open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Skol mu rwanda

**Skol Lager** ni yatunganijwe mbere n’inzoga zikorwa na Ind Coope breweries   i Alloa, muri ekosse yo hagati. Muri 1958, Continental Graham yatangije (ishingiye ku nzoga yaho yitwa Graham's Gorden) ihita ihinduka Skol ya Graham kugirango itange igitekerezo cyo muri Scandinaviya ( uruganda rwose rwatumijwe muri Suwede ). Izina ryaje kuvugururwa ubu ni Skol gusa.

Allied Breweries ( UK ), Labatt ( Kanada ), Pripps-Bryggerierna ( Suwede ), na Unibra ( Ububiligi ) bashinze isosiyete nshya yitwa **Skol International** muri 1964. Intego yacyo kwari ugushiraho ikirango cy’inzoga kuri isi, Skol, gishobora gutangwa, gukora no gucuruzwa ku isi hose. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya z 1960, ryamamajwe cyane kuri Radiyo pirate yo mu Buholandi yitwa Veronica nka Skol International, hamwe n'ijwi ryamamaza ryaririmbwe na Patrica Paay, waje kuba umuririmbyi wa pop mu Buholandi akaba n'umunyamakuru wa TV. Kuva icyo gihe kwitabira isosiyete byahindutse ku buryo bugaragara . 

## Amateka

Kuva muri 1973 kugeza 1982, byeri munsi yikirango cya Skol yatekwaga n’inzoga yo mu Buholandi Oranjeboom, ariko ntibyagenze neza ku isoko ry’Ubuholandi. 

Muri 1980, Skol yari umuterankunga mukuru wa Automotive ya Fittipaldi, nyuma yuko inkunga ya Copersucar irangiye shampiyona irangiye . Ikirango kandi cyateye inkunga marushanwa y’igikombe cya Scottish League kuva 1984 - 1992, igikombe cya kabiri Skol Cup gihabwa abatsinze hamwe n'igikombe gisanzwe cya shampiyona muri iki gihe. 

Muri 1992, ihuriro hagati ya Allied Breweries na Carlsberg ryateje Carlsberg  Tetley's, yimuye umusaruro wa Skol uva Alloa ujya mu ruganda rwabo i Leeds kugeza ubwo inzoga zafunzwe muri 2011. Ikomeje gukwirakwizwa mu Bwongereza,  hamwe na ABV yagabanutse kugera kuri 2.8%. 

Carlsberg afite uruhushya rwo guteka no gucuruza inzoga ku isi hose, usibye Afurika na Amerika y'Epfo.  Unibra ifite uruhushya rwa Afurika.  Mu Burayi, byeri nayo ikorerwa kandi igacuruzwa muri Rumaniya  na Turukiya .  Muri Aziya, ikwirakwizwa muri Maleziya, Ubushinwa, Hong Kong, na Singapore .  Muri Afurika, iri muri Angola, u Burundi, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, Gineya, Madagasikari, n'u Rwanda .  Izina ni ururimi rw'icyongereza ruhindura ibinyobwa bya Scandinaviya skål. Mu gihe runaka, Hägar the cartrible cartoon character yakoreshejwe mu kuzamurwa. 

Ku isoko rya Berezile Skol yongeyeho ibinyobwa bishya ku kirango cyabo cyitwa Skol Beats gifite uburyohe bwa citrus hamwe nuburyohe bwinshi, harimo ubururu, umutuku, n'icyatsi, hiyongereyeho umurongo mushya wa gin ya Skol Beats n'ibinyobwa bya tonike byose birimo hafi 7.9% inzoga. 

## Ibihembo

Ikirango cyahawe igihembo cya Zahabu mu guhitamo ubuziranenge bw’isi 2012, cyateguwe na Monde Selection . Iki cyari igihembo cya kabiri mpuzamahanga Skol yatsindiye.  Inzoga yahawe kandi umudari wa zahabu wo gupakira ndetse n’umudari wa feza mu cyiciro cy uburyohe mu bihembo mpuzamahanga by’inzoga bya Ositaraliya 2005. 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Skol Afrika
* Skol Berezile
* Skol Romania
Isoko rishinzwe indege za gisivili muri Afurika

**Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe iby'indege za gisivili** ( **African Civil Aviation Commission,** **AFCAC** ) ni ikigo cy’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika gifite icyicaro i Dakar , muri senegal.  Intego yacyo ni uguteza imbere no kugenzura indege za gisivili muri Afurika. 

## Isoko
AFCAC yashinzwe nk'ikigo cyihariye cy’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ku ya 17 Mutarama 1969. Icyemezo cya Yamoussoukro cyanditswe muri 1999 gitangira gukurikizwa muri 2002.  Ubu AFCAC ni ikigo gikora isoko rimwe ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu kirere, rishyira mu bikorwa Icyemezo cya Yamoussoukro.    Ubufatanye bwayo n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’indege za gisivili burimo guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubuziranenge bwa ICAO hamwe n’ibikorwa byasabwe . 

Ikigo cyakira ubufasha bw’ubuyobozi n’imari na ICAO kandi cyabonye inkunga na Banki ny'afurika itsura amajyambere .   Muri 2015  leta nyinshi ntabwo zishyuye umusanzu wabanyamuryango na 90 % by'amafaranga AFCAC yinjiza yakoreshejwe ku mushahara n'amafaranga y'ubuyobozi . 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website
* African Civil Aviation Commission Constitution (AFCAC)
* Revised Constitution of the African Civil Aviation Commission
Umudendezo wa gatanu (Fifth Freedom)

**(Fifth Freedom) ni Ubwisanzure bwa gatanu** bushobora kwerekeza kuri kuri ibi :

* Ubwisanzure mu bukungu, Perezida wa Amerika Herbert Hoover yasobanuye ko ari umudendezo wa gatanu.
* Freedoms of the air § Ubwisanzure bwa gatanu, uburenganzira bwindege kuguruka hagati yamahanga abiri mugihe cyindege mugihe indege ikomoka cyangwa ikarangirira mugihugu cyawe.
* Uruhushya rwo kwica (igitekerezo), rwasobanuwe nkubwisanzure bwa gatanu murwego rwimikino ya *Splinter Cell* yimikino ya videwo.
Ibihembo by'ikoranabuhanga bya Afurika

**Ibihembo by'ikoranabuhanga bya Afurika**  ni ibirori ngarukamwaka byizihizwa, kugira ngo bamenye ndetse banahembe abakinyi b'ikoranabuhanga muri Afrika. Ibihembo birashimira abashinzwe iterambere hamwe nabateza imbere mugihe bishimira abakoresha imari y'ikoranabuhanga , imbuga nkoranyambaga, Mobile, Agritech, Itangazamakuru, Itumanaho, esports n'ibindi.    

## Amashakiro
Agace k'ubucuruzi butatu

**Agace k'Ubucuruzi Bw’Ubutatu** ( **Tripartite Free Trade Area,** **TFTA** ) ni amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ny'afurika ateganijwe hagati y’isoko rusange ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo ( COMESA ), Umuryango w’iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo ( SADC ) n’umuryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba ( EAC ). 

Ku ya 10 Kamena 2015, amasezerano yasinyiwe mu Misiri  n'ibihugu byerekanwe hepfo (mu gihe hagitegerejwe kwemezwa n'inteko ishinga amategeko ).

## Ibihugu
Ku ya 15 Kamena 2015, mu nama ya 25 y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika Yabereye i Johannesburg, muri Afurika yepfo, hatangijwe imishyikirano yo gushyiraho akarere k’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi bw’umugabane wa Afurika ( CFTA ) bitarenze muri 2017, twizeraga ko ibihugu 54 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika nk’abanyamuryango b’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye mu akarere. 

