Ubucuruzi bw’Iyakure (murandasi)

ubucuruzi bw’iyakure (ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike) nigikorwa cyo kugura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga cyangwa kugurisha ibicuruzwa kuri serivisi kumurongo cyangwa kurubuga rwa interineti. E-ubucuruzi bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga nk'ubucuruzi bugendanwa, kohereza amafaranga ya elegitoronike, gucunga amasoko, gucunga interineti, gutunganya ibicuruzwa kuri interineti, guhana amakuru hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga (EDI), uburyo bwo gucunga ibarura, hamwe na sisitemu yo gukusanya amakuru mu buryo bwikora. E-ubucuruzi nabwo buterwa niterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryinganda ziciriritse, kandi nigice kinini cyinganda za elegitoroniki.

## Gusobanura ubucuruzi kuri murandasi
Iri jambo ryahimbwe kandi ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere na Dr. Robert Jacobson, Umujyanama mukuru muri komite ishinzwe ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi muri Leta ya Californiya, mu mutwe n’inyandiko y’itegeko ry’ubucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga rya Kaliforuniya, ryakozwe na Perezida wa Komite nyakwigendera Gwen Moore (D-L.A.) kandi ryashyizweho mu 1984.

Ubucuruzi bwa e-busanzwe bukoresha urubuga byibuze igice cyubuzima bwubuzima nubwo bushobora no gukoresha ubundi buhanga nka e-imeri. Ubucuruzi busanzwe bwa e-ubucuruzi burimo kugura ibicuruzwa (nkibitabo biva muri Amazone) cyangwa serivisi (nko gukuramo imiziki muburyo bwo gukwirakwiza imibare nkububiko bwa iTunes). [1] Hariho ibintu bitatu byubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi: gucuruza kumurongo, amasoko ya elegitoronike, hamwe na cyamunara kumurongo. E-ubucuruzi bushigikirwa nubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike. Agaciro ko kubaho kuri e-ubucuruzi ni ukwemerera abaguzi kugura kumurongo no kwishyura kumurongo binyuze kuri interineti, bikabika umwanya numwanya wabakiriya ninganda, kuzamura cyane ibikorwa byubucuruzi, cyane cyane kubakozi bakora mubiro, ariko kandi bigatwara umwanya munini wingenzi . [3]

Ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi bushobora kandi gukoresha bimwe cyangwa byose bikurikira:

Kugura kumurongo kugurisha kugurisha byerekeza kubakoresha ukoresheje imbuga za interineti na porogaramu zigendanwa, hamwe n’ubucuruzi bwo kuganira binyuze mu biganiro bizima, ibiganiro, hamwe n’abafasha mu majwi; [4]

Gutanga cyangwa kwitabira amasoko yo kumurongo, atunganya ibikorwa byabandi-bucuruzi-kubaguzi (B2C) cyangwa kugurisha-abaguzi (C2C);

Ubucuruzi-ku-bucuruzi (B2B) kugura no kugurisha; [5]

Gukusanya no gukoresha amakuru ya demokarasi ukoresheje imbuga nkoranyambaga;

B2B guhanahana amakuru kuri elegitoronike;

Kwamamaza kubashaka kandi bashizweho nabakiriya kuri e-imeri cyangwa fax (urugero, hamwe nibinyamakuru);

Kwishora mubikorwa byo gutangiza ibicuruzwa na serivisi bishya;

Kuvunja kumafaranga kumurongo muguhana amafaranga cyangwa kugurisha.

Hariho ibyiciro bitanu byingenzi bya E-ubucuruzi: [6]

Ubucuruzi Kubucuruzi

Ubucuruzi ku Muguzi

Ubucuruzi kuri Guverinoma

Umuguzi mu bucuruzi

Umuguzi ku Muguzi

Ifishi

Ubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki bugezweho burashobora gushyirwa mubyiciro bibiri. Icyiciro cya mbere ni ubucuruzi bushingiye ku bwoko bwibicuruzwa byagurishijwe (bikubiyemo ibintu byose uhereye ku gutumiza "digitale" ibikoreshwa kuri interineti byihuse, kugeza gutumiza ibicuruzwa na serivisi bisanzwe, kugeza kuri serivisi "meta" kugirango byorohereze ubundi bucuruzi bwubucuruzi). Icyiciro cya kabiri gishingiye ku miterere y'abitabiriye amahugurwa (B2B, B2C, C2B na C2C). [7]

Ku rwego rw'inzego, ibigo binini n'ibigo by'imari bifashisha interineti mu guhana amakuru y’imari kugira ngo byorohereze ubucuruzi bwo mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Ubusugire bwamakuru numutekano nibibazo byubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki.

