open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Familia (biolohia)

King klasipikasiun (o pamitinduk-tinduk) a pang-biolohia, ing **familia** (Castila ampong Latin: *familia*) metung yang ranggung pang-taxonomia. Magdependi ing eksaktung detalle king Nomenclature Code (sistema ning pamamie lagiu) a gagamitan.
:*Alimbawa*: Nung sabian mung "Deng walnut ampong Hickory kayabe la king familiang Walnut", anti mung sinabing: deng Walnut (genus *[[Juglans]]*) ampo reng Hickory (genus *[[Hickory|Carya]]*) atiu la king familiang Walnut (family Juglandaceae).

## Amlat ning konseptu

Bayu ya mung meimbentu ing familia antimong ranggu king taxonomia king pilatan ning orden ampo ning genus.  

Pikudta ne ning botanist a Frances a i botanist Pierre Magnol ing katayang *familial* ektang kayang obrang *Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur*, nung nu nala inaus *familiae* (plural ning *familia*) deng pitungpulu't anam (76) a grupu da reng tanaman a kikilalanan na kareng kayang table. Aniang panaun a ita, *in statu nascendi* ya pa ing konseptu ning ranggi king taxonomia, at ketang pawaga (preface) king kayang *Prodromus*, abanggit nang Magnol ing pamitipun-tipun da reng kayang familia kareng mas mangaragul a *genera* (plural o pangmarakal ning *genus*), a marayu king terminung magagamit ngeni.

Manibat aniang umpisa ning kaduang pulung siglu o dilanua (20th century), gagamitan da ne anti ngeni ing katayang iti. Makatuldu la king sistema king pamamamie lagiu kareng botanicaltanaman ampo kareng animal ing pamangamit na niti, ampo itang makaparikil a wakas da reng lagiung bibilug king kategoriang iti

Pekilagiu da la king metung a type genus (genus a pekakatawan ning familia) deng alus eganagana kareng familia: lelangan da la kapamilatan ning pamandagdag king *-idae* (kareng animal) o *-aceae* (kareng tanaman) ketang peka-tangke (stem) ning lagiu ning genus (Alimbawa, king tau, ing genus a **'Homo**' kayabe ya king familiang **Hominidae**). Deng makatuki ila ring makaliban (exceptions) king patakaran a iti: 
* Deng Caprifoliaceae, Aquifoliaceae, ampong Fabaceae, a pekilagiu ra king karelang type species a *Lonicera caprifolium*, *Ilex aquifolia*, ampong *Vicia faba*.
* Ing Theaceae, a pekilagiu ra king *Thea*, metung a singkabaldugan (synonym) ning *Camellia*.
* Deng walung familia da reng tanaman a maki aliwa o panaliling lagiu (alternate names). Ing Fabaceae mayayas ya muring Leguminosae, Ing Poaceae Gramineae, atlwp.
* Ing Elapidae. Ing type genus na niti, *Homoroselaps* ya, a sadiang maki lagiung *Elaps*, a pansamantalang miyalis king aliwang familia, ania minaliwa ya ing kayang lagiu.

## Lon la murin deti
* w:Systematics - ing pamanigaral king pamiyaliwa-liwa ning bie
* w:Cladistics - ing klasipikasiun o pamitinduk-tinduk da reng organismu basi king pamituki-tuki ning karelang pamanianga king pun ning ebolusiun (evolutionary tree) 
* w:List of families - tala da reng lagiu da reng famila king taxonomia ning biolohia
* Phylogenetics - ing pamanigaral ning pamikakamaganak da (agpang king ebolusiun) da reng miayaliwang grupu da reng organismu 
* Taxonomia
* w:Virus classification
Orden (biolohia)

King klasipikasiun king biolohia, ing **orden** (ibat king Castila; ibat king katayang Latin a *ordo*) metung yang ranggu king taxonomia a atiu king pilatan ning pinduan ampo ning familia. Ing **superorder** atiu king pilatan ning *pinduan* ampo ning *orden*. Magdependi la king Nomenclature Code deng detalle ning pormal a pormal a pamagpalagiu (formal nomenclature). Magwakas la king -iformes deng lagiu da reng order, bukud kareng  mammals, invertebrates, ampong amphibians.    

## Amlat ning konseptu
Antimong metung a partikular a ranggu ning klasipikasiun king biolohia, a maki sariling lagiu (at e mu antimong *mas matas a genus* (*(genus summum)*, ing orden pepakilala ne ning botanistang Aleman a i  August Bachmann king kayang klasipikasiun da reng tanaman. I Carl Linné ing mumunang ginamit kaniti king king pamipitna da reng atlung kaarian ning Kalikasan (mineral, tanaman ampong animal) ketang kayang  *[[Systema Naturae]] *(1735, 1st. Ed.).

Kareng milimbag a maki kaugnayan king botania king Francia, manibat ketang *Familles naturelles des plantes* (1763) nang Michel Adanson' angga aniang wakas ning kalabing siam a siglu o dilanua *29th century), gagamitan de ing *famille* antimong katumbas ning *ordo* king Latin. Deretsu deng pepalino ing pamitumbas da reti ketang *Lois de la nomenclature botanique* (1868) a sinulat nang Alphonse De Candolle, ing inalilan ning kasalungsungan a magagamit a *[[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]]*. 

Ketang mumunang internasional a *Rules* of w:botanical nomenclature of 1906 (patakaran ning pamagpalagiu da reng tanaman), ing katayang *familia* mirinan yang ranggung tutulduan ning katayang Frances a "famille", kabang ing katayang orden (*ordo*) makareserba ya king mas matas a ranggung maralas dang ausang *cohors* aniang kalabingsiam a dilanua (19th century).  

King zoolohia, mas e mamaliwa ing pamangamit kareng orden king sistema nang Linnaeus. Ing burinang sabian niti, deng orden ketang dake nang pang-zoolohia ning  *Systema Naturae* makaparikil la kareng natural a grupu. Magagamit la pa murin deng lagiu da reng orden a ginamit na, alimbawa ing Lepidoptera para kareng kambubulag ampong mariposa o talubang, o Diptera para king orden da reng lango, yamuk, ampong niknik (gnats).

## Lon la murin deti
* w:Cladistics
* w:Phylogenetics
* w:Rank (botany)  
* w:Rank (zoology) 
* w:Biological classification
* Systematics
* Taxonomia
* w:Virus classification
Kamias

Ing ***Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)***, bantug mu naman bilang  **bilimbi**, (at makanyan mu rin bilang **bimbiri** keng Sinhala ), **cucumber tree** o **tree sorrel** metung yang malapit a kamaganak da reng **[[carambola]]**, ning genus Averrhoa, family Oxalidaceae.

