Ubunyobwa

## '''IRIBURIRO'''
Ubunyobwa ni ikiribwa kiza gitanga intungamubiri ku bantu no ku butaka. Kuba ubunyobwa burimo ibitera imbaraga ku gipimo cyo hejuru, bukagira poroteyine,  vitamini, imyunyungugu, budasiga ibinure bibi mu mubiri, bugira igipimo cy’umunyu gito, ibyo byose  hamwe bituma ubunyobwa buba igihingwa gifite agaciro kanini mu rwego rw’imirire.

Ubunyobwa buhingwa mu bice bya za Toropike no munsi yazo ku isi yose, mu butaka bw’urusenyi. Ubunyobwa buribwa nk’amavuta asigwa ku migati, barabuhekenya cyangwa bakabukuramo amavuta, butekwa mu isosi no mu mboga cyangwa se bagakoramo ibindi biribwa bahekenya birimo umunyu cyangwa isukari.

Igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kigira imigozi irandaranda, nay o ikazana uruyange kuri buri gapfundo. Utwo turabo turibangurira ubwatwo maze tukazana imishoro yinjira mu butaka. Ku dutwe tw’iyo mishoro ni ho hiremaho ubunyobwa munsi y’ubutaka. Ubutaka bwo hejuru bugomba kuba burimo ibumba rike (mu nsi ya 20%) kandi bworoshye kugira ngo imishoro yinjire mu butaka ku buryo bworoshye.

## AMOKO Y’UBUNYOBWA
Ubunyobwa ni igihingwa kititaweho cyane mu bushakashatsi, bityo amoko yabwo akunda guhingwa azwi n’abahinzi kuva nta bushakashatsi bwigeze bukorwa ku bunyobwa. Amoko ahingwa atandukanira ku ibara no ku ngano yabwo.

Amoko y’ubunyobwa aboneka mu Rwanda yaturutse mu Bugande na Zambiya dusangamo:

Ubu bwoko bw’ubunyobwa bukomoka muri Leta ya Virginia ( Soma Virijiniya) muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Mbere na mbere bwazanywe muri Zambiya bwitwa Msekera Groundnut Variety 4 (MGV-4), buzwi muri Malawi ku izina rya CG-7 bukitwa Serenut IR mu Bugande. Bwerera iminsi 120 -140 kandi biroroshye kubusarura kuko barandura igiti cyose. Intete z’ubu bunyobwa ziratukura, zirangana, ziraringaniye, zigizwe na 48-50% by’amavuta.

## MGV 5 ( Ubunyobwa bw’iroza)
Ubwoko bw’ubunyobwa bwa MGV-5 buje vuba bukomotse muri Leta ya Virginia ( Soma Virijiniya) yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bugira imbuto zibyibushye z’ibara ryiza rijya kuba iroza bukaba bugira umusaruro mwinshi.  Bugira umwihariko wo kugira amavuta menshi agera kuri 48% bityo bikaba byiza kubukoramo amavuta. Bukunda guhingwa mu bice by’ibibaya  bya Zambiya,

bwerera iminsi 120 bukagira umusaruro ugera kuri Toni 2/ha ku bahinzi bato bato.

## CHISHANGO
Ubu bwoko nabwo bukomoka muri Leta ya Virginia ( Soma Virijiniya)yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bwera neza mu bice by’iburasirazuba bya Zambiya, bukerera iminsi 120. Bugira ibara ry’iroze ryijimye, burasa bwose, ingano yabwo iri mu rugero, bugira igipimo cy’amavuta cya 47%. Bwera hafi  Toni 2/ha kandi biba byiza kubugurisha bugakorwamo ibindi biribwa.

