Tanaman

* **[[Embryophyte|Deng tanaman king gabun]] (embryophyte)**
** **[[Bryophyte|Deng non-vascular a tanaman]] (bryophyte)**
*** Hepatophyta – deng liverwort
*** Anthocerophyta – deng hornwort
*** Bryophyta – deng moss
** **[[Vascular plant]]s (tracheophytes)**
*** Lycopodiophyta – deng clubmoss
*** Equisetophyta – deng horsetail
*** Pteridophyta – deng “tutung” pakû ("true" ferns)
*** Psilotophyta - deng whisk fern
*** Ophioglossophyta – deng adderstongue
*** ***[[Spermatophyta|Seed plants]] (spermatophytes)***
**** †Pteridospermatophyta - deng seed fern
**** Pinophyta – deng conifer
**** Cycadophyta – deng cycad
**** Ginkgophyta – deng ginkgo
**** Gnetophyta – deng gnetae
**** Magnoliophyta – deng tanaman a manyampaga

Metung la kareng pekamaragul a grupu da reng mabibye reng **Tanaman** (manga 
300,000 a species, kayabe no reng balu tamung 
organismu anti reng dutung, sampaga, dikut ampong 
pakû.  Pinitna nong Aristotle deng eganaganang mabibye kareng tanaman, a 
keraklan e gagalo at alang dakeng makapanamdam king paligid da (sensory organs), 
ampo reng animal. Ketang sistema nang Linnaeus, deni 
reng meging Kingdoms a Vegetabilia (a meging Plantae) 
ampong Animalia.  Manibat kanita, abalu rang detang sadyang 
mabibilang kareng Plantae myayaliwa la palang grupung e mikakamaganak, at kewani 
do reng fungi at mapilan a grupu da reng alga bang 
gawang bayung kingdom.  Nanupata, ating kabilyan a mituturing la pa muring 
tanaman deti.  Ing tutu, e magsilbi ing sanumang tangkang ibili ya king metung a 
taxon o grupu ing “tanaman” uling e malino pangalarawan o panga-isplika iti, at 
ala yang kaugnayan o pamisuglung kareng konseptung batayan ning makabayung 
ciencia ning taxonomy.

## Deng Embryophyte
:*Lon ya ing main article king [[:en:Embryophyte|Deng Embryophyte]]s*
Ing kilalang dili ila pin deng multicellular a tanaman 
king gabun, a awsan dang embryophyte.  Kayabe la kareti deng 
vascular plant, tanaman a kumpletu bulung, 
tangke, ampong yamut.  Kayabe la rin keti reng mapilan 
kareng mangalapit dang kamaganak, a awsan dang *bryophyte*, nung nu deng 
moss ing pekakilala.

All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls 
composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through 
photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. 
About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites 
on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants are distinguished from green 
algae, from which they evolved, by having specialized reproductive organs 
protected by non-reproductive tissues.
Atin la ngang eukaryotic a celula deng eganaganang kareng tanaman 
a reti, a maki cell wall a gawa king cellulose.  Keraklan karela, akukwa 
ra ing karelang enerhiya king photosynthesis, nung nu la gagamit 
salâ at carbon dioxide bang gawang pamangan.  Ating manga 
atlung dalan a species da reng tanaman a e darapat photosynthesis, nun e 
parasitiku la kareng aliwang species da reng tanaman a 
photosynthetic.  Ing pamiyaliwa da reng tanaman kareng aluntyan a algae, nung nu la menibatan, itang atin lang specialized 
reproductive organ o dakeng makaparikil king pamiparakal, a mipapaindurutan 
(antimong proteksyon) da reng non-reproductive a tissue.

Minuna lang linto reng bryophyte kanitang bandang umpisa ning panaun a 
Palaeozoic.  Mabibye la mu kareng lugal a mamasa-masa, at 
malati la king kabilugan ning karelang bye.  Dadalan la king alternation of 
generations.  Maki haploid a parti ning kayang bye a awsan dang 
gametophyte, at atin namang diploid a parti, 
itang sporophyte. 

