Leptis Magna

**Leptis** cyangwa **Lepcis Magna** uzwi kandi ku yandi mazina  mu bihe bya kera, wari umujyi ukomeye w'ingoma ya Carthagine na Libya y'Abaroma ku munwa wa Wadi Lebda muri Mediterane.

Uyu mujyi washyizweho nk'umudugudu wa Punic mbere y'imyaka 500 mbere ya Yesu, umujyi wagutse cyane ku ngoma y'Umwami w'Abaroma Septimius Severus( r. 193–211 ), wavukiye mu mujyi. Legio ya 3 kanama yari ihagaze hano kugirango irinde umujyi ibitero bya Berber. Nyuma y’iseswa rya legiyonali ku butegetsi bwa Gordian III mu 238, umujyi warushijeho gukorerwa ibitero mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 3. Diocletian  yagaruye umujyi nk'umurwa mukuru w'intara, kandi wongeye gukura mu iterambere kugeza igihe waguye kuri Vandals  mu 439. Yongeye kwinjizwa mu Bwami bw'iburasirazuba mu 533 ariko akomeza kwibasirwa n'ibitero bya Berber kandi ntiyigeze agarura akamaro kahoze. Yaguye mu bitero byab'abayisilamu muri c. 647 hanyuma aratereranwa.

Nyuma yo gutereranwa, umujyi warinzwe ku buryo budasanzwe kuko wari ushyinguwe munsi y’imisozi. Mu myaka yo mu 1920, umujyi wacukuwe n'abacukuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu mataliyani mu gihe U butaliyani bwigarurira Libiya. Amatongo yacyo ari muri Khoms Libiya,  iburasirazuba bwa Tripoli . Biri mubibanza byabitswe neza n'Abaroma muri Mediterane.

## Amateka

### Ibihano
Umujyi wa Punic washinzwe mu gice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 7 BC. Ntabwo uzwi cyane kuri Leptis muri iki gihe, ariko bigaragara ko yari ifite imbaraga zihagije zo guhashya Dorieus yagerageje gushinga ubukoloni bw’Abagereki hafi ya 515 BC. Kimwe n’imidugudu  y’Abapunike, Leptis yabaye umwe mu Bwami bwa Carthaginiya maze igwa mu maboko y'Abaroma itsinzwe na Carthage mu ntambara ya Punic . Leptis yagumye yigenga cyane mu gihe nyuma ya 111 BC.

### Repubulika y'Abaroma
Repubulika y’Abaroma yohereje abakoloni hamwe n’abasirikare bato kugira ngo bagenzure umujyi. Umujyi wateye imbere ndetse yemererwa guhimba amafaranga yacyo mw'ifeza n'umuringa. Mu kwerekana imiterere y’imico, ibiceri byayo byari byanditseho Punic ariko amashusho ya Hercules na Dionysus . Bidatinze, abacuruzi b'Abataliyani batuye muri uwo mujyi maze batangira ubucuruzi bwunguka imbere muri Libiya. Umujyi washingiye ahanini ku burumbuke bw’imirima ikikije iyo, aho hacukuwe imashini nyinshi elayo . Kuri 46 BC, umusaruro w’amavuta ya elayo wari ku buryo umujyi washoboye gutanga miliyoni eshatu zama pound buri mwaka kuri Julius Sezari nk'umusoro.

### Ingoma y'Abaroma
 
Leptis Magna yagumye gutya kugeza ku ngoma y'umwami w'abami w'Abaroma Tiberiyo, igihe umujyi n'akarere kegeranye byinjizwaga mu bwami mu rwego rw'intara ya Afurika. Bidatinze byahindutse umwe mu mijyi iyoboye Afurika y'Abaroma ndetse n'iposita ikomeye. Umujyi wateye imbere byihuse ku butegetsi bw'Abaroma. Ku ngoma ya Nero hubatswe amphitheater. Gutura byazamuwe muri komini muri AD 64 cyangwa 65 no mubu koloni munsi ya Trajan ( r. 98–117 ).Umwepiskopi wa mbere uzwi wa Letis Magna yari umupadiri runaka witwa Victor  wabaye papa mu 189 

Leptis yageze ku ntera ikomeye cyane guhera muri AD 193, nk'umujyi w'umwami w'abami Septimius Severus. Septimius yatoneshaga umujyi yavukiyemo kuruta indi mijyi yose y'intara, kandi inyubako n'ubutunzi yawutunze byatumye Leptis Magna umujyi wa gatatu w'ingenzi muri Afurika, uhanganye na Carthage na Alegizandiriya. Muri AD 205, we n'umuryango w'abami basuye umujyi kandi baha icyubahiro gikomeye. Mu mpinduka Severus yazanye harimo gushiraho ihuriro rishya ryiza no kongera kubaka dock. Icyambu gisanzwe cyari gifite impengamiro yo gushonga, ariko impinduka za Severan zatumye ibi birushaho kuba bibi, kandi ibibuga by'iburasirazuba birarinzwe neza cyane, kubera ko bitakoreshejwe gake.

