Uburezi

## Uburezi
n'igikorwa gifatika kigamije kugera ku ntego zimwe, nko guhererekanya ubumenyi cyangwa gutsimbataza ubumenyi n'imico. Izi ntego zishobora kubamo iterambere ryo gusobanukirwa, gushyira mu gaciro, ubugwaneza, no kuba inyangamugayo. Abashakashatsi banyuranye bashimangira uruhare rw'ibitekerezo binegura kugirango batandukane uburezi nuburere. Bamwe mu bahanga mu bya tewolojiya basaba ko uburezi butera imbere umunyeshuri mu gihe abandi bahitamo ubusobanuro butabogamye bwijambo. Muburyo butandukanye gato, uburezi bushobora nanone kwerekeza kubikorwa, ariko kubicuruzwa byiyi nzira: imitekerereze n'imitekerereze ifitwe n'abantu bize. Uburezi bwatangiye nko guhererekanya umurage ndangamuco kuva ku gisekuru kugera ku kindi. Uyu munsi, intego z'uburezi zigenda zikubiyemo ibitekerezo bishya nko kubohoza abiga, ubumenyi bukenewe muri societe igezweho, kubabarana, hamwe n'ubumenyi bugoye bw'imyuga.

Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo, uhereye hejuru: Inyigisho mu ishami ry’ubuhanga bw’ibinyabuzima, kaminuza ya tekinike ya Tchèque, i Prague, muri Repubulika ya Ceki; Abana bo mu ishuri bicaye mu gicucu cy’ubusitani i Bamozai, hafi ya Gardez, Intara ya Paktia, Afuganisitani; Abanyeshuri bitabiriye amarushanwa ya Robo Yambere, Washington, D.C.; Uburezi bwabana bato binyuze muri USAID muri Ziway, Etiyopiya

Ubwoko bwuburezi busanzwe bugabanyijemo uburezi busanzwe, butemewe, nuburyo butemewe. Uburezi busanzwe bubera mubigo byuburezi n’amahugurwa, mubisanzwe byubatswe nintego ni intego zinyigisho, kandi imyigire isanzwe iyobowe n'umwarimu. Mu turere twinshi, amashuri yemewe ni itegeko kugeza ku myaka runaka kandi ubusanzwe igabanyijemo ibyiciro byuburezi nkincuke, amashuri abanza nayisumbuye. Uburezi budasanzwe bubaho nk'inyongera cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kwiga bisanzwe. Irashobora gutunganywa hakurikijwe gahunda yuburezi, ariko muburyo bworoshye, kandi mubisanzwe ibera mubaturage, aho bakorera cyangwa mumiryango itegamiye kuri leta. Ubwanyuma, uburezi budasanzwe bubaho mubuzima bwa buri munsi, mumuryango, uburambe ubwo aribwo bwose bugira ingaruka zifatika muburyo umuntu atekereza, yumva, cyangwa ibikorwa bishobora gufatwa nkuburere, bwaba butabigambiriye cyangwa nkana. Mu myitozo hariho gukomeza kuva muburyo bwemewe cyane kugeza kubimenyerewe cyane, kandi imyigire idasanzwe irashobora kugaragara mubice bitatu byose. Kurugero, amashuri yo murugo arashobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nkibidasanzwe cyangwa bisanzwe, bitewe nimiterere.

Hatitawe ku gushiraho, uburyo bwuburezi burimo kwigisha, amahugurwa, kuvuga inkuru, kuganira, nubushakashatsi buyobora. Uburyo bwo kwigisha bwitwa pedagogy. Uburezi bushyigikiwe na filozofiya zitandukanye, inyigisho hamwe na gahunda zubushakashatsi bufatika.

Hariho ingamba zo kuvugurura uburezi, nko kuzamura ireme n’ubushobozi bw’uburezi biganisha ku mibereho y’abanyeshuri no gukemura ibibazo neza muri sosiyete igezweho cyangwa ejo hazaza muri rusange, cyangwa uburyo bwuburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso. Uburenganzira bwo kwiga bwemejwe na guverinoma zimwe na zimwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. [A] Urugero, ku ya 24 Mutarama ni umunsi mpuzamahanga w’uburezi. Ku rwego rwa Loni, imyaka myinshi yo kwizihiza no mu myaka mirongo byahariwe uburezi, [4] nk'umwaka mpuzamahanga w'uburezi mu 1970. Uburezi nabwo ni imwe mu ntego 17 z’isi yose, aho gahunda z’isi zigamije kugera ku ntego irambye y’iterambere rirambye 4, iteza imbere uburezi bufite ireme kuri bose.

