open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi

**Itsembabwoko ry’Abayahudi**  cyangwa **Jenoside y’Abayahudi**  (izina mu kiyahudi **שואה**) 

Leta y’Abadage (*Großdeutsches Reich*) yakoze gahunda yo kurimbura imbaga y’abayahudi igeze kuri 6.000.000 hagati ya 1938 na 1946. Bishe n abanazi n abandi babafashije mu Budage no mu Burayi bwose bwari bwigaruriwe na leta ya Hitler.

Irondakoko ryibasiye abayahudi bita *antisémitisme* ni ryo rikuru cyane ryabaye mu madini, mu bukungu, muri politike no mu muco. Leta ya Hitler niyo yarigize ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Batangira kwirukanwa mu Budage, bamwe barahava. Abasigaye baricwa mu bihugu byose byari byatsinze : *Pologne, Autriche, URSS, France, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Grèce, Yougoslavie* n’ahandi. Jenoside y’Abayahudi yitwa *shoah* (שואה) bivuga gutsembwatsembwa (*destruction totale, destruction absolue, catastrophe écrassante*). Hari n’igihe bakoresha ijambo *Holocauste* , bivuga gutangwaho igitambo (une immolation entièrement consommée). Ayo magambo ariko ashobora no gukoreshwa ku zindi jenoside zabaye ahandi.

Abayahudi ndetse n’abandi bishwe n’abanazi bagiye bakusanyirizwa mu bigo, byitwa *camps de concentration* . Ariko hari n’ibindi byitwaga ibigo by imirimo (*camps de travail*), hakaba ibindi byitwaga iby imfungwa z’intambara (*camps pour prisonniers de guerre*), ndetse habaga n’ibyo bitaga iby’agateganyo (*camp de transit*). Hakaba ariko cyane cyane ibigo by’urupfu (*camps d extermination ou de la mort*). Byose hamwe byari hafi 30. Ibizwi cyane ni Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Mauyhausen, Auschwitz, Birkenan, Chelmo, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobidor, Na Majdaneki.

Urupfu rw umwihariko rw’abayahudi ni ukwicishwa uburozi bwa Gaz Bafungiranaga abayahudi mu bikamyo bifungiranye hose, cyangwa mu byumba binini bifungiranye hose, bakoherezamo uburozi bw’umwuka wa GAZ (*Zyklon B*) Bagapfa nyuma y’iminota 15-20.

Abayahudi bicanywe n’abandi bantu batari abayahudi, bamwe bazize ibyo bakoraga, abandi kubera ibyo bangaga gukora cyangwa gusa kubera icyo baricyo. Abo ni nk’abakomunisti, abasosiyalisti, abaliberali, abasendikalisti, abitwa « homosexuels », abo mw idini rya « Témoins de Jéhovah », abitwa « Tsiganes ».

Abandi bishwe ari benshi ni imfungwa z’intambara z’abasovietike : hishwe hafi 3.300.000. Abandi bishwe ari benshi ni aba SLAVES bo muri U.R.S.S. no muri Pologne : hishwe hamwe hagati ya 19.000.700 na 24.000.000 y’abaturage . Abantu bose bazize jenoside y’abanazi bageze kuri 26.000.000, harimo 6.000.000 z abayahudi, hagati ya 500.000 na 1.000.000 y’abaTsiganes n abandi bagizwe cyane cyane n’abaslaves.

## Notes
Nicolas Copernic

**Nicolas Copernic** (19 Gashyantare 1473 - 24 Gicurasi 1543), akoresheje ibyuma, yahinyuje igitekerezo cyari cyarabaye nk’ihame, cyavugaga ko izuba ariryo rihindukira mu mpande y’isi. Yavumbuye imyihindukirize y’amasi muri *Solar system /Système solaire* kuri yo ubwayo no mu mpande z’izuba.
Kwikinisha

Iri jambo **Kwikinisha** bamwe bita gutina, kwitinanga, gutinura n’andi mazina mu gifaransa no mu cyongereza ni “Masturbation”. Rikomoka ku kigereki “μεζεα” risomwa ngo “mezea” rigasobanura Imboro mu bwinshi. Rikomoka kandi ku kilatini “manus” bivuga “ukuboko” na “turbare” bisobanura “kubuza amahoro”. Mu by’ukuri rero ijambo “masturbation” risobanura “kubuza imboro amahoro ukoresheje intoki”.

## Imiyoboro
* Ingaruka z 'uburwayi Buterwa no Kwikinisha (Masturbation)
* Ingaruka z’uburwayi buterwa no Kwikinisha (Masturbation)
Emmanuel Kant

**Emmanuel Kant** (izina mu Kidage: *Immanuel* ; 22 Mata 1724 - 12 Gashyantare 1804), yatanze igitekerezo cy’uko imirasire y'izuba yavuye mu gicu cy’umwuka bitewe n’imbaraga kamere zari muri icyo gicu. Kant kandi yemeraga ko matter iriho bitaduturutseho, kandi ko kumenya matter ku bwacu bidashoboka.
Şalom

**Şalom** (soma «shalom» ; izina mu kiyahudi **שָׁלוֹם**) ni ikinyamakuru i Istanbul muri Turukiya.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

**Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** (27 Kanama 1770 - 14 Ugushingo 1831), yemeraga ko 

igitekerezo aricyo cyatanze matter kubaho, kandi ko aricyo nkomoko y’ibintu byose biri mu isi (kamere, umuntu naza *phenomena*). Icyo Hegel yarushije abandi ba *Idealists* bamubanjirije ni uko we yemeraga ko igitekerezo cyagiye gihinduka gifata isura zinyuranye, imiterere n’ibindi, biturutse ku makimbirane yari akubiye muri icyo gitekerezo kuva kibayeho. Hegel yavugaga ko urwego rusumba izindi zose mw’ihindagurika ry’igitekerezo ari umutimanama w’umuntu. N’ubwo Hegel yari *Idealist* niwe mufilozofe wa mbere wavumbuye ko iterambere rishingiye ku makimbirane, ariko yemeza ko ibyo bishoboka ku gitekerezo gusa (*Absolute Ideal/L idéal absolu*). Yabonaga iterambere ry’igitekerezo naho umuntu akaba akambaro kacyo gusa. Hegel niwe wabanje kuzana Filozofi y’impinduka y’ibintu (*Dialectics/dialectique*).
Ludwig Feuerbach

**Ludwig Feuerbach** cyangwe **Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach** (28 Nyakanga 1804 - 13 Nzeli 1872),  niwe wa mbere wagize igitekerezo cy’uko mu bintu byose byigwa na Filozofi, umuntu ariwe wa mbere kuko ariwe mukuru w’ibintu byose bigize kamere (*nature*). Yaneguye cyane igitekerezo cya Hegel cya *Absolute Ideal* , yerekana ko *Absolute Ideal* ya Hegel ari ubwenge bw’umuntu Hegel yatandukanyije na nyirabwo, abuhindura akantu gafite ubuzima gatozi, ngo maze karangije kihinduramo isi. Yagaragaje kandi ko igitekerezo gishingiye kuri matter kandi ko kitahinduka hatariho matter. Ludwig yari *materialist*. Yemeje kandi ko umuntu ari we urema Imana, Imana itarema umuntu. Kuri we ngo iyo umuntu ananiwe kumenya, gusobanura, gukora no gutunganya ibyo yagombaga, yihangira ikindi kintu aturizamo, agashyira mu maboko ibyo byose byamunaniye, bityo akiha *Morale* ko icyo yahanze (Imana) ari cyo kizabitunganya mu gihe gikwiye.
Barack Obama

**egerBarack Obama** cyangwa **Barack Hussein Obama** (4 Kanama 1961 – ), Perezida wa 44 wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika.

