Ibinyabuzima n'inyamaswa byo mu Rwanda

**Ibinyabuzima byo mu Rwanda** bigizwe n’ibimera n’ibinyabuzima, mu bihe byabanjirije amateka, byari bigizwe n’ishyamba rya montane muri kimwe cya gatatu cy’ubutaka bw’u Rwanda. Nyamara, ibimera bisanzwe ubu bigarukira gusa kuri parike eshatu zigihugu hamwe n’amashyamba ane y’amashyamba, hamwe n' ubuhinzi bw’amaterasi bukaba bwiganje mu bindi bihugu.  

## Ubumenyi bw'isi
U Rwanda ni igihugu kidafite inkombe muri Afurika yo hagati, gihana imbibi n'Uburundi, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Tanzaniya, na Uganda . 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi) mu bunini, muri 26,668 square kilometres (10,297 sq mi) ni ubutaka na 1,670 square kilometres (640 sq mi) ni amazi. Ahantu hirengeye ni Ikirunga Karisimbi kuri 4,519 metres (14,826 ft), mugihe ari hasi cyane ni uruzi rwa Rusizi kuri 950 metres (3,120 ft) . Ubutaka bw'u Rwanda bwiganjemo ubwatsi bwa savanna hafi 46% bifatwa nk'ubutaka bwo guhingwa naho 9.5 ku ijana byeguriwe ibihingwa bihoraho. Imisozi miremire n'imisozi ni byo byiganjemo ubutaka, mu gihe ubutabazi bw'igihugu buvugwa ko ari imisozi, ubutumburuke bwabwo bukagabanuka kuva iburengerazuba ugana iburasirazuba. 

Ikintu kidasanzwe muri geografiya na geologiya yu Rwanda ni Ikibaya kinini cya Afurika. Mu rwego rwo gutandukana, Albertine Rift inyura mw' ishyamba rya Nyungwe. Ni ikintu cyimisozi "muri rusange, kibamo inyoni zanduye, inyamaswa z’inyamabere, n’inyamanswa kurusha utundi turere twose two muri Afurika". 

Ikibaya gitandukanijwe gisobanurwa ngo: "Gutandukana niho ibice by'isi bigenda bikwirakwira buhoro buhoro mu myaka miriyoni, bigatera imisozi, ibiyaga, ibibaya n'ibirunga." Ikindi kintu kikiranga ni Igabana rya Kongo-Nili . Iyi misozi inyura mu Rwanda mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo. 

Umugezi wa Nyabarongo ni rwo ruzi runini mu Rwanda, igice cy’amasoko yo hejuru ya Nili kandi kikaba gifite hafi 66% by’amazi y’amazi y’igihugu agaburirwa n’ifata ryakira imvura igereranywa buri mwaka irenga 2000&nbsp;mm. 

Igihugu gifite ikirere giciriritse gifite ibihe by'imvura kabiri mu mwaka, Gashyantare kugeza Mata na none Ugushyingo kugeza Mutarama. Ubushyuhe bwo ku misozi bworoheje, nubwo hari amahirwe yo gukonja na shelegi. 

## Ahantu harinzwe

Hano hari ahantu hatatu harinzwe gizwe parike z'igihugu. Parike y'igihugu ya Akagera ifite ubuso bungana na ha 108.500, Parike y'igihugu ya Nyungwe ifite ubuso bwa ha 101.900 naho Parike y’ibirunga ifite ubuso bwa ha 16,000. Hiyongeraho mashyamba  ishyamba rya Gishwati (ha 700), ishyamba rya Mukura (ha 1600), ishyamba rya Busaga (ha 150) n’ishyamba rya Buhanga hamwe na galeri y'ishyamba ryo mu ntara y’iburasirazuba ringana na ha 160. 

Nyungwe nigice kinini gisigaye cyamashyamba kirimo amoko 200 yibiti hamwe na orchide na begoniya . [5] Ibimera muri Parike y’ibirunga ahanini ni imigano n’imisozi, hamwe n’uduce duto tw’amashyamba. [1] Ibinyuranye, Akagera ifite urusobe rwibinyabuzima rwa savanna aho acacia yiganje ku bimera. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwibimera bidasanzwe cyangwa bugeramiwe muri Akagera, harimo *Markhamia lutea* na *guineensis ya Eulophia* . 

## Ibimera

Kugeza muri 2007, amashyamba mu Rwanda yarafashe ahangana na hegitari 240.746.53 zigizwe n’amashyamba karemano y’ubuso mu gace ka 33.15%, amashyamba karemano yangiritse angana na 15,79%, ishyamba ry’imigano rya 1.82%, savannasi bangana na 1.55%, imirima minini ya eucalyptus igera kuri 26.4%, guhinga vuba aha eucalyptus na kopi hamwe na 5.01 kwijana ryibiti bya pinusi.  Ishyamba rya Montane, rimwe mu mashyamba ya kera cyane yanditswe na mbere yigihe cy’ibarafu rifite ubutunzi budasanzwe bw’amoko 200 y’ibiti, ibimera byinshi by’indabyo birimo lobelia nini na orchide nyinshi zifite amabara.  Hariho amoko arenga 140 ya orchide mu gasozi k’ishyamba rya Nyungwe. 

Hariho ibyiciro bine by'amashyamba  byasobanuwe. Aya ni: Ishyamba rya Nili Ridge Congo, ishyamba karemano rikubiyemo parike n’ibigega by’igihugu; amashyamba na galeri z'amashyamba; amashyamba agizwe nubwoko bwa *Eucalyptus sp*, *Pinus sp*, na *Grevillea robusta* ; n'ahantu h’amashyamba mu butaka bwo guhinga ndetse n'ingamba zo kurwanya isuri. 

