open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Inzu ya mbere nini ku Isi igenewe guhingwamo

Sosiyete y’Ubwubatsi yo mu Bufaransa, Coldefy, yahishuye umushinga wayo uzaba ari uwa mbere ku Isi mu yo guhinga mu nzu hagamijwe gukomeza kubungabunga ikirere, uzubakwa muri Côte d’Opale mu Majyaruguru y’u Bufaransa kuri metero kare ibihumbi 20 000, biteganyijwe ko imirimo yawo izasozwa mu 2024.

## Uko izaba yubatswe
Biteganyijwe ko igisenge cy’iyi nzu kizaba kiriho imisego ishobora gutanga ubushyuhe izashyirwa ku byuma bitwikiriye bikoze muri aluminium. Imbere h’iyi nyubako hazaba hari ubushyuhe bwa 28 °C buzajya bufasha ibihingwa birimo gukura bimeze neza.

## Icyo abahanga bayivugaho
Thomas Coldefy, watangije igitekerezo cy’uyu mushinga, ubwo yaganiraga n’itangazamakuru yavuze ko intekerezo ze zihoramo ihurizo ryo kwibaza uko uyu mubumbe dutuye wakomeza kubungwabungwa.

Yanongeyeho ko amakuru menshi atangazwa ku ihindagurika ry’ikirere ashobora kuba isoko y’imihangayiko ku batuye Isi.

Ati “Amakuru yerekeye ihindagurika ry’ikirere akenshi atangazwa mu buryo butifuzwa, bishobora kuba mu buryo bwihuse, isoko nshya y’impungenge.”

Coldefy yavuze ko mu imurikagurisha ndetse n’iserukiramuco rizwi nka ‘Tropicalia’ bazerekaniramo umushinga wabo rizafasha abantu kwibaza ariko bakanabona amahirwe yo kwiga uko uyu mushinga uzakomeza gufasha mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

## Imiterere yayo
Biteganyijwe iyi nzu izaba irimo ibimera by’ubwoko butandukanye, ikaba ubuturo bw’inyoni zitandukanye n’ubwoko bw’amafi asanzwe aboneka mu mugezi wa Amazon.

Izaba ari ndende kandi ku buryo itazabuza ibiti birebire bizaba bihinzemo gukura. Coldefy mu gishushanyo mbonera cyayo yateganyije ibiraro birebire abantu bahasura bazajya bacaho, inateganya ko habamo restaurant umuntu yakwiciramo isari n’inyota mu gihe yakenera kwikora ku munwa.

Binateganyijwe kandi ko hazaba harimo icyumba kinini gishobora kuberamo inama ndetse hakanagira laboratwari y’ubushakashatsi ku mirimo izaba ikorerwa muri iyo nyubako.

## Reba
Center for Development and Strategy

**Center for Development and Strategy** (**CDS**) ni ikigo cy’ibidukikije n’ubukungu by’Abanyamerika n’ibitabo byamamaza kuri interineti biherereye i Buffalo, muri New York, muri Amerika . Ikigo gitegura ubushakashatsi bwa politiki, ibisobanuro by’ingaruka, hamwe na OpEds ku bibazo bya politiki, ubukungu n’ibidukikije ku isi hose, hibandwa cyane cyane ku bibazo bijyanye n’iterambere rirambye, iterambere, n’umutekano w’igihugu. 

CDS kumugaragaro ni igitekerezo cyo kutabogama hamwe nintiti zerekana ibitekerezo bitandukanye murwego rwa politiki .

## Amateka
Muri 2014, CDS yashinzwe nkikigo cy’ibitekerezo cy’abanyeshuri cyibanda ku iterambere ry’ubukungu.  Muri kiriya gihe, yari ikigo cya kabiri gikomeye mpuzamahanga kiyobowe n’abanyeshuri ku isi.  Muri 2015, CDS yatsindiye igihembo cya mbere mu cyiciro cyiza cy’uburambe muri kaminuza muri Buffalo School of Management 'DEAL Expo hamwe nigihembo cyamadorari 750.  Kuva icyo gihe, CDS yagutse ishora abize ninzobere mu rubyiruko muri guverinoma, ubucuruzi, no kudaharanira inyungu. 

### Gahunda
CDS ikora gahunda eshatu zitezimbere ubushakashatsi burambye, ibitekerezo, nimiryango. Gahunda nyamukuru yibitekerezo, Think Publication, itangaza raporo zanditswe nabanyeshuri barangije amashuri yisumbuye, abize, nabanyamwuga. Gahunda ya CDS *Tekereza Hamwe* ni amakuru-yuburyo bwa blog itangaza ingingo zibitekerezo.  Ikigo cyibitekerezo kandi gikora ibikorwa byubucuruzi byitwa Think Incubation kandi byafashije gutangiza ibigo byinshi bidaharanira inyungu, harimo nitsinda rya Global Impact Collaborative University ya kaminuza ya Pennsylvania . 

### References
Umwuzure w'Uruzi rw'umuhondo mu wa 1194

**Umwuzure w’Uruzi rw'umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1194** wari urukurikirane rw'ibiza byibasiye uruzi rw'umuhondo mu bushinwa mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Jurchen Jin .

Umuyoboro munini wakoreshejwe mu gutanga ubutabazi bunini, ariko umwuzure wangije igice kinini cy’ikibaya cy’amajyaruguru y’Ubushinwa, uhungabanya ubukungu bw’akarere, kandi urema ubwinshi bw'impunzi ibihumbi.  Yahinduye inzira yumugezi wumuhondo uva ku ruzi rwa Hai unyuze kuri Tianjin ya none mugihe cyumwuzure wabaye mu 1048  kandi nanone wahinduye burundu (unagabanya) inzira y'umugezi wa Si muri Shandong . Inzira yahoze muri Huai ntiyari ikiboneka igihe uruzi rwumuhondo rwongeye guhinduka, kuko rwasize inyuma metero 4 – 6 zicyondo.

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1344

**Umwuzure w’Uruzi rw'Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1344** wabaye impanuka ikomeye mugihe cy'ingoma ya Yuan y'ubushinwa . Ingaruka zabaye mbi ku bahinzi bo muri ako karere ndetse n'abayobozi b'ingoma. Ingoma ya Yuan yaragabanutse, umwami w'abami ahatira amakipe manini kubaka inkombe nshya z'uruzi. Ibihe bibi byafashaga kwigomeka kwatumye ingoma ya Ming ishingwa. 

Kubera umwuzure, umugezi w’umuhondo wahinduye inzira ugana mu majyepfo y’igice cya Shandong, aho wagumye mu myaka magana atanu yakurikiyeho kugeza igihe imyuzure yo mu 1850 yagaruye inzira y’amajyaruguru.

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1375

**Umwuzure w’uruzi rw’Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1375** wari impanuka kamere yibasiye akarere ka Kaifeng, mu ubushinwa ku ngoma ya mbere ya Ming .  Amakuru aturuka muri iki gihe yavuze ko hapfuye abantu bari hagati ya 15,000 na 25, abenshi muri bo bakaba ari abahinzi. Umufilozofe Wang Yangming yavuze umwuzure w’uruzi rw'Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1375 nk'urugero rw'ukuntu n'umuntu mwiza ashobora kurimburwa n'imbaraga za kamere. 

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1391

**Umwuzure w’uruzi rw'Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1391** wabaye impanuka kamere ikomeye mugihe cyingoma ya mbere ya Ming mu Ubushinwa .

Uruzi rw'uzuyemo Kaifeng rugana Fengyang muri Anhui maze ruhindura inzira, inzira ishaje inyura Xuzhou izwi ku izina rya "Umugezi muto w'umuhondo" maze imiyoboro mishya mishya ijya mu ruzi rwa Huai ihinduka "Uruzi runini rw'umuhondo". 

