Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Bénin

Ibibazo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Bénin bifatwa nkaho biri hejuru yikigereranyo cya Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara.

Raporo yo muri Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2012 yashimye Benin "kuba yarakomeje inzira ya demokarasi" anashimira "imirimo ishinga amategeko mu myaka yashize yo gutora no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko yerekeye ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo rikorerwa abagore, ruswa yemewe, iyicarubozo, n'ibindi byaha", kimwe n'ishyirwaho ry’inzego z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zirimo Umuvunyi Mukuru n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe guteza imbere uburinganire n’uburinganire ".

Raporo yagaragaje ko ikomeje guhangayikishwa no, "ku bijyanye na raporo z’ihohoterwa rikabije n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa n’inzego z’umutekano, harimo n’abapolisi, ndetse n’imiterere mibi ya gereza ndetse n’igihe kirekire cyo gufungwa by’agateganyo", kimwe na "na raporo z’ibuzwa rikomeye ry’uburenganzira bwo guhagarika imyigaragambyo mu nzego za Leta ndetse n’abayobozi bakunze kuvuga ko barwanya ubumwe, bikurura amakimbirane mu baturage ndetse n’ibikorwa byo kwigaragambya".  

## Amateka
Benin yahoze ari ubukoloni bw'Abafaransa buzwi ku izina rya Dahomey, bwabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Kuva mu 1972 kugeza 1990 cyari igihugu cya Marxiste - Abaleniste cyategekwaga n'umunyagitugu Mathieu Kérékou, wafashe ubutegetsi ahiritse ingoma yariho. Ku butegetsi bwa Kérékou, igihugu nta bwisanzure bwo kuvuga cyangwa itangazamakuru cyari gifite kandi cyari gifite raporo mbi k’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Igihugu cyahinduye izina cyitwa Repubulika y'abaturage ya Bénin mu 1975.

Mu 1990, ijambo "Rubanda" ryakuwe ku izina ry’igihugu, maze mu Kuboza 1991 hemezwa itegeko nshinga rishya hagamijwe gushinga igihugu aho "kugendera ku mategeko, uburenganzira bw’ibanze, umudendezo rusange, agaciro ka muntu n’ubutabera byizewe, birindwa kandi bitezwa imbere nk’ibisabwa kugira ngo iterambere ry’ubwumvikane bwa buri muturage wa Bénin ".

Mu itegeko nshinga rishya, demokarasi yagaruwe muri Bénin mu 1991. Mu matora yabaye muri uwo mwaka, Kérékou yatsinzwe na Nicéphore Soglo maze yemera ibyavuye mu majwi. He was returned to power in the 1996 elections and re-elected in 2001; amatora yo mu 2006, aho Kérékou atigeze yiyamamariza, yafatwaga nk'ubwisanzure kandi butabera.

Kuva mu 1991, Benin yafatwaga nk'igihugu gifite amahame arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu kurusha ibindi bihugu byinshi bya Afurika. Byanditswe ko Benin "bigaragara ko ari kimwe mu gihugu cyiyoboye demokarasi muri Afurika", ariko ko imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri Leta iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu muri iki gihugu, guhera mu gihe cy'inzibacyuho, "ntugahuze hagati yabo", kugirango "nibisanzwe ko imiryango ikorera mukarere kamwe itamenyana", bikavamo "kwigana imbaraga".

Mu nama ya 47 isanzwe ya komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage mu mwaka wa 2010, umushinjacyaha mukuru wa Bénin, Victor Topanou yatangaje ko "uyu munsi hari ubushake bwa politiki bugamije guharanira ko umuco w’uburenganzira bwa muntu ugenda neza", avuga ko hashyizweho ingamba zo kurwanya ubukene binyuze muri politiki y’inguzanyo ziciriritse, hagamijwe kunoza ubutabera hubakwa inkiko n’amategeko mashya n’amagereza, ndetse no kongera ibiryo no kwita ku buzima muri gereza. 

