open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umwana

**Umwana**, ( en francais: Enfant / En anglais: Child ) ni urubyaro rukomoka ku mugore n'umugabo. Iyo ari benshi bavuga abana. Amasezerano y'uburenganzira bw'umwana asobanura umwana nk'igihe cy'ubuzima bw'abantu kuva akivuka kugeza ku myaka 18.b Umwana w’uruhinja ni umwana kuva avutse kugeza ku mwaka umwe. Abana b’impinja bahagarariye ubuzima bushya, icyizere n’ukomereza ku miryango n’imiryango migari. Bakeneye kwitabwaho byihariye, gukundwa no kurindwa kuko baba bishingikirije ku babyeyi cyangwa ababarera ku buryo bwuzuye kugira ngo babeho kandi bakure neza.

**Iterambere ry’Umubiri**

Mu mwaka wa mbere w’ubuzima, uruhinja rukura kandi rugahinduka vuba cyane. Iyo avutse, uruhinja rushobora kurira, gusinzira no konsa gusa. Uko amezi agenda ashira, atangira kumwenyura, kwiyunguruza, kwicara, gukambakamba no kugerageza guhaguruka cyangwa kugenda. Indyo yuzuye, cyane cyane konsa mu mezi ya mbere, igira uruhare rukomeye mu mikurire myiza. Kujyana uruhinja kwa muganga kenshi no kuruhesha inkingo nabyo birurinda indwara zitandukanye.

**Iterambere ry’Amarangamutima n’Imibanire**

Uruhinja rugirana umubano ukomeye n’ababyeyi cyangwa abamurera. Uwo mubano urufasha kumva rufite umutekano n’urukundo. Iyo umubyeyi yitabye ku marira y’uruhinja akamuhumuriza kandi akamwitaho, arwigisha kwizera no kwigirira icyizere. Kuvugisha uruhinja, kururirimbira no kurukinishiriza bifasha mu iterambere ry’ururimi no mu kumenya kubana n’abandi. N’ibikorwa byoroheje nko kumureba mu maso no kumusekera bigira  uruhare rukomeye mu kumwumvisha ko akunzwe kandi afite agaciro.

**Uruhare rw’Umuryango n’Abaturage**

Kurera uruhinja si inshingano z’ababyeyi gusa, ahubwo n’umuryango mugari n’abaturage bafite uruhare. Ibidukikije byiza bifasha uruhinja gukura neza kandi mu mutekano. Inzu itekanye, isuku, ubuvuzi bwiza n’urukundo bihoraho ni ingenzi ku mibereho myiza y’umwana.

**Imbogamizi zo Kurera Uruhinja**

Kwita ku ruhinja bishobora kugorana kuko rukenera kwitabwaho buri gihe. Rukanguka kenshi nijoro, rukeneye kugenzurwa no kwitabwaho buri mwanya, kandi bisaba kwihangana. Ariko nubwo hari izo mbogamizi, kurera uruhinja ni ishema n’umugisha ku miryango myinshi.

**Umwanzuro**

Uruhinja ni impano y’agaciro kandi ni ryo shingiro ry’ahazaza h’umuryango n’igihugu. Iyo rwitabwaho neza, rukundwa kandi rukayoborwa neza mu myaka yarwo ya mbere, rukura ruba umwana muzima kandi ufite inshingano. Gushora igihe n’urukundo mu kurera uruhinja ni imwe mu nshingano zikomeye kandi zifite agaciro mu buzima bw’abantu.
Rimwe

**Rimwe** / R**imwe ni umubare wunganira indi mibare (1). Rimwe Ibanzirizwa na zero (0), ugakurikirwa na kabiri(2).**
Imbwa

Imbwa yo mu rugo (Canis familiaris iyo ifatwa nk'ubwoko butandukanye cyangwa Canis lupus familiaris iyo ifatwa nk'ubwoko bw'impyisi) ni inyamaswa z’inyamabere zororerwa mu muryango Canidae. Nibice bigize ibisimba bisa nimpyisi, kandi ni inyamanswa nyinshi zo ku isi. Imbwa hamwe nimpyisi yumukara isigaye ni mushiki wa tagisi kuko impyisi ya kijyambere ntaho ihuriye cyane nimpyisi yororerwa bwa mbere, bivuze ko umukurambere wimbwa yazimye. Imbwa niyo bwoko bwa mbere bwororerwa mu rugo, kandi bwororerwa mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi kubera imyitwarire itandukanye, ubushobozi bwo kumva, n'ibiranga umubiri.

Kuba zimaranye igihe kirekire n'abantu byatumye imbwa zihuza bidasanzwe imyitwarire n'abantu, kandi zirashobora gutera imbere mu mirire ikungahaye kuri krahisi yaba idahagije kubindi binyobwa. Imbwa ziratandukanye cyane muburyo, ubunini, n'amabara. Zikora imirimo myinshi kubantu, nko guhiga, kuragira, gukurura imizigo, kurinda, gufasha abapolisi n'abasirikare, kubana, ndetse, vuba aha, gufasha abamugaye, ninshingano zo kuvura. Izi ngaruka kumuryango wabantu zabahaye sobriquet y "inshuti magara yumun.==

## Amoko y'imbwa

## Imiyoboro
Icyondi

**Icyondi** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Cercopithecus lhoesti*)

Nyungwe ni hamwe mu hantu hake ku isi hakiboneka ubu bwoko bw’inguge, ushobora kuzisanga hafi y’umuhanda ahegereye Uwinka.
Inkomo

**Inkomo** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini  *Colobus angolensis*)

Ishyamba rya Nyungwe niryo ryonyine ku mugabane w’Afurika ribonekamo izi nguge mu matsinda manini, agizwe n’inguge 350.
Igihinyage

**Igihinyage** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Cercopithecus hamlyni*): Iyi nguge ihunga abantu ntipfa kuboneka. Iboneka muri Kongo yo haagti, mu burasirazuba bwo muri Repubulika Iharanira demokarasi ya Congo, u Rwanda n’Uburundi.
Inkima

**Inkima**  (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini  *Cercopithecus mitis doggetti* & *kandti*)

N’ubwo ziboneka mu matsinda hamwe zitwa kandi *Monas*, zimwe ziboneka ziri kumwe n’izindi nk’Inkomo, Inyenzi cyangwa Ibishabaga.
Inyenzi

**Inyenzi** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini  ?) : Izi nguge zibera mu biti ziboneka mu bice by’Uwinka.
Mitarayeze

**Mitarayeze** (*mitrailleuse*) ni yo yari igezweho mu gihe cy’intambara ya mbere y’isi. Icyo gihe inganda zashyize ingufu mu gucura ibikoresho by’intambara muri rusange, ariko bakaba bari bamaze imyaka 50 bari mu kugerageza niba babigeraho. Guhera mu 1914, ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga byakoreshejwe bidasubirwaho mu nzego nyinshi, cyane cyane izifite aho zihurira n’imirwano.

Inganda zicura ibyuma n’ikoreshwa ry’ubumara byatumye abahanganye ku rugamba bagira ingufu mu kwirinda umwanzi. Ka gerenade (*grenade*) kari gasigaye ari ako kwitwaza mu kwikiza umwanzi ku buryo butunguranye. 

Igihe iyi ntambara yabaga havumbuwe ibintu byinshi, harimo igisasu kiremereye cyarashwe mu 1915; canons antiaériens, ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo kuyobya ibisasu n’indege biri mu kirere; kuyobora indege ziri mu kirere; itumanaho hagati y’abari ku rugamba n’abayobozi babo, n’ibindi; ariko nyine ibyo byose bikajyana no gutwara ubuzima bw’abantu. 

