Umugenzi (film ya 1975)

***Umugenzi*** ( Italian   ) ni filime ikinamico yo mu 1975 iyobowe na Michelangelo Antonioni . Iyi filime yanditswe na Antonioni, Mark Peploe, na Peter Wollen, ivuga ku bijyanye na Anglo - umunyamakuru w’umunyamerika, David Locke ( Jack Nicholson ), wibwira ko ari umucuruzi wapfuye ubwo yakoraga documentaire i Tchad, ataziko yiganumucuruzi w’intwaro ufite aho ahuriye n’inyeshyamba muntambara y’abenegihugu. Munzira, aherekejwe n'umukobwa ukirimuto utaravuzwe izina ( Maria Schneider ).

*Umugenzi* niyo filime yanyumamumasezerano atatu ya Antonioni yagiranye na producer Carlo Ponti na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, nyuma ya *Blowup* (1966) na *Zabriskie Point* (1970). Iyi filime yakiriweneza, abayinenga bashima icyerekezo cy'Antonioni, imikorere ya Nicholson, sinema, hamwe ninsanganyamatsiko iranga, gutenguha nokubaho . Mugihe iyi filime yasohokaga, yari mumarushanwa ya Palme d'or mwiserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes . 

Iyi filime yabanje gusohoka na MGM ibinyujije mu bahanzi bunze ubumwe mur'Amerika, ariko mugukemura igice cy’amakimbirane ashingiye kumushinga utandukanye, Nicholson yahawe uburenganzira bwa filime kandi bivugwa koyabujije gukwirakwiza amashusho kugezigihe Sony Pictures yemeye kongera gukora no kongera kuyisohora.  Mu 2005, byemejwe na Nicholson, Sony Pictures Classics yongeye gukora iyo filime, itangikinamico ntarengwa yo kongera gusohoka ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2005,  ikanayishyira kuri DVD ku ya 25 Mata 2006.  

## Umugambi
David Locke numunyamakuru wa tereviziyo utemewe mu majyaruguru ya Tchad, ashakakubaza abarwanyi b'inyeshyamba bagizuruhare muntambara y'abenegihugu . Guharanira gushaka ababajijwe, arushaho gucikintege iyo Land Rover yiguye mumucanga nyuma yogutabwa aho n'abayobozi. Nyuma y'urugendo rurerure anyuzemuri Sahara asubira muri hoteri ye, Locke ananiwe amenya ko umushyitsi mugenzi we (Robertson), umwongereza bari bafitanye ubucuti busanzwe, yapfiriye mu cyumba cye cy'indwara y'umutima muri iryo joro. Locke yahisemo guhindura imyirondoro na Robertson, basacyane, mazavugako yapfiriye ku meza, umugambi ugenda nta nkomyi. Locke akusanya ibintu bya Robertson, birimo pistolet, igitabo cyabigenewe na pasiporo . Yahinduye pasiporo kugirango yitwaze ifoto ye.

I Londres, umugore wa Locke wahemutse Rachel ahinduka umwere iyo amenyeye "urupfu" rw'umugabo we. Yegereye inshuti ye, producer wa BBC witwa Knight, kugirango akurikirane Robertson kandamenye ibyavuzwe na Locke muminsi yashize. Locke, amazekwerekeza i Munich, ahasanga ikibuga cyindegekirimo ububiko bufite urutonde-rwibiciro hamwe nimpapuro nyinshi zafotowe zerekana intwaro. Akora ku bushake, akurikira ifarashi yera n'amagare mu bukwe muri shapeli ya baroque, aho ategereza inyuma y'itorero. Ubukwe bumaze kurangira, abagabo babiri babonye Locke ku kibuga cy'indege baramuhangana basaba "impapuro". Locke amazekubaha impapuro ziva mukabati, bamuha ibahasha y'amafaranga bamubwira kwigice cya kabiri kigomba kwishyurwa muri Barcelona . Bimaze kugaragara ko Robertson yari umucuruzi w'intwaro ku nyeshyamba zimwe Locke yagerageje kuvugana na Tchad.

Muri Barcelona, Locke ahitamo Knight, ugerageza gushaka Robertson. Locke ahura numunyeshuri wubwubatsi, uzwi nk  Umukobwa 'gusa, mugihe agerageza kwihisha mu nyubako ya Gaudi, Palau Güell . Nyuma (kuri La Pedrera, indinyubako ya Gaudi kuri Paseo de Gracia), Locke arasabumukobwa kuzana ibintubye muri hoteri kugirangwatazabonayo hariya na Knight ureba lobby. Knight aramwumva mugihe akusanya imizigo ye, akavugana nawehanze. Yemeye kumujyana guhura na Robertson, amusabako yamukurikira muri tagisi, ariko abasha kumubura. We na Locke bavamuri Barcelona, bahinduka abakunzi mugihebahunze. Koresha amafaranga avuyekwishura mbereyintwaro zitatanzwe, Locke ashushanya kugirangwinama iteganijwe mubitabo bya Robertson. Umubonano we ntugaragara; abagabo bategura amasezerano yintwaro barashimuswe, babazwa, kandi bakubitwa na hitmen bakorera leta ya Tchad.

