open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Agusitini

Agusitini Hippo (/ ɔːˈɡʌstɪn /; Ikilatini: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 Ugushyingo 354 - 28 Kanama 430 . Inyandiko ze zagize uruhare mu iterambere rya filozofiya y’iburengerazuba n’Ubukirisitu bw’iburengerazuba, kandi afatwa nkumwe mu ba Padiri b'Itorero rikomeye ry’Itorero ry'Ikilatini mu gihe cya Patristo. Ibikorwa bye byinshi byingenzi birimo Umujyi wImana, Ku nyigisho za gikristo, no kwatura.

Dukurikije ibyatagajwe na Jerome. Augustin "yongeye gushya Kwizera kwa kera". Nyuma yo guhinduka mu bukristu no kubatizwa mu 386, Augustin yateje imbere uburyo bwe bwite bwa filozofiya na tewolojiya, akurikiza uburyo butandukanye. Kwizera ubuntu bwa Kristo ntahara mu bwisanzure bwa muntu, yafashaga gushyiraho inyigisho z'icyaha cy'inkomoko kandi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'imyumvire y'intambara gusa. Igihe ubwami bw'Abaroma bwo mu Burengerazuba bwatangiraga gusenyuka, Augustin yatekereje ko Itorero ari Umujyi w'Imana wo mu mwuka, utandukanye n'Umujyi wo ku isi. Ibitekerezo bye byagize uruhare runini mubitekerezo byisi. Igice cy'Itorero cyubahirije igitekerezo cy'Ubutatu nk'uko byasobanuwe n'Inama ya Nicaea n'Inama ya Constantinople bifitanye isano rya hafi na Augustin Ku Butatu.

Agusitini azwi nk'umutagatifu muri Kiliziya Gatolika, mu Itorero rya  Orotodogisi y'uburasirazuba(Eastern Orthdox) . Ni n'umuganga ukomeye wa Kiliziya Gatolika ya Kiliziya akaba n'umurinzi w'Abanya Augustin. Urwibutso rwe rwizihizwa ku ya 28 Kanama, umunsi yapfiriyeho. Agusitini ni we mutagatifu w’inzoga, icapiro, abahanga mu bya tewolojiya, hamwe n’imijyi myinshi na diyosezi. Abaporotesitanti benshi, cyane cyane Calviniste n'Abaluteriyani, bamufata nk'umwe mu ba se ba tewolojiya y'Ivugurura ry'Abaporotesitanti kubera inyigisho ze ku gakiza n'ubuntu bw'Imana. Abavugurura b'Abaporotesitanti muri rusange, na Martin Luther by'umwihariko, bafataga Augustin mu mwanya wa mbere mu ba Padiri b'Itorero rya mbere. Luther yari, kuva mu 1505 kugeza mu 1521, umwe mu bagize Iteka rya Eremitite ya Augustin.

Mu Burasirazuba, inyigisho ze ntizivugwaho rumwe kandi zibasiwe na John Romanides. Ariko abandi bahanga mu bya tewolojiya n'abantu bo mu Itorero rya orotodogisi mu burasirazuba bagaragaje ko bemera cyane ibyo yanditse, cyane cyane Georges Florovsky. Inyigisho zitavugwaho rumwe cyane na we, filioque, [30] zanze Itorero rya orotodogisi. Izindi nyigisho zitavugwaho rumwe zirimo ibitekerezo bye ku byaha by'umwimerere, inyigisho y'ubuntu, no guteganya mbere. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nubwo bifatwa nkibeshya ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe, aracyafatwa nk'umutagatifu kandi yagize uruhare kuri ba Padiri b'Itorero ryo mu Burasirazuba, cyane cyane Gregory Palamas. Mu Itorero rya orotodogisi umunsi we mukuru wizihizwa ku ya 15 Kamena. Umuhanga mu by'amateka Diarmaid MacCulloch yaranditse ati: "Ingaruka za Augustin ku bitekerezo bya gikristo byo mu Burengerazuba ntizishobora kuvugwa; gusa urugero yakundaga cyane Pawulo wa Taruso, ni rwo rwagize uruhare rukomeye, kandi Abanyaburengerazuba muri rusange babonye Pawulo mu maso ya Augustin." 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo
Jerome

Jerome (/ dʒəˈroʊm /; Ikilatini: Ewuzebi Sophronius Hieronymus; Ikigereki: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος; azwi cyane nka Mutagatifu Jerome.

Jerome yavukiye ahitwa Stridon, umudugudu uri hafi ya Emona ku mupaka wa Dalmatiya na Pannoniya.  Azwi cyane nkuwahinduye Bibiliya hafi ya yose mu kilatini (ubusobanuro bwamenyekanye nka Vulgate) n'ibitekerezo yatanze ku Mavanjiri. Urutonde rwe rw'inyandiko ni rwinshi.

Jerome yari azwiho inyigisho zerekeye ubuzima bw’imyitwarire ya gikristo, cyane cyane abatuye mu bigo by’isi nka Roma. Kenshi na kenshi, yibanze ku mibereho y’abagore kandi agaragaza uburyo umugore witangiye Yesu agomba kubaho ubuzima bwe. Ibyo byibanze ku mibanire ye ya hafi n’abakobwa benshi b’abagore b’abagore b’abagore bari bagize imiryango ikennye ya senateri.

Jerome azwi nk'umutagatifu akaba n'Umuganga wa Kiliziya na Kiliziya Gatolika, Itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burasirazuba, Itorero ry'Abaluteriyani, hamwe n'Abasangwabutaka. Umunsi mukuru we ni 30 Nzeri.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome
Kiyahudi (Judaism)

Idini rya **Kiyahudi** (rikomoka mu giheburayo: יהדות, Yahadut [1] ] Abayahudi b'abanyamadini bafatwa nk'Abayahudi ko bagaragaza isezerano Imana yagiranye n'abana ba Isiraheli. Ikubiyemo umubiri mugari w'inyandiko, imyitozo, imyanya ya tewolojiya, nuburyo bwo gutunganya. Torah ni igice cy'inyandiko nini izwi ku izina rya Tanakh cyangwa Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, hamwe n'imigenzo y'inyongera yo mu kanwa ihagarariwe n'inyandiko nyuma nka Midrash na Talmud. Hamwe n'abayoboke bagera kuri miliyoni 14.5 na 17.4 ku isi, [6] Idini rya Kiyahudi ni ryo dini rya cumi rinini ku isi.

Mu idini rya Kiyahudi harimo ingendo zitandukanye, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zarakomotse ku idini rya Kiyahudi ry'Abarabi, [7] rivuga ko Imana yahishuriye Mose amategeko yayo n'amategeko yayo ku musozi wa Sinayi mu buryo bwa Torah yanditse cyangwa mu kanwa. Mu mateka, ibyo byose cyangwa igice cyacyo cyamaganwe n'amatsinda atandukanye nk'Abasadukayo n'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi mu gihe cy'urusengero rwa kabiri; [9] Abakarayite mu ntangiriro na nyuma y'ikinyejana cya 5; no mu bice by'amadini agezweho atari orotodogisi. Amashami ya kijyambere y'Abayahudi nk'Abayahudi b'Abayahudi ashobora kuba adahuje idini. Muri iki gihe, imyizerere minini y'Abayahudi ni idini rya Kiyahudi ya orotodogisi (idini rya Kiyahudi rya Haredi n'Abayahudi ba orotodogisi ya none), idini rya Kiyahudi ryita ku idini rya Kiyahudi, n'ivugurura ry'Abayahudi. Inkomoko nyamukuru yo gutandukanya ayo matsinda ni uburyo bwabo bwo gukurikiza amategeko y’Abayahudi, ubutware bw’imigenzo ya ba rabi, n'akamaro ka Leta ya Isiraheli. Idini rya Kiyahudi rya orotodogisi rikomeza rivuga ko amategeko ya Torah n'Abayahudi ari ay'Imana mu nkomoko, y'iteka kandi adahinduka, kandi ko agomba gukurikizwa byimazeyo. Idini rya Kiyahudi ryita ku ivugurura n’ivugurura ni ubuntu, aho idini rya Kiyahudi ryita ku idini rya Kiyahudi ryateje imbere ubusobanuro gakondo bwo gusobanura ibyo Abayahudi basabwa kuruta kuvugurura idini rya Kiyahudi. Imyanya isanzwe ivugurura ni uko amategeko y'Abayahudi akwiye gufatwa nk'urutonde rw'amabwiriza rusange aho kuba nk'imbogamizi n'inshingano zisabwa kubahiriza Abayahudi bose. [12] Amateka, inkiko zidasanzwe zashyize mu bikorwa amategeko y'Abayahudi; muri iki gihe, izi nkiko ziracyahari ariko imigenzo y'Abayahudi ahanini ni ubushake. Ububasha ku bibazo bya tewolojiya n’amategeko ntibuhawe umuntu uwo ari we wese cyangwa umuryango runaka, ahubwo ni ibyanditswe byera hamwe na ba rabi n’intiti babisobanura.

