open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ingaruka mbonezamubano n’ibidukikije byamavuta yintoki

Amavuta yi ntoki, akomoka mu mikindo ya mavuta, ni soko ry'ibanze ry'injiza abahinzi benshi bo muri Aziya yepfo, Afrika yo hagati n'uburengerazuba, na Amerika yo hagati. Ikoreshwa mu gihugu nk'amavuta yo guteka, yoherezwa hanze kugirango ikoreshwe mu biribwa byinshi by ubucuruzi n'ibicuruzwa byita ku muntu kandi bihindurwamo ibinyabuzima. Itanga amavuta agera ku inshuro  10 kukurenza soya, cyangwa kungufu cyangwa izuba . 

## Imibare

## Ibibazo by'imibereho

## Gutema amashyamba

### Gutakaza aho gutura

### Kwangirika k'ubutaka

* 
*  
*  
*  

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Gutunganya isi hamwe namavuta yintoki? - isesengura ryimbitse ku ngaruka z'amavuta yintoki ku bidukikije, Mongabay.com, 26 Mutarama 2011
* Guteka Ikirere - raporo ya Greenpeace ku nganda z'amavuta yintoki
* Amavuta yintoki yaturutse muri Greenpeace
* Amavuta yintoki avuye mu kuvugurura umushinga
* Inyandiko ya Penan ya Bruce Parry yerekana ingaruka z’imibereho n’ibidukikije ziterwa n’imikindo muri Maleziya
* "Ubucuruzi butanyerera bw'amavuta y'imikindo" - *The Guardian*, ku ya 6 Ugushyingo 2008
* "Amavuta y'imikindo: biyogi ya kazoza iteza impanuka z’ibidukikije ubu" - *The Guardian*, ku ya 4 Mata 2006
* "Amavuta y'amamesa no gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha: Hari igisubizo kirambye?" - Ihuriro ryabahanga bahangayikishijwe
Vincent Enyeama

Vincent Enyeama (wavutse 29 Kanama 1982) numunyanijeriya wahoze akina umupira wamaguru wabigize umwuga wakinnye nkumuzamu. Nubwo afite uburebure buri munsi yikigereranyo kumuzamu, azwi cyane nkumwe mubazamu bakomeye bo muri Afrika mubihe byose ndetse no mubihe bye.

Mu buzima bwe bukuru, bumaze hafi imyaka 20, Enyeama yakiniye Ibom Stars, Enyimba, Iwuanyanwu Nationale, Bnei Yehuda, Hapoel Tel Aviv, Lille na Maccabi Tel Aviv. Yabaye kandi umwe mu bagize ikipe y'igihugu ya Nijeriya kuva mu 2002 kugeza mu Kwakira 2015, aba kapiteni wacyo kuva mu 2013 kugeza asezeye mu mupira w'amaguru mpuzamahanga mu 2015. Afite imipira 101, yari umukinnyi wafashwe cyane muri Nijeriya kugeza mu Gushyingo 2021 ubwo yarengwaga na Ahmed Musa.

## Reba
Pape Ousmane Sakho

Pape Ousmane Sakho ni umunya senegali wavuyse 21 ukuboza 2021 akaba akinira ikipe ya Quevilly-Rouen Métropole.

Sakho azwi cyane kubushobozi afite bwo kuguma hamwe numupira, kwambuka, ariko kandi atsinda ibitego, Ku kibuga ikina nkibaba ryibumoso kandi rimwe na rimwe rishobora kugaragara iburyo.

## Reba
Peak farmland

Ubutaka **bwo mu mpinga** ni ubutaka bushobora gukoreshwa mu guhinga ibihingwa bitandukanye nibwo bwitwa  ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi, mu karere runaka (nk'igihugu cyangwa isi yose).   Abashyigikiye igitekerezo cy’imirima y’ubuhinzi bavuga ko n’ubwo umubare w’abatuye isi ugenda wiyongera, hakenerwa ubutaka bwinshi bwo guhinga, kubera ko umusaruro w’ibiribwa kuri hegitari imwe y’ubutaka bwiyongera cyane kuruta uko isi ikenera ibiribwa.  Ibi bishyigikiwe nuko agace keguriwe imirima mubihugu bimwe, byombi byateye imbere (urugero Finlande) no gutera imbere (urugero Ubuhinde, Ubushinwa), byatangiye kugabanuka.   Ku isi hose, mu gihe umubare rusange w'ubutaka bwo guhingwa ukomeje kwiyongera, ubuso bw'inzuri zihoraho bwaragabanutse kuva mu 1998, byibuze hegitari miliyoni 60 ntizirirwa.  Bavuga ko ibindi bihugu, nka Amerika, bifite isambu yera cyane. 

## Ibisobanuro

## Reba kandi

## Reba
Circle of Poison

**Uruziga rw'uburozi** (COP) bivuga kohereza mu mahanga imiti yica udukoko twabujijwe mugukoreshwa mu biribwa , bimwe muri byo bigaruka mu buryo bwo kubitumiza mu mahanga.    "Uruziga" rwuzuye iyo imiti yubumara yoherejwe hanze noneho ikoreshwa muguhinga imbuto, inyama, numusaruro utumizwa mu mahanga kandi ushobora gukoreshwa no murugo.  Uru ruziga rwamenyekanye bwa mbere ugereranije n’Amerika bikareba  umubano urebana hagati y’ibindi bihugu byo ku isi y'Amajyaruguru n'Amajyepfo .

## Amateka yigitekerezo

## Uruziga rwo gukumira uburozi bwo mu 1991

## Amategeko yica udukoko

## Ibisigisigi byica udukoko

## Amategeko ya leta yica udukoko

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Plasticulture

Ijambo **plasticulture** risobanura imyitozo yo gukoresha ibikoresho bya pulasitike mubikorwa byubuhinzi . Ibikoresho bya plastiki ubwabyo bikunze kwitwa "ag plastike". Plasticulture cyangwa ag plastike irimo firime ya fumigasi yubutaka, kuvomerera ibitonyanga cyangwa kuvoma, umugozi uziritseho ibihingwa bya pulasitike, inkono za pepiniyeri na bale, ariko iryo jambo rikoreshwa cyane mugusobanura ubwoko bwose bw ibiti bya plastiki cyangwa ibitwikiriye ubutaka. Ibifuniko nkibi bitangirira kuri ya pulasitike, gutwikira umurongo, tuneli ndende cyangwa ntoya, kugeza muri parike ya palastike.

## Ubwoko bwa plastiki bukoreshwa

## Porogaramu

### Inzu ya pariki hamwe no gutembera muri tunnel

### Igifuniko gito

### Amashanyarazi

## Inkomoko n'iterambere ku isi

## Reba

## Ibindi gusoma

* Hulse, Sara (2000). Ibicuruzwa bya plastiki byongera gukoreshwa: Raporo yisesengura ryinganda . iSmithers Rapra Gutangaza. 1859572227, 9781859572221
* Shemilt, LW (1983). Ubuhanga bwa chimie nibikoresho byisi: Umupaka wanyuma . Int. Umuceri Res. Inst. 0080292429, 9780080292427
* Otey, FH (1983). Amashanyarazi ashingiye kuri plastike n'ibicuruzwa bifitanye isano n'ubuhinzi .
Soil compaction (agriculture)

**Soil compaction** cyangwa **Guhuza ubutaka**, bizwi nko kwangirika kwi miterere y'ubutaka, ni ubwiyongere bwubucucike bwinshi cyangwa kugabanuka ku butaka  bitewe nu buremere bw'imbere cyangwa inyuma bi kubiri hejuru .  Kubihuza birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku miterere y'umubiri, imiti n'ubuzima hamwe nu butaka .  Hamwe n’isuri y’ubutaka, ifatwa nk'ikibazo gihenze kandi gikomeye cyane ku bidukikije cyatewe n’ubuhinzi butari ubwu mwuga ." 

