Ubuhinzi bw'amashaza

## Intagiriro

Amashaza, ikiribwa cy’ingirakamaro ku ndwara zitandukanye Amashaza agizwe n’umugabane munini w’amazi (78,9%). n’ibindi bya ngombwa bikenura umubiri: nka amidon n’isukari nke ya sakaroze. Afite proteyine (5,42%), akaba azirusha ibirayi (2,07%), ahubwo akaba asatira umuceri (6,61%). Uretse ko ari inyuma cyane y’ibishyimbo by’umweru (23,4%). Proteyine z’amashaza ziruzuye, uretse ko zikennye ku yitwa metiyonine, naho iyitwa lizine yo ikaba nyinshi cyane. Ariko bitewe n’uko ibinyampeke biba bikize cyane kuri iyo proteyine ya metiyonine, nyamara na byo bigakena kuri lizine (lysine), ni yo mpamvu kurya amashaza yatekanywe n’ibinyampeke byuzuzanya neza bigakungahaza umubiri. Harimo urusobe rwa vitamini B (nka B1, B2, B6, niacine, folates) z’ingenzi cyane mu gutuma umutima ukora neza, ndetse n’ubwonko. Harimo kandi vitamin C (40%), hafi kunganya n’indimu (53%), icyakora kapusine ikabirusha byose (285%). Amashaza atanga na vitamini A ku bwinshi, ndetse na vitamini E. Ni yo mpamvu iyo yatekanywe n’ibinyampeke aba ingirakamaro cyane ku mikorere myiza y’imyanya ishinzwe imyororokere, akagirira akamaro n’abagore batagira amahirwe yo gusama n’abagabo bafite ibibazo byo kubyara, abagore batwita zikavamo zitageze igihe. Amashaza afite n’imyunyu ngugu, nka potasiyumu (244%), uyu munyuukaba ingenzi cyane ku mikorere myiza y’umutima. Afite n’umunyu w’ubutare (fer: 1,47%), manyeziyumu, zinc na manyeziyumu, bityo agatuma ubwonko bukora neza. Abo amashaza agirira akamaro.

### Umumaro

* Abarwaye indwara z’umutima. Uretse ibyo twavuze haruguru, amashaza agirira umutima akamaro, kuko akennye ku binure no ku munyu wa sodiyumu (uboneka mu munyu w’urugera ukoreshwa kenshi mu gikoni), kandi ibyo byombi iyo bibaye indengarugero mu mubiri biba abanzi b’umutima.
* Imvururu mu mikorere y’urwungano rw’ubwonko n’imitsi yumva: bitewe n’uko akungahaye kuri vitamini B n’imyunyu. Ni meza ku bafite ubwonko bukorana intege nke, abakunda kurakazwa n’ubusa, abacika intege bakiheba vuba (depression), abatabona ibitotsi bihagije (insomnia), neurasthénie,
* Ababyeyi batwite n’abonsa: cyane cyane iyo yavanzwe n’ibinyampeke. Bitewe n’uko akungahaye ku byitwa folates, bituma ubwonko bw’umwana uri mu nda budakurana ubumuga (malformation du foetus).
* Abarwaye diyabete: amidon iba mu mashaza igenda ihindurwamo isukari ya glucose buhoro buhoro mu gihe cy’igogora, bityo akihanganirwa n’abarwaye diyabete, kuko nta sukari nyinshi iba yisukiye icyarimwe mu maraso ngo urugero rwayo ruhite rujya hejuru.
* Abana bato bagitangira kwiga kurya: abo bana na bo abagirira akamaro gakomeye cyane. Ni kimwe mu biribwa bigaburirwa abana bari gutangira kurya, hamwe n’imineke, ibirayi n’igikoma cy’ibigori (ni cyo kibanziriza ibindi).

### Indwara n’uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko

#### '''Ibibara bifite inguni ku mababi'''
**Ibibara bikora inguni ku mababi (ALS, iterwa n’uduhumyo (P**haeoisariopsis griseola), bifatwa nk’indwara ikomeye cyane y’ibishyimbo mu duce twinshi. Ifata amashami y’ibishyimbo, amababi n’imisogwe.