## Ibisobanuro
Ingingo nyamukuru: Ibisobanuro byuburezi

Ibisobanuro byinshi byuburezi byatanzwe nabatekinisiye bo mubice bitandukanye. [6] [7] [8] Benshi bemeza ko uburezi ari igikorwa kigamije kugera ku ntego zimwe na zimwe, cyane cyane ihererekanyabumenyi. Ariko akenshi bashiramo izindi ntego, nko gutsimbataza ubuhanga n'imico. [9] [6] [10] Ariko, hariho ukutumvikana gukomeye kubyerekeye imiterere nyayo yuburezi usibye ibi biranga rusange. Dukurikije imyumvire imwe, ni inzira ibaho cyane cyane nko mumashuri, kwigisha, no kwiga. [11] [12] [7] Abandi barabyumva ntabwo ari inzira ahubwo nkibikorwa cyangwa ibicuruzwa bizanwa niyi nzira. Kuri iki gitekerezo, uburezi nicyo abantu bize bafite, ni ukuvuga imitekerereze n'imitekerereze biranga. [11] [12] [7] Ariko, iryo jambo rishobora kandi kwerekeza ku nyigisho y’amasomo yuburyo bukoreshwa mu gihe cyo kwigisha no kwiga, ndetse n’ibigo by’imibereho bigira uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa. Etymologique, ijambo "uburezi" rikomoka ku ijambo ry'ikilatini ēducātiō ("Ubworozi, kurera, kurera") kuva ēducō ("Ndigisha, ndatoza") rifitanye isano n'izina ēdūcō ("Ndabayobora , Nsohora; Ndahaguruka, Nshiraho ") kuva ē- (" kuva, hanze ") na dūcō (" Nyobora, Nyobora "). [13]

Bamwe mu bashakashatsi, nka R. S. Peters, batanze ibisobanuro nyabyo mu kwandika ibikenewe kandi bihagije mu burezi, urugero: (1) bireba n guhererekanya ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa; . Ibigeragezo nkibi bisa akenshi bigenda neza muburyo bwo kwerekana uburere bwa paradigatike ariko byakiriwe kunengwa nubwo bimeze bityo, mubisanzwe muburyo bwikigereranyo cyihariye kidasabwa. [15] [16] [7] Izi ngorane zatumye abahanga mu bya tewolojiya batezimbere imyumvire idasobanutse ishingiye kumiryango. Ibi bivuze ko uburyo butandukanye bwuburezi busa nubundi nubwo budakeneye gusangira ibintu byingenzi biranga bose. [6] [17] [18] Iki gitekerezo gishobora kandi guhuzwa nigitekerezo kivuga ko ubusobanuro bwijambo "uburezi" bushingiye ku miterere bityo bikaba bishobora gutandukana bitewe nuburyo bukoreshwa. [7] Kugira igitekerezo gisobanutse neza icyo iryo jambo risobanura ni ngombwa kubibazo bitandukanye: birakenewe kumenya no kubiganiraho hamwe no kumenya uburyo bwo kubigeraho no kubipima. [19] [20] [21]

Hano hari ukutumvikana mubitabo byigisha niba uburezi ari igitekerezo cyo gusuzuma. Ibyo bita ibisobanuro byimbitse byemeza ibi, kurugero, nukwemeza ko kunoza imyigire ari ikintu gikenewe cyuburezi. Nyamara, ibisobanuro bitandukanye byimbitse birashobora kutumvikana hagati yabo kubijyanye niterambere. Ku rundi ruhande, ibisobanuro bito, gerageza gutanga inkuru idafite aho ibogamiye y'uburezi. [20] Itandukaniro rifitanye isano rya hafi ni uko hagati yibisobanuro bisobanura. Ibitekerezo bisobanura bigamije gusobanura uburyo iryo jambo rikoreshwa n’abavuga rikijyana mu gihe imyumvire isobanura igerageza kwerekana icyo uburezi bwiza ari cyo cyangwa uburyo bugomba gukorwa. [9]

Ibitekerezo byinshi byimbitse kandi bisobanura bishingiye kuri konti yabo ku ntego z'uburezi, ni ukuvuga ku bijyanye n'intego ibikorwa by'uburezi bigerageza kugeraho. [24] [25] [26] Izi ntego rimwe na rimwe zishyirwa mu byorezo by’ibyorezo, nk'ubumenyi no gusobanukirwa, ubuhanga, nko gushyira mu gaciro no gutekereza kunegura, n'imico iranga, nk'ineza n'ubunyangamugayo. Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bibanda ku ntego imwe ihamye y'uburezi kandi bakabona intego zihariye nk'uburyo bwo kugera kuri iyo ntego. [27] Ibi birashobora gufata uburyo bwo gusabana, aho ubumenyi bwakusanyirijwe mu gisekuru kugera ku kindi hagamijwe gufasha umunyeshuri gukora nk'umuturage usanzwe muri sosiyete. [9] [28] [7] Ibisobanuro byinshi bishingiye ku bantu byibanda ku mibereho y’abanyeshuri aho kuba: uburezi ni ukubafasha kubaho neza cyangwa ubuzima bifuza kubaho. [9] [27] [7] Abashakashatsi banyuranye bashimangira imitekerereze inenga nkintego hagamijwe gutandukanya uburezi n’uburere. [25] [26] [29] Ibi biterwa nigitekerezo kivuga ko gucengeza gusa bishishikajwe no kwinjiza imyizerere yumunyeshuri utitaye kumiterere yabo igaragara. [25] Ku rundi ruhande, uburezi bugomba kandi guteza imbere ubushobozi bushyize mu gaciro bwo gutekereza cyane kuri iyo myizerere no kubabaza. Icyakora, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bavuga ko uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo gucengeza bushobora gukenerwa mu ntangiriro z'uburezi kugeza igihe ubwenge bw'umwana bumaze gukura bihagije.