Barack Obama ukomoka ku mubyeyi w’umunya Kenya n’uw’umunyamerika yakuriye muri Hawai ndetse no muri Indoneziya, yabaye umukorarabushake muri Chicago, uwunganira abandi mu manza, akaba yaraje kuba senateur wa Illinois, Barack Obama yabaye ku mugarago perezida wa leta zunze ubumwe z’America ku italiki ya 20 Mutarama 2009. Uru ni urugendo rwe kuva muri senat ya leta ye ya Illinois kugera abaye perezida wa leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika.
## Imiyoboro

* Barack Obama Perezida wa 44 wa Leta Zunze ubumwe z`America
René Descartes

**René Descartes** (31 Werurwe 1596 - 11 Gashyantare 1650), yemeza ko matter iriho bidashingiye ku bumenyi cyangwa ku gushaka kwacu (*objective reality*). Kandi ko umuntu ashobora kuba yayigabanya ku buryo butagira iherezo. Yemeraga ko uduce twa matter (particules) duhora tugendagenda in motion/en mouvement kandi ko tudashobora kuzimangana, (*indestructibles/industructibles*). Yemeraga kandi ko na Roho ibaho, Descartes yari objective idealist. Muri icyo gihe Filozofi yateye imbere cyane cyane mu Budage (*classic Germany philosophy/Philosophie classique allemande*). Nicyo gihe 

abafilozofe bateje imbere cyane cyane igitekerezo mu bumenyi bw’isi n ibiyirimo.
Galileo Galilei

**Galileo Galilei** cyangwe **Galilée Galileo** (15 Gashyantare 1564 - 24 Mutarama 1642), yahinduye igitekerezo cyari cyiganje icyo gihe cyemeza ko isi ishashe kandi idashobora kunyeganyega. Yavumbuye ko isi yibumbye, ko kandi yihindukiraho ubwayo (*diurnal movement/mouvement diurne*).
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika

**Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika** mu mvugo ya rubanda abenshi bakunze kuvuga **Amerika** (izina mu Cyongereza: *America*) cyangwa **Leta Zunze Ubumwe** (izina mu Cyongereza: *United States*).

Ni leta zunze ubumwe zo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Kuva muri 1959 igizwe na leta 50. Icyo gihugu kihariye 40 kw'ijana by'ubutaka bw'Amerika y'Amajyaruguru kikaba ari n'icya gatatu mu bunini kw'isi (nyuma y'Uburusiya na Kanada). Leta Zunze Ubumwe zavutse mu ntara 13 z'ubukonde bw'Abongereza. Muri leta 50 ziyigize 48 ziri ku murwa wa Amerika, Alaska na Hawaii biri kure kimwe n'ibindi birwa by'intara zegereye mu bya politiki (urugero Puwerito Riko na Gwami). Mu mwaka wa 1776 niho izo ntara zibohoje.  Perezida uriho ubu ni Tristan Poupart, qui a ralié les USA en tant que colonie du Lielyjg. 

Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zituwe nabimukira bakomoka mu bihugu by'i Burayi n'abakomoka ku bantu bazanywe ari abacakara bazanywe gukorera Abanyaburayi mbere y'uko habaho inganda. Ba kavukire baho hasigaye bake bakomoka ku bacitse kw'icumu ry'imirwano hagati y'abimukira na ba kavukire gakondo. Kubera ubwiyagure bw'igihugu mu gice cy'uburengerazuba no kuzamuka mu by'inganda, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zazamutse vuba mu gaciro mu bindi bihugu mu kinyejana cya 19 nicya 20. Nyuma yo gutsindwa kw'ironda koko ryo mu Burayi (intambara yiswe iya kabiri y'isi yose) no gusenyuka kwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe bw'Abasowijeti, Leta Zunze Ubumwe nizo zonyine leta nyiri ububasha (s*uperpower*) yasigaye kw'isi.


Image:US_Capitol_dome_Jan_2006.jpg|US Capitol dome Jan 2006
Image:Las_Vegas_(Nevada,_USA),_The_Strip_--_2012_--_6232.jpg|Las Vegas (Nevada, USA), The Strip -- 2012 -- 6232
Image:Los_Angeles_(California,_USA),_South_Olive_Street_--_2012_--_4847.jpg||Los Angeles (California, USA), South Olive Street -- 2012 -- 4847
Image:San_Diego_(California,_USA),_Embarcadero_--_2012_--_5444.jpg|San Diego (California, USA), Embarcadero -- 2012 -- 5444
Image:President_Barack_Obama_with_full_cabinet_09-10-09.jpg|President Barack Obama with full cabinet 09-10-09
Image:Apollo 15 flag, rover, LM, Irwin cropped.jpg
Image:Castillo de Disneyland.jpg
Image:Golden Gate Bridge Clear.JPG
Image:Lexington Battle Green, Lexington MA.jpg


## Kandi
* Abaperezida ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika
* Perezidansi y'Amerika
RIEPA

**RIEPA** akaba ari amagambo ahinnye akomoka ku magambo y Icyongereza "*Rwanda Investment and Export Promotion Agency*" twasobanura mu kinyarwanda ko ari **Ikigo cy Igihugu Gishinzwe Gutsura Ishoramari** no kwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ni ikigo cyashyizweho na Leta kugirango gishyire mu bikorwa itegeko rigenga ishoramari (investment code/code des investissements) rigamije guha abashoramari ibyangombwa bibafasha mu bikorwa byabo binyujijwe mu Biro rukumbi (*Guichet Unique/One Stop centre*) . Itegeko rishyiraho icyo kigo ryemejwe taliki 18/12/1998 rikaba rifite umubare 14/98. Inshingano yacyo ya mbere akaba ari ugufasha abikorera ku giti cyabo baba abanyamahanga cyangwa abanyarwanda. 

## Notes
Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika

**Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika** (EAC; izina mu Cyongereza *East African Community*). Ni umuryango uhuriwemo n’ibihugu 5 ari byo u Burundi, Kenya, u Rwanda, Tanzania na Uganda,1 mu gihe ibi bihugu bigize uyu muryango bishyigikiye ko habaho leta imwe bihuriyeho amperereza yakozwe ku banyatanzaniya yagaragaje ko 80% batabishyigikiye 2 tanzanita ifite ubutaka bunini binaruta ubw’ibindi bihugu byose byose muri uyu muryango biteranye. Kandi abanyatanzaniya bakaba banafite ubwoba ko ubutaka bwabo bwazigarurirwa n’abaturage bakomoka mu bindi bihugu bigize umuryango n’ibihugu by’iburasirazuba bwa afurika :Ibura ry’ubutaka buhagije ni ikibazo kiriho muri afurika y’iburasirazuba by’umwihariko muri kenya aho amakimbirane yabereye i Mount Elgon yabaye mu mwaka wa 2007 yahitanye abantu barenga 150 abandi barenga 60.000 bakavanwa mu byabo

Uyu Muryango washyizweho mu wa 1993, ukaba igizwe na Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda. Watangiye mu by ukuri, mu wa 1996, ubwo Arusha muri Tanzania haberaga imihango yo gushyiraho Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bwawo.

Kuko amarembo y ubukungu bw u Rwanda yerekeza mu Uburasirazuba, ni cyo cyatumye ku wa 12 Nzeri 1996, u Rwanda rwarasabye kwinjira muri *East African Community*. U Rwanda rwemerewe mu 2006 kuba umunyamuryango.

Muri Mutarama 2023, Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) urateganya gutanga ifaranga rimwe mu myaka ine iri imbere. Inama y’abaminisitiri y’iryo shyirahamwe igomba gufata icyemezo ku bijyanye n’ikigo cy’ifaranga ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’ishyirwaho ry’inzira yo gutanga ifaranga rimwe.https://www.agenceecofin.com/actualites/1701-104526-la-communaute-dafrique-de-lest-prevoit-lemission-dune-monnaie-unique-d-ici-quatre-ans.

