Firigo ya inkono-mu-nkono

**Firigo ya inkono-mu-nkono**, **Akungo gakonjesha gakozwe mu ibumba**  cyangwa **zeer** ( Arabic   ) ni igikoresho cyo gukonjesha hifashishijwe umwuka utumaka, ni igikoresho kidakoresha amashanyarazi. Ikoresha inkono y'ibumba yo hanze (itondekanye n'umucanga utose) igizwe n'inkono y'imbere (ishobora guhomwa kugirango wirinde kwinjira kw'amazi) mu gihe ibiryo bishyizwemo. Gutumuka kw'amazi yo hanze akuramo ubushyuhe mu nkono y'imbere. Igikoresho gishobora gukonjesha ikintu icyo aricyo cyose, kandi gisaba gusa gutembera kwumuyaga wumye ugereranije n'isoko y'amazi.

## Amateka
Inkono nyinshi z'ibumba zabayeho kuva mu mwaka wa 3000 mbere ya Yesu zavumbuwe *mu mico ya Indus* kandi zifatwa nkizakoreshejwe mugukonjesha no kubika amazi. Inkono za none zisa na *ghara* ya none na *matki* ikoreshwa mu buhinde na Pakisitani. 

Hariho ibimenyetso byerekana ko gukonjesha hifashishijwe guhumeka cyangwa gutmuka kw'umwuka bishobora kuba byarakoreshejwe muri Afrika ya ruguru hakiri kare *ubwami bwa kera* bwa Egiputa, ahagana mu mwaka wa 2500 mbere ya Yesu. Frescoes yerekana imbata cyangwa abacakara bateruye ibibindi by'amazi, byongera umuvuduko w'umwuka uzengurutse ibibindi binini kugirango bifashe guhumeka no gukonjesha ibirimo.  Ibibindi bibaho no muri iki gihe kandi byitwa *zeer*, niyo mpamvu izina rya firimu ikonjesha. Nubwo yatejwe imbere muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, aho ikoranabuhanga ryasaga nkaho ryibagiranye kuva haza firigo ikozwe hifashijwe ikoranabuhanga rya kijyambere.

Nyamara, mu duce tugize Ubuhinde harimo, ghara, matka na surahi, byose ni ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikono byamazi bikozwe mu ibumba, bikoreshwa buri munsi kugirango amazi akonje.  Muri Espagne, *botijos* irazwi. Botijo n'igikoresho cy'ibumba gikoreshwa mu kubika no gukonjesha amazi; zimaze ibinyejana byinshi zikoreshwa kandi ziracyakoreshwa cyane. Botijos itoneshwa cyane n'ikirere gito cya Mediterane; mu gace, ingaruka zo gukonjesha zizwi nka "ingaruka ya botijo".  

Mu myaka ya za 1890, abacukuzi ba zahabu bo mu gihugu cya Ositaraliya bateje imbere *umutekano wa Coolgardie*, bashingiye ku mahame amwe.

Mu gace k'icyaro cyo mu majyaruguru ya Nijeriya mu myaka ya za 1990, Mohamed Bah Abba yateguye uburyo bwo kubika inkono-mu-nkono, igizwe n'inkono ntoya y'ibumba yashyizwe imbere ndetse n'iyindi nini, n'umwanya uri hagati yazo zombi wuzuye umucanga utoshye. Inkono y'imbere yuzuyemo imbuto, imboga cyangwa ibinyobwa bidasembuye kandi bitwikiriye umwenda utose. Abba ukomoka mu muryango w'ababumba inkono, yakoresheje abakozi benshi baho badafite akazi kandi ndetse ahangira akazi ababumba inkono kabuhariwe kugira ngo babyaze umusaruro icyiciro cya mbere cy’ibibumbano 5.000 by'inkono-mu-nkono.  Yabonye igihembo cya Rolex cya Enterprises mu mwaka wa 2001 kandi yakoresheje igihembo cye cyari gifite agaciro k'amadorali 75.000 kugirango iki gihangano kiboneke muri Nijeriya.  Abba yateguye ubukangurambaga bugamije ubuzima bw’imidugudu n’abaturage batazi gusoma no kwandika bagaragaza umukino wafashwe amajwi n’abakinnyi baho kugirango bagaragaze ibyiza bya firigo yo mu butayu. Inkono zigurishwa amafaranga y'amasenti 40 yo muri Amerika. 

