open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Easy Chirp

**Easy Chirp** nigice cya gatatu cyurubuga rushingiye kuri Twitter rwubatswe na Dennis Lembree . Ni urubuga rushobora kugera kuri porogaramu, bivuze ko rutezimbere kubakoresha ubumuga n’abakoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha . Chirp yoroshye nayo ifite akamaro kubafite tekinoroji yo hasi-nka Internet Explorer 9, umurongo wa interineti uhuza imbuga ndetse numurongo, no kubura inkunga ya JavaScript. Imigaragarire yoroshye nibyiza kubakoresha neza nibindi bishya kurumbuga nkoranyambaga, harimo na Twitter. Uru rubuga rwagaragaye bwa mbere mu ntangiriro za 2009, rwiswe Accessible Twitter, ruhindurwa izina ryitwa Chirp muri Kamena 2011.  Hagati muri 2013, urubuga rwahagaritswe kubera amezi agera kuri atanu kubera ivugurura rikomeye ry’ubuhanga. Urubuga rwakozwe numuntu ku giti cye wateguye urubuga nawe ukora blog kubyerekeranye nurubuga rwitwa Web Ax.

Kimwe mu bishya bya Chirp yoroshye mu gukoreshywa  ubushobozi bwo kohereza tweet ihuza ishusho hamwe nibindi bisobanuro byombi bigufi kandi birebire. Nibwo bwa mbere porogaramu ya Twitter (kimwe na porogaramu  imbuga nkoranyambaga) itanga ubundi buryo bwo gushushanya kuko usanga aribwo buryo byateye imbere cyane muri iki gihe, kubura ubundi buryo bwo gufata amashusho byari ikibazo cyo kugera kuri Twitter  no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga muri rusange.

Easy Chirp yahawe igihembo cy'umuyobozi wa FCC 2014 kubera iterambere iyi sisitemu imaze kugeraho,  igihembo cya AFB cyo mu mwaka wa 2010  ndetse na 2009 IT IT @ web2.0. Urubuga rwatoranijwe "Gukoresha API Nziza" mu kinyamakuru .net cyo mu  2010 cyiza kurusha ibindi ku rubuga rwa interineti kandi gitangwa mu bihembo bya Blind Bargains Access Awards 2009 na 2010.    nayo yari urubuga rwa RNIB rwagaragaye mu Kuboza 2011.

Kubera ikibazo cyimpinduka zikomeye za Twitter API muri 2018,  igice cyohererezanya ubutumwa muri Chirp yoroshye gifite imikorere mike cyane.

## Amashakiro
Urwego rwo gupima imitsi ikomeye

Urwego rwa **Modified Ashworth (MAS)** rupima ubukana bw’imitsi igihe ishyirwa mu myanya irambuye kandi rukaba rukoreshwa nk’igipimo cyoroshye cya spastitike .  Uko amanota atangwa (Bohannon na Smith, 1987):

* 0: Nta kwiyongera kw'imitsi
* 1: Kwiyongera gake mumajwi yimitsi, bigaragazwa no gufata no kurekura cyangwa kuburwanya buke kumpera yurwego rwimikorere mugihe igice (s) cyanduye cyimuwe muguhindagurika cyangwa kwaguka
* 1+: Kwiyongera gake mumajwi yimitsi, bigaragazwa no gufatwa, bigakurikirwa no kwihanganira bike mugihe gisigaye (munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri) cya ROM
* 2: Kwiyongera kugaragara kwijwi ryimitsi binyuze muri ROM hafi ya yose, ariko igice (s) cyagize ingaruka byoroshye
* 3: Kwiyongera kwinshi kwijwi ryimitsi, kugenda byoroshye biragoye
* 4: Igice (s) kigira ingaruka zikomeye muguhindagurika cyangwa kwaguka

## Reba

:: 2 Bohannon RW na Smith MB; 1987: Ubuvuzi bw'umubiri, 67 (2), 206–207
Igihembo cy’Igihugu cyo Guteza Imbere Abantu bafite Ubumuga

**Igihembo cy’Igihugu cyo Guteza Imbere Abantu bafite Ubumuga** ni igihembo gihabwa abantu bafite ubumuga mu Buhinde, kandi gifatwa nk’igihembo cy’ingenzi cyane muri icyo cyiciro mu gihugu**.** Yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1969, kandi ikaba iyoborwa na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera n’Iterambere ry’Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage ya  .     

## Reba kandi
 

* Minisiteri y'Ubutabera n'imibereho myiza

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Inshamake kubyerekeye ibihembo byigihugu | Ishami ryo kongerera ubushobozi ababana n'ubumuga | MSJE | Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde
Mat

**Mobility mat** (izwi kandi nka mobi-mat) ni igikoresho cy’ubufasha kigenewe abantu bakoresha amagare, kibemerera kugera ku nkengero z’inyanja zifite umucanga, imihanda y’ubutaka, cyangwa izindi nzira zishobora kugorana ku bantu bafite ubushobozi buke bwo kugenda, nko ku gitaramo cy’imbaho cyegeranye n’inyanja cyangwa ku nzira yuzuye ibice by’imbaho.

Mobi-mats zakoreshwa muri Ostraliya ziba zifite ubugari bwa metero 1.5 kandi zishobora kugera ku burebure bwa metero 50."  Iyi tekinoloji yita ku bantu bose ni mat yirinda gusibangana, rimwe na rimwe ifite imirongo cyangwa ibyuzuye, itanga umudendezo ku bantu bose bakoresheje amagare cyangwa ibinyabiziga byoroheje, harimo ababyeyi bafite strollers cyangwa wagons, ndetse n’abantu bakoresha walkers.  Ahanini mobility mats z’inkengero z’inyanja ntizigerera ku mazi kugira ngo zirinde kwangirika n’amariba y’inyanja, ariko zituma inkengero z’inyanja zibasha kugerwaho n’abakoresha amagare cyane kurusha uko byari bisanzwe. Bimwe mu sisteme z’imyidagaduro ku nkengero z’inyanja bishobora gutanga amagare yihariye yo ku mucanga abakoresha bashobora gukodesha umunsi umwe.

Aya mats ni yoroshye gutwara kandi ashobora kwimurirwa ahandi.  Inkengero z’inyanja nyinshi muri Florida  na Californiya  zimaze kuyashyiraho; amakuru ku kuboneka kwazo akwiye kugaragazwa ku mbuga za interineti z’inkengero z’inyanja cyangwa akajyanwa mu makuru aboneka kuri telefoni.

## Reba
Amashuri y’Igihugu y’Abagore bafite Ubumuga

**Umushinga w’Igihugu wo Kuringaniza Amahirwe mu Burezi ku Bagore bafite Ubumuga** washinzwe na Corbett O'Toole i Berkeley, muri Californiya, mu mwaka wa 1980.  Byari umushinga w’imyaka itatu wo gukora ubushakashatsi no kugaragaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Hashingiwe ku Ikigega cyo Kwigisha no Kurengera Uburenganzira bw’Abafite Ubumuga (DREDF), Umushinga w’Igihugu wo Kuringaniza Amahirwe mu Burezi ku Bagore bafite Ubumuga wakoze ubushakashatsi bwa mbere ku rwego rw’igihugu ku bijyanye n’ubumuga n’imibereho y’abagore. Yanakoze kandi Inama ya Mbere ku Rwego rw’Igihugu ku Kuringaniza Amahirwe mu Burezi ku Bagore bafite Ubumuga, yabereye i Bethesda, Maryland.  Yateje imbere kandi ibikoresho byanditse bigenewe abarimu n’abajyanama, bijyanye n’ibikenewe by’abagore n’abakobwa bafite ubumuga.  *Y*anakoze kandi igitabo kivuga ku bahangayikishije abandi (role models) ku bakobwa bakiri bato bafite ubumuga cyitwa *No More Stares.* 

## Reba
Itegeko Nshingiro rya Paralympic

**Itegeko Nshingiro rya Paralympic** ni izina ryahawe urutonde rw’amategeko n’amabwiriza agenga imikorere y'imikino y'abamugaye . Rishyiraho Itegeko Nshingiro rya Komite Mpuzamahanga ya Paralympic n’abandi bagize umuryango wa Paralympic, harimo komite za Paralympic z’ibihugu n’izindi nzego z’imikino.

