open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umugezi w'amavugurura

***Umugezi wo Kuvugurura: Inkuru mpimbanon'amateka mu kibaya cya Klamath*** ni igitabo cyanditswe mu mwaka w' 2006 cyandikwa na Stephen. Byinshi bisobanura imbogamizi mu guhuza ibibazo by’ubukungu n’ibidukikije mu karere ka Klamath muri Amerika. Igitabo cyerekana amakimbirane hagati y’inzego za leta zunze ubumwe, amoko y’Abahinde b’Abanyamerika, abakora urugomero rw’amashanyarazi, n’inganda z’ubuhinzi n’ubucuruzi bw’uburobyi, zisobanura imbogamizi n’impaka zijyanye no kuhira imyaka y’imirima no kubungabunga abaturage batuye muri salmon.  

Igitabo gikubiyemo kandi amateka y’ikibaya cya Klamath, harimo abaturage bo mu bwoko bwa Yurok, Hupa, na Karuk, umuryango w’amacakubiri ya Leta ya Jefferson, hamwe n’imigani ya Bigfoot yo mu karere. 

## Filime ya 2008
Yahinduwe muri filime yo mu 2008 itari iy'impimbano, ***umugezi w'amavugurura***, yahawe igihembo cya Documentaire nziza mu iserukiramuco rya Filimi ry’Abanyamerika . byananyujijwe ku itangazamakuru  ryaPBS . 

## Amashakiro

## Amashakiro

* River of Renewal at IMDb
* ''River of Renewal'' film website
Umushinga "Dusubire ku bimera"

**Umushinga "Dusubire ku bimera"** cyangwa **gusubira ku bimera** ni  uburyo bwo kubaho bushimangira kubungabunga ibimera, aho kwimakaza ibihangano bikorwa n'abantu mu bundi buryo. Muri ibi, ibikorwa biboneye byubuzima bwigihugu bikundwa nk'myambarire yo mumijyi kandi y'ubuhanga. Urugero ruzwi ni Henry David Thoreau wamaze imyaka ibiri abaho ubuzima bworoshye mu kazu k’ibiti ku cyuzi cya Walden .    

## Reba

* John Zerzan
* Ted Kaczynski
* Henri David Thoreau

## wareba kandi

* Kuvugurura (kubungabunga ibinyabuzima)
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Gusubira-ku-
 butaka

## Amashakiro
Inyenyeri

## Intangiriro

Inyenyeri, ni ikintu kizunguruka mu kirere, gifite icyerekezo kiganamo, kigaragara ahanini nku muzenguruko cyangwa nkuruziga, kandi gifite imiterere yayo nkikintu gikomeye cyane.

## Amabara yi nyenyeri
Inyenyeri ntizihuje ubwiza, cyangwa urumuri rwazo kuko ruratandukanye, hagaragara zimwe ari umweru izindi zikaba ibara ry'ubururu, ibara ry'umuhondo cyangwa ibara ry'umutuku.

## URUMURI
Urumuri ni urukurikirane rw’udushashi duto cyane, twagereranywa nanone n’utumanyu dutanga ingufu z'urumuri.

## UKO AMABARA ATANDUKANA
Inyenyeri zigira ubushyuhe bwinshi, zohereza udushashi tw’urumuri dutanga ingufu nyinshi, utwo dushashi tukaba ari tugufi, ari byo bituma tugira ibara ry’ubururu. Inyenyeri zigira ubushyuhe buke, zo zikwirakwiza udushashi tw’urumuri dufite imbaraga nke, iyo ikaba ari yo mpamvu zigira ibara ry’umutuku. Izuba, ari yo nyenyeri isi yacu izenguruka, ryo riri hagati kuko ryohereza udushashi twinshi tw’urumuri dufite ibara ry’icyatsi kivanze n’umuhondo.

## AMASHAKIRO
Umunsi mpuza mahanga w'ubufatanye

***Ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cy’ubufatanye*** n’ikinyamakuru buri gihembwe gisuzumwa n'urungano rw'amasomo rukubiyemo urwego rw’imikoranire hagati ya e-ubufatanye mu ihuriro ry’imikoranire ya mudasobwa na muntu,imirimo ya koperative iterwa na mudasobwa, n’ubucuruzibwa elegitoroniki. Yashinzwe mu 2005 kandi itangazwa na IGI Global. https://www.apa.org/about/governance/good-governance/

*
Urubuga rwo gusigasira ibimera

**Kubungabunga bishingiye ku mbuga** ni uburyo bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije bushingiye ku kwerekana ingero z’ingenzi cyangwa  zishyigikira ahantu nyaburanga cyangwa amoko y’ibanze, nk'ahantu h’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye cyangwa ahantu h’inyoni zikomeye. Mugihe inzira yumvikana yo kwemeza ko umutungo mwiza urinzwe, irakinguye kunengwa:

* Ikunda kwibanda kubutunzi no kurinda kurubuga rwiza gusa.
* Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ibibanza byiza ubu ntibishobora kuba byiza kurinda ejo hazaza.
* Inyamanswa ntizizi imirongo yashushanyije ku ikarita n'abantu.

Ku buringanire, kubungabunga ibibanza ni igice cyingenzi mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, hamwe n’ibikorwa nk’inkunga y’ibidukikije no kugenzura igenamigambi ririnda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ku isi yose (inzira yagutse kandi idakabije), hamwe n’ibitekerezo byuzuye byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. 

## Amashakiro
.
Inama ya kane mpuzamahanga ku burezi bushingiye ku bidukikije

**Tbilisiplus30** cyangwa **Inama mpuzamahanga ya kane y’uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije** yabereye mu kigo cy’uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije, Ahmedabad, mu gihugu cy'ubuhinde hagati ya 24 Ugushyingo 2007 na 28 Ugushyingo 2007.  

Iyi nama yabaye iya kane mu ruhererekane rw’inama ku burezi bushingiye ku bidukikije yabaye kuva mu nama mpuzamahanga ya mbere yabereye i Tbilisi (yahoze ari URSS ). Inama ya kabiri yateguwe mu 1977 i Moscou ; n'inama ya gatatu yabereye i Tesalonike mu 1997. Umuryango w’abibumbye watangaje ko imyaka icumi hagati ya 2005 na 2014 ari "Imyaka icumi y’uburezi bugamije iterambere rirambye" (DESD).  Iyi nama yashimangiye uruhare runini rw’uburezi mu kugera ku majyambere arambye.  Abitabiriye ibiganiro n’intumwa baturutse mu bihugu byo ku isi bahuriye hamwe kugira ngo bakemure icyuho kiri hagati y’uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije n’uburezi bugamije iterambere rirambye .  Basuzumye iterambere ry’inyigisho z’ibidukikije kuva mu nama ya mbere, hashize imyaka mirongo itatu, banashyiraho gahunda y’isi yose kuri DESD. Uru ruzaba urubuga rwo gusangira imyitozo n'ibitekerezo kuri gahunda mu burezi bushingiye ku bidukikije ku isi. 

Aya mahugurwa yatanze umusaruro munini ku nsanganyamatsiko zirimo "Uburezi bugamije iterambere rirambye" na "Uburezi bw’abarimu," ubushakashatsi kuri DESD, "Gukurikirana no gusuzuma DESD," "ESD n’itangazamakuru," " Ikigega cy’abantu n’ibinyabuzima " na " Isi Imbuga z'umurage "nk'ahantu ho kwigira hagamijwe iterambere ry'ibidukikije," Umwuzure no kugabanya ibiza "na" Uburezi bwo gukoresha neza ". 

## Amashakiro
Ingaruka z'ibikorwa bya Muntu ku bidukikije: Akaga n'igisubizo

***Ingaruka z'ibikorwa bya muntu ku bidukikije (Catastrophe: Risk and Response):*** ni igitabo cyo mu 2004 cyanditswe n’umuhanga mu by'ubukungu Richard Posner, aho umwanditsi ashyigikiye ko hakoreshwa uburyo bw’inyungu-nyungu kugira ngo bikemure ibiza bishobora guterwa n’ubushyuhe bukabije bw’isi ndetse na asteroide zangiza isi . 