I Londres, Rachel yakiriye ibintu bya Locke muri Afurika. Amaze kumva Knight avugako yirukanwe muri Barcelona, Rachel yatunguwe no gufungura pasiporo ya Locke asanga ifoto ya Robertson yanditsimbere. Akeka ukuri, yerekeje muri Espagne gushaka Locke, kuko abamukubise bamukurikira, bibwira ko bakurikira Robertson. Rachel ahabwa ubufasha na polisi ya Espagne mukumukurikirana, ariko Locke n'umukobwa bakomejekubahunga. Imodokayabo yangiritse, Locke yohereje umukobwa, amutegeka guhura nawe nyuma yiminsi itatu i Tangiers . Umutego rwose, Locke agenzura muri hoteri yomumujyi wa Osuna womuri Esipanye, aho yasanze uyumukobwa yagarutse maze yandikisha icyumba cya kabiri yiyita Madamu Robertson. Yongeye kugerageza kumwumvisha kugenda. Yasohotse muri hoteri maze azenguruka mukibanza cyuzuye ivumbi hanze, ashaka kumugarukira. Bidatinze, hitmen bageze muri hoteri, bahaguruka mbereyuko abapolisi bahagera hamwe na Rachel. Umukobwa yinjiye mwitsinda rya nyuma, basanga Locke yapfiriye mu cyumba cye. Abajijwe n'abapolisi niba bamuzi, Rachel avuga ko atigeze amumenya, ariko umukobwa ati: "Yego".

## Abakinnyi
 

## Umusaruro

### Iterambere
Mumyaka yaza 1960, Michelangelo Antonioni yariyasinyanye amasezerano y’amashusho atatu na producer Carlo Ponti na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Filime ebyiri zambere ni *Blowup* (1966) na *Zabriskie Point* (1970). Umushingawe wagatatu wiswe *uburyohe bwa tekiniki*,  yagendeye kunkuru ngufi yo mu 1958 yise "L'avventura di un fotografo" (bisobanurwa ngo "Amahirwe yumufotozi") na Italo Calvino . [ 9 ] Umutwe wari watewe inkunga n’amagambo J. Robert Oppenheimer yavuze kuribombe atomike kubera "tekiniki nziza" ( ubwiza bw'imibare, imibare ya elegance ) ibibazo byateje. Antonioni yabanje kwandika ubuvuzi bwa firime mu 1966, nyuma yandika inyandiko ku bufatanye na Mark Peploe, Niccolò Tucci, na Tonino Guerra . [ 10 ] Nyumayuko *Zabriskie Point* (1970) irekuwe, Antonioni yamaze imyaka ibiri mu mirimo yabanjirije umusaruro, harimo n’abaskuti bari hafi y’umugezi wa Amazone . [ 11 ]

Jack Nicholson na Maria Schneider baribahujweninyenyeri muruyumushinga. [ 9 ] Antonioni yaraziranye na Nicholson mumyaka yashize kuberako *Zabriskie Point* (1970) na *Easy Rider* (1969) byabaye gufatamashusho hafiyabo. Mugenzi wa Nicholson, Dennis Hopper, yatumiye Antonioni mukwerekana filime yeyambere kugiticye, nyuma Antonioni na Nicholson bavugana byinshi.  Icyakora, Ponti yahangayikishijwe nigiciro kinini cyokurasa ahantumaze ahagarikumushinga. Muri [ 1975, Antonioni yatangarije *Los Angeles Times* ko kunanirwa mubucuruzi kwa *Zabriskie Point* (1970) byagize uruhare muguhagarika umushinga.  Inyandiko, yahinduwe mwizina ry’Ubutaliyani yitwa *Tecnicamente dolce*, nyuma yasohowe na Einaudi mu 1976. [ 10 ] 