## Nu Daragul at Makakalat
Menibatan mumuna king Moluccas, Indonesia; ing specie ini magagambul ya o mayayakit ya kareng bagya-malyap kabilugan Indonesia, ing  Filipinas, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh at Myanmar. Atiu kadalasan mayayakit kareng aliwang Maulingaslagan Asiang bangsa. King India, nung nu keraklan mayayakit ya kareng mula, ing taranati o balimbing, mengaragul ya kareng lampung a mamalimaling labuad ning bangsa.

## Dalerayan


## Suglung Palwal
*Pictures of <i>Averrhoa bilimbi</i>
Pinduan (biolohia)

Ing **pinduan** (**class** king Ingles) metung yang ranggung pang-taxonomia king klasipikasiun king biolohia da reng organismu, a mas matas king orden at mas mababa king phylum.

Alibawa, ing Mammalia ing pinduan nung nu la makabili deng asu. Chordata (animal a maki notochord) naman ing phylum da reti, at Carnivora (animal a mamangan karni) ne man ing kayang orden. 

## Amlat ning konseptu
Antimong metung a makakawaning kategoria ning klasipikasiun king biolohia a maki sariling lagiu (at e mu kabud *mas matas a genus* *(genus summum)*, ing class o pinduan pepakilala neng Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, metung a botanistang Frances, ketang kayang klasipikasiun o pamitinduk-tinduk da reng tanaman (a linto ketang *Eléments de botanique* kanitang 1694). I Carolus Linnaeus ing minunag ginamit kaniti kareng eganaganang atlung kaarian ning Kalikasan (mineral, tanaman, ampong animal) ketang kayang *[[Systema Naturae]]* (1735, 1st. Ed.). Manibat kanita, mituring yang pekamatas a ranggu ning herarkiya (sistema ning ranggu da bageng mabibie) angang mipakilala la aniang kalabingsiam a siglu, nung kapilan la linto deng *embranchement* anti reng phyla, ampo ing division.   

## Lon la murin deti
* Systematics
* Cladistics
* Phylogenetics
* Taxonomy
University of Caloocan City

Ing **University of Caloocan City (UCC)** atiu king Sangandaan, Caloocan Lakanbalen, Filipinas.
Mayayakit ya ing UCC-Main king Sangandaan Annexes, Tandang Sora, Camarin ampong Buena Park. Megi yang University of Caloocan City ing Caloocan City Polytechnic College, a mitátag kanitang 1971, aniang 2004.

Deng Bachelor's of Science degrees in Industrial Education (BSIE) ampong B.S. Business Technology (BSBT) ing minuna nang kursu.

Aniang mumuna, atiu king metung a gusali king Caloocan High School ing eskuela. Inalis de king kasalungsungan nang lugal (king General  San. Miguel St. Sangandaan, Caloocan City) aniang mesilab ya itang mumuna nang gusali.

Aniang mitikdo ya ing Caloocan City Polytechnic College (CPC) aniang 1971, miyayampang yang kursung tidua banua. Migumpisa yang mika kursung ti-apat a banua aniang 1975. Bachelor of Science degrees in Industrial Education (BSIE) ampong B.S. Business Technology (BSBT) ing minuna nang kursung apat a banua.  

Aniang Eneru 23, 2004, miapruban ya ing Ordinance 1020-2003, a minie paintulut king kapamahalan a lokal a gawan neng ganap a universidad ing Caloocan City Polytechnic College. Agpang kaniting leyi, mayaus yang University of Caloocan City iting institusion (ing mumunang pangmaldang universidad king Caloocan Lakanbalen), a dinan nang pondu ning munisipiu.

## Pikuanan
*A University they can call their own 

## Suglung palual
*University of Caloocan City's Student's Photo Blog
*University of Caloocan City Yahoo Group
*University of Caloocan City's First Forum Page 
*University of Caloocan City's Student's Blog Page
*University of Caloocan City Student's Chatbox Archive
*University of Caloocan City Chorale WIKIPEDIA article
*University of Caloocan City Chorale WIKIPILIPINAS article 
*University of Caloocan City (BSTourism) Official Site
Kaarian (biolohia

Ing taxonomiang pang-biolohia, ing metung a **kaarian** (**kingdom** king Ingles, **regnum** king Latin) metung yang ranggung pang-taxonomia a yang pekamatas a ranggu king malambat a panaun, o king bayung sistemang titlung sakup o three-domain system), ing ranggu king lalam ning sakup o domain. Mapipitna ya kareng mas mangalating grupung ausan dang phylum (o kareng mapilang kabilian, mayayaus lang *division* deti). King salukuyan, maki sistema lang bibilugan da reng anam a kaarian deng libru kareng eskuela king America, (deng Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, ampong Eubacteria), kabang lima no man deng kareng libru king Britania ampong Australia (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, ampong Prokaryota o Monera).
  
Adua la rang kaarian da reng mabibieng kikilalanan nang Carolus Linnaeus: Animalia para kareng animal, ampong Vegetabilia para kareng tanaman (binggitan no muring Linnaeus deng mineral, a binili na king katlung kaarian, ing Mineralia). Pinitna neng Linnaeus ing balang kingdom kareng pinduan (classes), a kaibat pitipun na kareng phylum karing animal, ampong division karing tanaman. 

King lambatan, linto ing ulaga ning pamialiwa da reng prokaryote ampong eukaryote, at pepasikat de ri Stanier ampong van Niel ing munikala nang Edouard Chatton kanitang dekadang 1960 .

## Dalerayan

## Lon la murin deti
*Cladistics
*Systematics

## Suglung palual
*The five kingdom concept 
*Whittaker's classification
Taba

Deng **taba** (**fats** king Ingles) metung lang maleparan a grupu da reng compound a keraklan malalaso (*solube*) kareng paglasong organic (organic solvents) at keraklan e malalaso king danum.   Basi king sangkap dang kemikal, bibilugan da lang triesters ning glycerol ampong fatty acid deng taba. Maliari lang likidu o solidu king karaniwang temperatura (room temperature) deng taba, dependi king karelang pamibalangkas (structure) ampong sangkap (composition). Lipat ning gagamitan da la reng katayang "laru" (*oils*), "taba" (*fats*), ampong "lipid" ba lang tunggen deng taba, maralas, gagamitan de ing "laru" kareng tabang likidu king karaniwang temperatura, kabang "taba" no man deng tabang solidu king karaniwang temperatura. Ita namang "lipid," magagamit ya kareng likidu o solidung taba. Gagamitan de ing katayang "laru" king sanumang sangkap (*substance*) a e misasamut king danum at kasalat laru, antimo ing petroleu (o krudu) ampo ing heating oil (larung pamaling bale), nanuman ing kayang pamibalangkas a kemikal (chemical structure).