Itegeko Nshingiro rya Paralympic rihuye kandi rikurikira Itegeko Nshingiro rya Olympic.

Abasesenguzi b’iby’ubumenyi bw’imikino bagaragaje ko intego z’umuryango wa Paralympic zigaragazwa mu Itegeko Nshingiro n’ibindi nyandiko z’ingenzi ari “zitomoye” kandi zidahwitse neza nk’uko byifuzwa ugereranyije n’Itegeko Nshingiro rya Olympic. 

## Reba kandi

* Amategeko agenga imyitwarire ya FIFA
* Itegeko rigenga imiyoborere y'igihugu, 2025
* Urutonde rwamashyirahamwe yimikino mpuzamahanga

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Igitabo cya IPC
Inzu Ndangamurage y’Amahirwe

**Inzu Ndangamurage y’Amahirwe(Museum of Possibilities)** ni inzu ndangamurage y’abafite ubumuga iherereye i Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Ni igikorwa cyashinzwe na Minisiteri ishinzwe imibereho myiza y’abantu bafite ubumuga ya Leta ya Tamil Nadu. Igaragaza ibikoresho byorohereza abantu bafite ubumuga, tekinoloji z’ubufasha, ndetse n’urugo rw’urugero rwubatswe ku buryo bworohereza abantu bose kugera ku bice byarwo.

## Reba
Laboratwari y'ubuhanzi n'ubugeni ku Bafite Ubumuga

**Open Style Lab** (OSL) ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu watangijwe mu 2014, ku ikubitiro nk'umushinga wa serivisi rusange mu kigo cy'ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts. Umuyobozi mukuru n’Umuyobozi w’inama y’ubutegetsi bw’iri shyirahamwe ritagamije inyungu ni Grace Jun.  Iri shyirahamwe rigena kandi rikora imyenda n’ibicuruzwa byihariye byo gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga, bikorwamo hamwe n’abantu bafite ubumuga ndetse kubagenewe.  Iri tsinda ritumira abanyabugeni, abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga (engineers), n’abajyanama b’imirimo (occupational therapists) baturutse impande zose z’isi, kugira ngo bakorane mu gukemura ikibazo cy’ukuri hifashishijwe imyenda yihariye yo gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga. Uwo mushinga wasubiwemo muri MIT International Design Centre  ndetse no mu ishuri rya Parsons School of Design ku Ishuri Rishya . 

Buri mpeshyi, iri tsinda ryegeranya amakipe y’abantu bafite ubumenyi butandukanye harimo abanyabugeni, abahanga mu by’ikoranabuhanga, n’abajyanama b’imirimo, bakajyanwa hamwe n’umukiriya ufite ubumuga. Amakipe aba afite icyumweru 10 cyo gukora ubushakashatsi, gushushanya no guteza imbere igisubizo cyo gufasha uwo mukiriya.  Iri tsinda ryakoranye n’abantu bafite ibikomere ku mitsi y’inyuma (spinal cord injuries) n’abafite ubumuga bwo mu bwonko (cognitive disability) mu gukora imishinga yabo,  nk’ibikoresho byihariye byo kudoda.

## Reba
Abamugaye mu ntambara yo kurwanya amategeko y'Abanazi

**Abamugaye mu ntambara yo kurwanya amategeko y'Abanazi** ni itegeko rya Isiraheli, ritanga ubufasha ku Bisirayeli barwanye mu ngabo z’ibihugu byari mu muryango w’abafatanyije cyangwa mu mashami y’abarwanyi b’abaharanira ubwigenge (partisan units) mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, kandi bafite ubumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe bwatewe n’iyo ntambara. Byongeye, iri tegeko ritanga uburenganzira ku bashakanye basigaye ku bafashijwe, ku gihe gito cyangwa kugeza bashatse undi mugabo cyangwa umugore, bitewe n’uburemere bw’ubumuga bwemejwe ku mufashijwe wa mbere mbere y’urupfu rwe. 

Iri tegeko ryaje inyuma y’akazi k’ubukangurambaga bw’amatsinda y’abasirikare b’intambara ya kabiri y’isi, rikemezwa na Knesset mu mwaka wa 1954. Ariko, iri tegeko ntiritanga abasirikare ba Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi yose inyungu zingana n’iza basirikare bamaze igihe mu ngabo z’Igihugu cya Isiraheli. Inyungu zishingiye kuri iri tegeko zitangwa n’Ikigo cy’Imari, ntizitangwa na Minisiteri y’Ingabo.

## Reba
Robert Perske

**Robert Perske** (1927 – 14 kanama 2016) yari umwanditsi w’Amerika, umuhanga mu by’idini (theologian), ndetse n’umurwanashyaka w’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.

Yaharaniraga by’umwihariko abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bashinjwe ibyaha batakoze. Yatekereje kandi igitekerezo cy’agaciro ko gufata ibyago.  Nk’umupasiteri w’umuryango wa Methodist, ibyo yanditse byagize uruhare rukomeye mu guhindura uburyo abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bitabwaho mu matorero n’imiryango y’idini.  Igikorwa cye cyamamaye cyane, *Deadly Innocence?*, gikurikirana inkuru ya Joe Arridy, *wamenyekanye nka Umuntu Ushimishwa cyane ku ntebe y’urupfu.*

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* http://robertperske.com/
Ishuri rya Patiala ry'abatabona

**Ishuri rya Patiala ry'abatabona** nishuri ryihariye ry'abana babana n'ubumuga  bwo kutabona Patiala wa Panjab.   *Sosiyete ishinzwe imibereho y’abafite ubumuga* society for welfare kubabana nubwo bumuga1967.  

Ishuri ntiryishyura abanyeshuri n'abakozi baherekeje abana kuva mu mashuri abanza kugeza mu mwaka wa 12. Iyi ishuri hamwe n'ishuri ry'abaragi rya Patiala hamwe bafite abana 200 barimo 140 bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva na 60 bafite ubumuga. Inzu y'amacumbi nayo itangwa ku buntu kandi muri iki gihe, abanyeshuri 180 baraye muri iryo cumbi. Nanone kandi, iryo shuri ritanga imyenda, ibikoresho byo kwandika, amafunguro n'ibindi bintu ntakiguzi

## Reba kandi

* Mahant Gurbanta Das Ishuri ryabatumva & ibiragi, Bathinda
* Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Vatika ryabatumva &amp;amp; ibiragi, Chandigarh
* Ishuri rya Patiala ry'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva 
* Ishuri rya Patiala ry'ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutumva 
* Umeed Red Cross School yo kutumva, Faridkot
* Ishuri rya Khosla ryabatumva, Jalandhar
* Ishuri ryabatumva, Barnala

## Reba
AMI-audio

**AMI-amajwi** ni serivisi yo gusoma radio yo muri Canada ikorwa na Accessible Media Inc. (AMI). Iyi serivisi yatangijwe mumwaka 1990 nka **VoicePrint**, iyi serivisi igira gahunda zirimo gusoma ingingo ziva mu binyamakuru byandika ku nyungu zabafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa batazi gusoma. Serivisi kandi igira AMI yakozwe ivuga ijambo porogaramu rivuga ku ngingo zijyanye n'ubumuga no kugerwaho.

AMI-audio yemerewe na komisiyo ishinzwe amaradiyo na televiziyo yo muri Canada (CRTC) nka serivisi " igomba gutangwa " mu bushishozi ; igomba gukoreshwa kurwego rwo hasi rwa serivisi yemewe, televiziyo ya satelite, hamwe nabatanga IPTV muri Canada. Serivise kandi itangwa binyuze muri serivise  ya AMI +, hamwe na porogaramu imwe iboneka nka podcasts .

## Amateka
Iyi serivisi yatangijwe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1990 nka VoicePrint, nka serivisi y’ikigo kidaharanira inyungu cyo gusoma no kwandika (NBRS). CRTC yabemereye nka serivisi "igomba gutangira" mu 2001, bivuze ko insinga zose nshya zijyanye nigihe hamwe nabatanga ibyogajuru bagomba gutanga serivisi. Porogaramu yayo nayo itwangwa na AMI ya sisitemu nshya, harimo na serivise ya AMI +.  

