open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ubumuga muri Mongoliya

**Ubumuga muri Mongoliya** bivuga ababana n'ubumuga muri Mongoliya .

## Amateka
Itegeko rya Mongoliya ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abafite ubumuga ryashyizweho mu mwaka wa 2016 na Leta nkuru ya Khural . Gahunda y'igihugu ishinzwe uburenganzira, uruhare no kurengera ababana n'ubumuga yemejwe na guverinoma mu mwaka wa 2017 ishyirwa mu bikorwa nyuma. 

Isuzuma ryakozwe n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi mu mwaka wa 2018 ryerekanye ko, kimwe n’ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ababana n'ubumuga bafite ikibazo cyo gukoresha uburenganzira bwa politiki ndetse n’abaturage, ndetse no kubona uburezi n’akazi. 

## Imibare

Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2024, muri Mongoliya hari abantu 115,000 bafite ubumuga butandukanye.  Ubwoko bw’abafite ubumuga mu gihugu ni ubumuga bwo kugenda (19.9%), ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (19.0%), ubumuga bwo kutabona (10,6%), kutumva neza (8.2%), kutavuga ururimi (4.0%), guhuriza hamwe (7.5%) n’abandi (30.4%).  Abagera kuri 11% muri bo ni abana. 

### Mu karere
Muri 2019 mu Ntara ya Govisümber, hari abantu 742 bafite ubumuga, bangana na 4% by'intara. Mu Ntara ya Dornogovi, hari abantu 2,642 bafite ubumuga, bangana na 3.7% by'intara. 

## Uburezi

Mu mwaka wa 2023, kaminuza nkuru ya Mongoliya yatangije isomero rifite ibitabo bifata amajwi ku banyeshuri bafite ubumuga. Isomero ryagenewe gusa abo bantu. 

## Ibigo by'abafite ubumuga

* Ikigo cyiterambere cyabana bafite ubumuga, Ulaanbaatar
* Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ryabafite ubumuga, Darkhan

## Reba kandi

* Mongoliya muri Paralympique

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Namibiya

Nk’uko Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare cya Namibia kibivuga, hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwo mu mwaka wa 2016 bwiswe Inter-censal Demographic Survey, 5% by'abaturage ba Namibiya bafite ubumuga mu rugero rutandukanye. 

## Amateka
Namibia yashyize umukono ku Masezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku ya 25 Mata 2007 ayemeza ku ya 14 Ukuboza 2007. Yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008. 

## Ibyiciro
Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2001, mu bantu bose bafite ubumuga, 35% bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, 27% bafite ubumuga bwo kugenda burimo amaboko n'amaguru, 21% bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, 11% bafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga, 5% bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe. 

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Papuwa Niyugine

**Ubumuga muri Papuwa Niyugine** ni ikibazo kigihangayikishije gikomeje, aho ibikorwa remezo bidahagije bikunze kubuza abafite ubumuga kubona uburezi, serivisi z’ubuvuzi, akazi, n’izindi serivisi z’ibanze. Kugerwaho ni ikibazo gikomeye, cyane cyane ku bana cyangwa ku bagore bafite ubumuga, bahura n'inzitizi zo kubona serivisi z'ubuzima, uburezi, ubwikorezi rusange, n'ibiro bya leta.  .   Guverinoma yemeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, ariko kumenya ubwo burenganzira bisaba ko hashyirwaho uburyo bunoze bw’amategeko n’amabwiriza, gukusanya umutungo, hamwe n’ubufatanye bukomeye n’igihugu. 

Ihame rya "Ntihagire umuntu n'umwe usiga inyuma", ingamba nka Loni ’Abagore zishyigikira guverinoma mu kuzamura uruhare rw’abaturage mu bafite ubumuga, gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, no guharanira gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye 2030 igamije iterambere rirambye. 

## Reba
Ikipe yumupira wamaguru yigihugu yubwongereza

**Itsinda ry’u Bwongereza ry’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (LD)** ni imwe mu makipe umunani y’ubumuga ashyigikiwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’umupira wamaguru . Kugira ngo umukinnyi ajye muri iri tsinda, agomba kuba afite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, afite IQ iri munsi cyangwa ingana na 70–75, nk’uko bisobanurwa n’ Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS). Nanone kandi, umukinnyi agomba kuba yarahawe uburezi bwihariye, cyangwa yaritabiriye akazi cyangwa serivisi z’ituzanwa hagati y’imyaka 0 kugeza kuri 18. 

Itsinda ry’u Bwongereza  ry’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (England LD team) ryatsindiye igikombe cy’isi cy’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe mu mikino ya INAS mu mwaka wa 2002, ubwo ryatsindaga Ubuholandi (Netherlands) ibitego 2–1 kuri Stade Yokohama, mu Buyapani, muri Kanama 2002.  Mu kwezi kwa Kanama 2003, bageze ku mukino wa nyuma w’irushanwa rya Learning Disabilities European Championships, ariko batsindirwa ibitego 2–1 n’Ubuholandi muri Portugal. Mu mwaka wa 2004, muri Kanama, babaye abanyarukiko b’isi mu mikino ya mbere yiswe Global Games, batsinda Polonye ibitego 4–1 ku mukino wa nyuma wabereye i Bollnäs, muri Suède (Sweden).  Ariko, abari bafite igikombe cy’isi batsinzwe mu mikino ya ¼ cy’irushanwa (quarter finals) y’irushanwa rya INAS FID World Football Championship mu mwaka wa 2006, batsindwa ibitego 4–1 na Arabie Saoudite (Saudi Arabia) i Recklinghausen, mu Budage. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe rwa FA, Amakipe yamugaye
Uburenganzira bwo Gutanga Ibitekerezo

Uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ni kimwe mu burenganzira bwa muntu bw’ingenzi kandi bwemewe n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda rya 2003. Ubu burenganzira burimo ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga, gucapa ibitabo, gukora itangazamakuru, no kugaragaza ibitekerezo mu ruhame.

Nubwo iri burenganzira ryubahirizwa ku mpapuro, mu Rwanda haracyagaragara imbogamizi zimwe zishingiye ku amategeko, umutekano w’igihugu, n’imyitwarire y’abantu ku giti cyabo.

### Amategeko n’Imiterere y’Uburenganzira

* **Itegeko Nshinga rya 2003** mu ngingo ya 38 rivuga ko buri wese afite ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo mu magambo cyangwa mu nyandiko, ariko rigashyiraho imipaka yo kurinda amahoro, umutekano, n’icyubahiro cya rubanda.

* **Itegeko ry’Itangazamakuru no mu Itangazamakuru** (Law No 04/2013) riteganya uburyo itangazamakuru rikorwa, rikagena ibihano ku banyamakuru bahonyora amabwiriza cyangwa bakavuga amagambo afatwa nk’akomeretsa igihugu.

* **Itegeko ry’Umutekano w’Igihugu** ritanga uburenganzira bwo gukumira ibikorwa byaba byabangamira amahoro n’umutekano, bikaba rimwe na rimwe byakwibasira ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.

### Ubwisanzure mu Itangazamakuru
Mu Rwanda, itangazamakuru ryiyongera ku buryo bugaragara, haba mu binyamakuru byandika, amaradio, televiziyo, ndetse na internet. Ariko abanyamakuru bakunze guhura n’ibihano mu gihe bavuze ibitangaje bitemewe cyangwa bavuze ku nsanganyamatsiko zifitanye isano n’umutekano w’igihugu.

### Imbogamizi
**1. Ibyemezo bishingiye ku mategeko**: Amategeko akumira amagambo agira icyo ahungabanya ku butegetsi cyangwa ku mutekano w’igihugu, rimwe na rimwe bikaba byangiza ubwisanzure bw’abantu ku giti cyabo.  

**2. Ihohoterwa ku batanga ibitekerezo**: Hari abanyamakuru n’abaharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bahohoterwa cyangwa bakorerwa ibihano kubera ibitekerezo byabo.  

3. **Imyumvire y’abaturage:** Abantu bamwe baracyafite imyumvire yo gutinya kuvuga ibitekerezo byabo, cyane cyane ku nsanganyamatsiko zishingiye kuri politike.

### Ibyagezweho
- Hariho gutanga amahugurwa ku bitangazamakuru n’abaturage ku burenganzira bwabo bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.  

- Gahunda za Leta n’imiryango mpuzamahanga zashyigikiye ikoranabuhanga rituma abaturage bashobora gutanga ibitekerezo ku mbuga zemewe n’amategeko.

### Imibare

### Reba kandi

*

## References
Inkunga ya Dyslexia muri Amerika

Imiryango imwe n’imwe y’ubugiraneza, nk’**Ishingiro rya** Scottish Rite Foundation, yafashe inshingano zo gukora ibizamini bisuzuma indwara yo kutabasha gusoma neza (dyslexia) no gutegura amasomo n’ibikoresho byo kwigisha, akenshi bitangwa ku buntu, ku barimu n’abanyeshuri. 

## Reba kandi

* Kwiga Ally
* Ishuri rya Greengate
* Ishuri Rikuru
* Ishuri rya Lewis rya Princeton
* Trident Academy

## Reba


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Umuryango mpuzamahanga wa Dyslexia
Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco

**masezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco** ( **ICESCR** ) ni amasezerano y’ibihugu byinshi yemejwe n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye (GA) ku ya 16 Ukuboza 1966 binyuze muri GA. Icyemezo 2200A (XXI), gitangira gukurikizwa ku  Mutarama 1976 . Uburenganzira bukubiyemo uburenganzira bw'umurimo, uburenganzira ku buzima, uburenganzira bwo kwiga, n'uburenganzira ku mibereho ihagije . Kuva muri Kanama 2025, Amasezerano afite amashyaka 173.  Ibindi bihugu bine, harimo na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, byashyize umukono ku masezerano ariko ntibyemeza ayo masezerano.

## Incamake
Amasezerano akurikiza imiterere ya UDHR na ICCPR, hamwe nintangiriro ningingo mirongo itatu nimwe, igabanijwemo ibice bitanu.
Uburenganzira ku Rukiko Ruteza Imbere Ubutabera

Uburenganzira ku rukiko ruteza imbere ubutabera ni kimwe mu burenganzira bw’ibanze bwa buri muntu. Buri wese mu Rwanda afite uburenganzira bwo kubona ubutabera butabogamye, bwihuse kandi bukurikije amategeko. Iri burenganzira ryubahirizwa n’amategeko y’igihugu, Itegeko Nshinga, ndetse n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye.

### Amategeko n’Imiterere y’Ubutabera

* **Itegeko Nshinga rya 2003**, ingingo ya 29, rivuga ko abantu bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kubona ubutabera budakumira cyangwa bwihishe, kandi ko buri muntu ahabwa uburenganzira bwo kumva no kwiregura.

* **Itegeko ry’Umurongo w’Ubucamanza n’Ubutabera**, Penal Code, risobanura uburyo abantu bashobora kwiregura mu manza, kubona umwunganizi mu by’amategeko, no gusaba gusuzumwa k’umwanzuro w’urukiko.

### Uburyo Urukiko Ruteza Imbere Ubutabera Bukora
1. Inzira z’Amategeko: Buri muntu ashobora kujya mu rukiko agashaka ubutabera igihe yahanganye n’ikibazo cy’amategeko cyangwa impapuro z’amakosa.  

2. Uburenganzira bwo Guhabwa Umunyamategeko:Buri wese afite uburenganzira bwo kubona umwunganizi mu rukiko.  

3. Ubutabera bwihuse: Urukiko rufite inshingano zo gutanga ubutabera mu gihe gito kandi bukurikije amategeko kugira ngo abantu batagwizwa n’akarengane.

### Imbogamizi

* Amafaranga y’urukiko: Abaturage bamwe ntibabona ubutabera kubera kutabona ubushobozi bwo kwishyura amafaranga y’urukiko cyangwa umwunganizi mu by’amategeko.
* Kwigenga kw’urukiko:Hari impungenge ku bwigenga bw’urukiko mu manza zimwe zishingiye ku politiki.
* Ubumenyi buke ku mategeko: Abaturage benshi bo mu cyaro bakeneye amahugurwa ku burenganzira bwabo bwo kubona ubutabera.

### Ibyagezweho

* Inkunga ya Leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta yatumye abantu benshi babasha kubona ubutabera bwihuse.
* Porogaramu za “Legal Aid Clinics” zatumye abaturage badasobanukiwe n’amategeko babasha kubona ubufasha bw’umwuga.
* Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusaba ubufasha hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga, nk’urubuga rwa Online Case Management System, byorohereza abantu bo mu cyaro.

### Imibare

### Reba kandi

*

## References
Inkunga ya Dyslexia muri Repubulika ya Irlande

Mu Gihugu cya Repubulika ya Irilande, abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabasha gusoma neza (dyslexia), cyane cyane abana bo mu mashuri, bashobora gufashwa n’uburyo butandukanye burimo: gufashwa kwigira ku giti cyabo n’abarimu b’inzobere mu myigishirize, gukoresha ibikoresho bya mudasobwa bifite ubushobozi bwo gusoma inyandiko (text-to-speech), gukosora inyuguti no guhanga amagambo (word prediction); ndetse no gukoresha amataratara afite amabara n’izindi ngamba nyinshi zitandukanye.  Uburyo buhitamo gufasha umuntu bushingira ku mimerere ye yihariye. Abantu bo muri Irilande y'Amajyaruguru bafashwa na serivisi zitangwa n’imiryango ishinzwe gufasha abafite Dyslexia mu Bwongereza .

## Uburezi bwibanze

### Imfashanyigisho
Ukurikije urwego rwubumuga, abanyeshuri barashobora guhabwa inkunga nubufasha bwihariye akeneye .

### Gusonerwa ururimi rwa Irilande
Ururimi rw’ ni isomo ribanza kandi risabwa ku banyeshuri bose. Ariko, abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bwo kutabasha gusoma neza (dyslexia) bashobora gusaba gusonerwa iri somo, kugira ngo bibande ku kwiga ururimi rw’Icyongereza. 

### Ibizamini
Abanyeshuri bakeneye ubufasha mu gukora ibizamini bya leta (nk’abandikira ibisubizo cyangwa abakoresha poroseseur yo kwandika ku mudasobwa) bashobora gusaba uburenganzira bwo koroherezwa binyuze muri gahunda yitwa Reasonable Accommodation in the Certificate Examinations (RACE).  Mu mwaka wa 2015, abanyeshuri bagera kuri 9,000 ni bo bakeneye ubu bufasha. 

### Urwego rwa gatatu
Abanyeshuri bafite ubumuga bahabwa ubufasha bwihariye ndetse n’uburyo bwo kwinjira muri kaminuza n'amashuri makuru binyuze muri gahunda yitwa Disability Access Route to Education (DARE).  Mu rwego rw’iyi gahunda, dyslexia is recognized nka ubumuga bwihariye mu myigire (Specific Learning Difficulty – SLD).  Amwe mu mashuri makuru na kaminuza ateganyiriza imyanya yihariye aba banyeshuri, ku buryo rimwe na rimwe ayo myanya ihabwa abatsindiye amanota make kurusha asabwa muri gahunda isanzwe ya CAO (Central Applications Office).

## Reba
Uburenganzira ku Mirimo mu Rwanda

Uburenganzira ku mirimo ni kimwe mu burenganzira bw’ingenzi bwa muntu, bukubiye mu Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda rya 2003. Buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo gukora, kubona akazi kagendanye n’ubushobozi bwe, ndetse no guhabwa umushahara ungana n’icyo akora.

### Amategeko n’Inzego Zishinzwe

* Ingingo ya 40 y’Itegeko Nshinga rivuga ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo gukora no guhabwa inshingano zihwanye n’ubushobozi bwe, kandi ko abakozi bafite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa imishahara iboneye.

* Itegeko ry’akazi n’akanyamuneza (Labour Code, Law No 66/2018) rigena uko abakozi bakorana n’abakoresha babo, imishahara, amasaha y’akazi, iminsi y’ikiruhuko, ndetse n’ukwirinda ihohoterwa mu kazi.

* Inzego zishinzwe gucunga imirimo mu Rwanda ni **Ministeri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu** na **Ministeri y’Imirimo n’Iterambere ry’Abakozi**. Zikurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko y’umurimo n’uburenganzira bw’abakozi.

### Politiki n’Ibikorwa
- **Gahunda yo guteza imbere urubyiruko:** Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho amahugurwa n’ubumenyi ngiro ku rubyiruko kugira ngo rube rufite ubushobozi bwo kubona akazi.  - **Inkunga ku bagore n’abashoramari bato:** Porogaramu nka “Women’s Guarantee Fund” na gahunda zo gufasha ba rwiyemezamirimo bato zifasha mu kongera amahirwe yo kubona imirimo.  - **Iterambere ry’imirimo y’ubwenge n’ikoranabuhanga:** Gahunda zo guteza imbere STEM na ICT mu rubyiruko zigamije kongera amahirwe yo kubona akazi mu mwuga w’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga.

### Imbogamizi
1. **Ubushomeri mu rubyiruko:** Nubwo habaye intambwe, urubyiruko ruracyahura n’akazi gashobora guha imibereho myiza.  2. **Ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina:** Abakobwa n’abagore mu bice bimwe by’icyaro baracyahura n’imbogamizi mu kubona imirimo y’inyungu zingana n’iz’abagabo.  3. **Ubumenyi buke ku masoko y’umurimo:** Abantu benshi ntibafite ubumenyi buhagije ku masoko y’akazi cyangwa amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo.

### Ibyagezweho

* Ibigo byinshi by’akazi n’imishinga ya Leta byongereye amahirwe yo kubona akazi ku rubyiruko n’abagore.
* Porogaramu zo kwihangira imirimo (Entrepreneurship programs) zifasha abashoramari bato kubona inguzanyo no kongera ibikorwa byabo.
* Gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikirana imirimo n’akazi hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga nka e-Government services.

### Imibare

### Reba kandi

## References
Maria Dudycz

**Maria Dudycz** ni umunyamwuga mu by’ubuzima wo muri Ositaraliya, akaba kandi umuvugizi w’abafite ubumuga.

Dudycz azwi cyane kubera uruhare rwe mu gutegura no guteza imbere itegeko rya “Victorian Disability Act 2006.”   

Mu mwuga we wose, uburambe bwa Dudycz mu by’ubuvuzi bwamuhesheje imirimo myinshi yahawe na Guverinoma y’Igihugu. Muri yo harimo kuyobora Itsinda Ngirakamaro rishinzwe kugenzura isoko ry’amata y’abana bato muri Ositaraliya kuva 2001 kugeza 2005, ndetse no kuyobora Ikigo cya National Health and Medical Research Council gishinzwe kanseri y’amatako (Breast Cancer Centre) kuva 2001 kugeza 2003.

Dudycz yayoboye kandi Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubuvuzi mu by'amategeko rya Ositaraliya kuva mu 1998 kugeza 2003. 

Mu mwaka wa 2018, Dudycz yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’icyubahiro rw’abagore ba Victoria (Victorian Honour Roll of Women). 

## Reba
Itegeko ryerekeye Ahaparikwa byihariye ku Bantu Bafite Ubumuga, Scotland 2009

**Itegeko ry’Ahaparikirwa byihariye ku Bantu Bafite Ubumuga (Scotland) rya 2009** ni itegeko ryatowe n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Scotland rigena inshingano z’inzego z’ibanze ku bijyanye n’ahaparikirwa h’abafite ubumuga, ryemejwe n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ku wa 26 Gashyantare 2009 kandi rikemezwa n’Umwami ku wa 1 Mata 2009. 

## Reba kandi

* Urutonde rwibikorwa byinteko ishinga amategeko ya Scotland kuva 1999

## Reba

* “Itegeko ry’Ahaparikirwa byihariye ku Bantu Bafite Ubumuga (Scotland) rya 2009”. Current Law Statutes Annotated 2009. Sweet & Maxwell. Thomson Reuters. 2010. Igice cya 3. Igitabo asp 3. Pp  kugeza 3-13.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Text of the Disabled Persons' Parking Places (Scotland) Act 2009 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
Komite Ngirakamaro y’Abafite Ubumuga

**Komite Ngirakamaro z’Abafite Ubumuga**  zasabweho gushyirwaho mu Bwongereza n’Itegeko ry’Abafite Ubumuga mu Kazi rya 1944 (Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1944). Iri tegeko ryari igerageza rya mbere ryagaragaje uburyo bwo guhangana n’ikibazo cyo kubona akazi ku bantu bafite ubumuga ku rwego rusange. 

Komite imwe yashyirwaga kuri buri kigo gikuru gishinzwe guhuza abashaka akazi n’akazi, zigizwe n’abakozi n’abakoresha bafite umubare ungana, hamwe n’abanyamuryango bigenga n’umuyobozi wigenga. Zagize uruhare mu kugenzura Igitabo cy’Abafite Ubumuga (Disabled Persons Register) ndetse no mu gukoresha sisitemu y’imyanya yihariye (quota system).  Zari mu nshingano z’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Umurimo. 

Hanashinzwe kandi Inama Nkuru Ngirakamaro y’Igihugu ishinzwe Ibikorwa by’Abafite Ubumuga mu Kazi (National Advisory Council on the Employment of the Disabled).

## Reba
Komisiyo y’Uburenganzira bw’Abafite Ubumuga

**Komisiyo y’Uburenganzira bw’Abafite Ubumuga (Disability Rights Commission – DRC)** yashyirwagaho n’ubuyobozi bwa British Labour mu mwaka wa 1999. Icyo gihe, DRC yari komisiyo ya gatatu ishinzwe uburinganire mu Bwongereza, iri kumwe na komisiyo ishinzwe uburinganire bw’amoko na komisiyo ishinzwe amahirwe angana . Umuyobozi wayo kuva 2000 kugeza 2007 yari Bert Massie.

DRC yashinzwe gusuzuma Itegekory’Iribagiza Abafite Ubumuga rya 1995 gutanga inama ku byerekeye impinduka zaryo. Yagize uburenganzira bwo gukora iperereza no gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko arebana n’ubumuga, kandi yari ishinzwe kugisha inama abakoresha ku buryo bwo kwakira no guha amahirwe angana abakozi bafite ubumuga mu kazi. DRC yasimbuye ikigo cyabanje kandi cyari gifite imbaraga nke, aricyo National Disability Council, cyashinzwe n’abashinzwe politike ya Conservatives mu myaka ya 1990.

Itegeko ry’Uburenganzira Bungana rya 2006 ryatumye mu kwezi kwa cumi 2007, DRC isimburwa n’ikigo gishya cyitwa komisiyo nshya y’uburinganire n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, gifite ububasha ku mategeko yose arebana n’uburinganire, harimo ivangura ry’amoko, igitsina, ubumuga, idini n’imyemerere, uburyo bw’imibonano mpuzabitsina n’imyaka.

DRC yari ikigo cya leta kitari mu nzego za minisiteri (NDPB) cyari gishyikirizwa Ishami ry’Umurimo n’Imisanzu. Ibiro byayo bikuru byari mu mujyi wa Manchester, kandi hari n’ibindi biro i London, Cardiff, na Edinburgh.

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwa komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga
* Urupapuro rwa komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga kuri gov.uk.
Imikino y’Abafite Ubumuga mu mikino ya Lusofonia

Iri **rushanwa ry’imikino y’abafite ubumuga** ryatangiye kubera guhera mu mwaka wa 2009. Mu mikino ya 2009 ryari igikorwa cy’igerageza, ari cyo guhiganwa ku metero 1,500 mu kinyagihagararo (wheelchair) ku bagabo, bityo uwatsindiye iri rushanwa ntiyabarwagaho mu ishusho y’imidari ya nyuma y’iyo mikino.

## Abagabo batsinze ibirori

### 400 m

* 2009 : Angola Cândido Cândido

### Intebe yimuga ya metero 1500 ( ''Igikorwa cyo Kwerekana'' )

* 2009 : Cape Verde Francisco Pina

## Abatsinze ibirori byabagore

### 400 m

* 2009 : Angola Maria Celeste Manuel

## Reba
Inama mpuzamahanga ku cyongereza Braille

**Inama mpuzamahanga ishinzwe Braille** ( **ICEB** ) ni urwego rushinzwe gushyiraho  amabwiriza ahuriweho ku buryo bw'inyuguti za braille zikoresha mu bihugu bikoresha icyongereza . ubu abanyamuryango barimo ibihugu umunani bikurikira: Ositaraliya, Kanada, Irilande, Nepal, Nouvelle-Zélande, Afurika y'Epfo, Ubwongereza, na Amerika .  ] 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* ICEB.org
Ikipe y’Igihugu y’u Bwongereza y’abafite ubumuga bwo mu myigire

**Itsinda ry’u Bwongereza ry’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (LD)** ni imwe mu makipe umunani y’ubumuga ashyigikiwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’umupira wamaguru . Kugira ngo umukinnyi ajye muri iri tsinda, agomba kuba afite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, afite IQ iri munsi cyangwa ingana na 70–75, nk’uko bisobanurwa n’ Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS). Nanone kandi, umukinnyi agomba kuba yarahawe uburezi bwihariye, cyangwa yaritabiriye akazi cyangwa serivisi z’ituzanwa hagati y’imyaka 0 kugeza kuri 18. 

Itsinda ry’u Bwongereza  ry’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe (England LD team) ryatsindiye igikombe cy’isi cy’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe mu mikino ya INAS mu mwaka wa 2002, ubwo ryatsindaga Ubuholandi (Netherlands) ibitego 2–1 kuri Stade Yokohama, mu Buyapani, muri Kanama 2002.  Mu kwezi kwa Kanama 2003, bageze ku mukino wa nyuma w’irushanwa rya Learning Disabilities European Championships, ariko batsindirwa ibitego 2–1 n’Ubuholandi muri Portugal. Mu mwaka wa 2004, muri Kanama, babaye abanyarukiko b’isi mu mikino ya mbere yiswe Global Games, batsinda Polonye ibitego 4–1 ku mukino wa nyuma wabereye i Bollnäs, muri Suède (Sweden).  Ariko, abari bafite igikombe cy’isi batsinzwe mu mikino ya ¼ cy’irushanwa (quarter finals) y’irushanwa rya INAS FID World Football Championship mu mwaka wa 2006, batsindwa ibitego 4–1 na Arabie Saoudite (Saudi Arabia) i Recklinghausen, mu Budage. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe rwa FA, Amakipe yamugaye
Ubumuga muri Biyelorusiya

**Ubumuga muri Biyelorusiya** bivuga ababana n'ubumuga muri Biyelorusiya .

## Amateka
Mu mwaka wa 2016, Biyelorusiya yemeje Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga . Mu mwaka wa 2017, Guverinoma ya Biyelorusiya yashyizeho kandi yemeza gahunda y'igihugu ikwiye kugeza mu mwaka 2025 

## Imibare
Kugeza ubu muri Biyelorusiya hari abantu 570,000 bafite ubumuga, bangana na 6% by'abaturage. 

## Reba kandi

* Biyelorusiya mu mikino Paralympike

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Ukraine

Abantu miliyoni 2.7 muri Ukraine (6%  ) bavuzwe ko bafite ubumuga mu 2014.  Uyu mubare ntiwarim 1.5% by’abafite ubumuga bw’igihe gito.  Mu mwaka wa 2014, 35% by'abantu bafite hagati yimyaka 60-70 bafite ubumuga buterwa nimyaka. Ku bantu barengeje imyaka 80, uyu mubare wiyongereye kugera kuri 50%. 

Ukraine izwiho "kutita ku bantu bafite ubumuga".   Urugero, mu murwa mukuru Kyiv 4% gusa by’ibikorwa remezo ni byo bifatwa nk’ibyorohereza abantu bafite ubumuga.

Mu myaka ya 1990,  igipimo cy’ubushomeri mu bantu bafite ubumuga cyiyongereye cyane muri Ukraine (no mu bindi bihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba ) bitewe n’ihungabana ry’ubukungu.

Mu mwaka wa 2021, isosiyete ikora gari ya moshi yo muri Ukraine Ukrzaliznytsia yatangije gari ya moshi za mbere zorohereza abantu bafite ubumuga, zifite ahabugenewe h’abantu bicara mu tugare tw’abafite ubumuga. 

Ukraine ni kimwe mu bihugu byatsinze kenshi mu mikino ya Paralympique .  

## Reba kandi

* Ubuvuzi muri Ukraine
* Ubuzima muri Ukraine

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Uganda

**Ubumuga muri Uganda** bivuga ababana n'ubumuga muri Uganda .

## Imibare
Mu mwaka wa 2002, 16% by'abaturage ba Uganda bari bafite ubumuga butandukanye. 

## Byemewe n'amategeko
Itegeko Nshinga rya Uganda ribuza ivangura rikorerwa ababana n'ubumuga. Igihugu kandi cyemera ururimi rw’amarenga rwa Uganda nk’igice cy’Itegeko Nshinga. 

## Reba kandi

* Uganda muri Paralympique

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Tonga

Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Sosiyete itabara imbabare Croix-Rouge ya Tonga na Komite Ngishwanama ku bafite ubumuga, muri Tonga hari abantu 2,782 bafite ubumuga butandukanye, bangana na 2.8% by'abaturage bose. 

## Amateka
Mu mwaka wa 2007, Tonga yashyize umukono ku Masezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ariko akaba ataremeza kugeza ubu. 

## Ibyiciro
Mu mwaka wa 1996, ubumuga muri Tonga bwari bugizwe na: ubumuga bwo mu mutwe  (43.8%), ubumuga bwo mu bwenge (24,6%), ubumuga bw’umubiri (14.5%), ubumuga bwo kutumva (8.9%), ubumuga bwo kutabona (5.4%) n'abandi (2.8%). 

## Reba kandi

* Tonga muri Paralympique
* Imibare ya Tonga

## Reba
Bibliografiya itumva

**Deaf Bibliography(ubumuga bwo Kutumva)** ni ububiko bwo kuri interineti bushobora gushakishwamo, bukubiyemo urutonde rw’ibitabo n’inyandiko zerekeye inyigisho ku bumuga bwo kutumva, bwatangijwe na Karen Nakamura kuva mu mwaka wa 1995. Ububiko bushobora gushakishwamo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushakisha bwihuse, **[[:en:Full-text_search#Boolean_queries|Boolean]]**, ndetse n’uburyo bwo gushakisha hashingiwe ku byiciro. Ibiri muri ubu bubiko birimo ibitabo byanditswe ku giti cyabyo, ibice byanditse mu bitabo byahurijwemo inyandiko z’abantu benshi, inyandiko zo mu binyamakuru bya siyansi, ndetse n’impapuro z’amamaza. Bukubiyemo ibyerekeye umuco w’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva ku isi yose, harimo n’igihugu cya **Ubuyapani**. Indimi zirimo ni **Icyongereza** n’**Ikiyapani**.

Ibyiciro bikubiyemo ni iby’imibereho n’ibidukikije, ubugeni n’ubumuntu, hamwe n’ibice bike by'ubuvuzi ubumenyi bw’ibinyabuzima, n’ubusanzwe. Buri kintu kiri muri ubu bubiko gishyirwa mu cyiciro hakurikijwe akarere, igihugu, n'insanganyamatsiko, kandi inyandiko nshya zongerwaho n’amagambo y’ingenzi yihariye

## Reba

* Official website
Ubumuga mu birwa bya Salomo

**Ubumuga mu birwa bya Salomo** bivuga ababana n'ubumuga mu birwa bya Salomo .

## Amateka
Ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 2022, Guverinoma y’ibirwa bya Salomo yemeje ku mugaragaro Politiki y’Iterambere Rihuriweho n’Abafite Ubumuga mu gihugu. Yatangiye gukurikizwa ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2022. 

## Imibare
Kugeza ubu hari 14% by'abaturage bo mu birwa bya Salomo bafite ubumuga butandukanye. 

## Reba kandi

* Ibirwa bya Salomo muri Paralympique

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo

**Ubumuga muri Sudani y’Epfo** bureba ku rwego n’ingaruka z’ubuzima ku bantu bafite ubumuga muri icyo gihugu. Nk’uko twabitangarijwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku bafite ubumuga *Light of the World*, abantu bagera ku 250,000 bafite ubumuga baba muri Sudani y'Amajyepfo. 

## Amategeko
Muri mwaka wa 2015, Sudani y'Amajyepfo yashyizeho itegeko rigamije gushyigikira uburenganzira n'abafite ubumuga. 

## Amashirahamwe
*Umuryango Mukuru w’Imiryango y’Abantu bafite Ubumuga (NUDPO)* washinzwe muri Nzeri 2020 nk’umuryango w’ubumwe ugamije kurengera no guteza imbere uburenganzira n’inyungu z’abantu bafite ubumuga bo muri Sudani Yepfo. NUDPO igizwe n’imiryango umunani iyigize, harimo *umuyoboro w’abagore bafite ubumuga bo muri Sudani yepfo* n’ishyirahamwe *ry’igihugu ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bo muri Sudani yepfo* . 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

*
Talha Ahmet Erdem – Umunyabigwi w’umukino w’abafite ubumuga

**Talha Ahmet Erdem** ni umutoza w’umukino wa Judo w’icyiciro cy’isi wa Turukiya ufite ubumuga bwa Down. Akina mu cyiciro cya 81&nbsp;kg mu rwego rwa T23 rw’abafiteubumuga . 

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Somaliya

**Ubumuga muri Somaliya** bivuga ibibazo bifitanye isano nabafite ubumuga muri Somaliya .

## Amateka
Ku wa 2 Ukwakira 2018, Somaliya yashyize umukono ku Masezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga maze iyemeza ku wa 6 Kanama 2019. Yatangiye gukurikizwa ku wa 5 Nzeri 2019. 

## Imibare
Kugeza mu 2020, abaturage ba Somaliya bagera kuri 5% bafite ubumuga butandukanye.  Ubwoko bw’ubumuga buboneka muri Somaliya burimo: ubumuga bw’umubiri (26%), kubona (15%), kumva (12%), mu mutwe (12%), kuvuga (6%), ubwenge (5%) nabandi (24%). 

## Amashyirahamwe y'abamugaye

* Ishyirahamwe ry’abatumva bo muri Somaliya

## Reba kandi

* Somaliya mu mikino Paralympike

## Reba
Ubumuga muri Seychelles

Kugeza mu mwaka wa 1996, muri Seychelles hari abantu 1,496 bafite ubumuga butandukanye. 

## Amateka
Seychelles yashyize umukono ku Masezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga ku wa 30 Werurwe 2007 ayemeza ku wa 2 Ukwakira 2009. Yatangiye gukurikizwa ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2009. 

## Imibare
Mu mwaka wa 1981, habarurwaga abantu 2,908 bafite ubumuga nyuma y’uko igihugu gikora ubushakashatsi bwo kumenya umubare w’abantu bafite ubu bumuga. Mu mwaka wa 1991, umubare wari 732. 

## Ibyiciro
Ubumuga muri Seychelles bugabanyijemo ibyiciro byinshi, birimo: ubumuga bw’umubiri, ubumuga bwo mu mutwe cyangwa bwo mu bwenge, ndetse n’icyiciro cy’ubumuga bw’amarangamutima y’amarangamutima, harimo ubumuga bwo kumva, kuvuga no kubona. 

## Ubuvugizi
Ishyirahamwe ry’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva (APHI) ryashinzwe mu 2005 mu guhugura abarimu bigisha abantu batumva no guteza imbere imyumvire y’abaturage y’ururimi rw’amarenga rwa Seychelles . 

## Reba
Ikigo cy’Abatabona Ezenzeleni

**Ikigo cy’Abatabona Ezenzeleni** yari ishuri ry’abatabona riherereye i

Roodepoort, hafi ya Johannesburg muri Afurika yepfo. Ryashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1939 na Arthur Blaxall, umupasiteri wa Anglican wavukiye mu Bwongereza, wakoranye n’umugore we muri Afurika y’Epfo guhera mu mwaka wa 1923. 

Mu barimu b'iki kigo harimo Es'kia Mphahlele, wahakoreraga mu mwaka wa 1940. Nyina wa Desmond Tutu, **Aletha**, yakoraga nk’umutekinisiye w’ibiryo muri icyo gihe; ni ho Tutu yahuye na Trevor Huddleston. 

## Reba
Igipimo cyo Kwigenga mu Mikorere y’Umubiri

**Igipimo cyo Kwigenga mu Mikorere y’Umubiri** ( **FIM** ) ni igikoresho cyo gusuzuma kigamije kwerekana urwego rw’imikorere y’abarwayi mu gihe cyose cy’ubuvuzi bwo kongera ubushobozi nyuma yo kugira stroke, ibikomere ku bwonko, ibikomere ku mugongo cyangwa kanseri .Igipimo gikoreshwa ahantu hatandukanye harimo ibigo byita ku barwayi bakeneye ubuvuzi bwihariye n’amavuriro ahuza ubuvuzi bwihuse (acute), ubuvuzi bw’igihe gito (sub-acute) n’ubuvuzi bwo kongera ubushobozi (rehabilitation care). Gikorwa ku gihe cyo kwakira umurwayi no kuva mu bitaro by’ubuvuzi bwo kongera ubushobozi, kikaba igikoresho gihoraho cyo gukusanya amakuru agamije kugereranya ibyavuye mu kuvura abarwayi mu rwego rw’ubuzima rusange.  FIM igamije kandi gufasha abaganga gukurikirana impinduka mu mikorere y’abarwayi kuva batangiye kwakira ubuvuzi kugeza bageze ku gusohoka no gukurikirwa nyuma yaho.Igipimo cyerekana urwego rw’ubumuga bushingiye ku manota umurwayi abona mu byiciro 18, byibanda ku mikorere y’umubiri (motor function) no ku bwenge (cognitive function). Buri cyiciro gisuzumwa hakoreshejwe urwego rwa 7 aho 1 = gukenera ubufasha bwuzuye (<25% kwigenga) naho 7 = kwigenga 100%.  Bityo, amanota ya FIM ashobora gusobanurwa nk’igaragaza urwego rw’ubwigenga cyangwa uburemere bw’ubufasha umuntu akeneye. Uru rugero rukoreshwa gusuzuma uburyo umuntu ashobora gukora ibikorwa by’ibanze bya buri munsi, bityo hagamenyekana uko azaba akeneye ubufasha bw’abandi.  Ibindi bice bisuzumwa birimo imikorere y’umubiri, nko kureba neza uburyo abarwayi bimuka kandi bagenda, ndetse n’imikorere y’ubwenge, nko kureba uko bafatanya n’abandi, uko batumanaho, kandi bakamenya gutunganya amakuru.  FIM yatekerejwe ku bantu bagize stroke, ariko ikoreshwa kandi mu gusuzuma ubumuga mu bindi bihe by’uburwayi. 

## Reba
Ahazaza ni Abafite Ubumuga

**Ahazaza ni Abafite Ubumuga: Ibyahanuwe, Inyandiko z’Urukundo n’Indirimbo z’Agahinda** ni igitabo kitari inkuru z’imibereho (non-fiction) cyasohotse mu 2022, cyanditswe n’umwanditsi ndetse n’umurwanashyaka w’Umunyakanada-Umunyamerika, Leah Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha .     

## Amavu n'amavuko
Piepzna-Samarasinha yatangiye kwandika igitabo “Ahazaza ni Abafite Ubumuga” mu mwaka wa 2018. 

## Reba
George Gallego

**George Gallego** (yavutse c. 1966 )  numunyamerika paratriathlete na rwiyemezamirimo. Niwe washinze kandi akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa Wheels of Progress   akaba ari nawe washinze umushinga wa Axis. Binyuze kuri Access Initiatives, yafunguye siporo ebyiri zigamije gufasha ababana n'ubumuga: umwe i Brooklyn undi i Manhattan .   Mu 2021, yafunguye resitora Contento muri East Harlem . Resitora yashyizweho ku buryo abantu bakoresha karekezi bashobora kuyinjiramo no kuyikoresha neza, kandi ku mafunguro ari ku menyu harimo QR codes kugira ngo abagize ubumuga bwo kutabona babashe kumva ayo mafunguro basomwe n’icyuma cyabo. 

Gallego yakuye impamyabumenyi ihanitse ya master mu buyobozi bw'inzego yakuye muri kaminuza ya Mercy . Yize kandi muri kaminuza ya Fordham na kaminuza ya Cornell kugira ngo arangize. 

Gallego yamugaye kuva mu rukenyerero nko mu mwaka wa 1990 afite imyaka 23 nyuma yo kugwa mu idirishya rya etage ya gatatu ahazubakwa.   Yahungabanye mu buryo bw’umutima, yungutse ibiro byinshi nyuma y’impanuka, maze atandukana n’umugore we.  Amaherezo, Gallego yatangiye imyitozo. Yinjiye mu irushanwa rye rya mbere ry’amagare mu 2005 ndetse n’umujyi wa mbere wa New York City Triathlon mu mwaka wa 2007. 

Gallego yahuye n'umugore we, Julia Kahn-Gallego, muri Triathlon yo mu mujyi wa New York 2007; bashakanye mu mwaka wa 2009. Gallego afite abana batatu. 

## Reba
Gemma (Umuryango)

***GEMMA*** ni ikinyamakuru n’umuryango w’imibereho rusange washinzwe mu 1976, ugamije gutanga “itsinda ry’inshuti n’ubufasha ku bagore bafite

ubumuga bari mu itsinda ry’abakundana n’abagore mu Bwongereza ". 

Uyu muryango washinzwe n’abanyamuryango b’umuryango wa lesbiyani witwa Sappho n’umuryango uvanze witwa Campaign for uburinganire bw’abahuje ibitsina, barimo Elsa Beckett.  Akanyamakuru k'abanyamuryango ba Gemma kasohotse mu icapiro risanzwe, mu nyandiko ya braille kimwe na cassette .  

Mu nyandiko ye *Yambuye amateka yacu: Kwishora hamwe n’ubudasa mu Nzu Ndangamurage ya Londres*, Raminder Kaur asobanura urupapuro rwamamaza ibikorwa bya Gemma, biri mu bigize inzu ndangamurage ya Londres, nk'ingenzi mu gucukumbura insanganyamatsiko iranga abantu benshi cyangwa itandukaniro riri hagati". 

## Reba kandi
 

* Urutonde rwibinyamakuru bya lesbiyani

## Reba
Neeraj George

**Neeraj George**, uzwi kandi ku izina rya **Neeraj George Baby**, ni umunyamahanga mu misozii w’U Buhindi  akaba n'umukinnyi wa para badminton ukomoka muri Aluva, muri Kerala . Joriji yurira Kilimanjaro ku   George yakoraga nk'umukozi mu biro bikuru bya avoka muri Kerala,  George yitabiriye amarushanwa menshi yo mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga Para-Badminton . 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Neeraj George Baby at BWFBadminton.com
Ubumuga muri Samoa

Dukurikije amakuru yakusanyijwe mu mwaka wa 2006, abantu bagera ku 2,100 babana **n'ubumuga muri Samoa** .  Itegeko Nshinga ry’iki gihugu ntirivuga cyangwa ngo ririnde byihariye uburenganzira bw’abantu bafite ubumuga, kandi ntiribuza ivangura ribakorerwa.  Samoa, nubwo kuri ubu itashyize umukono ku masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga, yagaragaje ko yifuza ko yakwinjira mu gihe kiri imbere. 

Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’abantu bafite ubumuga, Guverinoma ya Samoa yashyizeho Itsinda rishinzwe ubumuga ku rwego rw’igihugu (National Disabilities Taskforce). Iki kigo gifite inshingano zo gukora no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zigamije gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga. Itsinda rikora rigendeye ku mabwiriza yashyizweho n’Itegeko Nshinga n’Igitekerezo cya Gahunda y’Igihugu ku Bafite Ubumuga byashyiriweho mu mwaka wa 2009. Byongeye, umuryango uyobora ibikorwa byo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abantu bafite ubumuga mu gihugu, Nuanua O Le Alofa, washinzwe mu mwaka wa 2001. Uyu muryango wari wateguye kandi Inama ya 5 y’Akarere ka Pasifika ku Bafite Ubumuga mu mwaka wa 2017. 

Ku rwego mpuzamahanga rwa siporo, Samoa yagiye ihagararirwa muri buri gihe cy'imikino Paralympike yo mu mpeshyi kuva mu mikino Paralempike yo muri 2000, nubwo iki gihugu kititabira imikino y'abamugaye. 

## Reba kandi

* Faʻatino Masunu Utumapu

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* ITANGAZO RYA KOMISIYO YO GUSUBIZA KAMINUZA YO MURI NUanua O Le Alofa Inc. (NOLA)
Ubumuga muri Rumaniya

**Ubumuga muri Romania** bureba ku buzima bw’abantu hafi 900,000—bingana n’umwe mu 20 mu baturage bose—bafite icyemezo cyemewe cy’ubumuga, aho hafi igice cya gatatu cyabo ari abagore cyangwa abakobwa, kandi abantu bagera ku 77,000 muri bo ari abana.

## Imibare
Mu rwego rwemewe, muri Kamena 2023 habarurwaga abantu 898,349 bafite ubumuga bwemejwe, aho 8.6% babo baba mu bigo byita ku bantu bafite ubumuga, abandi bose bakaba mu miryango yabo.  Ibarurishamibare rya Eurostat (EU-SILC) ryerekana ko muri 2023, 38.2% by’Abanya-Romania bafite ubumuga bari mu kaga k’ubukene cyangwa gukurwa mu muryango, ugereranyije na 27.5% by’abatagira ubumuga, ikaba ari intera ya gatatu nini cyane mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi.  Kubura ibyo bakeneye mu mibereho n’imibereho myiza kwagize ingaruka ku 28.4% by’Abanya-Romania bafite ubumuga—bingana inshuro ebyiri kurenza umubare w’Uburasirazuba bw’Uburayi—mugihe gusa 17% byabo bafite hagati y’imyaka 20 na 64 bari bafite akazi kishyurwa, ari ko gahigura mu Muryango. 

## Amategeko na politiki ya leta
Ingingo ya 50 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Rumaniya itanga “uburinzi budasanzwe” ku bantu bafite ubumuga, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’Itegeko Rishamikiyeho No 448/2006 ryerekeye Kurengera no Guteza Imbere Uburenganzira bw’Abantu bafite Ubumuga, ryahinduwe inshuro nyinshi kuva Romania yinjiye mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi kandi rikaba ritaraguzwa mu mategeko y’igihugu ajyanye n’ubumuga.  Romania yashyize umukono ku Masezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (CRPD) mu mwaka wa 2010 maze ishyiraho *ingamba z’igihugu zita ku burenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga 2022–2027*, akaba ari yo cya mbere cyashyizeho amahame ya CRPD mu ntego zishobora kugerwaho. 

## Politiki
Ubuvugizi bwa sosiyete sivile bushingiye ku nzego nk'Inama y'igihugu ishinzwe ubumuga no mu manza zifatika. Amahugurwa ya EIN 2023 yabereye i Bucharest yerekanye ko abantu badafite ubumuga mu by'amategeko, ibiro by’itora bitagerwaho ndetse n’ubundi buryo bwo gutora butandukanye, ibibazo guverinoma yatangiye kugerageza-gukemura muri Mata 2025 gusa binyuze mu buryo bwo gutora bwifashisha gukorakora no kumva amajwi ku baturage batabona. 

## Inyungu z’abafite ubumuga
Abakuze bose bafite icyemezo cyemewe cy’ubumuga bahabwa inkunga y’ukwezi ku kwezi, igabanuka cyangwa yiyongera bitewe n’uburemere bw’ubumuga. Amakuru ya Guverinoma yashyikirijwe Ibarurishamibare ry’Umuryango w’Uburayi ku Mibereho agaragaza ko inkunga yo ku rwego rwo hejuru yazamutse iva kuri 350 RON mu 2021 ikagera kuri 368 RON mu 2023, mu gihe ingengo y’imari yunganira abana bafite ubumuga bukomeye yazamutse kuva kuri 175 RON ikagera kuri 316 RON muri icyo gihe; kandi amafaranga yo ku rwego rwo hagati nayo yazamutse mu buryo bungana. 

## Reba kandi

* Ubuvuzi muri Rumaniya
* Ubuzima muri Rumaniya

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Ella Harper

**Ella Harper** (5 Mutarama 1870 - 19 Ukuboza 1921),  uzwi ku izina ry'Umukobwa **w'Ingamiya**,  yavutse afite uburwayi budasanzwe bw'amagufwa butuma amavi ye yunama inyuma, bita *genvital genu rehabvatum* . Uko yakundaga kugenda akoresheje amaguru n’amaboko byatumye ahabwa izina ry’akabyiniriro “Camel Girl”. Mu mwaka wa 1886, yagaragaye nk'inyenyeri muri WH Harris's Nickel Plate Circus, agaragara mu binyamakuru aho sirusi yasuye. Inyuma yikarita ye yikibuga yanditseho:

 

Harper yakiraga amadorari 200 ku cyumweru ku buryo yagaragarizaga abantu ( bingana na $7,000 muri 2024 ). Amafaranga yakiriye binyuze muri uru ruhare ashobora kuba yamuhaye amahirwe mu buzima atari kuba yabonye ahandi.  

Harper yashakanye n'umwarimu witwa Robert Savely mu mwaka wa 1905; yapfuye mu 1921 afite imyaka mirongo itanu n'umwe. Yashyinguwe mu irimbi rya Spring Hill i Nashville, muri Tennesse . 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ella Harper at Find a Grave
Hu Zurong

**Hu Zurong** (mu Bushinwa    ; wavutse 1939 cyangwa 1940 ) ni umukinnyi w'imikino ngororamubiri w'umugabo w'umushinwa akaba n'umuyobozi mu by'imikino. Hu yatsinze rekodi z'igihugu mu mukino wo gusimbuka urukiramende, kandi yakomeje kugira rekodi y’igihugu imyaka irenga 10.    

Hu Zurong yize mu ishuri rya Nanyang Model High School, Shanghai, Ubushinwa, akaba ari mu itsinda ry’abarangije mu mwaka wa 1960. Yegukanye zahabu mu mukino wo gusimbuka urukiramende muri GANEFO yo mu 1963,  n'umuringa mu gusimbuka urukiramende muri GANEFO 1966 . Yabaye champion w’igihugu mu mukino wo gusimbuka urukiramende (pole vault) mu mwaka wa 1965 mu marushanwa y’igihugu ya Repubulika y’Abashinwa.  Mu mwaka wa 1971, mu myitozo yakomeretse amaguru yombi maze amugara.  Yanditse ibitabo "Imyitozo ngororangingo: Ingero 1400"  (身體訓練 1400 例) na "Pole Vault" (撐竿跳高). [   w'icyubahiro kubera umuco na siporo mu mwaka wa 1980.  

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

*
ASL-phabet

**ASL-phabet**, cyangwa **inyuguti ya ASL**, ni uburyo bwo kwandika bwakozwe na Samuel Supalla ku rurimi rw'amarenga rw'Abanyamerika (ASL). Ishingiye kuri sisitemu yitwa SignFont,   Supalla yahinduye kandi yoroheje kugirango ikoreshwe mumashuri hamwe nabana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva neza. 

Kimwe na SignFont na Stokoe inyandiko, ASL-phabet ni inyandiko ya fonemique, ariko yaroroshe mu gukoreshwa ndetse no kugeza ahoamakuru kubidasobanutse neza, ni ukuvuga, ikimenyetso kimwe gishobora kugereranya ibintu byinshi birenze fonemike (ishusho y'intoki, ahantu cyangwa kugenda). Kurugero, mugihe SignFont ifite inyuguti 25 zerekana ubwoko bwimikorere, naho inyandiko ya Stokoe ifite 24, ASL-phabet ifite 5. Gusa ibi bishobora kuvamo homografi (ibimenyetso birenze kimwe byanditse muburyo bumwe).

Byose hamwe, ASL-phabet ifite inyuguti 22 zo gushushanya, 5 ndanga hantu, na 5 zo kugenda. Byanditswe murutonde, ibumoso-iburyo, hamwe nibishoboka inyuguti nyinshi za buri bwoko, nkamabaruwa abiri yintoki kubimenyetso bibiri. Kimwe na Stokoe yanditse (ariko bitandukanye na SignFont), ASL-phabet ntabwo itanga ibimenyetso byerekana isura yo mumaso, umunwa, nibindi bice byimiterere yururimi rwamarenga, bishobora kugorana gukoresha inyandiko yagutse. Ariko, birahagije gushakisha amagambo ASL mu nkoranyamagambo ya ASL - Icyongereza.  Icyitonderwa Hulst & Channon ( 

## Reba


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urupapuro rwitangiriro rwa ASL, hamwe na sisitemu yo kwinjiza amashusho ya ASL ninyuguti ya ASL hamwe ninkoranyamagambo ya ASL-Icyongereza kubana
Ganaian braille

Inyuguti nyinshi za braille zikoreshwa muri Gana. Ku mu rurimi rwi cyongereza, Icyongereza cyunze ubumwe Braille cyemejwe. Izindi ndimi enye zanditswe mu nyuguti: Akan (Twi), Ga, Ewe, na Dagaare . Inyuguti zose uko ari eshatu zishingiye ku shingiro ry'inyuguti ya braille y'inyuguti z'ibanze z'ikilatini:

Braille imeze  nki inyuguti zanditse zirenze izi zasobanuwe hepfo. Utumenyetso two mu cyongereza Braille dukoreshwa muri Gana no (dukurikije UNESCO 2013) Togo.

Braille ntabwo ikoreshwa cyane muri Gana kururimi urwo arirwo rwose kereka icyongereza. Ariko, hano haribisohokayandikiro bishaje muriyi nyuguti zinyuguti.

## Akan (Twi) Braille
 
Akan afite inyuguti imwe yinyongera. ⠪ *ɔ* ikaba nayo iteganijwe vuba kuva mumahame mpuzamahanga / Afrika ; ⠻ *ɛ* yihariye Gana.

## Ga na Dagaare Braille
 

## Ewe Braille
 
Ewe yongeyeho inyuguti nyinshi ziyongera: ⠫ *ɖ*, ⠹ *ƒ*, ⠣ *ɣ*, ⠮ *ʋ* .

*Ɖ* na *ɣ* ni amahame mpuzamahanga / Afurika (reba na braille ya Nigeriya ); *ƒ* na *ʋ* biva mu *majwi* y'Icyongereza, hafi na hafi muri urwo rurimi nyuma ya *f* na *v* .

## Braille yindimi za Togolée
Ewe ni ururimi rwibanze rwa Togo, kandi biragaragara ko ikoreshwa muri Togo hamwe ninshingano za braille nko muri Gana. UNESCO (2013] bigaragara ko bakoresha umukoro wa Ewe wo muri Gana:

* Bassar na Konkomba byanditse muri braille y'ibanze wongeyeho Ewe *ŋ, ɔ* .
* Kabiye afite *ɖ ɛ ɣ ɩ ŋ ɔ ʊ* . Inyuguti *ɩ* na *ʊ* zikurikiza amahame mpuzamahanga, kandi zihwanye na ⠔ *ị* na ⠳ *ụ* muri Igbo Braille .  ivuga *u / ʊ* indangagaciro za braille zahinduwe zivuye mubisanzwe, ikosa rishobora gukopororwa.
* Moba ifite *ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ*, hamwe na ⠔ *ɩ* nko muri Kabiye.
* Tem ifite *ɖ ɛ ɩ ŋ ɔ υ*, nko muri Kabiye.

Ikindi kandi, UNESCO ivuga ko indimi zitandukanye zo muri Togoliya zifite ⠡ ku majwi y’izuru, ⠸ ku majwi maremare, ⠘ ku majwi yo hagati, na ⠰ ku ijwi rito.

Izi ndimi zose uko ari eshanu zivugwa muri Gana kimwe na Togo, ariko Unesco ntabwo ivuga ko yagabanijwe kuri braille.

## Reba
Anusaaraka tool

**Anusaaraka** ni icyongereza kugeza ku gihindi kugera kuri software (ubusemuzi), ikoresha algorithm ikomoka kuri Ashtadhyayi ya Pāṇini (amategeko y'Ikibonezamvugo).  ]  ​​  Anusaaraka ifatwa nkuruvange rwa shastras gakondo zo mubuhinde hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho.

Anusaaraka igamije kwemerera abayikoresha mu kubona inyandiko mu rurimi urwo arirwo rwose rwo mu Buhinde nyuma yo guhindurwa bivuye mu rurimi rwaturutse.  Muri iki gihe cyamakuru menshi aboneka mucyongereza yaba amakuru y'ibizamini byo gupiganwa cyangwa gusoma muri rusange. abaturage benshi bo mu gihugu cyubuhinde bakoresha ururimi rwigi Hindi cyangwa urundi rurimi rwabahinde ntibashobora kubona amakuru mucyongereza. Anusaaraka igamije guca iyi mbogamizi yururimi yemerera umukoresha kwinjiza inyandiko yicyongereza muri Anusaaraka akayisoma mururimi rwabahinde bahisemo.

Anusaaraka yakuye izina ryayo mu ijambo rya Sanskrit "anusaran" risobanura "gukurikira." Byitwa cyane, nkuko bisobanurwa na Anusaaraka bisohoka kandi bigaragara mubice bimwe na bimwe ni ukuvuga urukurikirane rw'intambwe zikurikirana kugeza igihe ibisobanuro byanyuma byerekanwe kubakoresha.

### Kugaragaza kwizerwa kwinyandiko mururimi rwinkomoko
Mubice bitandukanye byasohotse Anusaaraka, hariho imbaraga zo kwemeza ko uyikoresha agomba kuba ashoboye kumva amakuru akubiye mu nteruro yicyongereza. izi mbaraga  ziihabwa agaciro kuruta gutanga interuro nziza mu rurimi rw'igihinde, kuko byaba ari ubusa kugira ubusobanuro busoma neza ariko ntibufate neza amakuru yinyandiko yaturutse.

Amabara mubisohoka yerekana ijambo icyiciro:

## Amashakiro
Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya igicuri

**Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya igicuri** ("ILAE") washinzwe mu mwaka wa 1909.  Intego yaryo ni ukuzamura imibereho y’abafite igicuri binyuze mu bushakashatsi.  Uyu munsi ILAE ifite ibice birenga 150 byigihugu, nabanyamuryango barenga 26,000, cyane cyane inzobere mubuzima.  Mu mwaka wa 1997 ILAE yifatanije n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe igicuri (IBE), n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi (OMS) gutangiza ubukangurambaga ku isi ku kurwanya igicuri (GCAE). 

ILAE yasohoye "2017 ILAE Itondekanya Igicuri", n'impapuro zayo zirambuye zo gukurikirana, n'abaganga benshi b'inzobere, bose basohotse muri  . Ibi bisimbuza ibyiciro byambere bya syndromes ya epilepsy yakozwe na ILAE. 

Bakoresha ibinyamakuru byubuvuzi , *Epilepsia Gufungura*, na *Epileptic Disorders* . 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze
 

* Official website
Dan Habib

**Dan Habib** numuyobozi wa firime wumunyamerika, producer, n'umukinnyi wa cinemateri ufite icyicaro i Concord, muri New Hampshire . *Filime ze zatsindiye ibihembo zirebana n’ibibazo by’ubumuga zirimo “Who Cares About Kelsey?”*,  *Harimo Samuel*,  *Ubuzima Bwenge,*  *Kwifata no Kwihererana: Umva inkuru zacu*, hamwe na documentaire ngufi. Filime ze zatoranijwe na Emmy, zihindurwa mu ndimi 17, kandi zikoreshwa ku isi hose mu gushyigikira uburezi n’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Habib aheruka kwerekana documentaire ngufi, *My Disability Roadmap*,  afatanije numuhungu we Samuel Habib. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere ku isi muri Hot Docs Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya documentaire ryo muri canada ku wa 1 Gicurasi 2022, kandi ryerekanwe mu rwego rwa New York Times Op-Docs. Iyi filime igizwe n’ibiganiro hagati ya Samuel n’abaharanira ubumuga bakomeye bo muri Amerika, ikanagaragaza zimwe mu mbogamizi Habibs bahuye nazo mu gutemberera aho hantu.  Filime ivuga kandi ku nyungu za Samuel mu gukundana nkumuntu wamugaye. 

Habib yatangiye umwuga we wo gutunganya amafoto ya *Concord Monitor,* mbere yo kugira uruhare mu guharanira uburenganzira bw'abafite ubumuga.  Mu mwaka wa 2014, yagizwe umwe mu bagize komite ya Perezida w’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe n’ubuyobozi bwa Obama.  Habib yahawe ibihembo n’icyubahiro bitandukanye, birimo Igihembo “Ubucamanza ku Bantu Bose” cyatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamerika ry’abafite ubumuga mu mwaka wa 2013, ndetse na Igihembo “Intwari mu Burenganzira bwa Muntu n’Uburenganzira bwa Civili” cyatanzwe na Ishyirahamwe ry’Uburezi ry’Igihugu (New Hampshire) mu mwaka wa 2012. 

## Reba

## Bibliografiya

*