Photosynthesis

Ing **photosynthesis** metung yang maulagang prosesung 
biochemical nung nu ra gagamitan deng 
tanamans, :en:algae, at mapilang bacteria 
ing gagamit king enerhiya ning aslag ning aldo bang gawang 
pamangan. Nung pakalon mu, magdependi la king enerhiyang ibat king 
photosynthesis deng alus eganaganang mabibye para king karelang pamangan, anya 
kaylangan ya bang mika bye king Yatu. Ini murin ing panibatan ning 
oxygen a maragul a dake ning atmosphere ning 
Yatu. Phototroph ing aus da kareng organismung gagawang 
enerhiya kapamilata’ning photosynthesis. 

autotroph la reng tanaman. Ing buri nang sabyan niti, agyu 
rang gawang (synthesize) pamangan diretsu manibat kareng inorganic compound, 
imbes na kanan do reng aliwang mabibye o gumamait materyal a ibat karela. Ing 
peka kapansin-pansin, gagamit lang carbon dioxide gas 
ampong danum bang gawang mayumu ampong [:en:oxygen|oxygen]] gas. 
Manibat king photosynthesis ing enerhiya para kareng prosesung deti. Alimbawa, 
ining makatuki ing pangkabilugan a equation para king pamangawang 
glucose, metung a simple sugar:

:6H2O + 6CO2 + light → 
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

Magagamit ya ing glucose bang gawa o maglalang kareng aliwa pang organic 
compound, antimo itang materyal a pagbalangkas (building material), ing 
cellulose, o malyari yang gamitang panangab (fuel). Malilyari 
ini king respiration, a mararapat kareng 
animal ampo kareng tanaman. King pangkabilugan, ini ing baligtad 
ning atyu king babo: mag-react ya ing glucose ampo reng aliwang compound king 
oxygen ba yang lunto ing carbon dioxide, danum ampong chemical energy. 
Nanupata, malilyari iti king metung a komplikadung prosesung maki tuki-tuking 
balitang o dake, at maragul ing pamiyaliwa da reti karetang pekadetalye. 

“Darakap” (capture) lang sala deng tanaman kapamilata’ning pigment a 
:en:chlorophyll, a babye king aluntyan dang kule. Makapalub iti 
kareng organelle (lulanan king kilub da reng cells) a awsan dang chloroplast. Agyang maki 
chloroplast la reng eganaganang dake nang aluntyan (berdi) ning tanaman, kareng 
bulung ibat ing keraklan king enerhiyang magagawa. Atin yang 
kapitnang milyung chloroplast ing balang milimetru kwadradu 
da reng celula kilub ning tissue ning bulung. Mitatakpan yang panteng 
cuticle a balamu biria {waxy) at e mababasa ing 
kilwal ning bulung; sasabatan na niti ing sobrang pamaglub ning aslag ampong 
pangawala ning danum. Ita namang epidermis, a malino at alang 
kule, paburen nang lulub ing sala bang miras iti kareng celulang palisade 
mesophyll, nung nu malilyari keraklan ing photosynthesis.

## Ing photosynthesis kareng algae ampong bacteria
Myayaliwa la dagul deng algae, manibat kareng uring multicellular antimo ing 
kelp angga kareng organismung tunggal mu celula. Agyang e ro 
kasing-komplikadu pangabalangkas antimo reng tanaman, king pareung paralan murin 
malilyari ing photosynthesis. “Sisipsipan” ne ning chlorophyll a atsu king 
kilub da reng chlorophlasts ing sala, dapot myayaliwa ya kule iti uling kareng 
myayaliwang accessory pigment o pandagdag a pangule. Makagawa lang oxygen deng 
eganaganang algae, at autotrophic la reng dakal kareti. Nanupata, ating mapilan 
a heterotrophic la reng aliwa kareti; magdependi (mamasa) 
la kareng materyal a gagawan da reng aliwang organismu.

Ala lang chloroplast deng photosynthetic bacteria, at keta mismung kilub ning 
celula malilyari ing photosynthesis. Deta namang 
cyanobacteria, atin lang chlorophyll ampong oxygen, kalupa 
da reng chloroplast – at sasabyan da ping ibat la kareti deng chloroplast. Deta 
namang aliwang photosynthetic bacteria, myayaliwa lang uri pangule (pigments). 
Mayayaus lang bacteriochlorophyll deti, at e la 
gagawang oxygen. 