## Amateka nuburyo bugezweho

## Urwego

## Impamvu

## Ingaruka

### Ingaruka kurubuga

### Ingaruka
**Umutekano mu biribwa**

## Reba
Sustainable diet

**Indyo irambye** ni ibiryo bifite ingaruka nke ku bidukikije zigira uruhare mu biribwa, no kwihaza mu mirire, no mu buzima buzira umuze ku bihe bya bantu bazaza. Indyo zirambye zirinda kandi zubaha urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, byemewe mu muco, bigezweho, ubukungu bwizewe kandi buhendutse, bihagije mu mirire, bafite umutekano, n’ubuzima bwiza buzira umuze, kandi bitezimbere, umutungo kamere n’abantu. "  Iyi ndyo igerageza gukemura ikibazo cyintungamubiri (imirire mibi ) hamwe nibyikirengan’ikirenga ( umubyibuho ukabije ), mu gihe harebwa ibintu by’ibidukikije nk’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no kwangirika kw’ubutaka . 

## Ibisobanuro

## Impamvu no kubimenya

## Impamvu n'indangagaciro

## Ibigize

### Ubuzima

### Ingaruka ku bidukikije

### Ingaruka z'umuco

## Mu myitozo

### "Bito ariko Byiza" imyitozo yo kurya inyama

## Reba kandi
 

## Reba
Climate resilience

**Imihindagurikire y’ibihe** isobanurwa nku bushobozi bw’imibereho, ubukungu n’ibidukikije kugira ngo duhangane n’ibintu bishobora guteza akaga cyangwa inzara cyangwa imidugararo muri Rubanda.   Kubungabunga ikirere bifitanye isano n’ingamba zo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere , Igamije kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kandi ikubiyemo gutekereza ku butababazi bw’ikirere n’uburinganire. Mu bikorwa bifatika harimo ibikorwa remezo byangiza ikirere, ubuhinzi bwangiza ikirere n’iterambere ry’imihindagurikire y’ikirere . Uburyo buhari bufite intego yo gupima guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bukoresha, hari ibisobanuro bihamye kandi bisobanutse byo guhangana n’imihindagurikire yikirere, kandi bigatuma amatsinda atandukanye y’abantu agereranywa hifashishijwe ibipimo bisanzwe kandi bifatika . 

## Ibisobanuro

## Ibitekerezo bifitanye isano

### Imihindagurikire y’ibihe

### Imihindagurikire y’ibihe

## Ibigize

## Mu cyiciro

### Iterambere

### Ibikorwa Remezo

### Ubuhinzi

## Reba
Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku buhinzi

**Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku buhinzi** zishobora gutuma umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugabanuka ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw'ibihigwa n'imirire bitewe n’amapfa, imivumba, n’umwuzure ndetse no kwiyongera kw’udukoko tujya ku mwaka ndetse n’indwara z’ibimera . Ingaruka zikwirakwizwa ku isi ziterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ubushyuhe, imvura n’imiterere ya karuboni yo mu kirere bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi.  Muri 2019, miliyoni zari zimaze guhura n’ibura ry’ibiribwa kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Byongeye kandi, igabanuka ry’umusaruro w’ibihingwa ku isi ni 2% - 6% hafi buri myaka icumi.  Muri 2019 byari byarahanuwe ko ibiciro by'ibiribwa bizamuka 80% muri 2050. Ibi birashoboka ko umutekano w’ibiribwa wiyongera, bikagira ingaruka ku baturage batishoboye.   Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2021 bwagaragaje ko ubukana bw’ubushyuhe n’amapfa ku musaruro w’ibihingwa byikubye inshuro eshatu mu myaka 50 ishize i Burayi - kuva ku gihombo cya 2,2% mu 1964–1990 kugeza ku gihombo cya 7.3% muri 1991 kugeza2015.  

## Ingaruka zo guhindka ikirere

### Ubushyuhe buzamuka

### Shyushya imiraba

#### Shyushya amatungo

### Imihindagurikire yimvura ( amapfa n'umwuzure)

#### Impinduka mubunini bw'urubura

* 2022 ibiribwa birahungabana
* Ubuhinzi
* Imihindagurikire y’ibihe hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bitera
* Imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’umusaruro w’inyama
* Kurwanya ikirere
* Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
* Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku burobyi
* Ibidukikije hamwe n'ubuhinzi
* Raporo idasanzwe ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ubutaka (raporo ya IPCC 2019)

## Reba
Ifumbire

**Ifumbire** ni ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gikomoka ku miterere karemano cyangwa y’ubukorikori gikoreshwa mu butaka cyangwa mu bihingwa kugira ngo bitange intungamubiri z’ibimera . Ifumbire irashobora gutandukana  nu butaka butagira intungamubiri. Inkomoko nyinshi yifumbire ibaho, yaba ka remano cyangwa inganda.  Kubikorwa byinshi byubuhinzi bugezweho, ifumbire yibanda ku ntungamubiri eshatu zingenzi: azote (N), fosifore (P), na potasiyumu (K) hiyongereyeho inyongeramusaruro nkifu yurutare kuri micronutrients. Abahinzi bakoresha iyi fumbire muburyo butandukanye: binyuze mumashanyarazi yumye cyangwa pelletised cyangwa yamazi, bakoresheje ibikoresho binini byubuhinzi cyangwa ibikoresho byintoki.

Ifumbire mvaruganda ni: nitrati ya amonium, fosifate ya amonium, sulfate ya amonium, urea na nitrati ya calcium amonium. Amoniya, aside sulfurike na aside fosforike ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu gukora iyi fumbire. Kugeza ubu, hydrogène ikenewe mubikorwa bya Haber-Bosch ikomoka mu bicanwa biva mu kirere (gaze gasanzwe cyangwa amakara), bikavamo imyuka ya CO2. Ammonia ishobora kuvugururwa irashobora gukorwa mugihe hydrogène ikozwe muri electrolysis y'amazi ukoresheje amashanyarazi ashobora kuvugururwa (ingufu z'izuba n'umuyaga). Bitewe n’akarere kayo, Afurika ifite amahirwe menshi yo kubyara amoniya ishobora kuvugururwa no kugabanya gushingira ku ifumbire mvaruganda.

## Amateka

## Ibyiciro

* Ubuhinzi
* Kuzenguruka (théorie)
* Ifumbire
* Ishirahamwe ry'ibiribwa n'ubuhinzi
* Amateka yo guhinga kama
* Milorganite
* Imbonerahamwe y'amabara
* Kugarura intungamubiri no kongera gukoresha
* Fosifogisi
* Guhindura ubutaka
* Ifumbire mvaruganda

## Reba

* 

* kiAzote yo kugaburira ibiryo byacu, inkomoko yabyo kwisi, inzira ya Haber
* Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’ifumbire mvaruganda (IFA)
* Igitabo cy’ubuhinzi, Ubuyobozi bwuzuye bw’ifumbire n’ifumbire
* Azote-Fosifore-Potasiyumu Agaciro k'ifumbire mvaruganda Archived
Inguzanyo z'igiti

**Inguzanyo ku giti** ni igitekerezo cy’ubuhinzi bushingiye ku buhinzi aho bahemba igiti cyangwa serivisi z’ikirere. gahunda yatunganijwe  hakenewe inzira yoroshye yo kubona inguzanyo kumuhinzii ku giti cye byibuze, kandi byoroshya ishyirwa mubikorwa nogukurikirana imishinga nkiyi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwunguka, kimwe nikigo cy'ubwishingizi.

