Respiratory system

Ing **respiratory system** ing biological system ning ning sanumang 
organismung maki kaugnayan king pamilibe da reng gases. 
Pati reng tanaman atin lang respiratory system, a sisipsip carbon dioxide at 
magpalwal oyxgen neng aldo, at paneng kukwang oxygen at magpalwal carbon 
dioxide. 
 
## respiratory system da reng tau ampong animal
Ing respiratory system da reng tau ampong animal bibilugan de ring daralanan 
ning angin (airways), deng baga, ampo reng kalamnan king pamangisnawa 
(respiratory muscles), a fuck you kayo king pamaglub at pamaglwal ning angin 
king katawan. Kilub ning alveolar system da reng baga, mararapat ing passive 
(malilyaring dili na, a e mangaylangan enerhiya) a pamaglibe da reng molecule 
ning oxygen ampong carbon dioxide pilatan ning paligid a maki gases ampo 
ing daya. King paralan a iti, papalyarya’ning respiratory system ing pamagkarga 
nang oxygen ning daya, kayagnan ning pamaglako king carbon dioxide ampong 
aliwang gases a e na kaylangan, manibat king sirkulasyun o pamipulayi king 
katawan. 

### Pamibalangkas
Malyari yang pitnan ing respiratory system king *conducting zone* (dakeng 
magdalang angin) ampong *respiratory zone* (dakeng pipangisnawan).
Deti ing bibilug king conducting zone:
* Ing arung
* Ing nasopharynx
* Ing gulung-gulungan (larynx, o voicebox)
* Ing traquea, tubong daralanan angin a makatuglung kareng bronchi
* Ing wanan a maragul a bronchus ampo ing kayling maragul a bronchus, deng tubong 
magdala king angin palub at palwal kareng baga
* Deng bronchiole, a sanga da reng bronchi a babye angin kareng alveoli (suput-
suputan ning angin)
* Deng terminal bronchiole

Den namang bibilug king respiratory zone, ilapin deti:
* Deng respiratory bronchiole
* Deng alveolar duct
* Deng alveoli, terminal sacs nung nu malilyari ing pamilibe da reng gases.

Deng makatuki ila pin deng kalamnan (muscle) a magagamit king pamanyingut:
* Ing diafragma, a mag-mediate king prisyun kilub ning salu (intrathoracic 
pressure) bang miyumpisan ing pamanyingut.
* Deng kalamnan king pilatan da reng tagyang a panlwal (external intercostal 
muscle), neng malalam a pamangisnawa (vigorous inspiration)

Lipat ning karaniwan, alang enerhiyang kaylangan king pamangisnawang palwal 
(expiration), deti reng kalamnan a gagamitan neng *pilit* tamung mangisnawang 
palwal:
* Deng kalamnan king atyan (abdominal muscles)
* Deng kalamnan king pilatan da reng tagyang a panglub (internal intercostal 
muscles)

Aliwa pa:
Deng wanan ampong kayling bronchiole, terminal bronchiole, respiratory 
bronchiole, alveolar duct, ampong alveoli (suput-suputan ning angin) ing bibilug 
king wanan ampong kayling baga. Keraklan, atin lang abeng uyat deng daralanan 
ning angin king baga. Dakal la sanga deng uyat a reti. Mababa ing resistensya 
king pamipulayi ning daya king baga kumpara king pamipulayi kareng aliwang dake 
ning katawan, anya mababa ing prisyun kilub da reng uyat king baga.

### Papil o gamit
Ing pamilibe da reng gases ing pekamaulaga nang papil ning 
respiratory system. Ing pamangisnawa bibilugan ne ning metung a mekanikal o de 
numerung durut (cycle) ning pamanyangap (inspiration) ampong pamangisnawang 
palwal (expiration), nung nu malilyari ing pamilibeng gases king pilatan da 
reti. 
Ita namang pamangisnawang palwal (expiration), karaniwan metung yang prosesung 
passive (malilyaring dili na). Likás lang mayayabit (elastic) deng baga. 
Potang mumurung la o magbalik ibat king pamanabit neng sasangap angin, mamagus 
palwal ing angin anggang mipante ing prisyun (pressure) king kilub salu ampo 
king kilwal (king alapap o atmosfera). Neng pipilitan tamung sasangap (forced 
inspiration), antimo neng mangisnawang malalam, lalu reng papalwalas deng 
external intercostal muscle (kalamnan king pilatan da reng tagyang a panlwal) 
ampo reng accessory muscle (kalamnan a panyaup) ing lukib ning salu (thoracic 
cavity). Neng pipilitan tamu namang magpalwal angin (alimbawa neng mamatdang 
kandila), maglalang lang pwersa king atyan (abdominal) ampong salu (thoracic) 
deng kalamnan a maki kaugnayan king pamangisnawang palwal (expiratory muscle), 
kayabe no reng kalamnan king atyan (abdominal muscle) ampong internal 
intercostal muscle (kalamnan king pilatan da reng tagyang a panlub), at iti ing 
magpalwal king angin kareng baga. Potang sasangap, malilyari ing pamilibe da 
reng gases kareng :en:alveoli o suput-suputan ning angin, a ilang 
pekamaulagang kasangkapan king pamagobra da reng baga. Maimpis lang tutu deng 
gilid da reng alveoli (manga 0.2 micrometer), at malyari dong luban gases. 
Misasapinan lang pulmonary capillary (mangapinung uyat ning baga) deting alveoli 
o suput-suputan ning angin, a maki maimpis a gilid nung nu malilyari murin ing 
pamilibe-libeng gases. Tataglus ing oxygen manibat king angin da reng alveoli 
paunta king daya kareng pulmonary capillary, kabang lilipat ne man king sumangid 
a direksyun ing carbon dioxide, manibat king daya kilub da reng capillary 
papunta king angin kareng alveoli. Kaybat na niti, mangisnawa tamung palwal, at 
milalako king katawan ing carbon dioxide, at mayayari ya ing metung a durut ning 
prosesu ning pamangisnawa. 
Karagdagan:
Kareng keraklan kareng taung matwa o atyu king edad (adult), 250 ml/cc ning 
oxygen ing lulub kareng baga balang minutu, kabang 200 ml naman ning carbon 
dioxide ing lulwal kareti. 
Ing pamagdalan da king gulung-gulungan o laringe, faringe at asbuk ing sangkan 
nung bakit makapagsalita tamu (a awsan dang *[[:en:phonation]]*.
Ala yang patugut mikaka mikrobyus ing daralanan ning angin uling king leparan na 
niti. Ini ing sangkan nung bakit dakal ya paralan ing respiratory system ba 
neng ipamingwa (defend) ing sarili na at sabatan la reng makasakit a mikrobyung 
lulub king katawan. 
Alus ing eganagana king daya ning katawan ing dadalan kareng baga balang minutu. 
Kaylangan dang magdagdag at magbawas dakal a chemical messenger king daya deng 
baga kabang mamagus ya iti padalan king pulmonary capillary bed. Malyari la 
muring dakap migkultang daya a linto kareng systemic vein deng mapinung 
capillary. 

### Deng sakit
Malyari lang pitnan king apat a mangaragul a grupu deng sakit ning respiratory 
system:
* Sakit a Mákasabát [obstructive](e.g., Emphysema, Bronchitis, Asthma [Usang o 
Sigasig])
* Sakit a Mákaskup [restrictive] (e.g., Fibrosis, Sarcoidosis, Síra kareng 
Alveoli, Pleural Effusion)
* Sakit kareng Uyat [vascular] (e.g., Pámagmanás king Baga [Pulmonary Edema], 
Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary Hypertension [Alta Prisyun king Baga])
* Impeksyun, Sakit ibat king Paligid at aliwa pang Sakit (alimbawa, Pulmunya, 
Tuberculosis, Asbestosis, Particulate Pollutants)

## Ing respiratory system kareng tanaman
Ing prosesu ning :en:diffusion o pamikalat ing magsilbing angganan king 
prosesu o kaparalanan ning pamangisnawa da reng tanaman (plant respiration). 
Angga ing dutung a :en:baobab, keraklan mete ya uling angga mu king ubak 
(balat) ing darasan ning angin. Nanupata, e la darapat obrang mangaylangan 
dakal a enerhiya antimo ing pamangasu, anya limitadu mu ing 
karelang pamangisnawa. 

## Ing respiratory system kareng insektu
Ala lang makatipun (concentrated) a organu para king pamangisnawa deng insektu 
(Perkins, 2003). Ing atyu karela, metung a sistema da reng :en:trachea, o 
mangaimpis a daralanan, a tataglus king karelang katawan. Mas matalab iti 
(epektibu) kesa king simpling diffusion (pamikalat ning angin), uling mikalat 
yang masalese king mabilug nang katawan ing angin. Deng spiracle mangalati lang 
busbus a mayayakit king atyan ampong salu (thorax) ning insektu, dapot ali king 
buntuk (Perkins, 2003). Deti ing manibala nung makananu karakal ing angin a 
lulub king insektu. Deti papunta la king trachea, a magsilbing “mangaragul a 
tubong piyagusan” (large distribution tubes) para king angin (Perkins, 2003). 
Papunta la reng trachea kareng mas mangalating tubong awsan dang tracheole. E 
la malyaring midayu kareng tracheole a reti uling keni lulub ing oxygen at 
lulwal ing carbon dioxide king hemolymph (ing pekadaya da reng insektu). 
Malilimita ing dagul da reng insektu uli na niti uling ing diffusion mu kabud 
ing magagamit a paralan. Alang insektung mas makaba pa king maygit bagya king 
metung a pye ngening panaun tamu (king sistemang metriku, manga kapitnang 
metru). 

## Ing tissue engineering
King :en:tissue engineering, ing pamangisnawa ing pekamaulagang prublema. 
Kulang king metung a milimetru (o.04 a pulgada o inch) ing darasan ning 
pamangisnawa uli ning diffusion. Myayaliwa lang sangkap o materyal ding 
malyaring gamitan ba yang miragdagan ing lalam a iti, a keraklan anti king papil 
ning hemoglobin (ing magdalang oxygen king daya). 

## Deng pikwanan
* Perkins, M. 2003. Respiration Power Point Presentation. Biology 182 Course 
Handout. Orange Coast College, Costa Mesa, CA.

*Lon la murin deti*:
* Liquid breathing
* aquatic respiration
* Involuntary control of respiration