open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Optophone

**Optophone** nigikoresho, gikoreshwa nabantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, gisikana inyandiko kandi kigatanga ibihe bitandukanye byerekana amajwi kugirango bamenye inyuguti. Nibimwe mubikorwa byambere bizwi bya sonification . Dr. Edmund Fournier d'Albe wo muri kaminuza ya Birmingham yahimbye optophone mu 1913,  yakoresheje amafoto ya seleniyumu kugira ngo amenye icapiro ry'umukara kandi ayihindure umusaruro wumvikana ushobora gusobanurwa n'impumyi. Isosiyete ya Glasgow, Barr na Stroud, yagize uruhare mu kunoza imiterere n’imikoreshereze yicyo gikoresho. 

Gusa ibice bike byubatswe kandi gusoma byabanje gutinda cyane; imyiyerekano mu imurikagurisha ryo mu 1918 yarimo Mary Jameson asoma ijambo rimwe kumunota.  Nyuma moderi ya Optophone yemereye umuvuduko wamagambo agera kuri 60 kumunota, nubwo amasomo amwe gusa ashobora kugera kuri iki gipimo. 

## Reba kandi
Optacon

## Ishakiro
Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis

**Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis** ni tekinoroji yo kugarura amaso kubarwayi bahumwe nindwara zifata imyanya y'ijisho, nka retinitis pigmentosa hamwe na macula degeneration (AMD), mugihe abarwayi babuze 'ishusho ifata' fotorepteptors, ariko neuron muburyo bwo gutunganya amashusho. 'Imbere ya retina ibice byabitswe neza.  Iyi prothèse subretinal yashizweho kugirango igarure amaso ikoresheje amashanyarazi itera imbere ya neurone y'imbere ikiriho, cyane cyane selile bipolar. Photovoltaic retinal yatewe ntago ari simusiga rwose kandi ikoreshwa na hafi-ya-infragre (880)nm) iteganijwe kuva mubirahuri byongerewe-ukuri. Kubura insinga ya trans-scleral byoroshya cyane uburyo bwo guterwa ugereranije nibindi byatewe.  Gukoresha optique ya pigiseli ya Photovoltaque ituma gupima ibimera bigera ku bihumbi bya electrode kandi bikagumana guhuza bisanzwe kwimikorere yijisho kumyumvire. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mbeba hamwe no kwangirika kwa retine bwerekanye ko iyerekwa rya prostate hamwe nimbuto ziterwa na subretinal zirinda ibintu byinshi byerekezo karemano, harimo no guhuza flicker kuri radiyo nyinshi (> 20Hz), guhuza n'amashusho ahamye, antagonistic centre-ikikije organisation hamwe nincamake yumurongo wa subunits mumirima yakira, itanga imiterere ihanitse. 

Igeragezwa rya Clinical hamwe nigisekuru cya mbere cyatewe ( PRIMA, Pixium Vision) gifite pigiseli 100μm yerekanaga ko abarwayi ba AMD babona inyuguti nubundi buryo bufite imiterere ijyanye nubunini bwa pigiseli.  Byongeye kandi, iyerekwa rya prothèque rwagati rifatwa icyarimwe hamwe nicyerekezo gisigaye cya periferique.

Ibisekuru bizakurikiraho hamwe na pigiseli 20μm byatanze uburyo bwo gusya bujyanye nimiterere karemano yimbeba (28μm).  Kugeza ubu, bene ibyo bisubizo bihanitse birimo gutezimbere retina yabantu nitsinda rya Palanker muri kaminuza ya Stanford .

## Indanganturo
Remote infrared audible signage

Ikimenyetso cya kure cya **infragre yumvikana** (RIAS) cyakozwe n'ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’amaso cya Smith-Kettlewell   (nk'ibimenyetso bivuga R ), abanyamahanga, cyangwa abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona, bazashobora kubona ubwoko bumwe bwamakuru aboneka binyuze mubimenyetso byanditse byanditse mubidukikije byubatswe.

Igizwe na infragre ya transmitteri yohereza inshuro nyinshi verisiyo ivugwa yibiri mu kimenyetso binyuze mu itumanaho ridafite umugozi . Inyandiko ya mbere  mu 1979 yiswe "Amatara yo Kuvuga" yazamuwe neza / igurishwa mu bucuruzi nka "Ibimenyetso byo Kuvuga" biri gushyirwaho ku isi.

Ikirangantego gifatanye cyangwa ibirahuri byashizwemo na IR yakira ibyerekezo byunvikana kumurongo, umurongo-wo-kubona- urumuri rwumucyo urumuri kandi rutanga umuntu mugutanga ibitekerezo byiza mugihe ikimenyetso cyerekanwe neza kandi kiri hafi.

Sisitemu yageragejwe kandi ikora neza haba mumbere ndetse ninyuma kandi ntabwo ihungabanya ibidukikije kuko imirasire ya IR itagaragara kandi icecekeye.

Ihame rya fotofone ya Alexander Graham Bell ryatumye habaho iterambere ryibikoresho bishobora kohereza / gutobora imiraba ya infragre muri sisitemu kuva mu itumanaho rya gisirikare binyuze muri sisitemu yo kugenzura kure kuri televiziyo na mudasobwa.

## Ibipimo ngenderwaho
Ibiranga RIAS muri kode yo muri Amerika 703.7. Ibi byavuzwe muri raporo  y’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kwinjira ku buryo bukurikira:

## Ishakiro
ESight

**eSight** nigikoresho cyubuvuzi gishobora kwambarwa kigamije kunoza icyerekezo cyimikorere yababana nubushobozi buke cyangwa ubuhumyi bwemewe . Iki gikoresho cyakozwe na sosiyete ikorera muri Kanada eSight Corp.

## Amateika
eSight yashinzwe mu 2006 na Conrad Lewis, injeniyeri w’amashanyarazi muri Kanada hamwe na bashiki bacu babiri bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Icyamuteye kwari ukubaka igikoresho cyafasha bashiki be kubona, gushobora gukora no kwigenga gukora ibikorwa hafi ya byose bya buri munsi (ADLs).  

Igisekuru cya mbere cyibikoresho, eSight 1, cyasohotse mu Kwakira. Igisekuru cya kabiri, eSight 2, cyasohotse muri Gicurasi 2015 kandi kirimo ibyuma byinshi byavuguruwe, birimo ecran ya HD OLED, amabara meza hamwe n’ibisubizo bya ecran ndetse nubuzima burebure bwa bateri. 

ESight 3 yasohotse muri Gashyantare 2017.    Muri Gicurasi 2017, Ikinyamakuru *Time* cyashyize eSight ku rutonde rwa “Tekinoroji Nziza ya 2017 Kugeza ubu.” 

Igisekuru kiriho, eSight 4 cyasohotse mu ntangiriro za 2020.

## Ibisobanuro
eSight ikubiyemo amabara abiri ya HD yerekana, imwe imbere ya buri jisho, hamwe ninzira zandikirwa zijyanye nu mukoresha wihariye. Iyerekana ihuza ibice bibiri byigenga, kandi bitandukanye cyane na OLED ya ecran, 1024x768 ikemurwa hamwe na dogere 37.5 yumurima-wo-kureba. Kamera iri imbere yigikoresho ifata amashusho muri Ultra HD kuri 21.5 MP kandi ikemerera zoom zigera kuri 24x. Imikoreshereze ya eSight iragaragaza kandi HDMI na USB yinjiza, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi hamwe namakarita ya SD yakuweho.

## Reba
Eyeluminati

**Eyeluminati** ni isosiyete yikoranabuhanga ikorera i Washington DC yateje imbere umushinga  na Roopam Sharma na Neeraj Saini.  Binjiye muri Microsoft Imagine Cup 2015 batsindira icyiciro cyo guhanga udushya n'umushinga Manovue. Uyu ni umufasha wubwenge wubwenge muburyo bwa gants kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona  busoma inyandiko yacapwe cyangwa ya digitale mu ijwi riranguruye. Ifasha kandi abantu kuzenguruka no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa.  Yakomeje gutsindira igihembo cy’ubuzima bw’isi ku isi cyo gutangiza 2018.  Batsindiye kandi Cognitive Computing & Internet of Ibintu mu gihembwe cya kane cya Yahoo Accenture Innovation Jockeys muri 2015. 

