open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amazone Astro

**Amazon Astro** ni robot yo mu rugo yakozwe na Amazon.com, Inc. Igamije kugenzura umutekano w'urugo, kwita ku bageze mu zabukuru b'iwacu bari kure,no gukora nka mufasha w'ukuri ushobora gukurikira umuntu ava mu cyumba kimwe ajya mu kindi. 

## Ibiranga
Ubuyobozi bwa Tom bwise igikoresho " Alexa ku ruziga " kandi ibintu byose biboneka kuri Amazon Echo Show 10 biri kuri iki gikoresho gishya. Astro ifite indangamuntu igaragara kandi igomba kuba ishobora kumenya abo mu miryango itandukanye kandi ikohereza integuza niba igikoresho kibonye umuntu atazi murugo. 

Mu 2022, Amazon yatangaje gahunda y'icyitegererezo ihuza Astro na sisitemu y'umutekano ya Ring, yemerera abakozi bo mu kigo cya kure guhamagarira kugenzura Astro gukora iperereza ku bijyanye n'umutekano.  

## Kwakira
Mark Gurman wo mu makuru ya Bloomberg avuga ko, nyuma y'amezi atandatu asohotse, ku buryo umuntu uwo ari we wese yavugaga kuri Astro kuri interineti, kandi ko Amazon yohereje ibice magana make gusa, cyane.  David Padiri wo muri CNET abona ko "Kugeza ubu, iyi robot ikomeje kuba ikintu cyiza, ku bantu bafite amafaranga menshi yo kugerageza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kugeza na n'ubu ridafite ikibazo gikomeye cyo gukoresha."  Lauren Goode wo mu kinyamakuru Wired yanditseho Astro nka "robot kubera robo" na "robot nta mpamvu, byibuze kuri ubu". 

Itangazo ryashyizwe ahagaragara muri Nzeri 2022 rivuga ko Astro izakora nka umurinzi w'umutekano ihuzwa n'ibikoresho bya Ring Security byo mu ngo no bigo bito by'ubucuruzi  ryatumye Gizmodo ivuga ku buryo Astro igenda iba igitangaje kandi iteye ubwoba kurushaho. 

## Reba kandi
Aeotec

Aotec ni ikigo gikomeye mu ikoranabuhanga ry'amazu agezweho cyihariye mu gukoresha ingufu mumazu agezweho hifashishijwe uburyo bwa smart thingsZ-Wave, Zigbee na Matter. Vumbura ibikoresho byacu byihariye byagenewe ubunararibonye bwa SmartThings, bitanga ikoranabuhanga rigezweho no guhuza neza kugira ngo ubuzima burusheho kuba bwiza. Aeotec, ikirango cy’Abadage, Ubuziranenge bw’Abadage.

## Ibicuruzwa
Ibicuruzwa bya Aeotec byateguwe gukorana n'abashinzwe kugenzura ibintu nka Matter, Assistant Home, openHab, SmartThings, na Wink hamwe n'abashinzwe kugenzura itsinda AutoPilot na Smart Home Hub.
Wheelchair fencing at the 2010 Asian Para

Imikino yo gusinganywa  mu nkingi z'amaguru (wheelchair fencing) muri  **Asian Para Games ya 2010** yabereye muri Gymnasium ya Guangda, Guangzhou, mu Bushinwa kuva ku ya 14 kugeza ku ya 16 Ukuboza 2010.

## Incamake y'umudari

### Imeza y'imidari
Yakuwe muri Aziya Para Imikino Yurubuga 2010. 
 

### Abamidari

#### Abagabo

#### Abagore

## Ibisubizo

### Abagabo

#### Icyiciro cya Epée Icyiciro A.

#### Epée Umuntu ku giti cye B.

#### Icyiciro cya buri muntu Icyiciro A.

#### Icyiciro cya buri muntu Icyiciro B.

#### Icyiciro cya Saber Umuntu A.

#### Icyiciro cya Saber ku giti cye B.

#### Ikipe

### Abagore

#### Icyiciro cya Epée Icyiciro A.

#### Epée Umuntu ku giti cye B.

#### Icyiciro cya buri muntu Icyiciro A.

#### Icyiciro cya buri muntu Icyiciro B.

#### Ikipe

## Reba
Alarm.com

**Alarm.com, Inc.** nisosiyete yo muri Amerika ikora mu  ikoranabuhanga, itanga serivisi zishingiye ku bicu (cloud-based) zo gucunga kure, gucunga ibikorwa by'amazu, no kugenzura alarme.

Serivisi zo kugenzura zishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe  amasezerano n'abakora ku giti cyabo (third-party contractors) nka ADT . Serivisi zirimo umutekano woguhuza, kugenzura amashusho, gucunga ingufu no gukoresha urugo, kandi birashoboka binyuze muri ecosystem yibikoresho byahujwe nubufatanye bwibikoresho.

## Amateka
Alarm.com yashinzwe mu 2000  mu rwego rw’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere rya MicroStrategy kandi itangiza gahunda y’umutekano itangiza ibikorwa byafashaga kurebera kure no guha intwaro gahunda y’umutekano wambuwe intwaro mu 2002. Isosiyete yateje imbere urubuga rwayo ikubiyemo porogaramu zikoresha ibikoresho by’urugo n’ubucuruzi bikubiyemo gukurikirana amashusho, gucunga ingufu ndetse n’ubushobozi butandukanye bwo gukoresha urugo. Muri Gashyantare 2009, Alarm.com yaguzwe n’ishoramari ry’ishoramari ABS Capital Partners kuri miliyoni 27.7.  Muri 2015, Alarm.com yatanze icyifuzo cya mbere gitangirwa ku mugaragaro maze ijya ku mugaragaro muri kamena. 

Alarm.com itanga igicu gishingiye kubicu kuburugo bwubwenge hamwe na sisitemu y'ubucuruzi. Ihuriro rifasha abafatabuguzi kurinda no kugenzura imitungo yabo binyuze ku mbuga za interineti na porogaramu zigendanwa, ndetse no mu guhuza na Apple TV, Amazon FireTV, Google Home na Amazon Alexa.  Isosiyete yatangiye gutanga imicungire y’ingufu mu ntangiriro za 2010, yemerera abakoresha kugenzura kure ubushyuhe no gukonjesha ku mutungo wabo bakoresheje porogaramu zigendanwa cyangwa babinyujije ku rubuga rw’isosiyete. 

Alarm.com yatangaje ko yinjije miliyoni 167.3 z'amadolari y’Amerika n’abakoresha b’abafatabuguzi barenga miliyoni 2.3 muri 2014.   Muri 2018, isosiyete yatangaje ko yinjije miliyoni 291.1. 

Muri 2015, Alarm.com yatanze IPO kumadorari 14 kumugabane.  ABS Capital Partners and Technology Crossover Ventures, yashoye miliyoni 136 z'amadolari muri sosiyete, yagumye kuba abanyamigabane benshi. 

Muri 2016, Alarm.com yahujije urubuga rwayo rushingiye ku bicu hamwe na Amazone ya Echo idafite ibyuma bifata amajwi hamwe n’ibikoresho byifashisha amajwi, ndetse na TV ya Apple ya HomeKit. 

Muri 2020, Alarm.com yaguze Shooter Detection Sisitemu kumafaranga ataramenyekana.  

Muri 2023, Alarm.com yaguze EBS. Icyicaro gikuru cya EBS kiri i Warsaw.
IAccessible2

**IAccessible2** ni API igerwaho na sisitemu ndetse na  porogaramu ya Microsoft Windows . Ku ikubitiro yatunganijwe na IBM munsi ya codename Project Missouri,  IAccessible2 yashyizwe munsi yitsinda ryitsinda ryubusa, ubu rikaba rigizwe na Linux Foundation .  Yashyizwe mubindi bisobanuro bya Microsoft bishya UI Automation API.

