open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
TrackR

**TrackR** yari igikoresho cyo gushakisha imfunguzo cyakoreshwaga mu bucuruzi, cyafashaga mu gukurikirana ibintu n'ibikoresho byatakaye.  Trackr yakorwaga na sosiyete yitwa Phone Halo  kandi yatewe inkunga nabashinze gutakaza imfunguzo zabo ku mucanga mugihe cyurugendo rwo kwiruka. 

Abashinze Terefone Halo batangiye gukora kuri TrackR mu 2009. Mu 2010, bashinze icyo kigo cyangwa isosiyete kandi bashyira ku isoko icyo gicuruzwa.  Mu gihe cy'itumba 2018, TrackR yongeye kwisubiraho muri **Adero**, mu rwego rwo guhindura icyerekezo cyayo ku bindi bikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga ryayo ryo gukurikirana, ifata TrackR irenze fobs ya Bluetooth yari ishingiro rya serivisi zayo.   serivisi zayo ikuraho porogaramu zayo muri Kanama 2021.

## Incamake
Igikoresho kirimo bateri ya lithium igomba guhinduka nka rimwe mu mwaka nuyikoresha. Iramenyesha aho iri ubu ikoresheje Bluetooth 4.0, kuri Android 4.4+ cyangwa iOS 8.0+ igikoresho kigendanwa porogaramu ya TrackR yashyizwemo kandi ikora. Iyi mikorere yitwa "Imbaga y'abantu", kubera ko buri gikoresho kizamenyesha aho giherereye ku bindi bikoresho byose bya TrackR biri mu ntera, harimo n'ibidafite cyangwa byanditswe n'umukoresha. Iyi mikorere ni ingirakamaro kuko porogaramu igomba gushyirwaho kandi igakorera ku gikoresho cyegereye Bluetooth cyegereye aho igikoresho icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gutangwa.

Kugeza muri Kanama 2017, ibikoresho birenga miliyoni 5 bya TrackR byari bimaze kugurishwa. 

Kuva muri Kanama 2021, urubuga rwemewe rwavuze ko uruganda rwahagaritse inkunga ya App ku bikoresho bya Apple na Android.

## Amakuru ya tekiniki
Kuri *Trackr Bravo*, producer yasohoye amakuru akurikira guhera muri Kanama 2017: 
 

## Reba kandi

* Umushakashatsi wingenzi
* Tile (sosiyete)
* AirTag
Iansyst

**iansyst Ltd** ni sosiyete itanga ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bifasha abantu, itanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi bigamije gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga butandukanye nka: dyslexia, ubumuga bwo kutabona, dyscalculia, ihuzabikorwa ryiterambere ryiterambere, Gukomeretsa inshuro nyinshi .

## Amateka
Isosiyete yashinzwe i Londres mu ntangiriro za 1983 na Ian Litterick,  byumwihariko bigamije gutanga porogaramu zo guhugura no kwigisha.

Kugeza mu 1995, ubu ubarizwa i Cambridge, Iansyst yakwirakwizaga inyandiko ya monologue kuri porogaramu ya Speech Synthesis, yabonaga ko ari ingirakamaro ku bantu barwaye dyslexia .

Mu 1996, iansyst yagize uruhare mu rwego rwa DSA-QAG (Itsinda ry’ubwishingizi bw’abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bw’abamugaye), ndetse no gutanga isoko ry’ikoranabuhanga rifasha n’amahugurwa ku banyeshuri bahawe igihembo cy’abanyeshuri bamugaye (DSA). Uwashinze, Ian Litterick yabaye umunyamuryango ukomeye mu burenganzira bwo gusoma  yatangijwe mu 2002.

Muri 2009/2010 iansyst yafatanije na XMA gutanga gahunda yo kugera murugo muri leta kugirango itange abana bafite ubumuga bukomeye cyangwa ibikenewe by’uburezi bwihariye, bw’imiryango ikennye hamwe na Home Access ya mudasobwa, kwinjira kuri interineti n’ikoranabuhanga rifasha.  Ubufatanye hagati ya iansyst n'inzobere mu burezi XMA bwamenyekanye ubwo batsindaga igihembo cyo Gukorera hamwe muri 2012 muri Technology4Good . Ibi bihembo bidasanzwe byateguwe na AbilityNet na BT kandi yahuza hamwe amashyirahamwe n'ibikorwa  by'ubugiraneza nibigo bitandukanye by'ubucuruzi, ibikorwa byabo bigafasha abantu kunoza cyangwa kuzamura imibereho yabo binyuze mu ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga IT.

Mu ntangiriro za 2012 iansyst yahawe inkunga na Jisc TechDis binyuze mu marushanwa yo mu kibaya cyo mu kibaya cyo guteza imbere MyDocStore . Ibi byakozwe ku bufatanye n’ihuriro ry’imiryango iyobowe na iansyst: barimo Software ya Raspberry na ECS&nbsp;- Electronics na Computer Science yo muri kaminuza ya Southampton . Intego ya MyDocStore nugukora byihuse kandi byoroshye kohereza dosiye hagati yibikoresho mugihe icyarimwe kubihindura muburyo bworoshye kubakoresha; ni ukuvuga inyandiko kumajwi, inyandiko kumiterere nini no guhuza byombi. Muri 2013 umushinga watangijwe nka serivise y'urubuga azzapt .

## Abakozi
Umuyobozi mukuru, Ian Litterick ni umunyamuryango washinze ishyirahamwe ry’abafasha mu ikoranabuhanga rya BATA mu Bwongereza . BATA yiyamamariza uburenganzira ninyungu zabakeneye ikoranabuhanga rifasha.

Umuyobozi mukuru, Janine King ayoboye inkunga ya iansyst nkabagize ihuriro ry’abafite ubumuga mu bucuruzi (BDF) .
Virtual Keyboard

**Mwandikisho isanzwe** ni software ikora yemerera kwinjiza inyuguti bidakenewe urufunguzo rw'umubiri.  Imikoranire na clavier y'ububiko ibaho ahanini ikoresheje interineti ikoraho, ariko irashobora no kubaho muburyo butandukanye mugihe mubyukuri cyangwa byongerewe ukuri .

## Ubwoko
Kuri mudasobwa ya desktop, clavier isanzwe ishobora gutanga ubundi buryo bwo kwinjiza kubakoresha cyangwa kubabana n' ubumuga butandukanye badashobora gukoresha clavier isanzwe, kubakoresha indimi nyinshi bahinduranya kenshi hagati yinyuguti zitandukanye cyangwa inyuguti zitandukanye, zishobora kuba urujijo mugihe, cyangwa kubakoresha badafite clavier gakondo.

Mwandikisho ya Virtual irashobora gukoresha ibi bikurikira:

* Mwandikisho ya Virtual ifite imiterere ya sensor ya ecran cyangwa sensor 
* Imiterere ihindagurika, utumenyetso, nizindi nyuguti zidasanzwe zigerwaho binyuze muri menu, urufunguzo / imbeba, cyangwa kabiri / gatatu / gukanda birebire kuri sensor
* Ikiranga padiri kugirango byorohereze kwandika imibare. 
* Byateganijwe neza imiterere ya clavier cyangwa gahunda isa n "" urufunguzo "cyangwa ahantu  
* Byagaragaye neza ukuboko kwabantu nintoki zigenda 
* Indimi nyinshi zidasaba igenamiterere rihinduka

## Ibikoresho bigendanwa
Virtual Keyboards isanzwe ikoreshwa nkuburyo bwo kwinjiza cyangwa kwandika inyuguti zijya muri ecran mubikoresho bidafite clavier y'umubiri aho nta mwanya uhari, nka mudasobwa yo mu mufuka, umufasha wa digitale (PDA), mudasobwa ya tablet, cyangwa ecran ya terefone igendanwa . Inyandiko isanzwe yinjizwamo haba mukanda clavier ya virtual cyangwa kurutoki.  Mwandikisho ya Virtual nayo igaragara muri software yigana sisitemu ifite buto nkeya ugereranije na mudasobwa yaba ifite.