Ubundi buryo bwo gutanga inguzanyo burimo ibiti byemewe kugabanuka kwa mazi ashingiye ku biguzi byo kugumana ibiti kugiti cye. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, inguzanyo nini yo kugabanya ingano itangwa ku biti byabitswe hejuru y’ibiti byatewe  mu gihe mu tundi turere inguzanyo zishobora kugenwa hashingiwe ku bunini hamwe n’ibiti .  Ibintu byinyongera bishobora kugira ingaruka kumubare w'inguzanyo yatanzwe nubunini bwubutaka hamwe nigiti cyibiti kugirango harebwe inyungu zamazi yimvura. 

## Amateka

Inguzanyo y'ibiti yabazwe nk'inguzanyo y'amazi y'imvura,  no gukoresha ibara rya karubone. 

Sisitemu yo gutanga inguzanyo ikoresheje kode yakozwe na Ferdinand Swart. 

Gutera ibiti byinshi byabaturage byateguwe cyangwa byatewe nuburyo bwo gutanga inguzanyo (OARM, PSA, GPS).  yo mu Buhinde yashyizeho gahunda yo gutanga inguzanyo mu biti mu 2016. 

## Reba kandi

* Ibikoresho bya politiki y’ibidukikije bishingiye ku isoko

## Reba
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi

Ubuhinzi bugira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere binyuze mu byuka bihumanya ikirere no guhindura ubutaka butari ubuhinzi nk’amashyamba mu butaka bw’ubuhinzi.   Ubuhinzi, amashyamba n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka bitanga hagati ya 13 kugeza kuri 21 ku ijana by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi.  imyuka  mibi igizwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi.  Ubworozi ni soko nya mukuru yohereza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.  

## Incamake
Ibikorwa byubuhinzi bisohora imyuka ya parike ya gaze karuboni, aside nitide, na metani . 

### Umwuka wa karuboni
Ibikorwa nko guhinga imirima, gutera ibihingwa, no kohereza ibicuruzwa bitera imyuka ya karuboni.  Ubuhinzi bwangiza imyuka bingana na 11% byuka bihumanya ikirere.  Imirima nko kugabanya guhinga, kugabanya ubutaka bwubusa, gusubiza biyomasi ibisigazwa by ibihingwa kubutaka, no kongera ikoreshwa ryibihingwa bitwikiriye bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere. 

### Umwuka wa metani

## Imikoreshereze y'ubutaka

## Reba

### Imirimo yatanzwe

*  

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ku muryango w’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi ku rubuga rw’umuryango w’abibumbye.
* Raporo ku isano iri hagati y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubuhinzi n’umutekano w’ibiribwa n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubushakashatsi kuri politiki y’ibiribwa
* Imihindagurikire y’ibihe, umuceri n’ubuhinzi bwa Aziya: Ibintu 12 byo kumenya Banki ishinzwe iterambere muri Aziya
Agroforestry

**ubuhinzi** bivuga uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gukoresha ubutaka aho urwuri cyangwa ibihingwa bihujwe n'ibiti n'amashyamba .guhuza ubuhinzi n’amashyamba bifite inyungu nyinshi, nko kongera umusaruro ukomoka ku bihingwa by’ibiribwa by’ibanze, kuzamura imibereho y’abahinzi kuva ku musaruro, kongera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kuzamura ubutaka n’ubuzima, kugabanya isuri mu mirima.  Ibiti muri sisitemu y’ubuhinzi birashobora kandi gutera ibiti, imbuto, nibindi bicuruzwa byingirakamaro bifite agaciro nubukungu. Ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi bwiganje cyane mu turere dushyuha,   cyane ahantu hato   dufite akamaro kanini muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara.  Nyamara, kubera inyungu zayo nyinshi, urugero  ni ntungamubiri zo kugabanya amapfa, byemejwe muri Amerika no mu burayi.   

## Ishingiro ry'ubumenyi

## Inyungu

### Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye

## Inkomoko
 

## Ibindi gusoma no gutegera

*  
* *The Springer Journal*, "Agroforestry Systems" (ISSN 1572-9680); Editor-In-Chief: Prof. Shibu Jose, H.E. Garrett Endowed Professor and Director, The Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri
*  
* Interview with Eric Toensmeier on carbon farming (archive here, audio here), from *Living on Earth* show broadcast 25 November 2016.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubuhinzi (USDA)
* Ikigo cy’ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi ku isi
* Porogaramu y'Ubushakashatsi ya CGIAR ku mashyamba, ibiti n'ibiti by'amashyamba (FTA)
* Ikigo cya Agroforestry muri kaminuza ya Missouri
* Fondasiyo ya Australiya Agroforestry
* Ubuhinzi bwo muri Australiya
* Icyatsi kibisi
* Ibimera by'ejo hazaza
* Icyizere cyo kubungabunga Ya'axché
* Ibiti by'ejo hazaza
* Igitabo cyamahugurwa yubuhinzi bwa Agroforestry kubuntu (kuva kubiti by'ejo hazaza)
* Vi-Agroforestry
* Agroforst muri Deutschland
* Agroforestry mu Bufaransa no mu Burayi

; Itangazamakuru

* "Agroforestry yumvikana ku bantu bahejejwe inyuma mu misozi ya Filipine" (Erhardt / Bünner), ingingo mu kinyamakuru *D + C Iterambere n'Ubufatanye*
* The short film      .
* The short film      .
* The short film      .
* The short film      .
* The short film      .
* Agroforestry, imigabane nibitekerezo. Umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi, Liagre F. na Girardin N.
Agricultural pollution

**Ihumana ry’ubuhinzi** ryerekeza ku binyabuzima  biva mu buhinzi bivamo kwanduza cyangwa kwangiza ibidukikije, kandi bikomeretsa abantu n’inyungu z’ubukungu. Umwanda urashobora guturuka ahantu hatandukanye, uhereye kumyanda ihumanya y’amazi  ukagenda hamwe no gukwirakwira cyane, ku rwego rw’imiterere, bizwi kandi ko bitanduye bituruka ku bidukikije ndetse n’umwanda uhumanya ikirere . Iyo mwanda mu bidukikije ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi mu bidukikije , ni ukuvuga kwica inyamaswa zo muri ako gace cyangwa kwanduza amazi yo kunywa,

## Inkomoko ya Abiotic

### Imiti yica udukoko

#### Imiti yica udukoko

### Ifumbire

#### Azote

#### Fosifore

### Imiti yica udukoko

### Gucunga amatungo
 

## Reba
Ubworozi bwa karubone

**Ubworozi bwa karubone** ni zina ry'uburyo butandukanye bw'ubuhinzi bugamije kw'injiza karubone yo mu kirere mu butaka no mu mizi y’ibihingwa, ibiti n'amababi yabyo. Intego yo guhinga karubone ni ukongera umuvuduko wa karubone yinjira mu butaka n’ibiti by’ibimera hagamijwe kugabanya  karuboni mu kirere.  Kongera ibinyabuzima mu butaka birashobora gufasha gukura ibihingwa, kongera ibinyabuzima byose bya karubone, kongera ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi yu butaka  no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire.  Ubworozi bwa karubone ni kimwe mu bigize kubungabunga ikirere .

## Incamake

### Ubutaka bwa karubone

### Ibitekerezo bifitanye isano

#### Ubuhinzi bw’ikirere

#### Carbone y'ubururu

## Umurenge

### Ubuhinzi

### Amashyamba

#### Umugano

## Inzitizi

## Ukurikije igihugu

### Australiya

### Amerika y'Amajyaruguru

* Agroforestry
* Ubuhinzi bushya
* Ubworozi bw'inyanja
* Ubutaka bwa karubone

## Reba
Aimee Classen

**Aimée Classen** ni umunyamerika ukora ku bidukikije wiga ku ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’isi n'amoko atandukanye y’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi. Ibikorwa bye biramenyekana kubera kwita kubidukikije hamwe n’ibitekerezo,  hamwe n’ubudasa bw’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi bikubiyemo, birimo amashyamba, urwuri, ibiti, hamwe no mu turere dushyuha kandi duhindagurika . 