## Gutegura umurima
Impamvu umurima ugomba gutegurwa zishingiye kuri ibi bikurikira:

* Kurandura burundu no kumaramo ibihingwa byose bitifuzwa nk’ibimera byimeza n’ibyatsi bibi kugira ngo bidacuranwa n’igihingwa kigiye guhingwamo;
* Gutegura neza ubutaka kugira ngo imimero izamuke neza, maze igihingwa kizakure neza
* Kugira umurima wera kandi utanga umusaruro igihe kinini hashyirwamo ifumbire y’imborera no kurwanya isuri
* Kumenera ubutaka ibinonko bikomeye bikavaho bityo amazi akabasha kwinjira neza mu butaka ari nako hirindwa isuri
* Korohereza imirimo yo kushyira mu butaka imvange y’ inyongeramusaruro, ishwagara n’imiti yabugenewe
* Kuvanga ibishingwe n’ ibisigazwa by’ibihingwa
* Gutegura ubutaka bigomba gusubirwamo igihe ibyatsi bibi bitangiye kumeramo
* Iyo ubutaka buzamo ibyatsi bibi bihoraho nk’urumamfu cyangwa urukangaga ni ngombwa guhinga bageza isuka kure mu bujyakuzimu.

## Gutera imbuto
Itariki yo gutera: guhera hagati mu kwezi k’Ukwakira  kugeza hagati mu kwezi k’Ugushyingo.

**Guhungira imbuto:** imbuto z’ubunyobwa zishobora guhura n’indwara ituma ziborera mu butaka. Ni yo mpamvu rero ari ngombwa ko zitunganywa hakoreshejwe umuti wa  Mencozeb na Thiram. Uko iyo miti ikoreshwa biba bisobanuye ku buryo bwumvikana ku gapapuro kometse ku muti.

**Intera**: basiga ntera ya cm 50 hagati y’imirongo na cm 5-10 hagati y’imyobo ku mirongo. Imbuto ziterwa mu myobo ya  cm 5-7.5 z’ubunjyakuzimu  zigatwikirizwa agataka gake.

## Gukoresha amafumbire
Ubunyobwa ni ikinyamisogwe gikurura Azote mu kirere gikoresheje uduheri tuba ku mizi yabwo. Kubera iyo mpamvu ntabwo ubunyobwa bwakira neza ifumbire nyinshi irimo Azote. Azote nyinshi ituma ubunyobwa bukururumba bukaba nk’igihuru ariko ntibushore indabo ngo buzane ubunyobwa.

Nyamara ariko iyo ubunyobwa bukimera butangiye gukura, buba bukeneye Azote kuko buba bugishakisha uko bukurura Azote yo mu kirere. Ingamba nziza zafasha umuhinzi gucunga neza Azote ni ugukoresha ifumbire y’ibanze ku rugero rwa Kg 15-20/Ha z’ifumbire irimo Azote ( Ire), no kongerera ubunyobwwa ubushobozi bwo gukurura Azote mu kirere. Ibyo bikorwa umuhinzi avanga imbuto y’ubunyobwa n’imiyege yitwa Rhizobium ( soma Rizobiyumu). Ifumbire y’ibanze irimo Azote ikoreshwa hamwe n’ifumbire irimo imyunyungugu ya Potasiyumu na Fosifore mbere yo gutera. Ifumbire y’imborera ku rugero rwa Toni 15 kuri Hegitari irahagije ngo izanire ubunyobwa intungagihingwa bukeneye.

## Kwita ku gihingwa
**Kubagara**: ibyatsi bibi byimeza bicuranwa n’ibihingwa ubuhehere, intungagihingwa, urumuri n’umwanya wo kwisanzuriramo. Ni ngombwa kurandura ibyatsi byose bibi byimeza mu murima.

## Gukoresha amafumbire
Iyo ubunyobwa bumaze kumera, umuhinzi akabona ko budafite uduheri duhagije ku mizi bityo ntibunakurure Azote ihagije mu kirere, ni ngombwa kongeramo ifumbire ikungahaye kuri Azote ku rugero rwa kg 30-40/Ha mu minsi iri hagati ya 30 na 45 nyuma y’itera. Iyo fumbire ifasha igihingwa gukura neza ikoreshwa igihe ubutaka buhehereye, hanyuma igakurikirwa no kurandura ibyatsi cyangwa kumenera ubutaka. Ishwagara na yo ni ingenzi ku buhinzi bw’ubunyobwa mu butaka busharira. Umuhinzi akoresha ishwagara iseye neza ku rugero rwa kg 250/Ha ishyirwa ku muzenguruko w’ingemwe z’ubunyobwa mu minsi 20-25 nyuma yo gutera. Ishwagara irenzwaho agataka gake kugira ngo igume mu bujyakuzimu bwa cm 3.

