open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amabwiriza ya Maastricht ku ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira mu by'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco

**Amabwiriza ya Maastricht yo mu 1997 yerekeye ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco** yubakiye ku mahame ya Limburg yo mu 1987 yerekeye ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco no kwerekana ingaruka zemewe n’amategeko n’ibikorwa bitubahirizwa n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco .  Amabwiriza yemejwe nitsinda ryinzobere zirenga mirongo itatu zateranye kuva 22-26 Mutarama 1997 i Maastricht mugihe cyo kwizihiza isabukuru yimyaka 10 ya Limburg.  Nyuma yimyaka itatu, Amabwiriza ya Maastricht hamwe n’amahame ya Limburg yasubiwemo nk’umuryango w’abibumbye E / C.12 / 2000/13 na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (CESCR). 

## Amavu n'amavuko

Mu 1997, Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’abahanga mu mategeko, ikigo cya Urban Morgan gishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu,  n’ikigo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cy’ishami ry’amategeko muri kaminuza ya Maastricht bateraniye mu yandi mahugurwa ku isabukuru yimyaka 10 y’amahame ya Limburg agerageza kumenya uburyo bwo gukoresha "ihohoterwa" kugira ngo rifashe gukurikirana amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ICESCR).  Inteko yari ifite intego eshatu: kumva neza igitekerezo cyo guhonyora uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco; gukusanya no gutondekanya ubwoko bw'ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira; no gushyiraho umurongo ngenderwaho wafasha ibigo mugukurikirana uburenganzira bwubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco. 

## Ibirimo
Muri rusange, amabwiriza 32 yashyizwe mu byiciro bitanu agize Amabwiriza ya Maastricht. Aya mabwiriza yemejwe ku bwumvikane n’abari bitabiriye aya mahugurwa, kandi yumvikanye ko agaragaza iterambere ry’amategeko mpuzamahanga kuva mu 1986.  **Igice cya 1** gishimangira akamaro k’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco; **Igice cya 2** gisuzuma inshingano Leta ibereyemo mu guharanira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ikanagaragaza urutonde rw’ibikorwa ndetse n’ibitagenda neza bikabije; **Igice cya 3** gitangaza ko ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose ryatewe na Leta kandi ko rigomba kureba niba abahohotewe bashobora gukemura ibibazo; **Igice cya 4** cyibanda ku bahohotewe kubera ko uburenganzira bwabo butubahirijwe, kurindwa no kubahirizwa, binyuranye na ICESCR; **Igice cya 5** kirimo gusa ibisubizo nibindi bisubizo bishoboka kubangamira uburenganzira. 

References
Yugoslav Manual Alphabet

**Inyuguti za Alphabet** ni intoki zibiri zikoreshwa mu kwandika mu rurimi rw'amarenga rwa Yugosilaviya . Ibimenyetso bimwe byagereranijwe nyuma  zitwa Cyrillic Seribiya, ibindi nyuma yinyuguti ya Gaj y'Ikilatini, cyangwa bituruka ahandi akaba ari inyuguti zifasha ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva.

## Amashakiro

* Inkluzija.org : Алфабет српског знаковног језика
Location (Sign language)

In sign languages, **ahantu**, cyangwa **tab**, bivuga ahantu nyirizina amaboko ziba ziri igihe zikoreshwa mu gukora ibimenyetso. Muri terminologiya ya Stokoe izwi nka TAB, impfunyapfunyo ya *tabula* . Ikibanza ni kimwe mu bice bitanu, cyangwa ibipimo, by'ikimenyetso, hamwe nigishusho cyamaboko ( DEZ ), icyerekezo ( ORI ), kugenda ( SIG ), nibintu bidasanzwe . Ibisobanuro byihariye byahantu, nk'igituza cyangwa urusengero rw'umutwe, birashobora gufatwa nka foneme . Indimi zitandukanye z'amarenga zirashobora gukoresha ahantu hatandukanye. Muyandi magambo, indimi z'amarenga zitandukanye zishobora kugira ibarura ritandukanye rya fonema.

## Ibibanza mu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'abanyamerika

Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika rukoresha ahantu 12 ukuyemo amaboko ubwayo: isura yose / umutwe; agahanga cyangwa umusatsi; amaso cyangwa izuru; umunwa cyangwa umunwa; urusengero, umusaya cyangwa ugutwi (uruhande rw'umutwe); ijosi; umutiba (ibitugu kugeza mu kibuno); ukuboko hejuru; inkokora cyangwa ukuboko, inyuma yintoki, imbere imbere. Mubyongeyeho, mu bimenyetso simusiga by'amaboko abiri, ikiganza cyiganje gikorana n'ikiganza kitiganje, hanyuma kikaba nk'ikimenyetso. Ikimenyetso gishobora kandi kuvugwa mu mwanya udafite aho ubogamiye, ufatwa nk'ahantu hatagaragara muri moderi zimwe na zimwe z'ururimi rw'amarenga.
Keresan Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Keresan**, ruzwi kandi ku izina rya **Keresan Pueblo Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abahinde** (KPISL) cyangwa Keresign, ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu mudugudu ruvugwa na benshi mu baturage ba pereblo ya Keresan, aho haboneka abantu benshi bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva kuva bavuka (iyo pueblo ntivugwa mu bitabo by'inkomoko, ariko abaturage bavugwa bemeza ko ari Zia pueblo yo muri New Mexico ).

Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Keresan rwateye imbere mu karere, kandi ntaho ruhuriye n'ururimi rw'ubucuruzi Ibibaya Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abahinde .
Kazakh Sign Language

**Kazakh Sign Language** ( **KSL** ) cyangwa **Kazakh-Russian Sign Language** ( **KRSL** )   ni imvugo y'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'ikirusiya rukoreshwa muri Qazaqistan .
Kajana Sign Language

**Kajana Sign Language** (Dutch) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'umudugudu wa Suriname . ruvugwa muri Kajana, umudugudu ugizwe n'imiryango itatu gusa.
Disabled Peoples’ International (DPI)

DPI) umuryango mpuzamahanga utegamiye kuri Leta (INGO) ufite icyicaro i Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada, hamwe n’ibiro by’akarere muri Aziya-Pasifika, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, Uburayi, Afurika, Amerika y'Epfo, na Amerika y'Amajyaruguru na Karayibe. DPI ni ihuriro ry’imiryango cyangwa inteko z’abafite ubumuga, ryashinzwe mu 1980–81 hagamijwe guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abafite ubumuga binyuze mu ruhare rwuzuye, kunganya amahirwe n’iterambere.   DPI ifasha amashyirahamwe yo mu bihugu birenga 152 ibibazo bya buri munsi byo gufasha abamugaye. Bakira kandi inteko hamwe ninama nyunguranabitekerezo kwisi yose hamwe namashami yabo atandukanye. 

### Intego za DPI ni:

* **Guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abafite ubumuga**
* **Guteza imbere ubukungu n’imibereho y’abafite ubumuga**
* **Gutezimbere no gutera inkunga amashyirahamwe yabamugaye**

## Imishinga

### Abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu
Abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu batangijwe na DPI mu 2011 kugira ngo bafashe ababana n'ubumuga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Bashaka kunoza ibibazo byemewe n'amategeko, imibereho myiza, nubukungu bigira ingaruka kubantu bafite ubumuga. Kugeza mu 2013, abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu bashizeho imiyoboro ibiri y’abagore ku isi iteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abagore bafite ubumuga. Bashyizeho kandi umuryango w’urubyiruko hagamijwe guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko rufite ubumuga. Umushinga wafunzwe mu 2013. 

