Epinari

## '''IRIBURIRO'''
**Epinari** (*Spinacia oleracea*) ni igihingwa kiribwa cyo mu bwoko bw’imboga gikomoka muri Aziya yo hagati n’iy’iburengerazuba. Amababi yazo aribwa nk`imboga. Epinari ni igihingwa kimara umwaka umwe (biragoye ko cyaramba imyaka ibiri) kigira uburebure bwa cm 30. Epinari zishobora kwera mu turere dukonja.

Epinari ni imboga zifite intungamubiri nyinshi zitanga ingufu, amafufu, Poroteyine, vitamini A, B, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, c, E, K n’imyunyungugu nka Kalisiyumu, Ubutare, Manganeze, Potasiyumu, Sodiyumu na Zenke.

Epinari zera neza mu turere tudashyuha kandi zishobora kwihanganira urubura rugwa bwa mbere. Epinari ziramera zikanakura neza ahari igipimo cy’ubushyuhe kiri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 4 na 16 ariko zishobora no kwihanganira igipimo kiri munsi ya dogere. Epinari zikunda ubutaka burimo ifumbire, buhitisha amazi, bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 6,4 na 6,8. Epinari ntizihanganira ubutaka busharira cyane. Iyo ubusharire buri ku rugero rwo hejuru cyane ni byiza gushyiramo ishwagara.Igipimo cy’ubushuhe bw’ubutaka nticyagombye kurenga dogere 21.

### '''AMOKO YA EPINARI'''
Gutandukanya amoko ya epinari bishobora gukorwa hagati y’amoko amaze igihe kinini ahingwa n’andi akiri mashya.

Amoko amaze igihe arangwa no kurabya vuba mbere y’igihe mu gihe cy`ubushyuhe. Naho amoko akiri mashya akura vuba vuba cyane ariko ntahite arabya ngo azane imbuto. Amoko ya kera kandi agira amababi ananutse kandi akagira ajya kurura mu gihe amoko mashya yo agira amababi agaye n’utubuto twiburungushuye.

Amoko ahingwa mu  karere k’ibiyaga bigari ni aya akurikira:

**a. Ubwoko bwatubuwe bwera vuba No 7- Early hybrid No.7**: *(Spinacia oleracea.* (F1) ni ubwoko bwa epinari zihagaze kandi zigara, zitanga umusaruro utubutse w’amababi aryoheye ijisho asa n’icyatsi kibisi kijimye mu rugero. Ubusanzwe baziteka ku mwuka cyangwa bakazitogosa kugira ngo zigumane intungamubiri kandi zikorwamo salade nziza. Epinari ni igihingwa gifite akamaro haba ku karima k’igikoni  cyangwa ku muhinzi uhingira kugurisha ku isoko. Ubu bwoko bwa Epinari bubasha kwihanganira indwaranka ububembe (CMV) kandi iyo zimaze gusarurwa zibasha kwisazura zikongera kwera neza.

**b. Ubwoko bwa Epinari bwitwa “Bloomsdale long standing”:**Ni ubwoko bwa epinari  bukura bujya ejuru bugira amababi menshi kandi abyibushye y’icyatsi kijimye kandi yihinahinnyero afite inkondo nini kandi ndende. Ni ubwoko bukururumba cyane kandi bwishimira ubutaka.

**c. Ubwoko bwitwa Giant noble”:**ni ubwoko bwa epinari ziba nini zikanasa neza, zigira amababi akatakase zikanagunduka mu mikurire ku buryo zigera kuri cm 60. Ubu bwoko bugira amababi aryoha. 

**d.  Ubwoko bwa “New Zealand spinach”**: Ni ubwoko bwa epinari nini zikura zisagamba kandi zibasha kwihanganira igihe cy’izuba ryinshi. Zihanganira indwara n’ibyonnyi kandi zigira amababi mato afite ishusho ya mpandeshatu agaye y’icyatsi kijimye. Uko bazisoroma kenshi ni ko zirushako gutanga umusaruro. Imbuto zazo zitinda kumera, ni yo mpamvu mu kuzihumbika bisaba kubanza kuzinika mu mazi mu gihe cy’masaha 24.

