open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Inyandiko y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona(Braille)

**Braille** ( /ˈ b r eɪ l / BRAYL,  ) ni uburyo bwo kwandika bwitondewe bukoreshwa n'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Ishobora gusomwa haba ku mpapuro zometse ku bintu cyangwa ukoresheje disikuru ishobora kuvugururwa ihuza mudasobwa n'ibikoresho bya telefone. Braille ira

shobora kwandikwa ukoresheje icyapa na stylus, umwanditsi w'impapuro, icyuma cya elegitoronike cyangwa ukoresheje mudasobwa ihujwe n'udushushanyo twa braille . Ku basomyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, braille ni uburyo bwigenga bwo kwandika, aho kuba code y'imyandikire yanditswe. 

Braille yitiriwe uwayikoze, Louis Braille, Umufaransa wabuze amaso kubera impanuka yagize mu bwana bwe. Mu 1824, afite imyaka cumi n'itanu, yateje imbere code ya braille ishingiye ku nyuguti z'igifaransa nk'iterambere mu kwandika nijoro . Yasohoye sisitemu ye, nyuma y'aho harimo no kumenyekanisha umuziki, mu  1829.Ishyirwamo rya kabiri ryasohotse mu 1837 ni ryo ryabaye uburyo bwa mbere bw'inyandiko bushingiye ku mibare ibiri(binary)bwakozwe mu gihe cya none.

Inyuguti z'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona zakozwe hakoreshejwe guhuza utudomo dutandatu twazamuye dutondekanye muri 3&nbsp;×&nbsp;Matrix 2, bita selile ya braille. Umubare na gahunda by'ududomo bitandukanya inyuguti n'indi. Kubera ko inyuguti zinyuranye za braille zatangiye nk'imyandikire yo kwandikwa yanditse, amakarita (ibice byerekana imiterere) aratandukanye bitewe n'ururimi, ndetse no muri rumwe; mucyongereza braille hari inzego eshatu:Inyandiko ya braille yuzuye – inyuguti ku yindi  ikoreshwa mu gusoma no kwandika;inyandiko ya Braille yo ku rwego rwa gatatu, ikoresha uburyo bwihariye kandi butemewe mu rwego rusange, bukoreshwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo nk'uburyo bwo kwandika byihuse.

Ibyiyongera ku nyandiko ya braille (inyuguti, utumenyetso, impine), birashoboka kandi gukora amashusho ashushanyije ndetse n'imigaragire y'amakuru(graph), hamwe n'imirongo yaba ikomeye cyangwa ikozwe mu rukurikirane rw'ubudomo, imyambi, n'amasasu manini kuruta utudomo twa braille. Akazi ka braille kuzuye karimo utudomo dutandatu twazamuye dutondekanye mu nkingi ebyiri, buri nkingi ifite utudomo dutatu. Imyanya y'akadomo igaragazwa n'imibare kuva  kuri umwe kugeza kuri itandatu.  Hariho uburyo 64 bushoboka, harimo nta kadomo na gato ku mwanya w'ijambo .  Utudomo twiboneza dushobora gukoreshwa duhagarariye inyuguti, imibare, akamenyetso, cyangwa ijambo. 

Kwiga braille hakiri kare ni ingirakamaro mu gusoma no kwandika, uburezi n'akazi ku babana n'ubumuga bwo kutabona. Hatatiwe ku  ihindagurika ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya, harimo na porogaramu isoma ecran isoma amakuru mu ijwi riranguruye, braille ifasha ababana n'ubumuga bwo kutabona kubona imyandikire, utumenyetso n'izindi ngingo z'ururimi rwanditse bitagerwaho binyuze mu majwi gusa.

Mu gihe bamwe basabye ko tekinoroji ishingiye kumajwi izagabanya gukenera braille, iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga nka braille yerekanwe ryakomeje gutuma braille irushaho kuboneka no gukoresha byoroshye. Abakoresha Braille bagaragaza ko braille ikomeza kuba nk'ibyingenzi ku bareba.
Uburenganzira bw'umugore n'umwangavu muri Qatar

= Intangiriro =
Qatar, igihugu giherereye mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, cyagiye kigaragaza ubushake bwo guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'umugore n'umwangavu mu myaka yashize. Nubwo hari intambwe zatewe, hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo .

## Uburenganzira bw’Umugore muri Qatar

### Uburenganzira bwo Guhitamo Umugabo
Mu mategeko ya Qatar, umugore asabwa uruhushya rw'umugabo we kugira ngo ashobore gushyingirwa. Ibi bituma umugore adafite ubwigenge mu guhitamo uwo azashakana na we .

### Uburenganzira bwo Gukora
Abagore bo muri Qatar bafite uburenganzira bwo gukora, ariko hari imirimo imwe n'imwe basabwa uruhushya rwo kuyikora, cyane cyane mu nzego za Leta .

### Uburenganzira bwo Kwiga
Abagore bafite uburenganzira bwo kwiga, kandi hari gahunda zitandukanye ziteza imbere ireme ry'uburezi bw'abagore, harimo no kubaha amahirwe angana n'abagabo mu mashuri makuru n'amakuru .

### Imibare y’Uburezi bw’Abagore

## Uburenganzira bw’Umwangavu muri Qatar

### Uburezi bw’Abakobwa
Abakobwa bafite amahirwe angana n'abahungu mu burezi, kandi hari gahunda zihariye zo guteza imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa, harimo no kubaha amahirwe yo kwiga mu mashuri yisumbuye n'amakuru .

### Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku Gitsina
Nubwo Qatar yashyizeho amategeko arengera abakobwa, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikigaragara mu muryango, rikaba rikeneye gukumirwa no guhanwa .

### Uburinganire mu Mirimo
Abakobwa bafite amahirwe angana n'abahungu mu mirimo, ariko hakiri imbogamizi mu kugera ku myanya y'ubuyobozi n'ubushobozi bwo guhitamo imirimo bakunda .

### Imibare y’Abagore mu Mirimo n’Ubuyobozi

## Imibare y’Ubushakashatsi n’Imibereho y’Abakobwa

* Abagore bamara 8.2% by'igihe cyabo mu mirimo itishyurwa, mu gihe abagabo bamara 2.2% .
* Abakobwa bafite hagati y’imyaka 15 na 19 batwaye abana 6 ku 1,000 muri Qatar mu mwaka wa 2023 .
* Ibyo kwiga by’abakobwa byiyongereye ku kigero cya 20% mu myaka 10 ishize, byagaragaza intambwe mu burezi .

## Gahunda n’Inzira zo Guteza Imbere Uburenganzira

### Gahunda za Leta
Leta ya Qatar yashyizeho gahunda zitandukanye zo guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, harimo gahunda zo kubaha amahirwe angana mu burezi, mu mirimo, no mu nzego za Leta .

### Inkunga z’Imiryango Mpuzamahanga
Imiryango mpuzamahanga nka UN Women, UNICEF, na Human Rights Watch ikorana na Leta ya Qatar mu guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, binyuze mu bikorwa byo kubaha amahirwe angana no kurwanya ihohoterwa .

## Imbogamizi n’Inzira zo Kuzirwanya
Nubwo hari intambwe zatewe, hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, harimo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, imbogamizi mu kugera ku myanya y'ubuyobozi, no kutagira uburenganzira bwo guhitamo uwo bashakana .

## Umwanzuro
Qatar yashyizeho amategeko n'amabwiriza agamije guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa, ariko hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza ayo mategeko. Gukomeza gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda ziteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore n'abakobwa bizafasha kugera ku ntego yo kubaha amahirwe angana n'abagabo mu nzego zose.