## Indanganturo (Reference)
Byahinduwe mu kinyarwanda https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism
Richard Wrangham

**Ubuzima bwa Richard Wrangham**

Richard yavukiye i Leeds, muri Yorkshire. Amaze imyaka myinshi mu ishami rya kaminuza ya Michigan, yabaye Umwarimu wa Biological Anthropology muri kaminuza ya Harvard kandi itsinda rye ry’ubushakashatsi ubu riri mu ishami rishya ryashinzwe ry’ibinyabuzima by’ubwihindurize. Ni mugenzi wa MacArthur. Afatanya n’umushinga wa Kibale Chimpanzee National Park muri Uganda, yakoze ubushakashatsi bw'igihe kinini muri iyi parike. Ubushakashatsi bwe busozwa no kwiga ku bwihindurize bw’abantu aho akuramo imyanzuro ishingiye ku bidukikije by’imyitwarire y’inguge. Nkumunyeshuri urangije, Wrangham yize munsi ya Robert Hinde na Jane Goodall.

Wrangham azwi cyane cyane ku bikorwa bye muri ecologiya ya sisitemu mbonezamubano (Ecology of apes), amateka y'ubwihindurize yo kwibasira abantu (bikarangira mu gitabo cye na Dale Peterson, Abadayimoni b'Abadayimoni: Inguge n'inkomoko y'ihohoterwa rya muntu), ndetse n'ubushakashatsi yakoze mu guteka ( incamake mu gitabo cye, Gufata umuriro: Uburyo Guteka Byatugize Umuntu) no kwigira wenyine. Ni ibikomoka ku bimera.

Wrangham yagize uruhare runini mu kumenya imyitwarire ifatwa nk "umuntu wihariye" muri chimpanzees, harimo n'umuco [6] hamwe na Eloy Rodriguez, chimpanzee yivura wenyine. 

Mu masomo aherutse kwigisha muri Human Evolutionary Biology (HEB) yibanze muri Harvard harimo HEB 1330 Imyitwarire mbonezamubano na HEB 1565 Inyigisho z’agahato ku gitsina (afatanije na Porofeseri Diane Rosenfeld wo mu ishuri ry’amategeko rya Harvard). Muri Werurwe 2008, yagizwe Umuyobozi w'inzu ya Currier House muri kaminuza ya Harvard. Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro muri Dogiteri wa siyansi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Oglethorpe mu 2011. [9]
Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo

**Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo**, nanone yitwa Tanakh (/ tɑːˈnɑːx /; [1] תָּנָ״ךְ, ivugwa [taˈnaχ] cyangwa [təˈnax]; nanone Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach), cyangwa rimwe na rimwe Miqra (מִקְרָא), ni icyegeranyo cyemewe cy'ibyanditswe byigiheburayo, harimo na Torah. Aya masomo hafi ya yose mu giheburayo cya Bibiliya, hamwe n'ibice bike mucyarameyi ya Bibiliya (mu bitabo bya Daniyeli na Ezira, umurongo Yeremiya 10: 11, n'amagambo amwe). Imiterere yiyi nyandiko ifite uburenganzira ku idini rya kiyahudi ryaba rabi izwi ku izina rya Masoretic Text (MT) kandi igizwe n’ibitabo 24, mu gihe Bibiliya y’abaporotesitanti igabanya ahanini ibintu bimwe mu bitabo 39. Bibiliya Gatolika na Bibiliya ya orotodogisi y'Iburasirazuba / Ikigereki ikubiyemo ibikoresho by'inyongera mu Isezerano rya Kera, byakomotse kuri Septante (inyandiko zahinduwe mu kigereki cya Koine) n'andi masoko.

Usibye Umwandiko wa Masoretike, intiti za none zishaka gusobanukirwa n'amateka ya Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo zikoresha amasoko atandukanye. Muri byo harimo Septante, igisobanuro cy’ururimi rw'igisiriyake cyitwa Peshitta, Pentateu ya Samariya, icyegeranyo cy’imizingo yo ku nyanja y'Umunyu hamwe n’amagambo yavuzwe mu nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki za rabi. Aya masoko arashobora kuba ashaje kuruta inyandiko ya Masoretike mubihe bimwe na bimwe kandi akenshi itandukanye nayo. Iri tandukaniro ryabyaye igitekerezo kivuga ko ikindi gitabo, Urtext yo muri Bibiliya y'Igiheburayo, cyigeze kubaho kandi kikaba isoko y'impinduro zikiriho muri iki gihe. Ariko, Urtext nkiyi ntabwo yigeze iboneka, kandi niyihe muri eshatu zizwi cyane (Septante, Inyandiko ya Masoretike, Umusamariya Pentateuch) yegereye Urtext impaka. [5]
Hubris

Hubris (/ ˈhjuːbrɪs /, ukomoka mu kigereki cya kera ὕβρις) asobanura imiterere yumuntu wubwibone bukabije cyangwa ubupfapfa cyangwa kwigirira icyizere kirenze urugero, akenshi bifatanije nubwibone. Ijambo "ubwibone" riva mu kilatini adrogare, bisobanura kumva ko umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba abandi imyitwarire n'imyitwarire runaka. "Kwishyira hejuru" bisobanura "gusaba cyangwa gufata nta mpamvu .... gutanga ibirego bidakwiye kugira", cyangwa "gusaba cyangwa gufata nta burenganzira ... kuvuga cyangwa kuranga nta mpamvu".Ijambo "kwiyitirira" naryo rifitanye isano nijambo hubris, ariko ntabwo rihwanye na hubris.ukeneye amagambo kugira ngo ugenzure] Dukurikije ubushakashatsi, hubris, ubwibone no kwiyitirira bifitanye isano no gutsinda intsinzi (kabone niyo byaba atari byo) 'ntabwo bivuze gutsinda) aho kwiyunga, nkamatsinda "yinshuti" ashobora guteza imbere. Ubusanzwe Hubris abonwa [nande?] Nkibiranga umuntu aho kuba itsinda, nubwo itsinda uwakoze icyaha ashobora kugira ingaruka zingwate kubikorwa bibi. Hubris akunze kwerekana gutakaza umubonano nukuri no gukabya ubushobozi bwumuntu, ibyo yagezeho cyangwa ubushobozi. Imiterere y'izina Hubris ni "hubristic".