## See also

* Canal M, serivisi isa (ariko idafitanye isano) mururimi rwigifaransa .

## Amashakiro
Nana technology

**"Nana" Technology** ni akuma kikoranabuhanga kateguwe, kagenewe, cyangwa gashobora gukoreshwa mu kuzamura imibereho y'abantu bakuru.

Ijambo gukina kubijyanye na siyansi yubumenyi bwa nanotechnology, "Nana" ikoranabuhanga ryerekeza ku kwerekana ikoranabuhanga kuri nyirakuru w'umuntu, cyangwa "Nana". Carle niwe muntu wa mbere wateje imbere ikoreshwa ryiyi nteruro hamwe nubusobanuro busanzwe, kandi umwe yibanze gusa kuri tekinoroji ya kuma kikoranabuhanga, hamwe nigisubizo cyo kwita izina igice gishya kandi gitandukanye cyinganda zikoranabuhanga. Ijambo rya Carle hamwe n’ibisabwa byihariye byatangajwe bwa mbere mu gihugu mu kiganiro cyihariye muri Amerika kuri uyumunsi ku  itariki ya 9 Kanama 2006. Kuva icyo gihe manda ya Carle na / cyangwa ibisobanuro byatangajwe, bisubirwamo, cyangwa byagaragaye mu bitangazamakuru byinshi ku isi harimo ariko ntibigarukira gusa: CNN, CNBC, Amakuru ya CBS, Amakuru ya Fox, PBS, NPR, Forbes, Amafaranga y’ubwenge, BBC, Agence France-Presse, KYODO amakuru ya serivisi, na ikinyamakuru cya Australian, ndetse nibindi.

Kuva yasobanura urwego, Carle yabaye umwe m'ubajyanama bibigo byinshi byifuza guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga kubantu bakuze, barimo APPLE, Nintendo, Vigorous Mind, na GTX Corporation. Hamwe na GTX, yafashije guteza imbere inkweto ya mbere ya GPS kubantu barwaye Alzheimer ndetse no guta umutwe, bashobora kuba bafite ibyago byo kuzerera no kuzimira. Mu mwaka wa 2012, iryo koranabuhanga ryamenyekanye nk'imwe mu "Ibintu 100 by'ingenzi byavumbuwe n'abantu" n'Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga i Stockholm, muri Suwede. 

Usibye ijambo n'ibisobanuro, Carle yatangaje ibyiciro umunani kugeza ubu kubijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga  rya "Nana", kandi bijyanye nibice bifitanye isano cyane nabantu barengeje imyaka 65:

**Ubuzima n’ubuzima bwiza:** Harimo ikoranabuhanga nkiryo gucunga imiti, gukurikirana ibimenyetso byingenzi, cyangwa kuvura indwara zisanzwe zireba abantu bakuru.

**Umutekano:** Harimo ikoranabuhanga ryo gukumira kugwa, gukurikirana cyangwa gusaba ubufasha bwihutirwa, cyangwa gukurikirana cyangwa gukumira inzererezi mubantu bafite ikibazo cyo guta umutwe Alzheimer.

**Kumenya:** Harimo ikoranabuhanga rigamije kunoza imikorere yubwenge muri rusange nkuko ryangijwe no gusaza bisanzwe, ubumuga bworoshye bwubwenge (MCI),  cyangwa guta umutwe.

**Itumanaho:** Harimo ikoranabuhanga ryemerera abantu bakuze gutumanaho hakoreshejwe itumanaho ngendanwa, interineti, amashusho, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwitumanaho.

**Ibyiyumvo:** Harimo ikoranabuhanga rifasha abantu bakuze kugabanuka cyangwa gutakaza amaso, kumva, uburyohe, gukoraho, cyangwa umunuko.

**Kwimuka:** Harimo ikoranabuhanga rifasha abantu bakuze muri gahunda yo kwinjira no gusohoka, gutwarwa, cyangwa gutwara.
Cartilage conduction

**Imiyoboro ya Cartilage** ninzira yerekana ibimenyetso byijwi byumvikana mumatwi yimbere . Mu 2004, Hiroshi Hosoi (Nara Medical University) yavumbuye iyi nzira ayita igikucangwa”. Kumva ukoresheje imiyoboro y'igikucangwa itandukanye ninzira zisanzwe zitwara amajwi, nk'umwuka cyangwa amagufwa, kuko bigerwaho no gukora umuyoboro ku igikucangwa no kumva  kandi ntabwo birimo kunyeganyega kw'amagufwa ya gihanga. Kubwibyo, imiyoboro ya karitsiye yitwa "inzira ya gatatu yo kumva".

Kuva mu myaka igera hafi kuri 450 ishize, inzira ebyiri zemerewe kohereza amajwi mu gutwi imbere: gutwara umwuka no gutwara amagufwa . Mu 2004, Hiroshi Hosoi, icyo gihe wari umwarimu muri kaminuza y’ubuvuzi ya Nara (ubu akaba na perezida wacyo), yavumbuye ikintu cyo kumva akoresheje urusaku rw’amatwi y’inyuma.   Muguhuza  vibura no kumva, wasangaga ijwi ryanduzwa mumatwi yimbere. Yasabye igitekerezo cy'igitabo kivuga ko karitsiye ifite umutungo wihariye utuma ishobora kohereza amajwi.  yiswe imiyoboro ya karitsiye. Kuva mu Kuboza 2022, impapuro 32 z’amasomo zasohotse kuri iyi ngingo mu binyamakuru mpuzamahanga bya siyansi. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bifata amajwi ya karitsiye,  na terefone ngendanwa  hamwe nogukusanya amajwi  biri ku isoko kuva 2017, 2022 na 2023.

Urwego rwo kwumva rugizwe n'ugutwi, hagati, n'imbere ( cochlea ). Ugutwi kwinyuma kugizwe na pinna kwumva hanze. Pinna ikozwe na karitsiye. Igice cyimbere ninyuma cyumuyoboro wunva winyuma ukorwa na karitsiye hamwe namagufwa.  cya karitsiye hamwe nigice cyamagufwa bishobora gutandukanywa nigitutu cyoroheje nintoki. Iyo imiyoboro ishyizwe mugice cya karitsiye, ijwi rishobora kumvikana hifashishijwe imiyoboro ya karitsiye. Umwanya ukwiye wo guhuza neza ibyo bice kugirango ukorwe neza ni karitsiye ikikije ubwinjiriro bwumuyoboro wumva wo hanze, mugihe ibice biri kure yubwinjiriro (urugero, crus helicis) ntibishobora kugira uruhare runini mugutwara karitsiye.
Intel Reader

**Umusomyi wa Intel** ni ubusomyi bworoshye, bufasha ibikoresho byikoranabuhanga bifasha abakoresha gufata ifoto yibikoresho byacapwe hanyuma bakabisomera mu ijwi riranguruye.
IListen

**iListen**, yakozwe na MacSpeech, ni gahunda yo kumenyekanisha imvugo kuri Apple Macintosh . Mu mwaka wa 2006, iListen nicyo gice cya gatatu cya software yonyine- yemerewe kwinjiza inyandiko ukoresheje ijwi ryumuntu ukora kuri moderi nshya ya Macintosh. Abanywanyi bayo bari porogaramu yo kumenyekanisha imvugo ya Apple (yubatswe muri Mac OS X ); Ikiyoka Mubisanzwe Tuvuze na Nuance, ikora munsi ya software ya Windows  nka Parallels desktop ya Mac cyangwa VMware Fusion ; na gahunda yo guhagarika imvugo ya ViaVoice na Nuance / IBM .
Imitext

**Imitext** ni bitmap subtitle yohereza uburyo bwihariye kuri sisitemu yo guhindura ibintu muburyo bwa mashusho cyangwa se ekara . Ikoranabuhanga ryahawe uruhushya rwa Scientific Atlanta kugirango rwinjizwe muri kodegisi ya PowerVu na decoders.
Lightwriter

**Lightwriters** ni ubwoko bwibikoresho bitanga imvugo . Umwanditsi ntashobora kuvuga ubwoko bw'ubutumwa ari kwandikira kuri clavier, kandi ubu butumwa bwerekanwa kumyerekano ibiri, imwe ireba uyikoresha naho iyerekanwa rya kabiri ryerekana abafatanyabikorwa cyangwa abafatanyabikorwa. Imvugo synthesizer nayo ikoreshwa mugutanga imvugo isohoka, kandi moderi zimwe zitanga uburyo bwo guhuza printer kugirango itange ibisohoka byanditse.

kubantu badashoboye gukoresha clavier, moderi zimwe za Lightwriter zitanga kuri ecran ya ecran ishobora gukoreshwa na switch ikoresheje tekinoroji yo gusikana, hamwe no guhanura ijambo kugirango ugabanye urufunguzo.

