Amateka ya interineti naho u Rwanda rugeze

Murandasi (Internet) yatangiye hagati mu myaka ya 1960-1970, ubwo ibyogajuru (satellites) byari bitangiye koherezwa mu kirere(mu isanzure), hagamijwe gufasha abasirikare kuvugana bakoresheje itumanaho rigendanwa(mobile telecommunication).

## Amateka

### Inkomoko ya murandasi muri rusange

Murandasi (internet) ni kimwe mu bintu bifite uruhare runini mu iterambere rya tekinologi kwisi. Bimwe mu bibazo wakibaza ni inkomoko yayo, uko yavumbuwe, uwayivumbuye, n’ibindi bibazo byinshi umuntu yakwibaza. uyu munsi twakusanyirije hamwe bimwe mu bibazo mwibaza ku nkomoko ya murandasi(internet) n’ibisubizo byabyo.

Murandasi(Internet) ni urusobe runini rw’imiyoboro, n’ibikorwa remezo. Ihuza amamiriyoni ya mudasobwa hamwe kwisi yose, ikora umuyoboro ku buryo  mudasobwa iyo ari yo yose ishobora kuvugana n’izindi mudasobwa byose kandi byifashishije murandasi(internet).Murandasi(Internet) yatangiye nk’umuyoboro w’ishami ry’ingabo z’Amerika kugira ngo uhuze abahanga n’abarimu ba kaminuza ku isi.

Nkuko tubizi ikoranabuhanga ryaragutse kandi rihora rihinduka, ntibishoboka gushimira igihangano cya murandasi(internet) ku muntu umwe. Murandasi(Internet) yari umurimo w’ubumenyi bw’abapayiniya benshi, abategura porogaramu naba injeniyeri buri wese yateje imbere ibintu bishya n’ikoranabuhanga byaje guhuzwa no kuba “amakuru super highway” tuzi uyumunsi.

Kera cyane mbere yuko tekinoroji ibaho kugirango yubake murandasi(internet), abahanga benshi bari bamaze kumenya ko hariho imiyoboro y’amakuru ku isi. Nikola Tesla yagerageje igitekerezo cya “sisitemu idafite isi” mu ntangiriro ya za 1900, afatanya n’umuhanga Paul Otlet na Vannevar Bush batekereje uburyo bwo kubika imashini zikoreshwa mu bubiko bw’ibitabo n’itangazamakuru mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1940.

Mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, ubwo MIT ya J.C.R. Licklider yakwirakwije igitekerezo cya “Intergalactic Network” ya mudasobwa. Nyuma yaho gato, abahanga mu bya mudasobwa bateje imbere igitekerezo cyo “guhinduranya paki,” uburyo bwo kohereza neza amakuru ya elegitoroniki nyuma bikaza kuba imwe mu nyubako zikomeye za murandasi(internet).

Porotipi ya mbere ikora ya murandasi(internet) yaje mu mpera za 1960 hashyizweho ARPANET, cyangwa Urwego Rushinzwe Ubushakashatsi. Ubusanzwe yatewe inkunga na Minisiteri y’ingabo z’Amerika, ARPANET yakoresheje guhinduranya paki kugirango yemere mudasobwa nyinshi kuvugana ku murongo umwe. Ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1969, ARPAnet yatanze ubutumwa bwayo bwa mbere: itumanaho rya “node-to-node” riva kuri mudasobwa imwe ijya mu rindi. (Mudasobwa ya mbere yari muri laboratoire y’ubushakashatsi muri UCLA naho iya kabiri yari i Stanford; buri imwe yari ingana n’inzu nto). Ubutumwa – “LOGIN” – bwari bugufi kandi bworoshye, ariko bwasenyutse umuyoboro wa ARPA wari umaze igihe gito.: Mudasobwa ya Stanford yakiriye gusa inyuguti ebyiri za mbere.

Ikoranabuhanga ryakomeje kwiyongera mu myaka ya za 70 nyuma y’uko abahanga Robert Kahn na Vinton Cerf bakoze porotokore yo kugenzura imiyoboro ya murandasi(internet) na Porotokole ya interineti, cyangwa TCP / IP, uburyo bw’itumanaho bwashyizeho ibipimo byerekana uburyo amakuru ashobora koherezwa hagati y’imiyoboro myinshi.

ARPANET yemeye TCP / IP ku ya 1 Mutarama 1983, maze kuva aho abashakashatsi batangira guteranya “urusobe rw’imiyoboro” rwahindutse murandasi(internet) igezweho. Isi yo kuri murandasi(internet) yahise ifata imiterere yamenyekanye cyane mu 1990, ubwo umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa Tim Berners-Lee yahimbaga Urubuga mpuzamahanga. Nubwo bikunze kwitiranywa na murandasi(internet) ubwayo, urubuga mu byukuri n’uburyo busanzwe bwo kubona amakuru ku murongo mu buryo bw’urubuga na hyperlinks.

Urubuga rwafashaga kumenyekanisha murandasi(internet) mu baturage, kandi rwabaye intambwe yingenzi mu guteza imbere amakuru menshi benshi muritwe tubona buri munsi. Sinasoza ntabibukije ko murandasi(internet) ari kimwe mu bintu byavumbuwe n’umuntu. kandi ifite byinshi imaze kutujyezaho bitangaje cyane. N’igikoresho gikomeye rwose cyo kwiga ibintu byinshi bitandukanye  ndetse no mu buryo bw’itumanaho ikaba ingenzi cyane. 

### Inkomoko ya 1G kugeza kuri 5G

Umuyobozi w’ishami ry’Urwego Ngenzuramikorere (RURA) rishinzwe Ikoranabuhanga, Charles Gahungu, avuga ko uko kuvugana kwatangiriye mu gisirikare cy’Abanyamerika, ariko nyuma y’imyaka mike kwaje gusakara no mu baturage basanzwe b’abasivili.

Icyo gihe hakoreshwaga telefone nini za Motorola zabaga zifite antenne, abantu bakavugana hagenda amajwi gusa, ari na cyo cyiciro cya mbere cya murandasi cyitwa 1G(generation).

Gahungu avuga ko icyo gihe amajwi yagendaga acikagurika ku buryo abavugana batumvikanaga neza kugeza ahagana mu 1990, ubwo haje icyiciro cya kabiri(2G) cy’amajwi avuguruye yumvikana neza, ndetse abantu batangira no kwandikirana ubutumwa bugufi.

Hashize imyaka mike Internet ya 2G ivugururwa hashakwa uko amakuru ahererekanywa yagenda ari menshi mu buryo bw’inyandiko n’amajwi, ari bwo haje icyiciro cya 2.75G cyo kohererezanya amajwi, inyandiko(text nini hakoreshejwe email) ndetse n’amafoto mato.

Mu cyiciro cya gatatu(3G) havuguruwe uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru menshi cyane kurushaho mu buryo bw’amajwi, inyandiko, amafoto n’amashusho, kandi bikagenda cyangwa bigafunguka hashize igihe gito, ku muvuduko urushijeho kuba munini urengeje kilobytes 400 ku isegonda(kbps).

