Uruhare rw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu Kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu”

**Uruhare rw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu Kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu** ni inyandiko isesengura uburyo ONU yashyizweho, intego zayo, inzego zayo zishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’uko yagiye ikora ibikorwa byo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abantu ku isi yose.

## Inkomoko y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye
Umuryango w’Abibumbye washyizweho ku wa 24 Ukwakira 1945, nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose, kugira ngo habeho uburyo bw’ibanze bwo kubungabunga amahoro ku isi no gukumira intambara n’ihohoterwa rikabije ku bantu.

Ishyirwaho ry’ONU ryari rigamije guhangana n’ingorane zagiye zigaragara mu gihe cy’intambara: jenoside, ivangura, gukandamiza abaturage no kwica amategeko mpuzamahanga.

## Intego z’ONU mu burenganzira bwa muntu
Amasezerano y’ishyirwaho ry’ONU ashyira imbere ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi:

# Kurengera amahoro n’umutekano mpuzamahanga
# Guteza imbere imibanire myiza hagati y’ibihugu
# Kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no gushyigikira iterambere ry’ubumuntu.

Muri aya mahame, kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu ni kimwe mu by’ingenzi byubakiyeho imiyoborere y’isi. ONU yemeje ko buri muntu afite agaciro kandi ko uburenganzira bwe butagomba kwangizwa n’umuntu cyangwa igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose.

## Amasezerano n’inzego z’ONU zishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu
ONU yashyizeho amasezerano n’inzego zigamije gukurikirana no gushyigikira uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi yose. Inzego zikomeye z’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ONU ni izi:

## Amateka y’ingenzi y’ONU mu burenganzira bwa muntu
ONU yagiye igira uruhare mu bikorwa byinshi byo kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu:

# 1948 – Itangazwa rya *Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)*.
# 1966 – Amasezerano y’Uburenganzira bw’Ubuzima n’Uburezi (ICCPR & ICESCR).
# 1979 – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
# 1989 – Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
# 2006 – Gushingwa kwa UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) gusimbura Komisiyo ya Mbere y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu.

Aya mateka agaragaza ko ONU itari gusa ishyiraho amategeko, ahubwo inagira uruhare mu gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ayo mategeko ku isi.

## Imbonerahamwe: Amasezerano y’ingenzi ya ONU ku burenganzira bwa muntu

## Inzego z’ONU zishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu
ONU yashyizeho inzego nyinshi zigamije gukurikirana no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi yose. Izi nzego zifite inshingano zitandukanye: zishinzwe gukurikirana ibikorwa, gushyiraho amabwiriza, gutanga amahugurwa, no gufasha ibihugu gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko mpuzamahanga.

### UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)
UNHRC yashyizweho mu 2006 isimbura Komisiyo ya mbere y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Intego yayo nyamukuru ni:

* Gukurikirana no gushyigikira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihugu byose.
* Gukora raporo no gutanga inama ku mahame mpuzamahanga.
* Gushyiraho gahunda z’ubufasha ku bihugu bikennye.

UNHRC ikoresha uburyo bwo kohereza abagenzuzi ku bihugu, gukurikirana ihohoterwa, no gutanga raporo z’imikorere y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku Nteko rusange y’ONU.

### Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
OHCHR ifasha ibihugu gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibikorwa byayo birimo:

* Gutanga amahugurwa ku bakozi ba leta n’imiryango y’abikorera.
* Gukora raporo ku buryo ibihugu bikurikiza amasezerano mpuzamahanga.
* Gushyigikira gahunda zo kurengera abagore, abana n’abafite ubumuga.

### UN Women na UNICEF

* UN Women igamije guteza imbere uburinganire n’uburenganzira bw’abagore.
* UNICEF ikurikirana uburenganzira bw’abana ku isi hose.

Izi nzego zombi zifasha mu gushyiraho amategeko, amahugurwa, gahunda z’uburezi, no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’abana.

### Imbonerahamwe: Inzego z’ingenzi za ONU z’uburenganzira bwa muntu

## Ibikorwa by’ONU ku Isi hose
ONU ikora ibikorwa byinshi bigamije kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu:

* Gushyiraho ibikorwa byo gukurikirana aho uburenganzira bushobora kwangirika.
* Gushyira imbaraga mu bihugu bikennye binyuze mu bufasha bw’amafaranga n’ubumenyi.
* Kohereza mission z’abagenzuzi mu bihugu byugarijwe n’ihohoterwa.

