open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Imvubu

## IMVUBU N'IKI?

Imvubu n'iki ubundi mu magambo arambuye? mbere na mbere reka tubanze dusobanukirwe neza imvubu icyaricyo. imvubu n'inyamanswa z'inyamabere zikomoka muri africa yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara. n'ubwo izina ryazo rikomoka mu kigereki ryitwa "ifarashi y'inzuzi" kubera umwanya zimara mu mazi. bene wazo babana ni balale,dolphine ndetse n'ingurube ntibishobora,guhumeka mu mazi cyangwa kureremba ariko zifite amayeri azemerera gusinzirira mu mazi. 

ikindi kandi imvubu zizwiho amenyo manini, kamere ikaze, hamwe n'umugani uvuga ko zibira ibyuya by'amaraso. dore ibyo ukeneye kumenya kuri bimwe mu nyamanswa ikaze. 

#### UBUZIMA BW'IMVUBU MU MAZI

Kubera ko uruhu rw'imvubu rworoshye cyane ndetse uruhu rwazo rukaba rwuma vuba byoroshy zimara umunsi wazo wose mu mazi cyangwa mu byondo kugirango zikonje,zitose kandi zirinde uruhu rwazo rworoshye.

iyo zigiye ku nkombe rero zisohora amavuta y'ibyuya bitukura bitosa uruhu rwazo bitanga amazi kandi bikazirinda izuba na microbes. aya mazi atukura ari inyuma y'umugani ngo invura zibira amaraso.

imvubu ntishobora koga cyangwa guhumeka mu mazi,kandi bitandukanye n'inyamabere nyinshi zifite ubucucike k'uburyo zidashobora kureremba. ahubwo zigendera cyangwa zirukira munsi y'amazi. kuberako amaso yazo n'amazuru yazo biri ahagana hejuru y'umutwe wazo.

imvubu kandi ikunze gusinzirira cyane mu mazi ku manywa subconscious reflex izemerera kwisunika hejuru kugirango zihumeke zidakangutse kugirango zisinzire zitarohamye.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/facts/hippopotamus
Ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije(Environmental health)

**Ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije** ni ishami ry’ubuzima rusange bwita ku bintu byose by’ibidukikije kandi byubatswe bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu. Kugirango ugenzure neza ibintu bishobora kugira ingaruka kubuzima, ibisabwa bigomba kubahirizwa kugirango habeho ibidukikije byiza bigomba kugenwa.  Ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije bwibanda ku bidukikije kandi byubatswe hagamijwe ubuzima bwabantu. Ibyiciro byingenzi byubuzima bwibidukikije ni siyanse y’ibidukikije, uburozi, ibyorezo by’ibidukikije, n’ubuvuzi bw’ibidukikije n’akazi . 

## Ibisobanuro

### WHO Ubusobanuro
Ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije bwasobanuwe mu nyandiko yo mu 1989 n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi (OMS) ngo: Izi ngingo z’ubuzima bw’abantu n’indwara bigenwa n’ibidukikije.  Bivugwa kandi nk'imyitozo n'imikorere yo kugera no kugenzura ibintu bidukikije bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima.

Inyandiko ya OMS yo mu 1990 ivuga ko ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije, nk'uko bwakoreshejwe n’ibiro bya OMS mu Burayi, "bukubiyemo ingaruka z’indwara ziterwa n’imiti, imirasire hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bimwe na bimwe, ndetse n'ingaruka (akenshi zitaziguye) ku buzima no ku mibereho myiza muri rusange ibidukikije, imitekerereze, imibereho myiza n’umuco, birimo amazu, iterambere ry’imijyi, imikoreshereze y’ubutaka no gutwara abantu. " 

As of 2016[update], the WHO website on environmental health states that "Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, as well as genetics."

WHO yasobanuye kandi serivisi z'ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije nka "izo serivisi zishyira mu bikorwa politiki y’ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije binyuze mu bikorwa byo gukurikirana no kugenzura. Bakora kandi urwo ruhare mu guteza imbere iterambere ry’ibidukikije no gushishikariza gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryangiza ibidukikije kandi ryangiza ubuzima n’imyitwarire. Bafite kandi uruhare runini mu guteza imbere no gutanga ibitekerezo bishya bya politiki. "  

## Ibindi bitekerezo
Ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije bw’abana ni disipuline y’inyigisho yiga uburyo ibidukikije byangiza ubuzima bwambere - imiti, imirire, n’imibereho - bigira ingaruka ku buzima n’iterambere mu bwana ndetse no mubuzima bwose bwabantu. 

### Referances
Indwara z’ibidukikije (Environmental disease)

Muri epidemiologiya, **indwara z’ibidukikije** ni indwara zishobora guterwa biturutse ku bidukikije (nkuko bitandukanye na genetique cyangwa infection ). Usibye indwara nyayo ya monogenic genetique, idasanzwe, ibidukikije nimwe mu bintu nyamukuru bitera indwara. Indyo, guhura nuburozi, indwara ziterwa na virusi, imirasire, n’imiti iboneka mu bicuruzwa hafi ya byose byita ku bantu ndetse n’abasukura urugo, guhangayika, ivanguramoko, no guhohoterwa ku mubiri no mu mutwe ni byo bitera igice kinini cy’indwara zitari izungura. Niba inzira yindwara yemejwe ko ari ibisubizo byuruvange rwibintu bikomoka ku bidukikije no *ku bidukikije*, inkomoko yabyo ishobora kuvugwa ko ifite uburyo bwinshi .Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwindwara zibidukikije zirimo.

* Indwara ziterwa nibintu bifatika mubidukikije, nka kanseri yuruhu iterwa no guhura cyane nimirasire ya ultraviolet kumurasire yizuba
* Indwara ziterwa no guhura nubumara bwubumara cyangwa burakaza mubidukikije nkibyuma byuburozi
* Indwara ziterwa no guhura nuburozi buturuka ku binyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije, nka aflatoxicose iva mubibumbano bitanga aflatoxine
* Indwara ziterwa no guhura nibintu byuburozi mubidukikije, nkivanguramoko
* Indwara y'ubuzima nk'indwara z'umutima n'imitsi, indwara ziterwa no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge nk'ubusinzi, n'indwara ziterwa n'itabi

## Indwara zidukikije vs. Indwara zifitanye isano n’umwanda
Indwara zidukikije nigisubizo kiziguye kiva kubidukikije. Hagati aho, indwara ziterwa n’umwanda ziterwa no guhura n’uburozi cyangwa uburozi mu kirere, amazi, nubutaka. Kubwibyo, indwara zose ziterwa n’umwanda ni indwara z’ibidukikije, ariko indwara zose z’ibidukikije ntabwo ari indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.

### Referances
Imisambi

## SOBANUKIRWA AMOKO Y'IMISAMBI N'UBUZIMA BWAYO

Imisambi n'imwe mu moko y'inyoni zibarizwa mu muryango witwa Gruidae, zikaba zirimo amoko mato mato aba ahantu hatandukanye ku isi. muri africa haboneka amoko abiri gusa abarirwa mu kiciro kitwa Balearica, ujya gutera neza nk'ibiyongoyongo  kuko nayo agira amaguru n'amajosi birebire nyamara nta sano namba bifitanye. 

Imisambi iguruka amajosi yayo arambuye mu gihe ibiyongoyongo byo biguruka amajosi yabyo yo aba ahinnye asa nk'akoze inyuguti ya S, uretse rimwe na rimwe iyo biguruka byihuta nibwo wabona ijosi rirambuye.

hakurikijwe ibimenyetso byagiye bigaragara mu bisigarira bya kera by'agaragajwe n'abashakashatsi, amoko abiri y'imisambi ninayo aba muri africa, niyo amaze imyaka myinshi ku isi ugereranyije n'andi moko aboneka kuri iyi si ya Rurema.

