Have You Heard from Johannesburg

***Wigeze Wumva kuva Johannesburg*** ni urukurikirane rw'amafilime zirindwi ya 2010, akubiyemo urugamba rumaze imyaka 45 rugamije kurwanya ivanguramoko ku isi yose kurwanya gahunda ya apartheid yo muri Afurika y'Epfo ndetse n'abayishyigikiye mpuzamahanga babonaga ko bafatanije mu ntambara y'ubutita .

Filime zahujwe zifite interanini, izenguruka igice kinini cyisi hejuru yikinyejana. Guhera ku nama ya mbere y’umuryango w’abibumbye, bikarangira mu 1990, ubwo, nyuma y’imyaka 27 muri gereza, Nelson Mandela, umuyobozuzwi cyane muri Kongere y’igihugu nyafurika yazengurutse isi nkumuntu wigenga. Yakozwe kandi iyobowe na Connie Field, ikubiyemo ibindi bintu nk'ubwicanyi bwa Sharpeville, imyigaragambyo ya Soweto n'iyicwa rya Steve Biko . 

Urukurikirane rw'izina rukomoka kumagambo y'indirimbo Gil Scott-Heron "Johannesburg' 

Hamwe nigihe cyogukora cyamasaha 8 niminota 30, *Wigeze wumva kuva Johannesburg* yerekanwe bwa mbere mu nama ya Film yabereye i Manhattan, mu mujyi wa New York, ku ya 14 Mata   

## Inyandiko
Mumyaka ya za 1950, abirabura benshi bomuri Afurika yepfo bamenye ko urugamba rwo kurwanya ivanguramoko rugomba kubakwa mu bibuga bine by’ibikorwa: ibikorwa rusange, ishyirahamwe ry’ubutaka, intambara yitwaje intwaro, hamwe n’ubukangurambaga mpuzamahanga. *Wigeze Wumva Kuva Johannesburg* ijyana abayireba imbere yikibuga cyanyuma, ihuriro ryo gukangurira abaturage kwisi yose ibikorwa byo guha akato ubutegetsi bwa apartheid. Batewe inkunga n'ubutwari n'imibabaro by'abaturage ba Afurika y'Epfo ubwo barwanaga kurwanya ihohoterwa no gukandamiza ivanguramoko, imitwe y’ubufatanye bw’amahanga, ku bufatanye n’abanyafurika yepfo bari mu buhungiro, bafashe icyemezo cyo kurwanya ivanguramoko. Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ibibazo bikomeye, mu bihe byo kutitabira ubutumwa cyangwa gushyigikira guverinoma ya Hendrik Verwoerd, John Vorster na PW Botha, abakangurambaga bahamagariye guverinoma zabo n’amasosiyete akomeye yo mu Burengerazuba guhangana n’ubusambanyi bw’ubufatanye bwabo na apartheid.

Ntabwo yarintambara ya politiki gusa; byarubukungu, umuco, umuco, na roho. Urugamba rwaje mu bibuga byinshi bitangaje: byakorewe mu bibuga by'imikino no muri katedrali, muri ambasade no mu byumba by’inama by’amasosiyete, ku mbuto z’imbuto n’inyanja, mu bitaramo bya rock na sitasiyo ya lisansi. Ibihumbi n’ibihumbi barapfuye, ariko amaherezo, igitutu kitagira urugomo cyagize uruhare runini mu gusenyuka kwa apartheid bityo bituma intsinzi itangaje ya demokarasi muri Afurika yepfo .