Urutonde : 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Official website (archived)
Ishyirahamwe ry’indege nyafurika

**Ishyirahamwe nyafurika ry’indege** ( **African Airlines Association**) ( AFRAA ) , ni ishyirahamwe ry’ubucuruzi ry’indege ny'afurika . AFRAA yashinzwe i Accra, muri Gana, muri 1968, ikaba ifite guhera muri Gashyantare 2021, ifite icyicaro i Nairobi muri Kenya . Intego y'ibanze ya AFRAA ni ugushiraho no koroshya ubufatanye hagati yindege za Afrika . 

Ishyirwaho ry’ishyirahamwe ry’indege nyafurika ryaturutse ku iterambere ry’amateka ndetse n’ubukungu budasanzwe. Mu ntangiriro ya za 1960, ibihugu byinshi by'Afurika byinjiye mu bwigenge kandi bishyiraho indege zabo bwite. Inyinshi muri izo ndege zabaye abanyamuryango b'ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ryo gutwara abantu n'ibintu .

AFRAA yatangije igitekerezo cyayo muri 1963, ubwo indege nyinshi z’indege nyafurika, zafataga umwanya zitangwa n’inama rusange ngarukamwaka ya IATA ( AGM ) zatangiye gukora inama nyunguranabitekerezo mbere ya AGMs za IATA kugira ngo baganire ku bibazo bifuza indege za Afurika no gufata imyanya imwe. . Iyi yari intambwe yambere iganisha ku ishyirwaho rya AFRAA. Kuva kuri iyo ntambwe yambere yabereye i Roma mu 1963, hashyizweho mu 1968 i Accra , umuryango w’akarere ushinzwe kuvuga ibitekerezo by’akarere no guteza imbere ubufatanye byakozwe n’abanyamuryango 14 bashinze.

## Intego
AFRAA nkishyirahamwe ifite intego zingenzi zikurikira :

* Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere butekanye, bwizewe kandi bwizewe;

Guteza imbere inganda uburyo bwiza bwo gushyigikira ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere butekanye, butekanye kandi bwizewe muri Afurika

* Kongera imbaraga, kumenyekana no kugira uruhare mu ndege za African Airlines mu nganda z’indege ku isi;
* Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere burambye;

Kunganira kugabanya ibiciro bya serivisi zitwara indege muri Afurika ugabanya imisoro, imisoro n'amahoro

Duharanire gushyira mubikorwa iterambere rihendutse ry'abakozi

Lobby yo kubona isoko kugirango yongere amafaranga kandi yongere umurongo windege muri Afrika

* Ubufatanye ;

Kora ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryibikorwa bigamije kugabanya ibiciro byindege zindege, kongera amafaranga n imigabane ku isoko

Korohereza no gushishikariza ubufatanye hagati y'indege ny'afurika

* Ubwenge bw'amakuru ;

Ba ihuriro ry'amakuru, ubwenge nubuhanga ku nganda ny'afurika zindege 

## Inzego

* **Inteko rusange**

Urwego rwo hejuru rushyiraho politiki y’ishyirahamwe ni Inteko rusange ngarukamwaka igizwe n'abayobozi bakuru b'indege z'abanyamuryango. Inteko rusange ngarukamwaka iyobowe na Perezida w’ishyirahamwe. Perezida w'ishyirahamwe azunguruka buri mwaka.

* **Komite Nyobozi**

## Abanyamuryango ba AFRAA
Isosiyete y'indege iyo ari yo yose ikora ibikorwa by'indege mu gutwara abagenzi cyangwa imizigo kandi yujuje ibyangombwa byujuje ibisabwa irashobora gusaba kuba umunyamuryango nk'umunyamuryango ukora cyangwa Associate. Ibikurikira nurutonde rwabanyamuryango ba AFRAA bariho.

## Reba kandi

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe rwa AFRAA
* Amakuru ya AFRAA avuye mu kigo cya Pan African News Agency
*  Amakuru ya AFRAA avuye mu kigo cya Pan African News Agency
African IXP Association (Ishyirahamwe ry'itumanaho)

**African IXP Association** , cyangwa **AFIX**, ni ihuriro ry’ingurane za interineti zikorera mu karere ka Afurika.  Ni umuryango uyobowe n'abaturage ugamije guteza imbere inyungu z'abanyamuryango no kunoza imikoranire ku mugabane.

AFIX ni umunyamuryango wa federasiyo yo guhanahana amakuru kuri interineti (IX-F).  Kuba umunyamuryango muri AFIX ni ubuntu kandi amarembo aruguruye ku bantu bose bakoresha enterineti ya Exchange Points in Africa.

## Amateraniro
Ishyirahamwe nyafurika rya IXP risanzwe riterana buri mwaka mu ihuriro nyafurika ry’urungano n’umuhuza (AfPIF) kandi rimwe na rimwe riterana kabiri-buri mwaka mu nama nyafurika (AIS).

## Reba kandi

* Urutonde rw'ingingo za interineti

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ishyirahamwe Nyafurika IXP
Banki Nkuru ya Afurika

**Banki Nkuru Nyafurika** ( **ACB** ) ni kimwe mu bigo bitanu by'ambere by’imari ndetse n’ikigo cyihariye cy’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika . Igihe kizaza nicyo  kizaba gifite  inshingano z'ikigega ny'afurika .

Nibimara gushyirwa mubikorwa byuzuye, ACB niyo izaba yonyine itanga ifaranga rimwe ny'afurika (" **Afro** " cyangwa " **Ariq** ")  cyangwa se ikorana na banki zo muri Afurika nizo m'ukarere, bizaba ari banki ya leta ya Afurika cyangwa ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe yo mu karere, izaba ari banki mu bigo by’amabanki byigenga bya Leta bya Afurika, iri hafi ya z’amabanki zo muri Afurika no mu karere, bizagenga, bigisha inama kandi bigenzure inganda z’amabanki ny'afurika zifatanije n’inganda z’amabanki n’amashyirahamwe, kandi bizashyiraho inyungu n’ivunjisha ku mugaragaro. ibiciro bishobora cyangwa bidashobora guhuzwa na banki nkuru yakarere; byose bifatanije n'ubuyobozi bwa Guverinoma ya Afurika.

Ifaranga rimwe ry’Afurika rigomba kuba rigizwe n’ibice by’ifaranga bigizwe n’amabanki yo mu karere yo hagati y’amafaranga agizwe n’ifaranga ry’igihugu ( Umuryango w’Abarabu Maghreb ( AMU ) - **Afurika y'amajyaruguru**, Umuryango w’iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo (SADC) - **Afurika y'amajyepfo**, Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba ( ECOWAS ) - **Afurika  y’iburengerazuba** cyangwa ECO, Umuryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba ( EAC ), **Afurika y’iburasirazuba** - Isoko rusange rya Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo ( COMESA ) - **Afurika yo hagati** n'ibindi. ).

## Reba kandi

* Amasezerano ya Abuja
* Banki Nkuru y’Uburayi
* Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu bya Afurika y’iburengerazuba (ECOWAS)
* Amayero
* Ihuriro ry’ifaranga nyafurika
* Afurika yo hagati CFA franc
* Agace gasanzwe k'ifaranga
* Eco (ifaranga)
* Ihuriro ry'amafaranga

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070828225900/http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/calestous_juma/2007/07/right_vision_wrong_strategy.html
* 
*  
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120609070731/http://www.edpsg.org/Documents/Dp14.doc
*
Pont Ruzizi I. (Ikiraro)

**Pont Ruzizi I** ni ikiraro giherereye i Bukavu ni kimwe mu birindiro bya gasutamo hejuru y'uruzi rwa Ruzizi hagati ya Bukavu muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Cyangungu mu igihugu cy'u Rwanda .