Usibye e-ubucuruzi gakondo, ijambo m-Ubucuruzi (ubucuruzi bugendanwa) kimwe (hafi ya 2013) t-Ubucuruzi [8] nabwo bwakoreshejwe.

Amabwiriza ya Leta

Muri Amerika, itegeko ry’ubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki rya Kaliforuniya (1984), ryashyizweho n’Inteko ishinga amategeko, n’itegeko ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’ibanga rya Kaliforuniya riheruka (2020), ryashyizweho binyuze mu cyifuzo cy’amatora kizwi cyane, rigenzura neza uburyo ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike bushobora gukorwa muri Californiya. Muri Amerika muri rusange, ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike bigengwa cyane na komisiyo ishinzwe ubucuruzi (FTC). Ibi bikorwa birimo gukoresha imeri yubucuruzi, kwamamaza kumurongo hamwe n’ibanga ry’abaguzi. Itegeko rya CAN-SPAM ryo mu 2003 rishyiraho amahame yigihugu yo kwamamaza ibicuruzwa biturutse kuri e-imeri. Itegeko rya komisiyo ishinzwe ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi rigenga uburyo bwose bwo kwamamaza, harimo no kwamamaza kuri interineti, kandi rivuga ko kwamamaza bigomba kuba ukuri kandi bidashuka. Yifashishije ububasha bwayo mu gika cya 5 cy’itegeko rya FTC, ribuza ibikorwa bidakwiye cyangwa uburiganya, FTC yazanye imanza nyinshi kugira ngo zubahirize amasezerano mu masezerano y’ibanga ry’ibigo, harimo n’amasezerano yerekeye umutekano w’amakuru bwite y’abaguzi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, politiki y’ibanga y’ibigo ijyanye n’ibikorwa bya e-ubucuruzi irashobora gukurikizwa na FTC.

Itegeko rirengera abaguzi ba farumasi ya Ryan Haight ryo mu 2008, ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 2008, rihindura itegeko rigenga ibintu kugira ngo rikemure farumasi zo kuri interineti.

Amakimbirane y'amategeko mu mbuga za interineti ni inzitizi ikomeye yo guhuza amategeko agenga ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi ku isi. Mu rwego rwo guha uburinganire amategeko y’ubucuruzi ku isi hose, ibihugu byinshi byemeje itegeko ry’icyitegererezo UNCITRAL ryerekeye ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike (1996).

Ku rwego mpuzamahanga hari  Ihuriro mpuzamahanga rishinzwe kurengera no kubahiriza umuguzi (ICPEN), ryashinzwe mu 1991 riva mu muyoboro udasanzwe w’imiryango ya leta y’ubucuruzi ikwiye. Intego yavuzwe nko gushaka uburyo bwo gufatanya mu gukemura ibibazo by’umuguzi bifitanye isano n’ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka haba mu bicuruzwa na serivisi, no gufasha guhanahana amakuru hagati y’abitabiriye inyungu no kumvikana. Kuva ibi byaturutse kuri Econsumer.gov, gahunda ya ICPEN kuva muri Mata 2001. Ni portal yo kumenyesha ibirego bijyanye n’ubucuruzi kuri interineti n’ibikorwa bifitanye isano n’amasosiyete y’amahanga.

Hariho kandi ubufatanye bwubukungu bwa Aziya ya pasifika. APEC yashinzwe mu 1989 ifite intego yo kugera ku mutekano, umutekano n’iterambere ry’akarere binyuze mu bucuruzi n’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye kandi bwisanzuye. APEC ifite itsinda rishinzwe ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike kimwe no gukora ku mabwiriza rusange y’ibanga mu karere ka APEC.

Muri Ositaraliya, ubucuruzi bukubiye mu gitabo cy’ububitsi bwa Ositarariya cy’ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike kandi komisiyo ishinzwe amarushanwa n’umuguzi muri Ositaraliya igenga kandi ikanatanga inama z’uburyo bwo guhangana n’ubucuruzi kuri interineti, [14] kandi butanga inama zihariye ku bigenda iyo ibintu bitagenze neza.

Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wakoze iperereza ryimbitse ku bucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi mu mwaka wa 2015-16 bwagaragaje iterambere rikomeye mu iterambere ry’ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi, hamwe n’iterambere ryateye impungenge, nko kongera uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa byatoranijwe, bituma ababikora bagenzura inzira ku isoko, no "kongera imikoreshereze y’amasezerano kugirango igenzure neza igabanywa ryibicuruzwa". Komisiyo y’Uburayi yumvise ko imikorere imwe n'imwe ishobora kuvuka ishobora kuba ifite ishingiro niba ishobora kuzamura ireme ry’ibicuruzwa, ariko "izindi zishobora kubuza abakiriya kungukirwa n’ibicuruzwa byinshi ndetse n’ibiciro biri hasi mu bucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi bityo bikaba byemeza ko Komisiyo ikora" kugira ngo guteza imbere kubahiriza amategeko agenga amarushanwa y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.

Mu Bwongereza, ikigo gishinzwe serivisi z’imari (FSA) [17] cyahoze ari cyo kigo gishinzwe kugenzura ibintu byinshi by’amabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (PSD), kugeza igihe cyasimbuwe mu 2013 n’ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura imikorere n’ikigo gishinzwe imyitwarire y’imari. 18] Ubwongereza bwashyize mu bikorwa PSD binyuze mu mabwiriza agenga serivisi yo kwishyura 2009 (PSR), bwatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 2009. PSR igira ingaruka ku bigo bitanga serivisi zo kwishyura ndetse n'abakiriya babo. Muri ibyo bigo harimo amabanki, abatanga amakarita yinguzanyo atari banki hamwe nabacuruzi badafite amabanki, abatanga e-amafaranga, nibindi. PSR yashizeho icyiciro gishya cyibigo byigenga bizwi nkibigo byishyura (PIs), byujuje ibisabwa mubushishozi. Ingingo ya 87 ya PSD isaba Komisiyo y’Uburayi gutanga raporo ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa n’ingaruka za PSD bitarenze ku ya 1 Ugushyingo 2012. [19]

Mubuhinde, itegeko ryikoranabuhanga ryamakuru 2000 rigenga ishingiro ryibanze rya e-ubucuruzi.

Mu Bushinwa, Amabwiriza y’itumanaho ya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa (yatangajwe ku ya 25 Nzeri 2000), yateganyaga Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho (MIIT) ko ari ishami rya leta rigenga ibikorwa byose bijyanye n’itumanaho, harimo n’ubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki. Kuri uwo munsi, hashyizweho ingamba z’ubutegetsi kuri serivisi zishinzwe amakuru kuri interineti, amabwiriza ya mbere y’ubuyobozi agamije gukemura ibibazo bibyara inyungu byakozwe binyuze kuri interineti, anashyiraho urufatiro rw’amabwiriza azaza agenga ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi mu Bushinwa. Ku ya 28 Kanama 2004, inama ya cumi na rimwe ya komisiyo ihoraho ya NPC ya cumi yemeje itegeko ry’umukono wa elegitoronike, rigenga ubutumwa bwamakuru, kwemeza umukono wa elegitoronike n’ibibazo by’amategeko. Ifatwa nk'itegeko rya mbere mu mategeko agenga ubucuruzi bw'Ubushinwa. Byari intambwe ikomeye mu rwego rwo kunoza amategeko agenga ubucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga mu Bushinwa, kandi binagaragaza ko Ubushinwa bwinjiye mu iterambere ryihuse ry’amategeko agenga ubucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga.

Ibigezweho ku isi

Mu mwaka wa 2010, Ubwongereza bwagize amafaranga menshi kuri buri muntu mu bucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi ku isi. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, Repubulika ya Tchèque nicyo gihugu cy’Uburayi aho e-ubucuruzi butanga umusanzu munini mu kwinjiza ibigo byose. Hafi ya kimwe cya kane (24%) by’ibicuruzwa byose byinjira mu gihugu biva ku murongo wa interineti.

Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, Ubucuruzi bw’Ubushinwa bukomeje kwiyongera buri mwaka. Hamwe n’abakoresha interineti miliyoni 668, igice cy’Ubushinwa cyagurishijwe kuri interineti cyageze kuri miliyari 253 z'amadolari mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka wa 2015, bingana na 10% by’ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi by’abashinwa muri icyo gihe. Abacuruzi b'Abashinwa bashoboye gufasha abakiriya kumva neza guhaha kuri interineti. Ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa n’ibindi bihugu bwiyongereyeho 32% bugera kuri tiriyari 2,3 z'amadorari (miliyari 375.8 $) mu 2012 kandi bingana na 9,6% by’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’Ubushinwa. Mu 2013, Alibaba yari ifite isoko rya e-ubucuruzi ku isoko rya 80% mu Bushinwa. Muri 2014, mu Bushinwa hari abakoresha interineti miliyoni 600 (bakubye kabiri  Amerika), bituma iba isoko rinini ku isi. [29] Ubushinwa nabwo isoko rya e-ubucuruzi bunini ku isi ukurikije agaciro k’igurisha, hafi miliyari 899 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2016. [30] Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubushake bw’abaguzi bw’Abashinwa butandukanye cyane n’abumva iburengerazuba kugira ngo busabe imiterere yihariye ya e-ubucuruzi aho kohereza porogaramu zo mu Burengerazuba ku isoko ry’Ubushinwa.

Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa bwerekana ko ubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike, bakunze kwita e-ubucuruzi, bugaragaza uburyo abantu bagura ibicuruzwa. Ibihugu bya GCC bifite isoko ryihuta cyane kandi birangwa nabaturage babaye abakire (Yuldashev). Nkibyo, abadandaza batangije imbuga za interineti zikoresha icyarabu nkuburyo bwo kwibasira aba baturage. Icya kabiri, hari ubuhanuzi bwo kugura terefone igendanwa no kwaguka kuri interineti (Yuldashev). Iterambere niterambere ryibice byombi bituma ibihugu bya GCC bihinduka uruhare runini kumasoko yubucuruzi bwa elegitoronike hamwe niterambere. By'umwihariko, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko isoko rya e-ubucuruzi riteganijwe kwiyongera kugera kuri miliyari 20 z'amadolari muri 2020 muri ibi bihugu bya GCC (Yuldashev). Isoko rya e-ubucuruzi naryo ryamamaye cyane mubihugu byiburengerazuba, cyane cyane Uburayi na Amerika Ibi bihugu byaranzwe cyane nibicuruzwa bipakiye abaguzi (CPG) (Geisler, 34). Ariko, ibigenda byerekana ko hari ibimenyetso bizaza byerekana ko bihinduka. Kimwe n’ibihugu bya GCC, hiyongereyeho kugura ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu miyoboro ya interineti aho kuba imiyoboro ya interineti. Abashoramari baharanira inyungu baragerageza gushimangira no kugabanya ibiciro byabo muri rusange kandi leta zo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba zikomeje gushyiraho amabwiriza menshi ku bakora inganda za CPG (Geisler, 36). Muri ubwo buryo, abashoramari ba CPG bahatirwa kumenyera e-ubucuruzi kuko bukora neza nkuburyo bwo gutera imbere.

Mu mwaka wa 2013, ubucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi muri Burezili bwariyongereye vuba mu gihe ibicuruzwa byo kuri interineti byacururizwaga biteganijwe ko biziyongera ku mibare ibiri kugeza mu 2014. Kugeza mu 2016, eMarketer yari yiteze ko igurishwa rya e-ubucuruzi muri Brezili rizagera kuri miliyari 17.3 z'amadolari. Kuva mu Kuboza 2017, Ubuhinde bufite abakoresha interineti bagera kuri miliyoni 460. Nubwo ari iya gatatu mu bakoresha benshi ku isi, kwinjira kuri interineti ni bike ugereranije n’amasoko nka Amerika, Ubwongereza cyangwa Ubufaransa ariko biragenda byiyongera ku buryo bwihuse cyane, hiyongeraho abinjira bashya bagera kuri miliyoni 6 buri kwezi. bikenewe] Mu Buhinde, amafaranga yo gutanga ni bwo buryo bwo kwishyura bwifuzwa cyane, akusanya 75% by'ibikorwa byo kuri interineti. [34] . [35]

Ibizaza mu bihugu bya GCC bizaba bisa n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba. Nubwo imbaraga zitera ubucuruzi guhuza e-ubucuruzi nkuburyo bwo kugurisha ibicuruzwa nibicuruzwa, uburyo abakiriya bagura burasa mubihugu biva muri utwo turere twombi. Kurugero, habayeho gukoresha imikoreshereze ya terefone igendanwa ije ijyanye no kwiyongera kwabantu bose kuri interineti baturutse mu turere. Yuldashev yanditse ko abaguzi barimo kwiyongera ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryemerera ibicuruzwa bigendanwa. Nyamara, ijanisha ryabakoresha telefone na interineti bagura kumurongo biteganijwe ko ritandukanye mumyaka mike ya mbere. Bizaba byigenga kubushake bwabaturage bwo gufata iyi nzira nshya (Urubuga rwibarurishamibare). Kurugero, UAE ifite telefone nini cyane yinjira muri 73.8% kandi ifite 91.9% byabaturage bayo bafite interineti. Ku rundi ruhande, telefoni yinjira mu Burayi bivugwa ko igera kuri 64.7 ku ijana (Urubuga rw’ibarurishamibare). Tutitaye kubyo, itandukaniro ryijanisha hagati yuturere riteganijwe kuzagerwaho mugihe kizaza kuko ikoranabuhanga rya e-ubucuruzi riteganijwe kwiyongera kugirango ryemeze abakoresha benshi.