Referances
Catalina Devandas Aguilar

**Catalina Devandas Aguilar** ni umunyamategeko wa Kosta Rika wabaye umunyamabanga wa mbere w’umuryango w’abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2020. Muri Gicurasi 2024, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru mu biro by’ubufatanye, ubuvugizi n’itumanaho n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abinjira n’abinjira (IOM UN Migration).  Mbere, yahoze ahagarariye Costa Rica mu Muryango w’abibumbye i Geneve . Yakoze kandi muri Banki y'Isi kandi agira uruhare mu ishyirwaho ry'amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga n'Ubunyamabanga bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye . Arwaye spina bifida kandi akoresha igare ryibimuga .  

## Umwuga
Yabanje kugisha inama Banki y'isi kandi yari mu bunyamabanga bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye bwashyizeho Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga . Mu 2009, Madamu Devandas Aguilar yatangiye gukorera mu kigega cyo guharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga n'ikigega gishinzwe uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga .  Mu 2014, Aguilar yagizwe umunyamabanga wa mbere w’umuryango w’abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. 

## Aho yasuye

Kuva ku ya 3 kugeza ku ya 17 Ukwakira 2017, Devandas-Aguilar yasuye Ubufaransa maze atanga raporo imbere y’umuryango w’abibumbye, ku bijyanye n’ibibazo bijyanye no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu . 

Referances
Kailge Sign Language

Kailge Sign Language ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwateye imbere mu Ntara ya Western Highlands, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. Bivugwa mu karere kanini k'uduce duto dukikije umujyi wa Kailge, ndetse no muri Kailge nyine, mu gace ka Ku Waru - kavuga. Rushobora gusobanurwa nk'urusobe rw'ibimenyetso byo mu ngo aho kuba ururimi rumwe rusobanutse. Ishobora Gukoresha umwanya wo gusinya birasa cyane nu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva-ururimi rw'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'imidugudu rusangiwe n'abumva. 

KSL ifite amagambo asa n'urundi rurimi rw'amarenga rw'umudugudu mu karere, ururimi rw'amarenga Sinasina .
Kafr Qasem Sign Language

**Kafr Qasem Sign Language** ( لغة الإشارة الكفر قاسم ( Icyarabu ) Lughat il-Ishārah il-Kafr Qasim ) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu mudugudu muri Isiraheli. 

Ururimi ruri mu nzira zo kwandikwa, cyane cyane muri kaminuza ya Haifa . Kafr Qasem irangwa n'ijanisha ryinshi ry'abantu babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva, kandi uko bigaragara, ururimi rwabo rw'amarenga rwateye imbere mu buryo bwihuse uko imyaka yagiye ihita, kabone niyo rwaba rwaratewe n’ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Isiraheli ndetse n'indimi z'amarenga zo muri ako karere. 

Intangiriro y’umuryango w’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri Kafr Qasem yatangiye mu ntangiriro y'ikinyejana cya 20, ubwo umuturage yashakanye n’umugore ubana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva ukomoka muri Mazraa . Abashakanye babyaranye abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, na bo barashyingiranwa kandi bafite abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva benshi. Mu 1951, i Kafr Qasem hari abaturage 1800, 12 muri bo bakaba bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva. Gukenera kuvugana nabo byatumye habaho iterambere ry'ururimi rw'amarenga rusangiwe na benegihugu - bafite ubwo bumuga kandi bumva.
Inmaculada Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Inmaculada** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'abatumva- ibisekuru by'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva bya Lima, muri Peru . Ifitanye isano neza n'ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Peru (LSP), ariko iratandukanye bihagije ku buryo byafatwa nk'ururimi rutandukanye.

Ururimi rukoreshwa n’abantu biga mu ishuri ry’abatumva, CEBE La Inmaculada de Barranco, mbere y’1960, igihe LSP yashingwa nk'ururimi rw’igihugu cy’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva. Iri shuri ryari ryarafunguwe mu 1939. Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Inmaculada rufite hafi igice cy'ingaruka zituruka ku rurimi rw'ibimenyetso rw'Abanyamerika (ASL) ugereranyije n'ururimi rwa LSP, kandi inyuguti zikorwa n'intoki zarwo ziratandukanye cyane. 

## Reba
Hungarian manual alphabet

**Imyandikire y'intoki ya Hongiriya** (cyangwa **magyar ujjábécé** mu gihongiriya ) Rukoreshwa mu kwandika amagambo hifashishijwe intoki mu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'Abahungariya . Bikunze kugaragara cyane ni inyuguti imwe y'intoki hafi yisura, ariko imiterere ya LSF -imiterere y'imyandikire rimwe na rimwe ikoreshwa.
Disability Rights International (DRI)

DRI  Wahoze ari Uburenganzira bw’ababana nubumuga bwo mu mutwe, ni Washington, DC bushingiye ku guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu bugamije guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu no kugira uruhare rugaragara muri sosiyete y’abafite ubumuga ku isi. DRI ibyangombwa bisabwa, itangaza raporo, kandi iteza imbere kugenzura mpuzamahanga uburenganzira bwabafite ubumuga.

DRI yashinzwe mu 1993 n’avoka Eric Rosenthal kandi yashinzwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’amategeko ry’i Washington ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’ikigo cya Bazelon gishinzwe ubuzima bwo mu mutwe. Kuva mu 1993, DRI yaguye ibiro mu bihugu bitatu birimo Seribiya, Mexico, na Ukraine.

## Ibihembo

* **[[:en:Henry_Viscardi_Achievement_Awards|Ibihembo bya Henry Viscardi]] (2013)** Laurie Ahern, Perezida wa DRI yahawe igihembo cyiza cyahawe ikigo cya Viscardi ku bayobozi badasanzwe mu bijyanye no guharanira ubumuga.
* **[https://web.archive.org/web/20130730002051/http://thecharlesbronfmanprize.com/recipients/2013-eric-rosenthal#sthash.T2K9RD87.dpuf Igihembo cya Charles Bronfman (2013)]**

DRI yahawe igihembo cya Charles Bronfman ishimira ibikorwa bya DRI mu gukangurira umutimanama w’isi kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abana n’abakuze bafite ubumuga; kwerekana amacakubiri no gufata nabi ababana n'ubumuga mu bihugu byinshi; amahugurwa no gutera inkunga ubumuga n'abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu; no guhamagarira guverinoma n'inzego z'isi kurinda abaturage batishoboye kandi birengagijwe. 

## Referances
Honduran Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Honduran** ( Spanish  , **LESHO** ) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwiganje rukoreshwa muri Honduras . Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika rukunze gukoreshwa; kandi zombi ntabwo bifitanye isano.
Hanoi Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Hanoi** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva- umujyi wa Hanoi muri Vietnam. Hafi ya 50% hamwe n'izindi ndimi z'amarenga zo muri Vietnam, kandi amagambo yayo yagiye agira uruhare runini mu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'igifaransa rwigeze kwigishwa mu mashuri yo muri Vietnam yo ku ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva.

