Imiturire Rusange

**Amazu rusange** ni uburyo bwo gutura mu nzu aho ubusanzwe umutungo ufitwe ninzego za leta, haba hagati cyangwa iz'ibanze. Nubwo intego rusange yimiturire rusange ari ugutanga amazu ahendutse, ibisobanuro, imvugo, ibisobanuro byubukene, nibindi bipimo byo kugabana biratandukanye mubice bitandukanye.

Muri Amerika, iterambere ryimiturire rusange rishyirwa mubikorwa nkimishinga yimiturire ifitwe nubuyobozi bushinzwe imiturire yumujyi cyangwa amazu rusange yatewe inkunga na federasiyo akoreshwa na HUD.

Amazu mbonezamubano ni amazu akodeshwa ashobora gutunga no gucungwa na leta, nimiryango idaharanira inyungu, cyangwa guhuza byombi, mubisanzwe hagamijwe gutanga amazu ahendutse. Amazu mbonezamubano muri rusange ashyirwaho na guverinoma binyuze muburyo bumwe-bwo kugerageza cyangwa hakoreshejwe ingamba z'ubuyobozi zikeneye amazu. Umuntu arashobora kubona amazu yimibereho nkumuti ushobora gukemura ubusumbane bwamazu.

Intego zamazu zihenze nazo zishobora kugerwaho hifashishijwe inkunga. Amazu y'inkunga afite kandi akoreshwa na ba nyir'ubwite bahabwa inkunga mu rwego rwo gutanga amazu ahendutse. Ba nyir'ubwite barashobora kuba ba nyirinzu ku giti cyabo cyangwa inyungu cyangwa ibigo bidaharanira inyungu.

Amateka

Umuhanda uhana imbibi mu 1890; nyuma yimyaka itatu, Inama Njyanama yintara ya Londres yatangiye gukuraho amazu.

Amazu mbonezamubano yariho rimwe na rimwe mbere yiterambere rigezweho. Kera cyane iracyakoreshwa ni ikinyejana cya 16 Fuggerei i Augsburg, muri Bavariya.

Inkomoko yimiturire igezweho ya komini iri mubwiyongere bukabije bwabaturage bo mumijyi yatewe na Revolution yinganda yo mu kinyejana cya 19. Mu mijyi minini y'icyo gihe, abantu benshi batanze ibitekerezo ku mibereho, nka Octavia Hill na Charles Booth batanze raporo ku gusebanya, indwara n'ubusambanyi byavutse. Henry Mayhew, wasuye Bethnal Green, yanditse muri The Morning Chronicle:

... imihanda ntiyakozwe, akenshi inzira nyabagendwa gusa, amazu mato kandi adafite urufatiro, yagabanijwe kandi akenshi azenguruka inkiko zidafite amabuye. Kubura amazi n’umwanda hafi ya byose byarushijeho kuba bibi n’ibidendezi byakozwe no gucukura amatafari. Ingurube n'inka mu mbuga zinyuma, ubucuruzi bwangiza nko guteka, gushonga muremure, cyangwa gutegura inyama z'injangwe, no kubaga amazu, ivumbi, hamwe n '"ibiyaga byubutaka bwijoro" byiyongereye ku mwanda. [4]

Bamwe mu bagiraneza batangiye gutanga amazu mu nyubako zikodeshwa, kandi bamwe mu bafite uruganda bubatse imidugudu yose ku bakozi babo, nka Saltaire mu 1853 na Port Sunlight mu 1888. Hari mu 1885, nyuma ya raporo ya komisiyo ishinzwe ubwami mu Bwongereza, ni bwo leta yabanje gufata inyungu. Ibyo byatumye Itegeko rigenga imiturire y’abakozi bo mu 1885, riha imbaraga Inama z’ibanze guhagarika imitungo itari myiza no kubashishikariza kuzamura imiturire mu turere batuyemo.

Umujyi wa Londres Corporation wubatse inzu mu muhanda wa Farringdon mu 1865. [5] Umushinga wa mbere munini w’imyubakire nini ku isi [6] wubatswe i Londres kugira ngo usimbure imwe mu midugudu izwi cyane y’umurwa mukuru - Old Nichol. [7] Abantu bagera ku 6.000 bari buzuye mu mihanda yuzuye, aho umwana umwe kuri bane yapfiriye mbere y’amavuko ye. Arthur Morrison yanditse Umwana ukomeye wa Jago, inkuru yubuzima bwumwana uri mucyaro, byateje abantu benshi. Kubaka umutungo w’umupaka byatangiye mu 1890 n’inama y’imirimo ya Metropolitan kandi birangira n’inama y’intara ya Londres yari iherutse gushingwa mu 1900. [8]

Intsinzi yuyu mushinga yatumye inama nyinshi zaho zitangira gahunda nkiyi yo kubaka mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 20. Urugendo rwubuhanzi nubukorikori hamwe nibitekerezo byubusitani bwa Ebenezer Howard byatumye habaho utuzu tw’inama Njyanama y’Intara ya Londere nka mbere Totterdown Fields nyuma Wormholt na Old Oak. Intambara ya mbere y'isi yose yatanze mu buryo butaziguye imbaraga nshya, igihe ubuzima bubi bw'umubiri ndetse n'imiterere y'abasirikare benshi bo mu mijyi binjiye mu gisirikare cy'Ubwongereza byagaragaye biteye ubwoba. Mu 1916, 41% by'abasirikare ntibari bakwiriye gukora. Ibyo byatumye habaho ubukangurambaga buzwi ku izina ry’amazu abereye intwari maze mu 1919 Guverinoma ibanza guhatira inama gutanga amazu, ibafasha kubikora binyuze mu gutanga inkunga, hashingiwe ku itegeko rigenga imiturire 1919. [9] Imishinga yo guturamo rusange yageragejwe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe by’Uburayi na Amerika mu myaka ya za 1930, ariko ikwira hose ku isi nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose.

Afurika

**Afurika y'Epfo**

Ivanguramoko ryo muri Afurika y'Epfo ryagaragaje umubare munini w'ubukene mu Banyafurika y'Epfo b'Abirabura kubera ivangura rishingiye ku moko n'ivangura, bityo guverinoma ya nyuma ya apartheid ishaka kubaka amazu y’imibereho y’imiryango ikennye y’abirabura, mu mijyi ifite amahirwe y’ubukungu. [1] Gahunda yo kwiyubaka no kwiteza imbere no guca intege New Ground yatanze amazu arenga miliyoni 3.5 kuva 1995 kugeza 2020, ariko ntiyujuje ibyifuzo, kandi yubatswe kure y’imijyi yimbere, bituma amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko. [10] [11] Ibura ry'amazu ryagereranijwe ko rifite miliyoni 3.7 mu 2021. [12] Ishami rishinzwe gutuza abantu, ryorohereza abateza imbere amazu yigihugu.yashatse kuva mu cyitegererezo cy’amazu yibanze ku majyambere akajya kureba muri rusange, harimo na serivisi.

**Amerika**

**Burezili**

Amazu mbonezamubano muri Eunápolis, Berezile.

Muri Werurwe 2009, Minha Casa Minha Vida ("Inzu yanjye, Ubuzima bwanjye"), gahunda y’imiturire y’imibereho myiza ya guverinoma ya Berezile, yatangijwe muri Werurwe 2009 ifite ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyari 36 z’amadolari y’Amerika (miliyari 18 US $) yo kubaka amazu miliyoni. Icyiciro cya kabiri cya gahunda, cyashyizwe muri gahunda ya guverinoma yihutisha iterambere (PAC, Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento) cyatangajwe muri Werurwe 2010. [15] Iki cyiciro cyahanuye iyubakwa ry’amazu miliyoni ebyiri.

Amafaranga yose y’imitungo ya Minha Casa Minha Vida yatanzwe na banki rusange ya Berezile, Caixa Econômica Federal. [16] Banki yateye inkunga iterambere kandi itanga inguzanyo kumiryango yujuje ibyangombwa.

Kugeza muri Nzeri 2018, amazu miliyoni 4.5 yubatswe arahabwa abaturage. Uyu mushinga wanenzwe kubera ko washyizwe hamwe n’ubuziranenge bw’amazu. Amazu yubatswe kure yumujyi rwagati kugirango agabanye ibiciro byamazu bigatuma kugabanya isoko ryumurimo; ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mazu yatoranijwe ku bushake bw'umushinga MCMV i Rio de Janeiro bwerekanye ko bishoboka ko umuntu yakoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe ku bashaka akazi ariko amafaranga ntiyagize ingaruka ku bari basanzwe bafite akazi.

Kanada

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Kanada

Moss Park muri Downtown Toronto.

Imiturire Jeanne-Mance muri Downtown Montreal.