Ubucuruzi bwa e-ubucuruzi muri utwo turere twombi bizavamo amarushanwa. Inzego za Leta ku rwego rw’igihugu zizamura ingamba n’ingamba zo guharanira iterambere rirambye no kurengera umuguzi (Krings, et al.). Izi ngamba ziyongereye zizamura ibipimo by’ibidukikije n’imibereho myiza mu bihugu, ibintu bizagaragaza intsinzi y’isoko rya e-ubucuruzi muri ibi bihugu. Kurugero, kwemeza ibihano bikaze bizagora ibigo kwinjira mumasoko ya e-ubucuruzi mugihe ibihano byoroheje bizorohereza ibigo. Nkibyo, ibizaza hagati y’ibihugu bya GCC n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba bizaba bitigenga kuri ibyo bihano (Krings, et al.). Ibi bihugu bigomba gufata imyanzuro ifatika mugutanga ibihano bifatika.

Umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’umubare w’abakoresha interineti mu bihugu by’abarabu wihuse - 13.1% muri 2015. Igice kinini cy’isoko rya e-bucuruzi mu burasirazuba bwo hagati kigizwe n’abantu bari mu kigero cy’imyaka 30-34. Igihugu cya Egiputa gifite umubare munini w’abakoresha interineti mu karere, gikurikirwa na Arabiya Sawudite na Maroc; ibyo ni 3 / Icya 4 cy'umugabane w'akarere. Nyamara, interineti yinjira ni mike: 35% muri Egiputa na 65% muri Arabiya Sawudite.

E-ubucuruzi bwabaye igikoresho cyingenzi kubucuruzi buciriritse kandi bunini ku isi hose, atari kugurisha abakiriya gusa, ahubwo no kubashora. [37]

Ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka e-ubucuruzi nabwo ni igice cyingenzi kubucuruzi bwa e-ubucuruzi. Yashubije inzira yisi. Irerekana ko ibigo byinshi byafunguye ubucuruzi bushya, bwagura amasoko mashya, kandi bunesha inzitizi z’ubucuruzi; ibigo byinshi kandi byinshi byatangiye gushakisha urwego rwubufatanye bwambukiranya imipaka. Byongeye kandi, ugereranije nubucuruzi gakondo bwambukiranya imipaka, amakuru kuri e-ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka arahishwa. Mugihe cyisi yisi yose, e-ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka kumasosiyete ahuza ibigo bisobanura ibikorwa, imikoranire, cyangwa imibanire myiza yibigo bibiri cyangwa byinshi bya e-bucuruzi. Nyamara, intsinzi ya e-ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka iteza imbere iterambere ryibigo bito n'ibiciriritse, kandi amaherezo byahindutse uburyo bushya bwo gucuruza. Yafashije ibigo gukemura ibibazo byubukungu no kumenya kugabana umutungo neza. Ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse (imishinga mito n'iciriritse) irashobora kandi guhuza neza n'ibisabwa ku isoko, kugira urwego runini mu nganda no kwinjiza amafaranga menshi ku masosiyete.

Mu mwaka wa 2012, kugurisha e-ubucuruzi byinjije miriyoni imwe y'amadorari ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka.

Ibikoresho bigendanwa bigira uruhare runini mu kuvanga e-ubucuruzi, ibi nabyo byitwa ubucuruzi bugendanwa, cyangwa m-ubucuruzi. Muri 2014, igereranya rimwe ryaguzwe ku bikoresho bigendanwa bingana na 25% by'isoko muri 2017. [41]

Ku bucuruzi gakondo, ubushakashatsi bumwe bwavuze ko ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n’ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka ari amahirwe meza yo kwihuta no kuzamura imishinga. Ibigo byinshi byashora imari nini mu ishoramari rya porogaramu zigendanwa. Umunyamideli DeLone na McLean bavuze ko ibintu bitatu bigira uruhare mu bucuruzi bwa e-bucuruzi: ubuziranenge bwa sisitemu, ireme rya serivisi ndetse no kunyurwa kw'abakoresha. Nta karimbi kerekana umwanya n'umwanya, hariho amahirwe menshi yo kwegera abakiriya kwisi yose, no kugabanya imiyoboro mfatakibanza idakenewe, bityo kugabanya igiciro, kandi irashobora kungukirwa numwe kumurongo umwe munini wo gusesengura amakuru kubakiriya, kugirango ubigereho urwego rwo hejuru rwa gahunda yihariye yo kwihererana, kugirango hongerwe byimazeyo irushanwa ryibanze ryibicuruzwa muri sosiyete.

Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya 3D rishushanyije, nka Facebook ya 3D Post, rifatwa nabamwe mubamamaza imbuga nkoranyambaga ndetse n’abamamaza nk'inzira nziza yo kuzamura ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi kuruta amafoto ahamye, kandi ibirango bimwe na bimwe bya Sony bimaze guha inzira ubucuruzi bwiyongera. Wayfair noneho igufasha kugenzura verisiyo ya 3D yibikoresho byayo murugo mbere yo kugura.

Ibikoresho

Ibikoresho muri e-ubucuruzi ahanini bireba isohozwa. Amasoko yo kumurongo hamwe nabacuruzi bagomba gushaka uburyo bwiza bushoboka bwo kuzuza ibicuruzwa no gutanga ibicuruzwa. Ibigo bito mubisanzwe bigenzura ibikorwa byabyo bwite kuko bidafite ubushobozi bwo guha akazi ikigo cyo hanze. Ibigo byinshi binini bitanga serivisi zuzuza ibyo sosiyete ikenera.

Ingaruka

Ingaruka ku masoko n'abacuruzi

Ubike ibendera rifunga ibikinisho R Twe muri Deptford, New Jersey. Nubwo ishoramari, urunigi rwarwaniye gutsindira isoko mugihe cyubucuruzi bwa digitale.

Amasoko ya e-ubucuruzi arimo kwiyongera ku gipimo kigaragara. Biteganijwe ko isoko rya interineti riziyongera 56% muri 2015–2020. Muri 2017, kugurisha e-ubucuruzi ku isi hose byageze kuri tiriyari 2,3 z'amadolari y'Amerika kandi biteganijwe ko amafaranga yinjira mu bucuruzi azagera kuri tiriyari 4.891 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2021. [46] Amasoko gakondo ateganijwe kwiyongera 2% mugihe kimwe. Abacuruza amatafari na minisiteri biragoye kubera abadandaza kumurongo bafite ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibiciro biri hasi kandi neza. Abacuruzi benshi binini barashobora kugumya kuboneka kumurongo no kumurongo muguhuza amaturo kumubiri no kumurongo.

E-ubucuruzi butuma abakiriya barenga inzitizi z’imiterere kandi ikabemerera kugura ibicuruzwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose n'ahantu hose. Amasoko kumurongo na gakondo afite ingamba zitandukanye zo gukora ubucuruzi. Abacuruzi gakondo batanga ibicuruzwa bike kuberako umwanya wabigenewe aho, abadandaza kumurongo akenshi badafite ibarura ariko bohereza ibicuruzwa byabakiriya mubikorwa. Ingamba zo kugena ibiciro nazo ziratandukanye kubacuruzi gakondo no kumurongo. Abacuruzi gakondo bashingira ibiciro byabo mumodoka yububiko nigiciro cyo kubika ibarura. Abacuruzi kumurongo bashingira ibiciro kumuvuduko wo gutanga.

Hariho inzira ebyiri kubacuruzi bakora ubucuruzi binyuze kuri e-ubucuruzi: byuzuye kumurongo cyangwa kumurongo hamwe nububiko bwamatafari namabuye. Abamamaza kumurongo barashobora gutanga ibiciro biri hasi, guhitamo ibicuruzwa byinshi, nibiciro byiza. Abakiriya benshi bakunda amasoko kumurongo niba ibicuruzwa bishobora gutangwa vuba kubiciro biri hasi. Ariko, kumurongo lers ntishobora gutanga uburambe bwumubiri abadandaza gakondo barashobora. Birashobora kugorana kumenya ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa bidafite uburambe bwumubiri, bushobora gutuma abakiriya babona ibicuruzwa cyangwa abagurisha badashidikanya. Ikindi kibazo kijyanye nisoko rya interineti ni impungenge zumutekano wogucuruza kumurongo. Abakiriya benshi bakomeje kuba abizerwa kubacuruzi bazwi kubera iki kibazo.