## References
Uburenganzira bw’Abakirisitu mu Bushinwa

= Intangiriro =
Mu Bushinwa, abakirisitu bahura n'ibibazo bikomeye bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwabo bwo gusenga no kwimakaza ukwemera kwabo. Nubwo itegeko nshinga rya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Bushinwa rivuga ko abaturage bafite uburenganzira bwo kwemera imyemerere yabo, mu bikorwa usanga hariho igitutu gikomeye ku idini ryose ritemerewe n’ubutegetsi.

## Amategeko n'Imyitwarire ya Leta
Itangazo rya Leta ryo mu 2018 ryashyizeho amabwiriza agenga imyemerere, harimo no gukumira ibikorwa by’idini byinjira mu buzima bw’abana bato, ndetse no kubuza amashuri y’idini. Ibi byatumye abakirisitu benshi bahura n’imbogamizi mu gusenga no kwimakaza ukwemera kwabo mu buryo bwubahirije amategeko.

## Amadini yemewe n'ubutegetsi
Mu Bushinwa, hari amadini yemewe n’ubutegetsi, arimo:

* **Ihuriro ry’Abaprotesitanti (Three-Self Patriotic Movement)**: ryemerewe gukora ibikorwa by’idini mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.
* **Ihuriro ry’Abagatolika (Catholic Patriotic Association)**: ryemerewe gukora ibikorwa by’idini mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.

Abakirisitu benshi bakomeza gukorera mu nsengero z’ibanga (underground churches) kubera kutemera gukorana n’ubutegetsi mu bijyanye n’imyemerere yabo.

## Gukandamiza abakirisitu
Abakirisitu bakorera mu nsengero z’ibanga bahura n’ibibazo bikomeye, birimo:

* **Gufungwa**: Abayobozi b’amadini bafatwa bagafungwa igihe kirekire.
* **Gukorerwa iyicarubozo**: Hari amakuru avuga ko abakirisitu bakorerwa iyicarubozo mu gihe bafashwe.
* **Kwimurwa**: Abakirisitu basabwa kwimuka mu gihe bafashwe cyangwa bakorerwa igitutu.

## Gahunda ya "Sinicization"
Leta y’u Bushinwa yashyizeho gahunda yo "Sinicizing" imyemerere, igamije guhindura imyemerere y’amadini kugira ngo ijyane n’imyemerere ya gisoshalizime y’ubutegetsi. Ibi byatumye abakirisitu benshi bahura n’imbogamizi mu gusenga no kwimakaza ukwemera kwabo mu buryo bwubahirije amategeko.

## Inkunga n'ubufasha
Hari imiryango mpuzamahanga itanga inkunga n'ubufasha ku bakirisitu bahura n'ibibazo mu Bushinwa, harimo:

* **ChinaAid**: itanga amakuru n'inkunga ku bakirisitu bahura n'ibibazo mu Bushinwa.
* **Open Doors**: itanga inkunga n'ubufasha ku bakirisitu bahura n'ibibazo mu bihugu bitandukanye, harimo n’u Bushinwa.

## Umwanzuro
Nubwo abakirisitu mu Bushinwa bafite uburenganzira bwo gusenga no kwimakaza ukwemera kwabo, mu bikorwa usanga hariho igitutu gikomeye ku idini ryose ritemerewe n’ubutegetsi. Abakirisitu bakorera mu nsengero z’ibanga bahura n’ibibazo bikomeye, birimo gufungwa, gukorerwa iyicarubozo, no kwimurwa. Gahunda ya "Sinicization" yashyizweho na Leta igamije guhindura imyemerere y’amadini kugira ngo ijyane n’imyemerere ya gisoshalizime y’ubutegetsi. Hari imiryango mpuzamahanga itanga inkunga n'ubufasha ku bakirisitu bahura n'ibibazo mu Bushinwa, ariko hakiri imbogamizi mu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo.

## References
Abafite ubumuga (Amahirwe angana, kurengera uburenganzira no kugira uruhare

**Abafite ubumuga (Amahirwe angana, kurengera uburenganzira no kugira uruhare rwuzuye) Itegeko, 1995** ni itegeko ryo gushyira mu bikorwa Itangazo ryerekeye uruhare rwuzuye n’uburinganire bw’abafite ubumuga mu karere ka Aziya na pasifika.

Ubuhinde bwashyizeho umukono kwitangazo ryavuzwe kandi ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa Itangazo ryavuzwe haruguru.

REBA

* Ubukangurambaga bugera mu Buhinde
* Itegeko rivangura abamugaye 1995
Umusizi w'indimi

**Umusizi w'indimi** ni tekinoroji ya mashini (MT) hamwe na marike ya RWS . Izina ry'ikirango ryagarutsweho mu 2021 nyuma yo kugura SDL  na Iconic Translation Machines Ltd  no guhuza amakipe n'ikoranabuhanga bihwanye.Umusizi w'indimi(Language weaver) yahoze ari sosiyete yihariye yaguzwe na SDL mu 2010.

Language weaver yari sosiyete ya Los Angeles, muri Californiya yashinzwe mu 2002 yashinzwe muri sosiyete yo muri kaminuza y’amajyepfo ya California . Iyi sosiyete yashinzwe mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha uburyo bw’ibarurishamibare bwo guhindura ururimi rwikora no gutunganya ururimi karemano ruzwi ku izina ry’imashini isobanura imibare (SMT). Izina ry’iyi sosiyete ryerekeza ku umwe mu batangiye guhindura indimi bakoresheje imashini yitwa Warren Weaver watanze igitekerezo cya mbere cyo gukoresha mudasobwa muri 'decode' cyangwa 'decrypt' mu nyandiko za kera mu 1947.

Imibare y'ububiko bw'ururimi mu buryo bwo guhindura indimi hifashishijwe imashini yari igezweho muri kiriya gihe, kandi iterambere ryari ryinshi mu buryo bwabanje nka MT-ishingiye kuri MT . Abasizi b'ururimi bakomeje kwiyongera mu gihe cy'imyaka 8, aho abakozi bagera kuri 96 bakora mu biro byo muri Amerika, Uburayi, n'Ubuyapani. Iyi sosiyete yari ifite ubucuruzi bukomeye n’imiryango ya Leta aho izina ryayo rikomeje kumenyekana cyane kugeza na magingo aya.

Muri Nyakanga 2010, Language weaver yaguzwe na SDL plc kuri miliyoni 42.5 z'amadolari y'Amerika hanyuma iyi sosiyete ihindurirwa izina yitwa SDL Language Weaver. 

## Umusizi w'indimi wa SDL
SDL Language weaver ni ubuhanga bw'ibanze bwo guhindura indimi hifashishijwe imashini muri SDL aho, uko igihe cyagiye gihita, yavuye kuri SMT ihinduka MT ishingiye kuri syntax, ihinduka Neural Machine Translation. Ikirangantego cy'ururimi rwasezeye muri 2015 kugira ngo SDL BeGlobal ikemurwe nigicu, hamwe na SDL Enterprises Translation Server kugirango ikemurwe mbere. Nyuma, ibyo bicuruzwa byongeye guhindurirwa izina byitwa SDL Machine Translation Cloud hamwe na SDL Machine Translation Edge.

## Gutangiza bundi bushya muri 2021
Ikirangantego cya Language weaver cyasubukuwe mu 2021 nyuma yo kugura SDL na RWS, hamwe no guhuza amakipe ya SDL MT na Iconic Translation Machines hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga. Tekinoroji ihuriweho n’ibigo byombi, ishingiye ku buhanga bugezweho bwa Transformer ishingiye kuri Neural Machine Translation, ubu igurishwa nka "Language Weaver" guhindura indimi hakoreshejwe imashini bikorerwa mu ruyanja rw'ikoraniro(cloud)), na "Language Weaver Edge" kuri MT-mbere.