Hasabwe ko Manovue ikuraho Braille ikenewe. Ihuza ubwenge bwo kureba hamwe na enterineti yibintu. 

## Reba
Igenamigambi ry'abafite ubumuga

## Igenamigambi ry'abafite ubumuga
Inama y'igihugu y'abafite ubumuga **(NCPD)** iratangaza ko hagiye gukorwa ibarura rusange ry'abafite ubumuga mu gihugu hose, hiyongereyemo n'abana bari munsi y'imyaka itanu (5), bavukanye ubumuga ubwo aribwo bwose kuko mbere batabarurwaga. 

## Igenamigambi ry'abafite ubumuga mu Rwanda
Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa **NCPD** Ndayisaba Emmanuel, kuba abana bagiye kubarurwa, bizafasha kubakorerera ubuvugizi no kuvuzwa hakiri kare kuko ubusanzwe igenamigambi ry'abafite ubumuga ritajyaga ribatekerezaho.

Avuga ko kuba abana batabarurwaga mu bafite ubumuga, byatumaga hari abatangira kwitabwaho bararengeje igihe cyo kuvuzwa, bigatuma uburwayi cyangwa ubumuga bavukanye burushaho gukomera, umwana akarengerana ntavurwe, ariko ubu bizajya bihita byoroha kuko azajya avuka ahita ashyirwa mu mibare y'abagomba kw'itabwaho.

Agira ati kuvura ubumuga bukiri buto bizajya bituma umwana wabuvukanye yoroherwa vuba, aho gutegereza kuzakurikiranwa amaze gukura ndetse n'ubumuga afite bwaramuzonze, ikindi kandi iyo ubumuga buvuwe umwana akiri muto ubumuga bushobora gukosorwa, agasubira mubuzima busanzwe,ariko iyo yatinze kuvurwa ubumuga ntago buba bugikunze.

## Gushyira abafite ubumuga mu byiciro
Ndayisaba avugako itegeko rigenga abafite ubumuga rigiye guhindukamo ingingo hagamijwe kumenya neza imiterere y**'ubumuga**, ndetse n'ingaruka bufite ku muntu ubufite kugirango harebwe uko afashwa.

## Ishakiro
Ikoranabuhanga mu ibarura ry'abafite ubumuga

***Inama y'igihugu y'[[Abafite ubumuga mu Rwanda|abafite ubumuga]] kubufatanye n'abafatanya bikorwa, bagiye gutangira ibaruraryihariye ry'abafite ubumuga. NCPD itangazako abafite ubumuga bose bagiye gutangira kubarurwa hifashishijwe uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga, buzafasha kumenya abafite ubumug, ibyo bahawe ndetse nibyo bakeneye  mu rwego rwo kubafasha binyuze muri gahunda za leta yu*** *[[Rwanda|Rwanda*'.**]]''

== Ikoranabuhanga mu ibarura ry'abafite ubumuga mu Rwanda ==
**Uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga buzifasdhishwa mu kujya babarura abafite ubumuga, bagashyirwa mu ikoranabuhanga, hakerekanwa ibyo bakeneye, ibyo bahawe, ndetse hakagaragara ingorane bafite, cyane cyane imbogamizi bahura nazo mukuba bashobora kujya mubundi buzima busanzwe.** 

== Imikorere y'ibarura ==
**Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa wa NCPD ati kuko tuzajya mu rugo kurundi, dushaka umuntu wese waba afite ubumuga aho ari kuko twasanze ubushize ibyo twakoze dukoresheje abaganga, bakajya badusanga kubigo nderabuzima, ugasanga hari abantu bamwe nabamwe bagiye basigara kubera  batabasha kuhagera. ubu rero hafashwe umwanzuro wuko tuzajya tugenda tugera kurugo kurundi, ibikoresho twamaze kubigura imashini tuzifashisha zirahari, gusa harasabwa byinshi nkugirango mu mirenge yose y'igihugu. tubone abakora ibyo bikorwa tubahugure, nyuma yaho kandi ibyo byose bikozwe, hazahabwa ubushobozi Imirenge n'uturere kugirango bikoreshe iyo sisiteme.'''

## Bariza hano
ALLPlayer

**ALLPlayer** numukinyi wibitangazamakuru byambukiranya imiyoboro hamwe na seriveri yibitangazamakuru byanditswe na ALLPlayer Group Ltd ALLPlayer iraboneka kuri desktop ya Windows hamwe na porogaramu igendanwa, nka Android, iPad na iPhone iOS . Porogaramu iraboneka kububiko bwa App, Ububiko bwa Google bukinishwa na Microsoft Windows Ububiko . ALLPlayer ishyigikira imiterere ya dosiye nyinshi, harimo CD ya videwo na protocole ya streaming. Irashoboye gutambutsa itangazamakuru kurubuga rwa mudasobwa . Ibiranga ALLPlayer byose birimo ivugurura rya codecs zikoresha, ubufatanye na subtitles seriveri (urugero: openubtitles.org) yo gukuramo subtitles mu ndimi nyinshi, hamwe nubushobozi bwo gukina firime ya BitTorrent hamwe nuruhererekane hamwe na subtitles zihuye. ALLPlayer ifite igenzura rya kure na hoteri ya clavier. Irashobora gukina mirongo niba atari yose izwi amajwi na videwo. Abamenyekanye cyane muri bo ni: 3G2, AVI, Matroska (MKV), FLV, DAT, MOV, M2TS, MP4, 3GP, VOB, MPG, APE, AU, MKA, MP3, OGG, WAV na AC3, ndetse na CD y'amajwi, hamwe na urls. ALLPlayer irashobora gukina dosiye zuzuye, cyangwa zitarangiye, nkamadosiye agikuramo hifashishijwe urungano rwurungano (P2P).

## Ibiranga

* gukina firime kuva .torrent dosiye
* gukina dosiye
* amaradiyo menshi kumurongo
* inkunga kuri monitor 4 cyangwa TV
* gukina byikora kubice bikurikira bya firime cyangwa urukurikirane
* inkunga ya Dolby Surround, DTS, amajwi ya 3D, SPDIF nibindi
* urutonde
* EQ
* inkunga kumajwi n'amashusho, harimo videwo yo kuri YouTube
* kuzunguruka amashusho, gukosora amabara, kuzamura ubwiza
* kuzimya mudasobwa cyangwa gukurikirana nyuma ya firime
* autoresume
* ibisobanuro byubwenge
* dubbing
* kugenzura ababyeyi - ijambo ryibanga kuri dosiye

## Reba

* http://www.allplayer.org/en
* Softpedia
Camo (app)

**Camo** ni porogaramu ya webkamera yubuntu na sosiyete ikora software yo mubwongereza Reincubate yemerera terefone nibindi bikoresho bigendanwa gukoreshwa nka web kamera na kamera yinyandiko.  

Porogaramu ikora kuri macOS na Microsoft Windows kandi irahuza na terefone ya iOS na Android .  

Porogaramu ije mu buntu na Pro. Verisiyo yubuntu ikoresha kamera nyamukuru yibikoresho bigendanwa,   mugihe Pro verisiyo itanga uburenganzira kuri kamera zose. 

Gukoresha Camo bisaba gukuramo porogaramu kubikoresho bigendanwa hamwe na porogaramu igereranya, Studio ya Camo.   

## Indanganturo
First Derm

**Derm ya mbere** ni Dermatology yo muri Amerika ikorera kumurongo hamwe nurubuga rwa tele-ubuzima itanga ibisubizo kubibazo byuruhu. Abakoresha bohereza mubibazo kubuvuzi bwa dermatologiste bemewe binyuze muri iOS, Android cyangwa Urubuga.

