Ikigori

**Ikigori** (*ubuke*: **Ibigori** ; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini *Zea mays* ; izina mu cyongereza: *Maize* cyangwa *Corn* ; izina mu gifaransa: *Maïs* ) ni ikimera n’ikiribwa.

Abahinzi bo mu murenge wa Gashali ho mu Karere ka Karongi mu ntara y’iburengerazuba, bararira ayo kwarika kubera ko imbuto y’indobanure y’ibigori bateye mbere itabashije kuva mu butaka kubera imvura yabaye nkeya muri ako gace ko mu cyahoze ari Superefegitura ya Birambo.

Twibutse ko intungamubiri ziri mu bigori ubariye ku magarama 100 ari izi zikurikira : amazi angana na garama 10,3. Garama 362 za kalisiyumu, Karoli muri garama 100 zingana na 8,1. Harimo kandi amagarama 76,9 by’ibinyasukari, gararama 3,6 bya Lipide, gr 6,16 bya Vitamine A, 0,385 bya vitamine B1 NA Miligarama 0,201 za B2, miligarama 3,632 za vitamine B3 na PP, Miligarama 241 za acide gras, miligarama 304 z’umunyu ngugu na7,3 gr za Fibre, 6gr z’umunyu ngugu wa Feri, 3,5garama za Potasiyumu, 2,87 garama za manyeziyumu, 127gr za sodiyumu na 35garama za fosifori. MUKARERE KA RWAMAGANA BAKUNDA GUHINGA IGIHINGWA KIKIGORI BITEWE NUKO HARI UBUTAKA BUSHOBORA GUTANGA UMUSARURO. 
 
Ikigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bigaragara mu ifunguro ry’ibanze rya hafi kandi rifatiye runini umubiri w’umuntu. Nk’uko urubuga rwa interineti Doctissimo.fr rubivuga, ngo icyo kiribwa kigirira akamaro gakomeye umubiri w’umuntu, kuko gikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga byinshi n’ibyubaka umubiri biringaniye. Inzobere mu mbonezamirire zo mu kigo cya Mississippi zivuga ko icyo gihingwa gikize cyane kuri “Amido”ndetse kikaba gifite inkomoko muri Korombiya aho abaturage baho ba kera bagifataga nk’ikiribwa cy’ibanze.

Icyo kiribwa cyaje gukwirakwira muri Afurika, i Burayi n’ahandi, kikaba cyarafashe umwanya ukomeye mu binyampeke byahingwaga icyo gihe nk’ingano ndetse n’uburo aho ibyo binyampeke byavagamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nk’igikoma, ubugali n’ibindi. Kurya cyane icyo kinyampeke udakuraho ariko ngo si byiza kuko bishobora gutera indwara ya “Pelle-agra” ni ukuvuga indwara y’uruhu iterwa no kubura Vitamine PP. Ibyo ariko ngo bikaba biterwa n’ubutamenya bushingiye ku buryo icyo kinyampeke cyakagombye gukoreshwa. Ubundi ifu y’icyo kinyampeke ngo ikennye kuri proteyine za ngombwa umubiri ukeneye ariko ushobora kuba wazikura mu bindi biribwa ndetse bitanahenze bityo ibyo bikaba byaherekeza ifunguro ryiganjemo ibigori. Ariko kandi bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rimaze gutera imbere igihingwa cy’ibigori ngo gisigaye kivangwa n’ibindi biribwa bityo ngo bigatanga indyo nziza kandi ikize ku ntungamubiri zose.

Icyo gihe ikigori kiribwa gitetse, cyangwa bakifashisha ifarini yacyo aho bakoramo amoko menshi anyuranye y’ibiribwa rimwe na rimwe babanje kubicisha mu mavuta. Ikindi kandi hashobora kwifashishwa ifu igashyirwa hejuru y’inyama maze ukabishyira mu mavuta nk’uko biri mu muco gakondo w’Abanyamerika bafite inkomoko mu Buhinde.

Ibigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bihingwa ku isi yose, mu turere twose tw'ubuhinzi haba imisozi migifi, iringaniye ndetse n'imisozi miremire. Ibigori byera mu butaka bunyuranye cyane cyane byera neza mu butaka bw'isi ndende, buseseka kandi buhitisha amazi, burimo ibumba n'ifumbire y'imborera ibuha intungagihingwa zihagije. Ibigori bihingwa mu butaka bw'isi ndende, bubika amazi, bworoshye kandi bufumbiye.