Mugihe UI Automation yavuzweho nk "" ubwami butagira ubwami ",  IAccessible2 ivuga ko" ifunguye ".

## Intego
Mugihe UI Automation itandukanye cyane na  Microsoft Active Accessibility (MSAA) Kugirango ikore API yorohereza abafite **Ubumuga** kandi ifite uburyo bwagutse IAccessible2 yo yuzuzamo ibyo MSAA yari ibuze kugirango ijyane n'java   Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (AT-SPI). Muburyo bwo kugura MSSA aho kuyisimbura IAccessible2 ituma abahanga mu gukora porogaramu bashobora gukomeza gukoresha ibyo bashoyemo muri MSAA, ariko kandi bagatanga uburyo bwo kugerwaho n'ikoranabuhanga rifasha abafite **ubumuga** (AT) mu buryo bwo kubona inyandiko zo mu buryo buhambaye  

Umushainga wa Missouri watangiye ubwo State of Massachusetts, yari mu nzira yo kwemera gukoresha  adopting the OpenDocument format mu nyandiko zayo za leta ariko isaba ko umurongo ugomba kuba worohereza abafite **Ubumuga** . kongera  accessibility of dynamic web applications, urugero nk'aho bagaragaza ibikoresho byihariye nk'ikoranabuhanga rifasha abafite ubumuga butandukanye assistive technology ndetse no gutoranya amakuru mashya hashingiwe ku buryo bwayo no ku kamaro kayo byabaye intego ya kabiri ikomeye y'uwmushinga.

IAccessible yatangiye gushyigikirwa muri LibreOffice muri verisiyo ya  4.2. iri mu bikorwa byo guteza imbere umushinga wa Apache OpenOffice, Mozilla Application Suite, NonVisual Desktop Access ndetse no muri Opera web browser.  Nubwo  IAccessible2 yatangijwe urubuga nka API y'uburyo bwo korohereza abafite ubumuga kuri Windows accessibility API, Qt Development Frameworks ruri gufasha IAccessible2 nkuburyo bushobora gusimbura AT-SPI no kuri Linux , kandi ruri guteganya kongeramo uburyo bwo kuyishyigikira bwa mbere muri Qt 4.3.
guhera mu mwaka wa 2019, Qt ikoresha MSAA na IAccessible2 kuri Windows, kandi ikomeje gukoresha AT-SPI for Unix/X11 systems.

## Amashakiro
Soft input Panel

**Panel Yoroheje Yinjiza** (nayo yitwa **SIP** ) nuburyo bwihariye kuri ecran yinjiza amagambo udakoresheje clavier cg impuzanyuguti isanzwe yibikoresho. SIP isanzwe ikoreshwa muri Microsoft Pocket PC na PC ya Tablet PC, aho nta mwanya wa clavier yibikoresho. Muri Microsoft Windows hari clavier isa na ecran ikoreshwa nka Microsoft Active Accessibility (MSAA) nayo ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere ukurikije imvugo ya clavier iriho nimiterere yingenzi. Yahawe patenti na Microsoft mu Gushyingo 2004 munsi ya patenti nimero **6819315** . 

  

## Reba
Auditory Display

**Kwerekana amajwi** ni ugukoresha amajwi kugirango utangaze amakuru kuva avar muri mudasobwa bityo bikaba ari uburyo bwiza ngo kumenyekanisha kubafite ubumuga butandukanye. Ihuriro ryibanze ryo gucukumbura  ni Umuryango mpuzamahanga wo kwerekana amajwi (ICAD), washinzwe na Gregory Kramer mu 1992 nk'ihuriro ry’ubushakashatsi muri urwo rwego.

## Ubwoko bwo kwumva

* Ubugenzuzi : tekinike yo gutega amatwi umwanya munini ukurikirana ushushanya indangagaciro zingana kurwego rwijwi
* Sonification : gukoresha amajwi atavuga kugirango utange amakuru cyangwa ushishoze amakuru
* Amatwi / amashusho yunvikana: amajwi magufi, atandukanye akoreshwa muguhagararira ibyabaye cyangwa gutanga andi makuru
* Ubutumwa bw'ijwi : gukoresha mu buryo bwikora bwo gukoresha imvugo cyangwa ingero zerekana imvugo kugirango utange ibisobanuro nyabyo

## Inyungu n'imbibi
Auditory display ni uburyo byerekana ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amajwi asohoka muri mudasobwa  kubakoresha abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona (ukoresheje umusomyi wa ecran ) kimwe nabakoresha kureba bakoresha amaso yabo kubindi bikorwa. Kumenya byihuse ibimenyetso bya acoustic hamwe nibintu byose biranga imyumvire yo kumva birashobora kugira uruhare mubikorwa byo kwerekana amajwi nubwo iyerekwa rihari. Kurundi ruhande, amajwi asohoka arashobora kubangamira ibindi bimenyetso bya acoustic, nko gutumanaho kuvuga. Ibi bigora gukoresha ikoreshwa ryerekana amajwi kuri porogaramu zimwe. Byongeye kandi, umusaruro wa acoustic urashobora kutubabaza cyangwa kurangaza. 

## Amashakiro
Garageio

**Garageio** ni igikoresho cy'ikoranabuhanga cyo kugenzura umuryango wa garaje mu rugo, cyakozwe  na Alottazs Labs, LLC icyi cyumba cyayo giherereye i Columbus, Ohio . Alottazs Labs, LLC ni isosiyete ifite abikorera ku giti cyabo yashinzwe mu Kwakira 2012. Garageio ni interineti y'ibintu itanga igaraji icungwa ndetse n'irembo ryinjira binyuze kuri terefone n'ibindi bikoresho bifasha urubuga.  

Garageio igizwe na WiFi ishoboye kugenzura ihuriro ryugurura urugi rwa garage kandi rigenzurwa binyuze muri Garageio mobile cyangwa porogaramu ya desktop.  Igenzura rishobora guhuza inzugi zigera kuri eshatu zitandukanye nigikoresho kimwe.  

Porogaramu ya Garageio iOS na Android yemerera uyikoresha gucunga kure buri rugi rwa garage rwigenga.  Umukoresha arashobora kandi gutanga no kwemera kugera kumiryango yandi ya garage kubandi bakoresha Garageio. 

## Amateka
Igitekerezo cya Garageio cyatangiye mu 2012 ubwo uwashinze umushinga Zak Dziczkowski yavumbuye urugi rwe rwa garage rwabuze.  Zak yahise amenya ko igiciro cyo gusimbuza icyuma gishya cyari gihenze cyane kandi atekereza uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura umuryango wa garage. Muri iryo joro nyene, Zak yahamagaye uwashinze Dave Reif maze batangira gukora kuri prototype ya Garageio.  

### 2012
Mu Kwakira 2012, Garageio yabaye ibicuruzwa bya Alottazs Labs, LLC izana abandi bashinze imishinga, rwiyemezamirimo Greg Colarich, umuhanga mu guhanga udushya Jess Boonstra, n’umucuruzi Zach Cochran. 

### 2013
Garageio yamaze igice cya mbere cy'umwaka yibanda ku gukora porogaramu no gushushanya ibicuruzwa. Garageio yahawe igihembo cy'igitekerezo gishya (Cool Idea) Igihembo cyatanzwe na Minnesota gikora plastike Proto Labs yatanze progaramu ya prototype yubusa hamwe nibikorwa byakurikiyeho.   Mu Gushyingo 2013, Garageio yatangije gahunda yo gutera inkunga imbaga y'abantu binyuze muri Fundable ikusanya $ 30.000 yo kugurisha mbere. 

### 2014
Garageio yatangiye kohereza mu ntangiriro za 2014 kubaterankunga bayo baterankunga kandi akomeza gufata ibicuruzwa abinyujije kurubuga rwayo. Garageio yasohoye verisiyo ivuguruye ya porogaramu kandi itangaza ko hiyongereyeho porogaramu nka IFTTT (niba irenze iyo), ituma abayikoresha bakora resept zikurura ibintu byabigenewe.     Garageio yongereye imiyoboro ikora kandi ikomeza kohereza muri Amerika ya ruguru.

