open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Communication access real-time translation

**Communication access realtime translation (CART)**, byitwa kandi **gufungura ibisobanuro** cyangwa **kwandikirwa igihe** cyangwa kwandikirwa igihe nyacyo, ni izina rusange ry'imikorere ikoreshwa n'abandika amagambo y'ibiganiro (stenographe) n'abandi mu  bahindura ijwi cyangwa amagambo yauzwe mu nyandiko. Umukoresha watojwe yandika amagambo nyayo yavuzwe akoresheje clavier idasanzwe ya fonetike, cyangwa uburyo bwa stenografiya, atanga ibisobanuro byizewe kandi by'ukuri  byerekanwa kubakira kuri ecran, mudasobwa igendanwa, cyangwa ikindi gikoresho.  Abanyamwuga ba CART bafite ubumenyi bwo kongerera ubumenyi (umuvuduko nukuri) ugereranije nabanyamakuru binkiko nabandi ba stenographe.

Porogaramu imvugo-y-inyandiko ikoreshwa nabanditsi bijwi kugirango batange CART.

CART ni ingirakamaro mu gutuma itumanaho rigera kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva cyangwa kutumva neza,kuko igihe cyo kuvuga-ku-gihe gikora benshi bafite ikibazo cyo kutumva no kutumva. Ibisobanuro byateganijwe n’amategeko y’abanyamerika bafite ubumuga (ADA) nkimfashanyo cyangwa serivisi zifasha.  Mu ishuri rifite abanyeshuri batumva cyangwa batumva neza,  CART nuburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha bufatanije cyangwa aho gusobanura ururimi rw amarenga, icyakora, icyemezo cyafashwe kijyanye nigikoresho kigomba gukoreshwa kigomba gushingira kubyo abantu bakeneye serivisi bakeneye.   Igiciro cya serivisi CART kiri hagati ya $ 60 kugeza 200 $ kumasaha.  Kubera iyo mpamvu, abantu bamwe bareba Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) nka serivisi ihendutse. Ariko, ASR ntabwo isobanutse neza kandi irashobora gutinda kubisubizo, bigatuma bidafite akamaro mubihe byishuri.  CART ishobora kandi gufasha abantu ururimi rwabo rwa mbere rutandukanye n'ururimi rukoreshwa, kugirango basobanukirwe n'abavuga bafite amajwi n'imivugire itandukanye mu bihe byinshi by'amatsinda (mu kazi, mu mashuri, mu bikorwa by'umuryango) kugira ngo babone " inyandiko y'ibivuga" kandi ibafashe no kwiga indimi.

**CART ya kure** ikorwa hamwe nu mukoresha wahuguwe ahantu kure. Ihuza ry'ijwi nka terefone, terefone igendanwa, cyangwa mikoro ya mudasobwa ikoreshwa mu kohereza ijwi kubakoresha, kandi inyandiko nyayo yoherejwe inyuma kuri modem, interineti, cyangwa andi makuru ahuza.

Mu bihugu bimwe, CART irashobora kwitwa Palantype, Velotype, STTR (kuvuga-inyandiko-mvugo).
Ikiranga ifaranga rya Kanada

**Ikiranga ifaranga rya Kanada** kiranga urutonde  na  inoti zo muri Kanada kugirango zifashe abantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona kumenya inoti. Icyo kimenyetso cyerekana agaciro k'urupapuro rw'ifaranga cyangwa inoti mu gice cyo hejuru ibumoso ku ruhande rwo imbere rw'ifaranga, hakoreshewje urukurikirane rw'utudomo twazamuwe. Byasabwe na Bruno Thériault, umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'igihugu cya Kanada gishinzwe abatabona,  kandi cyateguwe na Susan Lederman, umwarimu w’imyororokere muri kaminuza ya Mwamikazi .  

Nubwo bisa nkaho bigaragara kuri braille, biratandukanye kuko Braille isanzwe yabonaga ko ikabije. Ifaranga ry'ifaranga rigomba kumenyekana byoroshye, bityo inoti zikoresha blille yuzuye (cyangwa selile) y'utudomo 6 ⟨ ⟨ ⟩ Umushinga w'amadolari 5 ufite selile imwe, hamwe n'amadorari 10, $ 20, na $ 50 buri umwe afite selile imwe kurenza iyambere. Amadolari 100 $ afite selile ebyiri zitunganijwe kuburyo hari umwanya wa selile ebyiri zubusa hagati yabo: ⟨

Sisitemu isa cyane n'iyo y'utudomo twumva ukozwe muburyo buzamuwe iri gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu rupapuro rushya rw'amafaranga rwa colón ya Costa Rican . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Isanduku ya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika yatangaje ko inoti nshya $ 10 nayo izaba ifite uburyo bworoshye. 

## Inyandiko
Ikiranga tactile kigizwe n'ibimenyetso bitandatu bizamuye (inkingi ebyiri za eshatu) bitandukanijwe n'ubuso bworoshye. Umubare n'umwanya by'ibi bimenyetso bitandatu biratandukana ukurikije amadini: 

* $ 5 fagitire : ikimenyetso kimwe kidasanzwe
* $ 10 fagitire : ibimenyetso bibiri bitandatu
* Amadolari 20 $ : ibimenyetso bitatu bitandatu
* $ 50 fagitire : ibimenyetso bine bitandatu
* $ 100 fagitire : ibimenyetso bibiri bitandukanijwe nubuso bworoshye bwagutse kurenza iyo inoti ya $ 10
Cambium Learning Group

**Cambium Learning Group** nisosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga muri Amerika ikora porogaramu ya mudasobwa n’ibikoresho bikoresha abanyeshuri kuva mu ishuri ry’incuke kugeza ku bakuze . Kwiga kwa Cambium nisosiyete ya portfolio ya Veritas Capital, ikigo cyigenga cyigenga cya New York. 

## Amateka
Isosiyete Dallas, Texas ishingiye kuri Texas yashinzwe mu 2003. 

Amashami y'iyi kompanyi y'ubucuruzi yitwa Learning AZ, Learning Lexia, VoyagerSopris, ExploreLearning, Cambium Assessment, Kurzweil Education, na VKidz.

Nyuma yimyaka irenga 18 akorana niyi sosiyete, Umuyobozi mukuru John Campbell yasezeye muri Gicurasi 2022, asimburwa na Ashley Anderson Zantop. 

## Kugura
Uburezi bwa Kurzweil (ahahoze ari Kurzweil Educational Systems) bwaguzwe muri Mata 2005. 

Ukuboza 2009,Cambium Learning na Voyager Sopris Learning (yahoze yitwa Voyager Learning Company) byahujwe na sosiyete nshya yashinzwe Cambium Learning Group, Inc. 

Isosiyete yaguze Class.com mu 2011 ku mafaranga miliyoni 4.5 y’amadolari. 

VKidz Holdings, Inc. yaguzwe mu Kuboza 

Kwiga kwa Cambium byabonye Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi (AIR) K-12 cyo gusuzuma muri Mutarama 2020. 

Muri Nzeri 2020, mu masezerano y’amafaranga yose, Cambium yaguze Rosetta Kibuye ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 792 z'amadolari.  Umwaka wakurikiyeho muri Gashyantare 2021, isosiyete yagurishije imigabane yayo ya Rosetta Stone muri IXL Learning. 

Iyi kompanyi yaguze Lexia muri Ukwakira 2020, naho mu 2021, Lexia ifatanya cg ihuzwa na Voyager Sopris ngo habeho Lexia Learning. 

Mu 2021, Blackstone Group Inc yafashije gutanga inkunga ingana na miliyari 2.15 z'amadorali yo kwiga Cambium Learning Group.
Cognitive orthotics

**Cognitive orthotics** ni sisitemu zishingiye kuri  porogaramu (software) zifasha abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mumitekerereze, nk'abibagirwa,zibibutsa ibintu by'ingenzi mu buzima bwa buri munsi.