## Amateka
Derm ya mbere yashinzwe mu 2014 na Dr. Alexander Börve mu rwego rwo gushyigikira abahanga mu kuvura indwara z’uruhu mu kuvura abarwayi kuri interineti. Dr. Börve yize mu ishuri rya Sahlgrenska rifite icyicaro muri kaminuza ya Gothenburg, aho yari umushakashatsi mu buzima bugendanwa na tele-dermatology.  Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ni bumwe mu bwambere bwabwo, bushingiye ku gukoresha ibikoresho bigendanwa nk'igikoresho cyo gusubiza ibibazo n'ibibazo by’aba dermatologiste. Ubushakashatsi bwarimo ubushakashatsi bw’icyitegererezo ku mikorere ya serivisi y’ubuzima bugendanwa muri Suwede,  ikoreshwa rya MMS na SMS muri teledermatologiya,  no gukoresha teledermoskopi nk'igikoresho cyo kohereza abarwayi ba kanseri y’uruhu ku barwayi ba dermatologue. 

Imanza zirenga 300.000 zimaze kugenzurwa mu bihugu birenga 160 kandi serivisi iraboneka mu ndimi ndwi.

## Intego
Intego ya Derm ya mbere ni ugutanga ibisubizo byihuse kubibazo byo kwita ku ruhu utabanje gusuzuma umurwayi. Ibi bituma umurwayi yihutisha inzira yo koherezwa kandi akakira kubagwa cyangwa kuvurwa vuba kuruta inzira gakondo.

Igikoresho kandi gikoreshwa na serivisi zubuzima bwigihugu nka NHSx bakoresha igikoresho nkigisubizo cya triage kubaganga. 

## Shakisha
MonoMouse

**MonoMouse** nigikoresho cya elegitoroniki ikoreshwa na Bierley, yagenewe gufasha abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona gusoma inyandiko cyangwa amashusho yanditse.  

Mu ntangiriro yakozwe na Ian Bierley mu 2003 kugira ngo akoreshwe na nyina wari ufite glaucoma, nyuma aza kurekurwa nk'ibicuruzwa by'ubucuruzi byatanzwe binyuze muri optique mu 2005.  MonoMouse imeze nkimbeba nini ya mudasobwa nini kandi ihuza televiziyo iyo ari yo yose binyuze mu muhuza wa SCART mu Burayi cyangwa umuhuza wa RCA ku isi yose. 

Nintangarugero ya tekinoroji ifasha kugirango abantu bashobore kubona amaso nka macula degeneration yo gusoma inyandiko yanditse bakareba amashusho yanditse.

## Shakisha
9-1-1 Tapping Protocol

**9-1-1**  Tapping Protocol  ni gahunda yateguwe na guverinoma y’Umujyi wa New York yo guha abafite  ubumuga bwo kutumva n’ubwo kutavuga, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kumenyekanisha Tapping Protocol 9 -1-1 uhereye  mumujyi wa New York.

Tapping Protocol  ishobora gukoreshwa mugihe uhamagaye 9-1-1 ukoresheje terefone yishyura cyangwa mugihe ukoresheje kamwe gasanduku k'ibyihutirwa by'umujyi wa New York gusaba ubufasha. Muri ibyo bihe byombi, umuntu utanga amakuru yihutirwa avugana n'umuhamagaye kuri 9-1-1 binyuze mu gukanda mu gishushanyo runaka ukoresheje urutoki, ikaramu, urufunguzo, n'ibindi, ku munwa wa terefone cyangwa igice cy'abahamagaye agasanduku ko guhamagara.

Uburyo bubiri bwo gukanda bukoreshwa mu rwego rwo gutandukanya ubwoko bw'imfashanyo yasabwe: uburyo bwo gukanda buhoraho bwerekana icyifuzo cyo gufashwa n’abapolisi, mu gihe uburyo bubiri bwakorewe inshuro ebyiri bwerekana icyifuzo cy’ubutabazi bwihuse ("EMS").   Umuntu utanga amakuru yihutirwa agomba gukoresha uburyo bukwiye bwo gukanda byibuze amasegonda 90, kandi ni byiza kugeza serivisi zihutirwa zisabwa zigeze. Niba bishoboka, umuntu agomba kuguma kuri terefone yishyuwe cyangwa ahamagara agasanduku kugira ngo yereke abashinzwe ubutabazi bwihutirwa.

## Amateka
Tapping Protocol yatangijwe mu 1996  hagamijwe kubahiriza icyifuzo cy’urukiko rw’ikirenga basaba ko  New York itanga ubundi buryo bwo kumenyesha 9-1-1 "bwaha abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva uburyo bwo kumenya aho baherereye gusa, ariko kandi ubwoko bwihutirwa buvugwa. "  Muri sisitemu ya New York City Yongerewe 9-1-1 ("E-911"), buri terefone na terefone byihutirwa bihita byohereza aho bikorera kubakoresha 911, kugirango umukoresha wakiriye terefone azabe afite umuhamagaro kuri -Ibikoresho kandi bizashobora gutandukanya, ukoresheje uburyo bwo gukanda, serivisi zihutirwa zisabwa.

Sisitemu yo gukanda hamwe na E-911 sisitemu yabereye mumujyi wa New York kuva icyo gihe.

## Reba kandi
Text-to-9-1-1

## Ishakiro
OATS

**OATS** (" **Gufungura isoko yubufasha bwa tekinoroji ya software** ") nububiko bwinkomoko yububiko cyangwa " forge " ya software ifasha ikoranabuhanga . Yatangijwe mu 2006  ifite intego yo gutanga “iduka” rimwe kubakoresha amaherezo, abaganga n’abateza imbere amasoko kugira ngo bateze imbere kandi batezimbere porogaramu y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha isoko . Iyemerera kandi abakoresha kubona izindi software zubuntu ariko zidafungura isoko,  hamwe na software ifungura isoko yatunganijwe ahandi, urugero NVDA,  Orca  na FireVox. 

Urubuga rwa OATS rwashyizwe ahagaragara nyuma y’umushinga wa OATS, umushinga w’icyitegererezo w’umwaka umwe warangiye muri Werurwe 2006, ukavuga ko ari ububiko bwa mbere bufungura isoko bwagenewe ikoranabuhanga rifasha.   Muri Mata 2006, Sosiyete ikora mudasobwa y'Abongereza (BCS) yatangaje ko ishyigikiye umushinga wa OATS;  muri Kanama 2006, Itsinda ry’inzobere mu bucuruzi rya mudasobwa ry’Abongereza ryateguye inama yerekeye umushinga. 

Umushinga wa OATS wari ugizwe n’imiryango itanu y’abafatanyabikorwa ihuriweho n’ikigo cya ACE .  Ububiko bwa OATS burashaka gutanga uburyo bunoze kandi bwihuse bwo kubona ikoranabuhanga ryiza rifasha.  Ububiko bwa OATS butanga ibikoresho bikurikira kubateza imbere: 

* urupapuro rwumushinga kugirango wandike kandi ucunge umushinga wa software,
* ububiko bwa kode ( Subversion ),
* sisitemu yo gucunga umushinga ( Trac cyangwa Poi).

## Shakisha
Assistive listening device

**Igikoresho gifasha kumva (ALD)** ni igice cya sisitemu ikoreshwa mugutezimbere ubushobozi bwo kumva k'ubantu mubihe bitandukanye aho badashobora gutandukanya imvugo ahantu huzuye urusaku. Akenshi, mucyumba gisakuza cyangwa cyuzuye abantu ntibishoboka ko umuntu ku giti cye ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva gutandukanya ijwi rimwe muri benshi. Ibi bikunze kwiyongera n'ingaruka za acoustique yo mucyumba kumiterere yimvugo igaragara. Imfashanyigisho zumva zishobora kwagura no gutunganya aya majwi, no kunoza imvugo ku kigereranyo cy’urusaku . Ariko, niba ijwi ryagoretse cyane mugihe rigeze kubateze amatwi, ndetse n'ibikoresho byiza byumvikana bizarwanira gukuraho ibimenyetso. Ibikoresho bifasha gutega amatwi bitanga ubundi buryo bwo guhuza n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, ariko birashobora kuba bigoye kandi bitoroshye.