Amazi mato mato ku isi, *Nymphaea thermarum*, ntiyari yanduye u Rwanda gusa, ahubwo yanduye icyondo gitose cyatewe n'amazi menshi y’amazi meza ashyushye i Mashyuza.  Yazimye mu gasozi ahagana mu 2008 igihe abahinzi baho batangiraga gukoresha isoko mu buhinzi. Abahinzi bahagaritse imigezi yisoko, yumisha agace gato - metero kare imwe - niho lili yari ituye.  Carlos Magdalena, mu busitani bwa Royal Botanic i Kew, yashoboye kumera zimwe mu mbuto 20 ziheruka; umunani yatangiye kumera no gukura mu byumweru kandi mu Gushyingo 2009, amasoko y'amazi arabye bwa mbere. 

## Ibinyabuzima

Ubwinshi bw’inyamabere nini ziboneka muri Parike eshatu zigihugu, zagenewe kubungabunga ibidukikije. [10] Akagera irimo inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa savanna nka giraffi n'inzovu, [11] mu gihe ibirunga bibarirwa hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abatuye ingagi zo ku misozi ku isi.  

Ishyamba rya Nyungwe rifite ubwoko butatu bwibinyabuzima burimo chimpanzees na Ruwenzori colobus arboreal monkey; coluwus ya Ruwenzori yimuka mumatsinda yabantu bagera kuri 400, ingano nini yingabo za prima zose muri Afrika. [14] makumyabiri amoko bw'inyamabere byatangajwe Animal binyuranye web ya Museum Jewoloji Kaminuza ya Michigan ni munsi. 

binyabuzima ni ubwoko bwiganje bw’ibinyabuzima mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe . Ubwoko buvugwa ni Ruwenzori colobus, inkende za L'Hoest na chimpanzees (ubwinshi bw’ibinyabuzima 13).  Ubwoko bwa amphibian bwavuzwe ni Hyperolius viridiflavus . 

### Inyoni

Mu Rwanda hari amoko 670 y’inyoni, afite itandukaniro hagati yuburasirazuba nuburengerazuba. [16] Ariko, nk'uko buri ryita Birdlist umubare amoko nk'uko buri Ibigenderwaho WICE ni raporo kuba 711.  Nyungwe Forest, mu burengerazuba, afite 280 amoko, bikaba 26 ni akarande ku Albertine Rift; [16] endemic harimo Rwenzori turaco na mwiza spurfowl . [18]

Ibinyuranye n’u Rwanda, hagaragaramo inyoni za savanna nka gonolek ifite umutwe wirabura hamwe n’ibijyanye n’ibishanga n’ibiyaga, harimo ingurube na crane . [16] Byongeye kandi, nk'uko Ishyirahamwe Avi Base ribivuga, amoko yangiritse ku isi ni 9 naho amoko yatangijwe ni 3 kuri amoko 692 yose hamwe guhera mu 2012.  Balaeniceps rex (inkweto) na Agapornis fischeri (inyoni y'urukundo rwa Fischer) nayo ivugwa. 

Ishyamba rya Nyungwe ni ahantu hagenewe inyoni zingenzi (IBA) zashyizwe ku rutonde na BirdLife International . Ubururu bunini bwa turaco nubwoko bwinyoni bugaragara cyane buboneka kubwinshi. Nubururu, umutuku nicyatsi, bisobanurwa nk "inyoni itemba kuva ku giti kugera ku giti nkurugendo rwimitekerereze ya turukiya".  Abanyaburayi barya inzuki Merops apiaster ni ubwoko bw’inyoni zimuka muri kariya gace k’amashyamba mugihe cyitumba.   Igishanga cya Rugezi gikingira u Rwanda umubare munini w’ubworozi bw’imyenda yambitswe ikamba .  Ababoshyi badasanzwe hamwe nizuba ryizuba ryerekanwe kuri kashe yu Rwanda. 

Urutonde rwubwoko bwinyoni bugeramiwe kwisi yose, nkuko byatangajwe na Avibase data ya BirdLife International, nibi bikurikira. 
**Ibiri mu kaga**
## Kubungabunga
Parike n’igihugu cy’amashyamba byugarijwe n’ubuhigi, ibihingwa byibasira nka hyacint y’amazi, kurisha amatungo atabifitiye uburenganzira, kuroba mu buryo butemewe, inkongi z’umuriro, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye, gusarura imigano, kwambura ubutaka burinzwe mu buhinzi, gukusanya inkwi, kubika no guhinga ibyatsi. gukuramo ibimera. Iki kibazo cyatewe n’ibibazo by’imiyoborere bidafite amategeko n’amabwiriza ndetse n’igitutu gikomeye cya antropogene. 

Gahunda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije yashyizweho ku turere twose turinzwe harimo umuryango w’imidugudu ituye no hafi y’akarere karinzwe. Ibikorwa byo kubungabunga byibanze ku kongera ubwinshi bw’amashyamba mu gutera ibiti muri "kamere yo kwisubiraho no kuvugurura kamere y’ibinyabuzima by’ibanze kandi bifite agaciro". *Gutera byarimo* amoko nka *carissa macrocarpa*, entandrophragma (ubwoko bwubwoko cumi na bumwe bwibiti byimeza) na symphonia globulifera, no gushyiraho uruzitiro rukingira imbibi z’amashyamba hakoreshejwe ibihingwa byamahwa. 

Imwe mu mbaraga zahurijwe hamwe zatangijwe na Guverinoma y'u Rwanda ni ukongera umubare w'ahantu harinzwe ndetse no kongera ibiti by’ibiti kugira ngo ubuso bw’amashyamba bugera kuri 10% kugeza kuri 20% muri 2020. 

## Reba kandi

* Urutonde Ibinyabuzima bitungwa n’ibimera mu Rwanda

## Reba
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