## Reba
Guyanase Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Giyane** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva rwa Guyana . Amakuru make ahari. Kubera ko Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika rukoreshwa mu burezi muri Guyana, "Ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Giyane" rushobora kuba izina ryaho rya ASL.
Guinea-Bissau Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Gineya-Bissau** ( Portuguese   cyangwa Língua de sinais guineense .​​Ni ururimi rw'amarenga ruri mu rugendo rwo gukura, rukomoka ku ishuri rimwe ry'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ryo muri Gineya-Bisawu, ryashinzwe i Bissau mu mwaka wa 2003. Mu 2005, umunyalinguist n'umwarimu w'ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Porutugali basanze GBSL (Guinea-Bissau Sign Language) ikiri ururimi rudateye imbere cyane, ariko ifite ubusugire bumwe hagati y'abnyeshuri mu ishuri no mu buryo bakoreshaga amarenga mu miryango yabo iyo basubiye mu rugo.

Ntabwo bifitanye isano itaziguye n'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'igiportigale, nubwo rwatije inyuguti.
Gambian Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Gambiya** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'igihugu rukoreshwa n'umuryango w'abatumva muri Gambiya . Ishuri ryonyine ry’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva bo muri Gambiya, Ishuri rya St John ry’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva, ryashinzwe n’umupadiri gatolika ukomoka muri Irilande. Ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu Buholandi rwinjijwe muri iryo shuri hamwe n'ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu Bwongereza rwateye imbere mu rurimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Gambiya, rurimo ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe kavukire byakoreshwaga n'abaturage muri rusange. ** &#x5B; &#x5D; y’iburengerazuba, Ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika ntirwigeze rwinjizwa muri Gambiya kugeza nyuma yaho bityo umuryango w'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva utamenyereye ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika.
Expression (sign language)

Mu ndimi z'amarenga, **imvugo** ni imiterere yihariye y'umubiri hamwe no mu maso bijyana n'amarenga, kandi bikenewe mu gukora amagambo neza.  Imvugo ni kimwe mu bintu bitanu bigize ikimenyetso, hamwe na handhape ( DEZ ), icyerekezo ( ORI ), ahantu ( TAB ), no kugenda ( SIG ). Ikintu cy'ingenzi kigaragaza imvugo ni umunwa . Ariko kandi, si ibimenyetso byose bifite imvugo yihariye isanzwe ibiranga. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;
European Sign Language Centre

**Ikigo cy’ururimi rw’amarenga mu Burayi** ( **ESC** ) n’umuryango udaharanira inyungu, ukorera mu rwego rwo guteza imbere no kongera kumenyekanisha no gukoresha ururimi rw’amarenga .

## Reba kandi

* Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi
* Ihuriro ry’abatumva ku isi
* Indimi z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi
Ethiopian sign languages

**Indimi nyinshi z’amarenga zo muri Etiyopiya** zagiye zikoreshwa mu mashuri atandukanye ya Etiyopiya y’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva kuva mu 1971, ndetse no ku rwego rw’ibanze kuva 1956. Ururimi rw’amarenga rwo muri Etiyopiya, rushobora kuba ari urwego rw’igihugu, rukoreshwa mu mashuri abanza, ayisumbuye, ndetse no muri kaminuza ya Addis Abeba - amashuri makuru, ndetse na televiziyo y'igihugu. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Reba
Enga Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Enga** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rugaragara mu baturage ba Tato Enga mu ntara ya Enga, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée . Byatangajwe mu 1980 mu ngingo eshatu zanditswe na Adam Kendon, zishingiye kuri filime zishingiye ku moko y’abasinyiye batatu (umwe ntiyumva, babiri bumva) mu kibaya cyo hejuru cy’umugezi wa Lagaip, ariko havugwa amakuru avuga ko akoreshwa cyane mu karere gakikije.    Amakuru ajyanye n'aho ihagaze ubu ntaramenyekana, kuko nta makuru mashya ahari.

## Reba
Signed Dutch

***Nederland yahuye na Gebaren*** ( **NmG** ), cyangwa **Ikimenyetso cyashyizweho umukono n’Ubuholandi**, ni uburyo bwandikishijwe intoki bw’Abadage, bukoresheje ibimenyetso by’ururimi rw’amarenga rw’Ubuholandi, bukoreshwa mu kwigisha mu Buholandi izondimi kandi zigafasha cyane ababana nubumuga bwo kutumva.
Sign-Language Media

**Sign-Language Media** ni itangazamakuru rishingiye kuri sisitemu y'itangazamakuru ry'indimi z'amarenga . Ihuriro byubatswe kumiterere yikibonezamvugo igoye ikozwe muzindi ndimi z amarenga. Mubisanzwe itangazamakuru ryubatswe mundimi cyangwa indimi zanditse, kandi akenshi ntizihuza nururimi rwamarenga.

Itangazamakuru ryururimi rwamarenga rifite **ibintu** byihariye:

* Ijwi ntiriboneka, cyangwa kuri frequency nke cyane (bass).
* Oya, cyangwa bike cyane, inyandiko irakoreshwa.
* Ikadiri ya kamera yihariye yo gufunga .

## Ibintu by'ingenzi

* **Igihe cyagereranijwe:**
** Filime - Ibitangazamakuru byo mu rurimi rw'amarenga byavutse. Filime ya mbere ikoresha ururimi rw'amarenga yakozwe mu 1902. 
** Video - Ibinyamakuru byerekana ururimi rw'amarenga kuri videwo biratangwa.
* **Igihe cya Digital:**
** Video ya sisitemu na software - Imigaragarire yururimi rwamarenga yashizweho kugirango urebe ibirimo.
** Urubuga Mpuzamahanga - Amakuru mu rurimi rw'amarenga aboneka kuri buri wese.
** Videophone na webkamera - Itumanaho ryururimi rwamarenga birashoboka.
** Videotelephone igendanwa - UMTS itanga inkunga kubitumanaho bikoresha ururimi rw'amarenga.
** Vlogs - Urubuga rushya rw'amarenga rutangira kwiyongera hamwe n'imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana Jane Fernandes .
** Gukora amashusho yerekana ururimi rwamarenga ukoresheje avatar yakozwe na mudasobwa aho kuba amashusho yumuntu nyawe.   
** Amashusho yerekana ururimi rwamarenga  muburyo butandukanye bwibimenyetso arimo gukorwa hifashishijwe abasemuzi nyabo-bimenyetso
** Ururimi rw'amarenga rushobora kwerekanwa mu makinamico ya firime ukoresheje ecran ya kabiri yashyizwe ku ntebe, ikina amashusho y'ururimi rw'amarenga ahujwe na firime.  