Umutekano nikibazo cyibanze kuri e-ubucuruzi mubihugu byateye imbere niterambere. Umutekano wa e-ubucuruzi urinda urubuga rwabakiriya n’abakiriya kwinjira, gukoresha, guhindura, cyangwa gusenya. Ubwoko bw'iterabwoba burimo: code mbi, porogaramu udashaka (ad ware, spyware), kuroba, kwiba, no kwangiza cyber. Urubuga rwa e-ubucuruzi rukoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye kugirango wirinde guhungabanya umutekano. Ibi bikoresho birimo firewall, software ya encryption, ibyemezo bya digitale, hamwe nijambobanga.

Ingaruka ku micungire yo gutanga amasoko

Ingingo nyamukuru: Gutanga urunigi

Kuva kera, ibigo byari byarahangayikishijwe no gutandukanya inyungu tekinoloji itanga amasoko ifite nigisubizo cyo gutanga izo nyungu. Nyamara, kugaragara kwa e-ubucuruzi byatanze uburyo bufatika kandi bunoze bwo gutanga inyungu zikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gutanga amasoko.

E-ubucuruzi bufite ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibikorwa byose hagati yisosiyete nisosiyete ikora hagati yisosiyete, bivuze ko ibintu bitatu (gutembera kumubiri, amafaranga yimari namakuru atemba) murwego rwo gutanga isoko nabyo bishobora guterwa na e-ubucuruzi. Urukundo rwimikorere yumubiri rwatezimbere uburyo bwibicuruzwa nu rwego rwo kubara urwego rwibigo. Ku makuru agenda, e-ubucuruzi bwateje imbere ubushobozi bwo gutunganya amakuru kurusha amasosiyete yahoze afite, naho ku bijyanye n’imari, e-ubucuruzi butuma ibigo bigira uburyo bunoze bwo kwishyura no gukemura ibibazo.

Byongeye kandi, e-ubucuruzi bufite urwego ruhanitse rw’ingaruka ku masoko yatanzwe: Icya mbere, ikinyuranyo cy’imikorere kizakurwaho kubera ko ibigo bishobora gutandukanya icyuho kiri hagati y’inzego zinyuranye zitangwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa elegitoronike; Icya kabiri, nkibisubizo bya e-ubucuruzi bugaragara, ubushobozi bushya nko gushyira mubikorwa sisitemu ya ERP, nka SAP ERP, Xero, cyangwa Megaventory, byafashije ibigo gucunga ibikorwa nabakiriya nabatanga isoko. Nyamara ubwo bushobozi bushya buracyakoreshwa neza. Icya gatatu, amasosiyete yikoranabuhanga yakomeza gushora imari kubisubizo bishya bya e-ubucuruzi kuko bategereje inyungu zishoramari. Icya kane, e-ubucuruzi bwafasha gukemura ibibazo byinshi ibigo bishobora kumva ko bigoye guhangana nabyo, nkinzitizi za politiki cyangwa impinduka zambukiranya ibihugu. Hanyuma, e-ubucuruzi butanga ibigo uburyo bunoze kandi bunoze bwo gufatanya murwego rwo gutanga amasoko.

Ingaruka ku kazi

E-ubucuruzi bufasha guhanga amahirwe mashya yakazi kubera serivisi zijyanye namakuru, porogaramu ya software n'ibicuruzwa bya digitale. Bitera kandi gutakaza akazi. Uturere dufite byinshi byahanuwe-gutakaza akazi ni ibicuruzwa, amaposita, hamwe n’ibigo by’ingendo. Iterambere rya e-ubucuruzi rizatanga imirimo isaba abakozi bafite ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gucunga amakuru menshi, ibyo abakiriya bakeneye, nuburyo bwo gukora. Ibinyuranye, abantu bafite ubumenyi buke bwa tekinike ntibashobora kwishimira imishahara. Kurundi ruhande, kubera ko e-ubucuruzi busaba ububiko buhagije bushobora kugezwa kubakiriya mugihe, ububiko buhinduka ikintu cyingenzi. Ububiko bukeneye abakozi benshi kugira ngo bayobore, bagenzure kandi batunganyirize hamwe, bityo imiterere y’ibidukikije izita ku bakozi.

