Baga

Ing **baga** ing pekamaulaga nang dake king pangisnawa 
kareng vertebrate a mangisnawang angin. 
Ing pekamaulaga nang gamit yapin ing pamagdala king oxygen 
manibat king kiluwal papunta king pupulayan ning daya, at magluwal *[[:en:carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide]]* manibat king daralanan ning daya palwal. Agagawa na iti kapamilatan ning metung a *mosaic* da reng makabukud a cell a bibilug milyun-milyung mangalatiktik at misna kaimpis a suput-suputan a yangin (air sac) nung nu malilyari ing gas exchange. Magagamit la murin kareng bageng e konektadu king pamangisnawa deng baga. 
 
Magumpisa la king ***pulmo-*** deng katayang pang-medicinang maki kaugnayan 
king baga. Ibat ya iti king amanung Latin a *pulmonarius* ("of the lungs"), a 
kapareu na penibatan ning amanung Griyegu a *pleumon* 
("baga"). 

## Ing papil ning baga king respiration
Keraklan, mangaylangan oxygen ing pamangawang enerhiya kareng 
mabibye, at carbon dioxide naman ing magbunga kaniti. Uli na niti, mangaylangan 
yang matalab a paralan ing bye bang magdalang oxygen *papunta karing* cell 
at maglwal carbon dioxide *manibat karing* cell. Kareng mangalating lelangan, 
anti kareng bacteria, a tunggal cell, malyaring marapat iti kapamilata’na kabud 
ning simpling diffusion. E malyari iti kareng mangaragul a organismu; malati na 
mung dake da reng eganaganang cell ing atyu ketang malapit kilwal bang manikwang 
oxygen king angin kapamilata’ning diffusion. Utang da reng organismu kareng 
adwang manimunang pamakibageng pang :en:evolution 
(evolutionary adaptation) ing upaya rang mika asnang karakal a cell (great 
multicellularity): metung a matalab a pamipulayi ning daya (an efficient 
circulatory system) a makapanatad (at manikwang) gases angga kareng pekamalalam 
a dake ning katawan, at metung a maragul a respiratory system, nung nu 
makasentru ing obra ning pamanikwang oxygen king kilwal at idala ya iti king 
katawan, nung nu ya malagwang malyaring ibudbud kareng eganaganang tissue 
kapamilata’ning circulatory system. 

Kareng animal a maki-galugud at mangisnawang angin (air-breathing vertebrates), 
atin yang mapilan a tuki-tuking dake ing respiration. Lulub king animal ing 
angin kapamilatan da reng daralanan angin (airways) — kareng reptile, ayup 
ampong mammal, deni bibilugan no ning arung, faringe (pharynx), ing larynx, ing 
traquea, deng bronchi ampong bronchiole, ampo reng pekasepu nang sanga ning 
pamisanga-sanga ning pamangisnawa (respiratory tree). Anti la mong malabung a 
salá-salá (rich lattice) da reng alveoli (suput-suputan 
ning angin) — a babye misnang kalapad a lugal para king pamaglibe rang gases 
(angin) deng baga da reng animal a reti. Miyayalis (diffused) king pupulayan 
ning daya (bloodstream) ing oxygen ibat king angin kilub da reng alveoli, lipat 
da reng misna kaimpis a alveolar membrane; ita namang carbon dioxide, lulwal 
king daya paunta kareng alveoli kapamilata’ning paralan a anti murin kanita. 
Ing pangimut da reng kalamnan (muscular action) ing papalyari king pamanyingut 
ampong pamangisnawang palwal king angin; kareng minunang tetrapod (metung a uri 
da reng vertebrate a maki apat a bitis o menibat kareng pipumpunan a maki apat a 
bitis), “bobomban” (driven) ya ing angin palun karen gbaga kapamilatan da reng 
pharyngeal muscles (kalamnan ning faringe). Karen namang reptile, ayup ampong 
mammal, mas komplikadu yang musculo skeletal system (kaparalanan a bibilugan da 
reng kalamnan ampong butul) ing magagamit. Atin lang maragul a kalamnan deng 
mamamal, ing diaphragm, a papalyari king pamangisnawa 
kapamilatan’ning pamanalili king karaklan (volume) ampong prisyun (pressure). 
Ustung dagdaga’ne ing karaklan at bawasan ne ing prisyun, masipsip ing angin 
palub kareng daralanan angin, at neng bawasa’ne ing karaklan at itas ne ing 
prisyun, itang kabaligtaran ing malilyari. 

