Gukingira amatungo yo murugo

**Gukingira inyamaswa** ni gukingira amatungo cyangwa inyamaswa zo mu gasozi. Imyitozo ijyanye nubuvuzi bwamatungo. Urukingo rwa mbere rw’inyamanswa rwavumbuwe ni urwa kolera y’inkoko mu 1879 na Louis Pasteur. Umusaruro w'inkingo uhura n’ibibazo bijyanye n’ubukungu bw’abantu ku giti cyabo, guverinoma n’amasosiyete. Amabwiriza yo gukingira inyamaswa ni make ugereranije n’amabwiriza yo gukingira abantu.

Inkingo zashyizwe mu nkingo zisanzwe n'iz'igihe kizaza. [5] Inkingo z’inyamaswa byagaragaye ko aribwo buryo buhenze kandi burambye bwo kurwanya indwara z’amatungo yanduye. Muri 2017, inganda z’inkingo z’amatungo zahawe agaciro ka miliyari 7 z’amadolari y’Amerika kandi biteganijwe ko zizagera kuri miliyari 9 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2024.

## Amateka
**Urukingo**

Inyamaswa zabaye izakira n'inkomoko y'inkingo. Binyuze mu gupima laboratoire, urukingo rwa mbere rw’inyamaswa rwakozwe ni urwa kolera y’inkoko mu 1879 na Louis Pasteur. Pasteur yahimbye kandi urukingo rwa anthrax ku ntama n'inka mu 1881, n'urukingo rw'ibisazi mu 1884. [8] Inkende n'inkwavu byakoreshwaga mu gukura no kwanduza virusi y'ibisazi. Guhera mu 1881, ibikoresho by'umugongo byumye bivuye ku nkwavu zanduye byahawe imbwa kugira ngo zibakingire ibisazi. Umubiri wanduye wanduye wumye kugirango virusi igabanuke.

Nyuma yaho, mu 1885, urukingo rwahawe umuhungu w’imyaka 9 wanduye indwara y’ibisazi, Joseph Meister, warokotse igihe nta muntu n'umwe wari ufite mbere.

Ishuri rikuru ry’ubuvuzi ry’Abafaransa ndetse n’isi babonye ko iki gikorwa ari intambwe, bityo abahanga benshi batangira gufatanya no guteza imbere umurimo wa Pasteur.

Uburyo butaziguye bwo gukingira inyamaswa bugaragara binyuze mu bicurane. Ni ukubera ko urukingo rwahawe abantu rwashingiye ku nyamaswa. Indwara y'ibicurane yari indwara yica izwi cyane kubera guhubuka no gupfa cyane kwa 30% iyo byanduye.

Edward Jenner yagerageje ibitekerezo bye mu 1796, ko iyaba umuntu yari amaze kwandura inka ko bazarindwa ibicurane. Byagaragaye ko ari ukuri bityo bitangira inzira yo kurandura indwara.

Binyuze mu bikorwa byo kurandura umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi, byibuze 80% by’abantu bakingiwe muri buri gihugu.

Nyuma yaho, hakoreshejwe ubushakashatsi hanyuma hakingirwa urukingo rw'impeta, bituma ibicurane biba burundu indwara ya mbere binyuze mu gukingirwa mu 1980.

## Ibibazo
Ibibazo nyamukuru bijyanye no gukingira inyamaswa ni ukubona no kuboneka. Inkingo nizo ngamba zihenze cyane mu gukumira indwara mu baturage b’amatungo, nubwo ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza inkingo ku baturage bahejejwe inyuma bikiri ikibazo.

## Kuboneka
Amatungo menshi y'abahinzi-borozi bato (SHFs) mu baturage bahejejwe inyuma (abadepite) bapfa bazize indwara, ntibagera ku bushobozi bwabo bwose, cyangwa banduza indwara. Intandaro yiki kibazo irashobora gukumirwa cyangwa kugenzurwa no kongera inkingo z'inyamaswa. Amatungo arakenewe ku bahinzi bakennye bagera kuri miliyoni 600 kugeza 900 mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere.Ibi ni ukubera ko inyamaswa zitanga ibiryo, amafaranga yinjiza, ikigega cy’imari ndetse n’imiterere.