Agace(genus) gahuriyemo n'amoko menshi y'imisambi yitwa grus kakaba gahuriwemo n'amoko agera ku icyenda(species) aka gace kakaba gahuza imisambi yo muri america y'amajyaruguru.imisambi iba ahantu hudusozi turiho imicanga ,hari n'imisambi y'imboneka rimwe(whooping\ rare cranes).

iyi misambi ikaba ikunze kurangwa n'urusaku rwinshi cyane cyane iyo iguruka, iyi misambi yose muri rusange ibarizwa muri aka gace ka grus, ihuriye mu miterere idasanzwe cyangwa isa nkaho yihariye.https://muhaziyacu.rw/ingenzi/sobanukirwa-amoko-yimisambi-nubuzima-bwayo/
Indwara ziterwa n’umwanda wibidukikije (Diseases caused by pollution)

Indwara ziterwa n’umwanda bidukikije , zitera indwara zidakira n’impfu z’abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 8.4 buri mwaka. Nyamara, umwanda wakira igice cyinyungu zumuryango wisi.  Ibi ni bimwe kubera ko umwanda utera indwara nyinshi kuburyo akenshi bigoye gushushanya umurongo ugororotse hagati yimpamvu n'ingaruka.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwindwara ziterwa n’umwanda, harimo niziterwa n’umwanda w’ikirere, ubutaka bwanduye, umwanda w’amazi no kubura amazi, isuku n’isuku (WASH) . Guhumanya ikirere birashobora kugabanuka.

## Indwara zidukikije nindwara ziterwa n’umwanda
Indwara zidukikije nigisubizo kiziguye kiva kubidukikije. Ibi birimo indwara ziterwa no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, guhura n’imiti y’ubumara, hamwe n’ibintu bifatika bidukikije, nk’imirasire ya UV ituruka ku zuba, ndetse n’imiterere y’imiterere. Hagati aho, indwara ziterwa n’umwanda ziterwa no guhura n’uburozi mu kirere, amazi n’ubutaka. Kubwibyo, indwara zose ziterwa n’umwanda ni indwara z’ibidukikije, ariko indwara zose z’ibidukikije ntabwo ari indwara ziterwa n’umwanda.

## Indwara ziterwa numwanda wikirere
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) rivuga ko ihumana ry’ikirere rifitanye isano na miliyoni 7 bapfa imburagihe. Dore gusenyuka n'indwara ihumanya ikirere ritera:  

## Guhumanya ikirere hanze

* 40% - indwara yumutima ischemic
* 40% - inkorora
* 11% - indwara zidakira zifata ibihaha
* 6% - kanseri y'ibihaha
* 3% - kwandura gukabije kwubuhumekero mubana

## Amazi Ahumanye
Nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kibitangaza: "Indwara ziterwa n’amazi ziterwa na mikorobe zitera indwara zishobora gukwirakwizwa binyuze mu mazi yanduye. Indwara nyinshi zandurira mu mazi zitera indwara zimpiswi [Icyitonderwa: ntabwo indwara zose zavuzwe hepfo zitera impiswi]. Mirongo inani- umunani ku ijana by'impiswi ku isi yose ifitanye isano n'amazi yo kunywa adafite umutekano, isuku idahagije cyangwa isuku idahagije. Izi ndwara zitera abantu miliyoni 1.5 bapfa buri mwaka, cyane cyane ku bana bato. Impamvu zisanzwe zitera urupfu ni umwuma. mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kubera amazi adafite umutekano, isuku nke, ndetse n'isuku idahagije.Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mazi ntizitera impiswi; ahubwo izo ndwara zishobora gutera imirire mibi, kwandura uruhu, no kwangiza ingingo.

### References
Buji y'ibiti

Amabango y’ibiti yaka nka buji.

## Amabango
Buji y'ibiti ni udufungo duto tw’amabango, umuntu yagereranya n’utwase dutoya. Aya mabango yaka nka buji, yifashishwa mu gufatisha imbabura.

## AMAVUTA

Aya mabango nimeza arabonesha, Aba ameze nk’atose, mbega wagira ngo ni igiti kirimo amavuta, Amavuta ubona atose cyane ariko na none atajojoba. Impumuro yayo wagira ngo ni iy’igiti cya sipure, cyangwa icya pinusi.

## IBINDI

aya mabango iyo umuntu ayakongeje, yaka nka buji. Ariko ngo iyo yabaye ku zuba igihe kirekire agakamukamo ya mavuta umuntu ayabonamo, ntiyaka neza, kuko aba yabaye nk’inkwi zisanzwe.  ushobora gufata akabango ka cm nk’eshanu z’uburebure, ukagakatamo utundi tubango dutoya, hanyuma bagashyira ku makara bashaka gucana. Ngo utu duti tujya gushira amakara bashakaga gukongeza yafashwe.

## Amashakiro
Ishyamba rya Makera

## Ishyamba rya Makera
ishyamba rya Makera riri mu karere ka Kirehe mu Murenge wa Mpanga, hari ishyamba, ibihuru birimo ibisimba, inyamaswa n’ibiti bitakigaragara ahandi mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba, usibye muri Pariki y’Akagera, iri ku ntera y’ibilometero 30 uvuye aho iryo shyamba ryitwa Makera riherereye.

## IBIRI MURI IRI SHYAMBA

ishyamba rya Makera ni rito riri ku buso bwa hegitare 170, hakaba nundi mwanya  bigizwe n’umukenke, hagaragaramo inyamaswa nk’ingwe, isha, ingurube z’ishyamba (isatura), inkima, inkwavu, inzoka n’amoko agera ku 124 y’inyoni.

## MBERE
Ishyamba rya Makera ryari ku buso bwa hegitare 400 mu myaka nka 20 ishize (ubu risigaye kuri hegitare 170), ariko bitari kera cyane ngo rikaba ryari rifatanye na Pariki y’Akagera, mbere y’uko abaturage b’Umurenge wa Mpanga bahigabiza.

## NYABURANGA
Ishyamba rya Makera ngo ni ahantu nyaburanga usura ukabonamo ibiti binini bya cyimeza bidashobora kuboneka henshi mu Rwanda usibye mu bindi byanya bikomye, hamwe n’inyamaswa zavuzwe ndetse n’imvubu n’ingona, bitewe n’uko iryo shyamba rifatanye n’igishanga cy’Akagera.

## AMASHAKIRO
Inyombya

## SOBANUKIRWA INYOMBYA NDETSE N'IMITERERE YAYO

Mubihe byo hambere mu museso hari inyoni zitandukanye zabashaga kubwira abantu  ko bwakeye kugirango bitegure kujya mu mirimo cyangwa kujya muri gahunda babaga bararanye. murizo nyoni twavugamo imisambi yakundaga guhiga mu museso, isake zabikaga n'izindi. 

Nubwo isake cyangwa imisambi bitacyunvikana muri iki gihe, gusa inyoni yitwa inyombya yo iracyakomeje akazi kayoko kubyutsa abantu iyo bigeze mu museso.

uwavuga ko inyombya ari inyoni zisakuza cyane ntago yaba akabije kuko uretse ubaye uri ahantu zitabasha kuboneka naho ubundi iyo zitangiye kuvuga urusaku rwazo rugera kure. 