Iki kiraro cyubatswe bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 1935 nyuma kirasenywa kugira ngo cyongere cyubakwa mu byuma n’ibiti bifite ubushobozi bwo gushyigikira ibinyabiziga bifite uburemere buringaniye cyangwa buri munsi ya toni eshatu (3t) ahagana mu mwaka wa 1974. Cyakomeje kubaho kidatunganywa bituma kiba kibi kugeza igihe iki kiraro gishya cyongeye kubakirwa, kigira ubushobozi bwisumbuyeho  bwo guterura toni zigera 30, mu mwaka wa 2012, ku nkunga yatanzwe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi muri gahunda y’ubukungu bw’ibihugu by’ibiyaga bigari . Yatangijwe n’umuyobozi wa Bukavu, Bilubi Ulengabo Meschac,tariki ya 19 ukwezi kwa Kamena mu mwaka wa 2019. 

Kuri metero 57, ni ikiraro cya kabiri kirekire muri Bukavu, nyuma ya Pont Ruzizi II, ari nacyo cyambukiranya u Rwanda.

## Amashakiro
Africa Online (Sosiyete y'itumanaho)

**Africa Online Holding Ltd**, rimwe na rimwe mu magambo ahinnye ni **AFOL**, ni yo itanga serivisi nini kuri interineti (ISP) muri Afurika .  Iherereye i Nairobi, muri Kenya, itanga umurongo wa interineti kandi ikorera mu bihugu icumi bya Afurika, harimo Cote d'Ivoire, Gana, Namibiya, Eswatini, Tanzaniya, Uganda na Zimbabwe . Serivisi zitangwa na Africa Online zirimo guhamagara kuri interineti, serivisi zikodeshwa kumurongo, konte ya imeri, guhuza VSAT, DSL, WAN na VPN kubakiriya bigenga n'abacuruzi. Mu mwaka wa 2007 yahindutse ishami rya Telkom South Africa . 

## Amateka

Sosiyete yatangijwe mu mwaka wa 1994 na Ayisi Makatiani, Karanja Gakio na Amolo Ng'weno, Abanyakenya batatu bahuye ari abanyeshuri  bo muri Cambridge, Massachusetts . Makatiani na Gakio bari muri MIT mugihe Ng'weno yari Harvard . Igitekerezo cyibanze cya serivise y'amakuru yo kumurongo kubanyakenya yatejwe imbere n'umuryango wa interineti wakiriwe muri MIT witwa KenyaNet. KenyaNet yari imwe mu tumanaho abaturage benshi bibanda muri Afrika (abandi ni Okyeame muri Gana, Naijanet muri Nijeriya, na Salonet muri Siyera Lewone ) yashinzwe kandi ikorwa nabanyeshuri ba MIT ikanakirwa kuri seriveri ya MIT.  

Hamwe no kwamamaza kuri interineti, Africa Online yarebye kure igira igitekerezo cyo kugeza amakuru kubandi banyafurika bo ku mugabane hifashishijwe interineti. Mu mwaka wa 1995, sosiyete yaguzwe na International Wireless ya Boston, bituma irangira amaherezo yitwa Prodigy . Muri icyo gihe, Africa Online yatangiye gukora nka ISP ya mbere yo muri Kenya, nyuma yaje kwaguka muri Cote d'Ivoire mu mwaka wa (1995) igera muri Gana, Tanzaniya, Uganda, Zambiya, Zimbabwe na Swaziland, Abanyakenya batatu bakomeje kuyobora icyo gikorwa. Muri icyo gikorwa, Africa Online yaguze ISP nyinshi, nka Pipex Internet Solution (Swaziland), Net2000 (Kenya), UUNET (Namibia) na Swift Global (Uganda). 

Mu mwaka wa 1998, Prodigy yagurishije sosiyete muri Afurika y'Ibiyaga Bigari. Ibiyaga by'Afurika byari byashyizwe ku isoko ry’imigabane ry'i londere kuva mu mwaka wa 1877, bikaba byarimo byaguka mu muco gakondo w'ubuhinzi no mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Mu gihe gito iyi sosiyete yishimiwe n’abashoramari, yandikwa ku isoko ry’imigabane rya Nairobi mu mwaka wa 2001, ariko imigabane yayo yaje gutakaza ubutaka maze ishyirwa ku rutonde i Londere na Nairobi mu mwaka wa 2003. Icyo gihe, abashinze iyi sosiyete uko ari 3 bari baravuye muri Africa Online.

Africa Online yaguzwe na Telkom Africa y'epfo mu mwaka wa 2007. 

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe
* Ubundi AOL: Africa Online
Ikiraro cya Ruzizi II

**Ikiraro cya Ruzizi II** ni kimwe mu biraro i Bukavu bikora ku imipaka ihuza Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo mu mujyi wa Bukavu n'u Rwanda mu mudugudu wa Cyimbogo hejuru y'uruzi rwa Ruzizi .

Iki kiraro giherereye inyuma y'umusozi utuye mu nkambi ya gisirikare ya Saio, yubatswe mu mwaka wa 1943 nyuma y’intsinzi y’ingabo za Kongo muri Etiyopiya kuri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bw’Ubutaliyani tariki ya 8 ukwezi kwa Kamena mu mwaka wa 1941 mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose .  Ikiraro cyahise cyubakwa kugira ngo ubucuruzi hagati y’ingoma y’Ubudage Ruanda-Urundi na Kongo y’Ababiligi, ibikorwa byayo bimara imyaka 12 kuva mu mwaka wa 1908 kugeza mu mwaka wa 1920.  

Ikiraro gifite uburebure bwa metero 88, nicyo kiraro cya mbere kirekire mu mujyi wa Bukavu, giherereye mu birometero 20 uvuye kuri Ikiraro cya Ruzizi I, kikaba ari n’umupaka wa gasutamo n’u Rwanda i Cyangungu. 

## Reba kandi

* Ruzizi River
* Pont Ruzizi I.
* Pont Ruzizi III

## Amashakiro
Ubukungu bw’Umuryango w’Afurika

Ibihugu bigize **Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe** ( AU ) bigize ubukungu ku mwanya wa 11 ku isi mu bukungu n’umusaruro rusange w’imbere mu gihugu ( GDP ) wa miliyari 2263 z'amadolari y'amerika .  ukoresheje uburinganire bw’ingufu ( PPP ), ubukungu bw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika bugera kuri tiriyari 1.515 z’amadolari y’Amerika, biza ku mwanya wa 11 nyuma y’Uburusiya . Muri icyo gihe, bafite umwenda wose hamwe wa miliyari 200 z'amadolari y'Amerika .

AU ifite 2% gusa yubucuruzi mpuzamahanga kwisi. Ariko kubera ko hejuru ya 90% yubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bugizwe nigihe kizaza cyamafaranga, 2% by'Afurika  cy'ibicuruzwa nyabyo bigurishwa ku isi hose bigera kuri 70% by'amabuye y'agaciro ku isi, harimo zahabu na aluminium . Afurika kandi nisoko rinini ryinganda **[[Burayi|zi Burayi]]**, **[[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Amerika]]** **[[Ubushinwa|n’Ubushinwa]]** .

Intego za AU mu gihe kizaza zirimo gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, ihuriro rya gasutamo, isoko rimwe, banki nkuru, n’ifaranga rimwe, bityo hashyirwaho ubumwe bw’ubukungu n’amafaranga . Gahunda iriho ni ugushiraho Umuryango w’ubukungu nyafurika ufite ifaranga rimwe ( afro ) muri 2030  

## Reba
Ikigega Ny'afurika

**Ikigega cy’imari ny'afurika ( Africa Monetary Fund )** ni ikigo cy’imari giteganijwe gutegurwa n’umuryango w'unze w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, noneho igihe n'ikigera inshingano zacyo zizoherezwa muri Banki Nkuru ya Afurika . Iki kigo ni kimwe mu bigo bitatu by’imari by’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika. Bizaba bishingiye i Yaoundé, muri Kameruni   .