**Guhinduranya ibihingwa:** Ni byiza guhinduranya ubunyobwa n’ibindi bihingwa bitari mu bwoko bw’ibinyamisogwe mu rwego rwo kurinda no kurwanya indwara.

## Indwara n'uburyo bwo kurwanya Udukoko
Ubunyobwa bufatwa n’indwara ziterwa n’udukoko tunyunyuza amatembabuzi nk’inda, uduhunduguru tunyunyuza amababi, ibinyugunyugu birya amababi, udukoko turya amababi n’utundi mu gihe bukimera no mu gihe burimo bukura. Mu gihe bumaze gukura kandi ubunyobwa bushobora gufatwa n’ibyonnyi nk’ibishorobwa bipfumura ibishinshwa by’ubunyobwa bugikura bikabwangiza bikomeye.

**1.Indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina ( Cercospora arachidicola)** ni indwara iterwa n’uduhumyo  tuzana ibibara ku mababi y’ubunyobwa. Amoko yose y’ubunyobwa yibasirwa n’iyi ndwara kandi igabanya cyane umusaruro w’ubunyobwa, cyane by’umwihariko mu turere tw’amajyepfo ashyira uburasirazuba, Uburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo ashyira uburengerezubwa bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.  Ibibara by’ikigina ku mababi y’ubunyobwa  bishobora kugabanya umusaruro w’ubunyobwa ku rugero ruva kuri 1% kugeza kuri 50% by’umusaruro wari utegerejwe bitewe n’uko igihingwa cyafashwe n’umuti wakoreshejwe mu kurwanya iyo ndwara.

## Ibimenyetso
Indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina (Cercospora arachidicola)yinduza ibiti by’ubunyobwa gusa, igatera ibibara by’ikigina bias n’ibikomere ku gihimba, ku mababi ndetse no ku nkondo z’amababi. Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’ibibara by’ikigina bikora uruziga bigaragara ku mababi ya mbere y’igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kuva ku minsi 30 kugeza ku minsi 50 nyuma yo gutera. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma indabo z’ubunyobwa zihunguka imburagihe ndetse ikagabanya n’umusaruro. Ibindi bimenyetso by’iyi ndwara harimo urubobi ry’ikijuju ruzamukamo utwoya ruza kuri bya bikomere mu bihe by’ubukonje.

Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina ku mababi y’ubunyobwa

## Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya
Indwara y’ibidomo by’ikigina ishobora kwirindwa cyangwa  kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ibi bikurikira:

* Gutera umuti wica uduhumyo nka chlorothalonil,  Tebuconazole, Pyraclostrobin iterwa ubunyobwa bukizana imiteja. Uwo muti uterwa rimwe mu byumyeru 2;  
* Hakurikijwe ubukana bw’indwara, uburyo bwo guhinga akarondorondo bwagaragaje ko butinza icyorezo cy’iyi ndwara kuko bugabanya igipimo cy’ubwandu;
* Gukoesha imbuto y’ubunyobwa zidafatwa cyangwa zihanganira iyi ndwara.

**2. ozete ( Groundnut rosette virus**-GRV) ni indwara iterwa na virusi iboneka mu bihugu byo munsi y’ubutayu

Sahara.  Ikwirakwzwa n’udukoko, iva mu bihingwa ijya mu bindi. Udukoko dukwirakwiza iyo virusi ni nk’Inda z’ibihingwa (*Aphis craccivora*).

Indwara ya Rozete yagaragaye bwa mbere muri Afurikaa mu mwaka w’1907 ikaba yarangije bikomeye igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kuri uyu mugabane. Mu mwaka wa 1939, byagaragaye ko yangije ibihingwa kugera kuri   80 - 90% muri Congo Mbiligi byateje igihombo gikomeye ku musaruro.  Iyi virusi ikwirakwira byihuse mu bihingwa Ubunyobwa bwanduye indwara ya Rozete.

#### '''Kuyirwanya:'''

* Guhinga ubwoko bwihanganira iyi ndwara,
* Gukoresha uburyo busanzwe bukoreshwa mu kurwanya indwara z’ibihingwa.