Uburezi bushobora kurangwa mubitekerezo bya mwarimu cyangwa umunyeshuri. Ibisobanuro bishingiye ku mwarimu byibanda ku cyerekezo n'uruhare rwa mwarimu, urugero, mu buryo bwo guhererekanya ubumenyi n'ubuhanga mu gihe ubikora mu buryo bukwiye. [31] [7] [14] Ku rundi ruhande, ibisobanuro bishingiye ku banyeshuri, byerekana uburezi bushingiye ku bunararibonye bw’umunyeshuri mu myigire, urugero, bushingiye ku kuntu uburezi buhinduka kandi bukungahaza uburambe bwabo. [32] [15] [33] Ariko, ibitekerezo bitekereza kubitekerezo byombi nabyo birashoboka. Ibi birashobora gufata uburyo bwo gusobanura inzira nkubunararibonye busangiwe nisi isanzwe irimo kuvumbura kimwe no gutanga no gukemura ibibazo. [15] [31] [34]

## Ubwoko

Uburezi busanzwe bugabanijwe muburyo butandukanye. Igice gikunze kugaragara ni hagati yuburezi busanzwe, butemewe, nubusanzwe. [35] [36] [7] [37] Nyamara, bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka batandukanya gusa uburezi busanzwe kandi butemewe. Inzira yo kwigisha igizwe nuburere busanzwe iyo bibaye murwego rugoye. Ibikorwa nkibi mubisanzwe bikurikirana kandi bikurikirana nkuko biri muri sisitemu yishuri igezweho, ifite ibyiciro bitandukanye ukurikije imyaka yumunyeshuri niterambere rye, kuva mumashuri abanza kugeza muri kaminuza. Kubera ubunini bwayo, uburezi busanzwe bugenzurwa kandi bukayoborwa ninzego za leta kandi mubisanzwe ni itegeko kugeza kumyaka runaka. [35] Uburezi butemewe kandi butemewe butandukanye nuburere busanzwe kubera kubura urwego nkurwo rwa leta. Uburezi butari busanzwe bugizwe nimpamvu yo hagati muburyo butunganijwe, butunganijwe,  kandi bigakorwa ufite intego isobanutse mubitekerezo, nk'abatoza, amasomo ya fitness, cyangwa umutwe w'abaskuti. [35] [39] [7] Ku rundi ruhande, uburezi butemewe, bibaho muburyo butunganijwe binyuze muburambe bwa buri munsi no guhura nibidukikije. Bitandukanye n'uburere busanzwe kandi butemewe, mubusanzwe nta mutegetsi wagenwe ushinzwe kwigisha. Uburezi budasanzwe burahari mubice byinshi bitandukanye kandi bibaho mubuzima bwumuntu, ahanini muburyo bwihuse. Uku nuburyo abana bakunze kwiga ururimi kavukire kubabyeyi babo cyangwa mugihe biga gutegura ibiryo runaka bateka hamwe. [35] [39] [7] Konti zimwe zihuza itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko butatu cyane cyane n’aho imyigire ibera: mu ishuri ry’uburezi busanzwe, ahantu h’umuntu ku giti cye umunsi ku wundi ku burezi butemewe, nahandi hantu rimwe na rimwe hasurwa kubidasanzwe. uburezi. Byaganiriweho ko intego ishinzwe uburezi busanzwe ahanini iba hanze, mu gihe usanga ahanini ari intandaro yo kwiga bitemewe kandi bitemewe. Itandukaniro riri hagati yubwoko butatu risanzwe risobanutse kubibazo bya paradigmatique ariko hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo hagati bwuburezi butagabanuka mubice bimwe. [35]

Uburezi busanzwe bugira uruhare runini mumico igezweho. Ariko mu mico yambere, uburezi bwinshi ntibuba kumurongo cyangwa muburyo butemewe. [28] [40] [41] Ibi mubisanzwe bivuze ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati yibikorwa byibanda ku burezi nibindi bikorwa. Ahubwo, ibidukikije byose bishobora kugaragara nkuburyo bwishuri kandi benshi cyangwa abantu bakuru bose bashobora gukora nkabarimu. Impamvu y'ingenzi yo kwimukira muburyo busanzwe bwuburezi ni ukubera ubwinshi bwubumenyi bugomba gutangwa, bisaba ko haba abarimu ndetse nabarimu bahuguwe neza koherezwa neza. Ingaruka mbi yuburyo bwo kwishyiriraho ni uko uburambe bwuburezi bugenda burushaho gukurwa no gukurwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi. Ni muri urwo rwego, hibandwa cyane ku gufata imiterere rusange aho kureba no kwigana imyitwarire yihariye. [28]