Urugero, mu bihugu byibasiwe n’intambara cyangwa ihohoterwa rya politiki, UNHRC ikora raporo zisesengura uburenganzira bw’abaturage n’ibyemezo byo kubungabunga amahoro. OHCHR nayo igafasha mu gushyiraho amategeko n’ubuyobozi bw’imbere mu gihugu.

### Imbogamizi ONU ihura nazo
N’ubwo ONU ifite intego nyinshi, hari imbogamizi ikomeye:

# Kutagira ubushake bwa politiki mu bihugu bimwe n’ibindi.
# Kutagira ubushobozi buhagije mu kohereza abagenzuzi cyangwa mu gufasha ibihugu byose.
# Amakimbirane ya politiki ku rwego mpuzamahanga ahanini araca intege gahunda z’ONU.
# Ihohoterwa rikomeye rishingiye ku gitsina, intambara, n’ivangura rikomeza kuba ikibazo cy’ingorabahizi ku rwego rw’isi.

### Imbonerahamwe: Ingero z’ibikorwa n’imbogamizi

## Ingero z’Ubwirinzi bw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Ibikorwa by’ONU
Umuryango w’Abibumbye ukora ibikorwa byinshi byo kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi hose. Ibikorwa by’ingenzi birimo kohereza abagenzuzi mu bihugu byugarijwe n’intambara cyangwa ihohoterwa, gutanga raporo zisesengura uko uburenganzira bushyirwa mu bikorwa, no gushyigikira gahunda z’uburezi n’ubuzima ku bana n’abagore.

### Ingero z’Ibikorwa

# **Myanmar:** UNHRC yohereje abagenzuzi basuzuma ihohoterwa rikorerwa abaturage b’abahinde n’abandi baturage bari mu byago. Raporo z’ubwigenge bw’abantu zafashije mu gushyiraho ibihano mpuzamahanga ku bakora ihohoterwa.
# **Siriya**: OHCHR yakurikiranye ibikorwa by’intambara n’ihohoterwa ku baturage, itanga raporo zisesengura uko uburenganzira bwa muntu bwubahirizwa. Ibi byafashije mu kugena ingamba z’igisirikare n’ama mission y’amahoro.
# **Afuganistani na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo:** UN Women yashyizeho gahunda zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore, harimo amahugurwa n’ubuvugizi mu mashuri n’ahandi.
# **Yemeni na South Sudan:** UNICEF yashyizeho gahunda z’ubuvuzi n’uburezi ku bana, hafashwa ibihumbi by’abana bageramiwe n’intambara n’amapfa.

### Imbogamizi z’Ibikorwa
N’ubwo hari intambwe zatewe, ONU ihura n’imbogamizi zikomeye:

* Kutemerwa n’ubutegetsi bw’ibihugu bimwe mu kohereza abagenzuzi.
* Intambara n’iterabwoba bikomeje gukoma mu nkokora gahunda z’uburenganzira.
* Ubusumbane bukomeye mu bukungu butuma bimwe mu bihugu bidashobora gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza ya ONU.
* Guhonyora amategeko n’amahame mpuzamahanga n’uburyo bimwe mu bihugu bigira politiki yo gukumira abavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi.

### Imbonerahamwe: Ibikorwa n’Ingabo za ONU ku Isi

## Imbogamizi ku rwego rw’Imiyoborere n’Imikoranire
Ububasha bwa ONU burangwa n’imiyoborere y’amahanga n’ubufatanye bw’ibihugu. Hari ibibazo bikurikira:

* Ibihugu bimwe bigira ubushake buke bwo gukurikiza amategeko mpuzamahanga.
* Intambara, amacakubiri n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina cyangwa ku ruhu bikomeza guhungabanya gahunda.
* Kutagira ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukurikirana buri gihugu no kohereza abagenzuzi mu gihe cyihuse.

