Refreshable braille display

**Refreshable braille display** cyangwa **imashini ya braille yerekana amashusho** nigikoresho cya elegitoroniki-mashini yo kwerekana inyuguti zimpapuro, mubisanzwe hifashishijwe amapine azengurutswe azamurwa mu mwobo hejuru. Abakoresha mudasobwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona badashobora gukoresha monitor ya mudasobwa isanzwe barashobora kuyikoresha kugirango basome inyandiko zisohoka. Abakoresha mudasobwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva barashobora kandi gukoresha ibyerekanwa bya braille.

Imvugo ikoreshwa nayo isanzwe ikoreshwa kumurimo umwe, kandi umukoresha wimpumyi arashobora guhinduranya hagati ya sisitemu zombi cyangwa gukoresha byombi icyarimwe bitewe nibihe.

## Ibisobanuro birambuye

Urufatiro rwerekana impapuro zisubirwamo akenshi zihuza clavier nziza. Bisa na Perkins Brailler, iyinjizwa rikorwa namaseti abiri yimfunguzo enye kuruhande, mugihe ibisohoka binyuze mumyandikire ya braille igarurwa igizwe numurongo wimikorere ya selile-mashini, buri kimwe gishobora kuzamura cyangwa kumanura guhuza umunani uruziga. Izindi variants zirahari zikoresha clavier isanzwe ya QWERTY yo kwinjiza na pine ya braille kugirango isohore, kimwe ninjiza-gusa nibikoresho bisohoka gusa.

Uburyo buzamura utudomo bukoresha ingaruka za piezo za kristu zimwe, aho zaguka iyo voltage ikoreshwa kuri bo. Nka kristu ihujwe na lever, nayo izamura akadomo. Hagomba kubaho kristu kuri buri kadomo kerekana ( *ni ukuvuga* umunani kuri buri nyuguti).

Kuberako bigoye kubyara ibyerekanwa byizewe bizahangana no kwambara burimunsi, ibi byerekanwe bihenze. Mubisanzwe, Braille cells 40 cyangwa 80 gusa. Moderi ifite selile ziri hagati ya 18 na 40 zibaho mubikoresho bimwe byandika.

Kuri moderi zimwe imyanya ya indanga igaragazwa no kunyeganyeza utudomo, kandi moderi zimwe zifite icyerekezo gifitanye isano na buri selile kugirango yimure indanga kuri selile.

## Porogaramu
Porogaramu ikusanya ibiri muri ecran kuva muri sisitemu y'imikorere, ikayihindura inyuguti za braille ikohereza kuri disikuru.

Abasomyi ba ecran kuri sisitemu y'imikorere ishushanya cyane cyane, kubera ko ibishushanyo nka Windows cyangwa slidebars bigomba gusobanurwa no gusobanurwa muburyo bw'inyandiko. Sisitemu y'imikorere igezweho isanzwe ifite API ifasha abasomyi ba ecran kubona aya makuru, nka UI Automation (UIA) kuri Microsoft Windows, VoiceOver kuri macOS na iOS, na AT-SPI kuri GNOME .

## Braille y'uruziga yerekana
Icyerekezo kizunguruka cya Braille cyerekanwe mu 2000 n'Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubuziranenge n'ikoranabuhanga (NIST) n'indi muri kaminuza ya Leuven mu Bubiligi.  Muri ibi bice, utudomo twa braille dushyirwa kumpera yizunguruka, ituma uyikoresha asoma ubudahwema urutoki ruhagaze mugihe uruziga ruzunguruka kumuvuduko watoranijwe. Utudomo twa braille dushyizweho muburyo bworoshye bwo gusikana-uburyo utudomo ku ruziga ruzunguruka inyuma ya moteri ihagaze ishyiraho inyuguti. Nkigisubizo, inganda zikora ziragabanuka cyane kandi zizunguruka-zizunguruka za braille zerekana, mugihe mubikorwa nyirizina, bigomba kuba bihenze kuruta ibyerekanwa bisanzwe.

## Reba

* GNOME accessibility
* VoiceOver

## Ishakiro

* Information on Bi-directional Refreshable Tactile Display US Patent 6,692,255