Muri Kanada, ubusanzwe amazu rusange ni agace k’amazu yubatswe n’intego yubatswe n’ikigo cya leta, bakunze kwita amazu y’abaturage, hamwe n’amazu yoroshye yo gucunga. Imijyi myinshi yo muri Kanada iracyafite iterambere rinini cyane ryuzuzanya mu baturanyi-bakozi, sisitemu ikaba yarangiritse muri Amerika ndetse no mu Bwongereza. Nyamara, ibigo byinshi byamazu ya leta biracyatanga inyubako nimiryango itandukanye kuva kumazu kugiti cye kugeza mumiryango yo mumijyi ndetse no hagati yo hagati no mu magorofa maremare haba mu bakozi ndetse no mu cyiciro cyo hagati kibamo umubare munini w'Abanyakanada bafite amikoro make; .

Nyuma yo kwegereza abaturage amazu rusange y’amakomine y’ibanze, ikigo gishinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage (SHSC) cyashinzwe mu Ntara ya Ontario mu 2002 kugira ngo gitange serivisi z’amatsinda ku batanga amazu y’imibereho (amazu rusange, amazu adaharanira inyungu n’amazu ya koperative). Nisosiyete idaharanira inyungu itanga abatanga amazu ya Ontario hamwe nabashinzwe serivisi kugura byinshi, ubwishingizi, ishoramari na serivisi zamakuru byongerera agaciro ibikorwa byabo.

Vuba aha, [ryari?] Habayeho intambwe iganisha ku guhuza amazu rusange namazu yisoko nibindi bikoreshwa. Gahunda yo kuvugurura imitungo nko muri Eastntown izwi cyane ya Vancouver, Parike ya Regent, i Toronto, na Rochester Heights muri Ottawa, igamije gutanga amacumbi meza kubaturage bafite amikoro make, no kubahuza n’abaturage benshi. Intego ya gahunda yo kwiyubaka akenshi ni ukurushaho kuyinjiza mumurongo gakondo wimihanda, kunoza imyidagaduro nibyiza byumuco. Icyakora, abatuye muri iyo miryango bakunze kugira uruhare runini muri gahunda kandi bakagira ibitekerezo bitandukanye ku iyubakwa.

Mu mwaka wa 2014, Vancouver, imaze igihe kinini ifatwa nk'imwe mu mijyi ihendutse ku isi, [19] yahinduye ubusobanuro bw'amazu mbonezamubano isobanura amazu akodeshwa aho byibuze 30 ku ijana by'amazu atuwemo n'imiryango idashobora kwishyura ubukode bw'isoko, kubera kubura amafaranga.

Mexico

Abantu benshi bamenyereye Miguel Alemán.

Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye, ikungahaye ku ishoramari ry’Amerika ndetse no kwiyongera kwa peteroli, Mexico yari ifite ubwiyongere bwa mbere bw’abaturage, aho abimukira mu cyaro ari bo mujyi wa Mexico. Mario Pani Darqui, umwubatsi w'icyamamare icyo gihe, yashinzwe kubaka umushinga wa mbere munini munini w'amazu rusange. Yubatswe na Dirección de Pensiones Civiles y Retiro (ibiro byigihugu bishinzwe pansiyo, uyumunsi ISSSTE), Centre Urbano (cyangwa benshi bamenyereye) Perezidae Alemán (1947–50) muri Colonia del Valle na Centro Urbano (cyangwa benshi) Benito Juárez (1951) –52) muri Koloniya y'Abaroma, yazanye ibitekerezo byemewe na Ville Radieuse ya Le Corbusier mumyenda yo mumujyi.

Umushinga we waje nyuma, Conjunto Urbano Tlatelolco Nonoalco yubatswe mu 1960–65, wari ugamije guteza imbere kamwe mu turere dukennye cyane two mu mujyi, Santiago Tlatelolco, wari uhindutse akajagari. Kubwamahirwe, nyuma yigihe gito, aho guha amazu yabatuye abahoze muri Tlatelolco, ruswa yarabaye kandi amazu menshi yahawe abakozi ba leta.

Mu gihe umutingito wo mu 1985, ibigo bya Benito Juárez na Nonoalco-Tlaltelolco byangiritse cyane, inyubako zimwe zirasenyuka. Uyu munsi benshi mu bamenyereye Benito Juárez barasenyutse.

Mexico ifite uburambe mu mishinga yimiturire kuva ku butegetsi bwa Porfirio Díaz (1877–1880, 1884–1911). Kimwe muri ibyo biracyasigaye kandi niBarrio wa Loreto muri San Ángel, Álvaro Obregón mu mujyi wa Mexico, wari umushinga w'abakozi bo mu ruganda rukora impapuro.

Porto Rico

Ingingo nkuru: Amazu rusange muri Porto Rico

Abaturanyi bo muri Porto Rico bakunze kugabanywamo amoko atatu: barrio, urbanización (urbanisation) na público yo guturamo (amazu rusange). Urbanización ni ubwoko bwamazu aho ubutaka butezwa imbere mubufindo, akenshi nuwitezimbere wigenga, kandi hubatswe amazu yumuryango umwe. Vuba aha, hubatswe ibice bitari umuryango umwe, nka condominium n'inzu zo mu mujyi nabyo biri muri iki cyiciro. . Ku rundi ruhande, amazu ni amazu y’amazu yubatswe ku nkunga ya leta, cyane cyane binyuze muri gahunda za Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire n’iterambere ry’imijyi muri Amerika (HUD) na Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi muri Amerika (USDA). Ibi byari bisanzwe bigizwe nimiryango myinshi mumazu yimiturire yitwa Barriada cyangwa Caserío (kandi vuba aha ni Residencial Publico), kandi aho ibibuga byose byo hanze bigizwe nibice bisangiwe.

Kwiyongera ariko, iterambere ryamazu rusange ririmo kubakwa rigizwe nizindi nzu zisanzwe zamazu yimiryango myinshi hamwe nibibuga byose byo hanze bigizwe nibice bisangiwe hanze, urugero, amazu rusange ashobora kuba agizwe nibice byuburaro bwimiryango imwe. Hanyuma, inzu itari muri urbanizacion cyangwa iyiterambere ryimiturire rusange bivugwa ko iri muri (kandi kugirango ibe igice) barrio. Muri Porto Rico, barrio nayo ifite ubusobanuro bwa kabiri kandi butandukanye cyane busobanura ibisobanuro byemewe: agace ka geografiya komini igabanijwemo intego zubutegetsi. Ni muri urwo rwego, urbanizaciones kimwe n’iterambere ry’imiturire rusange (kimwe na barriyo imwe cyangwa nyinshi mu buryo buzwi) zishobora kuba ziri muri kamwe muri utwo turere 901.

Leta zunz'ubumwe

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu yatanzwe muri Amerika

Inzu y'amagorofa 20 John F. Hylan mu gice cya Bushwick cya Brooklyn, Umujyi wa New York.

Imishinga ya Gardens ya Ramona i Los Angeles, muri Californiya.

Mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda na mbere ya makumyabiri, uruhare rwa leta mu miturire y'abakene ahanini rwashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho. Atlanta, Inzu ya Techwood Homes yo muri Jeworujiya, yeguriwe mu 1935, niwo mushinga wa mbere w’imiturire rusange mu gihugu. Imiryango myinshi yimiturire yatejwe imbere guhera mu 1930 kandi amazu ya mbere yabaturage yari asanzwe avanwa mucyaro, icyifuzo cyashimangiwe n’abubatsi bigenga ko kuri buri gice cyamazu rusange yubatswe, igice cyamazu yigenga kizasenywa.

Ibi kandi byagabanije impungenge z’ikigo mu gukuraho cyangwa guhindura uturere bakunze gufatwa nk’indwara, kandi bikagaragaza ingamba z’isuku zigenda zitera imbere. Byongeye kandi, amazu rusange, hamwe na Porogaramu nkuru y’imihanda, yashenye amazu ashaje, atujuje ubuziranenge y’abaturage bafite ibara muri Amerika.

Ariko, kuza kw'imiryango y'ihema by'agateganyo mugihe cy'ihungabana rikomeye byateje impungenge Ubuyobozi. Porogaramu rusange y’imiturire rusange yashyizweho n’itegeko ryo mu 1937, aho ibikorwa "byakomezaga cyane cyane ku bukode bw’abakode." kuruta uko byari bimeze mu myaka ya za 70. Abanyamerika benshi bahuza iminara minini, igorofa n’amazu rusange, ariko imishinga yo hambere yari hasi cyane, nubwo Le Corbusier superblock zafashwe mbere yintambara ya kabiri yisi yose.