Ubumuga bwo mumitekerereze burashobora gutera ibibazo mu bushobozi bwo kwigenga, harimo n'ibikorwa by'ubuzima bwa buri munsi.  Abafite ubumuga bworoheje bw’ubwenge barashobora kubona ubumenyi bwigenga buhagije, mu gihe abashyizwe mu majwi nk’abafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe budakunze kugera kuri urwo rwego rw'ubwigenge. Mugihe gahunda za mahugurwa zishobora kuba uburyo bwo gucengeza no gushyigikira ubuzima bwigenga, izo gahunda zerekanye intsinzi zitandukanye, bitewe n'umuntu uvugwa nimirimo ashinzwe. Umubare w'intambwe cyangwa ibintu bigoye by'imirimo isanzwe ya buri munsi birashobora gutuma bigora umuntu ufite ubumuga bwo kutamenya, kandi ikosa mubyiciro byose rishobora kuganisha kubisubizo bitemewe. 

Ibikoresho nka mudasobwa byakoreshejwe mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abantu bafite ibikomere mu bwonko. Guhera kuri "prostothique memoire"  no mu myaka ya za 1980 yerekeza ku gukemura ikibazo cy'ubwonko bukorwa binyuze mu myitozo isubiramo, abahanga mu by'imitekerereze ya muntu ni bo bonyine bakoraga porogaramu ku barwayi bakomeretse mu bwonko, bigatuma porogaramu zihari. Inzobere mu gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe zahisemo imikino yo kuri mudasobwa iboneka mu bucuruzi ishimishije cyane, ishishikaje, isubiramo, kandi ishimishije, yerekana ingaruka zishobora gukosorwa ku mikorere mibi ya neuropsychologue. Ibyavuye mu bikorwa bya mbere byo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe mudasobwa byagabanijwe kandi, mu bice byinshi, ntibyari byitezwe. Mugihe imyitozo isubiramo yatezimbere imikorere mubikorwa byihariye byakorwaga, iyi ngaruka ntabwo yageze no mubindi bikorwa.  

Abantu bashobora kungukira mur cognitive orthotics barimo abasaza cyangwa abakuze, abantu bagize impanuka z'ingenge(TBI), abantu bafite ibibazo byo kwibagirwa, cyangwa ufite ubundi bumuga bwo mu mitekerereze cyangwa mu mikurirre . Porogaramu irashobora kuba ikubiyemo ibintu byo kwiga imashini, ubwenge bwubukorikori, hamwe no kumenya imiterere kugirango ihuze ibyifuzo byabantu muburyo bukwiye.
Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North

The **Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America**(**RESNA**) ni ihuriro ry'abantu bafite inyungu mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga rifasha abantu bafite n'ubumuga . Inshingano zayo zerekana ko intego ya RESNA ari ukuzamura ubushobozi bw’abafite ubumuga kugera ku ntego zabo hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga binyuze mu guteza imbere ubushakashatsi, iterambere, uburezi, ubuvugizi no gutanga ikoranabuhanga; no mugushyigikira abatanga serivise yikoranabuhanga itanga ibikorwa.

RESNA yatangiye muri Kanama 1979. Mu 1993 RESNA yabaye umuryango wigenga. RESNA ifite abanyamuryango barenga 1.000, igice kinini cyabo kikaba cyibanze muri Amerika na Kanada.

Guhera mu 1995, RESNA yateguye gahunda yo gutanga impamyabumenyi kubanyamwuga bakora nkabatanga serivise zikoranabuhanga.     Mu Kuboza 2015, Sosiyete ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe Rehabilitation Engineering Assistive Technology Society yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (RESNA) yavuguruye ibipimo bya WC18 ku bipimo by’ibimuga hamwe na sisitemu yo kubuza abayigana (WTORS) ibipimo by’ibimuga hamwe na sisitemu yo kubuza abantu (WTORS).  RESNA iyobowe n'Inama y'Ubuyobozi igizwe n'abantu 14. Perezida ni Roger O. Smith, PhD, OT, FAOTA, Mugenzi wa RESNA

## Amashyirahamwe ya bashiki bacu

* Ishyirahamwe ryo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rifasha i Burayi (AAATE)
* Ishyirahamwe ry’imyororokere n’abafasha muri Ositaraliya (ARATA)
* Sosiyete ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe Ubuyapani (RESJA)
* Sosiyete ya Porutugali ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe no kugerwaho (SUPERA)
Butler in a Box

**Butler in a Box** yari igikoresho cya hambere cyo murugo  cyagenzura n'amajwi, cyakozwe mu 1983 cyakozwe n'umupfumu Gus Searcy hamwe na Franz Kavan umuporogaramu.   Igikoresho cyemereye abakoresha kugenzura ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byo murugo, nk'amatara na terefoni, bakoresheje amategeko y'ijwi. Byabanjirije abavuga ubwenge bigezweho hamwe nabafasha basanzwe mumyaka mirongo. 

## Amateka
Igitekerezo cya Butler in a Box cyatangiye mu 1983 ubwo Searcy yabazwaga n'inshuti impamvu adashobora gutegeka gusa amatara gucana no kuzimya niba ashobora gukuramo inkwavu mu ngofero, bitewe n'amateka ye nk'umupfumu wabigize umwuga.  Searcy yafatanije nu wahoze ari programu wa IBM Kavan guteza imbere icyo gikoresho, prototype yabo ya mbere yiswe "Sidney".  Butler in a box yahujije tekinoroji yo kugenzura kure hamwe no kumenya amajwi kugirango igenzure ibikoresho byo murugo. Nyamara, yahuye n’ibibazo bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho muri iki gihe hamwe n’igiciro cyayo cyo hejuru cy’amadolari 1.500 (ahwanye n’amadolari 3.700 muri 2021).  

## Ibiranga n'imikorere
Abakoresha barashobora gukora Butler in a box bavuga ijambo kubyuka, mubisanzwe izina rya butler gakondo, kandi igikoresho cyabwira umukoresha nka "shobuja".   Yashoboye gukora imirimo nka:

* Gucana amatara no kuyazimya, kugenzura uturere tumwe na tumwe niba amatara yahujwe no kugenzura kure
* Guhamagara no kwakira telefone
* Gushiraho igihe
* Guhuza hamwe na sensor kugirango ikore nka sisitemu yo gutabaza umutekano  

Ariko,icyo gikoresho cyasabaga imyitozo myinshi y'amajwi ku muntu wese wagikoresheje, kandi icyo gikorwa cyari kizamura igihe cyane ugereranyije n'uburyo bugezweho bwo kumenya amajwi.  Byongeye kandi, igenamigambi hamwe namabwiriza yatojwe yatakara mugihe ingufu zashize mumasaha arenga 3 kubera tekinoroji yo kwibuka ihindagurika yakoreshejwe icyo gihe. 

## Kwakira n'umurage
Nubwo guhanga udushya mugihe cyacyo, Butler mu Isanduku ntabwo yageze ku ntsinzi y’ubucuruzi kubera igiciro cyayo kinini ndetse n’ubushobozi bwa tekinike yo mu myaka ya za 1980. Nubwo bimeze bityo, cyabaye intambwe y'ingenzi mu mateka y'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo mu ngo, kandi cyagaragaje uburyo ikoranabuhanga rigenzura n'amajwi rishobora gutuma ibintu byoroha kandi bigatanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha mu rugo. Nyuma y'igihe, Amazon Alexa, Google Home, na Siri byatumye ibikoresho byo mu rugo bigengwa n'amajwi biba bisanzwe kandi bihendutse, byubakiye ku Butler in a box   [  ​​
Tictile Alphabet

**Tactile Alphabet** ni uburyo bwo kwandika ndetse no gusoma bukoreshwa n'abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Mugihe kuri ubu sisitemu ya Braille niyo izwi cyane kandi ibikoresho bimwe byateguwe muburyo bwukwezi, mumateka, izindi nyuguti nyinshi zifite ubundi buryo bwinshi bwo kugirango uzisobanukirwe:

## Sisitemu ishingiye ku nyuguti z'Abaroma

* Ubwoko bw'ukwezi
* Sisitemu ya Valentin Haüy (muburyo bwitondewe )
* "Inyuguti ya mpandeshatu" ya James Gall, akoresheje inyuguti nkuru n’inyuguti nto, yakoreshejwe mu 1826 mu bitabo bya mbere bishushanyije byasohotse mu Cyongereza
* Sisitemu ya Edmund Frye (inyuguti nkuru gusa)
* Sisitemu ya John Alston (inyuguti nkuru gusa)
* Sisitemu ya Jacob Snider, Jr., akoresheje inyuguti zegeranye zisa na sisitemu ya Haüy, yakoreshejwe mu gusohora Ivanjili ya Mariko mu 1834, igitabo cya mbere cyanditsweho muri Amerika .
* Samuel Gridley Howe ' Boston Line ukoresheje inyuguti ntoya, yatewe na sisitemu ya Gall ariko isa cyane ninyuguti zisanzwe z'Abaroma
* Umurongo wa Philadelphia wa Julius Reinhold Friedlander, ukoresheje inyuguti nkuru zose, zisa na sisitemu ya Alston, zikoreshwa mu kigo cya Pennsylvania gishinzwe kwigisha abatabona (ubu ni ishuri rya Overbrook ry’abatabona) muri Philadelphia
* Sisitemu ya William Chapin (no mu kigo cya Pennsylvania), ahuza inyuguti nto z'umurongo wa Boston n'umurwa mukuru wa Philadelphia, agakora "sisitemu ihuriweho" (yakoreshejwe mu 1868 mu bitabo byacapwe na NB Kneass, Jr. )
* Elia Chepaitis 'ELIA Frame tactile alphabet / imyandikire yimyandikire ikubiyemo ibintu byingenzi biranga inyuguti yikiromani murwego. Ikadiri yerekana aho inyuguti itangirira kandi ikarangirira kandi ikemerera ubushakashatsi buri gihe. Gukoresha imiterere yinyuguti yikiromani mubishushanyo bifasha abantu babonaga mbere kubyiga. Kandi ibisa nayo nimyandikire isanzwe yabaroma ifasha abarezi bareba kwiga no gusangira inyuguti nabantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. 
* Decapoint - Uburyo butagikoreshwa bwimyandikire yikilatini

## Sisitemu ishingiye ku kadomo

* Kwandika nijoro
* Braille
* New York Point, sisitemu yamanota yahimbwe na William Bell Wait, yarushanwe na braille mugihe runaka mbere yuko braille itsindira

## Sisitemu ishingiye ku bimenyetso uko bishakiye

* Sisitemu ya Thomas Lucas, ishingiye ku magambo ahinnye na fonetike
* Sisitemu ya James Hatley Frere, isa na Lucas kuko yari ishingiye ku magambo ahinnye, ariko yanditswe muburyo bwa boustrophedon
* Vibratese

## Reba kandi

* Igishushanyo mbonera
* Sisitemu y'ibimenyetso bifatika

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* [Original from Columbia University Digitized Aug 18, 2009][GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD., ST JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL ROAD, LONDON, E.C.]
* A Critical Evaluation of the Historical Development of the Tactile Modes and Reading and an Analysis and Evaluation of Researches Carried out in Endeavors to make the Braille code Easier to Read and to Write
* chapter 3: Early British Codes
* Virtual Exhibition "Signs - Books - Networks" of the German Museum of Books and Writing: Braille
Amashakiro
Extron Electronics

**Extron**, yahoze yitwa **Extron Electronics**, ni uruganda rukora ibikoresho byamajwi byumwuga. Ifite icyicaro i Anaheim, muri Californiya . Extron ikora ibiro birenga 30 hamwe namahugurwa yo mukarere hamwe n’ibikorwa byo kwerekana  ku isi.

Ibicuruzwa bya Extron bikoreshwa muguhuza amashusho na nikorana buhanga rya mudasobwa, guhinduranya, no gukwirakwiza ibimenyetso kubigaragaza byumwuga hamwe na umushinga . Isosiyete ni ISO 9001: 2015 yemejwe 

Muri 2004, Extron yinjiye muri sisitemu yo kugenzura isoko. Ubu itanga uburyo bwo kugenzura ndetse no gutunganya amajwi, buto ya buto, gukoraho,  hamwe nibisubizo byinshi bya software. Muri 2010, Extron yaguze igabana ryibicuruzwa bya Electrosonic.  

Muri 2012 Extron yafunguye  amagorofa yo gukoreramo yayo atandatu, metero kare 200.000  icyicaro gikuru ku isi muri Anaheim; harimo ikigo cyamahugurwa, inkunga ya tekiniki n'ibiro byo kwamamaza, hamwe na resitora yitwa Ubworozi. 

Muri 2014, Extron yinjiye mwisoko ryo gufata amasomo hamwe nibikoresho byuma bifata ibimenyetso bya videwo. 

## Amashakiro
Decapoint

**Decapoint**, cyangwa **Raphigraphy**, yari uburyo bworoshye bwimyandikire yikilatini yahimbwe na Louis Braille ni sisitemu ikoreshwa mu buryo bw'imyandikire kandi igafasha cyane abantu bafite **ibibazo by'ubumuga** butandukanye ishobora gukoreshwa nimpumyi nabatabona.  Yasohowe mu 1839, nyuma yimyaka icumi nyuma yinyuguti esheshatu zitondetse.  Inzandiko zagumanye imiterere yazo, kandi rero byasomwaga nta mahugurwa abareba, ariko imirongo yari igizwe nududomo dushushanyijeho nkayakoreshejwe muri braille . "Decapoint" bivuga sisitemu yo kwandika, mugihe "raphigraphy" ni ugukoresha imashini ya raphigraph kugirango itange inyandiko.

Buri baruwa yari ifite utudomo icumi tureture n'uduto buhinduka , niyo mpamvu izina decapoint.  Byanditswe mbere byanditseho icyapa na stylus ; Kugirango inyandiko isomeke neza imbere yurupapuro, yakandagiye inyuma nkishusho yindorerwamo.  Iyi nzira yari igoye kandi yatwaraga igihe, kandi inyandiko yari nini idasanzwe.

Mu rwego rwo koroshya inzira yo kwandika inyandiko ya decapoint, Pierre-François-Victor Foucault, munyandiko zakundaga gukoreshwa cyane ikifashishwa , yahimbye igishushanyo mbonera (umwanditsi w'urushinge) mu 1841. 

Mugihe decapoint yari ifite inyungu zo kuba abantu basomerwa badafite imyitozo,  ntabwo byari byiza cyane kandi bikora neza. Kuba umubare wimyandikire wino wamamaye mu myaka ya za 1880 no guhimba umwanditsi wa braille mu 1892 byagize uruhare mu gucika intege no gushushanya bidakoreshwa. Decapoint rimwe na rimwe yakoreshwaga uko byagenda kose muri 1930. 

## Amashakiro
Moon Type

**Moon System ikoreshwa mu Gusoma Ibishushanyo** (bakunze kwita **ukwezi kwandikwa**, **Inyuguti zukwezi**, **inyandiko yukwezi**, **ubwoko bwukwezi**, cyangwa **code yukwezi** ) nuburyo bwo kwandika bwimpumyi, ukoresheje ibimenyetso bishushanyije ahanini biva mumyandikire yikilatini (ariko byoroshe). Bivugwa n'abayishyigikiye ko byoroshye kubyumva kuruta braille, nubwo ikoreshwa cyane cyane nabantu bataye amaso nkabantu bakuru, bityo bakaba bafite ubumenyi bwimiterere yinyuguti.