## '''3.''' Ibyonnyi by’ubunyobwa

#### '''1. Inda z’ubunyobwa ( ''Aphis craccivora'' - Koch.)'''
Utu dukoko dutera uburozi bukaze mu gihingwa iyo tukinyunyuza maze twaba twinshi bugatuma kigwingira cyangwa cyuma burundu. Iyo utu dukoko  tunyunyuza igihingwa turema ibintu bimeze nk’ubuki byinshi bisa nabi bituma igihingwa kibora. Ibi bituma igihingwa kitabasha kwiremera imbaraga ziva mu rumuri zigifasha mu mikurire yacyo bityo amababi agasa nabi ku buryo atahabwa amatungo. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku gihingwa cyanduye iyi ndwara ni uguhinduka umuhondo, kuraba no kuma burundu. Muri rusange ubunyobwa burangirika bikomeye byaba biturutse ku kuribwa n’udukoko ubwatwo cyangwa se ari virusi zitera indwara zinjizwa mu gihingwa n’utwo dukoko (Rossette & Peanut strip virus.) Ifoto igaragaza inda zangiza ubunyobwa.

**Kurinda ubunyobwa iyi ndwara**

* Udukoko tutya inda z’ubunyobwa nka *inella septumpunctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus* & *Chrysoperla carnea  du*fasha gucungana n’iyi ndwara*.* ( kamwe kamwe ku gihingwa kimwe karahagije ku buryo atari ngombwa kwitabaza imiti yica udukoko)
* Kuvanga ubunyobwa n’inkori mu murima umwe
* Gukoresha imiti  yica udukoko wa Phosphamidon 0.03 %, M-O-D 0.025 % na Dimethoate 0.03 %.

### '''.  Uduhunduguru: (''Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips palmi'')'''

Ibyana n’ibikuru bishwanyaguza ubuso bw’amababi bikanyunyuza amatembabuzi maze bigatuma mu nsi y’amababi hazaho ibibara by’umweru no kwangirika kw’amababi akimera. Iyo ubu burwayi bukabije butera igihingwa kugwingira.

#### '''Uburyo bwo kuburwanya'''

* Guhinga ubwoko bwihanganira indwara
* Kurandura no gutwika ibihingwa byangiritse bikomeye,
* Kubungabunga udusimba turya ubwo bukoko harimo ibivumvuri, urutambara,, udukoko tuguruka dufite amababa y’icyatsi kibisi, isanane, isazi n’ibitangangurirwa. 

* Gutera umuti wa Monochrotophos 36SL 600 ml/ha cyangwa Dimethoate 30 EC 650ml/ha cyangwa Methyldemeton 25 EC 600 ml muri litiro 600 z’amazi.
* Gutera umuti wa monocrotophos 320ml uvanze n’amavuta ya Neem  ( soma Nimu)L1 na kg 1 y’isabune y’ifu ivanze muri litiro 200 z’amazi inshuro 2 mu  y’iminsi 10.

### '''3. Agakoko kangiza amababi (''Aproaerema modicella)'''''

#### '''Uko kangiza'''
Ku gice  cyo hejuru cy’amababi hagaragaraho ibisa n’ubushye hafi y’uruteranyirizo. Uko udukoko tugenda turya igihingwa ni ko igice cyangiriste kigenda kiyongera kugeza ubwo ikibabi cyose gihindutse ikijuju, kikihinahina ndetse kikanuma. Iyo ubu burwayi bukabije igihingwa cyafashwe gisa n’icyatwitswe n’umuriro.  Iyo iyi ndwara itinze utu dukoko duhuriza amababi hamwe tukayarya tukaguma mu gice gihinahinnye.

#### '''Uburyo bwo kukarwanya:'''

* Ibinyugunyugu bikuze bitegeshwa urumuri kuva saa kumi n’ebyiri n’igce (6.30 p.m) kugeza saa yine n’igice (10.30 p.m) za nijoro. Amatara ya Peteroli aterekwa hasi ku butaka akabikurura.
* Gusimburanya ibihingwa mu murima bateramo ibindi bihingwa bitari mu bwoko bw’ibinyamisogwe bishobora gufasha mu kugabanya ku buryo bugaragara kororoka k’udukoko twangiza amababi b’ubunyobwa.
* Kwirinda guhinduranya ubunyobwa na Soya cyangwa andi moko y’ibinyamisogwe.