Bifitanye isano rya hafi no gutandukanya uburezi busanzwe nuburyo butemewe ni uko hagati yuburezi bwitondewe, bukozwe hagamijwe intego isobanutse mubitekerezo, hamwe nuburezi butagira ubwenge, bibaho ubwabyo bitateguwe cyangwa ngo biyobore. [42] Ibi birashobora kubaho mubice bimwe binyuze mumiterere yabarimu nabakuze bigira ingaruka zitaziguye kumikurire yabanyeshuri. Ikindi cyiciro giterwa nitsinda ryabiga kandi rikubiyemo uburere bwabana, uburezi bwingimbi, uburere bukuze, nuburere bukuze. [44] [45] [46] Itandukaniro rishobora kandi gushingira ku isomo, rikubiyemo ibice nk'ubumenyi bwa siyansi, uburezi bw'indimi, uburezi bw'ubuhanzi, uburere bw'amadini, n'uburere bw'umubiri. Uburyo bwo kwigisha bushobora gukoreshwa kimwe no mubyiciro, nk'itandukaniro riri hagati yuburezi gakondo bushingiye ku barimu, aho mwarimu afata icyiciro cya mbere muguha abanyeshuri amakuru, bitandukanye nuburezi bushingiye kubanyeshuri, aho abanyeshuri biga. uruhare runini kandi rufite inshingano mugushinga ibikorwa byishuri. Ijambo "ubundi burezi" rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwuburyo bwuburezi hamwe nuburyo bwo hanze y’inyigisho rusange, urugero, nko gushimangira kuvuga no kuvuga inkuru biboneka mu burezi kavukire cyangwa autodidacticism. [49] [50] [51] Imiterere yuburezi irashobora kandi gushyirwa mubikorwa nuburyo bukoreshwa, urugero, nko kwigisha intera, nko kwigisha kumurongo, e-kwiga, cyangwa m-kwiga, bitandukanye nibyumba bisanzwe byishuri cyangwa uburezi kurubuga. [52] [7] [28] Ubwoko butandukanye bwuburezi kumurongo bufata uburyo bwuburere bwuguruye, aho amasomo nibikoresho biboneka hamwe nimbogamizi nkeya. Ikindi cyiciro gishingiye ku kigo cy’imibereho gishinzwe uburezi kandi gishobora kubamo ibyiciro by’ibigo nk’umuryango, ishuri, sosiyete sivile, leta, n’itorero. [54] Iyo ijambo uburezi rikoreshwa muburyo bwo kugeraho cyangwa ku bicuruzwa, imvugo nk'ubwoko cyangwa urwego rw'uburezi bivuga impamyabumenyi y'umuntu cyangwa umwuga, nko kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga, cyangwa impamyabumenyi muri imyuga. [56]

## Byemewe
"Kwiga bisanzwe" byerekeza hano. Kubisobanuro bya epistemologiya yemewe na siyanse ya mudasobwa, reba inyigisho yo Kwiga.

Uburezi busanzwe bubaho muburyo bufite intego igamije kwigisha abanyeshuri. Ubusanzwe, uburezi busanzwe bubera mumashuri hamwe nibyumba byabanyeshuri benshi biga hamwe numwarimu wahuguwe, wemejwe niri somo. [57] Irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro cyangwa urwego rutandukanye. Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’uburezi (ISCED) ryashyizweho na UNESCO nk'ishingiro ry’ibarurishamibare  kugereranya sisitemu y'uburezi. [59] Mu 1997, ryasobanuye ibyiciro birindwi byuburezi nimirima 25, nubwo nyuma imirima yatandukanijwe kugirango ikore umushinga utandukanye. Ubu verisiyo ISCED 2011 ifite icyenda aho kuba indwi zirindwi, yashizweho no kugabanya urwego rwa kaminuza mbere ya dogiteri mu byiciro bitatu. Yongereye kandi urwego rwo hasi (ISCED 0) kugira ngo ikore icyiciro gishya cya gahunda yo guteza imbere uburezi bw’abana bato, yibanda ku bana bari munsi y’imyaka itatu.

#### Ubwana
Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburere bwabana bato

#### Abana bato mu ishuri ry'incuke mu Buyapani
Uburezi bugenewe gushyigikira iterambere hakiri kare mugutegura kwitabira ishuri na societe. Gahunda zagenewe abana bari munsi yimyaka itatu. Uru ni ISCED urwego 01. [59] Amashuri abanza atanga uburezi kuva kumyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza kuri irindwi, bitewe nigihugu mugihe abana binjiye mumashuri abanza. Ubu abana bahita basabana nabagenzi babo hamwe nabarezi. Aya azwi kandi nk'ishuri ry'incuke ndetse n'incuke, usibye muri Amerika, aho ijambo ry'incuke ryerekeza ku nzego za mbere z'amashuri abanza. Amashuri y'incuke "atanga gahunda ishingiye ku bana, integanyanyigisho z'abana bato bafite imyaka itatu kugeza kuri irindwi igamije kwerekana imiterere y'umwana, umubiri, ubwenge, ndetse n'imyitwarire myiza yibanda kuri buri umwe muri bo." [62] Ibi ni Urwego rwa ISCED 02. [59]

#### Ibanze
Abanyeshuri bo mumudugudu wa Nepali

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri abanza

Uru ni urwego rwa ISCED 1. [59] Amashuri abanza (cyangwa abanza) agizwe nimyaka ine cyangwa irindwi yambere yuburezi busanzwe, bwubatswe. Muri rusange, amashuri abanza agizwe nimyaka itandatu kugeza kumunani yishuri guhera kumyaka itanu kugeza kuri irindwi, nubwo ibi bitandukanye, ndetse rimwe na rimwe mubihugu. Ku isi hose, mu 2008, abana bagera kuri 89% bafite imyaka itandatu kugeza kuri cumi n'ibiri bariyandikishije mu mashuri abanza, kandi iki gipimo cyariyongereye. [63] kwisi yose kwiyandikisha mumashuri abanza bitarenze 2015, no mubihugu byinshi, ni itegeko. Gutandukanya amashuri abanza nayisumbuye ntabishaka, ariko mubisanzwe bibaho kumyaka cumi nimwe cyangwa cumi n'ibiri. Sisitemu zimwe zuburezi zifite amashuri yisumbuye atandukanye, hamwe ninzibacyuho yicyiciro cya nyuma cyamashuri yisumbuye kibera kumyaka cumi n'itanu. Amashuri atanga amashuri abanza, avugwa cyane nkamashuri abanza cyangwa amashuri abanza. Amashuri abanza akunze kugabanywa mumashuri y'abana bato n'amashuri mato.