Internet ivuguruye ya 3.5G ndetse no kugera kuri 3.75G yo irushijeho kwihuta gufunguka kw’amakuru arimo guhererekanywa, ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri za megabytes mu isegonda(mbps).

Iki cyiciro gituma abantu bashobora kuvugana barebana cyangwa umuntu agakurikirana imbonankubone ibintu birimo kubera ahandi, n’ubwo biba bigenda gahoro kandi bicikagurika, kuko ngo amakuru aba asakazwa n’ibyogajuru biri kure cyane kandi anyura mu miyoboro mito.

Gahungu avuga ko ibi bigereranywa n’impombo cyangwa amatiyo atwara amazi, kuko ngo iyo abantu bakoresha agatiyo gato ari benshi, babona amazi make, ndetse abenshi bakayabura.

Nk’uko habaho kwagura imiyoboro y’amazi cyangwa kuyongera kugira ngo abantu babone menshi, ni na ko hakenerwa kubaka ibikorwaremezo bya Internet bitwara amakuru menshi ku muvuduko ugenda nk’urumuri.

Gahungu avuga ko Internet ya 4G yihuta gutwara amashusho y’ibibera ahantu hatandukanye ku Isi muri ako kanya, itashobokaga u Rwanda rutarashyira imiyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ mu butaka, ari na cyo gikorwa cyatangiranye n’umwaka wa 2008.

Izi ntsinga zitwara Internet ziyihawe n’ibyogajuru, ikamanuka mu kirere yinjira mu minara miremire yahujwe na byo, bakazitaba mu butaka ku buryo zigenda nk’amatiyo atwara amazi, zagezwa n’ahari inyanja ngari bakazitaba hasi mu mazi, zikambuka zigafata no ku yindi migabane.

Fibre optique zimaze kugera mu Rwanda hahise haza Internet ya 4G ’Long Term Evolution (LTE)’, igenda ku muvuduko ubarirwa muri ’Gigabayiti imwe’ mu isegonda(gbps), ariko na yo ikarushwa na 5G itaragezwa mu Rwanda, yo ikaba igenda ku muvuduko wa ’gigabytes’ zirenze 10 mu isegonda.

Kugira ngo Internet igere mu gikoresho cy’itumanaho (telefone, mudasobwa, televiziyo, radiyo...) bisaba kugicomeka ku rutsinga ruva ku muyoboro mugari wa fibre optique, rugera mu nzu ituwemo cyangwa ikorerwamo.

Icyakora bitewe n’uko ya telefone cyangwa mudasobwa abantu baba bakeneye kuyigendana, hitabazwa utwuma bita "Router" cyangwa "Switch" dutangwa mu Rwanda n’ibigo nka KtRN, Liquid Terracom, Canal Box n’ibindi.

Utu twuma ducomekwa kuri rwa rutsinga rwa ’fibre optique’ rugarukira mu nzu cyangwa ku munara, tukaba ari two dusakaza Internet kuri telefone na mudasobwa biri muri ibyo bice, igendeye mu mwuka (wireless) aho kuba mu rutsinga.

Gahungu akomeza agira ati "Iyo Internet itarimo kwihuta kandi ukeneye kureba wenda nk’ikibanza cyawe aho giherereye ku ikarita, ureba kuri ’Google Earth’, wajya gufungura bigatindaaa(bikarangira itanafungutse), ariko iyo ari 4G, ukozaho gusa."

Byagera kuri 5G ho bikaba akarusho kuko porogaramu (applications) zayo zikoresha ’Camera’ zibasha kugenzura ibintu byinshi icyarimwe, kandi bigatangira kwikoresha (automation na robotism).

Gahungu atanga urugero ku ruganda runini rwenga ibinyobwa, aho amacupa aba ari ku mirongo myinshi agenda apfundikirwa.

Ubusanzwe abantu ni bo bashyirwa kuri iyo mirongo yose bakagenzura buri cupa, ku buryo iyo ridapfundikiwe neza cyangwa rihangutse, bahita barikuramo bakarishyira ku ruhande.

Gahungu ati "Reba amacupa ari kunyuraho yihuta, ntabwo ari ibintu umuntu yagenzura n’amaso anakoresha amaboko ngo bishoboke! Ibyo ari byo byose hari iriguca mu maso ntunabimenye, mu nganda zikora ibintu bihambaye haba hakoreshwa uburyo bwikora kandi mudasobwa zaho zikoresha Internet ya 5G."

Aha hose haba hakoreshwa ‘camera’ zigereranywa n’amaso y’umubiri w’umuntu, ibyuma bizifite bimwe bigakora nk’amaboko n’amaguru, ibindi byitwa ‘censors’ bigakora nk’ibyumviro mu kumenya urusaku, gukorwaho(toucher),...

Gahungu avuga ko ubu buryo bwitwa ‘robotisme’ ari bwo bukoreshwa mu kugenzurira kuri mudasobwa ibinyabiziga bigera muri za miliyoni mu mihanda itandukanye, hifashishijwe za ’camera’, ku buryo bidasaba ko abapolisi baba bari ahantu hose.

Interineti yihuta cyane ya 5G ikaba ari na yo ikoreshwa mu kwerekana muri ako kanya(live), imikino n’ibindi bikorwa birimo kubera hirya no hino ku Isi, kandi bikaza ari amashusho akeye cyane.

Politiki nshya y’u Rwanda y’umwaka wa 2022-2027, igamije guha Abaturarwanda bose Interineti yihuse binyuze mu miyoboro migari ya ’fibres optiques’, iteganya ko hazatangwa internet ya 4G, 5G n’ibindi byiciro bizakurikiraho.

Iyi Politiki ubu yemerera ibigo by’Itumanaho bya MTN, Airtel, KtRN Liquid Terracom, BsG Mango n’ibindi, gutangira gucuruza murandasi ya 5G isakazwa n’intsinga za fibre optique n’iminara ubu bigenda bikwirakwizwa hirya no hino mu Gihugu.

## Imikoreshereze ya interineti mu Rwanda

### Guhinduka kw’imikorere no koroshya ubuzima
Mu myaka 20 ishize ubwo Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (Rwanda Revenue Authority/RRA) cyari kigikorera ahitwa ku Kinamba, ngo yabonaga imirongo miremire y’abantu birirwa aho bagiye kumenyekanisha imisoro ndetse no gusora.

Kuri ubu umuntu wiryamiye mu cyumba iwe akanda kuri ’application’ ya banki muri telefone ye akishyura ya misoro, ubundi agahita yikomereza kuryama.

Umuyobozi wa rimwe mu mashami ya Banki ya Kigali, Nzabandora Noel, we avuga ko imirongo miremire yari ikigaragara kugeza mu mwaka wa 2018, ubwo ’applications’ zo muri telefone na programu za ’Internet banking’ zari zitaraza.