* Uburyo bwizewe kurushaho mu kurinda ubunyobwa indwara ni ugutera ubwoko buzwiho kwihanganira uburwayi.
* Gukoresha iiti yica udukoko nka Monocrotophos 0.04 %, DDVP 0.05 %, Fenitrothion 0.05 %, Endosulfan 0.07 %, Carbaryl 0.2 %, Quinalphos 0.05 %.

## '''4.''' Nkongwa ( ''Helicoverpa armigera'' ) '''   '''
**Uburyo yangiza**Ibyana bya Nkongwa bitungwa n’amababi, bigakunda cyane indabo n’imimero. Iyo biriye imimero hagenda hagaragara imyobo n’ amababi abumbuye ariweho.

#### '''Kurwanya Nkongwa mu gihe cy’ihinga'''

* Guhinga bageza hasi cyane mu gihe cy’icyi
* Kuvangamo umurongo umwe w’imikunde nyuma ya buri mirongo 5 cyangwa 6 y’ubunyobwa

* Gushyiramo imitego @ 5/ha

* Guhinduranya ubunyobwa  n’amasaka, ibigori, uburo n’ibisheke bigabanya ubwandu bwa Nkongwa.

## '''5.''' Ibishorobwa ( ''Holotrichia consanguinea )''

Ibishorobwa bikuze bigira uburebure buri hagati ya mm 18-20 na mm 7-9 z’ubugari. Amagi yabyo aba ari umweru, ajya kugira ishusho y’umwiburungushure. Ibyana byabyo bisa n’umweru ubengerana, bikagira mm 5 z’uburebure.  Ibi bikoko bipfupfunuka mu butaka mu minsi  3-4 nyuma y’uko imvura itangiye kugwa.  Ni ngombwa gushyiraho imitego y’amatara mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa no kubara umubare w’ibishorobwa buri munsi. Bikorwa bacukura icyobo cya cm 100 X 100 X 20, ni ukuvuga ibyobo 10 / ha,  gufata no kubara umubare w’ibishorobwa kuri buri cyobo. Byaba ibikuze cyangwa ibyana ibishorobwa byose birangiza. Ibyana bitungwa n’imizi kandi bikangiza ibishishwa by’ubunyobwa. Birya imizi mizima bigatuma icika intege, igihingwa kikaraba, kikuma ibice ibice.

#### '''Uburyo busanzwe bwo kubirwanya'''
Gufata no gutwika ibishorobwa bikuze bikuwe mu biti byiberamo mu nkengero z’umurima. Mu bice ibi bishorobwa by’umweru byanze gushiramo, bisaba guhinga bageza hasi cyane nyuma y’isarura  bityo bishobora kugabanya ubwinshi bwabyo kuko inyoni zibitoratora no gutwika ibikonoshwa byabyo.

#### '''Kubyirinda'''

* Gutera umuti wica udukoko wabigenewe mu gihe ubwinshi bw’ibishorobwa byabaye byinshi  bikarenga urugero  rwihanganirwa.

Kurwanya ibishorobwa by’umweru bikuze batera umuti ku biti bibamo nka Neem ( Soma Nimu) n’ibindi. Gukoresha umuti wa Carbaryl 50 WP ku rugero rwa  g 2 kuri litiro y’amazi. Cyangwa Chlorpyriphos 20 EC ku rugero rwa  ml 2/litiro y’amazi  bigakorwa vuba igihe cy’imvura gitangiye, bigakorwa iminsi 3-4 mu masaha ya nimugoroba. Iyi miti yica ibishorobwa bikuze kandi bikagabanya kumunga imizi. Gutera imiti bigomba gusubirwamo nk’inshuro 3 -4 kugeza hagati mu kwezi kwa

* Nyakanga, ibyiza kandi ni uko umuti waterwa muri gahunda rusange.
* Gutera umuti wa Carbofuran kg 1/ha ku mbuto bishobora kuba uburyo bwiza.
* Guhungira imbuto mbere ukoresheje umuti wa  chlorpyriphos 20 EC ( ml 6.5 kugeza kuri 12.5/kg cy’imbuto) bigira akamaro.
* Mu gihe ibi bikoko bikabije bakoresha umuti witwa Phorate ku rugero rwa kg 10 /ha.