## Notes
Facebook

**Facebook** 

Nyuma y’aho mu minsi ishize abakoresha Facebook batangiye kubona ko ingano y’inyuguti umuntu yanditse cyangwa izo abandi banditse zagabanutse, bamwe bakagira ngo ni ikibazo cy’imashini bakoresha cyangwa browser (Mozilla, Microsoft Edge, 360, Google Chrome) bakoreramo.

Nyuma y’aho ibibajijwe kenshi biciye kuri X rero, Facebook yasohotse itangazo nayo ibicishije kuri X, aho yavuze ko uko kugabanya ingano y’inyuguti (*font size*) biri mu rwego rwo gukomeza guhindura uburyo iyo site iteye n’ibyo igeza ku bakunzi bayo kugirango serivisi zayo zikomeze kubanogera.

## Notes
Impundu

**Impundu** ni inyamaswa nini iri mu bwoko bw'inkende nini.Impundu kandi ifitanye isano ya hafi n'umuntu kubera ko zifite 98,6% by'uturemangingo tw'umuntu.

Niyo nguge nini iba muri Nyungwe. Habonekamo izigera kuri 500, Umugide (cyangwa uyobora ba mukerarugendo), ashobora kugufasha kuzimenya n’ibiziranga.
Umuko

**Umuko** cyangwa **Umurinzi** (izina mu kilatini  *Erythrina abyssinica* ) ni ikimera.

Iki giti ngo kimaze imyaka myinshi cyane muri Pariki ya Nyungwe, ndetse kandi gikungahaye ku buvuzi butangaje kuko kibasha kuvura indwara zitandukanye zirimo; Imitezi, Ubushye, Kuribwa mu ngingo, Ibikomere, Ibisebe, Mburugu n’Uburwayi bwo mu ngingo. 

## Notes
Umuturirwa

**Umuturirwa** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini  *Zanthoxylum gilletti, Fagara macrophylla*)

Iki giti mureba hano nacyo kiboneka muri iyi Pariki ya Nyungwe gikungahaye mu kuvura indwara zitandukanye zirimo; Ibicurane, Maraliya, Igituntu, Ibibyimba, n’Uburwayi bw’amenyo.  

## Notes
Isununu

**Isununu** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini  *Crassocephalum vitellium* ) ni ikimera.

Nkurikije uko nabonye iki giti n’ukuntu nabonye gikungahaye ku buvuzi cyane cyane mu bibazo bikunze gusenya ingo, reka nsabe abagabo batandukanye bazanyarukire yo maze bihere ijisho wenda hari icyo byabamarira. Iki giti ngo kivura cyangwa kigabanya umuvuduko w’amaraso mu mubiri, ariko cyane cyane ngo mu kuvura ubugumba bw’abagabo kirebaho, mbese ngo iyo umugabo agikoresheje yari ingumba; Ikibazo cye gisigara ari amateka.  

## Notes
Hari kandi n`isununu z`uburwayi umuntu arwara nko kuntoki ku isura,kubirenge n`ahandi hose  k`umubiri.
Umugote

**Umugote** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini : *Syzygium guineese*)

Iki giti nacyo ngo ni ubukombe muri Parike itagira uko isa ya Nyungwe, kivura indwara ebyiri arizo Amibe ndetse n’amarozi. 

## Notes
Umusengesi

**Umusengesi** (izina mu kilatini  *Myrcia sphaerocarpa , Myrcia salicifolia* )

Umusengesi nacyo ni ikindi giti gifite akamaro kigaragara muri Pariki ya Nyungwe, iki giti kandi kivura amarozi yo mu bwoko butandukanye, kandi ngo kuri ba bandi igifu cyabujije amahwemo babonye umuti wacyo hehe no kongera ku kirwara. 

## Notes
Umwumba

**Umwumba** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Prunus africana* ) ni igiti n’urubuto. 

Iki giti ni umwe mu miti ikomeye cyane ihagaragara muri iyi Pariki kuko kivura indwara zitandukanye zirimo Umuriro, Igifu, Kanseri ya Prostate, Inkorora ndetse na Diyabete. 

## Notes
Imvuvumu

**Imvuvumu** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini :  *Ficus natalensis* )

Umuti ukomoka kuri iki giti ni ingenzi cyane kuko ngo uwawunyoye atandukana n’indwara zimwe na zimwe zigize akaraha kajyahe zirimo Ibicurane, Inkorora, Ibisebe ndetse kandi ngo kuri ba bantu banyara ku buriri kuva bafite ukwezi kumwe kugeza ku myaka isaga mirongo itatu, iyo banyweye ku muti ugikomokaho biba birangiye, hehe no kongera kunyara ku buriri. 

## Notes
Lotusi y’ubuhinde

**Lotusi y’ubuhinde** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Citrus reticulata*) ni igiti cyiza kiba mu mazi, kikagira amababi y’icyatsi areremba hejuru y’amazi. Indabo z’ikigina ziboneka ku nti nazo ziri hejuru y’amazi.

Ururabo rwa Lotusi y’ubuhinde rufatwa nk’ikintu gitagatifu n’abanyedini rya Buda mu misengere yabo. Igiti cyose kiribwa n’abantu, bigatuma kenshi intete n’imizi (inguli) zakoreshejwe mu mitekere yak era muri aziya y’amajyepfo y’uburasirazuba. Lotusi y’ubuhinde ni igiti cyahingwa ahantu hose kimwe no guhinga lili y’amazi ihumura. Ntibikomeye gutera iki gihingwa mu bihe byacu, ugomba gusa kumenya uko ubikora. 

## Notes
Amahwa ya Kasi

**Amahwa ya Kasi** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Pinus kesiya* ) ni igiti gikura vuba cyo muri Aziya, kitajya kiboneka hanze y’aho gihinze. Ibiti bigira uburebure buri hagati ya metero 30 na 35 n’igihimba gishobora kugera kuri metero 1 y’umubyimba. Buri shami rigira amahwa atatu, rimwe rimwe rifite hafi ya santimetero 15 na 20 z’uburebure. Imbuto z’ibi biti (mu ishusho ry’umutemeri) zigira uburebure buri hagati ya santimetero 5 kugera ku 9 noneho intete zikagira hagati ya santimetero 1,5 kugera kuri 2,5.

Inkomoko y’amahwa ya Kasi ni mu karere ka Himalaya: uhereye mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw’ubuhinde (muri iki gihe hakurwa imbaho gusa mu misozi ya Kasi na naga, muri leta ya Megalayi na Manipuru), mu Bushinwa (Mu ntara ya Yunani), Buruma (Miyanimari), amajyaruguru ya Tayilani, Lawosi, Viyetinamu (Layi Cawu, Langi soni, Cawo Bangi, Kuwangi Ninihi) no muri Filipine (Luzoni). Amahwa yo muri Filipine aboneka mu bwoko bwa *Pinus insularis*. Mu Bushinwa haboneka ubundi bwoko bwitwa amahwa ya Yunani (*Pinus yunanensis*). 

## Notes
Umwembe wa Kalimantana

**Umwembe wa [[Kalimantana]]** (izina mu kilatini *Mangifera casturi*) cyangwa uzwi aho ukomoka ku izina rya Kasturi ni igiti cy’imbuto kiboneka mu karere gashyuha kandi gahehereye kigira hagati ya metero 10 na 30 z’uburebure kikaba ari karande muturere dukeya cyane twegereye Banjarimasini ho mu Majyepfo ya Indoneziya. Kuri ubu zigenda zicika mubiti byishyamba bitewe no gutemwa kw’ibiti kutubahirije amatregeko. Nyamara kiracyaterwa kenshi muri iki gice, kubera impumuro nziza y’imbuto zacyo.