Filime yingengo yimari yiswe *Fatal Exit* yarimwiterambere rya Carlo Ponti Productions. Uyumushinga wariwanditswe na Mark Peploe, warumuvandimwe wa Antonioni wahoze akorananawe, Clare Peploe . [ 11 ] Mwikubitiro, Mark Peploe yagombaga kuyoboriyo filime, akoresheje amashusho yanditswenawe na Peter Wollen .  [ 15 ] Icyakora, Ponti ahubwoyasabye Antonioni kuyobora iyi filime, cyane cyane kuberuburambe bwa Peploe nk'umuyobozi.  Antonioni yemeye icyo cyifuzo,  byemejwe na Peploe.  Antonioni yari yabonye isano irihagati ya *Tekiniki Sweet* na Peploe kuko yariyibanze kumunyamakuru w'amafoto. Ariko, kubera ubwitange bwa Nicholson muri *Chinatown* (1974), Antonioni yari afite ibyumweru bitandatu gusa byo kwandika ibyanditswe. [ 15 ]

### Gufata amashusho
[ *[* File : Igisenge cya Casa Mila, Barcelona. Locke (Nicholson) arasaba Umukobwa gukura ibintu bye muri hoteri kugirango atabonwa na Knight, inshuti ye kuri BBC .]]

Amafoto nyamukuru yabereye i Tassili N'Ajjer,  Intara ya Illizi ya Alijeriya  (kwerekana Tchad ), Centre ya Brunswick,    London, St. Georg (Bogenhausen)   5   2 ]  ​ ​     &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Mu gihe kirekire, hakiri kare muri filime, umukinnyi wa Nicholson Locke arimo ahindura amafoto, hagati ya pasiporo ya Locke na Robertson, mu cyumba cye cya hoteri, hamwe na kaseti yafashwe amajwi yakinnye ikiganiro mbere ya Locke na Robertson, ubu akaba yarapfuye. Kamera ipakira amasegonda 25, itagabanijwe, kugirango igumane isura ya Robertson kuri Live kuri bkoni, mugihe Locke agaragaye iruhande rwe maze bombi bakomeza kuvuga (ni ukuvuga muri kamera muri flash-imwe imwe).<blockquote>Iyicwa ry'imfungwa muri iyi film ntabwo ryateguwe. Igizwe namashusho nyayo yibikorwa nyabyo abakozi bafashe amashusho mugihe bari.  </blockquote>Ifoto yanyuma ya firime ni iminota itandatu, isegonda 32-isegonda yo gufata amashusho atangirira mucyumba cya hoteri ya Locke, ureba hanze ku mukungugu wuzuye ivumbi, asunika mu tubari tw’idirishya rya hoteri yinjira mu kibuga, azenguruka dogere 180, arangije asubira inyuma yerekeza hafi y’imbere y’icyumba imbere. [ 26 ]

* Aho hoteri iherereye bivugwa ko ari Osuna muri film. Icyakora, ibimasa ku nkombe z'ikibuga bizwi ko ari ibyo mu mujyi wa Vera wo muri Esipanye, mu ntara ya Almería .   Mu bisobanuro bya DVD, nyuma yimyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, Nicholson yavuze ko Antonioni yubatse hoteri yose kugirango abone iyi foto.
* Ifoto yarakomeje, irinda ihinduka rya lens aperture mugihe kamera yavuye mucyumba ikinjira mukibuga. Kubwibyo, amashusho yagombaga gufatwa nyuma ya saa sita zijoro kugirango hagabanuke itandukaniro riri hagati yumucyo hanze no imbere mucyumba.
* Kamera yiruka hejuru yinzu hejuru yicyumba cya hoteri kandi iyo igeze hanze yidirishya, yashakaga gutorwa nifuni yahagaritswe na crane nini ifite uburebure bwa metero 30. Sisitemu ya giroskopi yashyizwe kuri kamera kugirango ikomeze mugihe cyo guhinduranya iyi nzira yimbere yimbere igana kuri crane hanze. Hagati aho, utubari two ku idirishya twahawe impeta. Iyo kamera igeze mu idirishya kandi utubari ntitukiri mu rwego rwo kureba, bajyanwe ku mpande zombi. Muri iki gihe, kamera yo kujya imbere ya kamera yagombaga guhagarara amasegonda make mugihe icyuma cya crane cyarafashe kigatwara inzira. Kugirango uhishe ibi, lens yagabanutse buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe crane ishobora gukurura kamera imbere. Hanyuma kamera yagendaga kamera muruziga ruzengurutse ikibuga, aha abakozi babakozi umwanya wo gufunga utubari twidirishya mbere yuko kamera igaruka kureba mumadirishya hanze yiki gihe. Antonioni yayoboye amashusho avuye mu modoka akoresheje monitor na mikoro, avugana n'abafasha bagejeje amabwiriza ye ku bakinnyi ndetse n'abayikora. 