Igikorwa kidasanzwe cyo gutura muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika ni uguteza imbere amazu yo mu rwego rwo hejuru yatewe inkunga mu gihe cy’amasezerano mashya (1940–42) ayobowe n’ishami rishinzwe imiturire ya mutuelle nyir'ikigo gishinzwe imirimo iyobowe na Coloneli Lawrence Westbrook. Iyi mishinga umunani yaguzwe n’abaturage nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose kandi guhera mu 2009 imishinga irindwi ikomeje gukora nk'amasosiyete y’imiturire hagati y’abaturage bayo. Iyi mishinga iri mumateka make cyane yo gutsinda mumateka yimiturire rusange yabanyamerika.

Amazu rusange yubatswe gusa n'umugisha w'ubuyobozi bw'inzego z'ibanze, kandi imishinga hafi ya yose ntiyigeze yubakwa ku kibaya kibisi, ahubwo binyuze mu kuvugurura uturere dushaje. Isenywa ryamazu no kwirukana abaturage babo bafite amikoro make byahoraga bitera ibibazo mubaturanyi hafi yisoko ryimitungo "yoroshye". Amazu, amazu cyangwa ibindi bice byo guturamo mubisanzwe biterwa inkunga kubukode-bwinjiza-amafaranga (RGI). Bamwe mubaturage ubu bakiriye amafaranga avanze, hamwe nabafashijwe hamwe nubukode bwisoko, mugihe bagenera amazu uko aboneka.

Impinduka zikomeye muri gahunda zabaye mu 1969, hamwe n’igice cya Brooke Ivugurura. Ubukode ubu bwashyizwe kuri 25% yubukode is yinjiza bivuye ko gahunda yatangiye gukorera "abapangayi bakennye cyane."

Ishami rya Leta ry’imyubakire n’iterambere ry’imijyi (HUD) muri gahunda ya HOPE VI yo mu 1993 ryakemuye impungenge z’imitungo ibabaje ndetse n’ibihungabanya umutekano hamwe n’imishinga yo kuvugurura no gutera inkunga imishinga yo kuvugurura amazu rusange kugira ngo igabanye ubukana bwayo kandi yemererwe abapangayi bafite imishahara ivanze. [27] 28] Imishinga ikomeje kuba ikirangirire mu ihohoterwa, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, n’uburaya, cyane cyane muri New Orleans, Washington, D.C. Chicago na Detroit, bigatuma hajyaho itegeko ryo muri 1996 ryitwa "imyigaragambyo imwe uri hanze", ryemerera kwirukana abapangayi. bahamwe n'ibyaha, cyane cyane bifitanye isano n'ibiyobyabwenge, cyangwa gusa bitewe no kuburanishwa ku byaha bimwe na bimwe.

Ibindi bigerageza gukemura ibyo bibazo harimo 1974 [30] Igice cya 8 Gahunda yimiturire, ishishikariza abikorera kubaka amazu ahendutse, hamwe n’imiturire rusange. Iyi mfashanyo irashobora "gushingira kumushinga", gutanga inkunga, cyangwa "gushingira kubakodesha", itanga abapangayi inyemezabuguzi, byemewe na banyiri amazu.

Aziya

Ubushinwa

"Inzu ishaje rusange" muri Pengpu Xincun, Shanghai.

Inzu ikodeshwa mu Ntara ya Ningnan, Sichuan.

Sisitemu y’imiturire rusange yashyizweho igihe Ishyaka rya gikomunisiti ry’Abashinwa ryatangiraga ubukungu bwateganijwe mu myaka ya za 1950 mu rwego rwo Kuzamuka kwinshi. Sisitemu yatewe inkunga n'ingengo y'imari ya guverinoma yo hagati kandi yayoborwaga kandi igabanywa n'ibigo bya Leta. Abari mu mazu rusange ubusanzwe bari abakozi b'ibigo n'umuryango wabo, bagombaga kwishyura ubukode ku giciro gito cyane. Ingano n'ubwoko bw'icyumba ingo zakiriye zaterwaga n'izina ry'akazi cyangwa urwego rw'ubuyobozi. Guverinoma yo hagati yasanze bigoye kubungabunga amazu rusange kubera ubukode buke yakiriye; politiki yo gukwirakwiza yari igamije kuba "uburinganire" mu by'ukuri yarangiritse.

Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa yacuruzaga isoko ry’amazu nyuma y’ivugurura ry’ubukungu ryatangiye mu 1978 na Deng Xiaoping. Amazu rusange yubatswe mbere y’ivugurura ry’ubukungu yashyizwe mu rwego rwa "Inzu rusange za kera" (Igishinwa: 老公 房). "Inzu za Leta zishaje", ntabwo, zagombaga kugurishwa ku giti cyazo, ariko urugo rwashoboraga kugurisha nyuma yo kugura nyir'inyubako (ntabwo ari umutungo), kandi ibyo bikorwa byagombaga gusuzumwa n’ubuyobozi bw’imiturire n’aho Komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura no gucunga umutungo wa Leta. Icyakora, uburyo bwo gutanga dosiye mu buryo butemewe na politiki idasobanutse byaviriyemo ibibazo bya ruswa n'amakimbirane yo mu miryango. [33]

Igitekerezo cyamazu yubukode buhendutse gishobora gukomoka kumatangazo ya politiki yo mu 1998, [ibisobanuro bikenewe] ariko ntibyatangiye rwose kugeza 2006 kubera inkunga nke nibibazo byubuyobozi. Gutanga amazu ahendutse ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize gahunda y’imyaka cumi na gatanu y’Ubushinwa, igamije kubaka amazu miliyoni 36 mu mwaka wa 2015. Amafaranga y’iyi gahunda azagabanywa hagati y’abikorera ndetse na Leta kandi biteganijwe ko agera kuri tiriyari eshanu n'ishoramari mpuzamahanga ry'Ubushinwa.

Hong Kong

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Hong Kong

Clague Garden Estate, umutungo rusange wamazu muri Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong

Muri Hong Kong, amazu rusange ni imwe muri politiki nkuru y’imiturire ya guverinoma. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyabaturage ba Hong Kong miliyoni 7.5 baba mu mazu rusange. Ibintu bibiri nyamukuru bitanga amazu rusange ni ikigo gishinzwe imiturire hamwe na societe yimiturire.

Ubwoko bw'amazu rusange akunze kugaragara muri Hong Kong ni amazu akodeshwa rusange (PRH) hamwe n'amagorofa yo kugurisha agurishwa yatanzwe muri gahunda yo gutunga amazu (HOS). Mu mwaka wa 2016, ingo zigera kuri 31 ku ijana z'ingo za Hong Kong zabanaga mu magorofa ya PRH mu gihe 15 ku ijana babaga mu mazu agurishwa ku nkunga (y'ubwoko bwose).

Inkomoko y’amazu manini manini muri Hong Kong ashobora guturuka kuri gahunda yo kwimura abantu yatangijwe na guverinoma ya Hong Kong mu myaka ya za 1950 mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ubwiyongere bw’imiturire y’imiturire, bwagaragaye bitewe n’impunzi nyinshi z’impunzi zikurikira Impinduramatwara y'Abakomunisiti mu Bushinwa. Imidugudu y’abatutsi yafatwaga nk’umutekano muke kubera ko ishobora kwibasirwa n’umuriro uteye ubwoba, harimo n’umuriro wo mu 1953 wabereye i Shek Kip Mei watumye abantu barenga 50.000 batagira aho baba. [38]

Imitungo minini yo gutuza yubatswe mu myaka ya za 1950 na 1960. Mu 1973, guverinoma ya Sir Murray MacLehose yatangije gahunda y’imyaka icumi y’imiturire, yari igamije guha abaturage bose "amazu meza" mu myaka icumi ishize. Guverinoma kandi yatangije gahunda yo gutunga amazu (HOS) mu 1976 kugira ngo ingo zinjiza amafaranga make zigure amazu.

Amazu menshi yimiturire rusange yubatswe muri gahunda nshya ziterambere ryumujyi. Mu myaka ya za 1980, igice kinini cyimiturire ya mbere (kuva 1950 na mbere ya 1960) nacyo cyongeye kubakwa muburyo bugezweho. Amazu rusange akomeje guhangayikishwa na guverinoma ya Hong Kong, inzira yo kubaka ibice bigera kuri 330.000 hagati ya 2022 na 2032. [40]

Indoneziya

Indoneziya yafashe gahunda ya Million Amazu kubantu batishoboye. Iyi gahunda yashyizwe mu bikorwa kuva mu 2015 kugira ngo igere ku ntego ikomeye yo kubaka amazu miliyoni 10. Umubare w'amazu ni 70 ku ijana ku bantu bafite amikoro make na 30 ku ijana ku bantu badafite amikoro make. Iyi gahunda ni umuryango uhuriweho na guverinoma yo hagati, guverinoma zo mu karere, abashinzwe imitungo itimukanwa n’abaturage. Porogaramu igamije kugera kuri miliyoni imwe yimiturire buri mwaka. [41] Mu mwaka wa 2015, hubatswe amazu agera ku 700.000, yiyongera agera ku 800.000 muri 2016 ndetse na 904.000 mu mpera za 2017. [43]

Ubuyapani

Ingingo nyamukuru: Danchi

Danchi.

