open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Body Silent

**Guceceka k'umubiri (mu [[icyongereza]]:** ***The Body Silent*** ) 

Ni inkuru yanditswe na Robert Murphy, umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Columbia. Iki gice kivuga ku rugamba rwa muntu ku giti cye binyuze mu ruti rw'umugongo, rwasohowe mu 1987 na Henry Holt na Company, Inc. Yasuzumwe ikibyimba kiva mu rubavu rwe rwa kabiri rw'inkondo y'umura kugeza ku munani wa thoracic vertebra mu 1972. Binyuze mu nkuru ye avuga amateka ye y'ubuvuzi ndetse n'uburyo isuzuma ry'ubuvuzi bwa kera (mu mpera za 1920) ryari rizi bike cyane ku bijyanye na neurologiya, kandi agasiga ibibazo bitamenyekanye aribyo yashyizeho ikibazo gishya mu myaka 50. Nkumwarimu wa antropropologiya muri kaminuza ya Columbia, akoresha umurima we murugendo rwe rwubuvuzi. "Iki gitabo cyatekerejweho no kumenya ko uburwayi bwanjye bumaze igihe kirekire ndwaye indwara y'uruti rw'umugongo bwabaye nk'urugendo rwagutse rwo mu murima wa antropropologique, kuko binyuze muri bwo natuye mu isi mbonezamubano ntarintangaje kuri njye mbere kuruta iy'Uwiteka Amashyamba ya Amazone. Kandi kubera ko ari inshingano za antropropologiste bose gutanga raporo ku ngendo zabo ... iyi ni yo mibare yanjye. " Bitewe nubushakashatsi bwatewe inkunga mubyamubayeho nubuvuzi, aha abasomyi ibisobanuro nibisobanuro kubyo akora, hiyongereyeho kuganira buri gihe kubishobora kubaho hamwe nibitekerezo bye muri rusange.

## Umusaruro
Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubumenyi cyateye inkunga umusaruro w’igitabo, kandi cyanditswe na Holt.

## Ubwoko
Ibice bya Metapathographie ntabwo arinkuru ninkuru zindwara, ahubwo ni umwuga wo kwisuzuma wabigize umwuga no kwandika byimbitse kubyo leta yihariye. Nubwo metapathography atari ubwoko bwihariye, abandi banditsi ninzobere basuzumye ibikoresho bye basobanuye ko bitandukanijwe n’ibitekerezo bwite, kubera isesengura ryimbitse ry’imitekerereze n’umubiri.

## Ubuzima
Ingingo nyamukuru: Robert Francis Murphy (antropropologue)

Robert Murphy yavutse ku ya 3 Werurwe 1924, avukira i Far Rockaway, muri New York. Yize cyane kandi aba intangarugero ya antropropologue akaba n'umwarimu wa antropropologiya muri kaminuza ya Columbia mu mujyi wa New York, kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 1960 kugeza 1990. Yize imico myinshi itandukanye ku isi, nka Mundurucu wa Amazone n'imiryango yo muri Sahara. Afite imyaka 66, yapfiriye iwe i Leonia, muri Leta ya New Jersey.

## Amateka y'Ubuvuzi
Mu 1928, Murphy yabuze gukoresha ukuguru. Umuganga wo mu rugo yamusuzumye "gukoraho rubagimpande" byamutwaye ibyumweru bibiri kugirango akire. Murphy yatangiye kurwara imitsi mu kibero, no mu nda yo mu 1972, bidatinze agira ikibazo cyo kwihagarika. Yaje gusuzumwa afite ibice byo mu mutwe, bivuze ko gucika gato imitsi. Nyuma yimyaka mike yibimenyetso, yasuye inzobere mu bumenyi bw’imitsi maze bamusuzumisha ikibyimba cyiza ariko gikura buhoro buhoro mu gice cyo hejuru cyumugongo. Mu myaka ibiri, ubwonko bwarangiritse cyane, kandi yatakaje imikorere myinshi y'umubiri.

## Ibihembo
Mu 1987, igitabo cyahawe igihembo cya Lionel Trilling University cyo muri kaminuza ya Columbia.

## Ishakiro
Freedom Scientific

**Freedom Scientific** nisosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa byoroshye kubakoresha mudasobwa bafite icyerekezo gike nubuhumyi . Porogaramu bakora ituma ikura rya ecran, gusoma ecran, hamwe no gukoresha impapuro zishobora kuvugururwa hamwe na mudasobwa zigezweho.  Isosiyete ni ishami rya Vispero ikaba ifite icyicaro i Clearwater, muri Floride . 

## Amateka
Ted Henter wahoze asiganwa ku ipikipiki yateje imbere umusomyi wa JAWS nyuma yo kuba impumyi biturutse ku mpanuka y'imodoka.  Henter na Bill Joyce bashinze Henter-Joyce mu 1987 i St. Petersburg, muri Floride, bakora MS-DOS ya JAWS nyuma baza kuba Microsoft Windows . Henter-Joyce yahujwe na Arkenstone na Blazie Engineering mu 2000 bakora Freedom Scientific. 

## Reba
Braille technology

Ikoranabuhanga rya Braille ni tekinoroji ifasha ituma abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona gusoma, kwandika, cyangwa gukoresha braille hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga. Iri koranabuhanga ryemerera abakoresha gukora imirimo isanzwe nko kwandika, kureba kuri interineti, kwandika mu nyandiko ya Braille no gucapa mu nyandiko, kwishora mu biganiro, gukuramo dosiye n'umuziki, gukoresha imeri ya elegitoronike, gutwika umuziki, no gusoma inyandiko. Iyemerera kandi abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa ubumuga bwo kutabona kurangiza imirimo yose mwishuri nkabandi banyeshuri bigana kandi ibemerera kwiga kumurongo. Ifasha abanyamwuga gukora akazi kabo nabarimu gutanga ibiganiro bakoresheje ibyuma na software. Iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga rya Braille rifite ireme kuko impumyi zishobora kubona inyandiko nyinshi, ibitabo, n'amasomero, kandi bikanorohereza gucapa inyandiko za Braille.

"N'ubwo gahunda ya Braille igera ku isi hose, Ihuriro ry’igihugu ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona rivuga ko 10 ku ijana gusa by’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona bashobora gusoma Braille".

## Porogaramu
Zimwe muri software ziboneka muri iki gihe:

'''Duxbury''' DBT ni gahunda yo guhindura inyandiko ya braille isobanura inkprint kuri braille na braille kuri inkprint yindimi zirenga 180.

**[[:en:JAWS_(screen_reader)|JAWS]]**, ni porogaramu isoma amagambo kuri ecran kandi igafasha gushakisha ububiko, inyandiko na porogaramu kuri Microsoft Windows. Amagambo ari kuri ecran arashobora no koherezwa kuri Braille yerekana.

**[[:en:Kurzweil_Educational_Systems|Kurzweil]]**, igikoresho gisikana inyandiko muri mudasobwa kandi kikavuga.

**[[:en:NonVisual_Desktop_Access|nvda]]**, fungura isoko ya ecran yo gusoma software hamwe na braille.

## Ibyuma
Kwerekana Braille

Mwandikisho ya Braille, yakoreshwaga gusa nimyandikire ya Braille. Braille isoma abakoresha mudasobwa bahitamo clavier isanzwe nkinyandiko ihimba ibikoresho byinjiza. Mwandikisho ya mudasobwa ya Braille ni gake cyane.

Igishushanyo mbonera

Icyapa cyandika

E-ibitabo bya e-Braille, ukoresheje polymers amashanyarazi,  kugeza ubu nkigishushanyo mbonera
Kurzweil Educational Systems

Kurzweil Education (yahoze yitwa Kurzweil Educational Systems) ni isosiyete ikorera muri Amerika itanga ikoranabuhanga mu burezi.

