Kwiyandikisha

Kwiyandikisha kuri domaine ninzira yo kubona izina rya domaine kuri Gerefiye Izina.

## Amateka
Mu 1993 ishami ry'ubucuruzi muri Amerika, rifatanije n'ibigo byinshi ndetse n'abigenga, bigizwe n'iterambere ry'ibanze ririmo amazina ya Domisiyo ya Byemewe na IP (ibindi bihugu bifitanye isano na Nics. ) - Hano hari ihuriro rikurikira rya sisitemu ya Kanada, kurugero). Ibisubizo byurusobe, umunyamuryango wa Imbere, yatoranijwe kugirango ayobore kandi akomeze umubare wingengamuntu wa interineti na aderesi ya IP. Ubu bubiko bwo hagati bwandukuwe kuri Seriveri yo hejuru ya Domisiyo (Tld) kwisi yose ikarema ameza yibanze yakoreshejwe na buri mudasobwa ihuza na enterineti.

Buri Geredani yemewe agomba kwishyura amafaranga yagenwe ya US $ 4,000 wongeyeho amafaranga ahinduka. Igiteranyo cya Gerefiye ya Gerefiye igamije ko muri miliyoni 3.8 z'amadolari. Amarushanwa yakozwe na sisitemu yo kwiyandikisha isangiwe ituma abakoresha barangiza guhitamo abanditsi benshi batanga serivisi zitandukanye zijyanye nibiciro bitandukanye.

## Kugena umwanditsi
Amakuru yo kwiyandikisha kumurongo abikwa nizina ryizina rya domaine, rigirana amasezerano nabanditsi ba domaine kugirango batange serivisi zo kwiyandikisha kubaturage. Ingero ziyandikisha muri domaine zirimo GoDaddy.com, Domain.com, Google Domisiyo, na IONOS. Umukoresha wa nyuma ahitamo umwanditsi kugirango atange serivisi yo kwiyandikisha, kandi uwo mwanditsi ahinduka umwanditsi wagenwe kumurongo watoranijwe numukoresha.

Gusa umwanditsi wabigenewe arashobora guhindura cyangwa gusiba amakuru yerekeye amazina ya domaine mububiko rusange. Ntibisanzwe ko umukoresha wa nyuma ahindura abanditsi, bitabaza inzira yo kohereza indangarubuga hagati yabiyandikishije babigizemo uruhare, bigengwa na politiki yihariye yo kohereza izina.

Nubwo abiyandikishije babigenewe aribintu byonyine bishobora guhindura cyangwa gusiba amakuru yerekeranye namazina ya domaine mubitabo bikuru, hariho abadandaza benshi baguha uburenganzira bwo kugurisha domaine. Ntugomba kuba umwanditsi wagenwe kugirango ugurishe kandi wandike domaine.

Iyo umwanditsi mukuru yiyandikishije izina rya com kumurongo wumukoresha wa nyuma, agomba kwishyura amafaranga ntarengwa yumwaka US $ 7.34 kuri VeriSign, ushinzwe kwiyandikisha kuri com, hamwe n’amafaranga US $ 0.18 y’ubuyobozi muri ICANN. Abanditsi benshi ba domaine bagura serivisi zabo nibicuruzwa kugirango bakemure amafaranga yumwaka n'amafaranga y'ubuyobozi agomba kwishyurwa ICANN. Inzitizi zo kwinjira mubikorwa byinshi byabanditsi ni byinshi kubigo bishya bidafite abakiriya bahari.

Abanditsi benshi batanga kandi kwiyandikisha binyuze mumashami y'abacuruzi. Umukoresha wa nyuma yiyandikisha haba mubanditsi, cyangwa mu buryo butaziguye binyuze murwego rumwe cyangwa byinshi byabacuruzi. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010, igiciro cyo kugurisha muri rusange kiva ku giciro kiri munsi y’amadolari 7.50 ku mwaka kugeza ku madolari 35 ku mwaka kugira ngo umuntu yiyandikishe mu buryo bworoshye, nubwo abiyandikisha akenshi bagabanya igiciro kiri hasi cyane - rimwe na rimwe ndetse n’ubusa - iyo batumijwe hamwe n’ibindi bicuruzwa.

Igihe ntarengwa cyo kwiyandikisha kumazina ya domaine ni imyaka 10. Bamwe mu biyandikisha batanga igihe kirekire kugeza ku myaka 100, ariko ibyo bitanga birimo umwanditsi mukuru kuvugurura kwiyandikisha kubakiriya babo; kwiyandikisha kumyaka 100 ntabwo byaba biri mububiko bwemewe.

## DNS
Kwiyandikisha kwizina rya domaine bishyiraho urutonde rwitangiriro ryubuyobozi (SOA) muri seriveri ya DNS ya seriveri yababyeyi, byerekana aderesi ya IP (cyangwa izina rya domaine) ya seriveri ya DNS ifite uburenganzira kuri domaine. Ibi bitanga gusa uburyo bwo kubona amakuru ya domaine - ntabwo ari amakuru nyirizina.