## Iterambere rishya mu burenganzira bwa muntu
Mu kinyejana cya 21, uburenganzira bwa muntu buhura n’ihindagurika ry’isi ryihuse, irimo ikoranabuhanga, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, n’ubusumbane bw’ubukungu. ONU yashyizeho gahunda nshya zo kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no gushyigikira ibihugu mu guhangana n’izi ngorane.

# Ikoranabuhanga n’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu

koranabuhanga rihindura uburyo abantu bavugana, bakora, kandi bakora ubuvugizi. Gusa rifite ingaruka ku burenganzira bw’abantu:

* **Uburenganzira ku buzima bwite:** Gukusanya amakuru ku baturage bishobora guhungabanya uburenganzira bwabo.
* **Uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo:** Imbuga nkoranyambaga zishobora kuba urubuga rw’ubwisanzure ariko zikanakoreshwa nabi mu gukwirakwiza urwango n’ibinyoma.
* **Uburenganzira ku butabera**:Porogaramu z’ubumenyi bw’ubukorano (AI) zishobora gutanga ibyemezo bifite ivangura mu matora, mu kazi cyangwa mu butabera.

### Imbonerahamwe: Ingaruka z’Ikoranabuhanga ku Bantu

## Ubufatanye bw’Imiryango y’ibihugu n’iyigenga
ONU ikorana n’imiryango y’ibihugu, imiryango itari iya leta (NGOs), n’ibigo mpuzamahanga mu kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ubufatanye bukorwa mu buryo bukurikira:

* Gushyiraho gahunda z’ubuvugizi n’amahugurwa ku burenganzira bwa muntu.
* Gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, urwango n’intambara.
* Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano y’ingenzi nka UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW na CRC.

### Imbonerahamwe: Imiryango ifatanya na ONU

## Ingaruka z’izi gahunda
Ubufatanye bw’ONU n’imiryango butanga umusaruro mu buryo bukurikira:

* Kugabanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’abana.
* Kurengera uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo no kugenzura imikorere y’inzego za leta.
* Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihugu bikennye.

### Imbogamizi z’Iterambere rishya
N’ubwo hari intambwe, hari imbogamizi zikomeye:

* Kutagira ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukurikirana ibikorwa by’ikoranabuhanga.
* Politiki ikaze y’ibihugu bimwe igahagarika ibikorwa byo kurengera uburenganzira.
* Ihindagurika ry’ubukungu n’imiyoborere rigira ingaruka ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga.

## Inama n’Recommendations ku kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu
Mu rwego rwo gukomeza guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi, inama zikurikira zifite akamaro:

# **Gukomeza ubufatanye bw’ONU n’imiryango y’ibihugu n’iyigenga**: Kugira ngo ibikorwa byo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abantu bigende neza, hagomba gushyirwaho ubufatanye buhamye n’imiryango ya leta n’iyigenga.
# **Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu mucyo**: Ibikorwa bya ONU bikwiye gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rinoze mu gukusanya amakuru, kugenzura ihohoterwa no gutanga raporo, hatabayeho guhungabanya ubuzima bwite bw’abantu.
# **Kunoza amategeko arengera uburenganzira bw’abantu ku murandasi**: Ibihugu bigomba gushyiraho amategeko arengera uburenganzira ku buzima bwite n’ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.
# **Gukomeza gushyigikira abagore n’abana**: Gahunda za UN Women na UNICEF zigomba gukomeza kwiyongera, cyane cyane mu bihugu bikennye cyangwa byibasiwe n’intambara.
# **Gutoza no kongerera ubushobozi inzego z’ibihugu**: Abakozi b’inzego z’ubutabera, imiryango y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’abashinzwe gukurikirana amategeko bagomba kubona amahugurwa n’ubumenyi bugezweho.
# **Gukora ubushakashatsi no gushyiraho raporo zisesengura**: Kugira ngo hagire icyemezo cyiza gifatwe, ONU n’imiryango yigenga igomba gukomeza gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ihohoterwa, ivangura, n’ubusumbane.
# **Gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’abantu bose**: Ibi birimo kurengera abantu bafite ubumuga, abimukira, abatishoboye, n’abashyizwe ku rugero rw’ubusumbane n’ihohoterwa.

### Imbonerahamwe: Intambwe zatewe n’ONU mu burenganzira bwa muntu

## References


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