Kurzweil Uburezi butanga ibisubizo byo gusoma no kwandika, ibikoresho n'amahugurwa kubafite imyigire itandukanye nibibazo, cyangwa abantu bafite ubuhumyi cyangwa batabona igice.

Isosiyete yashinzwe mu 1996, yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere rya tekinoroji ifasha mudasobwa. Icyicaro cyayo kiri i Dallas, muri Texas.

Isosiyete itanga ibicuruzwa bibiri byingenzi bya software kubakiriya bayo-Kurzweil 1000 na Kurzweil 3000. Kurzweil 1000 ni porogaramu ituma uyikoresha ubumuga bwo kutabona ashobora kubona ibikoresho byifashishwa ku rubuga, ibyuma bya digitale cyangwa bisikana binyuze mu OCR hamwe n’inyandiko ku mvugo. ; Porogaramu ya Kurzweil 1000 itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona impapuro nyinshi kandi ikayerekana hamwe nimirima, ibirango, agasanduku, hamwe n’ahantu handitse kugirango ubone uburyo bwo gusoma kugirango ushobore kuzuza impapuro ukoresheje mudasobwa.

Kurzweil 3000 ni tekinoroji yuburezi, cyangwa tekinoroji ifasha, itanga urubuga rwo gusoma, kwandika no kwiga rugamije ababana nubumuga bwo kwiga cyangwa ubundi bumuga butuma gusoma cyangwa kwandika bigorana. Kurzweil 3000 ikoreshwa mugushigikira abafite dyslexia, dysgraphia, abiga ururimi rwicyongereza mwishuri, amashuri makuru, murugo no mukazi. Kurzweil 3000 irashobora gusoma mu ijwi riranguruye ishingiye ku mbuga za interineti, ibikoresho bya digitale cyangwa bisikanye, bigahindura urubuga rushingiye ku mbuga za interineti, ibikoresho bya digitale cyangwa bisikana muri mp3 kugira ngo bitange dosiye zumvikana kugira ngo wumve kugenda cyangwa binyuze muri porogaramu y’urubuga rwa firefly urashobora gusoma kuri iPad.

Nubwo iyi sosiyete yashinzwe mu 1996, inyandiko yayo kuri porogaramu yo kuvuga mu by'ukuri ni ikintu cyatangiye mu myaka ya za 70, igihe Raymond Kurzweil yatunganyaga imashini ye ya mbere ya Kurzweil yo gusoma, igikoresho gishobora gusikana no kuvuga inyandiko.

Muri 2005, Kurzweil Educational Systems yaguzwe na Cambium Learning Technologies. Cambium ifite andi masosiyete menshi ajyanye n'uburezi. 

## Ishakiro
Ted Henter

**Ted Henter** (wavutse 1950 muri Canal Zone ya Panama  ) numunyamerika ukora porogaramu ya mudasobwa akaba n' umucuruzi uzwiho kuba yarahimbye abasoma ecran ya JAWS kubatabona .  Yize ibijyanye n’ubuhanga, ariko yiga porogaramu za mudasobwa maze atangira ubucuruzi bwe nyuma yo kugira ikibazo cy'ubumuga bwo kutabona mu mpanuka y’imodoka mu 1978, ibyo bikaba byarangije umwuga utanga ikizere cyo gusiganwa ku ipikipiki mpuzamahanga.

Mu 1987, yifatanyije n’umucuruzi Bill Joyce, bafatanya gushinga Henter-Joyce i St. Petersburg, muri Floride. Henter yari perezida kandi ayoboye icyo gikorwa kandi atanga icyerekezo cyikoranabuhanga mugihe Joyce yakoraga nkumufatanyabikorwa ucecetse. Henter-Joyce yakoze JAWS, umusomyi wa ecran kuri mudasobwa bwite ukoresheje MS-DOS, hanyuma Microsoft Windows .

Nyuma yo guhumuka, Henter yongeye kuvumbura amazi yo mu mazi, atangira kwitabira amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku mazi. Yatsinze inshuro esheshatu mu marushanwa arindwi yabereye muri Amerika ndetse kabiri mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga. Yagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu 1991 nyuma yo kwegukana umudari wa Zahabu muri Amerika ndetse na Shampiyona y'isi ku bamugaye.

Henter-Joyce yahujwe na Arkenstone na Blazie Engineering mu 2000 bakora Freedom Scientific . Kugeza ubu Henter asigaye mu nama y'ubuyobozi ya Freedom Scientific, maze mu 2002 ashinga Henter Math, kugira ngo akore porogaramu ifasha "abadafite ikaramu" n'imibare.

## Imibare

### Grand Prix motorcycle racing
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

## Ishakiro
Braille embosser

Igishushanyo **cya Braille** nigicapiro cyingaruka zitanga inyandiko nkutugingo ngengabuzima. Ukoresheje porogaramu yo guhindura inyandiko ya braille, inyandiko cyangwa inyandiko ya digitale irashobora gushushanywa muburyo bworoshye. Ibi bituma umusaruro wa braille ukora neza kandi uhendutse. Porogaramu yubusobanuro bwa Braille irashobora kuba ubuntu kandi ifunguye-isoko cyangwa yishyuwe. 

Abakoresha impumyi bakunda kwita izindi printer "printer ya wino," kugirango babatandukanye na bagenzi babo. Ibi bikunze kugaragara utitaye kubwoko bwa printer iganirwaho (urugero, printer yumuriro yitwa "printer ya wino" nubwo badakoresha wino)

Kimwe na printer na wino, ibishushanyo biva mubigenewe abaguzi kugeza kubikoreshwa nabamamaji binini. Igiciro cyibishushanyo byiyongera hamwe nubunini bwa braille itanga. 

## Ubwoko
Ibishushanyo mbonera by’inganda byihuta cyane ni amadolari 92.000 yakozwe n’Ububiligi yakozwe na NV Interpoint 55, yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1991, ikoresha compressor yo mu kirere itandukanye kugira ngo itware umutwe wanditseho kandi ishobora gusohora inyuguti zigera kuri 800 ku isegonda. Kurera umwana byatangiye mbere; mu 2000 Ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona ryatangaje ko muri Amerika hari batatu gusa muri bo, imwe ifitwe na NFB ubwayo indi ibiri na sosiyete ya Watchtower Bible and Tract Society .  Kugeza mu 2008, ku isi hose harenga 60. 

Ibishushanyo bito bya desktop ya braille biramenyerewe cyane kandi urashobora kubisanga mumasomero, kaminuza, hamwe n’ibigo by’uburezi by’inzobere, ndetse no kuba ari ibya nyir'impumyi. Birashobora kuba nkenerwa gukoresha akabati ya acoustic cyangwa hood kugirango ugabanye urusaku . 

Ubudodo bwa Braille mubusanzwe bukenera impapuro zidasanzwe za braille zifite umubyimba kandi zihenze kuruta impapuro zisanzwe. Bimwe mubirangirire-byohejuru birashobora gucapura kumpapuro zisanzwe. Abashushanya barashobora kuba uruhande rumwe cyangwa uruhande rumwe. Gushushanya impande zombi bisaba gutondekanya utudomo kugirango bidahuzagurika (bita "interpoint" kuko ingingo kurundi ruhande zishyirwa hagati yingingo kuruhande). Gushushanya impande zombi bikoresha impapuro nke kandi bigabanya ubunini bwibisohoka. 

Iyo kopi imwe yinyandiko imaze gukorwa, gucapa izindi kopi akenshi byihuta hakoreshejwe igikoresho cyitwa thermoform, gitanga kopi kuri plastiki yoroshye. Nyamara, braille yavuyemo ntabwo isomeka byoroshye nka braille yashizwemo vuba, muburyo bumwe na fotokopi idafite ubuziranenge idasomeka nkumwimerere. Kubwibyo, abamamaji binini ntibakoresha ubusanzwe.