Nzabandora ati "Ubu ikoranabuhanga kuri telefone rikwereka ko wahembwe, ukaba ushobora guhita wishyura fagitire y’amazi, umuriro, imisoro,...Ushobora no guhita uyakurura ukayashyira kuri Mobile Money, ugahinira hafi ukayabikuza, muri make akazi Banki yajyaga ikora umuntu ni we ubasha kukikorera atavuye aho."

Nzabandora avuga ko imashini za ATM na zo ziri mu byagabanirije imvune abakozi ba za banki, kuko abagombaga kujyayo kubikuza bagana ibyo byuma bifite ikoranabuhanga rya 4G ryikoresha(automation) bikabaha amafaranga.

Ntabwo bikiri ngombwa ko umuturage uhabwa amafaranga na VUP ahaguruka i Kinyamakara ngo ajye mu Mujyi i Huye cyangwa i Nyamagabe kubikuza kuri banki, kuko abakozi b’umurenge SACCO bahita bashyira ayo mafaranga kuri Mobile Money y’uwo muturage.

Nzabandora avuga ko mu myaka yo hambere abantu babitsaga muri banki bikandikwa mu gatabo, umuntu ngo yabaga ashobora kugata, kukamburwa cyangwa kwibwa, ndetse n’abakozi ba Banki ubwabo ngo bashoboraga kunyereza ya mafaranga bakigendera ntibakurikiranwe.

Imiyoboro ya fibre optique ubu igeza murandasi muri mudasobwa z’uturere, imirenge n’utugari, ku buryo umuturage ugannye serivisi z’Irembo gusaba icyemezo, cyangwa akoresheje mudasobwa ye aho yaba aherereye hose ku Isi, ahita akibonera kuri telefone cyangwa mudasobwa imwegereye bitamusabye kujya ku buyobozi aho yagisabiye.

### Fibre Optique yatumye Internet ihenduka kandi igera kuri benshi
Gahungu avuga ko mu mwaka wa 2006 ubwo Internet yari igishingiye kuri Satellite n’iminara gusa(fibre optique zitaraza), Leta yaguraga megabyte imwe/isegonda amadolari ya Amerika 2500 ku kwezi, kuri ubu ahwanye n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi 500.

Icyo gihe itumanaho rikoresha ikoranabuhanga ngo ryaharirwaga ubuyobozi bw’inzego zo hejuru gusa, bitewe n’uko nta miyoboro migari ya ’fibre optique’ n’ibyogajuru byari bwasakare henshi ku Isi.

Kuri ubu umuntu umwe abasha kwigurira megabytes 7000 za 3G mu cyumweru kimwe mu bigo bya MTN na Airtel atanze amafaranga 5000Frw gusa, cyangwa GB(Gigabytes) 30 za 4G muri Airtel n’ahandi, aziguze amafaranga ibihumbi 16,000Frw.

Kugeza ubu mu bigo no mu ngo ahenshi mu mijyi hamaze kugezwa intsinga za fibre optique zitanga murandasi ya 4G, aho zitaragera hakaba hifashishwa iminara y’itumanaho yahujwe na fibre optique, ikabasha gusakaza murandasi ku ntera ndende irenga ibirometero bitatu.

Abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga bakavuga ko bene iyi Internet ya wireless, iyo ituruka kure cyane iba ishobora kudakora neza kuko haba hari inzitizi mu nzira inyuramo, cyangwa imikorere ituzuye y’ibyuma biyisakaza.

Uwitwa Munyeshyaka uzobereye ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga ati “Internet ya wireless ntabwo ishobora kuba 100% wireless, hari aho igera ikanyura mu ntsinga, mu minara no muri routers ziri aho.

Imbogamizi abakoresha murandasi bagifite kugeza ubu

N’ubwo u Rwanda ruvuye kure, hari bamwe mu bakoresha Internet cyane cyane iya 4G inyura mu ntsinga, bavuga ko ihenze kandi yihuta gushira, ku buryo hari ingo zinubira kuba ziyitangaho amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 27 ku kwezi, kandi yaba itarashira muri uko kwezi bakayisubiza.

Munyeshyaka avuga ko nta buryo umuntu "yakugurishaho ibyo kurya muri resitora, akaguha igihe cyo kuba wabimaze, cya gihe cyashira akisubiza ibisigaye byose, ndetse akongera kugusaba kugura ibindi".

Ibi ni amakosa abakiriya b’ibigo by’Itumanaho binubira bavuga ko byagakwiye kuyahanirwa, kuko umuntu waguze Internet ngo atagombye guhabwa igihe agomba kuba yayimaze, ngo nidashira bayisubize.

Abakoresha Internet bamwe bakomeza bavuga ko akenshi babwirwa ko baguze iyihuta, ariko ntibibe nk’uko bari babyiteze.

Umunyamakuru ukorera Televiziyo ya BTN agira ati "Ugura Internet bakubwira ko ari 4G ariko ikagenda nabi, ikarutwa n’iya 3G."

Abakiriya bakoresha Internet bagasaba Ikigo RURA kujya gisuzuma ayo makosa yose, kigatanga ibihembo ku bigo byitwaye neza mu bucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga.

Minisiteri y'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho na Inovasiyo ivuga ko abagerwagaho na murandasi mu Rwanda muri 2011 bari 7% gusa  mu gihe muri 2019 bageze kuri 52%

Imibare y'iyi Minisiteri kandi igaragaza ko  muri 2010 abari batunze telefone ngendanwa bari 33% gusa mu gihe muri uyu mwaka wa 2019 barenga 80.5%

Ibi byatumye abakoresha service zo guhererekanya amafaranga kuri telefone bazamuka bava ku bihumbi 630 muri 2011 barenga miliyoni 10 muri 2019.

Minisiteri y'Uburezi yo igaragaza ko amashuri abanza agerwaho na murandasi yavuye ku 9.8% muri 2016 agera kuri 25.1% muri 2017 mu gihe amashuri yisumbuye yo yavuye kuri 35.4% muri 2016 agera kuri 41.3% muri 2017

Mu mwaka wa 2000 ni bwo mu Rwanda hatangiye gukoreshwa murandasi (internet). Hakozwe byinshi cyane ko igihugu cyaheraga ku busa, nk'uko bisobanurwa na KALEMA Goldon, umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ikoranabuhana MINICT.

"Kuva mu 2000 hibanzwe mu gushyiraho politiki n'ibigo by'ikoranabuhanga. kuva mu 2006 Leta yibanze ku gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo by'ikoranabuhanga ari nabyo bitanga murandasi. icyo gihe nibwo fibre optique yagejejwe hose mu gihugu,mu turere 30 ndetse igezwa no ku mbibi z'igihugu zirenga 15.4G coverage ni ukuvuga ukuntu ukwirakwijwe hose mu gihugu ku baturage tugeze ku kigero cya 96.6%." KALEMA Goldon, Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ikoranabuhana MINICT

Gushyira ingufu mu kwihutisha ikoranabuhanga byoroheje itangwa rya service zitandukanye abaturage bakenera.

