Romani chib

I **Rromani ćhib** vai Rromano vakăriben si iekh xindusthanesqe buxlăribnasqi vai indikane diasporosqi ćhib anθar-i indo-ariăne ćhibăqi familia. Kathe si mai paśal ël ćhibĕnça anθar-o maśkarutno grupo (Ovestuni Hindi, Gujarati, Bili, Kandesh, Rayengethem). 

Akana ël dialektură si len but alava (lafora) vaj vorbe anθar ël gaʒikane ćhibă thaj si varesave gramatikalne ververimata maśkar lenθe, ël dialektură vaj endajalektură (varietetură ël Rromane ćhibăqe kaj si dine dùma anθ-e ververe Rromane komunitetură). Sa kadea, sa ël Rromane ćhibăqe varietetură si len so maj but phurane alava kaj aven kaθar ël xindusthanesqe ćhibă. Avere ojkoklitićne vaj tematikne (nativne) alava aven kaθar ël persikane vaj iranikane ćhibă thaj ël armenikane thaj grećikane ćhibă.

Avdives si but manuśa anθar o Rromano naròdo kaj ći maj ʒanen penqe ćhibă. Kadi situàcia areslăs anθar o motìvo kë sas butivar anθ-i hiśtòria zumavlimata te gaʒăren vai te keren asimilàcia ël Rromenqe, sar egzemplo anθ-e maj but thema kaj ël thagara kerdĭne zakonură mamuj ël Rromane ćhibăθe kaj ći mukhlĭne ël Rroma te vakăren Rromanes bi te daran bilaćhe konsekvencurĕnθar.

## Puranipen

* Nay dudale dokumentura te arakhel o puranipen le vaxtosko kana le romenge phure telyarden le Indikane Supbarodvipestar. Atunch e akanutni Romani chhib shay te anel dzhanglimata andar o kodo vaxt. 

But bersha sas phendo so e roma aven andar e bashavne (10.000 vay 12.000 dzhene) dine e Kanoyesko thagarendar Shankal le farsikaneske thagareske Behram Gur (po 5-to shelbersh AD).

Neve rodimata (Masitsa, 1991:221) fal te arakhen ke nay shaypen te avel kadya. e Romani chhib si yekh nevi indo-ariyani chhib. Sostar? Si la duy linga (murshikano tay dzhuvlikano). dzhi pretele o bersh 1000 sa e indo-ariyanikane chhiba (navyarne mashkarutne) sas len trin linga (murshikano, dzhuvlikano tay nevtro). Palal kodya e neutre kerden pen murshikane, ama sira lava kerden pen dzhuvlikane, sar misalake अग्नि (*agni*) pe purani indo-ariyani, याग् (*yag*) andi Romani, आग (aag) pe hindi. Kadya si vi pe Romani chhib (ama dikh kado: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/21280621/Pub/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD.%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%20%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.pdf – pe rusicko chhib).

Kana le romenge phure telyarden palal o bersh 1000, o Yanko le Redzhosko (vay o Ian Hankock) http://radoc.net/ ke godisarel von sas andar le radzhputa so marden ando kodo vaxt le xoraxanurensa. Mashkar e bersha 1001 tay 1026 AD, e xoraxaya (afghanurya tay turkurya), dzhangle sar Gaznavidurya, avilen kay Sind tay Pandzhab tay marden deshtueftavar le hindustanurensa tay peravden lenge thema vi forurya. E Radzhputa (*Rayenge Chave*) sas Rekshoriya (*soldiers*) andar verver *Dzhati* (caste) kidine te maren le xoraxanensa. Von gelen ando maripen le lenge dzhuvlensa tay shavensa vi but aver manusha te lacharen lenge butya, te anen tay keren xaben vi aver Dzhutimata.

I romani chhib shay te avel andar e chhiba phende katar le Radzhputa. Si la lava so miyazon e lava le chhibenge andar sa o Nordutno Tay Mashkarutno Subbarodvip. Si la but lava po maripen: *bust* (*spear* andi anglizikani chhib), *patava* (*gaiters*), *[[Xanro]]* (*sword*), *tover* (*axe*). O lav le manushenge so chi si roma, *Gadzhe* avel andar *Gadzha* (*civilian*, *domestic*, *non-military*), yekh prakritikano lav. Aver nav, *das* si vi andar i prakitikani chhib (*slave*, *captive*, *enemy*), vi *Goro* (*parne muyasa* vi *slave*).