**Ibibara bihera ku ruhande rwo hasi rw’ikibabi bikagarurwa n’uturandaryi tw’ikibabi, bibanza kuba ikigina hanyuma bigahinduka isine. Ibibara biba bizengutswe n’urugori rweruruka. Kuba ibibara bikora inguni ni ikimenyetso cy’ingetsi kiranga uduhumyo tuyitera (***P. griseola*). Ibibara bishobora kuba byinshi cyane ku buryo amababi ahunguka imburagihe. Ibibara byo ku ruti bya by’indwara ierwa n’uduhumyo *P. griseola* biba ari birebire kandi ari isine. Ibibara byo ku misogwe ntibiba byinshi nko ku mababi. Biba biteye nk’igi cyangwa uruziga, bitangira biri inyuma, imirongo y’umukara hagati hijimye henda gutukura. Ibibara birutanwa mu bugari, amaherezo biba byinshi bigahura umusogwe wose ukuzura.

### '''Kwirinda iyi ndwara no kuyirwanya'''

### '''Kwita ku bihingwa'''

** **Gusimburanya ibihingwa bitandukanye ku murima umwe ku buryo hanyuramo nibura imyaka 2 udahinzemo amashaza kugira ngo ibisigazwa by’ibya mbere bibone umwanya wo kubora**
** **Gukoresha imbuto zitarwaye kandi zihanganira indwara**
** **Gukoresha imiti myiza nka Ridomili.**

### '''Ascochyta ku mababi n’ibibara ku misogwe'''
 

Indwara y’ibibara ku mababi no ku misogwe irakomeye ku amashaza. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku mababi, amashami no ku misogwe ku gihingwa cyafashwe bishobora kwitiranywa iyo ikiri mu ikiciro cya mbere aho ibibara biba bias n’ikigina. Ku mababi, utubara duto tw’uruziga tw’igaju ni two tubanza kuza. Buhoro buhoro uko indwara ikwira , ibibara biba bigari kandi bikeruruka, hanyuma bikagenda byijima. Bitangira gufata iforomo ndinganire, bigafatana bigakwira igice kinini k’ikibabi. Igice kegereye ibibara bishobora guhinduka umukara hameze nk’ ahaboze. Mu bibara hagati hazamo utundi tudomo tw’umukara tungana n’umutwe w’urushinge (pycnidia). Ibi biboeneka mu duce tubamo ubuhehere bwinshi kandi tuba turi ku mirongo iteye nk’uruziga ikurikiranye. Ku mashami ibibara biba ari birebire, bigera imbere cyane byijmye cyane kurusha ku mababi kandi hariho bene twa tudomo (pycnidia) tunyanyagiye. Amashami ashobora kwisatura byagera aharwaye akavunika, bigatera igihingwa kugwa. Ku misogwe, ibibara byinjira imbere hagati hijimye n’imirongo yo ku mpande yijimye. Hashobora kuzaho utudomo (pycnidia) twinshi. Ibibara byakuze bishobora kwinjira imbere mu misogwe bigafata imbuto zikanyunyuka zigahindura n’ibara. Imbuto zafashwe zigira utudomo tw’umuhondo wijimye ku ruhu rw’inyuma, ibyo bigabanya cyane agaciro kabyo ku isoko. Iyo indwara ya Ascochyta yaje mu bihingwa itinze imbuto z’ibishyimbo zizana amabara, icyo gihe indwara iba yari ku rwego rwo hasi bivugako gutera imiti byari bikenewe.

### '''Kurwanya iyo ndwara Ascochyta'''
Mu kurwanya iyi ndwara bahuriza hamwe ibikorwa bitandukanye: guhitamo neza umurima, guhitamo imbuto zihanganira indwara, gutera neza imiti ku mababi no gusarura kare imbuto z’amashaza zitarahindurwa ibara n’indwara.