Tekinoroji ifite Moderi  ya SL40 ikubiyemo terefone igendanwa yohererezanya ubutumwa bugufi no guhamagara muburyo bw'amajwi, aho imvugo ikomatanya yoherezwa ku bahamagaye, kandi ubutumwa bwinjira buvugwa mu ijwi riranguruye binyuze mu ndangururamajwi. 

Umwanditsi wa tekinoroji ya Lightwriter ikaba ihagarariye Abilia. Abanditsi b'amatara baraboneka mu ndimi zitandukanye zo mu Burayi.

## Amateka
Mu mwaka wa 1969, Toby Churchill yakoraga mu Bufaransa iyaje kurwara mugihe yo koga mu kiyaga cyanduye. Abaganga babanje kwizera ko afite izuba kandi ko ibimenyetso bizashira bidatinze, ariko barumirwa kuko yatangiye kwangirika vuba maze bahitamo kumusubiza mu Bwongereza vuba bishoboka kugira ngo akomeze kwivuza, maze yimurirwa mu bitaro bya Addenbrookes i Cambridge aho abaganga batashoboraga kumenya niba ikibazo ari imitsi cyangwa imitsi, kandi ibikoresho byabo byo kwisuzumisha bikaba bike cyane kuko ibyo byari mbere y’umunsi wa CT na MRI .

## Abakoresha
Abanditsi ba Lightwriter ni ibikoresho byimvugo bityo bisaba urwego runaka rwo gusoma.

Abanditsi  bakoresha uburyo bwa Lightwriter bukoreshwa n'abantu benshi bafite ikibazo cyo **kutavuga** bakurikira laryngectomy, tracheostomy, stroke, gukomeretsa mu mutwe, cyangwa n'indwara zifata ubwonko zigenda zitera indwara nka moteri ya neurone (izwi kandi nka amyotropic lateral sclerose cyangwa ALS ), indwara ya Parkinson, sclerose nyinshi (MS) cyangwa koreya ya Huntington .

Abanditsi bakoresha uburyo bwa Lightwriter bukoreshwa kandi nabantu bafite ikibazo cyo **kutavuga** bavukana bafite imiterere nkubumuga bwubwonko nyuma yo gusoma no kwandika.

Diane Pretty yari umwongerezakazi wasuzumwe indwara ya Motor Neurone Disease wagerageje guhindura amategeko y’Ubwongereza kugira ngo ashobore kurangiza ubuzima bwe abifashijwemo n’umugabo we atiriwe ashyirwa mu rwego rwo kwiyahura, bikaba bitemewe mu Bwongereza. Pretty yagiye mu Ngoro y’Abadepite no mu Rukiko rw’Uburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu akoresheje umwanditsi we kugira ngo aburane ikibazo cye, ariko birananirana. 

## Reba kandi

* Gutezimbere no guhanahana amakuru
* Guhindura imvugo
* Hindura uburyo bwo gusikana

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Level Access

**Level Access** ni isosiyete igera kuri digitale ifite icyicaro i Arlington, muri Virijiniya . 

Level Access ni gahunda itanga porogaramu y'ubucuruzi yo kugerageza urubuga no gukora imbuga za interineti zemewe kandi zujuje ubuzimagatozi, porogaramu zigendanwa, software, hamwe n'ubunararibonye bwa digitale. 

## Amateka
Level Access yashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1999 n'abashakashatsi bafite ubumuga. Gahunda ya mbere y'ubucuruzi kubyabaye Urwego rwo Kwinjira kwari ukubaka urubuga rw'urugendo rworoshye kugirango ababana n'ubumuga bashobore kujya kurubuga, bakabona amakuru ajyanye nibibuga byoroshye kandi bateganya ibiruhuko byoroshye.  

Muri Gashyantare 2018, Level Access rwabonye Simply Accessible, Inc., isosiyete ikora ibikoresho bya digitale ifite icyicaro i Ontario, muri Kanada. 

Muri Kanama 2022, Level Access rwarangije guhuza hamwe na eSSENTIAL Accessibility, intangiriro ya Accessibility-as-a-Service.  

Muri Mutarama 2024, Urwego Level Access rwabonye UserWay hafi miliyoni 99 z'amadolari  nubwo hari impaka zishingiye ku kugerwaho.  

Mark Zablan yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa Level Access mu Kwakira 

## Amashakiro
ESpeak

**eSpeak** ni ubuntu kandi bufungura-isoko, kwambukiranya urubuga, guhuza, guhuza imvugo ya software. Ikoresha uburyo bwa synthesis ni sisitemu igufasha kandi mugusobanukirwa cyane mukunva kuko ikoranye indimi nyinshi mubunini bwa dosiye. eSpeakNG (Igisekuru kizaza) ni ugukomeza umushinga wambere wabatezimbere hamwe nibitekerezo byinshi byabavuga kavukire.

Kubera ubunini bwayo n'indimi nyinshi, eSpeakNG ishyirwa muri NVDA  isomeka rya ecran ya ecran ya Windows, hamwe na Android,  Ubuntu  nibindi bikwirakwizwa na Linux. Ikibanjirije eSpeak cyasabwe na Microsoft mu 2016  kandi yakoreshejwe na Google Translate mu ndimi 27 mu 2010;  17 muri byo byaje gusimburwa nijwi ryihariye. 

Ubwiza bw'amajwi asohoka muriyi sisitemu ya EspeakNG buratandukanye cyane. Muri eSpeakNG yabanjirije eSpeak, verisiyo yambere yindimi zimwe yari ishingiye kumakuru aboneka kuri Wikipedia .  zagize akazi cyangwa ibitekerezo byatanzwe n'abavuga ururimi kavukire kurusha izindi. Benshi mubantu bafashije kunoza indimi zitandukanye ni impumyi zikoresha inyandiko-mvugo.

### 1. Intambwe - inyandiko yo guhindura foneme
Hariho indimi nyinshi (cyane cyane icyongereza ) zidafite amategeko ataziguye kumuntu umwe hagati yo kwandika no kuvuga; kubwibyo, intambwe yambere mugisekuru-ku-gisekuru kigomba kuba inyandiko-kuri-foneme.

# Synthesizer ya eSpeakNG ikora amajwi yijwi nkijwi nijwi rya sonorant hamwe ninyongera ya synthesis yongeyeho hamwe na sine waves kugirango ijwi ryuzuye. Indangururamajwi zidahwitse eg / s / zikorwa mugukina amajwi yafashwe amajwi,  kubera ko akungahaye ku guhuza, bigatuma synthesis yongeweho idakora neza. Indangururamajwi zijwi nka / z / zakozwe mukuvanga amajwi yahujwe hamwe nijwi ryanditse ryijwi ridafite amajwi.
# Klatt synthesizer ikoresha cyane amakuru amwe nkaya synthesizer ya eSpeakNG. Ariko, itanga kandi amajwi ikoresheje synthesis ikuramo itangirana n urusaku rwabyaye, rukungahaye cyane ku guhuza, hanyuma ugashyiraho akayunguruzo ka digitale hanyuma ugahisha kugirango ushungure ibintu bikenewe bya spekrice hamwe n ibahasha yijwi kumajwi yihariye (s, t, k) cyangwa sonorant (l, m, n).