Mu Buhinde, nk'urugero, uburezi buteganijwe bumara imyaka cumi n'ibiri, hamwe n'imyaka umunani y'amashuri abanza, imyaka itanu y'amashuri abanza n'imyaka itatu y'amashuri abanza. Ibihugu bitandukanye byo muri republika y’Ubuhinde bitanga imyaka 12 y’uburezi bw’ishuri hashingiwe ku rwego rw’imyigishirize y’igihugu yateguwe n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe ubushakashatsi n’amahugurwa.

#### Secondary
Iyi ngingo ikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Mutarama 2021)

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri yisumbuye

Ibi bikubiyemo ibyiciro bibiri ISCED, ISCED 2: Amashuri Yisumbuye Yisumbuye na ISCED 3: Amashuri Yisumbuye. [59]

Muri sisitemu nyinshi zuburezi zigezweho kwisi, amashuri yisumbuye akubiyemo uburezi busanzwe bubaho mugihe cyubwangavu. Muri Amerika, Kanada, na Ositaraliya, amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye hamwe rimwe na rimwe bita K-12 uburezi, naho muri Nouvelle-Zélande Umwaka wa 1–13 urakoreshwa. Intego y'amashuri yisumbuye irashobora gutanga ubumenyi rusange, kwemeza gusoma no kwandika, gutegura amashuri makuru, cyangwa guhugura mu mwuga. [64]

Amashuri yisumbuye muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ntiyagaragaye kugeza mu 1910, hamwe n’izamuka ry’amasosiyete manini ndetse no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, byasabaga abakozi babishoboye. Kugirango ibyo byifuzo bishya bishoboke, hashyizweho amashuri yisumbuye, hamwe ninteganyanyigisho yibanze kubumenyi ngiro bwakazi bwategura neza abanyeshuri kumyenda yera cyangwa ubuhanga bwubururu bwubururu. Ibi byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro ku bakoresha ndetse no ku bakozi, kubera ko ishoramari ry’abantu ryateje imbere igiciro cy’umukoresha, mu gihe abakozi babishoboye babonye umushahara munini.

Amashuri yisumbuye afite amateka maremare mu Burayi, aho amashuri y’ikibonezamvugo cyangwa amashuri yatangiriye mu kinyejana cya gatandatu, [b] mu buryo bw’amashuri ya Leta, amashuri yishyura amafaranga, cyangwa ibigo by’uburezi byita ku buntu, ubwabyo bikaba byaratangiye kera cyane. [65]

Ikoresha igihe kiri hagati yubusanzwe amashuri abanza ateganijwe kugeza ku cyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya gatatu, "icyiciro cya nyuma", cyangwa "amashuri makuru" ya ISCED 5 na 6 (urugero: kaminuza), na ISCED 4 Amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa amashuri yimyuga. [59]

Amashuri yisumbuye (icyiciro cya cumi na kabiri) ibyumba bya Calhan, Colorado, Amerika

Ukurikije sisitemu, amashuri yiki gihe, cyangwa igice cyayo, arashobora kwitwa amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye, gymnasium, lyceum, hagati  amashuri, amashuri makuru, cyangwa amashuri yimyuga. Ibisobanuro nyabyo muri aya magambo aratandukanye bitewe na sisitemu imwe. Imipaka nyayo iri hagati y’amashuri abanza nayisumbuye nayo iratandukanye bitewe nigihugu ndetse no muri bo ariko muri rusange ni nko mu mwaka wa karindwi kugeza mu wa cumi w'amashuri.

### Hasi
Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED urwego rwa 2, amashuri yisumbuye asanzwe ategurwa hafi yinyigisho zishingiye kumasomo; itandukanye n'amashuri abanza. Ubusanzwe abarimu bafite amahugurwa yo kwigisha mumasomo yihariye kandi, kenshi kuruta kurwego rwa 1 ISCED, icyiciro cyabanyeshuri kizaba gifite abarimu benshi, buriwese ufite ubumenyi bwihariye kumasomo yigisha. Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED kurwego rwa 2, igamije gushyiraho urufatiro rwo kwiga ubuzima bwawe bwose niterambere ryabantu nyuma yo gutangiza ibitekerezo byubumenyi mubice byinshi bishobora gutezwa imbere mubyiciro biri imbere. Sisitemu zimwe zuburezi zishobora gutanga gahunda yimyigishirize yimyuga mugihe cya ISCED urwego rwa 2 rutanga ubumenyi bujyanye nakazi.

#### Hejuru
Porogaramu kurwego rwa ISCED urwego rwa 3, cyangwa amashuri yisumbuye yisumbuye, mubisanzwe byateguwe kugirango barangize amashuri yisumbuye. Baganisha ku buhanga bujyanye nakazi nubuhanga bukenewe bwo kwiga amasomo ya kaminuza. Baha abanyeshuri inyigisho zinyuranye, zidasanzwe kandi zimbitse. Baratandukanye cyane, hamwe nurwego rwamahitamo ninzira yo kwiga.

Amashuri makuru yo mumuryango atanga ubundi buryo muriki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho yuburezi. Batanga amasomo mato mato ya kaminuza kubantu batuye mukarere runaka.

#### Icyiciro cya gatatu
Iki gice gikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Mutarama 2021)

Abanyeshuri muri laboratoire, kaminuza ya leta ya Saint-Peterburg

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amashuri makuru n'amashuri makuru

Reba kandi: Kwiga abakuze

Kaminuza zikunze kwakira abashyitsi bakomeye bavuga kubanyeshuri, Madamu wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika Michelle Obama atanga ijambo muri kaminuza ya Peking, Beijing, mu Bushinwa.