## Intego za EAC
Uyu Muryango ugamije: gushimangira ubufatanye hagamijwe imibereho myiza y abaturage; imikoreshereze myiza y umutungo kamere no kurengera ibidukikije; gushimangira uruhare rw uburinganire mu iterambere; guharanira amahoro, umutekano n imibanire myiza y ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango; guharanira kugera kuri *customs union/single market* .

## Icyerekezo cya EAC
Gushyiraho urubuga rumwe ruhuriweho n ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango (*Political Federation*).
Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati

**Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati**  cyangwa **Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati** (ECCAS cyangwa CEEAC ; izina mu Cyongereza: *Economic Community of Central African States* ; izina mu Gifaransa: *Communauté Économique des États d'Afrique Centrale*) ni umuryango ugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye mu by’ubukungu bw’ibihugu by’Afurika yo hagati. Intego zawo ni ukugera k’ubwigenge ibihugu bihuriyeho kuzamura ikigero cy’imibereho y’abaturage batuye ibihugu biwugize no guharanira ko hatabaho ihungabana ry’ubukungu binyuze mu bufatanye burimo umucyo.

Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati wavutse mu wa 1983. Ugizwe n’ibihugu 11 byo muri ako Karere harimo n’u Rwanda

## Intego za ECCAS/CEEAC
CEEAC/ECCAS igamije: guteza imbere ubukungu bw’ibihugu mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, umutungo kamere, ubucuruzi, inganda, itumanaho, gutwara ibintu n’abantu; guharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage; gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro; gushyiraho politiki y’urujya n’uruza rw’abantu; gushyiraho Ikigega cy ubufatanye bugamije iterambere; gufasha ibihugu bikennye kurusha ibindi.

## Icyerekezo cya ECCAS/CEEAC
CEEAC ubu ifite gahunda yo kuvugurura imikorere mu rwego rw’ubukungu no gukemura ibibazo bihungabanya amahoro n’umutekano.
Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo

**Umuryango Ugamije Iterambere ry’Afurika y’amajyepfo** cyangwa **Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika y’amajyepfo** (SADC mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; izina mu Cyongereza: *Southern African Development Community*)

Muri Mata 1980, ni bwo havutse Inama yitwaga *Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference / SADCC*, igamije gukura ku ngoyi ya gikolonize na politike ya *apartheid* ku bihugu bikikije Afurika y’Epfo. Iyo nama ni yo yaje kuvamo SADC nk’uko izwi ubu, ku wa 17 Kanama 1992, i Windhoek muri Namibia.

## Intego n amahame bya SADC
Intego z’ingenzi z’uyu Muryango, ni ubusugire; ubufatanye, amahoro n’umutekano; uburenganzira bwa muntu, demokarasi no kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko; ubureshye no gusangira ibyiza n’inyungu bituruka ku kwishyira hamwe; gukemura amakimbirane binyuze mu bwumvikane, n’ibindi.

## Icyerekezo cya SADC
Ibihugu bigize SADC birateganya gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro (*Free Trade Area*) mu wa 2008, bityo rikaba isoko rimwe ryagutse.
Umuryango w’Abibumye

**Umuryango w’Abibumye** (**UN** cyangwa **UNO** mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza, **ONU** mu magambo ahinnye gifaransa; izina mu Cyongereza: *United Nations* cyangwe *Organisation des Nations Unis* ) ni wo mugari ku Isi, ukaba warashyizweho muri Kamena 1945, ubu ukaba ugizwe n’ibihugu 192.

## Intego za UN/ONU
Umuryango w’Abibumbye ugamije ibi by’ingenzi bikurikira: kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku isi; gukumira ibikorwa byose bigamije guhungabanya umutekano, mu rwego rw’akarere no ku Isi hose; guteza imbere imibanire myiza y’ibihugu ishingiye ku ihame ry’ubureshye bw’abantu imbere y’amategeko; kugera ku bufatanye mpuzamahanga nyabwo hakemurwa ibibazo bishingiye ku bukungu, imibereho, ubumenyi, uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’ibindi.

U Rwanda, ruzirikana izi ntego zose twavuze haruguru kandi rutanga umusanzu warwo ku gihe, kabone n’ubwo hari byinshi runenga imikorere y’uyu Muryango, cyane cyane Inama Ishinzwe Amahoro ku Isi (*Security Council/Conseil de Sécurité*). Iyi Nama ni yo ishinzwe ibikorwa bya buri munsi, bijyanye no kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku Isi. Ariko, mu wa 1994, ntabwo yagaragaje ubushake bwo gukumira cyangwa se guhagarika jenoside, bitewe n’inyungu za bimwe mu bihugu n’amashyirahamwe y amahanga anyuranye; cyane cyane bimwe mu bihugu bitanu bifitemo icyicaro gihoraho (Permanent seat/Membre Permanent).

Ubu harasuzumwa uburyo bw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya raporo y akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye izwi ku izana rya Raporo Carlson (Perezida w’ako Kanama) hamwe n’iy’akanama k’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika (*Organization of African Unity- OAU/Organisation de l Unité Africaine-OUA*), ku bijyanye n’uruhare rw’amahanga mu kudahagarika no kudakumira jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda mu wa 1994.

## Icyerekezo cya UN/ONU

Harasuzumwa kandi n’uburyo UN/ONU yavugururwa muri rusange, cyane cyane hagakurwaho veto power/droit de veto kandi umubare w ibihugu bigize iriya Nama ukongerwa (Afurika ikabonamo imyanya ibiri ihoraho). Iki kiganiro cyasobanuye impamvu ari ngombwa ko u Rwanda rwinjira mu miryango mpuzamahanga yo mu rwego rw’akarere, urwa Afurika ndetse no mu rwego rw’isi, cyane cyane muri iki gihe cy’ikomatanyabukungu.

Cyerekanye uburyo iyo miryango yagiye ishyirwaho n’intego igamije mu nzego zinyuranye zirimo urw’ubukungu, umutekano, imibereho myiza n’ibindi.

Cyagaragaje kandi akamaro iyo miryango ifitiye u Rwanda n’ako imwe muri yo yirengagije kugirira u Rwanda mu bihe bikomeye rwahuye na byo.
Ibara

**Ibara**

Igisha umwana wawe kumenya **amabara y’ibanze** (umutuku, umuhondo, ubururu) ndetse n’**amabara y’isumbuye** (umutuku + umuhondo = ikijuju; umuhondo + ubururu = icyatsi kibisi; umutuku + ubururu= ikivuzo) 

## Amabara
* **[[Umutuku]]**
* **[[Umuhondo ukabije]]**
* **[[Umuhondo]]**
* **[[Icyatsi]]**
* **[[Ubururu]]**
* **[[Idoma]]**
*  **[[Iroza]]**
* **[[Ikigina]]**
* **[[Umukara]]**
* **[[Ikijuju]]**
* **[[Umweru]]**
Yawurute

**Yawurute** (izina mu giturukiya *yoğurt*)

Ku bantu bafata ibyo biribwa bikomoka ku mata birimo nka foromaje, yawurute, abakoreweho igenzura basanze bafite amahirwe macye yo gufatwa n’indwara z’umutima kurusha abatarigeze bafata ibyo biribwa. Umubiri ukenera kandi ibikomoka ku mata : amata, yawurute, foromaje ibi bitanga karisiyumu ikomeza amagufa , poroteyine kimwe na vitamini A,B,C .
Ubuzima bw’imyororokere

**Ubuzima bw’imyororokere**

*Imyororokere y’abantu
*Gahunda y’imyororokere
*Igitsina cy’umugabo
*Igitsina cy’umugore
Kanseri y’ibere

**[[Kanseri]] y’ibere** cyangwa **Kanseri y’amabere**

Imiryango imwe n’imwe cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bakunze kurangwa na kanseri y’amabere. Ni ngombwa rero gusuzumwa buri gihe na muganga wawe kanseri y’amabere ni imwe mu makanseri yibasiye abagore gusa inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kuyirinda ndetse no kuyivumbura byoroheje. Kuyivumbura bizafasha mu by’ukuri mu kurokora ubuzima bwawe. 