## Ikoreshwa
Ikoreshwa rusange mu gufasha abantu bigoye kumva (HOH) mukongera imbaraga no gutanga ibimenyetso byiza kubigereranyo by'urusaku (SNR). ALD irashobora gukoreshwa mu gufasha abantu HOH kumva televiziyo  n'ibindi ikoresho by'amajwi,  cyangwa gufasha abantu kumva imvugo binyuze muri aderesi rusange cyangwa sisitemu yo gushimangira amajwi, nko ahantu ho gusengera cyangwa gutanga ibiganiro.

Gukoresha mikoro idafite umugozi ishyizwe iruhande rw'umuntu uvuga ikuraho amajwi hagati yabo n'uwumva, ibyo bikaba bigabanya ingaruka zo kwisubiramo biturutse kuri acoustics yo mucyumba kibi, urusaku rw'inyuma ruzenguruka abumva, hamwe n'urusaku rw'inyuma ruzenguruka umuvugizi (ukoresheje mikoro yerekeza) . 

## Ikoranabuhanga
Igikoresho gifasha kumva gikunze gukoresha mikoro kugirango ifate isoko y'amajwi hafi y'inkomoko yayo kandi ikayitambutsa mu buryo butemewe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinduranya inshuro (FM), infragre (IR), loop induction, cyangwa ubundi buryo. Umuntu uri gutega amatwi arashobora gukoresha inyakiramajwi idafite umugozi kugirango ahuze ibimenyetso kandi yumve amajwi akunda. Hariiho kandi n'abandi baguzi ALDs nk'amasaha yo gutabaza hamwe no kunyeganyeza uburiri, stethoscopes yongerewe imbaraga, monitor y'abana, hamwe n'ibimenyetso byerekana inzogera z'umuryango.  Ibikoresho byinshi bifasha kumva neza FM bikorera kumirongo cumi n'irindwi hagati ya 72.1000 na 75.800MHz. 

## Reba kandi

* Audio induction loop
* Hearing aid

## Shakisha
Auto-text

**Auto-text** ni igice cyinyandiko ibanziriza ububiko bwa mudasobwa, iboneka nkinyongera ku nyandiko nshya yahimbwe, kandi igasabwa umwanditsi winyandiko na software . Guhagarika auto-text irashobora kuba irimo inyuguti nke, amagambo, interuro cyangwa igika . Irashobora guhitamo umwanditsi winyandiko ikoresheje menu cyangwa igatangwa mu buryo bwikora nyuma yo kwandika amagambo cyangwa inyuguti zihariye ( guhanura ijambo cyangwa guhanura inyandiko), cyangwa ukongerwaho inyandiko mu buryo bwikora nyuma yo kwandika amagambo cyangwa inyuguti zihariye (ijambo / inyandiko irangiye).

Auto-text ibika umwanya wimyandikire yandika inyandiko nyinshi zisa, cyangwa ikora nkikoranabuhanga rifasha abafite ubumuga . Ubu bumuga bushobora kuba ubumuga bwo hejuru butinda kugenda, cyangwa bigatera ububabare cyangwa umunaniro, hamwe nindwara zimyandikire (urugero dysgraphia ). Abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutavuga bandika kubikoresho byongera itumanaho nibindi bikoresho bashobora kandi kungukirwa na Auto-text, kubera ko ishobora kwihutisha itumanaho .

Ingero za software zitanga auto-text:

* Microsoft Word
* Kurzweil 3000

## Shakisha
Curb cut effect

The curb cut effect ni ibiryo ibintu byateganyijwe gufasha abafite ubumuga bikunda gukoreshwa no gushimwa n'abantu benshi kurusha abo byari byagenewe. Ikintu cyitiriwe curb cuts – miniature ramps igizwe nibice byumuhanda  zabanje gukorwa kugirango intebe y’ibimuga igere ahantu runaka, ariko kandi yakiriwe nabantu basunika amagare, amagare cyangwa imizigo. Curb cuts ubu aboneka hose kandi ntakigaragara cyane nk'ikintu-cyagenewe gufasha abafite ubumuga kubona aho banyura.   Urundi rugero ni ukumva abantu bakoresha televiziyo ifunze . 

The curb cut effect ni igice cy'ibishushanyo mbonera rusange, ari cyo gishushanya no gutegura ibidukikije ku bushake kugirango bibashe gukoreshwa n'abantu bose, hatitawe ku bushobozi cyangwa ubumuga bafite.  The curb effect gato n'igishushanyo mbonera rusange kuko curb cut phenomenon akenshi iba itabigambiriye aho kuba intego, ariko bivamo ibisubizo bisa.

## Ingero
Hano hari ingero zimwe zo kugabanya ingaruka. 

* Inyandiko zifunze zikoreshwa no kumva abantu. 
* Imikino iboneka mu mikino ya videwo ikoreshwa n'abakinnyi badafite ubumuga. 
* Porogaramu-y-imvugo ikoreshwa n'abantu badafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa mutism, haba nk'uburyo bwo kuvuga amajwi y'abantu cyangwa kubikorwa byubuhanzi (reba Vocaloid ).
* Ibimenyetso byambukiranya abanyamaguru
* Amashanyarazi

## Ingero
The curb effect zabaye ibintu bigaragara mugihe societe igenda ishyira mu bikorwa ibidukikije bigerwaho kandi byuzuye. The curb effect  harimo ingaruka zirimo kongera ubumenyi kubijyanye nigishushanyo mbonera rusange mubaturage muri rusange. Kuba ibintu byinshi byaragenewe mbere kugabanya inzitizi z’abafite ubumuga byakoreshejwe kandi bishimwa n’abantu bo hanze y’abaturage bateganijwe mbere byashishikarije abantu bose gushushanya. Kugabanya kugabanya ingaruka byongera inyungu zubukungu harimo gushyiramo amazu menshi yinjira mubucuruzi.    

## Reba kandi

* Igishushanyo mbonera
* Igishushanyo kirimo
* Angela Glover Blackwell
Gnome Subtitles

**Gnome Subtitles** ni isoko-ifunguye- subtitle umwanditsi wa desktop ya GNOME, ishingiye kuri Mono . Ifasha inyandiko zisanzwe zishingiye kumyandikire, kureba amashusho, igihe cyo guhuza hamwe no guhindura ibisobanuro.

Gnome Subtitles ni software yubuntu yasohotse munsi ya GNU rusange.

## Ibiranga
Gnome Subtitles ishyigikira imiterere ya subtitle izwi cyane, nka SubStation Alpha (kandi na Substation Alpha Yambere ), SubRip na MicroDVD .

Ifite interineti ya WYSIWYG, ishyigikira gushimangira (gushira amanga, italike no gushushanya imiterere) hamwe ninzego nyinshi gusubiramo / gusubiramo. Gnome subtitles irashobora kandi gukora ibikorwa byigihe, guhindura imitwe ya subtitle no gukorana na kodegisi ya subtitle mu buryo bwikora.

Amashusho yerekana amashusho, umwanya uhindagurika, guhitamo kodegisi hamwe na subtitle guhuza / gutandukana byongewe muburyo bushya.

Porogaramu nkiyi ni Aegisub, Jubler, Subtitle Muhinduzi, Gaupol, nibindi

## Reba kandi

* Subtitle editor
* Comparison of subtitle editors

## Shakisha
Aegisub

**Aegisub** ni subtitle yo guhindura porogaramu. Nigikoresho nyamukuru fansubbing, imyitozo yo gukora cyangwa guhindura insanganyamatsiko zidasanzwe kubitangazamakuru biboneka nabafana .  Numusimbura wumwimerere SubStation Alpha na Sabbu . 