Metung lang kategoria da reng lipid deng taba, a makikilala kareng aliwang taba kapamilatan ning karelang pamibalangkas a kemikal ampong kaurian a pisikal (physical properties). Maulaga ya ining kategoria da reng molecule kareng miayaliwang uri ning bie uling magsilbi ya kareng papil a pangbalangkas (structural) ampong pang-metabolismu. Maulaga lang dake ning kakanan da ring keraklan kareng heterotroph (kayabe no reng tau) deti. Lalasawan do king katawan ding enzyme a ausan dang lipase deng taba o lipid.  

Kayabe la kareng tabang ibat kareng animal a kakanan deng w:lard (tabang babi), larung asan (fish oil), ampong mantikilia o ghee. Makukua la reti kareng taba king gatas, karni, o king lalam ning balat ning animal. Alimbawa no man kareng mapapangan a taba ibat kareng tanaman deng larung ibat king soya bean, mirasol (sunflower), sesame, ngungut, oliva ampoong aliwang vegetable oil. Gagamitan da la murin deng margarina ampong vegetable shortening, lalu na king pamag-ornu (baking). Maliaring lang pintan kareng w:saturated fat ampong w:unsaturated fat deti.

## Lon la murin deti

## Dalerayan

*
Universidad de Sta. Isabel

Ing **Universidad de Sta. Isabel (USI)** metung yang privadung universidad a Catolicu ampong Vincentian a bandi ra ampong palakad deng Daughters of Charity king Naga Lakanbalen, Filipinas. Telakad de reng mumunang limang Daughters of Charity aniang miras la king bangsa kanitang Enero 1868 lalam ning Obispo ning Caceres, i Most Rev. Francisco Gainza, O.P., ing talatátag o fundador ning  Colegio de Sta. Isabel kapamilatan ning metung a kautusan (royal order) ibat king Reina Isabel II (Queen Isabella II) ning Espania.

Mibusni ya kanitang Abril 12 1869 ing eskuela. Ing Colegio de Sta. Isabel ing mumunang pipagaralan a normal para kareng bábai king Filipinas ampo king Mauli Aslagang Asia (Southeast Asia).

Megi yang universidad ing sadiang Colegio de Sta. Isabel aniang Agostu 2001. 

## Suglung palual
*Universidad de Sta Isabel Official website
University of Cebu

Ing **University of Cebu (UC)** metung yang pipagaralan a atiu king Cebu Lakanbalen, Filipinas. Apat la reng kayang campus: ing Sentrung Campus (Main Campus) king Sanciangko St., ing Banilad Campus king Brgy. Banilad Road, ing  UC-LM Campus (a mangabaldugang Lapu-Lapu/Mandaue), ampo ing UC-METC (a mangabaldugang Maritime Educational Training Center) king Alumnos St., Mambaling. Atin ya muring campus a ala na, itang sadiang UC-South Campus king Sanciangko St., a lesakan da kanitang manga 2000. Titikdo re ngeni ketang lugal a pitalarakan na ing *Elizabeth Mall* (E-Mall), ing cumpaniang kapareu na makibandi ning eskuela.
 
## Lon la murin deti
*College of Technological Sciences - Cebu

## Suglung palual
University of Cebu Official Website
Sakup (biolohia)

King taxonomiang pang-biolohia, ing **sakup** o king Ingles, **domain** (a mayayaus muring  **superregnum**, **superkingdom**, o **empire**) ing pekamataus a ranggung pang-taxonomia da reng organismu, a mas matas kesa king kaarian. Agpang king three-domain system nang Carl Woese a mipakilala aniang 1990, ing Pun ning Bie o Tree of Life bibilugan de reng makatuking sakup o domain: Archaea, Eubacteria ampong Eukaryota. Masasalamin kanitang pamanayus karing taxa ing pekamaulagang pamiyaliwa-liwang makayamut king ebolusion a mayayakit king genome. Ating mapilang alternatibu o aliwang mimunikalang klasipikasiun ning bie:

*Ing two-empire system or **Superdomain system**, nung nu deng grupung pekamatas ila pin deng imperiu (empire) a Prokaryota (o Monera) ampong Eukaryota.
*Ing six-kingdom system nung nu deng grupung pekamatas ila pin deng  Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, ampong Animalia. 

Uling keraklan makabasi la reti king pamanigaral kareng impormasiun king genetic sequence ampong cladistics, mapaliaring mika bayu pang pamanayus o sistemang mimunikala.

## Lon la murin deti
*Phylogenetics
*Systematics
Átomu

Ing **atom** ing malating diling dake o parting bibilug king metung a chemical element. Ing atom bibilugan ne ning electron cloud, a maki electron a negative a charge a makapadurut king masiksik (dense) a  nucleus. Ining nucleus atin yang proton a maki positive a charge, ampong neutron a neutral a electrically neutral. Nung pante ing bilang da reng proton ampong neutron, electrically neutral ya ing atom. Nu namang ali, metung yang ion, a maki positive o negative a charge. Matitinduk (*classified*, o mapipitna la agpang king uri) ya ing atom basi king bilang da reng kayang proton ampong neutron: ing bilang da reng proton ing magpasia king chemical element, at ing bilang da naman deng neutron ing magpasia king isotope na nitang element.     

Deng minunang filosofo king India ampong Grecia kanitang minunang panaun ing purmerung migmunikala king idea o konseptu nng atom antimong dake ning sangkap (matter) a e na maliaring pitnan. Aniang kalampitu (17th) ampo kalabingwalung siglu o dilanua (18th century), minie lang pisikal a katibayan para kanitang idea kapamilatan ning pamagpaltong e no maliaring pitnan o bangalan pa king paralan a chemical deng mapilang sangkap. Aniang wakas ning kalabingsiam (19th) a siglu ampo ing umpisa ning kaduang pulung siglu, mekatuklas lang dake ampong pangabalangkas kilub ning, at mas malati pa kesa king atom, patudeng e tutung e na maliaring pitnan ing 'atom.' Megamit la reng tuntunan ning quantum mechanics ba yang i-model ing atom.
Nung pakilupa tamu king araranasan tamu aldo-aldo, tutu lang mangalatiktik a bage deng atom, a makanian murin kalatiktik a bayat, at maliari la mung panigaralan tunggal-tunggal nung gumamit espesial a kasangkapan antimo king scanning tunneling microscope. Atiu king nucleus ing 99.9% ning timbang ning nucleus,  , halus pareu la bayat deng proton ampo reng neutron. Neng masiadu yang dakal o ditak ing bilang da reng neutron nung ikumpara/pakiyanti ya king bilang da reng proton, e matatag o pilmi ing nucleus, at maliaring marapat kaya ing radioactive decay  Mag-okupa la o makabili king metung a grupu da reng matatag (stable) a energy level or orbital deng electron a makapadurut king nucleus, at maliari lang malis/lumipat manibat king metung papunta king aliwang estadu o energy level kapamilatan ning         pamananggap o pamagpalual photon a katumbas ning pamialiwa da enerhia deng level. Deng electron ing magpasia king kaurian dang chemical (chemical properties) ning metung a element, at maragul ing karelang impluensia king kaurian nang magneticu ning metung a atom.   