### 2015
Garageio yari umwe mu nshuro za mbere yakiriyeinkunga ya Alexa, umushiga wa Amazon.com ugamije gushyigikira amasosiyete atangira (starups) akora ku ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura amajwi.
Amaryllo

**Amaryllo Inc.** ni isosiyete mpuzamahanga yashinzwe i Amsterdam, mu Buholandi . Ikora nka platform ishingiye  ku bicu ( cloud service platform) itanga ububiko bw'ibicu (cloud storage) ndetse na serivisi zo gutunganya amakuru mu bicu (cloud computing services) ku masosiyete n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi. Amaryllo yatangiye ubucuruzi hamwe na Skype IP kamera yiterambere mugutezimbere tekinoroji ya robotique ya biometrike, umuyoboro wa P2P uhishe, hamwe no kubika ibicu.

Amaryllo yashinzwe n’umunyamuryango wa Band of Angels, Marcus Yang kugira ngo ateze imbere patenti y’ubwoko bushya bwa kamera za robo zitwa "kuvuga, kumva, guhumurirwa, kumenya isura y’abantu, no gukurikirana abinjira".  Ivuga kandi ko yakoze robot ya mbere y’umutekano ku isi ishingiye kuri protocole ya WebRTC, Icam PRO FHD,  kandi yegukana igihembo cya CES Best of Innovation Award 2015 mu cyiciro cya Embedded Technology.  ]   Ibicuruzwa  bigurishwa mu bihugu birenga 100 byo ku migabane 6. 

## Amateka
Amaryllo yerekanye ibicuruzwa byayo bya mbere by'ikoranabuhanga ryo mu rugo byo gucunga umutekano muri Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (IFA) 2013 hamwe na kamera ya IP ya Skype yitwa iCam HD.  Amaryllo yatangaje ibicuruzwa byayo bya kabiri byemewe na Skype, iBabi HD, muri CES 2014 . Isosiyete yatowe nka "Cool Vendor "  muri Connected Home 2014. Imashini za kamera za kamera, ATOM AR3 na ATOM AR3S, zatangijwe mu mpera za 2016. Yibanze ku ikoranabuhanga ry’insinga kandi ridafite umugozi rishingiye kuri serivisi za AI.

## Igicu cya Serivisi
Amaryllo itanga mbere yo kwishyura ibicu mububiko bwa digitale no mumakarita yimpano yatanzwe na InComm Payments. Itanga serivise nziza yo kubara ibicu binyuze mubufatanye bwa Rescale .  Amaryllo atanga kamera z'ubuntu ku bantu basinye ububiko bw'ibicu bw'umwaka wose (annual cloud storage subscription) ku rubuga rwayo.
Arlo Technologies

**Arlo Technologies** ni sosiyete yo muri Amerika ikora kamera z'iperereza zidafite insinga (wireless surveillance cameras). Mbere yo gutangizwa ku mugaragaro (IPO) ku Isoko ry'imigabane rya New York muri Kanama 2018, Arlo yari ikirango cy'ibicuruzwa nk'ibyo na Netgear, byagumije kugenzura benshi nyuma ya IPO. 

Nk’uko iyi , yohereje ibikoresho miliyoni 21,6, ifite konti miliyoni 5.82 ziyandikishije, kandi ifite konti 877.000 yishyuwe, guhera muri Mutarama 2022.

## Amateka
Ku ya 6 Gashyantare 2018, Netgear yatangaje ko inama y'ubutegetsi yemeje ko itandukanyirizo ry'ubucuruzi bwa Arlo na Netgear. Mu gihembwe cya kabiri cy'umwaka wa 2018, ishami rya Arlo rya Netgear ryabaye ikigo cya Arlo Technologies, Inc. Netgear yatanze munsi ya 20% by'imigabane rusange ya Arlo muri IPO, bituma igumana ubwiganze bwa benshi. 

Umuyobozi mukuru wa Arlo ni Matthew McRae. McRae yinjiye muri Netgear mu Kwakira 2017 ubwo yahawe akazi nka visi perezida mukuru w’ingamba. 

## Ibicuruzwa

Arlo ikora ibicuruzwa nka Kamera yumutekano ya Arlo (Arlo security camera),  ndetse na kamera zishobora gutwarwa n'izo gukurikirana abana.  kamera za Arlo zateguwe ku buryo zigabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gucomeka buke (low-power standby mode). 

## Gukora
Gukora Arlo byoherezwa muri Foxconn na Pegatron .
August Home

**August, Inc.** ni sosiyete yo San Francisco, ikora mu bijyanye no gucunga ibikorwa bw'amazu (home automation),yibanda ku byuma bifunga imiryango bihuzwa na WI-FI. Isosiyete yashinzwe mu Gushyingo 2012 na Yves Béhar na Jason Johnson .

Ku ya 19 Ukwakira 2017, uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa rwo muri Suwede Assa Abloy rwatangaje kugura urugo rwa Kanama.  Amasezerano yarangiye mu Kuboza 2017. 

Kugeza muri Nyakanga 2018, August Home yari imaze kugurisha miliyoni imwe zifunga ubwenge na kamera. 

## Ibicuruzwa
Muri Gicurasi 2013, Kanama yasohoye ubwenge bwabo bwa mbere.  bifite ikariso yicyuma kandi yagenzurwaga hakoreshejwe Bluetooth 4.0 hamwe na porogaramu ya terefone.  ku zindi nzugi zifunga urugi rwo muri Kanama, igikoresho gifata kuri deadbolt ihari ku gice cyimbere cyumuryango, iracyemerera gukoresha urufunguzo gakondo.  Nyuma yaho, hagiye hanze igikoresho cya Wi-Fi bridge cyemerera gufungura umuryango hifashishijwe kure ( remote access) no gukoresha mufasha wa Virtual (Virtual assistant) (nka Amazon Alexa ). 

Mu Kwakira 2015, isosiyete yatangije urutonde rwibicuruzwa bishya birimo igisekuru cya kabiri gifunga ubwenge, inzogera yo mu muryango, hamwe na kanda ya kode kubakoresha badafite terefone.  Isosiyete yatangaje kandi Kanama Access, urubuga rwo kureka abatwara ubutumwa ba Postmates, Handy, nizindi serivisi babasha kugera kumugozi binyuze kode imwe. Serivisi  kugirango ishyire Walmart ku masoko yatoranijwe yo muri Amerika.  HomeKit verisiyo ijyanye no gufunga nayo yasohotse umwaka ukurikira. 

Verisiyo ihendutse yo gufunga ubwenge yasohotse muri 2017, hamwe na Z-Wave ihuza igenewe kwishyiriraho umwuga.  Ifunga rishya kandi ryongeyeho ibyuma byerekana ibyuma kugirango umenye niba umuryango ufunguye cyangwa ufunze. 