Minuna lang linto reng vascular a tanaman kanitang panaun a Silurian.  
Anyang datang ing Devonian, merakal nong uri deti at mikalat no kareng dakal 
a myayaliwang kapaligiran king gabun.  Atin lang mapilan a pamakibage 
(adaptation) king paligid a sinaup karelang magtagumpe laban karetang kakulangan 
da reng bryophyte.  Kayabe ya kareti ing cuticle (pekabalat) a magsilbing sabat 
king pangalangi, at vascular tissue a magdalang danum king kabilugan ning 
tanaman.  Marlas, mabibye ya antimong aliwang tanaman ing sporophyte, kabang 
manatili yang malati ing gametophyte.    

.
Linto la kanitang tawli nang dake ning panaun a Devonian deng minunang diling 
tanaman a maki butul (seed plants), deng Pteridosperms (seed ferns) ampong 
Cordaites (a pareu nang ala o extinct), minyupling lang myayaliwa kanitang 
Carboniferous, at lalu la pang migbayu anyang panaun a Permian ampong 
Trisassic.  Kareng tanaman a reti, taglus taglus neng melati ing gametophyte 
(completely reduced), at migumpisa ya ing sporophyte king kilub ning makakulung 
a lulanan a awsan dang butul, a daragul kabang atyu king pengaring 
tanaman, kaybat ning fertilization kapamilatan da ring butil ning pollen.  
Kabang darakal la kapamilatan da reng spore deng aliwang tanaman a vascular, at 
uli na niti, mangaylangan lang danum bang dagul, agyu rang mye at dákal deng 
mapilan a tanaman a maki butul agyang malanging malangi ing paligid.  

Gymnosperm (“lubas a butul” o “naked seed”)ing aus kareng minunang tanaman a 
maki butul uling e ya makabalut takap a proteksyon ing embryo ning butul neng 
pollination, at deretsu yang durugpa ing pollen ketang embryo.  Maleparan la pa 
murin deng lugal nung nu la mabibye reng apat a mitatagan a grupu da reti, lalu 
na reng conifer, a ilang manimuna o dominanting dutung kareng mapilan a 
biome. Deta namang angiosperm, a tanaman a manyampaga, ila pin deng 
tawling maragul a grupu da reng tanaman a linto.  Menibat la kareng gymnosperm 
kanitang panaun a Jurassic, at malagwa lang minyupling myayaliwang uri 
kanitang Cretaceous.  Ing aliwa da reti, makatakap ya ing seed embryo, anya 
kaylangan yang magpalwal tubo ing pollen ba neng luban ing takap ning butul 
(protective seed coat).  Ila ring tanaman a keraklan mayayakit kareng alus 
eganaganang biome ngeni.      

## Deng Algae ampong Fungi
Bibilugan dong mapilan a myayaliwang grupu reng algae, a e kayanib king Kingdom 
Plantae nun e king Kingdom Protista.  Gagawa lang enerhiya kapamilatan ning 
photosynthesis.  Ing peka kapansin-pansin kareti ila reng seaweed. 
Multicellular lang algae deti a pekamalapit kareng tanaman king gabun 
(terrestrial plants), oneng e la tanaman; kayabe la reti kareng green, red, ampong brown algae.  Kayabe la murin kareti 
reng myayaliwang mabibyeng maki tunggal celula ampo retang kabud namu mitipun a 
celula, a yalang myayaliwang tissue.  Makakimut la reng 
dakal kareti, at atin pa ping e na makarapat king photosynthesis.  Anyang minuna 
lang metuklas deti, tuturing dong pareung tanaman ampong animal deti.  Ngeni, e 
no kayabe king sanuman kareng adwa, nun e kayabe la kareng protist.   

Menibat la kareng green algae deng embryophyte; Viridiplantae ing aus da kareng 
adwang deti.  Karaniwan, ini na mung monophyletic a grupu ing tuturing dang 
kayanib king kingdom a Plantae, anti ing mayayakit king babo.  Liban kareng 
mapilan a green algae, atin lang cell wall a maki cellulose deti,  ampong 
chloroplast a maki adwang klasing chlrophyll, *a* ampong *b*, at 
sasalikut da ing pamangan bilang starch.  Daralan la king closed mitosis 
a alang centriole, at keraklan, ating lang mitochondria a 
maki patag (flat) a cristae.  