N'ubwo ibigori byera ku butaka bunyuranye, ntabwo byera neza mu butaka bwagundutse burimo umucanga mwinshi n'ibumba ryinshi, kereka bashyizemo ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda, kandi ni ngombwa cyane guhinga bajya hasi kandi bagasukira kugira ngo amazi ahite neza.

### '''Amoko yamamazwa n’ibiyaranga'''

* Mu misozi migufi n’iciriritse hahingwa amoko ya Kigega (ZM607), ISARM081 (Pool15_ QPM_SR), Ndaruhutse (Pool 32), H513, SC513, SC525, ISARM101, ISARM103, RHM101, RHM102, RHM103. WH505.
* Mu misozi miremire hera Tamira (Pool 9A), Mamesa (Pool 8A), ISARH071, PAN691,H 628, H 624 na PAN 691.
* Hari kandi imbuto z'ibyimanyi ziboneka habanguriwe amoko asanzwe y'ibigori n'andi moko arangwa n'ibyo umushakashatsi ukora amoko y'imbuto yifuza ( zihanganira amapfa cyangwa indwara n'ibyonnyi, yera vuba cyangwa se atanga umusaruro mwiza n'ibindi. Muri ayo moko twavuga:

**1. RHM104:**yihanganira izuba kandi iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye kuva kuri m 900 kugeza kuri m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Impuzandengo y'umusaruro ugera kuri toni 7.9kuri hegitari.

Imbuto shingiro y'ubu bwoko ituburwa n'ishami rya RAB rishinzwe imbuto n’ama sosiyeti amwe n’amwe y’abikorera mu butubuzi bw’imbuto.

**2. RHM1407**: iberanye n'imisozi iciriritse, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Iyi mbuto yakorewe igenzura mu buryo bwa laburatwari n'uburyo busanzwe bigaragara ko yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori. Aho yageregerejwe yatanze umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 7.87 kuri Ha.

**3. RHT132:** iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 1400 na m 2000 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira.

**4. RHM1409:** iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira mu rugero. Umusaruro mpuzandengo wayo ni toni 8.67 kuri hegitari.

**5. RHM1402:** iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.59 kuri hegitari. Nta sosiyeti irafata iyi mbuto kugira ngo iyitubure.

**6. RHMM111:**iberanye by'umwihariko n'imisozi iringaniye ariko ikonja. Ni imbuto yera vuba cyane, yerera iminsi 100. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 6.16 kuri hegitari.

**7.** **RHMMM113:** iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Ni imbuto yerera iminsi 110. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.23 kuri hegitari.

**8.** **RHMH1520** iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.

9. **RHMH1521:** : iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.

### '''Uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegura umurima'''
Mu Rwanda, abahinzi benshi b'ibigori bakoresha uburyo bumenyerewe bwo gutegura umurima:

* **Isuka**

Uburyo bwo gutegura umurima bakoresheje isuka bukoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buto. Ubu buryo ntibwihuta, bukoresha abakozi benshi ariko burizewe.

* **Imashini zihinga**

Imashini zihinga zikoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buringanye cyangwa bunini kubera ko izi mashini zihenda kandi ntizibonerwe ibyuma bisimbura ibishaje ku buryo bworoshye, igiciro cyo hejuru cy'amavuta zikoresha ndetse n'igiciro gihanitse cyo kuzikodesha.

* **Imashini nto zisunikwa**

Ubu ni uburyo bwiza ku bahinzi bafite ubutaka buto cyangwa buringaniye kuko zikoresha amavuta make kandi zikaba zidahenze n'ubwo zitaberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye. Izi mashini zikoreshwa ibintu byinshi kandi biroroshye kuzikoresha. Icyakora abahinzi benshi ntibarasobanukirwa n'ibyiza byo gukoresha imashini, bitewe ahari n'uko zikiri nshya ku isoko.

* **Inyamaswa zihinga**

Ubu ni uburyo bwo gukoreshwa inyamaswa zikurura amasuka ahinga. Ubu buryo bufasha umuhinzi guhinga ubutaka bunini no gutera ibigori byinshi ugereranyije no guhingisha isuka isanzwe. Gusa rero ubu buryo ntibuberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye cyangwa buhanamye.Ubu buryo kandi busaba kugura no korora imfizi yifashishwa mu gukurura amasuka ahinga.

Nyuma yo kureba uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegure umurima, ni ngombwa kandi kurwanya isuri mu murima kugira ngo itazangiza ibigori umusaruro umuhinzi yari yizeye ntuboneke.