## Indimi zishyigikiwe
Kuva Nzeri 2021, Language Weaver ikorana n'indimi zikurikira:
 
#Albanian
#Arabic
#Armenian
#Bengali
#Bulgarian
#Burmese
#Catalan
#Chinese (Simplified)
#Chinese (Traditional)
#Croatian
#Czech
#Danish
#Dari
#Dutch
#English
#Estonian
#Finnish
#French
#French (Canada)
#Georgian
#German
#Greek
#Hausa
#Hebrew
#Hindi
#Hungarian
#Indonesian
#Italian
#Japanese
#Javanese
#Khmer
#Korean
#Kurdish (Kurmanji)
#Latvian
#Lithuanian
#Malay
#Maltese
#Norwegian
#Pashto
#Persian
#Polish
#Portuguese
#Portuguese (Brazil)	
#Romanian
#Russian
#Serbian
#Slovak
#Slovenian
#Somali
#Spanish
#Swahili
#Swedish
#Thai
#Turkish
#Ukrainian
#Urdu
#Uzbek
#Vietnamese
Itangazo ku burenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga

**Itangazo ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga** ni itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu ry’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye, ryakozwe ku ya 9 Ukuboza 1975. Ni icyemezo cya 3447 cyafashwe n’Inteko.

Nkicyemezo cyInteko, ntabwo igomba kubahiriza ibihugu bigize uyu muryango, ariko ikora urwego rushobora gushirwaho hagamijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga n’imbere mu gihugu.

Igizwe nintangiriro ndende, n'amatangazo cumi na atatu ateza imbere cyane uburenganzira bwabafite ubumuga

Mu 2007 hemejwe amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga.

### Amatangazo
Itangazo ritangaza amatangazo cumi n'atatu atandukanye:

1.Igisobanuro cyijambo "umuntu wamugaye" nk "" umuntu uwo ari we wese udashobora kwishingira wenyine wenyine, byuzuye cyangwa igice, ibikenerwa mubuzima busanzwe bwumuntu cyangwa / cyangwa imibereho, biturutse kubura, haba mubyavutse cyangwa atari, mubushobozi bwe bwumubiri cyangwa ubwenge ".

2.Kwemeza ko ubwo burenganzira bukoreshwa ku bamugaye bose "nta na kimwe kidasanzwe kandi nta tandukanyirizo cyangwa ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, ibara, igitsina, ururimi, idini, politiki cyangwa ibindi bitekerezo, inkomoko y'igihugu cyangwa imibereho, imiterere y'ubutunzi, ivuka cyangwa ikindi kibazo icyo ari cyo cyose kireba abamugaye ubwe cyangwa umuryango we".

3.Uburenganzira bwo kubaha agaciro ka muntu.

4.Uburenganzira ku burenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki nkabandi bantu.

5.Uburenganzira ku ngamba zagenewe gushoboza kwigira.

6.Uburenganzira bwo kuvurwa, imitekerereze n'imikorere nkuko bikenewe.

7.Uburenganzira ku bukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage, harimo n'uburenganzira ku murimo.

8.Uburenganzira bwo gusuzuma ibikenewe mu byiciro byose byubukungu n’imibereho.

9.Uburenganzira bwo kubana nimiryango yabo cyangwa nababyeyi barera no kwitabira ibikorwa byose byimibereho, guhanga cyangwa kwidagadura.

10.Uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa gukoreshwa, ivangura, no guhohoterwa.

11.Uburenganzira bwo gufashwa n'amategeko.

12.Uburenganzira bwo kugisha inama amashyirahamwe yabamugaye kubibazo bireba.

13.Uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa byimazeyo uburenganzira bwatangajwe mu Itangazo.
Amasezerano hagati y’Abanyamerika yerekeye gukuraho uburyo bwose bwo kuvangura abafite

Amasezerano hagati y'Abanyamerika yerekeye gukuraho ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa ababana n'ubumuga

Yasinywe ku ya 8 Kamena 1999

Ikibanza Umujyi wa Guatemala, Guatemala

Guhera ku ya 14 Nzeri 2001

Imiterere 6

Abashyizeho umukono 20

Amashyaka 19

Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bw’Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika

Indimi Icyongereza, Igifaransa, Igiporutugali, n'Icyesipanyoli

**Amasezerano mpuzamahanga hagati y’Abanyamerika yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa ababana n’ubumuga** ni igikoresho cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere, cyemejwe mu 1999 mu Muryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika . Irahamagarira ibihugu koroshya kwinjiza ababana n'ubumuga muri sosiyete binyuze mu mategeko, gahunda z’imibereho na gahunda z’uburezi . Yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 14 Nzeri 2001.

Kugeza mu 2013, ibihugu 19 byemeje ayo masezerano. 

### Reba kandi

* Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu
* Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga

### Reba
OAS, Abashyizeho umukono no Kwemeza
Test of Ebert

**Ebert test** gipima niba ijwi rishingiye kuri mudasobwa rikoresha mudasobwa   rishobora kuvuga urwenya rufite ubuhanga buhagije bwo gutuma abantu baseka .  Byasabwe n’abanenga amafilime Roger Ebert mu nama ya TED ya 2011 mu rwego rwo guhangana n’abatunganya porogaramu kugira ijwi rya mudasobwa rikoresha amajwi mu, gutanga, igihe, n’intangiriro z’imvugo y’abantu.  Ikizamini gisa nikizamini cya Turing cyatanzwe na Alan Turing mu 1950 nkuburyo bwo gupima ubushobozi bwa mudasobwa bwo kwerekana imyitwarire yubwenge itanga umusaruro udatandukanye numuntu . 

 

Ebert yaje kwangirika mu rwego rw'amajwi mu mwaka wa  2006 nyuma yo kubagwa bavura kanseri ya tiroyide . Yakoresheje isosiyete yo muri ottcosse yitwa CereProc, ikora porogaramu idoda inyandiko-ku-mvugo ku bakiriya bafite ubumuga rwo kutavuga ahubwo bagatangira kuba bakoresha amajwi yabo igihe kirekire mbere yo kuyatakaza, kandi yacukuye kaseti hamwe n'ibisobanuro bya DVD birimo Ebert kugira ngo akore ijwi ryumvikana nk'ijwi rye bwite.  Yabanje gukoresha kumugaragaro ijwi bamutunganyirije ku ya 2 Werurwe 2010, agaragara kuri *Show ya Oprah Winfrey* .   

Abari bateraniye aho TED ya Ebert yo mu mwaka wa 2011 bavuga ku bijyanye no gutanga urwenya n'amajwi akomatanya yaturitse aseka ubwo ijwi ryumvikanaga ryatangaga urwenya rukurikira: "Umusore yagiye mu muganga w’indwara zo mu mutwe. Umuganga w’indwara zo mu mutwe ati:" Urasaze. " Umusore ati: 'Ndashaka igitekerezo cya kabiri.' Umuganga w’indwara zo mu mutwe ati: 'Ni byiza, nawe uri mubi.' " 

## Amashakiro
Ubiquitous robot

**Ubiquitous robot** ni ijambo rikoreshwa muburyo busa na comptabilite hose . Porogaramu ifite akamaro ko "guhuza tekinoroji ya robo hamwe nikoranabuhanga riva mu bice bya mudasobwa biboneka hose kandi bikwira hose, imiyoboro ya sensor, hamwe n’ubwenge bw’ibidukikije ".