Ating adwang membrane a makapadurut kareng chloroplast da reng aluntyan a 
tanaman (green plants), at malyaring iti tanda yang menibat la retang 
chloroplast kareng endosymbiotic a cyanobacteria.  Makanyan la murin deng 
red algae; paniwalan da reng keraklan a metung la mu penibatan 
deting adwa.  Samantala, deta namang aliwang algae, atin lang chloroplast a maki 
atlu o apat a membrane.  Keraklan kareti, e ro malapit a kamaganak deng aluntyan 
a tanaman, at akukwa do reng karelang chloroplast kareng ayayakmul dang green o 
red algae.  

E anti kareng embryophyte ampong algae, e la photosynthetic deng fungus, nun e 
saprophyte la.  Ing buri nang sabyan niti, kukwanan da ing karelang pamangan 
kapamilata’ning pamaglaso (breaking down) kareng materyal a makapadurut karela 
at sisipsipan da iti kaybat.  Deng keraklan kareng fungi bibilugan da lang 
microscopic a tubong awsan dang hyphae, a malyaring mapipitna o e mapipitna 
kareng celula, pero atin lang eukaryotic a nucleus.  Deng 
fruiting body (ing pekakilalang alimbawa da reti yapin ing payung-payungan) ila 
mu reng reproductive structure o dakeng magagamit king pamiparakal kareng fungi.  
E ro kamaganak deti ding sanuman kareng grupung photosynthetic, nun e malapit 
dong kamaganak deng animal.  Atin lang sarili rang kingdom.

## Ulaga
Ing photosynthesis ampong carbon fixation a daraptan da reng tanaman king gabun 
ampong algae ila reng peka panibatan nign enerhiya ampong materyal a organic 
kareng halus eganaganang tutuknangan da reng mabibye.  Ayalilan deng mayap deng 
prosesung deti ing sangkap (composition) ning atmosfera ning Yatu, anya pin 
asnang karagul a dake na niti ing gawa king oxygen.  Aerobic la reng 
animal at keraklan kareng organismu - mamasa la king oxygen.  Detang ali, 
mayayakit la mu kareng mapilang anaerobic a lugal.

Much of human nutrition depends on cereals. Other plants that are eaten 
include fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. Some vascular 
plants, referred to as trees and shrubs, produce woody stems and are 
an important source of building material. A number of plants are used 
decoratively, including a variety of flowers.
Magdependi la kareng binutil (cereal) deng tau para king keraklan king 
kakanan da.  Bukud kareti, kayabe la kareng aliwang tanaman a kakanan deng 
prutas, gule, dikut, at spice.  Maulaga lang pikukwanan 
pangawang bale deng mapilan a vascular a tanaman a awsan dang dutung ampong 
shrub, a maki tangkeng mala-dutung.

## Pamandagul

Mangakuyad la mu bye reng simpling tanaman kalupa da reng algae bilang 
indibidwal, dapot pana-panaun la reti dung ibasi king pangkabilugan a 
populasyun.  Den namang aliwang tanaman, gugrupu da la basi king karelang 
pamandagul dikil king panaun:
* Annual: mabibye la at darakal kilub ning metung a panaun a 
pamananam.
* Biennial: mabibye la kilub ding adwang panaun ning 
pamananam; keraklan, magparaka’la keng kadwang banwa.
* Perennial: mabibye la kilub da reng dakal a panaun; 
taglus-taglus lang magparakal o manyupling kabud atsu no king edad.

Kareng vascular a tanaman, kayabe la kareng perennial deng evergreen, a maki 
bulung king kabilugan ning banwa, ampo reng tanaman a deciduous, a mababalag 
bulung king metung a dake ning banwa.  Kareng klimang temperate ampong 
boreal, keraklan, neng karimlan (winter, o panaun ning dimla) la mababalag 
bulung deti; den namang tanaman kareng mangapali o tropical a lugal, neng 
kaleldo (dry season) malilyari iti. 

Maragul ing pamiyaliwa king bilis ning pamandagul da reng tanaman.  Ating moss a 
daragul a kulang king 1 μm/h, kabang keraklan kareng dutung daragul lang 25-
250 μm/h.  Ating tanaman a kukulate, antimo ing kudzu, a e na kaylangan 
gawang makapal a supporting tissue o laman a pangsuporta – iti daragul yang 
anggang 12500 μm/h.

