saying: The Deaf Entertainers Documentary

***See What I'm Saying: The Deaf Entertainers Documentary*** ni documentaire ya 2009 yakozwe kandi iyobowe na Hilari Scarl. [   Igaruka ku buzima bw'abasusurutsa rubanda babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva nka Bob Hiltermann, TL Forseberg, CJ Jones, na Robert Demayo n'uburyo bagerageza kugera ku bantu bose muri rusange. ​Aba bafite imyidagaduro bafite impano batsinze ibibazo bikomeye munzira zabo zo gutsinda no gutsinda kwumwuga.  

## Kwakira
Filime yavuzwe nko 'kureba nkenerwa kwisi yabafiteubumuga bwo kutumva.  

Iyi filime yatsindiye ibihembo mu birori bitanu bya firime (Newport Beach, Philadelphia International, Jury Award mu iserukiramuco rya Filime rya DC Deaf ryitwa Jury, Sinema y’abatumva ku isi na Perspektiva Moscow Festival Festival) ryatoranijwe ku mugaragaro mu bindi birori byinshi bya firime. Iyi  mu mijyi 800 yo mu bihugu 19 kandi yari no mu imurikagurisha ryabereye mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi y’Abanyamerika yo mu Bwongereza yibanze ku muco w’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva.
Pierre Pélissier

**Pierre Pélissier** (22 Nzeri 1814 - 30 Mata 1863) yari intangarugero mu burezi bw'abafite ubumuga  bwo kutumva mu Bufaransa hagati mu kinyejana cya 19. Yavukiye i Gourdon, muri Loti, yari umwarimu w’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva kandi yandika inkoranyamagambo y’ururimi rw’amarenga rw’igifaransa mu 1856.Yize mbere i Rodez na Toulouse, iyobowe na Abbot Chazottes. Nyuma yabaye  umwarimu mu Ishuri ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva rya  Toulouse. Yabaye umunyamabanga wungirije wa Sosiyete Nkuru ishinzwe ubumuga bwo kutumva i Paris mu 1842. Mu 1843, afite imyaka 29, yagiye i Paris kwigisha mu ishuri rya Imperial School for Deaf Mutes, aho yigisha kugeza apfuye.

Azwiho kandi kuba yarabaye umusizi. Ibikurikira ni igice cyakuwe mu gisigo cye:
Dans l'œil tu mis tous les dons de l'oreille,
Aux mains, la voix, dans le corps, des spirits:
Et, par leur chant, couronnant ta merveille,
Les sourds-muets se proclament tes fils.


## Inyandiko za Pélissier

* *Choix de poésies d'un sourd-muet*, 1834–1845, yasohotse 1850.
* *Les sourds-muets au XIX siècle : avec un alphabet manuel*, 1846.
* Mémoire adressé à M. le ministre de l'Intérieur par les professeurs de l'institution royale des sourds-muets de Paris : sur la nécessité de transférer les Ecoles de sourds-muets au Ministère del'Instruction publique, 1847.
* *L'enseignement primaire des sourds-muets mis à la portée de tout le monde, avec une iconographie des signes*, cyanditswe na Paul Dupont, Paris, 1856.

## Ubuvanganzo

* Quartararo, Anne T. 2008. Ibisigo by'umuryango muto: Umusizi ubana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva Pierre Pélissier no gushiraho indangamuntu y'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri 1850. *Kwiga Ururimi rw'amarenga* 8.3: 241-263.
Karim Raeisinia

**Karim Raeisinia** ( Persian   ; wavutse 1 Mutarama 1930 muri Tehran  Ni umukinnyi w'umunya Irani ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva ndetse akaba n'utsindiye umudali wa zahabu muri Deaflympics.   ​Yatsindiye imidali ine muri freestyle no muri Greco-Roman Wrestling muri Deaflympics mu cyiciro cya 62-67 kg mu mikino yabereye i Milan mu 1957 ni i Helsinki mu 1961.  Ariko, ntiyashoboye kubona umudari muri 73–79&nbsp;kg icyiciro cy'imikino ya Washington DC yo mu 1965 kubera imvune  kandi yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 4 muri Freestyle na Greco-Roman.   Yari inshuti ya Abolhassan Ilchi Kabir  na Gholamreza Takhti .  Mansour Raeisi na mubyara we. 