Ijambo hubris ryatangiriye mu kigereki cya kera, aho ryari rifite ibisobanuro bitandukanye bitandukanye ukurikije imiterere: mu mikoreshereze y’amategeko ryasobanuraga gukubita cyangwa gukora ibyaha by’imibonano mpuzabitsina no kwiba umutungo rusange, kandi mu gukoresha idini byasobanuraga kurenga ku mana.
Tertullien

Tertullien (/ tərˈtʌliən /; Ikilatini: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; nko mu 155 - nko mu 240? AD) Mu nkomoko ya Berber na Fenisiya, Yari umukirisitu wa mbere wasabye imbabazi akaba na polemiciste kurwanya ubuyobe, harimo na Gnosticism ya Gikristo yo muri iki gihe. Tertullian yiswe "se w'ubukristu bw'ikilatini" kandi "washinze tewolojiya y'Uburengerazuba."

Nubwo yibanda ku bitekerezo bye, Tertullien yatangije ibitekerezo bishya bya tewolojiya kandi ateza imbere inyigisho za Kiliziya ya mbere. Birashoboka ko azwi cyane kuba umwanditsi wa mbere mu kilatini uzwiho gukoresha ijambo ubutatu (Ikilatini: trinitas).

Mu buryo butandukanye na ba se benshi b'Itorero, Tertullian ntiyigeze amenyekana nk'umutagatifu n'amatorero gakondo gatolika y'iburasirazuba cyangwa y'iburengerazuba. Inyinshi mu nyigisho ze ku bibazo nko kugandukira byimazeyo Umwana n'Umwuka kuri Se, kimwe no kwamagana kongera gushaka abapfakazi no guhunga ibitotezo, bivuguruza inyigisho z'imigenzo.
Y-chromosomal Adam

Muri genetics yabantu, Y-chromosomal abakurambere baheruka (Y-MRCA, bizwi ku izina rya Y-chromosomal Adam) ni ba sogokuruza baheruka (MRCA) aho abagabo bose bazima bakomoka kuri ba sekuruza. Ijambo Y-MRCA ryerekana ko Y chromosomes yabagabo bose babaho muri iki gihe ikomoka kuri Y chromosome ya basekuruza ba kure. Igitekerezo gisa na ba matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka kumenyekana kizwi nka "Eva Mitochondrial Eva" (mt-MRCA, cyiswe kwanduza mtDNA), umugore uheruka gukomokamo abantu bose bazima bakomokamo. Kimwe na "Eva Mitochondrial Eva", izina rya "Y-chromosomal Adam" ntirishyirwaho burundu kumuntu umwe, ariko rishobora gutera imbere mugihe cyamateka yumuntu kuko ibisekuruza byababyeyi bicika.

Ikigereranyo cyigihe Y-MRCA yabayeho nacyo cyahindutse uko ubumenyi bugezweho bwabakurambere bwabantu buhinduka. Mu mwaka wa 2013, havumbuwe haplogroup ya Y-chromosomal yari itaramenyekana, [1] bituma hahindurwa gato imyaka igereranijwe y’umuntu Y-MRCA. [2]

Mubisobanuro, ntabwo ari ngombwa ko Y-MRCA na mt-MRCA bagombye kubaho icyarimwe. [3] Mu gihe ibigereranyo guhera mu 2014 byerekanaga ko bishoboka ko abo bantu bombi bashobora kuba bari mu gihe kimwe, [4] ivumburwa rya kera Y-haplogroup ryasubije inyuma imyaka yagereranijwe ya Y-MRCA kurenza imyaka ishobora kuba ya mt-MRCA . Kugeza mu 2015, ibigereranyo byerekana imyaka Y-MRCA iri hagati yimyaka 200.000 na 300.000 ishize, ibyo bikaba bihuye no kuvuka kwabantu ba kijyambere.

Amakuru Y-chromosomal yakuwe muri Neanderthal ukomoka muri El Sidrón, Espanye, yatanze Y-T-MRCA yo mu myaka 588.000 ishize kuri Neanderthal na Homo sapiens patrilineages, yiswe ante Adam na 275.000 ishize kuri Y-MRCA. [6]
Eva Mitochondrial

Muri genetics yabantu, Eva ya Mitochondrial (nayo mt-Eva, mt-MRCA) ni matrilineal ba sogokuruza baheruka (MRCA) mubantu bose bazima. Mu yandi magambo, asobanurwa 

nkumugore uheruka kuva abantu bose bazima bakomoka kumurongo utavunitse binyuze muri ba nyina no kuri ba nyina b'abo babyeyi, kugeza igihe imirongo yose ihurira kumugore umwe.

Kubijyanye na mitochondrial haplogroups, mt-MRCA iherereye mugutandukana kwa macro-haplogroup L muri L0 na L1–6. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, ibigereranyo ku myaka yo gutandukana kwabaye nko mu myaka 150.000 ishize, [ingingo ya 3] ijyanye n'itariki nyuma yo kuvugwa na Homo sapiens ariko hakiri kare ugereranyije no muri Afurika iherutse gutatanya. [4] [1] ] [5]

Ikigereranyo cy'abagabo na "Eva ya Mitochondrial" ni "Y-chromosomal Adam" (cyangwa Y-MRCA), umuntu abantu bose bazima bakomokamo. Nkuko umwirondoro wa matrilineal na patrilineal MRCAs ushingiye kumateka y'ibisekuruza (gusenyuka kw'ibisekuru), ntibakeneye kubaho mugihe kimwe. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2013, ibigereranyo byimyaka Y-MRCA birashidikanywaho cyane, hamwe ninshuro zitandukanye kuva mumyaka 180.000 kugeza 580.000 ishize [6] [7] [8] (ufite imyaka iri hagati ya 120.000 na 156.000 ishize , hafi ya byose bigereranijwe na mt-MRCA.). [2] [9]

Izina "Eva Mitochondrial Eva" ryerekeza kuri Eva wo muri Bibiliya, ibyo bikaba byaratumye abantu bavuga nabi cyangwa imyumvire itari yo mu nkuru z’abanyamakuru kuri iyo ngingo. Ibyamamare bya siyansi bizwi cyane mubiganiro byerekana imyumvire itari yo ishobora gushimangira ko umwanya wa mt-MRCA utagenwe mugihe (kuko umwanya wa mt-MRCA ugenda utera imbere mugihe imirongo ya ADN ya mitochondial (mtDNA) iba yazimye) , nta nubwo bivuga "umugore wa mbere", cyangwa umugore wenyine muzima wo mu gihe cye, cyangwa umunyamuryango wa mbere w "ubwoko bushya".
Ambrose

Ambrose (wavutse Aurelius Ambrosius; nko mu 340 - 397), wubahwa nka Mutagatifu Ambrose [a], yari Umwepiskopi wa Milan, umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya, akaba n'umwe mu bantu bakomeye ba kiliziya bakomeye bo mu kinyejana cya 4.

Ambrose yakoraga nka guverineri w’Abaroma wa Aemilia-Liguria muri Milan ubwo yagirwaga mu buryo butunguranye kuba Umwepiskopi wa Milan mu 374 kubera abantu benshi. Nka musenyeri, yafashe icyemezo gikomeye cyo kurwanya Arianism maze agerageza gukemura amakimbirane hagati y'umwami w'abami Theodosius wa mbere na Magnus Maximus wanyaga. Gakondo ishimira Ambrose kuba yarateje imbere "indirimbo ya antifonal", uburyo bwo kuririmba aho uruhande rumwe rwa korari rwitabira ubundi buryo, ndetse no guhimba Veni redemptor gentium, indirimbo ya Adiventi. Yagize kandi uruhare rukomeye kuri Augustin wa Hippo (354-430).