#### PDA

Sisitemu ikora cyane igendanwa, Android na iOS, iha umuryango wabatezimbere amahirwe yo gutezimbere kugiti cyawe cyihariye.

Virtual Keyboards ishobora gukoreshwa mubihe bimwe na bimwe kugirango ugabanye ibyago byo kwinjirira urufunguzo .  Kurugero, serivisi ya banki ya interineti ya Westpac ikoresha clavier yuburyo bwo kwinjiza ijambo ryibanga, kimwe na TreasuryDirect (reba ishusho). Biragoye cyane kuri malware gukurikirana ibyerekanwa nimbeba kugirango ubone amakuru yinjiye ukoresheje clavier yububiko kuruta uko ukurikirana urufunguzo nyarwo. Ariko, birashoboka, kurugero mukwandika amashusho mugihe gito cyangwa kuri buri kanda.  

## Reba kandi

* Caldera SoftKeyboard (1997)
* Kuborohereza
* Gukoraho Urutoki Terefone ngendanwa
* Uburyo bwo kwinjiza
* Imfunguzo z'imbeba
* Gukoraho byinshi

## Inyandiko
FS Me

**FS Me** ni imyandikire / imyandikire yasobanuwe nkuwa mbere yateguwe hifashishijwe inama n'itsinda ry'abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kwiga  kandi ryagenewe gukoreshwa n'abaturage.   Yakozwe na Jason Smith asubiza komisiyo yatanzwe n’abagiraneza Mencap mu 2008. Niyo myandikire yonyine yagaragaye muri D&amp;amp;AD Annual 2009 cyibanda ku buhanga bwo kwamamaza no gushushanya.

Verisiyo ya digitale ya FS Me   yashinzwe na YouView mu 2008, nk'igice cy'iby'ibanze by'ubushobozi bwo kugera ku rubuga byashyizweho na Gareth Ford Williams.

## Reba
TecAccess

**TecAccess** ni isosiyete y'Abanyamerika iherereye i Rockville, muri Virijiniya, ishushanya ibikoresho byo kwiga kumurongo hamwe nurubuga rwabafite ubumuga . Isosiyete itanga serivisi zubujyanama, guteza imbere software, kugerageza no gusuzuma, amahugurwa, kugenzura, kwemeza, no gusuzuma politiki. Yibanze ku gice cya 508 kubahiriza no kugera kuri IT kumiryango ya leta n’abikorera. 

## Amateka
Mu 2001, Debra Ruh yashinze ikigo cya TecAccess (izwi kandi nka Strategic Performance Solutions).   Ubucuruzi bwateye imbere nyuma y’ingingo ya 508 y’ivugururwa ry’itegeko ryita ku buzima busanzwe ryo mu 1998, ryatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 21 Kamena 2001, risaba ko ababana n’ubumuga bafite itumanaho ryoroshye, imbuga za interineti, ndetse n’ibikoresho bya mudasobwa.   

TecAccess yahawe akazi muri 2003 na Canon kugirango fotokopi igere kubantu badashobora gukoresha amaboko cyangwa bafite ikibazo cy'ubumuga bwo kutabona; bahimbye uburyo bwo kumenyekanisha amajwi murukurikirane rwa ImageRunner. Aba fotokopi batsindiye igihembo cyatanzwe na Fondasiyo y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe abatabona mu  

Mu 2006, sosiyete yari ifite miliyoni 2.5 z'amadolari yo kugurisha ibigo bya leta n'ubucuruzi. Abakiriya bayo barimo Ishami ry’Uburezi, Serivisi ishinzwe kwinjiza imisoro n’imbere, Hewlett-Packard, hamwe n’ibiro bishinzwe ipiganwa n’ubucuruzi . Uyu muryango uherereye i Rockville, muri Virijiniya, ariko benshi mu  itumanaho. Mu 2006, hari abakozi 25 na bagenzi be 60.)  80% by'abakozi bafite babana n'ubumuga,  kandi bakora akazi kabo bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rihuza n'imiterere kuburyo bakora akazi kabo neza. 

TecAccess yahujwe na SSB BART Group mu mwaka wa 2011. Ruh yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe kwamamaza mu kigo cya  SSB akomeza kuba umuyobozi mukuru wa TecAccess, ikora nk'ikigo cyihariye.  Muri 2016, umuyobozi mukuru wa TecAccess yari Rich Belyea naho Ruh yari perezida. 

## Amashakiro
Tazti

**Tazti** ni porogaramu yo kumenyekanisha imvugo yatunganijwe kandi igurishwa nikigo cya Voice Tech Group, Inc. kuri mudasobwa bwite ya Windows . Porogaramu iheruka ni verisiyo 3.2,  ishyigikira Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 8 na Windows 7  64-bit. Ubusanzwe verisiyo ya Tazti yashyigikiraga Windows Vista na Windows XP . Ibintu by'ibanze bya Tazti ni ugukina imikino ya videwo ya PC mu majwi, kugenzura porogaramu za PC mu majwi, no gushyiraho amategeko yo kuvuga kugira ngo ushakishe mugufungura urubuga, cyangwa gukurura sisitemu y'imikorere ya Windows kugira ngo ufungure dosiye, ububiko cyangwa porogaramu. Ubusanzwe verisiyo ya Tazti yarimo uburyo bwa Dictation bwakuweho muri verisiyo iheruka.

## Ibiranga
ikoranabuhanga rya Tazti Speech Recognition ifite ibice bine byibanze byimikorere:

# Kina imikino ya PC ukoresheje ijwi, 
# Kugenzura porogaramu ishingiye kuri PC na porogaramu ukoresheje ijwi, 
# Fungura amadosiye, ububiko hamwe nurubuga mugukora amategeko yihariye yo kuvuga no kuyahuza na dosiye, ububiko cyangwa URL y'urubuga.
# Koresha porogaramu zirimo ibipimo byumurongo bishobora kuba birimo isazi zicyiciro kugirango ushire Tazti kuri robo, robotike, porogaramu zurubuga, cyangwa desktop cyangwa izindi gahunda zitari igice cya Tazti.   

Tazti ikoresha interineti ntyeya. kurugero, umukoresha avuga imvugo yamagambo agaragara muri kumurongo wumukoresha wa interineti nkuko byavuzwe byemerera umukoresha kwemeza nukureba ubuziranenge bwo kuvuga.

## Reba kandi

* Urutonde rwa software imenyekanisha

## Amashakiro
Talking Tactile Tablet

**Talking Tactile Tablet** cyangwa **T3** nigishushanyo mbonera gifite ubuso bwo gukoraho bushobora gukoreshwa nkigikoresho cyinjiza gikoresha impapuro zabyimba mugukora 3D hejuru kandi igahuza dosiye zamajwi nibice byuzuye. Igikoresho cyahujwe na mudasobwa kandi gikora hamwe na CD ya porogaramu, kandi gifite ubuso bwitondewe butanga amashusho akoraho atanga ibitekerezo byamajwi iyo akanze. Irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango ifashe ababana nubumuga  gusobanura ibishushanyo, imbonerahamwe namakarita mugukora amashusho yoroheje, akoraho, hamwe nibitekerezo byamajwi. 

T3 cyangwa Talking Tactile Tablet yakozwe mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwongereza ryita ku batabona i Hanoford ifatanije n’isosiyete ikora software ikorera muri Amerika.  Igikoresho cyambere cyakozwe muburyo bwo kwiga ariko kirahuza nibindi bikoreshwa. Mu 2005, Hanoford Museum and Art Gallery yabaye iyambere mu Bwongereza gushora imari mu ikoranabuhanga.  Nyuma T3 yagurishijwe ku isoko mpuzamahanga hifashishijwe uruhushya mpuzamahanga y’Ubucuruzi n’ishoramari mu Bwongereza gahunda iha abinjira mu mahanga amahugurwa, igenamigambi n’inkunga bakeneye kugira ngo batsinde ku masoko yo hanze. 