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'umuhondo mu 1048

**Umwuzure wabaye mu mwaka wa 1048 AD ku mugezi w'umuhondo**  wabaye kubera impanuka kamere ku mugezi w'umuhondo mu Bushinwa watewe no kunanirwa kwa fasine i Shanghu . 

Nyuma y'imyaka itanu yananiwe kugarura uruzi inzira yarwo nyuma y’umwuzure wa 1034, Indirimbo yagerageje guhindura ingamba no guhindura ibikorwa byo kurwanya imyuzure ku nzira nshya y’uruzi mu mwaka wa1041. 

Ibi ntibyari byuzuye igihe umwuzure wo mu 1048 wahinduye inzira nyamukuru y’umugezi, urenga uruzi rwa Hai kandi wangiza intara y’amajyaruguru y’ubwami. Amafaranga yinjiza yagabanutse kugera kuri kimwe cya gatanu urwego rwabo mbere y'umwaka wa 1034.  Aya masomo yakomeje kugeza mu wa 1194 . Muri iki kinyejana nigice, inkombe zikikije Tianjin zigezweho zateye imbere ho nka kilometero 23.

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1410

**Umwuzure w’uruzi rw’Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1410** wari impanuka kamere yibasiye akarere ka Kaifeng, mu Ubushinwa, ku ngoma ya mbere ya Ming .

Yibasiye mu myaka ya mbere y'ingoma y'Umwami w'abami Yongle wigaruriye, yangiza hegitari ibihumbi z'imirima kandi ihitana imiryango irenga 14,000. 

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1416

**Umwuzure w’uruzi rw’Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1416** wari impanuka kamere yibasiye akarere ka Kaifeng, mu Ubushinwa, ku ngoma ya mbere ya Ming . Umwuzure wasesekaye mu zindi ntara cumi n'inye kandi uhungabanya cyane uruzi rwa Huai . 

## Amashakiro
CEE Bankwatch Network

**CEE Bankwatch Network** ni umuyoboro wisi ukorera muburayi bwo hagati nuburasirazuba. Hariho amatsinda 17 y'abanyamuryango, imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri leta ishingiye ahantu hatandukanye; umuyoboro ni umwe mu miyoboro minini itegamiye kuri Leta ishinzwe ibidukikije mu Burayi bwo hagati no mu burasirazuba.   Icyicaro gikuru cya Bankwatch kiruhukiye i Prague, muri Repubulika ya Ceki.

Bankwatch yashinzwe mu 1995,  kandi yibanda ku kugenzura ibikorwa by’ibigo mpuzamahanga by’imari bitandukanye, nka Banki y’ishoramari ry’ibihugu by’i Burayi (EIB) na Banki y’Uburayi ishinzwe iyubaka n’iterambere (EBRD), mu gihe itangaza kandi ikagaragaza ingaruka zishobora guterwa imishinga kubaturage hagamijwe gukemura ibidukikije, imibereho, nubukungu. Umuyoboro ugamije guhindura ibyemezo bya EIB   na EBRD no guharanira kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ibidukikije.

## Ibice by'ingenzi bakoreramo

* Ubucukuzi bw'amakara n'amashanyarazi 
* Amashanyarazi adashobora kuramba 
* Inganda zikurura 

## Imishinga ikurikirwa na CEE Bankwatch Network

### Imishinga ya lisansi

* Sitasiyo ya Rovinari, muri Rumaniya 
* Gacko II, Bosiniya na Herzegovina 
* Umuhanda wa Gaz y'Amajyepfo  
* Uruganda rw'amashanyarazi rwa Ugljevik,   Bosiniya na Herzegovina
* Pljevlja lignite amashanyarazi,  Montenegro
* Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Tuzla lignite,    Bosiniya na Herzegovina
* Sostanj lignite urugomero rw'amashanyarazi,  Siloveniya
* Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Stanari,  Bosiniya na Herzegovina
* Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Kolubara B,   
* Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Kostolac B3,  Seribiya
* Kosova e Re lignite amashanyarazi,  Kosovo
* Uruganda rukora amakara ya plomin,  Korowasiya
* Umushinga wa peteroli na gaze ya Sakhalin-II, Uburusiya

### References
Umwuzure wa Yangtze mu wa 1441

**Mu mwaka wa 1441 Umwuzure wa Yangtze** wari impanuka kamere yibasiye akarere ka Nanjing, mu Ubushinwa, ku ngoma ya Ming .

Umwuzure wabaye mu mpeshyi itinze kandi usenya inkombe z'umugezi inshuro nyinshi. Ibintu ntibyari byihutirwa gusa kuri Nanjing ndetse no mu karere kegeranye, ahubwo no ku murwa mukuru wa Beijing uherereye mu majyaruguru, ibyo bikaba byaterwaga no kohereza ingano mu kibaya cya Yangtze. Ubwinjiriro bw’amajyepfo bwinjira mu muyoboro munini bwari i Yangzhou hafi ya Nanjing kandi byabaye ngombwa ko bufunga mu gihe cy'umwuzure mwinshi. 

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1448

**Umwuzure w’umugezi w’umuhondo 1448** ni impanuka ikomeye yibasiye *li* zirenga 2000 (hafi kilometero 700) z'umugezi w'Umuhondo . Umwuzure wugarije gusenya icyambu kinini cya Linqing kandi bituma ingoma ya Ming yubaka imirimo rusange i Shawan kugirango wirinde ko bitazongera kubaho ukundi. Amabanki n'ibiti byamaraga imyaka ine gusa kugeza ku umwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1452 . 

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1452

**Umwuzure w’uruzi rw’umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1452** ni ibiza karemano byibasiye abahinzi ibihumbi magana ku ruzi rw’umuhondo muri Shandong na Henan, ndetse no mu kibaya cya Huai .

Umwuzure wa mbere washenye ibikorwa rusange byakozwe i Shawan hashize imyaka ine gusa biturutse ku mwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1448 wabereye i Linqing . Umwanda wuzuye mu muyoboro munini wa Shandong wasabye imbaraga nyinshi zo gusana. Ibikorwa by'ubutaka bimaze gusanwa, Umwami w'abami wa Jingtai yategetse ko hubakwa insengero ebyiri – imwe i Heiyangshan indi i Shawan – maze yiyemeza gusengera ku giti cye imana z'umugezi kugira ngo ikumire umwuzure. 

Ukwezi kwa gatandatu, inkombe y'amajyaruguru yongeye guturika ahitwa i Shawan maze amato yose y'Umuyoboro munini ahagarikwa n'umusenyi wajugunywe mu nzira. 

## Reba kandi

* Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1448
* Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1453

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1453

**Umwuzure w’umugezi w’Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1453** wari ibiza karemano mu gace gakikije Shawan i Shandong, mu Ubushinwa, ku ngoma ya Ming . Amabanki – yasanwe umwaka umwe gusa – yongeye guturika mukwezi kwa kane ukwezi na gatanu. 

## Reba kandi

* Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1452 

## Amashakiro
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1494

**Umwuzure w’umugezi w’Umuhondo mu mwaka wa 1494** ni ibiza kamere mu Ubushinwa ku ngoma ya Ming .

Gutabara umwuzure byayobowe n'inkone nini Li Xing, washinze umujyi wa Anping kandi ashinga insengero imana y'inzuzi hariya na Huanglinggan . Yahinduye umuyoboro w’umugezi w’umuhondo anyura kuri Xuzhou na Huaian, agabanya ubukana bw’umwuzure w’uruzi mu myaka mike yakurikiyeho kandi ashyiraho inzira rusange y’umugezi kugeza umwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1850. 

