Abraham Nemeth

**Abraham Nemeth** (16 Ukwakira 1918 - 2 Ukwakira 2013) yari umunyamerika. Yabaye umwarimu w’imibare muri kaminuza ya Detroit Impuhwe i Detroit, muri Leta ya Michigan. Nemeth yari afite ubumuga bwo kutabona kandi azwiho guteza imbere Nemeth Braille, sisiteme y'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona yo gusoma no kwandika imibare.

## Ubuzima bwe bwo hambere
Nemeth yavukiye mu mujyi wa New York mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Manhattan mu Muryango mugari w’abimukira b’Abayahudi b’abayahudi bavugaga Yiddish. Yabaye impumyi kuva akivuka avanze na macula degeneration na retinitis pigmentosa.

Yabanje kwiga amashuri ya leta ariko amashuri menshi abanza nayisumbuye muri Guild yAbayahudi y’ishuri ry’abatabona i Yonkers, muri New York. Amashuri yisumbuye yari muri Brooklyn College aho yize psychologue. Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse y’ubuhanzi muri psychologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya Columbia.

Nemeth yize imibare na fiziki muri Brooklyn College. Ntabwo yize imibare kuko abajyanama be mu masomo bamuca intege. Icyakora, arambiwe ibyo yumvaga ari imirimo ituzuye mu bigo by'impumyi, kandi abifashijwemo n'umugore we wa mbere Florence, yahisemo gukomeza amashuri ye mu mibare. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. mu mibare yakuye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Wayne.

## Umwuga w'amasomo
Nemeth yigishije amasaha make muri kaminuza zitandukanye i New York. Nubwo abakoresha be rimwe na rimwe batashakaga kumuha akazi azi ko ari impumyi, izina rye ryarushijeho kwiyongera kuko byagaragaye ko yari umuhanga mu mibare n’umwarimu. Nemeth yitandukanije nabandi bantu benshi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona abasha kwandika inyuguti zanditse zerekana amashusho nibimenyetso by'imibare ku mpapuro no ku kibaho kimwe n'abantu babibona, ubuhanga yize akiri umwana. Nemeth avuga ko ubwo buhanga bwamwemereye gutsinda mu mibare, mu gihe kidafite ikoranabuhanga ryinshi, ubwo na Braille byari bigoye gukoresha mu mibare. Mu myaka ya za 1950, yimukiye i Detroit, muri Leta ya Michigan kugira ngo yemere umwanya muri kaminuza ya Detroit ukorana na Keith Rosenberg. Yagumyeyo imyaka 30, asezera mu 1985. Mu mpera za 1960 yize siyanse ya mudasobwa maze atangira gahunda ya kaminuza muri iryo somo.

## Akamaro ku imibare n'ubuhumyi
Mugihe amasomo yarushagaho gutera imbere, yasanze akeneye kode ya braille yakoresha neza ubwoko bwimibare nubumenyi yakoreshaga. Amaherezo, yashyizeho amategeko ya Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation, yasohotse mu 1952.  Kode ya Nemeth yanyuze mu 4 ivugurura kuva yatangira iterambere, kandi ikomeje gukoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe.

Nemeth ashinzwe kandi amategeko ya MathSpeak, sisitemu yo kuvuga kumvugo inyandiko. Mu masomo ye, Nemeth yasanze akeneye gukoresha abasomyi bareba kugirango basome ubundi imibare yimibare itagerwaho nibindi bikoresho. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, yari akeneye uburyo bwo gutegeka imirimo ye y'imibare n'ibindi bikoresho byo kwandukura. Amasezerano Nemeth yateje imbere gusoma neza imibare yimibare n'ijwi rirenga ihinduka MathSpeak.

Nemeth yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’Ubwongereza Bumwe (UEB) kuva mu 1991 kugeza nibura mu 2001, nubwo yaje gutandukana n’abandi batezimbere iyo code, ahubwo akora ku mbaraga zisa nazo zitwa Universal Braille System (rimwe na rimwe mu magambo ahinnye yitwa NUBS hamwe na we izina ryongewe imbere). Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012, UEB yemejwe na BANA nk'urwego rusanzwe rw'imyandikire y’ubuvanganzo, ariko Code ya Nemeth nayo yagumishijwe mu buryo bwuzuye nka sisitemu yo kwandika ku bushake. Imirimo kuri NUBS irashobora gukomeza, cyangwa irashobora guhuzwa mumategeko azaza-kuvugurura amategeko yemewe ya Nemeth (amategeko aheruka-kuvugurura amategeko ya Nemeth yari muri 2013).

## Nyuma yizabukuru
Nemeth yari agikora kuri code ya Nemeth igihe yapfaga. Nemeth yari umunyamwete mu muryango w'Abayahudi kuva mu bwana, kandi kuva mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru avuye mu mibare y’amasomo, yandikaga igitabo cy'amasengesho cy'igiheburayo muri Braille.

Nemeth yari umunyamwete mu ishyirahamwe ry’abatabona. Yanditse inkuru ngufi kandi atanga disikuru kuri NFB kubyerekeye ubuzima bwe nkumubare wimpumyi. Ku ya 11 Gashyantare 2006, Nemeth yagize ikibazo gikomeye cy'umutima, ariko arakira kandi yari ahagije kugira ngo yitabe ikoraniro rya NFB muri Nyakanga 2006 kandi yemera igihembo cya Louis Braille 2006 uyu muryango wamuhaye. Ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2009, yahawe icyubahiro na NFB nk'umufatanyabikorwa wahawe igihembo cya Dr. Jacob Bolotin.

## Utuntu n'utundi
Igitekerezo cya Nemeth cyasohowe imburagihe mu binyamakuru by’Abayahudi n’ubuhumyi, igihe abakozi bo muri ibyo binyamakuru bemezaga ko yapfuye mu gihe musaza we n’umugore we bapfuye.

Nemeth yari umwe mu bari bagize ishyaka riharanira demokarasi muri Amerika ariko yashyizweho na guverineri wa republika ya Michigan nka perezida wa komisiyo ya leta ishinzwe impumyi, umwanya yakoreyemo imyaka ibiri, nubwo yavuze ko adakunda politiki.

Yari umuhanga mu gucuranga piyano wakundaga gushimisha abandi, akagira kwibuka bitangaje kumatariki namakuru kandi akishimira kuvuga urwenya ninkuru yashoboraga guhuza nibintu byose cyangwa ibihe.

## Reba