Alma Thomas

**Alma Woodsey Thomas** (22 Nzeri 1891 - 24 Gashyantare 1978) yari umuhanzi n’umwalimu w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika yaratuye kandi agakorera  i Washington, DC, ubu akaba azwi nk’umunyamerika ukomeye w’umuhazi mubyo gusiga amarangi wo mu kinyejana cya 20. Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika akaba n’umunyamerika winjijwe krurtonde rwi cyegeranyo cy’ubuhanzi bwo gusiga amarangi gihoraho mubiro bya reta zunze ubumwe bwa amerika buzwi nka white house.  Thomas azwi cyane kubera ubuhanga bwe mugukora ibihangano by'amashusho y'amabara, ndetse yatangiye no gukora ibihangano byamashusho adasobanutse ariko arimo ubuhanga, yayakoze nyuma yo kujya mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru cy'imyaka 35 yigisha ibihangano mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Shaw Junior rya Washington.

Thomas, usanzwe ufatwa nk'umunyamuryango w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Washington Color school Art ariko ubundi agashyirwa mu majwi na bamwe nkumuhanzi wumuhanga mubyo gukurura amarangamutima y'abantu / cyangwa nkumwirabura wambere ubayeho wabayeho uzi kuvanga amarangi bikurura amarangamutima y'abantu, yabonye impamyabumenyi ye yo kwigisha yakuye muri kaminuza y’akarere ka Columbiya (izwi ku izina rya Miner Normal School icyo gihe). Yabaye uwa mberewabonye impamyabumenyi   mu ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard, kandi akomeza umubano mwiza  niyo kaminuza mu buzima bwe. Yageze ku ntsinzi nkumuhanzi wumugore wumunyafurika  n’umunyamerika nubwo amacakubiri n’urwikekwe byariho icyogihe.

Thomas yamenyekanye cyane nyma y'urupfu rwe. Igishushanyo cye cyerekanwe mu ngoro ndangamurage no mu byegeranyo kandi byagiye byibandwaho mu bitabo byinshi ndetse n’imurikagurisha ry’umurage wubuhanzi bwo gushushanya. Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian ikomeza gukusanya ibikorwa bye kwisi hose.  Mu 2021, inzu ndangamurage yagurishije ishusho ya Thomas *Alma's Flower Garden* mu bucuruzi bwihariye ku madolari 2.8 miliyoni.

## Ubuzima n'akazi

### Ubwana, uburezi, n'imyanya yo kwigisha akiri muto.
Alma Thomas yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1891, avukira i Columbus, Jeworujiya, avuka ariwe mukobwa mukuru(ari imfura) mu bakobwa bane, se yitwa John Harris Thomas, umucuruzi, na  Nyina Amelia Cantey Thomas, wari umuhanzi mugushushanya no kudoda imyenda.&#x200A;Nyina na nyirasenge, nyuma baje kwandikwa nk'abarimu ndetse n’abanyeshuri barangije muri Tuskegee .Yagaragaje ubuhanga akiri umwana, nubwo umwuga we wubuhanzi yawutangiye nyuma amaze gukura. Igihe Tomasi yari amaze gukura, yerekanaga ubuhanga bwe mu buhanzi, kandi yishimira gukora uduce duto duto duto nk'ibipupe, ibishushanyo n'amasahani abumbye, cyane cyane mu ibumba ku mugezi wari uri inyuma y'iwabo **.**  Nubwo yari ashishikajwe n’ubuhanzi, Thomas "ntiyari yemerewe" kujya mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi akiri umwana.   Yahawe amasomo yumuziki, kuko nyina yacurangaga inanga.

Mu 1907, igihe Thomas yari afite imyaka 16, umuryango we wimukiye mu gace ka Logan Circle gaherereye i Washington, DC  Mu gusobanura uko umuryango wimutse, nyuma yaranditse ati: "Ndangije amashuri yisumbuye i Columbus, nta hantu na hamwe nashoboraga gukomereza amashuri yanjye, bityo ababyeyi banjye bahitamo kwimurira umuryango i Washington."  : 3 Tomasi yashoboye kandi kubona uko ajya mu masomero y'i Washington, bitandukanye na Columbus. "  : 3 Ababyeyi be bafashe iki cyemezo nubwo byamanuye umuryango mu mibereho no mubukungu, bituma bava mumubare wabari mucyiciro cya kabiri cy'ubukungu bari bafite bakiba muri Jeworujiya.  Abandi banditsi bagaragaje ko imvururu z’amoko ya Atlanta n'ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko bwo mu 1906 ari impamvu zishobora kuba zaratumye bava muri Jeworujiya. [ 3 ] Urundi rugero rw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko umuryango we wahuye naryo muri Jeworujiya, ise wa Alma yahuye n’agatsiko ka lynch mbere gato yuko Alma avuka, umuryango we wavuze ko kutumva kwe kwatewe n'imirwano yagiranye nabari bagize ako gatsiko.  Nubwo byari bitandukanye, umurwa mukuru w’igihugu wari uzwiho guha amahirwe Abirabura benshi kurusha indi mijyi myinshi.  Nkuko yabyanditse mu myaka ya za 70, "Nibura amasomero ya Washington yakinguriwe nabanyafrika  cyangwa abirabura bari barahawe izina rya  Negro, mu gihe Columbus yo yari yarakumiriye  abirabura(Negro) mu isomero ryayo." [ 4 ] I Washington, Thomas yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya tekinike rya Armstrong, aho yakuye umwanya wa mbere mu masomo y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] Kuri bo, yagize ati "Ninjiye mu cyumba cy'ubuhanzi, byari nko kwinjira mu ijuru ... Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Armstrong ryashizeho urufatiro rw'ubuzima bwanjye."  Mu mashuri yisumbuye, yari umuhanga mu mibare na siyansi, kandi ubwubatsi bwibihangano bwaramushishikazaga cyane. Ibikorwa bye by'ubuhanzi    yakoreye i Armstrong byerekanwe muri Smithsonian mu 1912. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye ya Armstrong "  : 4 mu 1911, yize amashuri yakaminuza mu ishuri risanzwe rya Miner (ubu rizwi nka kaminuza y'akarere ka Columbiya ), ahabwa impamyabumenyi yo kwigisha mu 1913. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">&#x3A;&#x200A;19&#x200A;</span></sup>Mu 1914, yabonye umwanya wo kwigisha mu mashuri ya Princess Anne ku nkombe y'Iburasirazuba bwa Maryland, aho yigishije amezi ane. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">&#x3A;&#x200A;19&#x200A;</span></sup>Mu 1915, yatangiye kwigisha mw'ishuri ryari mu nzu ya Thomas Garrett i Wilmington, muri Delaware, kugeza mu 1921. [ 3 ] 