## Amateka

Iyi nyandiko yitiriwe Moon Type yakozwe na William Moon (1818—1894), umwongereza w'impumyi uba i Brighton, mu burasirazuba bwa Sussex . Nyuma yo kugira umuriro utukura, Moon yabuze amaso afite imyaka 21 aba umwarimu wabana batabona. Yabonye ko abanyeshuri be bagize ikibazo cyo kwiga gusoma uburyo buriho bwo gusoma kodegisi yo gusoma, maze ategura sisitemu ye bwite "izakingurwa kandi isobanutse neza." 

Moon type yatangijwe mu 1843 William  kandi asohora gahunda muri 1845. Ukwezi ntabwo kuzwi nka braille, ariko nubundi buryo bw'agaciro.  gukoraho gahunda yo gusoma kubantu batabona cyangwa batabona igice cyimyaka yose.

### Indimi z'amahanga

### Inzandiko

## Amashakiro

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* 
* "Moon Alphabet"
* "William Moon"
* The Moon System of Embossed Reading
* Online Moon Type Generator
* ClearVision Project books page
* Moon page at the RNIB.
* Learning Moon
* "Preliminary proposal for encoding the Moon script in the SMP of the UCS" at Unicode.org

## Reba kandi

* Graffiti / Graffiti 2 writing systems used on Palm OS devices
New York Point

**New York Point** (Ingingo ya New York: .​​ Sisitemu yakoresheje imwe kugeza kuri ebyiri zingingo zashyizwe kumurongo, buri kimwe kirimo utudomo tumwe cyangwa tubiri. (Inyuguti imwe kugeza kuri ebyiri, buri imwe ifite utudomo tubiri, yaba ⟨: ⟩ ⟨:: ⟩ ⟨::: ⟩ ⟨ ::::) Inyuguti zisanzwe zanditswe hamwe ningingo nkeya ⟩ ingamba nazo zikoreshwa na Braille y'Abanyamerika ubu bwoko bw'imyandikire **yashyizweho kugirango ifashe abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona**.

Inyuguti nkuru zari zigoye muri iyi sisitemu yitiriwe New York Point, buri imwe yari utudomo tune, kandi ntabwo yakoreshejwe muri rusange. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, muri rusange hashyizweho utudomo tune twagutse na apostrophe. Iyo, inyuguti nkuru, cyangwa intumwa byakoreshwaga, rimwe na rimwe byatezaga ibibazo byemewe, kandi ikimenyetso cyihariye ntigishobora kumvikana. Helen Keller akomeza avuga ko ibyo byateje ibibazo byo gusoma no kwandika mu bana bafite ubumuga bwo kutamenya, kandi ni imwe mu mpaka zikomeye zashinjaga New York Point ndetse no gushyigikira imwe mu nyuguti z’inyuguti.

## Inyuguti
Iyi sisitemu yitiriwe New York Point ntabwo yakorewe mu buryo bwa Unicode, nkuko verisiyo ya 14.0. Kimwe na braille, hariho kwikuramo: inyuguti imwe muri New York Point ihuye nurutonde rwinyuguti zacapwe. 

Ingingo ya New York isomwa uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo. Ikimenyetso kigizwe na selile imwe kugeza enye zikurikiranye buri ngingo ebyiri hejuru hamwe nubugari bumwe. Inyuguti nkuru zose zigizwe na selile enye, mugihe minuscules ihagarariwe numwe kugeza kuri batatu. Buri nyuguti nkuru yakomotse ku nyuguti ntoya ihuye ninyongera ingirabuzimafatizo imwe kugirango inyuguti nkuru igire ubugari bune. Utugingo ngengabuzima twose ni ingingo yo hasi niba selile yanyuma yinyuguti ntoya ifite gusa ingingo yo hejuru. Bitabaye ibyo, selile ziyongera zose ni ingingo yo hejuru gusa.

## Utumenyetso
Nko muri braille, hari ikimenyetso cyumubare uhindura inyuguti kumibare. Imibare icumi ni imwe ine yerekana utudomo dusanga muri braille, ariko hamwe gusa zose ntago zinganya agaciro:

Utumenyetso twonyine twerekana utudomo dutatu twagutse ni ikimenyetso cyumubare uri hejuru hamwe nikimenyetso cyatanzwe, gifite imiterere imwe ninyuguti *q* . Dash, hyphen, na apostrophe ni utudomo tune twagutse. 

## Inyandiko y'umuziki

⟨:::: ⟩ is thus a whole C note, ⟨".: ⟩ a quarter D note, etc.  In chords, the length is only given for the first note mentioned.

Ibi birashobora kubanzirizwa na ⟨ '⟩ ♯,b ⟨: ⟩ Or, cyangwa ⟨' ⟩ And, kandi byongeweho na ⟨ ⟩ (uburebure × 1½). Ibi birashobora gukuba kabiri, nkuko biri mu icapiro.

Inyandiko ibanzirizwa na octave yayo, yanditswe nkumubare wongeyeho akadomo ko hejuru: ⟨':' ⟩ 5 8va, ⟨ ⟩ 2 8va, nibindi

: 
: 4th-8va C-whole 5th-inv'l with 5th-8va E

Reba ibitabo bya Tegereza kumasezerano yinyongera.  

## Reba kandi

* Inyigisho zimpumyi
* Ikirangantego cy'Abanyakoreya # Amateka - Inyandiko nka New York Point yakoreshejwe ku koreya mbere yuko utudomo 6-twerekana.

## Amashakiro
Nigt Writing

**Night Writting** **ni izina ryahawe uburyo bwo kwandika bwagenewe abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona** kandi bunakireshywa n'abantu batandukanye bwaritondewe cyane kuko bwahimbwe na Charles Barbier de la Serre (1767–1841). Nuburyo bumwe muburyo butandukanye bwo kwandika bwatanzwe mugitabo cyasohowe mu 1815: *Essai sur divers procédés d'expéditive française, contenant douze écritures différentes, avec une planche pour chaque procédé* (Inyandiko ku nzira zitandukanye z’urugendo rw’Abafaransa, ikubiyemo inyandiko cumi na zibiri zitandukanye, hamwe n'isahani kuri buri nzira).  Ijambo (mu gifaransa: *écriture nocturne* ) ntiriboneka mu gitabo, ariko nyuma ryakoreshejwe ku buryo bwerekanwe ku cyapa cya VII cy'icyo gitabo. Ubu buryo bwo kwandika hamwe nududomo twazamuye dushobora gusomwa no gukoraho byemejwe mu kigo Royale des Jeunes Aveugles ( Ikigo cy’umwami cy’urubyiruko rutabona ) i Paris mu 1821.

## Imikorere
Ihame ryiyi sisitemu ryitiriwe Night Writing rikoreshwa mu kwandukura ukoresheje amajwi 36 atandukanye ya fonetike, buri kimwe kigereranwa nuburyo bwazamuye utudomo muri 2&nbsp;×&nbsp;Imiyoboro 6. 

Foneme "t" ihagarariwe gutya:

* nta guhuza utudomo twabayeho kugirango tugereranye inyuguti nkuru, injyana ya muzika, ibimenyetso by'imibare, nibindi.
* uburebure bwa gride (amanota 2 × 6) byatumye bidashoboka gusoma mugihe kimwe ukoresheje urutoki rumwe
* amakuru ashobora guteshwa agaciro: urusobe rwamanota 12 rwakwemerera ibimenyetso bigera kuri 2 12 (cyangwa 4096) guhagararirwa, mugihe Barbier yerekanaga ibimenyetso 36 gusa.

## Reba kandi

* Nyctography
* Ingingo ya New York

## Reba
Ubushobozi Scotland

**Capability scotland** ni umuryango w'ubugiraneza wo muri scotland washinzwe mu 1946. uherereye i Edinburgh kaandi ukorera mu gihugu hose cya scotland utanga ubafasha , inkunga ,n'uburezi ku bantu babana n'ubumuga .Uyu muryango utanga amazu y'ubuvuzi ubafasha mu rugo ,inkunga y'ubucuruzi n'uburezibwihariye binyuze mu mashuri abiri

## Amateka
Ubushobozi Scotland yashinzwe ku ya 31 Ukwakira 1946 nitsinda ryababyeyi ninzobere mu by'ubuzima . Intego yayo ya mbere yari ugufasha abana bafite ubumuga bw'ubwonko(cerebral palsy) .