### Gutegura umurima ya Epinari

* Mu gutera Epinari bakoresha imbuto. Epinari zikunda ubutaka buhitisha amazi kandi bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 6.5 na 7.
* Ushobora kongera ishwagara mu butaka kugira ngo bugire ubusharire butabangamire Epinari.
* Tegura imitabo yigiye hejuru mbere y’uko uhumbika imbuto. Imbuto zigomba guterwa mu burebure bwa 1–2 cm hagasigara cm30  hagati y’imirongo. 

### Gutera imbuto y'Epinari

* Tegura imitabo yigiye hejuru mbere y’uko uhumbika imbuto. Imbuto zigomba guterwa mu burebure bwa 1–2 cm hagasigara cm30  hagati y’imirongo.  
* Urangije guhumbika utwikirira imbuto ukoresheje agataka gake

* Urangije guhumbika utwikirira imbuto ukoresheje agataka gake
* Sasira ukoresheje ibyatsi byumye
* Vomerera aho umaze gutera imbuto.
* Iyo ingemwe zimaze kugera ku burebure bwa cm 5 ziricirwa, hagasigara nka cm 8-10  hagati y’urugemwe n’urundi.

### Kwita kuri Epinari
Epinari zikunda ahantu hahehereye cyane, bityo mu gihe amazi y’imvura adahagije ni ngombwa ko zivomererwa buri minsi 7-10. Epinari kandi zikenera azote nyinshi napotasiyumu biboneka hakoreshejwe inyongeramusaruro zabugenewe zishyirwamo hagendewe ku bipimo byavuye mu isuzumwa ry’ubutaka.

Potasiyumu ntabwo yangiza ibidukikije cyane bityo igomba gushyirwa mu murima bitewe n’ibipimo by’ubuitaka byabonetse. Uburyo azote ishyirwamo byo bitandukana bitewe n’akarere kuko nko mu gihe cy’imvura nyinshi ishobora kutaguma mu butaka. Mu turima tw’igikoni si ngombwa gushyira inyongeramusaruro mu murima wa epinari kuko ziba zahinzwe mu murima usanzwemo ifumbire ihagije.

### '''Indwara n'ibyonnyi'''

#### 1. '''Antarakinoze - Athracnose Fungi ''Colletotrichum'' spp.'''

#### '''Ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara'''
ibibara biza ku mababi bisa n’ibyinamye mu mazi bikagenda bikura bihinduka ikigina. Iyo indwara ikomeye ibice byanduye birihuza epinari zigasa n’izibabutse. Ubu burwayi  buterwa n’igihe ubuhehere bukabije; mikorobi zigakwirakwizwa n’ amazi areka muri epinari.

#### Kurwanya iyi ndwara

* Guhinga imbuto z’ubwoko bwiza zavuye ku bihingwa bidafite uburwayi.
* Kwirinda kuvomerera baturutse hejuru aho bishoboka.
* Kuvomerera baturutse munsi kugira ngo bagabanye gutosa amababi.
* Gutera imiti yica ubukoko ikoze mu muringa bikorwa mu gihe indwara ibaye icyorezo ariko si bwo buryo bwizewe bwo kurandura burundu iyo ndwara.

### '''2. Ububore (Damping-off & Root rot Fungus ''Fusarium oxysporum'''''

#### '''''Rhizoctonia solaniPythium'' spp. )'''

#### Ibimenyetso

* Imbuto zimera zanga;
* Imbuto zimera zitangira kuzamura umutwe zigahita zipfa;
* Ingemwe ziragwingira, zikaba umuhondo cyane cyane amababi yo hasi
* Ingemwe zikura zanga
* Ingemwe zikura nabi, zikaraba izimaze gukura zikangirika;
* Imizi isa n’iyinamye mu mazi igahindura ibara igasa n’ikijuju cyangwa umukara.