Benin yashyize umukono ku masezerano mpuzamahanga akurikira: Amasezerano nyafurika (Banjul) y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage; Amasezerano yo kurwanya iyicarubozo nubundi bugome, ubumuntu, cyangwa gutesha agaciro cyangwa ibihano; Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore; Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana; Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurandura burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko; Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki.

Ibikurikira nimbonerahamwe yerekana amanota ya Benin kuva 1972 muri raporo y’ubwisanzure ku isi, isohoka buri mwaka na Freedom House. 

## Uburenganzira shingiro
Ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, igitsina, ubumuga, ururimi, n'imibereho myiza birabujijwe n'itegeko nshinga n'amategeko; ariko, abategarugori n’abafite ubumuga bakomeje kugira ivangura, kandi guverinoma ntacyo ikora mu kuyirwanya. 

Dukurikije itegeko nshinga ryayo, Benin ni igihugu cy’isi aho ubwisanzure bw’amadini bwubahirizwa kuri bose kandi aho amashuri ya Leta atemerewe gutanga inyigisho z’idini (nubwo amashuri y’amadini yigenga yemerewe). Muri Bénin, aho mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2002 abaturage bari 27% Gatolika y’Abaroma, 24% b’abayisilamu, 17% Voudon (Voodoo), 6 ku ijana n’abandi madini kavukire, na 5% by’abakirisitu bo mu ijuru, kandi aho iminsi mikuru y’igihugu irimo abakirisitu n’abayisilamu bera, Raporo ya guverinoma y'Amerika yo mu 2011 ivuga ko "kubaha itandukaniro ry'amadini byakwirakwiriye mu nzego zose z'abaturage no mu turere twose", nubwo habaye "amakimbirane rimwe na rimwe hagati y'abakora Voodoo n'abakirisitu ku bikorwa byo gutangiza Voodoo, bisaba ko abapolisi babigiramo uruhare".

Ruswa ibaho mu nzego zose n'inzego za guverinoma muri Bénin. Hariho ikigo cya leta cyitwa Watchdog kurwanya ruswa, intego yacyo ni ugukemura iki kibazo.

## Uburenganzira bw'umugore
*Ingingo nyamukuru: Abagore muri Bénin*

Imiterere y’uburenganzira bw’umugore muri Bénin yateye imbere ku buryo bugaragara kuva demokarasi isubizwaho ndetse n’itegeko nshinga ryemejwe, ndetse n’itegeko ry’umuntu ku giti cye n’umuryango mu 2004, byombi bikaba byararenze imigenzo gakondo ifata abagore mu buryo butemewe. Nubwo bimeze bityo, ubusumbane n'ivangura biracyakomeza. Kurongora abagore benshi no gushyingirwa ku gahato ntibyemewe ariko biracyabaho.

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amategeko arwanya gufata ku ngufu, igihano gishobora gufungwa imyaka itanu, kibangamiwe na ruswa, akazi ka polisi kadakora neza, no gutinya agasuzuguro. Ubushobozi buke bwa polisi butera ibyaha byinshi byimibonano mpuzabitsina bigabanywa kubikorwa bibi. Ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo rirakwirakwiriye, ibihano bigera ku myaka 3 y'igifungo, ariko abagore ntibashaka gutanga raporo kandi abayobozi ntibashaka kwivanga mu bintu bifatwa nk'ibibazo bwite.

Abagore bahuye n’ivangura cyangwa ihohoterwa barashobora gusaba ubufasha ku bagore mu mategeko n’iterambere-Benin, Ishyirahamwe ry’abahanga mu mategeko b’abagore bo muri Bénin (AFJB), hamwe na gahunda y'Ubutabera n'Ubushobozi bw'Abagore binyuze muri Care International's Empower Project. Raporo y’Amerika yo mu mwaka wa 2012 yashimye Benin kuba yarashyizeho Inama y’igihugu ishinzwe guteza imbere uburinganire.