Ibishushanyo bimwe bishobora kubyara "Ukwezi kwadomo", ni ukuvuga, ubwoko bwukwezi bwakorewe nududomo. 

## Reba

* Braigo
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Book
* E-book
* Braille e-book
* Braille translator

## Ishakiro
Mountbatten Brailler

**Mountbatten Brailler** ni imashini ya elegitoronike ikoreshwa mu kwandika ku mpapuro za braille. Ikoresha "clavier yandika ya braille" gakondo ya Perkins Brailler hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ikayiha ibintu byinshi byongeweho nko gutunganya ijambo, ibitekerezo by'amajwi no gushushanya . Imashini yabanjirijwe kandi itunganyirizwa mu Ubwongereza Royal National College for Blind i Hanoford na Ernest Bate.  

Ku ikubitiro Mountbatten yakorewe itunganywa muri Ositaraliya .  Ku taliki ya 1 Mutarama mu mwaka 2010, uruganda rwa Mountbatten rwafashwe na sosiyete yo muri Polonye Harpo Sp. z o.o. 

Mountbatten yatunganijwe nyuma yuko Lord Mountbatten asize irage m'ubushake bwe bwo guteza imbere ibikorwa by'iterambere, igiciro gito, cyoroshye.  cyabonetse kuva mu mwaka 1991. 

Kimwe na Perkins, Mountbatten ifite urufunguzo ruhuye na buri tudomo dutandatu kode ya braille . Mu gihe kimwe ukanda icyarimwe guhuza ku ufunguzo rwa gatandatu, abakoresha bashobora gukora inyuguti iyo ari yo yose muri kode ya braille. Usibye izi mfunguzo esheshatu, Mountbatten ifite urufunguzo rw'umwanya, ufungura inyuma, n'urufunguzo rushya. Kimwe n'imyandikire y'intoki, ifite ipfundo ryo guteza imbere impapuro ukoresheje imashini, nubwo bitandukanye na Perkins umurongo ntigenda.  Hano hari urufunguzo rwo kugaruka rumera nk'urwo gutwara ibinyabiziga. Ibizingo bifata kandi bigateza imbere impapuro bifite ibinono byabugenewe kugira ngo birinde guhonyora utudomo twazamuye brailler twaremwe.

Usibye clavier gakondo, Mountbatten ifite ibindi bintu byinshi biyiranga. Ibi birimo kwibuka byemerera dosiye y'inyandiko ya braille kubikwa mu buryo bumwe nk'uko bikorwa hamwe n'ijambo ritunganya na processor, ibitekerezo byatanzwe byemerera umukoresha kumva inyandiko banditse cyangwa kwandika muri dosiye, hamwe no guhindura imbere n'inyuma hagati y'inyandiko na braille. Mountbatten ishobora guhuzwa n'icapiro ryemerera dosiye gucapurwa nk'inyandiko, mu gihe clavier isanzwe ya PC ishobora guhuzwa na Mountbatten ituma inyandiko ishobora gukorwa nk'uko byasezeranijwe cyangwa bidafite amasezerano. 

Hari moderi nyinshi za Mountbatten, shingiro ry'umwanditsi wa Mountbatten. Umwanditsi wa Mountbatten Yongeyeho, Pro ya Mountbatten,  na Sisitemu yo Kwiga ya Mountbatten.

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwa Mountbatten Brailler
* Harpo Sp. z oo , uwakoze uruganda rwa Mountbatten
* Ikoranabuhanga rya Quantum, uwabanje gukora Mountbatten Brailler
* Mountbatten Brailler, Royal National College y'Abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona
Wheelchair tennis

**Umukino w’abamugaye w'amagare** nimwe muburyo bwa tenisi bwahujwe n’abakoresha igare ry’abamugaye . Ubunini bw'ikibuga, uburebure bwa net na racketi birasa, ariko hariho itandukaniro  i rikomeye na tennis y'abanyamaguru: abakinnyi bakoresha intebe y'abamugaye yabugenewe  , kandi umupira ushobora guhagarara inshuro zigera kuri ebyiri, aho guterana kwa kabiri nabyo bishobora kugaragara hanze y'ikibuga .  

## Amateka
Umukino w'amagare w'abamugaye wiyongereye kwamamara muri 1976 bitewe n'imbaraga za Brad Parks, ufatwa nk'uwashizeho umukino wa Tenisi w’abaamugaye.  Muri 1982, Ubufaransa bwabaye igihugu cya mbere mu Burayi cyashyizeho gahunda ya tenis y’abamugaye.  Kuva icyo gihe, hashyizweho ingufu nyinshi mu guteza imbere siporo kurwego rwindobanure.

Bane nka Grand Slams - Australian Open, Wimbledon, Roland Garros, na US Gufungura harimo umukino wa tenisi w'abamugaye. Kugeza muri 2018, US Gufungura na Australiya Gufungura gusa ni kimwe cya kane. Abakinnyi bane ba Quad bonyine nibo batumiwe (bitandukanye n'umunani ku bagabo n'abagore). Muri 2018, umukino wa Quad Wheelchair Doubles Exhibition yakiniwe i Wimbledoni. Nyuma y'uwo mwaka, hatangajwe ko Wimbledoni izatanga inshuro enye mu buseribateri ndetse no mu nshuro ebyiri, guhera muri 2019. Mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare 2019, Roland Garros yatangaje ko muri uwo mwaka, amarushanwa yayo azatangira harimo n'amakipi y’abamugaye.

## Reba kandi

* ITF Yamagare Yabamugaye
* Abamugaye b'amagare ya Tennis
* Urutonde rwabamugaye ba tennis ba nyampinga

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rya Tennis: Tennis Yabamugaye
* Komite mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye: Tennis y'abamugaye
* Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Tennis muri Amerika: Tennis y'abamugaye
* Fondasiyo ya Tennis (Ubwongereza): Intebe Yabamugaye
* Amateka ya Tennis Yabamugaye
Tactile (device)

**Tactile** nigikoresho nyacyo cyo guhindura inyandiko-kuri- braille ubu irimo gutezwa imbere mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts .  Yatekerejwe nitsinda ryabanyeshuri barangije icyiciro cya mbere, bahatana nka "Team 100% Enthusiasm", mugihe cyamasaha 15 MIT "hackathon".  Igikoresho kiranyerera hejuru yinyandiko yanditse kandi kamera ifata amashusho yamagambo ikayohereza kuri microcontroller. Amakuru yimura pin hejuru no hepfo, ahindura inyandiko muri Braille. Iyo bigeze ku isoko twizeye ko bihendutse cyane kuruta ibikoresho bihari.

## Abantu
Itsinda ry’iterambere ry’abantu batandatu rigizwe na Chandani Doshi, Grace Li, Jialin Shi, Bonnie Wang, Charlene Xia, na Tania Yu, abanyeshuri bose biga muri MIT igihe Tactile yasama.  Ubufatanye bufatika mu bumenyi bwa siyansi, ubukanishi n’amashanyarazi, hamwe n’ubumenyi bwa mudasobwa, Tactile yakunzwe cyane n’itangazamakuru  kubera umuvuduko wihuse w’iterambere, ndetse n’abayihimbye bose bakaba ari abagore bo mu bice bya STEM bafite umubare muto w’abagore bahagarariye. 