#### IMITERERE Y'INYOMBYA

Inyombya n'inyoni ishobora kugira uburebure bwa 19-20cm. Iyo nyoni kandi ishobora gupima 29-52g. ku mutwe w'inyombya no mu maso harirabura. ku gice kiri hejuru y'amaso hagaragaramo umurongo utambitse w'ubwoya bw'umweru ku gice cyo hejuru k'umugongo hasa n'ibara ry'ivu kandi ahandi hose hasigaye hasa nk'ikijuju cyenda gutukura cyangwa se ibara ryenda gusa n'umuhondo. umunywa w'inyombya urirabura kandi amaguru ajya gusa n'ibara rya move, ikigore kijya kuba gito ugereranyije n'ikigabo.https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki-n-amashyamba/article/imibereho-y-inyombya-inyoni-imenyerewe-mu-kubyutsa-abantu-mu-museso
Umushinga wogusura Bigogwe wiswe (Visit Bigogwe)

Abasura Bigogwe bigishwa umuco nyarwanda cyane cyane ushingiye ku nka nko gukama, kuragira, gucunda, kuvugira inka na ntibavuga bavuga ku nka n’ibisabo. 

## Ibyo Wamenya kumushinga Wogosura Bigogwe
Visit Bigogwe ni umushinga watangijwe n’umusore witwa Ngabo Karegeya ukomoka mu Bigogwe. ugamije gushishikariza abanyamahanga n’Abanyarwanda gusura aka gace kugira ngo bamenye byinshi ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku nka n’umuco.Abantu basuye aka gace kandi bashimishwa n’ubwiza n’imiterere y’aka gace cyane cyane iy’inzuri za Gishwati.Kuva uyu mushinga watangira umaze gusurwa n’abakomoka mu bihugu nk’Ubudage, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubwongereza ndetse n’Abanyarwanda b’imbere mu gihugu.

## Uko Uyumushinga waje kugenda utera Imbere
Kugeza ubu Bigogwe imaze gusurwa n’abavuye hirya no hino ku Isi barimo n’abaturutse Iburayi na Amerika barimo Abadage barindwi, Abakomoka muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika umunani ndetse n’abandi bo mu bihugu nk’Ububiligi, Ubusuwisi n’Ubuholandi.Bigogwe kandi yasuwe n’ibinyamakuru nka France24, France2 na New York Times.Bavuze ko amafaranga baca kuri ubu bukerarugendo akiri make kugira ngo benshi bashobore kuhasura. Amikoro avamo uyu musore ayakoresha mu kugura ibikoresho nk’inkoni, bote, gukodesha imodoka zitwara abantu n’ahantu akorera. 

## Amashakiro
Gasuku

## GASUKU ZITANGAJE

Izo nyoni zifite amababa arabagirana ku buryo iyo ziguruka ziva mu biti byo mu ishyamba uba ubona ziteye amabengeza. mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 15 abashakashatsi baba abanyeburayi bzaga mur Amerika yepfo niyo hagati barazibonye zirabashimisha cyane. izo nyoni ni gasuku zifite imirizo mirermire ziba mu duce dutandukanye two muri Amerika. nyuma y'igihe gito amafoto yazo yatangiye kugaragara ku makarita y'amerika akaba yari ikirango kicyo bise paradiso nshya yavumbuwe.

Gasuku zose yaba ingabo cyangwa ingore zose zifite amababa arabagirana cyane, azitandukanya n'izindi nyoni z'amababa menshyi. zizi ubwenge zirasabana kandi zigira ijwi rirenga cyane. zizinduka cyane mu gitondo zikagendera hamwe ari nka 30 zigiye gushaka intete z'indabyo,imbuto n'ibindi. ahanini zifatisha ibyo kurya amajanja zikajya zishuna zikoresheje umunywa wazo wigondoye. zishobora no guhekenya ibishishwa by'imbuto zimeze nk'ubunyobwa, nubwo biba bikomeye. iyo zimaze guhaga zijya kunkombe z'mugezi gutora mu mucanga izindi ntongamubiri ziba zikeneye zizifasha kuvana uburozi mubyo ziba zariye.

ubusanzwe gasuku yose iba ifite iyayo bibana akaramata, zikanafatanya kwita ku byana byazo. zikunze kuba mu myobo yo mubiti, iyo kunkombe no mu migina yo mu miswa cyangwa mu bitare byo kunkombe z'imigezi, aho usanga ingabo n'ingore bisukurana. nubwo nyuma y'amezi atandatu icyana kiba kimaze gukura, icyo gishobora imyaka itatu kibana n'ababyeyi bacyo. gasuku zo mu ishyamba zishobora kumara imyaka 30, ariko izo mu rugo zishobora kurenga imyaka 60. zirimo amoko 18, amwe murayo akaba yagaragajwe aha.https://www.jw.org/rw/isomero/amagazeti/nimukanguke-no2-2016-mata/gasuku/
Gahunda yogukumira Abantu Kwiyahura

Kwiyahura bifitanye isano no kwiheba kandi kwiheba ni ikimeneyetso cy’ikibazo cyo mu mutwe kijyanye n’imitekerereze umuntu aba afite. Umuntu ugiye kwiyahura ubusanzwe abanza gutekereza ko kuba ariho ntacyo bimumariye noneho akumva ko kutabaho aribyo byiza. 

## Ibyo Wamenya

Nibura buri kwezi,mumyaka yashize abantu 100 bagerageza kwiyahura. Urwego rw’Ubugenzacyaha ruherutse kugaragaza ko mu myaka ibiri ishize, abantu 576 biyahuye mu Rwanda.Inyubako iherereye mu Murenge wa Kimisagara, imaze no kumenyekana mu bundi buryo mu minsi yashize, cyane cyane nyuma y’uko hatangiye kubera ibikorwa by’abantu biyahurirayo abandi bakabigerageza, bamwe bakahasiga ubuzima abandi bakarokoka rwahize.Umuyobozi ariko yavuze ko bashyizeho ingamba zirimo kongera umutekano n’ubugenzuzi bugamije gushaka abashobora kugira umutima wo kwiyahura, kandi ko izi ngamba zatanze umusaruro mwiza.Umuyobozi w’Ishami rishinzwe Ubuvuzi bw’Indwara zo mu mutwe mu Kigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima, RBC,yavuzeko ko umuntu wiyahuye kenshi aba afite ikibazo cyo kwiheba, kandi ugasanga akimaranye igihe ku buryo yakabaye yaritaweho mbere. 

## Amashakiro
Balton Rwanda

## Balton ni Iki ?

Balton Rwanda yageze mu **[[Rwanda]]** mu mwaka 2007, ikaba ishami rya sosiyete y’Abongeleza yitwa Balton Group isanzwe ifite ubunararibonye mu gutanga serivise zitandukanye mu bice byose by’ubukungu cyane cyane mu bihugu bifite ubukungu bwihuta bwita cyane kubidukikije.

## INTEGO
Ikigo Balton Rwanda gifite intego yo gukwirakwiza ingarani zagenewe gukumira umwanda ugaragara mu bwiherero abagore bashaka kujugunya impapuro z’isuku zizwi nka cotex (Sanitary pads) zishobora gukurura izindi ndwara mu gihe zidacunzwe neza. Ikibazo cyo kujugunya za cotex ziba zakoreshejwe ahabonetse hose gikunda kugaragara ahenshi mu bwiherero busange bwo mu Rwanda, bitewe n’uko nta habugenewe ho kujugunya iyo myanda ishobora guteza izindi ndwara.

## IKIBAZO GIHARI

Ikibazo cyo kujugunya za cotex ziba zakoreshejwe ahabonetse hose gikunda kugaragara ahenshi mu bwiherero busange bwo mu Rwanda, bitewe n’uko nta habugenewe ho kujugunya iyo myanda ishobora guteza izindi ndwara, Izi cotex ziba zirimo amaraso ku buryo ziramutse zitajugunywe neza zishobora gutera izindi ndwara zandurira mu maraso zirimo nka virus itera SIDA, Hepetite B na C ku muntu waba uzikozeho afite atikingiye cyangwa afite igisebe.