Nyuma yo gutambuka kw'ikinyagihumbi, imiryango myinshi itandukanye itegamiye kuri leta ikora ku rwego mpuzamahanga yatangiye gukora ku mushinga w'ikwirakwizwa ry’ikoranabuhanga mu bihugu bitandukanye bya Afurika: Igikorwa gifatika muri Sudani, Ubumuntu bwa mbere muri Gambiya na Mouvement e. V. muri Burkina Faso. 

Ubushakashatsi bwagutse nabwo bwakorewe mu gihugu cya Mali bukozwe na D-Lab, ku bufatanye n’ikigo gishinzwe imboga ku isi. 

## Imyubakire

*Zer* yubatswe mu buryo bwo gushyira inkono y'ibumba mu nkono nini y'ibumba hamwe n'umusenyi utose hagati yinkono n'igitambaro gitose hejuru. 

Igikoresho gikonjesha mu gihe amazi atumutse, bigatuma hakonjeshwa mu bihe bishyushye kandi byumye. Igomba gushyirwa ahantu humye, ihumeka kugirango amazi azimye neza yerekeza hanze. Imashini zikonjesha zikunda gukora nabi cyangwa ntizikore na gato mu kirere gifite ubuhehere bukabije bw’ibidukikije, kubera ko amazi adashobora gutumuka neza muri ibi bihe biba bigizwe n'ubuhehere bwinshi.

Niba hari urwego rutandukanijwe rutabasha guhinguranywa hagati y'ibiryo n'amasafuriya, amazi adashobora kunyobwa nk'amazi yo mu nyanja ashobora gukoreshwa mu gutwara ubukonje, atanduya ibiryo. Ibi ni ingirakamaro ahantu humye hafi y'inyanja aho amazi yo kunywa aba ari ibicuruzwa bike, kandi bishobora kugerwaho ukoresheje inkono ifite *glaze(ibihomo by'ibishingwe) cyangwa*  bidafite amazi cyangwa sima  ikoreshwa kurukuta rw'imbere aho ibiryo bibikwa.

Igikorwa cyagutse gishoboka mu gihe inkono zishobora kuvoma amazi mu bubiko, nk'ikibindi cyumuyaga uhindagurika, cyangwa niba inkono zishyizwe mu bidendezi by'amazi. Umukandara ushobora gukoreshwa kugirango uhambire inkono y'imbere aho gukoresha umucanga kugirango wirinde kureremba.

Ubundi buryo bwo kubaka Inkono-mu-nkono harimo uburyo bwinshi butandukanye nka Pot-in-Dish. Mu gukora izifite ubushobozi bunini bwo kubika, ibyumba byo gukonjesha imyuka itumuka (ECCs) bishobora kubakwa bivuye mu matafari abiri yubatswe n'amatafari hamwe n'icyatsi. Amahame amwe n'amwe arakoreshwa. Amakuru arambuye ku bikoresho by'ubwubatsi n'uburyo mushobora kubisanga mu buyobozi bwiza bwa D-Lab. 

## Ingaruka

Gukonjesha inkono-mu-nkono byagize ingaruka nyinshi ku baturage babikoresha birenze ubushobozi bworoshye bwo gukomeza kubika mu buryo burambye ibiryo bishya mugihe kirekire no kugabanya indwara ziterwa nibiribwa. 

* Kongera inyungu ziva mu kugurisha ibiribwa: Kubera ko nta kwihutira kugurisha ibiryo kugirango babe babirinda kwangirika, abahinzi barashobora kugurisha umusaruro wabo kubisabwa kandi barashobora gutegeka ibiciro biri hejuru.
* Amahirwe yo kubona akazi mucyaro: Abahinzi barashobora kwibeshaho ninyungu zabo ziyongera ku isoko, bidindiza kwimukira mumijyi. Kandi, kurema inkono ubwabyo bitanga amahirwe yakazi.
* Kongera ubwoko bwimirire kuko ibiryo biboneka igihe kinini mumwaka.
* Ubushobozi bwo kubika inkingo n'imiti ubundi bitaboneka ahantu hatagira ibikoresho bya firigo.  

*Zeer* igura hafi amafaranga y'amanaira 150akoreshwa mu gihugu cyaNijeriiya (hafi US$1.00 muri 2011) kugirango ikore muri Nijeriya, kandi bagurisha kuri naira 180-200 ( US$1.20 kugeza US$1.30 muri 2011).