## Amashakiro
Sona Tata Condé

**Sona Tata Condé** azwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga ni umunyamuziki wo muri Gineya.  Sona Tata ni umwe mu bagize ubwoko bwa Mandinka . Sona Tata arazwi cyane muri Gineya, cyane cyane mu murwa mukuru Konakiri. Sona Tata Condé yafashe amajwi ya alubumu ye yo mu njyana ya Afro-pop yitwa *Simbo* yitiriye umugabo we, mu 2007. Izina ry'indirimbo Simbo, ni indirimbo y'urukundo  yatuwe umugabo we kandi kimwe n'izindi ndirimbo ze nyinshi, ntabwo iririmbwa mu rurimi rw'agace ke k'amavuko ka Malinke gusa, ahubwo no mu zindi ndimi zikoreshwa mu murwa mukuru wa Gineya, Konakiri, harimo Fula, Susu, Igifaransa n'Icyongereza.

## Reba
D'Gary

**D'Gary** ( *Ernest Randrianasolo*; yavutse ku ya 22 Nyakanga 1961) ni umunyamuziki wo muri Madagasikari wo mu bwoko bwa Bara. Igikoresho cye cyibanze ni gitari ya akusitike.

## Imiterere y'umuziki
Uburyo bwa D'Gary bwo gucuranga burangwa no gukoresha ubundi buryo bwo kurega imirya ya gitari yifashisha. ubu buryo yifashisha bwaturutse ku kuba yara shishikajwe no kumenya umuziki wa Madagasikari nka tsapiky uzwi cyane mu majyepfo ya Madagasikari kandi yagereranijwe n'umuziki wakozwe ku bicurangisho gakondo nka agasanduku ka marovane ya Vezo ya zita n'inanga ya Bara ya lokanga.

Mu 2007, yazengurutse muri Amerika ya Ruguru hamwe amurika alubumu ye yitwa itsinda mpuzamahanga rya Guitar ry'ijoro  maze yandika alubumu *mpuzamahanga ya Gitari Ijoro rya II*  ku bufatanye bwa Brian Gore (Amerika), Miguel de la Bastide ( Trinidad ) na Clive Carroll ( UK) binyuze mu nzu itunganya umuziki ya pasifika.

Muri Mata 2009, yazengurutse Amerika mu rwego rwo kumurika alubumu yitwa *shyira umutima wawe hasi* hamwe na Bela Fleck n'abandi bahanzi bo muri Afurika.

## Byatoranijwe
**Album za studio**

* *Guitar ya Malagasi - D'Gary.* *Umuziki wo muri Madagasikari* - 10 Gashyantare 1993 (Shanachie)
* *Inzira ndende Murugo* (hamwe na Dama) - 15 Nzeri 1994 (Shanachie)
* *Horombe* (hamwe na Jihe) - 21 Gicurasi 1996 (Stern's)
* *Mbo Loza* - 24 Kamena 1997 (Indigo)
* *Akata Meso* - 9 Nyakanga 2002 (Indigo)

## Reba
Ronny Abatoza

**Abatoza ba Ronnie** (yapfuye ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2013), yari azwi kandi ku izina rya **Ronnie**, yari umucuranzi wavukiye muri Gana kandi yari umwe mu bagize itsinda ry’umuziki rya Buk Bak hiplife . 

## Uburezi
Amashuri yisumbuye yayize muri Datus Complex School. Yize kandi amahugurwa ya tekiniki mu kigo cya Tekinike cya Accra (ATTC).

## Urupfu
Ronnie yapfuye ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2013 mu bitaro bya kaminuza bya Korle Bu . 

## Reba
Mily Clément

**Mily Clement** ni umwe mubatangije uburyo bwo kuririmba injyana gakondo bwa *salegy*, ikaba ari injyana ya muzika gakondo yo mu majyaruguru y'inyanja ya Madagasikari.  Yakuze akikijwe n'umuziki wa *tromba* binyuze mu mihango itandukanye y'ibitaramo byaberag mu gace yari atuyemo, maze mu myaka ye y'ubwangavu yakundaga abacuranzi ba gitari b'Abanyamerika n'Abanyafurika, bamuteye inkunga binyuze mu bihangano byabo byatumye atangira gucuranga gitari. Yatangiye gucuranga gitari mu buryo bwa kinyamwuga hamwe n'itsinda ryaho ryitwa Ambilobe . 

Mu 1988 yabaye percussioniste mu itsinda ryo mu gihe cye, Jaojoby, wari utangiye kwamamara mu gihugu hose. Jaojoby yashishikarije Clement guhimba indirimbo ze. Yatumiwe rero inshuro zitandukanye mu 1990 gutarama binyuze m'umuziki mu birori byo gutangiza no gusoza imikino ibera ku kirwa, agera ku byamamare mu gihugu cyose hamwe n'indirimbo "Tsy moramora mitady vola". Umwaka wakurikiye yataramiye kuri Afrovision. Stardom yaje igihe Umuryango mpuzamahanga wo kubungabunga ibidukikije wahisemo indirimbo ye, "Mandrora Mantsilany", mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu kumenya ibyerekeranye n'itemwa ry'amashyamba no kubungabunga ibidukikije kuri icyo kirwa.  Clement ntabwo yafashe amajwi y'alubumu ku rwego mpuzamahanga cyangwa ngo abe umuhanzi utaramira abantu cyane mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga, ariko akundwa cyane muri Madagasikari nk'umuhanzi gakondo mu njyana yo mu bwoko bwa salegy. 

## Inyandiko
Dambisa (umuririmbyi)

**Dambisa Michelle Lunda**  (yavutse ku ya 10 Nzeri 1989), uzwi cyane nka **Dambisa**  ni umuririmbyi w’indirimbo wo muri Zambiya akaba n'umwanditsi ndetse yiyita umwamikazi wa injyana yo ku rubyiniriro (Dancehall).  Niwe kandi ambasaderi mu kwamamaza Pamperise za Zambiya. Azwi cyane kuba afite impaka zimwe mu ndirimbo ze  zamushyize ahagaragara.    Yagaragaye kandi ku gifuniko cy'imbere cy’ikinyamakuru EZM (Ikinyamakuru cy'amakuru yihariye cya Zambiya) mu 2014  Dambisa yatangiriye mu mwaka wa 2011 n’indirimbo ye yise Kaduka Chain,   yakinnye na Petersen. 

## Ubuzima bwa mbere n'umwuga w'umuziki
Dambisa yatangiye kuririmba afite imyaka 9 y'amavuko. Mu minsi ye y'ubwangavu, yakundaga indirimbo za Tina Turner ndetse rimwe na rimwe akumva indirimbo za PK Chishala ubu zagize uruhare mu mwuga we wa muzika. Nyuma yibi Dambisa yamenyekanye muri Afrika yuburasirazuba, uburengerazuba n’amajyepfo kwitabira ibitaramo mu mahanga muri Namibiya. Indirimbo ye ya mbere y’umwana nyafurika yasohotse muri 2018 indirimbo ikubiyemo umuco nyafurika hamwe n'ibara ry'uruhu ku bantu. 

## Reba
Umwuzure w'umugezi w'umuhondo mu wa 1642

**Mu mwaka wa 1642 mu gihe cy'umwuzure w'umugezi w’Umuhondo** cyangwa **umwuzure wa Kaifeng** ni ibiza byatewe n'abantu mu Kwakira 1642, yibasiye cyane cyane Kaifeng na Xuzhou .

Kaifeng iherereye ku nkombe y’amajyepfo yuruzi rw'Umuhondo, ikunze kwibasirwa n’umwuzure ukabije mu mateka yarwo. Ku ngoma ya mbere ya Ming, umujyi niho wibasiwe n’umwuzure ukomeye mu mwaka wa 1375, 1384, 1390, 1410, na 1416 .  Mu kinyejana cya 15 rwagati, Ming yari yarangije gusana gahunda yo kurwanya imyuzure muri ako karere  kandi yarayikoresheje hamwe nitsinzi rusange mumyaka irenga ijana.