## MU BIDUKIKIJE

Mu gutwara iyo myanda ikigo Balton gikorana n’ikindi gisanzwe gitwara imyanda bigatwarwa mu mashashi yabugenewe afite ibara ritukura bikajyanwa gutwikwa. Balton Yatangaje ko ubu buryo bakorana isuku kandi ntibibe bigaragarira amaso y’abantu ku buryo byabahungabanya ku munuko cyangwa ngo byangirikire mu nzira.

## Amashakiro
Imiterere y'igihe kirekire iteganya imibereho y'amashyamba

**Imiterere y'icyiciro** cyuburobyi no gucunga inyamanswa nigice cyo gusuzuma abaturage. Imiterere y'imyaka irashobora gukoreshwa mu gushushanya abantu benshi harimo ibiti n amafi. Ubu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mu guhishurira ibiza byaterwa umuriro w’amashyamba mu baturage b’ishyamba.  Imyaka ishobora kugenwa no kubara impeta ingano  y'amafi, otoliths, ibice byambukiranya umugongo wubwoko bw'ibinyabuzima bifite umugongo mwinshi nka triggerfish,  cyangwa amenyo yubwoko buke.   Buri buryo bufite ibyiza n'ibibi. Umunzani w'amafi uroroshye kuwubona, ariko urashobora kwizerwa mugihe umunzani waguye kumafi nudushya twakuze mu mwanya wabo.  Uruti rw'umugongo rushobora kutizerwa kubwimpamvu imwe, kandi amafi menshi ntabwo afite umugongo wubugari buhagije kugirango impeta zisobanutse zigaragare. Otoliths izaba yagumanye n amafi mumateka yubuzima bwayo,  ariko kuyabona bisaba kwica amafi.  Nanone, otoliths ikenera byinshi kwitegura mbere yo gusaza. 

## Gusesengura uburobyi

Urugero rwo gukoresha ibyiciro by'imyaka kugirango umenye ibyabaturage ni umurongo usanzwe utera inzogera ku baturage b’amafi yimyaka 1-5 bafite abaturage bake cyane kubana bafite imyaka 3. Imiterere y'ibyiciro bifite icyuho cy'ubunini bw'abaturage nk'ubwavuzwe haruguru bisobanura umwaka utera nabi mu myaka 3 ishize muri ubwo bwoko   .

Akenshi amafi mubyiciro byabato afite umubare muto cyane kuko yari muto bihagije kugirango anyure murushundura, kandi mubyukuri ashobora kuba afite abaturage bafite ubuzima bwiza. 

## Reba kandi

* Kumenya gusaza mu mafi
* Piramide yabaturage
* Imbaraga z'uburobyi

## Reba
Iterambere

GAHUNDA Y'ITERAMBERE
Gahunda y'iterambere igena politoki n'inzego z'ibanze n'ibyifuzo bo gukoresha ubutaka 

mukarere kabo. Gahunda y'iterambere iyobora kandi igashiraho ibyemezo bya buri munsi

by'erekeranye n'ubukungu, sisitemu izwi nko kugenzura iterambere.

kugirango ibyo byemezo bishyirwe mugaciro kandi bihamye, gahunda y'iterambere yemejwe

n'ubuyobozi nyuma y'inama nyungurana bitekerezo kandi ikita kubindi bintu bifatika.https://web.archive.org/web/20230217104335/https://www.wirral.gov.uk/planning-and-building/local-plans-and-planning-policy/what-local-plan

ibyemezo byafashwe byose bigomba kuba bijyanye n'iterambere, nubwo gahunda zemejwe

zose zitagerwamo by'imazeyo , zitanga urufatiro rukomeye rw,ibyemezo byateganijwe kandi

bihamye http://www.communityplanning.net/pub-film/pdf/handy_guide_to_planning_2006_06-1.pdf 

## ITERAMBERE RY' URWANDA

Ministre w'intebe Eduard Ngirente avugako gahunda y'iterambere ry' u RWANDA rishingiye 

kumusingi ukomeye w'ubumwe n'ubwiyunge, igihugu gikesha intwari z'igihugu

zitanze zitizigamye. nyuma yo kugaragaza ko indangagaciro z'umuco nyarwanda zagize

uruhare rukomeye mw'iterambere ry'igihugu. Bwana minisitiri w'intebe yatangaje 

amahirwe y'ishoramari ari mugihugu mu Rwanda. rubifashijwemo na gahunda 

y'umwimerere yo kwishakamo ibisubizo n'indangagaciro z'ikomeye zo kwigira,

kwiha agaciro, u Rwanda rwageze kw'iterambere rifatika, munyaka 20 ishize u Rwanda rwabaye

igihugu cy'Africa cyakataje mu kwihuta kumuvuduko w'ubukungu.https://rba.co.rw/post/Minisitiri-wIntebe-Dr-Ngirente-aravuga-ko-iterambere-ryu-Rwanda-ryubakiye-ku-musingi-wubumwe-nubwiyunge 

## URUHARE RW'IKORANABUHANGA
Ikorana buhanga umusingi w'iterambere birumvika kugeza ubu ikoranabuhanga n'ikintu kinini

mw'iterambere ry'igihugu haba muri gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo, birumvikana ko buri kintu,

burikintu cyose dukora none ndetse no mubihe bizaza biza bisabwa ikorana buhanga rya  

murandasi cyangwa se internet mundimi z'amahanga. kurubu urwanda rufite ama robo abasha

gukora amasuku ahantu hose haba hagaragaye icyorezo cya shegeshe isi kizwi nka corona virus.

kurubu intego urwanda rwari rwarihaye muri vision cyangwa se icyerekezo 2020 harimo no kuzamura

ubukungu bushingiye kw'ikorana buhanga. ntagushidikanya ko internet yagombaga kugira uruhare 

runini kugirango iyo ntego igerwego , ari nayo mpamvu yakomeje gushyirwamo ingufu cyane https://igihe.com/ikoranabuhanga/article/ishusho-y-iterambere-ry-ikoranabuhanga-ry-u-rwanda-mu-myaka-20-ishize

AMASHAKIRO
Igiti cya sipure

## Sipure

Igiti cya sipure ini giti gikunze gukoreshwa mu kubaka urugo ( couverture ) cyangwa mu kuba mu ma shyamba , ndetse igiti cya sipure ni nacyo giti gikuzwe gukoreshwa mu kubaka ikirugu ( Christimas free ).

## KURI NOHERI
Heshi  ibihugu bitandukanye by’isi abantu baritegura umunsi mukuru w’ivuka rya Yesu ryitwa Noheri. Mu minsi nkiyi abantu baba bagura ibiti biranga ko habaye Noheri bagamije kubitaka mu mazu yabo , mu biro ndetse n’ahandi heshi hari abantu benshi rero hari n’ababa badafite ubushobozi buhagije  bagashaka aho batema igiti cya sipure kugirango babyifashishe mu kubaka ikirugu cya Noheri.

## BYATANGIYE GUTE
Umutako w’igiti cya Noheri ubusanzwe watangiye gukoreshwa mu mazu y’abantu hagati y’ikinyejana cya 14 kugeza 15. Akaba aribwo abakristu batangiye gukoresha kiriya giti nk’umutako ufite ubusobanuro mu gihe hizihizwa umunsi w’ivuka rya Yezu. ijoro ribanziriza Noheli, umudage Martin Luther yarimo agendagenda mu ishyamba abona inyenyeri zimurikira mu mashami y’ibiti . Avuga ko icyo gihe kuri we byari byiza ndetse ko byamwibukije Yesu wasize inyenyeri zo mu ijuru akaza mu isi.

## Ibidukikije

Igiti cya sipure ni kimwe mu biti bikoreshwa mugutunganya ubusitani, kwita ku bidukikije,  guhinga ishyamba ritanga umwuka mwiza, ndetse ninacyo giti cya sipure gikoreshwa mu kubaka ikirugu. 