## Iterambere
Tactile itanga ibisobanuro nyabyo byumwandiko wicyongereza, byafashwe na kamera ihuriweho, muri braille ihindagurika kuburyo bugaragara . Igicuruzwa cyanyuma nukwerekana inyuguti 36 za braille icyarimwe kuri  Imigaragarire [note 1] hamwe nigiciro cyagenewe kugurishwa hafi US $ 100.  Hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe byerekana braille bigurwa hagati y $ 1.500 kugeza $ 2,500, Tactile yaranzwe nk "" kwaduka kwaduka imbere kumpumyi. " 

Itsinda rya Tactile ryahawe inkunga y'amadorari 10,000 $ muri MIT IDEAS Global Challenge  kandi yemerwa muri Porogaramu ya Microsoft Patent, ahabwa inkunga n'abajyanama mu by'amategeko baturutse muri Microsoft kugira ngo basabe kurinda patenti muri Amerika. Gusaba kwatanzwe ku ya 16 Nzeri 2016, kuri ubu bikaba bifite ipatanti itegereje . 

## Reba kandi
Assistive technology

## Inyandiko

# Current functioning prototypes are moderately larger; the intended size assumes the ongoing miniaturization of its component systems.

## Ishakiro
Australian Paralympic wheelchair tennis

Umukino w'amagare w'abamugaye winjiye bwa mbere mu mikino Paralympike yo mu mpeshyi muri 1988 nk'umukino wo kwerekana no kuba umudari wuzuye mu mikino ya Barcelona muri 1992 .  Australiya yitabiriye amarushanwa ya tenisi y'abamugaye ya Paralympike. Hariho ibyiciro bibiri by'imidari gufungura no kugabana kane. 

Ibikorwa bizwi muri Ositaraliya:

* Dylan Alcott yegukanye imidari ya zahabu itatu n’umudari umwe mu mikino Paralympike ya Rio 2016 na Paralympike ya Tokiyo muri 2020 .
* David Hall yegukanye imidari itandatu (umudari 1 wa zahabu, imidari 3 ya feza n’imidari 2 ya bronze mu mikino itatu - 1996 kugeza 2004.
* Daniela Di Toro mu mikino y'i Londres yitabiriye imikino ye ya gatanu (1996–2012). Yatsindiye umudari wa feza mu bagore babiri mu mikino ya Sydney

### 1992 Barcelona
Australiya ihagarariwe na: **Abagabo** - Michael Connell, David Hall **Abagore** - Randa Hinson, Kurega Cumi na kabiri  

Australiya ntiyabonye imidari.

### 1996 Atlanta

Australiya ihagarariwe na:

**Abagabo** - Mick Connell, David Hall **Abagore** - Daniela Di Toro, Randa Hinson **Umutoza** - Greg Crump 

Australiya yegukanye umudari wa feza 1 n'umudari wa bronze.

### 2000 Sydney

Australiya ihagarariwe muri tennis y'abamugaye na: **Abagabo** - David Hall, David Johnson **Abagore** - Daniela Di Toro, Branka Pupovac **Umutoza** - Greg Crump (Umutwe)

### 2020 Tokiyo
**Abagabo** - Dylan Alcott, Heath Davidson, Martyn Dunn (d) Ben Icyumweru **Abatoza** - Jessica Moore (Abagabo), Franscois Vogelsberger (Quad) **Abayobozi** - Umuyobozi w'itsinda - Brenda Tierney  Australiya yageze ku musaruro ushimishije yegukana umudari umwe wa zahabu n’umudari umwe wa feza, Dylan Alcott yatwaye zahabu mu bagabo bane bahuje amakipe maze afatanya na Heath Davidson gutwara umudari wa feza mu bagabo babiri.

## Reba
Braille watch

**Isaha ya braille** ni igihe cyagenwe gikoreshwa nimpumyi cyangwa abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona kuvuga igihe. 

## Ibisobanuro
Isaha ya Braille ikoreshwa mugukora kuri terefone no kubona ibishushanyo. Byombi bisa na verisiyo ya verisiyo irahari . Ibigereranirizo bisa bifite ikirahure kirinda cyangwa igifuniko cya kirisiti gifunguye igihe mugihe gikenewe gusomwa kandi amaboko yisaha yubatswe kugirango adashobora kwanduzwa no gukoraho urutoki gusa impumyi ikoresha kugirango yitegereze imyanya yabo. Muburyo bwa digitale, utudomo ( nkimyandikire ya braille ) komeza uhindure umwanya uko ibihe bihinduka. Kuri iki kibazo, umuntu agomba kumva inyuguti ya Braille kugirango asome isaha.

*[[:en:Talking_clock|Amasaha yo kuvuga]]* kuri elegitoronike, avuga igihe ukoraho buto, nayo arazwi mubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. 

## Reba
Wheelchair tennis classification

**imikino ya Tenisi** ni uburyo bwo gutondekanya tennis y'abamugaye igenewe kuzana umukino mwiza urimo guhangana hagati yabo bose. Ibyiciro bigenzurwa na komite mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye (IPC) kandi bigakorwa na federasiyo mpuzamahanga ya tenisi (ITF).

## Ibisobanuro
Ibyiciro bya tenisi by'abamugaye mu mikino Paralympike niyo shingiro ryo kumenya abashobora kwitabira siporo, no mu byiciro. niyo  Ikoreshwa mugushiraho amarushanwa akwiye. Kwinjira ni ubuntu kubakinnyi ba bagabo n'abagore bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri bubabuza guhatana neza n'abakinnyi babishoboye. 

## Imiyoborere
Imiyoborere yiyi siporo igenzurwa na komite mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye (IPC) kandi ifatanya na federasiyo mpuzamahanga ya tennis (ITF) niyo ikora amategeko n'amabwiriza buri mwaka.    Iyi Siporo niyo ya mbere yagize ishyirahamwe ry'abakozi rishobora gukora ibyiciro bitandukanye mugihe ITF yatangiraga kuyobora siporo muri 1998. 

## Mu mikino y'abamugaye
Umukino wa Tenisi  imikino y'abamugaye yakinwe bwa mbere muri Paralympikee muri 1992.  Mu mikino Paralympike yo muri 1992, ubwoko bw’abafite ubumuga bw’abamugaye bari bemerewe kwitabira, ibyiciro bigakorwa binyuze mu by'iciro byigenga.  Amarushanwa mu mikino Paralympike ya 2012 azabera kuri Eton Manor (Parike ya Olempike), kuva ku ya 1 Nzeri kugeza 8 Nzeri. Biteganijwe ko abagabo bari hagati ya 64 na 80 n'abagore 32 kugeza 48 bazahatanira imidari itandatu.  Umubare ntarengwa w'abanywanyi ku gihugu cyemewe ni ibi bikurikira:

## Kazoza
Urwego rukuru rw’imikino y’abamugaye, Komite mpuzamahanga y’abamugaye, gukora ibishoboka ngo rutezimbere ibyiciro byose kugira ngo bibe uburyo bushingiye ku bimenyetso bitandukanye na sisitemu ishingiye ku mikorere kugira ngo idahana abakinnyi b’indashyikirwa imikorere yabo ituma bagaragara muri a urwego rwo hejuru hamwe na banywanyi bitoza bike. 

## Reba
Free Wheelchair Mission

the **Free Wheelchair Mission** ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ushingiye wo kwizerwa udaharanira inyungu, ni umuryango utabara imbabare utanga amagare y’ibimugaye ku bafite ubumuga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere badafite amikoro yo kubona narimwe, uyu Umuryango wita k’ubuzima ku isi ugereranya ko ufute abanyamuryango barenga miliyoni 70.  

## Ingaruka
Uyu w'ahaye  abantu barenga miliyoni 1.3 amagare y’abmugaye ku bantu bakeneye ubufasha mu bihugu birenga 94.    

Icyicaro gikuru kiri Irvine, muri Californiya, uyu muryango washinzwe na Dr. Don Schoendorfer, ufite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya PhD muri buhanga bw’ibinyabuzima yakuye muri MIT kandi afite patenti zirenga 60.. Mu mwaka wa 2008, Schoendorfer yahawe umusivile umudari w'icyubahiro na Jenerali Colin Powell wahoze mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru mu birori byabereye ku irimbi rya Arlington..