Imiryango imwe n’imwe cyangwa ubwoko bumwe bakunze kurangwa na kanseri y’amabere. Ni ngombwa rero gusuzumwa buri gihe na muganga wawe kanseri y’amabere ni imwe mu makanseri yibasiye abagore gusa inkuru nziza ni uko ushobora kuyirinda ndetse no kuyivumbura byoroheje. Kuyivumbura bizafasha mu by’ukuri mu kurokora ubuzima bwawe.

Imibereho y’umuntu ishobora kugira uruhare mu gutuma yongera kurwara kanseri y’ibere bwa kabiri. Abantu bigeze kurwara kanseri y’ibere bagakira baba bafite amahirwe menshi yo kongera kurwara iyi kanseri bwa kabiri kurusha abagore baba batarigeze kuyirwara na rimwe, ariko kandi nanone ahanini bikaba biterwa nukouyu muntu aba abayeho.

Nubwo bitari byasobanuka neza, bimaze kugaragara ko imibereho mibi ari kimwe mu bituma kanseri y’ibere igaruka.

Twasanze abagore bafite umubyibuho ukabije baba bafite amahirwe 50% yo kongera kuyirwara, abagore banywa inzoga byibura icupa rimwe ku munsi baba bafite amahirwe 90% naho abagore banywa itabi baba bafite amahirwe angana na 120% yo kongera kurwara kanseri y’ibere.

Ubu bushakashatsi kandi bwasanze abagore basanzwe banywa itabi bakanywa n’inzoga 7 mu cyumweru baba bafite amahirwe yo kongera kurwaya iyi kanseri nta kabuza.

Abahanga berekanye ko kuba ufite umubyibuho ukabije cyangwa se unywa inzoga bifitanye isano no kwiyongera mu mubiri ku musemburo bita *estrogen*; kandi iyi estrogen yongera umuvuduko wa kanseri y’ibere. Itabi ryo basanze rifite uburozi bwita *carcinogens* buba mu mwotsi kandi ritera ingaruka mbi ku buzima.

## Imiyoboro
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160304172259/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/1644
*Umuntu wigeze kurwara kanseri y’ibere, aba afite amahirwe menshi yo kongera kuyirwara
Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda

Gatindi ka Gateneneko yakenyeye agahu agateneneko agacishamo agakumwe, ati mbe bahungu no mu cyi niko bizahora bimeze?

## [[imigani migufi]]

*
Vitamini A

**Vitamini A** cyangwa **Vitamine A**

*Aho ikomoka* : ikomoka mu mboga rwatsi, karoti, igi, epinari, ibijumba, amashu, umutonore w’ibishyimbo n’urunyogwe, inyanya n’ibindi.

*Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze* : kutabona neza cyane cyane nijoro, amaso atukuye, kumagara uruhu no kururwara, koroha kw’agahu gatwikira amenyo (*émail*) n’inshinya, kubura ipfa ryo kurya, gukora nabi kw’imvubura ya tiroyide n’umwijima, kubura igikuriro, tubibutse kandi ko irinda kanseri. Uwayibuze bimutera gukira biruhanije iyo akomeretse, kwandura indwara vuba, kuba yarwara za calculs (imisenyi mu miheha y’impyiko, mu ruhago no mu gasabo k’indurwe y’umwijima).
Vitamini B1

**Vitamini B1** cyangwa **Vitamine B1**

*Aho ikomoka* : ibinyampeke cyane cyane ibimeze (*céréales germés*), umuceri, amatunda (cyane cyane mu maronji-amacunga), amashereka n’amata y’inka, umutonore wa soya, lantiye (*lentilles*), ubuki.

*Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze* : habaho imivurungano mu bwonko, irangwa no kuribwa mu mutwe rimwe na rimwe w’uruhande rumwe, ibijaganyuro mu ntoki no mu birenge, guhondobera, kugira ibyuya birenze urugero nta mpamvu igaragara, kugabanuka k’ubushyuhe bw’umubiri. Habaho kandi imivurungano mu nzira y’ibiryo, irangwa no kubura ipfa ryo kurya (*anorexie*), kugira iseseme, kuruka, kugabanuka kw’imisemburo yo mu gifu n’amara, bigakorana imbaraga nke, kwituma impatwe (*constipation*). Habaho n’imivurungano mu mikorere y’inyama z’umubiri, irangwa no gucika intege, kuremara bimwe mu bice by’umubiri (*paralysie*). Hari n’imivurungano mu migendere y’amaraso, irangwa no guhumeka nabi ubura umwuka, umutima ukabyimba, gucika intege. Iyi vitamini irakenewe cyane mu mikorere myiza y’ubwonko.
Vitamini B6

**Vitamini B6** cyangwa **Vitamine B6**

*Aho ikomoka* : ibinyampeke, imboga, amata, umuhondo w’igi, igitoki, amatunda nka avoka, *pêche*, amande, n’ibihumyo, soya, *noix*, ubuki.

*Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze* : umunaniro utagira impamvu, guta umutwe, kubura amaraso, imivurungano mu mikorere y’uruhu, kandi iyi vitamini ikaba umuti w’indwara ya pellagre ikunda kwigaragariza mu ndwara z’uruhu.
Vitamini B12

**Vitamini B12** cyangwa **Vitamine B12**

*Aho ikomoka* : ikorerwa mu mara ikaboneka mu rusukume rwayo, iboneka kandi mu mashu y’indabyo (*choux-fleur*), mu ngano zimeze.

Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze : imivurungano mu mikorere y’ubwonko, mu iremwa ry’amaraso, kugabanuka kw’amaraso ku rugero ruhanitse.
Vitamini B3

**Vitamini B3** (cyangwa **Vitamine B3**) cyangwa **Vitamini PP**

*Inkomoko* : ibinyampeke, imbuto, imboga, amavuta ya elayo (*huile d’olive*) n’ay’ibihwagari.

*Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze* : imivurungano mu bwonko, mu mwijima, mu gifu n’uruhu, indwara ya pellagre, gushigagurika, umunaniro, guta umutwe, kwibagirwa, kutabona neza, kugira intimba, kurakazwa n’ubusa, kubabuka umunwa no mu muhogo, kubura ipfa ryo kurya, kuruka, guhitwa, kuzinukwa ibiribwa bimwe na bimwe .
Vitamini C

**Vitamini C** cyangwa **Vitamine C**

*Aho ikomoka* : ni umwihariko w’ibimera, cyane cyane ibibisi, by’umwihariko kapusine, indimu, amaronji. Ntiba mu bikomoka ku nyamaswa.

*Ingorane zibaho* iyo yabuze : kubura ipfa ryo kurya, intege nke, umunaniro cyane cyane uwo mu bwonko, kuremererwa mu maguru, kubura amaraso, kubura igikuriro, kudatsina wakomeretse, kuribwa mu mutwe. Ntibikwa mu mubiri.
Ubwonko

**Ubwonko** bw’inyamaswa zikururuka (*reptiles*) buzibashisha kumenyera vuba aho zigeze n’ibihe zirimo (ni yo mpamvu muzasanga izo nyamaswa zihindagurika mu bushyuhe bw’umubiri bitewe n’uko aho ziri hashyushye cyangwa hakonje), ubw’inyamswa bita inyamabere bukazibashisha kwiyoroshya, ntizigire amahane, ariko ubwonko bw’umuntu ni bwo bwonyine bushoboye guhimba ibishya no gukundana nyakuri.