## Amashakiro
Footmouse

**A footmouse** (cyangwa **imbeba y'ibirenge**  ) ni ubwoko bw'imbeba (mouse) ya mudasobwa ibi bituma abakoresha babasha kwimura umurongo w'inkomoko (cursor) nogukanda ku ma button y'imbeba (mouse) bakoresheje amaguru yabo.

Ikoreshwa cyane cyane nabakoresha ubumuga cyangwa bafite ibibazo byinyuma-mugongo cyangwa ijosi .  Itezwa imbere kandi nkuburyo bwo gukumira ibibazo nkibi mu gihe kizaza kandi nkuburyo bwo kongera umusaruro utagomba kwimura ukuboko hagati ya clavier n'imbeba. 

## Ubwoko
Hariho ubwoko icumi bw'ibirenge. Ntabwo bose baboneka mubucuruzi. Ibigo bimwe byihariye bishushanya imbeba yabyo igenzura kubantu bamugaye.

Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati yu bwoko butandukanye bw ikirenge ni pedal iringaniye iranyerera cyangwa pedal ihengamye. Hariho kandi adaptate y'imbeba ihindura imbeba isanzwe mu kirenge cyanyerera kandi gitambitse kuruhande rumwe. Ikirenge gikoresha kunyerera kirashobora kunyerera hamwe nimbeba ihujwe nayo, cyangwa ikadiri idasanzwe aho pedal ishobora kuzenguruka. Na magneti ntoya cyangwa ikindi gikoresho gishobora gukoreshwa kuri tablet . a footmouse ikoreshwa n'ikirenge ikoresha pedal,  zishobora kugoreka no guhindukirira ishobora kunyeganyega cyangwa kugororoka mu cyerekezo kimwe cyangwa byinshi.Udupine dushyirwaho igitutu n’ikirenge ntidufatwa nka footmouse. 
Dosiye:Footmouse-pedal-1.jpg|alt=Footmouse that slides in four directions.| Ikirenge cyanyerera mu byerekezo bine.
Dosiye:Footmouse-pedal-2.jpg|alt=Footmouse that tilts and rotates.| Ikirenge cyunamye kandi kizunguruka.


## Koresha
Gukoresha ibirenge byihuta kuruta imbeba isanzwe (intoki), kubera ko abantu benshi badafite ubushobozi buke bwo kugenda neza nibirenge n'amaguru kuruta kubiganza byabo. .​​

Niba ikirenge cyakoreshejwe hamwe na clavier, indanga irashobora kwimurwa mugihe wandika, ntamwanya rero wataye wo kwimura ikiganza hagati ya clavier nimbeba. Niba umuntu adashobora gukoresha clavier, clavier isanzwe kuri ecran irashobora gukoreshwa mukwandika inyandiko ukanze buri nyuguti kuri clavier ya virtual. Abantu nabo badafite ubushobozi buke kubirenge byabo no kuguru kandi badashobora gukora ibirenge birashobora rimwe na rimwe gukoresha ibintu bike kugirango bashireho indanga mu cyerekezo runaka.

Niba ikirenge cyakoreshejwe nabi igihe kirekire, kirashobora gutera imitsi amaguru, kandi gishobora kugira ingaruka mbi kubibazo byo hepfo . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Amateka
Ibirenge byaboneka ku isoko ryo muri Amerika guhera mu 1985.Uwabikoze yabatezimbere icyo gihe yitwaga Versatron .
STS relay

**Serivisi ya STS** ni serivisi yo kuvuga imvugo itanga serivisi kubantu bose bahamagara kuri terefone cyangwa abahamagaye bafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga ndetse nabashaka kuvugana nabo. 

## Muri Amerika
*STS Relay* iboneka binyuze kuri 711 muri Amerika binyuze muri Serivisi ishinzwe Itumanaho ; muguhamagara kuri terefone, banza uhamagare 711, hanyuma ubaze STS. Umufasha witumanaho wamenyerejwe azakubaza numero ushaka guhamagara. uwakwakiriye azasubiramo ibyo umuhamagaye ufite ubumuga bwo kutavuga. Umuhamagaye ashobora gusubiza. Umufasha witumanaho *azasubiramo* ubutumwa bwumuhamagaye. Hamagara noneho yitaba muri ubu buryo butatu bwafashijwe kuganira kuri terefone.

## Mu bindi bihugu
Serivisi iboneka mu gihugu cya Ositaraliya, na Suwede, no mu bindi bihugu hashingiwe ku igeragezwa. STS Itanga kuri PSTN (umuyoboro wa terefone uhinduranya rubanda) irahari kubakeneye ubufasha bwo guhamagara kuri terefone kubera ubumuga bwo kutavuga.

## Amateka
STS Relay yabonetse bwa mbere muri Amerika muri Californiya, mu 1997; serivisi yabonetse ku rwego rw'igihugu ku ya 1 Werurwe 2001.

Ku ya 12 Gicurasi 2006, kaminuza ya Wisconsin - Madison yahaye Robert Z. Segalman, impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga (UW 1972), impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro kubera umurimo yakoze mu guhanga Speech To Speech.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Umuvugizi.org

## Amashakiro
Tactile Device

**Tactile** nigikoresho nyacyo cyo guhindura inyandiko kuri braille ubu irimo gutezwa imbere mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Massachusetts .  Yatekerejwe nitsinda ryabanyeshuri bishyize hamwe barangije icyiciro cya mbere, bahatana nka "Team 100% Enthusiasm", mugihe cyamasaha 15 MIT "hackathon".  Tactile ifite umubiri unyerera hejuru yinyandiko yanditse kandi kamera ifata amashusho yamagambo ikayohereza kuri microcontroller. Amakuru yimura pin hejuru no hepfo, ahindura inyandiko muri Braille. Iyo bigeze ku isoko twizeye ko bihendutse cyane kuruta ibikoresho bihari.

## Abagize uruhare kuri tactile
Itsinda ry’abantu batandatu bihurije hamwe rigizwe na Chandani Doshi, Grace Li, Jialin Shi, Bonnie Wang, Charlene Xia, na Tania Yu, abanyeshuri bose biga mu kigo cya MIT igihe Tactile ifunguye. Ubufatanye bufatika mu bumenyi bwa siyansi, ubukanishi n’amashanyarazi, na siyanse ya mudasobwa, Tactile yakunzwe cyane n’itangazamakuru [   wihuse w’iterambere, ndetse n’abayihimbye bose bakaba ari abagore bo mu mirima ya STEM bafite umubare muto w’abagore bahagarariye. 

## Iterambere
Tactile itanga ibisobanuro nyabyo byumwandiko biri mururimi r wicyongereza, byafashwe na kamera ihuriweho, muri braille ihindagurika kuburyo bugaragara . Igicuruzwa cyanyuma nukwerekana inyuguti 36 za braille icyarimwe kuri  Imigaragarire [ icyitonderwa 1 ] hamwe nigiciro cyagenewe kugurishwa hafi US $ 100.  Hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe byerekana braille bigurwa hagati y $ 1.500 kugeza $ 2,500, Tactile yaranzwe nk "" kwaduka kwinshi imbere y’abatabona. " 

Itsinda rya Tactile ryahawe inkunga y'amadorari y'amafaranga ya Amerika 10,000 $ muri MIT IDEAS Global Challenge  kandi yemerwa muri Porogaramu ya Microsoft Patent, ahabwa inkunga n'abajyanama mu by'amategeko na Microsoft kugira ngo basabe kurinda patenti muri Amerika. Gusaba kwatanzwe ku ya 16 Nzeri 2016, kuri ubu bikaba bifite ipatanti itegereje . 