## Igitabo ''Cyibitangaza'' Igitabo
Ku ya 6 Ukuboza 2022, Fondateri ariwe, Dr. Don Schoendorfer yasohoye igitabo yise *Miracle Wheels: Inkuru y’ubutumwa bwo kuzana ingendo ku isi.* Muri yo, Schoendorfer asangiza inkuru yitwa "amagare y'ibitangaza" yahinduye ubuzima bw'abantu barenga miliyoni 1.3 babana n'ubumugaye mu bihugu 94 bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere. 

## Kumenyekana
Muri Kanama 2019, uyu muryango wagaragajwe na Harry na Meghan, Duke na Duchess wa Sussex, ku mbuga zabo za Instagram hamwe n'indi miryango irimo umuyoboro w'isi ndetse na BlinkNow Foundation.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Global Vision

**GlobalVision** nisosiyete ikora software ya SaaS kabuhariwe mu gupakira no kuranga. 

## Amateka
GlobalVision Inc. (GlobalVision) yashinzwe na Reuben Malz mu 1990. Ifite icyicaro i Montreal, muri Kanada, kandi ifite ibiro by'akarere mu Bwongereza no mu Budage. 

Muri 2013, Pfizer yagiranye amasezerano na GlobalVision yo gupakira ibicuruzwa byiza. 

GlobalVision yerekanye urubuga rwayo rwa mbere rushingiye ku kugenzura ubuziranenge mu 2013.   Ibyo byakurikiwe no gushyiraho verisiyo igezweho ya platform, Proofware, muri 2014. 

Muri 2017, GlobalVision yasohoye urubuga rwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bwa desktop. 

Muri 2018, GlobalVision yafatanije na Pantone na X-Rite gutangiza gahunda ya mbere yo kugenzura amabara ya digitale ku isi yo gucapa no gupakira. 

## Reba
Hope Haven

**Hope Haven International** ni umuryango w’abatabazi wa 501 (c) (3)  ufite icyicaro i Rock Valley, muri Iowa, uzwi cyane muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nko gukwirakwiza amagare y’abamugaye byavuguruwe ku bantu bakuru n’abana. Uyu muryango washinzwe muri 1964 nk’urukundo rwa gikirisitu kugira ngo utange serivisi ku bamugaye aho batuye.  Byiringiro Haven ikusanya, igasana, ikanagabanya amagare y’abamugaye imbere mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, usibye gutanga imyitozo ngororamubiri n’imyuga . Uyu muryango wishingikirije ku bakorerabushake n'abagororwa bafunzwe mu gutwara no kuvugurura amagare y'abamugaye. 

Byiringiro Haven yagiye ivugurura, kandi itanga ibyoherezwa hamwe n’abakozi bahuguwe kugira ngo bafashe intebe z’abamugaye, ku bana b’impunzi z’umubiri n’abakene b’Abanyapalestine kuva muri 1998, babifashijwemo na politiki n’ibikoresho by’ikigega cy’abatabazi cya Palesitine .  Ibiciro by'abamugaye birenze ubushobozi bw'imiryango myinshi, kandi amafaranga ya leta nayo ntaboneka, mu bihugu byinshi, nka Rumaniya, akoreshwa na Hope Haven hamwe n'impano z'abamugaye n'abakozi kugira ngo abamugaye babone neza. 

## Reba


## Ihuza ryo hanze
Pierre-François-Victor Foucault

**Pierre-François-Victor Foucault** (1797–1871) niwe wavumbuye mu 1843 ya mashini ya mbere yo gucapa kuri braille, decapoint .

## Ubuzima
Umunyeshuri wa Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles, Foucault yashakanye na Thérèse-Adèle Husson, umwanditsi w'impumyi, mu 1826.  Ubu bukwe bwabyaye abakobwa babiri. Nyuma y’urupfu rw’umugore we mu 1831, nyuma y’umuriro, yashakanye n’umudozi (utari impumyi) mu 1832, Adélaïde Louise Juteau.  Ibi byamushoboje kuba umuturage wa Quinze-Vingts (byari bibujijwe gushyingirwa hagati yimpumyi), ibyo bikaba byamuhaye amahirwe yo gukorana na Louis Braille.

## Igishushanyo

Ivumburwa rye ryahawe umudari wa platine na Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, hanyuma abigaragaza mu imurikagurisha rikomeye (1851) i Londres. 

## Reba
Louis Invents Decapoint
Spinal Cord Injuries Australia

**Spinal Cord Injuries Australia** ( **SCIA** ) ni umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta utanga ubuvugizi na serivisi ku bantu bafite ibikomere by'umugongo ( parapelegiya, qadiripelegiya ) n'ibindi bisa.

## Amateka
SCIA yashinzwe muri 1967 nk'ishyirahamwe rya Quadripelegike rya Ositaraliya n'itsinda ry'abarwayi bo mu bitaro bya Prince Henry i Sydney, Ositaraliya . Ntibashoboye kuva mu bitaro kubera ko nta macumbi cyangwa serivisi byabateraga inkunga mu baturage. AQA yahinduye izina muri 2003.

Mu itegeko nshinga rya SCIA byibuze 50% by'inama y'ubuyobozi igomba kugira imvune y'umugongo cyangwa imiterere isa.

Abanyamuryango bashinze ni Trevor Annetts, Tom Clarke, Graeme Dunne, David Fox, Peter Harris, George Mamo, Jim McGrath, Robert McKenzie, Alan Moore, John Munday, Cecil Murr, Brian Shirt, Paul Sorgo, Stan Wanless, na Warren Mowbray. David Fox niwe wabaye perezida wa mbere. Bashishikarijwe gushinga umuryango n’umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage Gary Garrison, ushyigikiwe na Dr George Burniston .

## Serivisi
Serivisi zitangwa na SCIA uyu munsi n'amakuru, ubuvugizi, amacumbi aboneka, Guhuza gahunda ya NDIS no guhuza ibikorwa, akazi, urungano nimiryango ifasha hamwe na NeuroMoves serivise idasanzwe, yuzuye, ishingiye kubimenyetso hamwe n'ubuvuzi k'ubantu ba bana n'uburwayi bw'imitsi cyangwa ubumuga bwu mubiri.

Itsinda ry’abakiriya ba SCIA ryitaba telefoni zirenga 850 ku mwaka ziva mu Banyaustraliya ba mugaye n’imiryango yabo, kandi rikomeza isomero ry’abamugaye ku biro bya SCIA i Sydney, muri Leta ya New South Wales. Isomero ry'ibitabo bya SCIA ku murongo ritanga ibikoresho bitandukanye ku bantu bafite ibikomere byu mugongo n'imiryango yabo, bikubiyemo ingingo n'ibisobanuro birambuye byu buvuzi, ubufasha na serivisi zu bujyanama. Itsinda rya makuru yo mukarere kandi ritanga ubufasha ninama kugiti cya bantu bafite ikibazo cyu mugongo mugace ka NSW.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Wheelchair Foundation

**Wheelchair Foundation** (WF) ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu wa shinzwe muri Kamena 2000 n’umushinga w’imitungo utimukanwa Ken Behring, ukaba ufite icyicaro i Danville, muri Californiya . Fondasiyo ifatanya n’abaterankunga ( abantu ku giti cyabo, amatsinda n’amasosiyete ) gutanga amagare y’abamugaye k'ubantu bakeneye ariko badashobora kubigura, cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere . Kugeza muri Nzeri 2008, umuyoboro wa WF umaze kugeza ibihugu birenga 750.000 by’abamugaye.