Ukurikije uburyo telefone zikemura ibibazo byihuse, mudasobwa zishobora kwambarwa hamwe na mudasobwa ziboneka hose bituma bishoboka ko abantu bazaba mu isi iboneka hose aho ibikoresho byose bihurira. Kubaho umwanya uhari hose biva mubikorwa byiterambere rya mudasobwa na tekinoroji bizatanga imbaraga zo gutanga serivisi zifuzwa nigikoresho icyo aricyo cyose cya IT ahantu hose nigihe cyose binyuze mumikoreshereze yabakoresha hamwe na porogaramu zidafite intego. Ihinduka ryihutishije impinduramatwara ikwira hose, ikaba yarigaragaje cyane mu gice gishya cy’ubushakashatsi butandukanye, robotics ahantu hose. Itangiza igisekuru cya gatatu cya robo gikurikira igisekuru cya mbere cyimashini yinganda nigisekuru cya kabiri cyimashini .

Imashini ya Ubiquitous (Ubibot) ni robot ikubiyemo ibice bitatu birimo robot software ya software cyangwa avatar, robot igendanwa kwisi yose hamwe na sisitemu ya sensor yashyizwe mubidukikije. Imashini na software mu isi isanzwe ishobora kuyobora robot nyayo nkubwonko kandi igakorana nabantu kandi muburyo bworoshye. Abashakashatsi ba KAIST, Koreya basobanura ibi bice bitatu nka Sobot ( Software ya robot ), Mobot ( robot mobile ), na Embot ( Embedded robot ).

## Reba kandi

* Igicu cya robo
* Interineti yibintu

## Ibitabo bya tekiniki bijyanye

* Tae-Hun Kim, Seung-Hwan Choi, na Jong-Hwan Kim. "Kwinjiza robot ya software hamwe na robot igendanwa ukoresheje urwego rwagati." IEEE Ihererekanyabubasha kuri Sisitemu, Umuntu, na Cybernetics - Igice C: Porogaramu no gusuzuma, Vol. 37, No 6, Ugushyingo 2007.
* Jong-Hwan Kim n'abandi, "Imashini ya Robo: Paradigm nshya ya serivisi zihuriweho", muri Proc. ya IEEE Int'l Conf. kuri Robo na Automation, Roma, Ubutaliyani, Mata 2007.
* Jong-Hwan Kim, "Imashini ya Robo: Amajyambere n'iterambere biheruka", (Ijambo ry'ibanze) mu nama mpuzamahanga ihuriweho na SICE-ICASE 2006, Busan, Koreya, p.&nbsp;I-25 - I-30, Ukwakira 2006.
* Jong-Hwan Kim n'abandi, "Igisekuru cya 3 cya Roboque: Imashini iboneka hose", (Urupapuro rw'ijambo nyamukuru) muri Proc. y'Inama Mpuzamahanga kuri Robo Yigenga n'Abakozi, Palmerston y'Amajyaruguru, Nouvelle-Zélande, 2004.
* Jong-Hwan Kim, "Robo Ubiquitous Robot", muri *Computational Intelligence, Theory and Applices* (byahinduwe na B. Reusch), muri Springer, pp.&nbsp;451–459, 2004 (Ijambo nyamukuru ry'Ijambo ry'Inama mpuzamahanga ya 8 ya Fuzzy, Dortmund, Ubudage, Nzeri 2004).
Lekotek

**Lekotek** ni gahunda mpuzamahanga yo gutanga inguzanyo ya Assistive Technology, ibikinisho n'ubuhanga k'abana bamugaye. Lekotek ya mbere yafunguwe mu 1963 i Stockholm, muri Suwede. Kuva aho, igitekerezo cyakwirakwiriye mu bindi bihugu bya Scandinaviya, Uburayi ndetse no ku isi yose. Kurugero, muri Amerika hari lekoteks zirenga 50. Lekotek ya mbere y'Abanyamerika yafunguye i Evanston, muri Illinois mu 1980. Lekoteks ya mbere yo muri Amerika yashinzwe na Sally DeVencentis na Sharon Draznin.

Izina ni uruvange rwijambo ryumuzi wo muri Suwede "lek," risobanura igikinisho cyangwa imikino, hamwe n’ikigereki "tek" gihuza isomero. 

## Igitekerezo gishingiye
Igitekerezo cyibanze ni uko gutabara hakiri kare binyuze mu gukina ibikinisho n’ikoranabuhanga byahujwe bishobora kwigisha abana bamugaye guhangana n'isi "isanzwe". Bimwe mubyibanzweho mubitekerezo bya lekotek biva mubikorwa byakozwe numuhanga mubya psychologue wubwongereza, Elizabeth Newson. Igitabo cye "Ibikinisho n'imikino", (  ) ivuga ku ngaruka zo gukina ku mikurire yumwana.

## Itangizwa rya AblePlay
Mu Gushyingo 2005, Ikigo cy’igihugu cya Lekotek cyatangije urubuga rwabo rushya rwa AblePlay kuri www.AblePlay.org rutanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona amanota yemewe ndetse n’isuzuma rirambuye ry’inzobere mu gihugu cya Lekotek ku mizigo myinshi y’ibikinisho n’ibindi bicuruzwa. Isuzuma ryihariye rya Lekotek ritanga amakuru y'ibicuruzwa yashyizwe mu byiciro by'abafite ubumuga kugirango arusheho koroshya uburambe bwo kugura ibikinisho. Ababyeyi nabahanga bashobora kungukira mu bitekerezo byimbitse by'imikino bijyanye na buri gikinisho cy'abana, ndetse no kumahuriro yo kumurongo kugirango babemere gusangira ubunararibonye no gutanga inama kugiti cyabo. Gutangiza AblePlay byari intambwe ikomeye mu gusobanura intego ya Lekotek yo kuba isoko nyamukuru y'amakuru n'imirimo yo gufasha ijyanye n'ibikinisho n'imikino y'abana bafite ubumuga . National Lekotek ni agace ka Anixter Centre itanga serivisi  kubantu barenga 5.000 bakuze n'abana bafite ubumuga binyuze muri gahunda 70 ahantu 35 buri mwaka.
Ishuri ry’Abakobwa Bafite Ubumuga bwo Kutabona rya Irente

**Ishuri rya Irente ry’abakobwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona** ryashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1963 n’Itorero rya Lutherani  mu misozi ya Usambara i Lushoto, muri Tanzaniya . Nishuri rito / ishuri ryibanze. Amasomo arimo amahugurwa y'ubukorikori nubuhinzi.

## Reba


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ishuri rya Irente ryabatabona - Lushoto, Tanzaniya

4°48′S 38°17′E﻿ / ﻿4.80°S 38.29°E﻿ / -4.80; 38.29
Ikibaho

**Ikibaho cy'amagambo** cyangwa **itumanaho** nuburyo bworoshye bufasha abantu batakaje ubushobozi bwo kuvuga. Ikibaho cy'itumanaho gishobora  guhabwa umuntu uri gukira nyuma yo kurwara indwara yo guterwa n'amaraso  y'ubwonko .  Kuganira, umukoresha yerekana amagambo, inyuguti cyangwa ibimenyetso ku kibaho. Mubisanzwe harimo ibi bikurikira:

**Yego | Oya | ( <big>☺</big> ) |** **| Ushaka | Ibyo**

**ABCD EFG**

**HIJK LMNOP**

**QRS ''X'' TUV**

**& WX ? YZ**

**Impamvu | Niki | ryari | hehe**

Hano hari ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byifashishwa bya synthesis devices iboneka kubwiyi ntego.
Ikipe y'igihugu ya Portugal y'abamugaye

Ikipe y’Igihugu y’u Portugal y’umukino wa **[https://web.archive.org/web/20251014171309/https://www.eurohand4all.com/en/portugal-team/ Wheelchair Handball]** ni yo ihagarariye igihugu cya Portugal muri uwo mukino, kandi iyoborwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’umukino wa Handball rya Portugal (**Portuguese Handball Federation**).

