Ubuhinzi buterwa inkunga n'abaturage

**Ubuhinzi buterwa inkunga nabaturage** ( **icyitegererezo cya CSA** ) cyangwa **gusaranganya ibihingwa** ni gahunda ihuza abahinzi n’abaguzi muri gahunda y'ibiribwa hafi mu kwemerera abaguzi kwiyandikisha ku musaruro w’umurima runaka cyangwa itsinda ry’imirima. Nubundi buryo bwimibereho yubukungu nubuhinzi no kugabura ibiryo byemerera uwabikoresheje nabaguzi gusangira ingaruka zubuhinzi.  Icyitegererezo nicyiciro cy'ubuhinzi bw'abaturage gifite intego nyamukuru yo gushimangira imyumvire y'abaturage binyuze mumasoko yaho. 

Abafatabuguzi bakira agasanduku k'icyumweru cyangwa kabiri-icyumweru cy'umusaruro cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa. Ibi birimo imbuto, imboga, kandi birashobora kwaguka kubicuruzwa byumye, amagi, amata, inyama, nibindi. Ubusanzwe, abahinzi bagerageza gutsimbataza umubano nabafatabuguzi bohereza amabaruwa ya buri cyumweru yibibera kumurima, kubatumira gusarura, cyangwa gukora ibirori byo guhinga. CSA zimwe zitanga imisanzu yumurimo mu mwanya wigice cyamafaranga yo kwiyandikisha. 

Ijambo CSA rikoreshwa cyane muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika na Kanada, ariko uburyo butandukanye busa nubuso butandukanye hamwe nubukungu bukoreshwa kwisi yose,

## Amateka
Ijambo "ubuhinzi bushyigikiwe n’abaturage" ryahimbwe mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru y’Amerika mu myaka ya za 1980, ryatewe n’ibitekerezo by'ubuhinzi bw'ubunyabuzima by’iburayi byashyizweho na Rudolf Steiner .  Abahinzi babiri b’abanyaburayi, Jan Vander Tuin ukomoka mu Busuwisi na Trauger Groh ukomoka mu Budage, bazanye Amerika muri Amerika ibitekerezo by’ubuhinzi bw’ibinyabuzima mu myaka ya za 1980..  Izi ngaruka zatumye habaho CSAs zitandukanye kandi icyarimwe. Ubusitani bwa CSA ahitwa Great Barrington bwakozwe muri Massachusetts na Jan Vander Tuin, Susan Witt, na Robyn Van En . Isambu y'Urusengero-Wilton yashinzwe muri New Hampshire na Anthony Graham, Trauger Groh, na Lincoln Geiger. 

Ubusitani bwa CSA kuri Great Barrington bwagumye hamwe kugeza 1990 ubwo abanyamuryango benshi bavaga gushinga Mahaiwe Ibisarurwa CSA. Umwe mu bashinze umwimerere, Robyn Van En, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu mutwe wa CSA muri Amerika maze ashinga CSA Amerika y'Amajyaruguru mu 1992.  Ubusitani bw'urusengero-Wilton bwagenze neza kandi buracyakora nka CSA muri iki gihe.  

Mu Buyapani nko hagati ya 1960. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Dr. Booker T. Whatley, umwarimu w’ubuhinzi muri Alabama, yunganiraga clubs z’abanyamuryango ba Clientele guhera mu myaka ya za 1960. 

Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, imirima ifasha abaturage yateguwe muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru - cyane cyane mu Bwongereza bushya, Amajyaruguru y'Uburengerazuba, inyanja ya pasifika, Upper-Midwest na Kanada . Amerika ya ruguru ubu ifite nibura imirima 13.000 ya CSA muri yo 12.549 iri muri Amerika nk'uko ishami rishinzwe ubuhinzi muri amerika yabitangaje mu 2007.  Ubwiyongere bwa CSAs busa nkaho bufitanye isano no kongera ubumenyi bwimikorere y’ibidukikije muri Amerika .  Kimwe mu byandikwa cyane CSAs ni Capay Inc mu gace ka Capay Valley, muri Californiya aho mu mwaka wa 2010 yatangaga agasanduku ku bakiriya 13.000 mu cyumweru kimwe no kugurisha ku masoko 15 y’abahinzi, gukora iduka ricuruza, no gutanga ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe muri resitora. 

ishami ifite icyicaro mu Bufaransa, rifasha guhuza abaguzi n'abayikora mu Burayi, Mediterane, na Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. 