Ubukirisitu bw’iburengerazuba bwagaragaje ko Ambrose ari umwe mu Baganga bayo bane ba Kiliziya. Afatwa nk'umutagatifu na Kiliziya Gatolika, Itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burasirazuba, Ihuriro ry'Abangilikani, n'amadini atandukanye y'Abaluteriyani, kandi yubahwa nk'umutagatifu wa Milan.
Sipiriyani

Sipiriyani (SIP-ree-ən; Ikilatini: Thaschus Cæcilius Sipiriyani; nko mu 200 - 14 Nzeri 258 nyuma ya Yesu) Kugaragara. Azwiho  kuba umutagatifu mu matorero ya gikristo. Yavutse ahagana mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 3 muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, ahari i Carthage, [6] aho yakuye amasomo ya kera. Bidatinze nyuma yo kwinjira mu bukirisitu, yabaye umwepiskopi mu 249. Umuntu utavugwaho rumwe mu buzima bwe, ubuhanga bwe bukomeye bw'abashumba, imyitwarire ihamye mu gihe cy'ubuyobe bwa Novatianiste ndetse n'icyorezo cya Icyorezo cya Sipiriyani (cyitiriwe izina rye kubera ko yabisobanuye), kandi amaherezo yiciwe i Carthage yamenyekanye kandi yerekana ko ari uwera imbere ya Kiliziya. Ubuhanga bwe bw'ikilatini bwatumaga afatwa nk'umwanditsi w'ikirangirire w'ikilatini w’ubukristu bw’iburengerazuba kugeza Jerome na Augustin.
Sconce

Sconce ni ubwoko bwurumuri rushyizwe kurukuta. Umucyo mubisanzwe, ariko ntabwo buri gihe, werekeza hejuru no hanze, aho kumanuka. Sconce nuburyo bwa kera cyane bwimiterere, amateka yakoreshejwe hamwe na buji n'amatara yamavuta. Ibikoresho bigezweho bakunze kwita lights cyangwa amagambo asa, cyane cyane niba isoko yumucyo itwikiriwe nikirahure.

Bashobora gutanga amatara rusange, kandi biramenyerewe muri koridoro no muri koridoro, ariko birashobora kuba byiza cyane. Sconce irashobora kuba itara gakondo, buji cyangwa itara rya gaze, cyangwa isoko yumucyo wamashanyarazi igezweho yashyizweho muburyo bumwe.

### Imikoreshereze n'amateka

Sconces irashobora gushirwa kurukuta rwimbere ninyuma yinyubako. Mugukoresha mbere-bigezweho, mubisanzwe bifata buji n'amatara. Mu mateka, ibishashara bya buji byakorwaga mu ifeza cyangwa mu muringa kuva mu kinyejana cya 17, hamwe na farufari na ormolu byatangiye gukoreshwa mu kinyejana cya 18. Itara rya buji ryakongejwe cyane ninyuma yerekana inyuma. Ukoresheje utwugarizo, buji yabikwa kure y’urukuta.

Amatara ya kijyambere yamashanyarazi akoreshwa kenshi muri koridoro cyangwa muri koridoro kugirango itange urumuri hamwe ningingo ishimishije mugice kirekire. Uburebure bwa Sconce munzira nyabagendwa muri rusange ni 3/4 byintera hejuru yurukuta nkuko bipimye kuva hasi kugeza ku gisenge, kandi intera iri hagati ya sconces kurukuta muri rusange ihwanye nintera ya sconces kuva hasi, akenshi bisimburana kumpande inzira nyabagendwa.

Sconces mubisanzwe yashyizwe mubice cyangwa ibindi bice byinshi kugirango itange uburinganire. Birashobora gukoreshwa mugukingura inzugi cyangwa kumurongo. Ibizunguruka-amaboko akenshi bishyirwa kuruhande rwigitanda kugirango bitange amatara yo gusoma.

Muri kaminuza zimwe zicyongereza, ijambo sconce ryakoreshejwe kugirango ryerekane ibikorwa bimwe bikosora bigamije kumurikira umunyeshuri wibeshye. Reba inyandiko ya Saga ya Egil yahinduwe na E. R. Eddison (1930) yerekana ko igihano gishobora kuba "kuvuga ibinyobwa bisindisha muri kimwe".
Noël Hitimana

**Noël Hitimana** (Imyaka icumi 1950, Nyamirambo-yapfuye mbere ya 2002, Rwanda) yari umunyamakuru w’u Rwanda , akaba n'umunyamakuru ( *animateur* ) wa radiyo Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), kikaba cyari uburyo bw’ingenzi mu guteza imbere itotezwa ry’abatutsi n’Abahutu bashyira mu gaciro mu gihe Jenoside yo mu Rwanda . Kimwe n'izindi sitasiyo kuri sitasiyo, Hitimana yateje urugomo abaturage b'abatutsi ku kirere.    

  

Mbere yo gukora muri RTLM, Hitimana yakoraga kuri Radiyo Rwanda iyobowe na Leta ndetse n’ikigo *cy’itumanaho n’itangazamakuru mu Rwanda* mu mpera za za 70 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya za 90. Muri icyo gihe, yamenyekanye cyane kubera indamutso yaturutse bisanzwe mu turere dutandukanye no mumijyi yu Rwanda mu masaha ya mugitondo, mugihe abahinzi babyutse bajya gukora mumirima. Iki gice cyamamaza cyashimangiye akamaro ko gukora cyane, abaturage ndetse n’ibitekerezo byo gukunda igihugu by’ishyaka ryonyine ryemewe n'amategeko kandi riri ku butegetsi, Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere (MRND). Bavuga ko ari inzogaHitimana yirukanwe kuri Radiyo Rwanda, nyuma yo gutuka umunyagitugu w’u Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana , mu kiganiro cyahise asinze. 

Bitewe no kuba yaramamaye ku rwego rw'igihugu, Hitimana yari umwe mu ba *animateurs ba* mbere bahawe akazi na RTLM, nyuma yo gushingwa ku ya 8 Mata 1993.  imyitozo yo gusuhuza imijyi n'abayituye. Igihe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yatangiye , ku itariki ya 7 Mata, 1994, Hitimana ryahinduwe ngeso gutanga ahantu nyayo amazina bivugwa ibyitso Rwandan Patriotic Front , gushishikariza ihohoterwa ndetse kwica abantu, na amatsinda nka Impuzamugambi hamwe ninterahamwe za Interahamwe . 

Ibice bya Hitimana bikubiyemo 5% byamakuru yose ya RTLM. 

Ku ya 17 Mata 1994, igisasu cyaturikiye muri imwe muri sitidiyo ya RTLM, gikomeretsa bikomeye Hitimana. Nyuma y’igitero, byabaye ngombwa ko acibwa ukuguru, maze ahatirwa guhagarika gukorera RTLM.  Hitimana ni abwira vyagiye muri gereza mu 2002, cyangwa wenda imbere mwaka.

## Reba

# ↑ ***a b c d e*** Li, Darryl (2004). "Urusaku rw'ihohoterwa: Ibitekerezo kuri radiyo na jenoside mu Rwanda." . *Ikinyamakuru cy'ubushakashatsi bwa Jenoside* **6** (1): 25. doi : 10.1080 / 1462352042000194683 . Yakuweho 19 Werurwe 2013 .
# ^ ***A b*** FH (27 Gashyantare 2002). «https://www.justiceinfo.net/fr/hirondelle-news.html» . *Ikigo cya Hirondelle* . Yakuwe ku ya 22 Werurwe 2013 .
# ^ ***A b c*** Thompson, Allan (Iv.) (2007). https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/media-and-rwanda-genocide?PublicationID=131 . Yakuweho 19 Werurwe 2013 .
# ^ Impamba, Cassandra (2007). " ' Aho Radio ari Umwami': Radiyo Yanga u Rwanda n'amasomo twize." . *Ikinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cy’ubushakashatsi bwa Atlantike* : 4-11 . Yakuwe ku ya 17 Werurwe 2013 .
Froduald Karamira

**Froduald Karamira** (14 Kanama 1947 - 24 Mata 1998) yari umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda wahamwe n'ibyaha byo gutegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu 1994. Yakatiwe urwo gupfa n'urukiko rwo mu Rwanda kandi yari umwe mu bantu 24 ba nyuma bishwe n'u Rwanda.  