## Indimi
eSpeakNG ikora synthesis-y-imvugo-indimi zikurikira: 
 

# Kugeza ubu, icyarabu cyuzuye gusa kirashyigikiwe.
# Igiperesi cyanditse ukoresheje inyuguti z'Icyongereza (Ikilatini) .
# Kugeza ubu, gusa Pha̍k-fa-sṳ irashyigikiwe.
# Kugeza ubu, Hiragana na Katakana gusa ni bo bashyigikiwe.
# Kugeza ubu ntirekurwa; igomba kuba yubatswe kuva kode yanyuma.

## Reba kandi
 

## Amashakiro
Vibratese

**Vibratese** ni sisitemu yo  guhererekanya amakuru ikoresheje ihinda(vibration). yakozwe na FA Geldard mu 1957, igizwe n'ibice bitanu  inyeganyega byashyirwaga ku   gituza.  Buri vibrateri  yifashishwaga mu kohereza ubutumwa bwihariye, kandi ishobora gufasha abantu batumva cyangwa batabona neza.

Vibratese yatekerejwe nk'uburyo bushoboka bwo kohereza amakuru y'iperereza ku ngabo ziri ahantu habi cyangwa mu bihe bigoye. Nubwo mu nyandiko ya mbere ya Gerard bitavuzwemo cyane, byumvikanye ko iyi sisitemu ishobora no gufasha abantu batumva cyangwa abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona neza  ​​  

Geldard yerekanye ibipimo bitatu byoroheje bishobora gutahurwa byoroshye kandi byihuse numusemuzi: igihe bimara, ubukana, n'ahantu. Morse code ni urugero rwa sisitemu yo kwumva itanga amakuru yahinduwe n'igihe cyonyine, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'ububiko. Geldard yasanze gukoresha ibyo bipimo byose, aho kuba kimwe gusa, byemewe ku ibiciro byohereza amakuru menshi. Ibikoresho byinshi byagenwe byagaragaye bishoboka, harimo ingingo zirindwi, ariko bitanu byafashwe nkibihagije. Geldard yemeje ko ibihe bitatu byerekana ibimenyetso (100 ms, 300 ms, 500 ms), hamwe n’uburemere butatu bwo kunyeganyega kuri vibrateri yari sisitemu ifatika, kandi yemerera ibimenyetso 45 gushyirwaho hakoreshejwe vibatori eshanu. Ibimenyetso byagiye bitandukana n'igihe cyashyizwe hagati ya ms 50 hamwe na 100 ms hagati y'amagambo. Ibi byatumaga bishoboka ko ubutumwa bwohererezwa ku muvuduko wa amagambo 67 ku munota mu buryo bw'inyigisho, ugereranyije na Morse code yo ifite hafi amagambo 30 ku munota. 

Kugirango ngo hirindwe urujijo, buri nyajwi yahabwaga icyuma gihinda cyiharije. Kunoza umuvuduko, imibare yashizwe kubimenyetso birebire kandi inyuguti zisigaye zahawe ukurikije inshuro. Bimwe mu bimenyetso  byagenewe amagambo asanzwe y'Icyongereza. 

Ibibazo byinshi byagaragaye hamwe na sisitemu. Ingano y'igihe cy'amahugurwa isabwa yagaragaye nk'ikirenga. Byavuzwe ko amasomo 30, angana n’amasaha, yasabwaga kwiga sisitemu.   Byongeye kandi, kudasobanuka ku murongo muto wigihe gito byari ikibazo. Igisubizo cyatanzwe kwari ukongeramo igihe cyigihe, mugihe ugabanya ubukana.  Byongeye kandi, Geldard yasabye ko hashobora kubaho sisitemu ikoresheje vibrateri yegeranye cyane ishobora kwanduza icyerekezo, nko gutunga urutoki, kuriyi ngingo. Sisitemu nkiyi irashobora gukoreshwa nkinyuguti ya Lorm .
FreeTTS

**FreeTTS** ni sisitemu ifunguye imvugo synthesis sisitemu yakorewe ku rubuga rwa Java . Ishingiye kuri Flite . FreeTTS ni ishyirwa mubikorwa rya Sun 's Java Speech API .

FreeTTS ni sisitemu ifata icyemezo cyanyuma mu gutuma ishyigikira byo kuvuga. Gnopernicus ikoresha ibi ahantu henshi: kumenya igihe inyandiko igomba kandi idakwiye guhagarikwa, kugirango imvugo ihuze neza, hamwe nijambo rikurikirana mumajwi atandukanye. Ibipimo byakozwe na Sun mu 2002 kuri Solaris byerekanaga ko FreeTTS yirutse inshuro ebyiri kugeza kuri eshatu kurusha Flite icyo gihe. 

## Amateka
Kuva muri Kamena 2019, verisiyo nshya yuwo mushinga yatangiriye muri Mata 2017. Iterambere rikomeye ryarangiye muri Werurwe 2009 hasohoka 1.2.2.

## Reba kandi
 

* Guhindura imvugo
* Umunsi mukuru

## Amashakiro

## Ibindi gusoma

* 
* 
*
Gnuspeech

**Gnuspeech** nigikoresho cyagutse cyanditse -kuri- porogaramu ya mudasobwa ikora porogaramu itanga imvugo yubukorikori ishingiye ku gihe nyacyo cyo kuvuga imvugo ikoresheje amategeko. Nukuvuga ko, ihindura imirongo yinyandiko mubisobanuro bya fonetike, ifashwa ninkoranyamagambo isobanura, inyuguti ku majwi amategeko, hamwe ninjyana nziza mumatwi cyane ko ifasha nabafite ubumuga bwo kutumva neza; ihindura ibisobanuro bya fonetike mubipimo byurwego rwo hasi rwo kuvuga imvugo synthesizer ; ikoresha ibi kugirango utware moderi yerekana inzira yijwi ryumuntu itanga umusaruro ukwiranye nibikoresho bisanzwe bisohora amajwi bikoreshwa na sisitemu zitandukanye zikoresha mudasobwa; kandi ibikora ku kigero kimwe cyangwa cyihuse kuruta imvugo ivugwa kumvugo yabantu bakuru.

## uburyo Gnuspeech yakozwemo
Synthesizer ni tube resonance, cyangwa waveguide, icyitegererezo cyerekana imyitwarire yinzira nyayo yijwi ryeruye, kandi mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, bitandukanye na synthesizeri ikora yerekana mu buryo butaziguye imvugo.  Ikibazo cyo kugenzura gikemurwa hifashishijwe icyitegererezo cy’akarere ka René Carré  gifitanye isano n’imihindagurikire ya radiyo y’ibice umunani birebire by’igice cy’ijwi hamwe n’impinduka zijyanye n’imiterere itatu y’imiterere mu mvugo itanga amakuru menshi y’imvugo. Uturere na two, dushingiye ku bikorwa byakozwe na Laboratoire y’ikoranabuhanga ya Stockholm  y’Ikigo cy’Ikoranabuhanga cy’Ikoranabuhanga ( KTH ) kuri "isesengura rishingiye ku bwiyumvo" - ni ukuvuga uburyo imirongo ikora iterwa n’impinduka ntoya kuri radiyo y’ijwi ahantu hatandukanye mu burebure bwayo. 

 

## Amashakiro
MEISTeR

**Ibikoresho byo kubungabunga ibikoresho bya sisitemu ya robot ya Telecontrol** (MEISTeR) ni robot yakozwe na Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). kugirango ifashe mu bikorwa byo gusana no gukora mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga . Yakozwe by'umwihariko kugirango ikorere ahangiritse cyane cyane mu ruganda rw'ingufu za nyukiliyeli rwa Fukushima Daiichi.

Yashyizwe hanze ku italiki ya 6 Ukuboza 2012. 

## Amateka
Nyuma y’umutingito 9.0 na tsunami yakurikiyeho yibasiye Ubuyapani ku ya 11 Werurwe 2011, ndetse n’irimbuka ry’uruganda rukora ingufu za kirimbuzi Fukushima Daiichi, inganda zakomeje gushakisha guha robot zishobora gukora imirimo iteje akaga ku rugomero rw’amashanyarazi. Kimwe muri ibyo bisubizo ni HAL exoskeleton. Ariko, HAL exoskeleton yasabye umuderevu wumuntu. Ku ya 23 Ugushyingo 2012, Toshiba yerekanye Tetrapod yananiwe kwerekana. 