Sar von telyarden? Vi kathe si sira dzhanglimata. Yekh Radzhputikano Dzhati, e bandzhara, mothoden sar but lendar gelen ko oksidento ando kodo vaxt. Vi si dzhanglo ke but hindustanurya sas phandavde le xorxanendar tay tradine ando akanutno Afganistan tay Mashkarutni Asiya. Kodola xoraxaya phenden but chhibya, ama  e prindzhardi sas i farsikani. I romani si la but Farsikane lava tay 80% lendar si vi andi urdu chhib. Urdu si i indo-ariaynikani chhib le muslimanurenge ando Subbardodvip (but lendar aven andar le phandavne hindustanurendar). Palal so e aver muslimanurya, e Seldzhikurya, marden le Gaznaviduren ando bersh 1038, von marden vi i Armeniya ando 1071. Atunshi tradine but phandavde le lenge familiyensa andi Oriyentalutni Anatoliya.

I romani chhib si la but Yelenikani (Greshikani) tay armenikane lava. Yekto le romenge phure beshlen andi Armeniya tay palal kodya ando Bisantino Thagaripen. Andi Armeniya von arakhlen o Kristiyanismo. Lava sar *xanamik*, *Patradzhi* aven andar i armenikani chhib.

O Ian Hankock godisarel so ando Bisantino Thagaripen kerdilyas i romani chhib andar sa e indo-ariyanikane chhibya shirdipenastar. I Yelenikani chhib (le thagaripnaski chhib) si la duyto vastnipen (pashal e indo-ariyanikane chhiba) ando romani chhibyako kerdipen. Si but lava vi gramatikane elementurya (sufiksurya sar: *-os*, *-is*, *-mos*, *-mata*, *-me(n)*, *–as*, *-is*, *-isar-*).

So phenen e romane lava pe romenge phure? Lava sar *Kher*, *Udar*, *Gav*, *thagar*, *Bal*, *khayini*si indo-ariyane tay sikaven e phure shi sas phirutne dzhene po shirdipen. E lava le butenge so dikhen o phiripen si andar i Anatoliya: *Grast*, *Char* (te pravaren e grasta) si andar i armenikani, *vurdon* andar i Kurdikani, *drom*, *petalo* andar i Yelenikani. Kadala butya avilen vastne (importanto) andi Anatoliya tay kothar line lava te navyaren len. Vi e metalenge butya sas siklile andi Anatoliya. Le nava le metalenge si Yelenikani (bi *o somnekay', *o rup*, tay *o sastri* so si indo-ariyane), vi le nava le labnenge te kerel buty le metalensa (sar *karfin* ...).*

Ando 13-to shelbersh but roma gelen andi Evropa, avilen ande sa e thema la Evropake, palal kodya andi Amerika, Afrika, Avustraliya. Kana e roma sas xulavde but diyalekturya la romani chhibyake inklen.

## I akanutni chhib

Akana le diyalekturya si len but lava andar le gadzhikane vhibya tay avel nishte gramatikane ververimata. Vi si but roma so chi may phenen i chhib.

Po akademikano nivo, varekon phenen si yek chhib but diyalekturensa vi varekon phenen si mai but chhibya. Kon phenen si yek chhib sikaven lako ander so si ande sa e dialekturya. Mai sikaven la Evropake chhibya sar i italiyanikani, i germanikani tay but aver si si len diyalekturya. Lenge vakyarne chi xatyaren mishto yek avreste tay trebun te den duma pi standardikani chhib. I diskusia shay si la politikane phandimata. Sar andi Dzhermaniya, kay, palal o gogipen *divide et impera* (xulav tay xulayar), o guverno fal les mishto te arakhel duy sela (nasiye), Roma tay Sinti.

But vaxt e romane diyalekturya sas rigyarde ande *vlax* tay *bivlax*. Bernard Gillad Smith kerdyas yekto kadya ando 1915 ando lil *The Report on the Gypsy Tribes on North-East Bulgaria*. 

E vlax diyalekturya si le romenge so beshen but vaxt po rumunikano phuv tay si len but lava la rumunikane chhibyatar.

Shirindoy le bershesa 1982, o Marcel Courthiade, lekhlyas nishte artikolurya kay sikavel aver shaytnipen te rigyarel e dialekturya. Vov dikhel ande ververipen le diyalekturenge trin straturya.

Yekto si o strato le mai purane diyalekturenge: *mechkari*, *kabudzhi*, *xanduri*, *drindari*, *erli*, *bugurdzhi*, *mahadzheri*, *ursari* (*rićhinari*), *spoitori* (*[[Xoraxane Roma]*), *karpatichi*, *Polaniya Roma*, *Kale* (Finlandeske Roma), *Sinte-Manush* diyalekturya.

Po duyto si e diyalekturya: *chergari*, *gurbeti*, *dzhambashi*, *fichiri*, yek kotor le diyalekturenge navne *vlax* andi Rumuniya tay Bulgariya.

Vi ando trinto strato si: *kalderash*, *lovari*, *machvano*.