## Reba
South African Deaf Sport Federation

**Ishyirahamwe ry’imikino y’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva yo muri Afurika yepfo** ( **SADSF** ) n’urwego nyobozi rwemewe rwa siporo y’abatumva muri Afurika yepfo ishinzwe kohereza, gutera inkunga, gutera inkunga amakipe ahagarariye Afurika yepfo hamwe n’abakinnyi b’ibipfamatwi mu birori by’abatumva, Shampiyona y’abatumva . Uyu muryango wafashe inshingano zo kohereza abadafite ubumuga bwo kutumva mu mikino y’abatumva kuva mu  

SADSF yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1981 ikaba ifitanye isano na Comite International des Sports des Sourds (CISS), akaba ari urwego ruyobora isi ya siporo y’abatumva. 

Ishyirahamwe ry’imikino y’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva yo muri Afurika yepfo naryo ryifatanije n’ishyirahamwe ry’imikino muri Afurika yepfo na Komite Olempike (SASCOC), akaba ari urwego nyobozi rw’igihugu muri Afurika yepfo rushinzwe imikino Olempike na Paralympike .

Ishyirahamwe ry’imikino muri Afurika yepfo na komite olempike ryakusanyije inkunga ihagije mu kwemeza ishyirahamwe ry’imikino y’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bo muri Afurika yepfo igihe ryahuye n’ibibazo by’amafaranga ryo kohereza abakinnyi b’ibipfamatwi mu mikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi ya 2013 yabereye i Sofiya, muri Bulugariya . 

## Reba kandi

* Siporo muri Afrika yepfo

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe
Newfoundland School for the Deaf

**Ishuri rya Newfoundland ryigisha ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva** ryari ishuri ry'intara muri St. John's, Newfoundland na Labrador hamwe na gahunda yo gutura kw'ishuri ndetse no gutaha zigenewe abanyeshuri babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva neza cyangwa batanumva na gato. 

Ishuri ryigishaga abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye. Umubare w'abanyeshuri wari abanyeshuri 10 mu mashuri makuru na 20 mu mashuri abanza, bose hamwe ni 30.

Abanyeshuri babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva bo muri Kanada bakunze kwiga muri kaminuza ya Gallaudet i Washington, DC, n’ishuri ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Rochester i Rochester, muri New York.

Muri Kanama 2010, hatangajwe ko ishuri rizafunga kuko nta banyeshuri bazitabira umwaka w'amashuri utaha, kandi nta n'umwe wari uteganijwe mu myaka itanu iri imbere; abanyeshuri bose bo mu ntara baba n'ubumuga bwo kutumva neza cyangwa kutumva na gato bari muri sisitemu ya mashuri ya Leta. 

## Amashakiro
Jean Massieu

**Jean Massieu** (  ; 1772 &#x2013; 21 Nyakanga 1846) yari umurezi w'intangarugero ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva . Umwe mu bavandimwe batandatu babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva, yangiwe kwiga kugeza afite imyaka cumi n'itatu ubwo yahuraga na Abbé Sicard, wamwandikishije mu kigo cy’igihugu des jeunes sourds de Bordeaux-Gradignan, Ishuri rya Bordeaux ry’abana  babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva. Agezeyo, yize gusoma no kwandika igifaransa, nyuma afasha guteza imbere ururimi rw'amarenga rw'igifaransa rwa mbere rwemewe. Uru rurimi rw'amarenga rw'igifaransa nyuma rwahinduwe mu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika . Yigishaga ku ishuri rizwi cyane ryababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva i Paris aho Laurent Clerc yari umwe mu banyeshuri be. Yatangiye akazi nyuma y'igitutsi cyabereye i Paris muri Rodez  kandi yitangiye ubuzima bwe kwigisha abana batumva. Nyuma yaje gushinga ishuri ryabafite ubumuga bwo kutumva  i Lille, mu Bufaransa .

## Filime
Jean Massieu agaragara muri filime y'impimbano *yitwa Sign Gene*, filime y'ibihangange ivuga ku bahindutse  bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bafite imbaraga z’ibihangange binyuze mu gukoresha ururimi rw'amarenga, nka sekuru wa kane wa sekuru wa Kate Massieu (wakinnye na Carola Insolera ) umukobwa w'inshuti y'umuntu ukomeye Tom Clerc, ukomoka kuri Laurent Clerc . Iyi filime yanditswe kandi ikorwa na Emilio Insolera kandi yerekanwe muri sinema muri Nzeri 2017. 