Umwuzure wo mu 1642, ntabwo wari karemano, ahubwo wari uyobowe na guverineri w’umujyi wa Ming  twizeye gukoresha amazi y'umwuzure kugirango bahagarike amezi atandatu umujyi wari wihanganiye inyeshyamba z'abahinzi ziyobowe na Li Zicheng . 

Imiyoboro yaraturitse igerageza kuzuza umwuzure ku inyeshyamba, ariko amazi asenya Kaifeng. Dukurikije indi nkuru, ivuga ko inyeshyamba ziyobowe na Li Zicheng zashakaga gukoresha uruzi mu kuzuza umwuzure ku ingabo z’ibwami. John W. Dardess wo muri kaminuza ya Kansas yaranditse ati: "Ba myugariro na Li bombi bagerageje gukoresha uruzi rw'umuhondo kugira ngo bahangane." umujyi ukarimbura. Li yatsinze. Ku ya 8 Ukwakira 1642, abantu ba Li batemye imigezi, maze uruzi rw'umuhondo rwuzuye imvura rwaturikiyemo intambara ikomeye, yuzura Kaifeng. . . "  Harry Miller wo muri kaminuza ya Alabama y'Amajyepfo yanditse ati: "Impande zombi zagerageje gutobora imigezi ku ruzi rw'umuhondo, kugira ngo umwuzure ube inshuti. Amaherezo, ku ya 7 Ukwakira, uruzi rwuzuyemo imvura rwatembye mu mwobo wagabanutse ahantu habiri. " 

Ibyo ari byo byose, 300,000 mu baturage 378,000 bahitanywe n’umwuzure hanyuma hakurikiraho ibiza byo hirya no hino nk'inzara n'icyorezo.  Ifashwe nk'impanuka kamere, yaba imwe mu myuzure yahitanye abantu benshi mu mateka . 

Nyuma y’ibi byago umujyi waratereranywe kugeza mu 1662 igihe wongeye kubakwa byari ku ngoma y'Umwami w'abami wa Kangxi mu ngoma ya Qing . Ubushakashatsi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo muri uyu mujyi bwatanze gihamya y’umwuzure wo mu mwaka wa 1642 n’umwuga wakurikiyeho mu 1662.  Wakomeje kuba umujyi wamazi winyuma wicyaro wagabanutse cyane kandi uhura nindi myuzure idakabije.

Umwuzure kandi watumye "ibihe bya zahabu" by’Abayahudi batuye mu Ubushinwa, bivugwa ko byabaye nko mu mwaka wa 1300–1642. Abashinwa bake b'Abayahudi, bagera ku 5,000, bari i Kaifeng. Byongeye kandi, umwuzure washenye isinagogi hamwe na Torah hafi ya zose zidasimburwa. 

## Reba kandi

* Umwuzure mu mateka ya Xuzhou
* Umwuzure w'umugezi w'Umuhondo mu wa 1938, amayeri asa nintambara yibidukikije

## Amashakiro
Ingaruka z’ifumbire mvaruganda ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere

Ubwo hamurikwaga raporo yakozwe n’Impuzamiryango Nyarwanda iharanira kurengera Ibidukikije, guhangana n’imihindagurke y’ikirere n’iterambere, Rwanda Climate Change and Development Network (RCCDN) hagamijwe kugaragaza ibibazo biri muri politiki y’ubuhinzi, ibidukikije n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zagiye zisa n’izivuguruzanya, bagaragaje ko n’ubwo ifumbire mvaruganda yongera umusaruro ariko igira ingaruka ku kugundura[gushimura] ubutaka, kwanduza amazi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

## Politiki y'ubuhinzi ibivugaho iki?
Politiki y’ubuhinzi yo muri 2018 ivuga ko “Igihugu cyifuza kwihaza mu biribwa, imirire myiza n’iterambere rirambye, biyoboye ubuhinzi muri 2030” naho politiki y’ibidukikije n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere yo muri 2019 igira iti “ u Rwanda rukwiye kugira ibidukikije bisukuye, bishobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bitanga ubuzima bwiza kuri sosiyete."

## Ubushakashatsi

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Dr John Musemakweli buvuga ko nubwo izi politiki zombi zisa n’aho zuzuzanya ariko harimo byinshi bikenewe kunozwa kugira ngo hakomeze kwimakazwa kubungabunga ibidukikije no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Muri ibyo harimo ko gukoresha inyongeramusaruro mvaruganda ndetse n’imikoreshereze y’ibishanga bikigarara nk’ikibazo gikomeye ku kubungabunga ibidukikije.

## Ingaruka
Raporo ivuga ko guhinga mu bishanga ahanini bitera ibyago birimo kugabanuka kw’amazi no kuyanduza, bagasaba ko habaho gukoreshwa ibishanga mu buryo bunoze hatitawe gusa ku musaruro w’ibihingwa ahubwo hagamijwe no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Ku kijyanye no gukoresha imvaruganda n’imiti imwe yica udukoko, raporo ivuga nubwo bigira umumaro ariko kubikoresha, cyane bituma ubutaka bwangirika, amazi akandura n’ibiribwa ndetse bikaba n’uburozi ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

## Ingamba
N’ubwo iyo raporo ivuga ibitagenda ariko inagaragaza ko hari inzira zishobora kwifashishwa hashakirwa umuti urambye bimwe mu bibazo bikigaragara.

Raporo isaba inzego bireba kurushaho gukora mu buryo bwo kugabanya imvaruganda hakongerwa ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire y’imborera, kugabanya no guhitamo neza imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu rwego rwo kurinda abantu n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

N’ubwo iyo raporo ivuga ibitagenda ariko inagaragaza ko hari inzira zishobora kwifashishwa hashakirwa umuti urambye bimwe mu bibazo bikigaragara.

Raporo isaba inzego bireba kurushaho gukora mu buryo bwo kugabanya imvaruganda hakongerwa ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire y’imborera, kugabanya no guhitamo neza imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu rwego rwo kurinda abantu n’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

## Umuti urambye
RCCDN ivuga hakwiye gushakishwa uburyo politiki y’ubuhinzi yavugururwa kugira ngo ingingo ziburamo zihuzwe neza na Politiki y’ibidukikije n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, gushyiraho uburyo buhoraho bw’ibiganiro byatuma izi politiki zirushaho kuzuzanya aho kuvuguruzanya no guhanira gushyira mu bikorwa ibivugwa muri izo politiki zombi aho guhera mu nyandiko.

## Reba
Ibishanga by’i Kigali bigiye gukorerwamo ubukerarugendo n’ubushakashatsi

Leta y’u Rwanda ivuga ko Banki y’Isi hamwe na bimwe mu bigega mpuzamahanga byayihaye inguzanyo n’inkunga byo gutunganya ibishanga by’i Kigali ndetse no gukomeza kuvugurura imijyi itandatu yunganira uyu murwa mukuru.

## Ingengo y'imari
Minisiteri y’Ibikorwa Remezo (MININFRA) ivuga ko Banki y’Isi hamwe n’Ikigega cy’Isi gitera inkunga ibidukikije(GEF), ndetse n’icyitwa Nordic Development Fund(NDF), byatanze igishoro cy’amadolari ya Amerika miliyoni 170 (ahwanye n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyari 170).

MININFRA ivuga ko hazavamo amadolari ya Amerika miliyoni 50 (ni hafi miliyari 50 y’amanyarwanda) yagenewe kubaka ibikorwa remezo no gutera ibimera bibungabunga ibishanga by’i Kigali, ariko bigamije gushimisha abantu mu bijyanye n’ubukerarugendo hamwe n’ubushakashatsi.

## Ubushobozi

Inkunga yatanzwe na Banki y’Isi kugira ngo ivugurure Kigali n’imijyi itandatu iwunganira, ni icyiciro cya kabiri cy’umushinga wiswe ‘Rwanda Urban Development(RUDP)’ uzamara imyaka itanu kuva muri 2021-2025.