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Gutekereza ku bimenyetso by'ururimi rw'amarenga Archived  
* Ibimenyetso by'ururimi rw'amarenga Itangazamakuru
* Joey Baer ASL Vlog
* Ururimi rw'amarenga Urutonde rwa firime
* Ibimenyetso by'ururimi rw'amarenga muri Filime / TV Archived  
* Média'pi! : itangazamakuru

## Amashakiro
Douentza Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Douentza**, cyangwa **ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Dogon** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'abaturage ruvugwa muri Douentza ndetse n'abaturage baturanye bo mu gihugu cya Dogon muri Mali. Ntibizwi ukuntu bishobora kuba bisa n'ururimi rw'amarenga rwo mu mudugudu hafi, Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Tebul, ariko rushobora kuba ntaho ruhuriye n'urundi rurimi rw'amarenga rwo mu karere ka Dogon, Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Berbey . Kugeza mu 2013, nta shuri ry’ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri ako karere, ariko harateganijwe; itangizwa ry'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'abanyamerika nk'ururimi rw'inyigisho rushobora kugira ingaruka kubimenyetso bya Douentza. Ikusanyamakuru ryakusanyirijwe hamwe n'ikigo cya Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics kugirango cyandike urupapuro rwabanjirije ururimi.
Sign Language System

**Sisitemu ry'ururimi rw'amarenga**, [ a ] izwi kandi ku **rurimi rwasinywe** [ b ] cyangwa **Igipolonye cyasinywe**, ni uburyo bwandikishijwe intoki bw'igipolonye bukoresha ibimenyetso by'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'igipolonye . Bikunze gukoreshwa icyarimwe "ubusemuzi" bw'igipolonye mukimenyetso.  kandi bigafasha cyane abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona

Muri 2011, Sisitemu y'ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Polonye yemerewe n'amategeko.

## Inyandiko

## Amashakiro
Czech Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Ceki** ( Czech  , **ČZJ** ) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri Repubulika ya Ceki . Birashoboka ko byagaragaye mu gihe cy'ishuri rya mbere ry'abana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva muri Bohemia (1786). N'umuryango w'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'igifaransa kandi urumva igice hamwe n'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'igifaransa .  Nubwo imvugo yo muri Tchèque na Slovakiya isa, ntabwo yegereye cyane ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Silovakiya . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;
Cypriot Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga** **rwa Kupuro** cyangwa Sipiriyani ( Greek) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rudasanzwe rwa Kupuro. Bigaragara ko ari pidgin y'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika n'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'ikigereki, rutaragera ku rurimi rwuzuye. Umuryango w'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva bo mu Bugereki Sipiriyani ukoresha ururimi rw'amarenga rw'ikigereki .
Chiriqui Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Chiriqui** (Icyesipanyoli: *Lengua de Señas de Chiriquí*, LSCH) ni rwo rurimi rw'amarenga rw'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva rwo mu ntara ya Chiriquí muri Panama. Ntabwo byumvikana niba bifitanye isano n'ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Panamani, rutumvikana neza na rwo;  niba aribyo, byanaba bifitanye isano n'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'abanyamerika .
Chilean manual alphabet

**Imyandikire y'intoki ya Chili** ikoreshwa n'umuryango w'abana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva bo muri Chili gusinya amagambo y'Icyesipanyoli kandi yinjijwe mu rurimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Chili . N'inyuguti imwe kandi isa cyane n'inyuguti z'intoki z'Abanyamerika, kimwe n'Igifaransa, Berezile na Espagne .
Central Taurus Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Taurus rwagati** (CTSL; Turkish   ) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Turukiya. Bivugwa mu midugudu itatu yo mu misozi ya Taurus rwagati. Yamenyekanishijwe ku isi na Rabia Ergin,  wagiye ayimenyeraho akura.
Sign Language Glove

**Sign language Glove** ni igikoresho cya elegitoroniki kigerageza guhindura icyerekezo cy'ururimi rw'amarenga mu magambo yanditse cyangwa avugwa. Bamwe mu banenga ubwo buhanga bavuze ko ubushobozi bwa gants zifashishwa na sensor zo gukora ibi bikunze kuvugwa cyane cyangwa kutumva nabi, kubera ko indimi nyinshi z'amarenga zifite ikibonezamvugo kigoye gikubiyemo gukoresha ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso no mu maso (ibintu bitari intoki).

iyi sisitemu ishobora kwambarwa irimo sensor zikoresha intoki enye nintoki kugirango umenye buri jambo, interuro cyangwa inyuguti nkuko bikozwe mururimi rwamarenga. 

Ibyo bimenyetso noneho byoherezwa bidasubirwaho kuri terefone igendanwa, ikabihindura mumagambo yavuzwe ku kigero cyijambo rimwe kumasegonda hakoreshejwe iyo sisitemu. 

Abashakashatsi bongeyeho kandi ibyuma bifata bifata mu maso abantu bakoresheje mu gupima icyo gikoresho - hagati y'ijisho ryabo no ku ruhande rumwe rw'akanwa kabo - kugira ngo bafate ibintu bitaranga ururimi.

## Amashakiro
Brunca Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Brunca** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'umudugudu w'abasangwabutaka ba Brunca mu majyepfo ya Kosta Rika. Ntahantu ruhuriye n'ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Costa Rika .
Catalan manual alphabet

**Imyandikire y'intoki ya Catalone** ikoreshwa mu rurimi rw'amarenga rw'Igikatalani ariko ntiyemerwa ku mugaragaro nk'imwe mu ndimi zemewe za Cataloniya kugeza ku ya 3 Kamena 2010 igihe itegeko ryo kuwa 17/2010 ry’ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Catalonike (LSC) ryemejwe na guverinoma .  Imyandikire y'intoki ya Catalonike ni ukuboko kumwe  kandi irasa cyane n'inyuguti ya Espagne .  Kubera iyo mpamvu, abantu bakoresha ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Icyesipanyolio bashobora gusobanukirwa hafi 80% by'ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Cataliane.
Carhuahuaran Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Carhuahuaran** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'imiryango myinshi yo mu karere kavuga Quechua muri Peru.
Bouakako Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Bouakako** cyangwa **LaSiBo** ( French   ) ni ururimi rw'amarenga rugaragara mu mudugudu wa Bouakako,  mu burengerazuba bw'umujyi wa Hiré mu majyepfo ya Coryte d'Ivoire . LaSiBo yakoreshejwe n'ibisekuru byinshi by'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva, benshi muri bo bakaba bafitanye isano. Benshi mu baturage bumva, bavuga Yocoboué Dida, hari icyo bazi m'ururimi, kandi bamwe bavuga neza. Amagambo aratandukanye hagati y'abavuga, byerekana ko ururimi rukiri ruto. Ukurikije imyaka y'abasinyaga babana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva cyane, birashoboka ko byibuze ifite imyaka 50 ( as of 2016  ). 

LaSiBo isa n'ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Nanabin muri Gana, ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Mardin muri Turukiya n'izindi ndimi z'amarenga zo mu mudugudu zibanze mu miryango imwe cyangwa mike.
Berbey Sign Language

**Ururimi rw'amarenga rwa Berbey** ni ururimi rw'amarenga rw'umuryango w'umudugudu wa Berbey mu karere ka Hombori muri Mali. Ururimi rwaho ni Humburi Senni . Kuri ubu ururimi ruvugwa n'abavandimwe babiri (umwe muri bo akaba abana n'ubumuga bwo kutavuga) n'imiryango yabo, barimo abana bane babana nubwo bumuga. Mu gisekuru cya benewabo, abakoresha ibimenyetso bose bari abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva.
Uburezi Bushyira Bose hamwe muri Eswatini

Ibarura rusange **ryakozwe** na Eswatini ryo mu 2017, ababana n'ubumuga bagera kuri 176.184, bangana na 16.1% by'abatuye igihugu.  Icyorezo kiri hejuru cyane mu cyaro dore ko 82% by’abafite ubumuga baba mu cyaro mu gihe 18% basigaye ari abo mu mijyi . Ibarura rusange ry’abaturage n’imiturire yo mu 2017 ku rundi ruhande, ryerekana ko 52% by’abafite ubumuga muri Eswatini nta mashuri bafite. Mu bitabira ishuri, 22,3% bahabwa impamyabumenyi y'amashuri abanza, mu gihe 9,6% bafite impamyabumenyi y'abato. Byongeye kandi, Ibarura rusange ry’umwaka wa 2019 ryerekana ko mu gihugu hari abanyeshuri 41.565 bafite ibibazo by’ubumuga n’ubumuga bwihariye mu mashuri abanza (adasanzwe kandi asanzwe), muri bo 54% ni abagabo naho 45% ni ab'igitsina gore. ​​​