Kugeza ubu ni umuyobozi w'ikigo cy’ibinyabuzima cya kaminuza muri Michigani , umuryango w’abanyeshuri n’abashakashatsi muri kaminuza wahariwe kwiga ubwoko butandukanye bw’imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije.   Classeni ni umwanditsi mukuru w'ikinyamakuru cy’ibidukikije muri Amerika . 

## Uburezi

## Umwuga

## Ubushakashatsi

## Icyubahiro n'ibihembo

* 1991–1993. NCAA Abanyamerika bose mu koga
* 1995. Sigma Xi
* 1995. Igihembo cya Smith College Brown Botany
* 2002. Impapuro nziza, Ubumenyi bwubutaka bwa Amerika S-7
* 2002–2003. Merriam-Powell Centre kubushakashatsi bwibidukikije Mugenzi wawe
* 2006. Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika Igihembo Cyiza Mentor
* 2007. Intiti ikiri nto isezerana, Ishuri rikuru ryubumenyi muri Amerika Imipaka mubumenyi
* 2007. Mugenzi wa siyanse ya Kavli
* 2007. Impapuro nziza, Ubumenyi bwubutaka bwa Amerika S-7
* 2012. UT College of Arts and Science Research and Creative Achievement Award
* 2012. Pi Beta Phi igihembo cyo kwigisha
* 2014. Intiti isezerana, Ishuri rikuru ryubumenyi muri Amerika, Imipaka mubumenyi
* 2015. Ishyirahamwe ry’abategarugori Ubutaka Mentoring Award - gushimira abantu (abagabo cyangwa abagore) bagize uruhare runini mu burezi, gukura mu mwuga, no kugera ku bagore mu bumenyi bw’ubutaka

* 2020, Mugenzi, Umuryango w’ibidukikije muri Amerika (ESA)  
* 2020, Gund Institute Catalyst Award 

## Reba
Imihindagurikire y’ibihe n'uburobyi

Uburobyi bwibasiwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu buryo bwinshi harimo  urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, nibyo mu nyanja bigira ingaruka ku kuzamuka ku bushyuhe bw’inyanja, ndetse n'aside yo mu nyanja  na nu mwuka yo mu nyanja, mu gihe urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi meza bigira ingaruka ku ihinduka ry’ubushyuhe bw’amazi, umuvuduko w’amazi, n’amafi akabura aho aba.  Izi ngaruka ziratandukanye mu rwego rwa buri burobyi .  Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ihindura ubwiyongere bw’amafi  n’umusaruro w’amoko yo mu nyanja n’amazi meza. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe iteganijwe gutuma habaho impinduka zikomeye mu kuboneka no gucuruza ibikomoka ku mafi .  Ingaruka z'ibihe na politike z'ubukungu zizaba ingirakamaro, cyane mu bihugu biterwa cyane nu murenge. Kugabanuka gukomeye mu bushobozi bwo gufata bishobora gutegerezwa muri mberabyombi nko mu karere ka pasifika yepfo. 

## Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku nyanja

## Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere

## Ingaruka ku musaruro w'amafi

## Ingaruka ku baturage baroba

## Kurwanya
Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere

Gutema amashyamba ni uruhare runini mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere,   kandi imihindagurikire y’ikirere igira ingaruka ku mashyamba. 

Ihinduka ry'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka, mu buryo bwo gutema amashyamba,  ni isoko rya kabiri rinini rya ya karuboni yo mu kirere, nyuma yo gutwikwa na peteroli .  Imyuka ya parike isohoka mugihe cyo gutwika biyomasi yishyamba no kubora ibikoresho byi bimera bisigaye hamwe na karuboni yubutaka . Icyitegererezo cyisi yose hamwe nu bubiko bwa parike yi gihugu itanga ibisubizo bisa kubyangiza amashyamba. muri 2019  , gutema amashyamba bishinzwe hafi 11 ku ijana mu byuka bihumanya ikirere .  Ibyuka byangiza imyuka yo gutema amashyamba birihuta.   Gukura amashyamba ni karuboni ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere . Zimwe mu ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, nk’umuriro mwinshi,  zishobora kongera amashyamba. 

Gutema amashyamba biza muburyo bwinshi: umuriro w’ishyamba, gutema ubuhinzi, korora amatungo, no gutema ibiti, . Umubare munini wi bikorwa byu buhinzi bivamo amashyamba biterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta .  Amashyamba afite 31 ki ijana yubutaka bwisi kandi buri mwaka kilometero kare 75.700 ( bingana na hegitari miliyoni 18.7) zishyamba ziratakara.  Nk’uko ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’isi kibitangaza, habayeho kwiyongera kwa 12 ku ijana mu gutakaza amashyamba y’ibanze yo mu turere dushyuha kuva muri 2019 kugeza 2020.  Gutema amashyamba menshi bikomeje kubangamira amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, na serivisi y'ibidukikije batanga. Igice nyamukuru gihangayikishijwe no gutema amashyamba ni mumashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha kubera ko atuwe n’ibinyabuzima byinshi ku isi.

## Imihindagurikire y’ibihe

## Impamvu zitera amashyamba

### Ubworozi
Ubworozi bw'amatungo busaba igice kinini cy'ubutaka bwo korora amashyo y'amatungo n'ibihingwa by'amatungo kubyo abaguzi bakeneye. Nk’uko ikigega cy'isi cyita ku nyamaswa kibitangaza, "Ubworozi bw'inka nini ni bwo bwa mbere mu guteza amashyamba mu bihugu hafi ya byose bya Amazone, kandi bingana na 80% by'amashyamba muri iki gihe."  Ubworozi bw’amatungo bwashinzwe muri Tejas mugihe cya Misiyoni ya Espagne, hagati ya 1820 na 1865 kandi bwari butwarwa ahanini n’inka zo muri Mexico.   Nyuma, ubwo ubutumwa bwari bumaze gufungwa maze abapadiri n'abasirikare bava muri ako gace ariko bagasiga inka inyuma, umurimo wafashwe n'abenegihugu ku giti cyabo.  Nyuma y'intambara y'abenegihugu, Texans yatangiye gukusanya inka no kugurisha amajyaruguru muri leta nka Kansas na Illinois.  Nk’uko bitangazwa na Greenpeace, umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta uharanira ibidukikije ku isi, inganda z’inka nizo zifite uruhare runini mu kohereza imyuka ya metani kubera ko 60% by’inyamabere zose ku isi ari inka z’amatungo.   Gusimbuza ubutaka bw’amashyamba n’inzuri bitera igihombo cy’amashyamba, ibyo bikaba biganisha ku kongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu gutwika uburyo bw’ubuhinzi no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. 

### Kwagura ubuhinzi

## Reba
Fermentation

**Fermentation ya enteric** ni inzira igogora aho karubone ya  igabanywa na mikorobe ikabamo molekile yoroshye kugirango yinjire mumaraso yinyamaswa. Kubera ubuhinzi bw’abantu bushingiye ku bice byinshi by’isi ku nyamaswa zonona na fermentation ya enteric, ni kimwe mu bintu byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere.

## Ibihuha
Amatungo yinyamanswa naya afite rumen . Rumen ni igifu gifite abantu benshi kiboneka hafi yinyamabere zimwe na zimwe za artiodactyl, nk'inka, intama, n'impongo, bibafasha kurya selile ikomoka ku bimera bikomeye ndetse n'ibinyampeke bikomoka ku nyamaswa za monogastrici (ni ukuvuga, "icyumba kimwe gifunze"), nka abantu, imbwa, ninjangwe, ntibishobora gusya. Nubwo ingamiya zitekereza ko ari amatungo ntabwo ari amatungo yukuri. 

ferimetatiyo ibaho mu gihe metane ikorewe muri rumeni mugihe habaye mikorobe. Amoko arenga 200 ya mikorobe aboneka muri rumeni, nubwo hafi 10 ku ijana gusa aribyo bigira uruhare runini mugusya. Ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho bifatanye ninyamaswa. Nyamara, ijanisha rito naryo rikorerwa mu mara manini kandi ryanyuze nko kuryama .

## Gucunga ubushakashatsi

## Reba kandi

* Ingaruka ku bidukikije ku musaruro w’inyama # Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere
* Methane

## Reba


## Ibitekerezo bitavuzwe

# MJ Gibbs na RA Leng, "Umwuka wa Methane uva mu bworozi", Methane na Nitrous Oxide, Ibyavuye mu mahugurwa mpuzamahanga ya IPCC, Amersfoort, Ubuholandi, pp.&nbsp;73–79, Gashyantare 1993.
# Igitabo cy’akazi cya Leta: Uburyo bwo kugereranya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, EPA 230-B-92-002, Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika, Ibiro bya Politiki, Igenamigambi n’isuzuma, Washington, DC, 1995.
# Imyuka mpuzamahanga ya Anthropogenic Methane: Ikigereranyo cya 1990, EPA-230-R-93-010. Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije, ishami rishinzwe impinduka ku isi, Ibiro by’ikirere n’imirasire, Washington, DC, 1994.
# 
# Imyuka ya Anthropogenic Methane Muri Amerika: Ikigereranyo cyo mu 1990, Raporo muri Kongere, Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika, Ibiro bishinzwe ikirere n'imirasire, Washington, DC, 1993.
# Igitabo cy’ibarura rya parike ya Greenhouse, Akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe / Umuryango uharanira ubukungu n’iterambere, Paris, Ubufaransa, pp.&nbsp;4.1-4.5, 1995.
Ibidukikije bikomoka ku bimera

**Ibidukikije bikomoka ku bimera** ni umuco wo kurya ibikomoka ku bimera iyo biterwa no gushaka gukora indyo irambye yirinda ingaruka mbi z’ibidukikije ku musaruro w’inyama . Amatungo muri rusange ateganijwe kuba hafi 15 ku ijana y’ibyuya bihumanya ikirere ku isi.     

Usibye imihindagurikire y’ikirere, inganda z’ubworozi nizo ntandaro y’ibanze mu  urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no gutema amashyamba, mu gihe bifite akamaro kanini ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije nko gukoresha amazi n’ubutaka, umwanda, ndetse no kutabaho neza .    

## Ingaruka ku bidukikije ku bikomoka ku nyamaswa
Ibice bine bya gatanu byangiza imyuka iva mu buhinzi biva mu bworozi. 

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'ikigo cya isi ireba mu 2009 bwavuze ko raporo yasuzuguye ingaruka zijyanye na metani, imikoreshereze y'ubutaka ndetse n'ubuhumekero, bigatuma amatungo agera kuri 51 ku ijana by'ibyuka bihumanya isi

yose. 

### Ugereranije imyuka ihumanya ikirere kuri buri funguro

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Kurya Inyama nke. Bika Ibinyabuzima Byinshi . Ikigo gishinzwe ibinyabuzima bitandukanye
* Kurya Inyama na Global Warming urutonde rwibintu byerekana isano iri hagati yinyama n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere
* Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije Ibice bibiri nibitekerezo byimirire.
* Dr. Ruth Fairchild wo muri raporo ya UWIC kuri veganism na CO <sub>2</sub> -ibisohoka
* Umuryango w’ibikomoka ku bimera UK - portal yamakuru
* Isi
* Umuryango w’ibimera - Ibidukikije
* Kwiyongera kw'ibidukikije . Amakuru ya NBC . 4 Nyakanga 2019.
* Abaharanira Ibihe Banze Kurya Inyama Nibeshya . *Repubulika Nshya*, 31 Kanama 2020
Gucunga neza (ubuhinzi)

**Imicungire yuzuye** mu buhinzi ni uburyo bwo gucunga umutungo watunganijwe mbere na Alani  mu gucunga ubwatsi .  Imicungire ya Holistike yagereranijwe ko uburyo bwa perimaculiture.  Imicungire ya Holistike ni ikirango cyanditse.

## Ibisobanuro

**Ubuyobozi bwuzuye** busobanura sisitemu yo gutekereza kuburyo bwo gucunga umutungo. Ubusanzwe byakozwe na Alani, ubu birahuzwa kugirango bikoreshwe mu gucunga izindi sisitemu zifite imibereho iruhanyije nk'ibidukikije n’ubukungu. Ubwatsi buteganijwe kurisha ubusa no kurisha kuzenguruka ariko buratandukanye kubera ko bumenya neza kandi butanga urwego rwo guhuza inzira enye z’ibinyabuzima: uruziga rw’amazi ,    [ 4  [ 5     Imicungire ya Holisitike yagereranijwe n'uburyo bwa permaculiture.

### Urwego
Uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo bya Holisitike bukoresha intambwe esheshatu zingenzi zo kuyobora imicungire yumutungo:  

### Amahame ane

## Iterambere

## Gukoresha

## Kunegura

## Ibihembo

## Reba kandi
 

## Reba

*  
*  
* Hudak, Mike (2015-02-01). Comments on Allan Savory's Proposed Application of “Holistic Management” to Grasslands, Including Desert Grasslands, for the Purpose of Increasing Sequestration of Atmospheric Carbon.  Revised 13 Nov 2013; 1 Feb 2015.  Public letter to Sierra Club contains many online references critical of holistic agricultural management.  7 pages.
* Nordborg, Maria (June 2016) Holistic management – a critical review of Allan Savory's grazing method. Uppsala: SLU/EPOK – Centre for Organic Food & Farming & Chalmers.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ikigo Cyiza
* Ubuyobozi bwa Holistic International
Itsinda rishinzwe amashyamba muri Uganda

**Itsinda rishinzwe amashyamba muri Uganda**  n’umuryango ukorera muri Uganda, mu rusobe rudasanzwe rw’abafatanyabikorwa mu mashyamba, imiryango itegamiye kuri leta, ibigo bya masomo nu bushakashatsi bigira uruhare mu iterambere rirambye ry’amashyamba muri Uganda bikaba bitandukanye mu bice bitandukanye byi gihugu iterambere.  Yashinzwe mu 2001 kugira ngo igire uruhare mu iterambere ry’amashyamba no gukurikirana mu bwigenge ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Politiki y’amashyamba na gahunda y’i gihugu y’amashyamba .  

## Ubufatanye

ifatanya n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, Imiryango ishingiye ku baturage, Amashyirahamwe y’abakoresha amashyamba Amashuri makuru n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi hamwe n’abanyamuryango ku giti cyabo bagize uruhare mu iterambere no kuramba by’amashyamba muri Uganda.  Kuva mu 2014 kugeza 2016, Itsinda rishinzwe amashyamba muri Uganda, ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi by’umuryango w’abibumbye  n’ishami rishinzwe gutera inkunga amashyamba  munsi ya Minisiteri y’amazi n’ibidukikije  ku nkunga y’amafaranga yatanzwe n’ishami rishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga, mu Bwongereza, yashyize mu bikorwa umushinga “Kongera igihe cy’amashyamba n’imiyoborere muri Uganda” kugira ngo ugerageze inzira yo kwandikisha amashyamba yigenga no gutangaza amashyamba y’abaturage muri Uganda, nkuko biteganijwe, ariko ntibyigeze bishyirwa mu bikorwa, mu itegeko ry’igihugu ry’amashyamba n’ibiti mu 2003. 

## Reba kandi

* Ishirahamwe ry'ibiribwa n'ubuhinzi
* Minisiteri y’amazi n’ibidukikije (Uganda)
* Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe amashyamba

## Reba


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* UFWG
Cakao ivugurura

**Cacao ivugurura** isobanurwa nka cacao ikorerwa mu murima ukoresha ubuhinzi bushya nu buryo bwo guhinga amashyamba. Ifitanye isano rya bugufi na shokora yo muri ikerene, itanga ibiribwa kama  umuryango wo kubungabunga amashyamba yimvura , hamwe n’umushinga w’ubuhinzi bw'umwimerere.   Cacao nibikoresho fatizo bikoreshwa mu gukora shokora .

Cacao ivuguruye irangwa nu buhinzi bw'ibinyabuzima butandukanye bwi biti aho ibiti bya cakao bihingwa mu gicucu cy’ibindi biti, bigana m' urusobe rwi binyabuzima rusanzwe. Ubu buryo bwo guhinga bukoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo kugarura amashyamba ku rwuri rw’inka zatereranywe ndetse no mu tundi turere tw’ubuhinzi bw’amashyamba.  Mubisanzwe bifatwa nkingamba  zo gucunga neza ubutaka, aho abahinzi bashobora kubyara ibiryo ninjiza mugihe cyo kuvugurura amashyamba. 

Urugendo rwa cacao rusubirwamo ni ingamba zo kurwanya imirima ya cacao, ikaba akenshi itera amashyamba mu turere dushyuha.

## Ubuhinzi
Agroforestry ivugurura ikoresha iri hame nkuburyo bwo gusana amashyamba.  Imwe mu nyungu zubu buryo ni ugukuraho neti ya CO2 mukirere. Izindi nyungu zirimo kongera umusaruro ukomoka ku bihingwa by’ibiribwa, kuzamura imibereho y’abahinzi kuva ku musaruro winjiza, kongera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kuzamura ubutaka n’ubuzima, no kugabanya isuri.  Hamwe nimiterere yubutaka bwiza, ibihingwa biva mubuhinzi bushya burimo vitamine zimwe na zimwe, imyunyu ngugu, na phytochemiki.  Imiti myinshi ya phytochemiki irashobora kongera uburyohe bwibiryo ugereranije nibikorwa bisanzwe byubuhinzi.  Muri rusange, ubuhinzi bushya bwubuhinzi nuburyo bwubuhinzi bushya bukoresha ibiti cyane kuruta ibihingwa byumwaka.

Ibiti bya Cacao, bikomoka mu mashyamba y’imvura yo muri uquateur,  mu bisanzwe byahinduwe kugira ngo bibeho kandi bitere imbere mu nsi y’ishyamba rishyuha.  Ibi, bifatanije no kwiyongera kwisi yose kuri shokora, bituma ibiti bya cakao ari ikintu cyiza cyibiti by’amashyamba yi mbera byombi. 

## Kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ibihe
umuyobozi ushinzwe amategeko n’ubukangurambaga, avuga ko igisubizo kimwe ari uko inganda za shokora zishobora guhinduka mu buhinzi bw’amashyamba no mu bwoko bwa cakao zikuze mu gicucu, kandi ko hagomba kunozwa uburyo bw’imyororokere ya cacao. 

## Reba
Ubuhinzi bushya

**Ubuhinzi bushya** ni uburyo bwo kubungabunga no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ibiribwa hamwe nu buhinzi. Yibanze mu kuvugurura ubutaka, kongera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima,  kuzamura uruziga rwa mazi,  kuzamura serivisi z’ibidukikije, gushyigikira ibinyabuzima,  kongera imbaraga mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, no gushimangira ubuzima n’ubuzima bw’ubutaka bw’imirima.

Ubuhinzi bushya ntabwo ari imyitozo yihariye ubwayo. Ahubwo, abashyigikira ubuhinzi bushya bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bwu buhinzi burambye hamwe.  Imyitozo ikubiyemo gutunganya imyanda myinshi yu murima bishoboka no kongeramo ifumbire mvaruganda ituruka hanze yu murima.     Ubuhinzi bushya ku mirima mito nu busitani akenshi bushingiye kuri filozofi nka perimaculiture, Ubuhinzi, ecologiya, igishushanyo mbonera, hamwe nu buyobozi bwuzuye . Imirima minini nayo igenda ikoreshwa mu buryo nkubu, kandi akenshi ikoresha oya kugeza cyangwa kugabanuka kugeza.

Mu gihe ubuzima bwu butaka bugenda butera imbere, ibisabwa byinjira birashobora kugabanuka, kandi umusaruro wi bihingwa urashobora kwiyongera kuko ubutaka bushobora guhangana ni kirere gikabije kandi bukabamo udukoko twangiza na virusi . 

## Amateka

### Inkomoko

### Iterambere rya vuba (kuva 2010)

## Amahame

## Imyitozo
Imyitozo n'amahame akoreshwa mu buhinzi bushya harimo:    

## Ingaruka ku bidukikije

### Urutonde rwa karubone

### Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye

## Reba kandi

*
* Ubworozi bwa karubone

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Intsinzi nshya
* Harashobora gukoreshwa uburyo burambye bwubuhinzi
* Kwigira kuri Kamere
* 
* "Ubuhinzi bushya" . Kuvugurura.org. 2021.
* VicNoTill i Horsham, Victoria . Sisitemu yo guhinga ivugurura Australiya.

## Reba
Ikimenyetso cy’amapfa

**Icyerekezo cy’amapfa**, mu karere gikunze gukoreshwa mu gukurikirana ibiza by’amapfa no kwiga urugero nu buremere bw’ibihe by’amapfa.  Ironderero rikoresha imvura nu bushyuhe bwo kwiga itangwa rya mazi ni bisabwa ukoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo kuringaniza amazi.   Yakozwe n’iteganyagihe witwa Wayine, wasohoye bwa mbere uburyo bwe mu mpapuro zo mu 1965 *z’amapfa y’ikirere*  ku biro bishinzwe ikirere cy’ibiro by’ikirere muri Amerika .

Abanyamateka bavuze ko akamaro k'ibipimo bigabanuka kubera imiterere yinzira uko bishakiye, harimo n'ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu kugereranya. Indangagaciro idashobora kubara ubukonje nu butaka butose nabyo byavuzwe nkintege nke. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Igenzura ry’amapfa mu kigo cya NOAA gishinzwe iteganyagihe ukoresheje igipimo cy’amapfa ya Palmer
* Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubushakashatsi bw’ikirere n’ikirere, Igice cyo gusesengura ikirere
* UCL Ububiko bwikirere nubumenyi bwikirere Ikurikirana ry’amapfa ku isi ukoresheje igipimo cy’amapfa ya Palmer
Mootral

**Mootral** ni isosiyete y'Abongereza n'Ubusuwisi itegura ibiryo byinyogera bigabanya imyuka ya metani ituruka ku nyamaswa zororoka, inka n'intama, n'ihene .  Methane ni intego nya mukuru ya gaze ya parike kandi muri raporo ya 4  y’akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe irasabwa kwiyongera kuva kuri 23 ikagera kuri 72 kubera ubunini bw’ingaruka zayo ugereranije na  carbone no kuramba mu kirere cy’isi .

## Ibyokurya bisanzwe
Ibigo bikoresha ibiryo bya Mootral bitanga inguzanyo ya karubone ishobora gukoreshwa kugirango igabanye ibyuka bihumanya ikirere cyangwa igurishwa kubandi bantu.  Ukuboza 2019, Verra yatangaje ko yemeye Mootral nk'uburyo bwa mbere ku isi bwo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya metani ituruka ku matungo magufi. 