## Deng fossil
Kayabe la kareng fossil da reng tanaman deng yamut, dutung, bulung, butul, 
bunga, pollen, spores, phytolith, ampong amber (ing fossil a 
agta a manibat kareng mapilan a tanaman).  Mayayakit la reng fossil a tanamang 
gabun kareng banlik (sediment) a menibatan king gabun, dayatan (lacustrine), 
ilug ampong bebe dagat.  Gagamitan do reng pollen, spores ampng algae 
(dinoflagellates ampong acritarchs) ba lang mabalu edad deng tumpak-
tumpak a batung banlik (sedimentary rock sequences).  E ro kasindakal deng 
fossil a animal deng fossil a tanaman, dapot sagana la reng fossil a tanaman 
kareng dakal a lokal a lugal king mabilug a yatu.

Mayayakit angga reng tunggal-tunggal a cell kareng fossil da reng minunang 
tanaman.  Milyari kanitang panaun a Devonian ing pamanalto ning paniwalan dang 
mumunang makabayung tanaman a dutung, ing *[[Archaeopteris]]*.  Miyayabe 
kaniting dutung a lupang paku ing metung a pun a madutung ampo reng bulung ning 
paku, oneng ala yang butul.

Metung lang manimunang pikukwanan fossil da reng tanaman manibat kanitang 
:en:Palaeozoic deng :en:Coal Measures; mayayakit la reng dakal a grupu da reng 
tanaman a mabibye anyang panaun a ita.  Masanting diling mangolekta kareng 
buntun a piyugsyanan (spoil heaps) kareng minang karbon.  Ita mismung karbon 
ibat ya ketang pekatanaman, oneng keraklan e mayayakit ing itsura detalye ning 
itsura da reng fossil a tanaman king karbon.  Ketang Fossil Forest king Victoria 
Park king Glasgow, Scotland, mayayakit la reng impun (trunk) da reng 
dutung a *[[:en:Lepidodendron|Lepidodendron]]* ketang orihinal a lugal nung nu 
la tinubu.

Malyari lang mayakit deng dakal a fossil da reng dakeng mitagan kareng yamut, 
tangke ampong sangang conifer ampong angiosperm kareng sedimentary rocks o 
batung ibat king banlik a manibat king panaun a Mesozoic ampong Caenozoic.  
Marlas lang mayayakit deng Sequoia ampo reng kayang kamaganak, 
deng :en:magnolia, :en:oak, ampong palmeras.

Dakal muring batung kalyus o petrified wood kareng mapilang dake ning yatu.  
Marlas mayayakit iti kareng lugal a malangi o desyertu, nung nu ya malagwang 
lunto uling king pangatibag (erosion).  Keraklan, silicified (miyalilan 
silicon dioxide itang materyal a organic) ing batung kalyus, at angga ing 
mangalati nang detalye ning dutung manatili ketang dakal miyalilan nang batu.  
Malyari lang pututan at pakintaban deng pirasu ning batung kalus a gagamit 
kasangkapan a para kareng batung pang-alahas.  Mayayakit la reng fossil a 
kakewan (fossil forests) kareng eganaganang kontinenti.    

Mayayakit la king kabilugan dang dake deng mapilan a kontinenti ning southern 
hemisphere (ing mawli nang kapitna ning yatu) deng fossil da reng seed fern 
anti ing *[[Glossopteris]]*, at iti migsilbing pamipatune karetang mumuna nang 
ideyang Alfred Wegener tungkul king teoryang Continental drift.  

## Pikwanan at karagdagan a pamamasa
* Thomas N Taylor and Edith L Taylor. *The Biology and Evolution of Fossil 
Plants*. Prentice Hall, 1993.

## Lon la murin deti
* Biosphere
* Botany
* Garden
* Flower
* Forest
* Fruit
* Plant cell
* Phytophilia (love of plants)
* Prehistoric plants
* Tree
* Vegetable
* Vegetation Structure

## Suglung a palwal

* Tree of Life 
* Chaw, S.-M. et al. 
Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of 
Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences (pdf file) *Molec. Biol. Evol*. 14 (1): 56-68. 
1997.
* Algorithmic Botany at the University of Calgary 
led by Professor Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,
### Botanical and vegetation databases
* e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North 
America and others) 
* United States of America 
* Flora Europaea
* Australia
* .