Icyiciro cya mbere cya RUDP, Banki y’Isi yari yagihaye amadolari ya Amerika agera kuri miliyoni 100, aho kuva muri 2016 kugera muri 2021 Kigali yubatswemo imihanda yo mu makaritiye ireshya na kilomero 54.

## Reba
Amashyamba mu bugesera

## Bugesera

Bamwe mu baturage bo mu Karere ka Bugesera baravuga ko nubwo muri iki gihe hari kuva izuba ryinshi hari icyizere cyo kweza imyaka kuko babonye imvura bitewe no kubungabunga amashyamba.Bugesera ni kamwe mu turere twigeze kugira ikibazo cy’izuba ryinshi ryakurikiwe n’amapfa mu 2000, ni ikibazo cyaterwaga nuko nta biti byinshi byaharangwaga.

## Amashyamba

Ubuyobozi bwashyizeho uburyo butuma buri muturage wari uhatuye abasha gutera ibiti byakemuye iki kibazo. Bamwe mu baturage baganiriye na MUHAZIYACU bavuga ko nta wakwangiza amashyamba kuko akurura imvura, bakavuga ko ko kandi iyo umuntu akeneye igiti abanza kubisabira uruhushya mu nzego zibishinzwe. Nyiramana Immaculée utuye mu Kagari ka Gakomeye mu Murenge wa Mareba avuga ko babonye imvura ihagije bitewe nuko baturiye amashyamba akavuga ko ariyo yakuruye imvura babonye kugeza ubu.

## Ibiti byatewe
Mu Karere ka Bugesera mbere y’uko icyorezo cya Covid 19 cyaduka mu Rwanda, hatewe amashyamba ku buso burenga hegitari 50 hagamijwe kubungabunga ibidukikije no kurwanya ubutayu. Mu biti byatewe icyo gihe harimo inturusu, sipure, imivumu, imiko, sederera,gereveriya,imisave, imirehe n’ibindi. U Rwanda rwari rwarihaye intego yo gutera amashyamba ku buso bungana na 30% by’igihugu cyose.

## AMASHAKIRO
Indwara ya Tiribusi mu nsina

Tiribusi ni kimwe mu byonnyi byangiza ibihingwa binyuranye birimo n’insina, aho ubwone bugaragara ku makoma ahegereye umutumba no ku mabere y’igitoki. Gusa nanone iki cyonnyi kikaba cyakwirindwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko cyangwa gukorera neza urutoki no gupfuka ukoresheje isashi kuva igitoki kikiva mu mwanana kugeza gisarurwe.

## Imiterere
Tiribusi ni agasimba gato (1-2mm), gafite ibara ry’umuhondo ujya kuba ikigina, amababa yirabura arambuye ku mugongo, amaso abiri yirabura hamwe n’ibidomo bibiri byirabura bifatiye ku ntangiriro z’amababa.

## Imyororokere
Tiribusi ikunze gutera amagi igihe cy’impeshyi munsi y’amabere y’igitoki no ku makoma ahegereye umutumba. Amagi arituraga akavamo Tiribusi zikiri ntoya, zikamanuka mu butaka aho zisinzirira mu gikonoshwa zikavamo zikuze.

Tiribusi zikunze kugaruka ku nsina aho zishobora kuba mu itsinda munsi y’amakoma y’insina, ahegereye umutumba cyangwa ku mabere y’igitoki.

Ubuzima bwa tiribusi ntiburenza amezi atatu (3), ntiziguruka cyane ariko zishobora kugera ku ntera ndende zitwawe n’umuyaga, insina cyangwa igitoki byafashwe nazo.

Tiribusi zikuze nizo zangiza zinyunyuza amatembabuzi mu makoma no mu mabere y’igitoki, cyane cyane igihe cy’impeshyi.

Amabere y’igitoki cyafashwe agira ibara ryenda gusa n’ivu cyangwa umugese kandi ahafashwe hagasatagurika.

## Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya
Ubuyobozi bwa RAB, ishami rishinzwe kurwanya indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ibihingwa buvuga ko uburyo bwo kurwanya no kwirinda tiribusi, ari ukugenzura nibura kabiri mu cyumweru ko mu nsina haba hagezemo tiribusi, gukorera neza urutoki kugira ngo rugire imbaraga zo kwihanganira iyo ndwara, ibitoki byafashwe ntibigomba gukoreshwa kure y’aho bisaruwe mu kwirinda ikwirakwira ryayo, gupfuka igitoki n’isashi (Polyethylene), guhera amabere y’igitoki agisohoka mu mwanana kugeza gisaruwe.

Hari kandi kugabanya tiribusi hifashishijwe imitego ifite ibara ry’umuhondo, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko nka Nimbecidine (Azadiractin), 0.03%EC: 2.5ml z’umuti muri litiro imwe y’amazi, Spinosad, 480SC: 1ml muri litiro imwe y’amazi na Pyrethrum 5% EC: 5ml muri litiro imwe y’amazi.

## Reba
Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies

**Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies** (CEEES) ryashinzwe nk’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’amakoperative yo guhanahana amakuru ajyanye n’ubuhanga bw’ibidukikije hagati y’imiryango itandukanye y’i Burayi muri uru rwego. 

CEEES ikomeza ihuriro ryibiganiro kumurongo wo guhanahana amakuru. 

## Sosiete zabanyamuryango ba CEEES
Kugeza muri 2012, ayo yari societe cumi na zibiri zabanyamuryango ba CEEES:

* Ubutaliyani : Associazione Italia Tecnici Yerekana Ambientali (AITPA)
* Ubufaransa : Ishyirahamwe pour le Développement des Science et Techniques de l'Ibidukikije (ASTE)
* Ububiligi : Sosiyete y'Ababiligi ishinzwe imashini n’ibidukikije (BSMEE)
* Ubudage : Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation (GUS)
* Finlande : Sosiyete yo muri Finilande ishinzwe ibidukikije (KOTEL)
* Repubulika ya Ceki : Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu cy’abashinzwe ibidukikije muri Tchèque (NACEI)
* Otirishiya : Österreichische Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation (ÖGUS)
* Ubuholandi : PLatform Omgevings Technologie (PLOT)
* Ubwongereza : Sosiyete y'Abashinzwe Ibidukikije (REBA)
* Suwede : Sosiyete yo muri Suwede ishinzwe ibidukikije (SEES)
* Porutugali : Sociedade Portuguesa de Simulacao Ambiental e Aveliaca de Riscos (SOPSAR)
* Ubusuwisi : Sosiyete y'Abasuwisi ishinzwe Ibidukikije (SSEE)

### References
Ubwishingizi bw'ubuhinzi mu Rwanda

Leta y’u Rwanda ifite gahunda yo gushora agera kuri Miliyari 25 z’Amafaranga y’u Rwanda, mu bwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi mu myaka itanu (5) iri imbere, nk’uko byasobanuwe na Kwibuka Eugene, umuyobozi ushinzwe itumanaho n’amakuru muri Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (MINAGRI).

## Icyo ubuyobozi bubivugaho
Uwo muyobozi yavuze ko iryo shoramari rizaba rigamije kwishingira abahinzi n’abarozi babikora ku buryo bw’umwuga.

Yagize ati “Bizafasha no mu kongera umukamo uzakenerwa n’uruganda rutunganya amata y’ifu ruteganyijwe kuzura muri Werurwe uyu mwaka. Mu gihe abarozi bazaba bashaka kugura inka z’umukamo, ubwo bwishingizi buzabafasha mu kubona inguzanyo mu bigo by’imari”.

Yasobanuye ko ubwo bwishingizi buzakurura abandi bantu bakora ubworozi bw’amafi, ingurube ndetse n’inkoko.

