Electropalatography

**Electropalatography** (EPG) n'ubuhanga cyangwa uburyo bwo kureba aho ururimi  ruhura n'imberey'akanwa, cyane cyane mugihe  umuntu avugira amagambo. 

Agahimba k'akanwa kauguruye(artificial palate) gakozwe muburyo gahura neza n'imbere y'akanwa k'umuntu. Ako gahimba gafite utwuma tw'amashanyarazi (electrodes) tuzajya duhura n'ururimi. Iyo guhura bibaye hagati yururimi na electrode iyo ari yo yose, cyane cyane hagati y'uruhande rw'ururimi n'imbibi za palate ikomeye, ibimenyetso bya elegitoronike byoherezwa mubice bitunganya hanze.  EPG itanga imbaraga-nyayo-nyayo yibitekerezo byerekana ahantu hamwe nigihe cyo guhuza ururimi hamwe na palate ikomeye.

Ibisobanuro birambuye byururimi mugihe cyo kuvuga byanditswe, bitanga amakuru ataziguye umuntu ashobora gukoresha mubuvuzi kugirango akurikirane kandi atezimbere uburyo bwabo bwo kuvuga. Ibitekerezo biboneka ni ngombwa cyane mugutsinda kuvura abana batumva.

Electropalatography yabanje gutekerezwa kandi itezwa imbere nkigikoresho cyubushakashatsi bwa fonetika kugirango tunononsore uburyo gakondo bwa palatografiya. Abashakashatsi mu ndimi za gisirikari n’amasomo bakoresheje ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ya elegitoroniki kugira ngo babone amakuru nyayo yerekeye guhuza ururimi n’indimi mu ndimi nyinshi z’amahanga.

Ibikoresho bya mbere bya EPG byakoreshaga amashanyarazi ataziguye kugirango akoreshe ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma byifashishwa. Umunwa (electropalates) mubusanzwe wasaga cyane nicyapa cyerekana amenyo agezweho. Mouthpiece yarushijeho guhindurwa mugihe, ibyo bikaba byemerera ubushakashatsi bunoze. Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana amashanyarazi asanzwe muri sisitemu yo Gusoma.

EPG yongeyeho ubushishozi muburyo bwo gusobanukirwa amasomo ya fonetika. Mu myaka ya za 1960 na 1970 abantu benshi bigenga hamwe n’amasosiyete bamenye ubushobozi bwa EPG bwo kwigisha no kuvura. Nubwo inshuro nyinshi zagerageje guhindura ibikoresho bya injeniyeri EPG yo kuvura imvugo, ibigo byinshi byananiwe gucuruza EPG neza. Ibikoresho bya EPG bikomeje kuba ibikoresho bihenze cyane byo kuvura imvugo nubushakashatsi bwa fonetika, nubwo amakuru batanga biragoye kuyabona ukoresheje ubundi buryo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo byerekana neza. 

## Mu bushakashatsi bwa fonetike
Nubwo byinshi mu iterambere rya EPG byeguriwe amavuriro, yakoreshejwe mu iperereza ryinshi rya laboratoire. Kibuye (1997) urutonde rwibice bitatu byingenzi byubushakashatsi:

* study of the physiology of consonant articulations involving lingual-palatal contact
* study of the size and shape of oral constrictions in the production of fricative consonants
* the effect of neighbouring vowels on consonants production (coarticulation)

Iyo electropalatografiya ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwijambo, amakuru avuye mururimi-palate yatoranijwe na mudasobwa igenzura kuri frame 100 kumasegonda. Mu minsi ya mbere (mugihe ibyerekanwe bya digitale bitari hose kandi bigarukira), amakuru yacapishijwe kumpapuro kugirango asesengurwe. Urugero rwo gucapura rushobora kuboneka ku gishushanyo cya 2, aho urukurikirane ruva hejuru kugeza hasi, kandi aho ikimenyetso cya 'O' cyerekana guhuza na '.' yerekana ko ntaho ahurira. Imvugo yerekanwe ni 'catkin' /kæt.kɪn/; icyitegererezo gifite nimero 344 yerekana mugihe / t / gufunga birangiye, no kumurongo wa 350 hariho gufunga byuzuye. Gufunga alveolar irekurwa kuri 351. Guhuza ingingo ya articulatory (itumvikana) birerekanwa neza.  Amakadiri yihariye yamakuru ya EPG arashobora gukoreshwa mugusobanura ibisobanuro byerekana amajwi, kandi ibi bikorwa na Cruttenden kubantu bose bavuga icyongereza (RP).  Mu bushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe, gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi birashobora gukusanyirizwa hamwe kugirango bitange ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana ururimi-mu buryo bugabanya ingaruka ziterwa no guhindagurika ku kimenyetso kimwe. Ibi byakozwe na Farnetani mubushakashatsi bwerekeye coarticulation yubutaliyani nigifaransa. 

## Abatanga
Abakora ibintu bitatu byibanze bakora ibikoresho bya EPG barahari: ByuzuyeSpeech muri Amerika, Ibikoresho byerekana neza, na icSpeech mubwongereza. Completespeech nisosiyete yigenga kabuhariwe mu kuvura imvugo yerekanwe ibikoresho bya EPG, byiswe Sisitemu ya SmartPalate. Sisitemu ya SmartPalate ikoresha urupapuro rusanzwe rwerekana sensor hamwe na sensor 126 zashyizwe kumurongo wihariye.  Ibikoresho bisobanutse bitanga ubuvuzi bw'amagambo hamwe n'ubushakashatsi bwerekeranye na EPG umunwa, byiswe Gusoma Palate na The Articulate Palate. Igikoresho cyerekana ibyuma bya EPG ni ahantu hamwe n'intoki kubakoresha kugiti cyabo.  IcSpeech, yiswe LinguaGraph,  ikoresha kandi Palate yo gusoma.

## Mu kuvura
Electropalatography yakozweho ubushakashatsi mu baturage batandukanye, barimo abana bafite amagage, abana barwaye syndrome de Down, abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, abana batewe na cochlear, abana bafite ubumuga bw’ubwonko ndetse n'abantu bakuru bafite indwara ya Parkinson . Ubuvuzi bwagaragaje ko bwatsinze mubantu bapimwe. Ubushakashatsi &#x5B; &#x5D; ** Hakenewe ubushakashatsi burambye (Longitudinal studies) bukorwa kubantu benshi (sample sizes) kugirango hamenyekane neza gahunda y'ubuvuzi izatanga umusaruro mu gihe kirekire.

## Reba