Fondasiyo ifatanya n'imiryango itandukanye ya serivise, harimo Rotary Clubs, Knight of Columbus na Sister City International .

Inama mpuzamahanga y’abajyanama ya WF irimo abatari bake ndetse n’abahoze ari abakuru b’ibihugu n’ibyamamare, barimo abayobozi bafatanije Juan Carlos na Sophia wo muri Esipayne, ndetse na Mikhail Gorbachev na Nelson Mandela .

Imiryango yigenga igizwe n'intebe y'abamugaye ni Fondasiyo Yabamugaye yo muri Kanada na Fondasiyo y'abamugaye UK. WF Australiya nayo yabayeho nk'ikigo cy'igenga kugeza muri 2008 ariko ubu ni umushinga wa Rotary Club ya Gosford West ( NSW ).

Behring yagize icyo avuga ku kamaro k'imiryango y'itegamiye kuri Leta mu igabana ry'abamugaye:

Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ni ingenzi muri buri gihugu. Ndatekereza ko ubu dukorana n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta. Igihe twari muri Afuganisitani, twakoresheje abantu bamwe bo mu muryango w'abafite ubumuga, kandi ingabo z'Amerika nazo zaradufashaga. Buri gihe dutanga intebe nke mu Bushinwa, zikorana n’ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga. Muri Amerika yo Hagati, urugero, dukorana n’abadamu ba mbere. Abagore ba perezida ubusanzwe bafite umusingi kandi bafite aho bahurira n’ibitaro byita ku buzima busanzwe. Babaye rero cyane, cyane ifasha muri Amerika yo Hagati no mu majyepfo mu rwego rwo kudufasha kubona abahawe intebe zibereye. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwibimuga rwa interineti
World Braille Day

**World Braille Day** umunsi international day ukaba uba taliki ya 4 Mutarama  awareness gukangurira abantu kumenya ururimi rwa braille mu buryo rw'itumanaho bigamije kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu visually impaired people.  bwanagite ubumuga bwo kutabona United Nations General Assembly itariki y'uyu munsi yatoranijwe ni inteko rusange n'inteko rusange y'umuryango w'abibumbye  mu itangazo ryasohotse mu gushyingo 2018,kandi ihurirana nisabukuru ya Louis Braille,Wavumbuye ubu buryo bwo kwandika  .

Umunsi wa mbere w’isi ya Braille wizihijwe ku ya 4 Mutarama 2019.   

## Amashakiro
Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar

**Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar** n'umwarimu wigisha wo mubuhinde ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona, uzwi cyane nkuwahimbye code ya braille muri Khasi .   Mu mwaka wa 2010, Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde yamuhaye Padma Shri, igihembo cya kane cy’abasivili mu Buhinde. 

## Ubuzima
Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar yavukiye i Shillong, muri Meghalaya  nk'umwana ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona ufite retinitis pigmentosa, indwara itera kwangirika kwa retina, maze atabona neza igihe yari muri kaminuza kubera ko yagombaga kureka kwiga. . Nta buryo bwo kwibeshaho, yagurishije imbuto ku isoko kugirango abeho.  Mu gukomeza imbaraga zo gutsinda ubumuga, Dkhar yakoze ubushakashatsi muri code ya Braille maze ategura kode muri Khasi, ururimi rwaho muri Meghalaya.  

Bertha Dkhar ni umuyobozi *w'ishuri rya Jyoti Sroat*, ishuri riyobowe na Bethany Society kubana bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona.  Yabonye igihembo cya kane cy’abasivili mu Buhinde cya Padma Shri, ubwo yagaragaraga ku rutonde rw’icyubahiro rw’umunsi wa Repubulika y’Ubuhinde mu 2010.  Yahawe kandi igihembo cy'igihugu gishinzwe imibereho myiza y'abana na Guverinoma y'Ubuhinde mu 2000. 

## Reba ibindi
Braille code
Kunwar Singh Negi

**Kunwar Singh Negi** (1927 - 20 Werurwe 2014) yari umwanditsi w'ikinyamakuru cyo mu Buhinde akaba n'umukozi ushinzwe imibereho myiza. Yahinduye ibitabo 300 muri braille. Ibikorwa bye bikomeye birimo Bhagwan Buddh Ka Updesh na Hazrat Mohammed Ki Vani, byombi bijyanye n'inyigisho za Gautam Buddha na Muhammad. Yahawe ibihembo by'abasivili b'Abahinde Padma Shri mu 1981 nyuma aza guhabwa Padma Bhushan mu 1990.

## Ubuzima
Negi yavukiye i Pauri, umujyi ubu uri mu majyaruguru y’Ubuhinde bwa Uttarakhand mu 1927. Yarwanye muri Birmaniya mu rwego rw'ingabo z'Ubuhinde mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Yashimiye abapolisi b'Abongereza kuba baramushizemo impuhwe na disipulini. Mu 1954, nyuma y’Ubuhinde bwigenga ku butegetsi bw’Abongereza, yinjiye mu kigo cy’igihugu cy’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona i Dehradun aho yatangiye gushishikarira braille. Negi yatangiye kwandukura ibitabo mu ndimi zitandukanye z'Ubuhinde nka Punjabi, Bengali, Urdu, Gujarati, Oriya, Marathi ndetse no mu Burusiya. Yakoze ku bitabo 300 birimo ibyanditswe bya Sikh nka Sukhmani Sahib hamwe n’ibitabo byanditswe na Gautam Buddha na Muhammad. 

Negi kandi yagize uruhare mu mibereho myiza y’abatabona kandi yifatanyaga na Bharat Netrahin Samaj muri Punjab ndetse n’ishyirahamwe ry’abatabona i Delhi. Ibikorwa bye bitandukanye by’amadini byatanzwe ku buntu binyuze mu butumwa mpuzamahanga bwa Maharaja Ranjit Singh ku buvanganzo bwa Gurbani Braille. Yahinduye kandi igitabo cy’umunyapolitiki Surjit Singh Barnala cyitwa My Other Abakobwa Babiri. 

Negi yahawe igihembo na Padma Shri, igihembo cya kane cy’abasivili mu Buhinde mu 1981 kubera ibikorwa bye. Mu 1990, yashyikirijwe Padma Bhushan, igihembo cya gatatu mu bihembo byinshi kubera uruhare yagize mu bijyanye n'ubuvanganzo n'uburezi. Yashyikirijwe kandi igihembo cya Sikh Gaurav na komite ya Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak. 

Mu 2003, Negi yabazwe glande ya prostate n'amafaranga yakiriwe na guverinoma y'icyo gihe ya Uttarakhand iyobowe na N. D. Tiwari nka Minisitiri w’intebe. Mu mwaka wa 2009, Negi yagaragaje ibibazo afite mu bijyanye n'amafaranga mu bitangazamakuru igihe adashobora kwigurira umutima utera indwara z'umutima kandi akaba nta leta yahawe. Yari yaravuwe bituzuye kubera kubura amafaranga mu bitaro bya GB Pant i New Delhi. Yapfuye ku ya 20 Werurwe 2014 i Dehradun.

## Ishakiro
Thakur Vishva Narain Singh

**Thakur Vishva Narain Singh** (30 Nyakanga 1928 - 29 Nzeri 2009) ni we mwanditsi wa mbere w’impapuro z’Ubuhinde akaba n’umunyamakuru uzwi.  Yabaye umwanditsi mukuru wa braille mu gice cyo gutangaza Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona i Dehradun . Nyuma yizabukuru, yakomeje kwandika no gukorana n’ibinyamakuru byaho mu mujyi.

Singh yari umwubatsi mukuru inyuma yo gushiraho isomero rinini kubafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Yari ashinzwe kubona ibitabo by'idini by'Abahindu bihindurwa mu nyandiko.

