Uburenganzira karemano n’uburenganzira bw’amategeko

**Uburenganzira karemano n’uburenganzira bw’amategeko** ni ibitekerezo bibiri by’ingenzi mu mategeko n’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bamwe mu batekereza ku mategeko n’uburenganzira batangaza ko hariho ubwoko bubiri bw’uburenganzira: **uburenganzira karemano (natural rights)** n’ **uburenganzira bw’amategeko (legal rights)**.

## Uburenganzira Karemano
Uburenganzira karemano ni uburenganzira umuntu afite atari ukubwe ku mategeko cyangwa imigenzo y’umuco runaka cyangwa leta. Ni uburenganzira **buhoraho, bw’ingenzi, kandi budashobora guhabwa cyangwa gukurwaho n’abantu**. Nubwo amategeko ashobora kutubahiriza, umuntu ashobora kubuhomba bitewe n’imyitwarire ye, urugero nko guhonyora uburenganzira bw’undi.

* Uburenganzira karemano bwagaragaye bwa mbere mu mitekerereze ya kera ya Grèce, bukavugwa na filozofe w’Umurayi Cicero, bukomezwa na Saint Paul, hanyuma bukagarukwaho n’abafilozofe ba gikatolika mu gihe cy’Abanyamuryango b’Abakoloni n’Abahanga nka Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, na Jean Gerson.

* Mu gihe cy’**Age of Enlightenment,** uburenganzira karemano bwakoreshwaga mu guhangana n’uburenganzira bwa kera bw’abami (divine right of kings), ndetse bukoreshwa nk’uburyo bwo gushyigikira **amasezerano y’imibereho, amategeko yemewe, n’ubuyoboz**i.

### Uburenganzira bw’Amategeko
Uburenganzira bw’amategeko ni uburenganzira umuntu ahabwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’amategeko runaka. Ubu burenganzira **bushobora guhinduka, gukurwaho cyangwa kugenzurwa n’amategeko y’abantu**. Ibi bihuza n’icyitwa amategeko yemewe (positive law).

* Mu buryo bw’ibanze, amategeko agenga uburenganzira bw’amategeko aharanira ko abaturage bubahiriza amategeko y’igihugu, kandi akagaragaza uburyo uburenganzira bw’umuntu bushobora kugenzurwa n’inzego za leta.

### Uburyo Uburenganzira Karemano Bwahuye n’Uburenganzira bw’Amategeko

* Ibitekerezo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu bishingiye ku burenganzira karemano.
* Abatekinisiye bamwe bavuga ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira karemano, ahubwo uburenganzira bwa muntu bukaba ari  **ubusimbura bw’uburenganzira karemano** budaterwa n’amategeko karemano cyangwa inyigisho za gikirisitu.

## Amateka y’Uburenganzira Karemano
Uburenganzira karemano bufite inkomoko mu mitekerereze ya kera kandi bukomeje kugira uruhare mu mategeko n’uburenganzira bwa muntu kugeza n’ubu.

### Igihe cya kera: Stoics n’Abanyamuryango ba Zoroastrian

* Abanyastois bigishaga ko nta muntu wavutse ari umugaragu, ahubwo ubwigenge bw’imbere mu muntu (sui juris) buba budashobora gufatirwa cyangwa kugirirwa nabi.
* Idini rya Zoroastrian ryigishaga ko abaturage bafite uburenganzira karemano bwo kuyobora neza igihugu no kwanga abayobozi babi.

### Igihe cya Roma n’Abafilozofe ba Gikirisitu

* Filozofe w’Umurayi Cicero yavuze ko abantu bavukana uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu butabera, kandi ko amategeko ya muntu atabushobora gukuraho.
* Saint Paul na filozofe ba gikatolika mu kinyejana cya 14-15 barateje imbere igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano, bahuriza ku mahame y’ubutabera n’ubwigenge.