## King molecular level
Mas dakal ya bibyeng enerhiya ing photosynthesis para kareng aliwang wavelength 
ning sala. Kareng tanaman, adwa la reng :en:photosystem a 
magagamit, at pareu lang peka-aktibu la reti pilatan ning 700 ampong 680 
nanometer. Nanupata, atin muring aliwang wavelength nung nu 
ya matas ing photosynthesis (awsan dong “peak” o taluktuk king action spectrum 
ning proseung iti). 

Maglakbe ing salâ antimong kaptas o paketi (packets) ning enerhiyang awsan dang 
photon, tatanggapan de king pormang anti kaniti deng chlorophyll molecule (a 
makabalangkas bang tanggap salâ) a makakutkut kareng mangabilug a 
thylakoid (thylakoid disks). Istung tinanggap lang proton 
deng molecule ning chlorophyll, magpalwal (release) la reting tidwang 
electron, a midadala king electron transport chain, a kawangis na nitang atyu king respiration. 
Magagamit ing karelang enerhiya para king :en:photophosphorylation, a gagawang :en:adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a yang manimunang “energy currency” 
o pekakwaltang pang-enerhiya king cell. 

King photosystem I, mibabalik la king chlorophyll deng electron. King 
photosystem II naman, magagamit la ba yang paganan ing reaction

:NADP+ + H+ + 2e− → NADPH

Ing NADPH ing pekamaulagang reducing agent kareng celula, 
a magsilbing pikukwanan electron a dakal enerhiya (energetic electrons) para 
kareng aliwang reaction. Uli na niti, magkulangan yang electron ing 
chlorophyll, at kaylangan neng katmwan iti manibat kareng aliwang reducing 
agent. Kareng tanaman ampong algae ing danum yang darapat king papil a iti, a 
mumuli o magresulta king pangagawa ning oxygen: 

:2 H2O → O2 + 4 H+ + 4 *e*−

Tandanan tamung king danum mu manibat ing oxygen, at e king carbon dioxide, a 
gagamitan da reng tanaman. Ing minunang migmunikala kaniti yapin i :en:C. B. van Neil kanitang dekada treinta (1930s), a menigaral kareng 
photosynthetic bacteria. Liban kareng cyanobacteria, 
gagamit lang reducing agent deti antimo ing sulfide o 
hydrogen, anya alang oxygen a lalto.

Deta namang aliwa, antimo reng halophile (a kayabe kareng Archeae), gagawa la 
karetang amanwan dang purple membrane, nung nu la “pupupul” (harvest) salâ deng 
membrane, at magpalwal lang enerhiya. -- deng purple membrane ing minunang 
megamit ba yang pakit ing chemiosmotic theory: tutud ing salâ karetang membrane, 
at mibababa ing pH ning solution nung nu la atyu deng membrane a reti, uling 
mabobomba lang palwal kareng membrane deng proton!

Dakal la pang myayaliwang prosesu deng paganan ning ATP at NADPH a bunga ning 
photosynthesis. Kareng tanaman, ing pekamaulaga kareti yapin ing Calvin cycle, nung nu ya miyayalis ing carbon dioxide ba yang maging 
ribulose (at manibat karin aliwa pang mayumu, antimo ing 
PGAL, a magi namang glucose, at neng kayi, 
protina. Ing aus da kareti, light independent reaction, uling malilyari la agyang maralumdum o 
alang salâ. 

Nanupata, nung dakal ing oxygen king chloroplast kumpara king carbon dioxide 
king sanu mang sangkan, alimbawa king masukal a “undergrowth” (tutubu king lalam 
ning kakewan o pulû) o neng makasara la reng stomata, malyaring marapat ing 
photorespiration. Metung yang counter-productive 
pathway iti (salungat ya king karapatdapat), at lalabanan na ing pamangawang 
mayumu. 

## Pamanuklas
Agyang e la pa lubusang malino deng mapilan kareng tukituking dake ning 
photosynthesis, balu ta ne ing pangkabilugan equation na niti manibat kanitang 
siglung 1800.

