Archaea

Metung lang maragul a dake da reng organismung mabibye deng  
**Archaea** (a awsan da muring Archaebacteria). E man makaing malino ing 
eksaktu rang penibatan (w:phylogeny) deng grupung deti, deng Archaea, 
Eukaryotes at Bacteria ing manimunang pamipitna-pitna da reng mabibye 
king awsan dang w:three-domain system. Kalupa da reng bacteria, tunggal la 
cell deng archaea, at ala lang mucleus, anya iyabe ra la 
kareng prokaryote antimong Monera king taxonomy a maki limang kingdom. Minuna lang meyakit 
kareng kapaligiran a  extreme, dapot manibat kanita, abalu 
rang mabibye la pala kareng myayaliwang klima at paligid.             

## Kasalesayan

Kinilala nong Carl Woese deng Archaea kanitang 1977 agpang king karelang 
pamikawani kareng aliwang prokaryote kareng 
w:phylogenetic tree a 16S 
rRNA. Anyang purmeru, Archaebacteria at Eubacteria ing dareti, at tuturing 
da lang kingdom o subkingdom. Ing pamangaintuliran 
nang Woese, aliwa lang aliwang sanga da reng mabibye deng adwang deti. Kaybat, 
pemalagyuan na lang Archaea at Bacteria bang ipalto it, at sinabi nang dapat 
lang dapat lang bumilug deti kareng 
three domains da 
reng mabibye.   

## Deng Archaea, Bacteria ampong Eukaryotes
Kalupa do reng archea deng aliwang prokaryote karing keraklan kareng aspetu ning 
pamibalangkas ning w:cell ampo king w:metabolism. Nanupata, karas 
king genetic transcription at 
translation — deng adwang prosesu nung nu 
makabasi ing w:molecular biology — ala lu reting katangyan nung nu 
la makikilala deng bacteria, nun e kalupa rong kalupa deng eukaryote karas 
keti. Alimbawa, anti la karetang kareng eukaryote deng initiation ampong 
elongation factor a magagamit king translation da reng archaean, kabang itang 
karelang transcription, gagamit yang TATA-binding proteins (protinang tataid 
king DNA sequence o pamituglung-tuglung a “TATA”) at TFIIB anti kareng 
eukaryote. 

Atin pang aliwang katangyan a mangawani kareng Archaea. E anti kareng keraklan 
kareng bacteria, tunggal la mu w:cell membrane a alang peptidoglycan 
wall. Karagdagan pa kaniti, pareu lang ating membrane a gawa king glycerol-
ester lipid deng eukaryote ampong reng bacteria, kabang glycerol-
*[[ether]]* lipid no man deng kareng archaea. Mapalyaring pamakibage da reng 
archaea iti king hyperthermophily o paligid a mapaling 
tutu. Metung pa, aliwa yang aliwa king sangkap at pamanalkus (develoopment) ing 
flagellum o tela-latigu da reng archaea nung pakiyanti (ikumpara) ya iti 
ketang kareng bacteria (agyang balamu milulupa la reti king mumunang lawe).

## Tuknangan
Dakal la reng w:extremophile kareng archaean. Deng aliwa kareti, karen 
lang misnang katas a temperatura, a keraklan maygit king 100&nbsp;°C, antimo 
kareng w:geyser ampong w:black smoker. Den namang aliwa, mayayakit 
la kareng lugal a asna namang karimla o king danum a misnang kalat, asidu, o 
alkaline (anting lihiya). Nanupata, mesophile no man deng aliwang archaea, 
at mayayakit la reti kareng kapaligiran a yanti kareng w:marshland, 
w:sewage, at gabun. Dakal a archaea a methanogen (gagawang 
methane]] a mayayakit king daralanan ning pamangan da reng animal antimo reng 
w:ruminant, ane at tau. Keraklan, e la makaperwisyu kareng aliwang 
mabibye, at agpang king balu tamu, alang magdalang sakit kareti. 