Thomas yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Howard mu 1921, afite imyaka 30, yinjirira ku masomo yibanze kubera amahugurwa yabanjemo y'abarimu. Yatangiye ari umunyeshuri wiga ibijyanye n'ubukungu bwurugo, ateganya kuba inzobere mu gushushanya imyambarire, gusa nyuma aza guhindura ajya mu buhanzi bwubwiza. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19-20">&#x3A;&#x200A;19-20&#x200A;</span></sup>Ubuhanzi bwe yibanze kuri Howard bwari ku gishushanyo; Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson bavuze ko amashusho yakoze mu gihe cyo kwiga kaminuza ari "amasomo kandi atamenyekanye." [ 13 ] Yabonye impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor of Science mu buhanzi Bwiza mu 1924 yakuye muri Howard, abaye umunyeshuri wa mbere muri gahunda y’ubugeni bwa kaminuza. Hasabwe ko hashobora kuba umugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika cyangwa Umunyamerika wabonye impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi, [ 3 ]  icyakora Mary Jane Patterson yakiriye impamyabumenyi ye, mu 1862, hashize imyaka 60 mbere.

In 1924, Thomas began teaching art at Shaw Junior High School, a Black school in the then-segregated public schools of Washington, D.C., where she worked until her retirement in 1960; she wrote, "I was there for thirty-five years and occupied the same classroom."[4]: 13  She taught alongside fellow artist Malkia Roberts.: 43  While at Shaw Junior High, she started a community arts program that encouraged student appreciation of fine art. The program supported marionette performances and the distribution of student designed holiday cards which were given to soldiers at the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center. Also, according to her reminiscences, "At Shaw, I organized the first art gallery in the D.C. public schools in 1938, securing paintings by outstanding Negro artists from the Howard Gallery of Art."[3]: 23 [4]: 4 

Imyaka mirongo itatu nigice y’umwuga wa Tomasi wigisha, kuva 1924 kugeza 1960, bavuzwe na Thurlow Tibbs, umucuruzi w’ubuhanzi w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika DC (n’umwuzukuru w’inshuti ya Tomasi Lillian Evans, umuririmbyi wa opera) nk '"igihe cyo gusembura;" [ 3 ] muri bo yakuyemo ibitekerezo byinshi ningaruka, hanyuma nyuma ya 1960 ahereye kuri ibyo bitekerezo n'ingaruka azarema ibihangano bye byihariye. Mu gihe yigishaga muri Shaw Junior High, Thomas yakomeje gukurikirana ibihangano bye, amashuri ye asanzwe kandi adasanzwe, ndetse n’ibikorwa yakoranye n’umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa Washington, DC, aba nyuma bakunze kubikora mu buryo bujyanye na kaminuza ya Howard.

Muri kiriya gihe, Thomas yashushanyije, cyane cyane mu mazi; mu gihe injyana ye mu myaka ya za 1930 yari ikiri "gakondo gakondo" kandi karemano, yiswe "amabara meza cyane." [ 13 ] Mu mpeshyi, yajyaga mu mujyi wa New York gusura ingoro ndangamurage z'ubuhanzi, harimo inzu ndangamurage ya Metropolitan, hamwe na galeries. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 448">&#x3A;&#x200A;448&#x200A;</span></sup>

Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1930 kugeza 1934, yize muri kaminuza y’abarimu ya kaminuza ya Columbia, abona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ubuhanzi mu 1934; ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze ku bishushanyo, maze yandika igitabo cye ku ikoreshwa rya marionettes. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11,23">&#x3A;&#x200A;11,23&#x200A;</span></sup>  [ 13 ] 

Mu ci ryo mu 1935, yize marionettes mu mujyi wa New York hamwe n’umupupe w’umudage w’umudage n’umunyamerika Tony Sarg, se w’ibikinisho bigezweho muri Amerika. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">&#x3A;&#x200A;23&#x200A;</span></sup>