Ishuri rya mbere  ryafunguwe mu Corstorphine , Edinburgh mu 1948, muri Edinburgh. Mu ntangiriro ya z'imyaka ya  1960, umuryango utabara imbabare watangiye gutegura amahirwe ya  akazi kubantu babana n'ubumuga , kandi  mu 1973 hashyirwaho inzu ya mbere y’abakuze. 

Mu gihe ishuri rya Westerlea rifite icyicaro cya Edinburgh ryafunzwe mu 2016, Ubushobozi bwa Scotland bukora andi mashuri abiri y’ubumenyi bw’inzobere; Inzu ya Stanmore muri Lanark na Corseford School i Kilbarchan .

Umushinga mushya washyizweho mu 2021 wo kubaka inzu nshya yita ku baturage mu iterambere rishya ry’abaturage muri Perth ryitwa Bertha Park.  Abagiraneza bagamije kurangiza ibi mu 2026.

## Ubufatanye
Ubushobozi Scotland ni umunyamuryango wa Scotland Afite ubumuga hamwe na Sense Scotland, ENABLE Scotland, RNIB Scotland, Igikorwa cyo Kumva Loss Scotland, hamwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe rya Ecosse. 

## Reba kandi

* Anne Mathams
* Ubumuga bwubwonko

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Urubuga rwemewe
Charles Barbier

**Charles Barbier de la Serre** (  ; 18 Gicurasi 1767 - 22 Mata 1841) nibwo yaje guhimba inyandiko ya bafaransa uburyo butandukanye bwo kwandika no gukoresha ubundi buryo bwo kwandika, bumwe muri bwo bukaba bwarahumekeye Braille .

## Kwandika ingingo

### Amahame
Yasabye uburyo bworoshye bwo kwandika bushingiye kuri gride kandi bwakorohera **n'ababana n'ubumuga**, yariho muburyo bubiri. Iya mbere ni inyuguti zisanzwe muri gride ya 5x5 (icyo gihe, inyuguti ya W yakoreshwaga gake mu rurimi rwigifaransa).

Hariho na verisiyo ya fonetike, yavugurwagaho amajwi y'ururimi rw'igifaransa. Mu gitabo cya 1815, hari amajwi 30 muri gride y'imirongo itanu n'inkingi esheshatu, ariko Barbier yaje kwagura umubare kugeza kuri 36, muri gride ifite imirongo itandatu n'inkingi esheshatu. Barbier yahisemo verisiyo ya fonetike, avuga ko kwiga amategeko yimyandikire byatanze indi mbogamizi kubatazi gusoma no kwandika. 

Nyuma yimyaka, Barbier na Braille bombi bapfuye, Alexandre René Pignier yanditse ubuzima bugufi bwa Louis Braille.  Muri yo, yasabye ko Braille, akiri muto cyane, yerekanye inenge za sisitemu ya Barbier. Nyuma abanditsi bashushanyije kuriyi nkuru kugirango basobanure guhura kwangwa hagati ya Barbier na Braille akiri muto cyane. Mubyukuri, bombi ntibabonanye kugeza mu 1833, igihe Braille yari mukuru kandi hashize imyaka ine asohoye sisitemu ye. Barbier na Braille babaye inshuti.  Amabaruwa hagati yabo bombi yari meza. Mellor arimo imwe mu mabaruwa yanditse mu gitabo cye kivuga kuri Louis Braille. 

Barbier yamaze ubuzima bwe bwose agerageza kumenyekanisha ibitekerezo bye kuburezi rusange.  Yanditse ibindi bitabo byinshi kandi agerageza kwinjiza mubantu ibyubu uburyo bwe bwo kwandika kandi bworoshye bwo kwandika arinako abushira mu mumashuri y'incuke, ariko ntibyagerwaho. Ariko, Braille yahinduye sisitemu nibikoresho bya Barbier yabaye sisitemu ikoreshwa kwisi yose muri iki gihe.

## Reba kandi

* Urupapuro na stylus

## Amashakiro
Shelley Lynn

**Shelley Lynn Tremain** n'umufilozofe qwe wibanda ku bumuga, feminism, bioethics, na Foucault . Yanditse igitabo *Filozofiya y’abafite ubumuga ya Foucault na femisiti* (2017),  yatsindiye igihembo cya Tobin Siebers 2016 cy’ubushakashatsi bw’abafite ubumuga mu bumuntu,   ubuyobozi bw'ababana  n'ubumuga (2005/2015).  

Tremain yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya II cya kaminuza izwi nka PHD muri kaminuza ya York .  Muri 2016, yatsindiye igihembo cya Tanis Doe kubera Kwiga  amasomo ajyanye n'ubumuga n’umuco muri Kanada.  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ibisohokayandikiro

### Nkumwanditsi

* 

### Nkumwanditsi

* 
** 
* 

## Reba
Tanya Titchkosky

**Tanya Titchkosky** (Yabonye izuba 1966)  ni ni impuguke  yiga ubumuga. Kuva muri Mutarama 2025, ni umwarimu w’ubushakashatsi bw’ubumuga  mu kiga cya Ontario gishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu burezi(Ontario Institute for study in Education ) 

Titchkosky yabonye  impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi muri sociologiya yakuye muri ikiciro cya mbere cya mubuhanzi kaminuza  (master of arts) muri  Kanama (1988), impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi muri sociologiya yakuye muri kaminuza ya York (1992), na Dogiteri wa Firozofi  yakuye muri kaminuza ya York (1997). 

Titchkosky ni dyslexic . 

## Ibitabo

### Umwanditsi

* 
* 
* 

### Muhinduzi (Umwanditsi)

* 
* 

## Reba

## Ihuza ryo hanze

* Tanya Titchkosky publications indexed by Google Scholar
3Play Media

**3Play Media** ni urubuga rutanga serivisi zifasha abantu kubona no kumva neza ibinyamakuru n'amashusho, rukorera i Boston, muri leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika muntara ya Massachusetts, rutanga serivisi zo kongeraho amagambo yanditse ku mashusho, no gusobanura amajwi, hamwe na serivise zanditse kuri tereviziyo, ibiri kuri videwo, na podcast. Iyo kompanyi yashinzwe na Josh Miller na Chris Antunes mu mwaka wa 2007.

## Amateka
3Play Media yashinzwe mu 2007, yashyizeho uburyo butandukanye bwo kugera ku nzego zirimo itangazamakuru n'imyidagaduro, uburezi, ibigo, guverinoma, na e-learning. Isosiyete yaguze Captionmax, itanga amakuru ku bitangazamakuru, muri Gashyantare 2022 yaguye itangwa rya 3Play Media mu magambo yanditse neza na serivisi zitanga amakuru. Kugura byatumye Captionmax yisubiraho nka 3Play Media ku ya 21 Nzeri 2022.  

Captionmax yashinzwe mu 1993, yatanze ibisobanuro mu mashusho ya videwo, hamwe n’inyandiko zamamaza ku bakiriya barenga 450, harimo imiyoboro minini ya televiziyo na televiziyo, sitidiyo, ibigo by’uburezi, ndetse n’amasosiyete. Kuba Captionmax yaguze National Captioning Canada muri Werurwe 2021 yarushijeho kwagura serivisi zayo zo kugera kubitangazamakuru. 

3Play Media ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya cloud, machine Learning, n'abantu basuzuma kugira ngo itange serivisi zizewe zorohera abantu kubona no kumva ibirimo. 

## Reba kandi

* Ibisobanuro bifunze
* Ibisobanuro byamajwi
* Subtitles

## Amashakiro
Kuzamura intebe

**Lift chairs**, zizwi kandi nka **lift recliners** cyangwa **armchairs**, ni intebe zifite mekanizime y'ikoranbuhanga izamura intebe yose iva ku nkingi zayo, bityo ikanafasha umuntu uyicanye guhagarara.