Igishushanyo cya Aegisub cyibanda ku igihe, imiterere ya subtitles, no kurema karaoke . Iremera amashusho menshi yo gutunganya amashusho gutunganya igihe, nka FFmpeg na Avisynth . Irashobora kandi kwagurwa hamwe nindimi za Lua na MoonScript . 

Imiterere kavukire ya porogaramu ni Advanced SubStation Alpha, ishyigikira imyanya ihagaze hamwe na styling. Aegisub irashobora kohereza subtitles mubindi bikoresho bisanzwe, nka format ya SubRip ".srt", ariko kubiciro gutakaza ibintu byose bizigama inyandiko mbisi nigihe cyibanze.

Mu bafanaubbing, Aegisub ikoreshwa muguhindura, kugihe, gutunganya, kwandika, kugenzura ubuziranenge, igihe cya karaoke no gukora karaoke. Amatsinda menshi akoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye kuri zimwe murizo ntambwe, ariko, nka Adobe Nyuma yingaruka zo kwandika, cyangwa umwanditsi woroshye wo guhindura.

## Reba kandi

* Comparison of subtitle editors
* List of free television software

## Shakisha
Presentation Graphic Stream

**Presentation Graphic Stream** (PGS) nigipimo gikoreshwa mugushiraho insanganyamatsiko ya videwo kuri Disiki ya Blu-ray .  

## Reba
Alert on LAN

**Imenyesha kuri LAN** (AOL, rimwe na rimwe AoL) ni 1998, IBM - na Intel -terambere ryikoranabuhanga ryemerera gucunga kure no kugenzura PC zikoresha imiyoboro. AOL isaba Wake kuri adapt ya LAN .

## Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki
Igitekerezo nyamukuru cya AOL nukwohereza umuburo kubayobozi ba kure kubyerekeranye na PC zitandukanye ukoresheje LAN. Ibi bisabwa birimo:

* Sisitemu yacometse ku mbaraga zituruka
* Sisitemu yacometse kumurongo
* Kwinjira kwa Chassis
* Gukuraho gutunganya
* Sisitemu yibidukikije
* Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru
* Umuvuduko w'abafana
* Imihindagurikire ya voltage
* Gukoresha amakosa ya sisitemu
* Sisitemu imbaraga-ku makosa
* Sisitemu iramanikwa
* Kunanirwa kw'ibigize

Imenyesha kuri LAN 2 (AOL2) ryagura AOL kugirango yemere gucunga neza PC, harimo:

* Sisitemu ya kure reboot kuri raporo yo gutsindwa gukomeye
* Sisitemu yo Gukora
* Kuvugurura ishusho ya BIOS
* Kora ubundi buryo bwo gusuzuma

## Reba kandi

* Wake-on-LAN
* Alert Standard Format
* Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware
* AOL Introduction from IBM
Imodoka ifasha abafite ubumuga

**Chairiot solo** ni igare ry'abafite ubumuga rishobora kugerwaho na microcar yakozwe na Chairiot Mobility Inc. Nimwe mumamodoka make kubakoresha amagare yabugenewe y'abafite ubumuga kubw'ibyo, kandi ntabwo ahinduka.

## Ibisobanuro
Yatangijwe mu mwaka 2014, ni imodoka imwe, ifite amashanyarazi yemerera umuntu ufite ubumuga ugenda mu kagare k’abamuga kuzunguruka mu modoka akoresheje icyuma cy’inyuma n’igitambambuga, kandi agakingira intebe y’abafite ubumuga aho atwara. Chairiot solo igenewe gutwara ibinyabiziga mu mijyi, ntabwo ikoreshwa mu nzira nyabagendwa, kandi yujuje ubuziranenge bw’umutekano w’ibinyabiziga bya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika DOT nk’imodoka yihuta cyangwa ituranye n’amashanyarazi (NEV) munsi ya FMVSS 571.500.  Yemerera abashoferi bari mu magare y’abafite ubumuga gukoresha imodoka badasize abafite ubumuga babo, kandi bikekwa ko ari yo modoka ya mbere nk'iyi yagiye kugurishwa ku isoko ry’Amerika. 

## Ibiranga

Chairiot solo ntabwo ihinduka, yateguwe kuva yatangira gutwarwa n'umuntu ufite ubumuga ukoresheje igare ry'abafite ubumuga. Ikinyabiziga cyinjira mu muryango munini w'inyuma hamwe n'igitambambuga cyuzuye igorofa yo hasi irinda intebe y'imuga kumodoka. Igenzurwa na ruline ifite ipikipiki, hamwe no guhuza impinduramatwara hamwe na feri yo gufata feri. Igenzura ryose rirakoreshwa hamwe nimbaraga zo hejuru zo m'umubiri. Nta modoka y'ibirenge iri mu modoka. 

Chairiot solo igaragaramo umubiri uhuriweho hamwe kuri chassis y'icyuma, umuryango w'inyuma nawo uhujwe, hamwe n'icyuma cyuzuye. Ihagarikwa ry'imbere ni ibyifuzo bibiri hamwe na rack-na-pinion . Ihagarikwa ry'inyuma n'igishushanyo cy'amaboko gikurikiranye hamwe na torsion tube yigenga igenzura ibiziga by'inyuma. Ifite feri y'ibiziga bine.

Chairiot solo ikoreshwa na moteri ya twin hub ifite amanota 3kilo imwe yubatswe mubiziga by'inyuma. Amapaki ya batiri ya volt 48 ya AGM ifite ubushobozi bwa nomero 7.5 kW itanga imbaraga zo gusunika, bateri y'ingoboka ya volt 12 ibikwa n'ububiko bukuru kandi igatanga ingufu kubikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Mu gihe habaye ikibazo cya moteri, Chairiot ishobora gukomeza gutwarwa na moteri imwe gusa. Igishushanyo gikoresha ingufu zitanga intera ya kilometero 40 kugeza kuri 50 k'umurongo wuzuye.  Mu gihe cyo gupima imijyi ya EPA, Chairiot solo yageze kuri peteroli igera kuri 157 MPGe . 

## Impamyabumenyi
Chairiot solo yemejwe n’ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’ikirere cya Californiya (CARB) nk’imodoka zangiza . Ishyirahamwe ry’abacuruzi b’ibikoresho by’imodoka (NMEDA) ryatangaje muri Werurwe mu mwaka 2015 ko Chairiot solo yatsinze gahunda yayo yo gusuzuma (CRP); niyo modoka ya mbere yihuta cyane, igare ry’abafite ubumuga ryagerwaho ku isi ryemejwe n’ubuyobozi bwigenga kugira ngo ryubahirize ibipimo ngenderwaho by’umutekano w’ibinyabiziga muri Amerika (FMVSS) 571.500. 

## Amashakiro
Thomas Armitage

**Thomas Rhodes Armitage** (2 Mata 1824 - 23 Ukwakira 1890) yari umuhanga m'ubyubugenge m’Ubwongereza, akaba yarashinze ikigo cy’igihugu cy’abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona .  

## Amateka
Yavukiye i Tilgate muri Sussex mu muryango w'abaherwe bo mu nganda za Yorkshire, umuhungu wa James Armitage (1793–1872) na Anne Elizabeth Armitage née Rhodes (1788–1833), wa Farnley Hall, mu majyepfo ya Leeds, Yorkshire . Sekuru James (1730–1803) yaguze Farnley Hall kwa Sir Thomas Danby (wo mu muryango wa Thomas Danby, umuyobozi wa mbere wa Leeds) mu 1799, naho mu 1844 abavandimwe bane ba Armitage (harimo na se) bashinze Farnley Ironworks, bakoresheje amakara, ibyuma n'umuriro ku isambu yabo. Murumuna we Edward Armitage yari umunyamuryango wa Royal Academy.

Armitage yari nyirarume wa Robert Armitage (MP), nyirarume wa Robert Selby Armitage, na mubyara we wa mbere yakuweho kabiri na Edward Leathley Armitage .