* **Kurwanya isuri hifashijwe :**

Amaterasi y’indinganire

Gucukura imiringoti,

Gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka bifata ubutaka

* **Kurima bwa mbere** bavanamo urwiri n'ibindi byatsi bibi  iyo biri mu murima.
* **Guhinga bwa kabiri** (gutabira) cyangwa gusanza bagiye gutera imbuto.

**Gufumbira**

Mu murima ugiye guterwamo ibigori hashyirwa Toni 10 kuri ha z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza mu gihe cy’itabira. Iyo ubutaka bwagundutse cyane, batera ishwagara mu murima mu byumweru bibiri mbere yo gutera ku rugero rwa Toni 2,5 na Toni 5 z’ishwagara kuri ha, ikamaramo ibihembwe bine by‘ihinga. Hashyirwa mu murima ifumbire mvaruganda: kg 250 za NPK(17-17-17) kuri ha, cyangwa kg 100 za DAP mu gihe cy’itera cyangwa imaze kumera. Iyo hashize ibyumweru bitandatu nyuma yo gutera, bakongeramo 100 kg za Ire kuri ha.

### '''Gutera imbuto'''

* Haterwa imbuto ingana na kg 20-25 z’imbuto kuri ha.
* Ibigori biterwa ku ntera ya cm 80 hagati y’imirongo na cm 30 hagati y’utwobo tw’imbuto, kandi hagaterwa ibigori bibiri muri buri kobo. Iyo bashaka gutera ikigori kimwe mu kobo, batera ku ntera ya cm 70 hagati y’imirongo na cm 30 y’utwobo tw’imbuto.

#### '''Igihe cyo gutera'''

* Ku gihembwe cy’ihinga cy'umuhindo, mu misozi migufi no mu misozi iciriritse, batera ibigori mu byumweru bibiri bya nyuma by’ukwezi kwa Nzeli, n’ibyumweru bibiri bya mbere by’ukwezi k’Ukwakira.  
* Ku gihembwe cy'ihinga cya kabiri, batera mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare.
* Mu misozi mireremire, batera mu kwezi k’Ukwakira ku gihembwe cy’ihinga cya mbere no mu kwezi kwa Gashyantare mu gihembwe cya kabiri, ariko hari n’abageza mu kwezi kwa Werurwe bagitera.
* Mu bishanga batera mu kwezi kwa Kamena, ibishanga bimaze kumuka.

### Kubikenura (Kubikorera cyangwa gufata neza ibigori)
Imirimo ikorwa mu rwego rwo gukenura cyangwa gufata neza igihingwa cy'ibigori, harimo kubagara inshuro ebyiri, kwicira, no gusukira.

* **Kubagara**

Ibigori bibagarwa inshuro ya mbere bikimara kumera bifite cm 10 z’uburebure. Iryo bagara rigamije gukuramo ibyatsi bibi byacuranwa intungagihingwa n'ibigori, no kumena ubutaka kugira ngo ibigori bibashe gukura neza.

* **Kwicira**

Ibigori babyicira mu gihe babagara ubwa kabiri. Kwicira ni ukurandura utugori tudasa neza nk'ibindi, biba bigaragara ko tutazera neza cyangwa se kugabanya umubare w'ibigori  byameze mu mwobo umwe iyo birenze bibiri.

* **Gusukira/ Kuhira**

Iyo ibigori bimaze kugera ku burebure bwa cm30, barabisukira. Gusukira ni ukwegereza agataka ibigori, hagamijwe kubishyigikira kugira ngo bikure neza kandi bishinge imizi byoye guhungabanywa n'umuyaga.

### Kurwanya indwara n’ibyonnyi by’ingenzi ku bigori
**1. ''Nkongwa y’ibigori***: ni udukoko bita Busseola fusca, sesania colanistis, eldana sacharina. Utwo dukoko dukwirakwizwa n’utunyugunyugu dutera amagi mu bigori mu gihe cy’imicyo. Ubwone bu­garagazwa n’imyobo mu ruti, mu ntete no ku mababi y’ibigori, ikikijwe n’amabyi ya nkong­wa.

==== ***Ibimenyetso bya nkongwa y’ibigori*** ====
*'Ibimenyetso bya Nkongwa y’ibigori: ubwone bwa** Busseola fusca ku mababi y’ibigori (A) imyobo y’ubwone (B) imyobo n’umwanda wa Nkongwa mu ruti rw’ikigori rw’ikigori (C), umutima w’igihingwa cy’kigori wapfuye( D), ubwone ku kigori n’intete zacyo, (E) n’imyobo yuzuyemo umwanda wa Nkongwa n.intete zariwe (F).