## Deng obra ning bagáng e makasuglung king pangisnawa

Liban king papil da reng baga king pamangisnawa (respiration), antimo ing 
gas exchange ampo ing pamanibala king keraklan
(*[[:en:concentration|concentration]]*) da reng hydrogen ion, atin 
la pang aliwang daraptan deng baga:
* atin lang epektu king karaklan (concentration) da reng biologically active 
substances o sangkap a tatalab kareng bageng mabibye, ampo reng panulung 
magagamit king medisina king daya da reng uyat a artery.
* sasalakan do reng mangalating pamagculta ning dayang (blood clot) a bibilug 
kilub da reng uyat a systemic vein
* magsilbi lang antimong malambut a laman a peka-sapin (layer) - at sasabat 
kareng makapanasakit(shock-absorbent protection) - king 
pusu pusu, uling ati lu king mingatba na niti at alus 
padurutan de. 

## Deng baga da reng mammal
Kasalát lang espongha deng baga da reng mammal. Anti lang mitmung busbus a maki 
epithelium a maki leparan a panlwal surface area) a malapad a 
e mu nanu kesa ketang leparan nang panwlal ning mismung baga. Kayabe la king 
karaniwan a uring anti kaniti deng baga da reng tau. Mabasa yang mabasa ing 
paligid ning baga, anya malagwa lang tumubu reng bacteria keti. Dakal kareng 
sakit king pamangisnawa (respiratory illnesses) ing pasari da reng impeksyon 
king bagáng ibat kareng bacteria ampong virus. 

Keraklan, ing diaphragm ing manibala king pamangisnawa. 
Iti metung yang kalamnan a magparagul king lukib (cavity) nung nukarin ya ing 
baga kapamilata’ning kayang pamanurung (contracting). Ita mismung pekakahun da 
reng tagyang (rib cage), agyu na mu namang dagul at murung bagya. 

Uli na niti, masisipsip ing angin palub at mitutulak palwal da reng baga 
kapamilatan da reng traquea ampong broncial 
tube ampong bronchi; manyanga la reti at magwakas la kareng suput-suputan ning 
angin o alveoli, a padurutan dang capillary a 
mitmung daya. Keni, mikakalat ing oxygen ibat 
king angin papunta king daya, nung nu na dadalan ning 
hemoglobin iti. 

Miraras kareng baga ing dayang milako oxygen ibat king pusu; 
dadalan iti king pulmonary cavity (lukib da reng baga), 
at kaybat nang mirinan oxygen, mibabalik king pusu kapamilatan da ring 
pulmonary vein. 

### Lugal o Karinan
Atilu king kilub ning thoracic cavity (lukib ning salu) 
deng baga. Deng tatakap at sasagka (protect) kareng tagyang ila pin deng baga, 
a patulugan o padurutan ning metung a tela-suput (sac) a maki adwang pabalat 
(double-walled) a awsan dang pleura. Itang sapin (layer) a 
makalub, makapekat yang mayap ketang kilwal da reng baga, kabang ita namang 
sapin a makalwal, makataid ya ketang balat nang pangkilub ning lukib ning salu 
(chest cavity). Ating lang maimpis a pilatan deng adwang sapin a mitmung 
pleural fluid. Uli na niti, malyari lang mitagusgus king 
metung at metung deng adwang sapin, ba lang e gad mikawani. Mas malati ya ing 
kayling baga kesa ketang wanan, ba yang mika pirinan ing pusu. 

## Avian lungs
## Ing baga da reng ayup

Komplikadu ya dapot misnang matalab (highly effective) itang sistema ning 
pamilibeng maki-agus a misasagana (cross-current exchange system) kareng 
ayup. Atin yang tela-suput a angin (air sac) a manibala king agus 
ning angin kaniti. Lon ya ing *[[:en:Bird#Respiration|bird respiration]]* 
para king metung a detalyadung pamaglarawan kaniting sistema.

Maragul ing pamiyaliwa dareng baga ring ayup kareng mammal. Liban kareta 
mismung baga, atin lang air sac king arap ampong gulut deng ayup (keraklan syam) 
a manibala king pamanagus ning angin kareng baga, oneng ala lang daretsang papil 
king pamaglibeng gas (angin). Flow-through (tataglus yang mamagus) ing karelang 
kaparalanan ning pamangisnawa (respiration system). 