Portugal yabaye iya kabiri mu marushanwa abiri yonyine y’**Irushanwa ry’ibihugu by’u Burayi mu mukino wa Wheelchair Handball (European Wheelchair Handball Nations’ Tournament)**. 

## Inyandiko zipiganwa

### Amarushanwa y’ibimuga y’ibihugu by’i Burayi 'Amarushanwa

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ishyirahamwe ry'umukino wa Handball muri Portugal
* Urupapuro rwitsinda rya EHF
Imeza ya Welner

**Imeza ya Welner** ni imeza yo ikoreshwa kwa muganga yagenewe mu gusuzuma abarwayi, igamije korohereza abafite ubumuga bw'umubiri ndetse n'abaganga . Yahanzwe n’umuganga w’umunyamerika wita ku ndwara z'abagore n'abana( Obstetrician- gynecologist) akaba ari mu baharanira uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga Sandra Welner .

Akazi ka Welner hamwe n’abarwayi b’abagore bamugaye cyamuteye guhimba ameza ya Welner, imbonerahamwe y’ibizamini igera ku isi yose kandi yagutse kuruta uko byari bisanzwe bigenda bihinduka mu mwanya no mu burebure, kugeza kuri  hejuru yurwego rwo kwimura byoroshye kuva mu kagare k'abamugaye . Imbonerahamwe ikora kandi ibyifuzo  mukwemerera imyanya myinshi yo gukora ibizamini.  

## Amashakiro
Andika

**WriteOnline** ni ijambo ritunganya ijambo kumurongo kuva muri Crick Software ikubiyemo ibikoresho bifasha mu kwandika kandi yagenewe amashuri abanza,ayisumbuye  na kaminuza .

## Ibiranga
AndikaOnline ni WYSIWYG, urupapuro-reba ijambo gutunganya ijambo ririmo imvugo ya software, guhanura ijambo, Wordbars hamwe nuwashushanyije.

WriteOnline ikubiyemo ibintu bigamije kuyigira ikoreshwa n'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, ndetse ikanagira keyboard yo ku ishusho ya ecran ishobora gukoreshwa n'abatabasha gukoresha keyboard isanzwe.

KwandikaOnline ni porogaramu ya Java . Iraboneka m' Icyongereza cyo mu Bwongereza cg m'Icyongereza cyo muri Amerika.

## Reba kandi
Icyicaro cyumusarani

ibikoresha byo kuzamura intebe, y'ubwiherero cg intebe z'ubwiherero cyangwa intebe z'ubwiherero zizamurwa, cyangwa **intebe yubwiherero yazamuye** ni ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifasha mu korohereza abantu bakuze cyangwa abafite ubumuga kubona ubwiherero.

Birashobora gufasha mu kwimura abantu bava mu magare y'ubufasha,  kandi bishobora gufasha mu kwirinda kugwa.

Abantu bamwe bashobora gusanga ibyago bya plastike bidashimishije cyangwa bitwaje agasuzuguro.  Bashobora kandi kubangamira ingeso zumusarani zabandi bakoresha. 

## Reba kandi

* Fata akabari
* Kugera ku musarani
* Guhindura urugo
* Ubuvuzi bw'akazi
* Ikoranabuhanga rifasha

## Reba
Umukoresha

**UserWay** ni sosiyete igera kuri digitale ifite icyicaro i Wilmington, Delaware . Isosiyete ikoresha AI na automatisation mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’amategeko ku masosiyete kugira ngo imbuga zabo zigerweho. 

## Amateka
UserWay yashinzwe mu 2016 na Allon Mason.  Mu 2021, Susan Bennett, umuntu watanze ijwi rya Siri, umufasha w'ikoranabuhanga wa Apple, yabaye umuvugizi w'iyi sosiyete kandi akaba umurwanashyaka  'uburenganzira bw'abantu bafite ubumuga mu gikorwa cyo kwamamaza cya UserWay, cyanagaragayemo Dr. Orna Guralnik .  Mu Kuboza 2021, isosiyete yatanze umushinga wa mbere  w'inyandiko y'amasoko (prospectus ) ya IPO ku Isoko ry’imigabane rya Tel Aviv .   

Muri Mutarama 2022, isosiyete yasohoye IPO yayo ku isoko ry'imigabane rya Tel Aviv ku gaciro ka miliyoni 120 NIS. Yakomeje gukusanya hafi miliyoni 30 NIS kubakiriya b'ibigo.   UserWay yatangiye gucuruza ku isoko ryimigabane rya Tel Aviv ku izina rya UWAY. 

Widget ya UserWay iraboneka kumurongo wingenzi wa CMS kimwe nimbuga za HTML / CSS / JS. Ikoranabuhanga rya UserWay ryujuje amategeko yubahiriza ashingiye kuri WCAG 2.1 AA kandi nkuko bisabwa na ADA.  

Mu Kuboza 2023, UserWay yatangaje ko izagurwa n’ikigo cy’Abanyamerika Level Access ku giciro cya miliyoni 98.7 z’amadolari($) yo guhuza amafaranga n’impaka zikomeje kuvugwa.    Ubucuruzi bwarangiye muri Werurwe 2024, guhindura isosiyete akaba iy'abigenga bonyine. 

Mu 2024, ikirego cy’icyiciro cy’ikirego cyaregewe UserWay, kivuga ko ibirego byinshi byakabije, ko widgets zayo zitubahiriza kubahiriza amategeko, ndetse rimwe na rimwe bigatuma imbuga za interineti zigora gukoresha ababana n'ubumuga.  . Ikinyamakuru Financial Times cyatangaje ko imbuga za interineti zikoresha UserWay hamwe n’andi masosiyete ya widget agera kuri interineti akiri kure yo kubahiriza amabwiriza yo kugerwaho, amwe muri yo akaba afite amakosa y’ibanze  mu bijyanye no kugeza ku bikorwa by'ikoranabuhanga.
Radiyo 1RPH

**Radiyo 1RPH** 1125 kHz Canberra (89.5FM Wagga Wagga, 99.5FM Junee ) ni radiyo itanga amakuru kuri radiyo AM band kuri radiyo yo mu murwa mukuru wa Ositaraliya ikorera ACT yose hamwe n’ibice bikikije NSW birimo Queanbeyan, Yass na Michelago, hamwe nabakunda kugaragara cyane FM kuri Wagga na Junee,  hamwe n’itangazamakuru ryandika kuri interineti. 

Radio 1RPH ni umunyamuryango wa Radio Icapiro ry'abafite ubumuga . Amagambo yacyo ni, **amakuru yawe** hamwe no **Guhindura icapiro mumajwi**, kandi igamije gukorera abantu bose, kubwimpamvu iyo ari yo yose, bafite ubumuga bwo gusoma ibikoresho byacapwe bizwi nkibinyamakuru bigendanwa muntoki. 

Ibinyamakuru, ibitabo, nibindi bikoresho byacapwe bizwi kwizina rya news letter bisomwa kumurongo. 1RPH yahoze ifite frequency hanze ya AM band kuri 1620&nbsp;kHz,  nuko agira ikibazo cyo kwivanga gake, kandi yumvikanye kure nka Amerika. 

