open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iyangirika ry'ubutaka

**Iyangirika ry'ubutaka** ni inzira aho agaciro k'ibinyabuzima kagira ingaruka ku guhuza ibikorwa biterwa n'abantu bikora ku butaka.  Bifatwa nkimpinduka zose cyangwa imivurungano kubutaka bubonwa ko budasiba cyangwa butifuzwa.  Ibyago bisanzwe bivanwaho nkimpamvu; icyakora ibikorwa byabantu birashobora kugira ingaruka zitaziguye nkumwuzure numuriro wibihuru.

Impuguke z’impuguke zerekana ko iyangirika ry’ubutaka rizaba insanganyamatsiko y’ikinyejana cya 21, ikagira ingaruka ku musaruro w’ubuhinzi, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ihinduka ry’ibidukikije, n’ingaruka zabyo ku kwihaza mu biribwa .  Bigereranijwe ko hafi 4% yubutaka bwubuhinzi ku isi bwangiritse cyane.  

Raporo idasanzwe yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ubutaka bw’akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe : "Hafi ya kimwe cya kane cy’ubutaka butagira urubura ku isi bugira ingaruka mbi ku bantu (icyizere giciriritse). Isuri y’ubutaka buturuka mu mirima y’ubuhinzi bivugwa ko kugeza ubu inshuro 11 kugeza kuri 20 (nta guhinga) kugeza ku nshuro zirenga 100 (guhinga bisanzwe) hejuru y’ikigereranyo cy’ubutaka (icyizere giciriritse). " . 

## Ingaruka
Hariho inzira enye zingenzi zo kureba iyangirika ryubutaka ningaruka zaryo kubidukikije:

# Kugabanuka by'agateganyo cyangwa guhoraho mubushobozi butanga umusaruro w'ubutaka. Ibi birashobora kugaragara binyuze mu gutakaza biomass, gutakaza umusaruro nyawo cyangwa mubishobora kubyara umusaruro, cyangwa gutakaza cyangwa guhinduka mubiterwa byibimera nintungamubiri zubutaka .
# Igikorwa mubushobozi bwubutaka bwo gutanga umutungo wimibereho yabantu. Ibi birashobora gupimwa uhereye kumurongo fatizo wo gukoresha ubutaka bwashize.
# Gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima: Gutakaza amoko y'ibinyabuzima cyangwa urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bigoye nko kugabanuka kw'ibidukikije.
# Guhindura ingaruka z’ibidukikije: kongera intege nke z’ibidukikije cyangwa abantu kurimbuka cyangwa ibibazo. Ibi bipimirwa hifashishijwe umurongo shingiro muburyo bwo guhura nibibazo byokubaho cyangwa kurimbuka.

References
Ibibazo by’ibidukikije muri Afurika yepfo (environmental issues in Southern Africa,)

Hariho **ibibazo bitandukanye by’ibidukikije muri Afurika yepfo**, nk’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubutaka, amazi, gutema amashyamba, iyangirika ry’ubutaka, n’umwanda . Agace ka Afurika yepfo ubwako, usibye Afurika yepfo,  itanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere ariko ikakira ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere irangwa n’imihindagurikire y’imvura, ibihe by’ikirere bikabije n’ubushyuhe. Binyuze mu kugerageza kugendana n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere no kugerageza guhaza abaturage benshi biyongera, Afurika y'Epfo yarangije umutungo wayo mwinshi bituma byangiza ibidukikije. Igiti cya Afurika yepfo, n’ibicuruzwa nibyo shingiro ry’ubukungu bwabo, kandi aka karere kamaze gutungwa n’umutungo. Gukomeza kugabanuka no gufata nabi umutungo kamere byatumye Afurika yepfo igana muri leta aho bari.

## Amavu n'amavuko
Afurika y'Epfo igizwe n'ibihugu nka: Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambike, Namibiya, Afurika y'Epfo, Zambiya, na Zimbabwe . Lesotho ikikijwe na Afrika yepfo (iri hagati ya Afrika yepfo).

Bimwe mu bibazo by’ibidukikije bigira ingaruka kuri Afurika yepfo ni: kwanduza amazi, guhumanya ikirere, kwangirika kw’ubutaka, kwanduza imyanda ikomeye, no gutema amashyamba . Kwangiza ibidukikije ntabwo bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abaturage gusa, ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku moko atuye muri ako karere, mu gihe binagira uruhare mu kibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi.

## Ibibazo by'amazi
Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye byo muri Afurika yepfo ni ukubura amazi meza . Nk’uko amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe muri Afurika yepfo mu 2000 abivuga, amazi akikije Afurika atagabanijwe ku buryo bungana, bivuze ko 60% y’amazi aherereye muri 20% gusa y’ubutaka.  Amazi atarenga 10% yubutaka bwa Afrika yepfo arashobora kuboneka  kandi bitewe nuko amazi menshi yubutaka bwabo yari munsi yubutare bunini, amazi yubutaka nayo aragoye kuyageraho.  Imihindagurikire y’ibihe n'ingaruka zayo ku bushyuhe n'imvura bishobora kugira izindi ngaruka.

banyafurika benshi bimukira mu cyaro, bikiyongera ku mazi asanzwe asabwa   kandi mugihe ibyifuzo bigenda byiyongera cyane, amazi meza akomeza kuba make. Hiyongereyeho ibyifuzo byinshi, urugomero rwa Durban rwaragabanutseho 20% kuva mu 2010,  kandi kugeza 30% by'amazi yaba yaribwe cyangwa yatanzwe mu buryo butemewe binyuze mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.  Yakomeje agira ati: “Isuzuma ry’amazi yabonetse mu 1996 ryagereranije ko impuzandengo y’amazi yatemba buri mwaka yari metero kibe miliyoni 150, umusaruro ushobora gutangwa buri mwaka ni metero kibe miliyoni 33 290, naho amazi asabwa buri mwaka yari metero kibe miliyoni 20 045. Amazi akenewe ashobora kwiyongera hafi 50% mu 2030 (Ishami ry’amazi n’amashyamba, 2000). ” 

### References
Ibiryo by’Amatungo

Aborozi mu Karere ka Nyamasheke mu mwaka wa 2022 bari bafite icyizere ko bagiye gukira igihombo baterwaga no gukura kure ibiryo by’amatungo bakabasha guhaza amasoko y’amatungo abahuza n’Abanye Congo.

## Ibyo Wamenya

Mu Murenge wa Kanjongo ahazwi nka Kabuga hafunguwe ububiko bw’ibiryo by’amatungo bufite ubushobozi bwo kubika toni zirenga 50.Ibiryo by’inkoko, ingurube, n’inka aba borozi babikuraga mu Mujyi wa Kigali bikabageraho bihenze cyangwa byangiritse kubera gupakiranwa n’ibindi bicuruzwa birimo amavuta n’imisumari.Ubu bubiko bufite ubushobozi bwo kubika toni zirenga 50 z’ibiribwa by’amatungo. Ku ikubitiro hagejejwemo ibiribwa by’ingurube, inkoko n’inka mu minsi iri imbere bateganyaga gushyiramo n’ibiribwa by’amafi.

## Amashakiro
Ubugeni m'Urubyiruko

Mu mwaka 2021 Isomero rikuru rya Kigali habera iserukiramuco ry’ibihangano by’ubugeni ryiswe ‘Imfura Heritage Festival’, rigamije kwimakaza amahoro mu bantu, haherewe ku bibazo byugarije urubyiruko. 