## Reba kandi

* Ikoranabuhanga rifasha

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
Stenomask

**Stenomask** ni mikoro ifatwa muntoki ikaba yarashyizwe mugikuta mwimbere kugirango itangire amajwi, ihuza umunwa cyangwa izuru n'umunwa. Impapuro zimwe zoroheje zishobora gushyirwaho umukandara wo mu ijosi kugirango ufate umwanya mugihe urekura amaboko yumukoresha kubindi bikorwa. Intego ya stenomask nukwemerera umuntu kuvuga atumviswe nabandi bantu, no kurinda urusaku rwimbere kure ya mikoro.

Stenomask ni ingirakamaro mu kumenyekanisha imvugo, kubera ko itanga amajwi. umumaro wayo munini nuko igabanya amajwi kugirango atabangamira abantu bahegereye  nkurukiko cyangwa ishuri. Umukoresha arashobora kuvuga mumvugo, kwerekana ibimenyetso nibisubizo bitavuzwe, no gusobanura ibikorwa uko bikorwa. 

Ukoresha stenomask ashobora gutozwa kongera jwi ibyo bumvise byose muri stenomask ihujwe na sisitemu yo kumenyekanisha imvugo, kugirango yandike inyandiko nyayo yibintu byose byavuzwe. Ibi bituma " umwanditsi wijwi " atanga ibyokurya byihuse mukibanza cyurukiko kandi akabikwirakwiza muburyo bworoshye bwanditse nyuma yo gukomeza. Ibikoresho birashobora kandi guhuza na software yo gucunga imanza .

## Amateka
Stenomask yakozwe na Horace Webb na bagenzi be babiri mu ntangiriro ya 1940. Yari umuhanga mu magambo ahinnye ya Gregg, ariko yashakishije uburyo bunoze kandi bwihuse bwo kwandukura abantu, kubera amagambo make kandi azimije   ashobora gucungwa n'abavuga vuba cyangwa imvugo igoye. Byongeye kandi, kugeza porogaramu yo kumenyekanisha imvugo ibaye impamo bihagije kugirango ikoreshwe buri munsi hagati ya za 90, abanyamakuru bigufi bavugaga mu magambo amagambo yanditsemo inyandiko mvugo yandikwa, bikavamo amasaha agera kuri abiri yandika kuri buri saha.

Rero, Webb yatekereje ko ashobora "kubisubiramo nijwi ryanjye aho gukoresha ikaramu". Nyuma yubushakashatsi bwinshi yari yarakoranye na bagenzi be  yabanje gukoresha agasanduku k'itabi hanyuma akoresha n'umutobe w'inyanya urashobora - yageze ku gisubizo akoresheje mikoro imbere ya masikeri ya ogisijeni ya gisirikare ya rubber ya ogisijeni, ahujwe n'inkono ya kawa yuzuyemo ibintu bikurura amajwi . Igisubizo cyaje gufatwa n’ingabo z’Amerika zirwanira mu mazi ko ari bwo buryo nyabwo bwo kwandukura abantu muri "sisitemu zose zizwi zo gutanga raporo mu magambo", hanyuma zemezwa gukoreshwa muri raporo z’urukiko. 

## Amashakiro
Spanish Flowes

**Spanish Flower** ni ubwoko bwibiceri flan . Igizwe nuruhande rworoshye rutandukanijwemo ibice bingana nibice birindwi. Nibura   Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na Fiji, **bavuze mu buryo bweruye ko imiterere y’indabyo zo muri Esipanye zatoranijwe kugira ngo zifashe abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona**. Nyamara, igiceri cyo kwibuka cyo muri Polonye gifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye bya tekiniki bitandukanye  muburyo bakozemo umuzenguruko wacyo kiceri, bigatuma bidashoboka mu mikoreshereze ya buri munsi. Kubwibyo, imiterere yindabyo zo muri Espagne zifite agaciro gashya kuri iki giceri.

## Inkomoko

Igiceri cya Espagne cya mafaranga  50 peseta cyatanzwe hagati ya 1990 na 2000 nicyo cyambere cyagaragaje imiterere yindabyo za Espagne. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ibiceri bifite indabyo zo muri Espanye

* Espagne, 50 pesetas 1990-1999
* Eurozone, 20 euro ijana kuva 1999
* Azaribayijan, 10 qəpik kuva 2006
* Nouvelle-Zélande, amafaranga 20 kuva 2006
* Maleziya, 50 sen kuva 2012
* Polonye, 2 złote 2012, isabukuru yimyaka 50 ya Radio ya Polonye
* Fiji, amadorari 2
* Sri Lanka, Amafaranga 2, 2017
* Qazaqistan, tenge 200, 2020 

## Reba
Elly Savatia

**Elly Savatia** (wavutse 2001) ni rwiyemezamirimo wo muri Kenya akaba anahanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, uzwi cyane nk'uwashinze gutangiza ikoranabuhanga Signvrse ndetse n'umuhanzi wa  Terp 360,   porogaramu ikoresha ubwenge bw'ubukorano (AI) isobanura ijambo n'inyandiko mu rurimi rw'amarenga hifashishijwe avatars za 3D.Mu 2025, yatsindiye igihembo cya Royal Academy of Engineering 'Africa Africa for Engineering Innovation kubera ibikorwa yakoze kuri uwo mushinga.  

## Umwuga
Savatia yashinze ikigo cya Nairobi cyatangije Signvrse mu ntangiriro ya za 2020 kugirango igere ku buryo bwa digitale ku baturage batumva kandi batumva muri Afurika. Afite imyaka 24  yatangije Terp 360, isobanurwa ngo "Google Translate for language sign."  uru rubuga rukoresha ubwenge bw'ubukorano (AI) hamwe n'amakuru afashwe mu kugenzura  imyitwarire (motion- captured dat) kugira ngo atange ibisobanuro nyabyo by'ururimi rw'amarenga mu gihe nyacyo hifashishijwe avatar ya 3D zisa nizo mubuzima nyabwo.   

Iyi porogaramu yakozwe ku bufatanye n’Abanyakenya batumva, yandika ibimenyetso birenga 2.300, harimo interuro n’amagambo asanzwe mu rurimi rw’amarenga rwo muri Kenya (KSL).  Nk’uko Savatia abivuga, AI yatojwe hakoreshejwe ibyuma bifata ibyuma bifata umukono n'ibimenyetso mu mwanya w’ibice bitatu.  

Hagati mu 2025, Terp 360 yari imaze kugera ku bakoresha barenga 2000 kandi yari igeragezwa mu mashuri, mu bitaro, no ku kazi kugira ngo ifashe itumanaho hagati y'abatumva n'abumva. Kuri ubu urubuga rushyigikira ubusobanuro bw'icyongereza n'igiswahili muri KSL, ruteganya kwaguka mu rurimi rw’amarenga mu Rwanda, Uganda, Afurika y'Epfo, Abongereza n'Abanyamerika.   

## Kumenyekana
Mu Kwakira 2025, Savatia yahawe igihembo cya Afurika cyo guhanga udushya mu buhanga bwa Royal Academy of Engineering mu muhango wabereye i Dakar, muri Senegali . Yakiriye amapound 50.000 yo gutsinda iri rushanwa, ryubaha ba rwiyemezamirimo bo muri Afurika bakoresheje ubwubatsi n’ikoranabuhanga mu gukemura ibibazo byaho.
Abafite ubumuga mwiterambere

Abafite ubumuga mu rwanda nabo bafite uburenganzira nnkabandi Bose mwiterembere binyuze mugukora Bahabwa Amahirwe angana nkayandi Bose.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amatora/article/imigabo-n-imigambi-y-abakandida-depite-bafite-ubumuga-yabaye-umukoro-ncpd

## Abafite ubumuga Mubuyobozi

## mu Rwanda abafite ubumuga Bahabwa Amahirwe yo kwiyamamaze Bahabwa imyanya ibiri yabahagararira  mu nteko ishinga Amategeko [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amatora/article/imigabo-n-imigambi-y-abakandida-depite-bafite-ubumuga-yabaye-umukoro-ncpd]

## Ibirushijeho
https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amatora/article/imigabo-n-imigambi-y-abakandida-depite-bafite-ubumuga-yabaye-umukoro-ncpd
Sitecues

**sitecues** ni Urubuga rushingiye kuri software ni igisubizo cyubakanye ikorana buhanga bwa zoom no kuvuga imvugo kurubuga. Igicuruzwa cyongerera ubushobozi no gukoreshwa kubasura urubuga bahura nibibazo byo kubona no gucapa. Urubuga rwatangijwe na *Ai Squared*, abakora ZoomText na software ifasha . Sitecues ikorera abakiriya barenga 100, muribo harimo kaminuza nyinshi za leta ya Californiya, kaminuza nini namasomero yo muri Amerika, ndetse ninzego zimwe na zimwe za leta na leta. 

