Uburezi muri Turukiya

**Uburezi muri [[Turukiya]]** bugengwa na gahunda y’igihugu yashyizweho hakurikijwe ivugurura rya Atatürk nyuma y’intambara yo kwigenga ya Turukiya . Nuburyo bugenzurwa na leta bugamije kubyara ibyiciro byumwuga ibigo byimibereho nubukungu byigihugu.Kwiga ku gahato bimara imyaka 12. Amashuri abanza nayisumbuye aterwa inkunga na leta kandi kubuntu mumashuri ya leta, hagati yimyaka 6 na 19, naho 2003 kwandikisha abana muriki kigero byari hafi 75%. Amashuri yisumbuye cyangwa ayisumbuye ntabwo ari itegeko ariko arasabwa kugirango noneho atere imbere muri kaminuza. Muri 2012 muri Turukiya hari kaminuza 165.  Usibye *Ishami Ryugurura Uburezi* ( Turkish   ) muri kaminuza ya Anadolu, kwinjira bigengwa n’ikizamini cy’igihugu, ÖSYS, nyuma y’abanyeshuri barangije amashuri yisumbuye bakoherezwa muri kaminuza bakurikije imikorere yabo.

## Amateka

Nyuma yo gushingwa kwa Repubulika ya Turukiya imitunganyirize ya minisiteri y’uburezi yagiye itera imbere buhoro buhoro kandi ivugururwa n’Itegeko no 2287 ryatanzwe mu 1933. Minisiteri yahinduye amazina inshuro nyinshi. Yaguye muri Minisiteri y’umuco (1935–1941) yitwa Minisiteri y’uburezi, urubyiruko, na siporo (1983–1989). Kuva icyo gihe yitwa Minisiteri y'Uburezi bw'igihugu.  Mbere ya Repubulika, ibigo by'uburezi ntibyari bifite imico y'igihugu. Amashuri yateguwe mumiyoboro itatu itandukanye yari ibigo bihagaritse bitigenga. Iya mbere kandi ikunze kugaragara muri uyu muryango ni amashuri y'uturere na madrase bishingiye ku myigishirize ya Koran ururimi rw'icyarabu no gufata mu mutwe, icya kabiri ni amashuri y'Ivugurura n'amashuri yisumbuye ashyigikira udushya naho uwa gatatu ni amashuri makuru n'amashuri mato hamwe n'amahanga. kwigisha ururimi.  Itegeko ryo guhuriza hamwe uburezi, no 430 ryatanzwe ku ya 3 Werurwe 1924. Hamwe n'iri tegeko, imiyoboro itatu itandukanye yarahurijwe hamwe, iyambere yarafunzwe, iya kabiri iratezwa imbere naho iya gatatu ijyanwa mu igenzura no gukurikiranwa na Minisiteri y'Uburezi. Imwe mu ntego zayo kwari ugushyira mu bikorwa ubunyangamugayo mu burezi .  Mu itegeko ry’umuryango w’uburezi no 789 ryatanzwe ku ya 22 Werurwe 1926 Minisiteri y’uburezi y’igihugu yahawe inshingano zo gusobanura impamyabumenyi n’uburinganire bw’amashuli ya Leta n’abikorera ku giti cyabo yamaze gufungura cyangwa gufungura minisiteri itari Minisiteri y’Uburezi y’igihugu. . Iri tegeko ryazanye gahunda nshya nka "nta shuri rishobora gufungurwa muri Turukiya nta ruhushya rwumvikanyweho na Minisiteri y’Uburezi" cyangwa " integanyanyigisho zizategurwa na Minisiteri y’Uburezi". Ibigo byigisha imyuga-tekiniki byahoze biyobowe ninzego zibanze byashyizwe muri minisiteri yuburezi.
Mu 1923-24, hari muri Turukiya, abanyeshuri barenga gato 7000 bo mumashuri yisumbuye, abanyeshuri bagera ku 3.000 bo mumashuri yisumbuye, abanyeshuri bagera kuri 2000 biga tekinike ndetse nabanyeshuri ba medrese 18.000 muribo 6.000 bavuga ko ari abanyeshuri nyabo naho abandi biyandikisha kuba ukuwe mu gisirikare.  Muri icyo gihe abaturage ba Turukiya bari miliyoni 13-14.