## Itsura
Manibat king 0.1 angga king maygit 15 μm ing lapad ning balang metung a 
archaean. Deng aliwa kareti, pakasapunggul la o tuglung-tuglung a balamu tali, 
at miraras la reti king anggang 200 μm king kaba. Myayaliwa la alkus (shape) 
deti – mabilug, anting tukud, balikungkung, anting balugbug, o rektangulo. 
Myayaliwa la murin paralan metabolismu o pamamangan at pamaglaso pamangan at 
prosesu king katawan. Alimbawa, gagamit lang sala deng halobacteria 
(bacteria a mabibye king malat) bang gawang ATP, 
dapot alang Archaea a magpagana king photosynthesis kapamilatan ning 
electron transport chain, anti ing malilyari kareng aliwang grupu.     

## Ebolusyon ampong pamipitna-pitna

Mapipitna la reng archaea kareng adwang mangaragul a grupu basi kareng rRNA tree 
(pamisanga-sanga agpang king rRNA), deng Euryarchaeota ampong 
Crenarchaeota. Bukud kareti, atin pang adwang grupu melalang para kareng 
mapilan a mekwa kareng espesyal a paligid, ampo itang alang kalupang species a 
*[[Nanoarchaeum|Nanoarchaeum equitans]]*, a atuklasan nang by Karl Stetter 
kanitang 2002, dapot e malino ing karelang kaugnayan kareng aliwang archaea.

Agpang kang Woese, balang metung kareng atlung grupu – ding bacteria, archaea, 
at eukaryotes – metung yang metung yang manimuna at makayaliwang lahi dareng 
mabibye, a maranun kinawani ketang pipumpunan a  *[[w:progenote]]* a e pa 
makaing makabayu o masalese (poorly developed kaparalanan ning pamiparakal 
(genetic machinery). Mababakas ya ing palageng iti ketang lagyung Archaea, a 
ibat king amanung Griegung *archae* o misnang katwa.  

Metung ya pa muring maragul a prublema ing pamiugne ning Archaea ampo ning 
Eukarya. Bukud kareng pamilupang mebanggit na king babo, miyayabe la reng adwa 
kareng aliwang genetic tree. Agpang kareng mapilan, mas malapit la reng 
eukaryote king Eurarchaeota  kesa king Crenarchaeota, agyang aliwa ing sasabyan 
ning membrane chemistry. Nanupata, maging masakit ing pamanigaral king karelang 
pamiugnayan uling king pangatuklas da reng gene a balamu karetang kareng archaea 
kareng mapilan a bacteria, antimo ing *Thermotoga*. Ating sasabing 
mapalyaring linto la reng eukaryote kapamilatan ning pamisanib (fusion) ning 
metung a archaean ampo ning metung a eubacterium, a meging nucleus ampong 
cytoplasm, a yang penibatan dareng pamilupa-lupa king gene da reti. Nanupata, 
mikaka prublema king teorya iti karas king pamipalino king pamibalangkas ning 
cell.

Manibat king w:sequencing da reng tunggal tunggal a gene, para king 
w:systematics, miras na king sequencing ning kabilugan ning 
w:genome. King salukuyan, adwa nong pulu’t apat (24) a uri da reng archaea 
deng me-sequence, at adwa lang pulu’t adwa la reng e pa kumpletu    
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/lproks.cgi.

## Suglung a palwal
* Archaea 
* ArchaeaWeb - by UNSW - Information about 
Archaea 
* Introduction to the 
Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology
* Extremophiles Bioprospecting for 
antimicrobials, Dr Sarah Maloney Citat: "...Ground breaking research on 
extremophiles continues to this day, with the recently discovered 22nd 
genetically encoded amino acid – pyrrolysine – from the 
archaeon, *Methanosarcina barkeri*, (Hao et al., 2002; Srinivasan et al., 
2002)...."
* BBC News July 21, 1999: 
Toughest bug reveals genetic secrets Citat: "...It [*Pyrococcus abyssi*] 
likes conditions that the vast majority of other organisms would find impossible 
to live in. It thrives best at temperatures of about 103 degrees [Celsius] and 
under pressures of about 200 atmospheres...."
* Pyrococcus abyssi Home page at Genoscope

## Pikwanan
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