## Incamake
iyi sofutiwaye itanga kandi uburenganzira bwo kuyikoresha kumurongo wo hejuru wa mushakisha kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nabakoresha bafite ibibazo byo kubona no gucapa bigoye zoom / gukuza cyangwa kumva inyandiko yatoranijwe mugihe ushakisha. 

## Ubufatanye
Muri Gicurasi 2014, Ai Squared, ukora sitecues na ZoomText, na GW Micro, uwashizeho Window-Eyes, bishyize hamwe mu kigo kimwe. Ibigo byahurije hamwe bihuza ibikorwa remezo nubutunzi kugirango bifashe bikoreshe abakoresha mudasobwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. 

## Reba kandi

* Gufasha serivise yikoranabuhanga

## Amashakiro
Sip-na-puff

**Sip-na-puff** cyangwa **sip 'n' puff** ( **SNP** ) nubuhanga bufasha bukoreshwa mu kohereza ibimenyetso kubikoresho ukoresheje umuvuduko wumwuka "kunyunyuza" (guhumeka) cyangwa "guhumeka" (guhumeka) kumyatsi, umuyoboro cyangwa "umugozi." Ikoreshwa cyane cyane nabantu bafite ubumuga butandukanye gukoresha amaboko yabo. Bikunze gukoreshwa mugucunga intebe yimuga ya moteri na quadriplegics ifite ibikomere byinshi cyane kumugongo cyangwa abantu bafite ALS . 

## Guhindura no gushiraho
iyi sisitemu ifite tekinoroji ya SNP bisaba umubare wihariye wumuvuduko wumwuka kugirango ushire cyangwa uhindurwe numukoresha. Ingano yumuvuduko mubisanzwe igaragazwa nkibisumizi bikomeye / puff ikomeye cyangwa yoroshye sip / yoroshye puff, icyakora andi magambo ashobora kubaho. Menya ko amagambo akomeye na yoroshye ugereranije numukoresha kandi biterwa nubushobozi bwabo bwo guhumeka. Mubisanzwe, umuvuduko wumuyaga ujyanye no guswera / guswera no guswera byoroshye / puffs bishyirwaho binyuze muburyo bwa kalibrasi yambere ya sensor sensor yarangiye mbere yuko uyikoresha atangira gukoresha ibikoresho bya SNP. Hifashishijwe imfashanyo cyangwa umutekinisiye, uyikoresha azategura igikoresho cya SNP kugirango amenye ubushobozi bwumubiri wabo kubyara sip / puffs hamwe na sipi yoroshye / puffs. Iyo gahunda yo guhitamo imaze kurangira, igikoresho cya SNP kizamenya gusa umukoresha ibiryo byihariye na puffs zabitswe mubikoresho bya SNP.

## Kugenzura ibimuga bifite moteri
Porogaramu isanzwe yibikoresho bya Sip-na-Puff ni ukugenzura ibimuga bifite moteri . Igenzura mubisanzwe rigizwe ninyandiko enye zitandukanye uhereye kumukoresha. Intangiriro yambere puff izafasha igare ry'ababana **n'ubumuga** butandukanye gutera imbere, mugihe sipi ikomeye izahagarika igare ryibimuga. Ibinyuranye, icyambere cyokunywa kizafasha intebe yimuga gusubira inyuma, mugihe puff ikomeye izahagarika igare ryibimuga. Gukomeza guswera byoroshye cyangwa puff yoroheje bizafasha igare ryibimuga kugenda ibumoso cyangwa iburyo ukurikije igihe umukoresha akubita muri tube, ibyatsi cyangwa "umugozi".

## Igikoresho cyo kwinjiza mudasobwa
Kugenzura umwanya wunganira ububiko bwa mudasobwa abakoresha uburyo bworoshye kandi bwiza bwo kugenzura imbeba . Kwimuka nigikorwa cyiyi joystick isa niy'inkoni yo mu kanwa. Imbeba ya buto yo gukanda irangizwa hifashishijwe siporo cyangwa puffs imikorere ya joystick.

Igikoresho cya mudasobwa kitiriwe sip-na-puff cyinjijwe hamwe na software igera kuri mudasobwa bivuze ko clavier nyinshi imikorere ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe niki gikoresho.

## Amashakiro


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Niki Sip-N-Puff igikoresho?
* http://www.umugambi.com/engineering/06082931.htm
* http://www.wheelchairnet.org/WCN_ProdServ/Ibicuruzwa/adldev.html
* http://atwiki.assistivetech.net/index.php/Ibihe byose_intebe yintebe_control
Abafite ubumuga mwikoranabuhanga

## Abafite ubumuga mwikoranabuhanga hamaze guterwa intambwe ishimishije mungamba Leta y'urwanda igenda ifata harimo no guteza imbere Abafite ubumuga Kandi bitanga umusaruro

## Abafite ubumuga kuri Murandasi [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-ntibasigaye-inyuma-mu-kwigishwa-hifashishijwe-ikoranabuhanga]
Abafite ubumuga biga hifashishijwe  ibitabo biba kuri Internet Arinaho hakubiyemo ibisobanuro n'imikoro ibafasha kumenya no gusobanukirwa neza

## Inyungu Ry'ikoranabuhanga kubafite ubumuga
Abafite ubumuga nk'ubwokutabona ubu bashobora kujya kwisoko kujya guhaha kfandi bakamenya nayo babagaruriye abafite ubwingingo ubu bashobora gutwara imodoka n'ibindi  bashobora kwifashishwa nka telephone cyangwa bindi bikoresho https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/ishimwe-ry-abafite-ubumuga-ku-rwanda-rukomeje-guteza-imbere-ikoranabuhanga

## Ibirushijeho
https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-ntibasigaye-inyuma-mu-kwigishwa-hifashishijwe-ikoranabuhanga

https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/ishimwe-ry-abafite-ubumuga-ku-rwanda-rukomeje-guteza-imbere-ikoranabuhanga
Abafite ubumuga b'imusanze

Abafite ubumuga b'imusanze barishimira iterambere bamaze kujyeraho Binyze mu Kubumbira hamwe (cooperative) Zitandukanye 

## Kwibumbira muri Cooperative
Abafite ubumuga b'imusanze basanga intambwe yambwere ishimishije aruko wegera abandi mugakorera hamwe kuko aribwo mugera kure mfatanyije buriwese atanga igitecyerezo cy'iterambere rigera kuri buri munyamurwango

## Ibirushijeho
https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/musanze-abafite-ubumuga-bigishijwe-ikoranabuhanga-bitezweho-guhanga-udushya#:~:text=Come%20Ndemezo%2C%20Umukozi%20w'umushinga,Urubyiruko%20cy'Akarere%20ka%20Musanze.
Cooperative Y'abafite ubumuga b'imusanze (Dukomezubuzima Mudende)

Ababana N'ubumuga bo Mu akarera ka Musanze  bitabiriye Amahugurwa amaze ukwezi Abera mu kigo cy’Urubyiruko cy’Akarere ka Musanze Yego Center Musanze, abagera kuri 20 babana n'ubumuga burimo ubw’ingingo n’ubwo kutabona, mu kuyasoza, batahanye ingamba zo kubakira ku bumenyi bungukiyemo bakarushaho kongera ireme ry’umusaruro w’ibyo bakora.