Ikigo cy’Ubuyapani gishinzwe imiturire (JHC), ubu kizwi ku izina rya Urban Renaissance Agency (UR), cyashinzwe mu 1955. Mu myaka ya za 1950, 1960, na 1970, JHC yubatse danchi nyinshi mu duce two mu nkengero kugira ngo ibyifuzo by’amazu byiyongera muri uyu mwanya. -Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yazamutse mu bukungu. Yinjije umushahara w’Abayapani ubuzima bukikije umuryango wa kirimbuzi bitandukanye n’amazu menshi mbere yintambara.

Ubwishyu bwubukode bwa danchi buhendutse cyane kuruta ubw'inzu cyangwa inguzanyo, ariko kuri danchi rusange abashaka gukodesha bagomba kwitabira ubufindo kugirango bahabwe inzu ifunguye. Abatuye muri UR danchi ntibagomba kwishyura amafaranga y'ingenzi cyangwa amafaranga yo kuvugurura amasezerano, bigatuma amazu aba ahendutse kuruta amazu agereranywa nubwo ubukode buri kwezi bungana. [47]

Singapore

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Singapore

Muri Singapuru, gahunda yimiturire rusange, cyane cyane igenamigambi niterambere ryamazu mashya rusange no kugabana amazu akodeshwa no kugurisha amazu asanzwe afite, bicungwa ninama ishinzwe imiturire niterambere. Imicungire ya buri munsi y’imiturire rusange yahawe Inama Njyanama y’Umujyi iyobowe n’abadepite baho.

Muri 2018, 78.7% by'Abanya Singapuru baba mu iterambere rusange ry’imiturire rusange, guhera ku bice bya sitidiyo kugeza ku mazu nyobozi yatanzwe na HDB, ikintu gikomeye muri Singapuru gifite kimwe mu bipimo by’imitungo myinshi - hejuru ya 90% by'abatuye - muri isi. [48]

Vietnam

Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960 kugeza 1980, Vietnam yubatse Khu tập thể (KTT), amazu y’imyubakire y’abasosiyalisiti ku nkengero z’imijyi y’abakozi ba Leta, abakozi b’amasosiyete ya Leta, n’abasirikare. Ivugurura ry’isoko mu mpera za 1980 ryatumye KTT yegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo igice, cyagurishijwe ku baturage binjiza amafaranga make kandi yo hagati. Kuva icyo gihe KTT yarangiritse, kubera kubura amafaranga ya komini yo gusana no kuyitaho, kandi niyo yibasiwe no gusenya, kwimurwa, no kuvugurura abaturage binjiza amafaranga menshi. [49]

Mu myaka ya za 2010, Vietnam yazamutseho ibiciro by’imitungo, aho amazu ahendutse yagabanutseho 7% by’imiturire yose kuva 2014 kugeza 2016, naho ibiciro by’amazu byazamutseho 90% hagati ya 2017 na 2020. [50] [51] Abashinzwe iterambere ntibashishikajwe n’imishinga y’imiturire kubera ko idatanga inyungu, kabone n’ubwo abakozi basabwa kwiyongera, Minisiteri y’ubwubatsi rero isaba inkunga yo kubaka amazu 294.600 y’imiturire mu gihe cya 2021 - 2025.

Uburayi

Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi

Nk’uko bigaragara mu mpapuro zaganiriweho na Komisiyo y’Uburayi mu mwaka wa 2018, mu 2015, 11.3% by’abatuye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi babaga mu ngo zikoresha 40% cyangwa zirenga z’amafaranga yinjiza mu nzu. Muri Mutarama 2019, uwahoze ari Perezida wa Komisiyo y’Uburayi, Romano Prodi, yatangaje ko "ishoramari rusange mu bikorwa remezo by’imibereho mu gihe cy’Uburayi ryageze ku myaka 20 ishize. Ikinyuranyo cy’ishoramari mu bikorwa by’imirenge kivugwa ko kigera kuri miliyari 100 kugeza kuri 150 z'amayero, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko byibuze byibuze miliyari 1.5 z'amayero hagati ya 2018 na 2030. "[54]

Imishinga yimiturire i Burayi irashobora kuboneka mumijyi, ndetse no mumujyi.

Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wagendaga utera inkunga amazu ahendutse, akoresha ingufu kandi agerwaho n’imisanzu y’amafaranga ya CEB ndetse na EIB binyuze mu kigega cy’ibihugu by’i Burayi gishinzwe ishoramari. Inkunga ya leta yari iteganijwe kwerekezwa cyane cyane ku miturire ihendutse naho icya kabiri mu burezi no kwiga ubuzima bwabo bwose, ubuzima ndetse n’ubuvuzi bwigihe kirekire.

Otirishiya

Ingingo nyamukuru: Gemeindebau

Karl Marx-Hof, amazu rusange ya kera muri Vienne.

Amazu rusange yari ikibazo gikomeye kuva ishingwa rya Repubulika y’Ubudage na Otirishiya mu 1918. Abaturage bahuye n’ikibazo kidashidikanywaho cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’ibiribwa na lisansi. Ibi byatumye umubare munini wabantu batishoboye bimukira hafi yimijyi, akenshi bubaka amazu yigihe gito kugirango wegere aho bashobora gukura ibiryo. Biswe Siedler ('abimukira'). Igihe ibintu bya politiki byahagararaga hashyizweho Repubulika ya mbere ya Otirishiya muri Nzeri 1919, umutwe wa Siedler watangiye gushinga amashyirahamwe asanzwe nk’ishyirahamwe rya Otirishiya rishinzwe gutuza n’ubusitani buto. Intsinzi y'amatora y'Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije muri Otirishiya mu matora ya Viennese Gemeinderat (inteko ishinga amategeko y'umujyi) yatumye Vienne itukura. Bimwe muri gahunda yabo kwari ugutanga amazu meza kubakozi bakora muri Viennese bagize ishingiro ryababashyigikiye. Niyo mpamvu ijambo ry'ikidage Gemeindebau (mu bwinshi: Gemeindebauten) ryerekeye "inyubako ya komini". Muri Otirishiya, bivuga inyubako zo guturamo zubatswe na komine, ubusanzwe kugirango zitange amazu rusange. Ibi byagize uruhare runini mubwubatsi n'umuco wa Vienne kuva 1920.

Ububiligi

Amazu mbonezamubano ni inshingano z'uturere two mu Bubiligi. Uturere ntitufite amazu ataziguye, ibigo byigenga byimibereho byigenga bikora. Guverinoma igenga kandi ahanini itera inkunga aya mashyirahamwe. Munsi yumubare runaka winjiza, abantu bemerewe gutura mumibereho. Kubera ko mu Bubiligi hari ikibazo kinini cy’amazu y’imibereho, hashyirwaho ibindi bintu byihutirwa, nko kubyara abana. Amazu yimibereho agera kuri 6.5% yisoko ryamazu yububiligi. Ibi biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibihugu duturanye nku Buholandi n'Ubufaransa. Kugeza muri 2018 Flanders, Wallonia na Bruxelles bashinzwe amazu 280.687, abantu 212.794 bari kurutonde rwabategereje. Kubantu bari kurutonde rwabategereje hari ibindi bishoboka nkinkunga hamwe n’ibigo bikodesha imibereho muri Flanders.