Mu kwihutisha ikoranabuhanga Leta y'u Rwanda yabihereye mu rwego rw'uburezi aho kuva mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye abanyeshuri bakoresha mudasobwa ibintu bitanga icyizere ko icyerekezo cy'iterambere u Rwanda rufite kizagerwaho.

### Ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti
Ubucuruzi bwo kuri murandasi (e-commerce) buri kugenda bwaguka mu Rwanda ku buryo mu minsi iri mbere ntawe uzongera kwirirwa azenguruka amaduka yose ashaka televiziyo nziza, mudasobwa igezweho cyangwa se imyenda akunze kuko azajya abirebera iwe, ashime, agure, bimugereho adahagurutse.

Ibi byose bikorwa kubera ikoranabuhanga n’abantu batekereza kure bakazana ibyo abantu bakeneye bakurikije aho ibihe bigeze. Uku ni ko Kalpesh Patel watangije Kanis mu Rwanda yabigenje.

Kanis Retail Rwanda Ltd ni isoko rishya mu Rwanda ricururiza kuri murandasi ibikoresho byose birimo inkweto, imyenda, iby’ikoranabuhanga nka frigo, printer, mudasobwa, telefone zigezweho, amavuta yo kwisiga, imibavu, ibikinisho by’abana, ibikoresho byo mu gikoni, ibyo kunywa nk’umuvinyo n’ibindi.

Patel watangije iri soko yavuze ko akigera mu Rwanda mu 2019 yasanze hari ikibazo cyo kubona ibikoresho ku buryo bworoshye, kuko nk’iyo washakaga imashini imesa byagusabaga kujya mu mujyi kuyishakisha, rimwe na rimwe ukabura ubwoko ushaka cyangwa wabubona ugahendwa.

Ati “Icyo nakoze, nashakiye iki kibazo igisubizo nkora urubuga abantu bashobora kuguriraho ibikoresho byiza kandi bigezweho. Urwo rubuga ubu ruriho ibikoresho byinshi bitandukanye kandi nta wagira ikibazo cy’ubuziranenge bwabyo kuko mbere yo kubishyira ku rubuga tubanza kubisura tukareba uko bimeze twabishima tukabona kubishyiraho.”

Yakomeje avuga ko ibikoresho bagurisha ari ibifite aho bibarizwa hazwi, ndetse uko bwije n’uko bucyeye bakomeza kongera ibikoresho bacuruza, ariko nako bateza imbere ikoranabuhanga ku buryo ubitumije bimugeraho mu gihe gito.

Kanis ubu ifite ibikoresho birenga 5400 ku rubuga, aho igirana amasezerano n sosiyete zitandukanye nka LG, Samsung, Apple, Oppo, Hp, Dell, n’izindi ku buryo ushaka igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga cyangwa n’ibindi bitandukanye bimugeraho bimeze nk’ibivuye ku ruganda.

Patel yavuze ko umuntu uguze ashobora kwishyura akoresheje Mobile Money (MTN cyangwa Airtel), ikarita iyo ariyo yose, cyangwa akishyura amafaranga asanzwe igihe agejejweho ibyo yatumije, ndetse ko muri iki gihe abakiliya bari kugabanyirizwa kugeza ku 10% by’igiciro cy’igicuruzwa.

Yongeyeho ati “Icyo nakwizeza abatugana cyangwa abifuza kutugana ni uko nibasura urubuga rwacu icyo bazabona ari uko dutanga ibikoresho bifite umwimerere (qualité), ikintu cyose bazagura kizabanyura kuko byose bifite qualite kandi biraramba.”

Igikoresho gishobora kugira ikibazo Kanis ifasha ukiguze kugikemura ndetse batanga na garanti bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ibyo aguze.

#### '''Ushobora gucuruza wifashishije Kanis'''
Umucuruzi ufite ibikoresho byiza kandi bigezweho ashobora gucuruza kuri uru rubuga, aho abisaba anyuze kuri www.kanis.rw akiyandikisha, akuzuza ibisabwa, byarangira agasurwa n’iyi sosiyete ku buryo iyo byujuje ubuziranenge bishyirwa ku rubuga abantu bakabigura.

Patel ati “Ushobora no gucururiza kuri Kanis, hari porogaramu dufite yitwa ‘kanis affiliate partner’ aho umuntu ashobora kugurira abantu ibikoresho cyangwa akohereza abakiliya kugurira kuri Kanis, maze agahabwa 5% by’inyungu y’ibyagurishijwe buri uko yohereje umukiliya.”

Gukora ubu bucuruzi nabyo bisaba kwiyandikisha gusa ku rubuga rwa Kanis, aho ubisaba nta kiguzi yakwa ndetse nta n’igishoro cy’amafaranga runaka utanga, ibintu Patel avuga ko bishobora gufasha umuntu kubona amafaranga atavuye aho bari.

Uretse ibikoresho, Kanis ifite urubuga icururizaho ibiryo gusa rwa www.kanisfood.com aho umuntu atumiza ibiryo muri restora ashaka i Kigali, akabigezwaho.

Kugeza ubu Kanis igeza ibicuruzwa byayo ku batuye Umujyi wa Kigali gusa ariko ifite gahunda yo kuzagera no mu ntara zose z’igihugu, aho ushaka kubigura ajya ku rubuga rwa www.kanis.rw cyangwa akamanura (download) application yayo muri Playstore cyangwa App Store akiyandikisha akajya abona ibicuruzwa byoroshye.

### Interineti itangwa hakoreshejwe satellite
Mu rwego rwo kwagura ibikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga, mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda yo kujya hatangwa murandasi (Internet) hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya satellite (icyogajuru), rizafasha kuyigeza mu bice bitandukanye by’icyaro n’ibindi byari bisanzwe bigoye kuyigezamo.

Umuhango wo gutangiza iki gikorwa ukaba wabereye i Kigali muri Convention Center, kuri uyu wa Gatatu tariki 22 Gashyantare 2023, uyobowe na Minisitiri w’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo, Paul Ingabire.

Murandasi y’Ikoranabuhanga rya satellite izakoreshwa mu Rwanda ni iy’ikigo cya Starlink, kimenyerewe cyane ku ruhando mpuzamahanga mu gutanga serivisi za murandasi hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya satellite, kikaba ari icy’umunyemari Elon Musk.

Ni uburyo buje bwunganira ubundi bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa burimo gufatira kuri fiber, gufatira ku minara y’ibigo by’itumanaho, ariko ubw’ikoranabuhanga rya satellite ngo nibwo buhendutse kandi butagora ugereranyije n’ubundi.

Umunyarwanda cyangwa umunyamahanga utuye mu Rwanda, ukeneye gukoresha murandasi ya satellite, azajya yishyura amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi 48 y’ifatabuguzi, yiyongera ku bihumbi 572 y’ibikoresho birimo igisahane (satellite dish) hamwe n’ibindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bijyana nacyo.