### '''Umugese'''

* Umugese ufata ibishyimbo uterwa n’uduhumyo dufata amababi, imisogwe n’amababi y’amashaza ku amashaza by’imiteja n’ibisanzwe.
* Ibimenyetso byayo ni ibibara bifite ibara nk’iry’umugese mu bice byabaye umuhondo. Ibibara bibanza kuza ari utudomo duto turimo agafu k’ikijuju, ako gafu aba ari umurama w’iyo ndwara.

**Kuyirwanya:**

* Guhagarika guhinga muri uwo murima ibindi bishyimbo mu gihe cy’imyaka 2
* Guhita utaba ibisigazwa by’amashaza ukimara gusarura
* Gutera imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara
* Kwirinda gufumbiza Azote nyinshi
* Gukoresha imiti yabugenewe nka Ridomili.

**Indwara y’ububembe bw’amashaza (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV)**

Indwara y’ububembe bw’amashaza (BCMV) n’indwara y’ibibara biterwa na virusi (BCMNV)

zitera kubemba no kubora (imizi iba umukara) ku amashaza. Ibimenyetso byazo bihinduka bitewe n’ubwoko bwa virusi izitera, ubushyuhe n’imiterere karemano y’ubwoko bw’ibishyimbo byafashwe. Ibimenyetso bijyanye no kubemba birimo kwikunja cyangwa hakaza udufuka (utubumbe), ibibara byeruruka n’icyatsi cyijimye ku mababi, imirongo y’uturandaryi ifite ibara ryihariye, ibipande byikunje by’umuhondo no kugwingira igihingwa ntigikure naza. Ibibabi byikunje byahinduye ibara bikizamuka byerekana ko urubuto rwatewe arirwo rwari rurwaye. Igihingwa rero gishobora kubemba bisanzwe bizwi kikazana ibibara cyangwa kigahinduka umukara.

Inzira zishoboka zo kurwanya BCMV/BCMNV harimo:

* Gutera imbuto nzima.
* Kuvugurura uburyo bwo guhinga
* Gukoresha imiti ikwiye nka superimitirine cyangwa roketi 5 (supermithrine na Roquette 5).

### '''Inda zangiza amashaza'''

Inda z’amashaza zanduza virusi kuva ku gihingwa kimwe ujya ku kindi, imboga n’ibiti by’imirimbo. Inzuzi z’ibihaza, konkombure, situruye, wotameloni, amashaza, ibirayi, leti, beterave ni ibihingwa bifatwa na virusi zizanwa n’ubuhunduguru. Virusi zihindura ibara ry’ikimera, biba umuhondo cyangwa ababi akikunja ikimera kikadindira mu gukura. N’ubwoinda z’amashaza zica umusaruro cyane, biragogoye kuzirwanya, kuberako n’iyo zaba nke mu murima zironona cyane; inda ikwirakwiza virusi mu minota mike mu gihe bitwara igihe kinini ngo uyicishe umuti wica udukoko.

### '''Kurwanya indwara z’amashaza'''
N’ubwo inda z’amashaza zica rimwe na rimwe igihingwa cyakuze, ibyorezo zitera n’umushongi zishyira ku bihingwa bituma biba ngombwa kuzirwanya. Rimwe na rimwe imiti yica udukoko yica n’udusimba dufite umumaro hamwe n’ibyonnyi icyarimwe.

### '''Kugenzura umurima kenshi'''
Ni byiza kugenzura umurima buri gihe (nibura 2 mu cyumweru), ukareba niba ibihingwa byatewe bikura  vuba ugahita utangira kurwanya utu dukoko kakiri kare utwica, umenaho umuti cyangwa amababi yafashwe uyavanaho. Inda z’amashaza zikunze gutera ibyorezo mu gihe hari ubushyuhe ariko ntibwabishobora kuri degere 65-80 F. Iyo inda z’amashaza zamaze gufata amababi akikunjakunja biragoye kuzicisha imiti yica udukoko kuko bwihisha mu mababi yikunje akaburinda kugerwaho n’imiti ndetse n’ibindi byabuhiga. 