#### Kuburwanya

* Guhinga epinari mu butaka bwayoborewe amazi uko bikwiye;
* Kwitondera imiyoboro y’amazi kugira ngo ataba menshi akangiza epinari;
* Gutera imbuto zatunganyijwe neza n’umuti wica udukoko wabugenewe
* Kwirinda guhinga epinari wikurikiranyije mu murima zivuyemo.

### '''3. Indwara y’iruhumbu (Blue mold) Uduhumyo ( ''Peronospora farinose)'''''

#### Ibimenyetso by`iyi ndwara

* Ibimenyetso bibanza by’iyi ndwara ni ibibara by’umuhondo biza ku mimero no ku mababi bikagenda bikura uko iminsi ihita bikagahindura ibara bigasa n’umuringa wakoraho ukumva byumagaye;
* Udukoko dusa n’idoma twirunda ku gice cyo mu nsi cy’amababi;
* Iyo ubu burwayi bukomeye butuma amababi yihinahina agata isura yayo isanzwe.

#### Kuyirwanya

* Guhinga amoko ya epinari yizewe mu guhangana n’indwara;
* Gutera imiti yabugenewe bishobora gufasha kurinda igihingwa iyo itewe mbere y`uko indwara igifata.

### '''4. Fizariyoze (Fusarium wilt Fungus ''Fusarium oxysporum)'''''

#### Ibimenyetso

* Amababi akuze ahinduka umuhondo;
* Igihingwa gikura imburagihe,  kikanapfa vuba;
* Igihingwa gitanga imbuto nke  cyangwa kigapfa mbere y’uko gitanga imbuto;
* Ingirangingo z’ibihingwa bikuze zihindura ibara zikijima
* Ingemwe zishobora kugira ibimenyetso bisa no gutota, imimero ikuma bityo ingemwe zigapfa.
* Ku mizi hazaho ibibara by’umukara bigaragara nko gukomereka.

#### Kuyirwanya

* Kwirinda guhinga epinari mu murima uzwi ko wigeze kugira ubu burwayi cyangwa se mu murima wahinzwemo epinari mu mwaka washize;
* Gutera epinari mbere y’igihe bishobora kurinda ingemwe kwandura indwara bitewe n’uko igipimo cy’ubushyuhe mu butaka kiba kikiri hasi.
* Kwirinda kuvomerera n`amazi menshi cyane mu gihe cy`uruyange no kuzana imbuto

### '''5. Indwara ziterwa na Virusi (Mosaic and other viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)Beet curly top virus (BCTV), Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)'''

#### Ibimenyetso

* Amababi ahinduka umuhondo cyangwa se akagira ibibara by’umuhondo, bishushanyijemo ibibara bizenguruka;
* Amababi arizinga maze igihingwa kikagwingira

#### Bene izi ndwara ziterwa na virusi  zikwirakwizwa n`udukoko dutandukanye nk’inda n’uduhunduguru.

#### Kuzirwanya

* Kubagara neza bakuramo ibyatsi bibi mu mpande z`igihingwa;
* Muri rusange gutera imiti yica ubukoko ntabwo bigira umumaro mu kurwanya uburwayi ariko bishobora gufasha mu kurinda ikwirakwira ry`iyi ndwara mu yindi mirima iri hafi.

### '''6'''. '''Umugese ( White rust Fungus ''Albugo occidentalis)'''''

#### Ibimenyetso

* Ibibara by`umuhondo ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’amababi;
* Agatsiko k’udukoko tw’umweru twibumbye nk’itara ku ruhande rwo hasi rw`amababi dushobora no gukwirakwira no ku ruhande rwo hejurumu gihe uburwayi bumaze gukara;
* Ibihingwa byamaze kwandura usanga nta mbaraga bigifite ndetse bikaraba; iyo ikirere atari cyiza byongera ibyago byo gukura kw`indwara.

