open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gukurikirana inyoni

**Gukurikirana inyoni** bitanga uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiturire n’imyitwarire y’inyoni bitagusabye kubona inyoni. Gukurikirana inyoni biri mu cyiciro cyo gukurikirana amakuru yaho umuntu cyangwa ikintu giherereye kandi bifitanye isano no gukurikirana inyamaswa. Imfashanyigisho yo gukurikirana inyoni yashyizwe ahagaragara.  Gukurikirana inyoni n'igikoresho gikoreshwa n'abantu bakurikirana ibintu kamere kugirango basuzume icyo inyoni ziri gukora aho ziba ziherereye mu rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima kabone nubwo inyoni yaba itagaragara.

## Ikusanyamakuru
Muri pasifika y’amajyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, porogaramu yitwa NatureMapping ikusanya amakuru yigisha abaturage ndetse ikanabasaba guhuza amakuru yabo bakusanyije bakayashyira muri porogaramu ya siyanse y'abenegihugu. Amakuru ashobora gukusanyirizwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho wafata mu kiganza yitwa *handh*h*ld palm pilot* amwe na sisitemu ya GPS yerekana uburyo bwo gukusanya. Iyi gahunda yu'buntu yitwa CyberTracker. Kugirango tumenye neza ko amakuru yizewe, hashyizweho sisitemu yo gusuzuma amakuru binyuze mu muryango wa CyberTracker.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ikarita y'ibinyabuzima
Igishanga cya kamiranzovu

## Kamiranzovu
igishanga cya Kamiranzovu giherereye mukarere ka Burera mu murenge wa Butaro abaturage batuye muri uyu

murenge barishimira itunganwa ryakorewe iki gishanga kuko cyakundaga kubateza igihombo gikomeye cyane

cyane mugihe kimvura kuko cyyarangagwa numwuzure bigatuma imyaka yabo yangirika cyane ndetse hakavaviramo.

nuburwayi nka maralia iterwa nimibu inzara nibindi

## Itunganywa ry'igishanga cya Kamiranzovu
Igishanga cya Kamiranzovu cyatunganyijwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi ibinyujije mu kigo RAB, ku bufatanye n’inkeragutaba.Imirimo yo kugitunganya yose yatwaye asaga Miliyari imwe y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda.

Aba baturage bari basanzwe bakorera imirimo yabo y’ubuhinzi muri iki gishanga cya Kamiranzovu, mbere y’uko gitunganywa bavuga ko mu gihe cy’imvura cyarengerwaga  n’amazi bikabatera igihombo.gikabije ndetse ninzara

## Iterambere
abaturage bari baturiye iki Gishanga cya kamiranzovu giherereye mu karere ka Burera mu murenge wa Butaro 

barishimira cyane itunganywa ry'iki gishanga kuko byabateje imbere mu mirimo yabo yaburimunsi kandi 

bavugako abasaga 1600 bahawe akazi mumirimo yo gutunganya icyo gishanga maze bikababera intambwe 

ikomeye yo kwiteza imbere. 

Igishanga cya Kamiranzovu gifite hegitari 465 zose zikaba zishobora guhingwa mu bihembwe byose by’ihinga abahinzi nta kibazo bahuye nacyo, ibyo Umuyobozi w’ishami ry’ubuhinzi n’umutungo kamere mukarere ka Burera , Nizeyimbabazi Jean de Die aheraho asaba abahinga muri iki gishanga ku kibyaza umusaruro. kandi si ibyo gusa kuko n'akarere ka burera gafite gahunda yo gukora amaterasi mu misozi igikikije.

## Reba
Gahunda yo kubaka umuhanda gicumbi nyagatare

Ubuyobozi bw'ikigo gishinzwe iterambere RTDA, bwatangaje ko ibikorwa by'iterambere mu kubaka umuhanda

w'ikitegererezo uzwi nka kaburimbo uhuza intara y'amajyaruguru n'intara y'iburengerazuba igeze kukigero cya 94%

n'umuhanda uteganwa kuzatwara byibuze miliyari 53frw y'amafaranga y'urwanda. umuhanda watangiye gufasha

mu buhahirane hagati y'abaturage bo muntara zombi muntara y'amajyaruguru n'ibburasirazuba 

haba mu buhahirane ndetse no muburyo bw'ingendo.

iyubakwa ry'uyu muhanda ryabereye bamwe umugisha , kuri bamwe mubaturage kuko bahawe ingurane kuko

imitungo yabo yacishijwemo umuhanda bityo bakaba barabashije kw'iteza imbere. https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/imirimo-yo-kubaka-umuhanda-base-gicumbi-nyagatare-igeze-kuri-94

## amashakiro
Gufotora ibicu

**Ifoto ya Cloudscape** nifoto yibicu cyangwa ikirere.

Umufotozi wambere w'ikirere, umufotozi wumubiligi Léonard Misonne (1870–1943), yamenyekanye ku mafoto ye y'umukara n'umweru y'ikirere n'igicu cy'ijimye. 

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 rwagati, umufotozi w'umunyamerika Alfred Stieglitz (1864–1946) yakoze urukurikirane rw'amafoto y'ibicu, byiswe "ibingana" (1925–1931). Dukurikije inyandiko yanditse kur uhererekane ku rubuga rwa Phillips Collection, "Ubwiza bw'ikigereranyo bushingiye kuri aya mashusho, bwarushijeho kuba ibintu bidahuje n'ibyamubayeho, ibitekerezo, n'amarangamutima".  Vuba aha, abafotora nka Ralph Steiner, Robert Davies na Tzeli Hadjidimitriou bazwiho gukora amashusho nkaya.

## Ingero

Dosiye:Cloudscape CHD.JPG|amafoto yerekana igicu cya Chandigarh
Dosiye:Cloudscape santhosh.JPG|Ifoto ya Cloudscape yafatiwe mu majyepfo yUbuhinde
Dosiye:1-16-12 Cloudscape.jpg|Igicu cyafashwe kumushinga wa Clouds 365 i Frisco, Texas, Amerika.


## Reba kandi

* Ubuhanzi bwo mu kirere
* Sosiyete ishima ibicu
* Igicu (ubuhanzi)
* Ahantu nyaburanga

## Reba


## Inkomoko n'ibisomwa

* Davies, Robert; Christopher Bucklow; "Ibicu"; Lissabon (Porutugali). Arquivo Fotográfico Munini. (Lisboa, Porutugali : Umujyi wa Câmara, Cultura: Arquivo fotográfico, 1997)  [Imitwe y'isi ya Worldcat irimo "Davies, Robert" na "Gufotora ibicu"]
* Steiner, Ralph. Ishuri Rikuru rya Smith . "Gukurikirana ibicu : amashusho n'imvugo "; Inzu Ndangamurage. ( Albuquerque, NM : Yatanzwe n'Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya New Mexico, © 1985)  [Gufotora ibicu]
* Hadjidimitriou, Tzeli. Igihe kigabanuka mubicu | O χρόνος χάθηκε στα σύννεφα. Inyandiko ziva: N. Vatopoulos, N. Chronas, Tz. Hadjidimitriou, Metaichmio, 2003,
Ikirere cya Mediterane

Ikirere cyo ku nyanja ya Mediterane ni itandukaniro ry’ikirere giciriritse giciriritse hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere gisanzwe. Iboneka imbere mu karere ka Mediterane, kure y'inkombe. Iyi kirere ikunze kugaragara muri Espagne no muri Turukiya, aho ihana imbibi n’ikirere gikonje . 

Ibiranga ikirere cyo ku mugabane wa Mediterane harimo impeshyi ikonje (ugereranije n’ikirere gisanzwe cya Mediterane ) hamwe n’ihindagurikire ryinshi mu gihe cy’ibihe. Iyi kirere ubusanzwe ihana imbibi n’imvura ikonje ikonje, ihuriweho na bimwe mu biranga ikirere cyo kuri wa Mediterane.