Mu 1936, yashinze umuryango witwa umushinga w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi, kugira ngo uzane abana amahirwe y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 22">&#x3A;&#x200A;22&#x200A;</span></sup>  [ 4 ] 

Mu 1943, Thomas yafashije James W. Herring, wahoze ari umwarimu muri Howard, na Alonzo J. Aden babonye ububiko bwa Barnett-Aden, ububiko bwa mbere bw’abirabura bwigenga bw’abirabura muri Amerika.  : 2 Yabaye visi perezida mukuru. Kuba Thomas yarafatanije n’Ingoro ya Barnett-Aden byasobanuwe ko ari "ingenzi kuri" kandi, nk'uko byatangajwe n’umuyobozi ushinzwe amasomo, Adelyn Dohme Breeskin, iterambere rya "pivotal" mu iterambere rye nk’umuhanzi wabigize umwuga. "Byamuteye guhura n’abahanzi bakomeye bo mu gihugu cya none," byatumye arushaho kumenya ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi n’icyerekezo, "kandi bituma abahanzi [ " bamurwanya kandi bamutera imbaraga. [ 13 ] 

Mu myaka ya za 1940, Thomas yinjiye kandi mu muryango w’abahanzi ba Lois Mailou Jones, "Itsinda Rito rya [[Paris]] (cyangwa" Itsinda Rito rya Paris, "cyangwa" Itsinda rya Studio rya Paris ") Iri tsinda ry’abahanzi ba Black Washington ryashinzwe na Jones na Céline Marie Tabary, abahanzi ndetse n’abanyamuryango b’ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard (Jones kuva 1930 kugeza 1977, na Tabary guhera mu  ).  "mu mpera za 1940," [ 3 ] 1945,  1946,  cyangwa 1948.  Yateranye haba buri cyumweru   cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru, [ 3 ]  muri studio ya Jones, "Sitidiyo Nto ya Paris," mu rugo rwe kuri 1220 Quincy Street NE, mu gace ka Washington ka Brookland . Yabayeho  . [ 3 ] Yahaye abahanzi bateye imbere amahirwe yo gushushanya kuri moderi,  kunoza ubuhanga bwabo - "guteza imbere ubuhanga nuburyo,"  na "gutezimbere ubuhanga bwabo no kungurana ibitekerezo" , kimwe na salon, cyangwa ihuriro ryibiganiro - "kuvuga kubyagezweho mubuhanzi bugezweho, cyane cyane ko byari bishingiye i Paris."  Abandi bagize iryo tsinda usibye Jones na Tabary barimo Delilah Pierce na Thomas, ndetse na Bruce Brown, Ruth Brown, Richard Dempsey, Barbara Linger, Don Roberts, Desdemona Wade, Frank West, na Elizabeth Williamson.   Ifoto, yo mu bubiko bwa Thomas, y’iteraniro ry’itsinda ryo mu 1948 ryerekana abahanzi cumi na batatu n’umunyamideli w’umugabo.  

Mu 1958, Thomas yasuye ibigo by’ubuhanzi byo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba hamwe n’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza ya Temple mu ruzinduko runini rwateguwe n’iryo shuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Tyler. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">&#x3A;&#x200A;25&#x200A;</span></sup>[ 13 ] 

Uruhare rwe mu itsinda rito rya Paris bivugwa ko rwashishikarije Thomas gushaka andi masomo muri kaminuza ya Amerika . Igitabo kimwe kivuga ko mu ntangiriro ya za 1950, "ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya AU ryafatwaga mu bice byinshi nk 'ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya avant-garde mu gihugu."  Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 1950, afite imyaka 59, yatangiye imyaka icumi yiga muri iyo kaminuza, yiga amasomo nijoro na wikendi, yiga ubuhanzi,  harimo amateka yubuhanzi no gushushanya. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 449">&#x3A;&#x200A;449&#x200A;</span></sup> Muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika yize gushushanya hamwe na Robert Franklin Gates na Ben "Joe" Summerford. Ariko Jacob Kainen yari umwarimu we ukomeye cyane, kandi yari kuba inshuti magara ubuzima bwe bwose. Igihe Thomas yigana na Kainen mu gatasi 1957, yamufata nk'umuhanzi mugenzi we aho kuba umunyeshuri. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">&#x3A;&#x200A;11&#x200A;</span></sup>Kainen yari yarahuye na Thomas mu 1934, mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnet-Aden, maze mu 1957, yemera gutangira kwigisha icyiciro cya AU cy’umwaka wose cy’abanyeshuri batandatu batoranijwe bashushanyije, barimo na Thomas, ariko ubuyobozi bwemerera abanyeshuri 32, benshi muri bo bakaba batangiye, kwiga ishuri maze Kainen areka gucika intege nyuma ya manda imwe. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">&#x3A;&#x200A;30&#x200A;</span></sup>