Porogaramu yo muri Kanama yagutse igera ku gufunga Yale na Emtek muri Mutarama 

## Ibibazo by'umutekano
Muri Kanama 2016, hacker yingofero yerekana intege nke hamwe na kode yo muri Kanama inshuro imwe yemerera umuntu kuyikoresha igihe kirangiye muri DEF CON .  Isosiyete yakemuye ikibazo nyuma yuku kwezi.  MIT yakoze ubundi bushakashatsi ku ntege nke zishobora kubaho mu mutekano wigikoresho. Bagerageje kugera ku gikoresho bakoresheje uburyo bwinshi, nta na kimwe cyatsinze. Uburyo bagerageje ni ubu bukurikira: igitero cyibanga, "Ntabwo ndimo ndumva" ibitero, guhindura itariki nigihe cyagenwe, gutondekanya paki ya Bluetooth, gusenya porogaramu, guhumura udupaki twa TCP, ibitero byabantu hagati, no kugarura uruhushya rwa nyirubwite urufunguzo rwa interineti. Muri ibyo bigeragezo byose, kimwe gusa cyari gifite ishingiro. Mugukata paki ya Bluetooth, abantu bafite umugambi mubisha barashobora kugerageza uburyo bwa " brute force " bakeka ciphertext ikenewe kugirango bakingure umuryango. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, amahirwe yo gukeka ko aya matsinda ari imwe muri miliyoni zirenga 18.4, kandi igihe giteganijwe byose (all sequence) cyitezweho kurenga imyaka ine.
Blink Home

**Immedia Semiconductor LLC**,  ikora ubucuruzi nka **Blink,** nisosiyete yo muri Amerika ikora mu bijyanye no  no gucunga ibikorwa by'amazu(home automation) ikaba ikora kamera zu'mutekano murugo (home security cameras). Isosiyete yashinzwe mu 2009 na Peter Besen, Don Shulsinger, Dan Grunberg, Stephen Gordon, na Doug Chin. Isosiyete yatangijwe bwa mbere nka Immedia Semiconductor Inc mu 2009, ariko yinjira mu isosiyete ikora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Muri , isosiyete yagize ubukangurambaga bwa Kickstarter kuri kamera y’umutekano yo mu nzu, yakusanyije miliyoni zisaga 1 US $.  Nyuma yaho, Blink yaje gutangaza kamera yumutekano wo hanze,  sisitemu yumutekano murugo,  hamwe ninzogera ya videwo. 

Amazon yatangaje mu Kuboza 2017 ko baguze iyi sosiyete.  Immedia Semiconductor, LLC ikomeje gukora nk'ishami ry'igenga.  Biteganijwe ko tekinoroji ya Blink izakoreshwa muri serivisi ya Amazone .

Ukuboza 2019, Amazon yashyizeho ibikozwe byo gukosora (patches) mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by'umutekano (Vulnerabilities),byagaragajwe mu sisteme za kamera z'umutekano za Blink XT2, byabonetse n'ikigo Tenable gikorera mu guhishura no gupiama ibyuho by'umutekano (vulnerability detection firm). 

Ibicuruzwa byinshi bya Blink bikorerwa mubushinwa, mugihe ibindi bikozwe muri Maleziya na IoT Manufacturing Sdn Bhd.

## Ibicuruzwa

### Blink Video Doorbell
The blink video doorbell ni igikoresho cy'ubwenge gihujwe na terefone cyemerera amashusho n'amajwi kureba hakoreshejwe ikindi gikoresho. Ikora kimwe na inzogera yo kumuryango, harimo mubushobozi bwayo bwo guhuza Amazon Alexa hamwe nogutanga "plus" abiyandikisha, itanga ubushobozi bwo kubika ibicu no guhuza ibikoresho byinshi.   

### Blink Dog Camera
The Blink Dog camera n'igikoresho cy'ubwenge cyagenewe guha ba nyiri amatungo uburyo bwo kugenzura amatungo yabo mugihe ba nyirayo bataba murugo. Kamera irimo ibisobanuro bihanitse 1080p videwo nubushobozi bwo kureba nijoro.
Earcon

**EARCON**, yerekana ibyabaye cyangwa bitanga andi makuru. Earconi iranga sisitemu y'imikorere ya mudasobwa hamwe na porogaramu, uhereye kuri beep yoroshye kugirango werekane ikosa, kugeza kuri majwi yihariye ya sisitemu y'imikorere igezweho yerekana gutangira, guhagarika, nibindi byabaye. 

Earxon ni kumagambo asanzwe amenyerewe mumashusho ya mudasobwa. Agashusho gasa nk ijisho con kandi ni amashusho, yashishikarije DA Sumikawa guhimba gutwi nk'ijwi ryumvikana mu ngingo yo mu 1985, 'Amabwiriza yo guhuza ibimenyetso byerekana amajwi mu mbuga zikoresha mudasobwa. 

Iri jambo rikoreshwa cyane kuri Earcon yerekana amajwi muri interineti, ariko ingero z'igitekerezo ziboneka mu bitangazamakuru byamamaza nka radiyo na televiziyo:

* Ikimenyetso cyo kumenyesha cyerekana ubutumwa buvuye muri Emergency Broadcast Sisitemu
* Umukono wamajwi atatu yerekana NBC mumaradiyo na tereviziyo

Earcons muri rusange asanisha amajwi cyangwa amajwi. **Ijambo risa** naryo ryumva ryerekana amajwi ya buri munsi akora intego imwe.

## Koresha muburyo bwa tekinoroji ifasha
Tekinoroji ifasha kubikoresho bya mudasobwa nk'abasomyi ba ecran harimo ChromeVox ya ChromeOS, TalkBack ya Android na VoiceOver ya Apple - koresha ugutwi nk'uburyo bworoshye kandi bwihuse bwo kugeza kubakoresha impumyi cyangwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona amakuru ajyanye na interineti bayobora. Amatwi mu basomyi ba ecran ahanini akora nkibimenyetso byo kumva kugirango amenyeshe umukoresha ko bahisemo ubwoko bwihariye bwibintu, nka buto, hyperlink cyangwa inyandiko yinjiza.   Bashobora kandi gutanga imiterere kubyerekeye inyandiko cyangwa uburyo bugezweho, nkaho urupapuro rwurubuga rurimo gupakira.

Earcons itanga ibyongerwaho mugukoresha abasomyi ba mudasibwa mugukoresha bitewe nubugufi bwabyo nubwitonzi, ibyo bikaba bizan a iterambere mugukoresha ibimenyetso birebire byavuzwe kugirango utange imiterere: gukoresha beep ngufi, itandukanye mugihe buto ya interineti yatoranijwe irashobora kwihuta cyane bityo rero byoroshye kubyumva kuruta gukoresha synthesis imvugo kugirango uvuge ijambo "buto". 

Abantu bakoresha Earcon, abakoresha bagomba kwiga guhuza gutwi nibisobanuro byabo kugirango babashe kubyungukiramo byuzuye. Gufasha mukwiga amashyirahamwe nkaya, abasomyi ba ecran bamwe nabo bazavuga ibisobanuro byamatwi yabo, nubwo bigana kumpera yubusobanuro bwabo bwuzuye bwibintu. Birasabwa ko gutwi byamenyekana hakiri kare mugihe wiga gukoresha umusomyi wa ecran kugirango urebe ko bihinduka (kandi amaherezo, subconsciously ) bifitanye isano no gukoresha bisanzwe . 

## Reba kandi

* Jingle

## Amashakiro
Daniel Borel

**Daniel Borel** (wavutse 14 Gashyantare 1950  ) ni umucuruzi w’umusuwisi  akaba ari nawe washinze ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga Logitech .

## Uburezi
Mu 1973, Daniel Borel yabonye impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanga muri Physique yakuye muri École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne mu Busuwisi, naho mu 1977 ahabwa impamyabumenyi ya Master of Science muri Computer Science yakuye muri kaminuza ya Stanford .   Muri uwo mwaka yasubiye mu Busuwisi. 

## Ubucuruzi
Borel yashinze Logitech mu isambu ya sebukwe mu 1981 na Pierluigi Zappacosta na Giacomo Marini .   Umuyobozi wa Logitech 1982 kugeza 2008, anaba umuyobozi mukuru w’isosiyete kuva 1982 kugeza 1988,      1992 kugeza 1998. mu 1988, yashyize Logitech ku isoko ry'imigabane rya Suisse, ndetse no kuri Nasdaq mu 1997. ubu akora nka Perezida Emeritus mu nama y'ubuyobozi ya Logitech.   

## Ibindi bikorwa
Borel yari umwe mu bagize Inama y'Ubuyobozi ya Nestlé kuva mu 2004 kugeza 2016. Anakora kandi mu nama y'ubuyobozi ya Dofitech, yashinzwe na we hamwe n'umugore we mu 2001, ari yo muryango ugera ikoranabuhanga rta IT ku bantu bafite ubumuga     Byongeye kandi, yashinze  akaba n'umuyobozi wa swissUP,  umusingi ugamije guteza imbere uburezi mu Busuwisi.