## Reba kandi

* Ingaruka ziterwa n’ibiza ku isi

## Amashakiro
Kuzimira kw'ibimera

***Ukuzimira kw'ibidukikije: Abagore, Ibidukikije n'impinduramatwara ni*** igitabo cyo mu 1980 cyanditswe n'umuhanga mu by'amateka Carolyn Merchant . Ni kimwe mu bitabo byambere byasesenguye Impinduramatwara mu bumenyi binyuze mu mikorere ya feminism na ecologiya .  Ishobora kubonwa nkurugero rwibitabo bya feminist utopian byo mumpera za 1970.  Umwanditsi akora ubushakashatsi ku buryo impinduka zishingiye ku mateka ziva mu kubona isi nk'ibinyabuzima bizima, no kuyibona nk'imashini, byakoreshejwe kugira ngo bigaragaze ko bigenga kamere n'abagore.  Binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku mashusho n’ibigereranyo bihuza mu buryo butaziguye kamere n’abagore, no guhindura imyumvire ku bumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga, igitabo cyerekana ko icyahoze gikenewe gukoreshwa mu mbogamizi cyahinduwe uruhushya rwo kugenzura no gukoresha. 

*igitabo Ukuzimira kw'ibidukikije cy*agize uruhare mu iterambere rya ecofeminism muri Amerika mu myaka ya za 1980, hamwe n'ibikorwa byanditswe n'abanditsi nka Margot Adler, Mary Daly, Susan Griffin, Charlene Spretnak na Starhawk .  Yagize uruhare rugaragara mu bijyanye n'amateka y'ibidukikije, filozofiya, ndetse n'iy'umugore kubera ko "yitaye ku bahanga mu bya siyansi bitigeze bibaho" ku isano riri hagati y'amateka n'imiterere ya kamere y'umugore. 

## Amashakiro
Igishanga cya rwanda

Mu myaka yashize igice cyabarizwagamo inganda ahazwi nka parc industriel Gikondo inganda zose zamaze kwimurwa ku mpamvu zo kubungabunga ibishanga no kurinda ibinyabuzima binyuranye.

Gukomeza kubungabunga ibishanga ni intambwe ikomeye igihugu kirushaho gutera cyane ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'umuryango mpuzamahanga urengera ibidukikije (ARCOS) bwerekanye ko ubudahangarwa bw'ibishanga cyane cyane ibyo muri Kigali bwangiritse ku gipimo cya 65% bivuze ko ibikorwa bya muntu byangiza bikomeje kuba ku rwego rwo hejuru ingaruka zakomeza kuba nyinshi nk'uko abarengera ibidukikije babisobanura.

### Kubungabunga ibidukikije
mu Rwanda urwego Rushinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije rwavuzeko bifite iruhare runini bivuze kubukungu

no guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Muri 2020 u Rwanda rwavuguruye National determined contributions (gahunda y'igihugu yo guhangana n'imyuka ihumanya ikirere) harimo rero no kubungabunga ibishanga kuko bifite ubushobozi bwo kubika imyuka yangiza ikirere. Ibishanga bibungabunzwe bizagira akamaro ku baturage, Umujyi wa Kigali urakura kimwe n'indi iwegereye, kandi abantu bakeneye aho kuruhukira.

#### Ubukungu
kubungabunga ibidukikije bigira uruhare mu bukungu bw'igihugu cyane cyane nko kubungabunga ibishanga kuko

nkuko abakerarugendo babivuga ndetse nabaturage. iyo igishanga gifashwe neza nabanttu babona aho gutemberera

no kuruhukira kuko haba ari amafa cg akayaga keza

#### Ubukera rugendo
Abanyamahanga basura u Rwanda bavuga ko kongera ibyanya bitunganije ndetse byanasurwa bifite inyungu ikomeye ku bikorwa by'ubukerarugendo by'umwihariko ku batuye mu mujyi.”

Muri gahunda yo kwita no gutunganya ibishanga mu Mujyi wa Kigali yiswe Kigali Wetland master plan, biteganyijwe ko ibishanga 5 muri 36 biri mu Mujyi wa Kigali bigiye gutunganywa mu gihe cya vuba kugirango urusobe rwibinyabuzima birimo bizabashe gusubirana nk'uko byasobanuwe na Minisitiri w'Ibidukikije Dr Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya.

###### Reba
Terry Bonchaka

**Terry Bonchaka** (1982 - 29 Ukwakira 2003  ) yari umuhanzi wo muri Gana w'injyana ya hiplife, nyuma yo kuririmba mu gitaramo yapfuye azize impanuka y'imodoka. 

## Uburezi
Yize amashuri abanza muri Ewit Greenwich Classical Academy  naho amashuri yisumbuye ayiga muri Adisadel College.

## Discography
Urutonde rwindirimbo mugihe.  

* Lomna Va
* Ghana Lady
* Pulele
* Ewurade
* I am Aware
* Asem Ben Ni
* Chichinappi

## Urupfu
Yapfiriye mu mpanuka y'imodoka ubwo yari avuye mu gitaramo mu birori byo kwizihiza icyumweru cyabereye muri kaminuza ya Gana .  

## Reba
Bra Kevin Beats

**Kelvin Anom** uzwi kandi ku izina rya Bra Kevin Beats mu myidagaduro, ni umuraperi wo muri Gana kandi uzwi ku ndirimbo yitwa Three Headed Beats na Riddle Riddle.   

## Umwuga
Yari mu itsinda rya Skillion ryashinzwe na Jayso na T-Kube. Ryari rigizwe na Joey B, Lil Shaker. 

## Discography

* Wedding 
* Nana Nyame
* Sit Up
* Pablo
* Mama Pray
* Three Headed Beast
* Riddle Riddle

## Ibihembo

* Yatsindiye ibihembo bibiri mu irushanwa ry'umuziki ryitwa 4syte Music muri 2011
* Yatowe inshuro ebyiri muri Vodafone Ghana Music Awards mu 2012

## Reba
Deo Brondo

**Deo Brondo** ni umuhanzi Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ahimba indirimbo, atoza amajwi, kandi akaba asusurutsa abantu. Brondo yatangiye umuziki muri Anti Choc ya Bozi Boziana. Aho yagumye kuva 1993 kugeza 1997. Nyuma, yinjiye muri Zaïko Langa Langa aho yahimbiye indirimbo yitwa Carpe Diem, muri alubumu yise uburozi (poison) yo mu 1999. Igihe kimwe, yari umwe mubagize itsinda ry'umuziki ryitwa Quartier Latin International, yashinzwe kandi iyobowe n'umucuranzi wo muri congo witwa Koffi Olomide. Mu gutunganya indirimbo yitwa Inchallah, Deo Brando n'umuntu wa gatandatu (wanyuma) waririmbye wenyine, inyuma ya Fally Ipupa, Bouro Mpela, Soleil Wanga, Montana Kamenga, na Jipson Butukondolo. 

## Disikogarafi

* Deo Brondo Discography  Yanditse, anategura kandi ayobora amajwi ku ndirimbo yitwa Tous Pepele hamwe na Quartier Latin. 

## Reba
Umunsi w'ubuhinzi n'iterambere ry'icyaro

Hagati ya 2009 na 2012, **Umunsi w’ubuhinzi n’iterambere ry’icyaro** ( **ARDD** ) wari ibirori ngarukamwaka byateguwe n’itsinda ngishwanama ku bushakashatsi mpuzamahanga bw’ubuhinzi (CGIAR), Ubufatanye mu bumenyi bw’isi (ESSP), Ishami ry’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi (FAO), Ihuriro mpuzamahanga ku bushakashatsi mu buhinzi (GFAR), ihuriro mpuzamahanga ry’abatunganya ubuhinzi (IFAP), n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubushakashatsi kuri politiki y’ibiribwa (IFPRI).