## Ibice
**1.. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: Road to Resistance**

Filime yambere itangira mu 1948 igihe Umuryango w’abibumbye wemeje Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu . Muri uwo mwaka, Afurika y'Epfo yashyize mu bikorwa gahunda y'amategeko yiswe ivanguramoko kugira ngo itandukanya ubwoko bwayo mu bice byose by'ubuzima. Abirabura benshi muri Afurika y'Epfo, bayobowe na Kongere y’igihugu nyafurika, bakoze ubukangurambaga bwo Kwanga, bikurura ibitekerezo by’abarwanashyaka ahantu nk'Ubwongereza, Suwede, na Amerika - maze babiba imbuto z'umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya ivanguramoko . Isi yakiriye ubwoba ubwo abigaragambyaga mu mahoro baraswaga mu mujyi wa Sharpeville wo muri Afurika yepfo maze abayobozi bose ba Kongere y’igihugu nyafurika bahatirwa mu nsi cyangwa bafungwa. Nelson Mandela afunzwe ubuzima bwe bwose kandi urugendo rwo muri Afurika yepfo rwahagaritswe neza kuko amagana ahungira mubuhungiro.

**2. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: Hell of a Job**

Filime yakabiri itangirigihe Perezida wungirije wa Kongere y’igihugu cy’Afurika Oliver Tambo yatorokaga muri Afurika yepfo akajya mu buhungiro maze atangira icyahindutse urugendo rw’imyaka 30 yo kwishora mu isi mu rugamba rwo kuzana demokarasi muri Afurika yepfo. Hamwe n’imyigaragambyo muri Afurika yepfo yajanjaguwe neza n’ubutegetsi bwa apartheid, iherezo ry’urugamba rwo kwibohora ryari mu maboko ya Tambo. Yabanje kubona abayoboke mu bihugu bishya byigenga bya Afurika, maze hamwe n'imbaraga zabo zose inyuma ye, yegera Umuryango w'Abibumbye kugira ngo amushyigikire, ashimangira ko guverinoma ya apartheid ishobora guhatirwa ku meza y'ibiganiro mu gihe akanama gashinzwe umutekano kazemera kandi kigaha akato ubutegetsi. Ariko ibihugu by’iburengerazuba byanze gukora, bihatira Tambo gushaka inkunga nshya. Yasabye byimazeyo Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti ubufasha mu kubaka ingabo z’inyeshyamba, icyemezo kikaba cyarafashe Tambo na Kongere y’igihugu nyafurika ku mwanya w’intambara y'ubutita kandi bikurikirana imbaraga z’isi yose mu myaka iri imbere.

Arikwabantu babiri bafashijwe gukingura imiryango ikomeye mu Burengerazuba: Olof Palme, Minisitiri w’intebe wa Suwede, na Arkiyepiskopi Trevor Huddleston, inkunga yabo ya mbere yatumye Oliver Tambo ashakisha ubufatanye n’ubuyobozi bw’amadini ku isi. Mu ntangiriro ya za 70, Tambo na ANC bari barabonye inkunga muri Suwede kandi bashyigikirwa n'Inama y'Itorero ku Isi, abayoboke bayo mu matorero yo ku isi bifatanya mu kurwanya ivanguramoko. Hamwe nabafatanyabikorwa bashya kuruhanderwe, Tambo yagize intangiriro yumuryango wisi yose.

**3. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: The New Generation**

Muri filime yagatatu nurubyiruko, habamuri Afurika y'Epfo ndetse nohanze yayo, bakurikiranwaho kwinjira mumutwe ugenda urwanya ivanguramoko. Tambo yatewe inkunga n'inkunga nshya mu bihugu by'iburengerazuba, yagarutse mu Muryango w'Abibumbye kugira ngo agerageze kumvisha urwego rw'isi kwemerera Afurika y'Epfo. Imbaraga ze zashyigikiwe n’abaturage mu gihe gukandamiza bikabije imyigaragambyo y’urubyiruko mu mujyi wa Soweto wo muri Afurika yepfo ndetse n’urupfu rutavugwaho rumwe na Steve Biko rwahinduye Afurika y'Epfo igihugu kiva mu gihugu, kikaba ikimenyetso cy’akarengane ku isi. Mu 1977, intsinzi ikomeye yatsindiye igihe Umuryango w’abibumbye watangaga intwaro iteganijwe : iyambere mu mateka. Ariko abafatanyabikorwa bakomeye bo muri Afurika yepfo mu bucuruzi bw’iburengerazuba ntibakomeza kubyemera mu bukungu, kandi ubwo Tambo yerekezaga muri Zambiya kugira ngo akorere minisitiri w’ingabo z’inyeshyamba za Kongere y’Afurika yiyongera, kumena amaraso byasaga naho byanze bikunze. Nubwo leta z’iburengerazuba zikomeye zanze kumvira icyifuzo cya Tambo cyo kwamagana umuco n’ubukungu, abaturage bo muri ibyo bihugu by’iburengerazuba bari gufasha guhindura inzira.