Danemark

Muri Danimarike, amazu rusange yitwa alment boligbyggeri kandi afite kandi acungwa n’imiryango igera kuri 700 yiyobora, demokarasi n’imiryango idaharanira inyungu hamwe n’abayikodesha ubwabo. Amenshi mu mashyirahamwe y’imiturire rusange muri Danimarike yashinze imizi mu mateka ya mbere y’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi kandi kuri ubu agizwe na 20% by’imiturire yose hamwe n’amashami agera ku 7.500 mu gihugu hose. Ubusanzwe umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ryimiturire asabwa kubona ubukode kandi bahabwa ibijyanye nuburebure bwabanyamuryango. [58] [59]

Nubwo inyubako zifite kandi zigacungwa n’imiryango yigenga kandi yigenga mu bukungu, Leta ya Danemark iragenzura cyane amazu rusange muri iki gihugu. Dukurikije amategeko, amakomine arashobora kubona 25% yubukode, ubusanzwe akayabika kubakene, abashomeri, abamugaye cyangwa abarwayi bo mumutwe cyangwa irindi tsinda rishingiye ku mibereho itangwa na komini. Mu myaka yashize, aya mabwiriza yashyizeho 'ahantu hatuwe cyane' mu gihugu. Amazu rusange ya Danemark ntabwo yigeze abuza kwinjiza amafaranga, ariko mu myaka yashize amategeko mashya ya leta yashyizeho itegeko kuri benshi muribo gutonesha abakodesha akazi rwose no kwanga abashomeri cyangwa abakozi bakora igihe gito. Iyi ni imbaraga nshya leta yashyizeho kugira ngo irwanye ghettoisation, ubu ikaba ari ikibazo cyemewe ku mugaragaro mu gihugu hose. [58]

Kimwe no muri Suwede, politiki ya leta n’amakomine yakozwe mu myaka icumi yambere yikinyejana cya 21, yatumye abikorera ku giti cyabo biyongera. Mu turere twinshi, abaturage basabwe kwigurira amazu yabo bwite, bityo bagahindura neza uko umutungo uhagaze. Kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo imiturire rusange byatangijwe muri gahunda y’ibitekerezo na guverinoma y’iburyo yo mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 21 kandi byatangijwe nyuma yimyaka mike nyuma y’ifungwa ryahoze ari Minisiteri y’imiturire mu 2001. [60] Minisiteri yahoze ari minisiteri yongeye gufungurwa nka Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire, imijyi n’icyaro mu Kwakira 2011, igihe hashyirwaho guverinoma nshya y’ubumwe iyobowe n’imibereho-demokarasi. [61]

Finlande

[agashusho] 

Iki gice gikeneye kwaguka. Urashobora gufasha mukongeraho. (Kanama 2019)

Inyubako yimyubakire rusange kumuhanda wa Sandelsinkatu muri Siilinjärvi, Finlande

Umushinga wambere wamazu rusange muri Finlande yari i Helsinki. Mu 1909, amazu ane yimbaho yakozwe nububatsi A. Nyberg yubatswe kuri Kirstinkuja (ahahoze ari Kristiinankatu) kubakozi bo mumujyi. Abahatuye bari imiryango ikora cyane ifite abana benshi. Amazu yari afite impuzandengo yabantu batanu kuri buri cyumba, rimwe na rimwe bagera ku munani. Amazu mato yari afite amazi atemba, ipantaro hamwe n'akabati. Igorofa yose yari ifite umusarani wacyo muri selire. Amatara y'amashanyarazi yashyizweho mu 1918.

Amazu nubuzima bwimiryango yabakozi i Helsinki kuva 1909 kugeza 1985 byerekanwe mungoro ndangamurage hafi ya parike yimyidagaduro ya Linnanmäki.

Mu mwaka wa 2008, Helsinki yatangije politiki y’imyubakire ya mbere, agamije guca burundu abadafite aho baba ashyira imbere amazu atagabanijwe. Hatewe inkunga n’amakomine, leta, n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, hamwe n’ubuzima n’ubuvuzi, gahunda yagabanije abadafite aho baba 35% hagati 2008 na 2019. [63]

Ubufaransa

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange mubufaransa na HLM

Amazu rusange ya rue Jean Fautrier muri arrondissement ya 13 ya Paris.

Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abaturage bariyongereye ku kigero cyari kitazwi, kwimuka mu cyaro byariyongereye, mu gihe ibyangijwe n'intambara byagabanije amazu mu mijyi myinshi. Ibiciro by'ubukode byazamutse ku buryo bugaragara, kandi guverinoma yashyizeho itegeko mu 1948 kugira ngo ribabuze, rirangiza neza inyungu z’ubukungu ziva mu ishoramari ry’amazu. Ubukode bwagiye buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe impaka zabaye mu myaka ya za 1980 zatumye itegeko ry’ubukode ririho ryo mu 1989 rishyira mu gaciro mu buryo bwa tewolojiya nyir'inzu n'imibanire y'abapangayi. Icyakora, habaye ikibazo gikomeye cyo kutagira aho baba mu itumba ryo mu 1953–4 kandi amategeko akenewe yagiye akangurwa buhoro buhoro atanga umusaruro mwinshi wo kubaka hafi ya za 1960. Ba nyir'amazu bari isoko y'ubuhanga kimwe n'abashinzwe kubaka bafite aho bahurira n'inzego z'igihugu ndetse n'iz'ibanze. Inganda zubaka icyo gihe ntizihagije kuburyo hakenewe inkunga ya politiki.

Ntabwo ari bibi kuvuga amazu yimibereho yubufaransa nkamazu rusange. Inkomoko y’imiturire y’imibereho y’Abafaransa iri mu bikorera, hamwe n’imfashanyo ya mbere ya Leta yahawe amasosiyete adaharanira inyungu na loi Siegfried mu 1793. Igitekerezo cya mbere cy’abasosiyalisiti cyatejwe imbere na bamwe mu bakoresha b’Abafaransa mu gice cya 2 cy’ikinyejana cya 19. Amasosiyete y’imiturire rusange yakurikiranye mbere y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose. Haracyariho amazu atandukanye yimibereho yimibereho, rusange, abikorera hamwe na koperative. Imiryango ifite amazu yimibereho yose ifite amabwiriza asa kandi kubona inguzanyo za leta ariko hari itandukaniro rikomeye.

Guverinoma yatangije gahunda nyinshi z’ubwubatsi, harimo gushinga imijyi mishya (villes nouvelles) n’umugi mushya hamwe na HLM (Habitation à Loyer Modéré, "amazu akodeshwa make"). Leta yari ifite amafaranga nuburyo bwemewe bwo kubona ubwo butaka kandi bushobora gutanga inyungu zimwe mubigo byubatse amazu manini manini yamagorofa. Ubwiza nabwo bwagenzuwe neza, bivamo amazu meza cyangwa meza yo hejuru kurwego rwo muri 1950 na 1960. Kubaka HLMs byaganiriweho cyane na politiki. Ibintu byinshi bito byateye imbere ubu nibisanzwe. Iyi nzu ubu ikunze kwitwa l'habitat social, urwego rwagutse gato kuruta amazu.

Ubufaransa buracyafite ubu buryo, itegeko riherutse gutuma buri mujyi ufite nibura 20% HLM. Muri iki gihe HLM ihagarariye hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'isoko ry'ubukode (46% muri 2006). Amazu mbonezamubano ntabwo arimuntu utishoboye ari umwe mubitsinda. Igice cyinkunga irashobora gutangwa nitsinda ryabakoresha-abakozi kugirango batange amazu kubakozi baho. Intego ya 20% irashobora gushiramo amazu yo hagati kugirango amatsinda arusheho kuba meza, nubwo intego yayo ari ugutanga imibereho. Kwishyira ukizana hamwe n’ifatizo ry’imiturire y’imibereho ni ibibazo by’amacakubiri ndetse n’uburyo igenzura ry’imiturire ryaho. Iyi miturire yamye ari ibikorwa byabakinnyi benshi kandi ivugurura ryinzego zibanze ziherutse guhindura imiterere ya politiki.

Mugihe bashoboye guha imiryango iciriritse aho kuba muri gahunda yo gutanga amazu akunzwe, iyi sisitemu yanatumye hashyirwaho ghetto zo mumujyi, hamwe nikibazo cyo gusenyuka. Habayeho ikibazo kirekire cyo gukena buhoro buhoro abapangayi babana [69] Hano, ibyiciro byambuwe abaturage, ahanini bikomoka ku bimukira kandi bafite ibibazo byinshi bidafite akazi, birashoboka ko mu bihe byashize byari gusigara biva mu bakire; imijyi yo mu mijyi, rimwe na rimwe ikaba irimo ibibazo byinshi mu mibereho n’urugomo. Ibi bigira ingaruka kumyubakire yimibereho ariko ifite imiterere ihanitse kandi iracyatera impagarara zikomeye.

Gukemura iki kibazo mu mizi yacyo byose ariko biroroshye, kandi politiki yo kuvanga imibereho irashobora gusenya abaturage bigaragara ko bigoye mugutezimbere. Ibi ntabwo byizeye ibisubizo. Hasabwe kandi gukemura ikibazo cyo kugera kuri sisitemu n’abantu batishoboye hakoreshejwe uburyo bushya aho amatsinda amwe ashobora gusaba urukiko gucumbikirwa aramutse yanze, "uburenganzira ku miturire". Ibi bikunda gukaza umurego impaka zerekeye itangwa ry’imiturire, ugomba gucumbikirwa. Imigenzo y’Abafaransa yo kugabura amazu y’imibereho rusange - amazu ya buri wese arashidikanywaho n’amategeko agenga amarushanwa y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi abuza inkunga usibye abatishoboye. Ibyo ari byo byose, sisitemu ifite akamaro kanini mu gutanga ubwubatsi, nubwo itari hamwe n’ibirenga bigaragara mu ihohoterwa ry’inguzanyo iherutse ahandi.