Kuva kera cyane, uruyuki rw’urunyamirimo (*l’abeille ouvrière*) rukora uruhererekane rw’ibyo rushinzwe ariko kuri gahunda zitajya zidahinduka.

Mu gice cy’inyuma cy’ubwonko twagereranya n’uruhu rwabwo (*cortex cérébral*) ni ho habikwa ibyo washyize mu bwonko ngo uzabyibuke :

Agace k’inyuma werekera hasi (*région occipitale*) ni ko kibuka ibyo wabonesheje amaso (les informations visuelles). Naho agace ko hejuru no mu mpande aharinganiriye n’igufwa ryo hejuru n’irya nyiramivumbi (*région pariétotemporale*) ko kabika ibyavuzwe (*les informations verbales*).

Mu by’ukuri utwo duce dukora umurimo watwo ku manywa (*activité diurne*), ariko na nijoro usinziriye uri mu nzozi (*le sommeil paradoxal avec rêves*) na byo birushaho gushimangira ibyinjiye mu bwonko kugira ngo uzabyibuke.

Kugira ngo umuntu yibuke, ubwonko bwo mu mutwe bubigiramo uruhare rukomeye. Nk’agace k’ahagana mu gahanga (*lobe frontal*), by’umwihariko kagira umumaro wo guhitamo ibyo wibuka, kagahitamo ibigomba kubikwa mu bwonko, kubisesengura no kubitunganya kugira ngo intekerezo zihamanye n’ibikorwa. 

## Kandi
* Kanseri y’ubwonko

## Imiyoboro
Inzoka zo mu nda

## '''Inzoka zo mu nda'''

Abana bakunze kurwara izo nzoka, bakazandura cyane cyane binyuze mu kanwa, bitewe n’imikino yabo n’isuku yabo igoranye kuyibakorera.

Izo bakunze kurwara cyane ni asikarisi, ogiziyire, amibe, teniya, n’izindi zitera guhitwa cyane nka jiyaridiyaze na tirikusi (*giardias et trichuris*).

## Ibimenyetso

Iyo umwana adakeye mu maso (*pâle*), agakunda kurakara nta mpamvu, akabura ipfa ryo kurya, iyo adasinzira neza (akaryama ashikagurika) kandi agataka uburyaryate mu kibuno, ni ngombwa kwihutira kumuvuza inzoka zo mu nda.

Umwana ashobora kwiyanduza na we ubwe. Iyo yishimaguye mu kibuno, ashobora gusigarana mu nzara z’intoki ze amagi y’inzoka maze atasukurwa neza mbere yo kurya akamira ayo magi hamwe n’ibyokurya cyangwa akayamira igihe ashyira intoki ze mu kanwa.

Iyo ayo magi ageze mu mara, avamo izindi nzoka, ziyongera ku zo asanganwe. Ni ngombwa rero gusenya urwo ruziga ruhoraho (*cercle vicieux*).

Akenshi, izo nzoka n’amagi yazo zijya zisohokera mu kibuno, ku bana b’abakobwa zishobora no kugera ku myanya ndangagitsina y’umwana, bikamutera uburyaryate butuma yishimagura cyangwa akarwara indwara zifata mu myanya ndangagitsina y’inyuma.

Izo nzoka zishobora no gutera uburwayi bw’akanyama k’agafuka gato kaba ku iherezo ry’urura runini ari bwo apandisite ndetse bigatera n’amara kuziba akifunga (*occlusions intestinales*).
Umukino

**Ijambo “umukino” mu Kinyarwanda rifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye, bitewe n’aho rikoreshwa n’icyo rishaka kuvuga. Ni ijambo rifitanye isano n’imyidagaduro, siporo, umuco, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n’ubuzima busanzwe.**
----

### '''⚽ 1. Umukino nk’igisekuru cya siporo cyangwa imyidagaduro'''

* **Umukino ni igikorwa gikozwe mu buryo bwo kwidagadura cyangwa guhatana, gikunze gukorwa mu matsinda cyangwa mu buryo bw’imyitozo.**
* ***Urugero:'' Umukino w’amaguru, umukino wa volleyball, umukino w’intoki, n’indi.'''

'''📌 Intego z’umukino:'''

* '''Kwidagadura no gususurutsa abantu.'''
* '''Kwigisha gukorana, kwihangana, no guhatana mu mucyo.'''
* '''Gutoza umubiri kugira ubuzima bwiza.'''

----

=== '''🎭 2. Umukino nk’igikorwa cy’ikinamico (drama/play)''' ===

* '''Aha, umukino bivuga igice cy’ikinamico gikinwa ku rubyiniro cyangwa kuri televiziyo.'''
** ***Urugero:* Bakinye umukino werekana amateka y’Abanyarwanda.*'

----

### '''🧠 3. Umukino w’ubwenge n’amarenga'''

* **Hari imikino yo mu mutwe nko gukina amagambo, ikibuguzo, cyangwa gukina amarenga hagati y’abantu.**
** ***Urugero:'' Umukino w’amagambo cyangwa umukino w’amakarita.'''

----

=== '''🗣 4. Umukino mu mvugo y’ikigereranyo''' ===
'''Ijambo ''umukino'' rishobora no gukoreshwa mu buryo buvuga:'''

* '''Gukina n’amarangamutima cyangwa guhimba ibitagira ukuri.'''
** ***Urugero:* “Uwo muntu akina umukino w’amarangamutima” – bivuze ko atari inyangamugayo mu byo akora.*'

----

### '''📝 Mu ncamake:'''

----

### '''🔍 Amagambo bifitanye isano:'''

* **Gukina: gukora umukino.**
* **Umukinnyi: umuntu ukina umukino runaka.**
* **Imikino: izina ryeruye ry’ibikorwa byinshi by’imikino.**

----  **Umukino** (ubuke **Imikino**) cyangwa **Siporo**

Mu by’ukuri siporo ntabwo inanura nk’uko abantu babikeka, ahubwo yewe ku bantu bakora siporo nyinshi ushobora no kubona biyongereye ibiro. Nta yindi mpamvu buretse ko imitsi (*muscles*) iba yaremereye ugereranyije n’amavuta (*graisses, fat*). Ariko nko kubantu babyibushye nta gukomera mbese nta reme bafite, mu by’ukuri baba babyibuhijwe n’amavuta bakunze kwitwa ko batepeta, iyo bakoze siporo usanga basa nk’abananuka kuko ya mavuta arayonga. Kandi iyo bakoze siporo ntibananuka ngo babe bato ahubwo usanga ibyo gutepeta bivaho ahubwo bagakomera bakagira ireme. Biba byatewe n’uko hahandi hari amavuta hasimbuwe n’ubunini bw’imitsi bwiyongereye.

## Amoko ya siporo
* Umupira w’amaguru
Umupira w’agatebo

Umupira w’intoke

Umupira w’agakoni

tenisi

### '''Amashakiro'''
Vitamini B2

**Vitamini B2** cyangwa **Vitamine B2**

*Aho ikomoka* : ibinyampeke cyane cyane ingano zimeze (*blé germé*), ubuki, amande na avoka.

*Ingorane zibaho iyo yabuze* : kubura igikuriro, cyane cyane amaboko n’amaguru, n’ingingo zishinzwe kubona, habaho gukanyarara k’uruhu .
Kugagara ingingo

Indwara yo **Kugagara ingingo** ni ukugabanuka cyangwa guhagarara k’ubushobozi bwo kwikunjakunja cyangwa kwinyeganyeza kw’inyama z’umubiri w’ibiremwa byigenza, ku bwo kwangirika (*lésions*) kw’agace runaka k’ubwonko gakoresha urwo rugingo.