Igihe Thomas yatangiraga amasomo ye yisumbuye muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu 1950, yari akiri amarangi y'ikigereranyo. Mu myaka ya za 1950, uburyo bwe bwahindutse muburyo butandukanye, kuva gushushanya kwishusho kugeza kubisimu no kwerekana imvugo idasobanutse, hamwe n "" urwibutso ", amashusho yijimye ahanini yambaye amajwi yubururu nubururu, atangira kwakira amabara meza yakoreshaga nyuma muburyo bwe bwo gusinya. [ 3 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25, 30-31">&#x3A;&#x200A;25, 30-31&#x200A;</span></sup>

=== Umwuga w'ubuhanzi ===
<blockquote>" ''Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga ni ubw'igihe cyose bityo bukaba butigenga ku gihe. Ni mu myaka yose, mu bihugu byose, kandi niba bivuze ko dushaka kuvuga umwuka wo guhanga umuntu ukora ishusho cyangwa igishusho uhuriweho n'isi yose y’umuco, utitaye ku myaka, ubwoko ndetse n'ubwenegihugu; aya magambo ashobora guhagarara nta nkomyi.'' " -Alma Thomas, 1970 </blockquote>Mu 1960, Thomas yavuye mu kwigisha maze aba umuhanzi wigihe cyose wabigize umwuga afite imyaka 68 cyangwa 69.

Mu myaka ya za 1960, yatangiye gukora amashusho y’amabara,  ahumekewe nakazi k’ishuri rya New York na Abstract Expressionism . 

Thomas yari azwiho gukorera muri sitidiyo y'urugo (icyumba gito cyo kubamo), akora ibishushanyo bye "asunika canvas ku bibero bye kandi abinganya na sofa."  Yakoraga mu gikoni mu nzu ye, ahimba imirimo nka ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), manipulation ya Cutis ya Matisse ''The Snail'',  aho Thomas yahinduye imiterere ahindura amabara Matisse yakoresheje, maze ayita indirimbo ya Chubby Checker . 

Mu buryo butandukanye n’abandi banyeshuri benshi bo mu ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ntabwo yakoresheje kaseti kugira ngo agaragaze imiterere y’amashusho ye. [ 13 ] <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 451">&#x3A;&#x200A;451&#x200A;</span></sup>Ubuhanga bwe bwarimo gushushanya imirongo yamakaramu yoroheje hejuru ya canvas kugirango akore imiterere nishusho, no kuzuza amarangi irangi nyuma. Imirongo yikaramu ye igaragara mubice byinshi yarangije, ntabwo yabisibye. 

Ibikorwa bya Tomasi nyuma yizabukuru byari byibanze cyane kubitekerezo byamabara.  Ibikorwa bye muri kiriya gihe byumvikanaga n’ibya Vasily Kandinsky (wari ushishikajwe n’ubushobozi bw’amarangamutima y’amabara) ndetse n’i Washington Color Field Painters, "ikintu cyamushimishije abamunenga ... ariko nanone cyibajije ibibazo byerekeranye n '" umwirabura "mu gihe abahanzi bato bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika bakoraga ibikorwa byo kwigaragambya bishingiye ku moko."  Yavuze ati: "Gukoresha ibara mu mashusho yanjye ni iby'ingenzi kuri njye. Nkoresheje ibara nagerageje kwibanda ku bwiza n'ibyishimo mu gishushanyo cyanjye aho kwibanda ku buntu bwa muntu ku muntu." [ 4 ] Yongeye kuvuga ku bijyanye no gukoresha ibara yagize ati: "Ibara ni ubuzima, kandi umucyo ni nyina w'amabara." 


Imurikagurisha rye rya mbere ryasubiye mu 1966 (24 Mata - 17 Gicurasi) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard, ryateguwe n’amateka y’ubuhanzi James A. Porter . Harimo imirimo 34 kuva 1959 kugeza 1966. Kuri iri murika, yakoze ''ibishushanyo mbonera by’isi'', uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa byahumetswe na kamere, harimo ''izuka'' (1966),  mu mwaka wa 2014 bikaba byari kugurwa mu cyegeranyo cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] .   Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika winjijwe mu cyegeranyo cy’ubuhanzi gihoraho cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . 

Tomasi n'umuhanzi Delilah Pierce, inshuti, bari gutwara imodoka mu cyaro aho Tomasi yashakishaga imbaraga, akuramo ibitekerezo ku ngaruka z'umucyo n'ikirere ku bidukikije. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Kugira ngo duhangane n'ikibazo cyatewe na Howard show, nk'uko Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson babitangaza, uburyo bwe bwongeye guhinduka, mu buryo bw'ingenzi: "Tomasi yahinduye uburyo bwihariye ubu buzwi nk'umukono we - ukina ibara rirwanya ibara kandi hejuru y'ibara rifite ishusho ntoya, idasanzwe y'urukiramende rufite ibara ryinshi, akenshi rifite ibara ryinshi." [ 13 ] Iri murika ryakiriwe neza na Helen Hoffman mu kinyamakuru Washington Post cyo ku ya 4 Gicurasi 1966, cyiswe "ibara ryerekana amabara ryerekana umwuka we". 