Ubudage

Ingingo nyamukuru: Plattenbau

Hagati ya 1925 na 1930 Ubudage niho haberaga imishinga mishya y’imiturire rusange ya komini, cyane cyane i Berlin, Hamburg, Cologne na Frankfurt. Iyi mitungo yimiturire (Siedlungen), yakozwe nkimibereho iteye ubwoba yimiterere yimijyi yabanjirije intambara. Uburenganzira bwo gutura neza bwanditswe mu Itegeko Nshinga rya 1919 Weimar, ariko amazu make yubatswe kugeza ubukungu bwifashe neza mu 1925. [citation needed]

Imiturire mishya yubudage yari ifite igorofa rito, ntirenze inkuru eshanu, no mumujyi. Abaturage bahawe amahirwe yo kubona urumuri, umwuka, n'izuba. Ingano, imiterere, icyerekezo hamwe nuburyo bwububiko bwamazu rusange yubudage yamenyeshejwe nubunararibonye bwa Viennese, Abadage, Urugaga rw’umujyi wa Garden City City mu Bwongereza, uburyo bushya bwo gukora inganda n’inganda ndetse n’ubuhanga bwo kubaka mbere yo guhimba, Gukoresha udushya ibyuma n'ikirahure, hamwe na politiki igenda itera imbere-yubuntu ya Demokarasi ishingiye ku mibereho.

Mu 1930 mu mujyi w’inganda wa Dessau, Laubenganghäuser ('Amazu afite Balcony Access') yateguwe n’umuyobozi wa Bauhaus Hannes Meyer muri koperative y’amazu yashakaga amazu ashobora kureka mu gihe kitarenze kimwe cya kane cy’amafaranga yinjira. Gukora ku ngengo yimari idahwitse byashishikarije amafaranga no guhanga udushya, nko gukoresha inzira ya balkoni kugirango igere ku magorofa aho kugira koridoro y'imbere no gukoresha neza umwanya w'imbere mu nyubako 47 m2 (510 sq ft). [71] [72] ]

Bruno Taut, Inzu ya Cabin ya nyirarume Tom, Wilskistrasse, Berlin.

Abubatsi Martin Wagner, Bruno Taut n'abandi bubatse amazu y’imyubakire ya Berlin Modernism, ubu akaba ari Umurage w’isi, ugizwe n’amazu ibihumbi yubatswe muri Berlin no hafi yayo, harimo n’umutungo wa Horseshoe (witiriwe imiterere), n’umutungo wa Cabin wa nyirarume Tom (witwa nyuma ya resitora yaho). [73] I Frankfurt, umwubatsi Ernst May ayoboye umushinga w’amazu rusange ya Frankfurt, aho hubatswe amazu arenga 12.000 1925–1930. Gicurasi yayoboye ikigo cye kinini cy’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo akore iperereza, urugero, uburyo bwo gutembera mu kirere mu buryo butandukanye, mu buhanga bwo kubaka, n'ibindi. Ernst Gicurasi. [74]

Berlin-Marzahn, Ubudage bunini bwa Neubaugebiet ("Agace gashya k'iterambere"), 1987.

Usibye ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki Gicurasi yanasohoye ibinyamakuru bibiri maze itangira umushinga ukomeye w’umubano rusange, hamwe na firime, amasomo ndetse n’imurikagurisha rusange, kugirango Neues Bauen yemerwe na rubanda. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1920, amahame yo kugera kuri Licht angana, Luft und Sonne ('umucyo, ikirere n'izuba') n'ingaruka z'imibereho ya Existenzminimum yemewe na leta ("urwego rwo hasi rwo kubaho") yabaye ikibazo cy'impaka zamamaye hirya no hino. Ubudage. Imwe mu ngaruka zitaziguye zamenyekanye ni ukumenyekanisha imiturire y'Abanyamerika: umusore Catherine Bauer yitabiriye imwe mu nama yo muri Gicurasi mu 1930, yandika igitabo cye gikomeye cyitwa Modern Housing (1934) ashingiye ku bushakashatsi bwakorewe i Frankfurt hamwe n’umwubatsi w’Ubuholandi JJP Oud. [75]

Umuvuduko ukabije w’Abanazi bariyongereye watumye iki gihe kirangira mu 1933. Benshi mu mpuguke mu bijyanye n’imiturire rusange mu Budage bari bafite impuhwe za demokarasi cyangwa abakomunisiti kandi birukanwa mu gihugu.

Mu Budage bw'Iburasirazuba, ubuyobozi bw'abakomunisiti bubatse amazu ya monolithic Plattenbau n'inzu. Amazu mashya menshi yo guturamo guhera mu myaka ya za 1960 yubatswe muri ubu buryo, kubera ko bwari uburyo bwihuse kandi buhendutse bwo gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazu mu gihugu, cyari cyatewe n’ibitero by’ibisasu mu gihe cy’intambara ndetse n’impunzi nyinshi z’Abadage baturutse mu burasirazuba. [citation ikenewe]

Hongiriya

Ingingo nyamukuru: Panelház

Panelház i Budapest-Kispest.

Panelház (ifishi ngufi: panel) nizina ryubwoko bwamazu yamagorofa (inyubako yibibaho) muri Hongiriya. Nubwoko bwimiturire nyamukuru yubatswe mugihe cyabasosiyaliste. Kuva 1959 kugeza 1990 muri Hongiriya hubatswe amagorofa 788.000. Abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 2, hafi kimwe cya gatanu cyabatuye igihugu cyose, batuye muri ayo magorofa. Guverinoma ya Hongiriya hamwe n’amakomine y’ibanze batangiye gahunda yo kuvugurura mu myaka ya za 2000. Muri porogaramu bashizemo izo nyubako, basimbuza inzugi n'amadirishya bishaje ibirahuri byinshi bya termo, bavugurura uburyo bwo gushyushya kandi basiga amabara inyubako mu buryo bushimishije.

Irilande

Muri Irilande, amazu rusange hamwe n’ahantu hahagarara (ibibanza bikoreshwa n’abaturage ba nyakwigendera b'abagenzi) byubatswe n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze kandi bizwi nk'icumbi ry’ibanze. Isosiyete ya Dublin hamwe n’icyahoze ari Njyanama y’Intara ya Dublin yatanze umugabane w’intare ku miturire y’inzego z’ibanze za Irilande, hamwe na County Longford ifite umubare munini w’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze n’amazu yigenga muri leta.

Amazu manini y’imibereho yubatswe mu myaka ya za 1930 na 1960, aho byombi byakurikijwe nyuma yo gutuzwa. Abakenguzamateka bavuga ko Ikigo c'igihugu gishinzwe imyubakire cyibanze cyane ku itangwa ry'amazu, kandi kikananirwa gutanga ibicuruzwa n'ibindi bikorwa.

Guverinoma yateje imbere kugura abapangayi ku buryo bunoze, kandi ahantu henshi hahoze ari amazu y’imibereho ubu ni ay'abikorera ku giti cyabo cyangwa hafi ya yose. Amashyirahamwe yimiturire, cyangwa imiryango yigenga, idaharanira inyungu, ubu ifite uruhare runini mugukodesha amazu yimibereho. 

Kubera ko leta ya Irlande ifite ubushobozi bwo kuguza igabanuka politiki ya leta ishyigikira uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo amashyirahamwe yimiturire aho kuba inkunga yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Muri iki gihe Irilande ifite ikibazo cyo kubura amazu n’imibereho n’inama njyanama, kandi ifite ikibazo cy’imiturire n’abatagira aho baba.

Ubuholandi

Mu Buholandi, ubukode bw'amazu akodeshwa ahendutse buguma hasi binyuze mu kugenzura no kugenzura leta. Ubu bwoko bwamazu buzwi nka sociale huurwoningen.

Mubikorwa ibi bigerwaho nimiryango idaharanira inyungu yimishinga yimishinga cyangwa amashyirahamwe (toegelaten instellingen). Kubera guhuza kenshi umubare wiyi miryango wagabanutse ugera kuri 430 muri 2009. Bacunga amazu miliyoni 2.4. Ibyinshi mu byumba bikodeshwa bikodeshwa mu Buholandi bifite imiryango nkiyi. Kuva politiki yahinduka mu 1995 amashyirahamwe yimiturire yigenga yigenga mu bijyanye n’amafaranga, yibanda ku ruhare rwabo nka ba rwiyemezamirimo. Mu makomine menshi yo mu Buholandi habayeho ubushobozi buke bwimiturire yimibereho mumyaka mirongo ishize. Mu mijyi myinshi nka Amsterdam, La Haye, Rotterdam na Utrecht ijanisha ryimiturire yegereyegere cyangwa irenga 50%. Igenzura rusange (imari) rikorwa n'ikigega gikuru gishinzwe imiturire (Centraal Fonds Volkshuisvesting). [80]

Politiki y’imiturire y’Ubuholandi ishingiye ku gitekerezo cyo kugera ku isi hose amazu ahendutse kuri bose no gukumira amacakubiri. Kugeza mu 2020, guverinoma y'Ubuholandi iragerageza kubaka amazu 10,000 yo kubamo abadafite aho baba, mu 2022. [81] Hariho ikigega c'ingwate yo gutunga amazu kugira ngo gishyigikire ingwate y'igihugu ishinzwe gutanga inguzanyo, itanga uburyo bwo kubona imari no kugura amazu akorerwamo na nyirayo.