== Kurekura ==
''Umugenzi'' yarekuwe na Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer abinyujije ku bahanzi bunze ubumwe muri Amerika ku ya 9 Mata 1975. Nyuma yimyaka iyi filime isohotse, Nicholson yari yarateje imbere kandi ateganya kuzakina umushinga wa firime, ariko MGM yaretse umushinga. Nicholson yasabye indishyi, MGM ireka ''Umugenzi'' kuri Nicholson.  Mu myaka hafi mirongo itatu, Nicholson yabujije filime gukwirakwizwa, nubwo yasohotse muri make na Warner Home Video kuri videwo mu myaka ya za 1980. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; Sony Pictures Classics yegereye Nicholson amusaba kugarura no kongera gusohora film.  Ku ya 28 Ukwakira 2005, iyi filime yahawe igihe gito muri Amerika,  aho yinjije amadorari 768.744 ku isi yose. Filime yasohotse kuri DVD ku  Mata 2006.

## Kwakira
Vincent Canby wo mu *kinyamakuru The New York Times* yanditse ko iyi filime ari "melodrama ihagarikwa, inkuru isanzwe isanzwe ku buryo bitarenze byibuze igice cya kabiri way unyuzemo urabona ko ari inzozi nziza, kandi ko uri imbere ureba hanze."  Gene Siskel wo muri *Tribune ya Chicago* yahaye iyi filime isubiramo ryuzuye ry’inyenyeri enye, agira ati: " *Umugenzi* ni filime igoye igaragara gusa mu bwiza bwayo bw'umubiri. Kandi niba udafatiye kuri iyo nkuru yo mu bwonko bwo mu bwonko, birashoboka ko uzasanga umuvuduko w'inkuru yo kwiruka utinda cyane. Abareba bahuza n'urundi rwego, ariko bafite ubushishozi budasanzwe bwo kwerekana ishusho n'ibitekerezo ... Nicholson. Igishushanyo cyiza cya Antonioni. " ​*​​​​* 

Kevin Thomas wo mu *kinyamakuru Los Angeles Times* yise iyi filime "igihangano cy’ubwiza bugaragara ndetse n’ubuhanzi bukomeye burimo gusebanya nk’uko ari hypnotic. Ni ikintu gikomeye cyagezweho n’umwe mu bakora amafilime akomeye ku isi kandi akirata ikindi kintu cyiza cyatanzwe na Nicholson".  Penelope Gilliatt wo muri *New Yorker* yise iyi filime "intsinzi yo guhanga tekinike irambuye amagambo y’ubuhanga bwa filime kuko atigeze ayirambura mbere".  Hank Werba wo muri *Variety* yanditse Antonioni "akora cyane amaboko yerekana amashusho meza ya firime agaragazwa nuburyo bwe bwite ndetse nububabare bwo gutekereza kubuzima bwa none kugirango ashishikarize guhura nabo." 

Roger Ebert yabanje guha iyi filime isuzuma ribi mu 1975. Mu 2005, yasubiyemo iyi filime asubiramo neza, yandika ko ari ukureba neza indangamuntu, kwitandukanya n’icyifuzo cya muntu cyo kwikuramo. Yashimye kandi imikorere ya Schneider nk "imikorere yo guhumeka neza."  John Simon, mu gitabo cye cyo mu 1983 *cyitwa Something to Declare*, yanditse adashidikanya ko "Ubusa buri hose: ahantu nyaburanga no mu mijyi, mu nsengero no mu byumba bya hoteri, ndetse cyane cyane mu byanditswe. Ntabwo bigeze habaho ibiganiro byitwa ko ari impfabusa, umugambi mubisha ariko utabishaka, biranga ibintu byinshi kandi bidafite ishingiro. 

Muri 2012, *Umugenzi* yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 110 ku matora y’abanenga *Sight &amp;amp; Sound* . Filime yashyizwemo n'ikinyamakuru *Empire* nk'imwe muri Filime  *mu bihe byose* . Iki kinyamakuru cyashimye amashusho ya firime (yakozwe na Luciano Tovoli ) ndetse n’ibikorwa byakozwe, cyane cyane imikorere ya Nicholson ituje kandi yerekana. [   Kurubuga rwumvikanyweho rugira riti: "Amateka ya Antonioni, umugani w'abantu bonyine, batandukanye mu rugendo nubwo imiterere y'amayobera y'irangamuntu, ihindagurika ifite ubwiza kandi idashidikanywaho."  Kuri Metacritic, film ifite amanota 90 ishingiye kubisubiramo 20, byerekana "gushimwa kwisi yose". 

## Ibindi gusoma

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* American Cinematographer, ''The Passenger:'' One Epic Shot

## Reba

### Inkomoko
 

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
* The Passenger at IMDb 
* The Passenger at the TCM Movie Database
* The Passenger : AFI Catalog of Feature Films
* The Passenger : metacritic