## Amashuri yihariye muri Eswatini
Minisiteri y’Uburezi n’Amahugurwa Itangazo ryihariye rya Politiki y’uburezi, iteganya ko Eswatini ifite amashuri menshi yakira abantu bafite ibibazo byihariye (PSN) mu turere tune.  Muri byo harimo:

* Agace ka Manzini, amashuri abanza nayisumbuye ya St Joseph kubatabona cyangwa abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona
* Agace ka Lubombo nishuri ryabatumva
* Ishuri ryibanze rya Ekwetsembeni mukarere ka Hhohho. (cyane cyane abana ba autistic)  na Mbasheni shuri ribanza
* Amashuri abanza ya Qinisweni mu karere ka Shiselweni

## Inzitizi

Nubwo hashyizweho ingufu muri gahunda yuburezi burimo ibibazo byinshi. Ubwa mbere, gahunda yo kumenyekanisha hakiri kare abana bafite ibibazo byihariye byuburezi ntibibaho muri Eswatini, abarimu bigisha, cyane cyane kurwego rwibanze, mubisanzwe bashinzwe umurimo utoroshye wo kumenya abanyeshuri bashobora gukenera Uburezi bwihariye, no kwagura SNE. Icya kabiri, hariho iterambere rito ry'abarimu kuko ababyeyi bananiwe kumenya ibimenyetso byambere abarimu bakeneye kongerera ubushobozi guhoraho mbere nakazi.  Rimwe na rimwe iyo guverinoma ya Eswatini yohereje ibikoresho by’ishuri kugirango bikoreshwe mu burezi bw’abana bafite ubumuga n’abafite ubumuga, ubusanzwe ni ibikoresho bijyanye n’uburezi rusange. Abarimu n'abayobozi muri aya mashuri bakora cyane kugirango bahuze ibikoresho nibisabwa byihariye, kuburyo rimwe na rimwe bagomba kwishingikiriza ku baterankunga, badashobora guhora banyuze mubufasha. 

## Referances
Villaney "Lany" Remengesau

**Villaney "Lany" Remengesau (wavutse 30 Werurwe 1985) numuntu uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Palau. Azwiho ubuvugizi ku [[Ubumuga|Babana nubumuga]] muri [[Palawu|Palau]] no mu karere kagari ka Aziya-Pasifika, ibyo bikaba byaratumye agirwa umuntu ukomeye cyane muri Palau mu 2024 n'ikigo cy'itangazamakuru cya Palau. **

## '''Ubuzima'''
Remengesau yavukiye i Koror, muri Palau, mu murage wa Palauan na Aziya. Afite ubumuga bw'umubiri kandi akoresha igare ry'abamugaye. Yize imicungire yubucuruzi muri kaminuza, arubatse afite umwana.   

Remengesau yagize uruhare runini mubuyobozi no gutanga inama mugutezimbere amashyirahamwe nabafite ubumuga muri Palau. Yagize uruhare mu kubyutsa OMEKESANG, umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga muri Palau, kandi wabaye umuyobozi wacyo kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2020. Ku buyobozi bwe, OMEKESANG yabonye ubunyamuryango bwuzuye bw’imishinga mpuzamahanga iharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, harimo ihuriro ry’abafite ubumuga bwa pasifika, Aziya ya Pasifika DPO United, n’abafite ubumuga mpuzamahanga.            Remengesau yabaye kandi perezida w’ishyirahamwe rya Belau ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta hagati ya 2018 na 2020. 

Referances
Hamisa Zaja

**Hamisa Zaja** (c.1972 -) numunyakenya uha imbaraga ababana nubumuga. Yashinze ishyirahamwe ry’inyanja ry’abafite ubumuga. Mu 2024 yabaye uwanyuma mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’amahoro muri Amerika (USIP) Igihembo mpuzamahanga cy’abagore bubaka amahoro.

## Ubuzima
Zaja yavutse ahagana mu 1972 mu ntara ya Mombasa ya Kenya. Yavuwe kugira umuriro igihe yari akiri umwana, kubera iyo mpamvu afite ukuguru kumugaye.  Yagiye mu ishuri rya Port Ritz ry’abafite ubumuga nyuma y’ishuri ryisumbuye rya Mama Ngina. Yari azi ko umuryango we wateguye ubukwe bw'abana babo, ariko nta mukandida wamenyekanye. Yakomeje arangiza amashuri yubuyobozi. 

Zaja yashinze ishyirahamwe ry’inyanja ry’abafite ubumuga.  Yatorewe kuba muri gahunda mpuzamahanga y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika . 

## Reba
Ola Abu Al Ghaib

**Ola Abu Al Ghaib** cyangwa **Ola Abualghaib** ( Arabic   ) ni umuvugizi uharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku isi. Muri Kanama 2019, yagizwe Umuyobozi w’Ubunyamabanga bwa Tekinike bw’ikigega cy’abafite ubumuga ku isi, ahahoze ari Umuryango w’abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (UNPRPD).

Dr. Abualghaib yayoboye iterambere ry’uyu muryango no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z’ibikorwa (SOF) muri 2020–2025 na 2025-2030, avuga ko Ikigega ari umufatanyabikorwa w’isi ku isi uteza imbere ubumuga. Ku buyobozi bwe, miliyoni zisaga 100 USD zashowe mu bihugu birenga 100 byo mu turere dutanu.

Abualghaib yagaragaye muri Apolitical's Gender Equality Urutonde 100 rwabantu bakomeye muri politiki yisi yose muri 2019.

## Ubuzima bwambere nuburere
Abu Al Ghaib yavukiye i Nablus, ku nkombe y’Iburengerazuba, muri Palesitine, yari afite imyaka cumi n'ibiri ubwo yaburaga gukoresha amaguru . Kubera ibyo bihe byahinduye ubuzima, yahatiwe kuguma mu rugo imyaka itatu atize. Igihe amashuri yari hafi yanze kumwandikisha kubera ubuzima bwe, yimukiye i Betelehemu, ari naho yiyandikishije mu ishuri ryigenga . Ku ikubitiro umunyeshuri witegereza, yemerewe kumugaragaro nyuma yo kubona amanota menshi mwishuri rye.

## Umwuga

Abu Al Ghaib yatangiye umwuga we uharanira uburenganzira bwe ku kigo cyagerwaho mu gihe cya kaminuza. Imbaraga zamuhesheje umwanya muri komite ishinzwe kubaka ikigo, aho yahinduye ikigo cya kaminuza n’abanyeshuri bamugaye.

Muri Palesitine, Abu Al Ghaib yashinze umuryango wa Stars of Hope Society,  umuryango ugamije gukemura ibibazo by’abagore bafite ubumuga no kubashyigikira mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo.