Kugeza vuba aha, MHI yari yakoze gusa robot yo gutumanaho murugo hamwe na robot ya MARS-D. Nkumwubatsi w’inganda 20 za kirimbuzi mu Buyapani, byari ibisanzwe ko Mitsubishi Heavy Industries yakemura ikibazo hamwe na robot yabo bwite. 

## Igishushanyo
MEISTeR (Ikidage kuri shobuja) ni robot ifite intwaro ebyiri zikurikirana. Ishingiye kuri robot ya Rabot na robot igerageza MARS-D, yakozwe nk'umugenzuzi w'inganda za kirimbuzi. Ihagaze , ni  ubugari,  ndende, n'uburemere muri  . Amaboko ya robo afite impamyabumenyi zirindwi (= amashoka arindwi) nkukuboko kwabantu kandi irashobora kuzamura  buri umwe. Bitandukanye na robot ya MARS-D MEISTeR irakomeye bihagije kugirango ihangane nibidukikije. Imashini igenzurwa na kure irashobora kwifashisha ibikoresho bitandukanye mumaboko yayo nko gukata no gukora imyitozo, inzitizi zisobanutse, no gucengera muri beto kugirango urebe urwego rw'imirase. Hakozwe igikoresho kidasanzwe gishobora gufata ingero ziva ku nkuta no hasi ahantu hahumanye hamwe n'uburebure bugera kuri  . Ishobora kwimuka gushika kuri  no kuganira k'ubutaka butaringaniye, harimo nintambwe zigera kuri  kuri buri bigega bine byayo byigenga. Ifite igihe giteganijwe cyo gukora amasaha abiri.
Video magnifier

**Video magnifiers** ni ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bikoresha kamera na ecran yerekana kugirango ikore digitale y'ibikoresho byacapwe .ecran yerekana amakuru akenshi iba LCD cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rimeze nk'iry'ikirahure (nubwo ibikoresho byo gusobanura amashusho bya kera byakoreshaga za CRT) kandi mubusanzwe igikoresho kirimo itara ryo kumurika ibikoresho byatanzwe. Amashusho yerekana amashusho yagenewe gukoreshwa cyane cyane nabantu bafite icyerekezo gito kidashobora gufashwa gukoresha ikirahuri gisanzwe.

## Ibyiza

### Urwego rwo gukuza no kwerekana ingano
Inyungu nyamukuru ya videwo yerekana amashusho hejuru yo gukuza gusa ni uko amashusho yerekana amashusho yemerera gukuza cyane murwego runini rwo kureba. Hamwe na optique ya lensike, umurima ufite ireme, murwego rwo kwibanda kugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera. Rero, mugihe "page yuzuye magnifier" ishingiye kumurongo wa fresnel irashobora kumara 625 cm   ( A4 ), mubisanzwe igera kuri 1.4x gukuza (byamamajwe nka "2x" iyo bipimye mukarere aho kuba igipimo); igice kinini cyikiganza kinini gishobora kugera kubintu birenze bibiri (agace karenze bane) ariko mubisanzwe bipima bitarenze 10 cm × 3 cm (3.9 in × 1.2 muri), kandi ibintu byinshi byo gukuza bisaba lens zisanzwe zibanda kumwanya muto cyane. Gukwirakwiza amashusho ariko bigarukira gusa kubunini bwayo hamwe na electronics; amashusho yerekana amashusho ashobora guhinduranya inshuro 2 na 50 gukuza birasanzwe, kandi ibyerekanwa birashobora kuva kuri terefone -bunini kugeza kuri TV .

### Gutunganya amashusho
Amashusho menshi yerekana amashusho arashobora guhita yibanda kumashusho, kandi moderi zateye imbere zishobora gukomeza gutunganya amashusho ya elegitoronike kugirango uhindure amabara, wongere itandukaniro, kandi / cyangwa ufashe mugukurikirana amashusho. Bimwe birashobora gutegurwa ngo bibike   amafoto "snapshots" y'ibyashushanyijwe cyangwa  amashusho yabonetse mbere.

## Ibibi

### Ibisabwa imbaraga
Gukwirakwiza amashusho bisaba imbaraga, haba mu amashanyarazi cyangwa kuri bateri . Ibi bishobora gutuma igihe bateri imara gikenerwa kiba ikibazo niba imashini y'ishusho ikenewe mugihe kirekire iri kure y'ahantu hashobora kubona amashanyarazi, mugihe igikoresho cyo gukuza gusa optique gishobora gukoreshwa igihe kitarinze gukenera guhuzwa n'imbaraga.

### Kudashoboka kwicyitegererezo kinini
Amashusho manini cyane ya videwo ntabwo asanzwe yikururwa, ariko arashobora gukoreshwa mubikoresho byo murugo, amasomero ndetse n’ibyumba by’ishuri. Zimwe murizo moderi zitwa muburyo bwa CCTV .

### Igiciro
Kugeza muri 2013, amashusho yerekana amashusho mubisanzwe ahenze cyane kuruta optique-gusa.

## Porogaramu yerekana amashusho
Bitewe nigiciro kinini cyibikoresho byabigenewe byabigenewe, hari abantu bashishikajwe no gukuza amashusho ya software akoreshwa kuri terefone zigendanwa nka iPhone  na Android,  ibinini nka iPad,  na mudasobwa zigendanwa zifite ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata amashusho.
Antiope (teletext)

**Antiope** yari igipimo cyitumanaho cyakoreshwaga mu gihugu cy'ubufaransa mumyaka ya za 1980. Yashizeho kandi ishingiro ryerekana ibipimo bikoreshwa muri serivisi ya videwo yubufaransa Minitel . Iri jambo ngo ryasobanuraga ***Acquisition Numérique et Télévisualisation d'Images Organisées en Pages d'Écriture***, rishobora guhindurwa mu buryo bworoshye nka *Digital Acquisition hamwe no Kwerekana amashusho kure mu mashusho yanditse mu mpapuro zanditse* .  

## Amateka

Imirimo yo kurwanya Antiyopiya yatangiye mu 1972 muri CCETT, ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa gishya cyahujwe na televiziyo n’itumanaho yakoreraga i Rennes, hakaba harageragejwe iyi sisitemu kunshuro yayo yambere mu 1975. Sisitemu yatangijwe ku mugaragaro mu 1976 i Vidcom i Cannes, kandi icyarimwe mu imurikagurisha rya СПОРТ 76 ryaberaga Moscou .  Yemejwe mu rwego mpuzamahanga CCIR 653 (ubu ni ITU-R BT.653) yo mu 1986 nka **CCIR Teletext Sisitemu A.** 

kwamamaza ubucuruzi *bwa* Antiyopiya byatangiye kuri Antenne 2 mu   TF1 na FR3 bombi batangiye no gutangaza Antiyopiya guhera mu ntangiriro ya za 1980.  Kode ya Antiope yabanje gushyirwaho udusanduku twashyizwe hejuru na tereviziyo ya kabili ya SCART . Grundig ikorera mugihugu cy'ubufaransa bwatangiye kugurisha TV hamwe na decodeur ihuriweho kuva 1983, ikurikirwa nabandi bakora.

## Ikoranabuhanga

Antiope yari ishingiye kuri gride ya 40 × 25 ikoresheje ISO 646 na ISO 2022, ikaba kandi ifite uburyo bwo kwandika mu rwego rw'amajwi.  Itandukaniro ryibanze muri filozofiya ya tekiniki hagati ya Antiyopiya na sisitemu ya terefegitura ya Ceefax yatunganijwe na BBC byaturutse ku kuba Antiope yatejwe imbere n’abashakashatsi mu itumanaho, naho Ceefax ikaba yarakozwe n’abashakashatsi ba televiziyo. Ba injeniyeri ba tereviziyo bakoze sisitemu yuzuza ecran amakuru ku gipimo cyagenwe, giteganijwe; bitandukanye na Antiyopiya yubatswe nka sisitemu yo guhinduranya paki, hamwe nuburebure bwimpapuro zamakuru, nkuko byakoreshwa kumurongo wa terefone.