## Ikoranabuhanga
ikigo cy'ubwishingizi cya BK insurance cyahaye inkunga ya mudasobwa ababana n'ubumuga muri cooperative ikorera mu Karere ka Musanze izwi nka **Dukomezubuzima** Mudasobwa zigera kuri eshatu n'imashhini icapa impapuro nibikoresho bibafasha mu kubona murandasi kuburyo bworoshye 

## Umusaruro
Ubumenyi kuri Mudasobwa,

Umwe yavuze ko kumenya gukoresha ikoranabuhanga bizabafasha kumenyekanisha ibyo bakora kubigeza kubakiriya bashya, gukoresha serivisi z’ikoranabuhanga bitiriye jya kure  bityo bakazabona inyungu nyinshi mu byo bakora 

## Amashakiro
https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/musanze-abafite-ubumuga-bigishijwe-ikoranabuhanga-bitezweho-guhanga-udushya#:~:text=Come%20Ndemezo%2C%20Umukozi%20w'umushinga,Urubyiruko%20cy'Akarere%20ka%20Musanze.
Self Voicing

Porogaramu **ya Self Voicing** ni porogaramu itanga intera ya aural idasaba umusomyi wa ecran yihariye. Kwiyandikisha wenyine birashobora kuba uburyo bwingenzi bwikoranabuhanga rifasha, bifasha abafite ikibazo cyo gusoma cyangwa kubona.

Itsinda rikomeye ryakoze  porogaramu ya Self voicing zivuga kurubuga. Ubusanzwe, kuvuga imbuga za interineti byakozwe byumwihariko, nkuko byari bimeze kuri:

* pwWebSpeak, yabanje gukorwa na The Productivity Work i Princeton, muri Leta ya New Jersey (ubu itagikoreshwa) 
* Urubuga rwonyine (narwo rumaze igihe) 
* Urupapuro rwomusomyi (HPR) rwo muri IBM (ruherutse guhagarikwa) 
* Huza Ibicu bivuye mu bwisanzure bwa siyansi 
* Urubuga Ahantu hose muri kaminuza ya Washington 

Icyerekezo cya vuba cyabonye ubushobozi bwa Self Voicing bwongewe kumurongo wambere wurubuga rwongewe kubuntu. Muri 2004, Opera Software yashyizeho uburyo bwo kwivuga no kumenyekanisha imvugo kuri verisiyo ya Windows ya mushakisha yabo.  Kandi muri 2005 Charles L. Chen yateguye Fire Vox, umugereka wongerera ubushobozi bwo kuvuga kuri mushakisha y'urubuga rwa Mozilla Firefox kuri Mac, Windows, cyangwa Linux. 

Icyiciro cya kabiri cyingenzi ni porogaramu yagutse yo kwifashisha ikora nka TV Raman yita "desktop yuzuye amajwi",  harimo guhindura, gushakisha, ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo gukina. Harimo kuzamura Rama wenyine Emacspeak kuzamura Emacs .

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Rotating Cone Tactile Device

**A Rotating cone tactile Device** ni igikoresho cyiza gikoreshwa kumatara yumuhanda ugenzurwa n’abanyamaguru mu Bwongereza . **Ikoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso cyerekana abanyamaguru bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona** kugirango berekane ko ari byiza kwambuka umuhanda. 

Igitekerezo gushiraho ibi bikoresho cyatangiriye muri kaminuza ya Nottingham mu myaka ya za 1980. 

## Amashakiro

## Reba kandi

* Amashanyarazi
Reciprocating gait orthosis

**Geciprocating gait orthose** ( **RGO** ) ni amaguru  orthose aho ingingo zombi zifatanije zifatanije no gusunika - gukurura umugozi cyangwa akabari ku buryo guhinduranya ikibuno kimwe bitanga kwaguka kurindi, bikabyara uburyo bwo guhinduranya icyarimwe muburyo bwo gukumira ikibuno icyarimwe. Igikoresho kigizwe n'imigozi y'amaguru ihujwe na pelvic band, ituma abayikoresha bafite amaguru yamugaye kugirango bagere ku kugenda bahindura ibiro byabo kuruhande.  

## Iterambere nibihinduka

## Inyungu zo kuvura
Ubuvuzi, igihe gito cya buri munsi cyo guhagarara no kugenda muri RGO bishobora gufasha kurwanya ikoreshwa rya osteoporose, kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara ibisebe, kubyutsa ibikorwa byumutima ndetse no kuzamura imibereho myiza yimitekerereze yemerera imikoranire kurwego rwamaso ndetse nizindi ngingo.  

## Amahugurwa no kuyashyira mubikorwa
Amahugurwa ya protocole mubisanzwe iteza imbere ahagarara  muburyo bwo gusubiranamo cyangwa se busobetse tubangikanye, hanyuma akajya hejuru yubutaka hamwe na lofstrand inkoni yimbere yintoki hamwe na cuff; guhuza neza no kubungabunga ni ngombwa, nkibikwiye cyangwa uburemere bwibikoresho bikabije bizwi ko bihanura gutererana.  Kubera iyo mpamvu, i**suzuma ryiki gihe riratanga inama yo guhitamo neza abarwayi bafite ubumuga butandukanye**, kuvura physiotherapie no kwishyiriraho intego zifatika kugirango barusheho kuvura agaciro ka RGOs mugihe bemera imikorere yabo mike nkuburyo bwo kwigenga kure.  

## Amashakiro
Rear Window Captioning System

**Rear Window Captioning System**  (RWC) nuburyo bwo kwerekana, binyuze mumutwe, inyandiko mvugo yigice cyamajwi ya firime mumikino yabantu bafite ubumuga bwo batumva kandi batumva . Sisitemu yatunganijwe na WGBH na Rufus Butler Seder.

Mu nzira binjira mu ikinamico, abayireba bafata ikibaho cya pulasitike cyerekana cyashyizwe ku gihingwa cyoroshye. Ikibaho giteye mubikombe cyangwa hasi yegeranye nintebe. LED nini yerekana yashyizwe kurukuta rwinyuma rwerekana inyuguti zanditse mumashusho yindorerwamo . Abareba bimura panne mumwanya mubusanzwe munsi ya ecran ya firime kugirango basome ibisobanuro byanditse buzwi mundimi zamahanga nka subtitles kandi barebe firime. Rimwe na rimwe birakenerwa kwicara mukarere runaka ka theatre kugirango tubone inguni nziza yo kwerekana inyandiko yinyuma yasohotse inyuma yikinamico ku kibaho ndetse tunabasha kureba firime icyarimwe.

Rear Window Captioning yanditseho nubundi buryo bwo gufungura ibisobanuro, aho inyandiko igaragara burundu. Gufungura ibisobanuro byanditse ntibyakoreshejwe cyane kubera gutinya ko byinjiye cyane kandi bigaragara kubumva ndetse nabafite **ubumuga bwo kutumva** . Ariko, nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe kugirango abantu bumve ibitekerezo byukuntu bazahuza nibisobanuro byanditse kuri ecran. Inyuma ya Window yanditseho nuburyo bwo gufunga ibisobanuro kuko abareba bagomba guhitamo kureba ibisobanuro.

**Kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona**, ibisobanuro byamajwi ( Serivise yerekana amashusho, **DVS** ) bishobora kandi mubisanzwe byoherezwa hamwe nibisobanuro. Abareba bumva ibisobanuro bakoresheje na terefone idafite umugozi .