## Ibindibikorwa

* Umwe mu bagize Inama y'Ubutegetsi muri Global Disability and Innovation Hub - London (2017 - ubungubu)

* Visi Perezida mu Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abafite ubumuga n’iterambere (IDDC) Bruxelles (2017–2019)
* Umunyamuryango witsinda ryibanze hamwe2030, New York, Amerika (2017–2019)
* Umunyamuryango w'Inama y'Ubutegetsi muri ADD UK (2015–2017)
* Mugenzi wa Synergos (Abarabu b'Abarabu bashya bashya - AWSI) (2011)
* Igihembo mpuzamahanga cy’umugore w’ubutwari cyatanzwe na Konseye y'Abanyamerika (2011)
* Umwe mu bagize Inama y'Ubutegetsi mu kigega cy’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga Boston, Amerika (2008–2020)
* Mugenzi wa Ashoka (Rwiyemezamirimo) (2007)
* Umunyamuryango w’ubujyanama ku isi mu Bwongereza Ubushakashatsi no guhanga udushya (UKRI) na kaminuza ya Fordham (USA)
* Gusura umwarimu mu ishuri ry’iterambere mpuzamahanga muri kaminuza y’iburasirazuba bwa Anglia

## Reba
Urutonde rwamashyirahamwe Yababana Nubumuga

Uru ni **urutonde rwamashyirahamwe yubumuga**, harimo amatsinda yunganira hamwe n’abagiraneza batanga serivisi kubantu bafite ubumuga.

## Amashirahamwe

* Action Deaf Youth
* ADAPT
* American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) (1876) – AAIDD batangaza cyangwa abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abantu babana  ubumuga bwo mu mutwe no mu mikurire.
* American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) (1995) – Umuryango ufasha abantu bababana n’ubumuga butandukanye, ukarengera uburenganzira bwabo kandi ukabaha serivisi
* American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities (ACCD) (1975) –**shyirahamwe ry’imiryango y’ababana n’ubumuga** 
* American Council of the Blind (ACB) – Uhagarariye amatsinda menshi atandukanye y’abantu bababana n’ubumuga bwo kutabona
* American Diabetes Association (ADA) (1939) – tanga ubujyanama n’amakuru ku baturage ku bijyanye na diyabete.
* American Foundation for the Blind (1921) – By’umwihariko bifasha abantu bababana n’ubumuga bwo kutabona, birengera uburenganzira bwabo kandi bibaha serivisi.
* The Arc of the United States – Umuryango w’igihugu ufasha abantu bababana n’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe no mu mikurire
* ARC Association for Real Change (1976) – Ishyigikira abatanga serivisi ku bantu bababana n’ubumuga bwo kwiga
* Aspies For Freedom (AFF) – Itanga amakuru kandi irakangurira abaturage ku bijyanye na autismu
* Autism Network International (ANI) (1992) – Guharanira uburenganzira no kwifashisha ku bantu bababana na autismu.
* Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) (2006) – Guharanira uburenganzira kugira ngo abantu bababana na autismu barusheho kugira ubushobozi ku isi yose.

## Reba
Ishyirahamwe ryabanyamerika bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva

**Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva (AHIHA)** ryashinzwe mu 1973 na **Stan Mikita**, umukinnyi wa Chicago Blackhawks, hamwe na **Irv Tiahnybik**, umucuruzi wo muri ako karere. Iri shyirahamwe ryaje gushingwa nyuma y’uko Irv Tiahnybik abonye ingorane umuhungu we utumva neza yari afite hamwe n’abandi bana bumva. **Inkambi ya Hockey** yahise ikura vuba  ikurura abakinyi ba ruhago batumva kandi bigoye kumva baturutse mu mpande zose zigihugu.

Iri shyirahamwe ritegura **Inkambi ya Hockey ya Stan Mikita**, imara icyumweru buri mwaka, ibera muri **Woodridge**, Illinois, mu **Seven Bridges** Ice Arena. Iyo nkambi ubwayo ni **ubuntu**, nubwo abakinnyi bagomba kwishyurira ibikoresho byabo no kwishyura icumbi ry’amahoteli.

Uretse gutera inkunga iyo nkambi, **AHIHA** inafasha mu **gushyigikira abakinnyi bayo**, itanga **bourse/inkunga y’ishuri**, kandi igafasha abana kubona **ibikoresho byo kumva** **hearing aids**. Ikipe ya **Deaflympics mu mukino wa hockey ku mucanga w’amazi** ikunze gukorwa ahanini n’abakinnyi ba AHIHA, kandi **yahagarariye Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika** mu mwaka wa 2007 muri **Salt Lake City**In addition to sponsoring th

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
Doug Alker

**Doug Alker** (1940 - 2025) yahoze ayobora ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva bo mu Bwongereza n’ikigo cy’Ubwami cyita ku Batumva.   *​*, igitabo cye yasohoye mu buryo bwe bwite mu mwaka wa 2000, *Really Not Interested in the Deaf?*, gikubiyemo kunenga Ikigo cy’Ubwami cyita ku Batumva (RNID) ndetse n’inkuru y’uko yasezeye muri icyo kigo.

Amaze kuva muri RNID yashinze umutwe w’igitutu cya politiki Ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva (FDP) mu mwaka wa 1997. Nka perezida, we na FDP bashinzwe cyane cyane guhatira leta y’Ubwongereza kwemeza ku mugaragaro ururimi rw’amarenga rw’Abongereza .  Ku wa 18 Werurwe 2003 guverinoma y'Ubwongereza yemeye ku mugaragaro ko BSL ari ururimi rwonyine. 

Yabanje gukora nk'umushakashatsi kuri gahunda ya tereviziyo ya BBC *Reba Umva* . 

## Ibisohokayandikiro

* 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ikiganiro cy'ururimi rw'amarenga rw'Abongereza Ikiganiro Ikiganiro na Doug Alker
Yooralla

**Yooralla** (ku mugaragaro **umuryango wa Yooralla wa Victoria** ) ni umuryango utanga serivisi Zababana nubumuga udaharanira inyungu muri Ositaraliya, utera inkunga abatsinze 30.000 babana n’ubumuga.  

## History
Umuryango wa Yooralla wa Victoria washinzwe mu 1977 mu rwego rwo guhuza ishuri ry’ibitaro bya Yooralla na Sosiyete ya Victorian y’abana bafite ubumuga.

### Ishuri ryibitaro bya Yooralla (1918–1977)
u 1918, Evangeline Irlande yashinze ishuri ry’incuke rya Yooralla ry’abana bafite ubumuga, ishuri ry’abana bamugaye. Yatewe inkunga no kuvumbura umwana wamugaye ababyeyi be bamusize mu kiraro cyinkoko mugihe bakoraga.   ​ Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, iryo shuri ryimuriwe ku musozi wa Makedoniya . Amaherezo yaje kubona indi mitungo myinshi. 

### Umuryango wa Victorian kubana bamugaye (1935–1977)
Sosiyete ya Victorian y'abana bamugaye yashinzwe mu 1935 na Eleanor Latham, umugore w'umucamanza mukuru Sir John Latham . Byari bifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ishuri ry’ibitaro bya Yooralla n’ibitaro by’abana by’umwami . Nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yiswe Umuryango wa Victorian Society w'abana bamugaye n'abantu bakuru. Yakoraga amacumbi menshi yo guturamo abamugaye, hamwe n’imyidagaduro hamwe n’ibigo byigisha. 