Thakur Vishva Narain Singh yapfiriye i Amsterdam ubwo yari mu biruhuko by'umuryango ku ya 29 Nzeri 2009.

## Ibihembo

* Singh yahawe igihembo cy’Abasoviyeti Land Nehru mu 1977 kubera uruhare runini yagize mu buvanganzo no guhindura ibitabo mu nyandiko. Yahawe igihembo na Minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga w’icyo gihe, Atal Bihari Vajpayee wamwitaga 'Se w’ubuvanganzo bwa Braille mu Buhinde'.
* Kubera ubusobanuro bwe bwihariye bw'inyandiko z'Abahindu Singh yahawe na Tulis Manas Prathishtan, Bhopal na guverinoma ya Madhya Pradesh .
* Singh yahawe n'Inama y'Ubuhinde ishinzwe uburezi mu bana mu 1987.

## Reba
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091002/dun.htm#12
Harris Mowbray

**Harris Mowbray** (/ˈhæ.ɹɪs ˈmoʊ.breɪ /; yavutse 1999) ni umuhanga mu by'indimi akaba na programu ukomoka muri Amerika. Azwiho gushyiraho ibyifuzo byinshi byo guhuza indimi nke ku isi muri Braille.

## Ubuzima bwo hambere
Harris yavukiye mu mujyi wa New York kwa Michele Madansky, umujyanama w’ubushakashatsi mu kwamamaza, icyo gihe akaba yarabaye umuyobozi mukuru kuri Yahoo na Travis Mowbray, umuyobozi w’ibizamini by’amavuriro. Yakuriye mu kibaya cya Silicon . Sekuru ubyara yari umunyamibare Albert Madansky .  Akomoka muri Ashkenazi akomoka mu Bayahudi .

## Braille
Harris yatangiye gukora Braille kururimi rwa Gagauz  nururimi rwa Sorbian .    Yagaragaye cyane mu binyamakuru byo muri Polonye kubera icyifuzo cye cya Kashubian Braille.     Ibyifuzo bye byanditse mu nyuguti z'impumyi byemewe ku rurimi rwa Livoniya, ururimi rwa Fulani,  n'ururimi rwa Lakota . Yakoze kandi inyuguti y'intoki (inyuguti y'ururimi rw'amarenga) ku rurimi rwa Fulani, ashingiye ku nyandiko ya Adlam .  Muri Werurwe 2021, Harris Mowbray yateguye icyifuzo cya Braille ku ndimi ebyiri zemewe zo mu birwa bya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru ya Mariana, Chamorro na Caroliniya   Hagati ya 2021, umuryango wa Udi wo muri Azaribayijan wemeye icyifuzo cye cyo kuba Braille mu rurimi rwabo .  Mowbray yanafashaga kubara Braille ya Jeworujiya.  

Mu mpera za 2021, Harris yateje imbere Braille ku rurimi rw’ibihugu bya mbere Smalgyax ivugwa mu majyaruguru ya Columbiya y’Ubwongereza,  ururimi rwa Elfdaliya,  n’ururimi rwa Rusyn . 

Mu ntangiriro za 2022, Harris yari yarafatanyije na Kongere y’abatutsi ku isi gukora braille y’ururimi rw’igitutu abifashijwemo n’abandi bashakashatsi.  Yakoranye kandi n’umuryango uvuga Khoekhoegowab wo muri Namibiya kugira ngo bateze imbere Braille ku mvugo y’ururimi rwabo. 

Harris yakoranye neza n’umuryango uvuga ururimi rw’Abasamogite bo muri Lituwaniya mu rwego rwo gushyiraho urwego rwerekana ururimi rwabo mu mpera za 2022.  Mu 2023 yakoranye n’Abatutsi ba Crimée muri Ukraine guteza imbere Braille ku nyuguti zabo z'ikilatini. 

## Ubuzima Bwite
Harris yize muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika i Washington, DC, umujyi atuyemo uyu munsi 

## Ishakiro
Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics

**wheelchair tennis ni umukino wa Tenisi**  yabigenewe bwa mbere mu mikino **Paralympike** ya siporo nk'imikino yo kwerekana muri 1988, hakaba harabaye ibirori bibiri (abaseribateri n’abagore). Yabaye siporo itanga imidari kumugaragaro muri 1992 kandi yagiye yitabira imikino Paralympike yose kuva icyo gihe. Ibirori bine byakozwe kuva 1992 kugeza 2000, hiyongereyeho ibintu bine ( uburinganire buvanze ) mu buryo bumwe no gukuba kabiri muri 2004.

## Incamake

## Ibyabaye

Ibirori bigera kuri bitandatu birahatanwa kuri buri Paralympike. Gusa abagabo n'abagore bonyine babereye mu mikino ya Paralympike yo muri 1988, ubwo yari siporo yo kwerekana. Ibi byahujwe n’ibihe bibiri by’abagabo n’abagore nyuma y'imyaka ine ubwo siporo yahinduraga ibirori. Muri 2004, ibintu bibiri bishya byongeweho hamwe na quadriplegiya ( nkibyo bizwi kandi nka ibyabaye) kandi bitandukanye nibindi bintu bavanze. Ariko kugeza mu mikino ya 2020, abagore babiri gusa ni bo bitabiriye ibyo birori, Umuholandi witwa Monique de Beer n'Umunyakanada Sarah Hunter, bombi barushanwe muri 2004 na 2008. Nyamara, Abadage baracyari abagore bonyine begukanye umudari muri Paralympike, umuringa mu marushanwa ya kabiri mu 2004.

### Inshuro enye

## Reba kandi

* Tennis at the Summer Olympics

## Reba

* 
*
Wheelchair tennis at the Asian Para Games

Amarushanwa **[[Wheelchair tennis|ya Tennis y’abamugaye]]** byahatanwe muri buri **mukino wa Para ya Aziya** kuva mu mikino ya Aziya ya 2010 yabereye i Guangzhou mu bu chinwa.

## Inyandiko

## Abamidari

Amakipe yatsindiye umudari muri buri mukino wa Para ya Aziya kuva 2010 ni aya akurikira:

### Abagabo bonyine
### Abagabo kabiri

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Komite y'abamugaye muri Aziya
Vinux

**Vinux** yari ikwirakwizwa rya Linux ryakozwe muburyo bwihariye kubakoreshwa na abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, impumyi kandi batabona igice . [    ​​ Sisitemu kandi yashyigikiye USB Braille yerekana .

Vinux yabanje gutunganywa mu mwaka wa 2008 bikozwe na Tony Sales, Inkunga ya Tekinike muri Royal National College for Blind i Hanoford, mu Bwongereza .  Yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa mbere kuri DistroWatch ku ya 1 Kamena 2010 nka Vinux 3.0. 

## Ibiranga
Vinux yemereye abakoresha mudasobwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona no kwinjizamo verisiyo ya Ubuntu mu bwigenge. Harimo Orca ( umusomyi wa ecran na magnifier), Speakup (umusomyi wa ecran ya console ), Compiz (magnifier ishingiye kuri tekinoroji ya 3d), hamwe n'inkunga yo kwerekana Braille. yerekana ikora mu buryo bwikora iyo ihujwe kandi ishyigikira icyiciro cya 1 nicya 2 Braille . Vinux ishobora gukora kuri CD nzima cyangwa USB nzima ntacyo ihinduye kuri sisitemu ikora. Irashobora gushirwa kuri USB cyangwa disiki ikomeye hamwe na sisitemu y'imikorere iriho ubu cyangwa nk'umusimbura wuzuye. 