## '''6.''' Umuswa
** **Amafoto yerekana uko imiswa yangiza ubunyobwa

Imiswa ni udusimba tw’umweru tubengerana. Imiswa yinjira mu gice cyose cy’imizi igacukura imizi n’igihimba; bigatuma igihingwa cyuma. Imiswa icukura igishishwa cy’ubunyobwa ikinjira ikangiza imbuto. Imiswa imunga agace koroshye ku gishishwa ariko ubusanzwe ntimunga imbuto z’imbere. Ibishishwa byamunzwe bibasha kwanduzwa n’imiyege yitwa Aspergillus ituma igihingwa cyangirika. 

#### '''Kuyirwanya'''

* Gusenya imigina y’imiswa bakoresha ibikoresho bisukuye
* Guhungira imbuto bakoresheje umuti wa Chlorpyriphos.
* Gutera umuti wa Chlorpyriphos mu migina y’imiswa.
* Gutera umuti wa  Carbofuran cyangwa Chlorpyriphos mu butaka ku rugero rwa kg 1 /ha mu gihe cyo gutera bishobora kugabanya ikwirakira ry’imiswa.

#### '''. Magurijana (Peridontopyge spp.)'''
Magurijana ni kimwe mu byonnyi byangiza igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa. Magurijana isa n’ikigina kijya kuba umukara, ikihinahina iyo hari ikiyikomye. Magurijana zifata imbuto z’ubunyobwa guhera zigiterwa kugeza mu minsi 20 nyuma y’itera. Zirya imimero ikizamuka zikimukira no mu mizi. Igishishwa cy’ubunyobwa kenshi kirangirika kikaba inzira y’udukoko dutera indwara twinjira mu bunyobwa. N’ibihingwa birokotse utu dukoko bikura nabi.

Magurijana zinafata n’ubunyobwa bumaze gukura butangiye gushora, igihe igishishwa kicyorohereye. Ibishishwa bitarakomera biratobagurika bikangirika cyangwa bigaterwa na mikorobe zituma bibora nk’imiyege ya *Aspergillus flavus*. Magurijana kandi zishobora no konona uruyange.

## Gufata neza umusaruro
Ubusanzwe igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa  ni cyo kimenyesha igihe kigomba gusarurwa. Ubunyobwa busarurwa igihe byibura 75% by’ibishishwa bifunitse ubunyobwa byamaze kwera neza; icyo gihe amababi aba yarabaye umuhondo kandi yaratangiye kuma ku mitwe. Bibera mu gihe kimwe no kumagara k’ubutaka ku buryo ibiti by’ibihingwa biraba n’ubunyobwa buri mu bishishwa bugatangira kujegera no guhindura isura ko bweze.

Ujya gusarura ubunyobwa yoroshya ubutaka bukikije igitsinzi cy’ubunyobwa akoresheje igitiyo cyangwa majagu. Ubutaka bumaze koroha usarura arandura ubunyobwa agakunguta itaka riba rifashe ku mizi, hagasigara ibishishwa birimo ubunyobwa.  Umuntu usarura ubunyobwa agenzura neza ko nta busigaye mu butaka. 

## Kwita kumusaruro
Nyuma y’isarura, ubunyobwa bukiri mu bishishwa bwanikwa ku zuba, nyuma bakabuhura, bakabugosora. Nyuma yabyo barabutoranya (mu kubutoranya batandukanya ubunyobwa bwiza butamanyutse, ubw’ibisate n’ubwangiritse cyane) bakabuhunika. Ubunyobwa butekwa mu isosi, mu mboga cyangwa bakabukaranga bakabuhekenya. Ubunyobwa kandi bashobora kubutunganya mu nganda bagakuramo ibindi biribwa bitandukanye nk’amavuta yo guteka, amavuta yo gusiga ku migati, n’ibindi.

## Amashakiro