Muri Amerika, intebe zo kuzamura zujuje ibyangombwa byubuvuzi biramba munsi ya Medicare Igice B. 

Muri raporo yo muri Gashyantare 1989 yashyizwe ahagaragara n'Umugenzuzi Mukuru w’ishami ry’ubuzima n’ibikorwa by’Amerika muri Amerika, byagaragaye ko: intebe zo kuzamura zidashobora kuba zujuje ibyangombwa bya Medicare ku bikoresho by’ubuvuzi biramba (DME) kandi ibyifuzo by’intebe bigomba kongera kugenzurwa. Raporo yatewe  kwiyongera kw'intebe zo kuzamura intebe hagati ya 1984 na 1985 ziva kuri 200.000 zikagera ku 700.000. Ikinyamakuru *New York Times* cyavuze ko amatangazo yamamaza kuri televiziyo yatumaga abakiriya babaza ibyerekeye intebe zo kuzamura kandi, abaguzi bamaze guhamagara, bohererezwa urupapuro kugira ngo abaganga babo basinyire. Bimwe mu bigo byoherezaga intebe zizamuka (Lift Chairs) mbere yo kubona umukoro w'umuganga, bityo bigatuma abaganga basabwa gushyiraho umukono, bitabaye ibyo umurwayi akaba aryozwa intebe . 

Medicare irashobora kwishyura gusa ikiguzi cya lift-mechanism aho kuba intebe yose. Mbere yuko Medicare isuzumwa kugirango yishyure ikiguzi, abarwayi bazakenera gusurwa na muganga wabo kugirango baganire kubikenewe byibi bikoresho. Utanga DME noneho azasaba urupapuro rwerekana icyemezo cyubuvuzi (CMN). Ubusanzwe CMN ikubiyemo ibibazo bitanu umuganga agomba gusubiza. Mubisanzwe, ibibazo nibibazo: Niba hari ikibazo cyashubijwe "OYA", birashobora gutuma uhakana ikirego.

Mubisanzwe, abatanga DME basaba kwishura byuzuye intebe yo kuzamura kandi bazatanga ibyishyu byemejwe na Medicare. Abatanga DME ntibashobora kwishyuza Medicare batabanje gutanga ibikoresho.

Intebe zo hejuru zirashobora kandi kuza hamwe numubare winyongera wongeyeho na addons. Harimo ubushyuhe na massage, umusego wumutwe ushobora guhindurwa, guhindagurika kwinyuma, kugarura bateri, hamwe nigitambara cyiza cyane.
Inkoni yera ibera amaso kubafite ubumuga bwo kutabona

## Inkoni year ibera amaso gute kubafite ubumuga bwo kutabona?

## Amateka yinkoni Year
Muri 1921 Umwongeraza James Biggs uvuka mu mujyi wa Bristol city wakoraga umwuga wo gufotora, yakoze impanuka ikomeye imusigira  ubumuga bwo kutabona.

## nyuma yo kuva mubitaro yashatse icyatuma abasha kujyenda mu muhanda nibwo yashatse inkoni isanzwe y'igiti ayisiga irange ryumweru kugirango na ninjoro ijye igaragara

## Ibice bigize inkoni yera

## inkoni yera igizwe nibice  bitatu(3)
1.ikirindi 

2. Uruti 

3. Ijisho

### Ibisobanuro bwibice bwi nkoni yera [https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/ni-gute-inkoni-yera-ibera-abafite-ubumuga-bwo-kutabona-amaso]
1.Ikirindi nigice cyo hejuru kunkoni yera arinacyo ufite ubumuga afata 

2.Uruti nigice cyo hagati cyangwa mu ngingo zinkoni yera

3.ijisho nigice gifasha ufite ubumuga mubryo bubiri icyambere nikimenyetso mpuzamahanga kigaragaza umuntu ufite ubumuga bwo kutabona, hamwe no gutuma agenda neza.

## Ibirushijeho
https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuzima/urusobe-rw-ubuzima/article/ni-gute-inkoni-yera-ibera-abafite-ubumuga-bwo-kutabona-amaso
https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-bwo-kutabona-bahawe-inkoni-zibamenyesha-ko-bwije-cyangwa

https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-bwo-kutabona-bahawe-inkoni-zibamenyesha-ko-bwije-cyangwa
Abafite ubumuga b'ingorero

Abafite ubumuga b'ingororero barishimira inkunga Bahabwa nakarere murwego rwo kwiteza imbere.

## Imbogamizi [https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-bo-mu-karere-ka-ngororero-bishimiye-ko-akarere-katangiye]
Abibumbiye muhuriro ryabafite ubumuga bo mukarere ka ngororero baragaragaza imbogamizi bahuranazo za bana batagana ishuri kubera imyunvire ndetse Imiterere ya karere ka ngororero hakiyongeraho biterwa  no kwivuza 

## Ibisobanuro
https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/abafite-ubumuga-bo-mu-karere-ka-ngororero-bishimiye-ko-akarere-katangiye
Cybathlon

**CYBATHLON,** umushinga wa ETH Zurich, ikora nk'urubuga rutera imbogamizi amakipe aturutse impande zose z'isi guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga  rikoreshwa buri munsi nabafite ubumuga. Imbaraga zitera CYBATHLON ni amarushanwa mpuzamahanga nibirori, aho amakipe agizwe nabateza imbere ikoranabuhanga baturutse muri za kaminuza, amasosiyete cyangwa imiryango itegamiye kuri leta zose, hamwe numuntu ufite ubumuga (umuderevu) aho bakemura imirimo ya buri munsi nikoranabuhanga rigezweho kugirango ribafashe mubijyanye no kwiteza imbere. Usibye amarushanwa nyirizina, CYBATHLON itanga urubuga ngenderwaho rwo guteza imbere ubushakashatsi kuri sisitemu zifasha mu guhangana n’ibibazo by’ubuzima bwa buri munsi ndetse nizindi mbogamizi zarizo zose bahura nazo, no guteza imbere ibiganiro n’abaturage hagamijwe kwinjiza ababana n’ubumuga muri sosiyete. Uruhare rwumuderevu rufatwa nkibyingenzi haba mumarushanwa ndetse no mubikorwa byiterambere, kugirango harebwe niba ibyifuzo byabakoresha ba nyuma bisuzumwa kandi bikemurwe. 

CYBATHLON ya mbere yateguwe n’ishuri rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’Ubusuwisi mumujyi wa i Zurich ( ETH Zurich ) yabereye mu kibuga cy’Ubusuwisi i Kloten mu majyaruguru ya mumujyi wa Zurich mu Busuwisi ku italiki ya 8 Ukwakira 2016 kandi ni ryo rushanwa mpuzamahanga rya mbere ryabayeho ry’ubu bwoko.   Abapilote(abadederevu) 66 baturutse mu bihugu 25 barushanwe imbere yabarebaga 4600. 

CYBATHLON 2020 "Global Edition" yabaye ku italiki ya 13 kugeza14 Ugushyingo 2020. Nyuma yo gusubikwa bwa mbere kubera icyorezo cya COVID-19  cyari cyateye isi yose muri rusange  yongeye gushyirwaho kugira ngo ikorwe kure, amakipe ashyiraho ibikorwa remezo by'amarushanwa ku birindiro byabo ndetse n'amasiganwa, akurikiranwa n'abayobozi ba Cybathlon, abera kuri videwo.  

CYBATHLON 2024 yabaye kuva ku italiki ya  ya 25 kugeza ku ya 27 Ukwakira 2024. Amakipe mpuzamahanga 67 yaturutse ku isi yose harimo  za kaminuza ninganda yarushanwe mumarushanwa adasanzwe. 