Umukozi ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga mu kigo c’igihugu gishinzwe ibijyanye n’isanzure (RSA), George Kwizera, avuga ko mu Rwanda hatari hameneyerewe murandasi y’ikoranabuhanga rya satellite.

Ati “Abanyarwanda ntabwo bari bamenyereye murandasi y’ibijyanye na satellite, ariko iyi ni imwe mu ntabwe zikomeye zo gutangira kuzana murandasi ya satellite mu gihugu, ndetse ni intangiriro kuko n’abandi bashoramari barimo baragenda batwegera batubaza uburyo batangira gutanga izo serivisi mu gihugu. Tuzakomeza nk’uko biri munshingano zacu kuborohereza kugira ngo babashe kuza batange izo serivisi ku Banyarwanda”.

Umuyobozi Mukuru wa RSA, Col. Francis Ngabo, avuga ko kuba u Rwanda ari Igihugu kigizwe n’imisozi bigoye cyane kugira ngo murandasi ya fiber izagere hose.

Ati “Ariko uzanye serivisi ya satellite kugira ngo uzane murandasi ni isaha imwe, kuko ufata antene yabo ukayishyira hejuru y’inzu mu isaha imwe uba ubonye murandasi, bikaba bigabanyije amafaranga wagombaga gutanga ngo ushyireho fiber ariko n’umwanya”.

Minisitiri Ingabire avuga ko ubu ari uburyo bwiyongera ku bundi bwari busanzwe bukoreshwa, buje kugira ngo bukemure bimwe mu bibazo byagaragaraga.

Ati “Starlink ni bumwe mu buryo bwiyongereye k’ubwo twari dusanzwe dufite buje kugira ngo budufashe gukemura ibibazo bibiri, ahatari serivisi hashobora kuba hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga ry’ibyogajuru kugira ngo babone murandasi yihuse, ariko noneho dukoresha iryo koranabuhanga kugira ngo igiciro gishobore kuba cyahendukira umuturage no kuba yayibona”.

Ku ikubitiro iyi murandasi izatangirana n’ibigo by’amashuri n’ibindi bigo, ariko kandi ngo n’umuntu wese wifuza kuyikoresha nta kindi bimusaba uretse kwishyura ubundi akayihabwa.

Ikigo cya Starlink cyifashisha ibyogajuru bisaga 3500 biri mu isanzure, mu gutanga murandasi yifashisha ikoranabuhanga rya satellite, gusa bukaba ari ubushobozi bukomeza kwiyongera kuko SpaceX ifite uburenganzira bwo kohereza mu isanzure ibyogajuru 1200, bakaba baramaze gusaba ko byakongerwa ikemererwa ibigera ku bihumbi 30.

### Ingaruka mbi zikireshwa rya murandasi
U rwego rw’igihugu rw’ubugenzacyaha RIB , rwavuzeko mu myaka itatu ishize mu Rwanda hibwe amafaranga y’u Rwanda asaga miliyari imwe na miliyoni 600 binyuze mu bujura bukoresheje ikoranabuhanga ndetse hakiyongeraho amadorari afati agaciro kari yejuru ya miliyoni 600 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda yose yibwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga.

Minisiteri y’ubutabera mu Rwanda ikaba yaravuzeko ubufatanye bw’ibihugu ndetse n’imikoranire myiza aribyo bishobora gutanga igisubizo cy’ubu bujura bw’ikoranabuhanga bwibasira U Rwanda ndetse n’ibindi bihugu bya Africa , nkuko ikigo cya Kaspersky gishinzwe kungenzura umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga cyabitangaje.

imibare yagaragajwe n’urwego rw’igihugu rw’ubugenzacyaha RIB , ikaba yarerekanyeko kuva mu mwaka wa 2019 kugera mu mwaka wa 2021 hakozwe ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga bingana na 555 aho mu mwaka wa 2019 uru rwego rwa RIB rwakiriye ibirego 128 by’ibyaha byakozwe ndetse muri uwo mwaka hakibwa miliyoni 200 ndetse n’amadorari ibihumbi 190.

Ni mugihe ibi birego mu mwaka wa 2020 byiyongereye bikava ku birego 128 bikagera ku birego 168 ndetse muri uwo mwaka hakibwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda agera kuri miliyari 1 hamwe n’amadorari agera ku bihumbi 400 , mu mwaka wa 2021 ho hakaba hagaragaye ibyaha by’ikoranabuhanga bigera kuri 254 , hibwamo miliyoni 400 ndetse n’amadorari ibihumbi 48.

Kuri uyu wa mbere , ubwo I kigali hatangizwa inama ihuza abashinzwe gukurikirana ibyaha bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga baturutse mu bihugu bya Africa , umuyobozi ushinzwe gukurikirana ibi byaha muri Police mpuzamahanga akaba yaravuzeko abakora ubujura bwo kw’ikoranabuhanga ari abajura bakoresha amaheri atandukanye kugirango bagere ku ntego zabo.

Ikigo gishinzwe kungenzura umutekano mu by’ikoranabuhanga kw’isi Kaspersky kikaba cyaragajeko mu mwaka wa 2021 umugabane wa Africa watakaje ibingana 10% by’umusaruro mbumbe wa Africa bingana na miliyari 4 z’amadorari binyuze mu bujura bikoresheje ikoranabuhanga gusa aho ari ikibazo gikomeje guhangahikisha abatuye uy’umugabane.

## Interineti muri rusange mu Rwanda

### 4G,3G na 2G mu Rwanda
U Rwanda rukomeje gushyira imbaraga mu gukwirakwiza Internet yihuta cyane ya 4G aho kuri ubu imaze kugezwa mu turere 28 tw’igihugu ndetse ikaba yarashyizwe no modoka zitwara abagenzi mu mujyi wa Kigali.

Nubwo ariko ikwirakwizwa ndetse hakaba n’ibikorwa bitari bike bigamije gushishikariza abantu kuyibyaza umusaruro bakora ibikorwa bibateza imbere n’igihugu muri rusange, hari benshi usanga bibaza aho internet ya 4G itandukaniye n’iyo bari basanzwe bakoresha.

Hari n’abo usanga batebya bavuga ko ntaho itaniye na 3G, 2G cyangwa 1G bituma ababifiteho ubumenyi buke ibibazo bibaza birushaho kwiyongera.

Ubundi iriya G ibanzirizwa n’imibare ivuga Generation iba ishaka nko kugaragaza urukurikirane rw’ikoranabuhanga rya Internet idakeneye umugozi (Wireless).

Mu 1982 nibwo 1G yavumbuwe, urubuga what’s a G ruvuga ko iri zina ritakunze gukoreshwa mu kugaragaza Internet idakoresha umugozi kugeza ubwo 2G yazaga ari nabwo iri koranabuhanga ryavuye mu buryo bwa “analogue” zigatangira gukoresha uburyo bwa “digital”.