## Ubuzima
Karamira yavukiye i Mushubati, mu Rwanda, avukira mu muryango w'abatutsi. Akuze, Karamira yemerewe kuba Umuhutu akurikiza imigenzo imwe n'imwe yo mu Rwanda yemerera "guhinduka" kuva mu itsinda ujya mu rindi.

Karamira yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w’ishyaka rya MDR kandi yari umuyobozi mu mutwe w’intagondwa z’ishyaka, uzwi ku izina rya "Hutu Power".

Ku ya 23 Ukwakira 1993, Karamira yagejeje ijambo ku mugaragaro aho yahimbye igitekerezo cy ' **"ubutegetsi bw’Abahutu** . **"** Yahamagariye abaturage b'Abahutu "guhaguruka no gufata ingamba zikenewe", kandi "dushakishe muri twe umwanzi uri muri twe." 

### Urubanza rwa jenoside no kwicwa nyuma
Su juicio comenzó el 13 de enero de 1997 en Kigali. Además de sus discursos diarios que incitaron al genocidio, se afirmó que él fue instrumental en la creación y armamento de las milicias de Interahamwe ; También fue acusado de ser personalmente responsable del asesinato de cientos de tutsis, incluidos 13 miembros de su propia familia.

Ku ya 14 Gashyantare 1997, Karamira yahamijwe ibyaha byose akatirwa urwo gupfa. Yajuririye mu rukiko rw'ubujurire rwa Kigali, ariko ubujurire bwaranze kandi igihano cye gishimangirwa ku ya 12 Nzeri 1997. Ku ya 24 Mata 1998, mu birori byabereye kuri sitade Nyamirambo i Kigali , Karamira yiciwe n'itsinda ry'itsinda kwicwa hamwe n'abandi bantu 21 bakatiwe. uruhare muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda. Kuri uwo munsi, byibuze abandi bantu babiri na bo biciwe ahandi mu Rwanda.
Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere

**Ihuriro ry’igihugu riharanira demokarasi n’iterambere** (Igifaransa: *Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement* , **MRND** ) ryari ishyaka rya politiki ryategekaga u Rwanda kuva 1975 kugeza 1994 ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana. Yiganjemo Abahutu , cyane cyane bo mu karere kavukire ka Perezida Habyarimana mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda. Iri shyaka ryashinzwe mu 1975 nk’umuryango w’igihugu uharanira impinduramatwara mu iterambere ( Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement ). Itsinda ry’indashyikirwa ry’abayoboke b’ishyaka rya MRND bari bazwiho kugira uruhare kuri Perezida n’umugore we - ndetse n’inshingano zo gutegura igenamigambiJenoside yo mu Rwanda - izwi nka akazu .     

Kuva mu 1975 kugeza 1991, MRND ni ryo shyaka ryonyine ryemewe n'amategeko mu gihugu. Habyarimana yavuzwe ko ashyira mu gaciro  nubwo bivugwa ko ishyaka ryakoresheje uburyo bwo kwamamaza iburyo  , ryateje imbere gahunda ya politiki y’aba conservateur  kandi ryarwanyaga abakomunisiti .Ishyaka ryari rifite inzego z’inzego zahuzaga inzego za guverinoma kuri buri rwego, kugeza ku murenge no mu kagari. Habyarimana yari perezida w’ishyaka, kandi nkuwo ni we mukandida wenyine wabaye perezida wa repubulika. Icyakora, mu bwumvikane buke kuri demokarasi, abatora bashyikirijwe abakandida babiri ba MRND mu matora y’Inteko ishinga amategeko. Izina ry’ishyaka ryahinduwe nyuma y’amashyaka ya politiki atavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi yemerewe n'amategeko mu 1991.

Nyuma y’igitero cya FPR mu 1990, abanyamuryango ba MRND bakoze ikinyamakuru *Kangura* . Ibaba ry’urubyiruko rw’ishyaka, *interahamwe* , nyuma yaje gukura mu mutwe w’abasirikare wagize uruhare runini muri jenoside yo mu 1994. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Habyarimana muri Mata 1994, abayoboke b'ishyaka bari mu bubatsi bakuru ba Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994. U Rwanda rumaze kwigarurirwa na mukeba w’abatutsi wiganjemo abatutsi b’abanyarwanda bayobowe na Paul Kagame, MRND yirukanwe ku butegetsi kandi biremewe.

Ihuriro ry’ingabo zishinzwe kurengera Repubulika , ryagize uruhare runini muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda, ryari umutwe utoroshye wa MRND wabaye ishyaka ryihariye.
Déogratias Nsabimana

**Déogratias Nsabimana** (23 Kanama 1945- yapfuye 6 Mata 1994) yahoze ari jenerali akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z’u Rwanda(FAR).

## Ubuzima

### Umwuga wa gisirikare
Mu Kwakira 1990, Urugaga rwo gukunda igihugu rw’u Rwanda (FPR), ingabo z’impunzi n’abatutsi bo mu Rwanda n’abatuye mu mahanga zambutse umupaka ziva muri Uganda maze zitera u Rwanda. Nsabimana yigaragaje cyane ku rugamba  Kubera iyo mpamvu, muri Mata 1992, Nsabimana yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru w'ingabo z'u Rwanda. Muri uru ruhare, yashyigikiye iterambere ry’umutwe mushya w’abaparakomando. Nkumunyamuryango wa Network Zero (ishyirahamwe ryitumanaho ryabayobozi ba gisirikare na politiki), yafashije guhugura amakipe azapfa.  Igihe hagaragaye ibimenyetso by’ubufatanye hagati y’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’interahamwe za Interahamwe , yavuze ko nta bumenyi yari afite kuri ubwo bufatanye. 

Ukuboza 1993, mu rwego rw’amasezerano ya Arusha , hashyizwe mu bikorwa amasezerano yo kugabana ubutegetsi, umutwe w’inyeshyamba zo mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR) wabonye abasirikare bagera kuri 600 binjira i Kigali. Nsabimana yarwanyije Amasezerano ya Arusha . Umwaka wakurikiyeho, bivugwa ko Nsabimana yagize uruhare mu gusaba ububiko bwa Interahamwe.   

### Urupfu

Ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Nsabimana ari kumwe na Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana bari batashye bavuye mu biganiro byo mu rwego rwo hejuru i Dar es Salaam ubwo indege yabo, Dassault Falcon 50 yagwaga na misile ebyiri zo mu kirere no mu kirere maze igwa hanze y’ikigo cya perezida i Kigali.  ndege yari itwaye cumi bwato, harimo Perezida Cyprien Ntaryamira w'u Burundi. 

Perezida w’u Rwanda wakurikiyeho, Paul Kagame, yagaragaje ko yemera ko Nsabimana yagambaniye Habyarimana, kandi ko yamukurikiye i Dar es Salaam kugira ngo akurikiranwe.
Enos Kagaba

**Enos Irigaba Kagaba** (wavutse 1954)  ni umucuruzi w’u Rwanda , mu 2001, yafatiwe ku kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Minneapolis-Saint Paul ubwo yageragezaga kwinjira muri Amerika. 
 

## Ifatwa
Yabanje gushinjwa uburiganya no gushaka kwinjira mu gihugu bitwaje indangamuntu. Igihe Abinjira Irangizwa wa Gasutamo Human Rights kurenga no Safety Leta Unit (HRVPSU) yabaye azi ko u Rwanda yari yatanze mpuzamahanga rwo gufata Kagaba ibikorwa bya jenoside mu 1994 intambara mu Rwanda, Jenoside ashinjwa nabo yongeyeho.  Hatanzwe icyemezo cyo gukuraho.

Nibwo bwambere bwabaye muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika itegeko ryo gukuraho ibirego bya jenoside . Amerika yakoresheje 18 USC §2340a kugirango ishyireho ububasha kuri Kagaba.  Iri tegeko-bwirizwa ryahaye ububasha umuntu ukekwaho icyaha niba we: a) afite ubwenegihugu bwa Amerika CYANGWA b) ahari muri Amerika (tutitaye ko we cyangwa abahohotewe (abenegihugu) ari / bari abanyamerika). 