Neng sisingut yang angin ing ayup, mamagus ya palun king traquea ing angin, 
papunta kareng air sac bandang gulut na, kabang mamagus papunta kareng air sac 
king arap itang angin a atyu na kareng baga. Pota namang mangisnawa yang palwal 
itang ayup, munta kareng baga itang angin kareng posterior air sac, at itang 
laun (stale) a angin a atyu na ngeni kareng air sac king arap, lumwal 
kapamilata’ning trachea at munta king kilwal. Uli na niti, adwang kumpletung 
pamidurut ning pamangisnawa (cycles of respiration) ing kaylangan ba yang 
dumalan king kabilugan ning daralanan ning angin ing metung a pangisnawa ning 
angin. 

Ala lang suput-suputan ning angin deng baga da reng ayup, e anti kareng baga da 
reng mammal, nun e mangalating daralanan a awsan dang parabronchi, a makatuglung 
kareng mingatbang sepu kareng dorsobranchi ampong ventrobranchi. Mamagus ing 
angin kareng gilid da reng parabronchi, a mitmung busbus anting panilan 
(honeycomb), at palub kareng air capillary, nung nu mililibe ing oxygen ampong 
carbon dioxide kareng makasalapung a blood capillary kapamilata’ning diffusion o 
pamikalat, matung a prosesu ning crosscurrent 
air exchange.

The purpose of this complex system of air sacs is to ensure that the airflow 
through the avian lung is always traveling in the same direction - posterior to 
anterior. This is in contrast to the mammalian system, in which the direction of 
airflow in the lung is tidal, reversing between inhalation and exhalation. By 
utilizing a unidirectional flow of air, avian lungs are able to extract a 
greater concentration of oxygen from inhaled air. Birds are thus equipped to fly 
at altitudes at which mammals would succumb to hypoxia.
Ing sarya na niting komplikadung sistema da reng air sac yapin ing siguradwan a 
pane mung king metung a nangan o direksyon ing pamanagus ning angin king baga 
ning ayup – gulut papunta king arap. Aliwa iti king sistema kareng mammal, nung 
nukarin king misusumangid a direksyon (tidal) ing agus ning angin, a babaligtad 
neng sisingut ampong neng mangisnawang palwal. 

## Deng baga da reng reptile
Keraklan, kakatmu lang angin deng baga da reng reptile kapamilata’ning 
kombinasyun ning pampipalapad at pamanurung da reng tagyang, a papalyari da reng 
axial muscle ampo ning buccal pumping (pamamomba kapamilata’ning asbuk). Mamasa 
la rin deng kayanib king pamilya da reng dapu (crocodilians) king hepatic piston 
method, nung nu ing até abita’ne ning metung a kalamnan (muscle) a maka-angkla 
king pubic bone (dake ning balakang o pelvis), at iti naman, abita’nong pababa 
ding lalam da ring baga, at papalapara’no reti. 

## Ing baga da reng amphibian

Simpli la mu balangkas anting lobu deng baga da reng keraklan kareng 
tugak ampo reng aliwang amphibian; malilyari ing 
pamilibe da reng gases (angin) ketang bandang kilwal da reti. E matalab 
(efficient) ing paralan a iti, oneng mababa mu naman ing pamangaylangan dang 
enerhiya deng amphibian, at keraklan miraragdagan ing karelang oxygen 
kapamilata’ning diffusion kapamilata’ning mabasang balat (outer skin) ning 
karelang katawan. 

## Ing baga da reng [[arachnid]]

Atin lang dakeng awsan dang "book lung" deng babagwa. Ala lang kaugnayan 
kareng baga (lungs) da reng vertebrate deti, pero pareu lang para king 
pamangisnawa.

## Ing baga da reng crustacean

Branchiostegal lung ing gagamita’ning 
coconut crab bang mangisnawang angin, at malyari yang malumud king danum.

## Ing penibata’na agpang king evolution

Malapit ing pamiugnayan da reng baga da reng vertebrate (buri 
nang sabyan, homologous) kareng gas 
bladder da reng asan (pero e kareng asang). Isipan dang pareu 
lang menibat deti king outpocketing (pamanalto ning metung a balamu bulsa) king 
bandang babo da reng bituka (lon la ring ontogeny ampong phylogeny). Atin 
yang karagdagang detalye tungkul king penibatan da reng organung deti agpang 
king evolution ing artikulo tungkul king swim bladder. 

## Lon la murin deti
* Cardiothoracic surgery
* mechanical ventilation
* liquid breathing

## Suglung a palwal
* Dr D.R. Johnson: 
Introductory anatomy, respiratory system 
* Franlink Institute Online: 
The Respiratory System 
* Lungs OnLine 
* Lungs 'best in late afternoon'

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