Nyuma ya buri myaka 10 1G ishyizwe hanze, hagiye haza izindi aho kuri ubu itegerejwe ari 5G, zose zikaba zitandukaniye ku bintu bitandukanye birimo n’umuvuduko zikoresha mu gufungura ikintu kuri Internet cyangwa kukivanaho(download).

#### '''1G (1st Generation)'''
Nk’uko twabivuze haruguru, izina 1G ntiryakunze gukoreshwa cyane kugeza ubwo 2G yashyirwaga ahagaragara.

1G niryo koranabuhanga rya mbere ryakoreshejwe muri telefoni zigendanwa aho icyabashaga gukorwa ari uguhamagara gusa, icyo gihe kandi hari hagikoreshwa uburyo bwa analog kugira ngo amajwi abashe kugera kubari kugirana ikiganiro binyuze ku munara.

#### '''2G (2nd Generation)'''
Hagati ya 1991 na 1992 nibwo 2G yashyizwe ahagaragara, ari nabwo iyayibanjirije yahise itangira guhabwa izina rya 1G.

Mu gihe 1G yatumaga abantu babasha guhamagarana bakoresheje telefoni zigendanwa, 2G yo yaje yongeramo utundi dushya turimo kuba umuntu yakohereza ubutumwa bugufi (sms), kohererezanya ubutumwa burimo amashusho n’amafoto(multimedia messages) kandi byose bigakorwa mu buryo uwo byohererejwe ari we gusa ubasha kubibona.

#### '''3G (3rd Generation)'''
3G yaje ikemura byinshi mu bibazo 2G itari yarabashije gukemura aho abantu batangiye kubasha guhamagarana barebana(video calls), kureba Televiziyo bakoresheje telefone zabo.

Iki gihe ni na bwo smartphone zatangiye kwiyongera ari na ko hagenda havuka porogaramu nyinshi za telefoni zidufasha gukora ibintu bitandukanye birimo gukura amashusho kuri internet, kuyasangiza abandi, kohererezanya e-mail, kumenya aho umuntu aherereye(Global System positioning, GPS) ndetse n’ibindi byinshi.

Ikoranabuhanga rya 3G twavuga ko ari na ryo rikoreshwa cyane n’abafite telefoni zigendanwa mu Rwanda n’ahandi henshi hirya no hino ku isi.

Gushyira cyangwa gukura ikintu kuri Internet ukoresheje 3G bitwara Mb 2 ku isegonda.

#### '''4G (4th Generation)'''
Nubwo 3G igikoreshwa kuri ubu abantu barashishikarizwa gukoresha 4G, zombi zitandukanyijwe n’umuvuduko mu gukura cyangwa gushyira ikintu kuri Internet.

Umuvuduko wa 4G uri hagati ya Mb 100 na Gb 1 ku isegonda, ari na yo mpamvu abantu bavuga ko yihuta cyane.

Kugeza ubu ariko 4G ntiramara gukorwa neza ku buryo yagera ku ntego zayo z’umuvuduko wa Gb 1 ku isegonda.

Niyo mpamvu habaye hashyizwe ahagaragara iyo bita 4GLTE (Long Term Evolution) bishatse kugaragaza ko hari ibikivugururwa,ikazitwa 4G gusa ari uko byose byarangiye ikagera ku ntego zayo.

Mu gihe 4G ubwayo itararangira kandi hatangiye kuvugwa 5G (5th Generation) yitezweho gukora ibintu bitandukanye ku muvuduko uri hagati ya Gb1-10 ku isegonda.

Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Ikoranabuhanga mu Itumanaho (ITU) nicyo cyemeza ko Internet idakoresha umugozi yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ishyirwe mu cyiciro runaka.

Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014, u Rwanda rwatangije gahunda y’ikoreshwa rya interineti y’ihuta izwi ku izina rya 4G, interineti igezweho ku rwego rw’Isi mu kunyaruka. 

Byari biteganyijwe ko iyi interineti itangira muri Nzeri 2014 nyamara havuka ibibazo bya tekiniki. 

Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imirimo Imwe n’imwe Ifitiye Igihugu akamaro kiratangaza ko ubu buryo buje gukemura byinshi mu Rwanda. 

Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa RURA Maj. Patrick Nyirishema yavuze ko bidasubirwaho gukoresha iyi (...)

*Tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014, u Rwanda ruratangiza gahunda y’ikoreshwa rya interineti y’ihuta izwi ku izina rya 4G, interineti igezweho ku rwego rw’Isi mu kunyaruka.*

Byari biteganyijwe ko iyi interineti itangira muri Nzeri uyu mwaka nyamara havuka ibibazo bya tekiniki.

Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imirimo Imwe n’imwe Ifitiye Igihugu akamaro kiratangaza ko ubu buryo buje gukemura byinshi mu Rwanda.

Umuyobozi w’agateganyo wa RURA Maj. Patrick Nyirishema yavuze ko bidasubirwaho gukoresha iyi interineti yihuta bitangizwa mu Rwanda ku wa kabiri tariki ya 11 Ugushyingo 2014.

Ubu buryo kandi ngo ntibuzasimbura ubundi bwari buriho bwa interineti 2G, 3G kuko ngo ubwa 4G buzaza bubwunganira. Nyirishema yemeza ko hari abahuraga n’ingorane zo kohereza amashusho kubera ko asaba interineti ifite imbaraga ariko ngo guhera uyu munsi bazajya bayohereza nta komyi kubera 4G.

Iyi interineti iratangirira mu Mujyi wa Kigali, mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu ikazaba yaskajwe mu gihugu hose, nkuko RURA ikomeza ibitangaza. byitezwe kandi ko igiciro na cyo kizamanuka, ku bantu batandukanye bakoresha iyi interineti, ku buryo inyungu zizagera ku bantu benshi.

Ubwo aheruka mu Rwanda, Dr Hamadoun Toure wari Umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’itumanaho, (International Telecommunication Union/ITU) mu gikorwa cya Smart Rwanda Days’ yemeje ko mu gihe ikoranabuhanga mu Rwanda rimaze gutera imbere, na interineti ikwiye guhenduka kandi ikaboneka ahantu henshi ndetse no mu byaro.

Interineti ya 4G LTE izajya igurishwa na sosiyete yo muri Koreya y’Epfo ya Olleh Rwanda Networks. Abayifuza mu Rwanda bazajya bayigura na sosiyete zo mu Rwanda zirimo Airtel, MTN, BCS, Tigo, Liquid Telecom, Axiom, Airtel na ISPA.

Kuri ubu byitezwe ko bitazarenze mu mwaka wa 2017, iyi interineti inyaruka izaba ikoreshwa n’Abanyarwanda ku kigero cya 95%, cyane ko imiyoboro yashyizeho ingufu mu gukwizwa mu gihugu hose.