## Ikirere cya Köppen
Ikirere cya Köppen ntikigaragaza itandukaniro ry’ikirere cyo ku nyanja ya Mediterane. Nka uturere dufite ubu bwoko bwikirere bwiswe ikirere cya Csa mediterraneane, cyangwa ikirere gikonje cya BSk.

Urugero rwiza rwibi ni Madrid, ukurikije uko ikirere cya Köppen gikurikirana ikirere gifite inzibacyuho ya Csa-BSk.  Madrid igaragaramo icyi gikonje, hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije bwibihe ugereranije nibindi bihe byo mu nyanja ya Mediterane. Yumye kandi ugereranije, iranga Meseta Hagati ya Espagne yo hagati.

Kugira ngo dusobanure neza ikirere cya Espagne na Porutugali, ikirere cya Mediterane cyashyizwe mu byiciro bitari ubushyuhe bwo mu cyi, (nk'uko ikirere cya Köppen kibivuga ), ariko bitewe n'ubukonje bw'igihe cy'itumba. Ikirere "gisanzwe" cyo mu nyanja ya Mediterane kiboneka mu turere two ku nkombe (usibye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru), mu gihe ikirere cyo ku mugabane wa Mediterane cyiganje imbere mu gihugu.

## Reba
Ikigo gishinzwe gukoresha ikirere n'ubushakashatsi muri kaminuza ya kolumbiya

**Ikigo cya Koperative ishinzwe gukoresha ikirere n’ubushakashatsi** ( **CICAR** ) cyari ubufatanye bukomeye hagati y’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe inyanja n’ikirere (NOAA) Ibiro by’ubushakashatsi bw’inyanja n’ikirere (OAR) n’ikigo cy’isi, kaminuza ya Kolumbiya.

Insanganyamatsiko yubushakashatsi bwa CICAR yari:

* Kwerekana, gusobanukirwa, guhanura, no gusuzuma imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’imihindagurikire
* Iterambere, gukusanya, gusesengura, no kubika amakuru y'ibikoresho na Paleoclimate
* Guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa iteganyagihe ry’imihindagurikire y’ikirere no guhindura iteganyagihe no gusuzuma kugira ngo bitange amakuru ku bafata ibyemezo no gusuzuma ingaruka ku mutungo w’amazi, ubuhinzi, ubuzima, na politiki

**CICAR** yasinye amasezerano y’imyaka 10 y’ubufatanye ku ya 30 Kamena 2014. 

## Ishakiro
Ikigo gishinzwe ubumenyi bw'ikirere

**Ikigo gishinzwe ubumenyi bw’ikirere** (CICS) giteza imbere ubufatanye bw’ubushakashatsi hagati y’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’inyanja n’ikirere (NOAA) / Ibiro by’ubushakashatsi bw’inyanja n’ikirere (OAR) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) na kaminuza ya Princeton . Nimwe mubigo 16 byamakoperative NOAA (CIs). 

Insanganyamatsiko yubushakashatsi bwa CICS ni:

* Sisitemu yisi
* Ibinyabuzima
* Inzira zo ku nkombe
* Paleoclimate

## Reba
Ishyirahamwe ry'ubushakashatsi bw'ibiyaga bigari

Koperative ishinzwe ubushakashatsi  mu **biyaga bigari**, yahoze izwi ku izina ry' Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bwa Limnology **na Ecosystems Research** , (GLERL), Kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan (MSU), na kaminuza ya Michigan (UM). Nimwe mu bigo 16 byamakoperative NOAA (CIs). 

Umuyobozi wa 7 mu myaka 32 mu mateka ya CIGLR kuva ku ya 22 Ukwakira 2021 ni PhD Gregory J. Dick, Umwarimu mu ishami ry’isi n’ubumenyi bw’ibidukikije muri kaminuza y’ubuvanganzo, ubumenyi, n’ubuhanzi (LSA) muri kaminuza ya Michigan . 

Insanganyamatsiko yubushakashatsi bwa CILER ni:

* Ikirere n’ikiyaga kinini
* Inzira zo ku nkombe na Nearshore
* Imiterere nini yimiterere yikiyaga cyibinyabuzima
* Kwumva kure y'Ikiyaga Kinini hamwe ninyanja ya Dynamics
* Ubwubatsi bwibidukikije bwo mu nyanja

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Koperative Ikigo cyubushakashatsi bwibiyaga bigari
Inkongi y'umuriro muri Gikomba

Kuwa 28 Kamena 2018, umuriro mwinshi wangije amazu 15 hamwe n’ahantu henshi ku isoko rya Gikomba i Nairobi, muri Kenya . Inkongi y'umuriro yatangiye gutwika guhera saa mbiri n'igice z'amanywa kugeza 4h30 z'umugoroba, Hapfuye abantu 15.

nabandi 70 barakomeretse ariko bidakabije. Mugihe inkongi yabaga hazamutse imyotsi myinshi yangiza ikirere.

*

## Reba
Ikoreshwa ryubugenge ya kuri Sitasiyo ya Ice mu kureba imihindagurikire y'ikirere

**Labpratwari y'ikoreshwa ry'ubugenge 2007** ( **APLIS07** ) ni laboratoire yo muri Amerika n’Ubuyapani yahariwe ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi . Iherereye ku rubura rutemba nka 300 kilometres (190 mi) amajyaruguru ya Prudhoe Bay (Sagavanirktok), Alaska. Yashinzwe bwa mbere muri Werurwe 2011.  Ifite kandi icungwa n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubushakashatsi cya Arctique muri kaminuza ya Alaska Fairbanks .

## Mu muco uzwi

Mu 2007, APLIS yakoreshejwe mu gufata amashusho muri firime Stargate: Continuum, ku bufatanye n’amazi yo mu mazi yo muri Amerika Navy USS  (SSN-757) . 

## Reba
Iturika ry'inzuzi muri Imo mu 2022

Ku ya 22 Mata 2022, habayeho iturika mu majyepfo ya Nijeriya cyahitanye abantu 110.    Byabereye mu ruganda rutunganya peteroli rutemewe ruherereye ku rubibi rwa Leta ya Imo na Leta ya Rivers .  

## Reba
Umusoro ku biti mu basoviyeti mu 1944

**Umusoro ku biti** wari umusoro washyizweho na ba nyir'ibiti by'imbuto na guverinoma ya Joseph Stalin mu 1944.  Umusoro watumaga bihenda kugira ibiti mu murima, kandi byagize ingaruka zitateganijwe zo gutera ibiti byinshi n’abahinzi b’Abasoviyeti. Ibi byaje gutuma habaho kubura imbuto.

Igitekerezo cyatanzwe na Minisitiri Arseny Zverev, kandi Stalin yananiwe kumenya ibibazo bizatanga. Umusoro wavanyweho mu 1954 na Georgy Malenkov, igihe imisoro yagabanutseho 60% ku bahinzi. 

## Reba kandi

* Ubuhinzi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti
* Kwamamaza udukoko tune

## Reba
Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire n’igenamigambi rya Uruguay

Ni minisiteri ya Leta ya Uruguay ishinzwe imiturire n'igenamigambi n'ingamba zijyanye n'imiturire mu gihugu.

Minisitiri w’imiturire n’igenamigambi muri iki gihe ni Irene Moreira, ufite uyu mwanya kuva ku ya 1 Werurwe 2020. 

## Amavu n'amavuko
Iyi minisiteri yashyizweho ku butegetsi bw'igitugu bwa gisivili-gisirikare mu mwaka w'1974, ifite izina rya **Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire n'iterambere ry'imiberehomyiza y'abaturage** ; nyir'iyi portfolio yaguye kuri Federico Soneira. Iyi Minisiteri yagize ubuzima buke, iseswa mu 1977.

Minisiteri iriho yashinzwe ku ya 30 Gicurasi 1990, mu buyobozi bwa Luis Alberto Lacalle . Minisitiri w’intebe wabishinzwe yari Raúl Lago.