Bayirwanya batera kare, basimburanya ibihingwa, kurunda ibigorigori mu kimpoteri cyabyo cyangwa gukoresha imiti nka Dursban 48% 1,5l/Ha cyangwa béta-cyfluthrine 2,5%  hakoreshejwe ml 10 z’umuti muri litiro 10 z’amazi kuri ari 1.

**2*. Indwara y’imigongo cyangwa ingenge y’amabara*** bita “Maize streak virus” ikwirakwizwa n’agakoko bita Cicadulina rubila. Igaragazwa n’imirongo y’umweru ku kibabi.

==== ***Ibimenyetso bw’ingenge z’amababi y’ibigori*** ====
Bayirwanya baterera rimwe kandi kare,  bakarandura ibyafashwe bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.

**3. *Kubabuka kw’amababi y’ibigori***: iyi indwara iterwa n’agahumyo bita “Helmnthosporium turcicum“. Ni indwa­ra ifata amababi y’ikigori ikagaragazwa n’amabara manini arambuye ku mababi. Ikara cyane mu gihe cy’imvura.

==== ***Ibimenyetso by’indwara ibabura amababi y’ibigori***. ====
Mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya, batera ku gihe imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara kandi hagakores­hwa imbuto ihungijwe umuti wa Thiran na benomyl. Ni ngombwa kandi kurunda ibigorigori mu cyimpoteri cyabyo ahitaruye.

**4. *Nkongwa idasanzwe***

Nkongwa idasanzwe (Fall Armyworm: Spodoptera frugiper- da) ni icyonnyi kidasanzwe gitera igihombo kinini cyane iyo kitarwanyijwe bikwiye. Icyi cyonnyi cyibasira cyane cyane ibigori ndetse n’ibindi bihingwa nk’amasaka n’ibisheke.

''Nkongwa idasanzwe n’ubwone bwayo    Nkongwa idasanzwe ifite ishushyo y’inyuguti ya “Y”''

=== **Kuyirinda** ===

* Guhinga ugeza isuka hasi  ugamije  kugaragaza, kuvanamo cyangwa gutaba  nkongwa    n’ibikonoshwa byayo,
* Kubagara umurima igihe cyose hagaragayemo ibyatsi no kugira isuku mu nkengero zawo,
* Gukura mu murima ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa nyuma yo gusarura,
* Kongerera ibihingwa ubudahangarwa hakoreshwa ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza n’imvar   uganda ku bipimo nyabyo hamwe no kuhira,
* Gusimburanya mu murima ibinyampeke n’ibinyamisogwe (ibishyimbo, [[soya]],..) cyangwa   n’ibinyabijumba (ibirayi, ibijumba),
* Gusura umurima byibuze inshuro eshatu mu cyumweru, ureba niba nta bimenyetso by’iki   cyonnyi birimo.

Igihe ubisanzemo ihutire gutanga amakuru ku babishinzwe (Abajyanamab’ubuhinzi, abafashamyumvire, n’abashinzwe ubuhinzi mu Kagari, Umurenge, Akarere,RAB…)

=== **Kuyirwanya** ===

* Gutoragura nkongwa mumurima no kuzica,
* Gukoresha umuti wica udukoko nka:

* Cypermethrin 4%+profenofos 40% (urugero: roket, target, cypro, jaket,…)    ku rugero rwa 1-2 ml z’umuti muri 1l z’amazi,
* Lambda-Cyhalothrin 50g/l, ku rugero rwa 1-2 ml z’umuti muri 1l z’amazi,
* Pyrethrum 5% EWC, ku rugero rwa 8ml muri 1l y’amazi
* Acetamiprid 20g/l + Lambda-Cyhalothrin 16g/l, 4-6ml muri 1l y’amazi,
* Imidacloprid 200g/l ku rugero rwa 1ml muri 1l y’amazi.

=== ***Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori*** ===
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori ni idwara iterwa na virusi z’ubwoko bubiri ari zo  ''Maize chlorotic mottle virus'' (Machlomovirus: Tombusviridae) na  ''Sugarcane mosaic virus'' (Potyvirus: Potyviridae) cyangwa se ubundi bwoko bwa virusi ifata ibinyampeke yo mu bwoko bwitwa Potyviridae.