Ahumekewe n'ukwezi kugwa mu 1969, Alma Thomas yatangiye insanganyamatsiko ye ya kabiri y'ingenzi yo gushushanya. Urukurikirane *Umwanya, Snoopy* *nisi* byashyizwe mubikorwa pointillism. Yabyukije umwuka muburyo butandukanye cyane bwamabara nuburyo bwa mozayike, akoresha ubururu bwijimye bwijimye bwijimye kandi bwijimye bwa orange, agaragaza abstraction nubwiza butunguranye akoresheje ibara. Ibikorwa byinshi muriki ruhererekane bifite uruziga, rutambitse, na vertical verisiyo. Ibishushanyo birashobora kubyara ibyiyumvo byo kureremba. Ibishushanyo nabyo bitanga ingufu muri canvas. Itandukaniro ryamabara ritera ibara rikomeye, kandi rigumana imbaraga ziboneka. 

Hagati ya 1967 na 1975, Thomas yahawe ibihembo byinshi n’ishimwe mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye y’ubuhanzi n’ingoro ndangamurage z’Abanyamerika. Mu 1967, Thomas yatsindiye icyubahiro mu imurikagurisha ry’umuryango w’abanyamerika bo muri Otirishiya hamwe n’ishusho ye *The Viennese Waltzes,* nyuma mu 1972, afite imyaka 81, Thomas ni we mugore wa mbere w’umunyamerika w’umunyamerika wagize imurikagurisha wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Whitney . Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, imurikagurisha rinini cyane ryabereye mu ngoro y’ubuhanzi ya Corcoran .   : 452 Thomas yahakanye ibirango bamushyizeho nk'umuhanzi kandi ntiyemera inzitizi zose zibuza ibikorwa bye byo guhanga no gukora umwuga w'ubuhanzi, harimo n'irangamuntu ye nk'umwirabura.  Yizeraga ko icy'ingenzi kuri we ari ugukomeza guhanga icyerekezo cye binyuze mu bihangano bye ndetse no mu isi y’ubuhanzi nubwo amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko.  Thomas yari akivangura nkumuhanzi wigitsina gore wumwirabura kandi yanenzwe muburyo bwe budafatika butandukanye nabandi Banyamerika b'Abirabura bakoranye ibishushanyo n’ibimenyetso mu kurwanya igitugu. Ibikorwa bye byagaragaye hamwe nabandi bahanzi benshi b'Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika muri za galeries no kwerekana, nk'ububiko bwa mbere bufite abirabura mu Karere ka Columbiya. 

Nyuma yo kwerekana muri Whitney, icyamamare cya Thomas mu muryango w’ubukorikori cyiza cyane. Kuba yaramenyekanye vuba aha byatewe ahanini na Robert Doty amushyigikiye mu majwi, kuko yateguye igitaramo cya Thomas's Whitney mu rwego rwo kwerekana imurikagurisha ry’abahanzi bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika, rigamije kwamagana ko badahagarariwe.  Abanenga New York bashimishijwe nuburyo bwa kijyambere bwa Thomas, cyane cyane ko yari umukecuru wimyaka 80 mugihe yatangiraga igihugu. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyasuzumye imurikagurisha rye inshuro enye, yita amashusho ye "gukuramo impuguke, tachiste mu buryo, nta makemwa mu gukoresha amabara   Abazungu benshi bamunegura bamushimye nk "" Ikimenyetso cyabashushanyijeho amabara "kandi nk" "impano, abstractioniste ebullient". Filozofiya ya Alma Thomas yubuhanzi bwe nuko ibikorwa bye byuzuye imbaraga, kandi izo mbaraga ntizishobora gusenywa cyangwa kuremwa. 

Ushinzwe gutunganya ibihangano bya New York akaba n'umwanditsi witwa Thomas B. Hess yaguze ishusho ya Tomasi yo mu 1972 ishushanya *Red Roses Sonata*, maze mu 1976 umusingi w’umuryango we uha iki gitabo inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Metropolitan . [ 3 ] &#x3A;&#x200A;34&#x200A; ]    

Mary Beth Edelson '  (1972) bakiriye *Ifunguro Ryera* rya Leonardo da Vinci, hamwe n'abayobozi b'abahanzi b'abagore bazwi bahurira hejuru y'imitwe ya Kristo n'intumwa ze; Alma Thomas yari muri abo bahanzi b'abagore bazwi. Iyi shusho, ivuga ku ruhare rw’amadini n’ubuhanzi amashusho y’amateka mu kugandukira abagore, yabaye "imwe mu mashusho agaragara y’ubuhanzi bw’umugore ."  

### Ubuzima bwite
Thomas yabwiye *New York Times* mu 1977 ko "atigeze arongora umugabo ariko ibihangano byanjye. Ni uwuhe mugabo wigeze ashima ibyo nashakaga?"  Yanditse ati: "Kera byavuzwe, ntupfe kugira" Miss "ku ibuye ryawe. Ndumva nishimiye cyane kuba narakomeje Miss wanjye. Ndavuga ko Miss uhagaze kuri Jackasses zose nabuze mu buzima." [ 4 ] Yongeyeho ati: "Umugabo mwiza ni umunezero, ariko ku bw'Imana ntukagwe na Jackass." [ 4 ] Yagize ubuzima busanzwe, hamwe ninshuti nyinshi zabahanzi.  "Ntakunze kubura" inzu ndangamurage cyangwa imurikagurisha rifungura i Washington. [ 13 ] &#x3A;&#x200A;447&#x200A;