Yakuriye i Avranches mu Bufaransa, no i Frankfurt na Offenbach mu Budage . Yize muri Sorbonne na King's College London . Yabaye umuganga, akora imyitozo muri Dispanseri ya Marylebone, mu ntambara ya Crimée, ndetse anaba umujyanama wihariye i Londres. Yahatiwe kureka umwuga we w'ubuvuzi kubera kutabona neza, amaherezo aba impumyi.

Armitage yahisemo gufasha ibitabo kubuhumyi binyuze muburyo bwanditseho: mubwongereza ibi byari bigoye kubera ikwirakwizwa ryibipimo bitandukanye. Yashinze "Umuryango w’Abongereza n’amahanga mu guteza imbere ubuvanganzo bw’impumyi", nyuma "Ishyirahamwe ry’abatabona n’abongereza n’amahanga rishinzwe guteza imbere uburezi n’akazi k’abatabona" na (nyuma y'urupfu rwe) "Ikigo cy’igihugu cy’abatabona". . Iri tsinda ryiyemeje gukoresha sisitemu ya Louis Braille, kandi Armitage yakoranye umwete kugirango Braille yemerwe.

Mu 1871, yafashije gushinga Royal Normal College for Blind (nyuma yaje kuba Royal National College for Blind ) i Londres .

Umukobwa we Alice Stanley Armitage yakomeje imirimo ye mu Nama y’igihugu y’abatabona anategura itegeko nshinga ryayo rya mbere. 

Yashakanye na Harriett Black, apfa ku ya 23 Ukwakira 1890 ahitwa Thurles, County Tipperary, muri Irilande, nyuma y'impanuka yo gutwara.  Yashyinguwe i Magorban, Intara ya Tipperary.  

## Reba

* Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB)
* Thomas Rhodes Armitage (RNIB)

## Indanganturo
Boston line letter

**Ibaruwa y'umurongo wa Boston** yari sisitemu yo kwandika yakozwe na Samuel Gridley Howe mu 1835, ibanziriza icyamamare cya braille .

## Amateka
Samuel Gridley Howe, the first director of the New England Asylum for the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), studied tactile printing systems in Europe and developed his own system of raised type called Boston line letter. Howe's system was similar to raised letters designed by James Gall in Edinburgh, Scotland, in the 1820s. In 1835 Howe printed *[[Ibyakozwe n’Intumwa|Acts of the Apostles]]*, the first book produced in Boston line letter. The letterforms were an angular modification of Roman letters and had no capital letters. The first books embossed at the American Printing House for the Blind in 1866 were in Boston line letter. 

Kugeza mu 1868, N.B. Kneass Jr. Kugeza ubwo yasimbujwe na sisitemu y'udomo ubu buryo bwo kuvanga inyuguti yazamuye bwari ubwoko bwiganjemo impumyi muri Amerika no guhitamo amashuri menshi.

## Shakisha
Zayn al-Din al-Amidi

**Zayn al-Din 'Ali bin Ahmad al-Amidi** (Arabic; yapfuye 712 H / 1312 nyuma ya Yesu) yari intiti yabarabu itfite ubumuga bwo kutabona izwiho guhimba sisitemu mbere ya Braille imwemerera kwiga no kumenya ibitabo bye. Uburyo bwe bwarimo gukoresha amabuye yimbuto nkuburyo bwo gusoma kubatabona. 

Salah al-Din al-Safadi (d. 1362) mu gitabo cye *Nakt al-Himyan fi Nukat al-'Umyan (Emptying the pockets for anecdotes about blind people) m'ubumenyi bwe, yakundaga gucuruza mubitabo.*Yashoboraga gutora ingano yifuzaga, agakora ku gitabo akamenya umubare wimpapuro zacyo; yakoraga kurupapuro akamenya imirongo ifite, ubwoko bwimyandikire nibara ryacyo, kandi yari azi ibiciro byibitabo ". 

Yabayeho mu cyahoze ari Irake mu kinyejana cya cumi na kane.

## Ishakiro
Avaz app

**Avaz** (n'ijwi' mu Giperesi) nigikoresho cyongera ubundi buryo bwo gutumanaho (AAC), kizwiho kuba aribwo bwa mbere bwatsinze AAC mu Buhinde. Nuburyo bwa elegitoronike yamakarita yo guhanahana amashusho, akoreshwa cyane cyane kubana bafite ikibazo cyubwonko bwa autism, ubumuga bwu bwonko, syndrome ya Angelman, syndrome ya Downs, nubundi bumuga butavuga. Avaz yahimbwe na Ajit Narayanan, igihangano yari kuri liste ya TR35 ya MIT ya 2011. 

## Reba
International Hearing Society

**Umuryango mpuz'amahanga** w'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva kandi uzwi ku izina rya National Hearing Aid Society ni umuryango w’abanyamuryango babigize umwuga washinzwe mu mwaka 1951 uhagarariye abashinzwe ubuvuzi bumva.  IHS ifite icyicaro i Livoniya, muri Leta ya Michigan, itanga serivisi ku isi hose, ifasha abavuzi kumenya inzobere mu buhanga bwo kumva kugira ngo zipime ibibazo byo kumva, guhitamo no guhuza ibikoresho byo kumva, no gutanga inkunga no gusana.  IHS itera inkunga mu masomo muri audioprosthology . Ikora kandi operasiyo ya "Helpline Aid Helpline" y'igihugu itanga ibikoresho byamakuru kubijyanye n'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no gufasha kumenya inzobere mu gufasha kumva.  Sosiyete kandi itanga umurongo ngenderwaho w’inyigisho ku mpushya mpuzamahanga z’inzobere mu buvuzi. 

## Amashakiro
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (journal)

***Gutezimbere no Guhindura Itumanaho*** **(Mu [[icyongereza]]'':''Augmentative and Alternative Communication)** ni buri gihembwe urungano rwasuzumwe ikinyamakuru cya siyansi gikubiyemo itumanaho ryiyongera . Yashinzwe mu 1985 ikaba yasohowe na Taylor & Francis mu izina ry’umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe guteza imbere itumanaho n’ubundi buryo, akaba ari cyo kinyamakuru cyemewe. Umwanditsi mukuru ni Ralf Schlosser ( Kaminuza y'Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba ). Nk’uko ikinyamakuru Citation Reports kibitangaza, iki kinyamakuru gifite ingaruka za 2018 zingana na 2.706. 

## Indanganturo
Oticon

**Oticon** ni uruganda rukora ibyuma by'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva rufite icyicaro i Copenhagen, Danimarike. Iyo sosiyete ni ishami ry'itsinda Demant . Yashinzwe mu mwaka 1904 na Hans Demant, umugore we akaba yari afite ubumuga bwo kutumva . Iyo sosiyete ivuga ko ikora ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi mu gukora ibyuma bifasha abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, kandi ikoresha uburyo bwo kuyobora buzwi ku izina rya "spaghetti organisation"   bwatangijwe na Lars Kolind  iyobowe hagati ya 1988 na 1998.  

Oticon ifite amashami mu bihugu byinshi, harimo uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa muri Polonye, rufite abakozi barenga 3.000 ku isi. 

## Ubuvuzi bwa Oticon
Ubuvuzi bwa Oticon ni mushiki wa kampani ya Oticon, byombi bikaba ari amashami ya Demant Group.  Mu gihe Oticon kabuhariwe mu byuma by'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva, Ubuvuzi bwa Oticon kabuhariwe byatangiye mu gutera no gusohora ibicuruzwa byabwo bwa mbere mu mwaka 2009.  Iyo sosiyete ya Ponto yo gutwara amagufwa ubu iri mu gisekuru cyayo cya gatanu. 

Mu mwaka 2013, Oticon Medical yaguze Neurelec, w'umufaransa gukora progaramu ya cochlear.  Yifashishijwe mu ikoranabuhanga ryabonye, sosiyete yashyizeho uburyo bwayo bwa Neuro cochlear implant sisitemu, yemerwa na FDA mu mwaka 2021. 