Ingaruka kubakiriya

E-ubucuruzi buzana korohereza abakiriya kuko batagomba kuva murugo kandi bakeneye gusa kureba kurubuga rwa interineti, cyane cyane kugura ibicuruzwa bitagurishwa mumaduka yegeranye. Irashobora gufasha abakiriya kugura ibicuruzwa byinshi no kubika umwanya wabakiriya. Abaguzi nabo bunguka imbaraga binyuze mukugura kumurongo. Bashoboye gukora ubushakashatsi kubicuruzwa no kugereranya ibiciro mubacuruzi. Bitewe n’imyitozo yatanzwe n’abakoresha n’ibisubizo byatanzwe n’amasosiyete nka Bazaarvoice, Trustpilot, na Yelp, abakiriya barashobora kandi kubona icyo abandi bantu batekereza ku bicuruzwa, bagahitamo mbere yo kugura niba bashaka kubikoresha. [51] 52] Na none, kugura kumurongo akenshi bitanga ibicuruzwa byamamaza cyangwa kugabanya kode, bityo bikaba byiza cyane kubakiriya. Byongeye kandi, e-ubucuruzi butanga ibicuruzwa 'amakuru arambuye; ndetse n'abakozi bo mu iduka ntibashobora gutanga ibisobanuro birambuye. Abakiriya barashobora kandi gusuzuma no gukurikirana amateka yatumijwe kumurongo.

Ikoranabuhanga rya e-ubucuruzi ryagabanije ibiciro byubucuruzi byemerera ibicuruzwa n’abaguzi gusimbuka binyuze mu bahuza. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mukwagura agace k'ishakisha ibicuruzwa byiza no kugura amatsinda. Intsinzi ya e-ubucuruzi murwego rwimijyi no mukarere biterwa nuburyo ibigo byaho n'abaguzi bemeye kuri e-ubucuruzi.

Nyamara, e-ubucuruzi ntibubura imikoranire yabantu kubakiriya, cyane cyane bakunda isura -ku guhuza amaso. Abakiriya nabo bahangayikishijwe numutekano wibikorwa byo kumurongo kandi bakunda gukomeza kuba abizerwa kubacuruzi bazwi. Mu myaka yashize, abadandaza imyenda nka Tommy Hilfiger batangiye kongeramo urubuga rwa Virtual Fit kurubuga rwabo rwa e-bucuruzi kugirango bagabanye ibyago byabakiriya bagura imyenda minini itariyo, nubwo ibyo bitandukanye cyane muburyo bukwiye. [54] Iyo umukiriya yicujije kugura ibicuruzwa, bikubiyemo gusubiza ibicuruzwa hamwe nuburyo bwo gusubiza. Iyi nzira ntiyoroshye kuko abakiriya bakeneye gupakira no kohereza ibicuruzwa. Niba ibicuruzwa bihenze, binini cyangwa byoroshye, bivuga ibibazo byumutekano.

Ingaruka ku bidukikije

Muri 2018, E-ubucuruzi bwinjije toni miliyoni 1,3 ngufi (1,2 megatonnes) yikarito ya kontineri muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ikiyongera kuva kuri miliyoni 1.1 (1.00)) muri 2017. 35% byonyine byubushobozi bwo gukora amakarito yo muri Amerika ya Ruguru ni byo biva mu bicuruzwa bitunganijwe neza. Igipimo cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa mu Burayi ni 80 ku ijana naho Aziya ni 93 ku ijana. Amazon, ukoresha cyane udusanduku, afite ingamba zo kugabanya ibikoresho byo gupakira kandi yagabanije ibikoresho byo gupakira bikoreshwa na 19 ku ijana kuburemere kuva 2016. Amazon irasaba abadandaza gukora ibicuruzwa byabo bipakira muburyo budasaba koherezwa mubindi gupakira. Amazon kandi ifite itsinda ryabantu 85 bakora ubushakashatsi kuburyo bwo kugabanya no kunoza ibikoresho byo gupakira no kohereza.

Kwihuta kwingingo zipakirwa kwisi yose bikubiyemo kwihuta kwimuka yibinyabuzima, hamwe ningaruka zabyo zose. Ibyatsi bibi, ibyonnyi n'indwara byose rimwe na rimwe bigenda mu bipfunyika by'imbuto. Bimwe muri ibyo bipfunyika ni bimwe mu byo gukaraba e-ubucuruzi busubirwamo.

Ingaruka ku bicuruzwa gakondo

E-ubucuruzi bwavuzwe ko ari imbaraga zikomeye zo kunanirwa kw’abacuruzi bakomeye bo muri Amerika mu buryo bakunze kwita "gucuruza apocalypse." gukurura abakiriya kububiko bwabo no guhatira ibigo guhindura ingamba zo kugurisha. Ibigo byinshi byahinduye ibikorwa byo kugurisha no kongera ingufu za digitale mu kureshya abaguzi mu gihe bahagarika amatafari n'amatafari. Icyerekezo cyatumye bamwe mu bacuruzi gakondo bahagarika amatafari n'amatafari.

## Indangamurongo
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