## Reba
Treloar School

**shuri rya Treloar n'Ishuri Rikuru** ni inzu idatunganijwe ituwe kandi umunsi ku munsi ishuri rikuru na kaminuza by’abana Babana  ubumuga n’urubyiruko, kuva ku myaka 2 kugeza kuri 25 i Holybourne hafi ya Alton, Hampshire, mu Bwongereza.

## Intego n'imiyoborere
Ishuri na kaminuza bigamije gutanga uburezi bushoboza abamugaye, hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kwigisha, kwita, kuvura akazi, physiotherapie, no kuvuga no kuvura ururimi . Bayoborwa na Treloar Trust,  umugiraneza wanditswe.  Ishuri, kaminuza, hamwe nicyizere bakunze kwita umwe cyangwa hamwe nka "Treloar". Icivugo cyemewe ni "Treloar's: Gushoboza Uburezi".

## Amateka
Mu 1907, icyo gihe Umuyobozi w’Umujyi w’Umujyi wa Londres, Sir William Purdie Treloar, yashyizeho 'Ikigega cy’abamugaye' nk'ubujurire bwe. Intego ye kwari ukubaka ibitaro n’ishuri hanze yumujyi kubana barwaye igituntu kitari ibihaha. Ku ya 13 Kamena 1907 yanditse mu gitabo cye ko Nyiricyubahiro Umwamikazi Alexandra 'yaje mu nzu ya Mansion kugira ngo afungure Fete y'umwamikazi mu rwego rwo gufasha ikigega cyanjye cy'abamugaye. Mu 1908, ishuri ry’indaro n’ibitaro byafunguwe muri Alton, nk’ibitaro na College bya Lord Mayor Treloar Cripples. 

Mu 1948, Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ubuzima cyafashe ibitaro, maze ishuri rikuru rya Lord Mayor Treloar ryimukira i Alton, ryimukira mu kibanza gishya cyaguzwe na Trust mu 1949 mu mudugudu uri hafi ya Froyle . Mu 1965, ishuri ry’abakobwa rya Florence Treloar ryafunguwe mu mudugudu wa Holybourne. Mu 1978, ayo mashuri yombi yahujwe ku izina rya Lord Mayor Treloar College, hamwe n'Ishuri Rito ryacumbikiwe muri Froyle n'Ishuri Rikuru rya Holybourne. 

## Reba
Imikino y’Igihugu y’Abatumva m’Ubushuhe ya 1989

**Imikino y’Igihugu y’Abatumva y’Ubushuhe ya 1989,** izwi ku izina **rya 16 ry’abatumva mu birori**, ni imikino mpuzamahanga ya siporo myinshi yabaye kuva ku wa 7 kugeza ku wa 17 Mutarama 1989 muri Parike y’umwamikazi Elizabeth II i Christchurch, muri Nouvelle-Zélande.  

## Umudari
 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwimikino yemewe Archived
Ubushakashatsi bwo kutumva mu Bwongereza

**Ubushakashatsi bwo kutumva mu Bwongereza** (The Hearing Research Trust) bwari bumwe mu buyobozi bukomeye bw’ubushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi bw’Abongereza bukora mu rwego rwo kutumva . Ibikorwa byayo byingenzi ni ubushakashatsi bw'ubuvuzi n'uburezi.

Yashinzwe mu **Gutsinda Ubumuga bwo kutumva** mu 1985 n’umudepite w’Ubwongereza witwaga Jack Ashley n’umugore we Pauline.

Yabaye igice cy'urukundo Igikorwa cyo Gutakaza Kumva muri 2013.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe
* 
*
Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center

**Walter E. Fernald giteza imbere**, nicyo kigo cya kera cy’iburengerazuba bw’ibigo byatewe inkunga na leta bikorera ababana n'ubumuga bwiterambere .   Ku buyobozi bwa gatatu, Walter Fernald, byabaye icyitegererezo ku bigo bya Leta ku bamugaye mu iterambere. Nyuma niho habaye ubushakashatsi bwubuvuzi mu kinyejana cya 20. Iperereza kuri ubu bushakashatsi ryatumye amabwiriza mashya yerekeye ubushakashatsi bwabantu mu bana.

Ishuri rifite  umutungo uri kumuhanda wa Trapelo muri Waltham, Massachusetts .

## Amateka
Ikigo cya Fernald, ubusanzwe cyiswe Ishuri Rikuru ryigisha kwigisha no guhugura abana ba Idiotic,   ryashinzwe i Boston n’umuvugurura Samuel Gridley Howe mu 1848 hamwe n’amadolari 2,500 yatanzwe n’inteko ishinga amategeko ya Massachusetts . Ishuri ryagiye buhoro buhoro ryimukira ahitwa Waltham hagati ya 1888 na 1891. Amaherezo ryarimo inyubako 72 kuri    . Igihe cyo hejuru, ishuri ryafunze abantu bagera ku 2500, abenshi muri bo bakaba ari "abahungu batagira ubwenge ".

### Ubushakashatsi bwubuvuzi bwa kirimbuzi mubana
Ishuri rya Fernald niryo ryakorewe ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na 1946–53 bwakozwe na kaminuza ya Harvard na MIT bwerekanaga abana bato b'abahungu kwanduza dosiye ya isotopi ya radio .  Inyandiko zabonetse mu 1994 n’ishami ry’ingufu muri Amerika  zagaragaje ibisobanuro bikurikira:

* Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe igice na mugenzi wawe wubushakashatsi yatewe inkunga na Quaker Oats Company . Bimwe mubushakashatsi bwarimo kongeramo ibyuma bya radio na calcium muri oatmeal n'amata, hanyuma kugaburira imvange kubanyeshuri ba Fernald. 
* MIT Porofeseri w’imirire Robert S. Harris yayoboye ubwo bushakashatsi, bwiga ku kwinjiza calcium na fer .
* Abahungu bashishikarijwe kwinjira muri "Science Club", yatangaga ibice byinshi byibiribwa, ibirori, ningendo zerekeza mumikino ya baseball ya Boston Red Sox .
* Abanyamuryango ba club 57 bariye ibinyampeke bikungahaye kuri fer hamwe namata ya calcium -akungahaye kumaseke ya mugitondo. Kugirango ukurikirane iyinjizwa, traseri nyinshi za radioaktiw za calcium zahawe umunwa cyangwa imitsi.
* Urwego rw'imishwarara mu ntebe no mu maraso byakora nk'ibihinduka biterwa.
* Mu bundi bushakashatsi, amasomo 17 yakiriye amafoto yinyongera arimo radioisotopi yicyuma. 
* Yaba abana cyangwa ababyeyi babo ntabwo bigeze batanga uburenganzira buhagije bwo kwitabira ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

## Reba
Umuyoboro w’itumanaho w’abatumva

**Deafnet** (cyangwa **DEAFNET** ) yashizweho nkumushinga wo kwerekana mu 1978 na SRI International (yahoze yitwa Stanford Research Institute) muri kaminuza ya Gallaudet ya Washington kubatumva . Yatewe inkunga n’ishami ry’ubuzima, uburezi, n’imibereho myiza y’Amerika kugira ngo yerekane ibyiza bya e-mail ku batumva.