## Amateka
ARRD eshatu za mbere ni iibiganiro byabaye mu nama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (COP15) yabaye mu 2009, 2010, na 2011 i Copenhagen, Danimarike,  Cancún, Mexico,  na Durban, Afurika yepfo,  . Mu mwaka wa 2011, abantu barenga 500 bitabiriye, aho umuhanga mu binyabuzima by’abongereza John Beddington "yerekanye ibikorwa by’ingenzi mu kwirinda ejo hazaza aho ikirere gikabije cy’ibihe gikurikirana ibibazo by’ibiribwa". 

Ibirori bya kane byabereye mu nama y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishami rishinzwe iterambere rirambye (UNCSD) - nanone yitwa Rio 2012, Rio + 20, cyangwa Inama y’isi 2012 - yabereye i Rio de Janeiro, muri Burezili . Yakiriwe na sosiyete ishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi muri Berezile (Embrapa) na CGIAR. 

ARDD ya gatanu kandi yanyuma, yiswe Ubuhinzi, Ibidukikije, n’imibereho Umunsi wa 5  (ALL-5), yabereye hamwe n’umunsi w’amashyamba mu gihe cy’inama y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (COP18) yabereye i Doha muri Qatar . 

Muri 2013, iki gikorwa cyahujwe n’umunsi w’amashyamba kugirango kibe Ihuriro ry’isi yose (GLF).

## Amashakiro
Gahunda y'ubuhinzi busigasirai bidukikije

**Ubuhinzi busigasira ibidukikije** ( **ACE** ) ni gahunda y’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA), kiyobowe ku bufatanye na n'ishyirahamwei muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika rishinzwe  n’uburezi (SARE), gutera inkunga imishinga y’ubushakashatsi igabanya ibyago byo kwanduza imiti yica udukoko nifumbire mvaruganda .

## Inkomoko
Mu mwaka w'1991, EPA yafatanije na USDA ibinyujije muri gahunda y’ubuhinzi buciriritse bw’ubuhinzi (LISA), ubu yitwa SARE, maze igenera ingengo y’amadolari 1.000.000 muri gahunda. Gahunda ya LISA yiyemeje guhuza amafaranga yakiriwe mu madorari ya EPA ku madorari buri mwaka. 

## Inshingano
Gahunda ya ACE yashyizweho mu rwego rwo gufasha mu gukumira no kugabanya umwanda w’ubuhinzi . Kugirango ubigereho, gahunda yashyizeho intego 3 zingenzi:

* kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko n’ifumbire mu buhinzi
* guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda yo gucunga intungamubiri no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza no kurwanya ibinyabuzima
* kurinda uduce twangiza ibidukikije 

## Reba
Ishyamba ryahariwe ubushakashatsi bwa Alex Fraser

**Ishyamba ryahariwe ubushakashatsi bwa Alex Fraser** ni ubuso bw'ibirometerokare 98.02&nbsp; by'ubutaka bw'ikamba mu karere ka Cariboo muri Columbiya y'Ubwongereza, Kanada .  ubu butaka bucungwa n’ishami ry’amashyamba muri kaminuza y’Ubwongereza ya Columbiya, kugira ngo habeho amahirwe yo kwiga, ubushakashatsi no kwerekana imicungire irambye y’amashyamba no gutanga umusaruro urambye mu buryo bwihagije mu bijyanye n'amafaranga. Ishyamba ryitiriwe Alex Fraser wari umunyapolitiki; ikiraro cya Alex Fraser i Vancouver nacyo cyamwitiriwe.

## Reba kandi

* Urugendo rwo kubungabunga
* Kurengera ibidukikije

## Reba
Jipson Butukondolo

**Jipson Butukondolo** ni umwanditsi, umuririmbyi, ndetse anasusurutsa abantu mu itsinda ryitwa Quartier Latin International. Iri tsinda rikomoka muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo kandi ryashinzwe kandi riyoborwa n'umucuranzi wo muri Kongo Koffi Olomide.  kuva mu 1998 kugeza 2008.

## Incamake
Zimwe mu ndirimbo zamamaye Butukondolo yagizemo uruhare, mu nshingano zo kuyobora, harimo Ba Lobiens na Biblia .

## Reba
Amategeko y’ibikorwa Remezo(amazi) muri Amerika yo muri 2018

**Itegeko ry’ibikorwa Remezo by’amazi muri Amerika muri 2018** (AWIA) ni itegeko rya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, ryashyizweho mu gihe cya Kongere ya 115 y’Amerika, riteganya iterambere ry’ibikorwa remezo by’amazi mu gihugu hose mu turere twa:

* kurwanya no gukumira umwuzure
* inzira n'imiyoboro y'amazi
* iterambere ry'umutungo w'amazi
* kubungabunga no gusana ingomero n'ibigega byamazi
* kugarura ibidukikije
* sisitemu y'amazi rusange, akoreshwa n'abantu benshi
* kwihutisha iterambere
* iterambere ry'amashanyarazi
* ubufasha bwa tekinike kubaturage bato. 

Iri tegeko ryemerera kandi itegeko rigenga imari n’ibikorwa remezo by’amazi mu mwaka wa 2014 (WIFIA) ritanga ubufasha bw’amafaranga bwagutse ku baturage hakurikijwe itegeko rigena imikoreshereze y'amazi meza n’itegeko ry’amazi meza yo kunywa  Izi gahunda ziyobowe n’ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA).

## Inshamake y'ibikorwa bya EPA

* Guhindura Ikigega cya Leta Amazi yo Kunywa
* Gahunda y’amazi y’amazi hamwe nisuzuma ryokwihangana
* Gushyira mu bikorwa ubugororangingo mu igenamigambi ryihutirwa n’amategeko agenga uburenganzira-bwo-kumenya
* Ubuyobozi bw'inkunga yo guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo by'amazi bigamije gahunda z'igihugu (WIIN)
* Gutezimbere imicungire yumutungo remezo ningamba zo guteza imbere ubushobozi ibigo bya leta na sisitemu y’amazi rusange. 

## Ibikorwa bya EPA biri imbere

* Amategeko yo kuvugurura sisitemu y'amazi
* Raporo Ntoya muri Kongere 

## SWIFIYA
Ingingo ya 4201 y'iryo tegeko yemereye ishyirwaho rya gahunda ya leta ishinzwe gutera inkunga ibikorwa remezo bya WIFIA (SWIFIA). Iyi ni gahunda y'inguzanyo yashyizweho kugirango ishyigikire abaterankunga ba leta bashinzwe ibikorwa remezo, bayobowe na EPA. 

## Inzu y'urukiko rwa Minneapolis
Muri iryo tegeko kandi harimo izina ry’urukiko rwo muri Amerika ruherereye ku muhanda wa kane w’amajyepfo wa 300 i Minneapolis, muri Leta ya Minnesota, nk '"Urukiko rwa Diana E. Murphy rwo muri Amerika".

## Amashakiro

## Amashakiro yo hanze

* Amategeko y’ibikorwa Remezo by’amazi yo muri Amerika yo muri 2018 ( PDF / ibisobanuro ) nkuko byahinduwe mu cyegeranyo cya GPO
* Amategeko y’ibikorwa Remezo muri Amerika yo muri 2018 ( PDF / ibisobanuro ) nkuko byashyizweho muri Sitati y’Amerika muri Kinini
Inama ngishwanama ku bidukikije n'iterambere ry'imibereho myiza muri leta ya Maryland, muri Amerika

**Komisiyo ya Chesapeake Bay** ni urwego ngishwanama rufasha inama inteko ishinga amategeko ya Maryland, muriVirginia na Pennsylvania ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije, ubukungu n’imibereho bijyanye n’ikirwa cya Chesapeake . Komisiyo yashyize umukono ku masezerano yose yerekeye ibibazo by’inyanja, kandi igira inama Kongere ku bibazo bifitanye isano n’inyanja.  Komisiyo yashinzwe hakurikijwe amategeko ya Leta mu 1980 na leta ya Maryland na Virginia. Pennsylvania yinjiye muri komisiyo mu 1985. 