## AMASHAKIRO
Imisozi ya Virunga

**Imisozi ya Virunga** (izwi kandi ku izina rya **Mufumbiro**  ) ni urunigi rw'ibirunga muri Africa y'iburasirazuba, ku rubibe rw'amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC), na Uganda . Imisozi ni ishami ryimisozi ya Albertine Rift, ihana imbibi nishami ryiburengerazuba bwa Rift ya Afrika yuburasirazuba .https://web.archive.org/web/20081003023434/http://gorilla.cd/

Imisozi igizwe n'ibirunga umunani bikomeye. Ibyinshi muribyo byarasinziriye, usibye umusozi wa nyiragongo 3,462 metres (11,358 ft) n'umusozi wa Nyamuragira 3,063 metres (10,049 ft), byombi muri DRC. Iruka rya vuba ryabaye mu 2006, 2010 na Gicurasi 2021. Umusozi wa Karisimbi ni ikirunga kinini kuri 4,507 metres (14,787 ft) . Umusozi wa kera cyane ni umusozi wa Sabyinyo, uzamuka 3,634 metres (11,923 ft) hejuru yinyanja.

Imisozi ya Virunga niho hari ingagi zo mu misozi zibangamiwe cyane, zanditswe ku rutonde rutukura rwa IUCN rw’ibinyabuzima bigenda byangirika bitewe no gutakaza aho gutura, guhinga, indwara, n'intambara (Butynski et al. 2003). ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya karisoke, cyashinzwe na Dian Fossey cyo kureba ingagi aho batuye, giherereye ku musozi wa Karisimbi n'umusozi wa Bisoke .

## Urutonde rwimisozi miremire mumisozi ya Virunga

## Parike z'igihugu

* Parike y'igihugu ya Virunga, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo
* Pariki y'ibirunga, u Rwanda
* Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda

## Mu muco

* Igitabo cya Michael Crichton *Congo* gishyizwe ahanini mukarere ka Virunga.
* *Ingagi mu gihu*, hamwe n'igitabo cy'izina rimwe, byerekana umurimo n'urupfu rwa primatologue Dian Fossey . Inkambi yakoreragamo, Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Karisoke, iracyari mu misozi ya Virunga.

## Reba
Gukingira Indwara ya Muryamo ikunda kwibasira Ihene n’Intama

Guhera tariki ya 8 kugera ku ya 15 Nzeri mu mwaka 2020, Akarere ka Bugesera ku bufatanye n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (RAB) ndetse n’abavuzi b’amatungo (Veterineri) bikorera bo muri ako karere, ubu bari mu gikorwa cyo gukingira amatungo magufi (ihene n’intama), indwara ya muryamo ikunda kuzibasira mu gihe cy’imvura.

## Ibyo Wamenya kundwara ya Muryamo
Muryamo ni indwara ifata ihene cyangwa intama, zikazana ibintu bimeze nk’ibicurane, zikabyimba umutwe, kandi ni indwara mbi kuko amatungo ashobora kuyanduzanya hagati yayo, kandi ikaba yica.Amatungo yafashwe n’iyo ndwara ntashobora kugurishwa cyangwa se ngo abagwe aribwe kuko inyama zayo zishobora kwanduza abantu, ahubwo n’iyo itungo rirwaye iyo ndwara ripfuye riratabwa mu butaka.

## Igikorwa cyo Gukingira

Tariki ya 8 no kuri taliki 9 Nzeri mu mwaka 2020, hakingiwe amatungo yo mu Mirenge ya Shyara, Mareba, Musenyi, Gashora na Juru. Tariki ya 10 na taliki 11 Nzeri mu mwaka 2020, harakingirwa amatungo yo mu Mirenge ya Nyarugenge, Ngeruka, Nyamata, Mayange na Rilima, naho Tariki ya 14 na 15 Nzeri mu mwaka 2020, hagombaga gukingirwa amatungo yo mu Mirenge ya Ruhuha, Kamabuye, Ntarama, Rweru na Mwogo.

## Amashakiro
Ubushakashatsi ku "Isuri iterwa n'umuyaga kubutaka bw'iburayi"

ubushakashatsi ku "Isuri iterwa n'umuyaga kubutaka bw'iburayi" wari umushinga w’ubushakashatsi watewe inkunga muri gahunda y’ibihugu by’Uburayi w’ibidukikije n’ikirere, wari ugamije guteza imbere urugero ruto rw’isuri y’umuyaga ku rwego rw’imirima, hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri bibanza bitatu byo kwipimisha muri Saxony yo hepfo, Scania, na Suffolk .

uyu wari umushinga wubufatanye hagati ya kaminuza nkuru ya Londere, ubushakashatsi bwa geologiya ya Lower Saxony (Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung) mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga ry’ubutaka, Bremen, kaminuza ya Lund, na kaminuza ya Wageningen . Yatangiye kuva 1997 kugeza 2000.

## Ishakiro ryo hanze

* http://www.dow.wau.nl/eswc/ubushakashatsi/weels1.html
* 
* WEELS raporo yanyuma, nkibishobora gukururwa dosiye ya pdf
Ikinyamakuru nyafurika cy’ibidukikije

***Ikinyamakuru nyafurika cy’ibidukikije*** (cyahoze cyitwa *Ikinyamakuru cy’ibinyabuzima cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba* ) ni ikinyamakuru cya siyansi buri gisohoka gihembwe cyibanda ku bidukikije no kubungabunga inyamaswa n'ibimera byo muri Afurika.  gisohowe na Blackwell Publishing ifatanije n’umuryango w’ibinyabuzima byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba . 

## Gukuramo no Kwerekana
Iki kinyamakuru cyerekanwe  kuri:

* AgBiotechNet (CABI)
* Ubworozi bw'amatungo (CABI)
* BIOBASE: Kumenyekanisha muri iki gihe mubumenyi bwibinyabuzima (Elsevier)
* Ibiriho ubu: Ubuhinzi, Ibinyabuzima & Ubumenyi bw’ibidukikije (Clarivate Analytics)
* GEOBASE (Elsevier)
* Ibisobanuro bya Helminthologiya (CABI)
* Ubumenyi bwimbuto zimbuto (CABI)
* Kuhira no gukuramo amazi (CABI)
* Ibigori Ibigori (CABI)
* Inyandiko y'ibinyabuzima (Clarivate Analytics)

Urutonde rwuzuye rwibipimo urashobora kubisanga kurubuga rwabo.

## Reba
Ingarani

## Ingarani

Ingarani ni igikoresho cyangwa ahantu hagenewe kwakira imyanda itandukanye, Ingarani ikaba izwi mu muco nyarwanda nkahantu bashyira ifumbire y'imborera.

## AFRICA NKI NGARANI
Caguwa ni imyenda Abanyaburayi batagishaka imbere y’inzu zabo, itangwa n’abayiharurutswe kugira ngo ihabwe abuntu bayikeneye, ikazanwa muri Afurika, igacuruzwa yiswe ko ari indi myenda mishya, uko niko Afurika yahindutse ingarani y’ibyashaje bitagikenewe i Burayi.
## UBYOKO BW'INGARANI
Hariho ingarani nyinshi zitandukanye reka turebe zimwe murizo

* Ingarani z'imiti yo kwamuganga.
* Ingarani ijyamo ibikoresho bya television na ordinateur.
* Ingarani Ijyamo ibyatsi n'ibishingwe.
* Umuntu unnya itabi nawe n'ingarani ababicuruza babijugunyamo, nkuko minisitiri yabivuze.

## GUTUNGANYA INGARANI
Mu gutegura ingarani y'ifumbire hifashishwa hakenerwa ibyatsi by’ubwoko bunyuranye, ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa nk’ibishogori by’ibishimbo, ibigorigori, amashara y’insina, ibikenyeri, amababi y’ibimera binyuranye nk’ibitovu n’ibindi. Hakenerwa kandi amase mabisi, amatotoro y’inkoko, ivu, amaganga n’amazi.