CSA mu Bushinwa. Babaye imbaraga zikomeye mu iterambere ry’ubuhinzi-mwimerere n’ibidukikije mu Bushinwa. Abahinzi, abashakashatsi n’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta mu Bushinwa bateranira buri mwaka mu nama nyunguranabitekerezo ya CSA yabaye kuva mu 2009. 

## Mpuzamahanga
Nubwo gahunda y'ubuhinzi buterwa inkunga nabaturage itandukanye mubihugu bitandukanye, hariho imiryango myinshi yumuryango uhuza imirima.   

Mu Budage no muri Otirishiya amatsinda ya CSA yashinze *Bundesnetzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft* (Federal Network of CSA-imirima) mu 2011. 

## Icyitegererezo cy'imibereho n'ubukungu
CSA itanga umubano utaziguye hagati yabatunganya n'abaguzi binyuze mu masoko asanzwe.  Intego z'icyitegererezo cya mbere cya CSA muri Amerika kwari ukugira ngo uwukora n'abaguzi binjire ku isoko bingana kandi bahanahana ibiciro byiza n'umushahara ukwiye. 

Abahinzi bakora muri CSA babikora kugirango bagere ku ntego uretse kwinjiza kandi ntibahabwa ingurane ikwiye muri ubwo buryo bwo kungurana ibitekerezo.  Ubu bwoko bwisoko bufite " ubukode bw'ubukungu " aho amafaranga asagutse yabaguzi aturuka kubushake bwabaguzi bwo kwishyura ikintu kirenze ibicuruzwa kimwe nibicuruzwa ubwabyo.   

## Sisitemu ya CSA
Muri rusange CSA yibanda ku musaruro w’ibiribwa byujuje ubuziranenge ku baturage baho,hamwe n’abanyamuryango bahura n’ingaruka - Ubu bwoko bw'ubuhinzi bukorana uruhare runini rw’uruhare rw’abaguzi n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa kuruta uko byari bisanzwe - bikavamo umubano ukomeye n’abaguzi. Sisitemu ifite itandukaniro ryinshi kuburyo ingengo yimirima ishyigikirwa nabaguzi nuburyo abayikora noneho batanga ibiryo. Igitekerezo cya CSA gisobanura ko uko umurima wakira umurima wose, inkunga yingengo yimari yose, niko ushobora kwibanda ku bwiza no kugabanya ingaruka z’imyanda .

### Imiterere
Imirima y'ubuhinzi ifashwa nabaturage muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika muri iki gihe isangiye ibintu bitatu bihuriweho: kwibanda ku baturage cyangwa umusaruro waho, kugabana cyangwa kwiyandikisha byagurishijwe mbere yigihembwe, no kugeza buri cyumweru kubanyamuryango Imikorere ya CSA nayo ishingiye kuri gahunda enye zifatika: kugirango abahinzi bamenye ibyo abaturage bakeneye, kugirango abaguzi babone umwanya wo kugaragariza abahinzi ibyo bakeneye ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’amafaranga aribyo, kugirango imihigo hagati y’abahinzi n’abaguzi ishyirwe mu bwenge., kandi ku bahinzi bakeneye kumenyekana. 

ubwoko bune bwingenzi bwa CSA bwatejwe imbere:

* Umuhinzi yacunzwe: Umuhinzi ashyiraho kandi akanabungabunga CSA, gushaka abiyandikisha, no kugenzura imiyoborere ya CSA.
* Umunyamigabane / abafatabuguzi: Abaturage baho bashizeho CSA bagakoresha umuhinzi kugirango bahinge imyaka, kandi abanyamigabane / abiyandikisha bagenzura imiyoborere myinshi.
* Koperative y'abahinzi: Abahinzi benshi bategura gahunda ya CSA.
* Koperative y'abahinzi-borozi: Abahinzi nabaturage baho bashizeho kandi bafatanya gucunga CSA.  

Itsinda ry'ibanze ry'abanyamuryango ryabayeho. Iri tsinda ryibanze ryabanyamuryango ryafashe gufata ibyemezo bijyanye no kuyobora CSA harimo kwamamaza, gukwirakwiza, ubuyobozi, nibikorwa byumuryango. mu 1999, 72 ku ijana bya CSA ntabwo bari bafite itsinda ryibanze ryabanyamuryango.

