Bill Gates

William Henry Gates III (wavutse ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1955) ni umucuruzi w’umunyamerika akaba n’umugiraneza. Yabaye umuhanga mu mpinduramatwara ya mudasobwa nto mu myaka ya 1970 na 1980, afatanyije na Paul Allen mu bwana bwe, bashinze isosiyete ya mudasobwa ya Microsoft mu 1975. Gates yabaye umuherwe muto ku isi icyo gihe mu 1987, afite imyaka 31. Ibi byakurikiyeho nyuma y’uko Microsoft yatangiraga gutanga umusanzu wayo mu mwaka ushize ndetse n’izamuka ry’imigabane. Ikinyamakuru Forbes cyamushyize ku mwanya w’umuntu ukize cyane ku isi mu myaka 18 muri 24 hagati ya 1995 na 2017, harimo imyaka 13 yikurikiranya kuva mu 1995 kugeza 2007. Gates yabaye umuherwe wa mbere mu 1999, ubwo umutungo we warengaga gato miliyari 100 z’amadolari ya Amerika. Nk’uko Forbes ibivuga, kugeza muri Gicurasi 2025, umutungo we wari miliyari 115.1 z’amadolari ya Amerika, bimugira uwa cumi na gatatu mu baherwe ku isi. 

Gates yavukiye i Seattle, muri leta ya Washington, yize amashuri yigenga muri Lakeside School, aho yagiranye ubucuti na Allen ndetse anateza imbere ibyo akunda mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga. Mu 1973, yiyandikishije muri Kaminuza ya Harvard, aho yize amasomo arimo Math 55 n’amasomo ya siyansi ya mudasobwa yo mu rwego rwa kaminuza, ariko yayahagaritse mu 1975 ajya gushinga no kuyobora Microsoft. Yayikoreye nk'umuyobozi mukuru mu myaka 25 yakurikiyeho, ndetse aba perezida na perezida w’inama y’ubutegetsi ubwo iyi sosiyete yashingwaga mu 1981. Yasimbuwe nk'umuyobozi mukuru na Steve Ballmer mu 2000, yahindutse umuyobozi mukuru w’ubwubatsi bwa porogaramu, umwanya yari afite kugeza mu 2008. Yavuye ku mwanya wa perezida w’inama y’ubutegetsi mu 2014 aba umujyanama mu ikoranabuhanga w’umuyobozi mukuru Satya Nadella n’abandi bayobozi ba Microsoft, umwanya agifite. Yeguye ku mwanya w’inama y’ubutegetsi mu 2020.

Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, Gates yagabanyije inshingano ze muri Microsoft kugira ngo yibande ku bikorwa bye byo gufasha afatanyije na Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, umuryango munini ku isi w’abagiraneza, we n’umugore we icyo gihe, Melinda French Gates, bayoboye kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2024. Yibanda ku nzego zirimo ubuzima, uburezi, no kurwanya ubukene, Gates yamenyekanye kubera imbaraga ze zo kurwanya indwara zandura nka igituntu, malariya na polio . Nyuma y’uko French Gates yeguye ku mwanya w’umuyobozi wungirije nyuma yo gutandukana kw’aba bombi, umuryango wahinduriwe izina witwa Gates Foundation, aho Gates ari we muyobozi wawo wenyine.

Gates ni we washinze akaba na perezida w'andi masosiyete menshi, arimo BEN, Cascade Investment, TerraPower, Gates Ventures, na Breakthrough Energy . Mu 2010, we na Warren Buffett bashinze Giving Pledge, aho bo n'abandi baherwe biyemeje gutanga nibura kimwe cya kabiri cy'umutungo wabo mu bikorwa by'ubugiraneza. Yamenyekanye nk'umwe mu bantu 100 bakomeye mu kinyejana cya 20 n'ikinyamakuru *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* mu 1999, yahawe andi mashimwe n'ibihembo byinshi, harimo n'umudari wa Perezida w'Ubwigenge, wahawe we na French Gates mu 2016 kubera ibikorwa byabo by'ubugiraneza. Yanditswe muri filime nyinshi za documentaire, yasohoye igitabo cya mbere mu bitabo bitatu byateguwe, *[[Source Code (memoir)|Source Code: My Beginnings]]*, mu 2025.