Enos Kagaba nyuma yo gukingirwa Koronavirusi yagize ati; Ati: "Uzi neza ko ku isi yose atari ibihugu byinshi bifite inkingo. Nubwo tuvuguruza amategeko, igihugu cyacu kiracyadutekereza kandi cyadushyize imbere mubakingiwe mbere. Ibi birerekana ko igihugu cyacu cyita kubuzima bwabahungu nabakobwa aho bari hose. Byaduhaye ibyiringiro n'ibyishimo ”. 

## Reba Amateka
Félicien Kabuga

**Félicien Kabuga** ( 1 Werurwe mu 1933   -) ni rwiyemezamirimo yavutse mu Rwanda akaba aregwa na kimwe mu itsembabwoko bibi mu mateka, mu jenoside abantu barenga 800.000 mu Rwanda mu 1994.

Félicien Kabuga yamye ahakana ko atagize uruhara muri jenoside kandi akomeza gutangaza ko ari umwere. 

Yafatiwe i Paris ku ya 16 Gicurasi 2020 afite imyaka 84. Ikigaragara ni uko yabaga mu nkengero z'umurwa mukuru w'Ubufaransa mu ndangamuntu.
Ambrosiaster

Ambrosiaster ni izina ryahawe umwanditsi w'igitekerezo ku nzandiko za St Paul, "kigufi mu magambo ariko kiremereye mu bintu," kandi gifite agaciro mu kunegura inyandiko y'Ikilatini y'Isezerano Rishya.  Ibisobanuro ubwabyo byanditswe mugihe cy'ubupapa bwa Papa Damasus wa mbere, ni ukuvuga hagati ya 366 na 384, kandi bifatwa nk'inyandiko y'ingenzi y’inyandiko y'Ikilatini ya Pawulo mbere ya Vulgate ya Jerome, ndetse no gusobanura Pawulo mbere ya Augustin wa Hippo .  

Inshingano [guhindura inkomoko]
Iki gitekerezo cyaribeshye igihe kirekire kuri St Ambrose. Mu 1527, naho, Erasimusi yashidikanyije ku kuri kwa Ambrose umwanditsi w'iyi nyandiko. Muri rusange Erasimusi azwiho kuba yarahimbye izina "Ambrosiaster" (bisobanurwa mu kilatini: "uwashaka kuba Ambrose") kugira ngo asobanure umwanditsi waryo. Inguzanyo y'iri zina igomba kujya muri Mauriste, nkuko René Hoven yabigaragaje. Izina ryagumanye n'umwanditsi utazwi. Kugerageza kumenya iyi Ambrosiaster hamwe nabanditsi bazwi byarakomeje, ariko nta ntsinzi. Kubera ko Augustin avuga ibisobanuro bya Ambrosiaster ku Baroma 5.12 ku izina rya "Hilary", abanenga benshi bagerageje kumenya Ambroasiaster n'umwe mu banditsi benshi bitwaga "Hilary" ukora muri icyo gihe. Mu 1899, Germain Morin yavuze ko umwanditsi yari Isaka, Umuyahudi wahindutse akaba n'umwanditsi w’agace k’Ubutatu n’Ubumuntu, wajyanywe muri Esipanye mu 378-380 hanyuma agasubira mu idini rya Kiyahudi; ariko nyuma yaje kureka iyi nyigisho y’ubwanditsi ashyigikira Decimus Hilarianus Hilarius, umuyobozi wa Afurika mu 377. Ubundi, Paolo Angelo Ballerini yagerageje gukomeza kwita kumurimo gakondo kuri Ambrose, mubitabo bye byuzuye byakazi. Ibi ni ikibazo cyane, nubwo, kubera ko byasaba Ambrose kuba yaranditse igitabo mbere yuko aba umwepiskopi, hanyuma akacyongeraho mu myaka yakurikiyeho, akubiyemo amagambo yavuzwe na Hilary wa Poitiers ku Baroma. Nta biranga rero, byamenyekanye cyane mu bahanga, kandi umwirondoro we ukomeje kuba amayobera.

Ibindi bitabo bito byitirirwa uyu mwanditsi umwe, hamwe n’ikusanyirizo rirerire ry’udupapuro twinshi two mu bwoko bwa traketi na polemike, Quaestiones Veteris et Novi Testamenti, inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zisanzwe zitwa Augustin. Mu 1905, Alexander Souter yemeje ko iki gikorwa nacyo kigomba kwitirirwa Ambrosiaster. Ibice by'indi mirimo myinshi byavuzwe ko byanze bikunze Ambrosiaster: ibisobanuro kuri Matayo 24, ikiganiro kijyanye n'umugani w'ingero eshatu z'ifu umugore yashyizemo umusemburo, hamwe no kuvura guhakana kwa Petero no gufatwa kwa Yesu muri Gethsemane. Ibiranga ibindi bice kuri Ambrosiaster, nubwo, birarenze.
Kinyaperisi

**Kinyaperisi** (پارسی) ni ururimi rwa Irani, Afuganisitani, Tajikisitani, Uzubekisitani. Itegekongenga ISO 639-3 **fas**.
## Alfabeti y’Kinyaperisi
Kinyaperisi kigizwe n’inyuguti 32 :

## Imibare
***یک** &ndash; rimwe
***دو** &ndash; kabiri
***سه** &ndash; gatatu
***چهار** &ndash; kane
***پنج** &ndash; gatanu
***شش** &ndash; gatandatu
***هفت** &ndash; karindwi
***هشت** &ndash; umunani
***نه** &ndash; icyenda
***ده** &ndash; icyumi
## Wikipediya mu gitajiki
*ویکی‌پدیای فارسی
## Notes
Made in Rwanda

**Made in Rwanda** ni amagambo y'icyongereza avuga ibikorerwa mu Rwanda.

## Amavu n'amavuko
**Made in Rwanda** yatangiye nk'ubukangurambaga mu kongera ubumenyi ku nyungu zo kugura ibicuruzwa bikorerwa mu Rwanda. Imwe mu nyungu z'ubukangurambaga bwo kumenyekanisha íbikorerwa mu Rwanda, hashyizweho politiki yagutse yo kongera ingano  y'ibicuruzwa bikorerwa mu **Rwanda** bikenewe ku isoko.

## Aho byakuwe
Ingunzu itukura

***Ingunzu cyangwa Fox***

Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), nanone yitwa Fox, Red Fox cyangwa, ibaye imbonekarimwe, Goupil (izina ryayo mu myaka yo hagati, mbere yuko intsinzi ya Roman de Renart ihindura iri zina ryambere ry’inkomoko y’Ubudage rikaba izina rusange), ni ubwoko bwa Canidae buringaniye. Ni imbwebwe ikunze kugaragara muri Aziya, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Afurika y'Amajyaruguru na Ositaraliya. Ni inyamaswa z’inyamabere zifite ikote ritukura ryanditseho umweru munsi yinda nu muhogo, umunwa werekeza, ugutwi ugatwi umurizo. Ubwoko bushyirwa muburyo bwa Carnivora, ariko bufite indyo yiganjemo inyamanswa zose, kandi bugaburira cyane cyane imbeba ninkwavu, ariko kandi nudukoko, amafi cyangwa imbuto. Afite amahirwe rero cyane, amwemerera kumenyera ibidukikije bitandukanye no guhindura imirire ye ukurikije ukwezi kwumwaka. Red Fox yororoka, bitewe n'akarere, kuva Ukuboza kugeza Gashyantare, kubyara mugihe cyiza (geste yiminsi 50). Ibi bikorwa mubuhungiro bwa burrow, mugihe, umwaka usigaye, imbwebwe ibaho hafi yumuyaga. Abakiri bato babanje kugaburirwa namata ya nyina, hanyuma, buhoro buhoro, ababyeyi bombi babazanira inyama. Batangira kuva mu mwobo nyuma y'ibyumweru bine, bonsa mu byumweru icyenda, kandi, nyuma yo kumara icyi hamwe n'ababyeyi babo, bagatatana kugwa. Ingano yo gutatana nubunini bwimyanda iratandukanye ukurikije ibiribwa byibidukikije ndetse nimpfu, bigatuma amoko agenzura umubare wacyo. Amahirwe yacyo no guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, byayemereye gukoroniza igice kinini cy'isi yo mu majyaruguru, bituma iba imwe mu nyamaswa z’inyamabere zikwirakwizwa ku isi.