Muri 2020, mu gihe cya guverinoma ya Luis Lacalle Pou, ihindura izina ryayo muri Minisiteri ishinzwe imiturire n’igenamigambi ry’akarere, nyuma yo gushyiraho Minisiteri y’ibidukikije . 

## Urutonde rwa ba Minisitiri

## Amashakiro
Inama ngishwanama ku miterere y'ikirere

**Inama ngishwanama ku miterere y’ibihe (CCAG)** ni itsinda ryigenga ry’abahanga batanga inama ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye,  iyobowe na Bwana David King .  

Itsinda ryatewe inkunga n'ikigo gishinzwe gusigasira ikirere . 

Intego yacyo ni "uguha abaturage b'isi ubusesenguzi buri gihe ku bijyanye n'ingamba zo guhangana n'ibibazo byo gushyuha kw'isi n'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye". 

Itangizwa rya CCAG na raporo ya mbere ivuga ko Isi ishobora kuba yaramaze guca ahantu henshi hashobora guteza akaga, harimo gushonga amababi ya barafu, gutinda kwa Atlantike no kugabanuka kw’ishyamba ry’imvura rya Amazone, byerekana ko hakenewe umuvuduko. 

## Abagize itsinda
Abanyamuryango ba CCAG ni abahanga mu bumenyi butandukanye bose baharanira ibidukikije. Itsinda ryashinzwe kuburyo umugabane wose (usibye Antaragitika) wari uhagarariwe. Abanyamuryango bose bitanga igihe cyabo mumatsinda.  Abanyamuryango barimo:

* Nerilie Aburamu  
* Ade Adepitan - Uwatanze ikiganiro 
* Laura Diaz Anadon  
* Dr. Fatih Birol Umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (IEA)  
* Mercedes Bustamante  
* Dr. Robert W. Corell  
* Dr. Arunabha Ghosh  
* Sir David King - Intebe  
* Dr. Klaus Lackner  
* Mark Maslin  
* Dr. Tero Mustonen  
* Lavanya Rajamani  
* Johan Rockström  
* Dr. Tara Shirvani - Umufasha 
* Lorraine Whitmarsh  
* Qi Ye  

## Amashakiro
Umushinga wa Isabela

**Umushinga wa Isabela** wari umushinga wo kurengera ibidukikije mu birwa bya Galápagos byo muri ekwadoro wabaye hagati ya 1997 na 2006,  watangijwe na Fondasiyo ya Charles Darwin na Parike y'igihugu ya Galápagos. Ubwoko bw'ibinyabuzima bwavumbuwe mu kinyejana cya 16 n'icya 17 ku birwa, cyane cyane ihene n'indogobe zimwe na zimwe n'ingurube, byazanye kwangiza ibidukikije kuri ibyo birwa kandi bibangamira akanyamasyo ka Galápagos kari mu myaka ya za 1990 hafi yo kuzimira. Kugeza mu 1997, gahunda zari zashyizwe mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro zo kurandura ayo moko y'ibinyabuzima yaravumbuwe mu majyaruguru ya Isabela, muri Santiago, na Pinta.   Abashinzwe kurinda parike babikora kinyamwuga bakoresheje kajugujugu bahiga ihene za Yuda, Iyi gahunda yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu 1999, kandi no mu 2006, ihene 150.000 zonyine zararimbuwe. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2011, uyu mushinga nicyo gikorwa kinini cyo kubungabunga ibirwa n’ibidukikije ku isi.  

## Reba
Sisitemu y'Isi y'ubwirinzi

**Sisitemu y’umubiri** ni icyifuzo kitavugwaho rumwe, bivugwa ko ari ingaruka za hypothesis ya Gaia . Igitekerezo cya Gaia kivuga ko isi yose ishobora gufatwa nkibinyabuzima kimwe (Gaia). Nk'ibinyabuzima byigenga, Isi yaba ifite sisitemu y'umubiri runaka kugira ngo ibungabunge ubuzima bwayo.

Bamwe mu bashyigikiye iki gitekerezo cy’ibihimbano, nk'urugero, bemeza ko abantu bashobora gufatwa nk '" ubwandu " bwa Gaia, kandi ko SIDA ari igerageza ry’ubu buryo bwo kwirinda indwara. " Kanseri " ishobora kuba ijambo risobanutse neza, kuko abantu bahindutse muri Gaia, kandi ntabwo ari abateye hanze. Ibinyuranye ni uko abantu ari ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri wa Gaia ubwabwo, wenda byahindutse kugira ngo birinde amakuba azaza nka Permian na Cretaceous kuzimangana kw'ibinyabuzima.

Igitabo cya James Lovelock " Kwihorera kwa Gaia " cyerekana ko Gaia ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukuraho umuco wangiza bitewe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ubushyuhe bukabije bw’isi, ariko byerekana ko hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwiyongera buturuka ku zuba, ubushobozi bwa Gaia bwo "gusubira inyuma" nkuko byagenze nyuma yibyabaye bya Permiya na Cretaceous, birashobora guhungabana.

Paul Hawken atanga igitekerezo muri *Blessed Unrest* ko iyo Isi ifatwa nk'ubuzima  sisitemu y’umubiri y’isi igizwe na miliyoni cyangwa imiryango hafi ya yose ku isi ikorera mu butabera, ibidukikije, n’uburenganzira bw’abasangwabutaka. Amenshi muri ayo matsinda ahujwe binyuze kuri interineti nubundi buryo kuburyo hariho urusobe runini rwabantu bahujwe nitsinda rikora kurinda isi, abantu bayo, nibiremwa byose. Kurugero, umuryango umwe ukora kugirango uhuze amatsinda akora ku mbaraga zirambye ni Inforse muri Danimarike. 

## Reba

; **Bibliografiya**

* 
* 
*  
*
Ibidukikije bya Tennessee

Tennessee ni agace gaherereye mu burasirazuba bw'amajyepfo y’Amerika,. Mu rwego rwa politiki, Tennessee yacitsemo ibice bitatu bikomeye: Iburasirazuba, Hagati, n'Uburengerazuba bwa Tennessee . Mu buryo bufatika, Tennessee nayo itandukanijwe mu buryo butatu bw'ubutaka: ikibaya cyinzuzi, imisozi miremire n'ibibaya, n'imisozi .

## Ibidukikije
Ibidukikije bya Tennessee birimo ibigo ndangamurage bya Discovery Centre kuri Murfree Spring, Lichterman Nature Centre na Owl's Hill Nature Centre . Usibye ibi bigo by’ibidukikije, hari n'ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo guhitamo muri leta zose nko mu murwa mukuru wa Nashville. Harimo Centre Kamere ya Beaman Park, Bells Bend Outdoor Centre, Shelby Bottoms Nature Centre, na Centre Kamere ya Warner Park. 

## Ibimera byaho byihariye

* Astragalus bibullatus
* Eriogonum longifolium var. harperi
* Isoetes lacustris
* Urutare gnome
* Sarracenia oreophila
* Utricularia inflata
* Utricularia radiata

### Ibiti

* Abies fraseri
* Ulmus serotina

## Imihindagurikire y’ikirere muri Tennessee
Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi muri Amerika bwabaye ingingo ikomeye kuva amasezerano ya Kyoto, mu rwego rw’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, yashyizweho mu 1992. Ingaruka ziterwa n'ubushyuhe ku isi zaganiriweho cyane; icyakora, hari ibimenyetso byerekana kwiyongera gake mubushyuhe bwibanze bwa leta nyinshi. Mubyongeyeho, bigaragara ko hari ingaruka zitari nke kuri sisitemu y'ibidukikije muri Amerika yose. Muri leta ya Tennessee, imwe mu ngaruka  z’ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi isa nkaho ari impinduka zikomeye ku miterere ya geologiya ndetse n’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu kibaya cya Ohio-Tennessee. 