## Notes
Ingagi

**Ingagi** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Gorilla*) 

Kwiga iby’inguge ni ugusesengura ubuzima bw’inguge. Iri ni ishami ry’ibinyabuzima rikaba rifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ibijyanye no kwiga imiterere y’ikiremwa-muntu. Ubu ni ubumenyi bw’inguge ku muntu w’iki gihe (*genus Homo*) cyane cyane umuntu wo mu gihe tugezemo (*Homo sapiens*). Ubwo bumenyi bubumbira hamwe kwiga ibisamuntu, birimo abakurambere ba muntu hamwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’inguge zo muri Afurika. Ubumenyi bwo kwiga inguge bugezweho ni ubuhanga buhambaye. Ubwo bumenyi buhera ku kwiga imiterere y’abakurambere b’inguge hamwe, aho zikunze kwibera, ibijyanye n’imitekerereze yazo n’imivugire yazo. Ibi byafashije cyane mu kurushaho ku kumenya ibanze ry’imyifatire y’umuntu n’ibijyanye n’iyo myifatire ku bakurambere ba muntu. 

Amoko menshi y’ inguge hari byinshi ahuriyeho n’ abantu ariko ingagi zo ni akarusho! Ibirenge n’intoki byazo biteye nk’iby'abantu kurusha ubundi bwoko bwose bw’inguge ; ingagi zimara igihe kinini ku butaka kurusha izindi nguge zose, niyo mpamvu ibirenge byazo bishobora kugenda nta kibazo. Ibi ubibonera cyane ku ngagi zo mu birunga.

IBINJYANYE N'INGAGI￼

https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/inyamaswa/article/ubushakashatsi-bwagaragaje-imibereho-itangaje-y-ingagi-z-imfubyi

## Abaturage
Umubare munini w’izo ngagi uba mu gace k’Afurika yo hagati mu karere k’ibirunga byo mu Rwanda, Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Kongo na Uganda. Abayobozi b’ibi bihugu bafatanije n’imiryango iharanira gusigasira urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bakaba barakoze ibarura ryasanze muri 2011 hazaba hari ingagi zigera kuri 480 mu gihe muri 2003 zanganaga na 380. Iyi mibare ikaba ituma ku isi yose ubu habarirwa ingagi zigera kuri 786. Uyu mubare nk’uko ubuyobozi bw’i’bihugu bibamo ingagi bubivuga ukaba wariyongereye bitewe n’ingamba zafashwe zo kurwanya abahiga inyamaswa. Ibi bikiyongera no ku kurwanya itwika ry’amashyamba. 

## Amoko
* **[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]** cyangwa Ingagi zo mu misozi (*Gorilla beringei*): Zigera kuri cumi n’ebyiri ndetse n’izindi nyamaswa, izo ngagi n’inyamaswa zari mu ishyamba ry’ibirunga zahunze umuriro wari umaze igihe uri gukongeza inkengero z’ishyamba z’ibirunga ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda ndetse na Uganda, izo ngagi rero ngo zahisemo kugana ku ruhande rwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo kuko ariho zari zizeye umutekano kuko ho nta muriro wahageraga.
* **[[Ingagi zo mu burengerazuba]]** (*Gorilla gorilla*)

## Notes
 

## Imiyoboro
* Ingagi zo mu karere k’Ibirunga ziyongereyeho 26,3%
* Rwanda : Urupfu rwa TITUS Umwami w’Ingagi muri Parike y’Ibirunga
* Igihombo gikomeye: Urupfu rw’ingagi eshanu mu Rwanda mu gihe cy’amezi icyenda
Iminsi y'imibyizi

**Iminsi y'imibyizi** cyangwa **Iminsi y'icyumweru**

* Ku wa mbere
* Ku wa Kabiri
* Ku wa gatatu
* Ku wa kane
* Ku wa gatanu
* Ku wa gatandatu
* Ku cyumweru
Ku wa mbere

**Ku wa mbere** (izina mu cyongereza : *Monday* ; izina mu gifaransa : *Lundi* )

ni umunsi wa mbere ugize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Ku wa Kabiri

**Ku wa Kabiri** (izina mu Cyongereza 'Tuesday* ; izina mu Gifaransa * Mardi* )

*

ni umunsi wa kabiri utangira icyumweru.
**
Ku wa gatatu

**Ku wa gatatu** (izina mu Cyongereza *Wednesday* ; izina mu Gifaransa *Mercredi* )

ni umunsi wa gatatu w'icyumweru kuri karindari
Ku wa kane

**Ku wa kane** (izina mu Cyongereza *Thursday* ; izina mu Gifaransa *Jeudi* )

ni umunsi wa kane ugize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Ku wa gatanu

**Ku wa gatanu** (izina mu cyongereza *Friday* ; izina mu gifaransa *Vendredi* )

ni umunsi wa gatanu igize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda

**Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda** (izina mu cyongereza *Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda* ; izina mu gifaransa *Journal Officiel de la République du Rwanda*)

Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda isohoka buri wa mbere w’icyumweru.

## Ifatabuguzi

Amafaranga y’ifatabuguzi ry’umwaka wose, ayo kugura inomero imwe n’ayo kwandikishamo inyandiko arihirwa mu Kigo cy’Igihugu cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA); uwishyuye yerekana urupapuro yishyuriyeho kugira ngo serivisi ishinzwe Igazeti ya Leta imukorere icyo yishyuriye. Ifatabuguzi ry’umwaka wose rirangirana n’umwaka wishyuriwe kandi kwishyura bigakorwa mbere y’ukwezi kwa Mutarama k’umwaka ufatirwa ifatabuguzi. Abishyura batinze barakirwa bagahabwa numero zasohotse batarafata ubuguzi, iyo zihari, zaba zarashize ntibagire icyo babaza.
Ku wa gatandatu

**Ku wa gatandatu** (izina mu Cyongereza *Saturday* ; izina mu Gifaransa *Samedi* )

ni umunsi wa gatandatu ugize icyumweru kuri karindari.
Ukwezi

**Ukwezi** kutumulikira nijoro. (Ikimenyetso: ) Iyo ukwezi kwazoye tubona kungana n’izuba. Mu by’ukuli nta mahuliro rwose, ndetse isi ali yo ntoya ku zuba irakuruta cyane. Igishobora gutangaza ni uko kumulika, kandi ubwako kutagira urumuli. Ubundi ukwezi ni umubumbe wazimye, wikaraga mu kirere. Kujya kumera nk’isi, kuko na yo ali umubumbe wikaraga mu kirere; ikibitandukanya ni uko ibifite ubuzima bituye ku isi: abantu, inyamaswa n’ibimera. 

## Amezi
# Mutarama cyangwa *ukwezi kwa mbere*
# Gashyantare cyangwa *ukwezi kwa kabiri*
# Werurwe cyangwa *ukwezi kwa gatatu*
# Mata cyangwa *ukwezi kwa kane*
# Gicurasi cyangwa *ukwezi kwa gatanu*
# Kamena cyangwa *ukwezi kwa gatandatu, impeshyi*
# Nyakanga cyangwa *ukwezi kwa karindwi*
# Kanama cyangwa *ukwezi kwa munani*
# Nzeri / Nzeli cyangwa *ukwezi kwa cyenda*
# Ukwakira cyangwa *ukwezi kwa cumi*
# Ugushyingo cyangwa *ukwezi kwa cumi na kumwe*
# Ukuboza cyangwa *ukwezi kwa cumi n'abiri*
Gashyantare

**Gashyantare** (izina mu cyongereza: *February* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Février* ) cyangwa **[[ukwezi]] kwa kabiri**
Kanama

**Kanama** (izina mu cyongereza: *August* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Août* ) cyangwa **[[ukwezi]] kwa munani** , **ukwezi k’umunani**
Nzeri

**Nzeri** cyangwa **Nzeli** (izina mu cyongereza: *September* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Septembre* ) cyangwa **[[ukwezi]] kwa cyenda** , **ukwezi kw’icyenda**
Ukwakira

**Ukwakira** (izina mu cyongereza: *October* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Octobre* ) cyangwa **[[ukwezi]] kwa cumi** , **ukwezi kw’icumi**
Ugushyingo

**Ugushyingo** (izina mu cyongereza: *November* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Novembre* ) cyangwa **[[ukwezi]] kwa cumi na kumwe** , **ukwezi kwa cumi na rimwe**
Ukuboza

**Ukuboza** (izina mu cyongereza: *December* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Décembre* ) cyangwa **[[ukwezi]] kwa cumi n'abiri** , **ukwezi kwa cumi na kabiri**
Abatwa

**Abatwa** bakaba bari mu bwoko bw’abo bita aba *pygmés abasangwa butaka* . Ni bagufi mu gihagararo bakaba banabarwa mu bantu batuye bwa mbere mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari byo muri Afurika yo hagati nkuko ubasanga i Burundi, RDC no mu Rwanda. Abatwa bakaba bafitanye isano n’andi moko y’abapygmés bo muri ako karere kandi bazwiho guhiga mumashyamba.