## Amagambo yitirirwa

* "Reka umwongereza agire ikawa ye, kandi reka ngire ham." - Jean Massieu
* "Gushimira ni kwibuka umutima", wabaye umugani mu rurimi rw'igifaransa.
Singing Space

**Singing Space** ni umwanya ukoreshwa nuwasinye ukoresheje ururimi rwamarenga. Numwanya wibice bitatu imbere yumukono, kuva mukibuno ukageza ku gahanga no kuva kuruhande rumwe rwumubiri kugeza kurundi, aho ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara. Abasinya bakoresha uyu mwanya kugirango bagaragaze umwanya wumubiri no kwerekana imiterere yibitekerezo.  Ibibanza mumwanya wo gusinya byashizwe ahantu mumwanya nyawo. Byakoreshejwe mugutanga amakuru adafatika nkigihe na gahunda. Uwasinye kandi akoresha uyu mwanya kugirango ashyireho ibice byavuzwe mu nteruro (urugero abantu, ibintu, inyubako n’ahantu) no kwerekana isano yabo.  Ibi byitwa gushyira. Umukono arashobora kwinjiza abantu mubiganiro basinya amazina yabo, hanyuma akabashyira mumwanya wo gusinya. Arashobora noneho kubasubiza kuri 'we' cyangwa 'we' yerekana gusa aho yabashyize aho kongera gusinya izina ryabo. Ibi byitwa syntactique. Imikoreshereze yo gusinya umwanya kugirango yerekane aho ahantu cyangwa ibintu biherereye muburyo bumwe byitwa topografiya. 

## Indimi
Indimi z'amarenga zikoresha umwanya wibice bitatu kuri byinshi zifashishwa mabafite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Uyu mwanya ukoreshwa mukwerekeza kubitabiriye ibiganiro, kwerekana uruhare rw'ikibonezamvugo cy'abitabiriye ibirori cyangwa kwerekana amakuru ajyanye n'ubwoko butandukanye bwibikorwa. 

**Ikoreshwa ryihariye**

Indimi z'amarenga zifite uburyo bumwe bwo kwerekeza kubitabiriye ibiganiro (urugero: umukono, uwandikiwe, utabarizwa). Izi fomu zirimo gukoresha cyane umwanya wo gusinya. Mu kwerekeza mu gituza cye, uwasinye yivugiye ubwe. Mu mico imwe n'imwe aho abavuga ururimi bavuga berekeza ku mazuru kugirango berekane ubwabo, izuru ryerekanwa aho. Kwerekeza kuri aderesi cyangwa kubataba bikorwa bikorwa kumwereka. Urutoki rwerekana ibimenyetso bikoreshwa muribi bihe. Mugihe cyo kuvuga abitabiriye ubwinshi, indimi zimwe z amarenga zishobora gukoresha usibye urutoki. 

## Ingano yo yindimi z'amarenga
Size of Singing Space uva hejuru yumutwe wuwasinye kugeza mukibuno uhagaritse kandi kuva mukibero kugera kunkokora. Ibimenyetso bivuzwe hejuru cyangwa imbere yumubiri. Umwanya urashobora kwaguka nkumubiri wose mururimi rwamarenga rusangiwe kandi ibimenyetso bishobora gushiramo ninyuma yumukono. 

## Amashakiro
James Platt Barrett

**James Platt Barrett**  (29 Kamena mu mwaka wa 1838-27 Ukuboza 1916) yari umwarimu wicyongereza kubatumva na lepidopteriste wikunda. Yari umwe mu banyamuryango bashinze umuryango w’amateka y’amateka ya Londere y’amajyepfo ya Londres kandi yigisha mu ishuri ry’ibwami ry’abana batumva n’ibiragi i Margate imyaka igera kuri mirongo itanu.