Deafnet yari yo yabayeho bwa mbere mu gukoresha koko icyuma cy’itumanaho cyabugenewe ku batumva. Deafnet yatanze uburyo ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, abafite imiyoboro y’itumanaho yari yaragabanijwe, bwo kuganira no kungukira mu muryango mushya w’itumanaho. Deafnet yashyizweho nka Sisitemu ya Mudasobwa, ikomatanya ibikoresho byagenewe abakoresha bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva hamwe na terminal zisanzwe za mudasobwa.  DEAFNET yanashyizeho kandi uburyo bwo kuganira mu gihe nyacyo (‘real-time chat’) aho abakoresha bashoboraga kuganira ako kanya bakoresheje inyandiko.

Ibikoresho bisanzwe byakoreshwaga byari bigizwe na terminal ya Zenith ZT-1, Superphone (terminal ifite coupler yubatse imbere yemera guhuza na Baudot cyangwa ASCII ndetse ifite buffer y’inyuguti 1000), hamwe na printer ya Epson. Igikoresho cya Superphone cyagurishwaga ku $495 mu mwaka wa 1981.

DEAFNET yafatwa nk’uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya ikiguzi mu itumanaho ku batumva, ariko itangira ry’ama-terminal akorana na ASCII ndetse na Internet nyuma yaho byasimbuje icyo gikeneye.

## Ibisobanuro hamwe nu murongo wo hanze


* Archived kurubuga rwa SRI Archives
Florida Kwiyandikisha kubasobanuzi kubatumva

**Florida yandika abasemuzi batumva** ( **FRID** ) ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu ugamije gufasha abasemuzi kubatumva kandi bafite ikibazo cyo kutumva baba muri leta ya Florida . FRID ni leta ifatanya na rejisitiri yabasobanuzi kubatumva . FRID ifite abanyamuryango barenga 950 guhera 2009. 

## Sisitemu yo Kugenzura Ubwiza bwa Floride
*Sisitemu yo Kugenzura Ireme ry’Ubunyamwuga muri Florida (Florida Quality Assurance Screening System) iyoborwa na FRID igamije gukora isuzuma ry’* abasobanurira abatumva bakoresha ururimi rw’amaboko muri Florida. Isuzuma rigabanyijemo ibice bibiri: Icyanditse (Written) na Icyerekanwa mu bikorwa (Performance). Florida Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (FRID) ntikigikora isuzuma ry’ireme ry’ubunyamwuga ryo mu gihugu imbere (in-state quality assurance screenings) kubera amasezerano bagiranye na Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf (RID).

## Isuzuma ryabasobanuzi ba Florida
*Isuzuma ry’Abasobanurira mu Mashuri rya Florida (Florida Educational Interpreter Evaluation) riyoborwa na FRID rigamije gukora isuzuma ry’abasobanurira abatumva bakoresha ururimi rw’amaboko muri Florida bakorera mu mashuri y’incuke kugeza ku mwaka wa 12 (K–12). Isuzuma rigabanyijemo ibice bitatu: Icyanditse (Written), Ikiganiro (Interview), n’Icyerekanwa mu bikorwa (Performance).*

*Florida Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (FRID) ntikigikora isuzuma ry’abasobanurira mu mashuri ryo mu gihugu imbere (in-state educational interpreter screenings) kubera amasezerano bagiranye na Registry of Interpreters of the Deaf (RID).*

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe
* Kwiyandikisha kubasobanuzi kubatumva
Afuganistani mu Mikino y’Abatumva

**[[Afuganisitani]]** yitabiriye Imikino y’Abatumva bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 2017 mu mikino y’Ubushuhe yabereye i Samsun, muri Turukiya . Ikipe  yohereje intumwa zigizwe n’abantu batanu mu birori by’abatumva byabaye mu 2017, kikaba ari cyo gikorwa cyonyine cy’abatumva aho Afuganisitani yitabiriye.  Abanyamuryango batanu bari: Ahmad Reshad Azizi ( 400m ),  Faiz Ahmad Faizi ( Taekwondo -68&nbsp;kg),  Ekilil Khaliqyar ( 200m ),  Payman Noori ( 100m )  na Ahman Fawad Sultani ( 100m ).   Afuganisitani ntirabona umudari muri Deaflympique.

## Uburebure bw'imidari

### Impeshyi

## Reba kandi

* Afuganisitani mu mikino Olempike
* Afuganisitani mu mikino Paralympike

## Reba
Abacuruzi batumva

**Abacuruzi batumva;** ni abatumva bagurisha ku makarita manini y’inyuguti rusange, mfunguzo, imashini zometseho imisumari, kereyo n'amakaramu,  ibendera ry’igihugu,   cyangwa inyemezabwishyu ku buryo butandukanye, bakaba baracapuye ubwabo. Muri uku gucuruza, abagurisha bavuga ko batumva, gukoresha cyangwa gushyira igitutu ku baguzi. Bamwe mu bacuruza " &#x5D; &#x5B; ** ubumuga bwo kutumva kugira ngo bashuke abantu. 

## Amerika
Muri Amerika, Ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva ryakoze ubukangurambaga ku bacuruza batumva, hagamijwe kuzamura urwego rw’abatumva nk’abanyamerika babishoboye mu mubiri no mu bitekerezo. 

## Reba
TASH

**TASH** ni ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryunganira ababana babana nubumuga, abo mu miryango yabo, abandi bunganira, n'abantu bakora mu rwego rw'abafite ubumuga.  TASH ni uguteza imbere uruhare rw’abana n’abakuze bafite ubumuga bukomeye mu bice byose bigize umuryango wabo, no gukuraho akarengane k’abaturage kagabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu.    TASH ikora nkumuryango udaharanira inyungu 501 (c) (3) . Ifite ibice , imiterere ya komite (urugero, gutura mu baturage, hamwe na komite ishinzwe imiturire) hamwe n’abanyamuryango mu bihugu 34 n’intara kandi ifite icyicaro gikuru kuri 2013 H Street NW, Suite 715, Washington, DC 20006.

## Amateka

TASH yashinzwe mu 1975 ku izina rya **"Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe uburezi bw’abafite ubumuga bukomeye / bafite ubumuga bukomeye"** ("AAESPH").  Izina ryahinduwe ryitwa **"Ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga bukomeye"** (TASH) mu 1980, ryongera kwitwa **Ishyirahamwe ry’abantu bafite ubumuga bukomeye** mu 1983. Mu 1995, inama y’ubuyobozi yafashe icyemezo cyo kureka iryo zina, kubera ko ridahuye n’indangagaciro zigezweho.  Izina TASH riracyakoreshwa kubera kumenyekana kwayo kwinshi. 

## Reba kandi

* Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa Autism
* Kwiyunganira

## Reba
Anna Fedulova

**Anna Yuryevna Fedulova** (yavutse ku itariki ya 19 Nyakanga 1978) ni umukinnyi w’umurusiya w’imikino ya cross-country skiing ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva.   Yagaragaye bwa mbere mu mikino ya **Deaflympics** ahagarariye Uburusiya mu birori byo kutumva mu 1999 . Mu mikino Olempike yo mu mwaka wa 2019, Yarengeje amajwi ya Tone Tangen Myrvoll kugira ngo abe umukinnyi w’umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare watsinze ibihugu byinshi mu mateka ya Deaflympics asaba umudari amanota 18 harimo imidari 13 ya zahabu.Yitabiriye **Deaflympics ku nshuro ya gatanu** ahagarariye Uburusiya mu mikino ya 2019 Winter Deaflympics.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Anna Fedulova at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation 
* Anna Fedulova at Deaflympics