**4. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: Fair Play**

Muri firime yakane abakinnyi n’abaharanira inyungu ku isi, bahuye na guverinoma zanga gufata ingamba zifatika zo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa apartheid, bwibasiye Afurika yepfo yera aho bibabaza: ku kibuga. Ibihano mpuzamahanga byamagana amakipe y'imikino ya apartheid bifasha kuzana ikibazo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afurika yepfo ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi hose no guca umubano w’umuco w’Afurika yepfo n’umuco w’iburengerazuba. Kubera ko yari azi ko abirabura bagenzi babo bo muri Afurika yepfo bangiwe n’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ikiremwamuntu - tutibagiwe n’uburenganzira bwo kwitabira amarushanwa mpuzamahanga ya siporo - ibihugu by’Afurika byanze guhatana n’amakipe y’abazungu bo muri Afurika yepfo y’abazungu, bahakana imikino Olempike ndetse banashyira ahagaragara ibitaramo ku bitangazamakuru ku isi hose bituma Komite mpuzamahanga ya Olempike ibuza amakipe ya apartheid mu mikino iri imbere. Ihuriro riyobowe na Afurika ryayoboye urugamba rwo gukumira Afurika y'Epfo mu mupira w'amaguru, umukino w'iteramakofe, umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare, gusiganwa ku magare, judo, kuzitira, imikino ngororamubiri, volley ball n'andi marushanwa menshi, kandi ibuza amakipe yo muri Afurika y'Epfo kwitabira imikino hafi ya yose mu myaka ya za 70. Gusa hasigaye ikipe ya nyampinga wa ruhago ku isi muri Afurika yepfo, kandi abaturage bo mu bihugu by’iburengerazuba bikinirwa umukino wa rugby bajyanye mu murima kugira ngo bafunge umuryango wanyuma kuri siporo ya apartheid. Iyamamaza rya siporo ryabaye intsinzi yambere y’umutwe urwanyivanguramoko kandi ryatsindiye umuco wo gutandukanya umuco w’abazungu mukibuga cy’ingirakamaro.

**5. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: From Selma to Soweto**

Filime yagatanu yibanze kurumwe mubafatanyabikorwa bakomeye muri Afrika yepfo  Reta Zunzubumwe z'Amerika.Yabaye ikibanza gikomeye mu rugamba rwo kurwanya ivanguramoko kuko Abanyamerika-Abanyamerika bayoboye ikirego cyo guhindura politiki ya guverinoma ku butegetsi bwa apartheid. Umuryango w’ibanze wo gushaka amashuri makuru, inama z’umujyi, na leta kugira ngo bagabanye imigabane yabo mu masosiyete akora ubucuruzi muri Afurika yepfo yakwirakwiriye mu gihugu cyose bahatira Kongere y’Amerika kwemerera Afurika yepfo. Iyi ntsinzi itangaje yatsinzwe na perezida Ronald Reagan utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi. Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika bahinduye cyane politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Amerika ku nshuro ya mbere mu mateka. Ibihano by’i Burayi byakurikiranye, hamwe na bo, kwigunga kwa politiki y’ubutegetsi bwa apartheid.