Muri Nzeri 2010, Borel, ushyigikiye ubufatanye bwa Logitech na École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, yafunguye ikigo gishya cyo guhanga udushya cya Daniel Borel ku kigo cya kaminuza "Quartier de l'Innovation". 

Muri 2019, Borel yitabiriye gahunda yo gukusanya inkunga yo gukusanya inkunga    Unibuddy yakusanyije miliyoni 5 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu cyiciro cyayo cy'ishoramari.   Kuva ubwo, Borel yakomeje gushora imari mu byiciro by'ishoramari bya Unibuddy, kandi isosiyete  imaze gukusanya miliyoni 32 z'amadolari kugeza ubu, harimo miliyoni 20 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu cyiciro cya 2021.

## Ubuzima bwite
Borel arubatse, afite abana batatu n'abuzukuru barindwi. 

## Ibihembo

* 1992: Impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro yakuye mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga mu Busuwisi, Lausanne
* 1988: Rwiyemezamirimo w’umwaka mu Busuwisi (igihembo cya Branco Weiss) 
* 2008: Ihuriro rya ba rwiyemezamirimo ku isi ba rwiyemezamirimo ku isi igihembo cya 2008 
* 2020: Ernst &amp;amp; Young Master Rwiyemezamirimo Wumwaka 2020 Ubusuwisi  

## Ibisohokayandikiro

* Ikiganiro: *Twarenze aho duhindagurika - isi ntizongera kubaho ukundi.* - EY Busuwisi - 17 Ukuboza 2020 
* Ikiganiro: *Abahanga mu bya fiziki mu nganda: Daniel Borel, washinze Logitech International SA* - Umuryango w’umubiri w’Ubusuwisi - Gicurasi 2021 
* Podcast: *Uburyo Logitech Yanze Ibiteganijwe* - Swisspreneur EP # 197 - 28 Ukwakira 2021
Audification

**Audification** nubuhanga bwo kwerekana uburyo bwo kwerekana urutonde rwagaciro nkamajwi. Mubisobanuro, bisobanurwa nk "ubusobanuro butaziguye bwo guhinduranya amakuru kuri domaine yumvikana." ibinkandi bigafasha cyane abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona  amakuru akurikirana kandi mubisanzwe ibihe bikurikirana, nkamajwi yerekana amajwi aho amakuru yinjizwa yashizwe kumurongo wumuvuduko wijwi . Uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya ibimenyetso bikoreshwa mugusuzuma ibiranga amakuru. Tekinike ituma abumva bumva ibice byigihe nkinshuro. Ubugenzuzi busanzwe busaba amakuru manini hamwe nibice byigihe. 

 

Igitekerezo cyo kugenzura cyatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1992 na Greg Kramer, mu ntangiriro yafashijwemo nu buhanga bwa sonification . Iyi yari intangiriro yubugenzuzi, ariko niyo mpamvu abantu benshi kugeza na nubu bagifata ubugenzuzi ubwoko bwa sonification.

Intego yubugenzuzi ni ukwemerera abumva kumva amajwi ndetse n'ibipimo bya siyansi cyangwa ibigereranyo.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2007 na Sandra Pauletto na Andy Hunt muri kaminuza ya York bwagaragaje ko abakoreshaga iyo sisitemu babashaga kumenya ibiranga urusaku, ibintu bisubiramo, guhindagurika buri gihe, guhagarika umutima, hamwe n’imbaraga zerekana ibimenyetso mu kugenzura amakuru y’ibihe ku rwego ugereranije no kugenzura amashusho ya porogaramu . 

## Porogaramu
Mubisabwa harimo kugenzura amakuru yimitingito  hamwe nibimenyetso bya neurofsiologiya by'abantu.  Urugero ni esophageal stethoscope, yongerera ijwi risanzwe ridatanga impinduka zidasanzwe zidafite urusaku nkibisubizo byisesengura rya gaze. 

### Ubuvuzi
Guhindura ultrasound kumajwi yumvikana nuburyo bwo kugenzura butanga uburyo bwa echolocation.   Ubundi buryo bukoreshwa mubuvuzi harimo stethoscope  hamwe nubugenzuzi bwa EEG . 

### Umuziki

## Reba
Ecobee

**ecobee** ni sosiyete ikorera iToronto, muri Canada, ikora ibijyanye no gucunga ibikorwa by'amazu (home automation),ikora  thermostats z'ikoranabuhanga (smart thermostats),sensor z'ubushyuhe n'izigaragaza ko hari umuntu mu cyumba (temperature and occupancy sensors), switch z'amatara z'ikoranabuhanga( smart light switches),kamera z'ikoranabuhanga ( smart camera) ndetse na sensor z'ubwitonzi cyangwa aho ibintu bihurira (contact sensor) .  Baguzwe na sosiyete y'Abanyamerika Generac Holdings mu 2021.

Thermostats igenzurwa no gukoresha ibyuma byubaka, ibyuma byurubuga, cyangwa porogaramu iboneka kuri iOS, Android, na Apple Watch .  Ibindi bikoresho bigenzurwa gusa binyuze muri porogaramu cyangwa urubuga.

Thermostat cyangwa kamera ikora nkurugo rwubwenge rwibikoresho byabo. Guhindura urumuri ntibisaba thermostat cyangwa kamera ariko ntibitanga imikorere ya hub ( hub functionalty)

ecobee itanga urutonde rwa serivisi zo kwiyandikisha.

## Amateka
 Ecobee yshinzwe na Stuart Lombard mu 2007, kandi Thermostat yayo ya mbere yasohotse mo 2008. Yagiye ihabwa ibihembo bitandukanye, birimo Deloitte Tecnology Green 15 Award ihabwa amasosiyete y'ikoranabuhanga ryita ku bidukikije byo muri Canada, ndetse na AHR Expo Innovation Award 2011 mu cyiciro cy building automation.  ​ 

Muri Werurwe 2018, ecobee yakusanyije CA miliyoni 80 z'amadorari y'uruhererekane C inkunga. 

Mu Gushyingo 2021, ecobee yatangaje ko izagurwa na Generac Holdings kuri miliyoni 770 z'amadolari.  Igurisha ryarangiye ukwezi gukurikira. 

## Ibicuruzwa

### Amashanyarazi meza
ecobee yaremye ubwenge bwayo bwa thermostat, ecobee Smart, muri 2008. 

### eco +
ecobee yatangiye gusohora eco + muri 2019  kugirango yimenyekanishe thermostat kugiti cye murugo.

### Guhindura urumuri rwubwenge
Ecobee Switch + ni urumuri rwubwenge rwashyizwe ahagaragara ku ya 26 Werurwe 2018   Switch+ ifite mikoro ( microphone) irimo Amazon Alexa, ndetse ikagira sensor zigaragaza ko hari umuntu (occupancy sensors) n'izipima urumuri rw'amatara y'amanywa (daylight sensors) 

### SmartCamera
Ecobee SmartCamera yasohotse ku Mata 2020 Ifite amashusho ya 1080p. ubugari bwa Camera bwa dogere 180 , guhindura icyerekezo no kuzamura (auto pan-tilt), gushyigikirwa na Amazon Alexa, ikiganiro cy'impande zombi ( two-way talk) ndetse no kureba nijoro (night vision). 

### Contact sensor
Ibyuma bifata amajwi bya ecobee SmartSensor byasohotse ku ya 15 Mata 2020 hamwe na SmartCamera. 

### Smart doorbell
Kamera ya ecobee Smart Doorbell yasohotse mu Kwakira 2023. Abakoresha bafite ecroste ya Ecobee barashobora kureba ibiryo bizima bivuye kuri kamera yumuryango wabo kuri thermostat. 