### Igihe cy’Ubwenge (Age of Enlightenment)

* Abafilozofe nka John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, na Thomas Jefferson bakoreshaga igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano mu guhangana n’ubutegetsi bw’abami, kandi bagashyigikira ihame ry’amasezerano y’imibereho (social contract).
* Mu gihe cy’ubwigenge bw’Amerika, Thomas Jefferson yagaragaje ko abantu bose bavukana uburenganzira budashobora gukurwaho: ubuzima, ubwigenge, no gushaka ibyishimo (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness).

### 19th-20th Century: Impaka n’Imyanzuro

* Francis Hutcheson yatanze itandukaniro hagati y’uburenganzira bushobora kugurishwa (alienable) n’ubudashobora kugurishwa (unalienable), aho ashyira imbere inyungu rusange mu miyoborere.
* Jeremy Bentham na Edmund Burke banenzaga igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano, bavuga ko uburenganzira buterwa n’amategeko cyangwa umuco.
* Mu gihe kimwe, abashinze ubwigenge bwa Amerika babona uburenganzira budashobora kugurishwa nk’iby’ibanze by’ihame ry’ubutegetsi n’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.

## Filozofe n’Abategetsi Bagaragaje Uburenganzira Karemano
Uburenganzira karemano bwagiye burushaho gusobanurwa no guhabwa agaciro n’abafilozofe, abategetsi, n’abanditsi b’amateka mu bihe bitandukanye.

### John Locke (1632–1704)

* Locke yashyize imbere ibitekerezo by'uburenganzira bw’ibanze: *ubuzima, ubwigenge, n’umutungo (property)* nk’uburenganzira karemano budashobora kwangirika n’amategeko. Yagize uruhare mu gushimangira ihame rya social contract n’uburenganzira bwo kurwanira ubwigenge.

### Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)

* Rousseau yavuze ko uburenganzira karemano ari bwo bushingiye ku masezerano y’imibereho (social contract), aho abaturage batanga uburenganzira bwabo ku buyobozi kugira ngo barindwe no kurengera amahame y’ubutabera.

### Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)

* Mu Iteka rya Amerika ry’Ubwigenge (1776), Jefferson yashyize imbere uburenganzira budashobora kugurishwa: ubuzima, ubwigenge, no gushaka ibyishimo (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness).

### Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746)

* Hutcheson yakoze itandukaniro ry’uburenganzira bushobora kugurishwa n’ubudashobora kugurishwa, agaragaza ko uburenganzira budashobora kugurishwa ari ingenzi mu miyoborere n’ubutabera.

## Thomas Hobbes na Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) yatanze igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano mu bitekerezo bye ku mategeko n’ubutegetsi, agashimangira ko abantu bavukana uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imbaraga zabo kugira ngo barinde ubuzima bwabo.

### Uburenganzira karemano bwa Hobbes

* Hobbes yavuze ko mu *state of nature*, uburenganzira karemano bwa muntu bwuzuye, bukaba bushobora kugera ku mubiri w’undi muntu, bigatuma habaho intambara ya bose kuri bose (war of all against all).
* Kubera iyi mpamvu, abantu bemera gutanga uburenganzira bwinshi ku buyobozi bwa leta kugira ngo habeho amahoro n’umutekano, ari byo byaje kuba ishingiro rya **social contract theory**.

### Itandukaniro hagati y’amategeko n’uburenganzira

* Hobbes yashimangiye ko amategeko (lex) atandukanye n’uburenganzira (jus). Amategeko agenga inshingano, mu gihe uburenganzira bugaragaza kubura inshingano, kandi umuntu ntashobora gukurikiza amategeko karemano adafite ubuyobozi bukomeye.

### Umusaruro w’ibitekerezo bya Hobbes

* Igitekerezo cya Hobbes cyatumye habaho **guhanga sosiyete y’ubutegetsi bwemewe n’amategeko**, aho abantu basaranganya uburenganzira bwabo karemano mu nyungu rusange, bituma habaho amahoro, umutekano, n’imiyoborere yemewe.

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