## Gusaba imigabane
Banki irateganya kugira imari yishyuwe ingana na miliyari zigera kuri 23 z'amadolari y'amerika   .

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Umushinga wa Sitati y'Ikigega Nyafurika cy'Imari
* AU ibiganiro ku kigega cy'imari nyafurika
Urugomero rwa Rusape

**Urugomero rwa Rusape** ni amazi yakozwe n'abantu bakuye mu butaka mu nkengero za Rusape yegeranye na Tsanzaguru, mu gihugu cya Zimbabwe, cyubatswe cyane cyane nkikiyaga cy'ibigega byo kuhira mu gice cyumye cy'amajyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Zimbabwe no gutanga amazi kumujyi wa Rusape. Ubusanzwe yuzuye 100 ku ijana kubera uruzi rwarwo, Rusape, rukomoka mu misozi miremire y'iburasirazuba.

Hariho ibitekerezo byerekana ko urugomero rwongereye umubare w’umwuzure umanuka. 

Umugani waho wakuze kuvugwa k'umugore wo mu mazi utanga igitambo cy'abantu buri mwaka hafi y'urugomero.

## Amashakiro
Inzego za Leta ku iterambere

**Inzego za Leta zishinzwe iterambere** ( **Intergovernmental Authority on Development,** **IGAD** ) n’umuryango w’ibihugu umunani by’ubucuruzi muri Afurika . Harimo guverinoma zo mu ihembe rya Afurika, ikibaya cya Nili n’ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika . Ifite icyicaro i Djibouti .

## Ibihugu bigize Umuryango

; Ihembe rya Afurika

*  Djibouti 
*  Ethiopia 
*  Somalia 
*  Eritrea 

; Ikibaya cya Nili

*  Sudan 
*  South Sudan , 

; Ibiyaga Bigari byo muri Afurika

*  Kenya 
*  Uganda 

## Imiterere

Inzego za Leta zishinzwe iterambere zashinzwe mu 1996. Yasimbuye ikigo cyahoze ari guverinoma ihuriweho n’amapfa n’iterambere ( IGADD ), umuryango mpuzamahanga washinzwe mu 1986 na Djibouti, Etiyopiya, Somaliya, Sudani, Uganda na Kenya, hibandwa ku iterambere no kugenzura ibidukikije. Icyicaro gikuru cya IGADD cyimuriwe i Djibouti, nyuma y’amasezerano yashyizweho umukono muri Mutarama 1986 n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. Eritereya yinjiye muri uyu muryango mu 1993, amaze kubona ubwigenge . 

Muri Mata 1995, Inteko y'abakuru b'ibihugu na guverinoma bateraniye i Addis Abeba, aho bemeye gushimangira ubufatanye binyuze muri uyu muryango. Ibyo byakurikiwe no gushyira umukono ku ibaruwa y’ibikoresho yo guhindura amasezerano ya IGADD  Amasezerano yo ku ya 21 Werurwe 1996. Revitalized IGAD , imiterere mishya yubuyobozi, amaherezo yatangijwe ku ya 25 Ugushyingo 1996 i Djibouti . 

## IGASOM / AMISOM
Muri Nzeri 2006, Inama y’amahoro n’umutekano ya AU yemeje icyifuzo cya IGAD cyo kohereza ubutumwa bwo gufasha amahoro IGAD muri Somaliya (  IGASOM ) . 

Ku ya 21 Gashyantare 2007, Akanama k'umuryango w’a bibumbye gashinzwe umutekano kemeje Icyemezo 1744, cyemerera kohereza ubutumwa bushya bw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika muri Somaliya ( AMISOM ) mu mwanya wa IGASOM . 

## Ibihe

## Gereranya nandi mashyirahamwe yubucuruzi yakarere

## Reba kandi

* Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) 
* Isoko Rusange muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'Amajyepfo (COMESA)

## Inyandiko

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe rwa IGAD
* Amasezerano Gushiraho Inzego za leta ku iterambere
* Umwirondoro wa IGAD (Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku mutekano)
* Amakimbirane hakiri kare yo kuburira no gusubiza (CEWARN)
Umushinga w'amazi wa Matabeleland Zambezi

**Umushinga w’amazi wa Matabeleland Zambezi (MZWP)** ni umushinga ukomeye urimo gukorwa mu ntara ya Matabeleland y’amajyaruguru y'igihugu cya Zimbabwe . Uyu mushinga urashaka gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazi rimaze igihe kinini mu mujyi wa Bulawayo wa kabiri wa Zimbabwe uzana amazi mu ruzi runini rwa Zambezi mu mujyi .

## Umushinga
Umushinga ushobora gushyirwa mubikorwa nk'umushinga w'ingenzi. Biteganijwe ko izatwara miliyoni 600 z'amadorari n’ishoramari rinini ukurikije ibipimo bya Afurika . Umushinga uzaba ugizwe n'ibyiciro bitatu kuburyo bukurikira:

* Icyiciro cya mbere: Urugomero rwa Gwayi-Shangani
* Icyiciro cya kabiri: Urugomero rwa Gwayi-Shangani rwerekeza k'umuyoboro wa Bulawayo
* Icyiciro cya gatatu: Urugomero rwa Gwayi-Shangani kugera rwerekeza ku mugezi wa Zambezi Pipelne . 

## Icyiciro cya mbere: Urugomero rwa Gwayi-Shangani
Urugomero rwa Gwayi-Shangani ni icyiciro cya mbere cy'Umushinga w'amazi wa Matabeleland Zambezi (MZWP) kandi ni ishingiro ry'umushinga. Byatangiye mu kwezi kwa Nzeri mu mwaka wa 2004 biteganijwe ko bategura ikigega cy'uyu mushinga. Urugomero ruzaba ruherereye muri kilometero 6 mu kumanuka ku mugezi wa Gwayi n'umugezi wa Shangani .

### Ubwoko bw'ingomero n'ibisobanuro

* Ubwoko: Ni Urugomero rwiburungushuye rukozwe mu bwoko bwa beto, bivuze ko ari urugomero rushingiye kuburemere bwarwo kugirango ruhamye.
* Ibipimo
** Uburebure: metero 305 kuva ku musozi ujya kuwundi.
** Ubugari: metero 60 kuri base.
** Uburebure: metero 70 ntarengwa.
** Ikiraro: Urugomero ruzagira ikiraro hejuru y'ubugari bwa 8 m.
* Ubujyakuzimu n'ubushobozi
** Ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi ntarengwa: metero 59, metero 11 z'ubusa .
** Ubushobozi: miliyoni 634 metero kibe
** 10% Umusaruro: miliyoni 210 metero kibe
* Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe N'uburemere bwabyo
** Beto : 300.000 metero kibe
** Quarry : 400.000 metero kibe
** Igipimo cya sima / Igipimo cyamazi : 0.55
** Kuguruka kw'ivu / Igipimo cya sima: 7: 3
** Ibyiciro bya beto: Amenyo 20, andi 25.

## Icyiciro cya kabiri: Urugomero rwa Gwayi-Shangani rwerekeza ku muyoboro wa Bulawayo
Umuyoboro uteganijwe uzaba ungana na kilometero 260. Biteganijwe ko kubaka uyu muyoboro bizarangira mu mwaka wa 2022. Muri Mata mu mwaka wa 2021, Guverinoma ya Zimbabwe yatanze isoko ryo kubaka uwo muyoboro.

## Amashakiro

## Ibindi byo gusoma

* "Guverinoma ireremba isoko rya Shangani "
* "Mugabe gushyira umukono ku masezerano y’umushinga w’amazi wa Zambezi wa miriyoni 600 z'amadorari" NewZimbabwe.com
* "Abayobozii mu butaka bushya bafata orgy muri Mat Amajyaruguru" 
* "Kubungabunga amazi - Bulawayo" Sokwanele
* "Amazi n'ibishobora guteza amakimbirane mu mutungo muri Afurika y'Epfo"
Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe

Uru ni **urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege mu gihugu cya [[Zimbabwe]]**, bikurikiranye ahantu. 