## Icyo bavuga k'Ubugeni

Bavuze ku guha umwanya urubyiruko ngo ruvuge ibibazo rufite ndetse n’amahirwe yo kwiga ibibafasha gutekereza byimbitse.Ni ingingo yatekerejweho muri iki gihe urubyiruko n’abantu muri rusange bugarijwe n’ibibazo binyuranye birimo ibiyobyabwenge, inda zitateguwe, ubushomeri, ubukene, ubwigunge n’agahinda, uburwayi n’ibindi bikomere byinshi biva mu mateka.Ibyinshi mu bihangano bimaze iminsi bimurikwa kuva ku wa 21 Nzeri mu mwaka 2021, byakozwe n’urubyiruko, bikaba birimo inyigisho n’ubutumwa buvuga ubumwe n’ubwiyunge, amahoro, ubuzima bwo mu mutwe n’ibindi.

## Ibyo Wamenya
Ubuhanzi n’ubugeni ntabwo bifasha ubikurikirana gusa, kuko nabo babikora bibafasha gukira ibikomere iyo babikora, ku bw’amahirwe bikanavugira n’abandi ari yo mpamvu bibafasha kumva atari bonyine. By’umwihariko urubyiruko rwiyumvamo ubutumwa kuko buca mu bihangano kurenza ibiganiro, ubundi bakaganira bifashishije ibyo bumvise mu biganiro.

## Amashakiro
Ubwishingizi bw’Amatungo mu Rwanda

Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi mu Rwanda, jcyagaragaje ko intandaro yo kuba aborozi benshi badashakira ubwishingizi amatungo yabo hakirimo inzitizi y’ubumenyi buke no kudaha agaciro ubwishingizi muri rusange.

## Ibyo Wamenya
Hari bamwe mu baturage bumva ko bahawe ubwishingizi bigatuma batita ku matungo yabo kuko baba bumva ko nagira ikibazo, ubwishingizi buzishyura nyamara iyo hakozwe isuzuma bagasanga icyishe itungo haba harimo uburangare ntabwo yishyurwa.Iyo bigaragaye ko umworozi yagize uburangare ni ukuvuga kuvuza nabi itungo cyangwa kutarivuza, kurigaburira ibyateza impanuka nk’ibyuma n’amashashi, ubujura, intambara no kwica itungo wabigambiriye ntacyo ubwishingizi bufasha umworozi.Iby’ingenzi bishingirwaho mu kwishyura itungo ryapfuye rifite ubwishingizi harimo kuba itungo ryagize impanuka, nko gukubitwa n’inkuba, ibikomere byo mu nda no ku mubiri, serwakira, kurumwa n’inzoka, indwara zica ariko zabanje kuvurwa itungo ntirikire n’amatungo yasabiwe gukurwa mu bworozi n’umuganga w’amatungo ubifitiye ububasha.

## Amashakiro
Ikibazo cy'Inyamaswa yica ikanarya Amatungo

Aborozi bororera mu nkengero za Pariki ya Gishwati Mukura, bamaze iminsi bagaragaza ikibazo cy’inyamaswa ziva muri Pariki zikaza kubarira amatungo, cyane cyane zikibasira inyana zikiri nto.

## Ibyo Wamenya

Bamwe mu baturage bafite amatungo yariwe n’iyo nyamaswa bagaragaje ko ubworozi bwabo bwabatezaga imbere ariko kuri ubu bakaba bari gusubira inyuma.Bamwe mu borozi bo mu Karere ka Musanze mu Murenge wa Nyange barasaba inzego bireba ko zabafasha gukemura ikibazo cy’inyamaswa yatangiye kubarira amatungo yabo arimo intama n’inyana.Ikibazo cy’inyamaswa zirya inyana z’imitavu cyumvikanye cyane mu borozi bororera mu Gishwati mu minsi ishize. Umukuru w’Igihugu yakigarutseho ubwo yakiraga indahiro z’Abaminisitiri bashya asaba inzego bireba kugihagurukira kuko kitari gikwiye kugera kuri urwo rwego.

## Amashakiro
Umushinga wo koroza Abakene Amatungo magufi

Mu mwaka wa 2021 Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (RAB), cyatangije umushinga wo koroza abaturage bakennye amatungo magufiya,nki ihene, intama, ingurube ndetse n’inkoko.
## Ibyo Wamenya

Biteganyijwe ko mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu uyu mushinga uzamara, hazatangwa ingurube ibihumbi bitatu ku miryango ibihumbi bitatu, hanyuma na yo ikazitura indi ku buryo zizagera mu ku miryango ibihumbi 15.Uwo mushinga uzakorerwa mu turere 5 twose two mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, 5 two mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo ari two Huye, Gisagara, Ruhango, Nyamagabe na Nyaruguru ndetse no mu Turere twa Ngororero, Nyamasheke, Karongi, Rutsiro na Nyabihu two mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba.

## Ibyo Umushinga Uzafasha
Ni umushinga uzafasha abakene kwinjira mu bworozi bw’amatungo magufi, bizatuma tugabanya umubare w’abakene mu gihugu, tugabanye n’ibibazo by’imirire mibi, ariko noneho byongere n’umusaruro wabo. Ni ukuvuga kubona amafaranga ababeshaho”.Uzafasha kandi aborozi kubona amasoko, hashyirweho amabagiro y’ingurube ndetse n’amavuriro y’amatungo, ku buryo arwaye abantu bazajya bajya kuyavuza.Uwo mushinga uzafasha n’aborozi bo mu cyiciro cya gatatu n’icya kane by’ubudehe, kuko kimwe n’abazorozwa, muri bo hari abazahabwa amahugurwa kugira ngo barusheho korora neza.

## Amashakiro
Amakimbirane Mu Miryango

## Amakimbirane Mu Miryango

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ihohoterwa ribabaza umutima ryiganje ku kigero cya 79%, iribabaza umubiri ryihariye 73% naho irishingiye ku mitungo rikagira 56% mu gihe irishingiye ku gitsina ari 48%.

## Ibyo Wamenya
Ubushakashatsi bwo mu mwaka 2016, bwagaragaje ko muri Afurika abagore 70% bakubitwa kubera ko ‘yavuye mu rugo adahawe uruhushya n’umugabo we, kuba hari umwana utitaweho neza.Ibindi birimo kuba umugore yashiririza ibyo kurya, yanze gutera akabariro n’izindi mpamvu nyinshi zishobora gutuma umugore akubitwa cyangwa agahohoterwa.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Urwego rw’Imiyoborere, RGB mu mwaka 2017, abaturage babajijwe bagaragaje ko amakimbirane mu miryango yari hejuru ya 50% by’imiryango yose mu gihugu.Mu mwaka 2018 ubwo bushakashatsi bwongera kugaragaza ko amakimbirane yo mu miryango yari ku kigero cya 60.7% na ho mu mwaka 2019, amakimbirane mu muryango yari ku kigero cya 70.39%.Raporo y’Urwego rw’igihugu rw’Ubugenzacyaha, RIB mu mwaka 2020, yerekanye ko mu mwaka 2019 abagabo 49 ari bo bishe abagore babo na ho abagore 14 bica abagabo. Ni mu gihe mu mwaka 2018 abagabo 37 ari bo bishe abagore babo, na ho abagore 16 bica abagabo babo.