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe nabaderevu nubuhanga bwa tekiniki kuva mu mwaka wa 2020 bwerekana ko kuba abaderevu barashyizwe mu bikorwa byubushakashatsi hari byinshi  byagezweho mugushyiramo abaderevu mubikorwa byubushakashatsi. Imibereho ya buri munsi ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji nshya ifasha ntiyari kenshi. Byombi imikoreshereze yubuzima bwa buri munsi hamwe nigihe kinini cyabakoresha babisanze bifitanye isano nimikorere yubwoko mumarushanwa.
Stair lift

**Kuzamura ingazi** ni ibikoresho by'i mashini yo guterura abantu, cyane ababana ubumuga, hejuru no hasi .  Ku ngazi zagutse bihagije, gari ya moshi ikinyabiziga gitwara abantu  ishyirwa kuntambwe. Intebe cyangwa urubuga rwo guterura bifatanye na gari ya moshi. Umuntu yicara  ku ntebe cyangwa kuri platifomu hanyuma akazamurwa hejuru cyangwa hasi ku ngazi n'intebe igenda kuri gari ya moshi.

Kuzamura ingazi bizwi muburyo butandukanye nka **stairlifts**, **glider glider**, **lift-lift**, **lift intebe** (ariko itandukanye na chairlift ikoreshwa nabakinnyi) hamwe nandi mazina. Ijambo kuzamuka kuntambwe rishobora kwerekeza kuri lift, cyangwa cyane cyane mubikoresho by'imyitozo ku izina rimwe.

Bimwe mu byiciro byambere byatejwe imbere byakozwe mubucuruzi byamamajwe kandi bigurishwa muri Amerika mu mwaka w'i 1930 na Inclinator Company yo muri Amerika. Abayikoresheje benshi icyo gihe bahitanywe n’igicuri .
James C. Marsters

**James Carlyle Marsters** (5 Mata 1924 - 28 Nyakanga 2009) yari umu ortodontiste ufite ubumuga bwo k'utumva i Pasadena, muri Californiya, mu mwaka w'i 1964 akaba yarafashaga mubijyanye no  guhimba igikoresho cya mbere cyandika  gishobora gukoreshwa n'imirongo ya terefone . Igikoresho cyatumaga itumanaho kuri terefone rishoboka kubatumva. Nubwo Robert Weitbrecht yakoze byinshi mubikorwa byo gushushanya, Marsters yazamuye imikoreshereze yicyo gikoresho.

Marsters yavutse ku ya 5 Mata 1924, avukira i Norwich, mu mujyi wa  New York,  avukira ku umuyobozi mukuru wa farumasi Guy Marsters n'umugore we Anna Belle, umuforomo. 

Igihe yari akiri muto cyane, Marsters yabuze kumva kubera umuriro utukura n'iseru .  Ariko, yize kuvuga no gusoma iminwa. Yarangije mu ishuri rya Wright Oral School ry’abatumva mu mujyi wa New York mu 1943, niho yahuriye na John Tracy, umuhungu wa Spencer Tracy . Mu 1947 Marsters yabonye impamyabumenyi ya bijyanye nutabire yakuye muri Union College i Schenectady, muri New York .

Marsters yashakanye na Joan Tausik, umuhanzi na we wari ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva (nyuma baza gutandukana), ajya gukora mu ruganda rwa karuvati rwa se. Se wa Tausik ni we wasabye ko agomba kuba   umuvuzi wa amenyo . Nubwo amanota y'ibizamini bya Marsters yari menshi, amashuri y amenyo yaramwanze kubera kutumva. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri nigice yo gusaba, kaminuza ya New York yemeye kumwakira by'agateganyo yumva ko nta mfashanyo yihariye yari kubona. Yarangije muri kaminuza ya New York mu 1952.Yakundaga kuvuga ko ashobora kumva bamwe, kugira ngo afashe gutuza ubwoba bwa bamwe mu barimu be b'ishuri ry'amenyo. Yatwaye kandi indege hagati y'imijyi ibiri yakoreragamo imyitozo, akavuga ko radiyo ye idakora neza agasaba abashinzwe umutekano mu kirere gukoresha amatara kugira ngo bamuyobore.

John Tracy, izina rye riri ku ivuriro rya Los Angeles ry’abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva yashishikarije Marsters kuba ortodontiste, maze mu 1954, nyuma yo kwiga muri USC, atangira imyitozo ya Pasadena. Nyuma yaho gato, yashakanye na Alice Amelia Dorsey, umuyobozi w'iryo vuriro ryababana nubumuga ku ishuri ry’incuke rya John Tracy Clinic. Marsters yari afite abana batatu - James Marsters Jr., umuhanga mu by'ubutabire ndetse n'imiti  ; Jean Marsters, umuganga; na Guy Marsters, umucuranzi. Alice yapfuye mu 2003. Abashakanye bari bafite abuzukuru babiri.  Marsters yapfuye ku ya 28 Nyakanga 2009, azize indwara y'umutima. 

Igihe Marsters yakiraga terefone, yishingikirije ku bandi kwitaba telefoni no kumunwa amagambo kugira ngo asome kuminwa yabo ibyi bavuga hanyuma agenekereze , nyuma asubiza kuri telefoni. Muri kiriya gihe, hari umuyoboro wa TTY wubucuruzi, ariko byari bihenze cyane kubantu. Marsters yegereye Robert Weitbrecht umuhanga mu bya fiziki wabanaga nubumuga bwo kutumva w’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Stanford maze amusaba ko yareba uburyo bwo gukora igikoresho cyemerera abadafite ubumuga bwo kutumva kuvugana n’abanditsi ba televiziyo ku murongo wa telefone.
Extended-wear heading aid

An extende-wear hearing aid n'ubwoko bw'icyuma cy'amatwi gishyirwa cyane mu mfunzo y'amatwi cyane  kandi gishobora kumererwa amezi menshi kitavanwaho. Ubu bwoko bw'imfashanyo yo kwumva irakwiriye cyane cyane kubantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva bworoshye. Iki gitekerezo gishya cyo gufasha kwumva cyahimbwe na Adnan Shennib washinze InSound Medical, Inc. 

Kuba ibi byuma by'amatwi bishyirwa mu mfunzo y'amatwi ubwabyo bitanga umusaruro mwiza mu kugabanya urusaku ruturutse ku kirere, kuvugana kw'imbere mu matwi, gusubiramo urusaku no gutanga amajwi mu buryo bwiza, ndetse bigatanga uburyo bwiza bwo kumva aho amajwi aturuka n'ubwiza bw'amajwi ugereranyije n'ibindi byuma by'amatwi. 

## Koresha no gukora
Extended-wear hearing aids bikorwa mu kintu cyoroshye kigenewe gukurikira imiterere y'imfunzo y'amatwi y'umuntu, kandi zigira ubugari butandukanye bw'imfunzo kugira ngo zihuze n'ingano y'amatwi y'abantu batandukanye. Umuganga wa ENT, inzobere mu majwi cyangwa inzobere mu gufasha kumva ntabwo ari kubaga yinjiza igikoresho mu gutwi, agishyira mu gice cyamagufwa cyumuyoboro w ugutwi ~ 4&nbsp;mm uhereye kuri tympanic membrane, cyangwa ugutwi . Gushyira muburyo bwihariye mumatwi yamatwi bivugwa ko bitanga ubwiyongere rusange mubyunguka nibisohoka, icyumba kinini cyumutwe, kugabanya ingaruka zifatika, kugabanya ibitekerezo no kunoza icyerekezo. Iyo bimaze kwinjizwamo, abakoresha barashobora guhindura amajwi nigenamiterere bakoresheje igikoresho cyo guhindura ibintu.

Birakurikirana  ko umuganga w'inzobere mu matwi akuraho imfashanyo ndende yo kumva iyo bateri ipfuye cyangwa igihe icyuma kigoma gusimburwa, ariko abahanga benshi mu by'amatwi batanga igikoresho cyihariye cyo kugikuramo(removal loop) kugira ngo umuntu abikore wenyine igihe bibaye ngombwa.