## Amashuri Abanziriza abanza Muri Turikiya

Amashuri abanza abanza akubiyemo uburezi butemewe bwabana hagati y-amezi 36-72 bari munsi y’amashuri abanza. Ibigo by-amashuri abanza, pepiniyeri yigenga byafunguwe nkamasomo yincuke n’amasomo ngiro mubigo byuburezi byemewe kandi bitemewe bifite ubushobozi bwumubiri bukwiye.  Serivisi zijyanye n'uburezi bwibanze butangwa na pepiniyeri, amashuri y'incuke, amasomo ngiro yafunguwe mbere na mbere na Minisiteri y’uburezi ndetse no mu bigo by’umunsi, amashuri y’incuke, amazu yita ku bana, amazu yita ku bana n’ibigo byita ku bana byafunguwe na minisiteri zitandukanye. n'ibigo bigamije kwita cyangwa uburezi bishingiye ku biteganywa n'amategeko icumi, sitati ebyiri n'amabwiriza icumi. Mu mwaka w'amashuri 2001–2002, abana 256.400 barigwaga naho abarimu 14.500 bakoreshwa mu bigo 10.500 by'amashuri abanza. 

## Amashuri Abanza muri Turikiya
Amashuri abanza ( Turkish   ) bimara imyaka 4. Amashuri abanza akubiyemo uburezi n'inyigisho bigenewe abana bari hagati ya 6-14, ni itegeko kubenegihugu bose, abahungu cyangwa abakobwa, kandi bitangwa kubuntu mumashuri ya leta. Ibigo by'amashuri abanza ni amashuri atanga imyaka umunani yuburezi budahwema, iyo abayirangije bahabwa impamyabumenyi yibanze.  Imyaka ine yambere yishuri ryibanze rimwe na rimwe bita "Ishuri rya mbere, 1. Urwego "( Turkish   *<span style="padding-right:0.1em;">Kademe</span>* ) ariko byombi nibyo.Hano haribintu bine byingenzi mubyiciro byambere, icya kabiri nicyiciro cya gatatu aribyo; Igiturukiya, Imibare, Hayat Bilgisi (bisobanurwa ngo "Ubumenyi bwubuzima") nururimi rwamahanga. Ku cyiciro cya kane, "Hayat Bilgisi" asimburwa na Science and Social Studies. Ururimi rwamahanga rwigishijwe mumashuri ruhinduka kuva mwishuri. Igikunze kugaragara cyane ni icyongereza, mugihe amashuri amwe yigisha ikidage, igifaransa cyangwa icyesipanyoli aho kuvuga icyongereza. Amashuri amwe yigenga yigisha indimi ebyiri zamahanga icyarimwe.Mbere ijambo "ishuri ryisumbuye" (tr: *ortaokul* ) ryakoreshejwe mumashuri yimyaka itatu kugirango rikurikire imyaka itanu iteganijwe kuri "Ishuri ryambere" (tr: *ilkokul* ). Noneho imyaka ine ya kabiri yuburezi bwibanze rimwe na rimwe bita "Ishuri ryambere, 2. Urwego "( Turkish   *<span style="padding-right:0.1em;">Kademe</span>* ) ariko byombi nibyo. Amashuri abanza arashobora kuba ayigenga cyangwa ayigenga. Amashuri ya Leta ni ubuntu ariko amafaranga yishuri ryigenga ahinduka kuva mwishuri akajya mwishuri. Indimi z'amahanga zigishwa mu Mashuri Yigenga ubusanzwe ziri ku rwego rwo hejuru ugereranije n’Amashuri ya Leta ku Mashuri Yigenga menshi ahitamo guha abavuga ururimi kavukire nk'abarimu.

Hariho amasomo atanu yibanze kumashuri ya gatandatu na karindwi; Igiturukiya, imibare, siyanse, amasomo mbonezamubano n'indimi z'amahanga. Ku cyiciro cya munani, amasomo mbonezamubano asimburwa na "Amateka ya Turukiya ya Revolution na Kemalism" (tr: TC İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük).Mu mwaka w'amashuri 2001–2002, miliyoni 10.3 z'abanyeshuri zarigwaga naho abarimu 375.500 bakoreshwa mu mashuri 34,900.

## References