N’ubwo Abatwa bavuga ikinyarwanda nk’abahutu n’abatutsi, banenwa n’abandi baturage nkaho ntacyo bavuze. Abatwa ni 3% y’abaturage b’uRwanda kandi bakaba bafite uruhare ruto cyane muri politiki y’igihugu. 

## Notes
Chris Maina Peter

Prof. **Chris Maina Peter** (14 Mata 1954) ni Umwarimu w’Amategeko akaba ariwe ukuriye
Komite ishinzwe gufasha mu by’amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam. Niwe umaze gusimburwa ku mwanya w’inama y’ubutegetsi ya Kituo Cha katiba akanaba umwe mu bari bagize inama y’ubuetegetsi ya Kituo Cha Katiba. Niwe wari ayoboye Misiyo yo mu Rwanda; YAnditse ku burenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu n’amategekonshinga mu karere k’Iburasirazuba. Imirimo ye irimo 
*The Goldenberg Affair in Kenya: A Peoples’ Opinion* (*With Justice Samuel Wako Wambuzi and Prof. Joseph Oloka-Onyango*), 2005; Constitutionalism & Transition: African and Eastern European Perspectives (*wWith Prof. Joseph Oloka-Onyango*), 2004; *Constitutional Review Process in Kenya: A Report of a Fact-Finding Mission* (Compiled and Edited with Prof. Edward F. Ssempebwa), 2003 and *Constitutionalism in East Africa: Progress, Challenges and Prospects* (*With Kivutha Kibwana and Nyangabyaki Bazaara*). Iyi mirimo yose yakozwe mu rwego rwa Kituo Cha Katiba. 

## Notes
  

## External links
*Curriculum Vitae, Prof. Chris Maina Peter (Tanzania) (mu Cyongereza)
*Advance Unedited Version, Mr. Chris Maina Peter (Tanzania) (mu Cyongereza)
Edith Kibalama

**Edith Kibalama** ni Umuyobozi wa Porogaramu muri Kituo Cha Katiba. Ni Umunyamatageko wo mu rwego rwo hejuru ubizobereyemo akaba afite LL.B na LL.M yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Makerere, Kampala, Uganda. Yakoze ubushakashatsi anagira uruhare mu bintu by’itegekanshinga n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu muri Uganda no mu karere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba. Ibitabo yanditse zirimo “Opening up into a *Cul-de-Sac*: The State of Constitutionalism in Uganda in 2002,” in JJUUKO, Frederick (ed.), *Constitutionalism in East Africa: Progress, Challenges and Prospects in 2002*, Kampala: Fountain Publishers and Kituo Cha Katiba, 2005; and “Affirmative Action and the Status of Women in Uganda,” Volume 6 No. 1 *East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights* (HURIPEC – Makerere University Kampala, Uganda). 

## Notes
Kituo Cha Katiba

**Kituo Cha Katiba** (KcK) yatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1997 itangirana umugambi wo kwinjiza amatwara yo gukora amategeko nshinga na n’imiyoborere ya demokarasi mu karere ka afurika y’iburasirazuba. KcK itanga ubwisanzure ku baharanira inyungu zitandukanye, abari mu by’amashuri n’abanyapolitiki mu kwitabira ibiganiro, mu bitekerezo byo kwisuzuma ku bibazo by’ingutu bitandukanye bifite akamaro muri iki gihe. Imurongo wa KcK n’uguharanira ko imiryango itegamiye kuri leta yakwitabira imitunganyirize y’imiyoborere ikanigisha umuco wa demokarasi ihuje n’ibyifuzo n’ibyo rubanda rusanzwe rukeneye kandi ikanakrurikirana y’uko imiyoborere ya demokarasi ikoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi,guhera mu rugo, bigakomereza ku kazi, mu kagali, lmu gihugu no muri Afurika yo hagati muri rusange. KcK iyoborwa n’inama y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’banya Kenya, Uganda, Tanzaniya ndetse na Zanzibar. Ubunyamamabanga bwayo ubu ubukaba bukorera I Kampala muri Uganda.

Muri iyi myaka itatu ishize, KcK yakoze misiyo z’ubushakashatsi muri Zanzibar, Kenya na Uganda. Misiyo yo muri Kenya yari iyobowe n’Umukuru wa komisiyo ya Uganda ishinzwe ivugurura ry’Itegekonshinga, Prof. Frederick Ssempebwa, Misiyo yo muri Uganda yari iyobowe n’uwari Umujyanama w4umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Liberia, Prof. Haroub Othman wo muri Zanzibar; Miyiyo yo muri Zanzibar yari iyobowe na Hon. Abubaker Zein, umwe mu bagize komisiyo yo kuvugurura itegekonshinga rya Kenya.Raporo z’izo misiyo zose zarafashije cyane mu mirimo irimo gukorwa yo guteza imbere Amategeko nshinga. Misiyo yo mu Rwanda nayo yari muri urwo rwego.

Abagize misiyo bwa mbere baje mu Rwanda kva ku itariki ya 21 kugeza ku ya 26 Kamena 2004. Misiyo ikurikira yabaye kuva ku itariki ya 20 kugeza ku ya 26 Nyakanga 2004.Impanvu ya misiyo ya kabiri yari iyo kuganira nabo bireba bose misiyo ya mbere itari yabashije kubona ku nshuro ya mbere, cyane cyane imiryango ishinigye ku kwemera n’izindi minisiteri z’ifatizo. Misiyo yo kwimenyereza no kubonana n’abantu batandukanye yari yakozwe ishingiye kuko uretse ko hari imipakaisanzwe, u Rwanda rwari rumwe na Afurika y’iburasirazuba, urebeye ku misanire y’imico, indimi n’imigenzo y’abatuye Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’abanyarwanda. Kubera izo mpanvu, ibibazo by’u Rwanda ni ibibazo bya Afurika y’I Ubrasirazuba bikbba bikeneye igisubizo kimwe nka Afurika y’I burasirazuba.

Icya kabiri, uhereye kuko u Rwanda rwari rugiye kwinjira mu muryango w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba bye Kenya, Uganda na Uganda mu byo bise *East African Community* (EAC, Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika), KcK nk’umwe mu bafatanyije na EAC n’indi miryango itari iya leta (ONG), yumvise ari inshingano zayo gushyira u Rwanda muri gahunda zayo.

Icya gatatu, Jenoside mu Rwanda yazahaje cyane abaturage b’u Rwanda inasiga ingaruka zikomeye mu mibereho y’abanyarwanda. Nubwo habayeho imbaraga zishimishije mu gusana u Rwanda nk’igihugu, KcK yasanze ari ngombwa gushimangira kurushaho umugambi wo kurusana.