Muri ibyo bihe byombi, amakuru ya tereviziyo yoherejwe mu gihe cyo guhagarikwa guhagaritse, igice cyagenwe kugirango urumuri rwa elegitoronike rugaruke ruva munsi ya ecran rusubira hejuru ya buri kintu cyerekana ishusho (gihuye nigihe cyo kohereza imirongo 25 muri buri gice cya PAL cyangwa SECAM ), kandi buri murongo wakoresheje watangaga umubare uteganijwe wa byite buri cyiciro: 40 bytes kuri sisitemu yuburayi, 32 muri Amerika. Muri sisitemu ya BBC Ceefax buri tsinda rya 40 bytes ryahuye neza numurongo umwe winyuguti 40, buri byte igereranya imiterere numwanya wabyo kumurongo - sisitemu yo guhuza amashusho.

## ikindi wamenya

* Sisitemu Yisi Yisi - Ibipimo byitumanaho byu Burayi (CCIR Teletext Sisitemu B)
* NABTS - Ibisobanuro bya Teletext yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (CCIR Teletext Sisitemu C)
* JTES - Ikirangantego cy'Ubuyapani (CCIR Teletext Sisitemu D)
* NAPLPS - Syntax ya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru Yerekana Urwego
* Urutonde rwa serivisi za teletext
* ISO / IEC 646 - Imiterere ya Antiope
* Inyandiko isobanura

## Amashakiro
JORDY

**JORDY** cyangwa **Joint Optical Reflective Display** ni igikoresho cyo kureba gishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya optique,cyatejwe imbere hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya NASA . gikoreshwa mu gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona kubona no gusoma.

Izina ryatewe ishyaka na Star Trek imiterere, Geordi La Forge .
Austext

**Austext** ni serivisi yahoze ari televiziyo ya ikorera mugihugu cya Ositaraliya ifite icyicaro i Brisbane, muri Queensland . Serivisi yatwarwaga kandi ikoreshwa na Network irindwi hamwe n’ibigo biyishamikiyeho hafi ya Ositaraliya. Yatwaye amakuru, amakuru yimari, ikirere, ibisubizo bya tombora, umuyobozi wa TV hamwe nandi makuru, hamwe no gufunga ibisobanuro kuri porogaramu.

Serivisiiboneke ku buntu kuri televiziyo iyariyo yose iyo ari yo yose, mudasobwa cyangwa ikindi gikoresho gifite televiziyo kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kugera no kureba Umuyoboro wa karindwi, cyangwa kimwe mu bigo birindwi byo mu karere ka Prime, GWN cyangwa Cross Cross .

## Amateka
Abantu Barindwi batangiye kugerageza serivisi za Teletext mu mwaka wa 1979, batangira serivisi zisanzwe ku ya 4 Gashyantare 1980  amakuru yingirakamaro yatanzwe mu 1982 i Brisbane na Sydney . Austext yahagaritswe muri Nzeri  

Mu myaka yambere wa Austext , hari serivisi ebyiri zitandukanye: 7-Inyandiko isohoka muri ATN muri Sydney  hamwe na verisiyo itandukanye ya HSV-7 i Melbourne,  no i Brisbane, SevenTel.  Mu 1988, BTQ-7 yashinzwe umurimo wigihugu kandi yitwa Austext. 

## Ibirimo
Amakuru aboneka akanandikwa  kurupapuro rwa Austext yarimo amakuru agezweho yibanda kungingo zikurikira, ikirere, gusiganwa, inyungu rusange hamwe nuyobora televiziyo. Haraboneka kandi amakuru arambuye ya Austext hamwe namashyirahamwe yabatumva.

Ipaji yamakuru yarimo ibishya mubucuruzi, amakuru yigihugu, amakuru mpuzamahanga, siporo, siyanse n'ikoranabuhanga, na showbiz. Ipaji yikirere ikubiyemo umunsi umwe iteganya ubushyuhe bwumujyi, ubushyuhe bwumunsi umwe nubushyuhe ntarengwa / ntarengwa hamwe nubushyuhe buriho, ubushuhe, aho ikime, umuvuduko wumuyaga, icyerekezo cyumuyaga, izuba rirashe nigihe izuba rirenze, hamwe nicyerekezo cyiminsi itanu iri imbere kubigo bikomeye muri Ositaraliya byose byatanzwe na Biro yubumenyi bwikirere . Amapaji yo gusiganwa yarimo indangagaciro yo gusiganwa ku rwego rwigihugu TAB yahagaritse gukora ku ya 4 Kanama 2009.Urupapuro rusange rushimishije rwarimo ibintu nkibisubizo bya tombora, horoscopes ya buri munsi hamwe n urwenya rwumunsi. Iyi serivisi kandi yatwaye umurongo wa tereviziyo hamwe n’urutonde rw’urusobe rurindwi mu masoko atanu ya metero nkuru, ndetse no ku rutonde rw’indi miyoboro, haba mu mujyi ndetse no mu karere, kugeza mu 2007 igihe baburiwe irengero.

## Gufunga
Muri Nyakanga 2009 abantu barindwi byatangaje ko Austext izahagarara ku  Nzeri 2009. the seven bagaragaje ko haboneka ubundi buryo bwo gutanga amakuru ubu bugera kubareba nkurubuga rwa karindwi. Nubgo byafunzwe, serivise zanditse zifunze zakomeje kuboneka.  

Mugaragaza kuri ecran ya ecran yafunzwe soma:
  

## Amashakiro
Inhaler spacer

**A spacer** ni igikoresho gikoreshwa mu kongera ubworoherane bwo gutanga imiti ya aerosolize ivuye mu gipimo cya metero ihagije (MDI). Yongera umwanya muburyo bw'urusobe cyangwa "chambre" hagati y'akanwa  n'ikigega cy'umuti. Ibyogajuru byinshi bifite valve y'inzira imwe ituma umuntu ahumeka imiti mugihe ahumeka kandi asohora bisanzwe; ibi bikunze kuvugwa **amacupa afata umuti afite agasanduku kagenzura umwuka**  (VHC).

Amazina menshi y'ikirango arahari harimo AeroChamber, InspirEase na Volumatic. Birashobora kandi gukorwa mumacupa ya plastike 500 mL, nayo ikora neza. 

Icyogajuru gifasha abadashoboye guhumeka cyane, kimwe n'abadashoboye guhuza umwuka wabo kuburyo bahumeka nkuko MDI ikora; ibi bizwi nko kudahuza neza gukoresha intoki n'umwuka w'ibihaha. 

## Amagambo
Ijambo spacer rikoreshwa kenshi kugirango ryerekane igikoresho icyo aricyo cyose kimeze nka MDI yongeyeho. Ibyogajuru bimwe (urugero, InspirEase) bifashisha igishushanyo mbonera cyaguye kugirango batange ibitekerezo byerekana ko guhumeka bigenda neza. Ubundi bwoko (urugero, Volumatike) ni plastike ibonerana mubice bibiri bisa na vase bihurira hamwe bikora ishusho ya barriel. Ibyumba bifata ibyumba (VHC) bakunze kwita "icyogajuru" kimwe.

## Gukoresha

Gukoresha akuma gafasha gufata umuti mu bihaha binyuze mu guhumeka" inhaler" kadafite spacer bisaba guhuza ibikorwa byinshi muburyo bwateganijwe (gukanda hasi kumuhumekero, guhumeka cyane imiti ikimara gusohoka, ufashe umwuka wawe, uhumeka), kandi ntabwo abantu bose bashoboye kumenya uru rutonde. Gukoresha icyogajuru, cyane cyane icyuma gifata icyumba, kirinda ibibazo nkibi. Ibyumba bifata ibyumba bifite akamaro kanini kubana, abantu bafite umwuka mucye, nabafite ubumuga bwo kutamenya, mu bwenge cyangwa mu mitekerereze. [ 3 ]

Nyuma yo gukuraho ingofero ya MDI, umunwa wa MDI winjijwe inyuma yumwanya. Igice cyimbere cyicyumba gifunzwe numunwa cyangwa mask itwikira umunwa nizuru. Gutanga imiti, MDI yihebye rimwe, bikavamo irekurwa ryimiti imwe. Imiti ivuye muri MDI noneho ihagarikwa mucyumba cya spacer mugihe umuntu ahumeka imiti ya aerosolize ahumeka no hanze. Umwuka uhumeka usohoka mugikoresho unyuze mumatara aho kwinjira mucyumba. Ibyogajuru bimwe bifite ifirimbi, byumvikana niba umuntu arimo guhumeka vuba.