**Zimwe mu mpinduka mu kibaya cya Ohio-Tennessee zirimo:**

* Kurenza gutunganyiriza intungamubiri mu kibase
* Kugabanuka k'ubunini bw'ikibase nkuko bipimwa n'ubuso bw'amazi
* Ubwiyongere bw'imyanda ihumanya y'amazi

**Amategeko amwe amwe yashyizweho kugirango akemure ubushyuhe bw’isi muri Tennessee ni aya akurikira:**

Iteka rya Leta nomero 54 rishyiraho Itsinda ryihariye rishinzwe politiki y’ingufu hagamijwe gushyiraho gahunda nshya y’ingufu za Leta bitarenze ku ya 1 Ukuboza 2008. 

Irindi teka rishyiraho itsinda rishinzwe guhuza ibicanwa bigamije intego yo kugira Tennessee icyanya cya mbere cy'inganda zitunganya ibikomoka kuri kuri peteroli .  Itsinda ry’imirimo ryazanye ubundi buryo bwa buzafasha kugera ku ntego igena intego zo kongera umusaruro w’ibikomoka ku bimera n’amatungo no kwimura peteroli.

Igice cya 489 (2007) gisaba ibigo byose n’ibigo by’uburezi bya Leta gushyiraho gahunda bitarenze ku ya 1 Mutarama 2008 kugabanya cyangwa kwimura ikoreshwa rya peteroli mu binyabiziga bya leta ku kigero cya 20%. 

## Amashakiro
Ibiza mu Rwanda

Mu Rwanda gihe cy'ibiza cyangwa imvura nyinshi byangiza ibikorwa remezo ndetse n'ibindi bikorwa hirya no hino mu Rwanda,amazu, imihanda,inkangu zitwara ubutaka n'imisozi,amzi avengers imirima n'imyaka mu bishanga akenshi nakenshi imyuzure itera abantu ikabica igasenya amazu yabo ubundi ikangiza imyaka bikagira ingaruka ku mibereho y'abantu n'ibintu.

Akenshi inzu zisenyuka  ziba zubatse mumanegeka, mubishanga, cyangwa hafi n'inkangu ndetse no mu misozi miremire, mu ntara y'Uburengerazuba,Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo invura nyinshi yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 135 muri Gicuransi 2023

## Ingaruka z'Ibiza

Minisitiri w'ibikorwa by'ubutabazi Kayisire Maria Solange  yagize ati inkuba nazo ziri mu mwanya wa kabiri mu bidutwara ubuzima bw'abantu,imyuzure,n'ibindi   Bimwe mu bikorwa remezo nk'imihanda ashuri,amavuriro,amasoko,n'amazu y'ubucuruzi byagiye byangirika muri aka gace k'Uburengerazuba, ibitekerezo by'abaturage nabyo birangirika cyane nka za Dipolome zabo imishinga bakoze ,ugasanga bataye umutwe.

## Kurinda ibiza mu Rwanda
Mu gihugu cy'u Rwnda hagaragaye  ko mu iyo ibiza bije bihittana ibintu byabantu benshi ndetse bigasenya amazu bidasize n'ubuzima bw'abantu muri Rusange.Gukumira Ibiza byo mugihe kizaza no gushakira abaturage Bari mukaga ubutabazi bw'ibanze nk'ibikoresho by'isuku ,imyambaro ndetse nibyo kuraramo,kubimura bagatuzwa aheza,nubwo leta itatanga ibisubizo byuzuye ukurikije ibyo abari mukaga baba bakeneye,Guverinoma ikora ubutabazi bw'ibanze. Gushyiraho ingamba zo guhunika imyaka cyane cyane ibinyampeke kugirango mugihe cy'inzara bazabone ibibarengera,kwihaza mu biribwa biciye mu ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere ry'ibihingwa n'amatungo mu moko menshi birwanya amapfa. 

## intanganturo
Inkuba

## Inkuba ni iki
**Inkuba** ni ingufu zamashanyarazi zifite wate miriyari,ingufu ziruka kurenza isasu,ingufu zamasharazi zica umuntu wese  ihura nawe, ni amashanyarazi ashobora gushongesha urutare.

## Bigenda gute

inkuba kenshi mu mvura mbere yuko twumva inkuba iturika tubanza kubona umurabyo uza mu ishusho yi igiti cyangwa umuzi wigiti ufite umuvuduko urenze uwo guhumbya umuvuduko w’ibirometero miriyoni mu isaha cyangwa umuvuduko wibirometero 25/sec umurongo ufite miriyari ya vorute.

## Ku Muntu

Iyo ukubiswe ninkuba amashanyarizi akomeye yinjira muri wowe akuzura mu mubiri bitewe nuko mumubiri haba harimo ama aside yo kugirango adufashe kubaho, umubiri uhita wirekura kugirango amashanyari awusohokemo kuko amaraso yose ahurira ku mutima, amashanyarazi yirunda mu mutima ugahagarara ,ahandi hantu inkuba yirukira ni murutirigongo kubera ko ubwonko bukoresha amashanyarazi kamere kugirango amakuru agere mu mubiri birivanga. Ingaruka ziba nuko ubwonko bwawe budakora neza kuko nkumuntu wakubiswe ni nkuba ushobora kumutuma ikaramu akamara umunota atekereza ikaramu icyo aricyo.

## Inama no Kuyirinda

inama batanga kukwirinda gukubitwa ni inkuba, nubona umurabyo ukanumva ijwi hadashize byibuze amasegonda 10 uzihutire kujya munzu kuko mukirere urimo harimo inkuba nyinshi,munzu aho kwihisha inkuba hagomba kuba Atari kumadirishya. Kwirinda kujya ku mapisine mugihe cyimvura,ukirinda kujya ahantu hejuru nko kubisenge by’amazu,kwirinda kuryama urambaraye kubutaka ahubwo ugasutama ukapfuka amatwi umutwe ukawushyira hagati yamaguru ukawumanura uko ushoboye,niba uri mu ishyamba irinde kwegera ahantu hari igiti kimwe ahubwo ujye mu itsinda ryibita ahagaragara nko mugikombe,ikindi nuko ugomba kuzimya ibikoresho byose bikoresha amashanyarazi.
Ishyamba rya Ngong

*Ishyamba rya Ngong Umuhanda rifite ubuso bwikubye inshuro eshatu nigice z'ubunini bwa Parike Nkuru y'Umujyi wa New York.* *Igabanyijemo ibice bibiri by'ingenzi n'umuhanda wa Ngong: Igice cya Miotoni ugana mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, n'igice cya Racecourse na Kibera mu burasirazuba bw'Amajyepfo.* *Bypass y'Amajyepfo, ubu irimo kubakwa, nayo igabanya ibi bice.*

Ishyamba ryabanje gusohoka mu kinyamakuru mu 1932, rifite ubuso bungana na hegitari 2,926.6 kandi ritanga gari ya moshi ibiti na lisansi. Kugeza mu 1978, kariya gace kari kagabanutse nyuma yo gukurikiranwa n'amategeko. Kwamburwa ubutaka mu buryo butemewe nabwo byari byinshi kandi igice cy’ishyamba cyacitsemo ibice kandi gihabwa abikorera ku giti cyabo inyuma y’imiryango ifunze. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1990, Abashinzwe umutekano w’amashyamba ya Ngong Road, bayobowe na Imre Loefler bavumbuye ko intandaro y’ishyamba kavukire ryagabanijwemo ibice 35 by’ubutaka kandi ko bigomba guhabwa abiteza imbere. Nyuma yuko guverinoma iharaniye inyungu, kugurisha byahagaritswe. Kugeza mu 2005, ubuso bwose bw'ishyamba rya Ngong Road bwari bumaze kugera kuri hegitari 1,224.

Amategeko y’amashyamba yo mu 2005

Kuva 2005 no gutambutsa amashyamba ibikorwa by'amashyamba

umuhanda w'ishyamba rya ngago ryacunzwe na serivisi ishinzwe amashyamba rya kenya. igikorwa cya 2005 cyatewe inkunga no gutabara ishyamba rya karura. byerekana kumenyekanisha kwinshi akamaro ko gusana amashyamba yo mumujyi.