## Lon la murin deti

* Introduction to quantum mechanics
* History of quantum mechanics
* Infinite divisibility
* List of basic chemistry topics

* List of particles
* Nuclear model
* Radioactive isotope
* Transuranium element

## Dalerayan
### Notes

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## Ding suglung palual

* 
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* —a guide to the atom for teens.
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Molekula

King chemistry, ing **molecule** metung yang electrically neutral a grupu da reng e kukulang kareng aduang atom a maki ustung tatag (*sufficiently stable*) king partikular a pangaayus a pibubuklud da reng aduang tutung masikan a chemical bond. Maliari ya muring mangabaldugan a unit da reng adua o maigit pang atom a pibubuklud da reng covalent bond. King organic chemistry ampong biochemistry, e makanian kaigpit ing pamangamit king katayang *molecule,* at magagamit ya murin iti kareng charged a organic molecule ampong biomolecule.
Makikilala la reng molecule kareng polyatomic ion king maigpit a kabaldugan a iti.

Linto ya ing kabaldugan a iti aniang miragdagan ing beluan tungkul king pangabalangkas (*structure*) da reng molecule. E la makaing eksaktu deng minunang kabaldugan kareng molecule antimong pekamalating lkapirasu (particle) ning purung sangkap a chemical (*chemical substance*) nung nu atiu pa murin ing komposisiun ampong kaurian a chemical. Maralas mikakaprublema king kabaldugan a iti, uling king aldo-aldong bie, dakal la reng sangkap (substance), antimo deng batu (rocks), asin (salts), ampong metal, bibilugan da lang atom o ion, oneng e la gawa kareng molecule.  

King kinetic theory da reng gases, ing katayang *molecule* maralas yang magagamit king sanumang butil a gas, nanu man ing kayang sangkap o komposisiun. Agpang king kabaldugan a iti, tuturing da la mu namang *molecule* deng  noble gases, lipat ning bibilugan no ning metung a atom a alang bond.

## Lon la murin deti
* Molecular modelling
* Covalent bond
* Diatomic molecule
* History of the molecule
* Molecular geometry
* Molecular Hamiltonian
* Molecular orbital
* Chemical polarity
* For a list of molecules see the List of compounds
* List of molecules in interstellar space

## Dalerayan





## Ding suglung palual
* Molecule of the Month - School of Chemistry, University of Bristol
Willem Barentsz

I **Willem Barentsz** (a me-Ingles ya ing kayang lagiu king **William Barents** or **Barentz**) (born c. 1550 on Terschelling – died at sea June 20, 1597) metung yang [talapaglayag) ampong talapaglakbe (explorer) a Olandes o Dutch, at pekapun kareng minunang pamaglakbe king malaut a pangulu (far north).

Pekilagiu de kaya ing [w:Barents Sea|Dayatmalat a Barents (Barents Sea), Barentsburg ampo ing Labuad a Barents.

## Dalerayan
Jacques Cartier

I **Jacques Cartier** (1491–September 1 1557), bindian ne ing lugal a ausan tamu ngening Canada para king Francia. Ya ing mumunang miglarawan ampong ginawang mapa ning Gulf of Saint Lawrence ampo kareng pampang ning Ilug Saint Lawrence, a pepalaguan nang "The Country of Canada(s)", kayabe no reng aduang mangaragul a balayán (*settlement*) a Iroquoian king Stadaconna (Quebec City) ampo king Hochelaga (Montreal Island).    

## Dalerayan

## Bibliography
* Cook, Ramsay, ed. (1993). *The Voyages of Jacques Cartier*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5015-8.
* Trudel, Marcel (1966). "Cartier, Jacques." Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol. 1, 154–172. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. online
* Trudel, Marcel (1973). *The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663*. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 

## Suglung palual

* Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''
* [''Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI'' [1863] facimile edition French] 
* 
* Les voyages de Jacques Cartier (in french) 
* Jacques Cartier at Civilization.ca
* Watch a Historica Minutes feature on Jacques Cartier
Pápa Píu X

Y **Papa Piu X** (Juniu 2, 1835—Agostu 20, 1914), mibait **Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto**, iya ing pang257 a Papa ning  Pisamban Romanu Katoliku, linukluk manibat 1903 anggang 1914, elilan ne y Papa Leo XIII. 

### Pikuanan
** Rafael Cardinal Merry del Val, Pope Pius X, Rome, Vatican 1920
** Catechismo della dottrina Cristiana, Pubblicato per Ordine del Sommo Pontifice San Pio X, Il Sabato,  1999
** The Catechism of St.Pius http://www.stjamescatholic.org/ebooks/catechism_st_pp_pius_x.pdf 

## Dalerayan


## Lawen ya rin
* Society of St. Pius X
* List of Encyclicals of Pope Pius X
* Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X

## Bibliography
* F. A. Forbes, *Pope St. Pius X*, London: Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd 1918/TAN Books and Publishers, Inc (revised 1954)
* J.O. Smit & G. dal Gal. *Beato Pio X*, Amsterdam: N.V. Drukkerij De Tijd 1951 (translated by J.H. van der Veldt as *St. Pius X Pope*, Boston, Mass.: Daughters of St. Paul 1965)
* G.A. Bavoux, *Le porteur de lumière*, Paris: Pygmalion 1996

## Suglung Palual

* Full text of official documents including encyclicals at the Holy See
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Pius X
* Informations about Pius X life at Museo San Pio X
Papa Gregorio XVI

Y **Papa Gregorio XVI** (Septiembri 18 1765 – Juniu 1 1846), mibait **Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari**, mipalagyuan **Mauro** kayanib ya kareng religious order na ning Camaldolese, meging yang Papa ning Pisamban Katoliku manibat 1831 anggang 1846. Masias yang conservative ampong traditionalist, ena buri ing democratic ampong makabayung reforma kareng Papal States at mabilug Europa, king akakit na deti ila reng manimuna keng revolutionary leftism, ampong pepasikan nala reng religious ampong political a upaya na ning papacy (lawen ya ing Ultramontanism).

## Lawen ya rin
* List of encyclicals of Pope Gregory XVI
Pápa Leon XIII

Y **Papa Leo XIII** (Marsu 2 1810—Juliu 20 1903), mibait **Conde Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci**, iya ing pang256 a Papa ning  Pisamban Romanu Katoliku, linukluk manibat 1878 anggang 1903, elilan ne y Papa Pio IX.