## Amashakiro
Ubukene Mu Muryango

*Abaturage bo mu Karere ka Musanze mu ntara y'Amajyaruguru bavuga ko imiryango ibana nabi ikunze guhera mu bukene, kandi ntinitabire gahunda za Leta, ibyo ngo bituma amakimbirane adacika, bagasaba ubuyobozi kurushaho kuyegera bakayigisha.*

## Ibyo Wamenya kukibazo cy'Ubukene mu Miryango
Bitewe n’uburemere iki kibazo gifite, ubu hasigaye hari gukorwa ubugenzuzi bafatanyije n’inzego zitandukanye muri aka karere ka Musanze kuburyo umugabo wagiye gupagasa mu wundi murenge bamenya amakuru ye kugirango atahashaka undi mugore kandi hari uwo yasize aho asanzwe atuye cyangwa akaba yagira uwo abyarana nawe ari nabyo bituma ubukene butagabanuka mu miryango yabo kuko babyara abo badashoboye kurera.Mu biganiro byahuje abaturage n’abayobozi babo, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ndetse n’abanyamakuru, aho bari bagamije kwigisha abaturage uburenganzira bagomba kugira mu bibakorerwa ariko bakamenya n’uruhare rwabo kugira ngo iterambere rirusheho kwihuta.Aba baturage bagaragaje ko kimwe mu bituma imwe mu miryango ihora inyuma mu iterambere, ku isonga hari  ikibana mu makimbirane itajya yitabira gahunda za Leta bityo no kwitandukanya n’ayo makimbirane bikabananira, basaba ubuyobozi kurushako kubegera bakabaha inyigisho zo kugira imiryango itekanye.Bagize bati turabizi ko hari abaturage bakennye kurusha abandi byaraturutse ku buharike. Twatangiye ubukangurambaga kandi turabukomeje kugirango umugabo anyurwe n’umugore umwe ndetse basezerane mu mategeko kugirango bibarinde kubaharika.

## Amashakiro
Ingaruka zose zubushyuhe.

**Ingaruka zose zububushyuhe** ni ukuvuga ko uretse igipimo gishoboka  cy' ubushyuhe bw'isi gikoreshwa mugusobanura ibitera ubushuhe bw'isi.

Nukuvuga ko  uruvange rw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere muburyo buziguye (ibikomoka kuri petoroli) n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere muburyo butaziguye (gutwika ibidukikije) bitanga ibyuka bihumanya ikirere . 

## Reba

### Inkomoko

*
Inzira eshanu zo gutabara isi

***Inzira eshanu zo gutabara isi*** ni filime mbarankuru yabongereza ivuga ku bidukikije bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, yasohotse mu 2006. Filime yakozwe na Karen O'Connor, kuri ecran nini ikaba yarakinwe mu cyongereza kugirango igere ku batuye isi yose. Harimo ababaza ibibazo babahanga binzobere mu bidukikije batanu barimo Paul Crutzen, James Roger Angel, John Latham, Ian Jones, na Klaus Lackner .

"Inzira eshanu" ziteganijwe ni tekinike zubumenyi bw'isi:

* **Akayumguruzo kizuba** mu kirere,ko gutandukanya imirasire y'izuba kure yisi
* **Gukora ibicu** n'amazi yo mu nyanja kugirango byongere albedo
* gushyira ikinyabutabire cya sulfur mu kirere byongera  albedo
* **ifumbire y'inyanja** hamwe na fer cyangwa urea (ifumbire za azote)
* **ibiti by'ibiterano** ( byo gufata karubone no gukomeza ururuhererekane )

Kuva uburyo butatu bwa mbere budakuraho karuboni ya dioxide  mu kirere, byagabanya gusa ubushyuhe bw’isi  ariko ntibyagabanya aside  yo mu  nyanja. Kubera ko  uburyo bubiri bwa nyuma bwakuraho karuboni ya dioxyde, birashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwisi ndetse na acide yo mu nyanja.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* ''Inzira eshanu zo gukiza isi''
Ishyamba

**Ishyamba** 

Ni agace k'ubutaka bwiganjemo ibiti. Amajana asobanura amashyamba akoreshwa kwisi yose, akubiyemo ibintu nkubucucike bwibiti, uburebure bwibiti, imikoreshereze yubutaka, ubuzimagatozi, nibikorwa by ibidukikije. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi (FAO) risobanura ishyamba ngo, "Ubutaka bungana na hegitari zirenga 0,5 zifite ibiti birenga metero 5 kandi bitwikiriye ibiti birenga 10 ku ijana, cyangwa ibiti bishobora kugera kuri izo mbago aho biri. ntabwo ikubiyemo ubutaka bwiganjemo gukoreshwa mu buhinzi cyangwa mu mijyi. " Ukoresheje iki gisobanuro, Isuzuma ry’umutungo w’amashyamba ku isi (FRA 2020) ryerekanye ko amashyamba afite hegitari miliyari 4.06 (hegitari miliyari 10.0; kilometero kare 40,6; kilometero kare miliyoni 15.7), cyangwa hafi 31% by’ubutaka ku isi muri 2020 

Amashyamba ni yo yiganjemo urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo ku isi, kandi usanga ku isi hose. Kurenga kimwe cya kabiri cyamashyamba yisi aboneka mubihugu bitanu gusa (Burezili, Kanada, Ubushinwa, Uburusiya, na Amerika). Umugabane munini w’amashyamba (45 ku ijana) uri mu burebure bushyuha, ugakurikirwa n’uturere twa boreal, 

ubushyuhe, na subtropic..

Amashyamba angana na 75% yumusaruro wambere wibinyabuzima byisi, kandi urimo 80% byibinyabuzima byisi. Umusaruro wibanze ubarirwa kuri 21.9 gigatonnes ya biomass kumwaka kumashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha, 8.1 kumashyamba ashyushye, na 2.6 kumashyamba ya boreal. 

## Ishyamba kimeza

## IRIBURIRO
Gukumira no kurwanya Ibiza

Minisiteri y’Ubutabazi yatangaje ko mu mwaka 2022 mu minsi ishize imvura y’umuhindo itangiye kugwa, ibiza yateje bimaze guhitana abantu 11 isaba abaturarwanda gukumira hakiri kare ingaruka zishobora kuzaterwa n’ibiza by’imvura y’umuhindo.

## Uburyo bwokwirinda Ibiza
Imibare y’iyi Minisiteri igaragaza ko kuva tariki tariki 15 Kanama mu mwaka 2022, ibiza byaturutse ku mvura byakomerekeje abantu 36, bisenya inzu 100, binangiza hegitari 142 z’imyaka iri mu mirima.Aho kugira ngo inzu yiture hasi tugomba gushyira imbaraga mu gukumira. Iyo wubatse ikiraro ntushyire imbaraga mu kurwanya isuri haba hari ibyago ko icyo kiraro gishobora kongera gusenyuka. Abaturage turabasaba kuzirika ibisenge, kubaka fondasiyo mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko amazi yinjira mu nkuta no kwimuka by’agateganyo aho batuye hashobora gushyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga.Turasaba abaturage bose gufata amazi mu rwego rwo kwirinda ibiza n’amakimbirane aterwa n’uko amazi yavuye mu rugo rumwe akangiriza undi muturage.Imvura iri mu biza bikunze guteza igihombo kinini u Rwanda kubera imiturire y’abaturage barimo benshi batuye ahantu hahanamye hashyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga n’ibindi.

## Amashakiro
Ubucuruzi bwambukiranya Imipaka

Abanyarwanda bakora ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka bagaragaje ko hari imbogamizi bari guhura nazo ndetse zikanakoma mu nkokora ubucuruzi bwabo biturutse ku bibazo by’umutekano muke uri mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo.