Red Fox ni inyamaswa ifatwa nk'amayeri, kandi akenshi igereranywa nko mu migani, nko mu migani ya Aesop, iyo fabuliste Jean de La Fontaine ayifata nyuma, cyangwa mu migani yo muri Aziya, aho agaragara nk'umugome kandi yahawe. imbaraga zubumaji. Irahigwa kubera ubwoya bwayo, kugirango yishimishe, kubera kwamburwa amatungo mato mato kandi nanone kubera ko iyo mbwebwe ari imwe mu ndwara z’ibisazi na alveolar echinococcose, ariko ubukangurambaga bwo gukingira indwara y’indwara kurandura vuba ibisazi bivuye mu Burayi bwi Burengerazuba. Mu Burayi, imbwa zabujijwe buhoro buhoro kuva mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri. Buhoro buhoro, Red Fox ishora mumijyi, igaburira imyanda kandi ihungira muri parike nubusitani ahantu hatuwe. Imirima yashizweho 
kugirango itange isoko ryubwoya.
Stella Ford Mugabo

**Stella Ford Mugabo** (wavutse 1962) ni umunyarwandakazi w'umunyapolitiki wabaye Minisitiri w’ibikorwa by’inama y’abaminisitiri kuva muri Nyakanga 2013.

## Ubuzima bwo hambere n'amashuli
Mugabo yavutse mu 1962 muri Uganda kuri Francis Ford Gashumba na Stella Mukamutara.  Afite impamyabumenyi y’uburezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Makerere na Master mu by'ubukungu n’imibereho myiza yakuye muri kaminuza ya Manchester . 

## Umwuga
Mugabo yakoze nk' umusesenguzi wa politiki rusange mu biro bya Perezida wa Uganda, hanyuma aba umwanditsi mukuru ushinzwe amasomo mu Ishuri Rikuru rya Kigali ry'Ubumenyi, n'Ikoranabuhanga. Yabaye umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’ubunyamabanga bw’inzego za Leta kuva muri Werurwe 2010 kugeza 2014.   Yabaye umuyobozi w’inama y’Ikigo cy’Ubuyobozi  mu Rwanda aba n'umwe mu bagize inama ya Gahunda yo Kongera ubushobozi mu Rwanda. 

Mugabo yagizwe Minisitiri w’ibikorwa by’inama y’abaminisitiri na Perezida Paul Kagame muri Nyakanga 2013, asimbuye Protais Musoni.  

## Ubuzima bwite
Mugabo arubatse afite abakobwa batanu.  Ni Umukristo . 

## Reba
Ecole notre dame de la providence de karubanda

Ecole Notre Dame de la Providence de Karubanda ni ishuri ry'isumbuye ryibanda byumwihariko ku burezi bw'umwana w'umukobwa.

## '''Amateka'''
Iri shuri ryatangiye mu mwaka w'1957, rishinzwe n'ababikira basabira  roho zo muri pirigatori (Les soiers auxilliatrices plus les âmes du purugatoire). Mu gutangira kwaryo,ryari rije kwita ku burezi bw'umwana w'umukobwa, rikaba ryari riherereyebahazwi ubu nk'akarere ka Gisagara. Abana babakobwa baturukuga mu Rwanda n' i Burundi ariho baje kwiga bitewe nuko muri icyo gihe uburezi bw'umunwana w'umukobwa ntabwo bwari bufite agaciro. Ku bijyanye nibyahigirwaga rero,habaga  amasomo yibijyanye n'indimi, imirimo y'intoki,ubuzima bwo mu mutwe(psychology),ndetse nimyafatire y'abantu  (sociology).  

Mu mwaka w'1999,nibwo iri shuri ryahinduye izina,aho ryitwaga Ecole Sociale, rigahinduka Ecole Notre Dames de la providence de Karubanda. 

## '''Aho riherereye'''

Ecole Notre Dame de la Providence de Karubanda iherereye mu ntara y'amajyepho, Akarere ka Huye,umurenge wa Ngoma, kuri metero 100 uvuye kuri garre nkuru ya Huye.

## '''Amasomo ahatangirwa'''

Ecole Notre Dame de la Providence de Karubanda ifite ibyiciro bibiri 

### Icyiciro rusange
*Ikiciro rusange ari nayo myaka itatu itangira amashuri yisumbuye. Muri iki kiciro abana biga amasomo nkuko REB (ikigo gikuru kita ku mashuri abanza nayisumbuye)ibisaba, aho biga amasomo akorwa mu kizamini cya let's ariyo aya akurikira:*

Imibare

Ubugenge 

Ibinyabuzima

Ubutabire

Ubumenyi bw'isi

Amateka 

Icyongereza

Ikinyarwanda

Hiyongeraho ndetse nandi masomo atabazwa mu kizamini cya leta, ariyo:

Igifaransa

IKORANABUHANGA

Ubumenyi bwamadini

Igiswayili.

#### Icyiciro gikuru
*Mu cyiciro gikuru ari nayo myaka itatu isozaamashuri yisumbuye, bafite ibice binebitandukanye aribyo:*

Ubugenge,ubutabire n'ibinyabuzima

Imibare,ibinyabuzima n'ubutabire

Imibare,ubugenge n'ubumenyi bw'isi

Imibare,icungamutungo n'ubumenyi bw'isi.

## Abahize bazwi

# Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie
# Cecile Kayirebwa
# Christine Mukarubuga

## Reba

# https://web.archive.org/web/20210130091759/http://www.endpk.org/
# https://web.archive.org/web/20210205011257/http://www.endpk.org/content/programs
# https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/10104
Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie

**Sylvie Kayitesi Zainabo** (yavutse 27 Gicurasi 1962) ni umunyamategeko w'umunyarwandakazi wagiye akorera ibigo bigiye bitandukanye haba muri guverinoma ndetse nohanze y'igihugu mu miryango yabikorera kugiti cyabo . 
## Ubuzima bwe n'amashuri yize

Kayitesi Sylvie Zainabo yavutse kuwa 27 Gicurasi 1962 avukira mu karere ka Rwamagana mu Rwanda, arubatse akaba ari umubyeyi wa abana bane. Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie yize amashuri yisumbuye muri Ecole notre dame de la providence de karubanda. Kayitesi afite impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu mategeko yakuye muri Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1989, afite kandi impamyabumenyi yicyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza mu ubutabera mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha n’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yakuye muri Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda muri 2018 .

## Imirimo yakoze
Sylvie Kayitesi Zainabo kuva mu 1995 kugera mu 1999 yakoranye n’ishyirahamwe ry’abagore mu kurengera uburenganzira bw’umugore n'umwana HAGURUKA , aho yabaye Perezida na Visi-Perezida wa Pro-Femmes. kuva 1996 kugera mu 1999 kdi yabaye umukozi ushinzwe kurinda muri Komisiyo ishinzwe impunzi. Kayitesi yabaye kandi minisitiri wa minisiteri yari ishinzwe ubutaka, gutuza abantu n'ibidukikije kuva muri werurwe 1999 kugera mu Ugushyingo 2002. kuva kandi  mu 2003 kugera mu 2011, Kayitesi yabaye Perezida wa Komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda. Kayitesi Zainabo Sylvie yabaye Visi-Perezida akaba n'umucamanza w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'u Rwanda kuva mu 2011 kugera mu 2019.