Ibyingenzi bya Smart Thermostat Byashyizwe ahagaragara muri Mutarama 

### Smart security
ecobee Umutekano wubwenge ni abiyandikishije-bishingiye kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura urugo ihuza sensor mu bicuruzwa byayo byose muri sisitemu yumutekano murugo. 

### Air Filters
ecobee Air Filters ihita yohereza uyikoresha itanura mugihe iyungurura ryayo rigomba gusimburwa.
Eufy

**eufy** ni ikirango cy'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byo mu rugo (smart home) cyatangijwe na Anker Innovation mu 2016. Icyicaro cyacyo kiri i Shenzhen mu Bushinwa . Ibicuruzwa byayo byingenzi birimo kamera zo kugenzura umutekano, gusukura robot vacuum, kumurika ubwenge, nibindi bicuruzwa byo murugo IoT. Ibicuruzwa bya eufy bigurishwa cyane cyane kwisi yose binyuze kumurongo wa interineti no kubicuruza kumurongo nka Amazon na Buy Buy nziza . 

## Amateka
eufy yinjiye mu isoko ry'ubwenge mu rugo m'umwaka wa 2016. eufy yabanje gushyira ahagaragara robot vacuum isukura, cyane cyane serivise ya RoboVac, irushanwa n'ibirango bizwi nka iRobot . Kugeza muri 2020, ikirango cyariyongereye muri sisitemu yumutekano murugo, itara ryubwenge, nibikoresho byubuzima nkibipimo byubwenge. Ibicuruzwa birimo icapiro rya 3D ryihariye UV printer EufyMake E1 yatangijwe binyuze muri Kickstarter, sisitemu yumutekano ya NVR S4 Max, na eufy SpaceView.   

## Amabanga no Kurinda
Mu 2022, eufy yahuye n’igenzura nyuma yuko bigaragaye ko amakuru y’amafoto y’umutekano yashyizwe kuri seriveri y’ibicu, ibyo bikaba bivuguruza ibyo sosiyete ivuga ko yabitse. Ikirango cyasabye imbabazi kandi kivugurura politiki yacyo, ariko ibibazo byo kwizerana biracyahari. Uwo murundikano w'ibibazo washyize ahagaragara imbogamizi z'umutekano w'amakuru (data security challenges) zibangamiye ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byo mu rugo,kandi byatumye abagenzuzi b'amasoko (regulators) babikurikirana by'byimbitse. Ivugurura ryurubuga rwa eufy ryongeye gushimangira ubwitange bwibanga, ryibanda kububiko bwaho no gushishoza kugeza ku ndunduro .
Itegeko ry’Abafite Ubumuga (ryerekeye Amahirwe Angana, Kurengera Uburenganzira no Gushyira mu bikorwa byuzuye), ryo mu mwaka wa 1995

**Itegeko ry’Abafite Ubumuga (ryerekeye Amahirwe Angana, Kurengera Uburenganzira no Gushyira mu bikorwa byuzuye), ryo mu mwaka wa 1995** ni itegeko rigamije gushyira mu bikorwa itangazo ryerekeye uruhare rwuzuye n’uburinganire bw’abafite ubumuga mu karere ka Aziya na pasifika.

Ubuhinde bwashyize umukono ku Itangazo ryavuzwe kandi ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa Itangazo ryavuzwe haruguru. 

## Reba kandi

* Ubukangurambaga bugera mu Buhinde
* Itegeko rivangura abamugaye 1995

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* http://niepmd.tn.nic.in/inyandiko/PWD%20ACT.pdf
Abafite Ubumuga nabo barashoboye

Abafite Ubumuga Bo mu karere ka Gasabo.

Taliki  03 Ukuboza n'umunsi mpuzamahanga wabafite ubumuga mukarere ka Gasabo. Abafite ubumuga kandi berekanye impano zitandukanye harimo kubyina, gukina ikinamico, imikino ngorora mubiri nka sitball, kudoda n'ibindi bitandukanye abafite ubumuga bamaze kugeraho.

## Ibyo kwishimira
Kumunsi mpuzamahanga w'abantu bafite ubumuga kurwego rw' Akarere ka Gasabo. Nu munsi urangwa  nimurikabikorwa byakozwe n'abafite ubumuga bo Mukarere ka Gasabo. Hanabayeho gushyigikira cyangwa se gutera inkunga buri muntu umwe mumirenge 15 igize Akarere ka Gasabo ndetse hanatazwe amagare(wheelchairs) agera kuri 12 kubafite ubumuga bw'ingingo.

### Indanganturo
Uburenganzira bwo Kugenzura (Abantu bafite ubumuga, Ubwongereza, 2010–2013)

Hagati ya 2010, hari ahantu hatandukanye hatangirwagaho inkunga mu Bwongereza no mu Wales, ishobora gutangwa ku bantu bafite ubumuga kugira ngo bahaze ibyifuzo byabo bitandukanye mu rugo no ku kazi, ariko rimwe na rimwe izi nkunga zagiranaga ikibazo cyo kutubahirana. Igitekerezo cya “Uburenganzira bwo Kugenzura” cyari ukugerageza guhuza izi nkunga no gushyira umuntu ufite ubumuga hagati mu migambi ye y’inkunga.

## Ibice birindwi by'icyitegererezo
Nk’igice cy’Itegeko ry’Isubiramo ry’Imibereho Myiza rya 2009, Amabwiriza y’**Uburenganzira bwo Kugenzura** ku Bantu bafite Ubumuga (Icyerekezo cy’Ibigeragezo) (Ubwongereza) 2010 yagerageje gushyiraho uburenganzira ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo gusaba guhitamo no kugenzura uburyo bw’ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga ya rubanda akenewe kugira ngo bafashwe kubaho mu bwigenge mu muryango.

Urwego rw’izi mishinga rwari harimo inkunga za **Access to Work** zatangwaga na JobCentre Plus, ikigo cya leta y’icyitegererezo, hamwe na **ubwishyu butaziguye**  ku giciro cy’ubuzima bwigenga, harimo no gukoresha abafasha ku giti cy’umuntu, byishyurwaga ku bantu bafite ubumuga n’ibigo bishinzwe serivisi z’imibereho y’abaturage mu turere.  Icyiciro cya mbere cy’ibi bigeragezo cyakomeje kuva Ukuboza 2010 kugeza Ukuboza 2012.

## Manchester United
Umwe muri abo baderevu yitwaga Ubufatanye bwa Manchester Area, bwari bugizwe na batanu mu bayobozi icumi bo mu nzego z'ibanze (njyanama) muri Greater Manchester:

* Bury ,
* Manchester ,
* Oldham ,
* Ububiko, na
* Trafford .

Haje kwemerwa kongera igihe cy’amezi 12 ku bigeragezo mu mwaka wa 2013 nyuma yo kuganira, ariko Inama y’Umujyi wa Oldham yaje kwemeza ko izakuramo uruhare rwayo maze isohoka ku 12 Ukuboza 2012.

## Reba
Sosiyete y’Ubwami y’Abana Bafite Ubumuga bwo Kutabona

**Sosiyete y’Ubwami y’Abana Bafite Ubumuga bwo Kutabona (RSBC)** yahuye na Sosiyete y’Ubwami yo mu Bwongereza y’Abafite Ubumuga bwo Kutabona (RLSB) ku 1 Mutarama 2017. Ibi byagize ishyirahamwe rimwe ry’ubugiraneza ryo mu Bwongereza no Wales .  Intego y’iri shyirahamwe ry’ubugiraneza ni ukwemeza ko abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa bafite ikibazo cyo kubona, kuva ku myaka 0 kugeza 25, bakura bafite ubumenyi n’ubushobozi bukenewe kugira ngo babashe kubaho ubuzima bwuzuye kandi bushimishije.

## Reba
Bashir Ramathan

Bashir Ramathan ni umukinnyi w’ubutaka w’umunya-Uganda umaze kuba umureba kugeza ku myaka 17. 