#### Kuyirwanya

* Ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa epinari bubasha kwihanganira indwara kurusha ubundi;
* Aho bakoresheje uburyo bwo kwirinda indwara batera imiti yabugenewe ni na ngombwa ko bita ku buryo bukwiriye bwo kurinda ubutaka kugira ngo hagabanuke ibyago byo kwandura indwara zidahangarwa n`iyo miti.

#### '''Ibyonnyi bya epinari'''
**1.Agasazi kangiza amababi ya epinari**  (S**pinach Leaf Miners** *(Pegomya hyoscyami)* : ni udusazi tunanutse (6.5 mm) dutera amagi ku gice cyo munsi cy’amababi ya epinari. Ubu bukoko bukiri buto bwinjira mu mababi bukayacukura, bugacukura imiyoboro muri ¼ cy`amababi. Igishishwa cy`inyuma cy`amababi kirinda ubu bukoko kuribwa n`amavubi cyangwa utundi dusimba duhiga ubukoko bwo mu mirima.

Epinari zihinze mu gace ubu bukoko bwiganje zisaba kuzigenzura cyane kandi hakagira igikorwa vuba kugira ngo hirindwe ko byaba icyorezo gikomeye mu gihe byaba bitinze. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kwirinda bugira akamaro cyane mu kurwanya ubu bukoko.

**Uko Agasazi karya amababi kangiza epinari**

**Amagi y’agasazi kangiza amababi**

**Agasazi karya amababi gakuze (6.4 mm)**

2. **Ibishorobwa** (Beet armyworm, Western striped armyworm) Udukoko (*Spodoptera exigua Spodoptera praefica)*

#### Ibimenyetso

* Ku mababi hazaho utwobo dufite ishusho ya mpandeshatu cyangwa utw’uruziga twegeranye;
* Udukoko tukiri buto turyagagura amababi agasigara ashawanyaguritse
* Ku tubuto hazaho ubushye busa n’ubwumagaye, ku mababi hakazaho ibirundo by`amagi yutu dukoko agera kuri 50 -150
* Ibirundo bw’amagi y’utu dukoko biba bitwikiriwe n’ibintu by’umweru bisa n’ipamba cyangwa ibihu;
* Udukoko tukiri buto dusa n’icyatsi kibisi cyerurutse gishyira umuhondo naho udukoko dukuze tugasa n’icyatsi kibis cyijimye tukagira umurongo wijimye wambukiranya umubiri watwo n’ibara ry’iroza cyangwa umuhondo mu ruhande rwo hasi.

### '''Kubyirinda'''

* Mu buryo bwo kurwanya utu dukoko harimo gukoresha ibizirana na two kugira ngo twoye guhirahira dufata epinari ndetse  no gukoresha umuti wa *Bacillus thuringiensis*
* Habaho imiti yabugenewe ikoresha mu rwego rwo kubona umusaruro mwiza wo kugeza ku isoko, ariko iyagenewe uturima tw’igikoni ntabwo igira ingufu zo kurwanya utu dukoko uko bikwiye.

**Inda (Aphids, Peach aphid, Potato ap**hid) Udukoko (*Myzus persicae Macrosiphon euphorbiae).*

#### Ibimenyetso

* Udukoko dutoya tworohereye bufata ku gice cyo munsi cy’amababi cyangwa ku gihimba
* Utwo dukoko tugira ibara ry’ictatsi kibisi cyangwa umuhondo, ariko dushobora no gusa n’iroza, isine, umutuku cyangwa umukara bitewe n’ubwoko bw’igihingwa turiho;
* Iyo utu dukoko tubaye twinshi,butuma amababi ahinduka umuhondo agata isura, amababi akazana ibabara cyangwa igihingwa kikagwingira.
* Utu dukoko tuzana ibintu bimatira nk’`ubuki ari byo bitera igihingwa kubora.

