Malating bituka

Kareng vertebrate (animal a maki galudgud), reptile, ayup, ampong asan a maki masias a butul (*bony fish*), ing **malating bituka** (*small intestine* king Ingles) kayabe ya king gastrointestinal tract (gut), a daralanan ning pamangan. Atiu king pilatan ning dungus ampo ning maragul a bituka. Kayabe la king malating bituka deng duodenum, jejunum, ampong ileum. Keti maliliari ing keraklan king pamaglaso ampong pamanyipsip ning katawan king pamangan. Kareng invertebrate (animal a alang galudgud), antimo deng bulati, deng terminung "gastrointestinal tract" ampong "maragul a bituka" gagamitan da la para king kabilugan ning bituka.     

## Dagul ampong sukad

Maki kaba yang pitung (7) metru ing malati nang bituka ning metung a taung atiu king edad, at maki lapad yang manga 2.5-3 cm iti. Lipat ning maragul ing kaba ning malating bituka kesa king maragul a bituka (keraklan, makatapat o makatalima ing kaba na), ikua na ing kayang lagiu uling palak ya kakitid iti. Agiang mipagiu ya mu king lapad a manga 0.5m2 nung iladlad ya ing metung a tubong kasingkaba na ampong kasing-lapad ning malating bituka, uli ning pamanuklip na ampong pamangulurut ning kilual na niti, makata-500 a besis/ukdu ing pamaglapad na niti, ania miraras king 250m2 ing kayang lapad, o manga kasing lapad ning metung a *tennis court*.

The small intestine is divided into three structural parts: 
* **[[Duodenum]]** 26 cm (9.8 in) in length
* **[[Jejunum]]** 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
* **[[Ileum]]** 3.5 m (11.5 ft)

Mapipitna ya kareng atlung dake o parti ing malating bituka:
* **[[Duodenum]]** 26 cm (9.8 in) in length
* **[[Jejunum]]** 2.5 m (8.2 ft)
* **[[Ileum]]** 3.5 m (11.5 ft)

## Histology
Lupa-lupa la nung lon la king microscope deng atlu nang dake ning malating bituka, oneng ating mapilan a maulagang pamialiwa.

Deng dake ning bituka ila reng makatuki:

## Pamaglaso ampong pamanyipsip
### Peristalsis
Metung yang kalamnan (*muscle*), ausan dang pylorus o pyloric sphincter, ing magpaintulut king pamangan a lungub king duodenum ibat king dungus. Kaibat, mitutulak ya kilub ning malating bituka kapamilatan ning metung a prosesu ning pamanapsal o pamamusit (*contractions*) ning kalamnan a balamu alun, a ausan dang peristalsis.  

### Pamaglaso

King malating bituka maliliari ing keraklan king pamaglasong kemikal. Papalual no ning kundilat {*pancreas*) deng keraklan kareng enzyme a paglasong magagamit kng malating bituka; lulub la reti kapamilatan ning *pancreatic duct* o tubo ning kundilat. Lulub la king malating bituka deng enzyme anting pakibat king hormone a cholecystokinin, a lalalangan ning malating bituka uli ning presensia ning sustansia. Uli ning hormone a secretin, magpalual ya muring bicarbonate paras king malating bituka ing kundilat ba yang labanan ing maliaring pamaglub ning dilikadung asidu ibat king dungus.

Deng atlung pekamaulagang uri da reng sustansiang dadalan king prosesu ning pamaglaso ila reng protina, lipid (taba) ampong carbohydrate:
  
*  Deng protina ampong peptide magi lang amino acid potang malaso la. Magumpisa king dungus ing kemikal a pamaglaso, at misusundu king malating bituka. Lulual no ning kundilat deng *proteolytic enzyme* o enzyme a maglasong protina, kayabe ne ing trypsin ampo ing chymotrypsin, at deti, babangalan do reng protina kareng mas mangalating peptide. Ing carboxypeptidase, a metung a *pancreatic brush border enzyme*, tunggal-tunggal nong babangalan deng amino acid. Ing aminopeptidase ampo ing dipeptidase, kakawani do reng tauli o sepung produktu da reng amino acid.
* Deng lipid (taba o *fats*) lalasawan la bang maging fatty acid ampong glycerol. Ing lipase ibat king kundilat (*pancreatic lipase*), babangalan no reng triglycerides, ba lang maging makakawaning (*free*) fatty acid ampong monoglyceride. Sasaup la king pancreatic lipase deng asin ibat king bílis (*bile salt*) a papalual ning ate ampo ning atdu. Tutuglung la kareng triglyceride deng bile salt ba lang mikawa-kawani (emulsify) deti, ba nong lalung ayabut nign pancreatic lipase. Maliliari iti uling ing lipase malalaso king danum, samantalang *hydrophobic* (tela-larû) la reng tela-tabang triglyceride, a milupung-lupung king madanum a paligid. Deng *bile salt* magsilbi lang talapamilatan o "middle man" a tatalan kareng triglycerides king paligid a maranum, anggang abangal no ning lipase kareng mas malati pang dake, at makalub na la at masipsip kareng villi  
* Deng carbohydrate mababangal la kareng simpling mayumu, o monosaccharide (e.g., glucose). Ing *pancreatic amylase* (amylase ibat king kundilat) babangalan no reng carbohydrate ba lang maging oligosaccharide. Manibat karin, mipasa ing obra kareng *brush border enzyme*. Deng pekamaulagang brush border enzyme ila reng dextrinase and glucoamylase, a misusundu king pamamangal ampong pamaglaso kareng oligosaccharide. Kayabe la murin kareng brush border enzyme deng maltase, sucrase ampong lactase.    