Bashir ni umunyamurongo w’ama filime magufi abiri y’amateka nyayo: *Eveready* iyobowe na Paul Szynol na *Bashir's Vision* iyobowe na Daniel Roher.

## Reba
Mélanie de Salignac

**Mélanie de Salignac** (1741-1763)  yari umuhanga mu muziki w’umufaransa utabona, kandi ibyo yagezeho n’ubwo yari afite ubumuga byavuzwe mu nyandiko za Diderot.

Yavutse **i** Château de Mons (Charente-Maritime) [fr], ari umukobwa w’umushoramari Pierre Vallet de Salignac na Marie-Jeanne Élisabeth Volland, wari mushiki wa Sophie Volland .  Musaza we mukuru yari umunyapolitiki Nicolas-Thérèse Vallet de Salignac [fr] .

Yavukiye **atabona amaso**, kera cyane mbere y’uko Braille ivumburwa mu 1829, ariko yize kwiyigisha gusoma akoresheje inyuguti ziri ku makarita yatemwe, kandi yageze ku bintu byinshi akoresheje kumva no gukoraho. Yatekereje uburyo bwo gukoresha ibimenyetso by’umuziki bishobora kumvwa no gukorwaho, yakoresheje gusoma ibihangano by’umuziki no guhanahana ubutumwa n’inshuti.

Diderot yanditse ku byo yagezeho mu nyandiko ye yitwa “Addition to the Letter on the Blind”. Yagaragaje ko yize algebra, jiometri, ubumenyi bw’isi n’inyenyeri. Yandikaga akoresheje umuneke ku rupapuro rwagutse kandi yasomaga ibitabo byanditswe byihariye ku buryo byamufashaga. Yanacanaga imyenda kandi akina imikino y’amakarita. Yafashe ibyigisho n’ubuhanga bwe nk’ishyushyo kandi yemeza ko abantu batabona bagomba kwigishwa hashingiwe ku bushobozi bwabo busanzwe, aho kwibanda ku kutabona kwabo.

## Umurage
Valentin Haüy yatangiye kwigisha abanyeshuri batabona mu myaka ibiri gusa nyuma y’uko “Addition to the Letter on the Blind” ya Diderot yasohotse. Bifatwa nk’uko yashishikajwe n’ibyagezweho na De Salignac ndetse n’undi muhanga mu muziki utabona,Maria Theresia von Paradis.

## Reba
Santos FC Golbol

**Santos Futebol Clube** (  ; *Ikipe yumupira wamaguru ya Santos* ), izwi kandi nka **Santos** ndetse n’akazina ka gikundiro **Peixe** (bivugwa nka [ˈpejʃi]  ), ni ishyirahamwe ry’umwuga ry’umukino wa goalball ryo muri Bresil yabigize umwuga, ifite icyicaro i Santos, Bresile. Nk’umwe mu batangije umukino wa goalball ku rwego rw’igihugu, Santos FC yashyizeho ikipe ya goalball mu mwaka wa 1999, maze mu ntangiriro za 2006 iba ishyirahamwe rya mbere ry’umupira w’amaguru muri Bresile ryahindutse klub ya Paralympike. Kuva icyo gihe, binyuze mu bufatanye na Lar das Moças Cegas de Santos (LMC), Santos FC ifite umukino wa Goalball, hamwe n’amakipe y’abagabo n’abagore, nka kimwe mu mikino yayo. Uyu mukino uragenda urushaho gukundwa. Mu mikino iheruka, ikipe y’igihugu ya Bresile yari ifite abakinnyi baturutse muri Santos.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Ubuvuzi bwa Salutem

**Salutem Healthcare** ni isosiyete itanga serivisi z’imibereho myiza iikorera i

Windsor yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2016. Ikoresha abakozi barenga 3.000. John Godden, umuyobozi mukuru, yahawe igihembo cya MBE mu birori by'icyubahiro by’umwaka mushya 2021. 

Salutem itanga serivisi z’ubuzima bwo gutura no kwigisha ku bantu bakuru n’abana barenga 1,350 bafite ubumuga bwo kwiga n’ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano, harimo n’abafite imyitwarire igoye gucunga.  Mu Mata 2017, Salutem yafashe Pathways Care Group na Modus Care, ari bo batanga serivisi zihariye zo kwita ku bana n’abantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bwo kwiga, ibibazo by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, autism n'imyitwarire igoye gucunga. Icyo gihe yari ifite amazu 55 akaba yarakwirwagaho n’abaturage bagera ku 400. Kugura Clearwater Care mu Ugushyingo 2017 byongeraga serivisi 20. Mu Kwishyura 2019, yari ikora serivisi 130 mu Bwongereza no Wales.

Mu Mata 2018, Salutem yaguriye serivisi 51 zavuye muri Scope, zirimo ishuri ryihariye 3, amazu yita ku bantu  38, n’ahakorerwa serivisi z’iminsi 10.Iyo mpinduranya yagize abakozi 1,598, bingana na ibice bibiri bya gatatu by’abakozi bose b’iri shyirahamwe ry’ubugiraneza, bahinduranyirijwe bava muri Scope bajya muri Ambito Care & Education, ishami rya Salutem. Scope yabonye miliyoni 3 z’amapawundi kuri iyo mpinduranya.

Itanga ibirori bya buri mwaka bisaba imyambaro y’icyubahiro (black-tie), bizwi nka Kudos Ball, bibera Rainton Meadows Arena, Houghton-le-Spring aho abakoresha serivisi 300 baturutse impande zose z’igihugu bitabira.

## Serivisi
Craig y Parc ni ishuri riri i Cardiff, ryashinzwe mu 1955, ryita ku bana bafite ubumuga bukomeye, ubwonko n’ubwiyongere bw’ubumuga bwinshi, ryari ryari riyobowe na Scope mbere. Tŷ Cwtch Residential Children Home iri hafi yaryo. Mu Mata 2020, abapolisi bo mu gace bateje imbere ikigaragaza ku isabukuru y’imyaka 14 y’umwe mu banyeshuri. Iri shuri rikoresha Dragon Dictate mu gufasha abanyeshuri.

Umuyobozi wa filime nyayo, Mei Williams, yahawe igihembo cya BAFTA mu 2019 kubera filime ye yerekeye umuturanyi wa Lewis Martin Court, aho isosiyete itanga serivisi zita ku bantu bakiri bato bafite ibyifuzo bikomeye ku masaha 24 ku munsi.

Bull Point ni ikigo cyita ku bantu batuye mu rugo i Plymouth, kigenewe abantu 5 bafite uburwayi bwo ku rwego rwa Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Mu mwaka wa 2019, cyateguye igitaramo cy’imbwa kugira ngo hizihirwe isabukuru y’imyaka 8 y’imbwa y’umuturanyi umwe.

## Reba kandi

* Ubuvuzi bwigenga mu Bwongereza

## Reba
Ishuri rya Sri Rakum ry’Abatabona

Ishuri rya Sri Rakum ry’Abatabona ni ishuri ryita ku bantu bafite ikibazo cyo kubona riherereye i Bangalore, mu Buhinde. Ritanga uburezi bw’ubuntu ku banyeshuri batabona kuva mu mashuri y'inshuke kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru. Amahugurwa atangwa arimo gusoma no kwandika hakoreshejwe Braille hamwe na amahugurwa yo kugenda ku bana batabona burundu. Abanyeshuri bato bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona bahugurwa hakiri kare mu mashuri y’inshuke kugira ngo bitegure kuzuza amashuri, kaminuza, n'amahugurwa y’umwuga. Iki ni Ishyirahamwe ryanditswe ritari irya Leta.