## Ibyo Wamenya

U Rwanda rufite ibikorwa bitandukanye biri gushyirwa hirya no hino bigamije guteza imbere ubucuruzi birimo nk’amasoko yambukiranya imipaka, kubaka ibyambu no gukora ibiganiro n’inzego zitandukanye hagamijwe kurebera hamwe uburyo abakora ubu bucuruzi bakoroherezwa.Muri iyi minsi muzi ko bitameze neza ariko ubucuruzi burakorwa, iyo tubaganiriza biba ari ukugira ngo tubereke ko nk’igihugu tubari hafi bagomba kugenda bagacuruza, ntibateze imvururu ariko nabo bakumva ko ibyo twifuza ari amahoro.uRwanda rufite amasoko atandukanye arimo amasoko abiri yubatswe mu Karere ka Rusizi, isoko nyambukiranyamipaka riri muri Nyamasheke, Isoko rya Cyanika, Rubavu, Karongi, Rusumo, n’iriri kubakwa ku mupaka wa Kagitumba.

## Amashakiro
Umuringoti

## Intangiriro
Umuringoti ni igikorwa remezo gihuza ibintu n'ibindi, ncyangwa umuringoti ugafata amazi, cyangwa umuringoti bikavungwa mu buhinzi, aha Abaprezida ba Tanzaniya na Kenya bumvikanye umugambi wo kwubakira hamwe umuringoti uzotwara umwuka wa gaze, mu ntumbero yo kwongereza uguhanahana ibidandazwa no kugabanya ibiciro vy’amasoko ntanganguvu kuri ivyo bihugu bibiri.

## kENYA NA TANZANIYA
Uwo muringoti uzubakwa ku burebure bw’ibirometero 600 hagati ya Dar es Salaam, ku murwa mukuru wa Tanzaniya na Mombasa muri Kenya. Ariko nta gihe cyashyizweho ibyo bikorwa bizatangirire gukoreraho.Mu mwaka ushize, Perezida Hassan wa Tanzaniya n’uwahoze ari prezida wa Kenya, Uhuru Kenyata barasinye amasezerano i Nairobi yari atumbereye gutanguza uwo mugambi, ariko gushika ubu ibyo bikorwa ntibyari bwatangire.

## AMASEZERANO
Perezida Kenyatta yavuze ko we na Perezida Suluhu basinye ayo masezerano y’umuringoti uzotwara umwuka wa Gaze kugira ubuzima bw’abanyagihugu babo n’ubucuruzi bitere imbere. Ibyo bihugu byumvikanye kandi ko abategetsi bo mu gisata c’amagara y’abantu bagiye kuza barakorera hamwe ku bibazo vya COVID-19, cyane cyane ku kworohereza urujya n’uruza rw’abantu n’ibintu.

## IMIRIMA Y'ABATURAGE
Abaturage bo mu Mirenge ya Busasamana, Bugeshi na Cyanzarwe mu Karere ka Rubavu babangamiwe n’amazi ava ku Kirunga cya Kalisimbi n’inkubi z’imiyaga iva mu Kibaya cya Congo bikabasenyera inzu, bikanangiza imiringoti y'imirima  yabo. Babigarutseho mu Muganda Rusange usoza ukwezi k’Ugushyingo wabereye mu Karere ka Rubavu, mu Murenge wa Busasamana, Akagari ka Nyacyonga ku wa 26 Ugushyingo 2022. Imibare ya Minisiteri y’Ibikorwa by’Ubutabazi(MINEMA) igaragaza ko muri uyu mwaka kuva muri Nzeri kugeza mu Ugushyingo 2022 hamaze kwangirika hegitari 230 z’imirima mu gihe inzu 53 n’ishuri rimwe byasenywe n’imvura n’umuyaga.

## KUBUNGABUNGA IMIRINGOTI
Mu kurwanya ibi biza, Umuganda Rusange wibanze ku gutera ibiti no kubaka ibiraro mu kurushaho kurwanya isuri iva mu Kirunga cya Kalisimbi ikangiza ibikorwa by’abaturage. Ku kibazo cy’umuyaga mwinshi uva mu Kibaya cya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Minisitiri w’Ibikorwa by’Ubutabazi, Kayisire Marie Solange, yabwiye abaturage ko nta muti babonera iki kibazo uretse kuzirika ibisenge by’inzu zabo bakazikomeza kuko umuyaga udakumirwa. Yasabye abaturage kuzirika ibisenge by’inzu no kuzihoma neza kuko bafite amahirwe yo kugira amabuye (amakoro) bubakisha umusingi ariko bakibagirwa kuzirika ibisenge no guhoma neza inzu zabo.

## AMASHAKIRO
Imyanda ibora n’itabora ikavamo Ibintu by’Agaciro

## Imyanda ibora n'itabora

Umujyi wa Kigali watangije gahunda yo kurobanura imyanda ibora n’itabora hirya no hino mu Mujyi mu rwego rwo kurushaho kwimakaza isuku.

## Ibyo Wamenya
Uruhare rwa Minisiteri muri ibi bikorwa rukubiye mu gushaka abaterankunga kuri uyu mushinga ndetse no gukorana n’abakusanya amakuru (Data Analysts) mu rwego rwo kuzanoza imikorere yawo.Yagaragaje ko uyu mushinga ari intangiriro yo kunoza imikorere y’ibimoteri bikoranye ikoranabuhanga bimaze gushyirwa ahantu hane kandi kugeza ubu hari gahunda yo gukomereza mu bindi bice bitandukanye by’Umujyi wa Kigali.Abatuye imirenge ya Kimironko, Kacyiru, Muhima, Nyakabanda n’umurenge wa Niboye nibo bazaherweho nyuma y’ukwezi kw’igeragezwa bikomereze hirya no hino mu Mujyi wa Kigali.Buregeya Paulin usanzwe ari Umuyobozi wa Sosiyete ishinzwe gutwara ibishingwe uri mu bahuguye abandi ku birebana n’uyu mushinga, yagaragaje ko kurobanura imyanda biri mu nyungu zo kwirinda indwara, kubungabunga ibidukikije n’uburyo bwo kuzamura ubukungu. 

## IBindi wamenya Kumushinga
Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije irifuza abafatanyabikorwa bajya muri gahunda yo gutunganya imyanda, yaba ibora cyangwa itabora hakavamo ibindi bintu by’agaciro aho gutabwa ngo bijye guhumanya ubutaka, amazi, umwuka cyangwa ikirere muri rusange.Hagati aho mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibitakara no gutuma Leta itanga amafaranga make mu gutunganya imyanda, Dr Mujawamariya agira inama abantu kudasesagura amafaranga bagura ibyo badakeneye,Inama Mpuzamahanga ya WCEF ku wa Kane tariki 08 Ukuboza mu mwaka 2022 yateganyije ubukangurambaga bwo kwinjiza ibindi bihugu bigize Isi mu mugambi u Rwanda na Norvège byiyemeje, wo kuzaba byaciye ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bitarenze umwaka wa 2040 (High Ambition Coalition to End Plastic Pollution by 2040).

## Amashakiro
Inkangu

Inkangu yaturutse ku ku musozi waridutse yagwiriye abana babiri Ibi biza bikaba byarabereye mu Mudugudu wa Huye, Akagari ka Nyundo, Umurenge wa Nyundo, Akarere ka Rubavu.kandi nanone Mu murenge wa Kibimbi mu karere ka Nyamasheke inkangu yatewe n’imvura nyinshi yaguye yishe abantu batandatu barimo abana batanu.