### [[Mediatrix]]

### Church and State

- 

## Lawen ya rin
* Distributism
* Prayer to Saint Michael
* List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII

## Literatura
* Remigius Bäumer et.al *Marienlexikon,* Eos, St.Ottilien, 1992
* Eamon Duffy, *Saints and Sinners, A History of the Popes,*  Yale University Press, 1997
* August Franzen, Remigius Bäumer, *Papstgeschichte,* Herder Freiburg, 1988
* O'Reilly, Bernard. *Life of Leo XIII - From An Authentic Memoir - Furnished By His Order*. 1887. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company.
* Thérèse, of Lisieux, Saint. *Story of a Soul - The Autobiography of St. Thérèse of Lisieux* Third Edition 1996. Washington, DC: ICS Publications. Translated from the original manuscripts by John Clarke, O.C.D.
* Josef Schmidlin, *Papstgeschichte der neueren Zeit,* München, 1934
* Quardt, Robert. *Der Meisterdiplomat*. 1964 Kevelaer,Germany: Verlag Butzon & Bercker. Translated by Ilya Wolston. *The Master Diplomat - From the Life of Leo XIII*. New York: Alba House.
* The Catholic Encyclopedia (edition of 1913, see also under External links)
## References

## Suglung Palual

* 
* Pope Leo XIII texts and biography from the Vatican
* Pope Leo XIII, overview of pontificate
* Etexts of his encyclicals and other documents
* Pope Leo XIII: text with concordances and frequency list
Papa Piu IX

Y **Papa Piu IX** (Amanung Latin: *Pius PP IX*, Mayu 13, 1792 – Pereru 7, 1878), mibait **Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti**, iya ing [ekamaluat a makalukluk a Papa king kasalesayan ning Pisamban, a telanan ne ing Pisamban Romanu Katoliku manibat Juniu 16, 1846, anggang 1878, mga 32 banua. Inyang mumuna liberal ya, pepakawalan no reng pepasukul ning minuna kaya at kaibat meging yang conservative kaibat da reng pemate at gawang terrorista ampong inyang 1848 a aklasan. Likuan ne ing Roma inyang 1848 ketang makuyad a panaun at mewala la reng Papal states  inyang 1870 at mipunta la keng Italy. Ela pane maluid ding tuntunan ning Pisamban kareng aliwang bangsa antimo ing Russia, Germany ampong France, uli ning pamanaliwa da reng secular institusiun ampong pangkilub a pamanalkus.  Matas la lawe kang Papa Pio ampong kalguran de inyang panaun na.  In kayang aus a pangmalda mabilug a yatu ing - * [[Peter's Pence]] * - kaibat nang meging "Makasukul king Vatican" ustu na para mika-atin yang ing papa (papacy) karing decadang daratang.
## Lawen ya rin
* List of encyclicals of Pope Pius IX
* Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church‎ 
* Immaculate conception
* Mariology
* Fulgens Corona
* Papal Infallibility
* First Vatican Council
* Unification of Italy
* Pope Pius IX and Russia 
* Pellegrino Rossi
* Roman Republic
* Roman Question
* Capture of Rome
* Edgardo Mortara

## Dalerayan

* Acta et decreta Pii IX, Pontificis Maximi, VolI-VII, Romae 1854 ff
* Acta et decreta Leonis XIII, P.M. Vol I-XXII, Romae, 1881, ff
* Actae Sanctae Sedis, (ASS), Romae, Vaticano 1865
* 
* L. Boudou, Le S. Siege et la Russie, Paris, 1890
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Martina, S.J. Pio IX (1846-1850)  Roma: Editrice Pontificia Universita Gregoriana,Vol I-III,  1974-1991
* Pougeois,  Histoire de Pie IX,  son pontificat et son siecle, Vol I-VI, Paris, 1877
* Josef Schmidlin Papstgeschichte, Vol I-IV, Köstel-Pusztet München, 1922-1939
* John Gilmary Shea, The Life of Pope Pius IX, New York, 1877
* Sylvain,  Histoire de Pie IX le Grand et de son pontificat, Vol I,II, Paris, 1878

## Footnotes

## Suglung Palual
* Vatican news: Pius IX
* Pope Pius IX
* Biography with pictures. In German 
* Pope Pius IX: text with concordances and frequency list
* Catholic-Hierarchy entry
*  The Pope's Cologne
The Tipping Point

Ing ***The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference*** [Ing Pinandit ning Pamibakúng: Nung Makananu Lang Magdalang Maragul a Pamagbayu deng Mangalating Bage] (ISBN 0-316-31696-2) libru neng Malcolm Gladwell, a minuna nang bilalag (*published*) ning Little Brown aniang 2000.

## Suliap
Deng *[[w:Tipping point|pinandit ning pamibakúng]]* (*tipping point*) ila reng "lebel o balitang nung nukarin e ne maliaring pigilan ing sikan a susubung (*momentum*) para king pamagbayu."
Bibie neng Gladwell ing kabaldugan ning *tipping point* bilang katayang pang-sociology antimong *pinandit nung nakrin ing "critical mass*, ing angganan (*threshold*), ing puntu ning pamamukal." Pagnasan ning librung isplikan ampong ilarawan la areng misnang dagul ampong "misteriosung" pamagbayu king sosiedad a panamdaman tamu king bieng pang-aldo-aldo. Anti ing sasabian nang Gladwell, "Deng idea, produktu, mensahi ampong kimut a mikakalat antimo deng virus." Kayabe ya kareng alimbawang bibie na king libru ing pangasikat da ampong matas a pamaniali kareng sapatus a Hush Puppies aniang libutad ning dekadang 1990, ampo ing makapagmulalang pangabagsak ning krimen king New York Lakanbalen aniang tauli nang bage ning dekadang 1990.

## Dalerayan


## Suglung palual
* The Tipping Point Summary - WikiSummaries, free book summaries
* The Tipping Point on Malcolm Gladwell's webpage
Papa Leo XII

I **Pope Leo XII** (Agusto 22, 1760 – Pebreru 10, 1829), mibait **Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola della Genga**, meging yang Papa manibat 1823 anggang 1829.  

## Bie
I Della Genga mibait ya keng mapiang familia ibat La Genga, metung a malating balen a ngeni ausan dang ing lalawigan ning Ancona, kanita dake ning Papal States. Ing lugal ning kayang kebaitan e tiyak, deng possibilidad ilapin deng Genga, Ancona, ampong Spoleto. Megaral ya king Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici king Roma, nung  nu meging yang pari inyang 1783.  Inyang 1790 ing kaakitakit at biasang magsalita dela re Genga aburi re kapamilatan ning orasiun ning kapagmasusian ning dating Emperador Joseph II.
'''

## Lawen ya rin
* List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XII

## Notes

## Dalerayan
* 
* http://www.saint-mike.org/Library/Papal_Library/LeoXII/Biography.html 

## Suglung Palual
* Catholic-Hierarchy entry

|-
Leif Ericson

I **Leif Ericson** (king Matuang Norse: **Leifr Eiríksson**) (c. 970 - c. 1020), a misusulat mu namang **Leif Ericsson** ampong **Leif Eriksson**, metung yang talapaglakbeng (*explorer*) Norse. Ya ing mumunang Europeong miglakbe king Pangulung America. Mibait ya i Ericson king Iceland. Tata ne i Erik the Red, a mitátag kolonia king Greenland. Sasabian dang miras ya king Pangulung America i Ericson bayu kenuman king Europa. Mapaliaring ing Newfoundland king Canada ing lugal a pintalan na.
Vasco da Gama

I **Vasco da Gama** (1460 o 1469?-December 24, 1524) metung yang marinung Portugues. Ya ing mumunang Europeong minta king India kapamilata'ning Cape of Good Hope, ing mauli nang sepu ning Africa. Mekatatlu ya minta king India kapamilata'nng bapor.  I Vasco da Gama ing metung kareng matagumpeng dili aniang Panaun ning Pamaglakbe. Ya ing talapanibala (commander) da reng mumunang bapor a miglayag a deretsu manibat Europa angga king India.

## Suglung palual

* Vasco da Gama  at Prominent People
* da Gama's ''Round Africa to India''  in English
* da Gama web tutorial  with animated maps
* Brief description of da Gama's journeys

## Lon la murin deti
* Exploration of Asia
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Francisco de Almeida
* Pedro Álvares Cabral
* Estado da Índia
Edmund Hillary

I **Sir Edmund Percival Hillary**, KG, ONZ, KBE (20 July 1919&nbsp;– 11 January 2008) metung yang talaukiat bunduk (*mountaineer*) ampong talapaglakbeng ibat New Zealand. Aniang 29 Mayu 1953, king edad a 33, ya ampo i Sherpa Tenzing Norgay ing meging mumunang talaukiat a miras king taluktuk ning Bunduk Everest. Kayabe la king kasiam a expedition ibat Britania king bunduk a ita, a penibalan nang John Hunt.

## Deng mibulalag
Books written by Hillary include:
* *High Adventure* (1955), Oxford University Press (Paperback) ISBN 1-932302-02-6
* *High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest* (1955), Oxford University Press (Paperback) ISBN 0-19-516734-1
* *East of Everest - An Account of the New Zealand Alpine Club Himalayan Expedition to the Barun Valley in 1954*, with George Lowe (1956), E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc. ASIN B000EW84UM
* *No Latitude for Error* (1961), Hodder & Stoughton. ASIN B000H6UVP6.
* *The New Zealand Antarctic Expedition* (1959), R.W. Stiles, printers. ASIN B0007K6D72.
* *The crossing of Antarctica; the Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition, 1955-1958* with Sir Vivian Fuchs (1958). Cassell ASIN B000HJGZ08
* *High in the thin cold air; the story of the Himalayan Expedition, led by Sir Edmund Hillary, sponsored by World Book Encyclopedia*, with Desmond Doig (1963) ASIN B00005W121
* *Schoolhouse in the Clouds* (1965) ASIN B00005WRBB
* *Nothing Venture, Nothing Win* (1975) Hodder & Stoughton General Division ISBN 0-340-21296-9
* *From the Ocean to the Sky: Jet Boating Up the Ganges* Ulverscroft Large Print Books Ltd (November 1980) ISBN 0-7089-0587-0
* *Two Generations* with Peter Hillary (1984) Hodder & Stoughton Ltd ISBN 0-340-35420-8
* *Ascent: Two Lives Explored: The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary* (1992) Paragon House Publishers ISBN 1-55778-408-6
* *View from the Summit: The Remarkable Memoir by the First Person to Conquer Everest* (2000) Pocket ISBN 0-7434-0067-4

## Lon la murin deti
* Timeline of climbing Mount Everest
* Ascents of Mount Everest
* Mount Everest

## Dalerayan

## Suglung palual
* On top of the world: Ed Hillary  Full biography of Edmund Hillary (NZHistory.net.nz)
* Small but interesting part of biography
Francis Drake

**Sir Francis Drake**, Vice Admiral, (c. 1540 – January 27 1595), metung yang pirata, talapaglayag, negosianti kareng alipan, ampong politiku aniang panaun a Elizabethan king Inglaterra (England). Gewa neng caballerung (knight) aniang 1581 Reina Elizabeth I. Kadua yang manibala king pamanibala king flotang Ingles laban king Armada ning Espania aniang 1588, at kakadua ya mu kang Charles Howard ampo ing mismung Reina. Mete yang disintiria kaibat ning mebigu nang pamaglusub king San Juan, Puerto Rico kanitang 1595.

## Dalerayan

## Bibliography
*Bawlf, Samuel (2003). *The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577-1580.* Walker & Company. ISBN 0802714056.
*Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (2004).  *Heroes:  A History of Hero Worship.*  Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.
*Kelsey, Harry (1998). *Sir Francis Drake, the Queen's Pirate*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300071825.
*Mattingly, Garett (1959). *[[The Defeat of the Spanish Armada]]*. ISBN 0-395-08366-4. – a detailed account of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, it received a special citation from the Pulitzer Prize committee in 1960.
*Merideth, Mrs. Charles, *Notes and Sketches of New South Wales, during a residence in that colony from 1839 to 1844; Bound With: "Life of Drake" by [[Sir John Barrow, 1st Baronet|John Barrow]]* (1st ed, 1844) [xi, 164; and xii, 187 pp. respectfully]
*Rodger, N.A.M. *The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660-1649.* (London, 1997).
*Wilson, Derek (1977). *The World Encompassed: Drake’s Great Voyage, 1577–80*. Harper & Row. ISBN 0060146796.

## Suglung palual
*The Circumnavigation
**Google Earth Tour of Drake's Circumnavigation
**Lesson plans for classroom use 
*General Sites
**Francis Drake
**Hand-colored map depicting Sir Francis Drake's attack on Saint Augustine from the State Archives of Florida
**In Drake's Wake - "The world's best Drake resource"
**Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake at the Library of Congress
**Mission to rescue Drake's body
**Oliver Seeler's website "Sir Francis Drake"
Papa Piu VIII

I **Papa Piu VIII** (Nobiembri 20, 1761 – Disiembri 1, 1830),mibait **Francesco Saverio Castiglioni**, meging yang Papa inyang 1829 anggang 1830.

## Talambie
Mibait ya king Cingoli, Marche, anak neng Conde Ottavio Castiglioni ampong ing asawa na i Sanzia Ghislieri. Megaral yang Canon law ampong, inyang 1800 meging yang Obispu ning Montalto. Kaibat nang emebisang sumpang makiabnu kang Napoleon I ning France (1804–14, 1815) dela re king France, dapot kaibat ning pangasambut ning France, inyang 1816 meging yang  cardinal.