Igihugu cya Zimbabwe, kizwi nka Repubulika ya Zimbabwe ku mugaragaro, ni igihugu kidafite inkombe n'imwe gikoraho, giherereye mu majyepfo ya Afurika, hagati y'uruzi rwa Zambezi na Limpopo . Ihana imbibi na Afurika y'Epfo mu majyepfo, Botswana mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, Zambiya mu isonga rya Namibiya mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, na Mozambike mu burasirazuba, hamwe na Leeds wari umujyi ukomeye. Umurwa mukuru wa Zimbabwe ni Harare . Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara umunani n’imijyi ibiri ifite imiterere y'intara.

## Ibibuga by'indege
Amazina y'ibibuga by'indege byerekanwe **mu mukara ushize amanga** werekana ibibuga by'indege byateguye serivisi z'indege z'ubucuruzi.

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege ya code ya ICAO: F # FV - Zimbabwe
* Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation / Urutonde rw'indege: Afrika # Zimbabwe

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* 
*  - includes IATA codes
* 
*
Amasezerano y'ubucuruzi

**Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye** ( **free-trade agreement,** **FTA** )  ni amasezerano akurikije amategeko mpuzamahanga yo gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye hagati y’ibihugu bikoranaho. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bw'amasezerano y'ubucuruz i: ibihugu byombi n'ibihugu byinshi . Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi y’ibihugu byombi abaho mu gihe ibihugu byombi byemeye kugabanya imipaka y’ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu byombi , muri rusange kwagura amahirwe y’ubucuruzi. Amasezerano yu bucuruzi menshi ni amasezerano mu bihugu bitatu cyangwa byinshi, kandi biragoye cyane kumvikana no kubyemera. 

FTAs, uburyo bw’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi, igena amahoro ibihugu bishyiraho ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga hagamijwe kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho inzitizi z’ubucuruzi, bityo bigashishikariza ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga .  Amasezerano nk'aya ubusanzwe "yibanze ku gice giteganya uburyo bwo gutanga imisoro ku nyungu, ariko kandi akenshi zirimo ingingo zorohereza ubucuruzi no gushyiraho amategeko mu bice nk'ishoramari , umutungo bwite mu by'ubwenge, amasoko ya leta, amahame ya tekiniki n'ibibazo by'isuku na phytosanitarite  . 

Itandukaniro ryingenzi rirahari hagati y’amashyirahamwe ya gasutamo n’ahantu h’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye . Ubwoko bwombi bwubucuruzi bufite gahunda zimbere amashyaka asoza kugirango abone ubwisanzure no koroshya ubucuruzi hagati yabo. Itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’amashyirahamwe ya gasutamo n’akarere k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye ni uburyo bwabo ku  . Mu gihe ihuriro rya gasutamo risaba impande zose gushyiraho no gukomeza imisoro imwe yo hanze ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi , impande z’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye ntizisabwa. Ahubwo, barashobora gushiraho no kubungabunga uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwamahoro bukoreshwa mubitumizwa mumashyaka atabishaka nkuko babibona .  Mu karere k'ubucuruzi bwisanzuye nta guhuza ibiciro byo hanze, kugira ngo bikureho ingaruka zo gutandukana kw’ubucuruzi, amashyaka azashyiraho uburyo bw’amategeko agenga inkomoko . 

Amasezerano rusange yerekeye amahoro nubucuruzi ( GATT 1994 ) yabanje gusobanura amasezerano yubucuruzi bwisanzuye akubiyemo ubucuruzi bwibicuruzwa gusa.  Amasezerano afite intego imwe, ni ukuvuga guteza imbere ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi muri serivisi, yiswe ingingo ya V y’amasezerano rusange yerekeye ubucuruzi muri serivisi ( GATS ) nk'amasezerano yo guhuza ubukungu   Ariko, mubikorwa, iryo jambo ubu rikoreshwa cyane mubumenyi bwa politiki, diplomasi nubukungu kugirango ryerekane amasezerano atareba ibicuruzwa gusa ahubwo na serivisi ndetse nishoramari . Ibidukikije nabyo bimaze kumenyekana cyane mumasezerano mpuzamahanga yishoramari, nka FTAs.   **:  104 **

## Reba kandi

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Sisitemu yamakuru ya WTO
* Ikarita yo kugera ku isoko rya ITC Archived  
* ITC Amategeko yo Korohereza Inkomoko
* Ububiko bwa Banki y'Isi Ubucuruzi Bwuzuye Ubucuruzi
* Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ryunze ubumwe Archived  
* Byombi
* Ikigo cyo muri Aziya cyo Kwishyira hamwe
* Ibihugu byo muri Amerika Sisitemu yubucuruzi bwo hanze
Ikibuga cy'indege cya Buffalo Range

**Ikibuga cy'indege cya Buffalo Range** ni ikibuga cy'indege gikorera Chiredzi, Intara ya Masvingo,mu gihugu cya Zimbabwe . Kiri muri kilometero 10 mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'umujyi.

## Ibiranga
Radiyo itanga ibimenyetso mu byerekezo byose by'ikibuga cy'indege giherereye muri Chiredzi riri muri kilometero 6.95 (6.95 km) uvuye ku muryango w’umuhanda wa 14. Iyi radiyo y'itumanaho iherereye mu cy'ibuga cy'indege cya Buffalo Range.  

## Impanuka n'ibyabaye

* Tariki 6 z'ukwezi kwa Mutarama mu mwaka wa 1977: Indege y'Ingabo z'irwanira mu kirere zo muri Rodeziya Douglas C-47B, umurizo R7034, yagonze umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi nyuma gato yo guhaguruka ku kibuga cy'indege, irasandara ndetse hanapfa abantu batatu bari bayirimo. 

## Reba kandi

* Akarere ka Chiredzi
* Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe
* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Airport information for Buffalo Range Airport at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006).
* Google Maps - Buffalo Range
* OpenStreetMap - Buffalo Range
* OurAirports - Buffalo Range
Ikibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince

**Ikibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince**, iki kibuga cy'indege cyahoze cyitwa Mount Hampden nyuma yaho kiza guhindurirwa izina cyitirirwa uwahoze ari umuyobozi w'ikibuga cy'indege Charles Prince  (wari umusirikare mukuru w'ingabo z'irwanira mu kirere mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ), ugereranije kiri nko muri kilometero 16 (16 km) mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Harare, mu gihugu cya Zimbabwe.

Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose yabaye nk'itsinda rya Rhodesian Training Training Group, ryigisha abapilote muri gahunda yiswe  British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Mu mwaka wa 1973 ikibuga cy'indege cyarahinduwe gikoreshwa n'abasivili.

Radio y'itumanaho ku kibuga cy'indege cya Charles Prince i Harare  iherereye mu kibuga cy;indege.  

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

** OurAirports - Charles Prince
** World Aero Data
** Zimbabwe Military Air Bases and Airfields
** OpenStreetMap - Charles Prince Airport
** Rhodesia aviation
Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kariba

**Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kariba** ni ikibuga mpuzamahanga gikorera Kariba, Mashonaland Intara y'Iburengerazuba,mu gihugu cya  Zimbabwe . Giherereye muri kilometero 4 mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi, na kilometero 13 iburasirazuba bw'urugomero rwa Kariba, rusohokera  mu kiyaga cya Kariba .   Radiyo y'itumanaho y'i kariba ku cyibuga cy'indege (Indangamuntu: **KB** ) iherereye muri kilometero 6.7 iburengerazuba bw'umuhanda. 

Habayeho guhamagarwa n’abanyapolitiki baho n’ubucuruzi bw’ubukerarugendo kugirango ikibuga cy'indege gitunganywe bundi bushya mu buryo bwo gusiga amarangi cyangwa guhindura bimwe mubikoresho bishaje. 

Fastjet Zimbabwe yatangaje ko bagiye kumenyekanisha serivisi ziteganijwe ku kibuga cy'indege cya Kariba kuva Harare na Victoria Falls, guhera mu mpera z'ukwezi kwa Werurwe mu mwaka wa 2023.