U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu icyenda bya Afurika byari byitezweho butangiza iri koranabuhanga muri uyu mwaka wa 2014. Ibi bihugu byiyongera ku bindi icumi byari bifite iyi interineti guhera mu mwaka wa 2012 ari byo Liberia, Namibia, Angola, Tanzania, Nigeria, Mauritius, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, na Zimbabwe.

Minisitiri w’Urubyiruko n’Ikoranabuhanga mu Isakazabumenyi, Jean Philbert Nsengimana, ashimangira ko "Gukoresha 4G bigiye kongera ibikorwa bihanga imirimo ndetse akaba ari n’inzira nshya yo kunoza serivisi zitandukanye zitangwa mu gihugu."

### 5G mu Rwanda
Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yashyizeho Politiki nshya y’igihugu y’ikoranabuhanga, igena imirongo izafasha mu guteza imbere internet ngo irusheho kugera kuri benshi mu gihugu kandi ihendutse, ndetse mu gihe kiri imbere gishobora gutangira gukoresha n’ikoranabuhanga rya 5G.

Ni politiki igomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu myaka itanu hagati y’imyaka ya 2022-2023 na 2026- 2027.

Yitezweho gutuma u Rwanda ruba igihugu gikomeye mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga no guhanga ibishya birishamikiyeho.

Minisiteri y’ikoranabuhanga igaragaza ko kugira ngo igere ku ntego zose ziteganywa muri iyi politiki, hakenewe ishoramari rya miliyari 200 Frw, harimo uruhare runini rw’abikorera ndetse n’urwa Leta.

Ni ishoramari rigiye gukorwa mu gihe bimaze kugaragara neza ko internet imaze kuba izingiro rya serivisi hafi ya zose z’ubukungu, ubuvuzi, uburezi, ubugeni, imyidagaduro n’ibindi byinshi.

Mu gihe imibare yerekana ko abakoresha telefoni ngendanwa bagera kuri 84%, iyo bigeze ku bakoresha internet, imibare yo mu 2021 yerekana ko bari 31%.

Mu isesegura, byagaragaye ko ibigo bikora mu rwego rwo gusakaza internet bidakora uko bikwiye, ku buryo igihe kigeze ngo hahindurwe imiterere y’isoko mu gihugu, guhindura uburyo bw’ihangana rishingiye kuri serivisi, gushyiraho uburyo bufasha mu kubona imiyoboro igezweho.

Ni politiki igizwe n’inkingi esheshatu zikomeye, zizagenderwaho mu guteza imbere uburyo abanyarwanda bagerwaho na internet yihuse mu buryo bw’umwihariko.

#### '''Ikiguzi cya Internet kigiye kugabanywa'''
Muri gahunda, biteganywa ko hazakorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo internet ihenduke ku baturage, kandi abantu babashe kuyikoresha yihuta.

Umuyobozi Mukuru muri Minisiteri y’Ikoranabuhanga na Inovasiyo ushinzwe Iterambere ry’Ikoranabuhanga, Gordon Kalema, yabwiye IGIHE ko bitewe n’aho u Rwanda rugeze, kugira ngo ikoranabuhanga rirusheho kubyazwa umusaruro, internet igomba kuba ihendutse, ijyanye n’ubushobozi bw’abaturage basanzwe.

Muri ubwo buryo hateganywa koroshya uburyo abantu babona ibikoresho bigezweho by’ikoranabuhanga, hakongerwa n’uburyo internet igera mu gihugu.

Biteganywa ko ibikoresho bigezweho bizagera ku bantu bakuru 85% na 90% ku rwego rw’ingo.

Guverinoma kandi iteganya kwagura inzira u Rwanda ruboneramo internet, kuko uyu munsi hari inzira ya internet y’insinga iva muri Uganda igaca i Gatuna na Kagitumba, n’indi igaca muri Tanzania iciye ku Rusumo.

Kalema ati "Mu gihe tugifite inzira zikiri nkeya, ntabwo biduha amahirwe menshi mu kugabanya igiciro. Icyo twifuza rero ni ugukorana n’abantu batandukanye kugira ngo tube twakongera inzira. Inzira zishobora kunyura n’ubundi muri ibyo bihugu, ariko ari inzira zitandukaye. Zishobora no kunyura mu bindi bihugu duturanye bitewe n’uwo tuzaba twumvikanye."

Harimo imiyoboro ishobora guca muri RDC cyangwa u Burundi, ishobora kuba ivuye muri Angola cyangwa Zambia.

Ati "Hari abantu benshi bagiye batanga ibitekerezo ko byakunda."

#### Intego
Mu ntego zihawe muri iyi myaka itanu harimo gufugura nibura inzira eshatu nshya.

Hateganyijwemo kandi icyiswe Mobile Number Portability, uburyo nk’umuntu ashobora kwimukana nimero imwanditseho, igihe ahinduye ikigo cy’itumanaho.

Muri icyo gihe, niba ufite nimero ya MTN Rwanda ugakenera gukoresha Airtel Rwanda cyangwa ikinyuranyo cy’ibyo, nimero ukayihamana.

Kalema ati "Byumvikane biba bivuze ngo mu gihe wumva ubonye serivisi itanoze, ndetse na wawundi uyiguha aba abizi ko mu gihe biri bukorohere kuba wakwimuka ukajya ku wundi muyoboro, ni ukuvuga ngo aba agomba gukora uko ashoboye kose kugira ngo serivisi inoge."

Ni mu gihe hari ubwo wasangaga umutu yanga guhindura umuyoboro nubwo atawishimiye, kubera gusa impungenge zo gutakaza nimero ye kandi izwi n’abantu benshi, ugasanga ahisemo kubangikanya Sim-cards.

#### '''KtRN ishobora gutakaza umwihariko kuri 4G'''
Muri iyi politiki hateganyijwemo kongera ipigana mu bantu batanga serivisi za internet n’ibikorwa remezo, bikazogera imitangire ya serivisi.

Binyuze muri ubwo buryo, nko mu Rwanda ikigo KtRN ni cyo rukumbi cyaranguzaga 4G, abandi bakayicuruza bayidandaza.

Kalema ati "Mu gihe abandi 2G ari yo bisanzuraho mu gucuruza na 3G, bataragera kuri 4G, urumva uburyo bwo gukora inovasiyo bwari bugoranye. Kimwe rero Leta izaganira n’uwo twari dufitanye ubufataye ni uburyo dushobora kuba twareka abandi bose bakinjira mu isoko rya 4G, mu buryo bwo kuba nabo bemerewe kuba bashyiraho umurongo wabo n’iminara yabo."

"Icyo gihe bizahindura ibintu byinshi mu buryo 4G yakoreshwaga. Uyu munsi ntabwo yariho abantu benshi, kandi byagaragaye no mu bihugu duturanye ko aho bagiye bayishyiraho kubera ko bari bafite uburyo bw’ihatana, byaboroheye kugera ku bantu benshi."