Muri Mata mu mwaka 2022, Demant yatangaje ko yemeye kugurisha Oticon Medical muri sosiyete yo mugihugu cya Ositaraliya Cochlear Limited kuri miliyoni DKK850 kandi ko azava mu bucuruzi bw’iburanisha kubitera ubumuga bwo kutumva. 

## Amashakiro
U.S. Army hand and arm signals

Ibimenyetso by'amaboko n'amaboko yo gukoresha ingabo z’Amerika byashyizweho bwa mbere mu gitabo cya Field 21-60. Bahinduwe mu mahugurwa azenguruka 3-21.60. 

Ibimenyetso by'intoki n'intoki ni bumwe mu buryo bwo gutumanaho bukoreshwa n'abasirikare b'ingabo z’Amerika cyangwa itsinda ry'abasirikare iyo guceceka kuri radiyo gukurikizwa cyangwa niba abasirikare bakeneye kuguma batamenyekanye. 

Binyuze mu gukoresha ibyo bimenyetso abayobozi b'ingabo, nk'abayobozi b'amakipe, abayobozi b'amakipe n'abayobozi ba platato, barashobora gukomeza kuyobora no kugenzura (C2) kubintu byabo byihariye. Abashya bose bashya bigishwa gukoresha ibimenyetso byamaboko hamwe nintoki biboneka muri FM. Ariko, ntibisanzwe ko ibice byemera kandi / cyangwa gukora ibimenyetso byabo. Ibi bimenyetso amaherezo bizwi nka SOP cyangwa uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora . 

Ibimenyetso biboneka nuburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwitumanaho busaba kureba kandi burashobora gukoreshwa mugutanga ubutumwa bwateguwe vuba mumwanya muto. Ibi birimo ibikoresho nuburyo bukoreshwa mukumenya no kumenya imbaraga zinshuti.

## Ubwoko bwibimenyetso bigaragara
Hariho inzira zitari nke itumanaho ryerekanwa rishobora gukorwa. Ubwoko bukunze kugaragara ni: ibimenyetso byamaboko namaboko, ibendera, pyrotechnic, amatara yimiti nibimenyetso byubutaka. Tugomba kumenya ko abasirikari nibice bitagarukira kururu rutonde.

## Imipaka
Kimwe nubundi bwoko bwibimenyetso, ibimenyetso biboneka bifite aho bigarukira kandi bigarukira. Intambamyi ya mbere umuntu ashobora kubona ni intera kandi yizewe. Muri iyi mbogamizi, itumanaho ryerekanwa rirashobora guhungabana cyane mugihe cyo kutagaragara neza cyangwa mugihe ubutaka bubuza kwitegereza neza. Intambamyi ya kabiri ni ukutumva nabi. Imitwe myinshi ntabwo ikurikiza inyigisho yihariye yingabo (FM), ahubwo ikurikiza SOP yabo. Hamwe nibihumbi n'ibihumbi bitandukanye, birashoboka cyane ko buri gice cya SOP kizatangira guhuzagurika no kwambukirana. Imbogamizi ya gatatu ni uko ibimenyetso biboneka byoroshye kwibasirwa n’umwanzi; zishobora kwemerera umwanzi gukoresha ibimenyetso bigamije kubeshya . 

## Ibimenyetso byo gushinga imirwano

Abayobozi b'imitwe yamanutse bakoresha ibimenyetso byamaboko n'amaboko kugirango bagenzure urujya n'uruza rw'abantu, amakipe, hamwe n'amakipe. Ibi bimenyetso bikoreshwa nabanyamaguru hamwe ninkunga yo kurwana hamwe nibikoresho byo gufasha kurugamba byateguwe mubutumwa bwabasirikare.

Abayobozi b'imitwe yashizwemo bakoresha ibimenyetso byamaboko n'amaboko kugirango bagenzure ibinyabiziga kugiti cyabo hamwe na platato. Iyo intera iri hagati yimodoka yiyongereye, amabendera (apfunyitse kandi aboshye) arashobora gukoreshwa nko kwagura ukuboko gutanga ibimenyetso. Uhereye ku binyabiziga bimwe (urugero, Bradley, M2), ibimenyetso byamaboko nintoki bizagoreka.

## Reba

* Sign language
* Signal

## Indanganturo
AlterEgo

**AlterEgo** nigikoresho cyambara cyicecekeye gisohoka-cyinjijwe cyakozwe na MIT Media Lab .  Igikoresho gifatanye n'umutwe, ijosi, na jawline kandi gihindura ubwonko bwawe bwo kuvuga ubwonko bwinjiza amagambo mumagambo kuri mudasobwa, nta majwi.

## Ibisobanuro
Igikoresho kigizwe na electrode 7 ntoya ifata ahantu hatandukanye ikikije urwasaya n'umunwa kugirango yakire amashanyarazi mumitsi ikoreshwa mukuvuga. Irasa n'umugozi ku mutwe, ijosi no mu rwasaya.

## Amavu n'amavuko
Abahanga Arnav Kapur wo mu itsinda rya Fluid Interfaces muri MIT Media Lab hamwe na Shreyas Kapur na Pattie Maes bateguye prototype maze berekana imirimo mu nama y’Imikoreshereze y’abakoresha muri Werurwe 2018, i Tokiyo . Batangaje ko, igihe bageragezaga kumenya neza ibyiciro byashyizwe ahagaragara ku makuru aho abakoresha amabwiriza basabwe "gusoma umubare wabo ubwabo, nta majwi batanze kandi bagahindura iminwa," bashoboye gushyira imibare (hagati ya 0 na 9, ni ukuvuga, ibyiciro icumi), hamwe na 92 ku ijana igipimo cyukuri. 

## Reba kandi

* Silent speech interface
* Imagined speech / Subvocalization
* MIT Alterego overview
* MIT news
* International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
* Fluid Interfaces group
* Transcribing the Voice in Your Head

## Indanganturo
Lámh

**** ( /l ɑː v /, kuva muri Irish ; [ l̪ˠɑːvˠ ] , lit.&#x2009; ukuboko &#x27; ) ni uburyo bwo kongera ubundi buryo bwo gutumanaho intoki zikoreshwa muri Irilande n’abana bafite ubumuga butera imbere na neurodivergent abana ndetse nabakuze.      Ibyinshi mu bimenyetso byahinduwe bivuye mu rurimi rw'amarenga rwo muri Irilande (ISL), bikoreshwa n'umuryango w'abatumva bo muri Irilande.  

## Amateka
Lámh yakozwe mu ntangiriro ya za 1980. Byaganiriweho muri Kongere ya kabiri y’uburayi ku bushakashatsi bw’ururimi rw’amarenga i Amsterdam mu 1985.

## Ibirango
Lámh ntabwo ari ururimi rwamarenga rwukuri, kuko umubare muto wimvugo urashoboka. Hano hari ibimenyetso birenga 500; imvugo ikoreshwa buri gihe nibimenyetso kandi amagambo yingenzi gusa mu nteruro yashyizweho umukono.

Lámh igamije gushishikariza guhuza amaso, guteza imbere amagambo, guteza imbere kwitondera kugenda, no kugabanya gucika intege.

## Reba

* Makaton
* Augmentative and alternative communication
* Disability rights movement

## Ishakiro
Data sonification

**Data sonification** ni kwerekana amakuru nkamajwi ukoresheje sonification . Nukwumva bihwanye nuburyo bwashizweho bwo kumenyekanisha amakuru .

Inzira isanzwe yo gutondekanya amakuru ni kuyobora itangazamakuru rya digitale ya dataset binyuze muri synthesizer ya software no muburyo bwa digitale-igereranya kugirango itange amajwi abantu babone. 

Gushyira mu bikorwa data sonification harimo ubushakashatsi bw’inyenyeri bwo kurema inyenyeri,  gusobanura isesengura rya cluster,  na geoscience. 

Imishinga itandukanye isobanura umusaruro wa sonification nkubufatanye hagati yabahanga nabacuranzi. 