## Indege ndetse n'ibyerekezo

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* SkyVector - Ikibuga cy'indege cya Kariba
* Indege zacu - Kariba Intl
* Kariba Intl
* Gufungura Ikarita - Kariba
Urutonde rw'ibiraro muri Zimbabwe

## Amateka ndetse n'inyungu mu bwubatsi bw'ibiraro

## Ikiraro kinini
}

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Gariyamoshi y'igihugu ya Zimbabwe
* Ubumenyi bw'imiterere y'isi bwa Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rw'inzuzi za Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rwambuka uruzi rwa Zambezi

## Amashakiro

* Nicolas Janberg, *Structurae.com*, Ububikoshingiro Mpuzamahanga ku benegihugu n'ubwubatsi

* Andi mashakiro

## Ibindi byo gusoma

*  
* 

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* 
* 
*
Ikiraro cy'umuhanda wa Alfred Beit

**Ikiraro cy'umuhanda wa Alfred Beit**  ni ikiraro cy'umuhanda cyambuka uruzi rwa Limpopo hagati ya Musina mu gihugu cy'Afrika y'epfo na Beitbridge muri Zimbabwe .

## Amateka
Umwimerere w'ikiraro Alfred Beit Bridge, wari ukwikorera umuhanda wa gari ya moshi gusa, iki kiraro cyuzuye mu mwaka wa 1929 kubufatanye na sosiyete yitwa Dorman Long .  Nyuma yaho cyaje kwitirirwa Alfred Beit, wari umuherwe wa zahabu na diyama, cyamutwaye 600,000 by'amadorari ya Amerika, cyaje gufungurwa n'umuyobozi w'ingabo z'Ubwongereza Earl ya Athlone ku ya 31 Kanama 1929. 

Ikiraro gishya cy'umuhanda, cy'ubatswe mu mwaka wa 1995 kibangikanye n'ikiraro gishaje cyari kihahoze aricyo bitaga Alfred Beit Bridge, cyari kigamije ukwikorera imodoka ziremereye cyane kurusha ikiraro cyari kihahoze.  Cyubatswe na Murray & Roberts  mu izina rya New Limpopo Bridge Ltd ubu ikora ikiraro. 

## Amashakiro
Komite ishinzwe amafaranga n’imari

**Komisiyo ishinzwe ifaranga n’imari ( Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs )** ni imwe muri komite icumi zihoraho z’Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Pan afurika . Ikemura ibibazo bikurikira :

* Suzuma umushinga ugereranya ingengo y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kandi ushyikirize Inteko .
* Muganire ku ngengo y’imari y’ubumwe kandi mutange ibyifuzo bikwiye .
* Suzuma kandi utange raporo ku Nteko ku bibazo bifitanye isano n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ingengo y'imari y'umwaka .
* Fasha Inteko gushyira mu bikorwa uruhare rwayo rwo gushyiraho politiki nziza y’ubukungu, ifaranga n’ishoramari .

Perezida wa Komite ni Peter Daka ukomoka muri Zambiya .

Umuyobozi wungirije Babacar Gaye ukomoka muri Senegali .

Rapporteur ni Wycliffe Oparanya ukomoka muri Kenya .
Gari ya moshi muri Zimbabwe

**Gariyamoshi muri Beitbridge** harimo:

## Ikarita

* Ikarita ya Loni
* Ikarita ya UNHCR

## Umujyi ukoreshwa

### Gusohoka
Bulawayo - Gaborone umurongo nyamukuru:

* Bulawayo
* Plumtree

Gari ya moshi ya Beira - Bulawayo (Gariyamoshi ya Machipanda)

* Bulawayo
* Somabhula
* Gweru
* Kadoma
* Harare
* Marondera
* Nyazura
* Mutare

Gari ya moshi ya Limpopo ( Gweru - Maputo gari ya moshi)

* Somabhula / Gweru
* Zvishavane
* Rutenga - ihuriro rya Beitbridge
*  Sango / Niangambe - sitasiyo y'umupaka
* Chicualacuala (ahahoze Malvernia ) - umupaka na Zimbabwe

Beitbridge Bulawayo Gari ya moshi

* Esigodini
* Mbalabala
* Mazunga
*  Beitbridge - umupaka
*  Messina

Gari ya moshi ya Lowveld

* Mbizi - ihuriro
* Triangle
* Chiredzi
* Nandi - urusyo; terminus

### Basabye

* Harare
** (rehabilitate)
* Chinhoyi
** (new construction 235&nbsp;km)
* Chirundu - on Zambezi River
** (possible extension 85&nbsp;km)
* Lusaka - capital

* Hwange ibirombe bishoboka.
* Technobanine Point hafi ya Maputo.

### Kuzamura

* Igishushanyo mbonera cya Gari ya moshi yo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Gari ya moshi y'igihugu ya Zimbabwe

## Amashakiro
Ibirindiro by'indege bya Gweru-Thornhill Air Base

**Ibirindiro by'indege bya Gweru-Thornhill Air Base** ni kimwe mu birindiro bibiri by'ingabo z'irwanira mu kirere bya Zimbabwe biherereye hafi y'umujyi wa Gweru rwagati, 

Ibirindiro by'indege bya Gweru-Thornhill Air Base bibamo abasirikare barwanira mu kirere hamwe n’ishuri ryigisha indege. Nk’uko byatangajwe na *Janes Defence Weekly* yo kuri tariki 6 z'ukwezi kwa Nzeri mu mwaka wa 2006 ati Hashyizweho ikigo cyigisha ibijyanye n'ubuzima aho cyatwaye akayabo ka miliyoni41.5 by'amadorari y'amerika. Ibikoresho byinshi hamwe na serivisi, birimo amahugurwa, amato atwara abantu, ububiko bw’ibikoresho, hamwe n’amacumbi, siporo n’imyidagaduro, bishyigikira ikigo.

Ni murugo rwa amatsinda y'abasirikare barwanira mu kirere:

* Ikipe ya 2 (Cobra) - yo gutoza indege nziza no gufunga ikirere. Ikoresha 12 K-8s .
* Ikipe ya 4 (Hornet) - ifite Cessna FTB337G na O-2A
* Ikipe ya 5 (Arrow) - intereptor / uruhare rw'intambara hamwe na Chengdu F-7 II / IIN na Guizhou FT-7BZ .
* Ikipe ya 6 (Tiger) - hamwe na SF-260M, SF-260TP na SF-260W

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Zimbabwe
* Urutonde rw'ibibuga by'indege muri Zimbabwe

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

** OurAirports - Gweru-Thornhill
** SkyVector Aeronautical Charts
Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo

**Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo**          ni ikibuga cy'indege giherereye muri kilometero 25 hanze ya Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.

## Incamake
Ubusanzwe izwi ku **Kibuga cy'Indege Mpuzamahanga cya Bulawayo**, yahinduwe izina mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro nyakwigendera Dr Joshua Nkomo, umuyobozi akaba ari na we washinze Umuryango w'Afurika y'Abaturage wa Zimbabwe mu mwaka wa  2001.   Dr Nkomo kandi yabaye Visi Perezida wa Guverinoma ya Zimbabwe. Iki kibuga cy'indege ni kimwe mu bibuga by'indege mpuzamahanga bya Zimbabwe. Ikibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya Robert Gabriel Mugabe hafi y'umurwa mukuru aho ubona urujya n'uruza rw'indege.

Iki kibuga cy'indege gikora amasaha 16 kumunsi, hamwe na serivisi z’abinjira muri gasutamo ziboneka mu masaha yo gukora. Ibikoresho by'indege byatanzwe birimo parikingi y'indege, imizigo hamwe no gutwara abagenzi. Ibikoresho byinyongera birimo kurya, guhaha, amacumbi, amabanki, parikingi y'imodoka, gukodesha imodoka na serivisi zitwara abagenzi.  Ikibuga gishya cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Joshua Nkomo cyafunguwe kuri tariki ya 1 ukwezi k'Ugushyingo mu mwaka wa 2013. 