Asobanura igituma Leta y’u Rwanda igiye gushora ayo mafaranga mu gushyigikira ubwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi mu myaka itanu, yavuze ko “Ubwitabire bw’abafata ubwishingizi bwo muri urwo rwego buracyari hasi cyane, bityo ibigo by’ubwishingizi bikaba bikomeje guhura n’ibihombo”.

## Ibarura
Kugeza ubu inka 97,674, inkoko 420,179, ingurube 8,614, imyaka iri ku buso bwa hegitari 81,073 ni byo byashyizwe mu bwishingizi, bikozwe n’aborozi bagera ku 513,000. Guverinoma y’u Rwanda imaze gushora agera kuri Miliyari 1.6 muri iyo gahunda y’ubwishingizi.

Mu bihingwa byishingirwa harimo umuceri, ibigori, ibirayi, urusenda, imiteja, soya, ibishyimbo ndetse n’imyumbati. Naho mu matungo harimo inka z’umukamo, inkoko ndetse n’ingurube.

## Ubwishingizi
Mu mwaka wa 2021-2022, hegitari 27,968 z’imyaka n’amatungo agera kuri 204,391 ni byo byashyizwe mu bwishingizi. Mu 2022-2023 hishingiwe hegitari z’imyaka zisaga 31,000 n’matungo agera ku 278,754.

Leta y’u Rwanda ubu ngo ifite gahunda yo gutanga ubwishingizi bwa hegitari 37,998 z’imyaka ndetse n’amatungo agera ku 483,145 mu mwaka wa 2023-2024.

Mu 2019, hari Amafaranga y’u Rwanda agera kuri Miliyari 2.5 yatanzwe n’ibigo by’imari nk’inguzanyo, zahawe aborozi nyuma yo kugaragaza ko imyaka yabo n’ubworozi bwabo bifite ubwishingizi nk’uko byatangajwe muri raporo ya MINAGRI.

Uruhare rwa Leta muri guhunda y’ubwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi ni 40%, ikaba igamije gufasha abahinzi n’aborozi kubona inguzanyo mu bigo by’imari no kuzamura inguzanyo zitangwa mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi.

Abahinzi bahuye n’ibiza bahawe indishyi ya Miliyari imwe 1.4 mu gihe izatanzwe mu bworozi ari Miliyari 1.1 z’Amafaranga y’u Rwanda, nk’uko bigaragara mu nkuru ya The New Times.

## Reba
Amazi muri kirehe

Mu gihe ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe by’umwihariko ku bikorwa by’ubuhinzi mu Karere ka Kirehe zirushaho kugira ubukana, imishinga mito ibyara inyungu yatangijwe ku bufatanye bwa Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije n’izindi nzego iratanga icyizere cyo kugoboka abagenerwabikorwa.

## Ikibazo gihari

Imiterere y’Akarere ka Kirehe ituma katagusha imvura nyinshi ariko iyo iguye iteza isuri mu duce tumwe na tumwe twako ikangiza byinshi birimo n’ibihingwa.Magingo aya mu mirenge itandukanye bagushije imvura nke mu ntangiriro za Nzeri gusa, ku buryo imbuto bahinze zanze kumera izindi zibaburwa n’izuba. Si umwihariko waha gusa ahubwo ingaruka z’izuba ryinshi ziboneka hirya no hino muri Kirehe mu Karere katagira amashyamba ashobora gukurura ubuhehere. Aho bagerageje gutera ibiti ngo ntibimera n’ibihonotse ubushyuhe bwinshi biribwa n’umuswa nk’uko Ntakirutimana yakomeje abisobanura.

## '''Ibikorwa n'ingaruka z’imihindagurikire'''
Umushinga wo kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu kibaya cy’Ikiyaga cya Victoria (Adaptating to Climate Change in Lake Victoria Basin: ACC) ushyirwa mu bikorwa na Komisiyo y’Ikibaya cy’Ikiyaga cya Victoria (Lake Victoria Basin Commission: LVBC), ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda, ibikorwa byawo biri mu Karere ka Kirehe mu mirenge ya Gatore, Musaza na Gahara. Washowemo ibihumbi 520 by’amadolari ya Amerika ni ukuvuga agera kuri miliyoni 520 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda nk’uko Umuhuzabikorwa wawo, Muhawenimana Seth yabisobanuye. Mu Murenge wa Gatore ingo 160 zasaniwe inzu zinahabwa ibigega bifata amazi y’ibisenge mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cy’isuri yatwaraga ubutaka akanangiza igishanga cya Kijumbura gihingwamo umuceri.

## Ibigega
Kuba abaturage barahawe ibigega bifata amazi byanakemuye ikibazo cy’ibura ryayo kuko yavaga kure bikagora imiryango kubona ayo ikoresha imirimo yo mu rugo n’igihe bakeneye kuhira amatungo.

## Ubuhinzi
Mu Murenge wa Musaza hatewe inkunga imishinga iciriritse ibyara inyungu irimo iy’ubuhinzi bw’urusenda, ubworozi bw’ingurube n’ihene, ubukorikori burimo ububoshyi n’ubudozi bw’imyenda no gutunganya umusatsi by’umwihariko ku bakoreraga ubuhinzi mu nkengero z’Umugezi w’Akagera bwangizaga amazi yawo.

## Amashakiro
Ibiti by'imbuto muri Kirehe

Ubuyobozi mu Karere ka Kirehe bugaragaza ko bukomeje gushyira imbaraga muri gahunda ya Leta y’uko buri rugo rugira ibiti nibura bitatu byera imbuto ziribwa mu rwego rwo kwihaza mu biribwa no kurwanya imirire mibi, aho hirya no hino muri aka karere iyi gahunda imaze kwitabirwa ku gipimo cya 75%.

## Ibiti bitatu by'imbuto

Gahunda y’uko buri rugo rugira ibiti byibuze bitatu byera imbuto ziribwa, yatangijwe ku mugaragaro muri 2019/2020 na Minisitiri w’intebe Dr. Ngirente Edouard mu rwego rwo kongera umubare w’ibiti hagamijwe kandi kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi no kurwanya imirire mibi.Icyo gihe yasabye abayobozi mu nzego z’ibanze by’umwihariko abafite aho bahuriye n’ubuhinzi n’ubukungu gushyira imbaraga muri iyi gahunda bikajyana kandi na gahunda yo gutera imboga muri buri rugo.

## Ingemwe z’ibiti by’imbuto
Abakigorwa no kubona ingemwe z’ibiti by’imbuto ziribwa hari inama bagirwa ati: “Hari abo tugenda duha ibiti by’imbuto nka avoka n’imyembe, ariko hari n’inama tugira abaturage kuko nka avoka bashobora kuzituburira. Afashe ikibuto cya avoka yeze neza, akagishyira ahantu nyuma kirimeza, hanyuma akakibatura hahandi akagitera aho gikwiye gukurira; n’ubwo buryo buri mu bwo dushishikariza abaturage gukoresha.”

## Abaturage
Mu Karere ka Kirehe habarurwa ingo zigera ku bihumbi 97, zituwemo n’abaturage basaga ibihumbi 415; ikigereranyo cy’ubuso buteyeho ibiti n’amashyamba ni 18%.

## AMASHAKIRO
Kirehe Greening

Akarere ka Kirehe kemejwe nk’umwe mu mijyi yunganira Umujyi wa Kigali igomba gutezwa imbere, ku buryo hari impinduka zatangiye kugaragara mu iterambere yaba mu bikorwaremezo n’imiturire. Kuri ubu Nyakarambi ifatwa nk’umujyi mukuru w’Akarere ka Kirehe ituwe n’abaturage bagera ku bihumbi 25.

## Kirehe Greening
Mu bice byagenewe ubusitani ku mihanda yo mu Mujyi wa Nyakarambi mu Karere ka Kirehe hari kurimbishwa haterwa imikindo n’ibyatsi bya Pasiparumu muri gahunda yiswe ‘Kirehe Greening’ igamije kugira Kirehe itoshye kandi ikeye.