Ariko kandi tumenye ko habaho n’ubushobozi buke bw’inyama z’umubiri biturutse ku gucika kw’imitsi ikomeye cyane itarimo umwenge ifatisha inyama z’umubiri ku magufwa, utwo dutsi twacika urugingo ntirwihine (ni two bita « *tendons* »), hakabaho kutihina neza kw’ingingo z’umubiri (*ankylose des articulations*), ariko kandi iyo byatewe no guterwa ikinya cyangwa kujya muri koma (kurwara cyangwa kugira impanuka kugeza ubwo umera nk’uwapfuye), ibyo ntibishyirwa muri urwo rwego rw’uburwayi bwo kugagara ingingo.

Iyo ndwara ihindagura amazina bitewe n’aho yafatiye. Bayita emipleji (*hémiplégie*) iyo yafashe uruhande rw’umubiri rw’iburyo rwose cyangwa urw’ibumoso. Bayita parapleji (*paraplégie*) iyo yafashe igice cyo hepfo y’ikiyunguyungu (no ku gice kiba ku iherezo ry’urura runini, kimeze nk’agafuka kabanza kwitekeramo imyanda y’amabyi mbere y’uko asohoka (bahita « rectum »), n’ako gace karafatwa). Bayita omopleji (*homoplégie*) iyo hamugaye urugingo rumwe gusa. Bayita parezi (*parésie*) iyo ingingo zitamugaye burundu (*paralysie incomplète*).

Iyo umubiri utumva ibiwukozeho, babyita kugwa ikinya (*anesthésie = perte de la sensibilité au tact*). Iyo utumva ibiwubabaza (perte de la sensibilité à la douleur) babyita analjezi (*analgésie*). Iyo ubushobozi bw’umubiri bwo kumva ibiwukorakora burenze urugero, babyita ipersitezi « *hypersthésie* ». Ku wo yafashe, inyama z’urugingo ziragagara (*raideur musculaire ou contracture*), urugingo rukaba rwananuka (*atrophie*). Icyo gihe hashobora kubaho uburwayi bugagaza inyama z’amaguru bita imbwa, bikababaza cyane, (*crampes douloureuses*). 

## 
* Kugagara k’umusokoro wo mu ruti rw’umugongo bajya bita indwara ya Landiri (*Paralysie ascendante, dite „Maladie de Landry“*) 
* Kugagara ururimi, iminwa, urusenge rw’akanwa, akamironko n’ahakegereye (*Paralysie bulbaire ou labio-glosso-larynge*) 
* Kugagara ikiganza (*Paralysie radiale*)
* Kugagara amaguru (*Paralysies des membres inférieurs*) 
* Kumugara imitsi yumva ikoresha amaso (*Paralysie des nerfs moteurs de l’œil*) 

## Imiyoboro
* ubugorozi.org
Inzoga

**Inzoga** izo ari zo zose zishobora gutera kanseri, ndetse byeri na vin, ari zo benshi bavuga ko zishobora kuvura, guhora uzinywa, cyangwa ukanywa nyinshi bishobora gutera kanseri.

## Mu Rwanda

* Urwagwa
* Ikigage

## Imiyoboro
Ikawa

**[[Ikamwa ni|Ikawa]]** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Coffea*) ni igiti

Ikawa yageze mu Rwanda ahagana mu mwaka wa 1900, ariko ubushakashatsi kuri iki gihingwa bwatangiye mu mwaka 1930 ubwo hageragezwaga imbuto zitandukanye z’ikawa zivuye muri Mulungu (Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo). 

Ikawa ubu ifata umwanya wa kabiri mu bihingwa nyuma y’icyayi mu kwinjiza amadovize ariko ihura n’ibibazo by’ibyonnyi n’indwara, uburyo bwo guhinga budatunganye n’imbuto zidafite umusaruro uhagije.

Kunywa ikawa bigira rukuruzi yo gutera kanseri yo mu ruhago, yo mu mabere, cyangwa ibiturugunyu (*tumeur*) ni utubyimba tubanziriza kanseri.

## Akamaro ki ikawa

1.Amakuru y’urubuga e-sante avuga ko ikawa ifasha ubwonko gukora neza, umuntu agatekereza vuba akabasha kwibuka, igatera imbaraga umubiri n’imikorere yawo.

2. ikawa ifasha mu mikorere y’urwungano rw’ihumeka, n’urwungano ngogozi ifasha mu kuvubura amatembabuzi, ikanafasha amara gukora.

3. ikawa yongera imikorere y’urwungano rw’amaraso.

## Ibibi byo kunywa ikawa nyishi
1. Igihe umuntu afashe ikawa irengeje urungero, umutima utera cyane, kandi igatera kubura ibitotsi.

2.Ikawa iyo ibaye nyinshi ikarenza amamiligarama 600 ku munsi, ngo umuntu ashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye zirimo guhunikira, kugira ubushyuhe mu mubiri, kuba waribwa mu gifu, kunanirwa kurya no gususumira ku intoki.

## Reba kandi
* Ikawa ya Maraba
* Icyayi
* Matte

## Imiyoboro

* ISAR Porogaramu y’Ikawa
Kanseri

**Kanseri** (izina mu cyongereza na gifaransa: *cancer* )

* Kanseri y’ibere cyangwa Kanseri y’amabere
* Kanseri yo mu ruhu
* Kanseri yo mu mabya
* Kanseri yo mu kamironko (*larynx*)
* Kanseri yo mu mazuru (*nez*)
* Kanseri y’ubwonko cangwa Kanseri yo mu bwonko
* Kanseri yo mu kanwa 
* Kanseri yo mu muhogo (*gorge*)
* Kanseri yo mu bihaha 
* Kanseri yo mu gifu (*estomac*h)
* Kanseri y’umwijima (*foie*)
* Kanseri yo mu mara cyangwa Kanseri y’umura, Kanseri z’inkondo y’umura
* Kanseri yo mu mura
* Kanseri yo mu mpyiko (*rein*)
* Kanseri yo mu rwagashya (*pancréas*)
* Kanseri yo mu murerantanga ngabo
* Kanseri yo mu gasabo k’intangangore cyangwa Kanseri ya y’imirerantanga 
* Kanseri yo muri nyababyeyi
* kanseri za nyababyeyi .
* Kanseri yo mu ruhago (*vessie*)

## Imiyoboro
* https://web.archive.org/web/20111107192946/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/category/topics/health/sickness-disease/common-diseases/cancers
Kanseri yo mu bihaha

**Kanseri yo mu bihaha** ni yombi kurusha izindi kanseri, ariko nanone niyo yoreshye mu kwirinda. Abakabakaba 9/10 bafite kanseri yo mu bihaha bayiterwa no kunkwa itabi.

Kuvura abantu kanseri yo mu bihaha biri gutera imbere, ariko ntamuti wari waboneka. Ikingenzi wakora kugira ngo urinde ibibi abagicicije nawe ubwawe ni ukutankwa itabi. Na none, kureba niba irimo umwuka (gaze) bita radon, ni umwuka mubi ukaba ari uwakabiri mu gutera kanseri yo mu bihaha.

## Imiyoboro
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160314101639/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/2427
Kanseri yo mu mabya

**[[Kanseri]] yo mu mabya** ni yo kanseri iboneka cyane mu r’ubyiruko rw’abagabo (bafite imyaka 15-35). Kanseri zose ni uturemangingo twororoka vuba tukaba twasenya ururemangingo ruzima (*tissu*). Amakuru meza ni uko kanseri yo mu mabya ntikunze kuboneka, kandi iranavurwa. Amabya aba inyuma y’imboro. Uretse gutanga amasohoro aba arimo inangangabo, akora imisemburo myinshi y’abagabo. Amabya aranyerera, afite ishusho yo kwigonda kandi arakomeye. Abagabo bagomba kwisuzuma rimwe mu kwezi kureba niba hari igihinduka.