## Indege ndetse n'ibyerekezo

## Impanuka n'ibyabaye

* Tariki ya 29 mu kwezi kwa Mutarama mu mwaka wa 2019 - Indege ya Fastjet yananiwe kugwa kubera ikibazo cy'amashanyarazi ku kibuga cy'indege 

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe
* Kugenda n'igihe cyo Kugera
Sisiteme y'ubwishingizi bw'ibinyabiziga

**Ubwishingizi bw'ibinyabiziga ( Vehicle insurance )** (Ubwishingizi **bw'imodoka** ) ni ubwishingizi ku modoka, amakamyo, moto, n'ibindi binyabiziga byo mu muhanda. Ikoreshwa ryibanze ryayo ni ugutanga uburinzi bwamafaranga kwirinda ibyangiritse ku mubiri cyangwa gukomeretsa ku mubiri biturutse ku kugongana n’umuhanda ndetse no kuryozwa bishobora no guturuka ku byabaye mu modoka. Ubwishingizi bw'ibinyabiziga bushobora kandi kurinda uburinzi bw’amafaranga kwirinda ubujura bw’imodoka, no kwirinda ibyangiritse ku kinyabiziga cyatewe n’ibindi bitari impanuka z’umuhanda, nk'urufunguzo, ikirere cyangwa ibiza, ndetse n’ibyangijwe no kugongana n’ibintu bihagaze. Amategeko yihariye yubwishingizi bwimodoka aratandukanye namategeko muri buri karere .

## Amateka
Ikoreshwa ryinshi ryimodoka ryatangiye nyuma yintambara ya mbere yisi yose mumijyi. Imodoka yarihuse kandi iteje akaga muricyo cyiciro, nyamara nta buryo bwateganijwe bwubwishingizi bwimodoka aho ariho hose kwisi. Ibi byasobanuraga ko abahohotewe badakunze kubona indishyi iyo ari yo yose mu mpanuka, kandi abashoferi bakunze guhura n’amafaranga menshi yo kwangiza imodoka yabo n’umutungo .

Gahunda yubwishingizi bwimodoka iteganijwe yatangijwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza hamwe n’amategeko agenga umuhanda 1930 . Ibi byatumaga abafite ibinyabiziga n’abashoferi bose bagomba kwishingirwa uburyozwe bw’imvune cyangwa urupfu ku bandi bantu mu gihe imodoka yabo yakoreshwaga mu nzira nyabagendwa.  Ubudage bwashyizeho amategeko nk'aya muri 1939 yiswe "Itegeko rishyira mu bikorwa ubwishingizi bw'agahato ku bafite ibinyabiziga bifite moteri . 

## Politiki rusange
Mu nkiko nyinshi, ni itegeko kugira ubwishingizi bwibinyabiziga mbere yo gukoresha cyangwa kubika ibinyabiziga mumihanda nyabagendwa. Inkiko nyinshi zijyanye n'ubwishingizi ku modoka n'umushoferi; ariko, urwego rwa buriwese ruratandukanye cyane .

### Afurika y'Epfo
Afurika y'Epfo itanga ijanisha ry'amafaranga ava muri lisansi mu kigega cy'impanuka zo mu muhanda, kijya mu kwishyura abandi bantu mu mpanuka .  

### Abaturanyi
Aderesi ya nyirayo irashobora kugira ingaruka kumafaranga. Uturere dufite umubare munini w'ibyaha bitera ibiciro byubwishingizi .  

### Uburinganire
Ku ya 1 Werurwe 2011, Urukiko rw’Ubutabera rw’Uburayi rwemeje amasosiyete y’ubwishingizi akoresha uburinganire nk’impanuka mu gihe cyo kubara amafaranga y’ubwishingizi arenga ku mategeko y’uburinganire bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.  Urukiko rwemeje ko amasosiyete y'ubwishingizi bw'imodoka avangura abagabo .  Icyakora, ahantu hamwe na hamwe, nk'Ubwongereza, amasosiyete yakoresheje imyitozo isanzwe ivangura ishingiye ku mwuga kugira ngo akoreshe uburinganire nk'ikintu, nubwo butaziguye. Imyuga ikunze gukorwa n'abagabo ifatwa nkaho ishobora guteza akaga kabone niyo yaba itarigeze ibanziriza icyemezo cy'urukiko mu gihe ibiganiro byerekeza ku myuga yiganjemo abagore .  Iyindi ngaruka y’iki cyemezo ni uko, mu gihe amafaranga y’abagabo yagabanutse, yazamuwe ku bagore. Ingaruka yo kuringaniza yagaragaye no mubundi bwoko bwubwishingizi kubantu, nk'ubwishingizi bw'ubuzima . 

## Reba kandi

## Reba
Urutonde rw'imihanda muri Kenya

Ibikurikira n'urutonde rw'imihanda yo **mu gihugu cya Kenya**, iyobowe n'ubuyobozi bukuru bw'igihugu cya Kenya (KeNHA) . KenHa ishyira umuhanda mpuzamahanga nk'icyiciro 'A' naho umuhanda w'igihugu ugashirwaho nk'icyiciro 'B'.  Urutonde ntabwo rwuzuye.

## Imihanda y'igihugu

## Reba kandi

* Ubwikorezi muri Kenya

## Amashakiro


## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwa Kenya Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe imihanda
Imbaraga za kirimbuzi muri Kenya

Mu mwaka wa 2017, Ikigo gishinzwe gukwirakwiza ingufu za kirimbuzi muri Kenya (Kneb) cyagereranije ko uruganda rwa kirimbuzi rwa MW 1,000 rushobora gukora mu mwaka wa 2027 kandi rugatwara miliyari 500-600 z'amashiringi angana na amadorari biriyoni 5-6 z'amadorari y'Amerika,   rukazaba ruturiye amazi manini, nk'inyanja y'Ubuhinde, Ikiyaga cya Victoria cyangwa Ikiyaga cya Turkana . 

## Amavu n'amavuko
Mu kwezi kwa Nzeri mu mwaka wa 2010 Uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’ingufu n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ***PS Patrick Nyoike*** yatangaje ko igihugu cya Kenya gifite intego yo kubaka urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rwa MW 1,000 hagati y'umwaka wa 2017 n'umwaka wa 2022.  Igiciro cyari giteganijwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya Koreya y'epfo ni miliyari 3.5 z'amadorali y'Amerika.  Amasoko ya kirimbuzi kandi ashobora kuvugururwa nk’umuyaga, izuba n’amashyanyarazi bishobora kugira uruhare runini mu gufasha Kenya kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru, kuko kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byihutirwa.

## Gahunda y'ingufu za kirimbuzi
Kenya yatangiye gahunda yo kubona iki gihugu gitanga GW 1 (MW 1,000) ziva mu masoko ya kirimbuzi hagati y'umwaka wa 2020 na umwaka wa 2022. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2030 Kenya yari iteganijwe gushyira ingufu za 4 GW z'ingufu za kirimbuzi, bivuze ko izabyara hafi 19 ku ijana by'ingufu zikenewe n'igihugu cya Kenya,bivuze ko ingufu za kirimbuzi zaba isoko ya kabiri nini y'ingufu muri Kenya iza kumwanya wa kabiri nyuma y'ingufu za geothermal ari nazo ngufu nziza.

Ikigo gishinzwe amashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi muri Kenya (NuPEA) nicyo gishinzwe kuyobora uyu murenge mu gihugu.