Thomas yabaga mu nzu imwe i Washington, ku muhanda wa 1530, 15, NW, ubuzima bwe bwose, kuva mu 1907 igihe umuryango we wimukiye muri Jeworujiya kugira ngo ashobore kwiga amashuri yisumbuye kugeza apfuye mu 1978 (usibye imyaka mike yari afite mu myaka 20 yakoraga ahandi). Murumuna we John Maurice Thomas, uzwi ku izina rya se kandi yari afite umwuga wo kuba isomero muri kaminuza ya Howard, yasangiye inzu na we. [ 4 ] &#x3A;&#x200A;7&#x200A;  Urwo rugo, ubu ruzwi ku izina rya Alma Thomas Inzu, rwubatswe ahagana mu 1875 kandi rushyirwa ku gitabo cy’igihugu cy’ahantu ndangamateka . Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2025, Umuhanda  hagati y’Itorero na Q wahinduwe Alma Thomas 

### Urupfu n'ububiko
Alma Thomas yapfuye ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1978, mu bitaro bya kaminuza ya Howard, nyuma yo kubagwa aortic. 

Impapuro za Tomasi zatanzwe mu bihe byinshi hagati ya 1979 na 2004 muri Archives of Art Art y'Abanyamerika na mushiki we, J. Maurice Thomas. 

## Imiterere yubuhanzi
Alma Thomas akazi ke kare kari guhagarariwe muburyo.  Nkumwirabura, yibanze kumurimo we wo guhanga aho kwibanda kumoko cyangwa igitsina.  Tomasi yizeraga ko guhanga bigomba kwigenga kuburinganire cyangwa ubwoko, guhanga imirimo yibanda kubwiza butunguranye no gukuramo ibara. 

After further education at American University and influenced by James V. Herring and Lois Mailou Jones, her work became more abstract. Toward the end of her life, her style moved "to a color-filled, impastoed geometric abstraction of tessellated brushstroke patterns." These paintings have been compared to Byzantine mosaics and the pointillist paintings of Georges-Pierre Seurat. Thomas' style has qualities similar to West African paintings as well as Byzantine mosaics.

Ibara rye ryamazi hamwe namavuta yashizwemo no gukoresha (rimwe na rimwe kurengana) urukiramende rwamabara. Yakomeje gukoresha ubu buhanga mu mirimo ye, bwerekanaga amabara aboneka mu biti, indabyo, ubusitani, ndetse n’andi mashusho asanzwe.  Igishushanyo cye *nimugoroba Glow* cyatewe ahanini n’uko Tomasi yashishikajwe n’amabara y’isi: "Igiti cyera hanze y’icyumba cye, cyashishikaje Tomasi ibishushanyo mbonera byakozwe n'amababi yacyo ku idirishya, kandi bifite ishusho y’urumuri n’igicucu hasi hasi no ku rukuta imbere mu rugo rwe."  Amashusho ye yise 'Alma's Stripes', kubera ko ishusho yuzuye irangi yaremye urukiramende rurerure. Nyuma ibikorwa byahumetswe nubushakashatsi bwikirere hamwe nisi. Umutwe w'ishusho ye *ya Mars Dust* (1972) yerekanaga inkuru zamakuru yumuyaga wumukungugu kuri Mars. [ 4 ] &#x3A;&#x200A;33&#x200A;.

## Nyuma reaction, kwerekana, niterambere

Umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Richard J. Powell yanditse mu 1997 ku bijyanye n’umwanya wa Thomas na Sam Gilliam nk’abanyamuryango babiri bazwi cyane b’Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ati: "Mu gihe baganiraga n’ibikorwa by’abahanzi bagenzi babo bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington ( Gene Davis, Morris Louis, na Kenneth Noland ), banabagejejeho, binyuze mu buryo bwa tekiniki kandi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru bwo gusiga amarangi, ibyifuzo by’imibereho by’icyiciro rusange cya Washington DC." Yakomeje avuga ko mu myaka ya za 1960 Thomas "yateye umugongo" ku buryo yari asanzwe ahagarariye "umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa DC wabonaga ko ari ibitekerezo by’ibitekerezo," ashyigikira "uburyo budasubirwaho bwatewe n’ubuhinzi bw’imboga, inyigisho z’amabara ya siyansi, ndetse n’umuziki." Powell yavuze ko Tomasi yo mu 1976 *Azeleas Kuririmba no Kubyina Rock na Roll Music* ari "ubuhanga bwo kuganira inzira zinyerera hagati ya kamere na sosiyete," kandi "bikerekana uburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe kw'ibihe."  Ikinyamakuru Washington Post cyamusobanuye ko ari "imbaraga mu ishuri ry’ibara rya Washington ". 

Yanditse mu 1998, umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Sharon Patton yavuze ko *Igitaramo cya Tomasi cyo mu 1973 cy’umuyaga na Crepe Myrtle* ari "kimwe mu bishushanyo mbonera bya Minimalist Color-Field byakozwe n’umuhanzi nyafurika w’umunyamerika." 

Nubwo Thomas atabonye monografiya  kugeza mu 1998 igihe inzu ndangamurage ya Fort Wayne yerekanaga ibyerekeranye n’umuhanzi,  ubukererwe bw’abashakashatsi bwimbitse ntabwo bugaragaza umurage we n’ingaruka ku buhanzi bwa Visual . Jacob Kainen, umwarimu we muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu gatasi 1957, [ 3 ] yemeza ko "Tomasi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ibishushanyo mbonera mu kinyejana cya 20." Kainen yanditse mu gitabo cya Fort Wayne yerekana ko yahuye na Thomas mu 1943, mu birori byabereye mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnett-Aden . [ 3 ] &#x3A;&#x200A;30&#x200A;Kainen amwibuka muri kiriya gihe nk "" umugore muto, unanutse ufite ubwiza bwimyambarire, imyifatire ye ndetse no gushikama kudashidikanywaho byatumye ikibazo cy'ubunini bwe kidafite akamaro. " [ 3 ] Muri gahunda y’imyidagaduro y’ubuhanzi ya kaminuza ya Howard yo mu 1966 "Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho, 1959-1966," Kainen asobanura ko ari "Ikimenyetso cy’abashushanya amabara." 

Mu mwaka wa 2009, amashusho abiri yakozwe na Thomas, harimo na *Watusi (Hard Edge)*,  yatowe na Madamu wa Perezida Michelle Obama, umushinga w'imbere mu nzu ya White House, Michael S. Smith (umushinga w'imbere), hamwe n'umuyobozi ushinzwe inzu ya White House, William Allman kugira ngo berekanwe muri White House mu gihe cya perezida Obama .  *Watusi (Hard Edge)* yaje gukurwa muri White House kubera impungenge zatewe n'iki gice kibereye mu biro bya East Wing ya Michelle Obama. *Sky Light*,  yatanzwe na Hirshhorn Museum and Garden Sculpture, yamanitswe mu nzu bwite ya Obama. 

Mu mwaka wa 2015, ikindi gishushanyo cye, *Izuka* (1966), cyamanitswe cyane mu cyumba cyo gusangiriramo umuryango wa Old House cyo muri White House, kikaba cyaraguzwe mu cyegeranyo cya White House mu 2014 hamwe n’amadorari 290.000 n’inkunga yatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’amateka rya White House .   Guhitamo  mu cyegeranyo cya White House byasobanuwe nk'ikimenyetso cyiza ku butegetsi bwa Obama na Holland Cotter wanenze ibihangano *bya New York Times* . Cotter yavuze ko umurimo wa Tomasi ari "kureba imbere nta gukabya; nyuma y'amoko ariko kandi ukunda amoko." 

Mu mwaka wa 2016, imurikagurisha *Alma Thomas*, ryasobanuwe mu bikoresho byamamaza ko ari "uburyo bwa mbere bwerekanwe ku bikorwa by’umuhanzi mu myaka igera kuri makumyabiri," kandi ko bugaragaza "ubwihindurize butandukanye bw’imirimo ya Tomasi kuva mu mpera za 1950 kugeza apfuye mu 1978" bwateguwe na The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery muri Skidmore College na Studio Museum i Harlem .  Iri murika ryateguwe na Ian Berry, Umuyobozi wa Dayton w’Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Tang na Lauren Haynes, Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe amasomo, icyegeranyo gihoraho mu nzu ndangamurage ya Studio i Harlem kandi ashyigikiwe n’inshuti za Tang.  Ibikoresho byamamaza imurikagurisha byagaragaje ko "ibihangano bya Tomasi, ibishushanyo mbonera by’ingufu ndetse no kwiyemeza kurangi byamuremye umurimo wihariye kandi udasanzwe." Bavuze kandi ko "ikubiyemo gake cyane amabara y’amazi n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hakiri kare." Iri murika ryagabanyijwemo ibice bine: Himura kuri Abstraction; Isi, Umwanya, hamwe nakazi katinze. 

*Ikinyamakuru Wall Street Journal* cyamusobanuye mu mwaka wa 2016 nk'umuhanzi wahoze ari "umuhanzi udashimwa" uherutse kumenyekana kubera ibikorwa bye "exuberant", uzwi cyane ku buryo bwabo, injyana n'ibara. 

Muri 2019, Tomasi yo mu 1970 yashushanyije *izuba rirenze* ryatejwe cyamunara mugurisha Christie .  Yagurishijwe miliyoni 2.655. 

Mu 2021, hashyizweho igiciro gishya cy’ibikorwa bya Tomasi igihe *ubusitani bw’indabyo bwa Alma*, bwashushanywaga mu myaka ya 1968 kugeza mu 1970, bwateshejwe agaciro n’inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Greenville, yagurishije mu kugurisha ku giti cye n’umuguzi utamenyekanye ku madolari miliyoni 2.8. Inzu ndangamurage yari yaguze irangi mu 2008 ku madolari 135.000.  

Ibikorwa bya Thomas byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ryo mu 2021 *Abagore muri Abstraction* kuri Centre Pompidou . 

Imurikagurisha ry’ubuhanzi bwe yise "Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza," ryateguwe n’inzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler i Norfolk, muri Virijiniya n’inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus i Columbus, Jeworujiya, yafunguwe ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2021, mu nzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler. Byari biteganijwe ko bizahakorera kugeza ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2021, nyuma yaho bikorera mu cyegeranyo cya Phillips i Washington, DC, mu mpeshyi 2021, inzu ndangamurage ya Frist i Nashville mu mpeshyi 2022, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus mu mpeshyi 2022.  