## MU BIDUKIKIJE

Ingarani ni igikoresho kimwe gifasha mu kubungabunga ibidukikije kuko zifata imyanda igiye itandukanye, ndetse hari na masosiete atunganya ingarani haba ingarani nkorano cyangwa Ingarani karemano, ndetse ingarani zirafasha mu kwegeranya ibishingwe no kubitwara kugirango babungabunge ibidukikije.

## AMASHAKIRO
Amaterasi y'indinganire

## AMATERASI
Amaterasi y’indinganire yabaye ipfundo rikomeye mu guhindura imibereho y’abatuye mu misozi miremire y’Akarere ka Gicumbi. Inyungu y’inyabutatu y’aya materasi ishingiye ku:

* gufata ubutaka ntibutwarwe n’isuri, 
* kongera umusaruro 
* kandi aterwaho ubwatsi bugaburirwa amatungo byatumye inka zongera umukamo.

## INYUNGU Z'AMATERASI
Amaterasi y’indinganire kuyakora byasabaga ingamba zo guca amaterasi y’indinganire n’abayakora ku misozi ihanamye kugira ngo bakumire isuri yangizaga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’ibidukikije, kubera ko mu mirima y’abaturage hamanukaga isuri igatwara imyaka, ifumbire, n’ubutaka ikabijyana mu kabande. Abahinzi b’ibirayi bahinga kijyambere mu materasi y’indinganire byabafashije kongera umusaruro kuko ngo wikubye inshuro zirenga eshatu nyuma y’uko batangiye guhinga kijyambere.

## MURI GICUMBI
mushinga Green Gicumbi ukorera mu karere ka Gicumbi, Mu bikorwa by’ingenzi by’uyu mushinga harimo gutunganya amateraasi y’indinganire n’abayakora, gusazura amashyamba, kubungabunga amasoko y’icyogogo cy’umugezi w’Umuvumba, gutuza abaturage mu midugudu no kubafasha gucana batobona ibidukikije cyangwa ngo bahumanye ikirere.

## AMASHAKIRO
Guhinga imizabibu

## U RWANDA MUZIRA ZO GUHINGA IMIZABIBU

Umushinga wo guhinga imizabibu mu Rwanda wemejwe n'amasezerano yashyizweho 

umukono ku masezerano y'ubufatanye u Rwanda n'ubudage binyuze binyuze mu mubano

wihariye ibi bihugu byombi bifitanye.

ayo masezerano yashyizweho umukono na minisitiri wubuhinzi n'ubworozi Dr Geraldine

Mukeshimana kuruhande rw'u rwanda na Dr Volken Wissing ku ruhande rw'ubudage

kimwe muraya masezerano y ubufatanye harimo no kugerageza igihigwa cy'imizabibu 

ni igihingwa kitamenyerewe hano mu rwanda ariko gifite akamaro, abanyarwanda banywa 

divayi nyinshi zivuye zo mu mizabibu ziturutse mahanga kandi zibahenze ariko mugihe 

twaba tubashije kuzikorera twajya tuzibona kugiciro gito https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/divayi-yaturukaga-hanze-ishobora-kuzaba-yengerwa-mu-rwanda-mu-bihe-biri-imbere
Ibarura Rusange ry’Abaturage n’Imiturire

Buri myaka icumi, mu Rwanda hakorwa census yitwa Ibarura Rusange ry’Abaturage n’Imiturire (Population and Housing Census, PHC); mu mwa ushize hakozwe ‘census’ ya Gatanu. 

## Gahunda y'Ibarura ry'Abaturage n'Imiturire

Ubushakashatsi bukorwa mu Rwanda kimwe no mu bindi bihugu, busuzuma ibintu bike cyangwa byinshi, hakabazwa abantu bake cyangwa umubare munini bitewe n’ikigamijwe mu byitwa surveys.Mu byo ibarura riba rigamije, hari ugukusanya amakuru atandukanye afasha igihugu mu igenamigambi nko kumenya ngo igihugu gituwe n’abaturage bangahe, abagabo ni bangahe, abagore ni bangahe.Hanasuzumwa umubare w’abana n’abakuze, imirimo bakora, uko babyara, amadini basengamo, ubwishingizi bakoresha mu kwivuza n’ibindi, ibi bikaba bireba Abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga.

## Igihe Ibarura ryambere ryatangiye
Ibarura rya mbere ryabaye ku butegetsi bwa Habyarimana mu mwaka 1978, Ubwa Kabiri bukorwa mu mwaka 1991 ariko ibyabuvuyemo ntibyamurikwa, ubwa Gatatu buba mu mwaka 2002, ubwa kane bukaba ubwa 2012.Ibarura Rusange ry’Abaturage n’Imiturire ni umwe mu mishinga y’ibanze Igihugu gishingiraho kugira ngo kigene ibigomba gukorerwa abaturage byabageza ku majyambere arambye mu bijyanye n’ubukungu n’imibereho yabo ya buri munsi.Kugirango ibyo byose bishoboke, buri muntu asabwe kwibaruza, nta n’umwe wibagiranye cyangwa ngo yibaruze kabiri.

## Amashakiro
Imbaho

Imbaho zikozwe mu birere by’ insina.

## ITANGIRIRO
Izi mbaho ziboneka mu Karere ka Kayonza, Umurenge wa Mukarange, mu Kagari ka Kayonza, Mu mudugudu wa Munazi havumbuye uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora imbaho ziri mu bwoko bwa MDF (Medium-density fibreboard), zikozwe mu birere n’imitumba y’insina.

## AMOKO Y'IMBAHO

* Imbaho z'idasanzwe.
* Imbaho z'imiterere itandukanye.
* Imbaho za MDF

## Imbaho za MDF
Izi mbaho za MDF  zikoze mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije, kandi ko yasanze ari bwo buryo buhendutse cyane, bugereranyije n’ubusanzwe bukoreshwa ngo izo mbaho ziboneke. Izi mbaho kuzikora bitwara igihe gito cyane, agereranyije n’igisanzwe. Mu Rwanda ubusanzwe nta mbaho zo mu bwoko bwa MDF zihakorerwa, zavanwaga hanze. Ubusanzwe zikorwa mu ifu y’ibiti.

## AMASHAKIRO
Uburenganzira bw’Amatungo n’Inyamaswa

Tariki ya 12 Gashyantare 2022 Umuntu yakatiwe gufungwa imyaka itanu kubera kwica itungo.

## Uburengazira bw'Amatungo n'Inyamaswa

Nyuma y’uko ashinjwe kuba yarasanze ingurube nto kumusigiti yayoboraga akavuga ko haramu yabateye, ubundi atangira kuyikubita biyiviramo urupfu. Nyirayo yahise atabaza ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze bushyikiriza uyu mugabo Urwego rw’Ubugenzacyaha.Ibi byabaye ku wahoze ari Umuyobozi w’Umusigiti wa Cyinzovu mu Murenge wa Kabarondo wo mu Karere ka Kayonza,yahamijwe n'icyaha cyo gufata nabi amatungo yororerwa mu rugo, kuyakomeretsa cyangwa kuyica.Gushyiraho amategeko arengera inyamaswa no guhana wihanukiriye uwayarenzeho si umwihariko w’u Rwanda kuko bikunze kugaragara no mu bihugu byateye imbere.

## Ibindi wamenya
Mu mwaka 2021 Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Ubwongereza yatoye itegeko rigena ko umuntu uhohotera amatungo n’inyamaswa cyangwa se akazibuza amahwemo mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi ashobora gufungwa imyaka itanu hashingiwe ku ngaruka ibikorwa bye byagize ku buzima bw’iyo nyamaswa cyangwa itungo.Mu Rwanda hari itegeko nk’iri ndetse rigena n’ibihano ku warirenzeho, Ingingo ya 190 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga ko “Umuntu wese, ku bw’inabi, ufata nabi amatungo cyangwa inyamaswa zororerwa mu rugo cyangwa uyatwara nabi ku buryo bubangamira ubuzima bwayo, aba akoze icyaha.