Leptis yateye imbere binyuze mu bucuruzi bwambukiranya ibicuruzwa bitandukanye muri Sahara bifite agaciro, birimo amahembe y'inzovu, inyamaswa zo mu gasozi ku kibuga cya gladiator, umukungugu wa zahabu, karubone, ibiti by'agaciro nka enbony , n'amababa ya ostrich .

Leptis muri iki gihe yarikabije. mu gihe cya Crisis yomu kinyejana cya 3 igihe ubucuruzi bwagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara, akamaro ka Leptis Magna nako karagabanutse, kandi hagati mu kinyejana cya 4 rwagati, ndetse na mbere yuko cyangizwa na tsunami 365, igice kinini cyuyu mujyi cyari cyaratereranywe. Ammianus Marcellinus avuga ko ikibazo cyarushijeho gukomera na guverineri w’Abaroma wamunzwe na ruswa witwa Romanus, wasabye ruswa kugira ngo arinde uyu mujyi mu gihe cy'igitero gikomeye cy’amoko. Umujyi wangiritse ntushobora kwishyura ibi kandi bitotombera umwami Valentiniya I. Romanus yahise atanga ruswa mu rukiko ategura ko intumwa za Leptan zihanwa "kubera ibirego by'ibinyoma". yishimiye ubuzima bushya butangira ku ngoma y'umwami Theodosius I.

### Ubwami bwa Vandal
Mu mwaka wa 439, Leptis Magna hamwe n'indi mijyi yose ya Tripolitania bagengwaga na Vandals igihe umwami wabo, Gaiseric yafataga Carthage mu Baroma akayigira umurwa mukuru. Ikibabaje ni uko ejo hazaza ha Leptis Magna, Gaiseric yategetse ko inkuta z'umujyi zasenywa kugira ngo abaturage bacyo batigomeka ku butegetsi bwa Vandal. Abaturage ba Leptis na Vandals bombi bishyuye igiciro cyinshi kuri AD 523 mugihe itsinda ry'abateraga Berber birukanye umujyi.

### Ingoma ya Byzantine
Belisariyo,jenerali w'Umwami Justinian I, yigaruriye Leptis Magna mu izina ry'ingoma y'Abaroma nyuma y'imyaka icumi, maze mu mwaka wa  533-4 yongera kwinjizwa mu bwami. Leptis yabaye umurwa mukuru w'intara y'Ubwami bw'iburasirazuba, ariko ntiyigeze akira irimbuka ryatewe na Berber. Mu mwaka wa 544, munsi ya perefegitura ya Sergiyo, umujyi wibasiwe cyane n’imiryango ya Berber, kandi nyuma yo kugira icyo ugeraho, Sergiyo yagabanutse asubira muri uwo mujyi, ihuriro ry’imiryango ya Leuathae rikambika hanze y’irembo risaba kwishyurwa. Sergius yemereye abadepite mirongo inani mu mujyi kugira ngo bagaragaze ibyo basaba, ariko igihe Sergius yimukiye mu nama, yafunzwe n’umwenda n’umudepite umwe, yuzura abandi. Ibi byateje umupolisi w’umuzamu wa perefe kwica uwo umudepite urambika amaboko kuri perefe, bikaviramo ubwicanyi rusange. Abadage bakiriye igitero simusiga maze Sergius ahatirwa guta Leptis asubira i Carthage.

### Intsinzi ya kisilamu
Mu kinyejana cya 6, umujyi wari umukirisitu wuzuye mu myaka icumi 565-578 nyuma ya Yesu, abamisiyonari b'Abakristo bo muri Leptis Magna ndetse batangiye kwimukira mu moko ya Berber kugera mu majyepfo ya Fezzan mu butayu bwa Libiya maze bahindura Garamantes. Mu kinyejana cya 10, umujyi wa Al-Khums wari wuzuye.