## Notes

## External links
*http://www.kituochakatiba.org/
Hondurasi

**Hondurasi** cyangwa **Repubulika ya Hondurasi** ni igihugu cyo muri Amerika yo hagati gifite ubuso bungana na km2 112 492 ndetse n’abaturage bagera kuri 7.792.854. Abaturage bacyo ni ubwoko bw’Abamestizos bagera kuri 98%, na ba kavukire bagera kuri 7% (ari bo Abamisikitos, Abapech, Abajikakis, ndetse n’Abarenkas) n’abirabura bagera kuri 2% ; ndetse n’abera bagera kuri 1%. Ururimi rukoreshwa muri rusange ni Icyesipanyole, nkuko hari n’izindi ndimi za kavukire. Idini ikomeye cyane ni iya Gaturika y’i Roma 85%, hagakurikiraho 10%, n’utundi tutsiko natwo tugize 5%.

Ubutumwa bw’Ivugurura bwageze muri Hondurasi mu mwaka 1960 ari na bwo mwene data Silivestre Cabanillas ndetse n’abandi babwiririshaga ubutumwa ibitabo bahatangizaga uwo murimo. Mu mwaka wa 1963 itorero ryahawe ibyangombwa n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta yaho, kandi uhereye ubwo, ni bwo Honduras yahindutse umubibyi w’imbuto muri Amerika yo hagati yose.
Perezidansi y’Amerika

**Perezidansi y’Amerika** cyangwa **Perezidansi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika** (izina mu cyongereza: *White House* )

Iyo nzu mwumva bita “White House”, tugenekereje mu kinyarwanda ni ukuvuga Ingoro y’umweru. Ni ingoro irimo ibiro n’ahantu ubaye Perezida wese wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USA) agomba gukorera akanaturamo we n’umuryango we. Iriya ngoro iri mu mujyi wa Washington DC (*District of Columbia*) irimo n’ibiro by’abandi bakozi bakora muri Perezidansi, ibibuga, ubusitani, pisine, aho barebera amacinamico, amafirimi n’ibindi byiza byinshi. Ku isi yose babona iyo ngoro nk’ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’ubutegetsi bwa USA n’igitinyiro cy’igihugu urebye ukuntu umutekano wayo ucunzwe dore ko hari impuguke zivuga ko hari ibyogajuru bikora gusa akazi ko gucunga umutekano wayo. 

Amateka y’iriya nzu atangirana n’igihe Perezida wa mbere wa USA, Bwana George Washington yajyaga ku butegetsi mu 1789. Icyo gihe yakoreraga muri Hotel 2 zari mu Mujyi wa New York. Izo hotel ni iyitwaga Samuel Osgood, yayibayemo kuva muri Mata 1789 kugeza muri Gashyantare 1790 ndetse n’indi yitwaga Alexander Macomb yakoreyemo kuva muri Gashyantare ukageza muri Kanama 1790. Mu kuboza 1790, perezida George Washington yasinye itegeko ry’Inteko ryavugaga ko icyicaro cy’ubutegetsi cya Leta ya USA kigomba kuba mu mujyi wa Philadelphia by’agateganyo mu gihe cy’imyaka 10. Ubwo bateganyaga ko iyo myaka ihagije kugira ngo icyicaro gikuru cya Leta y’Amerika kibe kirangiye kuzura i Washington DC. Umujyi wa Philadelphia wamukodeshereje Hotel yihariye yo gukoreramo yitwaga Robert Morris. Kuva muri Nzeri 1970 kugeza mu Werurwe 1979 perezida George Washington yabaye muri Hotel yitwaga Market Street. Iyo Hotel ngo yaje kuyikorera ivugurura ryamuhaye igitekerezo cy’uko White House izaba isa. George Washington afatanyije n’umuhanga we wari ushinzwe gutunganya imijyi witwa Pierre L’Enfant nibo bahisemo aho White House(Perezidansi y’Amerika) yubatse ubu ngubu. 

## Notes
Noheli

**Noheli** (izina mu cyongereza : *Christmas* ; izina mu gifaransa : *Noël* )

Ijambo Noheli rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Igifaransa “Noël”, naryo ryakomotse mu Kilatini “Natalis” bivuze “amavuka”. Mu Cyongereza Noheli ikaba “Christmas”. Mu Cyongereza, iri jambo ni inyunge (*compound*) aho rigizwe na “Christ” na “Mass”, aho rikomoka ku cyongereza cya kera “Christemass” nabyo biva ku cya kera cyane “Cristes mæsse” ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1038. Naryo rikaba rikomoka mu Kigereki n’Ikilatini, aho "Cristes" bikomoka ku Kigereki “Christos” na"mæsse" rikava ku Lilatini “missa”. 

Mu bihugu bindi bigira umubare muto w’Abakristu, naho ngo ntibibuza ko uyu munsi wa Noheli uba ari konji. Igihugu nka Korea, ahagaragara umubare muke w’Abakristu, ngo usanga bizihiza Noheli ku buryo budasanzwe, kuko mu gihugu hose uhasanga imitako y’uyu munsi. Ibihugu bitizihiza umunsi wa Noheli ni nk’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa (havuyemo Hongo Kongo na Macao), Ubuyapani, Arabiya Sawudite, Aligeriya, Tayilande, Nepali, Irani, Turukiya na Koreya ya Ruguru. 

## Notes
 

## Imiyoboro
* Amateka ya Noheli
* Abakristu bo mu Rwanda bijihije umunsi mukuru wa Noheli
Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973

**Revolusiyo ya kabiri ya 1973**  yatangiranye n’ihirikwa ku butegetsi bwa. Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda na Général Juvénal Habyalimana, Umukuru w’Ingabo z’Igihugu akaba na Minisitiri w’Ingabo muri Gouvernement ye akanaba n’umuhutu mugenzi we. Kayibanda n’abajyanama be bakomeye bahise bafungishwa ijisho. Yishwe n’inzara imyaka itatu ishize.

Urebye Habyalimana yakomeje umugambi wari warateguwe na mugenzi we wamubanjirije. Gutoteza no guheza abatutsi, mu kuyobya uburari ahisha igisirikare cye kugirango yemeze abantu ubutegetsi bwe nk’umusivili, habyalimana yahimbye ishyaka rye Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement (MRND) mu 1975. ibi byahurije hamwe ingufu za Revolution ya kabiri mu Rwanda.

Imyaka itatu nyuma yahoo mu 1978 habyalimana atangaza ko ishyaka rye ariryo shyaka ryonyine rya politike mu Rwanda. Habyarimana yagumye ku butegetsi mu Rwanda imyaka ikurikiyeho 21 kugeza ku italiki ya 6 Mata 1994.

## Notes
WikiLeaks

Inyandiko zigera ku 250 000 Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zandikiye cyangwa zandikiwe n’ibihugu byo hanze zimwe muri zo zikubiyemo amabanga ya diplomatie akomeye zashyizwe ahagaragara n’urubuga rwa internet WikiLeaks kuri iki Cyumweru, ku buryo hari amwe mu mabanga akomeye yashyizwe ku karubanda, nk’igihe Arabia Saudite yandikiraga Leta Zunze Ubumwe izisaba kugaba igitero kuri Iran.

Amakuru dukesha AFP aratumenyesha ko White House yamaganye ishyirwa ahagaragara ry’izo nyandiko ivuga ko rishobora guteza akaga, ivuga ko iki gikorwa cya WikiLeaks gishobora guteza ibibazo ku bantu bamwe na bamwe bishobora no kubaviramo kwicwa.

Ibinyamakuru byinshi bikomeye byo ku isi nta yindi nkuru ikomeye iri kuvugwa kurenza igikorwa cya WikiLeaks. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyo cyatangaje ko izo nyandiko zigaragaza ku buryo busesuye imiterere y’ibivugirwa hanze y’amanama hagati ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’ibindi bihugu, ndetse n’imikorere ya za ambasade za Amerika ku isi yose. 