Komisiyo yashyize umukono ku *masezerano ya Chesapeake Bay yo mu 1983,* yashyizweho umukono na ba guverineri ba Maryland, Virginia na Pennsylvania; umuyobozi w'akarere ka Columbiya ; n'Umuyobozi w'ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA). Aya masezerano yemeje ko hakenewe inzira y’ubufatanye mu nkiko zinyuranye za guverinoma kugira ngo ikemure ibibazo byo kwanduza amazi mu kiyaga, inashyiraho gahunda ya Chesapeake Bay, ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo bya leta n’ibihugu, ibigo by’amasomo, amatsinda y’abaturage n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta; .  

Abagize Komisiyo bagizwe n'abashingamategeko ba Leta, abanyamabanga ba guverinoma n'abahagarariye abaturage. Kugeza mu 2022, umuyobozi wa komisiyo ni Sarah K. Elfreth, Senateri wa Leta ya Maryland.  Komisiyo yuzuye iterana buri gihembwe, kandi abakozi bakomeza ibiro muri Annapolis, Maryland ; Richmond, muri Virijiniya ; na Harrisburg, Pennsylvania .  

## Reba kandi

* Gahunda ya Chesapeake Bay - ubufatanye hagati yakarere
* Ubushakashatsi bwa Chesapeake

## Amashakiro
Manimou Camara

**Manimou Camara** (yavutse muri Nyakanga 1978, Matam, mu karere ka Conakry, Gineya ) ni umuhanga mu kuvuza ingoma n'umubyinnyi ukomoka muri Gineya. Manimou ni kabuhariwe mu bikoresho byinshi bya percussive, aribyo ingoma yo mu ntoki yitwa *djembe*, ingoma eshatu za baze yitwa dunun, sangban, na kenkeni hamwe na kringni.  Niwe washinze Dounia Djembe, isosiyete ikorera mu mujyi wa Seattle.  Ni umwe mu bagize ubwoko bwa Kpelle n'amoko ya Malinke .

Manimou Camara yatangiye kwiga umuziki n'imbyino kavukire za Gineya, muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba afite imyaka cumi n'ibiri. Amashuri abanza yayiganye na Sekou Dico Sylla (ubu atuye i Vancouver, BC), Karamoko Daman (Karamo Dama) na Ballet Saamato yamenyekanye mu gihugu.  Yakiniye dunun ayoboye Mohamed Kemoko Sano uzwi cyane ku isi muri Ballet Merveille  anayobora ingando y'imbyino ku bantu baturutse mu Burayi, Ubuyapani, na Amerika. 

Ubu Manimou atuye mu gace ka Seattle aho akorana cyane n’umuhanzi uzwi cyane wo muri Gana witwa Awal Alhassan.

## Reba
Ibirwa mu karere ka rubavu

Kuva umwaka wa 2022 watangira mu Karere ka Rubavu abantu benshi  bamaze guhitanwa n’ibiza, Ubuyobozi buvuga ko uko imvura ikomeza kugwa hari ahatari mu manegeka hagenda haba amanegeka, n’umubare w’abagomba kwimuka na wo ukiyongera

## Amateka

Umusozi wa Rubavu kuva mu 2010 nibwo wimuweho imiryango 1200 yari iwutuyeho yimurirwa mu Murenge wa Rubavu na Cyanzarwe. Aho bari batuye hatewe imigano n’ibiti bitanga agahenge ku batuye Umujyi wa Gisenyi wari wugarijwe n’isuri yavaga ku musozi ikamanukira mu mujyi.Nubwo abaturage bari bafite ubutaka ku musozi wa Rubavu babugumanye, basabwe kuhatera ibiti, ariko uko imyaka yagiye ihita bamwe bongeye kuhahinga, maze mu mvura yaguye mu mpera za Mutarama imanura ubutaka yangiriza abatuye umujyi wa Gisenyi.

## Abahitanwe nibiza muri Rubavu

* mu gihe tariki ya 12 Gashyantare 2022 umubyeyi n’abana babiri bapfuye bagwiriwe n’umukingo mu Kagari ka Gisa, Umurenge wa Rugerero.
* Kuva umwaka wa 2022 watangira mu Karere ka Rubavu abantu batatu bamaze guhitanwa n’ibiza
* mu karere ka Rubavu imvura nyinshi yaguye mu rukerera Mutarama tariki 23 2022 yishe umuntu umwe agwiriwe n'inkangu, isenya n' inzu 10 zirengewe n’imyuzure.

### Referances
Climate Change

Mu mikoreshereze rusange, **imihindagurikire y’ikirere** isobanura **ubushyuhe bw’isi** - kwiyongera kw’ubushyuhe buringaniye ku isi - n'ingaruka zabyo ku miterere y’ikirere ku isi. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe mu buryo bwagutse ikubiyemo n’imihindagurikire yigihe kirekire y’ikirere cy’isi. Ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe bwo ku isi burihuta kurusha impinduka zabanjirije iyi, kandi biterwa ahanini n'abantu batwika ibicanwa.Gukoresha lisansi y’ibinyabuzima, gutema amashyamba, hamwe n’ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by’ubuhinzi n’inganda byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane karuboni ya dioxyde na metani .  Imyuka ya parike ikurura ubushyuhe isi imurika nyuma yo gushyuha izuba. Umubare munini wiyi myuka ifata ubushyuhe bwinshi mukirere cyo hasi cyisi, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwisi.

Kubera imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ubutayu buragenda bwiyongera, mu gihe ubushyuhe bw’umuriro n’umuriro bigenda bigaragara.  Ubushyuhe bwiyongera muri Arctique bwagize uruhare mu gushonga permafrost, umwiherero w’ibarafu no gutakaza urubura rwo mu nyanja.  Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru nabwo butera umuyaga mwinshi, amapfa, nibindi bihe bikabije .  Imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije mu misozi, amabuye ya korali, na Arctique ihatira amoko menshi kwimuka cyangwa kuzimangana .  Nubwo imbaraga zo kugabanya ubushyuhe buzaza zigenda neza, ingaruka zimwe zizakomeza ibinyejana byinshi. Harimo gushyushya inyanja, aside yo mu nyanja no kuzamuka kwinyanja .  

### Referances
Izuba

Izuba ni  Inyenyeri nini cyane iri mu isanzure.Iyi nyenyeri imurikira isi kimwe n'indi mibumbe iri mu kirere. 

## Ubusobanuro
Izuba ni inyenyeri  ,ni inyenyeri iri hagati y'imibumbe yose iri mu isanzure ry'ikirere igaragara mu ishusho y'uruziga.Izuba rigizwe n'imyuka yiganjemo cyane cyane Idorojene(Hydrogene) na Heliyumu ( helium). .  

**Ingano y'izuba**

Izuba ni yo nynyeri nini iri mu isanzure ry'ikirere.Ifite umurambararo ungana n'ibirometero Miliyoni 14km, rikaba rikubye incuro 110 umurambararo w'isi.Izuba ubwaryo rifite 99.9% by'uburemere bw'ibirigaragiye.( systeme planetaire).

## Urumuri
Urumuri ni urukurikirane rw’udushashi duto cyane, twagereranywa nanone n’utumanyu dutanga ingufu z'urumuri.

## Ibara ry'Izuba
izuba rigira imirasire, iyo mirasire igenda itandukana bitewe nuburebure ikora ngo itigereho, Imiremire kurusha indi ni iy'ibara ry'umutuku. Iyo mirasire igenda yegerana yivanga,  kuva ku miremire ya orange ijya mu muhondo, mu cyatsi kibisi, mu bururu, muri indigo kugeza mu mwura ari wo murasire mugufi. Uduce tw'amabara agize imirasire migufi nitwo dukwirakwira cyane kurusha utw'imirasire miremire.