## Reba kandi

* Imbaraga za geothermal muri Kenya
* Imbaraga z'umuyaga muri Kenya

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Ikigo gishinzwe amashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi muri Kenya
* Umuyoboro w'ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa (Kenya)
* Minisiteri y’ingufu na peteroli (Kenya)
* Komisiyo ishinzwe ingufu (Kenya)
* Sosiyete ishinzwe iterambere rya Geothermal (Kenya)
* Kenya Power
* KenGen
Moto itwarwa n'amazi n'umunyu

Abanyeshuri bo ku Nkombo bakomeje gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo biga mu masomo ya siyanse, aho itsinda ry’abanyeshuri bakoze moto aho ifite umwihariko wo kuba itwarwa hakoreshejwe gusa amazi n’umunyu aha ni mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije.

## Nkombo
I Kirwa cya Nkombo giherereye mu Karere ka Rusizi mu murenge wa Nkombo, hakaba ahari ikigo cy'amashuri y'isumbuye n'abanza cyintwa Urwunge rw’Amashuri rwa Mutagatifu Petero (GS St Pierre Nkombo )  rifite abanyeshuri 505 ryigisha amasomo ya siyansi .

## Moto
Iyi moto urebye inywa litiro ebyiri z’amazi, zikajyamo n’amagarama 25 y’umunyu ikabasha kugenda ibirometero bine, Ni moto urebye ikozwe nka moto isanzwe uretse ko yo ikozwe mu byuma n’amabati ariko ikifashisha na bateri iyiha imbaraga mu kwaka. Ifite ahantu ho gushyira urufunguzo kugira ngo yake. Gusa bitandukanye n’izindi moto, yo ntubanza gutera umugeri kugira ngo yake, kuko ukimara gushyiramo urufunguzo iba yatse ukayongerera umuriro  ubundi ikagenda .

## Amashakiro
Imodoka itwarwa n’imirasire y’izuba

Ni Abanyeshuri bagera kuri 12 biga iby’ikoranabuhanga i Kigali bamuritse imodoka bakoze itwarwa n’ingufu z’imirasire y’izuba, igatwara abagera k'ubantu batatu, igenda ku muvuduko wa kilometero 50 mu isaha. 

## Imodoka

Iyi modoka urebye yakozwe n’abanyeshuri biga muri kaminuza yitwa Singhad Technical Education Society (STES) mu Rwanda bagera kuri 12 .  Ni imodoka igendeshwa n’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ziba zabitswe mu byitwa batiri ebyiri, zaba zuzuye neza iyo modoka ikaba yagenda amasaha ane idahagaze . Ubwo ariko igihe ibyuma bihindura imirasire y’izuba iyo modoka ikoranywa byaba bikora neza, imodoka yakomeza kugenda na nyuma y’amasaha ane, kimwe n’uko bibaye ngombwa izo batiri bazongeramo ingufu bazicometse ku mashanyarazi asanzwe.

## Amashakiro
Ipombo ikoreshwa n’imirasire y’izuba

Ni abanyeshuri 10 bibumbiye hamwe maze bakora  itsinda rikora ubushakashatsi muri ishuri rikuru ryitwa Sinhgad Technical Education Society (STES mu Rwanda), bakoze ipombo na yo ikoresha imirasire y’izuba , Iyi Pombo kandi bakoze ikoreshwa n’imirasire y’izuba kandi ni yo izuba ritava irakora kuko ifite batiri ibika umuriro. Ibi ni ibisubizo bikenewe aho gukoresha kajugujugu cyangwa izindi mbaraga twakoresha izuba kuko ntabwo ryishyuzwa. .

## Ipombo

Aba banyeshuri 10 bakoze ipombo ikoreshwa n’imirasire y’izuba nk’uko  babigenza ; ni ipombo igabanya akazi kakorwaga n’umuhinzi cyangwa undi wese kuko byamusabaga gupombesha ukuboko kumwe, naho ukundi kukaba gufashe agatiyo ( aga tube ) kanyanyagiza umuti ku bihingwa. Bavuga ko babasha gukora ipombo nka mirongo itatu ku munsi kuko ibikoresho byose bikenerwa ngo zikorwe biboneka ku masoko yo mu Rwanda kandi bitwara nk’ibihumbi 60 by’amafaranga y’u Rwanda ku ipombo imwe.

## Amashakiro
Kwatsa imodoka ukoresheje ikarita

Nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri itatu biga muri IPRC Karongi, Niyigirimpuhwe Isidore na Tuyizere Emmanuel bafatanyije na mwalimu wabo bakora amakarita akora akazi nk’aka kontake , akoza agakarita ako kuma kitwa RFI Reader, akaba ari na ho ukoza mu kuzimya imodoka .  

## Uko bikora
Ako kuma ubundi gashyirwa iruhande rw’aho basanzwe binjiza kontake, ku buryo mu kwatsa imodoka cyangwa kuyizimya ukoresha kontake cyangwa ikarita ya Tap and Go bitewe n’ikikubangukiye, Ikarita ukoresha watsa imodoka ariko si yo ukoresha uzimya, hatekerejwe amakarita abiri mu kwirinda ko iyo wakoresheje watsa yagwa kuri RFI Reader imodoka ikazima utabishaka, Iyo ukojejeho ako gakarita bwa mbere imodoka iraka ukaba wenda wacana radiyo cyangwa ukavuza ihoni, washaka gutangira urugendo ugakozaho ubwa kabiri, washaka kuzimya imodoka ugakoresha akandi gakarita .

## Amashakiro
Dorone i Musanze

Ishuri rya Wisdom School, ni ishami rya Musanze , bwamuritse ahagaragara Dorone (drone) zakorewe kuri iri shuri, mu rwego rwo gukomeza gushishikariza abanyeshuri gukunda  amasomo ya siyanse ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga,kugirango bizabafashe kwihangira imirimo ndetse no gutanga akazi . 

## Dorone
Iyi dorone muri Musanze yakozwe n’umushakashatsi ndetse  akaba ari n’Umwarimu kuri iri shuri rya Wisdom School, witwa Engeniyeri Uwizeye , avuga ko ikoranabuhanga ari imwe mu nkingi y’iterambere n’imihindukire myiza y’isi mu kwihutisha akazi . Natekereje gukora Drone, mbitewe ni uko nari maze kumva ko hari impanuka yabereye muri Nyungwe bakaza gutabarwa hashize umwanya muremure, ubu rero hano kuri Wisdom, ndi nk’umurezi dufatanije n’abafatanyabikorwa bacu, tuzaba tumaze gukora Dorone nibura yamara igihe kirekire mu kirere, ku buryo mbese n’umwana uzaba yarize hano azaba amaze kumenya uko ikora no kuyikoresha .

## Wisdom School
Ikigo cya Wisdom School  ubu ifite amashami agera kuri ane mu turere nka Rubavu, Nyabuhu, Musanze na Burera, hose hakaba habarirwa abanyeshuri basaga ibihumbi bibiri, kandi bose bigishwa kuvuga indimi neza no kuzandika harimo , , icyongereza, igifaransa, ikinyaranda hakiyongeraho  by’akarusho ururimi rw’Igishinwa, rukoreshwa ku isi n’abantu basaga hafi miliyari 1,5 ku isi .

## Amashakiro
Imbabura ya cana rimwe

**[[Imbabura za Rondereza|Imbabura]]** ya cana rimwe ni imbabura yitwa cana rimwe, kuko ikoresha amashanyarazi ndetse n’ikara rimwe cyangwa ibisigazwa by’amakara byitwa icenga , Aho iyo mbabura ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubungabunga ikirere n'ibidukikije, kugabanya amakara akoreshwa, ndetse no kugabanya imyuka yangiza ikirere .

## Uko ikora
Imbabura ya cana rimwe, Hari izikozwe mu byuma cya metalike, aho igira akamoteri ku ruhande kajyaho cagi (chargeur) ya telefone, wayicomeka igateka ikoresheje ikara rimwe, Hari n’izindi mbabura , zikoze mu ibumba, bikaba bitandukanye mu biciro, aho iy’icyuma igura ibihumbi cumi na bitanu  bw'amafaranga (15000 frw), naho iy’ibumba ikagura ibihumbi umunani (8000 amafaranga y'u Rwanda ).

## Amashakiro