## Ibikoresho

### Studiyo

#### Ku kirere no ku musaruro

* Sitidiyo ebyiri, imwe ifite umuyoboro wa 16 Ogenic ivangavanga:
** Inkomoko y'amajwi:
*** mudasobwa
*** Abakinnyi ba CD
*** imiyoboro ya satelite
*** Ibyuma bifata amajwi
*** impinduka
*** umurongo wo gutangaza
*** telefone-radiyo

#### Umusaruro

* sitidiyo nyuma yububiko
* studio-ijwi gusa
* CD-R hamwe nububiko bwibitabo
* isomero ry'umuziki ryafashwe amajwi

### Imashanyarazi na antenne

* 2000 watt ikomeye-imiterere ya transmitter ya AM hamwe na standby
*  antenna ya masta itanga icyerekezo
* amashanyarazi yihutirwa

## Ingaruka za NDIS
Muri Gashyantare 2016, ubuyobozi bwa sitasiyo bwatangaje ko bwagiriwe inama ko amadolari 38.000 atazaboneka muri ACT ya Leta ya ACT y’ubumuga guhera muri Nyakanga 2016, ubwo aya mafaranga azaba mu rwego rw’amafaranga rusange y’ubwishingizi bw’abafite ubumuga (NDIS) ayobowe na guverinoma ya Commonwealth . Aya mafaranga yagereranyaga hafi kimwe cya kane cyingengo yimikorere ya sitasiyo. Minisitiri w’abafite ubumuga Chris Bourke yanze gusezeranya inkunga y’umutungo wa ACT, ariko avuga ko azakora iperereza kuri Minisitiri y'abafite ubumuga butandukanye. nko Kuyobora bashizemo imbaraga zo kumenyekanisha ibura ry'inkunga ni: Perezida, Lorraine Litster; Visi Perezida, n'abafite ubumuga Perezida wa ACT, Robert Altamore; n’abakorerabushake batanga amakuru hamwe n’inteko ishinga amategeko umutwe wa ACT, Umudepite wa Vicki Dunne . Litster yerekanye ko, muri gahunda ya miliyari 22 z'amadolari ya Amerika / umwaka, miliyoni 132 z'amadolari yonyine niyo yagenewe serivisi zirimo umuyoboro wa radiyo wandika ubumuga . Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubwishingizi bw'abafite ubumuga (NDIA) cyatangaje ko kizasuzuma iki kibazo.  

## Reba kandi

* Urutonde rwa radio muri Ositaraliya
* Radiyo Yandika Abamugaye
AnySurfer

**AnySurfer** ni umuryango w’Ababiligi uteza imbere uburyo bwo kugera ku mbuga za interineti, porogaramu, n’inyandiko za digitale ku ***bamugaye***. Nizina ry'ikirango cyiza urubuga kandi ushobora kubona ndetse ukarugiraho uruhare rwuzuye. AnySurfer ni umushinga wigihugu ukorwa na Blindenzorg Licht en Liefde, umuryango udaharanira inyungu w’Ababiligi utanga ubufasha ku batabona n’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . 

Kugenzura Urutonde rwa Anysurfer rukoresha mugihe rutanga ikirango icyo aricyo cyose gishingiye kumurongo wurubuga rwibanze (WCAG 2.0). 

## Amateka
BlindSurfer yashinzwe mu 2001 na Rudi Canters, umupayiniya ushijwe kugenzura urubuga  rwa interineti i. Yafashijwe mu bikorwa bye na Blindenzorg Licht en Liefde. Kubera inkunga y'amafaranga yatanzwe na Gelijke Kansen Vlaanderen, umushinga wahurijwe hamwe mu 2002. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Canters ku ya 14 Mata 2003, umushinga ndetse n'ikirangantego cyacyo byakomeje kwiyongera. 

Ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2006, BlindSurfer yahinduye izina ry'uru rubuga  arwita AnySurfer. Ibi byakozwe mu rwego rwo kwirinda gushimangira imyumvire ivuga ko kwinjira ku rubuga bigirira akamaro abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona gusa, aho kuba ababana n'ubumuga muri rusange. 

Ukuboza 2008, hasohotse ikiciro cya kabiri cyuru rubuga rwibirimo rwo kugerwaho . AnySurfer yagize uruhare mu guhindura aya mabwiriza agezweho mu Giholande, kandi ihuza urutonde rwabo kugira ngo ihuze na WCAG 2.0. 

## Ibikorwa bya AnySurfer

* Ikora ibizamini byo kugerwaho kurubuga rushingiye kumabwiriza yabanjirije kubaho (Urutonde rwa AnySurfer na WCAG 2.0.). Imbuga zuzuza ibi bipimo zahawe ikirango icyo aricyo cyose. 
* Gutegura amahugurwa yerekeranye no kugerwaho na webdesign, webcontent, hamwe ninyandiko za digitale nka Word-dosiye na PDF .
* Gukora urutonde rw "Abashimusi Bashimiwe", aribo bategura urubuga bafite ubumenyi nuburambe bwinshi kubijyanye no kugerwaho.
* Gufatanya na kaminuza zigera ku icumi zitandukanye, AnySurfer ikora moniteur igerwaho mumyaka  . Ibisubizo byerekana iterambere ryakozwe muburyo bwo kugera kurubuga hagati yurubuga rw’Ababiligi. 

## Inkomoko
Tim Johnson (imikino ya rugby y’abafite ubumuga bwo kugendera mu kagare)

**Timothy Clarence Johnson** MNZM (yavutse ku wa 4 Gashyantare 1976) ni umuyobozi wa siporo w’abafite ubumuga muri Nouvelle-Zélande akaba yarahoze akina umikino wa rugby w’abafite ubumuga bwo kugendera mu kagare . Yabaye kapiteni w’ikipe Wheel Blacks, ikipe y’igihugu ya Nouvelle-Zélande ikina rugby y’abakoresha amagare y’abafite ubumuga.

Johnson yari umunyamuryango w’amakipe ya Nouvelle-Zélande akina rugby y’abakoresha amagare kuva mu 1998 kugeza mu 2010, harimo n’ikipe yatwaye umudali wa zahabu mu mikino ya Paralympics yo mu mpeshyi ya 2004 yabereye Atenayi, ndetse n’ikipe yatwaye umudali wa feza mu mikino ya Paralympics yo mu 2000 yabereye i Sydney . Mu mikino ya Paralympics yo mu 2008, yari umukinnyi n'umutoza wungirije mu ikipe ya Nouvelle-Zélande, yaje ku mwanya wa gatanu.  Yatsindiye umudali wa feza mu marushanwa y’isi yabereye i Toronto mu 1998 no muri Christchurch mu 2006, kandi yari kapiteni w’ikipe yo mu 2006.

Yabaye perezida wa New Zealand Wheelchair Rugby kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2004, ndetse nanone kuva mu 2011 kugeza mu 2014. Yanakoreye iyo nzego nk’umubitsi hagati y’umwaka wa 2005 na 2006.  Yanahagarariye abakinnyi muri Komite Olempike ya Nouvelle-Zélande kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2014. 

Johnson yize muri Kaminuza ya Canterbury no muri Christchurch College of Education, aho yasoje afite impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor of Engineering with Honours mu bijyanye n’amashanyarazi, elektroniki n’itumanaho mu 1998, Graduate Diploma mu Kwigisha no Kwiga (Secondary) mu 1999, ndetse na Master of Engineering mu 2004.  Yanize kandi muri Victoria University of Technology i Melbourne ndetse no muri Auckland University of Technology. Yarangije amasomo ajyanye na Graduate Diploma mu Kwita ku Mirimo y’Abakinnyi B’abahanga mu 2005, kandi yasoje afite Graduate Certificate mu Buyobozi bw’Ubucuruzi (Part MBA) mu 2015.Yahawe impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza ya Canterbury na Nouvelle-Zélande Blues mu mukino wa rugby y’abakoresha amagare. 