## Ibindi
Kayitesi  Sylvie Zainabo indi mirimo itandukanye nkaho :

* Yahoze ari Perezida wa Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage kuva 2013 kugeza 2015, akaba na Visi-Perezida wa Komisiyo (2011-2013). 
* yabaye kandi utanga Raporo idasanzwe ku mpunzi, abashaka ubuhunzi, abimukira n’abimuwe mu gihugu, akaba na Perezida w’itsinda rishinzwe itumanaho . 
* yabaye Umuyobozi w’Urugaga rw’Ibigo by’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umunyamuryango wa Komite Mpuzabikorwa Mpuzamahanga wa ICC, y’ibigo by’igihugu bishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gihe cy’imyaka ibiri, 
* Yabaye Visi-Perezida w’ishyirahamwe ry’igifaransa n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. , na Perezida w’ihuriro ry’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Afurika y’iburasirazuba (EAC) ry’ibigo by’igihugu bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu.
* Madamu Kayitesi yakoranye na UNHCR - u Rwanda nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe kurengera umutekano, NOB (1996-1999) .

## Ibindi wareba

# Urukiko rw'ikirenga rw'uRwanda
# Cyanzayire Aloysie
# Rugege Sam

## Amashakiro
Indatwa n'inkesha school

Ishuri ry'Indatwa n'inkesha rizwi cyane nka Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare (GSOB) n'ishuri ry'isumbuye ry'abihaye Imana bo mw'idini rya gatorika.

## Aho riherereye
Iri shuri riherereye mu majyepfo y' uRwanda, mu akarere ka Huye ahahoze hitwa butare, mu murengewa Ngoma. 

## Amateka
Iri shuri ryahoze ryitwa cyane Urwunge rw'amashuri rwa Butare (Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare/GSOB), ryashinzwe mu mwaka w'1929 nabihayimana bo mu muryango waba sharite ( https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Charitybrothers of charity). Mu gutangira kwaryo ryitwaga Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida, aho ryari rije gutegura abanyeshuri bo gufasha abakoroni bab'abiligi bari mu gihugu icyo gihe.

## Amasomo ahatangirwa

### Ikiciro rusange
Imibare

Ubugenge

Ibinyabuzima

Ubutabire

Ubumenyi bw'isi

Amateka 

Ubumenyi mu myandikire y'icyongereza

Ubumenyi mu byamadini

Ubumenyi mu mibikire y'ibitabo

Igiswahili

Igishinwa

Igifaransa

Icyongereza

Ikoranabuhanga

Siporo.

### Ikiciro gikuru
Bafite amashami atatu yibanda ku bumenyi butandukanye, ariyo:

Ibinyabuzima,ubutabire n'ubumenyi bw'isi

Ubugenge,ubutabire n'ibinyabuzima

Ubugenge,ubutabire n'Imibare

## Abahize bazwi

# King Kigeli V ndahindurwa of Rwandahttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigeli_V_Ndahindurwa
# Louis Rwagasore, Prince of Burundihttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rwagasore
# Melchior Ndadayehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Ndadaye
# Joseph Cimpayehttps://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cimpaye
# Monique Nsanzabaganwa

## Reba

# https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Charity
# https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigeli_V_Ndahindurwa
# https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rwagasore
# https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Ndadaye
# https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cimpaye
# https://web.archive.org/web/20210130152346/https://gsobindatwa.com/olevel/
# https://web.archive.org/web/20210130171051/https://gsobindatwa.com/alevel/

## Ihuza ryo hanze
Urutare rwa Ndaba

**Urutare rwa Ndaba**, ni ahantu nyaburanga kandi ndangamuco n'amateka mu Rwanda. Urutare rwa Ndaba ni urutare rumanukaho amazi ikaba impamvu ikurura ba mukerarugendo mu Karere ka Karongi, cyane kubera amateka y’imigani ahakikije .

## Inkuru z'Imigani
Amateka avuga ko mbere y'iterambere, Ndaba uzwi cyane nk'umuturage wabaga mu ishyamba rikikije urutare agahiga mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Mugihe cyo guhiga no guhakura ubuki hamwe na bagenzi be, yaje guhura n'igitare gifite umwobo munini w'inzuki. Yagiye mu mwobo abifashijwemo na bagenzi be bamuzirika umushumi munda bamumanuriramo kubera ko yari afite amatsiko kandi yiyemeje, abona ubuki bwinshi butemba mu mizinga y'inzuki. Yahamagaye inshuti ze, ababwira ibyo yabonye maze abasaba kujya hasi bakagarura bimwe muri byo. Akigera mu mwobo ahakura ubuki yirira mbere yuko bagenzi be babimenya,mu gihe agezemo hepfo, akajya ahakura ubuki aburya. Ubuki bwari bwinshi ku buryo inzuki zititayeho,akomeza kurya ubuki cyane maze atakaza imbaraga kubera guhaga cyane intege ziramushirana,ariko bagenzibe bamubaza agahakana ati ntacyo nabonye,  Izuba rimaze kurenga, abagenzi be babonye ko bwije, bahamagara Ndaba bamusaba kuza kugira ngo bataha. Kubwamahirwe Ndaba yari yahaze cyane kuburyo atashoboye kubyuka. Bahisemo barekura umugozi bari bamuziritse barigendera ,nyuma agerageza kuzamuka ava mu mwobo, aranyerera agwa hasi, ahasiga ubuzima. Na mangingo aya rutare ruzwi ku izina ry'urutare rwa Ndaba, kandi rufite n'amasoko y'amazi menshi arutembaho  .

## Inyandiko
Portail:Sciences humaines

Indirimbo cyangwa umuziki muri rusange ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko biri mu bintu bishobora kugufasha mu gihe wigunze. Si ukwigunga gusa ahubwo niyo waba ufite agahinda gakabije@honoré Biko niwe wavuze ati. (Ubuzima bwanjye ntago bwari bworoshye kuva mu bwana, gusa kurundi ruhande byaje kumfasha ngera aho nkura mba umugabo, nza jujya mu rukundo uneo nakunze umukobwa ku rwego bitigeze bimbaho na rimwe. Gutandukana nawe kari agahinda gakomeye cyane kurusha kamwe nakuriyemo nita ko aribyo byaribigoye kurusha ibindi byose ku isi).

Umuziki hari uburyo yafasha mo umuntu ukurikije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Healthline ngibi bimwe mubyo umuziki wafasha:

Ubuzima bwo mu mutwe & Amarangamutima Amabwiriza: Umuziki ugabanya urugero rwa cortisol no guhangayika, gufasha abantu gutunganya, kurekura intimba, no gucunga imihangayiko. Ikora nkuguhunga bishobora guhindura imyumvire no guteza imbere kuruhuka.

Ubuzima bwumubiri: Kumva umuziki birashobora guhindura umuvuduko wumutima no guhumeka, kugabanya umunaniro, no kongera kwihangana. Ikoreshwa muburyo bwo kuvura kugirango ifashe mugucunga ububabare no kugarura kwibuka, cyane cyane kubarwayi bo guta umutwe.

Kumenya & Umusaruro Byongerewe: Umuziki utezimbere kwibanda, kwibuka, hamwe nibikorwa byubwenge. Itera ubwonko, bushobora gufasha kongera kuba maso no kunoza ibitekerezo mugihe cyakazi cyangwa kwiga.

Guhuza Imibereho & Guhuza: Umuziki ukora nka "kole mbonezamubano," ituma abantu bahuza binyuze mu bitaramo cyangwa gucuranga mu matsinda. Ifasha kugabanya irungu kandi ikomeza umuryango.

Iterambere ryumuntu: Kwiga gucuranga bitera indero, kwihangana, no kwihangana