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Vinux official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2024-04-16)
* Vinux Build Scripts
* Vinux Documentation Archived 19 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* Vinux at DistroWatch
Handicap mental

**handicap mental** ni **ubumuga bwo mu mutwe** ( rimwe na rimwe bwitwa ***kudindira mu mutwe*** mu mvugo isanzwe ) ni indwara rusange igaragara mbere yo gukura, irangwa no kubura no kutamenya neza imikorere byibuze ikora . Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bwagiye busobanurwa nk'amanota y'ubwenge (IQ) amanota 70  . Hafi ya byose bishingiye ku kumenya, ubusobanuro burimo imikorere y'imitekerereze y'umuntu nu bushobozi bw'imikorere ijyanye nibidukikije. Uyu munsi rero, umuntu ntashobora gufatwa nkufite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe gusa kubera ko afite igipimo cy'ubwenge kiri munsi ya 70.

## Ibisobanuro

Ishami ry'umuryango w'abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ( OMS ), mu rwego mpuzamahanga rw’indwara (en) ICD-10), risobanura ko ubumuga **' ari yataye muri yombi iterambere ryo mu mutwe cyangwa iterambere ryo mu mutwe rituzuye, ryaranzwe no kudahagije kw'amashami n'urwego rusange rw'ubwenge, cyane mu bijyanye n'imikorere yo kumenya, ururimi, ubumenyi bwa moteri n'imikorere myiza  ,  .

== Imvururu zijyanye n'ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (ID) ==

Izindi mvururu nyinshi n'ibibazo by'ubuzima birashobora kuba bifitanye isano nindangamuntu; neurodevelopmentali, psycho patologike by'umwihariko  . Inshuro zibi by'iyongera hamwe nuburemere bw'indangamuntu kandi biratandukana ukurikije etiologiya y'indangamuntu: syndromes zimwe zirangwa nibibazo byihariye byubuvuzi, bisaba gukurikirana ubuvuzi buhagije  .

== Ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso ==
Ibimenyetso n'ibimenyetso byose biri ku rwego rw'imyitwarire. Umubare munini wa bantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ntibagaragaza m'uburyo bw'ubwenge bwabo, cyane iyo gutinda guterwa n ibidukikije nk'imirire mibi cyangwa uburozi bwangiza .

Abana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bashobora kwiga guhagarara, gukurura, kugenda cyangwa kuvuga, no kurusha abandi bana  . Abana ndetse n'abantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bashobora kwerekana byinshi mu bintu bikurikira bikurikira :

== reba ==




== Human rights and legal status ==

Amategeko afata abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (**intellectual disabilities**) mu buryo butandukanye n’abatabufite. Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bwabo harimo uburenganzira bwo gutora, gukora ubucuruzi, gusinya amasezerano, gushyingirwa, no kubona uburezi  akenshi buragabanyirizwa cyangwa bukagenerwa imipaka.

Inkiko zimwe zemeje zimwe muri izo mbogamizi, ariko zanasanze hari izindi ziganisha ku ivangura.

Amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku burenganzira bw’abantu bafite ubumuga (UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) ashyiraho amategeko fatizo agenga uburenganzira bwabo, kandi amaze kwemezwa n’ibihugu birenga 180.

Mu bihugu bimwe byo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika **** ndetse no muri bimwe mu bihugu by’Ubumwe bw’u Buray**i**, abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe babuzwa gutora.   

Urukiko rw’Uburayi rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (European Court of Human Rights) mu rubanza Alajos Kiss v. Hungary (2010**)''' rwafashe umwanzuro uvuga ko Hongiriya itemerewe kubuza abantu gutora ishingiye gusa ku kuba barashyizwe mu murage w’ubwishingizi (guardianship) kubera ubumuga bwo mu mitekerereze.
Silvert's

**Silvert's Holdings Ltd**, ikora nka **Silvert's Adaptive Clothing & Footwear**, ni umucuruzi wo muri Amerika na Kanada ucuruza kandi akanakwirakwiza imyenda n'inkweto zijyanye n'imiterere y'abagabo n'abagore. Isosiyete ikora ubwoko butandukanye bwimyambarire imenyereye, harimo imyenda y’ibimuga, imyenda yoroshye yo kubona kimwe ninkweto za diyabete, amasogisi n'inkweto, zagenewe gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga bwumubiri mu myambarire yabo ya buri munsi no kwambara.   

## Amateka
Mu 1929, ID Ed Alter yashinze Ububiko bw’ishami rya Jack i Ingersoll, Ontario, muri Kanada .    Ububiko bwa Jack's Ubusanzwe bwari iduka rito ryumujyi rigurisha ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa ID Alter, mu 1978, umwuzukuru we, Jeffrey Alter yinjiye muri icyo kigo.  Mu 1980, isosiyete yahinduye izina ayita imyenda ya Silvert ya Seniors maze itangira kuba inzobere mu myambarire imenyereye hamwe na Jeffrey Alter nk'umuyobozi mukuru.  

Silvert's yafunguye ibiro byayo, ububiko n’ububiko i Concord, Ontario, muri Kanada.  Silvert's yari ifite ububiko bwayo bwa mbere bugendanwa kumuhanda mu 1981  naho mu 1987, hashyirwaho urutonde rwambere rwimyenda ihuza n'imiterere.  Silvert yagurishije ibicuruzwa byayo binyuze mubigo byubuzima bwo mu mutwe mbere yo kugurisha abakiriya. 

Silvert yatangiye kwagura ibicuruzwa mu gihugu imyaka ibiri kandi itangira kugurisha ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu 1993.  Mu 1995, Silvert's yari ifite abakozi 41 b'igihe cyose n'abakozi 15 b'igihe gito.  Kuva Silvert imaze kwiyongera mumyaka yashize hamwe na 9.01 kuri 10 ku rutonde rwa ResellerRatings.com ku ya 15 Kamena 2018. 

Silvert yaguzwe na Careismatic Brands muri Kanama 2018. Muri Mutarama 2024, Ibicuruzwa bya Careismatic byatanze igice cya 11 cy'igihomba . 

## Ibicuruzwa
Silvert igurisha imyenda itandukanye yo guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere kuva ku ipantaro y'abamugaye, ikabutura, hejuru hejuru, imyenda, imyenda ya nijoro, imyenda ya siporo, n'inkweto, hiyongereyeho ibikoresho byihariye bikenerwa.   Gufunga Snap, ikibuno cya elastike, gufunga Velcro nibimwe mubiranga Silvert ihuza mugihe cyo gushushanya imyambarire yayo. 

Silvert's ikora igishushanyo cyayo muri Kanada ariko imyenda yayo ikorerwa muri Kanada no mubushinwa. 

Kuberako imyenda myinshi ya Silvert yambarwa nabantu mubigo byita kumurugo, imyenda ya Silvert ndetse ninyerera zimwe zagenewe gufata abamesa inganda. 

## Kugurisha no kwamamaza
Silvert igurisha cyane cyane ibicuruzwa byayo kumurongo no mubitabo isosiyete ikwirakwiza kabiri mumwaka.   Urubuga rwa Silvert kumurongo rwemerera uyikoresha guhaha akurikije ubumuga bwihariye nibikenewe. 

Silvert ikoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga nka Facebook aho abarezi n'abagize umuryango bashobora kungurana ibitekerezo, ubunararibonye no gusuzuma ibicuruzwa na serivisi bya Silvert. Silvert's nayo ifite amanota-ibihembo sisitemu yashyizweho kubakiriya bayo basanzwe banyuzamo bashobora gucungura amanota yabo. 

## Amarushanwa yo guhangana
Muri 2016, Silvert yitabiriye amarushanwa ya Business Business Challenge yatewe inkunga na *The Globe na Mail* na Telus Corp. kandi yari mubantu 50 ba mbere batsindiye icyubahiro. 

## Reba