## Amashakiro
BIOCOOR (Biodiversity Conservation Organization)

BIOCOOR (Biodiversity Conservation Organization) numuryango ukorera mu Karere ka Nyamagabe wiyemeje kujya uhemba abantu bazabona inyamaswa zirimo inzoka n’izindi ntibazice ahubwo bakazibashyikiriza.

## Amateka
(BIOCOOR) yashyizweho ahanini n’urubyiruko rwihaye gukora no guharanira kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, guteza imbere ibidukikije, ubuzima bw’abaturage, imicungire y’ibidukikije, no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Icyicaro cya BIOCOOR kiri mu karere ka Nyamagabe mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo y'u Rwanda. Uyu muryango wibanze ku turere ni uturere dutanu hafi ya Parike ya Nyungwe. Ihuza imishinga yo kubungabunga no guteza imbere ubukungu burambye ku baturage bakikije parike ya Nyungwe. Uyu muryango watangiye mu 2012 nkumushinga wimibereho witwa BIOCOOP kandi vuba aha muri kamena 2020 wimukiye mumiryango itegamiye kuri leta ya BIOCOOR ariko ikomeza kwibandaho. Inshingano zayo nukubaka igihugu gifite ibidukikije n'imibereho myiza yubukungu binyuze mumikoro n'ubuhanga.

#### Icyerekezo
Kugira uruhare mu iterambere ryu Rwanda kurwego rwibihugu byinjiza amafaranga yo hagati ukoresheje umutungo nubuhanga.

### Referances
Lazaro Chigwandali

**Lazaro Chigwandali** n'umucuranzi wo muri Malawi.    Numuntu ufite ubumuga bw'uruhu bwa albinism.  Amaze kuvumburwa ubwo yakoraga ibitaramo bito mu mihanda ya Lilongwe, yafashe amajwi y'alubumu ye ya mbere hamwe na producer wo muri Suwede Johan Hugo.  Filime ivuga kuri Lazaro, yakozwe na Madonna, yagaragaye mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Tribeca muri Mata 2019.  

## Reba
Ibiza Mukarere ka Rukindo

Akarere ka Rulindo ni kamwe mu Turere dutanu tugize Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda, gahana imbibi n'Uturere twa Nyarugenge na Gasabo two mu Mujyi wa Kigali; Akarere ka  Kamonyi mu Ntara y'Amajyepfo, Akarere ka Gakenke n'Akarere ka Burera two mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru. Akarere ka Rulindo gafite ubuso bungana na Km2 567, kakaba gafite Imirenge 17, utugari 71 n’imidugudu 494; gatuwe n’Abaturage 337,820 muri bo harimo abagore 207,830 n'abagabo 129,990. ubucucike bw’abaturage (Population density) ni 596 kuri  Km2 imwe.**Akarere ka Rulindo kagizwe n'imirenge 17** 

## Ibiza

* Imiryango 23, irimo 22 yo mu Murenge wa Cyinzuzi n’undi 1 wo mu Murenge wa Shyorongi yasenyewe n’imvura idasanzwe yaguye mu kwezi kwa Mutarama mu ijoro ryo kuwa 16 rishyira kuwa 17 mu 2016 , aho uwitwa Kambera Marisiyana yahasize ubuzima agwiriwe n’inzu.

## Inkunga
Kuwa 18/08/2016 Minisiteri ifite imicungire y’ibiza mu nshingano (MIDIMAR) yahaye inkunga y’amabati ya miliyoni enye imiryango 23 yasenyewe n’imvura idasanzwe.

#### Referances
Amatafari ya ruriba

## Itangiriro
Amatafari ya ruriba ni amatafari akorwa nu ruganda rwa Ruliba hakaba hashize imyaka 13, uruganda rukora ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi. uru ruganda rukora  amoko 10 rwatangiriyeho rukora, aho ubu rukora ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi biri mu moko 40, rukaba ibyo rukora byariyongerey mugihe rwagiye mu maboko y’abashoramari bigenga.

## Inzitizi
Amatafari ya ruriba akorwa nu ruganda rwa Ruliba ruracyafite zimwe mu nzitizi zirimo ibura rya hato ry’umuriro w’amashanyarazi, ndetse na banyarwanda bakunda kugura ibikoresho bikorerwa hanze kandi iwabo bihari.

## AMASHAKIRO
Guteza imbere ubworozi bw’Amatungo

Hagamijwe guteza imbere ubworozi mu Rwanda

## Ibyo Wamenya
Hagamijwe guteza imbere ubworozi mu Rwanda kugira ngo bugirire akamaro ababukora, mu Karere ka Muhanga hashyizweho ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku matungo magufi atuza, kugira ngo gifashe abarozi kubikora kinyamwuga. Intego nyamukuru y’iki kigo ni ugukora ubushakashatsi ku matungo magufi atuza arimo ingurube, inkoko n’inkwavu hagamijwe kugira ngo gifashe mu gukemura ibibazo aborozi bagenda bahura nabyo.”Icya mbere ni ukubonera aborozi icyororo cyiza kibasha kubaha umusaruro utubutse ku ngurube ku nkoko no ku nkwavu. Ikindi ni ugufasha aborozi gushaka igisubizo ku ibura ry’ibiryo by’amatungo kubera ko kizakora amagerageza atandukanye y’uburyo aborozi bashobora kuvanga ibikora ibiryo biboneka mu gihugu mu gace batuyemo bikaba byagaburirwa ayo matungo agakura neza agatanga n’umusaruro utubutse.

## Ibindi Wamenya

Mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku matungo mu Karere ka Muhanga habaho kwitwararika kugira ngo ibihakorerwa bitangirika cyangwa amatungo arimo akandura indwara.Amatungo agirirwa isuku bayakarabya akagaburirwa neza kandi yose yashyizwe mu bwishingizi ndetse akingirwa indwara.Icya mbere ni uko nta bantu cyangwa ibikoresho biturutse hanze mu bandi borozi bipfa kuhinjizwa bitabanje gusukurwa. Hakoreshwa imiti yabugenewe mu kwisukura.

## Amashakiro
Musekiwa Chingodza

**Musekiwa Chingodza** ni umukinnyi wo muri Zimbabwe akaba umukinnyi n'umwarimu wa mbira na marimba. Yavutse mu 1970 muri Zimbabwe. 

## Ubuzima
Musekiwa Chingodza yavukiye mu mudugudu wa Mwangara, ahitwa i Murewa, muri Zimbabwe, mu 1970. Yatangiye gucuranga mbira afite imyaka itanu kandi yayicuranze ariwe uyiyigishije. Binyuze mu kumva abandi ba gwenyambira, cyangwa abacuranzi bakomeye ba muzika ya mbira, yateje imbere gukunda umuziki wa mbira. Agira ati: "Umuziki wacu ni ubuvuzi ukaba n'ibiryo, nkuko mbira ifite imbaraga zo gukiza no guha abantu. Mbira ashimisha abazima n'abapfuye ". Mu 1991, Musekiwa yari umwe mu bagize itsinda ryitwa Panjea, ryashinzwe na Chris Berry. Yahimbye indirimbo yakunzwe cyane yitwa "Ganda" kuri Album ya Zimbabwe ya Panjea. Kugeza ubu Musekiwa yigisha mbira ku ishuri rya Prince Edward muri Harare. Ni umuririmbyi, umubyinnyi, avuza ingoma, kandi acuranga mbira dzavadzimu na nyunga nyunga. Nyuma ya "Tsunga", CD yamenyekanye cyane hamwe ari kumwe na Jennifer Kyker, Musekiwa yasohoye CD ye "VaChingodza Budai Pachena". CD ye nshya, "Kutema Musasa", yasohotse mu 2005. 