Mu matangazo menshi ya firime na sinema runaka, incamake ya "RWC" ikoreshwa cyane, nkuko incamake ya CC ikoreshwa kugirango yerekane ko hari ibisobanuro byafunzwe kuri televiziyo. Akenshi, inyandiko ya "RWC / DVS" ikoreshwa, byerekana ko haboneka Byombi Byerekana rear window captioning system ryanditse hamwe na Serivise ya Video isobanura.

* Ikigo cyigihugu gishinzwe itangazamakuru ryoroshye
* 
* 
* 
*
Same Language Subtitling

**Same Language subtitling** ( **SLS** ) bivuga imyitozo yo gukuramo porogaramu kuri TV mururimi rumwe n'amajwi. **Ku ikubitiro ryatangijwe mu ntangiriro ya za 70 nk'uburyo bwo kugeza serivisi ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo tumva neza**, amagambo afunze nk'uko byamenyekanye yari asanzwe akoreshwa mu nyuguti z'ikilatini mu masezerano yo mu 1976. Serivisi zitari Ikilatini zashyizweho nyuma, kandi zikoreshwa mu Buhinde, no mu Bushinwa mu gufasha no gusoma no kwandika.

Mu myaka ya za 1980 rwagati, Pioneer yerekanye imashini zitandukanye za Laserdisc zishingiye ku mashini ya Karaoke, hamwe n’izina rya muzika yerekana amashusho ya muzika ihujwe na sisitemu yerekana amashusho buzwiho nka ya Karaoke PA,  icyo gitekerezo cyahinduwe nyuma y’indirimbo nyinshi za Disney Sing-Along Indirimbo zo mu 1986, nyuma zimurirwa muri PlayStation 2, n’imikino yakurikiyeho, cyangwa mu buryo bwa interineti hamwe n’inyandiko zanditswemo na videwo. Igikorwa cyo gusoma.

## Guteza imbere gusoma no kwandika
Iki gitekerezo cyazanywe  na Brij Kothari, wemeraga ko SLS ituma imyitozo yo gusoma itabaho, mu buryo bwikora, ndetse no mu bwenge bw’imyidagaduro ikunzwe kuri televiziyo, ku giciro gito ku muntu kugira ngo umubare w’abatazi gusoma no kwandika mu Buhinde .  

## Hanze y'Ubuhinde
Gahunda zikoreshwa mu gishinwa zikunze kwitwa, kubera ko abavuga ubundi bwoko bw'igishinwa bashobora gusoma Igishinwa cyanditse, nubwo badashobora kumva imvugo ivugwa. iyi sisiteme yabashyiriyeho Porogaramu y'ururimi rw'igiheburayo nayo yitwa, cyane cyane porogaramu zitumizwa mu mahanga nka Arutz Heyalim .

## Reba kandi

* Ibisobanuro bifunze
* Amabara
* Subtitling
* Surtitles
* Karaoke

## Amashakiro

## Ibindi gusoma

* Kothari, Brij; Takeda, Joe; Yoshi, Ashok; Pandey, Avinash (2003). "Igice cya 13: Guhindura ururimi rumwe: Ikinyugunyugu cyo gusoma no kwandika?". *Gusoma Kurenga Inyuguti* . SAGE Gutangaza. pp.&nbsp;213-29. ISBN&nbsp; .
Kells Crozier

**Kells crozier** cyangwa *Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza Crozier* ni Crozier niyo muri Irlande yo hambere. Bizwi cyane nka "Kells Crozier", byerekana gufatanya na Abbey ba Kells, nubwo nta kimenyetso kibigaragaza kibaho, kandi abahanga mu by'amateka benshi bemeza ko ari ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho. Crozier ntago yuzuye, nubwo bimwe mubisharizo bimeze nabi.

Inkomoko yabyo mbere yuko igaragara mu kugurishwa i Londres mu 1850 iyaje kubura ratakara, kandi iri mu bigize icyegeranyo cy’ingoro z'umurage w'u Bwongereza kuva mu 1859. 

## Ibisobanuro
Kells Crozier yakozwe nabanyabukorikori batandukanye mu byiciro bitatu bitandukanye hagati yikinyejana cya 9 na 11 nyuma ya Yesu.  Mugihe intandaro ya crozier ari igiti gikozwe mu ifeza kandi abakozi bapfundikijwe mu rupapuro ruvanze n'umuringa nyuma yaje gutwikirizwa ifeza cyangwa udusimba twuzuyemo intera y'inyamaswa zisanzwe muri kiriya gihe.  mugihe umutwe wumuntu ushyirwa kumatonyanga kumpera ya crook. Aha niho crozier yaba yarigeze gufata ibisigisigi byera. Isahani yamanutse yigeze gufata igice cyigiciro cyagaciro ubu cyatakaye. 

Uburebure bwuzuye bupima nka 133&nbsp;cm. 

## Inkomoko n'ibimenyetso
Munsi yigitereko cyanditseho handitsweho ikilatini kivanze n’ururimi rwa kera rwo muri Irilande : *ordo conduilis ocius do mel finnen*, bisobanuwe hafi, isaba abasaba gusengera Cúduilig na Maelfinnén bagize uruhare  runini cyane mu kuyivugurura. Intiti zerekanye aya mazina n'abantu ku giti cyabo bari bafitanye isano n’imiturire ikomeye yo muri Irilande i Kells, County Meath . Nyamara, ubushakashatsi buherutse gutera gushidikanya kuriyi sano.

Crozier yabonetse nta bisobanuro mu kabati k'ibiro by'abunganizi ba Londere mugihugu cy'ubwongereza hagati mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda. Yari iy'aba nyirayo benshi, barimo Cardinal Wiseman (1802–1865), mbere yo kugurwa n'inzu ndangamurage y'Ubwongereza akaba ariyo iri kureberera Kells crozier. 
Dosiye:Kells_Crozier_DSCF6977.jpg|alt=The crest of the crook| Ikirindiro
Dosiye:Kells_CrozierDSCF6981.jpg|alt=Full-length view| Uburebure bwuzuye
Dosiye:Kells_CrozierDSCF6979.jpg|alt=Middle knop| Hagati


## Reba kandi

* Crozier

## Amashakiro

## Inkomoko
Ray Super Remote

**Ray Super Remote** nigikoresho gikora kuri ecran ya kure igenzura ibyo kureba no kugenzura urugo rwawe mu rwego rw'umutekeno. Igicuruzwa kigizwe na touchscreen ya kure na stand yo kwishyuza.  Ikirangantego gishobora kugenzura TV, agasanduku k'insinga, imashini zakira, abakinyi ba Blu-ray, imashini yimikino hamwe namatara yubwenge hamwe na thermostat.

Ray Super Remote yashinzwe na Ray Enterprises iherereye mu mujyi wa New York itangira mu Kwakira 2015. Muri Gashyantare 2017, Ray Enterprises yirukanye abakozi bose ihagarika ubucuruzi bwayo.

## Amashakiro
PB / 5 pedestrian crossing button

**PB / 5** pedestrian crossing button cyangwa **amajwi ya tactile yabanyamaguru** ni uburyo bwo kwambukiranya abanyamaguru bufasha abumva no kutabona neza.

iyi sisitemu yakorewe mu gihugu cya Ositaraliya mu 1984 kandi igaragara ahantu nyabagendywa muri Ositaraliya, Irilande, Nouvelle-Zélande, Singapore na Amerika.  ryari riyobowe nuwashushanyaga inganda David Wood, injeniyeri acoustique Louis Challis, n’umuhanda n’ubuyobozi bw’umuhanda (RTA) Frank Hulscher. 

Bitewe no kuvuza amajwi menshi yo kuburira abantu, hamwe na majwi ya tactile yiri sisitemu yerekana amajwi, ni urugero rwingaruka zo kugabanya : **igishushanyo mbonera cy’ubumuga nacyo kigirira akamaro abandi bakoresha. Muri iki gihe**, beeping ituma abantu baba maso kandi bakamenya umutekano wumuhanda. PB / 5 yagaragaye mu ngoro ndangamurage za Ositaraliya  &#x5B; &#x5D; **'</sup> byigisha. 