Kuri ubu akora nka Umuyobozi w’Ishami rishinzwe amarushanwa muri ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rya rugby y’abakoresha amagare (WWR), aho yamaze kuba umunyamuryango w’ingenzi kuva mu 2007. Ni Umutoza wungirije w’Ikoranabuhanga mu mikino ya Paralympics yo mu mpeshyi ya 2024 i Paris, kandi ni Umutoza w’Ikoranabuhanga mu gikombe mpuzamahanga cya 2023 cya Rugby y'abakoresha amagare. Yanabaye Umutoza w’Ikoranabuhanga mu marushanwa akurikira: 2023 WWR Asia-Oceania Championship, 2018 IWRF World Championships, ndetse na 2013, 2015 na 2019 IWRF Asia-Oceania Championships.

Yakoze imirimo myinshi muri sosiyete ishinzwe indishyi zimpanuka kuva mu mwaka wa 2006 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2019

Mu isabukuru y’amavuko y’umwamikazi wa 2015, Johnson yagizwe Umunyamuryango w’icyubahiro cya Nouvelle-Zélande, muri serivisi z’imikino y’abafite ubumuga. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Tim Johnson at Paralympics New Zealand
* Timothy Johnson at the International Paralympic Committee
Bobby (software)

Umwimerere wa **BobbySoftware** yari igikoresho cyo kuri interineti gikoreshwa kubuntu, cyanditswe na Josh Krieger kandi gitangwa nikigo gishinzwe ikoranabuhanga ryihariye (CAST), ryakoreshejwe mukwemeza imbuga za WAI no kubahiriza 508 . n' umushinga watangijwe  mu mwakwa wa 1995,  yamenyekanye cyane mugukoresha igishushanyo *cyemewe cya Bobby* abanditsi b'urubuga bashobora gukoresha kugirango berekane ko batsinze ikizamini cya Bobby kumurongo. Iterambere ryahujwe na Chuck Hitchcock, Umuyobozi mukuru wa CAST muri Politiki n’ikoranabuhanga, kandi ryatejwe imbere na David Clark na Michael Cooper.

Igikoresho CAST cyafunzwe ku mugaragaro ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2005. Icyakora, izina rya Bobby ryabayeho muri gahunda ya Watchfire Corporation ya Watchfire Bobby. Watchfire yatanze serivisi yubuntu CAST yakoranye naniri korana buhanga rya BobbySoft mubikoresho byabo bya Watchfire WebXACT. Itangwa rya Watchfire, ubu igice cya suite ya IBM yasobanuwe hepfo, igerageza paji yibirimo kurubuga kubwiza, kuboneka, nibibazo byihariye.

Iri koranabuhanga ryakoreshwaga kubuntu ryaje gafungwe ku mugaragaro na ba nyir'ubwite, IBM, ku ya 1 Gashyantare 2008.  Ubu porogaramu iraboneka mu rwego rwa IBM Rational Policy Tester Accessibility Edition.  

Kugeza ubu, Igikoresho cyo Gusuzuma Urubuga (WAVE) rutanga iyi serivisi yubuntu kuri wave.webaim.org .

## Reba kandi

* Ikoranabuhanga rifasha
* Kugera kuri mudasobwa
* Igishushanyo Kuri Byose
* Ubumenyi
* Icyiciro 508 Ivugurura ry'itegeko ryerekeye gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe 1973
* Igishushanyo mbonera
* Gusurwa
* Kuboneka kurubuga
* Gutangiza Urubuga

## Amashakiro
Ihuriro ry’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri

**Ihuriro ry’abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri** yari ishyirahamwe ry’abaharaniraga uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga mu mujyi wa New York mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20. Ryashinzwe mu kwezi kwa Gatanu 1935 hagamijwe kwamagana ivangura ryakorewe n’ubuyobozi bushinzwe iterambere (WPA). 

Biro y’Ubwunganizi bw’Abaturage yo mu Mujyi wa New York yashiragaho akamenyetso “PH” ku busabe bw’abasaba inkunga bari bafite ubumuga, aho “PH” risobanuraga “physically handicapped” (ufite ubumuga bw’umubiri). Aba bantu bashyirwaga ku rutonde rw’“abatabasha kubona akazi” (unemployable), maze bakangirwa kubona imirimo yashyiriweho n’WPA. Kugira ngo barwanye ibyo, abanyamuryango b’Ihuriro ry’Abafite Ubumuga bw’Umubiri bakoreye sit-in muri Home Relief Bureau iminsi icyenda batangiriye ku wa 29 Gicurasi 1935, ndetse banakora sit-in y’ikiruhuko cy’impera z’icyumweru ku biro bya WPA, nabyo mu Mujyi wa New York, mu kwezi kwa Kamena 1935. Izi ngamba zaje gutuma hashyirwaho imirimo 1,500 ku bakozi bafite ubumuga bw’umubiri mu Mujyi wa New York mu mwaka wa 1936.  Ihuriro ryari rimaze gusenyuka mu mwaka wa 1938.  

## Reba
Rod Michalko

**Rod Michalko** ni umushakashatsi w’Umunyakanada mu rwego rw’ubumenyi bw’abafite ubumuga.

Michalko yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga ya Filozofiya muri sociologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya British Columbia .  Mu mwaka wa 2007, yakoraga muri New College, Toronto, aho yateguye amasomo y’inyigisho z’ubumuga.  Nyuma yaho, yagiye mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru muri kaminuza ya Toronto . 

Michalko yatangiye gutakaza bushobozi bwo kubona akiri umwana none ni impumyi. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2001, Michalko yafashijwe n'imbwa imuyobora yitwaga Smokie, akaba yarananditseho mu bitabo bye *The Two-in-One* (1999) hamwe *na Letters with Smokie* (2023). Kuva Smokie apfa, Michalko yatangiye gukoresha inkoni yera. 

Michalko ni umufatanyabikorwa wa mugenzi we wigisha Tanya Titchkosky . 

## Ibitabo

### Umwanditsi

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Muhinduzi

* 

## Reba
Upasana Makati

**Upasana Makati** ni rwiyemezamirimo ukomoka mu mujyi wa Mumbai, washinze ***White Print***, akaba n'umurwanashyaka w'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona .  Mu mwaka wa 2016, yatoranyijwe nka umwe mu 30 bafite impano cyangwa ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa bari munsi y’imyaka 30.

## Uburezi
Makati yize itumanaho muri kaminuza ya Ottawa . 

## ''Icapa ryera''
Mu mwaka wa 2013, Upasana Makati yatekereje ku buryo abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona batangiriraga umunsi wabo, bityo agahitamo gusura amashuri kugira ngo amenye neza.  Nyuma yo kubona ko hari amahitamo make ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona yo gusoma batagombye gufashwa n’umu-soma-ecran, yashinze White Print, ikinyamakuru cya mbere cyo mu Bwongereza cyibanda ku buzima bw’abantu mu Buhinde gisohoka mu Braille. Iki kinyamakuru gisohora impapuro 64 kandi gikubiyemo insanganyamatsiko zirimo ubugeni, siporo, politiki, n’ikinamico/filime. 

Iki kinyamakuru ni icyinjiza amafaranga , kikishyurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe nk’abasomyi biyandikishije n’amatangazo y’ibigo.

## Reba
Lorraine Mercer

**Lorraine Mercer** MBE ni Umwongereza wabashije kurokoka ingaruka za thalidomide, akaba umushushanyi, umudozi w’imipira y’imisumari n’umushoferi w’imodoka z’abafite ubumuga muri RDA .

Mercer yari uhagarariye umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abarokotse ingaruka za thalidomide ubwo yagendaga afata Itara rya Olympic mu mwaka wa 2012 ku bw’igihugu cye. Imodoka ye yateguwe ku buryo yatwaraga Itara rya Olympic neza hejuru y’umutwe we, itajya hafi y’umwuka wa ogisijeni akeneye.

