Ingano

**Ingano** (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini : *Triticum aestivum*) ni igihingwa cyageze mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1920 kizanywe n’Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi cyo muri Kongo (INEAC).

Nyuma, mu myaka ya 1950 icyo gihingwa cyaje kurekwa kubera ibura ry’isoko ndetse n’amoko y’ingano atari aberanye n’u Rwanda. Ubu ingano zihingwa mu turere tw’isunzu rya Kongo-Nili, mu turere tw’amakoro ndetse no mu misozi miremire ya Buberuka ku butumburuke buri hejuru ya metero 1900. Iki gihingwa gikoreshwa mu nganda zitunganya ifu y’ingano ndetse kikaribwa nk’impeke.

N’ubwo gifite akamaro kanini, ubugunduke bw’ubutaka, indwara n’ibindi byonnyi bituma umusaruro utiyongera.

### Gutegura umurima w'ingano

* Umurima ugomba guhingwa inshuro ebyiri. Ubwa mbere hakurwamo ibyatsi, ubwa kabiri hasanzwa umurima kugira ngo habonekei ntabire iringaniye yo gucibwamo imirongo.
* Ingano zikenera ubutaka bw’isi ndende, bufite imborera ihagije kandi buhitisha amazi.

### Gutera ingano

* Ingano ziterwa kabiri mu mwaka : hagati muri Nzeli kugera hagati mu kwezi k’ Ukwakira **(Igihembwe cy'ihinga A)**  no hagati muri Werurwe kugera hagati muri Mata **(Igihembwe** cy'hinga B).
* Igerambuto n‘uburyo bwo gutera :
* Hakenerwa kirogarama ijana z‘imbuto kuri hegitari imwe (100kg/ha).
* Imbuto zinyanyagizwa mu mirongo itandukanywa na santimetero makumyabiri (20cm).
* Umwobo imbuto ijyamo uba ufite ubujyakuzimu bwa santimetero eshatu (3 cm).

### Kwita ku gihingwa cy’ingano

* Ingano zikenera kwitabwaho hakorwa ibi bikurikira: kumenera, kubagara, gusukira, kurandura ibyatsi, ibindi bihingwa, kimwe n‘izindi mbuto z‘ingano zimeza mu murima.
* **Gufumbira:**
** Ifumbire y’imborera: toni icumi kuri hegitari  zishyirwamo mbere yo kubiba imbuto (T 10/ ha ).
** **Ifumbire mvaruganda :ibiro 250 bya** NPK cyangwa kg 100 za DAP mu murima  wa hegitari imwe mu gihe cyo gutera (250 kg/ha za NPK cyangwa 100 kg/ha za DAP), hakongerwamo kg 100 za Ire (mu gihe cyo kubagara).
* **Isimburanyabihingwa**:ingano zibisikanywa n’ibinyamisogwe (amashaza, ibishyimbo, ) ndetse n’ibinyabijumba (ibirayi).

### '''Indwara'''

* **Indwara ya Seputoriyoze**: iterwa n’agahumyo bita "*Septoria tritici*"; igaragazwa n’amabara maremare atareshya y’ikigina cyeruruka mu ibara hagati, umuzenguruko w’ibara ukaba ikigina cyijimye. Indwara itangirira ku mababi yo hasi. Iyo ibonetse mu murima utarera, ntacyo basarura. Ubusanzwe igabanya umusaruro cyane w’ingano. Iboneka mu gihe gihehereye cyane kirangwa n’ubushyuhe.

#### '''Kuyikumira no kuyirwanya''':

* Bayirwanya batera imbuto ziyihanganira kandi z’indobanure;
* Guhingira igihe,
* Gutera imbuto zihungiye,
* Kurunda inganagano mu kimpoteri cyazo ahitaruye.

# **Umugese w’ingano:** iterwa n’agahumyo bita *"Puccinia sp." (Striifomis, graminis anarecondida), i*garagazwa n’utudomagure tw’ifu tw’umuhondo wijimye cyangwa umukara ku bibabi by’ingano. Amababi yafashwe cyane aruma. Ikunze kuboneka mu gihe bikonje kandi ingano ziyirwaye zigira ibihuhwe byinshi. Iboneka cyane nyuma yo guterera.