## Kuboneka
Indwara zaranzwe n'indwara zitera igihombo cy'ubukungu, indwara zigenzurwa na leta, n'indwara zititaweho, ibyo byose bifitanye isano no kuboneka. Icyiciro cy'igihombo cy'ubukungu gikubiyemo inkingo zikenewe mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ubusanzwe bikozwe n'abikorera ku giti cyabo bidafite inyungu nkeya, ibyo bigo bisaba inkunga y'abaturage kugira ngo bikomeze gutanga umusaruro. Mu gihe, indwara zigenzurwa na leta zigenzurwa na politiki ya leta, ikibazo nyamukuru hano ni niba urukingo ruhenze bityo ntiruboneka ku bahinzi bakennye.

Byongeye kandi, hari indwara zimwe na zimwe z’inyamaswa zirengagijwe kuko ahanini zigira ingaruka ku baturage bakennye gusa, bityo ntizabyara inyungu. Ni ukubera ko abaproducer bibanda kumasoko manini mbere kugirango barebe inyungu zabo mubushoramari (ROI).

Kurugero, impamvu ituma imbwa yanduza ibisazi bifata igihe cyo kurandura ni ukubera ko bigira ingaruka gusa mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, bityo ntibishobora kubyazwa umusaruro munini kandi byunguka.

## Ibindi bibazo
Ibindi bibazo bimwe birimo ariko ntibigarukira gusa: inzitizi z'ubukungu, inzitizi za politiki, inzitizi za tekiniki na siyansi, inzitizi zigenga amategeko, inzitizi zikoreshwa mu murima, n’imbogamizi z’imibereho n’imyumvire.

## Ibisubizo bishoboka
Hariho ibisubizo bishoboka mubijyanye n'ibibazo biri murwego rwo gukingira inyamaswa. Harimo udushya haba mubumenyi ndetse no kugenzura. Hasabwe ko amabwiriza ahuza uturere kandi inkingo zose z’inyamaswa zishobora kugereranywa hamwe na RNA cyangwa umugongo wa ADN. Byagaragaye ko hagomba kubaho ubwumvikane bwiza hagati yubuyobozi, amasomo ninganda Bimwe mubindi bisubizo birimo: gahunda yo gukingira ibisazi byubusa, inkunga nkuko bikenewe, gushiraho ubufatanye mu turere twose (cyane cyane mubijyanye na banki zinkingo), kugabanuka kwimisoro ya leta, gutanga uburyo bwiza bwo kwandika indwara, no kubaka ubufatanye hagati yinganda n’isi yose.

## Ubuzima bwabantu
Umusaruro w’inkingo ku nyamaswa n’abantu wahoranye isano, iyi mibanire yahimbwe 'Ubuzima bumwe', kuko byibuze 61% by’indwara zose zitera abantu zikomoka ku nyamaswa. Ingero ebyiri z'ingenzi ziyi link ni urukingo n'inkingo z'indwara. Kenshi na kenshi gukingiza inyamaswa ntabwo ari ingenzi kubuzima bw'inyamaswa gusa ahubwo no mubuzima bw'abantu no gutera imbere. Ijambo indwara ya zoonotic risobanura indwara ishobora kwimurwa mu nyamaswa ikajya ku bantu.

## Indwara
**ibisazi**

Urugero rwubu kandi rugaragara rw'indwara zoonotic n'ibisazi. Ikwirakwizwa mu nyamaswa ikagera ku bantu no ku yandi matungo binyuze mu macandwe, kurumwa no gushushanya. Inyamaswa zo mu rugo ndetse n’ishyamba zirashobora gufata indwara y'ibisazi. Buri mwaka abantu barenga 59.000 bapfa bazize iyo ndwara, aho 99% byanduye kubera kurumwa n'imbwa. Habayeho ibibazo bitageze kuri 20 byanditse byerekana ko ibisazi byabayeho bitavuwe kugeza ubu. Umubare munini w'abantu bapfa bapfa muri Afurika no muri Aziya, bitewe n'ubuvuzi buke.