## Ibyo Wamenya ku Inkangu
Mu turere twa Rubavu na Rutsiro mu mirenge yegereye ishyamba rya Gishwati n’umugezi wa Sebeya mu gihe cy’imvura hakunze kugaragara inkangu zituruka mu misozi itenguka igahitana abantu.Abikorera bo mu Karere ka Rutsiro biyemeje gutanga umusanzu mu isanwa ry’ibiraro 57 byasenyutse bigatuma ubuhahirane buhagarara mu mirenge 13 igize aka karere ko mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba.Rutsiro ni akarere k’imisozi miremire kagusha imvura nyinshi. Iyi miterere yiyongeraho kuba gafite ubutaka bwinshi bw’igishonyi, bigatuma imvura ihaguye iteza inkangu n’imyuzure bigasenya ibikorwaremezo birimo n’ibiraro.Umucuruzi ukuye ibicuruzwa i Kigali ashaka kubigeza mu murenge wa Manihira bimugora kubera amateme atatu yangiritse.Kubera ko ari ibiraro by’ibiti bitameze neza toni zirenze 5 ntizemerewe kunyuraho. Barahagera bakabanza bakagabanya bangera hakurya bakongera bagapakira. Hari FUSO iherutse kugwamo ipakiye ifumbire urumva ko uwo mucuruzi yahahombeye.

## Amashakiro
Barcarena, Pará

**Barcarena** ni akarere ko muri Brezile muri leta ya Para ahegereye umugezi wa Tocantins. Ituwe nabaturage basaga 127,027 kandi nigice cy'umujyi munini wa Belem. 

Ubukungu bw'umujyi ahanini bushingiye k'ubuhinzi na mabuye ya gaciro yitwa bauxite. Hari nibikoresho bikora amabuye yagaciro [pig iron] hafi aho. Umujyi n'icyambu biratera imbere nk'icyambu kinini cyohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bihujwe na gari ya moshi iva ku cyambu kiri hafi imbere, uvuye hirya no hino muri Burezile ,bikihutisha ibicuruzwa bikanagabanya igihe n'igiciro bitandukanye n'icyambu gakondo kinini kiri mu majyepfo yiburasirazuba.

## Amateka
Umujyi wabanje guturwa nabahinde ba Aruá . Mu 1709, Abajezuwiti baraza. 

## Impanuka yo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu 2015
Ku ya 6 Ukwakira 2015, ubwato bw’amatungo "MV Haidar" bwarohamye ku cyambu cya Vila do Conde kubera  kunanirwa guhindura inzira. Cyari gifite inka nzima 4900 hamwe na toni zigera kuri 700 z'amavuta.   Inka 4.400 zarohamye mugihe zifungiye mumizigo yubwato. Amatungo agera kuri 500 yashoboraga kwigobotora, ariko abagera ku 100 gusa ni yo yarokotse iyo mpanuka. lisansi n'amavuta byinjiye mu bisigazwa mu mazi maze byanduza uruzi rwa Pará ndetse n'umucanga wo kunkombe uhakikije, byatumye imiryango myinshi y'abarobyi ibura amaramuko.  Kubera ko ikurwaho rya peteroli ryagaragaye ko rigoye, kandi nta bwumvikane bujyanye n’inshingano ndetse n’ingamba zikwiye zo gusukura zishobora kugerwaho, imirambo amagana yaboreye ku mucanga no mu bisigazwa by'ubwato amezi menshi - umutwaro munini ku burobyi n’ubukerarugendo bwo mu karere . Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ibifitiye ububasha yagereranije ibyangiritse ku baturage ko ari miliyoni 71 yamareais (hafi miliyoni 21 US $). Muri Nyakanga 2016 nta kintu cyari cyarishyuwe.   

## Ikirere
Barcarena ifite ikirere gikunda kugira imvura  gifite imvura igereranije kuva Kanama kugeza Ugushyingo n' imvura nyinshi cyane  mumezi asigaye.
Ibiziba

Mu mwaka ushize Abaturage bo mu tugari dutandukanye tw’Umurenge wa Rweru mu Karere ka Bugesera bavuze ko bahangayikishijwe n’ikibazo cy’uko abatuye uyu murenge batagira amazi yo kwifashisha mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. 

## Ingaruka ziva mumazi y'Ibiziba
Bamwe mu baganiriye bavuze ko amazi bavoma ari mabi cyane ku buryo ngo kuyatekesha umuceri usanga uhinduka umuhondo, abandi bagaragaza ko ijerekani bavomeramo, amasafuriya batekeramo n’imyenda yabo ngo usanga byarahinduye amabara bitewe n’amazi mabi bakoresha.Dukunda kurwara inzoka cyane kubera ibizi tuvoma hariya hepfo biba birimo imyanda myinshi, ubwo iyo tubivomye tukabinywa abana bacu bakabinywa turwara inzoka.Ubuyobozi bw’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Nzangwa giherereye muri uyu Murenge wa Rweru, buvuga ko mu barwayi bwakira abarwaye indwara ziterwa n’amazi mabi bihariye ikigero kiri hejuru cyane.Umuyobozi wacyo yagize ati “Ugereranije hagati ya 50% na 60% by’indwara twakira zose uziteranyije usanga zikomoka ku mazi mabi, ni ukuvuga impiswi cyane cyane ku bana n’inzoka no ku bakuru yaba no kubasaza no ku bakecuru.

## Ibindi Wamenya

Mu ngendo abadepite baherutse gukorera hirya no hino mu gihugu bagaragaje ko hari imirenge iri ku rwego rwo hasi mu kugeza amazi meza ku abaturage, ku kubitiro haza uyu murenge wa Rweru kuko basanze uri ku ijanisha rya 0%, mu gihe u Rwanda rwiyemeje ko mu mwaka wa 2024 abaturage bose bazaba baragezweho n’amazi meza ku kigero cya 100%.Abaturage bo mu Karere ka Rwamagana mu Mirenge ya Gahengeri na Musha barasaba ubuyobozi kubafasha kubona amazi meza ngo kuko ayo bavoma aturuka mu miserege, bakayanywa, bakayakaraba, bakayafurisha ndetse bakayatekesha bikarangira abateye indwara zirimo inzoka n’izindi.Ibi byatangajwe n’abaturage batuye mu Murenge wa Gahengeri mu Kagari ka Rugarama mu Midugudu ya Byimana na Nyarucyamo ndetse no mu Murenge wa Musha mu Kagari ka Nyakabanda mu Midugudu ya Ruhita na Rugarama.Aba baturage baturiye umuhanda wa kaburimbo bababazwa no kutagerwaho n’amazi meza ngo ubuyobozi bubabwira ko bigoranye kuyakurura akabageraho. Ibi bibagiraho ingaruka zo kurwara indwara zirimo inzoka n’izindi.

## Icyubuyobozi bubivugaho

Buri muturage yashakaga gutanga 5000 Frw ariko abayobozi batubwiye ko bitarigukunda ko amazi meza abegera, ubu iyo imvura yaguye imyanda yose imanukiramo, hari nubwo ibisimba birimo imbwa bigongerwa mu muhanda bakabijugunya muri wa muferege w’amazi bikatugiraho ingaruka kuko niyo tunywa nta yandi tugira.Umuyobozi w’Umudugudu yavuze ko amazi abaturage bose bakoresha ari ay’ingarani atemba mu gishanga, ko abagiraho ingaruka z’uburwayi bw’inzoka.Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akarere ka Rwamagana,yavuze ko hari umuyoboro w’amazi wagejejwe mu Murenge wa Gahengeri kuri ubu ngo ikigiye gukorwa ni ukuwuvugurura akagezwa mu bindi bice.