Itegeko ry’amashyamba rishishikariza uruhare rw’abaturanyi mu micungire y’amashyamba, bitandukanye n’imigenzo yashize yabonaga ko imiyoborere ihuriweho. Ibi bijyanye nuburyo ibihugu byisi byegereye isi kandi uburyo bwo gufatanya ubu bufatwa nkuburyo bwiza bwo gucunga umutungo kamere. Gahunda yo kuvugurura ishyamba rya Ngong Umuhanda rifite uruhare rwabaturage muri rusange.

Ishyamba rya Ngong, rigera mu Ntara ya Rift Valley, ryatewe amashyamba kubera gutura kwa Karen na Ngong, ndetse no guteza imbere ishuri rya Lenana na Racecourse ya Ngong . Ibi birori byagabanije ishyamba rya Ngong ryambere 2,926.6 hegitare (7,232 acres) kugeza kuri 1,224 hegitare (3,020 acres) .

## Reba
www.ngongroadforest.com
Inyanja

**Inyanja** ( **inyanja** cyangwa **inyanja yisi** ) ihuriro wamazi yumunyu utwikiriye hafi 70.8% byisi kandi urimo 97% byamazi yisi .  Inyanja ishobora kandi kwerekeza kuri buri huriro rinini ry'amazi aho inyanja yisi igabanijwe bisanzwe.  Amazina atandukanye akoreshwa mu kumenya uturere dutanu dutandukanye two mu nyanja: Pasifika (nini), Atlantike, Umuhinde, Antaragitika / Amajyepfo, na Arctique (ntoya).   Amazi yo mu nyanja agera kuri 361,000,000 km   y'isi. Inyanja nikintu nyamukuru kigize hydrose yisi, bityo rero ni ntangarugero mubuzima bwisi. Inyanja ikora nk'ikigega

kinini cy'ubushyuhe, inyanja igira ingaruka ku kirere n'imiterere y'ikirere, inzinguzingu ya karubone, n'inzira y'amazi .
Ishyamba ryamafi Ishyamba ryigihugu

**Ishyamba ry’ikiyaga cyamafi,**  ryashinzwe nk’ishyamba **ry’amashyamba ryamafi,**  n’ibiro bikuru by’ubutaka muri Utah ku ya 10 Gashyantare 1899 hamwe na 67,840 hegitari (274.5 km   . Nyuma yo kwimura amashyamba ya federasiyo muri serivisi ishinzwe amashyamba muri Amerika mu 1905, yabaye ishyamba ry’igihugu ku ya 4 Werurwe 1907. Ku ya 1 Nyakanga 1908 Ishyamba ry’igihugu rya Glenwood ryongeyeho izina rihinduka ishyamba ry’igihugu cya Fishlake . 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Umuryango w'Amateka y'Amashyamba
* Sosiyete Amateka y’Amashyamba: Urutonde rwamashyamba yigihugu ya Reta zunzubumwe zamerika *Inyandiko ya Davis, Richard C., ed.* *Encyclopedia y’amashyamba yo muri Amerika no kubungabunga.* *New York: Isosiyete isohora Macmillan ishinzwe amateka y’amashyamba, 1983.* *Vol.* *II, imp. 743-788.*
Imvura ya mahindu

## Imvura ya mahindu

**[[Imvura]]** ni ibitonyanga by'amazi byegeranye biva mu kirere hejuru hanyuma bikagwa hasi ku isi, **Imvura ya mahindu** yo iba iremereye ifite ibitonyanga bikomeye bikuguyeho ugirango ni ubuye cyangwa se urubura, iyi mvura irasenya .

## Amoko y'imvura
ubundi hariho amako atatu y'imvura

* Relief rainfall 
* Frontal rainfall (imvura igwa ihereye imbere)
* Convectional rainfall (imvura igwa birambuye)

## Imvura ya mahindu
Convectional rainfall cyangwa Imvura ya mahindu, iyi mvura iyo iguye irangiza cyane pe, ntibura kwica abantu , imigezi ikuzura, inzu zigasenyuka, imirima ya baturage ihinzemo imyaka ikagenda, iyi mvura isenya amashuri, kuko irangiza cyane, ahanini iyi mvura ya mahindu ntabyo ikunze kugwa igihe kinini. Imvura ya mahindu ikunze kuba iherecyejwe n'umuyaga myinshi ndetse n'urubura ntirubura.

## Meteo Rwanda
Meteo Rwanda ivugako ibihe by'imvura byahindutse ndetse n'ibipimo birahinduka, ivugako Imvura iruta izindi izaba iri hagati ya milimetero 40 na 60 mu intara y'uburengerazuba ndetse n'imvura iri hagati ya milimetero 20 na 40 mu intara y'amajyauguru. Imvura iri munsi ya milimetero 10 ni yo mvura nke izajya. igipimo cy’impuzandengo y’imvura isanzwe igwa mu kwezi kwa Mutarama, kiba kiri hagati ya milimetero 0 na 70.

## AMASHAKIRO
Umushinga wo gusesengura icyuho no kugaragaza imibereho rusange y'inyamaswa z'agasozi

**Umushinga wo gusesengura icyuho** (mbere yiswe Gap Analyse Program)  ni gahunda mu gihugu hose muri Amerika ikoresha isesengura ry'ikinyuranyo kugira ngo isuzume kandi ishyigikire muri rusange ibidukikije. Porogaramu iyobowe kandi igahuzwa n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibinyabuzima muri Amerika, ariko bugashyirwa mu bikorwa ku bufatanye na gahunda za Leta n’akarere.

GAP ikora kugirango amoko asanzwe - ayatabangamiwe kumugaragaro - akomeze kuba rusange muguhitamo ubwo bwoko n’ibimera  bidahagarariwe bihagije mubutaka bubungabunga ibidukikije.

Gahunda ya GAP yatangiye mu myaka ya za 1980, ishingiye ku isesengura ry’ubwoko bw’inyoni zo muri Hawayi na J. Michael Scott .

GAP yagaragaje ingano y'ubutaka bw'igihugu kandi ikingira imibare y'amakuru, ikoresha mu gusuzuma uko kubungabunga inyamaswa z’inyamabere, inyoni, ibikururuka hasi, n’inyamanswa muri Amerika

Gahunda ya GAP mu bisanzwe ifite ibice bitatu byingenzi: 1. Isesengura ry'ubutaka 2. Ubwoko bw'inyamanswa zikwirakwiza 3. Ububiko bw'amakuru

Buri kintu cyose gisanzwe gikorwa nk'urwego rwa GIS .

## Amashakiro

* Urubuga rwemewe rwa Amerika GAP: https://web.archive.org/web/20190320202905/https://gapanalysis.usgs.gov/
Ishami rishinzwe amashyamba rya Maharashtra

**Ishami rishinzwe amashyamba rya Maharashtra** ni ishami rya leta y’Ubuhinde rishinzwe amashyamba n’imicungire y’ibinyabuzima.  

Icyicaro gikuru cy’ishami ry’amashyamba rya Maharashtra giherereye i Nagpur . Hari amashyamba 11 ariyo; Amravati, Aurangabad, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gadchiroli, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Nashik, Pune, Thane na Yavatmal. Ibiti by'nziga eshatu zo mu gasozi ni Wildlife Borivali, Wildlife Nagpur na Wildlife Nashik.  Ibiro by'Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kubungabunga n'amashyamba, umuyobozi w’ingabo z’amashyamba (HoFF) ni umuyobozi w’ishami ry’amashyamba muri Maharashtra.  Uburenganzira bw’amoko mu turere tw’amashyamba hakurikijwe itegeko ry’uburenganzira bw’amashyamba bugengwa n’ishami ry’amashyamba. 

## 33 Igikorwa cyo Gutera Igiti
Kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’amapfa muri Maharashtra, ishami ry’amashyamba ryateguye gahunda yo gutera ibiti miliyoni 33.  Byari urugendo rw'amezi atatu yo gutera ibiti mu turere 36 guhera kwitariki ya 1 Nyakanga kugeza 30 Nzeri muri Leta ya Maharastra.   Leta  yageze ku ntego yayo itera ingemwe zirenga 33 Crore.  Muri rusange, ishami ry’amashyamba rya Maharashtra ryateye, miliyoni 52 z’ibiti hagati ya 2017 na 2019 kandi ubuzima bwo kubaho buracyari 81%. 

## amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe rwishami ry’amashyamba rya Maharashtra, Guverinoma ya Maharashtra
Urubura

## Urubura ni iki ?
Urubura ni imvura igwa mu ivuye mu kirere igizwe n'ibice bya barafu biremerera mu kirere maze bikicamo ibipande bimwe ari binini cyangwa se bitoya.

## Urubura Rukorwa gute ?

iyo ibicu bikonje bigenda byiyegeranya birimo utumorecule duto, maze umwuka ukazamuka mu kirere wahura n'amazi ugahinduka ibitonyanga by'amazi, ariko kubera ubukonje bwinshi bikaza guhinduka urubura.

## AMOKO YU RUBURA
Urubura rugira amoko menshi ariko mu rwanda haboneka nka 3 gusa :

* Hari urubura Rwumwe: uru rubura ni urubura rutagira amazi namake mbese rugwa nta mvura iruherekeje, iyo ruri kugwa ugirango ni amabuye.
* Urubura urubura Rworoshye  : uru ni urubura rugwa ariko harimo amazi cyangwa imvura jyeya.
* Urubura rutose : ni urubura rugwa neza harimo imvura nyinshi kandi rworoshye, ahanini ntago rwangiza cyane, kandi rukaba rwagwa hanashyushye.

## Mu [[Rwanda]]

Mu Rwanda tugira urubura rukunze gusenya amazu, rukica imyaka haba insina, ibigori, amasaka n;ibijumba mbese icyo rusanze mu murima rurabyangiza rugahita rushira bikarangira, kuburyo sikenshi rukunda kugwa, urwo rubura ntago rumara igihe kinini ruhita rushyira. sikimwe nahandi ku isi rushobora kumara ukwezi amezi abiri rugwa.

## AMASHAKIRO
Umushinga wo gucunga amazi no kuyongera

**umushinga wita ku micungire y’amazi** ni uburyo bwashyizweho bwo kugenzura ibura ry'amazi rishobora guterwa n'uko yahindutse urubura cy'ububukonje. Byakozwe mugihe bimaze kugaragara ko gukoresha uburyo bwiza bwo kuyobora (BMP) amazi y'imvura mu gihe imiyoboro ishobora gufungwa n'urubura. 

**Akayunguruzo k'urubura** ni uburyo bwo guhangana n’ibisigazwa by'urubura mu buryo bwangiza ibidukikije . Gukuraho urubura mu mihanda bikorwa kugirango ube mwiza. Uburyo busanzwe ni ugukuraho urubura no kurusiba mu nzuzi. Ariko, kubera ko umunyu ukoreshwa mu gushonga urubura mu mihanda, umunyu nawo winjira mumigezi hamwe na shelegi yataye. Ibi byongera umunyu winzuzi zishobora kugira ingaruka kubinyabuzima byo mu mazi n'inyanja. Imyitozo yo gukuraho urubura mumihanda no kuyipakurura mu nzuzi bigira ingaruka ku bidukikije byo mu mazi. 

## uko bikorwa
Mu Isoko uko urubura rushonga, umunyu ukoreshwa mumihanda nka deicer usigara inyuma. Ibi bishobora kwangiza ibidukikije kuko bitera hypertonic ibidukikije kubimera.

Urubura rutemba rwegeranijwe ruzanwa aho ruhurira. Iyobowe binyuze mu mavuta na grit itandukanya nayo ikurikirana ihame ry'imyanda ihumanya. Gutandukanya amavuta na grit bitera inzira ya electrochemiki na biologiya, ihuza ibyuma biremereye nintungamubiri mubutaka hakoreshejwe kugabanya-okiside . Mugihe kimwe, ibi bigabanya ingano ya chlorine iboneka mumazi.

Amazi atemba noneho yinjira mu kibase cyo gufata, aho ibimera bikoresha ion z'umunyu (urugero K , P , N  ) kugirango bakure. Amazi atemba yongeye kuyungurura ibimera, hasigara amazi meza gusa kugirango asubire mumigezi ninzuzi .

## Inyandiko
Umugwegwe

## Umugwegwe ni Iki ?

Umugwegwe ni igiti cy'umugwegwe kivamo indodo zikomeye, zikoreshwa mu kudoda imigozi ikomeye, umugwegwe ni igiti kinyura mu nzira zikomeye kugirango amababi yacyo atange umusaruro cyangwa indodo nziza kandi zikomeye.

## Umugwegwe icyo isobanuye mu buzima busazwe

Mu buzima busazwe Umugwegwe ufite igisobanuro gikomeye, umuntu witwa umugwegwe ni umuntu uwariwe wese ukurira mu buzima bukomeye cyangwa bubi, ariko agakura ndete akaba umugore cyangwa umugabo nyawe .

## Uko Umugwegwe Ukoreshwa
Umugwegwe

Indodo

## Amashakiro
Imiterere myiza y'ibidukikije

**Imiterere myiza y’ibidukikije** ni ibisobanuro by'ubuziranenge bw’inyanja ibikubiye muri aya mabwiriza bishyirwaho ni inama n'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yasabaga ingamba z’ibihugu bigize Umuryango kubungabunga mu kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020.  

Imiterere myiza y’ibidukikije isobanurwa n'ibi bintu 11:

* Ibisobanuro 1. Ibinyabuzima birabungabunzwe
* Ibisobanuro 2. Ubwoko butari kavukire ntabwo buhindura ibidukikije
* Ibisobanuro 3. Umubare wubwoko b'wamafi yubucuruzi ni muzima
* Ibisobanuro 4. Ibintu byurubuga rwibiribwa byemeza ubwinshi bwigihe kirekire no kororoka
* Ibisobanuro 5. Eutrophication iragabanuka
* Ibisobanuro 6. Ubusugire bw'inyanja butuma imikorere y'ibinyabuzima ibingwabungwa
* Ibisobanuro 7. Guhindura burundu imiterere ya hydrographique mu buryo butagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije
* Ibisobanuro 8. kugabanya imyanda igaburirwa ivinyabuzima biba mu mazi
* Ibisobanuro 9. kugenzura ibyahumanya nyanja biri munsi 
* Ibisobanuro 10. Imyanda yo mu nyanja ntigomba gutera ingaruka
* Ibisobanuro 11. Kwinjiza ingufu (harimo urusaku rwo mumazi ) 

## Reba
Imigano

IMIGANO ni itsinda ritandukanye n'ibiti by;indabyo bimaze igihe,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_Forest,_Gochangupseong_Fortress,_South_Korea_(2).jpg

kinini https://web.archive.org/web/20031110222335/https://forests.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25225 inkomoko y'ijambo "imigano" kugeza na nubu ntiramenyekana 

ariko birashoboka ko yaturutse mu rurimi  rw' Igihorandi cyangwa 

mururimi rw' Igiporutigari. mu migano kimwe no mubindi byatsi,

mwimbere mu ruti ryarwo usanga ari ubusa, imigano iri muri bimwe 

mu bimera byihuta cyane kw'isi mugihe wa biteye. ubwoko bumwe bw'imigano

bushobora gukura mugihe 91CM (santimetero) (36 inchs) mugihe cy'amasaha 24

kukigero cyo hafi isaha imwe https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-growing-plant/  umugano umaze igihe kinini ufatwa nk'ibyatsi

byambere binini , ahanini biterwa nuko hariho "infratorecences" idasobanutse neza,

nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwa phylogeneque bwa vuba aha, amoko menshi y'ibyatsi

byashyizwe mur Bambusiodeae ubu byashyizwe mu bindi bigo.
Ubwikorezi N'imihindagurikire y'ikirere

**Gahunda yo gutwara abantu n'ibintu n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe** muri 2010  muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zasinye amasezerano, agamije kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bituruka ku mavuta y’ibinyabiziga, biva mumajyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bw'Amerika bakoresheje sisiteme yitwa (A Cap and Trade) ku batanga ibicuruzwa byinshi.  Itangazamakuru ryavuze kandi ko gahunda ari **amasezerano y’ikirere cy’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba.** 

Ububasha bwitabiriye ibiganiro ni Akarere ka Columbia na leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika za Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, na Virginia .  Inyinshi muri izo nkiko zimaze kugira uruhare muri gahunda yo gutangiza ingufu za parike yo mu karere, nagahunda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije no gucuruza ibidahumanya ikirere biva mu mashanyarazi.