Inumpisan nang Jan van Helmont ing pamanyaliksik king 
prosesu kanitang libutad ning siglung 1600. Maingat neng sikdan ing 
mass ning gabun a ginamit ning tanaman, ampo ing mass ning tanaman 
kabang daragul ya iti. Anyang apansinan nang ditak mu ing pamanaliwa ning mass 
ning gabun, inula (hypothesized) nang king danum manibat itang karagdagang mass 
ning tanaman, uling ini mu ing miraragdag ketang tanaman a makapasu. Ustu yang 
bagya ing ulang ini – ibat murin king danum, at king carbon dioxide, ing maragul 
a dake ning mass a miragdag. Nanupata, keti megumpisa (signalling point) ing 
ideyang ibat kareng sangkap (inputs) ibat king photosynthesis ing keraklan king 
biomass ning tanaman, at e king mismung gabun. 

Atuklasan na namang 1778, inulit nong :en:Jan Ingenhousz, a 
doktor king korti ning Emperadora ning Austria, detang eksperimentu nang 
Priestley. Atuklasa’nang atin yang kaugnayan ing aldo ampo ing salâ king 
tanaman anya agyu nang myeng mapilang oras ning metung a dagis. 

Ketang 1796, apakit nang Jean Senebier, 
metung a pastor a Frances, a ing CO2 yapin ing “melarin” o “mesugat” 
a angin, at lulub ya iti kareng tanaman king photosynthesis. E miglwat, 
apatunayan nang Nicolas-Théodore de 
Saussure a e mu ibat king pamanyipsip nang CO2 ing pamandagdag king 
mass ning tanaman, nun e king danum a lulub. Anya mekumpletu ya ing 
pangkabilugan a reaction nung nu ya magagawa ing pamangan (antimo ing glucose) 
kapamilatan ning photosynthesis. 

Digdagan da reng makabayung siyentipiku ing pundasyun ning belwan (knowledge) 
ibat karetang siyentipiku dareng milabasan a siglu, at dakal la atuklas.

Therefore, in light the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved.
Gewa neng Robin Hill ing mumunang eksperimentung magpatuneng 
ibat king danum ing oxygen a magbunga king photosynthesis da reng tanaman 
kanitang 1937, at inulit ne iti kanitang 1939. 
Pepakit nang magpalwal lang oxygen deng makakawaning 
chloroplast neng ating e karaniwan a reducing agent antimo 
reng iron oxalate, ferricyanide o benzoquinone kaybat dang mibilad 
king salâ. Oyni ing Hill reaction

:2 H2O + 2 A > (light, chloroplasts) > 2 AH2 + 
O2, nung nu ing A ing electron acceptor o tatanggap kareng electron.

Di Samuel Ruben at Martin Camen naman, ginamit lang 
radioactive isotope ba rang abalu nung ibat pin king danum ing oxygen a metung 
kareng bunga ning photosynthesis.

Melvin Calvin and his partner Benson were able to puzzle out each stage in 
the dark or light-independent phase of photosynthesis, known as the Calvin 
Cycle.
Alutas do ri Melvin Calvin, ampo ing kayang kayabe king 
obra (partner) a i Benson, ing tungkul king balang dake ning dark o light 
independent phase (e mangaylangan salâ) ning photosynthesis, a awsan dang 
Calvin Cycle. 

Atuklasan nang Rudolph A. Marcus, metung a siyentipikung 
sinambut Nobel Prize, nung nanu ing gamit na at kabaldugan 
ning electron transport chain.

## Deng bageng makayapektu king photosynthesis
* Sikan na at wavelength ning salâ
* Ing karaklan (concentration) ning carbon dioxide 
* Pali o temperatura
* Danum
* Pangabalangkas ning bulung (leaf morphology)
* Ing karaklan nitrogen a atyu king bulung (leaf nitrogen content)
* Deng molecular carrier

## Deng detalye

Deng metabolic pathway a maki kaugnayan king photosynthesis:
* Light reaction 
* Dark reaction

## Lon la murin deti
* Artificial photosynthesis
* Calvin Cycle

## Ding suglung a palual
* Metabolism, Cellular Respiration 
and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology