open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ibyiciro Byubutaka

**Gutondekanya** ubutaka bujyanye no gutondekanya gahunda yubutaka bushingiye ku gutandukanya ibiranga kimwe n’ibipimo byerekana guhitamo gukoreshwa.

## Incamake
Gutondekanya ubutaka ni ikintu gifite imbaraga, uhereye kumiterere ya sisitemu, kugeza kubisobanuro byamasomo, kugeza kubisabwa mumurima. Gutondekanya ubutaka birashobora kwegerwa ukurikije ubutaka nkibintu nubutaka nkibikoresho.

Ibyanditswe ku rusengero rwa Horus ahitwa Edfu byerekana ibyiciro byubutaka bwakoreshejwe na Tanen kugirango hamenyekane urusengero rwubaka ahazabera.  Intiti za kera z'Abagereki zashyize mu byiciro zishingiye ku mico itandukanye y'ubutaka. 

## Ubwengeniyeri
Ba injeniyeri ba geotechnique bashyira mubutaka ukurikije imiterere yubuhanga bwabo nkuko bifitanye isano no gukoresha inkunga yishingiro cyangwa ibikoresho byubaka. Sisitemu yubuhanga bugezweho yashizweho kugirango yemere guhinduka byoroshye kuva kwitegereza kumurima kugera kubintu byibanze byubutaka bwubutaka nimyitwarire.

Sisitemu ikunze gutondekanya mubutaka muri Amerika ya ruguru ni Sisitemu ihuriweho n'ubutaka (USCS). USCS ifite amatsinda atatu yingenzi yo gutondekanya: (1) ubutaka bworoshye (urugero: umucanga na kaburimbo ); (2) ubutaka bwiza cyane (urugero: ibumba n'ibumba ); na (3) ubutaka kama cyane (byitwa " umutaka "). USCS iragabanya ibyiciro bitatu byingenzi byubutaka kugirango bisobanurwe. Itandukanya umucanga na kaburimbo nubunini bwingano, ishyira bamwe nka "amanota meza" naho ayandi "afite amanota mabi". Amashanyarazi n'ibumba bitandukanijwe nubutaka bwa Atterberg, bityo ubutaka bugabanywa mubutaka bwa "plastike nyinshi" na "plastike nkeya". Ubutaka buciriritse buringaniye bufatwa nkigabanywa ryumucyo nibumba kandi bitandukanijwe nubutaka budasanzwe nimihindagurikire yimiterere ya plastike (nimbibi za Atterberg) kumisha. Sisitemu yo gutondekanya ubutaka bwiburayi (ISO 14688) irasa cyane, itandukanye cyane cyane mukwandika no kongeramo "intera-plastike" hagati ya silitike nibumba, no muburyo burambuye.Ubundi buryo bwo gutondekanya ubutaka bwububiko muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika burimo sisitemu yo gutondekanya ubutaka bwa AASHTO, itondekanya ubutaka hamwe nuburinganire ugereranije nuburyo bukwiye bwo kubaka kaburimbo, hamwe na Modified Burmister sisitemu ikora kimwe na USCS ariko ikubiyemo code nyinshi kubutaka butandukanye bwubutaka. 
## Ubumenyi bw'ubutaka

Kubutunzi bwubutaka, ubunararibonye bwerekanye ko sisitemu karemano yuburyo bwo gutondekanya, ni ukuvuga guteranya ubutaka kubintu byabo bwite ( morphologie yubutaka ), imyitwarire, cyangwa genesi, bivamo amasomo ashobora gusobanurwa kubintu byinshi bitandukanye. Gutandukanya imyumvire ya pedogenezi, no gutandukanya mubisobanuro byimiterere ya morphologique kumikoreshereze itandukanye yubutaka birashobora kugira ingaruka muburyo bwo gutondeka. Nubwo hari itandukaniro, muri sisitemu yubatswe neza, ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekana itsinda bisa kugirango ibisobanuro bidatandukanye cyane. Ibi bitandukanye nuburyo bwa tekiniki yuburyo bwo gutondekanya ubutaka, aho ubutaka buteranijwe hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwabwo bwo gukoresha bwihariye nibiranga edaphic .

## References
Ihame ry'uburinganire mu burenganzira ku buzima

## UBURINGANIRE
Ihame ry'uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye mu Rwanda rimaze gushinga

imizi kuburyo budasubirwaho mu gihe hakiri ibihugu bimwe kw'isi

aho usanga havugwa ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe by'abagabo bakavivuga

imyato, Gusa kandi hari n'Abagore b'intwari bakoze ibikorwa by'indashyikirwa

ibikorwa by'ikitegererezo muri sosiyete. https://web.facebook.com/igihe/posts/ihame-ryuburinganire-nubwuzuzanye-mu-rwanda-rimaze-gushinga-imizi-mu-buryo-budas/10155872953052114/?_rdc=1&_rdr https://web.archive.org/web/20220809064546/https://legalaidrwanda.org/pdf/UPR_Recommendations_Kiny.pdf

## INTEGO
Intego ya PNUD mu Rwanda itangirira ku kwemera ko abantu bose bareshya.

u Rwanda rwiyemeje no gukomeza gushira mu bikorwa politiki  na gahunda 

zafasha mu iterambere ry'abanyarwanda bose harebwa neza kurushaho ko

ntanumwe wa tereranwe. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/rw/KINYARWANDA-Gender-Equality-Strategy.pdf ibitsins byombi kugipimo kimwe, ubwuzuzanye

bwa nyabwo nu bufatanye hagati y'abantu bose aho usanga abagabo n'abagore

babigiramo uruhare rungana.

## amashakiro
Urubuga rwibiryo byubutaka (soil food web)

**Urubuga rwibiryo byubutaka** ni umuryango wibinyabuzima bibaho byose cyangwa igice cyubuzima bwabo mubutaka. Irasobanura uburyo bugoye bwo kubaho mubutaka nuburyo bukorana nibidukikije, ibimera, ninyamaswa.

Urubuga rwibiryo rusobanura ihererekanyabubasha hagati yubwoko bwibinyabuzima . Mugihe urunigi rwibiryo rusuzuma inzira imwe, umurongo, imbaraga zinyuze mubidukikije, urubuga rwibiryo ruragoye kandi rwerekana inzira zose zishoboka. Byinshi muri izo mbaraga byimuwe bituruka ku zuba. Ibimera bikoresha ingufu zizuba kugirango bihindure ibinyabuzima bidafite ingufu, ibinyabuzima bikungahaye, bihindure dioxyde de carbone n imyunyu ngugu mubikoresho byibimera na fotosintezeza . Indabyo ziterwa ziva mu mbuto zikungahaye cyane ku butaka no mu mizi y’ibimera zisohora aside, isukari, na ectoenzymes muri rhosikori, bigahindura pH no kugaburira urubuga rwibiryo munsi yubutaka.   

Ibimera byitwa autotrophs kuko bikora imbaraga zabyo; bitwa kandi ababikora kuko bitanga ingufu ziboneka kubindi binyabuzima kurya. Heterotrophs ni abaguzi badashobora gukora ibiryo byabo. Kugirango babone ingufu barya ibimera cyangwa izindi heterotrophs.

## Ubushakashatsi
miterere yubutaka ituma kwitegereza neza ibiryo byibiribwa bigorana. Kubera ko ibinyabuzima byubutaka bifite ubunini kuva munsi ya 0.1&nbsp;mm (nematode) kugeza kurenza 2&nbsp;mm (inzoka zisi) hariho inzira nyinshi zitandukanye zo kuzikuramo. Ingero zubutaka akenshi zifatwa hifashishijwe icyuma. Makrofauna nini nk'inzoka zo mu isi hamwe n'udukoko tw’udukoko birashobora gukurwaho n'intoki, ariko ibi ntibishoboka kuri nematode ntoya hamwe na arthropodes. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukuramo ibinyabuzima bito bifite imbaraga; biterwa n'ubushobozi bwibinyabuzima bwo kuva mu butaka. Kurugero, umuyoboro wa Berlese, ukoreshwa mugukusanya arthropodes ntoya, ukora urumuri / ubushyuhe mukigereranyo cyubutaka. Mugihe microarthropodes igenda, kure yumucyo nubushyuhe, bigwa mumurongo no mumashanyarazi. Uburyo busa, Baermann funnel, ikoreshwa kuri nematode. Umuyoboro wa Baerman utose, ariko (mugihe umuyoboro wa Berlese wumye) kandi ntabwo biterwa nurumuri / ubushyuhe. Nematode iva mu butaka ikajya munsi ya ruhurura kuko, uko igenda, iba yuzuye amazi kandi ntishobora koga. Ubutaka bwa mikorobe zirangwa muburyo bwinshi butandukanye. Igikorwa cya mikorobe gishobora gupimwa nubuhumekero bwabo no kurekura karuboni. Ibice bigize selile ya mikorobe birashobora gukurwa mubutaka kandi bigashyirwa ahagaragara, cyangwa biomass ya mikorobe irashobora kubarwa mugupima ubutaka mbere na nyuma yumwotsi.

## Ubwoko bwurubuga rwibiryo
Hariho ubwoko butatu bwibiryo byerekana urubuga: ibiryo bya topologiya (cyangwa gakondo), ibiryo bitemba hamwe nimbuga zikorana. Uru rubuga rushobora gusobanura sisitemu haba hejuru no munsi yubutaka.

* Topological webs
* Flow webs
* Interaction web

### References
Imiterere y’ibidukikije mu Rwanda

Ubundi u Rwanda rufite ubucucike mpuzandengo bw’abaturage mu 2002 wari 321 kuri km2 (INSR na ORC Macro 2006) naho umubare mpuzandengo ku buso bw’ubutaka bushobora guhingwa) wari urenze abantu 500 ku km2.

## Imiterere y’u Rwanda
Imiterere y’u Rwanda irangwa n’ibibaya, ibirwa n’imisozi bifite ubutumburuke mpuzandengo bwa metero1700. Agasongero gatumburutse kurusha ak’iyindi misozi ni aka Karisimbi gafite metero 4507 z'ubutumburuke. U Rwanda rufite imisozi ikomoka ku birunga mu nkengero z’amajyaruguru no mu ruhererekane rw’imisozi ahenshi mu gitwa cyo hagati. Nyamara, uruhande rw’uburasirazuba bw’igihugu rurarambaraye bihagije ku buryo rufite ubutumburuke mu nsi cyane ya metero1500. Ubutaka buri hasi mu majyepfo ashyira uburasirazuba mu kibaya cya Bugarama ku butumburuke bwa metero 900m bubangikanye n’igisate mu butaka bw’ikibaya cya Rift.

## IKIRERE
Iyi miterere iha u Rwanda imiterere y’ikirere gitoshye kandi gifite ubukonje bitewe ahanini n’ubutumburuke. Ugereranije, ubushyuhe mu mwaka ni hafi 18,5o C, naho imvura igwa muri rusange ni hafi milimetero 1.250 mu mwaka.

## UBUHINZI
Igihugu gitunzwe ahanini n’ubuhinzi, kikaba gifite amahitamo make yatuma kigabanya imbaraga nyinshi zisabwa umutungo w’ubutaka. Ubuhinzi butanga 47 ku ijana by’umusaruro w’igihugu ukomatanyije kandi buhagarariye 71 ku ijana by’amafaranga akomoka ku bicuruzwa hanze by’igihugu. Ni isoko y’ibanze yo kwinjizaamafaranga ya 87% y’abaturage (MINAGRI 2006). 52% by’ubuso bw’ubutaka ni bwo buhingwa gusa, hafi hegitari 1.385.000 (ROR 2004). Ubucucike bunini bw’abaturage hagati y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima butorohewe butuma umutungo kamere w’igihugu wangirika (ROR 2004).

## IBIBAZO BY'IBIDUKIKIJE
Ibibazo bikuru bikuru by’ibidukikije ni ibijyanye n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ ubwiyongere bw’abaturage ugereranyije n’umutungo kamere nk’ubutaka, amazi, ibimera n’inyamaswa n’indi mitungo itisubirisha (MFEP 2000). Ibi bigaragazwa cyane n’iyangirika ry’ubutaka, isuri, igabanuka ry’uburumbuke bw’ubutaka, itemwa ry’amashyamba, iyangirika ry’ahantu hahehereye, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no guhumana kw’ikirere n’ukw’ibidukikije.

= INGAMBA =

tugomba kwirinda kubyangiza kuko kuko ari inkingi y'iterambere bikaba bifasha igihugu gutera imbere.
Amasezerano yo kurinda akayunguruzo k'izuba

Inteko ishinga Amategeko y’u Buhinde yatoye yemeza burundu iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano ya Kigali yo kurinda iyangirika ry’akayunguruzo k’izuba, hagabanywa umwuka woherezwa mu kirere wa hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) uva mu byuma bikonjesha n’ibitanga umuyaga (air conditioners).

## Aho yasinyiwe
Aya masezerano yasinyiwe i Kigali n’ibihugu 197 mu Ukwakira 2016, avugurura ayasinyiwe i Montreal muri Canada mu 1989, agamije kugenzura ikoreshwa n’iyoherezwa mu kirere ry’uyu mwuka wa HFC ugira uruhare rukomeye mu kwangiza akayunguruzo k’izuba kazwi nka ‘Ozone’ karinda abatuye Isi kugerwaho n’ubukana bw’imirasire yaryo.

## Akamaro
Biteganyijwe ko hazagabanywa toni miliyoni 105 z’imyuka ihumanye yoherezwa mu kirere bigafasha kugabanya ubushyuhe ku Isi bungana na dogere Celsius 0.5 kugeza mu 2100.

## Intego
U Buhinde bwihaye intego yo kuba bwagabanyije HFC ingana na 80% mu 2047 by’umwuka bwoherezaga mu kirere, mu gihe Amerika yo izagabanya 80% mu 2034 naho u Bushinwa bwo bukayigabanya mu 2045, binyuze mu gukoresha ibikoresho bifite ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ikirere.

## Igihe azatangirira kubahirizwa
Ibihugu byateye imbere nka Canada, Amerika, u Bushinwa n’Ibihugu by’i Burayi biteganyijwe ko aribyo bizabanza kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’uyu mwuka, bigakurikirwa n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bizatangira kuyubahiriza mu 2024 . u Buhinde bwo buzatangira mu 2028.

## Reba

#
Iminsi imvura yagwagaho murwanda yagabanuyseho 45

Inzobere mu bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ndetse n’ibidukikije zagaragaje ko iminsi u Rwanda rwagushagaho imvura yagabanutse, hagati ya 35 na 45 kubera ubwiyongere bw’ubushyuhe ku Isi buterwa n’ibikorwa bya muntu biteza imihangagurikire y’ibihe.

## Raporo
Raporo y’Ihuriro ry’ibihugu ryita ku mihindagurikire y’Ikirere rishamikiye kuri Loni, IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] yasohotse ku itariki 9 Kanama 2021, yerekanye ko ubushyuhe bw’u Rwanda burenze impuzandengo ya 1.09 Celsius 0.29 ku rwego rw’isi ndetse ugereranyije na Raporo yaherukaga yo mu 2013 ubushyuhe bwiyongereyeho dogere Celsius 0.29.

Uyu mubare ushobora kumvikana nk’aho ari muto ariko inararibonye zivuga ko ari munini cyane kuko uko umwuka w’Isi ushyuha ari ko umwuka uva mu Nyanja ugira uruhare mu kugwa kw’imvura ubura imbaraga, maze bimwe mu bice by’Isi bikabura imvura, ahandi amashyamba agashya cyangwa se ubutaka bukumagara.

## Ingamba
Zimwe mu ngamba u Rwanda rwafashe ni ukugabanya imyuka mibi yoherezwa mu kirere, birimo gushishikariza abaturage gutera amashyamba no kwirinda kuyatema batwika amakara ahubwo bagakoresha gaz bateka.

Ikindi ruri gushyiramo imbaraga ni ikoreshwa ry’imodoka na moto zitanywa ibikomoka kuri peteroli ahubwo bikoresha umuriro w’amashanyarazi n’ibindi rukaba rufite gahunda yo kugabanya imyuka yoherezwa mu Kirere ku rugero rwa 38% kugeza mu 2030.

## Reba
Impungenge z’umuvuduko w’itemwa ry’Amashyamba

Ubuso bw’u Rwanda 30.4% bungana na kilometero kare 8,006% buriho amashyamba, 68% by’aya mashyamba n’ay’abaturage naho 32% akaba aya leta agizwe n’amashyamaba y’amaterano, imigano n’amashyamba kimeza.

## Ibiteye Impungenge kumashyamba
Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Agateganyo w’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Amashyamba [RFA],yavuze ko batewe impungenge n’umuvuduko w’itemwa ry’amashyamba akavuga ko byaba ikibazo gikomeye mu gihe itemwa ry’amashyamba ritahagaraga.Agaruka ku bituma amashyamba akomeje gusagarirwa n’ibikorwa bya muntu, yatanze urugero rwo mu mujyi wa Kigali, aho byibura mu Cyumweru kimwe hinjira amakara imifuka irenga ibihumbi 61, ku buryo Umujyi wa Kigali wonyine mu Cyumweru wangiza amashyamba ahinze kuri hegitari zirenga 300.Imwe mu ntego u Rwanda rwari rwarihaye kuzageraho muri gahunda y’imbaturabukungu ya mbere (EDPRS I) y’Icyerekezo mu mwaka 2020, kwari ukugira amashyamba ateye kuri 30% by’ubuso bw’igihugu, bingana na kilometero kare 7.901,4. Ibarura ryakozwe mu mwaka 2019 ryerekanye ko byagezweho ndetse iranarenzwa biba 30,4%, ni ukuvuga kilometero kare 8.006,7.

## Amashyamba kimeza
Kubera ubukana bw’iyangirika ry’amashyamba cyane cyane aya kimeza, hashyizweho iteka rya Minisitiri w’intebe rirengera bene ayo mashyamba adafite kirengera.Iri tegeko ryaje gushyigikira irigenga ibidukikije rigaragaza neza ubwoko bw’ibiti bigomba kurindwa kandi rikanatunga agatoki aho biherereye, ku buryo n’umuntu wafatwa abitema ahita akurikiranwa.Amashyamba ni kimwe mu mutungo kamere u Rwanda rufite, ariko by’umwihariko kuba rugifite amashyamba ya kimeza bikaba akarusho kuko bifasha mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.*Ibidukikije iyo bivuyeho natwe ntitwashobora kubaho, turebe amashyamba nk’ikidukikije aho kuyabonamo inyungu mu kuyacana gusa,  twongere ibiti n’amashyamba. Fata iwawe uhatere n’igiti kiribwa imbuto n’ibivangwa n’imyaka. Tuyabungabunge niyo yaba aya leta ntukabone uwangiza amashyamba ngo uceceke, igiti kimwe gifitiye akamaro abantu benshi. Abantu bumve ko tubeho kubera ibidukikije, urahinga ukeza kubera imvura, uwejeje aratugaburira tukarya kandi tukagira ubuzima bwiza tubona umwuka mwiza duhumeka. Kubona uwangiza amashyamba ntitubirebere.*

## Ingano y'Ubuso

Mu ibarura ry’amashyamba rikorwa buri myaka icumi, kuva mu mwaka 2009 ubwo hakorwaga irya mbere kugeza hakozwe irindi ryo mu mwaka 2019 hagaragaye ubwiyongere bw’ubuso bungana na 30,4%.bavugako ko hari harashyizweho intego yo gutera amashyamba ari kuri hegitari zisaga 4.000 nibura buri mwaka, kandi ubuso bukagera nibura kuri hegitari 712.104 muri iyo myaka.Ubwo buso bwabarwaga hatarimo ibiti bivanze n’imyaka, nabyo intego yari uko haterwa hegitali 45.000 buri mwaka.Mu ngamba Leta yagiye ishyiraho zo kugera ku ntego yiyemeje, ntiyashyize imbaraga mu kubigenera ingengo y’imari gusa ahubwo yakoze n’ubukangurambaga kugira ngo Abaturarwanda nabo bumve ko intego ari iyabo, bityo batange umusanzu.Barabyumvise bashyiramo imbaraga zigaragara ndetse bavugako 67% by’amashyamba u Rwanda rufite ubu ari ay’abaturage, ari nayo akoreshwa ahanini iyo hakenewe umusaruro wayo nk’imbaho.

## Amashakiro
Imihanda yangiritse

Abaturage bakoresha imihanda yangiritse, yo mu bice bitandukanye, bagaragaza ingaruka zirimo imihahiranire n’imigenderanire batanoza uko bikwiye, bakadindira muri serivisi harimo no kugeza umusaruro ku masoko.

## Ingaruka byateje
Aborozi bo mu nzuri za Gishwati baravuga ko ubu bari mu gihombo gikabije cy’umukamo utakibasha kugezwa ku makusanyirizo, kubera kwangirika kw’imihanda yo muri ibyo bice yatumye amata atakibasha kugezwa ku makusanyirizo no ku ruganda rwa Mukamira.Aborozi bagaragaza ko ubusanzwe litiro y’amata bayishyurwa ku 150frw iyo igeze ku ruganda rwa Mukamira, ariko ubu bigoye no kubona uwaguha 50frw kuri litiro ibyo bikaba bibateza ibihombo bikabije ku buryo bahitamo kuyatangira ubuntu andi bakayabogora (bakayamena).Aborozi bavuga ko batakambiye ubuyobozi igihe kirekire ngo bakorerwe imihanda ariko nta gisubizo barabona ku buryo umukamo wabo hafi ya wose upfa ubusa. Urugero ni nko ku bakoresha ikusanyirizo rya Bweru ryakira amata nibura litiro 3000 ku munsi aya yose akaba atakigezwayo kuko nta nzira zo kuyahageza hakoreshejwe imodoka zihari.

## Ibyo Wamenya
Mu Tugari tumwe na tumwe two mu Mirenge ya Rugengabari, Rusarabuye na Kinyababa, na ho imihanda yari yarangiritse, yasanwe hasibwa ibinogo, guharura ibyatsi byari byarayirengeye hanasiburwa imiyoboro y’amazi iyikikije.Mu muganda wabaye ku wa Gatandatu tariki 28 Mutarama 2023, abahaturiye bifatanyije mu gikorwa cyo kuwusana, bakoresheje tekinoloji y’abayapani izwi nka Do-Nou, yo gufata imifuka bapakiramo itaka, bakagenda bayitsindagira mu muhanda bakorosaho laterite.Imvura yagwaga, isayo y’ibyondo ikuzura muri ibi binogo, abantu ntibabashe kuhanyura. Uwabaga afite ahihutirwa agiye, mu kwirinda guhinguka mu bandi asa n’uwo batabuye muri jagijagi, yitwazaga mu gikapu imyenda, akayambara ageze mu muhanda muzima.

## Amashakiro
Klass’s cuckoo

Muri iyi minsi ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi rigeze kure kugeza ubwo umuntu ashobora gutwitira abandi babyeyi.Ushobora gukeka ko ikiremwamuntu aricyo cyabitangiye mbere, nyamara siko biri kuko inyoni zo mu bwoko bwa Klass’s cuckoo zatangiye gukora ibisa nk’ibyo kuva kera.

## Uko yororoka
Iyi nyoni iyo ishatse kororoka igenda agatera amagi mu byari by’izindi nyoni, hanyuma indi mirimo yose isigaye zikayikora zibwira ko zibikorera amagi n’imishwi yayo.

## Inkomoko
Umuvumbuzi w’Umufaransa witwaga François Le Vaillant mu mwaka wa 1806, mu gitabo cye yise “Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d’Afrique” yise inyoni izina rya Klaas’s cuckoo mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro inshuti ye yitwaga Klaas yari imaze gupfa kandi yaramufashije muri byinshi ubwo yari mu bushakashatsi bushingiye ku nyoni zo muri Afurika.

## Imiterere
Klaas’s cuckoo ni inyoni ifite uburebure bwa santimetero ziri hagati ya 16 na 18. Ikigabo n’ikigore ubirebye n’amaso ushobora guhita ubona itandukaniro ryabyo. Ikigabo gifite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi rivanzemo utudomo tw’umweru kandi ku nda hakaba hariho ibara ry’umweru. Ikigore gifite ibara rijya gusa n’ikijuju, hanyuma amababa akajya gusa n’icyatsi kibisi kandi ku nda hakaba hariho uturongo tw’umweru.

Izi nyoni iyo ziguruka, ikigabo kigaragaza ibara ry’umweru cyane kandi amababa yo munsi aba ajya kwijima, mu gihe ikigore iyo kiguruka ubona ibara ry’ikijuju ariryo rigaragara cyane. Ikigabo n’ikigore iyo bihagaze ku giti ibara ry’umweru riragaragara

## Aho wayisanga
Iyi nyoni ikunda kuboneka mu bihugu biri munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Mu gice cy’Afurika y’Amajyepfo iboneka cyane cyane muri Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Afurika y’Epfo n’ahandi.

Iyi nyoni ikunda kuba mu biti ahantu hasa n’ahashashe, mu busitani, mu biti bikikije imirima y’ubuhinzi, mu mashyamba n’ahandi hatandukanye. Muri Kigali iyi nyoni ishobora kuboneka i Nyarutarama ku cyuzi cyo kwa Nyagahene.

## Imirire
Klaas’s cuckoo ikunda kurya udusimba duto by’umwihariko ibinyugunyugu, ibinyabwoya n’ibindi bitandukanye. Ikunda gushakira ibyo kurya mu biti aho ikunda gufata ibiyitunga mu mababi y’ibiti ndetse n’udusimba twaba turimo kuguruka. Ishobora no kurya utubuto n’imiswa.

## Uko ibayeho
Klaas’s cuckoo ni inyoni ifite imyitwarire nk’iya Matene kuko nayo ntabwo ijya yubaka icyari ahubwo itera amagi mu byari by’izindi nyoni. Iyo Klass’s cuckoo iteye amagi mu cyari cy’iyindi nyoni, iyo nyoni irarira ayo magi izi ko ari ayayo ndetse ikayaturaga kandi ikita ku mishwi.

Iyo igihe cyo gutera amagi kigeze Klaas’s cuckoo igenda itera nibura igi mu cyari cy’indi nyoni. Bivugwa ko mu gihe kimwe iyi nyoni ishobora gutera amagi 24 mu byari bitandukanye. Ayo magi igihe cyo kuyararira kiri hagati y’iminsi 11-12.

Nyuma gato yo guturagwa kw’imishwi ya Klaas’s cuckoo, ihita yica imishwi y’iyo nyoni binyuze mu kuyihirikira hasi cyangwa igata hasi amagi y’iyo nyoni. Umushwi wa Klaas’s cuckoo uguma mu cyari cy’iyo nyoni iminsi 19-21. Mu gihe uwo mushwi udahise ubona nyina ngo uyisange ushobora kugumana n’iyo nyoni itari nyina indi minsi 25.

## Reba
Uruganda rutunganya imyanda ya plastic

Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije, REMA, gifatanyije n’Urugaga rw’Abikorera, PSF, bamuritse umushinga uzatunganya imyanda ya ‘Plastique’ ikoreshwa inshuro imwe maze igakorwamo ibindi bikoresho mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije.

Uyu mushinga wamuritswe kuri uyu wa 4 Kanama 2021, mu muhango wo kwizihiza Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe kurengera ibidukikije, usanzwe uba tariki 5 Kanama ku rwego rw’Isi.

## Ikigamijwe
Ikizakorwa muri uyu mushinga ni ukubaka uruganda ruzajya rukusanyirizwamo amacupa cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bya ‘Plastique’ bikoreshwa inshuro imwe maze bigakorwamo ibindi bikoresho, aho kuguma mu muhanda cyangwa mu mirima byangiza ibidukikije.

Urwo ruganda ruzajya rugura iyo imyanda ya ‘Plastique’, aho ufite ikilo kimwe cy’iyo myanda kizajya kishyurwa 90 Frw, bivuze ko ufite ibilo 1000 yakwishyurwa ibihumbi 90 by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda.

## Ubufasha
Sosiyete zimwe zisanzwe zikoresha Plastique zikoreshwa rimwe zamaze gutanga amafaranga yo gutangira uwo mushinga. Harimo Uruganda rwa Inyange Industry, Sulfo Rwanda, Bralirwa, Ese Urwibutso n’izindi.

## Reba
African Conservation Foundation

**African Conservation Foundation** ( **ACF** ) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga utegamiye kuri Leta washinzwe mu 1999 kandi wanditswe mu 2001. Icyibandwaho ni inyamanswa no kubungabunga aho gutura no hanze y’akarere karinzwe, hifashishijwe uburyo bukomatanyije bukubiyemo iterambere ry’abaturage n’uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije . Uyu muryango wanditswe nk'abagiraneza, utera inkunga kandi ukora imishinga yo kubungabunga imirima muri Afurika . Ikomeza kandi umuyoboro mugari wa Afrika muguhana amakuru no kongerera ubushobozi ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije mukarere.

## Inshingano
Inshingano z'uyu muryango ni "guhindura uburyo bwo gucunga no gukoresha umutungo kamere ku buryo ibikenewe mu iterambere ry'abantu mu karere bihuzwa no kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ".  

## Uburyo bikorwamo
ACF ikorana n’umubare munini w’abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye kugira ngo bagere ku nshingano zayo, barimo indi miryango itegamiye kuri Leta, imiryango ya Leta, amasosiyete, abashakashatsi n’abaturage. Ikora imishinga yo mumurima kubufatanye bwa hafi nabafatanyabikorwa baho, ikubaka ubushobozi bwigihugu mugutanga inkunga ya tekiniki nogukusanya inkunga . Uyu muryango ugira uruhare mu kubungabunga inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, kubungabunga inguge nini ( Ingagi zo mu ruzi rwa Cross, Nigeriya-Kameruni chimpanzee ), aho zituye no kubungabunga amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha . Irimo kandi gukora gahunda yo gutera ibiti no gutera amashyamba muri Kenya na Kameruni, kandi ni umufatanyabikorwa w’umunsi w’inzovu ku isi .

### Uburezi
Binyuze ku rubuga rwacyo, uyu muryango utanga amakuru yo kubungabunga no kumenyesha ibikorwa, amakuru ajyanye n'akazi n'amahirwe y'ubwitange, kandi ugashaka kwigisha abantu ku bijyanye no kubungabunga ibidukikije muri Afurika. ACF irimo abakorerabushake mubice bitandukanye byakazi kayo, kumurongo no murwego.

### Ubukangurambaga
Save the Cross River Gorillas

## Ubuhanzi bwibinyabuzima
Fondasiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije ikorana cyane n’umuhanzi w’umunyakanada Daniel Taylor ku mushinga witwa ArtSavingWildlife ugamije gukangurira abantu inkunga n’amafaranga yo kubungabunga amoko y’ibinyabuzima byugarije Afurika.

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Urubuga rwemewe

### References
A Rocha

**A Rocha** numuyoboro mpuzamahanga wimiryango yibidukikije ifite imyitwarire ya gikristo. Rocha, bisobanura "urutare" mu Giporutugali (reba ibyinjira *[[:en:Rocha_(surname)|Rocha]]* ), yashinzwe muri Porutugali mu 1983. 

## Ishirahamwe
Umuyoboro wa Rocha ugizwe na A Rocha International, imiryango yigihugu, imishinga ifitanye isano nimiryango yibiganiro. Amasezerano ya Rocha kwisi yose asobanura uburenganzira ninshingano za buri kigo cya Rocha kubandi.

Kuva mu 2022, A Rocha ikorera mu bihugu birenga 20: Ositaraliya, Kanada, Repubulika ya Ceki, Ubufaransa, Gana, Ubuhinde, Kenya, Libani, Ubuholandi, Nouvelle-Zélande / Aotearoa, Nijeriya, Peru, Porutugali, Afurika y'Epfo, Suwede, Ubusuwisi, Uganda, Ubwongereza, na Amerika.  Hariho ibiganiro bikomeje hamwe nandi matsinda ashobora kuba ku isi, cyane cyane muri Aziya y'Iburasirazuba no mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba.Inshuti za Rocha Network iratera imbere byihuse.

Rocha ifite ibyemezo bitanu byingenzi: Umukristo, Kubungabunga, Umuryango, Ubufatanye, n’umuco utandukanye.

## Imirimo

Rocha igamije kurengera ibidukikije binyuze mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, bishingiye ku baturage, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, ndetse n’uburezi bushingiye ku bidukikije,  kandi bafite “amateka yerekana intsinzi”.

Rocha ikorera mu bigo byiga muri Kanada (ibigo bibiri), Ubufaransa (ibigo bibiri), Ubuhinde, Kenya, Porutugali  ndetse no muri Repubulika ya Ceki.  Ibi bikora nkibanze shingiro rya A Rocha nandi mashyirahamwe yiga kumurima no kwigisha ibidukikije, kandi benshi batanga amacumbi kubashyitsi.

#### References
Anti-nuclear movement

**anti-nuclear movement** ni umuryango uharanira kurwanya tekinoloji zitandukanye za kirimbuzi . Amatsinda amwe amwe yibikorwa, ibikorwa by ibidukikije, nimiryango yabigize umwuga bigaragaje hamwe nu rugendo kurwego rwibanze, urwego rwigihugu, cyangwa mpuzamahanga.   Amatsinda akomeye arwanya ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi arimo ubukangurambaga bwo kwambura intwaro za kirimbuzi, Inshuti z’isi, Greenpeace, Abaganga mpuzamahanga bashinzwe gukumira intambara za kirimbuzi, ibikorwa by’amahoro, ikigo cy’abagore bo muri Seneca kigamije ejo hazaza h’amahoro n’ubutabera hamwe n’ikigo gishinzwe amakuru n’ibikoresho bya kirimbuzi . Intego yambere yuwo mutwe kwari ukwambura intwaro za kirimbuzi, nubwo kuva mu mpera za 1960 abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi barimo no gukoresha ingufu za kirimbuzi . Imitwe myinshi irwanya kirimbuzi irwanya ingufu za kirimbuzi n'intwaro za kirimbuzi. Gushinga amashyaka yicyatsi mu myaka ya za 1970 na 1980 byakunze kuba ibisubizo bitaziguye bya politiki yo kurwanya kirimbuzi. 

Abahanga n'abadipolomate bagiye impaka kuri politiki y’intwaro za kirimbuzi kuva mbere y’ibisasu bya kirimbuzi bya Hiroshima na Nagasaki mu 1945.  Abaturage bahangayikishijwe no kugerageza intwaro za kirimbuzi guhera mu 1954, nyuma y’ibizamini bya kirimbuzi byakorewe muri pasifika . Mu 1963, ibihugu byinshi byemeje amasezerano yo kubuza igice cy’ibizamini cyabuzaga kugerageza ikirere cya kirimbuzi. 

### References
Uruganda rutunganya imyanda ivuye mubwiherero

Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’isuku n’isukura (WASAC), ku bufatanye na komisiyo ishinzwe kubungabunga amazi y’ikiyaga cya Victoria (LVBC), baratangaza ko bitarenze umwaka wa 2025, i Kigali hazaba huzuye uruganda rutunganya imyanda ituruka mu bwiherero.

Ni nyuma y’amasezerano y’ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo byombi yasinywe kuri uyu wa Kane tariki 09 Kamena 2022, mu mushinga ugamije gushyiraho uruganda rusukura imyanda y’amazi yanduye iva mu ngo, hadakoreshejwe imiyoboro, ahubwo hakifashishwa imodoka zizajya zividura, umwanda ukajya gutunganyirizwa ku ruganda.

## Aho ruzubakwa
Urwo ruganda rugiye kubakwa i Masaka mu Karere ka Kicukiro, ni rumwe muri enye zigomba kubakwa mu bihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba bifite aho bihuriye n’ikiyaga cya Victoria, birimo Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania, mu rwego rwo kurinda imyanda yangiza amazi yo muri icyo kiyaga.

## Ingengo y'imari
Ni umushinga uzatwara ingengo y’imari ingana n’Amayero miliyoni 7.5, arimo agera kuri miliyoni 6.9 azakoreshwa mu mirimo yo kurwubaka, ayandi akazakoreshwa mu kubaka ubushobozi bwaba ubwa WASAC, kugira ngo izashobore gukoresha uruganda, cyangwa ba rwiyemezamirimo bazakoreshwa mu mirimo itandukanye irimo kubaka no gutwara imyanda ku ruganda.

## Ingaruka

Ni umushinga ujyanye na politiki y’Igihugu yo kubungabunga ibidukikije, aho izajya inabyazwamo ifumbire, ariko hakazanatekerezwa neza ibindi bishobora kuzabyazwamo.

Uyu mushinga kandi witezweho kuzafasha igihugu kubaka ubushobozi bwaba ubw’abakozi ba Leta babikoramo umunsi ku wundi, cyangwa abikorera ku giti cyabo, bazafasha mu gutwara iyo myanda y’amazi, ariko by’umwihariko abaturage bakaba basabwa kubigira ibyabo kugira ngo bizagerweho 100%.

## Reba
Biofuelwatch

**Biofuelwatch** ni umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta w’ibidukikije ukorera mu Bwongereza no muri Amerika, ukora mu rwego rwo gukangurira abantu kumenya ingaruka mbi z’ibikomoka kuri peteroli na bioenergy. Irwanya kwaguka kw’inganda zishingiye ku nganda ziterwa no gukenera bioenergy, ahubwo iharanira ubusugire bw’ibiribwa, ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi-mwimerere, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no kurengera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’uburenganzira bwa muntu.  

Mu Bwongereza, ifite ubukangurambaga bugamije kurwanya amashanyarazi ya bioliquid na biomass hamwe n’inkunga (Renewable Obligation Certificat) iboneka kuri abo. Muri Amerika, Biofuelwatch ikorana cyane nurusobe rwamatsinda hamwe n’abakangurambaga kurwanya iterambere ry’ibinyabuzima na politiki. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, uyu muryango ukorana n’amatsinda atandukanye hamwe n’urusobe kandi ni ihuriro ry’iburayi ry’ibihugu by’amashyamba ku isi. Byinshi mubikorwa bya Biofuelwatch biherutse kwibanda ku gutanga icyerekezo gikomeye kuri biochar . Irakangura kandi kurwanya ibisubizo bishingiye ku isoko ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, cyane cyane gushyiramo ubutaka n’amashyamba ya karuboni . 

## Abashinze Biofuelwatch
Almuth Ernsting yafashije gushinga umuryango, Biofuelwatch mu 2006. Yakoze ubushakashatsi anashyira ahagaragara raporo zitandukanye ku bibazo nyamukuru ku muryango, nka bioenergy, ikirere, imibereho n’ibinyabuzima ingaruka z’ibinyabuzima na biyomasi ishingiye ku biti.  Rachel Smolker ni umuyobozi wa Biofuelwatch akaba n'umuteguro muri Network Justice Network. Ni umukobwa w'umwe mu bashinze Ikigega cyo Kurengera Ibidukikije kandi afite impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. muri ecologiya / ibinyabuzima byo muri kaminuza ya Michigan. 

## Intego za Biofuelwatch

* Biofuelwatch ikora nk'ubuvugizi mu kwigisha abaturage ingaruka z’ibidukikije, ikirere, imibereho myiza n’ubuzima rusange by’ingufu za bio n’ibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri bio. Bemerera kandi abaturage kuvuga ibibazo byabo kuri izi ngingo zimwe. 
* Guteza imbere politiki y’ingufu n’ishoramari ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, ibyo bigatuma igabanuka rya gaze ya parike, kurengera ibidukikije n’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu
* Guteza imbere gufata ibyemezo bijyanye nibidukikije bijyanye na bio-ingufu nibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri bio nko gukoresha ubutaka, ubutabera mbonezamubano, ubwenegihugu bukora nubuzima rusange

## References
Creating American Forests

**Amashyamba y'Abanyamerika** ni umuryango wa 501 (c) (3) udaharanira inyungu, washinzwe mu 1875,  kandi ugamije kurinda no kugarura urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bizima. Icyicaro gikuru kiri i Washington, DC

## Ibikorwa
Inshingano y’amashyamba yo muri Amerika ni "Gushiraho amashyamba meza kandi akomeye, kuva mu mijyi kugera mu butayu, atanga inyungu zingenzi ku kirere, abantu, amazi n’ibinyabuzima."  Ibikorwa by'amashyamba y'Abanyamerika bigizwe na gahunda enye zitandukanye: gusana amashyamba yo mu cyaro, gutema ibiti bingana muri cites, Igitabo cy’igihugu cy’ibiti bya nyampinga, na politiki y’amashyamba. Byongeye kandi, umuryango usohora ikinyamakuru buri gihembwe.

## Gutera amashyamba Ahantu nyaburanga
Hirya no hino muri Amerika ya Ruguru, hegitari miliyoni z’amashyamba kavukire yatakaye cyangwa yangijwe n’ibiza nk’umuriro, udukoko, n’indwara, ndetse n’ibikorwa by’abantu nko gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, iterambere, ndetse no gukuraho ibikorwa byinshi bidashoboka. Gusana amashyamba birashobora kugarura amashyamba kavukire - nibyiza byose bitanga societe - mugihe kandi bihanga imirimo yicyatsi.\

### Kuringaniza ibiti kubaturage badakorerwa
Binyuze muri gahunda yabo y’ibiti, Amashyamba yo muri Amerika arasubiza iki kibazo ayoboye icyerekezo cya Equity Equity mumijyi yo muri Amerika. Bafatanya n'abayobozi b'imijyi n'amatsinda y'abaturage (imijyi 22 no kubara) gutegura gahunda zishingiye ku bumenyi bushingiye ku mashyamba yo mu mijyi yo gukura no kubungabunga ibiti by'ibiti mu baturanyi byaguye inyuma. Bashyigikira kandi bagatera inkunga amashyamba yo mu mijyi, bagatangiza imishinga yo gutera cyane cyane, bakangurira abaturage, kandi bakayobora ingamba z’igihugu mu kongera inkunga ya leta, leta, n’ibanze mu mishinga y’amashyamba yo mu mijyi. 

## Gutera amashyamba Ahantu nyaburanga
Amashyamba y'Abanyamerika asaba abakorerabushake babarirwa mu magana muri Amerika gushakisha, kurinda, no kwandikisha ibiti binini, no kwigisha abaturage ibyiza by'ibiti n'amashyamba akuze. Ikora muri leta zose uko ari 50, Akarere ka Columbiya kandi yakoreshejwe nk'icyitegererezo muri gahunda nyinshi za leta nini y'ibiti ndetse na mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga, ahantu nka Ositaraliya, Nouvelle-Zélande, Koreya y'Epfo na Mexico. Buri mwaka ba nyampinga barenga 750 bo muri Amerika bambikwa ikamba kandi bakandikwa mu gitabo cyacyo gisohoka buri mwaka, *[[:en:National_Register_of_Champion_Trees|igitabo cy’igihugu cy’ibiti bya nyampinga]]* . Mu myaka irenga 70, intego ya gahunda yagumyeho: kubungabunga no guteza imbere igihagararo cy’ikigereranyo cy’abami bazima no kwigisha abantu uruhare rukomeye ibyo biti n’amashyamba bidasanzwe bigira mu kubungabunga ibidukikije byiza. 

### References
Bioversity International

**Bioversity International** n’umuryango w’ubushakashatsi ku iterambere ry’isi yose utanga ibimenyetso bya siyansi, imikorere y’imicungire n’amahitamo ya politiki yo gukoresha no kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima mu buhinzi kugira ngo ugere ku biribwa ku isi no kwihaza mu mirire, ukorana n’abafatanyabikorwa mu bihugu bikennye cyane mu turere dutandukanye aho urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rushobora kubaho Kugira uruhare mu kuzamura imirire, guhangana, kongera umusaruro no kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere .

Bioversity International ni umunyamuryango wa CGIAR, ubufatanye ku bushakashatsi ku isi mu gihe kizaza cyangiza ibiribwa.  

Uyu muryango wegerejwe abaturage cyane, ufite abakozi bagera kuri 300 bakorera ku isi.  Icyicaro cyayo kiri mu karere ka Roma ka Maccarese, mu Butaliyani, gifite ibiro byo mu karere biherereye muri Amerika yo Hagati n'iy'epfo, Afurika y'Iburengerazuba na Hagati, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'Amajyepfo, Aziya yo Hagati n'Amajyepfo, na Aziya y'Amajyepfo-Uburasirazuba.

Muri 2019, Bioversity International yifatanije n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubuhinzi bw’ubushyuhe (nka Alliance ya Bioversity International na CIAT) kugira ngo "batange ibisubizo bishingiye ku bushakashatsi bifasha ibinyabuzima bitandukanye by’ubuhinzi kandi bihindura uburyo bw’ibiribwa kugira ngo imibereho yabo irusheho kuba myiza". 

## Amavu n'amavuko
Bioversity International n’umuryango w’ubushakashatsi bugamije iterambere wibanda ku kurinda no gukoresha urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima mu buhinzi kugira ngo rufashe guhangana n’ibibazo nko kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kongera umusaruro urambye . 

Ishirahamwe rirafata ingingo yuko ibimera ninyamanswa bitandukanye bitanga amahirwe atari mubworozi gusa ariko no gutanga izindi nyungu nyinshi. Bimwe birasobanutse, nkimirire myiza nuburambe burambye buzanwa nibihingwa byahujwe. Abandi ni indirecte, nka serivisi yibidukikije itangwa nabantu bafite ubuzima bwiza bwangiza, imiti igenzura ibinyabuzima, na mikorobe yubutaka . Ibinyabuzima binyuranye by’ubuhinzi nabyo bizaba ngombwa rwose kugira ngo duhangane n’ingaruka ziteganijwe z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, atari isoko y’imico gusa ahubwo ni ishingiro ry’ibinyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije. 

## Imiyoborere
Bioversity International iyobowe ninama yubuyobozi, harimo umwe mubashinzwe watowe nigihugu cyakiriye (Ubutaliyani) nundi watowe na FAO . Inama y'Ubutegetsi ishyiraho kandi Umuyobozi Mukuru uyobora imikorere ya gahunda zitandukanye. Umuyobozi mukuru uriho ubu ni Juan Lucas Restrepo. 

### References
BirdLife International

**BirdLife International** nubufatanye bwisi yose yimiryanga abashinzwe kubungabunga ibidukikije ku isi.go itegamiye kuri leta iharanira kubungabunga inyoni n’aho ziba .  BirdLife International ishyira imbere harimo gukumira amoko y’inyoni, kumenya no kurinda ahantu h’inyoni, kubungabunga no kugarura ahantu h’inyoni, no guha imbara

Ifite abanyamuryango barenga miliyoni 2,5 mu mashyirahamwe 116 y’abafatanyabikorwa mu bihugu, barimo Umuryango w’ibwami uharanira kurengera inyoni, Umuryango w’inyoni zo mu gasozi z’Ubuyapani, Umuryango w’igihugu wa Audubon hamwe n’Abanyamerika bashinzwe kubungabunga inyoni . 

BirdLife International yerekanye ahantu 13,000 by'ingenzi by’inyoni n’ibinyabuzima kandi ni n’umuryango mpuzamahanga uharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije urutonde rutukura rw’inyoni.   Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, BirdLife International yashyizeho ko amoko 1.375 y’inyoni (13% ya yose) abangamiwe no kuzimira ( abangamiwe cyane, abangamiwe cyangwa abatishoboye ). 

BirdLife International isohora ikinyamakuru buri gihembwe, ***BirdLife: Ikinyamakuru***, gikubiyemo amakuru ya vuba hamwe ningingo zemewe zerekeye inyoni no kuzibungabunga.  

## Amateka

BirdLife International yashinzwe mu 1922  *mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kurengera inyoni n’abahanga* mu bijyanye n’imiterere ye y’imiterere y’imyororokere y'Abanyamerika T. Gilbert Pearson na Jean Theodore Delacour . Iri tsinda ryiswe *Komite mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kubungabunga inyoni* mu 1928, *Inama mpuzamahanga yo kubungabunga inyoni* mu 1960, na *BirdLife International* mu 1993.  

## Gahunda muzamahanga
BirdLife International ifite gahunda icyenda zo kubungabunga zashyizwe mu bikorwa muri Afurika, Amerika, Aziya, Uburayi na Aziya yo hagati, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati na pasifika.  Gahunda zitanga urwego rwo gutegura, gushyira mubikorwa, kugenzura no gusuzuma ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi bikubiyemo gahunda y’ingenzi y’inyoni n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye,  Gahunda y’inyanja,  Gahunda yo gukumira kuzimangana,   na Flyways Program. 

### References
Climate Action Network

**Ihuriro ry’ibikorwa by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere - Mpuzamahanga** ( **CAN** ) ni urusobe rw’isi yose rw’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta y’ibidukikije irenga 1300 mu bihugu birenga 130 biharanira guteza imbere ibikorwa bya leta n’umuntu ku giti cye kugira ngo imihindagurikire y’ikirere iterwa n’abantu igere ku rwego rw’ibidukikije .  

## Ibikorwa
Irakora cyane mu nama z’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere . Yasohoye akanyamakuru ka sosiyete sivile ECO yerekana ibitekerezo bya sosiyete sivile ndetse n’abaturage ku isi mu gihe cy’imishyikirano y’ikirere,  hamwe *n’ibisebo by’ibisebo by’umunsi*  ku bihugu bibuza iterambere mu biganiro by’ikirere mu gushyira mu bikorwa Amasezerano y'i Paris. Irashyigikira kandi igahuza abanyamuryango bayo mu muyoboro w’isi binyuze mu kongerera ubushobozi, ubukangurambaga, imishinga n’ubukangurambaga kugira ngo isabe guverinoma n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa kugira icyo bakora ku bihe byihutirwa by’ikirere.

Abanyamuryango ba CAN bakora kugira ngo bagere kuri iyo ntego binyuze mu guhuza amakuru ndetse n’ingamba z’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta ku bibazo mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n’igihugu. Abanyamuryango ba CAN bashyira imbere cyane ibidukikije bifite ubuzima bwiza n’iterambere "bihura n’ibikenewe muri iki gihe bitabangamiye ubushobozi bw’ibisekuruza bizaza kugira ngo babone ibyo bakeneye" ( Komisiyo ya Brundtland ). Icyerekezo cy’imihindagurikire y’ibihe ni ukurinda ikirere mu gihe bituma habaho iterambere rirambye kandi riringaniye ku isi. Yashinzwe mu 1989 na Michael Oppenheimer mu Budage. 

## Imiyoboro y'akarere n'iy'igihugu

CAN ifite imiyoboro isanzwe yo mukarere no mugihugu bita node ihuza izo mbaraga.

#### Uturere

* CAN-Isi
* CAN-Afurika y'Iburasirazuba
* CAN Uburayi bwiburasirazuba, Caucase na Aziya yo hagati (CAN-EECCA)
* CAN-Burayi
* CAN Amerika y'Epfo (CANLA)
* Ibirwa bya pasifika CAN (PICAN)
* CAN-Aziya yepfo (CANSA)
* Intara y'Afurika y'Epfo CAN (SARCAN)
* CAN-Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba bwa Aziya (CANSEA)
* CAN Afurika y'Iburengerazuba no Hagati (CANWA)

### References
CorpsAfrica Green

CorpsAfrica ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu 501 (c) (3) washinzwe mu 2011 n’uwahoze ari umukorerabushake w’amahoro w’amahoro ushaka kumenya no gushingira ku ntsinzi nini y’amahoro Corps atanga uburambe nk'ubwo bwo guhindura abayobozi bakizamuka muri Afurika - bikabaha amahirwe yo kuba igice cyigisubizo cyibihugu byabo. CorpsAfrica ikoresha bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo guteza imbere amahanga, harimo guha imbaraga abaturage, guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati y’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta n’abafatanyabikorwa bacu mu iterambere, gukurikirana no gusuzuma ingaruka

## CorpsAfrica Green
Gahunda nshya ya “CorpsAfrica Green” yatangiye mu Rwanda hamwe n’amahugurwa y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, gutangiza udushya tw’ibidukikije, no gutera ibiti mu midugudu yo mu cyaro.
Inyamanza y'umuhondo

Mu rwego rwo gushaka imibereho myiza cyangwa umutekano abantu bashobora kuva ku mugabane umwe bakajya ku wundi mugabane. Igikorwa cyo kwambukiranya imipaka ntabwo ari umwihariko ku kiremwamuntu gusa kuko no mu biguruka nk’inyoni n’ibisiga hagaragaramo amoko atandukanye yambukiranya imipaka akajya bu bindi bihugu, ku yindi migabane.

Ibyo byo kwambukiranya imipaka bikorwa mu gihe inyoni zikeneye kororoka kandi aho ziri hadashobora kuzifasha kororoka neza. Ntabwo ari ibyo gusa ahubwo n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kujya gushaka ibyo kurya na byo bishobora gutuma inyoni zimuka.

## Uko zikora ingendo
Mu Rwanda dufite inyoni z’amoko atandukanye dushobora kuhabona mu gihe runaka ariko mu kindi gihe wazishaka ntuzibone. Ibyo nta kindi kibitera ahubwo biterwa n’uko izo nyoni zishobora kuba zarimutse.

Muri uko kwimuka bishobora kubera imbere mu gihugu ariko kandi bishobora no gukorwa inyoni zimukira kure cyane. Mbese inyamanza z’umuhondo zambukiranya imipaka zikagera mu Rwanda ni inyoni zimeze ite?

## Imiterere

Inyamanza y’umuhondo iyo ikuze iba ifite ibara ry’umuhondo urabagirana ku nda kandi ikagira ibara rijya gusa n’icyatsi ku mugongo.

Amababa yayo ni umukara ariko akagira uturongo tubiri tw’umweru. Imirizo yayo aba ari umukara hariho n’umweru ku ruhande. Ku mutwe wayo ni icyatsi kandi hejuru y’ijisho hariho akarongo k’umuhondo. Inyamanza y’umuhondo igira amaguru ananutse y’umukara n’umunwa w’umukara.

Inyamanza y’umuhondo iyo ihagaze uburebure bwayo kuva ku maguru ukagera ku mutwe ni 17cm, iyo amababa yayo iyarambuye agira uburebure bwa 25cm, iyi nyoni ishobora kugira uburemere bwa garama 18 kandi ibasha kuramba imyaka itanu. Iyi nyoni ushobora kuyibona mu Rwanda kuva muri Werurwe gukomeza mu mezi y’impeshyi.

## Ibyo irya
Inyamanza y’umuhondo ikunda kugenda itorera hasi, ahantu hatose n’ahantu haba ubushyo kuko biyorohera kubona ibisimba bituruka mu mase, amasazi n’utundi dusimba duto.

## Imyororokere
Inyamanza z’umuhondo zikunda kubaka ibyari ku butaka hasi by’umwihariko mu mirima minini. Izi nyoni kandi zishobora kubaka ibyari mu mukenke ahantu hatose. Mu gihe cyo gutera amagi izi nyoni zishobora gutera mu byari bibiri bitandukanye mu gihe kimwe.

Iyo ibyari bimaze kuboneka ingore itera amagi 5-6 muri buri cyari. Iyo gutera amagi hakurikiraho kurarira amagi bikorwa n’ingore mu gihe cy’ibyumweru bibiri (iminsi 14). Imishwi iyo imaze iminsi hagati ya 13-15 iba imaze kumera amababa kandi ishobora kuguruka.

## Ibishobora kuyibangamira
Muri iki gihe harimo kugaragara igabanuka cyane ry’umubare w’inyamanza z’umuhondo bitewe n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ibura ry’udusimba duto, hakiyongeraho n’imiti ikoreshwa mu bworozi.

Imiti ikoreshwa mu bworozi igambiriye kwica, ibibangamira ubworozi bituma inyamanza z’umuhondo zirya udusimba twishwe n’iyo miti bityo bikagira ingaruka kuri izo nyoni.

## Reba
Umushinga wo kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima

Hatangijwe umushinga w’imikoranire hagati y’abanyeshuri bo mu Rwanda n’abo muri Israël hagamijwe kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

Rwatangijwe n’urubuga ruhuza Urubyiruko rw’Abanyarwanda baba muri Canada (IRYD) ku bufatanye n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga urengera Ibidukikije(TiME), Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Abanya-Canada udaharanira inyungu, Harmony Foundation ndetse n’Umuryango ukorera ibikorwa by’ubugiraneza mu Rwanda, Shelter Them.

Uwo mushinga wiswe Israël-Rwanda School Biodiversity Program watangijwe ku mugaragaro ku wa 25 Gicurasi 2021, aho imikoranire izaba hagati y’abanyeshuri bo mu Rwunge rw’amashuri rwa Rugando ho mu karere ka Bugesera, ndetse n’abo mu ishuri rya Rogozin Educational Campus riherereye i Kiryat mu Majyepfo ya Tel-Aviv.

## Intego
Ni umushina ufite intego yo kurema ubufatanye mu myigire n’imikorere y’abanyeshuri b’ibihugu byombi mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

Biteganyijwe ko binyuze muri uwo mushinga, abanyeshuri b’ibihugu byombi bazigira hamwe akamaro k’ibikorwa byo kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, uburyo bwo gufata imyanzuro mu matsinda mu gihe bazaba bagena ahakwiye kurindwa mu bidukikije, bakongera ubumenyi bwabo mu rurimi n’ubwumvane (communication), imico mishya n’ubumenyi mu mikoranire hagati y’imico itandukanye, guteza imbere ubumenyi bushya mu buhinzi n’izindi nzego mu kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

Intego nyamukuru y’uwo mushinga ni iyo kongerera ubumenyi ababyiruka mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima hakiri kare binyuze mu bigo by’amashuri.

## Reba
Gasuku zo mubwoko bwa Meyer’s Parrot

Akarere ka Bugesera kari mu Burasirazuba bushyira Amajyepfo y’u Rwanda, ni akarere gafite ibyiza nyaburanga byinshi nko kuba gafite ibiyaga icyenda n’ibindi. Hari ahantu henshi ho kujya kuruhukira ukabasha kugarura ubuyanja. Aho kandi niho hari amasangano y’Akanyaru na Nyabarongo ari nabyo bireme uruzi rw’Akagera.

Bugesera ni akarere mu myaka yashize habonekaga inyamaswa zitangaje nk’imvubu n’izindi zitandukanye. Muri izo nyamaswa habamo n’inyoni nziza cyane ziba mu biti zizwi nka Gasuku, by’umwihariko izo mu bwoko bwa Meyer’s Parrots.

Izi nyoni ziboneka mu karere ka Bugesera hafi y’icyuzi cy’igikorano mu kibaya cya Kamatana.

## Uburanga bwazo
Ubaye warigeze kubona Gasuku zororwa kuko mu Rwanda hamwe na hamwe zibasha kuhaboneka, ubonye Meyer’s Parrot ushobora gukeka ko ubonye Gasuku isanzwe kuko imiterere yazo isa neza n’izindi ngenzi zazo.

Amababa ya Meyer’s Parrot ahenshi asa n’ikijuju cyangwa se ibara rijya gusa n’ivu ariko kandi ikagira ibara ry’umuhondo hamwe na hamwe nko hafi yo ku mpera z’amababa zigurukisha. Ibara ry’umuhondo hari n’ubwo riboneka ku mutwe wayo. Ku nda hazo ni icyatsi kibisi.

Hejuru ku mirizo ku ruhande hasa n’ikijuju mu gihe mu mirizo hasa n’ikijuju cyijimye. Umuzenguruko wo ku maso ndetse n’umunwa bifite ibara ry’umukara.

## Imiterere
Meyer’s Parrot uburebure bwayo bubarirwa hagati ya sentimetero ya 21 na 25. Uburemere bwayo buri buri gahati ya garama 100-135. Uburebure bw’amababa yayo iyarambuye ni santimetero 141-149. Iyi nyoni ibasha kurama kugera ku myaka hagati ya 25-35.

## Imirire
Meyers’s Parrot ishobora kurya ibyo kurya bifite intungamubiri nk’ibyo abantu barya. Muri ibyo twavuga nk’intoryi, ibigori bibisi, karoti, inkeri, imbuto, ubunyobwa, amababi ya epinari, inyanya, inanasi, udusimba duto, indabo zimwe na zimwe, pommes, imineke n’izindi mbuto zitandukanye.

## Imyororokere
Izi Gasuku hamwe na hamwe barazifata bakazorora. Iyo ziba mu gasozi by’umwihariko iziba muri Afurika zikunda kororoka iyo igihe cy’imvura kirangiye. Meyer’s Parrot itera amagi mu mwobo w’igiti by’umwihariko iyo uwo mwobo uri hejuru cyane uvuye ku butaka. Iyi nyoni itera amagi hagati y’abiri n’ane.

Mu gutera ayo imagi hagati y’igi rimwe n’irindi hacamo iminsi ibiri. Iyo igi rya kabiri rimaze guterwa, kurarira bihita bitangira. Ingabo n’ingore bifatanya kurarira ayo magi cyane cyane ingore. Kurarira bimara iminsi hagati ya 26 na 31. Imishwi igaburirwa n’ababyeyi bombi. Umushwi umaze ibyumweru icyenda uba ukuze bihagije.

Meyer’s Parrot iba ikuze bihagije ku buryo ishobora kororoka iyo imaze imyaka itatu cyangwa ine.

## Inkomoko

Izi Gasuku zitwa Meyer’ Parrots zifite inkomoko munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara muri iki gihe zirimo guhura n’ibibazo bitandukanye harimo kuba ziribwa n’ibisiga birya inyama n’inzoka, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kwangirika kw’amashyamba, imiti ikoreshwa mu buhinzi ndetse na ba rushimusi bazitega kugira ngo bazigurishe ku masoko mpuzamahanga.

## Reba