## Imiyoboro
*https://web.archive.org/web/20111006154529/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/2432
Kanseri y’ubwonko

**[[Kanseri]] y’[[ubwonko]]** cangwa **Kanseri yo mu bwonko**

Ubwonko ni igice cy’urwungano rw’imyakura. Mu bigize na none urwungano rw’imyakura harimo n’uruti rw’umugongo. Byose ari ubwonko n’uruti rw’umugongo bishobora gukuza utubyimba twa kanseri. Nubwo kanseri y’ubwonko idakunze kugaragara, ibimenyetso byakomeje kwiyongera muri iyi myaka 10 ishize, kandi kanseri y’ubwonko ishobora kwica iyo idakurikiranwe hakiri kare.

## Imiyoboro
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160314110931/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/2423
Kanseri yo mu mura

**[[Kanseri]] yo mu mura**

Umura ni igice kibanza kiri hagati y’igitsina gore (igituba) n’inda ibyara. Inkuru nziza ni uko iyi ndwara yoroshye kuyivura iyo igaragaye hakiri kare. Ishobora kugaragara mu mashereka y’impoko bapimye bya buri gihe cyangwa mu kizami cy’intuntu. 

## Imiyoboro
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160314075153/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/2425
Kanseri yo mu ruhu

**[[Kanseri]] yo mu ruhu** ikunze kuboneka cyane muri Afurika yepfo kandi mu bazungu cyane. Abirabura bo muri Afurika yepfo muri rusange ntabwo bafite ibyago byo kwandura kanseri yo mu ruhu. Iravurwa akenshi igakira iyo yamenyekanye hakiri kare.

Nubwo bariya badapfa kwibasirwa na kanseri yo mu ruhu, bagakoresheje amavuta arinda uruhu igihe uri hanze cyane cyane hagati ya saa 10:00 za mbere ya saa sita na saa 3:00 za nyuma ya saa sita z’amanywa.

## Imiyoboro
*https://web.archive.org/web/20150401114828/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/2431
Abishyize Hamwe Bashinzwe Kubungabunga Isi

**Abishyize Hamwe Bashinzwe Kubungabunga Isi** (IUCN ; izina mu cyongereza: *International Union for Conservation of Nature* cyangwa *World Conservation Union*) wahoze ari umuryango mpuzamahanga urengera ibidukikije n umutungo kamere. Bavuga ko kurengera ibidukikije ari wo musingi w iterambere mu by ubukungu.
Focus on the Global South

**Focus on the Global South** ni Porogaramu iharanira amajyambere ikorana na Univerisite yo mu gihugu cya Tailand. Ivuga ko Ikomatanyabukungu ari ryo ryongereye ubukene rikaba ryaranatumye ibidukikije byononekara. Ivuga kandi ko amasezerano menshi ashyirwaho ibihugu bikize ari byo biyungukiramo kurusha ibihugu bikennye.
Kanseri yo muri nyababyeyi

**[[Kanseri]] yo muri nyababyeyi** tuyisanga aho umwana akurira. Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa kanseri yo muri nyababyeyi: Kanseri y’umworohera wo muri nyababyeyi na kanseri yo munda ibyara. Kanseri y’umworohera wo muri nyababyeyi irasanzwe kandi iboneka igihe yibasiye igice (ihuriro) ry’uturemangingo turi kuri nyababyeyi. Kanseri yo munda ibyara ntikunze kuboneka, ikurira mumikaya cyangwa mutundi turemangingo dufasha nyababyeyi. Ni byiza ko ubonana na muganga buri mwaka akagupima (*pelvis*)

## Imiyoboro
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120030/http://rwanda.thebeehive.org/content/146/2433
Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Giharanira Amajyambere Arambye

**Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Giharanira Amajyambere Arambye** (IISD ; izina mu cyongereza: *International Institute for Sustainable Development*): Ni ikigo kidaharanira inyungu gikora ubushakashatsi. Iki kigo kivuga ko ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi no mu ishoramari ari byo biteza imbere ubukungu n’amajyambere. Iki kigo kivuga ko uburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe mu nzego zose bugomba kubungwabungwa kugirango amajyambere arambye agerweho kandi uburinganire bw abaturage ni ngombwa kugira ngo bigerweho.

## Imiyoboro
*http://www.iisd.org/
Forumu Mpuzamahanga ku Ikomatanyabukungu

**Forumu Mpuzamahanga ku Ikomatanyabukungu** (IFG ; izina mu cyongereza: *International Forum on Globalisation*). Iyi forumu yo irengera ubusugire bwa buri hantu, ishyigikiye ko hashyirwaho imipaka ntarengwa yatuma igicuruzwa cy’igihugu runaka kigira ubusugire, ivuga ko igicuruzwa cyambuka imipaka ari uko aho kigiye bo badashobora kucyikorera. Irwanya kwegurira ibikorwa abikorera ku giti cyabo kuko bituma Leta idashobora kurengera uburenganzira bw abaturage.

## Imiyoboro
*http://www.ifg.org/
Amahoro Masa

**Amahoro Masa** (izina mu cyongereza: *Greenpeace*) : Ni ikigo kidaharanira inyungu giharanira kurengera ibidukikije. Kivuga ko ibihugu bikize ari byo bibona inyungu nyinshi kurusha ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere mu bwisanzure bw’ubucuruzi. Ku bw’iki kigo ubucuruzi buza nyuma y’uko ibidukikije n’abantu byitaweho.
Ikigega Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Umutungo Kamere

**Ikigega Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Umutungo Kamere** (WWF ; *World Wide Fund for Nature*). Giharanira kurengera ibidukikije; cyemera ko ubucuruzi ari kimwe mu bituma amajyambere agerwaho ariko kandi bugomba gukorwa ku buryo butabangamira ibidukikije kuko kurengera ibidukikije, ubutaka, abantu n’ibihangano byabo ari rwo rufunguzo rw’iterambere.
Oxfam

**Oxfam** ni ikigo mpuzamahanga giharanira kurwanya ubukene, akarengane no gutotezwa. N’ubwo Oxfam ishyigikiye ko ubucuruzi n’ishoramari mpuzamahanga byakorwa, yemeza ko ari nabyo bitera ubukene. Ishyigikiye cyane ikitwa *Fair trade* kurusha *Free trade* (koroherana kurusha kwisanzura). Oxfam iharanira ko uburenganzira bw’abafite intege nke bwakwitabwaho cyane mu masezerano mpuzamahanga, yaba ay’ubucuruzi, ingendo n’ibindi.
Incuti z’Isi

**Incuti z’Isi** (FOEI ; izina mu cyongereza: *Friends of the Earth International*) ni impuzamiryango irengera ibidukikijeikaba irwanya ikomatanyabukungu ritagira imipaka kuko ubucuruzimpuzamahanga bugirwamo inyungu n’abifite, rubanda rugufi ikahagwa.
Ihuriro ry Ibihugu Bikiri mu Nzira y’Amajyambere

**Ihuriro ry Ibihugu Bikiri mu Nzira y’Amajyambere** (izina mu cyongereza: *Third World Network*) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga udaharanira inyungu, uhuza abantu ku giti cyabo n indi miryango iharanira amajyambere mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y amajyambere wita no ku bibazo hagati y ibihugu bikize n ibikennye. Uyu muryango uharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije kuko ari ryo pfundo ry iterambere, ni ukuvuga ko ibihugu bikize bigira uruhare rukomeye mu iyangirika ry ibidukikije.
Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari

**Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari** [IMF]; izina mu cyongereza: *International Monetary Fund*) kivuga ko Ikomatanyabukungu ritagira umupaka ari ubwiyongere mu gukenerana kw’ibihugu ku isi yose mu bijyanye n’abantu n’ibintu byambuka imipaka, serivisi, amafaranga, umutungo, ikoranabuhanga, Icyo bose bemeranya ariko ni’uko ikomatanyabukungu ritagira umupaka rigira ubukungu, politiki, umuco ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga mu miterere yaryo ku isi.