## Kumenyekanisha
Mootral yitabiriwe cyane nku wakabiri mu mpinduka zibihe  na mahame yo mu Buholandi. 

Mootral yabaye uwanyuma muri 2009 nkumwe mubisubizo 12 bitanga igisubizo cyimihindagurikire y’ikirere . 

## Reba

## Inkomoko
Ubuhinzi & Ubworozi Australiya

**Inyama & Ubworozi Australiya**  ni sosiyete yigenga igenga ibipimo ngenderwaho mu micungire y’inyama n’amatungo ku masoko ya Ositaraliya n’amahanga. Icyicaro gikuru kiri mu majyaruguru ya Sydney muri  Ositaraliya ;  M&LA ikorana cyane na guverinoma ya Ositarariya, n’inganda z’inyama n’ubworozi.    Nu buyobozi bu tandukanye, M&LA ifite uruhare runini mubice by'imari, ibya leta nu bushakashatsi .   Itsinda ry’ibigo M&LA rikora ubushakashatsi kandi ritanga serivisi zo kwamamaza ku bakora inyama, inzego za leta n’abasesengura isoko.     Ihuriro nibikorwa nabyo bikoreshwa na M&LA bigamije guha abaproducer amahirwe yo kwishimana nabandi bitabiriye gutanga isoko .  

Icyorezo cya Corona cya hungabanije amasoko yu bukungu nu musaruro ku isi.  Icyorezo cya COVID nacyo cyagize ingaruka ku kwinjiza amatsinda ya M&LA.   Mu mwaka w’ingengo y’imari wa 2019–20, M&LA yinjije muri rusange amadori miliyoni  269.7.   M&LA yagize igabanuka rya 0.1 ku ijana mu kwinjiza ugereranije n’umwaka w’ingengo y’imari wa 2018–19, aho itsinda ry’ibigo ryinjije amadorari miliyoni 269.9.    

## Itsinda rusange
Itsinda rya M&LA ryashinzwe nyuma yo guhuza ikigo cy’inyama n’ubworozi cya Ositaraliya (AMLC)  n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku nyama (MRC)  cyemerera abikorera ku giti cyabo izo nzego za leta mu 1998.  Itsinda ryi bigo bya M&LA ryashinzwe imirimo yubushakashatsi niterambere rya AMLC nintego ya MRC yo gutanga inkunga yumusaruro.  

### Inyama n’amatungo Australiya igarukira

Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyatumye gukusanya amakuru n'imibare biva ku masoko yo mu karere ndetse no ku isi bigorana.  Kubera COVID-19 yabujijwe no kugabanya kubona amakuru, M&LA yahagaritse by'agateganyo umusaruro wa EYCI hagati ya Werurwe na Kamena 2020.   Nyuma yo koroshya imipaka ya COVID-19 muri Ositaraliya,   igipimo cy’isoko cyagarutse mu cyumweru gishize cya Kamena 2020.  M&LA igamije gukomeza guha abasesengura n’abasesengura isoko amakuru ku miterere y’isoko mpuzamahanga bashyira mu bikorwa ubushakashatsi ku masoko y’amahanga, bushimishije n’abakora ibicuruzwa muri Ositaraliya ku bijyanye n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Muri 2018–19, Australiya yohereje 72% by’inyama z’inka n’inyama zose, naho Ubushinwa bugira 24% by’inyama z’inka zo muri Ositaraliya mu mwaka wa 2019.   M&LA yakoze ubushakashatsi ku baguzi mu Bushinwa kugira ngo isesengure imyitwarire y’abaguzi n’iterambere ry’icyorezo cya COVID-19.   Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko hakomeje kwiyongera ku baguzi bakeneye inyama zitukura mu Bushinwa,  hamwe n’inyama z’inka za Ositaraliya ziyongereyeho 43% ku masoko y’Ubushinwa mu gihe cy’icyorezo.   Ubu bushakashatsi bugamije kunoza icyizere cya producer no gutanga 

amakuru kubasesengura isoko mugihe cyorezo cya COVID-19.  

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Indyo ya karubone nkeya

**Indyo ya karubone nkeya** bivuga guhitamo ubuzima bujyanye no kurya ibiryo kugirango ugabanye ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.  Guhitamo indyo yuzuye ya karubone nimwe mu bice byo guteza imbere indyo irambye yo ngerera igihe kirekire ikiremwamuntu .

Ibyuka bihumanya biterwa n'umusaruro w'amatungo, n'abandi. gereranya ko kwisi yose, metani ihwanye na 30.2 ku ijana. Kimwe nizindi myuka ya parike, metani igira uruhare mubushyuhe bwisi iyo ikirere cyayo kizamutse. Nubwo imyuka ya metani iva mu buhinzi n’andi masoko ya antropogeneque yagize uruhare runini mu gushyuha kwashize, ntabwo bifite akamaro kanini kubushyuhe bwa none na vuba. Ni ukubera ko mu myaka yashize habaye kwiyongera gake cyane mu kirere cya metani yo mu kirere     methane idasanzwe ituruka mu bishanga karemano, cyane cyane mu turere dushyuha, aho kuba isoko ya antropogene. 

## Guhitamo ibiryo byinshi-karubone na karubone nkeya

## Reba

## Inkomoko yinyongera
Igicucu kirekire

***Ibibazo by’ibidukikije n’amahitamo*** ni raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye, yashyizwe ahagaragara n’umuryango w’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi  yu muryango wa bibumbye ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 2006,  igamije gusuzuma ingaruka zose zu bworozi ku bidukikije ibibazo, hamwe nu buryo bwa tekiniki na politiki bushobora kugabanywa ".  Yavuze ko amatungo angana na 18 ku ijana yi byuka bihumanya ikirere, iyo mibare yahindutse igera kuri 14.5 ku ijana mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2013 *mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere binyuze mu bworozi* .

Umwanditsi mukuru Henning Steinfeld yavuze ko amatungo ari umwe mu bagize uruhare runini mu bibazo by’ibidukikije by’iki gihe" kandi ko hakenewe ingamba zihutirwa kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke. 

Ingingo yo mu 2009 mu kinyamakuru Worldwatch Institute yanditswe n'abanditsi Anihangi, icyo gihe bakoreraga muri Banki y'Isi, bavuze ko raporo idahwitse kandi ko ubworozi bugira uruhare runini mu byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, nibura 51 ku ijana, bifata hitawe ku guhumeka kw'inyamaswa n'ubushobozi bwa fotosintetike y'ubutaka bukoreshwa mu kugaburira no gutura amatungo.   Igisubizo cya 2011 kuri iki kibazo cyashyizwe ahagaragara hamwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abahanga, batesha agaciro ingingo y’iki kinyamakuru kandi gishimangira isuzuma rya 2006.   Ariko iki gisubizo cyashubijwe bongera gushimangira igereranyo ryabo mu gihe abahanga  banze gukomeza impaka nubwo ubutumire bwatumiwe.  Mu mwaka wa 2013,  yafatanyije ku mugaragaro n’ubunyamabanga mpuzamahanga bw’inyama n’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’amata  kandi benshi mu banditsi bamwe ba raporo ya mbere bashyize ahagaragara ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho (2013) bwakorewe, bavugurura igereranyo cy’imyuka ihumanya ikirere bitewe n’amatungo amanuka; kugeza 14.5 ku ijana   udakemuye amakosa ayo ari yo yose avugwa yagaragaye muri raporo ya  Anhangi cyangwa mu mpaka zasuzumwe n’urungano.

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe iterambere ryimisozi

ifite icyicaro  mu mujyi uherereye mu kibaya cya Katihimandu muri Nepali.  Kuri Godavari muri Lalitipuri,  ifite Parike yubumenyi yerekana bimwe mubikorwa byu bushakashatsi.  Byongeye kandi,  ifite ibiro byigihugu muri Afuganisitani na Pakisitani.  Imiryango ifatanyabikorwa  irimo ibigo bya siyansi byi gihugu ndetse na mahanga, ibigo bya leta, ibigo by’abaterankunga, n’abikorera, haba ndetse no hanze yacyo.  