* Ubuzima bw'ibanze n'uburezi

William Henry Gates III yavutse ku ya 28 Ukwakira 1955, i Seattle, muri Washington,  nk'umuhungu w'ikinege wa William H. Gates Sr. [ a ] (1925–2020) n'umugore we wa mbere, Mary Maxwell Gates (1929–1994).  Inkomoko ye irimo Icyongereza, Ikidage, n'Ikinya- Irish / Ikigo cy'Abanye-Ecosse-Irish .  Se yari umunyamategeko ukomeye, naho nyina yakoraga mu nama y'ubuyobozi ya First Interstate BancSystem na United Way of America . Sekuru wa Gates, JW Maxwell, yari perezida wa banki y'igihugu. Gates afite kandi mushiki we mukuru, Kristi (Kristianne), na mushiki we muto, Libby. Ni uwa kane mu izina rye mu muryango we, ariko azwi ku izina rya William Gates III cyangwa "Trey" (ni ukuvuga batatu) kuko se yari afite inyuguti "II".   Uwo muryango wabaga mu gace ka Sand Point muri Seattle mu nzu yangijwe n'inkubi y'umuyaga idasanzwe ubwo Gates yari afite imyaka 7. Gates akiri muto, ababyeyi be bifuzaga ko akora umwuga w’amategeko.  Mu bwana bwe, umuryango we wakundaga kujya mu itorero ry’amatorero ya gikristo ya Congregational, idini ry’abaporotesitanti bavuguruye .  Gates yari muto ugereranyije n'imyaka ye kandi yatotezwaga akiri umwana.  Umuryango washishikarizaga amarushanwa; umwe mu bashyitsi yavuze ko "ntacyo byari bitwaye byaba ari imitima cyangwa umupira wo mu mazi cyangwa koga ujya ku cyambu; buri gihe hariho igihembo cyo gutsinda, kandi buri gihe hariho igihano cyo gutsindwa". 

Ku myaka 13, Gates yiyandikishije mu ishuri ryigenga rya Lakeside Prep School. Ubwo yari mu mwaka wa munani, itsinda ry’ababyeyi bo muri iryo shuri ryakoresheje amafaranga yavuye mu igurishwa rya Lakeside School kugira ngo bagure terminal ya Teletype Model 33 ASR n’igihe gito cya mudasobwa kuri mudasobwa ya General Electric (GE) ku banyeshuri.[17] Gates yashishikajwe no gukora porogaramu ya GE muri BASIC, maze yemererwa kuva mu masomo y’imibare kugira ngo akurikirane inyungu ze. Yanditse porogaramu ye ya mbere ya mudasobwa kuri iyi mashini, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya tic-tac-toe ryemereraga abayikoresha gukina imikino kuri mudasobwa. Gates yashimishijwe n’iyo mashini n’uburyo yahoraga ikora neza cyane.

Nyuma y’uko impano ya Mothers Club irangiye, Gates n’abandi banyeshuri basabye umwanya kuri sisitemu, harimo na mudasobwa nto za DEC PDP . Imwe muri izi sisitemu yari PDP-10 ya Computer Center Corporation (CCC), yabujije Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, n’inshuti magara ya Gates akaba n’umufatanyabikorwa wa mbere mu bucuruzi, Kent Evans, mu mpeshyi nyuma y’uko ibafashe bakoresha udukosa muri sisitemu yo gukora kugira ngo babone umwanya wa mudasobwa ku buntu. 

