قدیم فلسفہ

ایہ صفحہ قدیم فلسفے دے کچھ روابط د‏‏ی لسٹ ا‏‏ے۔ مغربی فلسفے وچ ، رومی سلطنت وچ مسیحیت دے پھیلاؤ نے ہیلینیائی فلسفے اُتے خاتمے د‏‏ی مہر لگیا دتی تے فلسفہ قرون وسطی دا آغاز ہويا، جدو‏ں کہ مشرقی فلسفے وچ ، اسلام دے پھیلاؤ نے قدیم ایرانی فلسفے دا خاتمہ کر دتا تے ابتدائی اسلامی فلسفے دا آغاز ہويا۔

## تعارف
خالص فلسفیانہ سوچ، خلقی انفرادی بصیرت اُتے منحصر اے، اس دا آغاز بہت ساریاں ثقافتاں وچ تقریباً اتفاقی طور اُتے ہويا۔
### فلسفی
* تاؤ مت
** لاؤزی (پانچویں–چوتھ‏ی صدی ق م)
** Zhuangzi (چوتھ‏ی صدی ق م)
** Zhang Daoling
** Zhang Jue (وفات 184 عیسوی)
** Ge Hong (283 – 343 عیسوی)
* کنفیوشس مت
** کنفیوشس
** مین شیس
** Xun Zi (c. 312 – 230 ق م)
* Legalism
** Li Si
** Li Kui
** Han Fei
** Mi Su Yu
** Shang Yang
** Shen Buhai
** Shen Dao
* مؤیت
** Mozi
** Song Xing
* Logicians
** Deng Xi
** Hui Shi (380–305 ق م)
** Gongsun Long (c. 325 – c. 250 ق م)
* Agrarianism
** Xu Xing
* Naturalism
** Zou Yan (305 – 240 ق م)
* Neotaoism
** Wang Bi
** Guo Xiang
** Xiang Xiu
* School of Diplomacy
** Guiguzi
** Su Qin (380 – 284 ق م)
** Zhang Yi (bef. 329 – 309 ق م)
** Yue Yi
** Li Yiji (268 – 204 ق م)
* School of the Military
** Sunzi (c. 500 ق م)
** Sun Bin (وفات 316 ق م)

## قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ

[thumb|250px|کھبے|Graphical relationship among the various pre-socratic [philosophers and thinkers; red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition.]]
[thumb|250px|کھبے|[رافیل's School of Athens، depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion.]]

### فلسفی

#### ماپہلے سقراطی فلسفی
* Milesian School
:تھالیز (624 – c 546 ق م)
:اناکسی میندر (610 – 546 ق م)
:اناکسی مینس (c. 585 – c. 525 ق م)
* فیثا غورثی
:فیثاغورث (582 – 496 ق م)
:فلولاؤس (470 – 380 ق م)
:Alcmaeon of Croton
:آرکیٹاس (428 – 347 ق م)
* ہیروکلیطس (535 – 475 ق م)
* Eleatic School
:Xenophanes (570 – 470 ق م)
:بارامانیاس (510 – 440 ق م)
:Zeno of Elea (490 – 430 ق م)
:Melissus of Samos (c. 470 ق م – ?)
* Pluralists
:امپی دوکلیز (490 – 430 ق م)
:اناکسا غورث (500 – 428 ق م)
* Atomists
:Leucippus (first half of پنجويں صدی ق م)
:دیموقراطیس (460 – 370 ق م)
:Metrodorus of Chios (چوتھ‏ی صدی ق م)
* Pherecydes of Syros (6th صدی ق م)
* Sophists
:پروتاغوراث (490 – 420 ق م)
:Gorgias (487 – 376 ق م)
:Antiphon (480 – 411 ق م)
:Prodicus (465/450 – بعد وچ 399 ق م)
:Hippias (وسط پنجويں صدی ق م)
:Thrasymachus (459 – 400 ق م)
:Callicles
:Critias
:Lycophron
* Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 460 ق م – ?)