Mu Nyanja y’u Buhinde hakambitse abasirikare b’Abafaransa bashinzwe gukurikiranira hafi u Rwanda ndetse n’ibihugu birukikije, ubu bukaba ari bumwe mu buryo bushya bwashyiriweho gukurikiranira hafi ibihugu bya Afurika, nk’uko byashyizwe ahagaragara n’urubuga Wikileaks rukomeje kumena hanze amabanga ya bimwe mu bihugu by’ibihangange ku isi, by’umwihariko Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Igikorwa kizwi giheruka cyakozwe n’ingabo z’Abafaransa mu Rwanda ni “Opération Turquoise” mu 1994 ubwo ingabo z’Abafaransa zigera ku 2550 zambukaga zikinjira mu Rwanda zinyuze mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda bavuga ko bari bagamije kurinda abaturage b’abasivile, ariko icyegeranyo cyashyizwe ahagaragara n’u Rwanda muri Kanama 2008 cyiswe “Raporo Mucyo” cyabigaragaje ukundi kuko cyashinje izo ngabo kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi bw’Abatutsi ndetse no gufata abagore b’Abatutsikazi bari barokotse ku ngufu.

## Notes
 

## External links
* WikiLeaks
Umupira w’amaguru

**Umupira w’amaguru** (izina mu cyongereza *Football* ) ni umukino.

Muri iki gihe hari byinshi bivugwa ku buryo amategeko y’umupira w’amaguru asigaye ateye, ibi akenshi bigaragara iyo igitego cyanzwe, nibwo abafana bava ku kibuga bijujuta bikomeye cyane bavuga ko bibwe, maze bakishyiriramo abasifuzi nyamara abasifuzi baba barengana kuko akenshi iyo babonye ibyabereye mu kibuga neza bitabacitse baba bakurikije amategeko ya FIFA nkuko abivuga.

Iyo witegereje neza ukareba itegeko rya 11 rivuga amakosa, hari byinshi ritwereka nko mu gika cyaryo cya mbere aho basobanura ikosa icyo ari cyo.

Abantu bakunda umupira w’amaguru.

Uko bigenda ahantu hose ku isi hari *coach* (umutoza) ushinzwe ibyo mu kibuga hakaba *Team manager* (umyobozi ushinzwe kumenya ibibazo by’abakinnyi ndetse n’uburyo bahagaze ku mikinire), *coach* (umutoza) afite ushinzwe kumenya *Forme manager* (ushinzwe kumenya uko abakinnyi bahagaze) z’abakinnyi akamenya ni ba *coach* (umutoza) atanga imyitozo, akanahuza *coach* (umutoza) na *Direction* (ubuyobozi) nk’iyo hari ikibazo.

Ariko mu guhamagara abakinnyi ni *coach* (umutoza) ubahamagara, ariko *team manager* (ushinzwe kureba uburyo abakinnyi bahagaze) aba yararangije kumubwira abafite *forme* (abahagaze neza), donc (ni ukuvuga) by’umvikana ko ari ibintu bitatu bitandukanye kandi *team manager* (ushinzwe abakinnyi) hari n’abatamushaka bagashyiraho *directeur technique* (umuyobozi ushinzwe tekinike).
Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda

**Shampiyona y’ icyiciro cya mbere mu mupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda** (izina mu Cyongereza *Primus National Football League*)

; amwe mu makipe ayikina:

* 1. APR FC
* 2. Rayon Sport
* 3. Muhanga FC
* 4. Police FC
* 5. Mukura Victory Sports
* 6. Marine FC
* 7. Musanze FC
* 8. AS Kigali
* 9. Kiyovu Sports
* 10. Gasogi FC

## Notes


## Links
* ferwafa.com
Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda

**Ishyirahamwe ry'Umupira w'Amaguru mu Rwanda** (FERWAFA) ni ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru.

## Amateka
Ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda FERWAFA (Federation Rwandaise de Football Association), ni cyo kigo cyonyine gifite uburenganzira bwo kigenzura, gutegura, no gutanga uburenganzira kumarushanwa ayo ariyo yose y'umupira 'amaguru mu Rwanda. FERWAFA yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1975, yinjira mubanyamuryango b'impuzamashyirahamwe y'umupira w'amaguru muri Africa (CAF) mu mwaka wa 1976 no mu ishyirahamwe ry'umupira w'amaguru ku isi  FIFA, mumwaka wa 1978. FERWAFA itegura amarushanwa ngarukamwaka atandukanye mu Rwanda harimo; shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru icyiciro cya mbere mubagabo (Rwanda Primus National League Division 1), shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru icyiciro cya kabiri mubagabo (Rwanda Men's Football Division 2), na shampiyona y'umupira w'amaguru icyiciro cya mbere mubagore Rwanda Women's Football League n'andi marushanwa agiye atandukanye mu mupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda. FERWAFA kandi kubufatanye na minisiteri ya siporo mu Rwanda niyo ireberera amakipe y'igihugu mumupira w'amaguru.https://web.archive.org/web/20221110124723/http://www.ferwafa.rw/spip.php?rubrique7

## Ibindi
Ikicaro cya FERWAFA mu Rwanda gihereye mu karere ka Gasabo, mu murenge wa Remera. Intego z'ibanze za FERWAFA ni UBUMWE, IKINYABUPFURA N'INTSINZI.https://web.archive.org/web/20221110124723/http://www.ferwafa.rw/spip.php?rubrique7
Amavubi

Ikipe nkuru y'igihugu cy'u Rwanda mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga ya ruhago, iri mu nshingano za Federasiyo y'umupira w'amaguru mu Rwanda kandi ikaba imwe mu zigize Federasiyo Nyafurika y'umpira w'amaguru muri Afrika. Amavubi ahanini yitoreza muri stade Amahoro iherereye i Kigali, mu murwa mukuru w' u Rwanda.         

## Amateka
Amavubi yitabiriye bwa mbere amarushanwa y'igikombe Nyafurika cya ruhago muri 2004 . . Umukino wa mbere Amavubi yaguye miswi na Guinea  igitego kimwe kuri kimwe, nyuma yaje gutsindwa na Tunisia ibitego bibiri kuri kimwe, ndetse itsinda Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya Congo igitego kimwe ku busa. Nyamara ibyo ntibyari bihagije ngo u Rwanda rukomeze kuko rwaje gusezererwa.

## Amazina
Mu mikino ya FIFA u Rwanda rugaragazwa n'ijambo: "**RWA".** Iri jambo rikoreshwa kandi na FIFA,  CAF ndetse na CECAFA. U Rwanda rwakunzwe kurangwa kandi n'ijambo: "**RR**," bisobanuye, *Repubulika y'u Rwanda* cyangwa *République du Rwanda mu* rurimi rw'igifaransa.

## Ibikombe

* **[[CECAFA Cup|Igikombe cya CECAFA]]**:
** Umwanya wa mbere (1): 1999
** Bageze kuri finali (6): 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015.

## Amarushanwa

### Ubwitabire mu gikombe cy'Isi
Inama y’Abaminisitiri

**Inama y'Abaminisitiri** y'u Rwanda igizwe na Minisitiri w’intebe, abaminisitiri, abaminisitiri ba leta , n’abandi banyamuryango batowe na Perezida. Abagize Inama y'Abaminisitiri batoranijwe mu mitwe ya politiki hashingiwe ku myanya bafite mu mutwe w’abadepite, ariko abagize Guverinoma ntibashobora kuba muri uwo mutwe wabadepite. 