#### '''Kuzirinda'''

* Iyo utu dukoko twafashe amababi amwe n’amwe cyangwa ibihingwa bimwe atari byose byafashwe ibyafashwe bishobora kurandurwa mu murima hagasigaramo ibizima.
* Kugenzura neza ingemwe zigemurwa mbere yo kuzitera
* Gutera ubwoko buboneka buzwi ko bwihanganira indwara;
* Isaso ikurura urumuri cyane cyane ifite ibara ry’isine ikoze muri pulasitiki ishobora kurinda utu dukoko gufata igihingwa cya epinari.
* Ingemwe zikomeye bashobora kuzisukaho amazi afite ingufu kugira ngo akureho utwo dukoko.
* Imiti yica udukoko ikenerwa iyo utu busimba twakabije kuba twinshi kuko ubundi epinari zibasha kwihangana igihe tukiri dukeya.

Imiti yica udukoko ikoze nk’isabune cyangwa nk’amavuta nk’umuti w’amavuta wa Neem ( Soma Nimu) cyangwa

* Canola ( Soma Kanola) iba myiza mu kurwanya utu dukoko.
* Ni ngombwa kureba neza imikoreshereze y’umuti yanditse mbere yo kuwutera Gusarura Epinari

Amababi ya Epinari ashobora gusarurwa vuba igihe cyose yamaze kugara bihagije kandi ashobora gusarurwa hakoreshejwe intoki cyangwa imashini. Epinari bashobora kuzisarura basoroma amababi gusa mu turima tw’igikoni cyangwa se bagakatana n’igihimba. Iyo ari epinari yo kujyanwa ku isoko zikatanwa n’igihimba, bigakorwa n’intoki. Iyo ari epinari zo gutunganywa mu nganda bisaba ko zisarurishwa imashini zabugenewe.

#### Guhunika epinari

#### '''Kwita kumusaruro'''

* **Gutoranya, gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingano no gufata neza umusaruro:**   umusaruro wose wangiritse, uboze, warabye cyangwa wariwe n’udukoko cyangwa ibindi byonnyi ugomba kujugunywa. Gushyira epinari mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingano si ngombwa ku musaruro woherezwa ku masoko y’imbere mu gihugu. Gushyira epinari mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingano bishobora gukorwa igihe zigemurirwa amaduka acuruza ibiribwa.   
* **Gusukura nyuma yo gusarura:** ni ngombwa kurinda epinari kwanduzwa n’itaka cyangwa ibisigazwa biboze by’ibihingwa. Kirazira kuzironga. Kuzironga byavanaho ubwandu buva ku itaka ariko byakwirakwiza ububore mu musaruro wose bigatera igihombo. Ni byiza gushyira umusaruro wa epinari mu gicucu cyangwa kuwubika ahantu hafutse biwugabanyiriza gutakaza amazi, kubora, kuraba no guhinduka umuhondo.  Si byiza gukoresha imiti mvaruganda mu kurinda Epinari kubora kuko itagira umumaro munini kandi isiga ku mababi bimwe mu binyabutabire biyigize.  
* **Gupfunyika:** ku masoko yo hafi n’imbere mu gihugu, ibikoresho bya gakondo bisanzwe bitwara umusaruro byakoreshwa. Gusa ibyo bikoresho bigomba kuba Atari binini cyane ku biryo kimwe kitatwarwa n’umuntu umwe. Epinari ziba zoroshye ku buryo zakwangirika ziramutse zitwawe nabi. Ni byiza kuzitwara mu bisanduku bikoze mu mbaho cyangwa ibitebo byikoze muri pulasitiki biftwara hagati y’ibiro 5 n’ibiro 10. Gutsindagira Epinari nyinshi kintu kimwe  bituma amababi n’uduti twaazo byangirika, bigatakaza ibara ryabyo.   
* **Guhunika:** Epinari zibikika igihe gito cyane Storage, cyane cyane iyo zibitse ahatari ubukonje. Nyamara ariko n’iyo zibitse mu byuma bikonjesha, zigumana ubwiza kugeza ku byumweru bibiri gusa. Byakabaye byiza cyane Epinari zigejejwe ku muntu uzikoresha mu minsi itarenze ibiri zisaruwe.  

### Amashakiro