Amashuri makuru, nanone yitwa icyiciro cya gatatu, icyiciro cya gatatu, cyangwa amashuri yisumbuye, ni urwego rwuburezi rutegetswe rukurikira kurangiza ishuri nkayisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye. Amashuri makuru asanzwe afatwa kugirango ashyiremo icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza nicyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, ndetse nubumenyi bwimyuga n'amahugurwa. Amashuri makuru na kaminuza ahanini bitanga amashuri makuru. Hamwe na hamwe, ibi rimwe na rimwe bizwi nkibigo bya kaminuza. Abantu barangije amashuri makuru muri rusange bahabwa impamyabumenyi, impamyabumenyi, cyangwa impamyabumenyi.

ISCED itandukanya ibyiciro bine by'amashuri makuru. ISCED 6 ihwanye nicyiciro cya mbere, ISCED 7 ihwanye na shobuja cyangwa impamyabumenyi ihanitse kandi ISCED 8 ni impamyabumenyi y’ubushakashatsi buhanitse, ubusanzwe ikarangirana no gutanga no kurengera impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuziranenge busohoka bushingiye ku bushakashatsi bw’umwimerere. 66] Icyiciro ISCED 5 cyagenewe amasomo magufi yo kwiga icyiciro cya kabiri.

Amashuri makuru asanzwe akubiyemo akazi kagana impamyabumenyi cyangwa impamyabumenyi y'ifatizo. Mu bihugu byinshi byateye imbere, umubare munini wabaturage (kugeza 50%) ubu binjira mumashuri makuru mugihe runaka mubuzima bwabo. Amashuri makuru rero ni ingenzi cyane mubukungu bwigihugu, haba nkinganda zikomeye muburyo bwazo ndetse nkisoko y abakozi bahuguwe kandi bize mubukungu busigaye.

Inyigisho za kaminuza zirimo kwigisha, ubushakashatsi, nibikorwa bya serivisi zita ku mibereho, kandi bikubiyemo urwego rwicyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza (rimwe na rimwe byitwa amashuri makuru) hamwe n’icyiciro cya kabiri (cyangwa icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza) (rimwe na rimwe cyitwa ishuri ryisumbuye). Kaminuza zimwe zigizwe na kaminuza nyinshi.

Ubwoko bumwe bw’inyigisho za kaminuza ni uburezi bw’ubuhanzi, bushobora gusobanurwa nk "integanyanyigisho za kaminuza cyangwa za kaminuza zigamije gutanga ubumenyi rusange no guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’ubwenge muri rusange, bitandukanye n’inyigisho z’umwuga, imyuga, cyangwa tekiniki." [67] Nubwo icyitwa uburezi bwubuhanzi bwubuntu cyatangiriye mu Burayi, [68] ijambo "ubuhanzi bwubuhanzi" rikunze guhuzwa n’ibigo byo muri Amerika nka Williams College cyangwa Barnard College. [69]

#### Imyuga
Ububaji busanzwe bwigishwa binyuze mumyitozo hamwe numubaji w'inararibonye.

Ingingo nyamukuru: Kwiga imyuga

#### Imyuga yimyuga nuburyo bwuburezi bwibanda kumahugurwa ataziguye kandi afatika kubucuruzi cyangwa ubukorikori runaka. Imyuga y'imyuga irashobora kuza muburyo bwo kwimenyereza umwuga cyangwa kwimenyereza umwuga kimwe n'ibigo byigisha amasomo nk'ububaji, ubuhinzi, ubwubatsi, ubuvuzi, ubwubatsi n'ubuhanzi. ariko urwego ntaho rutandukaniye nurwo rwisumbuye rwisumbuye, kandi rushyizwe hamwe nka ISCED 4, amashuri yisumbuye-yisumbuye.
Bidasanzwe

#### Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi bwihariye
Kera, abamugaye akenshi ntibari bemerewe kwiga rubanda. Abana bafite ubumuga bangiwe inshuro nyinshi n'abaganga cyangwa abarezi badasanzwe. Aba baganga bo hambere (abantu nka Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) bashizeho urufatiro rwuburezi bwihariye uyumunsi. Bibanze ku nyigisho yihariye nubuhanga bukora. Mu myaka yacyo ya mbere, uburezi bwihariye bwahawe gusa ababana n'ubumuga bukomeye, ariko vuba aha bwarafunguwe ku muntu wese wagize ikibazo cyo kwiga.

Impapuro zidasanzwe

Ubundi

Ingero n'ibitekerezo muri iki gice bivuga cyane cyane muri Amerika kandi ntabwo byerekana uko isi ibona ibintu. (Gashyantare 2020)

Ingingo nyamukuru: Ubundi buryo bwo kwiga

Nyuma y’uko gahunda y’ishuri rya leta yatejwe imbere cyane guhera mu kinyejana cya 19, ubundi burezi bwateje imbere igice nkigisubizo cyo kubona imbogamizi no gutsindwa kwuburezi gakondo. Uburyo butandukanye bwuburezi bwagaragaye, harimo amashuri yandi, kwigira, amashuri yo murugo, ndetse no kutiga. Urugero rw'amashuri asanzwe arimo amashuri ya Montessori, amashuri ya Waldorf (cyangwa amashuri ya Steiner), amashuri yinshuti, ishuri rya Sands, Summerhill School, inzira ya Walden, ishuri rya Peepal Grove, ishuri rya Sudbury Valley, ishuri rya Krishnamurti, hamwe n’ishuri ryuguruye.