### Pamanyipsip
Malyari nang munta kareng uyat a daralanan ning daya (*blood vessels*) kareng gilid ning bituka ing pamangan a melaso, king prosesung ausan dang pamanyipsip o *absorption*. Ing malating bituka ing lugal nung nukarin la masisipsip deng keraklan kareng sustansiang ibat king pengan.

Ing kilub ning gilid (*inner wall*) ning malating bituka, a ausan dang mucosa, mitatakpan ya kareng simpling laman a tela-asias (*columnar*), ing *[[intestinal epithelium|epithelial]] tissue*. King pangabalangkas na o porma niti, mitatakpan ya kareng dakal a kulurut a ausan dang plicae circulares ing mucosa, at tuturing da lang permanenting dake ning gilid ning organung iti deti. Aliwa la reti kareng rugae, a e permanenti, at pansamantala la mung lalto neng miyayatiat ya at magpusit ing bituka neng lalasawan na niti ing pamangan. Manibat kareng plicae circulares, ating makatuglung a malatiktik (*microscopic*) a pirasu ning laman a katabas taliri, a ausan dang villi (Latin para king "bulbulin a buak" o *shaggy hair*). Atin la muring pakatuglung a balamu taliri deng tunggal-tunggal a cell a epithelial, a mayayaus microvilli. Ing papil da reng plicae circulares, villi ampong microvilli, ing magdagdag king leparan ning bitukang maliaring magamit king pamanyipsip kareng sustansia.   

Ing balang villus atin yang pamisanga-sanga (*network*) da reng capillary ampong mangapinung uyat a lymphatic (*lymphatic vessels*) a ausan dang lacteal a malapit king kilual (*surface*). Darala da reng epithelial cell ning villi ing sustansia manibat king lumen ning bituka papunta kareting capillariy (amino acid ampong carbohydrate) ampong lacteal (deng lipid). Den namang uyat ning daya (*blood vessel*) ing magdala kareng sustansiang mesipsip paras kareng miayaliwang organu ning katawan, nung nu la magagamit kareng komplikadung sangkap a kailangan ning katawan. *Assimilation* ing aus kaniti. Ita namang pamangan a e melaso at e mesipsip, pupunta king maragul a bituka.  

Maliliari king jejunum ing pamanyipsip kareng keraklan kareng sustansia, liban kareng makatuking maulagang alimbawa:
* Ing iron masisipsip king duodenum.
* Ing Vitamin B12 ampong bile salts masisipsip la king terminal ileum.
* Ing danum ampo reng lipid masisipsip la kapamilatan ning *passive diffusion* king kabilugan ning malating bituka.
* Ing sodium masisipsip kapamilatan ning *active transport* ampo ning glucose ampong amino acid co-transport.
* Ing fructose masisipsip kapamilatan ning facilitated diffusion.

## Deng sakit ning malating bituka

* Small intestine cancer
* Small intestine obstruction ("high" mechanic ileus)
** Obstruction from external pressure
** Obstruction by masses in the lumen (foreign bodies, bezoar, gallstones)
* Paralytic ileus
* Maropthisis
* Crohn's disease
* Celiac disease
* Carcinoid
* Meckel's Diverticulum
* Gastric dumping syndrome
* Infectious diseases
** Giardiasis
** Ascariasis
** Tropical sprue
** Tapeworm infection
* Mesenteric ischemia
* Short bowel syndrome
* Inguinal hernia


## Dalerayan
* 
* Solomon et al. (2002) Biology Sixth Edition, Brooks-Cole/Thomson Learning ISBN 0-03-033503-5
* Townsend et al. (2004) Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, Elsevier ISBN 0-7216-0409-9
* 
* 

## Notes


## Karagdagang larawan

 Image:Gray849.png|Mababa nang kapitnang dake sympathetic cord.
 Image:Gray1224.png|Ing aske da reng laman lub king bandang salu ampong atian.