## Uburinganire

Mu 2018 inama y'Abaminisitiri yari igizwe na 50% byabagore, bityo u Rwanda hamwe na Etiyopiya biba ibihugu bibiri bya Afurika byonyine bifite uburinganire muri guverinoma zabo. Perezida Paul Kagame yagabanije umubare w’abaminisitiri uva kuri 31 ugera kuri 26 mu Kwakira 2018. 

## Abagize Guverinoma

## Abaminisitiri ba Leta

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Hanze y'abasirikare barinda: Isura nshya n'uburambe muri guverinoma ya Kagame Kuva 20 Ukwakira 2018.
Urubuto rw’umugati

**Urubuto rw’umugati** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Artocarpus altilis*) ni ubwoko bw’ibiti bifitanye isano ya bugufi umunyinya.


Dosiye:Floraison_d'un_arbre_à_pain_02.jpg|Urubuto rw’umugati.
Dosiye:Un fruit à pain ou Artocarpus altilis entre les branches de l'arbre à pain appelé bèlèfoutou en langue locale au Bénin).jpg|
Dosiye:Sapium insigne.jpg|
Igifenesi

**Igifenesi** cyangwa **Urubuto rwa Yakobo** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Artocarpus heterophyllus* ) ni igiti n’urubuto.
Duriyani

**Duriyani** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Durio* ) ni igiti, urubuto n’ikiribwa.

Durian ni urubuto rutera abavietnam ishema cyane.
Rhapidophyllum hystrix

***Rhapidophyllum hystrix*** ni kimwe mu bwoko bw’amamesa bwihanganira cyane ubukonje. Hari ubwoko bumwe gusa mu bwoko bwa *Rhapidophyllum*. Ahantu aya mamesa akunda kwibera ni ahantu hatoshye mu gace k’amajyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ikindi kandi yishimira ubukonje bwo hasi bwa dogere 20 munsi ya zero, ni igihingwa cyaba ahantu hose ku isi cyanecyane i Burayi.

Ni ubwoko kukomeye bw’amamesa, bugira uburebure hagati ya metero 1 kugera kuri 3 kikagira amahwa menshi akurura ku ruti. **Rapidofilumu Hisitirikisi** ni amamesa agira uduti turandaranda tukagira utubumbe ku ruhu, utu duti twinshi tugenda twihuza tugafatana tugakora uruti rw’umubyimba ugenda uhindagurika. Nyuma y’igihe, uru ruti rufatanye cyane ruvamo igihimba kidashobora kwinjirwa mo amazi. 

## Notes
Ikambere (ikinyamakuru)

**Ikambere** (izina mu Gifaransa *Journal interne de l’Institut des Musées Nationaux du Rwanda*)

## External links
*http://museum.gov.rw/newsletter/issues/
Joseph Habineza

**Joseph Habineza** () Minisitiri wa Siporo n’Umuco ( cyangwa w’Umuco na Siporo ; MINISPOC mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza) muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

## 
*Inama y’Abaminisitiri

## Imiyoboro
*Uwari Minisitiri wa Siporo n’ Umuco Joseph Habineza yatangaje impamvu z’ ukwegura kwe
Allen Iverson

**Allen Iverson** (7 Kamena, 1975 - ), umukinnyi wamamaye cyane muri shampiyona y’umupira w’agatebo yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, biravugwa ko kuri ubu yaba ari kugana mu bukene bukabije nyuma y’aho aviriye muri NBA akajya gukina muri Turukiya mu ikipe Beşiktaş Cola Turka.

Amakuru dukesha Philadelphia Inquirer aratumenyesha ko n’ubwo Iverson kuri ubu ari muri iyo kipe Beşiktaş, ntibiyibuza gutsindwa umusubizo, mu gihe ubwo yasinyishwaga contrat yo kuyikinamo, yaba abayobozi, abafana cyangwa abakinnyi bayikinamo, bose bari biruhukije bumva ko babonye Mesiya. 

## Notes
AMIS (ubuhinzi)

**AMIS** cyangwa **amis** (izina mu Cyongereza *AMIS, Agriculture Management Information System * ) ni uburyo ikaba n'urubuga rwo guhererekanya amakuru ku bantu bose bari mu buhinzi n'ubworozi.

## Imiyoboro
* amis.minagri.gov.rw
Parajubaea torallyi

***Parajubaea torallyi*** ni imikindo myiza cyane kandi ibasha guhangana no kwihanganira ibihe bibi cyane. Icyakora, ihingwa gake cyanye hanze y’ubuturo bwayo kimeza na abanyabusitani bitewe nimbuto zayo nini cyane (bivugako ubwikorezi bwacyo bwo mu bwato buhenze), ubuturo bwayo kimeza ni Boliviya.

Ni kimeza muri Boliviya, gikura muduce twumagaye kandi dufite ivumbi ryinshi, hagati y’ibibabaya by’ Ubuhinde k’ubutumburuke bwa metero 2700 na 3400 uvuye kubutumburuke bw’inyanja. Niyompamvu, iyi mikindo, aricyo kimera cyambere kwisi gishobora gukurira ku ubutumburuke burebure cyane aho ariho hose ku Isi. Ni gakeya cyane Ubushyuhe bujya hejuru ya 20 °C kandi akenshi usanga kuri ubu butumburuke nijoro haba hari ibihu byinshi cyane. Ubushyuhe usanga bugera hasi ya 7 ni ukuvuga –7 °C mugihe cy’ukwezi kwa Nyakanga na Kanama (Igihe cy’impeshyi) kandi igipimo cy’imvura mugihe cy’umwaka kingana gusa na metero 550 ni ukuvuga 550 m. 

## Notes
Ikilatini

**Ikilatini** (izina mu kilatini *lingua Latīna*) ni ururimi rwavugwaga kera zo mu bice by'amajyepfo yo mu Burayi,mu karere ka Latium mu gihugu kigari cya Roma ya kera. Ubu ni mu **Butaliyani**.  Uru rurimi ni rwaje kubyara indimi nyinshi harimo **igifaransa**, **igisipanyola**, **igitaliyani** n'izindi...

Ubu ntirukivugwa uretse ko hari ibitabo byinshi kandi byuzuye ubuhanga byanditswe mu kilatini bikiboneka.

N'ubwo rutagikoreshwa ariko, hari umwihariko kuri Leta ya Vatikani na Kiliziya Gatolika: nirwo rurimi rwa leta rukoreshwa mu nyandiko mpamo. Ibyo byabaye umuco kuva mu bisekuru byo hambere na n'ubu niko bikimeze biturutse ku mateka ya Kiliziya imaze gushinga imizi mu murwa w'abaromani. **Igifaransa** nicyo rurimi rwa **dipolomasi** muri leta ya Vatikani n'ubwo hari ababangukirwa n' **igitaliyani**.

Ntago ikilatini ari ururimi rwera ku bagatolika nk'uko hari bamwe babigoreka. Ndetse nyuma ya Konsili ya Kabiri ya Vatikani, amasengesho, missa byahinduwe mu ndimi abakirisitu gakondo babasha kuvuga. Bityo na hano iwacu mu Rwanda byinshi byahinduwe mu kinyarwanda.

