Personal sound amplification product

Personal Sound Amplification Products, izwi kandi ku izina rya "Ibikoresho by’amajwi bwite," cyangwa mu magambo ahinnye ya **PSAP**, bisobanurwa n’ubuyobozi bw’ibiribwa n’imiti muri Amerika nk’ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byambarwa bigamije kongera amajwi ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga cyangwa batumva. Ntabwo ari ibikoresho byo kumva, FDA isobanura ko bigamije gusimbura cyangwa gukosora igihombo cyo kutumva neza.  Ku bwa Dr. Mann wo muri FDA, guhitamo PSAP nk'igisimbuza imfashanyo yo kumva bishobora kugutera kwangirika kwumva. 

## Itandukaniro
Byombi PSAP hamwe nibikoresho bifasha kumva nibikoresho bito bya elegitoronike bihuye mumatwi kandi byongera amajwi. PSAPs ahanini ni ibyuma byongera amajwi bisanzwe bigenewe abantu bumva neza, ariko bakeneye kongererwa imbaraga nkeya mu bihe bimwe na bimwe (nko guhiga no kureba inyoni). Imfashanyigisho zumva zirimo urwego rwisumbuyeho rw'ikoranabuhanga rwashyizweho kugirango ruvure ikibazo cyo kutumva neza.  PSAP ntabwo igengwa n’amategeko agenga ibiryo, ibiyobyabwenge n’amavuta yo kwisiga kuko atagenewe kuvura, gusuzuma cyangwa gukiza ubumuga bwo kutumva kandi ntabwo ahindura imiterere cyangwa imikorere y'umubiri. Nk'igisubizo, nta tegeko ngenderwaho, kode y'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibisobanuro kuri ibyo bicuruzwa. Nyamara, FDA igenga PSAP hashingiwe ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe z’amategeko agenga imirasire y’ubuzima n’umutekano yo mu 1968, akubiyemo ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike nkibikoresho byongera amajwi asohora vibrasiya ya sonic. 

## PSAP
Kuberako badakenera kwandikirwa kwa muganga no guhuza umwuga, PSAP zasobanurwa nk'ubwoko bwa amaso gusoma mu bijyanye n'amajwi .  Nkibyo, PSAP irasabwa gukoreshwa nabahiga bumva umuhigo, kureba inyoni, ubufasha kumva ibiganiro bya kure cyangwa ibitaramo no kongera amajwi ya tereviziyo mucyumba gituje, urugero.  Icyitonderwa, ndetse ibirahuri byo gusoma bigengwa na FDA. 

Moderi zitandukanye za PSAP ziva mubakora inganda zitandukanye ziratandukanye kubiciro, imikorere, uburemere, uburambe bwabakoresha hamwe na software ya algorithms yo kuzamura no kudoda kumva. Mugihe moderi zimwe zongerera amajwi gusa, izindi nigishushanyo mbonera, gitanga mikoro yicyerekezo hamwe noguhuza kuringaniza ibimenyetso byamajwi kugirango bikureho urusaku rudasanzwe cyangwa rudasanzwe. 

PSAP yagiye ikundwa cyane n'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva neza, cyane cyane kubera ko zihendutse ugereranyije n'udupfapfa twabugenewe dukorwa ku giti cy'umuntu, nubwo kutitabira ubutumwa, kutagira umumaro no kugena gahunda yo kubonana nabashinzwe amajwi nabyo byavuzwe nkimpamvu zituma abafasha kumva batumva neza.  Kubera ko badakenera kwisuzumisha kwa muganga kandi bikwiye, PSAPs iri hagati y’amadolari 50 kugeza ku magana menshi y’igiciro, mu gihe ibikoresho byo kwumva byatwaye amadorari 1400 ku kigereranyo  kandi ntabwo bikubiye muri Medicare na gahunda nyinshi z’ubwishingizi. 

Nk’uko ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubumuga bwo kutumva n'izindi ndwara zitumanaho kibitangaza, muri miliyoni 36 z'Abanyamerika bashobora kungukirwa n'imfashanyo yo kumva, abagera kuri 20 ku ijana ni bo bonyine bakoresha imwe.  Icyakora, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 bwerekana ko munsi ya 18 ku ijana bya PSAP byakoreshejwe mu gusimbuza ibyuma bifata amajwi kandi bikanzura ko benshi mu bakoresha PSAP baba barabaye bafite ikibazo cyo kutumva kubera igiciro kinini cy’ibikoresho byumva. 

PSAP nyinshi zigurishwa kubaguzi binyuze mububiko bwa interineti, muri farumasi no mumaduka menshi yimiti no kugurisha.

## Amashanyarazi ya PSAP
Ubushobozi bwa PSAP mu busanzwe n'ibikoresho bito byoroshye. Bongera amajwi kandi batanga ibisubizo kumatwi (s) y'umukoresha. Ibice nyamukuru ni mikoro, amplifier, disikuru, umugenzuzi w'ijwi n'inkomoko y'imbaraga.

Mikoro ifata amajwi (igitutu) imiraba ikayihindura ikimenyetso cyamashanyarazi. Amplifier ( umuzunguruko wa elegitoronike ) yongerera amplitude yikimenyetso cyamashanyarazi ukoresheje isoko yingufu (bateri). Umuvugizi ahindura ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi byongerewe imbaraga mumajwi. Ijwi (inyungu) igenzura rikoreshwa muguhindura ingano ya amplification ikoreshwa ku kimenyetso cyamashanyarazi bityo, mu buryo butaziguye, igenzura amajwi.

Ibikoresho biratandukanye mubunini uhereye kumasanduku mato (hamwe numutwi wometseho) wambarwa mwijosi cyangwa umanikwa kumukandara - hasi kugeza - igikoresho gito gifunze gihuye numuyoboro w ugutwi. Ibi bikoresho bito bisa nkibikoresho byumva ariko biroroshye cyane kandi ntibikosora kunanirwa kwumva.