Platt-Barrett ashobora kuba yari ubumuga bwo kutumva mu busore bwe kuko yize mu kigo cyabafite ubumuga bw'okutumva ndetse nabafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga i Yorkshire . Nyuma yaje kumenyekana ko ashoboye gushyikirana nta kibazo. Yabaye umwarimu w'abatumva n'ibiragi. Bikekwa ko ashobora kuba yarahumekewe no kwiga ikinyugunyugu na Charles Baker wari umwarimu w’abana batumva basohoye igitabo *cyitwa Ikinyugunyugu cyo mu Bwongereza* (1828) cyerekanwe n’abanyeshuri be mu kigo cya Edgbaston. Platt-Barrett yagiye mu Butaliyani inshuro nyinshi. Ku ya 28 Ukuboza mu mwaka wa1908, yarokotse gato umutingito wabereye i Messina ariko umukazana we n'umwana we bishwe n'inzu yaguye maze ingero n'inoti kuva mu mezi yakusanyije birasenywa. Yatorewe kuba Umunyamuryango wa Sosiyete Entomologiya mu mu mwaka wa 1911.   Yashyinguwe i Birchington iruhande rw’umugore we wari wamubanjirije. 

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Akazi Platt Barrett, FES, Umwarimu wabatumva & amateur entomologue na H. Dominic W. Stiles, 12 Mutarama 2018
Norwegian Association of the Deaf

**Ishyirahamwe ry' abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva mu gihugu cya Noruveje** ( **NDF** ; Norwegian   ) ni umuryango wigihugu kubakoresha ururimi rwabatumva n’amarenga muri Noruveje .

Ifatanije n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva (WFD). Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1918. Icyicaro cyayo kiri Oslo . Ururimi rwemewe rw'iryo shyirahamwe ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Noruveje . NDF yifatanije n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi by’abatumva kuva mu 1995. Iri shyirahamwe ni umwe mu bagize akanama k’abatumva bo mu majyaruguru . 

## Reba kandi
 

* Umuco wo kutumva
* Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abatumva

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
National Deaf Federation Nepal

**Ihuriro ry’igihugu cy’abatumva Nepal** ( **NDFN** ; Nepali   (ne) ) ni umuryango utegamiye kuri leta washyizweho kandi uyobora nkumuryango w’umuryango w’akarere ka Nepal n’amashyirahamwe yabafite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Mbere yari izwi nka federasiyo yigihugu yabafite ubumuga bwokutumva (NFDH). Ni umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva ku isi (WFD) kandi akora nk'umuvugizi uharanira uburenganzira bw’abatumva, ndetse anayobora gahunda nyinshi mu gihugu hose hagamijwe kuzamura imibereho y’abatumva bo muri Nepal.

Two of core ni agace gakorerwamo ndetse ni ururimi rw'amarenga no kwigisha abatumva . NDFN yakoze ibishoboka ngo isohore "Inkoranyamagambo y'ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Nepali",  kandi ikomeza gukusanya no gukora ibimenyetso by'inyongera kuri iyi nkoranyamagambo. Yahuguye kandi yohereza abigisha ururimi rw'amarenga batumva kwigisha ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Nepali abatumva ubundi badafite ururimi rw'amarenga. Mu rwego rwo kwigisha abatumva, ikorana cyane na Minisiteri y’Uburezi, Ishami ry’Uburezi, Ikigo Gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Gahunda, n’Amashuri atandukanye y’abatumva mu rwego rwo kuzamura ireme ry’uburezi bw’abatumva muri Nepal.

## Abanyamuryango baho amashyirahamwe yabatumva
Kugeza ubu, abanyamuryango b’amashyirahamwe y’abatumva barimo:

## Amashakiro


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
Mackay School for the Deaf

**Ikigo cya MacKay**, cyahoze ari **ishuri rya MacKay ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva** n’ikigo **cya Mackay gishinzwe abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bw’abaprotestanti** (Protestant Deaf Mutes) ni ishuri riherereye muntara ya Montreal, muri Québec, muri Kanada rifite gahunda y’umunsi ikorera abanyeshuri batumva kandi batumva cyane bo mu muryango wa Anglophone wo muri Québec . Yashinzwe na Thomas Widd mu 1869 kandi yitirirwa icyubahiro Joseph Mackay . Mu 1960, ikigo cyahujwe n’ishuri ry’abana bafite ubumuga kandi kikaba ari cyo cyongeye guhuzwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatabona rya Montreal mu 2006. 

