پښتو ابېڅي

**[[پښتو]] ابېڅې**، لکه د پارسي او د اردو ژبې د ابېڅو په شان د عربي ژبې نه اشتقاق شوې ابېڅې دي چې د هغو غږونو او ځليزو ښکارندويي وکړي کوم چې يوازې په پښتو ژبه کې دي او په عربي ژبه کې نه موندل کېږي. دا هغه ابېڅې دي چې د ځينو تورو، ټکو او يا نښو په ځانگړي کېدو سره د څانگړو غږونو لپاره کارېږي.
## پښتو ابېڅې
thumb|200px|د پښتو ابېڅو دوه څانگړي توري: '''' او ''''
په پښتو ابېڅو کې داسې توري شته چې په عربي او يا هم د پارسي ژبې په ابېڅو کې نشته. د ساري په توگه، هغه توري representing the retroflex consonants  and  are written like the standard Arabic te, dāl, re and nun with a "", "" or also called "" attached underneath, which looks like a small circle:  , ,, and , respectively. It also has the letters  and  (representing voiceless and voiced retroflex fricatives), which look like a sin and reh respectively with a dot above and beneath:  and . The letters representing the Voiceless alveolar affricate  and Voiced alveolar affricate look like a  with three dots above and an hamza () above;  and , and are also specific to Pashto, although  was also used in the related extinct language of Khwarezmian to represent both  and . Pashto has  , ,, and  for additional vowels and diphthongs as well.

په پښتو ابېڅو کې د عربي ژبې ۲۸ پور شوي توري او د پارسي ژبې ۳ پور شوي توري ( ,, او ) شامل دي، پاتې ۱۲ توري د پښتو ابېڅو خپل ځانگړي توري دي.

### توري
دلته لاندې په پښتو ژبه کې کارېدلي ۴۴ توري راغونډ شوي. د ابداليانو گړدود د (A) په توري، د غلزيانو گړدود د (G) او د يوسفزو گړدود د (Y) په تورو ښکاره شوي.
}
|   
|  
|  / 
| U+0627, U+0622
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ب
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺐ  
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺒـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|بـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0628
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|پ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﭗ 
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﭙـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|پـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+067E
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ت
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺖ 
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺘـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|تـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+062A
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ټ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـټ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـټـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ټـ
| 
|  (*or* 'tt')
| 
| 
| U+067C
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ث
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺚ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺜـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ثـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+062B
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ج
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺞ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺠـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|جـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+062C
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ځ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـځ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـځـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ځـ
| 
|  (*or* 'dz') / 
| 
|  (A, G) /  (Y)
| U+0681
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|چ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﭻ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﭽـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|چـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0686
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|څ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـڅ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـڅـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|څـ
|  (*tsim*)
|  (*or* 'ts')
| 
|  (A, G) /  (Y)
| U+0685
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ح
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺢ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺤـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|حـ
| 
| 
| 
|  / 
| U+062D
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|خ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺦ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺨـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|خـ
|  
| 
| 
| 
| U+062E
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|د
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺪ
|
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+062F
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ډ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـډ
| 
|
| 
|  (*or* 'dd')
| 
| 
| U+0689
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ﺫ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺬ
|
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0630
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ﺭ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺮ
|
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0631
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ړ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـړ
|
|
| 
|  (*or* 'rr')
| 
| , 
| U+0693
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ﺯ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺰ
|
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0623
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ژ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﮋ
|
|
| 
| 
| 
|  (A, G) /  (Y)
| U+0698
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ږ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـږ
|
|
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
| U+0696
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|س
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺲ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺴـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|سـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0633
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ش
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺶ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺸـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|شـ
| 
| 
|  
| 
| U+0634
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ښ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـښ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـښـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ښـ
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
|  (A) /  (G) /  (Y)
| U+069A
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ص
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺺ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺼـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|صـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0635
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ض
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﺾ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻀـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ضـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0636
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ط
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻂ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻄـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|طـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0637
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ظ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻆ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻈـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ظـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0638
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ع
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻊ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻌـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|عـ
| 
| 
|  
| 
| U+0639
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|غ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻎ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻐـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|غـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+063A
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ف
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻒ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻔـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|فـ
| 
| 
| 
|  / 
| U+0641
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ق
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻖ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻘـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|قـ
| 
|  
| 
|  / 
| U+0642
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ك
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـك
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـكـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|كـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0643
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|گ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـگ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـگـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|گـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+06AB
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ل
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻞ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻠـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|لـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0644
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|م
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻢ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻤـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|مـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0645
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ن
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻦ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻨـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|نـ
| 
| 
| 
| 
| U+0646
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ڼ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـڼ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـڼـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ڼـ
| 
|  (*or* 'nn')
| 
| 
| U+06BC
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|و
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻮ
|
|
| 
| , , 
| , , 
| , , 
| U+0648
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ه
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻪ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻬـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|هـ
| round *he*
| , , /
| , , 
| /, , 
| U+0647
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ۀ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﮥ
|
|
|  (*يا* *)
|  (*or* *)
| 
| 
| U+06C0
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ي
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻲ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﻴـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|يـ
| hard *ye*
| , 
| , 
| , 
| U+064A
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ې
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﯥ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـﯧـ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ېـ
| soft *ye*
|  
|  
| 
| U+06D0
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ى
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـى
|
|
| masculine *ye*
| , 
| , 
| , 
| U+0649
|- align="center"
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ۍ
| style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"|ـۍ
|
|
| feminine *ye*
|  (*or* *)
|  
|  
| U+06CD
|}