## Icyerekezo n'intego
Icyerekezo cya ICIMOD ni: "Abagabo, abagore, ndetse n'abana bo muri Hindu Kush Himalaya bishimira ubuzima bwiza babayeho neza." 

Inshingano z'uyu muryango ni: "Gufasha iterambere rirambye kandi rirambye ry'imisozi kugira ngo imibereho myiza irusheho kuba myiza binyuze mu bumenyi n'ubufatanye bw'akarere." 

Intego ya ICIMOD ni "Ku misozi n'abantu". 

## Amateka

### Inkomoko

## Gahunda z'akarere

## Reba
Gregory V. Jones

**Gregory V. Jones** ni umugabo ukomoka ku mugabane wa amerika mu bushakashatsi bwi kirere akaba ari nzobere mu bijyanye ni kirere cyu buhinzi bwi mbuto, yibanda ku kuntu imihindagurikire yi kirere igira ingaruka ku mikurire yi mizabibu, umusaruro wa divayi, ndetse nu bwiza bwa divayi ikorwa. Jones akaba ari umuyobozi mukuru wa Abacela Vineyards na Winery  i Roseburg, Oregon . Mbere yahoze akora nku muyobozi wi kigo gishinzwe kwigisha divayi kandi ni umwarimu mu bushakashatsi bwi bidukikije muri kaminuza ndetse anaba umuyobozi wi shami ryu bucuruzi, itumanaho ni bidukikije muri kaminuza y’amajyepfo ya Oregon muri Oregoni kandi yari Porofeseri muri gahunda yu bumenyi ni bidukikije muri kaminuza.

## Amavu n'amavuko

## Ubushakashatsi
Ubushakashatsi bwa Jones bwasobanuwe kandi ubuhanga bwe bwagaragaye mu bitabo by’ubucuruzi bwa divayi no ku mbuga za interineti harimo: Ikinyamakuru  muri Gicurasi 2015,   *cya Oregoni muri*  Gicurasi 2015, [ *3*  *Divayi nini yo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba*  Mata 2015 ,   ( Ukuboza 2014), Nzeri 2013),  Ikinyamakuru  mu gushyingo 2012),  n'ikinyamakuru *Mail Tribune* (Kamena 2009). 

## Icyubahiro n'ibihembo
Mu mwaka wa 2016, Jones yahawe igihembo cy'icyubahiro na Ranki na Conifirariya  kubera akazi yakoranye n'inganda zikora divayi muri Porutugali. 

## Reba
Ibiribwa na lisansi

**Ibiribwa hamwe na lisansi** ni ikibazo kijyanye n'ingaruka zo gutandukanya imirima cyangwa ibihingwa kugirango umusaruro wa biyogaze ubangamire itangwa ry'ibiribwa . Impaka za biyogizi ni biribwa zirimo ibitekerezo byinshi, kandi ni kuva kera, bitavugwaho rumwe mu bitabo.     Hariho ukutumvikana ku kamaro ki kibazo, ikibitera, ni bishobora gukorwa cyangwa kugirango iki kibazo gikemuke. Ibigoye kandi bidashidikanywaho biterwa nu mubare munini wingaruka ni bisubizo bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza cyangwa mbi kuri sisitemu yi biciro. Byongeye kandi, imbaraga zigereranijwe zizi ngaruka nziza kandi mbi ziratandukanye mu gihe gito kandi kirekire, zirimo ingaruka zitinze. Uruhande rwa masomo yi mpaka narwo ruyobowe no gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bwu bukungu nu buryo bwo guhatanira gusesengura imibare. 

## Ifaranga ry'ibiciro by'ibiribwa
Kuva 1974 kugeza 2005 ibiciro byibiribwa nyabyo (byahinduwe kugirango ifaranga) byagabanutseho 75%. Ibiciro byibicuruzwa byari bihagaze neza nyuma yo kugera ku ntera mu 2000 na 2001.  Kubwibyo, kwiyongera kwibiciro byibiribwa vuba bifatwa nkibidasanzwe.  Impapuro zikora ubushakashatsi kuri politiki ya Banki y'Isi yasohotse muri Nyakanga 2008 zagaragaje ko izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa ryayobowe n’ibinyampeke, hamwe n’izamuka ry’ibiciro mu 2005 nubwo ibihingwa byanditswe ku isi. Kuva muri Mutarama 2005 kugeza muri Kamena 2008, ibiciro by'ibigori byikubye hafi gatatu, ingano ziyongereyeho 127 ku ijana, n'umuceri wazamutseho 170 ku ijana. Ubwiyongere bw'ibiciro by'ingano bwakurikiwe no kwiyongera kw'amavuta n'ibiciro bya peteroli hagati ya 2006. Ku rundi ruhande, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko umusaruro w’ibisheke wiyongereye vuba, kandi wari munini bihagije kugira ngo igiciro cy’isukari cyiyongere gito usibye 2005 na mbere ya 2006. Uru rupapuro rwanzuye ko ibicanwa biva mu binyampeke byazamuye ibiciro by’ibiribwa bifatanije n’ibindi bintu bifitanye isano hagati ya 70 na 75 ku ijana, ariko Ethanol ikomoka mu bisukari ntabwo yagize uruhare runini mu izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibiribwa biherutse.   

## Impamvu zitangwa

### Ibindi bintu

### Igiciro cya peteroli cyiyongera

## Impaka muri sisitemu mpuzamahanga

### Impaka za 2008: Ibiciro byibiribwa ku isi

## Reba

## Bibiliogarafiya
Igiterwa-ku-Umubumbe

**Ibimera ku mubumbe** ni umuryango ugamije gukangurira abana ndetse n’abantu bakuru ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’ubutabera ku isi . ni igikorwa ikora kandi mu gutera ibiti kandi ibona ko iki ari igikorwa gifatika kandi cyi kigereranyo mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire yi kirere. Muri 2011, yageze ku ntego yo gutera ibiti miliyoni. 

Uyu muryango uri mu bafatanyabikorwa b’urufatiro rwa Fondasiyo f 20, umuyoboro mpuzamahanga wi mishinga ni miryango ya bagiraneza. 

## Inkomoko

## Iterambere

## Imiterere

## Gutera ibiti

## Abafatanyabikorwa

## Reba
Igifuniko gihoraho cyibimera

**Igifuniko cyi bimera gihoraho** bivuga ibiti, ibyatsi byinshi cyangwa nicyatsi, ibinyamisogwe, ni bihuru bifite ubuzima buteganijwe byibuze imyaka 5.

Muri Reta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, hacyenewe igifuniko gihoraho ku butaka bwinjiye muri gahunda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije .

## Reba
Ubuhinzi bwa Kamere

**Ubuhinzi bwa Kamere** bwa shinzwe mu 1936 na Mokichi Okada, washinze Itorero ry isi mesiyaniti, gahunda y’ubuhinzi yiswe nta  feritilize farming . 

Offshoots nka Sekai Kyusei Kyo, iteza imbere 'ubuhinzi bw’ibidukikije bwa Kuyuseyi', ni shyirahamwe rya Mokichi Okada rya shinzwe nyuma yu rupfu rwe kugira ngo rikomeze guteza imbere umurimo mu Buyapani no muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo-Uburasirazuba. 

ihuriro ryu buhinzi muri Afurika yepfo rya hinduye iryo jambo muri Afurika, . 

Nk’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije kiri i Nagano, mu Buyapani kibitangaza,  gishingiye ku nyigisho zivuga ngo:

## Guhinga Kamere

## Reba