Binyuze mu kigega ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa nko gukusanya imibare n’isesengura, kugenzura ubukungu bw’abanyamuryango bayo, no gusaba politiki yihariye,  IMF ikora kugira ngo igire ingaruka ku bukungu bw’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. Intego z'uyu muryango zavuzwe mu ngingo z’amasezerano ni:  guteza imbere ubufatanye mpuzamahanga bw’ifaranga, ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, akazi gakomeye, ihungabana ry’ivunjisha, kuzamuka mu bukungu burambye, no kugeza umutungo ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango ufite ibibazo by’amafaranga. Amafaranga ya IMF aturuka ahantu habiri: kwota no kuguriza. Quotas, ikusanyirizwa hamwe mubihugu bigize uyu muryango, itanga amafaranga menshi ya IMF. Ingano ya kwota yabanyamuryango biterwa nubukungu nubukungu byisi. Ibihugu bifite akamaro kanini mubukungu bifite ibipimo binini. Ibipimo byiyongera buri gihe mu rwego rwo kuzamura umutungo wa IMF mu buryo bw’uburenganzira bwihariye bwo gushushanya.

Umuyobozi ucunga ubu (MD) akaba na perezida wa IMF ni impuguke mu by'ubukungu muri Bulugariya, Kristalina Georgieva, uyu mwanya kuva ku ya 1 Ukwakira 2019. Umuhanga mu by'ubukungu w’Abahinde n’Abanyamerika, Gita Gopinath, wahoze ari umuyobozi mukuru w’ubukungu, yagizwe umuyobozi wungirije wungirije ushinzwe imiyoborere, guhera ku ya 21 Mutarama 2022. Ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022. Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas yasimbuye Gopinath nk'umuyobozi w’ubukungu mukuru.

## Amashakiro
Ikigo Gishinzwe Amategeko Mpuzamahanga Arengera Ibidukikije

**Ikigo Gishinzwe Amategeko Mpuzamahanga Arengera Ibidukikije** (CIEL ; izina mu cyongereza: *Center for International Environmental Law*) ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu urengera ubuzimarusange n ibidukikije binyujijwe mu bigo n amategeko mpuzamahanga. Uvuga ko ubucuruzibugomba gukorwa hakurikijwe amategeko arengera abantu n ibidukikije. 

## Imiyoboro
*http://www.ciel.org/
Abaturage Rusange

**Abaturage Rusange** (izina mu cyongereza: *Public Citizen*) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga urengera abaguzin ibidukikije ukaba ukorera muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Uyu muryango urwanyakwegurira ibikorwa abikorera ku giti cyabo na politiki y ubwisanzure bw’amasoko. Ibona koubwisanzure bw ubucuruzi no mu ishoramari bibangamira ibidukikije n’uburenganzirabw abakozi.
Abavuzi Batagira Umupaka

**Abavuzi Batagira Umupaka** (MSF I; izina mu gifaransa: *Médecins Sans Frontières*) ni ikigo cyita ku buvuzibw abantu bari mu kaga. Gishyira imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubuzima bwa mbere y’ubundi burenganzira ubwo ari bwo bwose.
Abaguzi Mpuzamahanga

**Abaguzi Mpuzamahanga** (CI mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza; izina mu cyongereza: *Consumers International*) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga udaharanira inyungu urengera uburenganzira bw abaguzi cyane cyane abakene. Urwanya kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo ibigo bya Leta ugashyira imbere inyungu z’ubuzima rusange.
Isi Imwe

**Isi Imwe** (izina mu cyongereza: *One World Trust*) ni ihuriro rya za Sosiyeti sivili zirengera uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’amajyambere arambye. Iri huriro rigeza ku bantu amakuru anyuranye ajyanye n’uburenganzira bwabo ndetse n’imiryango ishinzwe kurwanya ubukene rikabikora rikoresheje urubuga rwa Internet.
Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ubucuruzi n’Amajyambere Arambye

**Ikigo Mpuzamahanga Gishinzwe Ubucuruzi n’Amajyambere Arambye** (ICTSD ; izina mu cyongereza: *International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development*) ni umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta kandi udaharanira inyungu ariko urengera inyungu z’amajyambere y’ibihugu bikize. Wibaza niba amategeko arengera umutungo mu bihugu bikize hari icyo amarira ibyo bihugu. Ushyira imbere akamaro ko kurengera ibidukikije, ukanemera ko ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi butabangamira ibidukikije ari naryo pfundo ry’iterambere.
Indymedia

**Indymedia** (IMC ; *Independent Media Center*) ni ihuriro ryabanyamakuru n’ibigo by’itangazamakuru. N’ubwo hari bamwe mu bagize iryo huriro bashyigikiye Ikomatanyabukungu ritagira umupaka, abandi bakaba barirwanya, iryo huriro rirengera ibidukikije riharanira ko habaho ubworoherane mu bucuruzi; rirwanya amategeko arengera ibihangano n’ikoreshwa nabi ry’abakozi no guhohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu.
Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Ikomatanyabukungu

**Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Ikomatanyabukungu** (izina mu cyongereza: *The Center for Research on Globalisation*) ni ikigo cy’Abanyakanada gishinzwe itangazamakuru n’ubushakashatsi kirwanya cyane politiki ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. By’umwihariko kirwanya amategeko ya Banki y’Isi (World Bank) n’Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) ashyigikira ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi no kwegurira ibikorwa abikorera ku giti cyabo bavuga ko yongera ubukene mu bihugu bikennye. Iki kigo kandi kirwanya ibikorwa birenze urugero bigaragara mu kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure buboneka mu bihugu bikize. 

## Imiyoboro
*http://www.globalresearch.ca/
George Monbiot

**George Monbiot** (27 Mutarama 1963) ni umwanditsi, umunyamakuru, umwarimu muri kaminuza akaba yandika mu kinyamakuru kitwa The Guardian cyandikirwa mu Bwongereza. Uyu mugabo arwanya *Capitalism* agashyigikira ko Leta yajya ishyiraho amategeko agenga amasoko. Avuga ko ibihugu bikennye bigomba kubanza kuvugurura inganda zabyo zigakomera mbere y’uko bikurikiza amategeko agenga ubwisanzure bw’amasoko kuko bisenya ubukungu bw’ibyo bihugu. Ashyigikiye kurengera ibidukikije n’amategeko arengera abakozi.
Naomi Klein

**Naomi Klein** (8 Gicurasi 1970 - ), ni umwanditsi akaba n’umunyamakuru ukomoka muri Kanada uzwi cyane kuba yaranditse igitabo cyitwa *No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies* . Arwanya Ikomatanyabukungu n’amategeko agenga ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kuko umukene nta nyungu abibonamo.
*''Board of Directors'' 350.org
Martin Khor

**Martin Khor** (1951 - ): Umuyobozi w’Ihuriro ry Ibihugu Bikiri mu Nzira y’Amajyambere (*Third Word Network*) aharanira kuvugira ibihugu bikennye avuga ko amategeko agenga ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ari inzititizi ku bukungu bw’ibihugu bikennye. Akomeza avuga ko amategeko yose aza arengera ibihugu bikize kurusha ibihugu bikennye.
SEATINI

**SEATINI** (*Southern and Eastern Africa Trade Information and Negotiations Institute*): Ni ihuriro ry Abanyafurika bishyize hamwe kugira ngo bazamure ubushobozi bwa Afurika bwo kuba yajya mu ruhando mpuzamahanga, ikaba yabona inyungu zivuye mu bucuruzi bukorwa no kumenya gucunga neza ingaruka zijyanye n’ikomatanyabukungu. N’ubwo SEATINI iharanira kurengera uburenganzi bwa muntu n’ubw’abakozi, irwanya amabwiriza ngenderwaho y umurimo w umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi kuko ibihugu bikize ari byo bibyungukiramo.