Ishuri ryigisha abanza kandi umubare wabanyeshuri batumva bagera kuri 30 mumashuri abanza.

## Amashakiro
Ko Taku Reo: Deaf Education New

**Ko Taku Reo: Uburezi bw'abafite ubumuga bwokutumva muri Nouvelle-Zélande** iherereye mu muhanda wa Archibald, New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand . Ni ishuri ryihariye ryo guturamo ry’abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, ndetse n’ikigo cy’ibikoresho gitanga serivisi n’inkunga ku banyeshuri biga muri rusange, abanyeshuri mu byokurya, ndetse n’abarimu bo muri Nouvelle-Zélande.

Ishuri rya Kelston ry’abafite ubumuga bwokutumva ryashinzwe mu mwaka wo mu 1958, nk'ishuri rya Kelston ryita ku bafite ubumuga bwokutumva.  ryasimbuye amashuri yabatumva kumusozi Wellington na Lopdell House muri Titirangi .  Yahinduye izina ayita **ikigo cya Kelston Deaf Education Centre** mu 1991 kugirango kigaragaze neza serivisi zitandukanye zatanze.  Mu ntangiriro za manda ya gatatu ya 2020 ishuri ryahujwe n’ikigo cyigisha ubumuga bwo kutumva cya Van Asch bashinga Ko Taku Reo, ishuri ry’igihugu ryigisha ubumuga bwo kutumva.

## Amashakiro
Lesotho Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Lesotho** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rukoreshwa n'umuryango w'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri Lesotho.   Ni Ururimi rutandukanye rwo muri Afrika yepfo .
Mardin Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Mardin** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Turukiya. Byabanje kuvugwa mu mujyi wa Mardin, guhera mu bihe byibuze bitanu mu muryango mugari. Abavuga rikijyana bose baba muri İzmir cyangwa Istanbul, kandi abakiri bato cg urubyiruko rw'ubu rwimukiye ku rurimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Turukiya .

## Reba kandi

* ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva  muri Türkiye
Maldives Ururimi rw'amarenga

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Maldiviya** ( **MvSL** ; Dhivehi   ) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwatejwe imbere, ahanini ku bushake, n’abana babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva bo mu mashuri menshi yo muri Malidiya mu 2000. Ibi birashimishije cyane abahanga mu by'indimi babyiga kuko bitanga uburyo budasanzwe bwo kwiga ku kintu bemera ko ari ivuka ry'ururimi rushya. 

Inkoranyamagambo ikubiyemo ibimenyetso by'amagambo agera kuri 650 ashyigikiwe n'icyongereza na Dhivehi asobanura imiterere y'intoki n'igikorwa kizakoreshwa mugihe wasinyiye ijambo runaka.
Metro Toronto School for the Deaf

**Ishuri rya Metropolitan Toronto ry’abafite ubumuga bwokutumva** ni ishuri ahitwa igabana Davisville junior Republic rya Leta, riherereye ahitwa Metropolitan Toronto, i Toronto, muri Ontario hamwe na gahunda y’umunsi ikorera abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutumva kuva mu ishuri ry’incuke kugeza mu wa munani. Muri iki gice, Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika hamwe n'Icyongereza kivugwa hifashishijwe icyongereza cyashyizweho umukono neza nk'ururimi rw'itumanaho. 

Mu 1962, Ubuyobozi bw’ishuri ry’akarere ka Toronto bwimuye amashuri yombi, Ishuri rya Metropolitan Toronto ry’abatumva na Davisville Junior School, mu nyubako imwe y’ishuri. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2002, amashuri yombi yakoraga ukwayo.  Mu mwaka w’amashuri wo mu 2009-10, abanyeshuri umunani bariyandikishije muri iryo tsinda. 

Ishuri rya Metro Toronto ryigisha abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ryimukiye mu ishuri rya Faywood Arts-Curriculum School mu majyaruguru ya York. Kwimuka kwatewe kubera gahunda yo kutumva igabanuka (bitewe no gukoresha imiti ya cochlear yatewe no kutumva kwinshi mu bigo byumva) hamwe na gahunda yo kwibiza mu gifaransa. Umuyobozi wa Faywood ABC ni Elizabeth Schaeffer.