Rumaniya

Ingingo nyamukuru: Sisitemu (Romania)

Guverinoma yubatse amazu i Bucharest, muri Rumaniya.

Igishushanyo cy’imijyi myinshi yo muri Rumaniya cyiganjemo amazu asanzwe yubatswe muri politiki yahoze ari guverinoma ya gikomunisiti yo kubaka umunara. Guhera mu 1974, gahunda yari igizwe ahanini no gusenya no kongera kubaka imidugudu, imigi, n'imijyi yari isanzweho, yose cyangwa igice, intego yari ifite yo guhindura Rumaniya "umuryango w’abasosiyalisiti wateye imbere mu bihugu byinshi". Mu mwaka wa 2012, amazu miliyoni 2.7 yatangiriye mu gihe cy’abakomunisiti, bangana na 37% by’amazu yose muri Rumaniya naho hafi 70% mu mijyi no mu mijyi. Nyuma y’abikorera ku giti cyabo nyuma y’abakomunisiti, igipimo cy’abafite amazu muri ubu buryo bw’amazu cyageze kuri 99.9%. Amashyirahamwe mashya ya ba nyir'urugo (HOAs) yamaganwe imbere n’ingaruka ziterwa n’imisanzu itishyurwa, kubura ubushobozi ndetse n’imikorere yashyizweho ya serivisi isanzwe ituye muri HOAs, akenshi byateje imiyoborere mibi. Ku rundi ruhande, HOAs yamaganwe hanze n’uburyo budahwitse bwo gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu, nk’uburyo bwihuse bw’urukiko bwihuse bwo kutubahiriza inshingano, ubufasha bw’amafaranga ku miryango itishoboye ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo batiteguye gufata imicungire y’agakingirizo. [84]

Espanye

Amazu rusange, yatsindiye igihembo cyibidukikije, muri El Astillero, Cantabria, Espanye.

Kuba Abesipanyoli badashaka gukodesha amazu, no kugabanya amafaranga leta yakoresheje mu myaka ya za 1980, byagabanije amazu rusange yakodeshwaga muri Esipanye. Amazu rusange yakodeshwaga yari asanzwe mugihe cya Franco (1939–75). Haje kubaho demokarasi n’Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1978, uburenganzira bwo gutura bwarahawe ingwate, kandi imicungire y’imiturire ishingiye ahanini ku turere twigenga. Ibi byavuyemo amategeko atandukanye, atuma ikibazo gishingiye cyane mukarere.

Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gahunda ya viviendas de protección oficial (VPO) yakoreshejwe henshi, igizwe ninama njyanama zemerera abubatsi n’abateza imbere kubaka mu bibanza rusange cyangwa hamwe n’inguzanyo rusange kugira ngo igice runaka cy’amazu gikomeze guterwa inkunga kandi kugenzurwa n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze. Ibi bizwi nka VPO de promoción privada ('yateje imbere abikorera ku giti cyabo'), bitandukanye na VPO de promoción pública ('yatejwe imbere ku mugaragaro'), aho umutungo wose ufite kandi ucungwa n'ubuyobozi bwa leta. Amazu yatejwe imbere kumugaragaro akorerwa hafi ya nyirayo-umwuga, ntabwo akodeshwa, kandi 11% byimiturire mumwaka wa 2010. [85]

Gahunda nshya (Plan estatal español de vivienda y rehabilitación para el período 2009–2012) yashyizwe ahagaragara na guverinoma ya Rodríguez Zapatero, igamije gutuma amazu agera kuri miliyoni aboneka mu mazu rusange, ashingiye ku iyubakwa rishya no kuvugurura amazu adakoreshwa.

Ibice byinshi by’imijyi ya Espagne byaraguwe [mu magambo akenewe] mu myaka 20 ishize hamwe n’imishinga ishingiye cyane ku mishinga y’imiturire rusange n’abaturage, yashimangiye akamaro kayo mu mashuri makuru y’imyubakire, yakemuye ikibazo hifashishijwe iterambere ry’inzobere nyinshi. amasomo na gahunda yo gushinga, nka Madrid UPM -Kubera ko leta ya Irlande ifite ubushobozi bwo kuguza igabanuka politiki ya leta ishyigikira uruhare runini mu gutera inkunga abikorera ku giti cyabo amashyirahamwe yimiturire aho kuba inkunga yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Muri iki gihe Irilande ifite ikibazo cyo kubura amazu n’imibereho n’inama njyanama, kandi ifite ikibazo cy’imiturire n’abatagira aho baba.

Ubuholandi

Mu Buholandi, ubukode bw'amazu akodeshwa ahendutse buguma hasi binyuze mu kugenzura no kugenzura leta. Ubu bwoko bwamazu buzwi nka sociale huurwoningen.

Mubikorwa ibi bigerwaho nimiryango idaharanira inyungu yimishinga yimishinga cyangwa amashyirahamwe (toegelaten instellingen). Kubera guhuza kenshi umubare wiyi miryango wagabanutse ugera kuri 430 muri 2009. Bacunga amazu miliyoni 2.4. Ibyinshi mu byumba bikodeshwa bikodeshwa mu Buholandi bifite imiryango nkiyi. Kuva politiki yahinduka mu 1995 amashyirahamwe yimiturire yigenga yigenga mu bijyanye n’amafaranga, yibanda ku ruhare rwabo nka ba rwiyemezamirimo. Mu makomine menshi yo mu Buholandi habayeho ubushobozi buke bwimiturire yimibereho mumyaka mirongo ishize. Mu mijyi myinshi nka Amsterdam, La Haye, Rotterdam na Utrecht ijanisha ryimiturire yegereyegere cyangwa irenga 50%. Igenzura rusange (imari) rikorwa n'ikigega gikuru gishinzwe imiturire (Centraal Fonds Volkshuisvesting). [80]

Politiki y’imiturire y’Ubuholandi ishingiye ku gitekerezo cyo kugera ku isi hose amazu ahendutse kuri bose no gukumira amacakubiri. Kugeza mu 2020, guverinoma y'Ubuholandi iragerageza kubaka amazu 10,000 yo kubamo abadafite aho baba, mu 2022. [81] Hariho ikigega c'ingwate yo gutunga amazu kugira ngo gishyigikire ingwate y'igihugu ishinzwe gutanga inguzanyo, itanga uburyo bwo kubona imari no kugura amazu akorerwamo na nyirayo.

Rumaniya

Ingingo nyamukuru: Sisitemu (Romania)

Guverinoma yubatse amazu i Bucharest, muri Rumaniya.

Igishushanyo cy’imijyi myinshi yo muri Rumaniya cyiganjemo amazu asanzwe yubatswe muri politiki yahoze ari guverinoma ya gikomunisiti yo kubaka umunara. Guhera mu 1974, gahunda yari igizwe ahanini no gusenya no kongera kubaka imidugudu, imigi, n'imijyi yari isanzweho, yose cyangwa igice, intego yari ifite yo guhindura Rumaniya "umuryango w’abasosiyalisiti wateye imbere mu bihugu byinshi". Mu mwaka wa 2012, amazu miliyoni 2.7 yatangiriye mu gihe cy’abakomunisiti, bangana na 37% by’amazu yose muri Rumaniya naho hafi 70% mu mijyi no mu mijyi. Nyuma y’abikorera ku giti cyabo nyuma y’abakomunisiti, igipimo cy’abafite amazu muri ubu buryo bw’amazu cyageze kuri 99.9%. Amashyirahamwe mashya ya ba nyir'urugo (HOAs) yamaganwe imbere n’ingaruka ziterwa n’imisanzu itishyurwa, kubura ubushobozi ndetse n’imikorere yashyizweho ya serivisi isanzwe ituye muri HOAs, akenshi byateje imiyoborere mibi. Ku rundi ruhande, HOAs yamaganwe hanze n’uburyo budahwitse bwo gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu, nk’uburyo bwihuse bw’urukiko bwihuse bwo kutubahiriza inshingano, ubufasha bw’amafaranga ku miryango itishoboye ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo batiteguye gufata imicungire y’agakingirizo. [84]

Espanye

Amazu rusange, yatsindiye igihembo cyibidukikije, muri El Astillero, Cantabria, Espanye.