## Amagambo n'interuro mu kilatini
* **Heus / Ave** – Ndakuramukije -Ndakuramutsa 
* **Salve** – Komera - Ramba - Sugira (Ndakuramukije -Ndakuramutsa) ; nayo ikoreshwa mu gusuhuzanya  
* **Quomodo vales? / Quid agis?** – Amakuru? 
* **Bene valeo ** – Ni meza (ndaho, meze neza)
* **Quid est nomen tibi?** – Witwa nde?
* **Nomen mihi est ... ** – Nitwa ... 
* **Sic** – Yego
* **?** – Oya

## Imibare
* **ūnus** – rimwe
* **duo** – kabiri
* **trēs** – gatatu
* **quattuor** – kane
* **quīnque** – gatanu
* **sex** – gatandatu
* **septem** – karindwi
* **octō** – umunani
* **novem** – icyenda
* **decem** – icumi

## Alfabeti ya Kilatini





## Wikipediya mu kilatini
* http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_prima
Ibiyaga Bigari

**Ibiyaga Bigari**

* Ikiyaga cya Victoria (Ikiyaga cya Vigitoriya)
* Ikiyaga cya Tanganyika
* Ikiyaga Malawi
* Ikiyaga Turkana
* Ikiyaga Albert
* Ikiyaga cya Kivu
* Ikiyaga Edward
Kwitegereza inyoni

**Kwitegereza inyoni** 

Kuba U Rwanda ruherereye mu kibaya kigari cya Albertine, rukagira amashyamba menshi hamwe n’imisozi miremire bituma haba ibidukikije bikurura ubukerarugendo. Nubwo ari ruto (hafi 250 kms kuva iburasirazuba – iburengerazuba, kuri 150km kuva amajyaruguru-amajyepfo) rubarirwamo amoko arenga 670 y’inyoni, ukanahasanga kandi nanone inyoni nyinshi ziboneka gusa mu bibaya bya Albertine kurusha ibindi bihugu byose byo hanze uretse Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo.

Ibishanga n’ibiyaga byo muri pariki y’Akagera icumbikiye imisambi y’agahebuzo, kandi ni hamwe mu hantu ishobora kuboneka ku buryo bworoshye. Byongeye kandi, mu kagera uhasanga urwunge rw’amoko menshi y’minyinya n’urufunzo, hamwe n’inyoni zifite mu maso hatukura, iminwa miremire, izifite iminwa y’umweru cyangwa y’umukara zibera mu kiganiro cy’ubucuti; izifite imirizo y’umweru cyangwa igaye, n’izindi nyinshi. Amacumbi ry’Akagera ririmo kuvugururwa, uretse hari n’ayandi yacumbikirwamo mu gihe cyo gusura iyo Pariki. Ni urugendo rw’ingirakamaro gusura inyoni ntoya zifite amashyo yo kuzishyigikira y’inyamabere nini zirimo imvubu, inzovu na twiga.

Mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba, mu masaha make uvuye mu Kagera, Pariki y’Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ni icyanya kigari cy’Ishyamba ry’isugi, rimwe mu mashyamba magari ya kimeza muri Afurika ryiberamo amoko arenga 300 y’inyoni harimo amoko 27 y’umwihariko w’ako gace.

## Notes
Uburobyi

**Uburobyi**

Ubworozi bw’amafi n’uburobyi 

Kuva mu mwaka w’2000, umusaruro w’amafi wagiye wiyongera buhoro buhoro kugera mu mwaka wa 2004. Mu mwaka w ‘2005, umusaruro wagabanutseho gato. Mu gihe cyakurikiyeho, kuva mu mwaka wa 2006, kubera ko hakozwe ibikorwa byinshi bigamije kongera umusaruro w’amafi, umusaruro wagiye uzamuka buri mwaka ku buryo bukurikira: muri 2000 habonetse toni 6996, muri 2001 habonetse toni 7 308, muri 2002 habonetse toni 7 600, muri 2003 habonetse toni 7 600, muri 2004 habonetse toni 8 126, muri 2005 habonetse toni 8 089, muri 2006 habonetse toni 8 300, muri 2007 habonetse toni 8 900, muri 2008 habonetse toni 11 682, muri 2009 habonetse toni 10835

Imbonerahamwe igaragaza uko umusaruro w’amafi wagiye wiyongera 2000-2009:

Harwanyijwe isuri ku misozi yegereye ibiyaga, hashyizweho abarinzi b’ibiyaga na za komite zo kubungabunga uburobyi zigizwe n’abarobyi ubwabo, hatanzwe amahugurwa menshi n’ingendoshuri ku bakora umurimo w’uburobyi n’ubworozi bwo mu mazi bigamije kubongerera ubushobozi kugirango bashobore kuzamura umusaruro uturuka kuri uwo murimo.

Hakozwe inyigo yo gutunganya no gucunga neza ibiyaga 17 by’imbere mu gihugu. Inyigo yakozwe yagaragaje ko uburobyi bwonyine budashobora guhaza abaturarwanda ku mafi uko byagenda kose, akaba ariyo mpamvu u Rwanda rugomba gushyira ingufu nyinshi mu bworozi bw’amafi mu byuzi, mu bidendezi no mu bigobe by’ibiyaga mu buryo bushoboka bwose hakoreshejwe imbuto y’amafi nziza itanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi vuba. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho ishami rya gatatu ry’Umushinga PAIGELAC rizakorera mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo n’iy’Iburengerazuba, rikazateza imbere by’umwihariko ubworozi bw’amafi mu byuzi no mu bidendezi muri izo ntara zombi.

Hakurikijwe iyo nyigo, haguzwe imbuto y’amafi ya *Oreochromis niloticus* (*Tilapia nilotica*) imu gihugu cya Uganda, ikaba yarakuwe mu kiyaga cya Albert.

## Notes
Umugezi

**Umugezi** (Izina mu Cyongereza *Stream* ) 

* Umugezi wa Nyabarongo
* Umugezi wa Sebeya
*Umugezi wa Akanyaru
*Umugezi wa Mwogo
Ubuzima

**Ubuzima** 

Muri ayo mazi y imishyuhira harimo imyuka nka NH3, CO2, CH4, *etc*. Iyo myuka yashongeye mu mazi biravanga, CO2 iragabanuka, za *Glucides* (amasukari) ziriyongera. Ayo masukari yaje kwivanga na *Oxygène* bibyara *Alcool, Aldéhydes, cétones* na *Acides Organiques*. Byaje kuvamo NH3, *Acides Aminés*, *protéines* bitinze biza gufatana n imyunyu (*sels*) havuka igitonyanga cyitwa Coocervate gifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura no kumira utuntu duto turi mu mazi.

Nyuma y imyaka 4 000 000 000 Coocervate yabyaye *Protozoaires* (*organismes unicellulaires*) nka *algues bleues, Virus, Amibes, Bactéries, etc*., n ubu ziriho. Izi *protozoaires* zaje kubyara *Metazoa* (*organisme pluricellulaire*) ziba zikanabyarira mu mazi, izishobora kuba kubutaka ariko zigatera amagi mu mazi, izishobora kuba no kubyarira 

kubutaka etc.

Intambwe yanyuma yabaye urwego rwitwa Mamalia (*Mammifères*) zifite ubushyuhe (*températures*) budahinduka, zitwita zikonsa urub

## Imiyoboro
Isi

**Isi** igizwe ahanini n'urusobe rw'imyuka yiganjemo amazi (H2O) agera kuri 84,4% ryatangiye kuzenguruka ibango ryitwa izuba maze iyo si igenda itakaza imyuka n'amazi bijya hagati yayo n'izuba, bityo ikirere (hagati y'isi n'izuba) cyuzuye iyo myuka kiba kirabonetse.

Uko isi yagiye yegerana ku ruhu rwayo hagiye hakonja naho mu nda harushaho gushyuha bituma ibiyigize bishonga (*in fusion*) maze byipanga hakurikije uburemere (*density*) ibiremereye cyane bijya hasi ibyoroshye bijya ku ruhu.

Kubera ubushyuhe, imyuka ntiyihanganiye kuguma imbere y'urwo ruhu, ahubwo yaturikije uruhu rw'isi yigira hanze mu kirere (*atmosphere*). Nyuma y'imyaka 150 000 000, iyo myuka yabyaye igihu cyagiye gikonja kibyara imvura yaguye imyaka ibihumbi, amazi yuzura mu binogo byasizwe na wa mwuka wapfumuye uruhu rw'isi, bityo havuka inyanja n'ibiyaga ari nabyo byabaye isoko y'ubuzima.

## Notes