### Ingengabitekerezo
Ubuhinzi bushyigikiwe n’abaturage muri Amerika bwatewe n’ibitekerezo bya Rudolf Steiner, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo muri Otirishiya. Yateje imbere imyumvire ya antroposofiya nubuhinzi bwibinyabuzima . Isambu y'Urusengero-Wilton yakoresheje ibitekerezo bye mugutezimbere intego eshatu zingenzi za CSAs:

* Igitekerezo cy'uko ubutaka bugomba guhuzwa n’abaturage binyuze mu cyizere cyemewe n'amategeko, gikodesha ubutaka abahinzi
* Uburyo bushya bw'ubufatanye: igitekerezo cy'uko urusobe rw'imibanire y'abantu rugomba gusimbuza gahunda gakondo y'abakoresha n'abakozi
* Uburyo bushya bwubukungu: ko ubukungu butagomba gushingira ku kongera inyungu, ahubwo bugomba gushingira kubyo abaturage bakeneye ndetse nubutaka bufite uruhare mu kigo 

CSA yumwimerere hamwe na CSA zindi zigezweho ziracyafite icyerekezo cya filozofiya, CSA nyinshi muri iki gihe zishingiye ku bucuruzi kandi ubuhinzi buterwa inkunga n’abaturage bugaragara nk’ingamba nziza zo kwamamaza.  Ibi byatumye habaho ubwoko butatu bushingiye kubitekerezo bya CSAs. Ubwoko bwa mbere ni ingirakamaro, CSA ifatwa nkisoko muburyo gakondo, aho kuba ubundi buryo bwubukungu nubusabane. Ubwoko bwa kabiri burakora; hari isano y'ubufatanye hagati yumuhinzi nabafatabuguzi, ariko ibi bigera ahanini mubikorwa byimibereho, ntabwo ari ibikorwa byubuyobozi cyangwa ubuyobozi. Ubu ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa CSA. Ubwoko bwa nyuma burafatanya; iyi niyo yegereye intego zambere za CSAs aho umubano hagati yumuhinzi nabafatabuguzi ugaragara nkubufatanye. 

### Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza no kwamamaza
Mu myaka yashize, imigabane yagiye itandukana kandi ikubiyemo ibicuruzwa bidatanga umusaruro birimo amagi, inyama, indabyo, ubuki, amata nisabune.  Ibiciro byimigabane biratandukanye kuri CSA na CSA. Imigabane igurishwa nkimigabane yuzuye, igaburira abantu 2 kugeza kuri 5, nigice cyimigabane, igaburira abantu 1 kugeza kuri 3. Ibiciro biri hagati y $ 200 kugeza $ 500 muri buri gihembwe. Imigabane yuzuye igurishwa hagati ya $ 400 naho igice kimwe kigurishwa hagati ya $ 250.  Ibiciro byimigabane ahanini bigenwa nigiciro cyo hejuru cyumusaruro  

CSA nyinshi zemerera imigabane gufata kumurima. Umugabane utangwa kandi binyuze mu guta akarere, guta urugo cyangwa ibiro, amasoko y'abahinzi, hamwe n’umuganda / guta amatorero.  Kurugero, "Isoko rishya rya Farmie" ryo mu majyaruguru ya New York  rifata ibyemezo kumurongo kandi bifite abahinzi benshi bohereza ibicuruzwa byicyumweru murwego rwagati mukarere gato.

CSAs igurisha imirima yabo nimigabane muburyo butandukanye. CSAs ikoresha inzira zitandukanye zo kwamamaza kugirango itandukanye imbaraga zabo zo kugurisha no kongera abiyandikisha. CSA ikoresha amasoko y'abahinzi Ikibazo kimwe CSA ihura nacyo ni umusaruro mwinshi, CSAs rero igurisha ibicuruzwa byabo nibicuruzwa muburyo butandukanye n imigabane. Akenshi, imirima ya CSA nayo igurisha ibicuruzwa byabo kumasoko yabahinzi baho. Ibicuruzwa birenze urugero rimwe na rimwe bihabwa amabanki y'ibiribwa. 

### Inzitizi ku bahinzi
Abahinzi benshi ba CSA barashobora kubyaza umusaruro umubano wa hafi hagati yabakiriya nibiribwa byabo, kubera ko abakiriya bamwe bazishyura byinshi niba bazi aho biva, ninde ubifitemo uruhare, na bafite uburyo bwihariye bwo kuyigeraho.  Icyakora, abahinzi bamwe bitabira ubuhinzi buterwa inkunga n’abaturage ntibabona inyungu z’ubukungu babona ko bazabona bitabira ubundi buryo bushingiye ku baturage.  Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abahinzi bashobora kwishyuza amafaranga make ugereranije n’ibyo bakeneye kugira ngo babone umushahara ukwiye bitewe no kudaha agaciro amafaranga yabo no kugabanya ibicuruzwa byinshi by’ibicuruzwa bya CSA kandi bikorohereza abakiriya; reba ubukungu bw'imyitwarire . 

## Reba