Abanyeshuri bane bashinze Lakeside Programmers Club kugira ngo binjize amafaranga. [ 8 ] Nyuma y’ihagarikwa ry’akazi, bitanze gushaka udukosa muri porogaramu za CCC kugira ngo babone igihe cy’inyongera kuri mudasobwa. Aho gukoresha iyi porogaramu ukoresheje Teletype, Gates yagiye ku biro bya CCC yiga kode y’isoko ya porogaramu zitandukanye zakoreshaga iyi porogaramu, harimo Fortran, Lisp, n’ururimi rw’imashini . Amasezerano na CCC yakomeje kugeza mu 1970, ubwo iyi sosiyete yavaga mu kazi. 

Mu 1971, umwarimu wo muri Lakeside yasabye Gates na Evans gukoresha sisitemu yo gutegura gahunda y’amasomo y’ishuri, abaha igihe cya mudasobwa n’amafaranga y’inyongera. Aba bombi bakoze cyane kugira ngo gahunda itegure umwaka wabo wa nyuma. Mu mpera z’umwaka wabo wa gatatu, Evans yahitanywe n’impanuka yo kuzamuka imisozi, Gates yavuze ko ari umwe mu minsi ibabaje cyane mu buzima bwe. Hanyuma yiyambaje Allen, wamufashaga kurangiza gahunda yo muri Lakeside. 

Ku myaka 17, Gates yakoranye na Allen yise Traf-O-Data kugira ngo akore ibyuma bipima umuhanda bishingiye kuri poroseseri ya Intel 8008.  Mu 1972, yabaye umwanditsi w’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko.   Yari intiti mu by’ubumenyi bw’igihugu ubwo yarangizaga mu ishuri rya Lakeside mu 1973.  Yabonye amanota 1590 muri 1600 mu bizamini bya Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) maze yiyandikisha muri Kaminuza ya Harvard mu gihe cy’umuhindo wa 1973.  

Gates ntiyamaze igihe gihagije muri Harvard ngo ahitemo kwibanda ku byo yibandaho, ahubwo yafashe amasomo y’imibare (harimo na Math 55 ) n’amasomo ya siyansi ya mudasobwa yo mu rwego rwa kaminuza.  Ubwo yari muri Harvard, yahuye n’umunyeshuri mugenzi we akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru wa Microsoft Steve Ballmer . Gates yavuye muri Harvard nyuma y’imyaka ibiri mu gihe Ballmer yagumyeyo maze arangiza *[[Magna cum laude|kaminuza]]* . Nyuma y’imyaka myinshi, Ballmer yasimbuye Gates nk’umuyobozi mukuru wa Microsoft maze akomeza uwo mwanya kuva mu 2000 kugeza yeguye mu 2014.  Gates yateguye uburyo bwo gutondeka pancake nk'igisubizo kuri kimwe mu bibazo bitarakemurwa  byatanzwe mu isomo rya combinatorics rya Porofeseri Harry Lewis . Igisubizo cye cyabaye icya mbere mu myaka irenga 30, kandi icyakurikiyeho ni 2% gusa  Igisubizo cye cyashyizwe ahagaragara ku bufatanye n'umuhanga mu bya mudasobwa wa Harvard Christos Papadimitriou . 

Gates yakomeje kuvugana na Paul Allen maze aza kumusanga muri Honeywell mu mpeshyi yo mu 1974. [ 32 ] Mu 1975, MITS Altair 8800 yasohotse ishingiye kuri Intel 8080 CPU, maze Gates na Allen babona amahirwe yo gutangiza sosiyete yabo bwite ya porogaramu za mudasobwa. [ 33 ] Gates yavuye muri Harvard muri uwo mwaka. Ababyeyi be baramushyigikiye nyuma yo kubona ukuntu yifuzaga gutangiza sosiyete ye bwite. [ 34 ] Yasobanuye icyemezo cye cyo kuva muri Harvard ati: "Iyo ibintu bitagenda neza, nashoboraga gusubira ku ishuri buri gihe. Nari mu kiruhuko cyemewe." 

references:

# https://www.britannica.com/money/Bill-Gates
# https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates


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