Mu mwaka wa 2015, Mercer yahawe icyubahiro MBE kubera serivisi ze mu muryango, by’umwihariko ku bantu bonyine bo mu bitaro by’aho atuye muri Mid-Sussex.

## Reba
BrowseAloud

**BrowseAloud** ni porogaramu yikoranabuhanga ifasha yongerera inyandiko-imvugo imikorere kurubuga.  Yakozwe na Texthelp Ltd, isosiyete yo muri Irilande y'Amajyaruguru ishingiye ku buhanga bwo gukora ikoranabuhanga rifasha. BrowseAloud yongeraho ibikoresho byo gusoma kubikoresho kugirango wongere imbuga za interineti kubantu bakeneye gukoresha uru rubuga mu gusoma inkuru. Igikoresho cya JavaScript gishingiye  kongeramo ibikoresho bireremba kurupapuro rwurubuga rusurwa. Serivisi yishyurwa nuwamamaza urubuga; kandi ni ubuntu kubasura urubuga. 

BrowseAloud yakoreshejwe mu Bwongereza n’inama zimwe na zimwe z’ibanze,  hamwe n’ibice bya serivisi y’ubuzima . Porogaramu yatsindiye ibbihembo byinshi bishya by’itangazamakuru muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika  

## Impaka
BrowseAloud yanenzwe naba technologiste ko bakeneye gukoresha Mouse kugirango bahitemo inyandiko mbere yuko BrowseAloud ayisoma.  Ibi byasabye icyerekezo nubuhanga bwo gukoresha moteri, kugirango BrowseAloud itagerwaho mumatsinda ashobora gukoresha abandi basoma ecran, nka JAWS . Abatanga ibitekerezo bavuze ko BrowseAloud idasimbuye ibikoresho nkibi.  

### Malware
Ku ya 11 Gashyantare 2018, ku cyumweru, abakiriya ba BrowseAloud barenga 4.200 (amakuru amwe yavuze ko abantu barenga 5.000   ) imiyoboro yabo yanduye kode ya Coinhive nyuma yuko BrowseAloud, yakiriwe kuri Serivisi za Amazone,  yibwe.  Nubwo Coinhive itanga Monero, uburyo bwo gukoresha amafaranga -ifite imikoreshereze yemewe,  kuyinjiza mu buryo muri icyo gitero byasobanuwe ko ari "bibi" n’umwanditsi mukuru *w’ikinyamakuru* mukuru, Chris Williams;  kandi nka "malware" na Taylor Hatmaker, muri TechCrunch . 

Serivisi ya BrowseAloud yahagaritswe na Texthelp, kugirango yemere abashakasshatsi babo gukora iperereza ku guhungabanya umutekano no gukuraho code mbi. Kwiyandikisha byagereranije ko code yakoraga muri BroswseAloud mugihe cyamasaha cumi nagatatu.  Yakoresheje mudasobwa zabashyitsi kugirango ibare ibarwa cyane,   ishobora kudindiza imikorere ya mudasobwa yabo no kugabanya ubuzima bwa bateri cyangwa gukoresha amashanyarazi.  Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano wa cyber cyavuze ko ibikorwa ari "bitemewe".  

Mu bakiriya bafite bagezweho n'ingaruka ku mbuga za interineti harimo Komiseri ushinzwe amakuru mu Bwongereza    (wafunze urubuga rwabo mu rwego rwo kwirinda  ), Ibiro by’Ubuyobozi bw’Inkiko z’Amerika,  na guverinoma z’ibihugu bya Ositaraliya bya Victoria na Queensland.  

Iki kibazo cyagaragajw na Scott Helme, umujyanama ushinzwe umutekano mu Bwongereza.  Boyd buri wese yerekanye ko intege nke zikoreshwa muri icyo gitero zashoboraga gukoreshwa mu kwiba amakuru y’abashyitsi yavugiwe muriyo nama.  Helme na NCSC bombi basabye ko abategura urubuga bakoresha ubunyangamugayo bwa subresource mu rwego rwo kwirinda ibyo bitero. 

Igitero cyagereranijwe ko cyinjije gusa abagabye igitero kingana n’amadolari 24 muri kode ya Monero.  Bamwe mu batanze ibitekerezo, nka Chris Boyd wo muri Malwarebytes, bavuze ko icyo gitero cyari cyoroheje, kubera ko abagabye igitero bashoboraga kugerageza uburyo bwo gukoresha ejo hazaza. 

## Amashakiro
Itegeko ribuza kuvangura abamugaye 1992

***Itegeko rishingiye ku ivangura ry’abafite ubumuga 1992*** **(Cth)** ni itegeko ryemejwe n’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Ositaraliya aho ribuza abakora ivangura rikorerwa ababana n’ubumuga butandukanye mu kazi, mu burezi, ahantu haboneka ku mugaragaro, gutanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi, amacumbi, clubs n’amashyirahamwe, n’ibindi bice. Ivangura risobanurwa harimo kunanirwa kugira ibyo uhindura kumuntu. Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Ositaraliya ihabwa kandi igasuzuma ibirego byatanzwe hakurikijwe iryo tegeko.

## Amavu n'amavuko
Mu gihe iri tegeko ryashyizweho, hari hamaze kubaho amategeko atandukanye ivangura rikorerwa abantu bafite ubumuga mu mategeko ya leta zitandukanye , rimwe murayo mategeko akaba yaranakomokaga mu ntangiriro za 1980s.Leta zose n'intara zose usibye Tasmania and the Northern Territory zari zifite amategeko arwanya ivangura, naho izo ebyiri ziri gutekereza ku gudhyiraho ayo mategeko. hatanzwe impamvu eshatu zatumye hashyirwaho itegeko rya leta Nkuru:

* Kugena urugero rw'uburenganzira butangwa hirya no hino
* Shyira mu bikorwa inshingano za guverinoma ya Ositarariya nk'umukono ku masezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga.
* Gushoboza kugenzura imikorere ivangura yubuyobozi bwa Commonwealth.

## Umurage
Mu 2004, ibyavuye mu iperereza rya komisiyo ishinzwe gutanga umusaruro ku itegeko ryashyizwe ahagaragara.  Komisiyo yasanze mu gihe hakiri byinshi byo kunonosora, cyane cyane mu kugabanya ivangura mu kazi, muri rusange iryo tegeko ryagize akamaro gakomeye.

Byongeye kandi, Komisiyo yasanze ababana n'ubumuga bagifite amahirwe make ugereranije n’abandi bantu barangiza amashuri, bafite impamyabumenyi ya TAFE cyangwa kaminuza, kandi bagahabwa akazi. Bishoboka cyane ko binjiza amafaranga ari munsi yikigereranyo cyangwa ajyanye nibyo baba bakoze, kuba kuri pansiyo, kuba mumazu rusange no muri gereza. Impuzandengo yinjiza ku bantu bafite ubumuga ni 44 ku ijana yinjiza abandi Banyaustraliya.

### Komite ya Olempike ya Maguire na Sydney
Uru rubanza rwazanywe na Bruce Maguire, rwerekeye urubuga rw’imikino Olempike ya Sydney 2000, ndetse n’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona byabafasha gukoresha neza urubuga.

## Reba kandi

* Adaptive Physical Education Australia
* Disability discrimination act
* Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (United Kingdom)
* *Maguire v SOCOG 1999*

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Itegeko rivangura abamugaye 1992 mu 
* Itegeko rivangura abamugaye 1992 mu kigo cyita ku mategeko cya Australiya
* Raporo yiperereza muri DDA na komisiyo ishinzwe gutanga umusaruro, yasohotse 14 Nyakanga 2004.
* Politiki y’ubumuga bwa leta ya Australiya, Gahunda n’amategeko
* Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Ositaraliya iyobora gutanga ikirego muri DDA