## ISUKU
bwo hatangizwaga ubukangurambaga ku isuku, umutekano no kurwanya igwingira mu Karere ka Kirehe habayeho no gushyira haba mu mujyi wa Nyakarambi no mu zindi santere zihuriramo abantu benshi ibyapa bikangurira abantu kugira isuku, kwita ku mutekano no kurwanya igwingira; no gushyiraho za Pubeli cyangwa ahagenewe gushyirwa imyanda mu rwego rwo kurwanya umwanda no kubungabunga ibidukikije.

## IBITI
Akarere ka Kirehe kari muri gahunda yo gutera ibiti ku mbande zombi z’umuhanda munini wa kaburimbo[Ngoma-Rusumo] uva ahitwa Cyunuzi mu Murenge wa Gatore, kugeza ku mupaka wa Rusumo.

## AMASHAKIRO
George Darko

**George Darko** ( wavutse ku ya 12 Mutarama 1951 i Akropong, muri Gana - werurwe 2024)  ni umunyagana w'umuhanzi w'injyana ya burger-highlife, umucuranzi wa gitari, umwandtsi w'amanota ya muzika ndetse akaba anahimba indirimbo, yatangiye kugaragara mu muziki mu ntangiriro ya za 1960. Darko yari azwi cyane mu myaka ya za 1970, 1980 na 1990, kandi indirimbo ze ni zimwe mu nndirimbo zihebuje kandi zihoraho mu bihe byose mu muziki wa Gana. Bamwe mubo mu gihe cye barimo Ben Brako, CK Mann, Daddy Lumba, Ernest Nana Acheampong, Nana Kwame Ampadu, Pat Thomas, n'abandi. Azwi cyane ko ari umwe mu batangije burger-highlife yifashihije indirimbo ye yamenyekanye bwa mbere yitwa "Ako Te Brofo" ("The Parrots Speak / Understand English") yasohotse mu 1983.  Iyi ndirimbo ikomeje gukundwa cyane muri Gana haba mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo, kandi iracyacurangwa mu gushyingura ndetse no mu birori.   

Umuhungu w'umuyobozi w'ingenzi, George Darko yize mu ishuri rya Peresibiteriyeni i Akropong. Darko amaze gukinira itsinda ry'ingabo zishimisha ingabo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, Darko yasubiye muri Gana maze ashinga itsinda rya Golden Stool Band. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70 iryo tsinda ryimukiye mu Budage, aho Darko yagiye wenyine kandi ashinga itsinda ryitwa Bus Stop mu 1982.  Agaruka muri Akropong mu 1988, agirwa Tufuhene wa Akropong-Akuapim mu 1991 afite izina ry'intebe (y'ingoma) ya **Nana Yaw Ampem Darko** .  Muri Mutarama 2010, yasabwe kandi atanga imbabazi ku kinyamakuru cyari cyatangaje ibirego by'imibonano mpuzabitsina bifite aho bihuriye na we. 

## Disikogarafi

; Album za studio

* *Friends* (1983, Taretone)
* *Highlife Time* (1983, Sacodisc International)
* *Moni Palava* (1986, A&B Records)
* *Soronko* (1988, Umuziki)
* *Highlife in the Air* (1994, Boulevard Records)
* *Come to Africa* (2006, Okoman Records) 

## Ibihembo
Igihembo cya VGMA Igihembo Cy'umusanzu Uhebuje kunjyana ya Hilife (2020). 

## Reba
Dancing Star Foundation

**Dancing Star Foundation** ini umuryango udaharanira inyungu ukorera muri Amerika    ukora ibikorwa by’ibidukikije, umuco n’inyamaswa, harimo kwigisha ibidukikije, kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ku isi, n’uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa .  Yashinzwe mu 1993. 

## Ibice byibandwaho

### Uburezi
Binyuze mu icapiro na firime, Dancing Star Foundation irashaka kongera ubumenyi ku bibazo by’ibidukikije kuva ku binyabuzima ndetse no kuzimangana kugeza ku ihohoterwa ndetse n’abaturage benshi .  Ingero ni *No Vacancy*, igitabo hamwe na film documentaire ikomatanya ikemura ikibazo gihindagurika cy’imiterere y’abaturage muri Amerika, Ubushinwa, ndetse n’ibindi bihugu umunani; igitabo cyitwa *Sanctuary*, "impapuro 338 zigizwe n’amafoto yuzuye yerekana amafoto yerekana ahera h’inyamanswa makumyabiri na bane ziri mu bihugu makumyabiri bitandukanye";  na filime documentaire *Mad Cowboy*, inkuru yumworozi w’inka wahindutse inyamanswa n’umuntu uharanira uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa Howard Lyman . 

### Kurinda inyamaswa
Fondasiyo ikora ahera h’inyamanswa muri Californiya yo hagati y’inyamaswa zarokowe.  Inshingano yibi bigo ni ugutanga ubuturo bwera "kubwinyungu, ihumure, amahoro n’ituze ry’ibinyabuzima bituye". 

#### References
Mpundi Decca

**Mpudi Decca** yari umuhanzi ufata amajwi muri Congo akaba n'umucuranzi wa gitari muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC). Yigeze kuba umwe mu bagize itsinda ry’umuziki rya Kongo ryitwa TPOK Jazz, yari iyobowe na François Luambo Makiadi, yari iganje mu muziki wa Kongo kuva mu myaka ya za 1950 kugeza 1980. 

## Reba
Uruganda ‘Inyange’ rugiye gufasha aborozi kugura imashini zizinga ubwatsi

Amakusanyirizo y’amata 11 y’aborozi yo mu Turere twa Nyagatare, Gatsibo na Kayonza, niyo agiye kubimburiye ayandi mu kugura imashini zizinga ubwatsi (Bailer machines), zizagurwa ku bufatanye bwa Leta n’uruganda Inyange.

Abayobozi b’aya makusanyirizo ku wa 19 Mutarama 2023, bahuriye mu Karere ka Gatsibo, mu biganiro n’abafatanyabikorwa barimo uruganda Inyange, umushinga SPIU, RDDP na BDF, bigamije kunoza uburyo bafashwa kubona imashini zizinga ubwatsi bw’amatungo no kureba uburyo byakwihutishwa.

Muri iyi nama, uruganda Inyange rwasinyanye amasezerano y’inguzanyo n’Abayobozi b’amakusanyirizo y’amata 11.

## Inkunga
Buri Koperative y’aborozi igiye kugura imashini ihinga ikanazinga ubwatsi bw’amatungo, ifite agaciro k’Amafaranga y’u Rwanda 76,500,000, Leta ikaba izatanga Nkunganire ya 50% andi akazishyurwa n’aborozi mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri.

Amakusanyirizo atanu (5) yo mu Karere ka Nyagatare, atatu mu Karere ka Gatsibo n’andi atatu yo mu Karere ka Kayonza, niyo yasabye iyo nguzanyo akaba ariyo agiye kubimburiye ayandi 

kubona izo mashini.

Ibiciro byazo ngo bizaba byoroheye buri wese ariko cyane umunyamuryango.

## Reba
Deep Green Resistance (DGR)

**Deep Green Resistance** ( **DGR** ) nigikorwa cyibidukikije gikabije kibona ibikorwa rusange byibidukikije bidakora neza. Iri tsinda, ribona ko kubaho kw’inganda ubwabyo ari byo bibangamiye ibidukikije,  riharanira ko abaturage bategura kubaka ibiribwa, amazu, n’ibigo by’ubuvuzi.  Uyu muryango ushyigikiye gusenya ibikorwa remezo,  ubona ko ari amayeri akenewe kugira ngo ugere ku ntego yawo yo gusenya umuco w’inganda. Intiti mu by'amadini no mu bidukikije Todd LeVasseur ishyira mu bikorwa nk'umutwe utazwi cyangwa w'ikinyagihumbi . 