Urukingo rw’ibisazi rushobora gutangwa mbere cyangwa nyuma yo kwandura, bitewe nigihe kirekire cyo kwandura indwara.

Uburyo bukoreshwa mu gukingiza imbwa zizerera, zifasha mu gukumira indwara aho ziva, byagaragaye ko aribwo buryo buhenze bwo kwirinda ibisazi. Muri Bangaladeshi habaye gahunda yo gukingira imbwa imbaga hagati ya 2010 na 2013, ibi byatumye impfu ziterwa n’ibisazi zigabanukaho 50%.

Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryashyizeho ubukangurambaga bwa 'Zeru kuri 30', kugira ngo rigabanye umubare w'abantu bapfa bazize indwara y’imbwa kugeza kuri 2030.

**Ubuzima bumwe**

Mu myaka icumi ishize, 75% by'indwara zandura mu bantu zari zikomoka ku nyamaswa. Rero, igitekerezo cyahimbye 'Ubuzima bumwe' cyaremewe, aho ubuzima bwabantu n’inyamaswa bugaragara nk’ingirakamaro kimwe. Urugero rw'urukingo rwa 'One Health', aho rushobora gukwirakwizwa ku bantu no ku nyamaswa, kuri ubu ruri mu bigeragezo bivura ni Rift Valley Fever. Umwarimu wungirije Warimwe wo muri kaminuza ya Oxford avuga ko ubu buryo bwihutisha igishushanyo mbonera n'iterambere ry'urukingo, kandi bikanatwara igihe n'amafaranga.

**Kugena inkingo zinyamaswa ugereranije ninkingo zabantu**

Iterambere ry'inkingo z'inyamanswa rifite ibisabwa bike ugereranije n'inkingo z'abantu. Ibi byatumye igihe gito n'amafaranga bigira uruhare mugushinga no gukora inkingo z'inyamaswa. Gahunda yo guteza imbere urukingo rwabantu muri rusange ifata imyaka 10 kugeza kuri 15, mugihe gahunda yo gukingira inyamaswa itwara impuzandengo yimyaka 5 kugeza kuri 7 kugirango itange. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ubushobozi bwo gushyira imbere intego zishobora gukingirwa no gukoresha ubushakashatsi mu gupima umutekano ni bike mu musaruro w’inkingo z’amatungo ugereranije n’inkingo z’abantu.

**Gushyira imbere inkingo zishobora kuba**

Amatungo yakuze ku buryo bwihuse uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana kuko ba nyir'ubwite bahangayikishijwe n'ubuzima bw'inyamaswa bagenzi babo. Bitandukanye ninkingo z’amatungo zororerwa muri rusange zikorwa gusa iyo hari indwara ya zoonotic cyangwa yagize ingaruka zikomeye mubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Aho kubyara kubwimpamvu yonyine yo kwita ku nyamaswa nko mu matungo, amatungo yororerwa arakingirwa kubera umutekano w’abantu n’ubukungu.

Ibi bihuza neza na farumasi (gukurikirana ingaruka zibiyobyabwenge byemewe). Ububikoshingiro bunini ni Ubuvuzi bw'amatungo (VMD) mu Bwongereza. Nubwo, umubare munini wavuzwe wari mubijyanye ninyamaswa ziherekeza.

Nta bipimo ngenderwaho bisanzwe byo kugereranya umutwaro w’indwara z’inyamaswa ku isi, nta buryo busanzwe bwo kugena igiciro cy’urukingo runaka rw’inyamaswa, kandi nta mbibi zikoreshwa muri rusange. Rero, birashobora kugorana gushyira imbere iterambere ryinkingo zinyamaswa.