Inyandiko ngufi, *Miss Alma Thomas: Ubuzima mu Ibara*, yashinzwe ku bufatanye n’imurikabikorwa. Iyobowe na Cheri Gaulke ikanakorwa na Jon Gann, yakinnye iserukiramuco rya firime zirenga 40 ku isi yose kandi yegukana ibihembo ndetse n'ibihembo.

Mu 2023, ibikorwa bye byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha *Igikorwa, Ibimenyetso, Irangi: Abahanzi b'Abagore na Global Abstraction 1940-1970* mu nzu mberabyombi ya Whitechapel i Londres. 

## Imurikagurisha rigaragara

* *Ibara ry'amazi by Alma Thomas*, 1960, Dupont Theatre Art Gallery 
* *Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho (1959-1966)*, 1966, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard 
* *Alma Thomas: Amashusho aheruka*, 1968, Ububiko bwa Franz Bader 
* *Igishushanyo cya vuba cyanditswe na Alma W. Thomas: Urukurikirane rw'isi n'ikirere (1961–1971)*, 1971, Ububiko bwa Carl Van Vechten, Kaminuza ya Fisk 
* *Alma W. Thomas*, 1972, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Whitney y'Abanyamerika  
* *Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho*, 1972, Ubugeni bwa Corcoran 
* *Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho*, 1973, Ikarita ya Martha Jackson 
* *Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka*, 1975, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard 
* *Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka*, 1976, HC Taylor Gallery, Kaminuza ya Leta y’ubuhinzi n’ubuhanga ya Carolina y'Amajyaruguru 
* *Ubuzima mu buhanzi: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978*, 1981, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Ubuhanzi bw’Abanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian 
* *Alma W. Thomas: Gusubira inyuma kw'ibishushanyo*, 1998, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Ubuhanzi ya Fort Wayne, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Tampa, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Leta ya New Jersey, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Anacostia, Ikigo cya Smithsonian, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus 
* *Alma Thomas: Phantasmagoria, Amashusho Nkuru yo mu myaka ya za 70*, 2001, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, n'inzu ndangamurage y'abagore: Ikigo cy'ejo hazaza 
* *Gukomeza Ishema: Imyaka umunani Yubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard*, 2005, kaminuza ya Howard 
* *Impirimbanyi y'amabara: Igishushanyo cya Felrath Hines na Alma Thomas*, 2010, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Nasher 
* *Alma Thomas*, 2016, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Frances Young Tang Yigisha Ingoro n'Ubuhanzi muri Skidmore College,  na Studio Ndangamurage ya Harlem 
* *Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha*, 2019, Mnuchin Gallery 
* *Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza*, 2021, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Chrysler 
* *Ibara ryo guhimba: Igishushanyo cya Alma Thomas*, 2023-2024, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian  ; yagiye mu nzu ndangamurage ya Denver  (2024-2025), Ingoro y’Urwibutso (2025), Inzu Ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Indianapolis i Newfields (2025) na muzehe y’ubuhanzi ya Smith College (2026-2027)

## Ibikorwa bigaragara mubyegeranyo rusange
 
* *Watusi (Hard Edge)* (1963), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
**Air View of a Spring Nursery* (1966), Columbus Museum, Georgia
**Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers* (1968), Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
**Nature's Red Impressions* (1968), Luther W. Brady Art Gallery, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
* *Resurrection* (1968), White House Historical Association, Washington, D.C. 
* *Wind, Sunshine and Flowers* (1968), Brooklyn Museum, New York
**Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses* (1969), National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.
* *Pansies in Washington* (1969), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 
* *Lunar Surface* (1970), American University Museum, Washington, D.C.
* *Snoopy Early Sun Display* (1970), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
**Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace* (1971), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
**Evening Glow* (1972), Baltimore Museum of Art 
**Mars Dust* (1972), Whitney Museum, New York
* *Red Atmosphere* (1972), Tougaloo College, Jackson, Mississippi
* *Red Roses Sonata* (1972), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
* *Starry Night and the Astronauts* (1972), Art Institute of Chicago
**Fiery Sunset* (1973), Museum of Modern Art, New York
* *Spring Embraces Yellow* (1973), University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art, Iowa City 
* *Wind and Crêpe Myrtle Concerto* (1973), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
* *Wind Sparkling Dew and Green Grass* (1973), Fort Wayne Museum of Art, Indiana
**Hydrangeas Spring Song* (1976), Philadelphia Museum of Art
**Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music* (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
* *White Roses Sing and Sing* (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 
* *Untitled: Music Series* (1978), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Alma Thomas Teen Umwanya muri Martin Luther King Jr. Urwibutso rwibutso rwitiriwe izina rye.

## Inyandiko

## Reba

## Bibliografiya

* Patton, Sharon F. *Ubuhanzi bwa Afurika-Amerika.* Oxford: Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Oxford (1998). ISBN&nbsp;
* "Impapuro za Alma Thomas, 1894-2000". *[https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241 Kubona Imfashanyo.]* Ububiko bwubuhanzi bwabanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian.

## Ibindi gusoma

* 
* 
* 
* 
* *Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings*. Fort Wayne: Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998).  ISBN&nbsp;
* Foresta, Merry A. *A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978*. Published for the National Museum of American Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.   OCLC&nbsp;
* *Alma Thomas*. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art (1972).  OCLC&nbsp;

## Ihuza ryo hanze