Spacers itinda umuvuduko wa aerosol ituruka kumuhumekero, bivuze ko bike mubiyobyabwenge bya asima bigira ingaruka kumunwa kandi nibindi byinshi bishobora kwinjira mubihaha.   Kubijyanye na corticosteroide, ibisigara bike mumunwa bigabanya ibyago byo kurwara candidiasis yo mu kanwa, kwandura umusemburo. Kwoza umunwa nyuma yo gushiramo steroide ihumeka bigira ingaruka zisa. 

Mugihe abantu barwaye asima bashobora gukomeza MDI hafi igihe cyose, ubwinshi bwibyogajuru bushobora kugabanya imikoreshereze yabyo hanze yurugo. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko ibyogajuru byakorewe mu rugo, ukoresheje amacupa ya pulasitike, bishobora kuba byiza nkibikorwa byubucuruzi, ariko ibyakozwe murugo bishobora kugira byinshi bihinduka.
Tunstall Ubuvuzi

**Tunstall Healthcare** ni isosiyete yikoranabuhanga yashinzwe mu 1957 izobereye muri serivisi zita ku buzima n’ubuvuzi. Icyicaro cyayo kiri i Doncaster . Ifite abakozi bagera ku 3.000 mu bihugu 19, na 5&nbsp;miriyoni ihuje abakoresha kw'isi yose.  Ifatwa nkumukinnyi wingenzi ku isoko rya serivisi z'ubuvuzi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga telehealth .  Umuyobozi mukuru ni Emil Peters. 

Yabonye ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cy’Abanyamerika muri Ukuboza 2011. 

Yagurishije Tunstall Amerika kugirango ihuze Amerika.com muri Mutarama 2019 murwego rwo kwerekeza kubikorwa byubucuruzi bikoreshwa na tekinoroji. 

Irimo ikorana na Telefónica gutanga sisitemu na serivise zo gucunga abarwayi kure kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bwayo mu kwita ku gukumira abantu bafite ibibazo bidakira. 

Yasohoye raporo hamwe n’abagiraneza hft yatangijwe cyangwa yasohotse mu Ngoro nshingamategeko(House Of Lords) mu mwaka wa 2019 igaragaza ubushobozi budakoreshwa bw’ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu mibereho myiza yakiriwe n’itsinda  ry'abakoranabushake bafite ubumuga . 

Muri 2021 yaguze Secuvita, itanga ibisubizo byikoranabuhanga ikorera mu Buholandi hamwe n’abakoresha 70.000.  Mu 2022 yaguze BeWo Unternehmensgruppe, isosiyete yo mu Budage.
MediaCorp Teletext

**MediaCorp Teletext** yari serivise yo muri Singapuru itanga amakuru yatanzwe na MediaCorp . Yakozwe kuri MediaCorp's Channel 5, Umuyoboro wa 8 na Channel NewsAsia . Hejuru yamakuru asanzwe yatwawe nabashizwe serivisi ya teletext benshi, yatwaye kandi amakuru yihariye muri Singapuru, nkibiciro bya COE na ERP, amatangazo yatanzwe na minisiteri zatoranijwe muri Singapuru nibisubizo bya tombora.

Iyi serivisi kandi yaboneka kuri interineti kuva mu 1999 kugeza ihagaritswe muri 2013.

Umuyobozi wa bisi yakuweho mu 1986 kubera imikoreshereze mike. 

Iyi serivise yiswe INtv ku ya 18 Mutarama 1993. Simulcast kuri SBC 8 ntabwo yatangajwe kubera ivugurura rya tekiniki ryakozwe uwo munsi. Izina rishya kandi ryatangije imikorere ya Newsreel yo kuvugurura amakuru hamwe na amakuru y'ingenzi ya Fastext.   Serivise ivuguruye yaje kumunsi umwe sosiyete yo mugihugu cya Singapore Telecom yatangije Teleview isa, abakozi bayo ntibari bazi rebrand ya SBCText. SBC yavuze ko idahiganwa na Teleview, ivuga ko serivisi zombi zitandukanye. Serivisi ziiki kigo cyikorera zaje guhagarikwa by'agateganyo ku ya  1993 nyuma y'imirongo ya INtv yaciwe nabi. Serivisi nyinshi zagaruwe nyuma yumunsi.  verisiyo ya PC, Networked INtv, yakozwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ikoranabuhanga cya kaminuza ya kaminuza ya tekinike ya Nanyang, yasohotse ku mugaragaro muri Mutarama 1994. 

Nyuma yaje kwagurwa kugeza kuri News News Asia igihe umuyoboro watangizwaga ku ya 1 Werurwe 1999. Kuva mu mpera za Nzeri 2001, serivisi yabonetse 24/7. 

## Ibirimo
Teletext yatanzwe kumiyoboro itatu MediaCorp, hamwe numuyoboro wihariye muburyo bwisakaza amakuru. Teletext kumuyoboro wa 5 kabuhariwe mu myidagaduro nubuzima bwamakuru, Ibyiciro kuri Channel 8 namakuru yubucuruzi kuri News News Asia.

### Teletext Kumurongo wa mudasobwa
Iyo serivisi yari ikiri kumurongo, verisiyo ya Teletext yimiyoboro uko ari itatu iboneka mugushakisha ukoresheje interineti kandi igaragaramo verisiyo igezweho ya Teletext yerekanwe kuri tereviziyo cyangwase isakazas mashusho (gutinda bishobora kuba iminota 10). Kimwe na Teletext kuri tereviziyo, ubu serivisi irahagaritswe.

## Amashakiro
Infonet

**Infonet** ni serivisi ikorerwa ku kicyo gisakaza akazash ya tereviziyo ya Maleziya . Yahoze yitwa ***Beriteks*** (ikomatanya ryijambo rya Malayika *Berita*, risobanura *amakuru*, na *Teks*, ni ijambo ryatijwe mu rurimi rwicyongereza risobanura *inyandiko* ). Sisitemu ya teletext yatangijwe mu ntangiriro za 1985 na TV3, mbere yo gutangira kumiyoboro ya RTM nyuma yumwaka. Serivisi yatangijwe yakoreshwaga na New Straits Times . 

Mu gihe RTM1 na RTM2 bari bagikwirakwiza Teletext, ibiri mu itumanaho byari bitandukanye n'ibyatanzwe na serivisi ya TV3, na byo bikaba byaratanzwe ku izina rya *Beriteks* . Ku bijyanye na RTM1 mu mwaka wa mbere, yatwaye amakuru ku biciro by'ibiribwa n'amakuru ku biryo no guhaha.  Nkuko Beriteks itwarwa kuri RTM na TV3, bafatwa "nka serivisi" ntabwo ari amarushanwa, ndetse na siporo nkuko byagaragajwe hejuru kuyandi ma shene 

RTM1 na RTM2 bahagaritse kohereza amashusho kuri televiziyo guhera mu 2000, kandi TV3 niyo televiziyo yonyine yo muri Maleziya yohereza Teletext. Nta sosiyete ya bashiki ba TV3, 8TV, TV9 na NTV7, itanga teletext.

Infonet yahagaritse gukora guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 2008. Kubwibyo rero, ubu nta miyoboro ya televiziyo, icyigo gisakaza amashusho kuburyo bwa sitasiyo bitanga Teletext muri Maleziya.

Infonet ikoresha sisitemu ya televiziyo ya BBC Ceefax .

## Amashakiro