Amashuri ya charter ni urundi rugero rw’ubundi buryo bwo kwiga, bwagiye bwiyongera mu myaka yashize muri Amerika kandi bugira uruhare runini muri gahunda y’uburezi rusange. [71]

Igihe kigeze, ibitekerezo bimwe bivuye muri ubwo bushakashatsi hamwe n’ibibazo bya paradigm birashobora gufatwa nkibisanzwe mu burezi, nkuko Friedrich Fröbel uburyo bwo kwiga abana bato bato mu kinyejana cya 19 Ubudage bwinjijwe mu byumba by’incuke by’iki gihe. Abandi banditsi n’ibitekerezo bakomeye barimo abasivili bo mu Busuwisi Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; Abanyamerika barenga Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, na Henry David Thoreau; abashinze uburezi butera imbere, John Dewey na Francis Parker; n'abapayiniya b'uburezi nka Maria Montessori na Rudolf Steiner, na vuba aha John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison, na Ivan Illich.

Abasangwabutaka

Na Ishuri.

Kwigisha ubumenyi kavukire, icyitegererezo, nuburyo bukoreshwa mu Ntara ya Yanyuan, Sichuan, mu Bushinwa

Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi kavukire

Uburezi kavukire bivuga kwinjiza ubumenyi kavukire, icyitegererezo, uburyo, nibirimo muri sisitemu yuburezi yemewe kandi idasanzwe. Akenshi mubihe byakurikiye ubukoloni, kumenyekana no gukoresha uburyo bwuburere bw’abasangwabutaka birashobora kuba igisubizo ku isuri no gutakaza ubumenyi kavukire n’ururimi binyuze mu nzira y’abakoloni. Byongeye kandi, irashobora gufasha abasangwabutaka "kugarura no kuvugurura indimi n'imico yabo, kandi kubikora, kuzamura iterambere ry’uburezi ry’abanyeshuri b’abasangwabutaka." [73]

#### Kwiga bidasanzwe
Ingingo nyamukuru: Kwiga muburyo budasanzwe

Kwiga bidasanzwe ni bumwe muburyo butatu bwo kwiga busobanurwa n’umuryango w’ubukungu n’ubukungu n’iterambere (OECD). Kwiga bidasanzwe bibaho ahantu hatandukanye, nko murugo, kukazi, no mubikorwa bya buri munsi nubusabane busangiwe nabanyamuryango. Kubanyeshuri benshi, ibi bikubiyemo kwigira ururimi, imico gakondo, nimico.

Umukorerabushake asomera mu ijwi riranguruye abana bo muri Laos.

Mu myigire idasanzwe, hakunze kubaho umuntu uvugwa, urungano cyangwa umuhanga, kugirango ayobore abiga. Niba abiga bafite inyungu zabo bwite kubyo bigishwa muburyo butemewe, abiga bakunda kwagura ubumenyi bariho kandi bagatekereza ibitekerezo bishya kubyerekeye kwiga. Kurugero, inzu ndangamurage isanzwe ifatwa nkibidukikije byigenga, kubera ko hari umwanya wo guhitamo kubuntu, ibintu bitandukanye kandi bishobora kuba bitari bisanzwe bigizwe ningingo zinyuranye, imiterere ihindagurika, imikoranire ikungahaye ku mibereho, kandi nta bisuzumwa byatanzwe hanze.

Mugihe imyigire idasanzwe ibera hanze yibigo byuburezi kandi ntibikurikize integanyanyigisho zihariye, birashobora no kugaragara mumashuri ndetse no mugihe cyo kwiga bisanzwe. Abigisha barashobora gutegura amasomo yabo kugirango bakoreshe mu buryo butaziguye abanyeshuri babo ubumenyi butemewe mu burezi.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, uburezi binyuze mu gukina bwatangiye kumenyekana ko bwagize uruhare runini mu mikurire y'abana. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, igitekerezo cyaguwe kigizwe n'abasore bakuru ariko hibandwa ku myitozo ngororamubiri. L.P. Jacks, na we washyigikiraga hakiri kare kwiga ubuzima bwe bwose, yasobanuye uburezi binyuze mu myidagaduro: "Umuhanga mu buhanzi bwo kubaho ntaho atandukaniye cyane umurimo we n'umukino we, umurimo we, n'imyidagaduro ye, ubwenge n'umubiri we, amashuri ye. N'imyidagaduro ye. Ntabwo azi neza icyo aricyo. Akurikirana gusa icyerekezo cye cyo kuba indashyikirwa mubyo akora byose agasiga abandi kugirango bamenye ingano arimo akora cyangwa akina. Kuri we, buri gihe asa nkaho akora byombi. Birahagije kuri we ko abikora neza. " abanyeshuri. [79]

Kwiga wenyine

## Ingingo nyamukuru: Autodidacticism
Autodidacticism (nayo autodidactism) niyigira wenyine. Umuntu arashobora guhinduka autodidact hafi yigihe icyo aricyo cyose mubuzima bwe. Autodidacts izwi cyane harimo Abraham Lincoln (perezida w’Amerika), Srinivasa Ramanujan (imibare), Michael Faraday (umuhanga mu bya shimi na fiziki), Charles Darwin (umuhanga mu bya kamere), Thomas Alva Edison (wavumbuye), Tadao Ando (umwubatsi), George Bernard Shaw (umwanditsi w'amakinamico), Frank Zappa (umuhimbyi, injeniyeri, gufata amajwi, umuyobozi wa firime), na Leonardo da Vinci (injeniyeri, umuhanga, imibare).