## Amashakiro
Gutura mumanegeka

### Gutura Mumanegeka bita Mukajagari
Tariki 15 Nzeri mu mwaka 2022,Ubuyobozi bw’Umujyi wa Kigali bwatangiye igikorwa cyo kwimura imiryango yari imaze igihe yarinangiye kwimuka mu midugudu ya Kangondo na Kibiraro mu murenge wa Remera, berekeza mu Busanza mu karere ka Kicukiro aho bubakiwe umudugudu w’icyitegererezo. 

## Abari batuye Mumanegeka
Hakozwe igikorwa cyo kwimura mu buryo rusange bitandukanye n’uko byari bisanzwe bikorwa aho uwashakaga kwimuka yegeraga ubuyobozi bukamufasha akaba yakwimuka wenyine.Aba baturage bari baratsimbaraye ku cyemezo cyo kwimukira mu Mudugudu w’Icyitererezo wa Busanza kuri ubu bamaze kwimukirayo basangayo bagenzi babo bahamaze igihe. Bahamya ko kutagira amakuru ari bimwe mu byatumaga binangira kuri iyi gahunda ya leta yo kubatuza heza.Ni igikorwa cyagizwemo uruhare n’inzego zitandukanye zirimo iz’ibanze n’iz’umutekano kugira ngo hatagira ikibazo na kimwe kivuka.

## Uko byari byfashe mukwimura Abaturage
Ni urugendo rumaze imyaka itanu aho ikibazo cyanagejejwe mu nkiko abaturage bamwe bagaragaza ko batishimiye ingurane bahawe, ariko Leta ikomeza kwerekana ko aribwo buryo bwiza kandi buhamye.Umuvugizi Wungirije wa Guverinoma y’u Rwanda,yavuze ko kwimura abo baturage bikomeza gukorwa nta muvundo.yagize ati Gutura heza kandi neza ni uburenganzira bwa buri munyarwanda kandi ni inshingano za leta kubishyira mu bikorwa,Kwimura abaturage bava Kibiraro na Kangondo bajya mu Busanza byarateguwe nta n’uzahutazwa.Ubuyobozi bw’Akarere ka Kicukiro bwahaye ikaze aba baturage buvuga ko bagiye kwakira aba baturage nk’uko bagenzi babo bahatuye mbere bakiriwe ndetse abazakenera gufashwa mu buryo bw’umwihariko nk’ababyeyi bafite abana biga n’abandi bafite ibibazo bitandukanye, bazafashwa.

## Amashakiro
Ibinyabuzima

## AMOKO B'IBINYABUZIMA

Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ni uruvange rw’amoko y’ubuzima n’imikoranire yayo n’iy’ibindi bidukikije byatumye isi iba ahantu honyine ho gutura ku bantu (CDB 2000). Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima tubona none rukomoka ku mamiliyaridi y’imyaka y’ihindagurika ryakozwe n’imitere y’ibikorwa by’umwimerere, hanyuma umuntu abigira mo uruhare rwagiye rurushaho gukomera. N’ubwo u Rwanda ari agahugu gatoya, rufite urusobe rw’ibintu bihumeka n’ibidahumeka bikoze ireme n’umwimerere by’ahantu mu rwego rw’ibidukikije (écosystèmes), ibimera n’inyamaswa. Kuba ruri hagati mu rwunge rw’ibibaya bya Rift Albertine mu ishami ry’amajyaruguru rya Rift Valley yo muri Afurika ni ikintu gifite icyo kimaze.

## AKARERE
Aka karere ni kamwe mu bihugu byo muri Afurika bifite ibinyabuzima binyuranye kurusha ibindi bihugu. Gacumbikiye hafi 40 ku ijana by’amoko y’inyamaswa zonsa z’umugabane (amoko 402), urusobe rwaguye rw’inyoni (amoko 1.061), inyamaswa zikururuka n’iziba mu mazi zikaza no hanze (amoko 293), n’ibimera bitumburuka (amoko 5,793). ‘’Rift Albertine’’ ifashwe nk’aho ari yo ifite umutungo w'amoko y’ibinyabuzima kurusha ahandi muri Afurika. Ibonwa nk’aho ari indiri y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ifite inyamaswa zonsa zihakomoka kurusha ahandi hose muri Afurika : inyoni, ibinyugunyugu, amafi n’inyamaswa zo mu mazi ziza no ku butaka.

## IMITURIRE
Imiturire yo mu Rwanda iboneka rwagati muri ‘’Rift Albertine’’ na yo iranyuranye, uhereye ku rusobe rw’ibihumeka n’ibidahumeka bikoze ireme n’umwimerere by’ahantu byo mu misozi ya Afurika mu turere tw’amajyaruguru n’utw’uburenerazuba ukagera mu mashyamba yo mu mibande, ahantu h’ibiti bitatanye n’ahantu h’ubwatsi butoshye n’umukenke mu turere tw’amajyepfo n’utw’uburasirazuba.

## IBINDI
Habaho n’indi miturire ikikije amashyuza akomoka ku birunga no ku mu manuko w’ibirutsi by’ibirunga bya kera, cyane cyane mu gice cy’amajyaruguru ashyira uburasirazuba bw’igihugu. U Rwanda rufite na none ibiyaga byinshi n’ahantu hahehereye henshi bikize mu kugira amoko anyuranye y’ibinyabuzima. N’ubwo ayo moko yose y’urusobe rw’ibihumeka n’ibidahumeka bigize ireme n’umwimerere by’ahantu mu rwego rw’ibidukikije atarakorerwa neza ubushakashatsi, atunze urusobe rw’inyamaswa, ibimera n’udukoko ku bwinshi.

## AMASHAKIRO
Ubugambanyi bw' inzu yo guhingamo

***Ubugambanyi bw' inzu yo guhingamo*** ni filime mbarankuru yatangajwe na Shene ya 4 mu Bwongereza ku ya 12 Kanama 1990,  nk' igice cy' uruhererekane rwa  *Equinox*, yanze ubwumvikane bwa siyansi ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kandi ivuga ko abahanga banenga inyigisho z’ubushyuhe ku isi bimwe inkunga. 

## Imirongo
Nimwe mu ngero za mbere  zerekana igitekerezo cyo gucura umugambi mubi wo guteza imbere ibinyoma bishyigikira  ubushyuhe bwisi. Nubwo umutwe wiyi gahunda wasobanuraga kubaho  kumugambi mubisha, ubwo yabazwaga kuri gahunda, Patrick Michaels yarabihakanye.
Ibiti byimeza

## ibimera
U Rwanda rucumbikiye ibimera by’amoko menshi anyuranye kubera urusobe rw’imiterere y’igihugu n’urw’ikirere ruhanitse kuva mu burengerazuba kugera mu burasirazuba. Ibimera bito bizamura amazi mu miheha yabyo (plantes vasculaires) bibarirwa hafi mu moko 3000 aturuka mu turere dutandukanye bitewe n’imiterere nyabuzima y’ahantu.

## Amoko y'ibiti byimeza
Amoko hafi 280 y’ibimera bigira uburabyo bituruka mu Rwanda abonwa nk’akomoka muri Albertine Rift. Muri ayo moko cyimeza, hafi 20 yihariwe n’u Rwanda, amoko 50 aboneka gusa mu Rwanda no muri Kongo y’Uburasirazuba ,naho amoko 20 yabonetse gusa mu Rwanda no mu Burundi. Ingero z’ayo moko ni Impatiens bequaertii (Balsaminacea), Impatiens mildbraedii (Balsaminacea), Monathotaxis orophila (Annonaceaa) ou Liparis harketii (Orchidaceae) (Fischer na Killmann 2008).