Niba gahunda yarashyizwe mubikorwa, ibiciro bya lisansi mubihugu byitabiriye byari kwiyongera. Ikigereranyo cyari hagati ya 5 na 24 kuri gallon mu 2023.  Abayobozi ba politiki na bo bari bafite impungenge ko umusoro uzagera ku bakene cyane. 

Icyifuzo cyatandukanijwe mugihe cy'icyorezo cya COVID-19 muri Amerika . Massachusetts yavuye muri ayo masezerano mu Gushyingo 2021, avuga ko hashyizweho ubundi buryo bwo gutera inkunga "kuzamura imihanda, ibiraro ndetse na sisitemu yo gutwara abantu n'ibintu no kwita kubidukikije".  Intara ya nyuma yo kuvaho ni Rhode Island. 

## Reba


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Gutwara abantu no gutangiza ikirere
Ikinyamakuru cya "Filozofiya y’ibidukikije"

***Filozofiya y'ibidukukuje*** ni ikinyamakuru gikora inkuru, kikagenzura, ikanasubiramo ibiganiro bijyanye n'ibice byose bya filozofiya y'ibidukikije . Iki kinyamakuru cyashinzwe mu 2004 kandi gitunganywa na Ted Toadvine muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Penn. Yatewe inkunga n’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryita ku bidukikije rya Filozofiya kandi ryasohowe n’ikigo cyita kuri Filozofiya .  Ikinyamakuru gisohoka kabiri mu mwaka nimero za Gicurasi na Ugushyingo.

## Amashakiro
Kuvugurura ibiciro by'ibikomoka ku bidukikije

**Ivugurura ry’ibiciro by'ibikomoka ku bidukikije** cyangwa **ivugurura ry’imari y’ibidukikije**  ni politiki y’imari yo guhindura ibiciro by'ibikomoka ku bidukikije ku isoko kugira ngo harebwe ibiciro by’ibikomoka ku bidukikije n’inyungu; ibi bigerwaho no gukoresha uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gusoresha cyangwa inkunga yo gushishikariza cyangwa kugabanya iyangirika ry'bidukikije.  

Hanze (ubwoko bwo kunanirwa kw'isoko ) ibaho aho igiciro ku soko gikuraho ibiciro by'ibidukikije na / cyangwa inyungu. Mu bihe nk'ibi, ibyemezo by'ubukungu bishyize mu gaciro (bikunda) bishobora kangiza ibidukikije, ndetse no kugoreka ubukungu no kudakora neza. 

Ivugurura ry’ibiciro by’ibidukikije rishobora kuba ubukungu bwose, cyangwa kwibanda cyane (urugero: ikiciro runaka (nko kubyara amashanyarazi cyangwa ubucukuzi ) cyangwa ikibazo cy’ibidukikije (nk’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ). " Igikoresho gishingiye ku isoko " cyangwa "igikoresho cyubukungu mu kurengera ibidukikije" ni urugero rwihariye rwo kuvugurura ibiciro by’ibidukikije. Ingero zirimo kwimura imisoro y'icyatsi ( ecotaxation ), impushya zo guhumanya ibicuruzwa, cyangwa gutera inkunga amasoko ya serivisi zidukikije. 

## Reba
Umutingito i Rubavu

Umutingito I Rubavu: Nyama yiruka ry'Ikirunga cya Nyiragongo Kuwa 22 Gicurasi 2021 giherereye Muri Congo https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-57237456.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16765628748479&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fgahuza%2Famakuru-57237456 Akarere ka Rubavu kibasiwe Nu mutingito  Aho wangije ibikorwa remezo bitandukanye.https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/rubavu-umutingito-ukomeje-gusenya-inzu-z-abaturage-umusigiti-wangiritse-n

## Amataliki yabereho Umutingito.
22 Gicurasi 2021.

24 Gicurasi 2021 Umutingito wangije ibikorwa remezo bya Karere Harimo umuhanda wakaburimbo Hafi yishuri TTC Gacuba.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/rubavu-umutingito-wangije-umuhanda-wa-kaburimbo

## Ibyangijwe Nu mutingito.
Nyuma yuko Akarere ka Rubavu kibasiwe Nu mutingito Hangiritse ibirimo Amazu Nimihanda byo mu karere ka Rubavu 

Habarurwa Amazu agera Ku gihumbi na Maganabiri (1200) niho abarurwa muyagizweho ingaruka nu mutingito.https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Inzu-zirenga-1200-zimaze-kwangizwa-numutingito-mu-karere-ka-Rubavu

## Ingaruka zu mutingito.
Kuva 22 Gicurasi 2021 abaturage batandukanye batangiye kuva mubyabo bahunga mubice batuyemo kuko hunvikanagamo imitingito yahato nahato bakiza amagara yabo Harimo nabavaga Muri Congo Bahungira mu Rwanda nabava mu Karere ka Rubavu najya mutundi turere dutandukanye nu mujyi wa Kigali 

Habaruwe impunzi zahunze ziva muri teritwari ya Nyiragongo Zahunze umtingito.https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Inzu-zirenga-1200-zimaze-kwangizwa-numutingito-mu-karere-ka-Rubavu

## Ibirushijeho.￼

https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Inzu-zirenga-1200-zimaze-kwangizwa-numutingito-mu-karere-ka-Rubavu
https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-57237456.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16765628748479&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fgahuza%2Famakuru-57237456
Ihuriro ry’ibitangazamakuru byo muri Afurika ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe

**Ihuriro ry’ibitangazamakuru [Pan-African Media Alliance for Climate Climate]** (PAMACC) ni rimwe mu mashyirahamwe ya Afurika y’abanyamakuru kubirebana n’ibidukikije . Yashinzwe muri Kamena 2013 mu mikoro ngiro ifite intego igira iti: Pan African Alliance Justice Alliance. yateguwe n'abanyamakuru bo muri Afurika. 

Intego ya PAMACC ni ugushyigikira abanyamakuru no kunoza raporo zabo ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kandi yashyizeho urubuga rwo gusangira inkuru zabo kubirebana nimihindagurikire y'ibihe.

Ifite abahuzabikorwa b'akarere, bazashishikariza abanyamakuru gushyiraho inzego zabo kurwego rw'igihugu muri buri gihugu. Umuhuzabikorwa wa Afurika yepfo, Sellina Nkowani ukomoka muri Malawi, yatangaje koyifuza  ubwo bufatanye bushishikariza abanyamakuru b’abagore benshi gutanga raporo ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.  Abandi bahuzabikorwa b'akarere ni Elias Ngalame ukomoka muri Kameruni (muri Afurika yo hagati), Atayi Babs Opaluwah ukomoka muri Nijeriya (muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba) na Kizito Makoye wo muri Tanzaniya (muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba). Isaiah Esipisu ukomoka muri Kenya azakora nkumuhuzabikorwa wumugabane wose mugukusanya amakuru kubijyanye nimihindagurikire y'ibihe. 

## Reba
Umucanga

## mucanga ni iki ?

Umucanga ni utubuyenge duto, tuba tuva kukintu kigizwe n'ibibumbano by'amabuye, cyangwa se ku bice byibintu byasenyutse,  bigizwe n'ibice bito cyane kurusha amabuye, ukoreshwa mu byuma, mu birahuri, mu bikoresho bisukura, no mu bikoresho by'ububumbyi. 