Kuba Abesipanyoli badashaka gukodesha amazu, no kugabanya amafaranga leta yakoresheje mu myaka ya za 1980, byagabanije amazu rusange yakodeshwaga muri Esipanye. Amazu rusange yakodeshwaga yari asanzwe mugihe cya Franco (1939–75). Haje kubaho demokarasi n’Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1978, uburenganzira bwo gutura bwarahawe ingwate, kandi imicungire y’imiturire ishingiye ahanini ku turere twigenga. Ibi byavuyemo amategeko atandukanye, atuma ikibazo gishingiye cyane mukarere.

Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gahunda ya viviendas de protección oficial (VPO) yakoreshejwe henshi, igizwe ninama njyanama zemerera abubatsi n’abateza imbere kubaka mu bibanza rusange cyangwa hamwe n’inguzanyo rusange kugira ngo igice runaka cy’amazu gikomeze guterwa inkunga kandi kugenzurwa n'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze. Ibi bizwi nka VPO de promoción privada ('yateje imbere abikorera ku giti cyabo'), bitandukanye na VPO de promoción pública ('yatejwe imbere ku mugaragaro'), aho umutungo wose ufite kandi ucungwa n'ubuyobozi bwa leta. Amazu yatejwe imbere kumugaragaro akorerwa hafi ya nyirayo-umwuga, ntabwo akodeshwa, kandi 11% byimiturire mumwaka wa 2010. [85]

Gahunda nshya (Plan estatal español de vivienda y rehabilitación para el período 2009–2012) yashyizwe ahagaragara na guverinoma ya Rodríguez Zapatero, igamije gutuma amazu agera kuri miliyoni aboneka mu mazu rusange, ashingiye ku iyubakwa rishya no kuvugurura amazu adakoreshwa.

Ibice byinshi by’imijyi ya Espagne byaraguwe [mu magambo akenewe] mu myaka 20 ishize hamwe n’imishinga ishingiye cyane ku mishinga y’imiturire rusange n’abaturage, yashimangiye akamaro kayo mu mashuri makuru y’imyubakire, yakemuye ikibazo hifashishijwe iterambere ry’inzobere nyinshi. amasomo na gahunda yo gushinga, nka Madrid UPM -f bimwe mubigega byiza kuva mubukode rusange kugeza kumurimo wigenga.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2000, hashyizweho "inzandiko zishingiye ku guhitamo" (CBL) [95] kugira ngo zifashe mu buryo bw'imiturire mu buryo bwihuse uko abapangayi bimukiye. Ibi birashobora gutonesha abenegihugu kurenza abatari abashaka gukodesha. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze, kubera ikibazo cy’amazu y’inama njyanama, imitungo itatu kuri ine irashobora kugenwa mu manza z’ibanze (abatuye ahantu habi huzuye abantu, bafite ubuvuzi cyangwa imibereho myiza, cyangwa bakeneye inkunga y’umuryango) cyangwa abasaba amazu batagira aho baba gutegeka kuzuza inshingano z’inama njyanama zo gucumbikira abantu bakeneye ubufasha. Ijanisha ryumutungo washyizwe kumatsinda atishoboye rizatandukana bitewe nibisabwa amazu yinama njyanama. Inzego zose z’ibanze zifite ingamba z’imiturire kugira ngo amazu y’inama njyanama arekurwe kandi yuzuze inshingano z’inama njyanama; gukorana n'abantu bakeneye ubufasha; kandi ugire uruhare mu iterambere ry’imiturire, kuvugurura abaturanyi, no kwishyira hamwe kwabaturage.

Guverinoma y’umurimo 1997–2010 yifuje kwimura amazu y’inama njyanama y’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze. Ubwa mbere, ibi byanyuze mu Kwimura Kinini ku bushake (LSVT) byimigabane kuva mu nama kugera mu mashyirahamwe yimiturire (HAs). Ntabwo umutungo w’inama njyanama washoboraga kwimurwa, kimwe no mu nzego zimwe na zimwe z’ibanze, amazu y’imiturire yari ameze nabi kandi yari afite agaciro k’imari shingiro ugereranije n’umwenda wasigaye uva mu bikorwa byo kubaka - mu by’ukuri, imigabane y’inama njyanama yari ifite uburinganire bubi. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’ubuyobozi, abapangayi banze uburyo bwo kwimura.

Guverinoma ishinzwe umurimo yashyizeho "inzira ya gatatu": Ishami rishinzwe gucunga intwaro (ALMO), aho ububiko bw’amazu bugumana n’ubuyobozi bw’ibanze ariko bugacungwa n’umuryango udaharanira inyungu ku burebure bw’ubuyobozi bukuru. Yatangije kandi gahunda ya Amazu meza, ikigega cy’imari kugirango izane amazu yimibereho kugeza kurwego rwumubiri rugezweho. Kugira ngo ukoreshe iki kigega, umuyobozi, yaba ALMO cyangwa HA, yagombaga kugera ku ntera ya 2 cyangwa 3 uhereye ku igenzura ryakozwe na komisiyo y'ubugenzuzi. Ibi byari bigamije kuzamura ibipimo byubuyobozi. Ba nyirinama Njyanama ntibashobora kubona iyi nkunga, indi mpamvu yo kwimura imicungire yimiturire yinama njyanama kuri ALMO cyangwa HA.

Guverinoma kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 90 nazo zashishikarije "manda ivanze" mu bice bishya ndetse no ku "nyubako nshya" amazu y’imiturire, itanga uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunga no gukodesha, hagamijwe guhuza ibikorwa by’ubwubatsi binyuze mu gushyiramo "amazu y’imibereho" na "bihendutse. amazu "amahitamo. Raporo y'ubushakashatsi iherutse [100] yavuze ko ibimenyetso bifatika byo kuvanga manda bikomeza kuba bike. Abatuye amazu yimibereho barashobora gupfobya kandi bagahatirwa gukoresha umuryango wumukene utandukanye kandi utorohewe kuruta umuryango abadafite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha kandi amazu yimibereho ashobora kuba adahari.

Nyuma yo kwemeza politiki yo kugabanya ubukana mu mwaka wa 2010 icyitegererezo cy’umutekano w’umutekano cyagumishijwe n’ubuyobozi bwatanzwe nk’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Ecosse n’Inteko za Welsh na Irilande y'Amajyaruguru.

Benshi mubakodesha amazu yimibereho yo mubwongereza bafite uburenganzira bwo guhinduranya amazu nundi ukodesha nubwo ba nyirinzu batandukanye. Ibi byitwa "guhanahana amakuru". Guhera mu 2017, mu Bwongereza, abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze barashobora gusenya ingo zidafite amazu mu bukode bwaho, mu gihe muri otcosse amazu y’imibereho yakomeje kuba politiki ya mbere yatoranijwe. Inzu ndangamurage idafite aho kuba, mu 2020 Ubwongereza bwanditse byibuze 976 mu bantu batagira aho baba. Muri 2019 Ubwongereza na Wales byagereranije ko hapfuye abantu 778 hiyongereyeho 7.2% mu mwaka ushize.

Icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti

Reba kandi: Khrushchyovka

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, amazu menshi yubatswe nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose ubusanzwe yari afite amagorofa 3-5, hamwe n'amagorofa mato. Muri utu turere, intego yari iyo kuzigama umwanya no gukora ibyumba byinshi bishoboka. Ubwubatsi bwatangiye mu myaka ya za 70 bwatoneshaga amagorofa 9- na 16 yamazu ya beto yimiturire ya komine mumijyi minini, inkuru 7-12 mumijyi mito mito. Iyi mishinga yimiturire iracyakoreshwa mubihugu bimwe na bimwe, cyane cyane mubihugu byo mu Burayi bwo hagati n’iburasirazuba, kandi ibyinshi muri byo bigenda bivugururwa buhoro.

Oceania

Australiya

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amazu rusange muri Ositaraliya

Amazu rusange azamuka cyane mu mujyi wa Sydney imbere mu mujyi wa Waterloo, iminara ibiri muri cumi n'umwe muri iyo mitungo itatu itandukanye yakwirakwiriye mu mujyi wa Sydney imbere mu mujyi wa Waterloo, Redfern na Surry Hills.

Amazu rusange muri Ositaraliya atangwa ninzego zubutegetsi bwa leta, hamwe ninkunga itangwa na leta na reta. Muri Ositaraliya hari amazu arenga 300.000 yimiturire rusange, igizwe namazu yubucucike buke kumitungo iteganijwe gutegurwa iherereye mu nkengero z’umugi, ndetse n’amazu maremare yo mu mujyi rwagati muri Melbourne na Sydney.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, amazu yo guturamo no gutabara abadafite aho baba yeguriwe abikorera ku giti cyabo, kandi mu myaka yashize iyi nzu yagurishijwe kugira ngo birinde amafaranga yo kuyitaho no kubyaza umusaruro.

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