## Amashakiro
.
Ishusho rusange yo gucunga no kubyaza umusaruro ibidukikije

**Gahunda yo gucunga ibidukikije** ni uburyo ba nyir'ubutaka hamwe n’abandi bantu n’inzego zishinzwe gucunga ubutaka bashobora gushishikarizwa kubungabunga ibidukikije.

## Uko bikorwa muri bimwe mu bihugu zigihugu

### Australiya
Gahunda nyinshi (porogaramu) ziri cyangwa zakorewe muri Ositaraliya, harimo:

* Ikigega cyo Kwiringira Umurage w'igihugu (1 na 2)
* Gahunda y'igenamigambi ry'igihugu kubunyu
* Kwita ku Gihugu 

Izindi gahunda zibaho mu bufatanye na leta zitandukanye, urugero; New South Wales - Gahunda y'ibikorwa

### Ubwongereza
Gahunda nyinshi zirimo cyangwa zikora mubwongereza, harimo:

* Ubusonga mu cyaro
* Ubusonga bwibidukikije
* Gahunda Yibidukikije Ibidukikije

Kugeza ubu Ubwongereza bukora:

* Icyiciro cyo Kwinjira
* Ubusonga bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru
* Urwego rwo Kwinjira Urwego Igisonga
* Urwego Rukuru Urwego rwinjira Urwego rwo kuba igisonga

Izi gahunda zose ziyobowe nu Bwongereza Kamere

### Scotland
Mu 2007 Scotland yemeye SRDP (Gahunda yo Guteza Imbere Icyaro cya Scottish - gahunda ya miliyari 1,6 y’ingamba z’ubukungu, ibidukikije n’imibereho igamije guteza imbere icyaro cya Scotland. Umuntu ku giti cye hamwe n’amatsinda barashobora gushaka inkunga yo gufasha kugera ku ntego za guverinoma mu cyaro cya Scotland.

### Wales
Kugeza vuba aha gahunda yiganje mu buhinzi-bw’ibidukikije muri Wales yari Tir Gofal, bisobanura ngo 'Kwita ku butaka'. Nibwo gahunda yambere muri Wales, ndetse no muburayi, igamije guteza imbere kubungabunga no gucunga imirima yose. Byari bitandukanye na gahunda zabanjirije iyi, kuko yazanye ubuhinzi no kubungabunga urwego rutandukanye rwubufatanye.

Vuba aha byatangajwe ko iyi gahunda yahagaritswe, hamwe na gahunda yo kwishyura ikiraro kugeza igihe isimburwa ryayo ritangiriye.

### Ubufaransa
Mu bihugu bimwe nk'Ubufaransa, gahunda nk'izo zishobora gutangizwa na guverinoma nkuru:

* Schéma directeur d'aménagement et de gestion des eaux

### Ubusuwisi
Ubusuwisi bwatangiye kuvugurura politiki y’ubuhinzi mu 1993 na nyuma ya referendumu mu 1996, kuva mu 1998 iki gihugu cyahujije itangwa ry’inkunga y’imirima no kubahiriza byimazeyo ibidukikije byiza. Mbere yuko abahinzi basaba inkunga, bagomba kubona ibyemezo bya sisitemu yo kubungabunga ibidukikije (EMS) byerekana ko: “gukoresha neza ifumbire; gukoresha byibuze 7% by'ubutaka bwabo nk'ahantu hishyurwa ibidukikije; guhinduranya buri gihe ibihingwa; gufata ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda inyamaswa n'ubutaka; koresha imipaka kandi igamije gukoresha imiti yica udukoko. ” 

## Reba kandi

* Gucunga ibidukikije

## Reba
Irimbi rya Rusororo

Irimbi rya Rusororo rihereye Mu  Mujyi wa Kigali,AKarere ka Gasabo, wa Rusororo,Akagali ka Kabugall,Umudugudu wa mataba.

ryatangiye gushyingurwamo 28 Ukwakira 2011.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/irimbi-rya-rusororo-rimaze-gushyingurwamo-imirambo-6-530
Imirwanya suri

## Imiryanya Suri

Imirwanya suri ni imwe muri pilitike za leta yu Rwanda , mukwita kubishanga, mu gutafa ubutaka ndeste nokurwanya isuri, Imiryanya suri ni icyobo gicukurwa mu butaka cyikaba gifite ubuhagarike butarenze cm 50 ndeste n'uburebure bucyenewe.

## IKORESHWA HEHE
Imiryanya Suri ifasha kubungabunga amashyamba irwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ibihe, kandi ifasha mu kubungabunga umushinga ukanafasha ba nyir’ishyamba na Leta kuyasazura,ku buryo umusaruro wayo urushaho kwiyongera. Rero ntabwo amazi avamo cyangwa ajya mu ishyamba aryangize cyangwa imirima itandukanye ndetse ni muhanda.

## IBINDI
Iibidukikije byita rimwe na rimwe ku ingemwe nziza z’amoko aberanye n’ubutaka hari nk' amoko 3 afasha cyane ariyo inturusu ya Mayideni,harimo Salinya na Galandise, kandi mugucukura imirwanya suri dukurikije uko ubuhaname bumeze, hanyuma kwirinda isuri ibishyitsi tukabishishura kugira ngo bizagende byumira aho biri muri rya shyamba rishya.

## REBA
Ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga kigenzura imyuka ya parike.

***Ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cyo kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere*** ni  buri kwezi gisuzuma n’ikinyamakuru cya siyansi gikubiyemo ubushakashatsi ku kugenzura gaze ya parike . Byanditswe na Elsevier naho umwanditsi mukuru ni John Gale. Nk’uko *ikinyamakuru Citation Reports* kibitangaza ngo iki kinyamakuru gifite ingaruka za 2020 zingana na 3.738, 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
*
Icyogogo cya Sebeya

## UMUGEZI WA SEBEYA

**[[umugezi wa Sebeya]]** ni uruzi ruri mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba, u Rwanda rusohoka mu kiyaga cya Kivu giherereye mu majyepfo y'umujyi wa Gisenyi. Umugezi wa Sebeya ukomoka mu misozi y'akarere ka Rutsiro.Ipima kilometero 110 z'uburebure bwamazi irimo kilometero kare 286 y'aturere ka Rutsiro, Ngororero na Rubavu.

## SEBEYE IRANGIZA
Umugezi wa Sebeya iyo wuzuye usenyera amazu, igatwara imyaka  twahinze bikaduteza inzara,  sebeya iteje ikibazo cyane, kuko itwara ibintu n’abantu.

## ICYOGOGO CYA SEBEYA
umushinga wo kubungabunga icyogogo cya Sebeya watangiye ukorera mu turere 4, Akarere ka Rutsiro, Akarere ka Rubavu, Akarere ka Ngororero na Akarere ka Nyabihu.Ni umushinga wari ugamije gukumira ibiza byaterwaga nuwo mugezi, harimo imyuzure, yangizaga ibikorwa remezo, isuri yavaga mu misozi ikikije uwo mugezi, igatwara imyaka mu mirima, no kwangiza ubutaka n’ibindi.

## HAKORWA IKI

Icyogogo cya Sebeya, muri uyu mushinga hatewe ibiti, amashyamba, hacibwa amaterasi yindinganire n’ayikora, hatangwa ibigega bifata amazi y’imvura,hubakwa ibidamu, horozwa abaturage baho ndetse aba arinabo bahabwa akazi ko gukora iyo mirimo.