#### قدیم یونانی فلسفی
* **[[سقراط]]** (469 – 399 ق م)
* Euclid of Megara (450 – 380 ق م)
* اینٹی شینز (445 – 360 ق م)
* ارسطیفوس (435 – 356 ق م)
* **[[افلاطون]]** (428 – 347 ق م)
* Speusippus (407 – 339 ق م)
* دیو جانس کلبی (400 – 325 ق م)
* Xenocrates (396 – 314 ق م)
* **[[ارسطو]]** (384 – 322 ق م)
* Stilpo (380 – 300 ق م)
* Theophrastus (370 – 288 ق م)

#### ہیلینیائی فلسفی
* Pyrrho (365 – 275 ق م)
* Epicurus (341 – 270 ق م)
* Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (331 – 278 ق م)
* Zeno of Citium (333 – 263 ق م)
* Cleanthes (c. 330 – c. 230 ق م)
* Timon (320 – 230 ق م)
* Arcesilaus (316 – 232 ق م)
* Menippus (3rd صدی ق م)
* ارشمیدس (c. 287 – 212 ق م)
* Chrysippus (280 – 207 ق م)
* Carneades (214 – 129 ق م)
* Clitomachus (187 – 109 ق م)
* Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd صدی ق م)
* Philo of Larissa (160 – 80 ق م)
* Posidonius (135 – 51 ق م)
* Antiochus of Ascalon (130 – 68 ق م)
* Aenesidemus (1st صدی ق م)
* Agrippa (1st صدی عیسوی)

### ہیلینیائی مکت‏‏ب فکر
* Cynicism
* Eclecticism
* Epicureanism
* Middle Platonism
* نو افلاطونیت
* Neopythagoreanism
* مشائیت
* Pyrrhonism
* Stoicism
* Sophism

### Early Roman and Christian philosophy

* School of the Sextii

### Philosophers during Roman times
thumb|150px|کھبے|Plotinus
* **[[Cicero]]** (106 – 43 ق م)
* Lucretius (94 – 55 ق م)
* **[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]** (4 ق م – 65 عیسوی)
* Musonius Rufus (30 – 100 عیسوی)
* پلو ٹارک (45 – 120 عیسوی)
* **[[Epictetus]]** (55 – 135 عیسوی)
* Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 عیسوی)
* کلیمینس اسکندری (150 – 215 عیسوی)
* Alcinous (philosopher) (2nd صدی عیسوی)
* Sextus Empiricus (3rd صدی عیسوی)
* Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd صدی عیسوی)
* Ammonius Saccas (3rd صدی عیسوی)
* ** [[Plotinus]]** (205 – 270 عیسوی)
* Porphyry (232 – 304 عیسوی)
* Iamblichus (242 – 327 عیسوی)
* Themistius (317 – 388 عیسوی)
* سینٹ آگسٹائن (354 – 430 عیسوی)
* Proclus (411 – 485 عیسوی)
* Damascius (462 – 540 عیسوی)
* **[[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]]** (472 – 524 عیسوی)
* Simplicius of Cilicia (490 – 560 عیسوی)
* John Philoponus (490 – 570 عیسوی)

## Ancient Indian philosophy

The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions : Sramana tradition and Vedic tradition.

### Vedic philosophy
Indian philosophy begins with the *[[وید]]* where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous رگ وید * Hymn of Creation * (Nasadiya Sukta) the poet says:
[250px|thumb|کھبے|[ویاس، at وسط picture]]
: "Whence all creation had its origin,
: he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
: he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
: he knows—or maybe even he does not know."

In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (*Purusha*)۔ This leads to the inquiry into *the one being* that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed *rta* and causal law by *karma*۔ Nature (*prakriti*) is taken to have three qualities (*[[sattva]]*، *[[rajas]]*، and *[[tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]*)۔
* وید
* اپنیشد
* Hindu philosophy

### Sramana philosophy

جین مت and بدھ مت are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. Cārvāka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named بعد وچ its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

### Classical Indian philosophy
In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:
* What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
* How is cognition itself experienced?
* Is mind (*chit*) intentional or not?
* Does cognition have its own structure?

The Six schools of ہندوستانی فلسفہ are:
* Nyaya
* Vaisheshika
* Samkhya
* Yoga
* Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)
* ویدانت (Uttara Mimamsa)

### Ancient Indian philosophers

#### 1st millennium ق م
* Parashara — writer of *[[Vishnu Purana|Viṣṇu Purāṇa]]*۔

#### Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 ق م)
* Rishi Narayana — seer of the Purusha Sukta of the رگ وید۔
* Seven Rishis — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.
* رشی — Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.
* رشبھ ناتھ — رشی mentioned in رگ وید and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious گرو of جین مت، as accredited by later followers.
* Yajnavalkya — one of the وید sages, greatly influenced بدھ مت thought.
* انگیار — one of the seers of the اتھرو وید and author of Mundaka Upanishad۔
* Uddalaka Aruni — an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
* Ashvapati — a King in the Later Vedic age who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
* Ashtavakra — an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the مہا بھارت، who authored Ashtavakra Gita۔

#### Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 ق م)
* Kanada (c. 600 ق م)، founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika، gave theory of atomism
* مہاویر (599–527 ق م) — heavily influenced جین مت، the 2چوتھ‏ی تیرتھنکر of جین مت۔
150px|thumb|کھبے|Buddha.
* پانینی (520–460 ق م)، grammarian, author of پانینی
* Kapila (c. 500 ق م)، proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy.
* Badarayana (lived between 500 ق م and 400 ق م) — Author of Brahma Sutras۔
* Pingala (c. 500 ق م)، author of the *[[Chandas shastra]]*
* گوتم بدھ (c. 480 – c. 400 ق م)، founder of بدھ مت school of thought
* چانکیہ (c. 350 – c. 275 ق م)، author of ارتھ شاستر، professor (acharya) of political science at the ٹیکسلا
* Patañjali (c. 200 ق م)، developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.
* Shvetashvatara — Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of شیو مت۔

#### Philosophers of Golden Age (184 ق م – 600 عیسوی)
* Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd صدی عیسوی)، wrote Jaimini، author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras۔
* Dignāga (c. 500)، one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic۔
* Asanga (c. 300)، exponent of the Yogacara
* بھرتری ہری (c 450–510 عیسوی)، early figure in Indic linguistic theory
* بودھی دھرم (c. 440–528 عیسوی)، founder of the زین بدھ school of بدھ مت
* Siddhasena Divākara (پنجويں Century عیسوی)، Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)
* وسوبندھو (c. 300 عیسوی)، one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.
* Kundakunda (2nd Century عیسوی)، exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of Pañcāstikāyasāra (Essence of the Five Existents)، the Pravacanasāra (Essence of the Scripture) and the Samayasāra (Essence of the Doctrine)
* Nagarjuna (c. 150 – 250 عیسوی)، the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of مہایان۔
* Umāsvāti or Umasvami (2nd Century عیسوی)، author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra، expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.

## Ancient Iranian philosophy
[کھبے|250px|thumb|Zarathustra as depicted in [رافیل's The School of Athens beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter Apelles of Kos۔]]

See also: *[[ثنویت]]، [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)]]*

While there are ancient relations between the Indian وید and the Iranian اوستا، the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of انسانی حقوق by کورش اعظم as understood in the اسطوانۂ کورش is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by زرطشت and developed in زرتشتیت schools of thought of the ہخامنشی سلطنت of ایران د‏‏ی تریخ۔

### Schools of thought
Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in اوستائی زبان۔ Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard، Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings"۔

#### [[Iranian philosophy#Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrianism]]
* زرطشت
* Jamasp
* Ostanes
* Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan
* Adurfarnbag Farroxzadan
* Adurbad Emedan
* *[[اوستا]]*
* *[[Gathas]]*
Anacharsis

#### Pre-Manichaean thought
* Bardesanes

#### [[Iranian philosophy#Manichaeism|Manichaeism]]
* Mani (c. 216 – 276 عیسوی)
* Ammo

#### [[Iranian Philosophy#Mazdakism|Mazdakism]]
* مزدک
* مزدک (وفات c. 524 or 528 عیسوی)

#### [[Zurvanism]]
* Aesthetic Zurvanism
* Materialist Zurvanism
* Fatalistic Zurvanism

### Philosophy and the Empire
* Political philosophy
** Tansar
* اکادمی جندیشاپور
** Borzouye
** بختیشوع
* خسرو اول خسرو اول
** Paul the Persian

### Literature
* پہلوی ادب

## Ancient Jewish philosophy

### First Temple (c. 900 ق م to 587 ق م)
* Joel (9th–پنجويں صدی ق م)
* Amos (8th صدی ق م)
* ہوسیع (8th صدی ق م)
* Micah (8th صدی ق م)
* کتاب یسعیاہ (8th صدی ق م)
* حزقی ایل (7th صدی ق م)
* حبقوق (7th صدی ق م)
* ارمیاہ (7th صدی ق م)
* Nahum (7th صدی ق م)
* Zephaniah (7th صدی ق م)

### Assyrian exile (587 ق م to 516 ق م)
* کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
* حجی (6th صدی ق م)
* عبدیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
* کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
* زکریا بن برخیا (6th صدی ق م)

### Second Temple (516 ق م to 70 عیسوی)
* ملاکی (پنجويں صدی ق م)
* کتاب واعظ (پنجويں – 2nd صدی ق م)
* Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira (2nd صدی ق م)
* ہلل (c. 110 ق م – 10عیسوی)
* فیلو (30 ق م – 45 عیسوی)

### Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی)
* Rabbi Akiva (c. 40 – c. 137 عیسوی)

## ہور ویکھو
* Index of ancient philosophy articles

## حوالے

## ہور پڑھو
* Luchte, James, *Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn*، in series, *Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy*، Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011. 

## باہرلے جوڑ
* 

گٹھ:قدیم فلسفہ