Bishingiye ku bimenyetso

Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso

Uburezi bushingiye ku bimenyetso ni ugukoresha ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwateguwe neza kugirango umenye uburyo bwuburezi bukora neza. Igizwe ninyigisho zishingiye ku bimenyetso no kwiga bishingiye ku bimenyetso. Uburyo bwo kwiga bushingiye ku bimenyetso nko gusubiramo umwanya birashobora kongera umuvuduko wo kwiga. Ihuriro ry’uburezi rishingiye ku bimenyetso rifite inkomoko mu rugendo runini rugana ku bimenyetso bishingiye ku bimenyetso.

Fungura imyigire nubuhanga bwa elegitoronike

Ingingo z'ingenzi: Gufungura uburezi n'ikoranabuhanga ry'uburezi

Abana kubara by David Shankbone

Ibigo byinshi bya kaminuza ubu bitangiye gutanga amasomo yubusa cyangwa hafi yubusa, binyuze mumashuri afunguye, nka Harvard, MIT na Berkeley bafatanya gushinga edX. Izindi kaminuza zitanga inyigisho zifunguye ni kaminuza zizwi cyane nka Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, kaminuza ya Pennsylvania, na Caltech, ndetse na kaminuza zizwi cyane nka Tsinghua, Peking, Edinburgh, kaminuza ya Michigan, na kaminuza ya Virginia.

Kwiga kumugaragaro byiswe impinduka nini muburyo abantu biga kuva icapiro. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwiza bujyanye no gukora neza, abantu benshi barashobora kwifuza guhitamo imyigire gakondo yikigo kubera imibereho n’umuco.

Kaminuza nyinshi zifunguye zirimo gukora kugira ubushobozi bwo guha abanyeshuri ibizamini bisanzwe hamwe nimpamyabumenyi gakondo hamwe nimpamyabumenyi.

Impamyabumenyi isanzwe ya merit-sisitemu kuri ubu ntabwo isanzwe mu burezi bweruye nkuko biri muri kaminuza zo mu kigo, nubwo kaminuza zimwe zifunguye zimaze gutanga impamyabumenyi zisanzwe nka kaminuza ifunguye mu Bwongereza. Kugeza ubu, ibyinshi mubyingenzi byingenzi byuburezi bitanga uburyo bwabo bwimpamyabumenyi.

Muri kaminuza 182 zabajijwe mu 2009 hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyavuze ko amashuri yo kuri interineti ari menshi ugereranije n'ay'ikigo.

Isesengura ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 ryerekanye ko uburyo bwo kwigisha bwo kuri interineti no kuvanga bwagize umusaruro ushimishije kuruta uburyo bwakoreshaga imikoranire imbona nkubone.

Amashuri rusange

Ingingo nyamukuru: Amashuri rusange

Kaminuza isanzwe ya Beijing, iyobowe na minisiteri y’uburezi mu Bushinwa, ni urugero rw’ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo bitandukanye mu rwego rw’uburezi.

Urwego rw'uburezi cyangwa gahunda y'uburezi ni itsinda ry'ibigo (minisiteri y'uburezi, abayobozi bashinzwe uburezi mu nzego z'ibanze, ibigo byigisha abarimu, amashuri, kaminuza, n'ibindi) intego yabo y'ibanze ni uguha uburezi abana n'urubyiruko mu burezi. Harimo abantu benshi (abategura integanyanyigisho, abagenzuzi, abayobozi b'ibigo, abarimu, abaforomo b'ishuri, abanyeshuri, nibindi). Izi nzego zirashobora gutandukana ukurikije imiterere itandukanye.

Amashuri atanga uburezi, abifashijwemo na sisitemu yuburezi isigaye binyuze mu bintu bitandukanye nka politiki y’uburezi n’amabwiriza - politiki y’ishuri ishobora kwifashisha - integanyanyigisho n’ibikoresho byo kwiga, ndetse na gahunda yo guhugura abarimu mbere na serivisi. Ibidukikije by’ishuri - haba ku mubiri (ibikorwa remezo) no mu mutwe (ikirere cy’ishuri) - na byo bigengwa na politiki y’ishuri [87] igomba guharanira imibereho myiza y’abanyeshuri igihe bari ku ishuri. Umuryango w’ubukungu n’iterambere ry’ubukungu wasanze amashuri akunda kwitwara neza mugihe abayobozi bafite ububasha ninshingano byuzuye kugirango abanyeshuri bashobore kumenya amasomo yibanze barangije. Bagomba kandi gushaka ibitekerezo kubanyeshuri kugirango babe bafite ireme-ryiza. Guverinoma zigomba kugarukira gusa ku kugenzura ubumenyi bw’abanyeshuri.

Urwego rw'uburezi rwinjiye muri sosiyete rwose, binyuze mu mikoranire n'abafatanyabikorwa benshi ndetse n'izindi nzego. Muri bo harimo ababyeyi, abaturage, abayobozi b'amadini, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, abafatanyabikorwa bagize uruhare mu buzima, kurengera abana, ubutabera no kubahiriza amategeko (abapolisi), itangazamakuru n'ubuyobozi bwa politiki.

Imiterere, uburyo, ibikoresho byigishijwe - integanyanyigisho - yuburezi busanzwe byemejwe na  abafata ibyemezo bya politiki hamwe ninzego za leta nkikigo cya leta gishinzwe uburezi muri Amerika.