## AMASHAKIRO
Abantu n'ahantu hibasiwe cyane

**Abantu benshi bibasiwe n’imihindagurikire y'ibihe** (**MAPA** ) ni ijambo  ryerekana amatsinda n’uturere byibasiwe cyane n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere nk'abagore, imiryango y'abasangwabutaka, amoko mato, LGBTQ ,abakuze ,abato, abakene hamwe n,igice kinini cy'isi y'epfo .  Hirya no hino hari abantu bibasirwa n'imihindagurikire y'ibihe aho benshi batwarwa n'imyuzure, abicwa n'amapfa, abicwa n'izuba ryinshi bigatuma bahora mu bibazo by'indwara z'urudaca. Na none kandi hari aho abantu bagikorerwa ivangura rishingiye ku ruhu, uburebure , ubwoko , akarere , ururimi,... 

## Reba
Guhumanya ikirere(Air pollution)

**Guhumanya ikirere** ni kwanduza ikirere bitewe no kuba hari ibintu byangiza ikirere byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibindi binyabuzima, cyangwa bikangiza ikirere cyangwa ibikoresho.  Nukwanduza no murugo cyangwa hanze kuzengurutse haba mubikorwa bya shimi, ibintu byumubiri cyangwa ibinyabuzima bihindura ibintu biranga ikirere.  Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwimyuka ihumanya ikirere, nka gaze (harimo ammoniya, monoxide ya karubone, dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya nitrous, metani, dioxyde de carbone na chlorofluorocarbone ), uduce (haba kama n’ibinyabuzima), na molekile y’ibinyabuzima . Ihumana ry’ikirere rishobora gutera abantu indwara, allergie, ndetse n’urupfu ku bantu; irashobora kandi kwangiza ibindi binyabuzima nkibikoko n’ibihingwa by’ibiribwa, kandi irashobora kwangiza ibidukikije (urugero, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kugabanuka kwa ozone cyangwa kwangirika kw'imiturire ) cyangwa ibidukikije byubatswe (urugero, imvura ya aside ).  Guhumanya ikirere birashobora guterwa nibikorwa byabantu  nibintu bisanzwe. 

Ubwiza bw’ikirere bufitanye isano rya hafi n’ikirere cy’isi n’ibinyabuzima ku isi. benshi mu bagize uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere nabo ni isoko y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni ukuvuga gutwika amavuta y’ibimera. 

## Inkomoko y’umwuka wanduye

### Inkomoko ya Anthropogenic (yakozwe n'abantu)

### References
Ibipimo by' umwanda womukirere (Air pollution measurement)

**Ibipimo byumwuka mubi mu ikirere** ni inzira yo gukusanya no gupima ibice byangiza ikirere, cyane cyane imyuka n'ibice . Ibikoresho bya mbere byakoreshwaga mu gupima umwanda harimo gupima imvura (mu bushakashatsi bw’imvura ya aside ), imbonerahamwe ya Ringelmann yo gupima umwotsi, hamwe na soot yoroshye hamwe n’abakusanya ivumbi bizwi nko kubitsa .  Ibipimo bigezweho byangiza ikirere byikora kandi bigakorwa hifashishijwe ibikoresho nubuhanga butandukanye. Izi ntera ziva mubikoresho byoroshye byo kwipimisha bizwi kwizina rya diffuzione unyuze mubyuma bihanitse cyane bya chimique na physique bitanga ibipimo byumwanda mugihe nyacyo, bikoreshwa mugutanga ibipimo byubuziranenge bwikirere .

## Akamaro ko gupimwa

Guhumanya ikirere biterwa nibintu byinshi. Mu bidukikije byo mu mijyi, irashobora kuba irimo ibice byinshi, cyane cyane ibice bikomeye kandi byamazi (nka soot iva kuri moteri hamwe n ivu ryisazi riva mumuriro), hamwe na gaze nyinshi zitandukanye (cyane cyane dioxyde de sulfure, okiside ya azote, na monoxyde de carbone, byose bijyanye na lisansi gutwikwa ). Ubu buryo butandukanye bwanduye bugira ingaruka zitandukanye kubuzima bwabantu, ku isi karemano (amazi, ubutaka, ibihingwa, ibiti, nibindi bimera), no kubidukikije byubatswe.  Gupima ihumana ry’ikirere nintambwe yambere yo kumenya ibitera hanyuma ukagabanya cyangwa ukabigenzura kugira ngo ikirere cy’ikirere kigabanuke mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko (giteganijwe n’ubuyobozi nk’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika) cyangwa amabwiriza ngishwanama yatanzwe n’inzego nka Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) .  WHO ivuga ko imijyi irenga 6000 yo mu bihugu 117 ubu isanzwe ikurikirana ubwiza bw’ikirere cyayo. 

## Ibipimo byoroshye kandi bifatika
Guhumanya ikirere (muri rusange) bipimwa muburyo bubiri butandukanye, byoroshye cyangwa bikora.  

## Ibipimo byoroshye
bikoresho bya pasitive biroroshye kandi birahendutse.  Bakora mukunyunyuza cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gukusanya icyitegererezo cyumwuka wibidukikije, hanyuma kigomba gusesengurwa muri laboratoire. Bumwe mu buryo bukunze kugaragara mu gupima pasiporo ni umuyoboro wa diffuzione, usa n'umuyoboro wa laboratoire wapimwe kandi ugafatirwa ku kintu kimeze nk'itara ry'itara kugira ngo ryinjize imyuka imwe cyangwa myinshi yihariye ihumanya inyungu. Nyuma yigihe runaka, umuyoboro umanurwa hanyuma woherezwa muri laboratoire kugirango isesengurwe. Ibipimo byo kubitsa, bumwe muburyo bwa kera bwo gupima umwanda, nubundi bwoko bwibikoresho bya pasiporo.  Nibisumizi binini bikusanya soot cyangwa ibindi bice hanyuma bikabijugunya mumacupa yintangarugero, bigomba kongera gusesengurwa muri laboratoire.

## References
Ubushyuhe bukabije (Global warming potential)

**Ubushyuhe bukabije**  ( **GWP** ) ni ubushyuhe bwakirwa na gaze iyo ari yo yose yo mu kirere, nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwakirwa na misa imwe ya karuboni ( CO  ). GWP ni 1 kuri CO  . Kubindi Dioxyde de Carbone ihwanye ( CO  e cyangwa CO  eq cyangwa CO  -e) ibarwa kuva GWP. Kuri gaze iyo ari yo yose, ni misa ya CO  yashyushya isi nkubunini bwa gaze. Rero itanga igipimo rusange cyo gupima ingaruka zikirere ziterwa na gaze zitandukanye. Irabarwa nka GWP inshuro ya misa yandi gaze. biterwa na gaze nigihe cyagenwe.

## Indangagaciro
Dioxyde de Carbone niyo yerekana. Ifite GWP ya 1 utitaye kumwanya wakoreshejwe. Imyuka ya CO  itera kwiyongera kwikirere cya CO  kizamara imyaka ibihumbi.  Ikigereranyo cy’agaciro ka GWP mu myaka 20, 100 na 500 gikusanywa kandi kigasubirwamo muri raporo zaturutse mu kanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe 

* SAR (1995) 
* TAR (2001) 
* AR4 (2007) 
* AR5 (2013) 
* AR6 (2021) 

Nubwo raporo ziheruka zigaragaza ukuri kwa siyansi, ibihugu n’amasosiyete bikomeje gukoresha indangagaciro za SAR na AR4 kubera impamvu zo kugereranya muri raporo z’ibyuka bihumanya. AR5 yasibye agaciro k'imyaka 500 ariko itangiza igereranyo cya GWP harimo ibitekerezo by'ikirere-karuboni (f) hamwe no kutamenya neza. 

### Referances