*  In the beginning of a word, <font size="4">آ</font> ([[Harakat#Madda|alif with madda]]) represents the long vowel  (eg. <font size="3">آس</font> - , "horse"), and <font size="4">ا</font> (alif) represents the consonant  (eg. <font size="3">اسلام</font> -  or , "Islam"). In the middle or end of a word, <font size="4">ا</font> represents the long vowel  preceded by a consonant (eg. <font size="3">كال</font> - , "year"; and <font size="3">نيا</font> - , "grandmother").
*  The pronunciations of <font size="4">ږ</font> and <font size="4">ښ</font> depend on the dialect - eg. Kandahar:  and ; Quetta:  and ; southern Wazirwola:  and ; Wardak:  and ; Yusufzai:  and . 
*  The pronunciation of the letter <font size="4">ځ</font> merges with  in northern and eastern dialects, and <font size="4">څ</font> merges with  in eastern dialects.
*  The letter <font size="4">ړ</font> represents  if it is not at the final position of a [[syllable]]; if it is final, it represents .
*  <font size="4">ف</font> tends to be pronounced as <font size="4">پ</font>.
*  The letter <font size="4">ۀ</font> representing  is not used in many texts; instead <font size="4">ه</font> is used which can also represent .
*  <font size="4">ى</font> represents  if preceded by a consonant (eg. <font size="3">لرگى</font> - , "wood"), and represents  if preceded by a vowel (eg. <font size="3">دوى</font> - , "they").
*  Ten of the alphabets, <font size="4">ق ف ع ظ ط ض ص ح ﺫ ث</font>, appear only in loanwords which are mostly of Arabic origin. Eight of them, <font size="4">ع ظ ط ض ص ح ﺫ ث</font>, represent no additional phonemes of Pashto, and their pronunciation merges with other phonemes.

In the earliest known Pashto manuscript written in 1651 CE, <font size="4">ڊ</font> (dāl with subscript dot) was used for  and , which was still used in the Diwan of Mirza written in 1690 CE, but this sign was soon replaced by <font size="4">څ</font> which was first attested in 1696-7 CE. <font size="4">څ</font> is now used for only .

=== Diacritic marks ===
[[دوتنه:Harakat pashto.svg|thumb|300px|The Pashto diacritic marks: *zwarakai*, *pesh*, *zer*, and *zwar'']]
The four diacritic marks are:

*  The diacritic marks are not considered separate letters. Their use is optional and are usually not written; they are primarily used to distinguish between two words which appear similar.

## "ی" گانې
} ||  || end of the word  || the verb is in second person plural form || كوۍ  ('you (plur.) do')
|}

*  It is also common to use  (ye with an hamza above) at the end of a second-person plural verb, for example كوئ - , "you (plur.) do".

## سرچينې
* Awde & Sarwan (2002). "Pashto dictionary & phrasebook", page 24.

## باندنۍ تړنې

وېشنيزه:پښتو ژبه