## Discography
Nka Musekiwa Chingodza

* *VaChingodza Budai Pachena* (2004)
* *Kutema Musasa* (2005)
* *Kuba muri Santa Cruz* (2012)

Hamwe na Hungwe

* *Tsunga* (2001)
* *Muronda Tsimba* (2009)

Hamwe na Mhofela

* *Tomutenda Mambo* (2010)

Hamwe na Steve Spitalny

* *Kudya Zvekukwata: Eating at Other People's Houses* (2011)

Hamwe na Tute Chigamba, Irene Chigamba, na Ngonidzashe Chingodza

* *Muzazananda* (2017)

Hamwe na Sumi Madzitateguru

* *Tauya Kune Vamwe* (2017)

## Reba
Isuku

Isuku iramutse yitaweho byagabanya indwara nyinshi.

## Ibyo Wamenya
Mu mwaka 2021 ingengo y’imari, Akarere ka Nyagatare karateganya kubakira abaturage batishoboye ubwiherero 1,200 mu rwego rwo gufasha abatabugiraga cyangwa abafite ubutujuje ibisabwa.Ikindi ni uko hazongerwa ibikorwa by’amazi kugira ngo abaturage babashe kugerwaho n’amazi meza n’isuku yifuzwa igerweho.Kugira ngo bigerweho, ngo birasaba imbaraga z’abaturage n’inzego z’ubuyobozi zitandukanye. Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku bana (UNICEF) rivuga ko gukaraba intoki uvuye mu bwiherero, umaze guhanagura umwana, mbere yo guteka no gutegura amafunguro bigabanya indwara ziterwa n’amazi mabi cyangwa ubwiherero butujuje ibyangombwa harimo no kugwingira. 

## Amashakiro
Inanasi

Inanasi ni urubuto rwiza kandi rufite akamaro mu mubiri w’umuntu,inanasi yamamaye cyane kubera uburyohe n’uburyohere bwayo. Inanasi zihingwa ahantu hakunda kuba ubukonje, zikagira igihe cy’umwero hagati ya Werurwe kugeza Kamena, ibi ariko ntibizibuza kuboneka cyane igihe cyose.

## Ibigize inanasi
Inanasi zikungahaye ku ntungamubiri, imyunyungugu na vitamini nyinshi zitandukanye ,muri byo harimo:

* Maginaziyumu
* Potasiyumu
* Vitamini C igera ku 130% y’iyo umubiri ukenera ku munsi.
* Manganeze 
* Umuringa, ungana na 20% y’ibyo umubiri ukenera
* Vitamini B1, B6 na B9
* Fibre zitandukanye, yaba izivanga n’amazi n’itizivanga n’amazi 
* Bromelain

## Akamaro k'Inanasi
**1.Inanasi yongera ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri:** kubera ko inanasi ikungahaye kuri vitamin C nyinshi cyane, biyiha ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’indwara no kongerera umubiri ubushobozi bwo guhangana nazo, yongera ikorwa ry’uturemangingo tw’amaraso tw’umweru no gusohora uburozi mu mubiri.

**2.** **Inanasi irinda umubiri kubyimbirwa**: Kubera Bromalain yifitemo , inanasi  irinda kubyimbirwa. Inanasi ishobora kuvura ahabyimbiwe, ikavanaho uruhu rwangiritse. Ikindi kandi inanasi ituma amaraso atipfundika.

**3.Inanasi irwanya ikanarinda kanseri**: Inanasi yifitemo icyitwa ‘bromélaïne’,ifasha mu kwirinda kanseri, kuko irwanya uturemangingo twa kanseri ‘cellules cancéreuses’, ikaba ahanini ifasha mu kwirinda kanseri y’umwoyo, kanseri y’ibere, na kanseri ifata mu gice cyo mu nda.

**4.Inanasi irinda umuvuduko udasanzwe w'amaraso**:ni isoko nziza ya potasiyumu. Uyu mwunyungugu ufasha mu kongera udutsi tw’amaraso, iyo twiyongereye bigabanya umuvuduko w’amaraso bityo amaraso agatembera neza.

**5. Inanasi ifasha mu gukomera kw'anagufwa**:inanasi ifite kalisiyumu nubwo atari nyinshi, kenshi izwiho gukomeza amagufa, yo ikize ku mwunyungugu wa manyesiyumu, nawo w’ingenzi mu gukomeza, mu mikurire no gusana amagufa mu gihe yangiritse.

**6. Inanasi ivura inkorora n'ibicurane**:Urufatanye rwa bromelain na vitamini C ni umuti mwiza w’inkorora n’ibicurane hamwe no kurinda asima ndetse na sinusite.

**7. Inanasi ifasha mu kugabanya ibiro:** Inanasi iri mu mbuto zifite isukari ihagije, ku buryo abantu babyibushywa no kurya ibintu birimo isukari nyinshi bayibona mu nanasi kandi iyo mu nanasi ntibyibushya.Ituma umuntu arya bikeya kuko ikungahaye kuri “fibres”,zituma umuntu yumva adashonje cyane mu gihe yayiriye.

## Uburyo inanasi itegurwamo

# **Salade**: inanasi ishobora gutegurwamo salade yafatwa mbere yo gufata amafunguro yandi ya saasita cyangwa nka salade ivanze n'izindi mbuto yafata nyuma yo gufata amafunguro ya saasita.
# **umutobe( Jus)**: inanasi ivamo umutobe uryohereye .
# . **Smoothie**: ni Umutobe uba wegeranye uvanzemo n'izindi mbuto,amata na yawurute ariko byose bisukika.

## Amashakiro
Amabuye

## Intangiriro

Amabuye ni umutungo kamere kamere w'igihugu, akaba acukurwa mu mutaka mbese munda yisi.

## Amoko y'amabuye
Amabuye afite amoko menshi : hari **[[Amabuye y'agaciro|amabuye ya gaciro]]**, Zahabu, gasegereti, coltan, korombo tatarite, ndetse na tungsten.  Hari ababuye yo kubaka azwi nka isarabwayo, hari Umucanga na roche.

## Ibindi

Amabuye nayo ahinduranya amabara kuburyo butandukanye, aha hari amabuye asa umukara nka makoro cyangwa nandi asazwe asa umukara, amabuye asa nku mweru.

AKAMARO KAMABUYE

.amabuye arubakishwa

.amabuye aduha amafaranga

.amabuye  atanga akazi

.amabuye aduha amafaranga

.amabuye akorwamo umucanga

AKAMARO KAMABUYE MU ITERAMBERE RYIGIHUGU

.amabuye yagaciro yubaka umubano mwiza hagati yibihugu

.amabuye yagaciro azamura ubucuruzi hagati yibihugu

## AMASHAKIRO
Ihuriro Rwibidukikije(Environmental movement)

**Ihuriro ry’ibidukikije** (rimwe na rimwe ryitwa ko ryita **ku bidukikije** ), harimo no kubungabunga ibidukikije na politiki y’icyatsi, ni umuryango utandukanye wa filozofiya, imibereho, na politiki yo gukemura ibibazo by’ibidukikije . Abashinzwe ibidukikije bashyigikira imicungire iboneye kandi irambye y’umutungo no kwita ku bidukikije binyuze mu guhindura politiki rusange n’imyitwarire ya buri muntu. Mu kwemeza ko ikiremwamuntu kigira uruhare mu (atari umwanzi w’ibinyabuzima ), uyu mutwe wibanze ku bidukikije, ubuzima, n’uburenganzira bwa muntu .

huriro ry’ibidukikije ni umuryango mpuzamahanga, uhagarariwe n’imiryango itandukanye, kuva mu nganda kugera mu nzego z'ibanze kandi bitandukanye mu bihugu. Bitewe nabanyamuryango benshi, imyizerere itandukanye kandi ikomeye, ndetse rimwe na rimwe imiterere yibitekerezo, ibidukikije bidahwema guhuza intego zabyo. Uru rugendo kandi rukubiyemo izindi ngendo zimwe na zimwe zibanze cyane, nk’imihindagurikire y’ikirere . Muri rusange, uyu mutwe urimo abikorera ku giti cyabo, abanyamwuga, abihaye Imana, abanyapolitiki, abahanga, imiryango idaharanira inyungu, ndetse n'ababunganira ku giti cyabo.