## Uwashinze
Iri shuri ryashinzwe na Acharya Sri Rakum mu Kamena 1998. Yaretse akazi ke mu mikino y’intambara (martial arts) mu Buyapani no mu Buhindi kugira ngo ateze imbere iri shuri. Ubu ni umuyobozi mukuru w’iri shuri.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* http://www.rakum.org/
* http://timesofindia.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-06-29/bangalore/27220877_1_rau-food-destitute-children
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-07/bangalore/28346726_1_sharada-visually-impaired-wings
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-07-24/bangalore/27165002_1_anish-underprivileged-children-parents
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215324/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-19/bangalore/28329519_1_karate-blue-belt-brown-belt
* https://web.archive.org/web/20121024215333/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-03/bangalore/27843815_1_deepa-groom-normal-students
* https://www.thebetterindia.com/34724/acharya-sri-rakum-ishuri-kuri-blind/
Richard Mutagatifu Denis

Richard St. Denis ni umwunganizi mu by’amategeko ukomoka muri Colorado, umwe mu Bafashwe nk’Abakorerabushake 10 ba mbere na CNN ymu 2011, ndetse ni umushinga wa World Access Project. Uyu mushinga kuva mu 2008 watangiye gutanga amapine y'intebe ku bantu bafite ubumuga mu byaro byo muri Mexico. 

Yakomeretse akina ski i Lake Tahoe, California mu 1976, kuva icyo gihe akoresha imodoka y’amaguru (wheelchair). Umushinga we wa World Access Project ukusanya amapine akoreshwa (used wheelchairs) ava mu bitaro, amazu yita ku barwayi, amasosiyete atanga ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, ndetse n’abaterankunga ku giti cyabo baturutse mu Bwongereza bwose. 

## Reba

## Ibindi gusoma

* 

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwumushinga wisi
Ntitwifuza impuhwe

**"Ntitwifuza impuhwe"** ni intero y’ihuriro ikoreshwa n’abaharanira ishyirwamwo ry’abantu bafite ubumuga mu bya politiki by’isi. Akenshi ikoreshwa mu myigaragambyo y’amashyirahamwe y’ubugiraneza akusanya inkunga yifashishije kugaragaza abafite ubumuga nk’imitwaro cyangwa abatagira icyo bashobora kwikorera. Iri jambo ryatangiye kugaragara ku myenda (T-shirts), rijyanye n’andi magambo y’iterabwoba nk’“Kuhumizwa no Kudindizwa n’Indwara Iteye Agahinda.” 

## Inkomoko y’amagambo
Iri jambo rishobora kuba ryarahimbwe n'umucuranzi wa rubanda, umusizi, n'umurwanashyaka uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga Alan Holdsworth (izina ry'icyiciro: Johnny Crescendo) usanzwe wishingikiriza ku bugome n'amagambo ashize amanga mu buhanzi bwe bwo kwigaragambya. 

## Amateka
“Ihora ku mbabazi” (Piss On Pity) yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu myigaragambyo yo mu 1990 no mu 1992 yiswe Block Telethon, yabereye imbere ya sitidiyo ya ITV mu Bwongereza,  aho abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bageragezaga guhagarika ko icyo gikorwa cyo gukusanya inkunga gitambutswa kuri televiziyo. Iryo jambo ryasohowe ku myenda (T-shirts) maze ibihumbi byinshi biragurishwa. Iyo myigaragambyo yatanze amahirwe akomeye ku baharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga kugira ngo bagaragaze ibitekerezo byabo, birimo ukuntu abafite ubumuga batagaragazwa neza ndetse n’ukuntu bakurwaho mu biganiro birebana n’inyungu zabo.  Ahubwo ku ishyirwa ry’inkunga mu mashyirahamwe y’abagiraneza, abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga bashakaga kugaragara no kwinjira mu muryango nyarwanda ku buryo bwabo bwihariye.

Nk’uko abashyigikiye iri jambo babivuga, icyo risobanura ni uko impuhwe, n’ubwo zisa n’amarangamutima meza kandi afasha, zishobora kuba igihombo ku ishema ry’umuntu. Nk’uko babivuga, iri jambo rishingiye ku kwanga ku bushake cyangwa kutabizi abantu bafite ubumuga, ndetse n’ubushobozi bushingiye ku kwikunda no kutita ku bafite ubumuga ubwo kwanga kugaragaza ku bushake cyangwa kutabizi.  Nkuko Barbara Lisicki, umwe mu baterankunga b’imyigaragambyo ya Block Telethon, yabivuze muri gahunda ya BBC yitwa Network mu 1989, yagize ati "*Niba ukoresha umuntu ufite ubumuga nk’ikintu cyo gufashwa mu buryo bw’ubugiraneza, ntabwo uzamubona nk’umwe mu banganya nawe*."

## Umurage
“Ihora ku mbabazi” (Piss on Pity) yari izina ry’imurikagurisha ry’abahanzi bafite ubumuga, ryabereye i Wakefield, mu Bwongereza, mu mwaka wa 2019.  Ibihangano byabo byagaragazaga ubwanga bw’urugendo rw’abantu bafite ubumuga ku bikorwa by’ubugiraneza. Iyo imurikagurisha yerekanye abahanzi bafite ubumuga bahanganye n’icyifuzo gisanzwe cyo kumva ko ibikorwa by’ubugiraneza ari byiza gusa. 

“Ihora ku mbabazi” (Piss on Pity) ni izina ry’album yo mu 2013 ikubiyemo ibihangano bya Johnny Crescendo hamwe na mugenzi we Ian Stanton, bombi bakoresheje umuziki kugaragaza ibitekerezo bishingiye ku bunararibonye bwabo, kimwe n’iby’abandi baharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. 

## Reba kandi

* Abamugaye Urubuga rwibikorwa bitaziguye
* Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga
* Kubaho wigenga
* Kyriarchy

## Reba

*
T61-64 (gushyira mu byiciro)

T61-64 ni ibyiciro by’ubumuga mu mikino ya paralympik, bikoreshwa mu mikino yo kwiruka no gusimbuka mu marushanwa ya mumikino Paralympique . Ibi byiciro birimo abakinnyi bafite ubumuga ku kuguru cyangwa ukuboko (biterwa n’ivuko ryihariye impanuka, cyangwa gukurwaho kw’igice cy’umubiri mu buryo bwa kirurigi) cyangwa abafite itandukaniro ry’urebure rw’amaguru rirenze santimetero 18 (inches 7 cyangwa zirenga). 

## Reba
T71-72 (gushyira mu byiciro)

T71-72 ni siporo yimikino yabamugaye kuri para-siporo, by’umwihariko ku bakinnyi bakoresha igare ryihariye ryo kwiruka. Ibi byiciro birimo abakinnyi bafite ibibazo byo guhagarika no kugenzura imyanya y’umubiri, nk’hypertonia, ataxia na athetose. Imikino y’ibi byiciro irimo  metero 100 na metero 400.

## Amateka
Kwiruka kumurongo byasabwe kunanirwa kwinjizwa mumikino Paralympike ya 2024 . Igikorwa cya T71 cyabaye ku nshuro ya mbere mu marushanwa ya 2025 World Para Athletics Championships. Imikino ya T72  Imikino ya 100 metres T72 y’abagabo n’abagore izaba ikina ku nshuro ya mbere mu marushanwa yo mikino Paralympike ya 2028 . 

## Reba
Ishuri rya Al-Nibras ry'abafite Ubumenyi Bwihariye

**Ishuri rya Ideal rya Al-Nibras** ni ishuri ryashinzwe muri Nzeri 2004 rigamije kwita ku bana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe buto kugeza ku rugero ruringaniye, kuva ku myaka 4 kugeza 21.

Ishuri ritanga serivisi zaryo zose mururimi rwicyarabu ukoresheje imvugo ya Koweti . Ishuri ritanga ubuvuzi, kuvura umubiri, kuvura akazi, umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza, umujyanama, umuforomo no kwisuzumisha kwa buri kwezi.

## Reba kandi
 

* Uburezi muri Koweti
* Urutonde rwamashuri muri Koweti

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* al-nibras.com, the school's official website