## Indabyo
U Rwanda rufite ibimera bigira uburabyo 56 byo mu gihugu, harimo 47 biboneka gusa muri Pariki y’Igihugu ya Nyungwe (no mu ishyamba rya Cyamudongo). Ingero z’ibyo bimera ni amoko aherutse kuvumburwa nka Impatiens nyungwensis Eb.Fisch Umubare w’aya moko amenyekanye vuba werekana ko umubare w’amoko y’ibimera uboneka mu Rwanda utaramenyekana wose uko wakabaye.  Kuba hafite amoko y’uburabyo arenga 104, ahantu hahehereye n’ah’urusobe rw’ibihumeka n’ibidahumeka bikoze ireme n’umwimerere by’ahantu h’amazi na ho hakize ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Ibiyaga bimwe na bimwe nk’Ikiyaga cya Kivu, Bulera na Ruhondo bifite ibimera mu mazi cyangwa mu nkengero zayo (macrophytes) bikeya.

## IBINDI

Urusobe rw’ibihingwa rufite amoko y’ibihingwa bitanga ibiribwa nk’Amasaka (Sorghum), Phaseolus vulgaris, Eulisine corocan, Colocasia antigonum, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Triticum sp., Hordeum vulgare, Pisum sativum, Soja hispada, Arachis hypogea, Ipomea durcis, ibirayi, Manihot esculenta n’insina (Musa). Hari n’ibihingwa bigenewe ubucuruzi nk’ikawa, icyayi n’ibireti. Uburyo bw’imikorere bugamije kongera ibikomoka ku bihingwa na bwo bwazanye amoko menshi yo mu ishyamba, akunze kuboneka akaba ari Eragrostis sp., Bidens pilosa, Digitaria sp., Conyza sumatrensis, na Cyperus sp. - Amoko y’ibiti yabonetse mu Rwanda agizwe na Ficus thoningii, Euphorbia tirucalli, Erythrina abyssinica, Verminia amygdalena, Dracaena afromontana, mu bindi. Gutera ibiti byashyizwemo imbaraga bwa mbere hagati ya 1920 na 1948. Ni muri icyo gihe bazanye Inturusu. Andi moko yaje nyuma cyane, harimo Pinus sp, Callistris sp, Grevillea robusta, Cedrella sp, n’amasipure (Cupressus).

## AMASHAKIRO
Ikigo rusange kw'isi

Ikigo rusange kw'isi  gci.org.uk cyashinzwe mu Bwongereza mu 1990 na Aubrey Meyer n'abandi ngo bamamaze inzira iboneye yo gukemura imihindagurikire y’ikirere. 

Byateje imbere by'umwihariko igabanuka n'ihuza ry'imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu buryo bwo gukemura ibibazo by' imihindagurikire y’ikirere nkuko byemejwe na UN COP  ishinzwe imihindagurikire y’ibihe ndetse n’imiryango mpuzamahanga y’amadini.  Benshi mu bashinze n'abashyize umukono ku magambo ya mbere bashyigikiye ku kugabanuka no guhuriza hamwe bari abayoboke b' ishyaka  [Green Party .] 

## Reba kandi

* Jim Berreen
* Aubrey Meyer
* kugabanuka no Guhuza

## Reba
Uburenganzira ku bidukikije

## UBURENGANZIRA KU BIDUKIKIJE

UBURENGANZIRA KU BIDUKIKIJE cyangwa se RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT mu ndimi zamahanga

n' ubuzima buzira umuze n'uburenganzira bwa muntu bunganirwa n'umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa 

muntu n' imiryango iharanira ibidukikije https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/03/01/case-right-healthy-environment https://www.ciel.org/un-global-recognition-right-healthy-environment/  uburenganzira bwemejwe n'akanama k'umuryango

w'abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2015/04/preliminary-findings-country-visit-lebanon-special-rapporteur-freedom-religion?LangID=E&NewsID=15791  Uburenganzira akenshi n'ishingiro kurengera 

uburenganzira bwa muntu, nabashinzwe kurengera ibidukikije, nkabarengera ubutaka , abashinzwe amazi,

n'abaharanira uburenganzira bw'abasangwa buttaka https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/07/historic-day-human-rights-and-healthy-planet-un-experthttps://news.un.org/en/story/2022/07/1123482 Uburenganzira bufitanye isano n'ubundi 

burenganzira bwa muntu bwibanda ku buzima, nk'uburenganzira bwibanda ku mazi, isuku, kubiribwa 

ndetse no kubuzima. https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-environment/good-practices-right-healthy-environment uburenganzira ku bidukikije buzira umuze bukoresha ubuyo bwa muntu bwo kurengera

ibidukikije, bitandukanye n'uburyo gakondo bwo kugenzura ibidukikije. https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894?login=false Ubundi buryo bwo kurengera 

ibidukikije n'uburenganzira bwa kamere bugerageza kwagura https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194922/https://environment.yale.edu/blog/2014/12/rights-to-nature-vs-rights-of-nature/  

## URUHARE RWA LETA
Uburenganzira bushiraho inshingano za leta kugenzura no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ibidukikije

kurwanya umwanda,gutanga ubutabera no kurengera abaturage,bangijwe n'ibibazo 

by'ibidukikije , uburenganzira ku bidukikije bwabaye uburenganzira bw'ingenzi mu gushiraho 

mu gushiraho amategeko y'ibidukikije.https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/613/399894?login=falsehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-right-to-a-healthy-environment/right-to-a-healthy-environment-and-climate-change/4000179282C67A3C0794A98F75D4E7F0https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3369481 

## UBURYO MPUZAMAHANGA
Mu mateka amasezerano akomeye y'umuryango w'abibumbye y'uburenganzira bwa muntu,

nk'itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, gusa amasezerano 

mpuzamahanga ku bukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco ntago yemera uburenganzira

bw'ibidukikije https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031720-074856 Icyemezo cyafashwe n'umuryango w'abibumbye,amasezerano

mpuzamahanga y'ibidukikije ,aramutse y'emejwe,kizaba igikoresho cyambere cy'umuryango

wabibumbye cyita ku burenganzira bwa muntu cyashizwemo uburenganzira bwo kubungabunga

ibidukikije. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/reel.12287
Imiterere y'ubutaka

**Imiterere y'ubutaka**, izwi kandi nka **pedogenezi**, ni inzira yo kuvuka k'ubutaka nkuko bigengwa n'ingaruka z'ahantu, ibidukikije, n'amateka. Ibikorwa bya biogeochemiki ikora kugirango ikore kandi isenye gahunda ( anisotropy ) mubutaka. Ihinduka riganisha ku iterambere ryibice, byitwa ubutaka butambitse, bitandukanijwe nibitandukaniro ryamabara, imiterere, imiterere, na chimie . Ibiranga bibaho muburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubwoko bwubutaka, bukorwa mugusubiza itandukaniro ryibintu byubutaka.  

Pedogenezi yizwe nkishami rya pedologiya, ubushakashatsi bwubutaka mubidukikije. Andi mashami ya pedologiya ni ubushakashatsi bwimiterere yubutaka, no gutondekanya ubutaka . Ubushakashatsi bwa pedogenezi ni ngombwa mu gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubutaka muri iki gihe ( geografiya yubutaka ) no mubihe bya kera ( paleopedologiya ).

## Incamake

Ubutaka butera imbere binyuze murukurikirane rwimpinduka.  Intangiriro ni ikirere cyibikoresho byababyeyi byegeranijwe. Mikorobe zitandukanye zubutaka ( bacteria, archaea, fungi ) zirisha ibintu byoroshye ( intungamubiri ) zirekurwa nikirere, kandi bigatanga aside irike hamwe na poroteyine kabuhariwe bigira uruhare mu guhangana n’ikirere. Basize kandi ibisigazwa kama bigira uruhare mukurema humus .  Imizi y'ibiti hamwe na mycorrhizal fungi ya symbiotic nayo irashobora gukuramo intungamubiri mumabuye. 