**6. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: The Bottom Line**

Filime esheshatu ninkuru yubukangurambaga mpuzamahanga bwa mbere bwibanze bwo gukoresha igitutu cyubukungu kugirango ifashe guhirika leta. Amaze kubona ko ubutegetsi bwa apartheid bushingiye ku mikoreshereze y’imari y’iburengerazuba, abaturage ku isi yose, guhera ku bakozi ba Polaroid kugeza ku muyobozi wa Motors rusange, guhera ku bafite konti y’abanyeshuri muri Banki ya Barclays kugeza ku baguzi banga gaze ya Shell, bose banze ko ubucuruzi na Afurika yepfo bukomeza nk'uko bisanzwe. Ubukangurambaga no kwamagana ibikorwa byazanye ibikorwa byo kurwanya ivanguramoko mu mibereho no mu baturage b’abantu ku isi, bifasha abantu ba buri munsi gusobanukirwa no guhangana n’ubukungu bw’iburengerazuba bushingiye ku ivangura. Muguhangana n'ibitero byabereye murugo ndetse n'akajagari kiyongera muri Afurika y'Epfo, amasosiyete mpuzamahanga yavuyemu kwimuka kwabenshi, ateza ikibazo cy'amafaranga muri Afurika y'Epfo kandi byerekana neza kwiminsi y'ubutegetsi bwa apartheid ibaze.

**7. Have You Heard from Johannesburg: Free at Last**

Filime yakarindwi, kandi yanyuma, yibera muntandaro y’amakimbirane, Abanyafurika yepfo bavuga amateka y’imbaraga zikomeye mu gikorwa cyo kurwanya ivanguramoko ryo mu myaka ya za 80: ihuriro ryahuje ingabo zirwanya ivanguramoko muri Afurika yepfo nka mbere. Imbaga nyamwinshi yongerewe imbaraga zitigeze zibaho igihe ibisekuruza bitatu byabarwanyi barwanyaga hamwe nka United Democratic Front . Guhangana n’ubwigunge mpuzamahanga bugenda bwiyongera, guverinoma ya apartheid yagerageje gutsindira abayoboke nokwemeza isi kwaringombwa ko ivugurura ryayo ryihariye nubwo ryageragezaga guhashya kwigomeka ku mugaragaro, rimwe na rimwe rikoresha amayeri y’ibanga. Imyigaragambyo y’ubumwe bwa demokarasi iharanira demokarasi yageze ku ndunduro mu gikorwa gishya cyo Kwanga, kandi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, Nelson Mandela yabaye izina mu rugo kuko ubukangurambaga bwo kumurekura bwatwitse isi yose. Hafashwe hagati y’imyigaragambyo y’imbere idahagarikwa n’igitutu mpuzamahanga gikomeje, ubutegetsi bwa apartheid bwaje guhatirwa ku meza y’imishyikirano, amaherezo bukuraho ibimaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo bibuza Kongere y’igihugu nyafurika. Nyuma y’imyaka makumyabiri n'irindwi muri gereza, Nelson Mandela yararekuwe, bituma habaho ibirori ku isi yose ubwo yazengurukaga isi ashimira bose. Nyuma yimyaka 30 mu buhungiro, Oliver Tambo amaherezo yashoboye gusubira muri Afrika yepfo. Ariko urugamba rwari rwamuteye ubwoba kandi azapfa umwaka umwe mbere yuko mugenzi we, Nelson Mandela, atorerwa kuba perezida wambere w’abirabura wa Afurika yepfo ishingiye kuri demokarasi.

## Broadcast
Filime ndwi zagabanijwe kugezakubice bitanu kuri tereviziyo kandi zerekanwa kuri *Independent Lens* kuri PBS muri 2012.

## Kwakira
Keith Uhlich wo muri *Time Out New York* yiswe Have You Heard from *Johannesburg* filime ya cumi nziza ya 2010 mu mwaka wa 2010, ayita "amashusho yagutse, afite impande nyinshi." 

## Ibihembo
Uruhererekane rwatsindiye igihembo cya Primetime Emmy kubera azigukina amafilime ya documentaire bidasazwe mu 2012, kubera kobyanyuze kuri PBS . 

## Home media
*Have You Heard from Johannesburg* yasohotse kuri DVD irindwi ya disiki yashyizweho mu 2011 na Clarity Films, buri firime kuri disiki itandukanye. Buri disiki irimo ibikoresho byinyongera.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website