## Uburenganzira bw'abana
Komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abana na Minisiteri y’umuryango bashinzwe guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abana. Abana babaye abenegihugu binyuze mu kuvuka muri Bénin cyangwa kuvuka ku babyeyi bafite ubwenegihugu bwa Bénin. Amavuko y'abantu benshi ntabwo yanditse, ibyo bikaba byaviramo guhakana uburezi, ubuvuzi, nizindi serivisi. Amashuri abanza ni itegeko, nubwo abakobwa benshi batajya mwishuri. Gushyingirwa kwabana birakwirakwira, nubwo gushyingirwa nabana bari munsi yimyaka 14 bitemewe muburyo bwa tekiniki, gushyingirwa hagati yimyaka 14 na 17 biremewe mugihe ababyeyi babitanze.

Undi mugenzo ukomeje kugaragara ni uwo gushyira umwana wumukene hamwe nimiryango itunze nkumukozi wo murugo, ibintu bikunze kuvamo gukoreshwa imibonano mpuzabitsina nakazi  kagahato ndetse no gucuruzwa. Iyi myitozo yitwa "vidomègon". Ibindi bibazo birimo uburaya bwabana, bukunze kubamo abana bo mumuhanda, ndetse n'imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Hariho abana benshi bo mumuhanda, benshi muribo ntibitabira ishuri cyangwa babone ubuvuzi.

Burigade ishinzwe kurengera abana bato yashinzwe mu 1983 kandi "itegekwa gukora igihe cyose abana bagize ibyago by’imyitwarire cyangwa akaga k'umubiri. Ikora ibikorwa byo gukumira ibyaha by’urubyiruko. Yagiye ihinduka ikigo aho ibibazo by’abana bikemurwa mu buryo bwa gicuti. Abayobozi bayo bavuga ko uruhare rwabo ari rwinshi mu mibereho muri iki gihe. "

Benin ntabwo yashyize umukono ku masezerano y'i La Haye yo mu 1980 yerekeye ibibazo by'abaturage byo gushimuta abana mpuzamahanga, ariko yemeje amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’umwana mu 1990, Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira n’imibereho y’umwana mu 1996, n’amasezerano no. 182 of ILO in 2004.

## Uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga
Nta tegeko ribuza ivangura rikorerwa abamugaye, nubwo leta, nkuko amategeko abiteganya, igomba kwita kubantu nkabo. Nta tegeko na rimwe risaba inyubako iyo ari yo yose, rusange cyangwa kuba bafite igare ry’ibimuga. Hano haribintu bike muburyo bwo gufashwa ninzego kubafite ubumuga, muri rusange bitunga binyuze mu gusabiriza. Hariho, kurengera amategeko agenga umurimo kubakozi bamugaye.

## Uburenganzira bwa LGBT
Muri raporo y'umwaka wa 2012, Amerika yavuze ko Benin yanze icyifuzo cyari cyasabwe ko "gihana imibonano mpuzabitsina hagati y’ababyemera, ababana bahuje ibitsina" kandi ikagaragaza ko ikomeje guhangayikishwa n’abaturage ba LGBT muri Bénin ", ibabaza iti: "Ni izihe serivisi cyangwa gahunda z'uburezi mufite kugira ngo umutekano w'abaturage n'imibereho myiza ya LGBT?" Raporo yahamagariye Benin "guca burundu imibonano mpuzabitsina hagati y’abemera, ababana bahuje ibitsina kandi hashyirwaho gahunda z’uburezi na politiki iboneye y’abapolisi bateza imbere umutekano bwite w’abaturage bose ba Bénin batitaye ku mibonano mpuzabitsina".

## Uburenganzira bwa VIH / SIDA
Birabujijwe kuvangura abantu hashingiwe ku miterere ya virusi itera sida, kandi bivugwa ko bigaragara ko ivangura nk'iryo ridakunze kubaho.

## Uburenganzira bw'impunzi n'abasaba ubuhunzi
Hariho uburyo bwo kurengera impunzi, muri zo igihugu cyakiriye abagera ku 7.300 mu mpera za 2010, abenshi muri bo bakaba baturuka muri Togo. Benin ikorana na UNHCR n'andi matsinda kugira ngo bafashe abantu nk'abo. Abatujuje ibyangombwa nkimpunzi barahamagarirwa gusaba ibyangombwa byo gutura.