## Ubushakashatsi bwo gupima umutekano w’amatungo
Kubera amabwiriza make, inkingo zimwe wasangaga zirimo umwanda. Urugero rwibi ni urukingo rw’ibisazi rurimo urugero runini rwa Bovine serum albumin (BSA). BSA irashobora gutera allergique ikomeye ishobora gutera urupfu.

## Umusaruro w'inkingo
**Inkingo zisanzwe**

Inkingo nyamukuru zisanzwe ni Live-yitiriwe kandi idakora. Inkingo zibaho neza zikoresha uburyo bwa virusi cyangwa bagiteri zitera indwara. Ubu buryo bwo gukingira ni bwo bwegereye ubwandu nyirizina, bityo bikaba byagaragaye ko bugira ingaruka zikomeye kurusha ubundi bwoko bw'inkingo zisanzwe. [26] Nubwo, hari ibibazo byumutekano bijyanye ninkingo zifatika. Harashobora kubaho ibisubizo bitateganijwe niba ikindi kintu kitari ubwoko bwibigenewe gifata urukingo, kandi harigihe wasangaga ibi ubwoko bw'inkingo butera ibyiza mu gihe inyamaswa zapimwe bityo zigakuraho igihugu cy’indwara zidafite ubwisanzure (nkuko byagaragaye binyuze mu ndwara zo mu birenge no mu kanwa, FMD). [6] Byongeye kandi, inkingo zidakozwe zigizwe na bagiteri zo mu bwoko bumwe cyangwa bwinshi bwa bagiteri, cyangwa zishe virusi. Kudakora bibaho binyuze mubuvuzi bwa chimique cyangwa physique bwerekana proteine cyangwa byangiza aside nucleic. Ubu bwoko bw'inkingo burahagaze neza kandi buhenze kuruta inkingo zanduye, nubwo zidatanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurinda igihe kirekire kuko virusi idashobora kwigana.

**Inkingo zizakurikiraho**

Isesengura rusange ryatewe na virusi no kurushaho gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwa virusi itera virusi byatumye havumburwa antigene ndetse n’inkingo z’amatungo ya recombinant. Kugeza ubu genome ya virusi ikurikirana, genes zitera indwara ziramenyekana, ingirabuzima fatizo zirakoronizwa, hubatswe recombinant, hanyuma hakorwa bumwe mu bwoko butatu bw'inkingo (inkingo za ADN, inkingo za Subunit, inkingo za Vectored). Urukingo rwa ADN rutera umusaruro wa antigen mubakira. Ni plasmid irimo virusi, bagiteri cyangwa parasite. Ubudahangarwa bw'inyamaswa bumenya poroteyine yagaragajwe nk'amahanga, kandi ibyo birashobora gutuma umuntu agira selile cyangwa humeral. Urukingo rwa ADN rwatsinze impungenge z'umutekano w'inkingo zuzuye. Byongeye kandi, inkingo za subunit ni ngufi, virusi zidasanzwe zidashobora kwigana. Nubwo uru rukingo rwitwa ko rufite umutekano, ntirwigana bityo ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ibibazo bijyanye numusaruro. Inkingo zatoranijwe ni urundi rukingo ruzakurikiraho. Ubu bwoko bwinkingo bukoresha vector kugirango itange proteine imwe cyangwa nyinshi muri sisitemu yumubiri yinyamaswa. Kugeza ubu, hari ubushakashatsi burimo gukorwa ku nkingo z’ibimera, biza mu cyiciro cy’inkingo za vector.

Inkoko zo mu rugo zakingiwe anatis ya Pasteurella ikoresheje bagiteri yo hanze ya membrane viticles yasukuwe na hydrostatic filtration dialyse. Inkingo nyinshi nkizo zatanze ubudahangarwa. Antenucci n'abandi. 2020 yerekana ibicuruzwa bihamye hamwe nubushotoranyi bukingira indwara muri gahunda ya HFD OMV, ariko muri rusange HFD itaragaragaza ko irwanya ubundi buryo bwo gutanga inkingo. Nubwo bimeze bityo, ni umurongo utanga icyizere cyubushakashatsi guhera 2021.

## Indangamurongo
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_vaccination