## Imyizerere
Urugendo rwitandukanya n’ibidukikije byatsi bibisi, birangwa no kwibanda ku muntu ku giti cye, ikoranabuhanga, cyangwa guverinoma n’ibisubizo by’ibigo, kubera ko bifite ibisubizo bidahagije. DGR yizera ko impinduka mu mibereho, nko gukoresha imifuka yingendo n’imifuka ishobora kongera gukoreshwa no gufata imvura ngufi, ni nto cyane ku bibazo binini by’ibidukikije isi ihura nabyo. Ivuga kandi ko ubwiyongere bw’ibidukikije bwahindutse ubucuruzi muri kamere, bityo ubwabwo bukaba bwarakozwe mu nganda. Uru rugendo rwemeza ko umuturage w’imyanda y’inganda yakozwe ari ibicuruzwa bifite ubunini burenze imyanda yakozwe; kubwibyo, ni inganda zigomba kurangira, hamwe nibyo, impinduka zubuzima zizakurikiraho.  [ isoko itari iyambere ikenewe 

### references
Sidiki Diabaté

**Sidiki Diabaté** ni umunyaMali w'umucuranzi n’umuproducer wavutse mu 1992 i Bamako, muri Mali. Ni umuhungu w'umucuranzi uzwi cyane w'injyana ya kora witwa Toumani Diabaté ni umwuzukuru wa Sidiki Diabaté.   Diabaté akomoka mu gisekuru cya 77 cy'abacuranzi mu muco gakondo w'abakurambere wa giriyoti, umuryango we ukaba ahanini ari abacuranzi b'injyana ya kora. Sekuru wa Sidiki Diabaté yanditse anafata amajwi  ya alubumu ya mbere y'injyana ya kora mu 1970. Mubyara wa se Sona Jobarteh ni umuhanzi wa mbere w'umugore wakoze ku njyana ya kora ukomoka mu muryango wa Giriyoti. Nyirarume wabo Mamadou Sidiki Diabaté nawe ni umucuranzi ukomeye w'injyana ya kora.

Sidiki Diabaté yatawe muri yombi ku ya 24 Nzeri 2020, azira gukubita uwahoze ari umukunzi we. 

## Disikogarafi
* 2014 : *Toumani & Sidiki*, hamwe na se Toumani Diabaté
* 2016 : *Umuziki wa Diabateba, Vol. 1*
* 2017 : *Lamomali*, hamwe na -M-
* 2019 : *Béni*

## Reba
Ishyirahamwe rya Isiraheli rishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije

**Ishyirahamwe rya Isiraheli rishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije** ( Hebrew   , *Adam Teva veDin*, yamuritse. *Umuntu Kamere namategeko* ) n'itsinda ry'ibidukikije muri Isiraheli .

## Ibirwa bya Tel Aviv
mu kwezi kwa 11 umwaka wa 2002 nibwo leta ya Israel yashyizeho komite y'abantu batandatu yo gutegura imbanziriza mushinga wo gushyiraho imbibi za Tel Aviv. kimwe muri ibyo birwo cyagombaga kuba ikibuga cy'indege naho ikirwa cya Kobe mu Buyapani, icyo kirwa cyagombaga kubaho amazu, ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi n'ubukerarugendo.

## Reba
Serivisi ishinzwe amashyamba ya Karnataka

**Serivisi ishinzwe amashyamba ya Karnataka** (mu magambo ahinnye yitwa KFS) cyangwa izwi ku izina rya Gahunda ya Leta ishinzwe amashyamba (mu magambo ahinnye yitwa SFS) ihabwa umuntu watoranijwe mu kizamini cya KFS cyakozwe na komisiyo ishinzwe abakozi ba leta ya Karnataka (KPSC). Abayobozi batoranijwe bazashyirwaho na guverinoma ya Karnataka nk'Umufasha wungirije ushinzwe kubungabunga amashyamba nyuma yo kurangiza igihe cy’amahugurwa y’imyaka 2 muri Academy nkuru ishinzwe serivisi z’amashyamba ya Leta Dehradun cyangwa Ishuri rikuru rishinzwe serivisi z’amashyamba ya Leta Coimbatore no kurangiza igihe cy’igeragezwa cy’imyaka 2 nka The Ushinzwe amashyamba. Umwanya wa Assistant Conservator w’amashyamba uhwanye n'umwanya wa Komiseri wungirije kandi uhwanye n'umwanya wa Komiseri wungirije wa Polisi. Umukozi wo mu biro ushakirwa kuba Assistant Conservator w’amashyamba ni umuntu wahawe inshingano zo gucunga amashyamba, ibidukikije, n’ibinyabuzima byo mu gice kibishinzwe kandi azafashwa n’abapolisi bo mu kigo gishinzwe amashyamba ya Karnataka.

## Inkomoko

* Ishami rya Karnataka
* Minisiteri y’ibidukikije, Amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe
Ibihembo bya Kanada byo kubungabunga Ibidukikije

**Ibihembo by’ibidukikije bya Kanada** byatangijwe mu mwaka wa 2002 binyuze ku bufatanye bwa Guverinoma ya Kanada na Enterprises ya Kanada . Gahunda yigihugu yemeye abanyakanada bitanze bakorera mukarere kugirango bafashe kurengera, kubungabunga no kugarura ibidukikije bya Canada. Abaterankunga bashinze Shell Canada bitabiriye ibirori byakuruye imyigaragambyo kubera umushinga wabo wa Klappan Coalbed Methane utavugwaho rumwe mu majyaruguru ya Columbiya y’Ubwongereza .  Muri 2009, igihembo cyasimbuwe nigihembo cya 3M cyo guhanga ibidukikije .

## Abahawe ibyo bihembo

* Umuyezuwiti Padiri John McCarthy, (Kubungabunga, 2002) 
* Martha Kostuch, (Umuryango, 2002)
* Maisie Shiell, (2004)
* Lynn Oliphant, (Umuryango, 2005)
* Sheila Watt-Cloutier, (Citation of Lifetime Achievement, 2006)
* Lucie Sauvé, (Umuryango, 2007) 
* Kathleen Martin na Mike James, (Zahabu, Kubungabunga, 2007) 
* Ron Dembo, (Zahabu, Imihindagurikire y’ibihe, 2008)
* Ruth Foster, Mossom Creek Hatchery, (2008)
* Maude Barlow, (Citation of Lifetime Achievement, 2008) 
* Paul Hanley 

## Reba
Ikigo gishinzwe amashyamba cya Mezimbite

**Ikigo cy’amashyamba cya Mezimbite** ni umushinga wo kubungabunga ibidukikije muri Mozambike ugamije guca ubukene mu baturage baturiye amashyamba utanga imirimo ihebuje irinda no kugarura amashyamba yo muri Afurika. 

Yashinzwe na Allan Schwarz, yahoze mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Massachusetts, mu mwaka w'1994 kugira ngo ikore ibihangano biva mu biti bya Mozambike, no gutera ibiti byo gusimbuza ibyakoreshejwe.  

## Reba
Ikigo gishinzwe kubungabunga ibibaya cya Mississippi

**Ikigo gishinzwe kubungabunga ibibaya cya Mississippi (MVCA)**  ni ikigo gishinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije mu ntara ya Ontario . Ifite icyicaro i Carleton Place, Ontario  kandi ikora 4450&nbsp;km 2 amazi y'amazi aherereye hakurya ya komine cumi n'umwe.  Uyu muryango ufite inshingano ku mugezi wa Mississippi n’uruzi rwa Carp . 

## Ahantu ho kubungabunga

* Umugezi wa Carp
* K&P
* Urusyo rwa Kintail
* Ikirwa cya Morris
* Palmerston-Canonto
* Purdon 

## Reba