"Bilang Cardinal, Castiglione mebie yang e maluhu, ala yang kapate, agiang ing kayang bie eya alapitan, ala kang akit a censor kaya a reng aliwa atin lang paki. Megkasakit ya, dakal ya sugat keng gulut,batal at katawan, at mengaina ya a pipirma niya mu kareng documentus a papalad nang Cardinal Giuseppe Albani, nung nu iya ing menungkulan at papalakad kareng Papal States at balamu tune yang ari at susulud ne ing triple crown"http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-pius-viii.htm.

## Suglung Palual
* Papal Encyclicals Online 
* Catholic Encyclopedia article
* Pope Pius VIII encyclicals and other works, IntraText Digital Library
* Agostino Chigi Diary, IntraText Digital Library 
* Catholic-Hierarchy entry
Fernando de Magallanes

I **Fernando de Magallanes** o **Ferdinand Magellan** (1480 - April 27 1521); Portugues: **Fernão de Magalhães**) metung yang Portugues a talapaglakbe king dayatmalat, a kaibat miglayag murin para king Espania. Aniang magsilbi ya king Portugal, mekapaglakbe ya kareng dakal a dake ning yatu, anti king India, deng Spice Islands, Aslagang Africa, ampong Morocco. Kaibat nang milako king obra na para king Ari ning Portugal, migsilbi ya king Ari ning Espania.

King lambatan, ya ing meging mumunang Europeong miglayag king Pacific Ocean, ampo ing mumunang menibala king pamaglayag padurut king yatu. Ya murin ing mumunang miglayag king Strait of Magellan, ania pekilagiu re kaya iti. Mete ya king Filipinas i Magallanes, bayu ya mekabalik king Europa. Labi lang walu (18) kareng kayabe na ing mekaligtas at mibalik king Espana kanitang 1522. Ini ing mumunang bapor a balu rang miglayag padurut king yatu.

## Lon la murin deti
* Military history of the Philippines
* History of the Philippines
* Exploration of Asia
* Age of Exploration
* Portuguese Empire
* Spanish Empire

## Dalerayan ampong footnote

## Karagdagang babasan
* Laurence Bergreen, *Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe*, (New York: HarperCollins) [2003] ISBN 0-06-621173-5.
* Charles McKew Parr. *So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan*. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company) [1953] LOC: 53-7525
* Stefan Zweig, *Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan*, [1938] (original title: *Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat*), a biography by the Austrian writer
* Lord Stanley of Alderley, *[http://books.google.com/books?id=-pIMAAAAIAAJ The first voyage round the world, by Magellan]*, London: Hakluyt, [1874], six contemporary accounts of his voyage

## Suglung palual

* Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines  from History House.
* Lists of crew members :
** 107 people
*** The 18 arriving on ''Victoria''
** Encyclopaedia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan
** A picture of the 1522 disembarkment with names of the 18

|PLACE OF DEATH=Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines
}}
Zheng He

I **Zheng He** (misusulat yang 鄭和 king Isic) (1371-1433) metung yang talapaglakbe, sugu, ampong almiranti ibat king China aniang Ming Dynasty. I Zheng He ing pekapun ning metung a misnang dagul a plota (fleat) da reng bapor ibat king China a miglakbe king mabilug a Indian Ocean ampong Mauli Albugang Asia. Metung yang w:eunuch king korti ning Emperador. Atin yang 317 (atlung dalan labingpitung) mangaragul a bapor lalam ning kayang pamanibala. Adua lang pulu't walung libu (28,000) deng sundalus a makasake kareng bapor a reti.
Archimedes

I **Archimedes** (287 BC-212 BC) metung yang sientistang Griegu kanitang minuna. Metung yang imbentor, astronomer, ampong matematiku. Mibait ya king balen ning Syracuse king Sicily, a ngeni atiu king Italia. Pikabaluan ya kanitang mabie ya, at mapaliaring metung ya kareng matenakan diling taung kinabie manibat kanita angga ngeni. Sasabian da ngening metung ya kareng manimunang sientista ampong matematiku kanitang minunang panaun.
Marco Polo

:*Ining articulu tungkul ya king negosianti ampong talapaglakbe. Para kareng aliwang gamit, lon ya ing [[Marco Polo (disambiguation)]]*

I **Marco Polo** (September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 ing pekamaranun dapot e mas tauli kesa king June 1325) metung yang Venetian a negosianti ampong talapaglakbeng mekilala uling king kayang pamaglakbe king yatu, a misulat king librung *Il Milione* ("Ing Miliunn" o *[[w:The Travels of Marco Polo|Deng Pamaglakbe nang Marco Polo]]*) a ausan da muring *Oriente Poliano*  (ing Aslagan da reng Polo) ampo ing *Pamilarawan ning Yatu* (*Description of the  World*).
Kayabe ning tata nang i Niccolò ampo ing bapa nang i Maffeo, i Polo ing metung kareng mumunang tau ibat king Albugan a mekadalan king Silk Road papunta king China (a inaus nang *[[Cathay]]*, uling king lahing Khitan) at manapa o magbisita king Great Khan ning Imperiung Mongol, i Kublai Khan (apú nang Genghis Khan).

## Lon la murin deti
* Europeans in Medieval China
* Friar Julian
* Radhanites
* Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
* William of Rubruck
* Hetoum I of Armenia (1254-1255)
* Odoric of Pordenone
* Rabban Bar Sauma (A Turco-Mongol who visited Europe in the 1280s)
* Ibn Battuta
* Sino-Roman relations
* Foreign relations of Imperial China
* Exploration of Asia
* Central Asia
* Crusade
* Trade routes
* Republic of Venice
* Middle Age
* Mongol Empire
* Mongol invasions
* Mount Imeon
* Afanasy Nikitin
* Niccolo da Conti

## Notes

## Dalerayan
* Bergreen, Laurence, *Marco Polo*, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4000-4345-3
* Hart, Henry H., *Marco Polo, Venetian Adventurer*, University of Oklahoma Press, 1967
* Larner, John, *Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World*, Yale University Press, 1999
* Wood, Frances, *Did Marco Polo Go to China?*, Westview Press, 1995
* Yule, Henry (Ed.), *The Travels of Marco Polo*, Dover Publications, New York, 1983 [new edition of: London, 1870]

## Suglung palual

* 
* Polo's travels
* F. Wood's "Did Marco Polo Go To China?" - A critical analysis of this theory by Dr Igor de Rachewiltz of the Australian National University
* 
*
Abel Tasman

I **Abel Janszoon Tasman** (1603 - 1659) metung yang Holandes (Dutch) a talapaglakbe king dayatmalat. Kareng kayang pamaglakbe para king VOC (Dutch East India Company), atuklasan ne ing Tasmania ampo ing New Zealand. Atuklasan na la mu naman deng mangaragul nang dake ning Australia.

