Impanda yo gutwi

**Impanda yo gutwi** n'igikoresho cyangwa itiyo rimeze nka feri gikusanya imiraba y'ijwi ikabayobora mu matwi . Zikoreshwa nk'imfashanyigisho zifasha mu kumva, bikavamo gushimangira imbaraga z'ijwi bityo bigatuma habaho kunoza kumva ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva cyangwa batumva neza. Impanda zo mu matwi zikozwe mu cyuma, ifeza, ibiti, ibishishwa by'amahwa cyangwa amahembe y'inyamaswa . Byasimbuwe ahanini mu bice bikize ku isi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo kwumva kw'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva cyane kandi ridahwitse, nubwo rihenze cyane.

Impanda y'ijwi ntabwo yongerera ijwi. Ifata amajwi yakiriwe ahantu hanini kandi ikayashyira mugace gato. Ijwi ryakiriwe riranguruye, ariko nta mbaraga zakozwe mubikorwa.

## Amateka
Gukoresha impanda zo mugutwi kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva igice cyatangiye mu kinyejana cya 17.  Ibisobanuro bya mbere byerekana impanda y'amatwi byatanzwe n'umupadiri w'Abayezuwiti n’umunyamibare Jean Leurechon mu gitabo cye *Recreations mathématiques* (1634). Polymath Athanasius Kircher nawe yasobanuye igikoresho gisa nacyo mu mwaka 1650.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, imikoreshereze yabo yarushagaho kuba rusange. Impanda z'ugutwi zishobora gukorwa n'abakora ibikoresho k'umurongo umwe kubakiriya runaka. Abanyamideli bazwi cyane muri kiriya gihe bakoze Impanda ya Townsend yakozwe n'umwarimu ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva John Townshend, Impanda ya Reynolds yubatswe cyane cyane ku marangi Joshua Reynolds n'Impanda ya Daubeney.

Uruganda rwa mbere rwatangiye gukora ubucuruzi bw'impanda y'amatwi rwashinzwe na Frederick C. Rein i Londres mu mwaka 1800. Usibye gukora impanda zo m'ugutwi, Rein yanagurishije abafana bumva no kuvuza amajwi . Ibi bikoresho byafashaga kwibanda ku mbaraga z'ijwi, mu gihe byari bitakiri byoroshye. Nyamara, ibyo bikoresho muri rusange byari binini kandi byagombaga gushyigikirwa k'umubiri uhereye hepfo. Nyuma, y'impanda ntoya, ifata intoki n'amatwi yakoreshejwe nk'imfashanyigisho ikoreshwa kubafite ubumuga bwo kutumva.  

* Rein kandi yahawe inshingano yo gutegura intebe idasanzwe ya acoustic y'Umwami w'igihugu cya Porutugali wari ufie uburwayi, John VI wa Porutugali mu mwaka 1819. Intebe y'ubwami yari ikozwe n'amaboko ashushanyijeho asa n'iminwa ifunguye y'intare. Kandi ibyo byobo byakoraga nk'ahantu ho kwakirwa na acoustics, byanyujijwe inyuma y'intebe hakoreshejwe umuyoboro uvuga, no mu gutwi k'umwami.  Amaherezo, mu mpera z'umwaka 1800, ihembe rya acoustic, ryari umuyoboro ufite impande ebyiri, cone yafashe amajwi, amaherezo ikorwa kugira ngo ihuze n'ugutwi. 

Johann Nepomuk Mälzel yatangiye gukora impanda zo m'ugutwi mu mwaka 1810. Yagaragaje cyangwa yibanda cyane ku impanda zo gutwi kwa Ludwig van Beethoven, wari utangiye kutumva icyo gihe. Kuri ubu bibitswe mu nzu ndangamurage ya Beethoven i Bonn .

Ahagana mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, ibyuma byumva byihishe byarushijeho gukundwa. Rein yakoze ibintu n'ubuhanga bwinshi bugaragara, harimo n'igitambaro cyo mu mutwe cyitwa acoustic ', aho ibikoresho bifasha kumva byari bihishe mu buhanga mu musatsi cyangwa mu mutwe. *Terefone ya Aurolese* ya Reins yari igitambaro cyo m'umutwe, gikozwe mu buryo butandukanye, cyarimo ibyuma bikusanya amajwi hafi y'ugutwi bigateza imbere acoustics. Imfashanyigisho z'abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva nazo zari zihishe mu bindi bintu, imyenda, n'ibikoresho. Iyi gahunda iganisha ku kutagaragara kwinshi wasangaga akenshi ihisha rubanda ubumuga bw'umuntu kuruta gufasha umuntu gukemura ikibazo cyo kumuvura. 

FC Rein n'Umuhungu wo m'ubwongereza barangije ibikorwa byo gukora impanda yo mu matwi mu mwaka 1963, nk'isosiyete ya mbere n'iya nyuma y'ubwoko bwayo. &#x5B; *<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation ikenewe</span>* &#x5D;

## Ihembe rya Pinard

Ihembe rya Pinard ni ubwoko bwa stethoscope ikoreshwa n'ababyaza ibikozwe bimeze kimwe niby'impanda y'ugutwi. N'ibiti bikozwe mu giti bigera kuri santimetero 8. Umubyaza akanda ku iherezo ry'ihembe ku nda y'umugore utwite kugira ngo akurikirane uko umutima umeze yumva. Amahembe ya Pinard yavumbuwe mu gihugu cy'Ubufaransa mu kinyejana cya 19,  kandi n'ubu aracyakoreshwa ahantu henshi ku isi.

## Reba kandi

* Cochlear yatewe
* Imfashanyo yo kumva
* Amateka y'imfashanyo mu kumva
* Stethoscope

## Amashakiro