#### '''U Rwanda rugiye kwifashisha satellite'''
Hanateganywa ingamba zijyanye no gutuma umuyoboro mugari ugera ku bantu benshi, zirimo ko internet itangwa n’icyogajuru (satellite) izunganira imigozi cyangwa 4G.

Ni gahunda izakorwa mu bufataye n’ibigo birimo igishinzwe ibyogajuru, Rwanda Space Agency.

Kalema ati "Kuri Satellite ho urumva biba byoroshye ngo uyigeze ahantu henshi kandi ikoranabuhanga rimaze kwerekana ko ishobora kuruta na 4G mu buryo bw’umuvuduko."

Kugeza mu 2021 u Rwanda rwari rufite satellites ebyiri mu isanzure zirimo Rwasat-1 itanga amakuru y’ubutaka, n’iyiswe Icyerekezo, yitezweho gutanga internet ku banyeshuri barimo abo ku kirwa cya Nkombo, mu kiyaga cya Kivu.

Icyakora, uyu mushinga wa kabiri nturaratangira gutanga umusaruro.

#### '''Imiyoboro ya REG igiye kugendana n’iya internet'''
Mu gukwirakwiza internet kandi, hateganywa gahunda y’uko imiyoboro ya internet igomba kubangikanywa n’iy’insinga z’amashanyarazi, haba ku mishya igenda yubakwa cyangwa isanzweho.

Muri iki gihe bimaze kugaragara ko mu bice byinshi nka Kigali, Liquid Telecom yakomeje kugeza internet ku ngo inyuze mu butaka, ariko ubu CanalBox na MTN bimaze kugenda biyigeza ku ngo iciye ku mapoto y’amashanyarazi.

Kalema yakomeje ati "Turimo turakorana na REG, ku buryo ahantu hose hazajya hashyirwa amashanyarazi hazajya hashyirwamo n’imiyoboro ya internet, cyane cyane byagaragaye ko iyo usubiye inyuma ukabikora nyuma, biguhendesha hafi inshuro cumi ku giciro byakabaye bigufata mbere."

"Ni ukuvuga ngo ahantu hose REG izajya ishyira amashanyarazi hazajya hashyirwamo na intenet. Ubundi ntabwo ariko byari bimeze, ariko n’ikindi, mu mabwiriza ahabwa cyangwa agenga imyubakire, ni uko umuntu wese ugiye kubaka inzu izahuriramo abantu, yaba iy’ubucuruzi cyangwa y’isoko, ibyo ni ibintu agomba gukora. Aba agomba kuhageza internet."

Ibyo bizaba bivuze ko internet izagenda yishyurwa nka serivisi zisanzwe.

Biteganywa ko gahunda zashyizweho ibura zizagabanya ikiguzi cya serivisi z’uyu muyoboro mugari ho 40%.

#### '''U Rwanda mu nzira za 5G'''
Muri iyi politiki hanateganyijwemo ibijyanye na inovasiyo, kuko nk’uko ikoranabuhanga rikataza, niko rigomba no kubyazwa umusaruro.

Mu gihe u Rwanda rukirimo kwihutisha ikwirakwiza rya 4G, hari nk’ibihugu byageze kuri 5G, ndetse hari n’ibyatangiye gusingira 6G.

Muri iyi politiki hateganyijwe gahunda yo kubaka ubumenyi, kugira ngo abaturage bakoreshe internet mu buryo butuma babona serivisi bakeneye.

Ibyo kandi bizagendana no kubaka ubushobozi bw’abantu bafite ubumenyi, bwatuma u Rwanda rutera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga.

Kalema yakomeje ati "Urugero niba tuvuze ngo tugiye kujya muri 5G, ni gute twaba dufite nk’aba enjeniyeri, twarabateguye neza, bashobora kuba bakoresha iryo koranabuhanga bakarishyira no mu bikorwa."

"Hari imishinga igamije kugira ngo dutere imbere tube twarenga 4G, duhindure umurongo ukuntu watangwaga, ku buryo dushobora natwe kuba twakwakira 5G kandi mu gihe cya vuba."

Muri iyi politiki ariko ntabwo bageze ku kugena igihe u Rwanda rushobora kubona 5G, ahubwo hagarukwa ku gushyirwaho uburyo bwatuma bishoboka vuba.

Ubwo iyi internet kadi izakomeza gushyirwa ku rwego rufatika, hanateganywa ibikorwa byinshi bizatuma ibyazwa umusaruro mu guhanga ibishya (inovasiyo).

Nibura buri mwaka hazaba haterwa inkunga ibikorwa bya inovasiyo 40.

Hanateganywa kuzajya hakorwa Digital Broadband development index, ibipimo bifasha mu kureba uko umuyoboro ugenda waguka, abakoresha internet, intambwe ziterwa n’imbogamizi zihari, zikeneye gushakirwa umuti.

Ibyo bikazajyana n’uburyo bwo kwihutisha amategeko yakira ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu gihe bibaye ngombwa, kugira ngo arusheho kujyana n’igihe.

## Ibindi
Haracyari urugendo runini cyane kugira ngo buri Munyarwanda agerweho na Internet yihuta, binyuze mu miyoboro ya fibre optique n’iminara bigomba gukwirakwizwa hose mu Gihugu.

Avuga ko nk’uko u Rwanda rwahawe imiyoboro ya fibre optique kuva ku nyanja ngari y’u Buhinde, inyuze mu bihugu bya Kenya na Tanzania, na rwo ruzakomeza kuyitanga ku bindi bihugu by’ibituranyi aho itaragera.

Leta y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abikorera, irateganya gukoresha amafaranga asaga Miliyari 200(mu myaka ya 2022-2027) mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere Internet yihuta, izajyana no gufasha abaturage kubona telefone zishoboye kuyikoresha.

Urugendo rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Internet rukaba kugeza ubu rukiri rurerure, kuko Abaturarwanda bafite telefone zigezweho cyangwa mudasobwa batarenga 25%.

## Reba

https://web.archive.org/web/20230228143703/https://techinika.com/inkomoko-ya-murandasi-internet/
Haracyari urugendo runini cyane kugira ngo buri Munyarwanda agerweho na Internet yihuta, binyuze mu miyoboro ya fibre optique n’iminara bigomba gukwirakwizwa hose mu Gihugu.

Avuga ko nk’uko u Rwanda rwahawe imiyoboro ya fibre optique kuva ku nyanja ngari y’u Buhinde, inyuze mu bihugu bya Kenya na Tanzania, na rwo ruzakomeza kuyitanga ku bindi bihugu by’ibituranyi aho itaragera.

Leta y’u Rwanda ku bufatanye n’abikorera, irateganya gukoresha amafaranga asaga Miliyari 200(mu myaka ya 2022-2027) mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere Internet yihuta, izajyana no gufasha abaturage kubona telefone zishoboye kuyikoresha.

Urugendo rwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Internet rukaba kugeza ubu rukiri rurerure, kuko Abaturarwanda bafite telefone zigezweho cyangwa mudasobwa batarenga 25%.