Yek tabelo le ververimatensa:

Thai ande Marcel Courthiadeske klasifikasiya vi aven e pogadiyalekturya (navyarde kadya palal o diyalekto *pogadi* andar i Bari Britaniya). Kadala kerdile andar i gadzhikani gramantika tay lava (andar o them kay kodole roma beshen) tay nishte romane lava. Pogadialekturya si vi andi Spaniya (*kalo*), Norvedzhiya (*scandoromani*) tay but aver.Dikh vi le Chhiba le Romenge.

## Chhibyaki Shtandardisasiya

Dikh vi: Standardizuimi Romani chhib vay Standardizuimi Romani chhib (Selahetin Kruezi)

Yek shtandardisasiyako zumavipen kerdivel ande shkole Rumuniyake. Kothe, o Gheorghe Sarău kerel pustika (lila) tay lavustika (diksionarya), te Dzhutisaren o siklyaripen la romane chhibyako le Chavengre so dzhanen vay na e chhib familiyatar. Vov respektisarel le Marsel Courthiadeske rodimatenge (ke si trin straturya la romane chhibyake tay ke nay yek chachi vlax romani chhib/diyalekto) tay lenge zumavimata te kerel yek Shtandarduni Chhib pashal i purani Chhib.

Te kerel shtandardisasia,te avel yekh "shudzhi" chhib, sas alosarde indo-ariyane gramatikane elementurya vi lava andar verver romane dialekturya. Kana si may but forme ande dialekturya alosardyovel kodoya so si may pasharni la purane formate (*byav* feder sar *abyav*, *abyau*, *akana* sar *akanak*, *chhib* sar *shib*, *shunav* sar *ashunau* vai *ashunav*, *pes* tay *pen* sar *pe*). Vi e purane gramatikane elementurya si Zutime (*bareder* feder sar *may baro*, yekhto te avel i pashnavni thai palal kodya i navni).

Kana si shayutnipen, andar e purane lava si navne e neve butya: *xuryavno* (*airplane* andi englizikani chhib), *vortorin* (*slide rule*), *palpaledikhipnasko* (*retrospectively*), *pashnavni* (*adjective*). But neolodzhismurya si andar i rumunikani chhib sar *Vermeya* (*weather*, *time*), *primariya* (*town hall*), *frishka* (*cream*), *sfinto* (*saint*, *holy*). Kana shay te avel, yekh romani indo-ariyani forma si labyardi ando than le avere forme (*murravno* feder sar *frizero*, *chingar* sar *skandalo*, *dabarel* sar *chitisarel*). Si andine neolodzhismurya thay andar i hindikani chhib sar *bidzhli* (*bulb*, *electricity*), *viram* (*dot*, *point*), *lekhipen* (*writing*) vi andar i englizikani chhib (*printisarel*, *Prezidento*).

## Chhibakire Atitudura
Sar o Rromano sundal si zorales buhliardo, si trebalno te dzhanas ame ke si mai but atituduria vai ginduria mashkar el Rromende karing o pushiben el Rromania chhibiako. Vuni Rroma mothovena ke nai lacho te avel i Rromani chhib sikliardi katar el Gadzhe, thay vi ke ci trebal te sikliarel pes nic and-e shkole. Von mangen te avel (vay te achel) i Rromani chhib dzhekh garavdi chib. Ando aver vast si yekh verver gindo vai atitudo kai phenel ke si lachi buchi te avel i Rromani chhib vakiardi mai but and-e savorre thana, thay te dezvoltisarel pes vi yekh zuravdi Rromani literatura, so mai but Rroma hramosarindoi mai but shukar Rromane gilia, lila, paramiciaqe pustika, videouria thai kadea mai dur.

El chhibiakire atituduria si zorales phandle kel chhibiakire ideologiuria. Yekh ansamblo el chhibiakire atituduriengo kerel yekh chhibiakiri ideologia. 

## Vi dikh

* Romano lekhipen
* Chiba le romenge
* Valshenengi Romani chhib
* Zargai Romani

## Avrutne phandimata

* Romani project@Karl-Franzens-University ando Graz
* O Yanko le Redzosko (Ian Hankock) thovdyas kathe nishte lekhimata leske
* I daki chhib
* I romani chhib andi Europa
* Ekh Romano keyboard (zip) mar Caps Lock te paruvel pes o lekhavipen (Devnagari thay Latinikano)
* web romengo-dasikani alavari

## Bibliografiya

* Hancock, Ian - *Ame sam e rromane dzene / We are the Romani People*, The Open Society Institute, New York, 2001
* Masica, Colin, - *The Indo-Aryan Languages*, Cambridge: The University Press, 1991
* Sarău, Gheorghe - *Rromii, India și limba rromani*, Bukureshti, 1997
* Sarău, Gheorghe - *Dicționar rrom-român / Dikcionaro rromano-rumunikano*, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2000