## AHO UTURUKA N'IGICIRO
Habaho imicanga itandukanye hariho umucanga w'imusozi hamwe n'umucnga wo mu mazi. umucanga w’imusozi igura amafaranga ibihumbi 10 naho uwo mu mazi ukagura ibihumbi 12.

## AMOKO YI MICANGA
Muri rusange habaho amoko y'imicanga itandukanye aha twavuga umucanga karemano ni umucanga uboneka mu migezi, mu nyanja cyangwa ku musozi itigeze inyura mu nganda, naho umucanga ukorwa n'abantu ( sable artificiels )  ni umucanga ukorwa nabantu, kuko uboneka aruko ukubise ibuye namaboko ukoresheje inyundo cyangwa se ukanyuza ibuye mu mashini ziriswa rikavamo ryabaye umucanga.

## AMASHAKIRO
Imihindagurikire y'ibihe kwisi N'umubano mpuzamahanga

***Umubano mpuzamahanga n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ku isi*** ni igitabo cyo mu 2001 cyateguwe na Urs Luterbacher na Detlef F. Sprinz. Byashyizwe ahagaragara na MIT Press . Igitabo gikubiyemo isubiramo ryibanze ryibitabo byububanyi n’amahanga bijyanye n’ibibazo ndetse n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere .  Harimo isesengura ryibitekerezo, amahame, nuburyo bukoreshwa muri politiki muguhangana y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi.  Igitabo ni incamake itandukanye . 

## Reba
Indwara yibasiye ibiti by’Imyembe

Bamwe mu baturage batuye mu Murenge wa Nzinge basobanukiwe uburyo bwo kurwanya akamatirizi,Umuhinzi ufite ibiti 300 byose byibasiwe n’akamatirizi, yemeza ko yari yarihebye kugeza ubwo yashakaga kubisimbuza agateramo avoka .

## Uburyo bwo kurwanya Akamatirizi

Uburyo bwa mbere bwo kurwanya akamatirizi ni ugukonorera igiti abandi babyita kwicira igiti cyangwa kugikorera nk’uko bakorera ikawa, ni uburyo bwo kugabanya amashami y’igiti kirwaye kugira ngo izuba ryinjire mu giti rigabanye ubuhehere kuko ubuhehere bufasha akamatirizi kororoka.Uburyo bwa kabiri abahinzi bagirwamo inama yo kurwanya akamatirizi ni ukugira isuku ahari igiti cy’umwembe, iyo hari imyanda utumatirizi tuyihishamo tugakomeza kwangiriza igiti, n’aho uburyo bwa gatatu ni ugutera imiti munsi y’amababi ikica utumatirizi muri iyo miti harimo izwi nka Roketi.

## Amashakiro
Gahunda yo kubyaza umusaruro Imyanda itabora

Kuva mu mwaka wa 2007 mu Rwanda hatangiye gahunda yo guca amasashi naho mu mwaka 2019 hatangira gahunda yo kubuza ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bya palasitiki bikoreshwa rimwe bikajugunywa.

## Ibyo Wamenya

Mu Rwanda hasanzwe sosiyete zikusanya imyanda ziyijyana mu bimoteri byabugenewe ndetse n’izibyaza umusaruro imwe muri iyi myanda cyane cyane ifumbire cyangwa ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi bivanwa muri palasitiki byakoreshejwe.Bavuga ko Imyanda itandukanye iri ku rwego rwo hejuru mu koheraza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, aho kuyibyaza umusaruro byagabanya iyi myuka ku gipimo cya 45%.Bamwe mu bitabiriye inama yiga ku bukungu bwisubiranya basanga haramutse hashowe imari mu kubyaza umusaruro imyanda, byagira inyungu nyinshi zirimo no guhanga imirimo.Ku rundi ruhande ariko abahanga basanga ibihugu cyane cyane ibyo muri Afurika bikwiye gushyira imbaraga mu gushaka amafaranga ashorwa muri uru rwego ndetse no gutanga ubumenyi buhangije ku bikorera bifuza kubishoramo imari. 

## Amashakiro
Ishyamba ry'inturusu

inturusu ni igiti gikomoka muri Austaraliya, hariho ubwoko butandukanye bw’inturusu burenga 100.

## Igiti cy'inturusu

Inturusu ni igiti kiza cyane, Hari ababitera ku mihanda, hari n’abatera ishyamba ry’inturusu bagamije ahanini kuzabikoresha nk’imbaho, inkwi, cyangwa kubicamo amakara. Ariko se mwari muzi ko inturusu ubundi ari igiti cyifitemo imiti y’indwara zitandukanye.

## Imiti ivamo

inturusu ikorwamo imiti yo koza amenyo, bombo zivura inkorora, ndetse zigakoreshwa mu miti itandukanye. Impumuro y’ibibabi by’iyo nturusu ituma bikoreshwa mu mavuta n’amasabune y’ubwiza atandukanye. Inturusu ikoreshwa mu kunoza igogora. Inturusu ituma urwagashya rukora ibyitwa ‘sucs exocrines’, ibyo bikaba bikenerwa cyane mu igogorwa ry’ibinyamavuta n’ibinyamasukari ndetse na poroteyine umuntu aba yariye.

## Ibindi Bivamo
Ibindi byiza by’inturusu harimo kuba yarwanya imibu mu nzu (inturusu yitwa citriodora). Inturusu yitwa Globulus’ kandi, yifitemo ubushobozi bwo kugabanya urugero rw’isukari mu maraso. Inturusu kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya umwuka, aho bafata ibibabi by’inturusu bakabitwikira ahantu mu cyumba gifunze, nyuma bakagikingura.

## Amashakiro
Ikimera cya Kapusine

## Kapusine
Ikimera cya kapusine ni ururabo ruterwa mu busitani, rimwe na rimwe rukimeza no mu murima, rugira amabara meza ari nacyo bamwe barukundira. Capusine ni ururabo ruboneka ahatandukanye mu Rwanda aho usanga abenshi banayikoresha mu kwivura indwara zoroheje, cyane nki ibicurane*.*

## Ku Abana

Amababi n’imbuto bya kapusine(Capucine) bivamo imiti itandukanye ku bana ndetse n’abantu bakuru. Ababyeyi bakunze kuyifashisha mu kuvura abana barwaye inkorora ndetse n’ibicurane giripe, aho bafata amababi yayo bakayababura ku muriro, amazi avuyemo bakayanywa. Si ku bana gusa kuko n’abakuru bayikoresheje ikunze kugaragaza umusaruro muzima.

## ABAGORE NA BAGABO
mu buvuzi bavuga ko kapusine (capucine) mugihe iriwe ari mbisi cyangwa isekuwe, ukavanga n’amazi ukanywa igice cy’ikirahure, ibyo byica imyanda yo mu myanya ndangagitsina ku bagabo no ku bagore. Ibi ngo biterwa n’uko ivura indwara zo mu mpyiko no mu ruhago, ndetse ngo yongera ubushake bw’imibonano mpuzabitsina.

## IBINDI

Ibibabi by’iki kimera bitogosheje mu mazi iyo ubyogesheje mu mutwe ngo byaba bitera umusatsi kumera bikaburizamo indwara z’uruhara n’ibihushi ndetse n’umusatsi ntiwongere gupfuka. Kapusine kandi ngo hari n’abazitunganya bakazirya nka Salade. Uretse izi ndwara zavuzwe haruguru, kapusine ngo ishobora no kuvura inkorora y’igikatu, kuvura igisebe ndetse ngo ishobora no kujyanwa mu nganda igakorwamo imiti ivura indwara zitandukanye.

## ISUKU

Ariko kandi, umuntu ugiye gukoresha kapusine aba asabwa kuyisukura cyane, mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko hari mikorobe zishobora gusigara ku mamabi, zikaba zatera ubundi burwayi. Bivugwa ko imbuto, amababi ndetse n’uruti ni byo bivura izo ndwara zitandukanye zavuzwe haruguru.

## AMASHAKIRO