## Birakwiriye
Kimwe n'ibindi bikoresho byumva, guhuza bishingiye ku matwi y'umuntu ku giti cye, ingano y'ugutwi n'uburyo, imiterere y'ubuvuzi, n'ubuzima. Ibi birashobora kugenwa no gusura inzobere mu gufasha kumva.

## Kuramba
Ibikoresho byunvikana byunvikana byubatswe kugirango bihangane nubushuhe na cerumen (ibishashara byamatwi) kandi birashobora kwambarwa mugihe ukora siporo, kwiyuhagira, nibindi. Kuramba kwimashini ndende yunvikana bigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze, itandukaniro ryibidukikije, nubuzima bwa buri mukoresha.
Hearing-Aid Speech Quality Index

**Indangantego yo Kumva-Imfashanyo Yerekana Indangagaciro** ( **HASQI** ) ni igipimo cy'ubwiza bw'amajwi cyashyizweho mu rwego rwo gusuzuma ubwiza bw'ijijwi ry'abantu bafite icyuma cy'amatwi ,.   Byerekanwe kandi ko bishobora gupima ubuziranenge bw'amajwi ku majwi atavuga ndetse n'ababumva nta kubura kumva . 

## Amavu n'amavuko
Mugihe imyumvire yubwiza bwamajwi ishobora gupimwa hifashishijwe ibipimo byo gushishoza, ikizamini gitwara igihe kinini gukora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibipimo byinshi byateguwe kugira ngo amajwi asuzumwe bitabaye ngombwa ko abantu bumva. Ingero zisanzwe ziva kuri terefone zirimo PESQ, POLQA, PEVQ na PEAQ . HASQI yashyizweho bwa mbere na Kates na Arehart kugira ngo basuzume uburyo imyitwarire mibi yinjizwa n'ibyuma by'amatwi igabanya ubwiza bw'amajwi  Basohoye kandi verisiyo nshya muri 2014. 

Kressner na al.  yagerageje kuvuga imvugo itandukanye na dataset yakoreshejwe mugutezimbere HASQI kandi yerekana ko indangagaciro rusange neza kubayumva nta gutakaza kumva hamwe nibikorwa bigereranywa na PESQ. Kendrick n'abandi. 

## Uburyo
HASQI hamwe nisubiramo ryayo 2014 n'uburyo bubiri bwarangiye busaba ibyerekezo bisukuye hamwe n'ibimenyetso bitesha agaciro kugirango bisuzumwe. Iki gipimo kigerageza kugaragaza ingaruka z'urusaku, kwivanga kudakwiye kw'amajwi (nonlinear distortion), kuyungura ku murongo (linear filtering) n'impinduka z'umurongo w'amajwi (spectral changes) binyuze mu kubara itandukaniro cyangwa isano hagati y'ingenzi mu biranga amajwi.Ibi bikorwa mugusuzuma ibahasha yerekana ibimenyetso byigihe gito kugirango hamenyekane iyangirika ryatewe nurusaku no kuyungurura umurongo, hamwe namabahasha yigihe kirekire kugirango agereranye ingaruka zo kuyungurura umurongo. Verisiyo ya 2 ya HASQI ikubiyemo icyitegererezo cyo gufata ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya sisitemu yo kumva ya periferique kubantu basanzwe kandi bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva.

Kendrick n'abandi. yateje imbere uburyo buhumye (bumwe-bumwe), bHASQI, ukoresheje kwiga imashini. Ibi bifasha ubwiza bwamajwi gusuzumwa uhereye kubimenyetso byangiritse gusa udakeneye ibisobanuro bisukuye.
Sonotone 1010

the Sonotone 1010  **hearing aid  yagiye hanze taliki 2**9 Ukuboza 1952. Icyo cyari igicuruzwa cya mbere cy’ubucuruzi gukoresha transistor, zari zaravumbuwe imyaka itanu mbere ya 1947.

Byari igishushanyo mbonera, ukoresheje miniature ya vacuum ebyiri nkicyiciro cyo kwinjiza hamwe na tristoriste imwe nkibisohoka; ibi byasabwaga kuko tristoriste icyo gihe yabyaye urusaku rw'amashanyarazi cyane. Ndetse ukoresheje transistor imwe yongerewe cyane igihe cya bateri, kugabanya igiciro cy'imikorere y'ikigo. Mugihe transistor yateye imbere, ubu bwoko bw'icyuma cy'amatwi bwasimbujwe n'ibyuma by'amatwi byose bikoresha transistors. 

Isosiyete ya Sonotone yari ifite icyicaro cyayo mu mujyi wa New York kandi yashinzwe mu 1929.  Isosiyete yaguzwe n’andi masosiyete atandukanye kandi ntiyari ikiri mu bucuruzi mu 2005.
Foldimate

**FoldiMate** yari companyi  ikorera muri Californiya yashinzwe muri 2012, ikora imashini y'ikoranabuhanga ishobora gufunika imyenda mu buryo bwikora. Imashini yabo yo gufunga imyenda yari igamije kwinjira ku isoko mu mpera za 2019. Mu 2021, isosiyete yarahagaritse. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Amateka ==
Foldimate yashinzwe na Gal Rozov, injeniyeri wa software [[Isirayeli|muri Isiraheli]] wafashe umwanzuro ko kumesa imyenda ari akazi katoroshye gashobora gukorwa neza na robo. Mu mwaka wa  Rozov yaretse akazi ko gutunganya porogaramu no gucunga ibicuruzwa maze amara imyaka ibiri akora ibikoresho byo kumesa. Mu mwaka wa 2012, yimukiye muri Amerika gukorana n'ikipe ya robo mu kibaya cya Silicon. Kugeza mu 2013, yari afite ikoranabuhanga ryemewe. Muri 2016, nyuma yicyiciro cya mbere cyishoramari, yakoze prototype yambere.  Porotype yatanzwe muri CES 2017 yabyaye inyungu nyinshi. 

Isosiyete yerekanye prototype igezweho ya Foldimate muri CES 2018 . 

Muri Mutarama 2018, BSH Hausgeräte yagaragaje ubushake bwo gufatanya na Foldimate. 

Ku ya 30 Kanama 2021, isosiyete yohereje imeri ku bakiriya bari baratanze ingwate ya amadolari 85$   ibamenyesha ko iyi sosiyete yahombye kandi ibasaba kuzuza impapuro zisaba gusubizwa ayo mafaranga $85. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">**' &#x5B; &#x5D; ngo "Guhagarika ubucuruzi - ITANGAZO ryo kubitsa" kandi ryatangiranye n'umurongo "Ndakumenyesha ko FoldiMate, inc. (" FOLDIMATE ") yahagaritse ibikorwa byayo by'ubucuruzi". Abakiriya basabwaga gutanga ifishi bitarenze ku ya 1 Gashyantare 2022, amafaranga yatanzwe guhera nyuma y'itariki ya 1 Gashyantare 2022.Umukiriya yasabwe gutanga amafaranga yo kubitsa n'itariki. Kwishura byatanzwe hakoreshejwe PayPal cyangwa ikarita y'inguzanyo.

## Incamake

FoldiMate nini cyane kuruta imashini imesa . Nk’uko abashinzwe iterambere babitangaza, irashobora kuzinga neza mu minota itarenze 4. 

Umukoresha akata umwenda kumyenda ibiri hanyuma ikintu gikururwa mumashini. Noneho urukurikirane rw'ibizunguruka n'amaboko bigenda mu byerekezo byose kugirango bigorore kandi bikubye. Imashini irashobora kuzinga amashati, hejuru, ipantaro n imyenda  ntabwo ari imyenda mito y'imyenda y'imbere cyangwa ibintu binini nk'impapuro.   Ibintu byiziritse bisubizwa mu murongo unyuze mu madirishya hepfo yimashini. 

Impapuro zabanjirije iyi zirimo tekinoroji yo kurwanya inkari n'ibiranga impumuro nziza, ariko ibicuruzwa byarahinduwe kandi byoroshya hagamijwe kubitegura ku isoko mu mpera za 2019.