#### '''Kuyikumira no kurwanya:'''

* Bayirinda batera ingano zihanganira indwara kandi kare,
* Gutera imbuto zihungiye na Thiram;
* Gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima kuko agahumyo kayitera gashobora kubaho gafashe ku bishibu cyangwa ku ngemwe zikomoka ku ntete z’ingano zaguyehasi;
* Kurunda inganagano mu kimpoteri cyazo ahitaruye.

### '''Ibyonnyi'''

# **Agakoko karya amababi** (Coccinnelles) bita "*Epilachna spp"*

Ni agakoko ko mu bwoko bw’ibivumvuri gasa nk’impeke y’ikawa. Agakoko gafite ibara ry’umutuku ririmo utudomo twinshi tw’umukara. Agakoko kakiri gato, gaharura ikibabi ku ruhande rwo hasi, naho agakuze karya gahereye ku migongo y’ikibabi.

**Kuyikumira no kurwanya:** bayirwanya bakoresheje imiti nka *Dimethoate, Chloropyriphos – ethyl, Cypermethrine.*

### Gusarura no guhunika

* Basarura ingano zeze neza (3-5 T/Ha), zigatonorwa kandi zikanikwa kugirango zume neza.
* Zihunikwa ahantu humutse kandi hagera umwuka uhagije.
* Isarura rikorwa ingano zeze neza, impeke zimaze gukomera no kuma neza, zifite ubuhehere bwa 16% kugeza kuri 18%, ibiganogano bifite ibara ry’umuhondo.
* Guhura hakoreshwa ibibando ariko bishobotse guhura byakorwa n’imashini kugira ngo impeke zitamenagurika.

### Kwita kumusaruro

* Ingano zigeshwe zihambirwa mu miba cyangwa zigashyirwa mu mifuka, zigatundwa zijyanwa  ku mbuga zihurirwaho cyangwa mu bwugamo.  Ingano zihurirwa kuri shitingi zishashwe mu murima cyangwa zishashwe ku mbuga zagenewe guhurirwaho.
* Guhura hakoreshwa ibibando cyangwa imashini ikihutisha zabugenewe

Kugosora ingano mu buryo bwa gakondo hifashishijwe urutaro (intaara  cyangwa inkoko). Hakurwamo izirwaye, izametse, amabuye, imbuto z’ibindi bihingwa n’indi

* imyanda yose. Imashini igosora yarushaho kugabanya igihombo.
* Kwanika ingano Impeke zanikwa ku mbuga iriho sima cyangwa kuri shitingi. Zumishwa neza n’izuba rike rike kuko iyo imbuga cyangwa shitingi bishyushye cyane birazibabura, bityo ubwiza bw’umusaruro bukagabanuka. 
* Guhungira ingano Mbere yo guhunika ingano, ni ngombwa kubanza kuzihungira mu rwego rwo kuzirinda imungu n’ibindi byonyi bizangiza mu buhunikiro. Imwe mu miti yifashishwa mu kuzirinda imungu ni nka Detia ikoreshwa ni ibinini 2 kugeza kuri 3 muri  toni imwe y’impeke cyangwa se Skana Super iri ku gipimo cya garama 100 ku biro 90 by’impeke.
* Gupakira no guhunika ingano  Ingano zumye neza ku buhehere bwa 13-14%, zigosowe kandi zihungiwe neza zihunikwa mu mifuka isukuye, nayo igaterekwa mu buhunikiro bwabigenewe. Gukoresha imifuka idahitisha umwuka biba akarusho aho bishoboka. Indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ingano birwanywa no kwirinda ubuhehere bwinshi mu buhunikiro, guteganya aho umwuka uhagije unyura, gutereka imifuka ku mbaho kugira ngo idahura n’ubukonje bwo hasi no gushyiramo imitego y’imbeba iyo ari ngombwa.
* Bimwe mu bikomoka ku ngano. impeke z’ingano zisebwa  n’ibyuma bisanzwe zigatanga ifu,,.... Impeke kandi zitunganywa n’inganda maze zikazikoramo ifarini.
* Ifu y’ingano ikorwamo igikoma, umutsima, ibidiya. Ifarini ikorwamo imigati, amandazi, keke, capati,...Ibisigazwa bikorwamo ibiryo by’amatungo, ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi., isaso y’amatungo, ifumbire, n’ibindi.

## Amashakiro
*ISAR Porogaramu y’ingano