## Amateka

### Ibyowamenya Mbere

kwita ku bidukikije hakiri kare byaranze urujya n'uruza rw'Abaroma mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19. Umusizi William Wordsworth yari yarazengurutse cyane mu Karere k'Ikiyaga cy'Ubwongereza maze yandika ko ari "ubwoko bw'igihugu aho buri muntu afite uburenganzira n'inyungu bifite ijisho ryo kumva n'umutima wo kwishimira".  

nkomoko y’ibidukikije byatewe no kwiyongera kw’umwanda uhumanya ikirere mu gihe cya Revolution Revolution . Kuba havutse inganda zikomeye no kwiyongera gukabije mu gukoresha amakara byatumye habaho urugero rutigeze rubaho rw’umwanda uhumanya ikirere mu nganda; nyuma ya 1900 ingano nini y’inganda ziva mu nganda ziyongereye ku mutwaro wiyongera w’imyanda y’abantu itavuwe.  Kubera igitutu cya politiki cyiyongereye kuva mu mijyi yo hagati yo mu mijyi, amategeko ya mbere manini manini y’ibidukikije agezweho yaje mu buryo bw’ibikorwa bya Alkali byo mu Bwongereza, byemejwe mu 1863, kugira ngo agenzure ihumana ry’ikirere ( aside hydrochloric acide ) ryatanzwe na gahunda ya Leblanc ., ikoreshwa mu gukora ivu rya soda . 

## Urugendo rwo kubungabunga
Ibikorwa bigamije kubungabunga ibidukikije bigaragaye bwa mbere mu mashyamba yo mu Buhinde, hifashishijwe amahame yo kubungabunga siyansi. Imyitwarire yo kubungabunga ibidukikije yatangiye guhinduka harimo amahame atatu y’ibanze: ko ibikorwa by’umuntu byangije ibidukikije, ko hari inshingano z’abaturage zo kubungabunga ibidukikije mu bihe bizaza, kandi ko hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwa siyansi, bushingiye ku bumenyi kugira ngo iyi nshingano ikorwe; hanze. James Ranald Martin yari icyamamare mu guteza imbere iyi ngengabitekerezo, asohora raporo nyinshi z’ubuvuzi-bw’imiterere y’ubuvuzi yerekanaga urugero rw’ibyangiritse byatewe no gutema amashyamba manini no gutema ibiti, ndetse no guharanira ko hashyirwaho ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amashyamba mu Buhinde bw’Ubwongereza hifashishijwe ishami ry’amashyamba. .  

#### Referances
Politiki yibidukikije (Green politics)

**Politiki y'icyatsi**, cyangwa **ibidukikije**, ni ingengabitekerezo ya politiki igamije guteza imbere umuryango urambye ku bidukikije akenshi, ariko si buri gihe, ushingiye ku bidukikije, ihohoterwa, ubutabera n'imibereho myiza ya demokarasi .   Yatangiye gushingwa mu burengerazuba mu myaka ya za 70; kuva icyo gihe amashyaka yicyatsi yateye imbere kandi yihagararaho mubihugu byinshi kwisi kandi ageze kubitsinzi byamatora.

Ijambo rya politiki icyatsi ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu bijyanye no *gupfa Grünen* (Ikidage cyitwa "Icyatsi"),   ishyaka ry’icyatsi ryashinzwe mu mpera za za 70.  Ijambo ibidukikije bya politiki rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa mu nzego z’amasomo, ariko ryaje guhagararira urwego rw’inyigisho zinyuranye kuko disipuline y’amasomo itanga ubushakashatsi bwagutse buhuza ubumenyi bw’imibereho y’ibidukikije n’ubukungu bwa politiki mu ngingo nko gutesha agaciro no guhezwa, amakimbirane y’ibidukikije, kubungabunga ibidukikije no kugenzura nibiranga ibidukikije hamwe niterambere ryimibereho.   

## Amateka
Abayoboke ba politiki y’icyatsi bakunda kubona ko ari kimwe mu bigize isi yo hejuru kandi atari ingengabitekerezo ya politiki gusa. Politiki y’icyatsi ikura imyifatire yayo mu masoko atandukanye, uhereye ku ndangagaciro z’abasangwabutaka, kugeza ku myitwarire ya Mahatma Gandhi, Baruch Spinoza, na Jakob von Uexküll .  Aba bantu bagize uruhare mubitekerezo byicyatsi muguharanira kurebera kure kwigihe cya karindwi, no kubwinshingano za buri muntu guhitamo imico.

Kudahangayikishwa n'ingaruka mbi z'ibikorwa bya muntu kuri kamere byerekana mbere y'ibidukikije bigezweho. Abatanga ibitekerezo ku mibereho itandukanye na Roma ya kera n'Ubushinwa binubira ihumana ry’ikirere, amazi n’urusaku . 

Imizi ya filozofiya y’ibidukikije irashobora guhera ku batekereza kumurikirwa nka Rousseau mu Bufaransa, hanyuma umwanditsi akaba na Thoreau w’ibidukikije muri Amerika.  Ibidukikije byateguwe byatangiye mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 Uburayi na Amerika nk'igisubizo ku mpinduramatwara mu nganda hibandwa ku kwagura ubukungu butavangiye. 

## Amahame remezo

Nk’uko Derek Wall, uzwi cyane mu gushyigikira icyatsi kibisi mu Bwongereza, hari inkingi enye zisobanura politiki y'icyatsi: 

* Ubwenge bwibidukikije
* Ubutabera
* Demokarasi
* Ihohoterwa

### Referances
Amategeko y’ibidukikije (Environmental law)

**Amategeko y’ibidukikije** ni ijambo rusange rikubiyemo ingingo z’amategeko arengera ibidukikije.  Gahunda ifitanye isano ariko itandukanye yubutegetsi bugenga amategeko, ubu yatewe cyane n’amahame y’ibidukikije, yibanda ku micungire y’umutungo **kamere**, nk’amashyamba, amabuye y'agaciro, cyangwa uburobyi. Ibindi bice, nko gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije, ntibishobora kuba bihuye neza muri ibyo byiciro, ariko nubwo ari ibintu byingenzi bigize amategeko y’ibidukikije

## Amateka
ngero zambere zishyirwaho namategeko zagenewe kubungabunga ibidukikije, kubwinyungu zayo cyangwa kwishimira abantu, tubisanga mumateka. Mu mategeko asanzwe, uburinzi bwibanze bwabonetse mu mategeko abangamira, ariko ibyo byemereraga gusa ibikorwa by’abikorera ku byangiritse cyangwa ibihano iyo hari ibyangiritse ku butaka. Rero, impumuro ituruka ku ngurube,  uburyozwacyaha bukomeye bwo guta imyanda,  cyangwa kwangizwa n'ingomero ziturika.  Abikorera ku giti cyabo ariko, bari bake kandi wasangaga bidahagije kugira ngo bahangane n’ibibazo byangiza ibidukikije, cyane cyane ibangamira umutungo rusange. Mugihe cya " Impumuro nziza " yo mu 1858, guta imyanda mu ruzi rwa Thames byatangiye kunuka cyane mu gihe cy'izuba ku buryo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yagombaga kwimurwa. Igitangaje ni uko itegeko rya Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 ryemereye komisiyo ya Metropolitan ishinzwe abadozi gufunga imyanda ikikije umujyi bagerageza "kweza" ariko ibyo byatumye abantu banduza uruzi. Mu minsi 19, Inteko ishinga amategeko yemeje irindi tegeko ryo kubaka gahunda y’imyanda ya Londres . Londres nayo yahuye n’umwanda ukabije w’ikirere, kandi ibyo byaje kurangira muri " Umwotsi Ukomeye " wo mu 1952, ari nawo watumye hashyirwaho amategeko ubwayo: Itegeko ry’ikirere cyiza 1956 . Inzego z’ibanze zashyizweho zari ugushiraho imipaka ku byuka bihumanya ingo n’ubucuruzi (cyane cyane gutwika amakara ) mu gihe ubugenzuzi bwubahiriza kubahiriza.