## Amashakiro
Kathmandu Association of the Deaf

**Kathmandu Associatiion of the Deaf** ( **KAD** ) n’umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uhagarariye ishyirahamwe ry'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ba Kathmandu, kandi ni ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamuryango b’ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu ry’abatumva bo muri Nepal . Niryo shyirahamwe ryambere ryashinzwe, kandi mubyukuri ishyirahamwe ryambere ryubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose muri Nepal ryashyizweho nabafite ubumuga ubwabo kandi riyobowe nubuyobozi bwabo. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Abasore 13 bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ba Kathmandu (itsinda rya mbere ry’abanyeshuri barangije icyagombaga kuba ishuri rya Naxal ry’abatumva ) bashinze  [[Deaf Development Club|iterambere ry’ibipfamatwi]], nyuma yaje kwitwa Ishyirahamwe  [[Deaf Welfare Association|igihe]] iryo tsinda ryasabaga kwiyandikisha muri guverinoma mu 1980.

Imwe mu ntego nyamukuru za KAD kwari ugutanga serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe n’imyidagaduro ku bantu batumva, no guteza imbere imyumvire y’abatumva mu baturage muri rusange.  KAD yagize uruhare runini mubikorwa byambere byo guteza imbere no guteza imbere ururimi rwamarenga. KAD yafashijwe n’amahoro Corps yo gukora inkoranyamagambo ya mbere y’ururimi rw’amarenga rwo muri Nepali,  kandi, ku nkunga ya UNICEF, nayo yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere rya sisitemu yo gutunga intoki imwe ya devanagari . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Amashakiro
Manitoba School of the Deaf

**Monitoba ishuri byababana nabafite ubumuga** ni ishuri ryintara i Winnipeg, muri Manitoba rifite gahunda yo gutura ndetse n’umunsi ikorera abanyeshuri batumva kandi batumva.

Ishuri ryigisha abanyeshuri bo mu mashuri abanza ndetse nayisumbuye, bakoresheje uburyo Bilingual-Bicultural method. 

Umubare wabanyeshuri ni abanyeshuri bagera kuri 40 baboneka mumashuri makuru na 60 baboneka mumashuri abanza.

Abanyeshuri batumva bo muri Kanada bakunze kwiga muri kaminuza ya Gallaudet i Washington DC kuri porogaramu yisumbuye. Bamwe mu banyeshuri batumva biga muri kaminuza ya Manitoba kuri porogaramu yisumbuye

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris

( , *National Institute for Deaf Youth of Paris*) is a school for the deaf founded by Charles-Michel de l'Épée, in stages, between 1750 and 1760 in Paris, France.

Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Père Vanin rwabaye mu mwaka wa 1759, Abbé de l'Épée yamenyeshejwe abakobwa babiri bafite **ubumuga** bwo kutumva bari bakeneye umwigisha mushya. Iri shuri ryatangiye mu mwaka wa 1760 hanyuma nyuma yaho gato rifungurirwa ku mugaragaro maze riba ishuri rya mbere ku isi ku batumva . Ubusanzwe yari iherereye munzu iri kuri 14 rue des Moulins, butte Saint-Roch, hafi ya Louvre i Paris.  Ku ya 29 Nyakanga mu mwaka wa 1791, inteko ishinga amategeko y’Ubufaransa yemeje inkunga ya leta muri iryo shuri maze ryitwa: "  "." 

Prosper Menière yari umuganga kuva mu 1838 kugeza apfuye mu mwaka wa 1862. Mu mwaka wa 1861, Menière yagejeje kuri Académie Nationale de Médecine kuri bamwe mu barwayi be bo muri iryo shuri bahuye na vertigo ifitanye isano no kutumva kwabo, bikaba ari byo byashingiweho bivuguruzanya ku gitekerezo cye cy'uko ugutwi kw'imbere ari yo nkomoko ya vertigo. 

Nyuma y’ubwami bwa Esipanye bukuweho mu mwaka wa 1931, umuryango w’ibwami wa Esipanye wabaga mu buhungiro i Fontainebleau . Infante Jaime, Duke wa Segoviya, umuhungu wa kabiri w'umwami Alfonso XIII, yarangije amashuri ye muri Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. Duke wa Segoviya yari igipfamatwi afite imyaka 4 biturutse ku kwandura ugutwi imbere akiri umwana. 

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris (INJS)