Intego ya demokarasi yo gukoresha data sonification ni umuryango wimpumyi kubera kutaboneka kwamakuru. 

## Reba
Autonomous telepresence

**Telepresence yigenga** nuburyo bwo gutanga ubuvuzi bwa kure murugo rwumurwayi ukoresheje robot na sisitemu ya videwo kugirango itange urubuga rushingiye ku baguzi. Kugeza ubu sisitemu zihari zifite ubwigenge buke cyangwa ntizifite kandi zishingiye kubakora kure. 

## Reba kandi

* Telepresence
* Sparky Jr. Project
* Hybridity
* Open-source robotics

## Ishakiro
Ikoranabuhanga rya telepresence

**Ikoranabuhanga rya Telepresence** ni ijambo rikoreshwa n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’inyanja n’ikirere (NOAA) mu kwerekana guhuza ikoranabuhanga rya satellite na interineti kugira ngo ritange amakuru, harimo na videwo mu gihe nyacyo kiva kuri kamera zikoreshwa ku modoka yacyo ikorera kure (ROV) kuri *[[:en:Okeanos_Explorer|Okeanos Ubushakashatsi]]* . ROV yayo izaba ikorera mubidukikije byinyanja. Amakuru ava muri ROV yoherezwa ahitwa hub hashingiwe kubutaka, hanyuma bukohereza abahanga no mubaturage.  

Iyi mbaraga ya *Okeanos Explorer* yagereranijwe no kugwa ukwezi . 

Tekinoroji ya telepresence ikoreshwa na NOAA ikubiyemo ibi bikurikira: 

* gushushanya amazi yimbitse, kugeza kuri ubujyakuzimu bwa 6.000
* ubumenyi-bushingiye kubikorwa bya ROV
* igihe nyacyo cyohereza amakuru.

Okeanos Explorer yateguwe nkigikoresho cyuburezi gishobora gukurikizwa kuri Twitter.

## Indanganturo
Canal M

**Canal M** n'ikinyamakuru cyo muri kanada gikoresha ururimi rwigifaransa amasaha 24  serivise za tereviziyo kidaharanira inyungu . Canal M ni serivisi yerekana amajwi gusa yerekana gusoma amakuru yamakuru yo mu binyamakuru n'ibinyamakuru. Ifitwe na Vues & Voix. Canal M ni serivisi ishingiye ku bushake, aho abantu bakora amajwi mu bigo bifata amajwi muri Québec.

## Amateka
Uyu muyoboro watangijwe mu 1985 nka **Radio de la Magnétothèque** (bakunze kwita La Magnétothèque, izina rya sosiyete nkuru). Uyu muyoboro wakoraga mbere nta komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho rya radiyo na televiziyo yo muri Kanada (CRTC) itanga uruhushya rwo gutangaza. Ariko, mu Kwakira 1990, CRTC yemeye ku mugaragaro uruhushya rwa serivisi. 

Nyuma, muri Kanama 2009, CRTC yemeje ikindi cyifuzo cyatanzwe na La Magnétothèque cyemerera gutwara serivisi ku gikoresho fatizo cya sisitemu zitanga serivise za televiziyo muri Québec. 

Muri Werurwe 2011, Radio de la Magnétothèque yiswe **Canal M** kugira ngo ihuze no kuvugurura isosiyete ikomokaho, kuva La Magnétothèque kugeza Vues & Voix. 

## Reba kandi
AMI-amajwi, serivisi isa nabumva anglophone, ikorwa nishyirahamwe ridafitanye isano na Canal M.

## Ishakiro
SNAPI

**SNAPI** ni sisitemu yemerera uyikoresha ubumuga bwo kutabona kwandika ibyo akunda ku ikarita yubwenge cyangwa ikindi kimenyetso cyumutekano . 

Iyo ikarita, terefone igendanwa, urufunguzo rwa fob token cyangwa ikintu gisa nacyo kigendanwa gikubiyemo amakuru ya SNAPI gishyizwe mubikoresho rusange cyangwa bisangiwe na IT, cyangwa byimuriwe mu murima wa sensor y'ibikoresho, biramenyesha itumanaho kubyerekeye imikoreshereze y’abakoresha .  Terminal ishobora kuba mudasobwa isangiwe, kiosk rusange, imashini itike, trincile cyangwa imashini itanga imashini (ATM). Ibi birashobora gutuma uburyo butandukanye bwo kugerwaho nko kwerekana itandukaniro rinini cyane cyangwa kwerekana ingano yimyandikire, ibisobanuro byumvikana, cyangwa igihe cyiyongereye kubisubizo mugihe cyibikorwa. Iyo ibikorwa birangiye, itumanaho risubira muburyo bwateganijwe . 

Kode yasobanuwe neza muburayi EN 1332–4.  Ubuyobozi bwibanze bwa Smart Card Ikarita e-Organisatio (LASSeO ) yashyigikiye kwinjiza code ya SNAPI muri gahunda zitandukanye zamakarita yubwenge yubuyobozi bw’Ubwongereza. 

## Reba
EyeWriter

**EyeWriter** ni sisitemu ihendutse yo gukurikirana ijisho ryambere ryagenewe umuhanzi graffiti wamugaye Tempt1 . Sisitemu ya EyeWriter ikoresha kamera zidahenze hamwe na software yerekana mudasobwa igaragara kugirango ikurikirane imikorere y'amaso. 

## Amateka
EyeWriter yakozwe na Mick Ebeling  maze atezwa imbere mu rugo rwa Ebeling  muri Venise Beach n'abahanzi n'abashakashatsi bo muri Laboratwari y'Ubuhanzi n'Ikoranabuhanga, Graffiti Research Lab n'itsinda rya OpenFrameworks, barimo Zachary Lieberman, Evan Roth, James Powderly, Theo Watson na Chris Sugrue. 

Uyu mushinga wamenyekanye n'ibihembo byinshi harimo no guhabwa *[[:en:Time_(magazine)|igihe]]* na kimwe mu bintu 50 byavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2010,  Prix Ars Electronica ya 2010,  Igihembo cya FutureEverything 2010  kandi kigaragara kuri NPR  na TED . 

EyeWriter yagaragaye mu 2009 mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya CREAM ryubuhanzi & Itangazamakuru muri Yokohama.  Tempt1 yagaragaye kandi muri 2009 iteganijwe kuri City Hall.  EyeWriter yari mu imurikagurisha ryanjye kuri MoMA ryerekanwe kuva ku ya 24 Nyakanga kugeza ku ya 7 Ugushyingo 2011. 

## Inkunga
Icyiciro cya mbere cyumushinga cyatewe inkunga na Ebeling Group bituma Tempt1 ibasha gushushanya neza kunshuro yambere mumyaka irindwi ikoresheje amaso ye gusa.  Icyiciro cya mbere kirangiye, itsinda ryiterambere ryatangije icyiciro cya kabiri kandi ryakira hafi 18,000 $ nkumushinga wa Kickstarter, warenze intego ya $ 15,000.  Yakiriye kandi inkunga yatanzwe na Ebeling Group ndetse na Parsons School of Design . 

## Porogaramu n'iterambere
Porogaramu ya EyeWriter igizwe na software ikurikirana amaso, hamwe na software ishushanya ituma uyikoresha ashushanya hamwe nijisho ryijisho ryabo.  Inkomoko yinkomoko ya software ya EyeWriter nisoko ifungura isoko ifite uruhushya rwubuhanzi / GPL.  Porogaramu y'ibice byombi yatejwe imbere ikoresheje gufungura ibikorwa, isomero ryambukiranya C ++ isomero ryiterambere. Eyewriter 2.0 yatumye iterambere rya Livewriter rizakoreshwa mu iserukiramuco rya Cinekid 2010. Usibye ibipimo byumwimerere bya Eyewriter, ukuboko kwa robo kwarahujwe kwemerera gufata amajwi yibintu byakozwe muburyo bugaragara. 

PrintBall, robot yo kurasa amarangi, yakozwe na Benjamin Gaulon i Dublin. 

## Reba