## Kurwanya umwanda

Amategeko y’ikirere  govern the emission of      Igice cyihariye cyamategeko yubuziranenge bwikirere agenga ubwiza bwumwuka imbere yinyubako . Amategeko y’ikirere akunze gushyirwaho mu rwego rwo kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu mu kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ibindi bikorwa byateguwe kugirango bikemure ibibazo by’ibidukikije bigari, nk’imipaka y’imiti igira ingaruka kuri ozone layer , hamwe na gahunda yubucuruzi bwohereza ibyuka kugirango bakemure imvura ya aside cyangwa imihindagurikire y’ikirere . Imbaraga zishinzwe kugenzura zirimo kumenya no gutondekanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gushyiraho imipaka kurwego rwemewe rwoherezwa mu kirere, no gutegeka tekinoroji ikenewe cyangwa ikwiye.

### Ubwiza

### References
Gusuzuma ingaruka ku bidukikije (Environmental impact assessment)

**Isuzuma ry'ingaruka ku bidukikije** ( **EIA** ) ni ugusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije kuri gahunda, politiki, gahunda, cyangwa imishinga ifatika mbere yicyemezo cyo gutera imbere hamwe nigikorwa cyateganijwe. Ni muri urwo rwego, ijambo "gusuzuma ingaruka ku bidukikije" rikoreshwa mu gihe rikoreshwa ku mishinga ifatika abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa amasosiyete kandi ijambo " gusuzuma ibidukikije " (SEA) rikoreshwa kuri politiki, gahunda na gahunda bikunze gutangwa n'inzego z'igihugu.   Nigikoresho cyo gucunga ibidukikije bigize igice cyo kwemeza umushinga no gufata ibyemezo.  Isuzuma ry’ibidukikije rishobora kugengwa n’amategeko agenga imiyoborere yerekeye uruhare rw’abaturage n’inyandiko zifata ibyemezo, kandi birashobora gusuzumwa n’ubucamanza

Intego y'isuzuma ni ukureba niba abafata ibyemezo batekereza ku ngaruka z’ibidukikije mugihe bahisemo niba batazakomeza umushinga. Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga rishinzwe gusuzuma ingaruka (IAIA) risobanura isuzuma ry’ingaruka ku bidukikije nk "inzira yo kumenya, guhanura, gusuzuma no kugabanya ingaruka zishingiye ku binyabuzima, imibereho, n’izindi ngaruka z’ibyifuzo by’iterambere mbere y’ibyemezo bikomeye bifatwa ndetse n’imihigo ifatwa".  EIAs idasanzwe kubera ko idasaba kubahiriza ibisubizo byateganijwe mbere y’ibidukikije, ahubwo isaba abafata ibyemezo kuzirikana indangagaciro z’ibidukikije mu byemezo byabo no kwemeza ibyo byemezo hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi burambuye bw’ibidukikije ndetse n’ibitekerezo byatanzwe ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’ibidukikije. 

## Amateka

Isuzuma ry’ingaruka ku bidukikije ryatangiye mu myaka ya za 1960, mu rwego rwo kongera ubumenyi ku bidukikije .  EIA yiteguye kugereranya ingaruka ziterambere ryateganijwe cyangwa umushinga wubwubatsi. EIA itanga isuzuma rya tekiniki rigamije gutanga umusanzu mu gufata ibyemezo bifatika. Muri Amerika, EIA yabonye ubuzima gatozi mu 1969, hashyirwaho itegeko ry’igihugu ry’ibidukikije (NEPA). EIAs yakoreshejwe cyane kwisi yose. Umubare w’isuzuma ry’ibidukikije utangwa buri mwaka "warenze cyane umubare w’ingaruka zikomeye z’ingaruka ku bidukikije (EIS)." y’ibidukikije ni "Icyemezo cy’ingaruka ku bidukikije (EIS) cyagenewe gutanga amakuru ahagije kugira ngo iki kigo gihitemo niba hategurwa ibisobanuro by’ingaruka ku bidukikije (EIS).

### Referances
Umuryango mugari wo Gushimira ibicu

Umuryango mugari wa **Cloud Appreciation Society** ni umuryango washinzwe na Gavin Pretor-Pinney ukomoka mu gihugu cy''Ubwongereza muri Mutarama 2005. Umuryango ugamije guteza imbere, kumva no gushima ibicu, kandi ufite abanyamuryango barenga 50.000 baturutse mu bihugu 120 binyuranye ku isi, guhera muri Werurwe 2020.

Yahoo! yise urubuga rwa societe nk'ibintu bidasanzwe kandi bitangaje kuri interineti muri 2005 ".  Iri tsinda n’uwarishinze ni byo byibanzweho muri documentaire y'igitangazamakuru cya BBC *Cloudspotting*, ishingiye ku gitabo cya Pretor-Pinney *cyitwa The Cloudspotter's Guide* .  Mu gice cya Taskmaster, umunyarwenya Hugh Dennis yatangaje ko ari umwe mu bagize uwo umuryango. 

Muri 2017, Cloud Appreciation Society yahawe igihembo cyo kongeramo ibyiciro bya Asperitas n'umuryango mpuzamahanga wa mpuzamahanga y’ikirere cya Atlas . 

## Reba kandi

* " Impande zombi, ubu "
* Igicu (ubuhanzi)
* Ifoto yerekana ibicu

## Reba
Imiterere y'ibicu n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere

**Nefolojiya**  uhereye ku ijambo ry'Ikigereki *nephos* risobanura 'igicu') ni ubushakashatsi ku bicu no kurema ibicu. Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere Luka Howard yari umushakashatsi ukomeye muri uru rwego, ashyiraho uburyo bwo gushyira ibicu mu byiciro .

Mugihe iri shami ryubumenyi bw'ikirere rikiriho nubu, ijambo nephologiya, cyangwa nephologue rikoreshwa gake. Iri jambo ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, kandi ntirishobora gukoreshwa hagati ya makumyabiri.  Vuba aha, ubushake bwa nephologiya  bwiyongereye kuko abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere batangiye kwibanda ku isano iri hagati y'ibicu n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi  bikaba ari isoko nyamukuru idashidikanywaho bijyanye na "... igereranywa n'ubusobanuro bw'imihindagurikire y'isi ingengo y'ingufu. " 

* Kuva mu mpera z'imyaka ya z'imyaka y'1990, bamwe basabye ko iyo ibikorwa by'izuba bigabanya urugero rw'imirasire , ibyo bikaba bigabanya igicu kandi kigashyushya isi. Abandi bavuga ko nta bimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza ingaruka nk'izo. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=cloud-formation-may-be-linked-to-cosmic-rays

Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'imitsi bemeza ko kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe ku isi bishobora kugabanya umubyimba n'umucyo (ubushobozi bwo kwerekana ingufu z'umucyo), ibyo bikaba byongera ubushyuhe ku isi.  Vuba aha ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu bikoresho bya CERN bya CLOUD kugirango bige ku ngaruka z'izuba nimirasire  kumiterere yibicu. 

## Inyandiko
Imigabane y'igicu

**Imigabane y'igicu** ni ijanisha rya buri pigiseli mu mashusho y'icyogajuru cyangwa buri gridbox mugihe runaka cy'imiterere cyangwa imiterere yikirere itwikiriwe nibicu . Imigabane y'igicu kimwe bivuze ko pigiseli yuzuyeho ibicu, mugihe igicu cya zeru cyerekana pigiseli yubusa.  Igice cy'igicu ni ingenzi mu kwerekana imishwarara imanuka. 

## Reba
Ubwoko bw'ibicu

**Ubwoko bwibicu** ni urutonde rw'amagambo cumi n'ane akoreshwa mu gusobanura imiterere n'imimerere yibicu . Buri  cyiciro gifite izina rigufi mu ijambo rigufi rigizwe n'inyuguti eshatu.   

## Reba