### Ubucukuzi
Kugeza uyu munsi, ikibanza cya Leptis Magna niho hari amatongo amwe n'amwe atangaje yo mu gihe cy'Abaroma.

Igice cy'urusengero rwa kera cyazanywe I Leptis Magna munzu ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza mu 1816 gishyirwa munzu ya cyami ya Fort Belvedere mu Bwongereza mu 1826. Ubu kiri mu gice cya Parike nini ya Windsor. Amatongo aherereye ku nkombe y’amajyepfo y’amazi ya Virginie n’umuhanda wa Blacknest hafi y’isangano ry’umuhanda A30 London na Wentworth Drive .

Igihe Abataliyani bigarurira Libiya mu ntangiriro y'ikinyejana cya 20, byatwaye imbaraga nyinshi mu kuvumbura Leptis Magna.mu ntangiriro z'umwaka wa 1930, ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe bwashoboye kongera kwerekana ibisigazwa byashyinguwe hafi y’umujyi wose. Ikinyejana cya 4 kugeza ku cya 3BC necropolis yaje kuboneka munsi y'ikinamico y'Abaroma.

Muri Kamena 2005, byagaragaye ko abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bo muri kaminuza ya Hamburg bakoraga ku nkombe za Libiya ubwo bavumburaga uburebure bwa metero 30 z'uburebure bwa mosaika eshanu zakozwe mu kinyejana cya 1 cyangwa icya 2. Mosaika yerekana mu buryo budasobanutse bwerekana umurwanyi urwana n'impongo, abasore bane barwanira ikimasa cyo mw'ishyamba hasi, hamwe na gladiator iruhuka mu munaniro kandi yitegereza uwo bahanganye yiciwe. Mosaika yashushanyije inkuta za pisine ikonje muri *balneae* muri villa y'Abaroma i Wadi Lebda muri Leptis Magna. Mosaic ya gladiator izwi n’intiti nkimwe mu ngero nziza cyane zerekana ibihangano bya mozayike byigeze kubaho - "igihangano cyagereranywa n’ubuziranenge na Alexandre Mosaic muri Pompeii .Mosaika yavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2000 ariko ibikwa mu ibanga kugira ngo birinde gusahura. Kuri ubu barerekanwa munzu  ndangamurage ya Leptis.

Hari amakuru avuga ko Leptis Magna yakoreshejwe nk'igifuniko cya tanki n'imodoka za gisirikare n'ingabo zishyigikiye Kadhafi mu gihe cy'intambara ya mbere y'abanyagihugu yo muri Libiya, Nyuma gato y'intambara, umuhanga mu bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo wo muri Libiya, Hafed Walda, yatangaje ko Leptis Magna, hamwe n'ikigo cya Rasaimergib kiri hafi na Tripolis yo mu burengerazuba bwa Sabratha, kugeza ubu nta gihombo kigaragara" cyatewe no kurwanira ku butaka cyangwa ibisasu byakozwe n'ingabo mpuzamahanga .

Hagati y’intambara ya 2 y'Abanyalibiya no kubura inkunga ya leta ndetse n’amahanga ku rubuga, abaturage batuye muri ako gace biyemeje kurinda no kubungabunga Leptis Magna.

## Imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Kubera ko ziherereye ku nkombe, amatongo ya Leptis Magna ashobora kwibasirwa n'inyanja. Mu mwaka wa  2022, raporo y’isuzuma rya gatandatu rya IPCC y'abashyize ku rutonde rw’ahantu ndangamuco nyafurika hashobora kwibasirwa n’umwuzure hamwe n’isuri ku nkombe mu mpera z'ikinyejana, ariko ari uko imihindagurikire y’ikirere yakurikiye RCP 8.5, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu byerekana ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ikomeza kwiyongera  4 ° C.,  kandi ntibikiboneka ko bishoboka cyane. Ibindi, byumvikana cyane bituma ubushyuhe buke bugabanuka bityo inyanja ikagabanuka: nyamara, inyanja yakomeza kwiyongera mu myaka igera ku 10,000 munsi yabyo bose.  Nubwo ubushyuhe bugarukira kuri 1.5 ° C, kuzamuka kw'inyanja kw'isi biracyateganijwe kurenga  nyuma y'imyaka 2000 (n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buzabona ubwiyongere bukabije icyo gihe), kubwibyo birenga 2100 kuzamuka kw'inyanja munsi ya RCP 8.5 (~  hamwe na .​ 

## Amashakiro

# https://www.britannica.com/place/Leptis-Magna
# https://archiqoo.com/locations/leptis_magna.php
# https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485615&fid=3783&c=libya
# https://www.britannica.com/place/Leptis-Magna
# https://www.britannica.com/biography/Septimius-Severus