PB / 5 pedestrian crossing button yagenewe gufasha abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona no kutumva. Isohora amajwi aranguruye kandi yinjyana ihindura amajwi n'umuvuduko byerekana uko ibimenyetso byambukiranya: amajwi atontoma atinda ngo "ntugende" (bisobanurwa muri patenti nk "ijwi rya locator") hamwe na "tick-tock-tick-tock" byihutirwa byerekana igihe cyo kwambuka. "Kapow!" menyesha abumva impinduka muri leta.  hifashishijwe mikoro ikurikirana buri gihe urusaku rwumuhanda, kugirango ikomeze kumvikana hejuru yacyo. 

Ifite kandi umwambi munini ushushanyijeho kumwanya wambere werekana icyerekezo cyo kwambuka.  Imiterere ya tactile yo gushushanya igamije gukora ifatanije na pave ya tactile kugirango birinde urujijo.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; **Yateguwe kandi mu gufasha abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva** kuko umwambi ushushanyijeho ku rubaho rw'imbere uhinda umushyitsi hamwe na injyana ya injyana, bigatuma abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva berekana ibimenyetso byihuse kandi byoroheje byerekana igihe bagomba kwambuka. 

## Mu muco uzwi
Ibimenyetso byo mumuhanda byerekana amajwi ya PB / 5 byakorewe mu ndirimbo nyinshi, harimo nka " Bad Guy " ya Billie Eilish  na "Gucana amatara" ya Giuseppe Ottaviani .  

## Reba kandi

* Kwambukiranya abanyamaguru # Gutezimbere abamugaye

## Amashakiro
Lightning Switch

**Lightning Switch** ni sisiteme ya tekinoroji idafite amashanyarazi kandi idafite amashanyarazi ikoreshwa na PulseSwitch Systems, umunyamuryango wa The Face Companies Group of Norfolk, Virginia . Irakoreshwa cyane nkumucyo utagira umugozi .

## Gusarura ingufu
Imashanyarazi ikwirakwiza ntisaba isoko y'amashanyarazi . Igihe cyose kanda ya transmitter, imashini itanga imbaraga zi mashini zitangwa nurutoki rwumukoresha mumashanyarazi kugirango itange radiyo kubakira / kwifashisha generator ya piezoelectric (izina ryikirango: Umurabyo) yahimbwe nubuyobozi bwigihugu gishinzwe indege n’ikirere . Iri koranabuhanga ryasobanuwe mu nomero ya 2005 yikinyamakuru NASA *Spinoff* . 

## Ikoranabuhanga
Lightning Swith muri Concept Home 2007 i Omaha, muri Nebraska, igice cyubufatanye mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu miturire (PATH) cyahujwe n’ishami ry’Amerika rishinzwe imiturire n’iterambere ry’imijyi .

Lightning  byizwe numujyanama wa HUD Newport Partners, LLC  ya Davidsonville, Maryland muri Amerika.

Lightning Switch yatsindiye igihembo cya NOVA 2006,   icyubahiro mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga cyo guhanga udushya mubikorwa byubwubatsi.

Mu Kwakira 2007, NASA yavuze ko akazi ka generator y’umurabyo piezoelectric muri Lightning Switch ari bumwe mu buhanga 20 bwa mbere bwa spinoff bwakozwe mu myaka itanu ishize, bushingiye ku bintu nk’ubuzima bwiza, inyungu z’ubukungu, n’agaciro byagarutse kuri NASA. 

Muri Werurwe 2008, Umurabyo wahinduwe kandi utoranijwe nkuwatsindiye igihembo cya SPIE Smart Structures Award 2008. 

Muri 2012, Umurabyo wahinduwe Umwanya wemejwe na Space Foundation. 

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Umurabyo Guhindura Urubuga Archived  
* NASA ''Spinoff'' 2005
* Ubufatanye mu Gutezimbere Ikoranabuhanga mu Rubuga (PATH) Urubuga
* Abafatanyabikorwa ba Newport Ikibazo Kwiga Kumurabyo
* Urubuga rwo guhanga udushya mu Ihuriro rya NOVA Igihembo
* Igihembo cya NOVA Ibisobanuro bya tekinoroji yumurabyo
* Ikinyamakuru ''cyubaka'' ingingo kuri Lightning Switch, Ugushyingo / Ukuboza 2006
* ''Igishushanyo mbonera cya elegitoronike'' ku nkuba piezo, ku ya 21 Kamena 2007
* Ingingo ''nziza yo kubaka urugo'' kuri INZIRA INZIRA Urugo no Guhindura Umurabyo, Gashyantare / Werurwe 2008

## Amashakiro
Universal Receiver

**Universal Receivel** mubisanzwe ni radiyo yakira kandi ishoboye gukorana na transmitter zitandukanye.

Mugihe habayeho Automation cyangwa uburyo bwikora, ibi byerekana imashini yakira radio ikorana nigenzura rya kure hafi yisoko mubisanzwe, ikoreshwa mugukingura amarembo, inzugi za garage, inzitizi zumuhanda, inzugi zinjira, nibindi. Muyandi magambo, uwakiriye kwisi yose arashobora kumenya code yoherejwe nubundi buryo busanzwe kandi butari busanzwe bwa kure, kandi birakwiriye gusimbuza iyakirwa ryemerera kongeramo ibishya kandi bitandukanye bigenzura kuri sisitemu yo gutangiza.

## Amavu n'amavuko
Gufungura urugi rwa mbere rwamashanyarazi rwakozwe mumwaka wa 1921 na CG Johnson . Yatahuye ko hari ikibazo cyuko inzugi za garage ziri munzira mugihe bikenewe gukingurwa agashaka igisubizo cyahindura uburyo abanyamerika bazamura inzugi za garage ubuziraherezo. Yayise "umuryango wa garage uzamura hejuru." Mugihe iki gihangano cyakozwe abantu benshi bahanahana amafarashi kandi amabisi basabiraga uburyo bunoze. Kubwibyo, CG Johnson yaremye "urugi rwo hejuru rwo kuzamura urugi rwa garage" rwazamuye kandi ruva mu nzira rwose kandi ntirwatwara umwanya kuko rwazamutse aho kuba uruhande rumwe. 

## Koresha
Hamwe nimikoreshereze ya *Universal Receivers* irashobora gukoreshwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi ifasha nyirurugo usanzwe kuzamura inzugi za garage . Ibi bikoreshwa mugukingura gufunga cyangwa gufungura kuzimya ibikoresho cyangwa ibice binini byimashini. Naho amasosiyete manini ibi nabyo birakenewe mugihe cyo gutumiza cyangwa kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bigiye bitandukanye. Byasaba akazi kenshi kugirango uzamure intoki inzugi nini za garage no gufungura amarembo aremereye. Urundi rugero ni abafungura amarembo y'amashanyarazi. Ibi birashobora gukoreshwa kubafungura amarembo yumuriro murwego rwabaturanyi kubwumutekano. Aho kugira ngo umuntu atware intoki imbere yabaturanyi iyo umushyitsi ageze kode irashobora gutangwa kuburyo burigihe burigihe kode yinjijwe imiryango y amarembo irakingura byikora.

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Kode ya Radio
* Kode ya Radio
* Kode ya Radio
* Kode ya Radio
Braille Magazine

Ikinyamakuru **Braille** nikinyamakuru cyimpapuro cyanditse muburyo bwa braille .

Ibinyamakuru byinshi bisanzwe bitanga ibipapuro zahinduwe, zacapwe muburyo rimwe na rimwe bita "Kanda Braille".  

## Ibisohokayandikiro
Muri Amerika, serivisi yigihugu y'ubuntu ikwirakwiza ibinyamakuru bya braille nibindi bitabo bitandukanye. 

## Reba