## Ibyo wamenya  kubutaka
Imiterere yubutaka iterwa byibura nibintu bitanu bya kera bifitanye isano nihindagurika ryubutaka. Nibo: ibikoresho byababyeyi, ikirere, imiterere yubutaka (ubutabazi), ibinyabuzima, nigihe.  Iyo byerekeranye nikirere, ibinyabuzima, ubutabazi, ibikoresho byababyeyi, nigihe, bigize incamake CLORPT. 

Ubutaka busanzwe bwababyeyi ibikoresho byamabuye y'agaciro ni :

* Quartz : SiO 2
* Calcite : CaCO 3
* Feldspar : KAlSi 3 O 8
* Mika (biotite): K(Mg,Fe) K(Mg,Fe) (AlSi K(Mg,Fe) O. K(Mg,Fe) ) (F, OH) K(Mg,Fe)

## Inagruka zIkirere kubutaka
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe bigira ingaruka ku miterere yubutaka ni imvura igwa neza (ni ukuvuga imvura igabanutse ukuyemo evapotranspiration ) hamwe nubushyuhe, byombi bigira ingaruka ku bipimo byimikorere yimiti, umubiri, nibinyabuzima.  Ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe byombi bigira ingaruka ku binyabuzima byubutaka binyuze mu ngaruka zabyo ku buringanire hagati y’umusaruro w’ibanze no kubora : ikirere gikonje cyangwa cyumye ikirere karubone nkeya yo mu kirere iba nkibintu kama mu gihe ibinyabuzima bito byangirika. 

Ikirere nicyo kintu cyiganje mu miterere yubutaka, kandi ubutaka bwerekana ibimenyetso biranga uturere tw’ibihe barimo, hamwe n’ibitekerezo ku bijyanye n’ikirere binyuze mu kohereza karubone ibitse mu butaka busubira mu kirere.  Niba ubushyuhe bushyushye hamwe namazi menshi biboneka mumwirondoro icyarimwe, inzira yikirere, kumera, no gukura kwibihingwa bizagerwaho cyane. Ukurikije uko ikirere cyifashe mu kirere, ikirere gishyuha gikura ku biti. Ibinyuranyo, ibyatsi nibyo byiganjemo ibimera kavukire mu turere twa subhumid na semiarid, mugihe ibihuru hamwe nubushakashatsi bwubwoko butandukanye byiganje ahantu humye. 

### References
Biogeochemistry

**Biogeochemie** ni disipuline yubumenyi ikubiyemo ubushakashatsi bwibikorwa bya chimique, physique, geologiya, na biologique hamwe nibisubizo bigenga imiterere yibidukikije (harimo ibinyabuzima, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, hydrose, pedosiporo, ikirere, na lithosifike ). By'umwihariko, biogeochemie ni ubushakashatsi bwibizunguruka bya biogeochemiki, inzinguzingo yibintu bya shimi nka karubone na azote, hamwe n’imikoranire yabyo no kwinjizwa mu binyabuzima bitwarwa na sisitemu y’ibinyabuzima mu kirere no mu gihe. Umurima wibanda kumuzunguruko wimiti itwarwa cyangwa igira ingaruka kubikorwa byibinyabuzima. Byibanze cyane ku bushakashatsi bwa karubone, azote, sulfure, fer, na fosifore . Biogeochemie ni sisitemu siyanse ifitanye isano rya hafi na sisitemu y'ibidukikije .

## Amateka

### Ikigereki cya mbere
Abagereki ba mbere bashizeho igitekerezo cyibanze cya biogeochemie ko kamere igizwe nizunguruka.  

#### Ikinyejana cya 18-19
Inyungu zubuhinzi muri chimie yubutaka bwo mu kinyejana cya 18 byatumye dusobanukirwa neza intungamubiri nisano bifitanye na biohimiki. Iyi sano iri hagati yizunguruka yubuzima kama nibicuruzwa byabo bya shimi byarushijeho kwagurwa na Dumas na Boussingault mumpapuro 1844 ifatwa nkintambwe ikomeye mugutezimbere biogeochemie.    Jean-Baptiste Lamarck yakoresheje bwa mbere ijambo *[[ibinyabuzima]]* mu 1802, abandi bakomeza guteza imbere icyo gitekerezo mu kinyejana cya 19.  Ubushakashatsi bwambere bwikirere bwakozwe nabahanga nka Charles Lyell, John Tyndall, na Joseph Fourier bwatangiye guhuza ibibarafu, ikirere nikirere. 

### References
Soil morphology

**Soil morphology** nubushakashatsi bwimiterere no gusobanura ubwoko bwubutaka muburyo butandukanye bwubutaka .  CF Marbut yashimangiye gushingira ku miterere yubutaka aho gushingira ku nyigisho za pedogenezi yo gutondekanya ubutaka kuko inyigisho za genesi yubutaka zombi kandi zifite imbaraga. 

Ibiranga ibintu bigaragara byasesenguwe mumurima harimo ibigize, imiterere, imiterere yubutaka nuburyo imitunganyirize yubutaka. Ibara ryubutaka bwibanze nibiranga nko guhindagurika, gukwirakwiza imizi na pore, guhuza ubutaka nibimenyetso byerekana ko amabuye y'agaciro nabyo bigira uruhare mubyiciro.

Ubushakasatsi bukorerwa mubutaka bwubutaka hagamijwe gusesengura ubutaka butandukanye. Umwirondoro ni uhagaritse guhagarikwa, -ibice bibiri, mubutaka kandi uhuza uruhande rumwe rwa pedon. Pedon nigice gito, kirimo ubutaka bwose. Ubusanzwe pedon ni metero kare 1 hejuru kandi ifata intera ihindagurika yubutaka kumanuka kugeza kuryama.

## Horizoni zubutaka

Ubutaka butambitse ni ibice bitandukanye byubutaka bwubutaka burangwa nibintu bitandukanye byabonetse mubikorwa bitandukanye byubutaka.

**O Horizon** - urwego rwiganjemo ibintu kama, mubisanzwe biva mubihingwa cyangwa inyamaswa. Iyi horizon irashobora guhinduka byihuse, bityo ntibisanzwe bikoreshwa mugusobanura ubutaka.  

**Horizon** - Igice cyakozwe munsi ya O horizon, mubisanzwe byitwa hejuru y'ubutaka. Uru rupapuro ni imyunyu ngugu yahinduwe umwijima n'ibinyabuzima. 

**E Horizon** - Horizone ya minerval irangwa no gutakaza okiside, fer, nibumba binyuze muburyo bwo kumeneka, bizwi kandi nka eluviation. Mubisanzwe bifite umurego mwinshi wumucanga nuduce twa sili nkuko ibumba ryasohotse. 

**B Horizon** - Mineral horizon isobanurwa nibikoresho byakusanyije uhereye hejuru. Amabuye y'agaciro na oxyde yatakaye kuri eluviation muri E horizon yavuzwe haruguru iraboneka muriki gice.  

**C** **Horizon** - Igice kigereranya cyane ibikoresho byubutaka bwubutaka. Igizwe nibikoresho byikirere biri hagati yubutaka nigitare. Uru ni urwego rufite ibikorwa byibinyabuzima cyane.

**R Layer** - Igitanda kidashyizwe hamwe

## References