**Ibimenyetso**

Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori yigaragaza ku buryo bwinshi bitewe n’ubwoko, ikigero cy’ubwandu n’ibihe. Mu bimenyetso

biyigaragaza harimo amababi y’ikigori cyafashwe ahinduka umuhondo hanyuma agatangira kwuma ahereye ku mpande agana imbere. Iyo gifashwe kikiri gito cyuma gihereye ku mutwe. Iyo gifashwe cyaramaze guheka, umuheko ugaragara nk’aho ikigori cyeze, nyamara iyo uwuvanyeho ibishishwa usanga imbere intete zidakuze kandi ari nke cyane (Castillo and Herbert, 1974; Castillo Loayza, 1977; Niblett and Caflin, 1978; Uyemoto et al., 1981).

=== **Uburyo bwo kuyirinda no kuyirwanya** ===

* Gukoresha imbuto zujuje ubuziranenge ziboneka ku bacuruzi b’inyongera  musaruro bemewe;
* Gukurikiza amabwiriza y’imihingire myiza atangwa n’abamamaza buhinzi (urugero: guterera ku gihe, guterera rimwe, intera zo gutereraho, igerambuto, gufumbira neza, kubagara, n’ibindi…),
* Kurandura no gukuraho ibigori byose byagaragaje uburwayi bigatabwa nibura mu cyobo gifite metero imwe (m1) y’ubujyakuzimu,
* Kwirinda gutera ibigori hafi y’umurima ugaragaramo Cyumya/Kirabiranya,
* Gusimburanya ibigori n’ibindi bihingwa bitari ibinyampeke,
* Kutagaburira amatungo impungure zasaruwe ku bigori birwaye,
* Kwirinda gukwirakwiza imbuto cyangwa ibikomoka ku bigori byagarayeho indwara, uva mu karere ujya mu kandi.

=== **GUSARURA** ===

* Sarura ibigori bimaze kwera neza no kuma,
* Amababi n’ibishishwa biba byarumye
* Igice cy’ikigori gifashe ku giti kiba cyatangiye guhindura ibara kibaba ikigina cyangwa umukara,
* Bigori biba byumye utabyotsa
* Iyo usatuye intete usanga imbere harumye
* Byibyra ¾ by’ibigori biba byaratangiye kugwa bisa n’ibigiye kuva ku biti,
* Urugero rw’ubuhehere ruba rugeze kuri 35%.

==== **Gutema, kwanika no gutonora ibigori** ====

* Bishobora gukorwa n’intoki bahwanyuza kimwe kimwe cyangwa bagatema ibiti byabyo bikiriho ibigori hanyuma bakabyanika mu murima kugira ngo bikomeze kuma.  Ibigori byanitse mu murima byuma nka nyuma y’ibyumweru kuva kuri kimwe kugera kuri bitatu  bitewe n’uko ibihe by’izuba n’imvura bimeze. Nyuma y’aho ibigori bishobora gutonorwa  bigahunikwa.

=== **Kumisha no guhumgura** ===
Kwanika ibigori mu murima bishobora kunganirwa no kongera kubyanika mu nyubako zabugenewe kuko bigabanya ibyago byo kuzana uruhumbu.

Ibigori bishobora kujyanwa hanze y’ubwanikiro bikanikwa ku zuba ku birago cyangwa ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo byume neza bigere ku ugero rw’ubuhehere rwifuzwa mbere y’uko bihungurwa.

Ibigori bigomba guhungurwa bigeze ku gipimo cy’ubuhehere cya 13-14%. Guhungura n’intoki ni bwo buryo bumenyerewe. Ubundi buryo bwo guhunguza udukoresho bafata mu ntoki cyangwa imashini zihungura ibigori bishobora koroshya akazi no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhungura byinshi.

''Akuma gahungura ibigori   Imashini ihungura ibigori.''

Ibigori bihungurwa kubera impamvu zikurikira:

* Guhungira intete biroroha kandi bikagira umumaro kurushaho,
* Kubihungira bikorwa n’uuti muke
* Ibigori bihunguye bimara igihe kinini bitangiritse
* Hakenerwa umwanya muto wo kubihunika
* Biroroshye kugenzura no gusuzuma umusaruro
* Ibyonnyi ntibibyangiza nk’uko byakwangiza ibigori bidahunguye.Iyo ibigori bimaze guhungurwa, biragosorwa, bigahungirwa hakoreshejwe umuti wa Actellic super ku rugero rwa gr 10 z’umuti muri kg 100 z’ibigori.

=== **Guhunika''' ===

* Ibigori byumye bishobora guhunikwa bidahunguye cyangwa ari intete zigunguye.  Bihunikwa mu bitebo, ibigega cyangwa imifuka. Imifuka igomba guterekwa ku mbaho zigiye hejuru y’ubutaka kugira ngo umwuka utemberemo.

## Imiyoboro
* Ikigori : Ingirakamaro mu bitunga umubiri