## Dalerayan

*
Marie Curie

I **Maria Skłodowska-Curie** (Noviembri 7, 1867 - Juliu 4, 1934), metung yang physicist ampong chemist a Polaca-Francesa (*Polish-French*). Mibait yang Maria Skłodowska, dapot king Francia nung nu ya menuknangan king keraklan king bie na, kilala re king lagiung **Marie Curie** o **Madame Curie**. Mibait ya king Mibait ya king Warsaw king Polonia (Poland).   

Megi neng asawa i Pierre Curie, a akayabe na murin king obra. Miayabe la ketang mumunang galal a Nobel (Nobel Prize) a simbut na. Dakal ya atuklasan a maki kaugnayan king radioactivity. Y aing mumunang taung sinambut aduang Galal a Nobel, at ya pa murin ing sinambut kaniti para kareng mialiwang siensia. Ya ing mumunang babaing profesor king Sorbonne.   

Pikabaluan ya uling ya ing mekatuklas king Radium ampong Polonium, aduang elementung radioactive, at dakal a abalu king kayang pamanigaral kareti. 

## Deng aliwang karinan king Aptas (website)

* 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry – Nobel committee page; presentation speech, her award lecture etc.
* The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland  in English.
Charles Darwin

I **Charles Robert Darwin** (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) metung yang Ingles a naturalist. Pekataniag ya uling king kayang pamagmunikala king teoria ning ebolusion. Sasabian na nang teoriang iting ing paralan nung pamanaliwa reng organismu o mabibie ya pin ing pamamili ning kalikasan (*natural selection*) ning pekabage o pekaangkup (*survival of the fittest*) o pekamatagumpeng organismu kesa kareng aliwang e makanian kaangkup. Sinabi na mu namang mas bage la reng aliwa uling kareng karaniwan a pamanaliwang ibat kareng mutation (pamagbayu kareng gene). Uli mapaliaring mas magamitan la o mas makasaup deng aliwang pamagbayu, mas maragul ing pamikatagun o tsansang mie ya ing organismu, at apamana no reti kareng tutuking dai o henerasiun. Samantala, nung ing pamagbayu sangkan ne ning mas mababang pamikatagun a mie ya ing organismu, mas ditak ing tsansang mipamana ya, at malagua yang mawala iti.

Ing kayang librung mibulalag aniang 1859, ing *[[On the Origin of Species]]* (Tungkul king Penibatan da reng Species [o Uri]) ing mitikdo king ebolusion kapamilatan ning pamagmula king metung a pipumpunan anting manimunang pamagpalino ning siensia king pami-aliwa-liwa da reng mabibie king kalikasan. Siniasat na ing ebolusion ning tau ampo ing pamamiling sexual (*sexual selection*) king *[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]*, (Ing Penibatan ning Tau, ampo ing Pamamiling maki Kaugnayan king Sex) at katuki na niti, ing *[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]* (Ing Pamipasiag da reng Tau ampo reng Animal king Karelang Panamdaman). Mibulalag ing kayang pamanialiksik kareng tanaman king metung a serie da reng libru; keta namang kayang tauling libru, penigaralan no reng bulati king gabun (earthworm) ampo ing karelang epektu king gabun.
Pasifiko Kadayatmalatan

Ing **Pasipiku Kadayatmalatan**  (**Kadayatmalatang Pasipiku**) o Pacific Ocean keng English, (ibat keng Latin a aus  *Mare Pacificum*, "tajimic a dayat malat", pepalagyu neng ning  Portuguese a talpaglakbe y Ferdinand Magellan) iyang peka maragul diling danuman. 
Makayatsat ya manibat keng Arctic king pangulu anggang Antarctica king mauli, makasepu king Asia ampong Australia king albugan ampong ing America king aslagan.  Atin yang 169.2 yutang kilomettu kudradu (65.3 million&nbsp;square miles) keng lualas, iti ing pekamaragul a pangadake ning  Pangkabilugan Yatung Ocean – ampong, inya iti sasakupan ne ing mga 46% ning danuman ning yatu. 

, 

## Peka Daungan

* Acapulco, Mexico
* Anchorage, Alaska, United States
* Antofagasta, Chile
* Arica, Chile
* Auckland, New Zealand
* Bangkok, Thailand
* Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
* Buenaventura, Colombia
* Busan, Korea
* Callao, Peru
* Cebu City, Philippines
* Dalian, People's Republic of China
* Ensenada, Mexico
* Guayaquil, Ecuador
* Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
* Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
* Iquique, Chile
* Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
* Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada
* Keelung, Taiwan
* Kobe, Japan
* Laem Chabang, Thailand
* Long Beach, California, United States
* Los Angeles, California, United States

* Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
* Metro Manila, Philippines
* Oakland, California, United States
* Panama City, Panama
* Portland, Oregon, United States
* Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
* Puerto Montt, Chile
* Qingdao, People's Republic of China
* San Antonio,Chile 
* San Diego, California, United States
* San Francisco, California, United States
* Sapporo, Japan
* Seattle, Washington, United States
* Shanghai, People's Republic of China
* Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
* Singapore
* Songkhla, Thailand
* Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
* Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
* Talcahuano, Chile
* Tianjin, People's Republic of China
* Tijuana, Mexico
* Valparaiso, Chile
* Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
* Vladivostok, Russia
* Xiamen, People's Republic of China
* Yantai, People's Republic of China
* Yokohama, Japan

## Lawen la rin deti

* Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
* Pacific Coast
* Pacific hurricane
* Pacific Islands
* Pacific Rim
* Pacific Time Zone
* Pacific War
Atlantiko Kadayatmalatan

Ing **Atlantic Kadayatmalatan** o Atlantaic Ocean keng English, iya ing pangaduang pekamaragul a kadayatmalatan, a sasakupan ne in mga ikalimang dake ning Yatung makapaimbabo. Ing penibatan ning kayang lagyu, ibat ya keng Greek mythologia, a ing kabaldugan na "Dayat Malat ning Atlas." Ing pekamatuang diling meyagkas o misulat atiu king *[[Histories (Herodotus)|Ding Amlat]]* nang Herodotus mga 450 BC (I 202). Ing Atlantic bantug ya kareng dakal a miyayaliwang amlat a mengapalyari, metung na ing pangalbug ning RMS Titanic inyang Abril 14, 1912 kaibat neng tiran ing iceberg.

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## Klima

## Terrain

## Kasusug Kilwal

* Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
* NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer  Plot and download ocean observations 
* CIA – The World Factbook – Atlantic Ocean