### '''Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu amashaza'''
Kubabuka bitewe na bagiteri, uruhumbu n’ibibara byijimye biterwa na bagiteri zose ni indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zifata ibibabi by’ibishyimbo. Ibimenyetso zerekana n’igihe uburwayi bumara byenda gusa kuri izo ndwara uko ari 3. Kubera izo mpamvu, gusuzuma ngo umenye ndwara iyo ariyo biragoye. Kubw’amahirwe izo ndwara zishobora kurwanywa mu buryo bumwe. Akenshi uburwayi butewe na bagiteri ku mababi bubanza kuza ari utudomo bufite inguni cyangwa ari uruziga twuzuyemo amazi (icyatsi kijimye). Uko indwara igenda ikwira, biba ibibara byeruruka kandi byumye, ikindi gika kikazenguruka cya kibara. Amababi yafashwe cyane ahinduka umuhondo agashwanyagurika iyo ayo mababi akuze cyangwa aguye hasi.

**Kurwanya** **Indwara ziterwa na bagiteri mu amashaza**

Kuzirinda mbere y’uko zigera mu murima ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo kuzirwanya.

* Gutera imbuto nzima zitanduye, abahinzi bibikira imbuto ntibagomba gukoresha imbuto zanduye
* Gutera ubwoko bw’imbuto bwihanganira mu buryo bwose bene izi ndwara
* Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibimera byose bishaje
* Ibisigazwa by’ibimera byari birwaye ntibigomba guhugutishwa ngo bibe ifumbire kuko ubushyuhe bwo mu kimpoteri ntibwakwica za bagiteri
* Gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima ku buryo umurima wavuyemo amashaza byarwaye uzengera kubihingamo nibura nyuma y’imyaka 3.
* Kugira ngo ugabanye gukwirakwiza indwara, wirinda kuhira unagaho amazi ukirinda no kwinjira mu murima amashaza bigitose
* Kurandura igihingwa cyafashwe ukibona ko indwara yaje mu murima.

### '''Imungu y’amashaza'''

### '''Ibiranga imungu y’amashaza'''
Ni agasimba gato ko mu bwoko bw’ibivumuri, kagira mm 3.5-5, kenda kugira ishusho ya mpandeshatu, ibara ryijimye n’utudomo tw’umweru, dutukura cyangwa tw’umukara. Imungu ishobora gutera amagi mu amashaza, kuyafatisha ku gishishwa cy’amashaza cyangwa mu musate aho amashaza cyamenetse. Ikiciro cy’urunyo rwavuye mu magi no kujya mu gakono karwo byose bibera mu amashaza imbere. amashaza bishobora kwandura imungu guhera ku mbuga. Imungu nkuru zishobora kujya mu murima zivuye mu buhunikiro, mu biteresho, mu bisarurisho n’ahandi hantu hose habitse ibishyimo byagiyemo imunyu.

### '''Uko imungu yonona'''
Imungu ikiri urunyo ikurira mu amashaza ikacyangiza igicamo imiyoboro. Inyo z’imungu zirya amashaza kigashiramo burundu. Urunyo rujya mu gakono rukiri mu amashaza hazavamo imungu ikuze isohoka inyuze mu mwenge umeze nk’uruziga ivuye mu gasate k’amashaza. Konona kw’imungu rero gushingiye ku gushaka ibiyitunga bihuye no kugenda ikwira hose.

### '''Kurwanya imungu y’amashaza'''

Kwirinda ko umusaruro wawe uhura n’imungu ni bwo buryo bw’ingenzi. Kuberako amashaza byandurira imungu akenshi ku mbuga zivuye mu amashaza, wagerageza gukuraho aho imungu ishobora guturuka hose. Aho hashobora kuba imifuka yabitswemo ibindi byamunzwe nka soya, ibindi amashaza byari baramunzwe byasigaye nyuma y’ihinga, ibindi amashaza byahunikiwe kugaburirwa amatungo n’aho bitunganyirizwa, ibindi bishyimbo cyangwa ibisigazwa byabyo byamunzwe aho byaba birunze hose : mu murima cyangwa hafi yawo ndetse n’ubuhunikiro burimo imungu.

### Amashakiro