Kwiyandikisha kumurongo ntabwo bihita bisobanura gutanga serivisi za DNS kumurongo wanditse. Abiyandikisha benshi batanga DNS yakira nka serivisi yubuntu kuri domaine zanditswemo. Niba serivisi za DNS zidatanzwe, cyangwa umukoresha wa nyuma ahisemo, umukoresha wa nyuma ashinzwe kugura cyangwa kwiyakira serivisi za DNS. Hatariho serivisi za DNS kuri domaine, kwiyandikisha ntacyo bimaze mubikorwa bya interineti, nubwo iki kibazo gikunze guhura na parikingi hamwe na cyberquatting.

## Izina ryimurwa
Izina ryihererekanyabubasha ni inzira yo guhindura umwanditsi wagenwe wizina rya domaine. ICANN yasobanuye Politiki yo kwimura iyandikwa hagati y'abanditsi. Inzira isanzwe yo kwimura izina ni:

# Umukoresha wa nyuma agenzura ko amakuru ya admin admin amakuru ari ukuri, cyane cyane aderesi imeri; Kubona Kode yo Kwemeza (Kode yoherejwe na EPP) mubanditsi ba kera, kandi ikuraho ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gifunze cyashyizwe ku kwiyandikisha. Niba amakuru ya whis yari yararengeje igihe kandi akaba yaravuguruwe, umukoresha wa nyuma agomba gutegereza amasaha 12-24 mbere yo gukomeza, kugirango yemere igihe amakuru agezweho yo kwamamaza.
# Umukoresha wa nyuma arahuza abanditsi bashya bafite icyifuzo cyo kwimura izina rya domaine muri serivisi zabo, kandi bagatanga kode yo kwemeza.
# Gerefiye wunguka agomba kubona uruhushya rwihuse yabafite izina ryiyandikishije cyangwa Ushinzwe imiyoborere. Iyimurwa rishobora gukomeza gusa iyo kwemeza kwimurwa byakiriwe na Gerefiye wunguka muri imwe muriyo mibonano. Uruhushya rugomba gukorwa hifashishijwe Ifishi yemewe yemewe, ishobora koherezwa urugero. kuri e-imeri kuri e-imeri ubarizwa muri OMS. Ufite Izina ryiyandikishije cyangwa Ushinzwe imiyoborere agomba kwemeza iyimurwa. Umwanditsi mushya atangira kuri elegitoronike ihererekanyabubasha hifashishijwe kode yo kwemeza (code auth).
# Umwanditsi mukuru ushaje azahamagara umukoresha wa nyuma kugirango yemeze ukuri kwiki cyifuzo. Umukoresha wa nyuma arashobora gufata ingamba zindi hamwe niyandikisha rya kera, nko gusubira mubikoresho byo gucunga kumurongo, kugirango yongere yongere icyifuzo cyabo cyo gukomeza, kugirango yihutishe iyimurwa.
# Umwanditsi mukuru ushaje azarekura ububasha kubanditsi bashya.
# Umwanditsi mushya azamenyesha umukoresha wa nyuma wo kurangiza. Umwanditsi mushya ashobora guhita yandukura hejuru yamakuru ya seriveri, kandi ibintu byose kurubuga bizakomeza gukora nka mbere. Bitabaye ibyo, indangarubuga ya seriveri amakuru azakenera kuvugururwa hamwe niyandikisha rishya.

Nyuma yiki gikorwa, umwanditsi mushya nizina rya domaine yagenewe umwanditsi. Inzira irashobora gufata iminsi igera kuri itanu. Rimwe na rimwe, umwanditsi mukuru wa kera arashobora gutinza nkana kwimurwa igihe cyose byemewe. Nyuma yo kwimurwa, domaine ntishobora kwimurwa muminsi 60, usibye gusubira mubanditsi bambere.

Ntabwo bihuje n'ubwenge kugerageza kwimura domaine ako kanya itararangira. Rimwe na rimwe, iyimurwa rishobora gufata iminsi 14, bivuze ko iyimurwa ridashobora kurangira mbere yo kwiyandikisha. Ibi birashobora kuvamo gutakaza izina rya domaine kwandikwa no kunanirwa kwimurwa. Kugira ngo wirinde ibi, abakoresha amaherezo bagomba kwimura neza mbere yitariki yo kurangiriraho, cyangwa kuvugurura kwiyandikisha mbere yo kugerageza kwimura.

Niba kwiyandikisha kumurongo birangiye, hatitawe kubwimpamvu, birashobora kugorana, bihenze, cyangwa ntibishoboka ko nyirubwite abisubiza inyuma. Nyuma yitariki yo kurangiriraho, imiterere ya domaine akenshi inyura mubyiciro byinshi byo kuyobora, akenshi mugihe cyamezi; mubisanzwe ntabwo iboneka gusa muri rusange.

Urutonde rusa nkaho rukoreshwa hafi ya 16 rusange rusange rusange TLDs (gTLDs) yabayeho guhera Ukuboza 2009, wongeyeho .us. Gashyantare 2010 impapuro zinjira muri dosiye ya zone ya ICANN isobanura ko kode nyinshi zo mu gihugu TLD (ccTLD) zahagaritse gutanga amadosiye ya zone mu 2003, biturutse ku ihohoterwa.