Pamiparakal

Ing **Pamiparakal** o reproduction ing biological a prosesu nung 
nu mikaka bayung organismu.  Kauryan (characteristic) de ring eganaganang 
mabibye ing pamiparakal; atyu ing balang indibidwal uli ning pamiparakal.      

Mapipitna la kareng adwang mangaragagul a grupu deng balu tamung paralan ning 
pamiparakal, deng sexual ampong 
asexual reproduction.  King asexual reproduction, 
malyari yang dakal ing metung a indibidwal agyang alang aliwang indibidwal ning 
species a ita.  Metung yang karaniwang alimbawa ning asexual reproduction ing 
pamipitna ning celula ning bacteria kareng adwang daughter cell.  Nanupata, e ya 
makalimita kareng organismung tunggal celula.

Ita namang sexual reproduction, mangaylangan yang adwang indibidwal ning 
species, keraklan metung ning balang sex.  Metung yang alimbawa ning sexual 
reproduction ing normal a pamiparakal da reng tau.  Keraklan, sexual ing paralan 
ning pamiparakal da reng mas komplikadung organismu, kabang asexual reproduction 
ing gagamitan da reng mas simpling organismu, lalu na retang unicellular.  

## Asexual reproduction

Ing asexual reproduction ing prosesung biological nung nu gagawa yang kopya nang 
kapareu na kauryan a genetic (genetically similar) ing metung a organismu a e 
kukwang ambag o kontribusyon ibat kng aliwang indibidwal.  Keraklan, mapipitna 
la reng bacteria king paralan a asexual kapamilata’ning binary fission; 
deng namang virus, sasakupan do reng karelang host cell at gagamitan do reti 
bang gawang karagdagan a virus; deng hydra (invertebrate 
ning order *Hydroidea*) ampong yeast agyu rang dakal 
kapamilata’ning budding.  E la mikakawani deng sex da rening organismung 
deti, at agyu rong “hangalan” (split) deng katawan da king adwa o maygit pang 
dake, at apatubu rong pasibayu deng dake ning karelang katawan.   Ating 
'asexual' a species, antimo ing hydra ampong 
jellyfish, a malyaring dakal king sexual a paralan.  Alimbawa, 
agyu rang dakal kapamilata’ning vegetative reproduction deng keraklan kareng 
tanaman, a e gagamit butul o spore, pero agyu da muring dakal kapamilata’ning 
sexual reproduction, king pollination.  Makanyan la murin deng bacteria, a 
malyaring milibe impormasyon a genetic kapamilata’ning conjugation.  Deng aliwang paaralan ning asexual reproduction ila 
pin deng fragmentation ampong spore formation.       

## Ing sexual reproduction

Ing sexual reproduction prosesu yang biological nung nu la gagawang supling 
deng organismu kapamilata’ning pamisamut king materyal a genetic a random a 
makukwa kareng adwang aliwang kayabe king species.  Adwa lang myayaliwang 
sex deng organismung deti, lalaki ampong babai.  Ing balang metung 
kareti, yang babye king kapitna ning DNA ning bayung organismu, at gagawa yang 
haploid a gene.  Misasanib la reng adwang gamete, ba yang lunto ing metung a 
diploid a zygote.    

Darakal la king paralang sexual deng tau, keraklan kareng animal, ampo reng 
tanaman a manyampaga (flowering plants]].  Kareng mammal, milulupa la reng 
supling ampo reng karelang matwa, dapot kareng aliwang animal, antimo reng 
mariposa o talubang, maragul la pamiyaliwa reng supling.     

Adwa lang grupu reng gene da reng organismung darakal king sexual a paralan 
(allele ing aus da kareti) para king balang kauryan (trait).  Metung yang 
allele ing amamana da reng supling king balang pengari para king balang kauryan, 
anya siguradu lang kumbinasyun da reng gene da reng pengari ding miras kareng 
supling.  Uli na niting pamisamut da reng gene balang dai o henerasyun, mikaka 
masikan a “selective pressure” (pamamiling maki-direksyun) bang mika 
mangasanting yang gene ing organismu, at mye ya king kayang paligid.  Metung pa, 
uling atin yang adwang kopya ning balang gene ing organismu, a metung ya mu ing 
ma-expressed o lalto, malyari lang mitakpan (masked) deng 
allele a matsura o makarok (deleterious), metung a bentahing mapalyaring megi 
nang sangkan nung bakit linto ya kapamilatan ning evolution ing 
diploidy. (Otto and Goldstein).

### Ing Mitosis ampo ing Meiosis
Dake no ning cell division o pamipitna king cell deng Mitosis ampong 
meiosis.  Malilyari ing Mitosis kareng somatic cells, kabang ing 
meiosis, karen namang gametes mararapat.
#### Ing Mitosis
Dobli ne ning orihinal o sadyang bilang da reng cell ing magi rang bilang kaybat 
nang milyari ning mitosis.  Pareu ing bilang da reng chromosome kareng 
daughter cell ampo kareng parent cell. 



#### Ing Meiosis
Makatapat ya ing bilang da reng cell a magbunga king meiosis ketang sadya rang 
bilang.  Kareng cell a reti, kapitna no mu ning bilang da reng pengaring cell 
ing bilang da reng supling a cell.  Babye yang adwang haploid a cell ing 
balang diploid a cell.  Malilyari ini kilub da reng adwang dake, ing meiosis 
I ampong meiosis II. 


## Kaparalanan king pamiparakal
Dakal la’t myayaliwa reng paralan a gagamitan da reng aliwa-aliwang species ba 
lang dákal.  Ating mapilan a animal, antimo ing tau ampo ing Northern 
Gannet, a mánaya pamung dakal a banwa bau la miras king edad a malyari lang 
mika anak, at karas king panaun a ita, ditak la mu maging anak.  Den namang 
aliwa, malagwa lang darakal, oneng keraklan, neng normal a panaun, ditak la mu 
reng mabibye at miraras king ustung edad.  Alimbawa, mikaka 10&ndash;30 ya 
supling kilub ning pabanwa ing kunehu (a malyari nang manganak kaybat ning 
walung bulan), kabang ing fruit fly (10&ndash;labing 
apat a yaldo) malyari yang mika syam a ralan (900) a supling balang banwa.  Ing 
aus da kareting paralan a reti, K-selection (ditak a supling) ampong r-
selection (dakal a supling).  Magdependi kareng myayaliwang kundisyun nung 
sanung paralan ing papaboran ning evolution.  Para kareng animal a ditak mu 
anak, malyari reng sikaswan masalese at ipamingwa (protektan) ing balang metung 
kareti, anya e no kaylangang mika dakal a anak.  Samantala, deta namang animal a 
dakal anak, mas ditak ing ibye rang pamanasikasu king balang metung kareti.  
Kareng animal a reti, mamamate la reng dakal kareng supling da potang bayu-bayu 
la pamung mibait, dapot ustu la pa murin bilang detang mitagan ba yang manatili 
itang karelang populasyun.              

## Ing pamiyaliwa ning Asexual ampong sexual reproduction
Keraklan, darakal la king paralan a exponential deng organismung darakal 
kapamilata’ning asexual reproduction.  Nanupata, uling mamasa la king mutation 
ba yang manaliwa ing karelang DNA, miwawangis la keinan (vulnerability o 
weakness) deng eganaganang kayanib ning species.  E ro kalupa deng organismung 
darakal king paralan a sexual, a mas ditak supling, oneng uling king maragul a 
pamiyaliwa-liwa (variation) da reng karelang gene, e la gad sasakit anti reng 
aliwa.

Dakal la reng organismung darakal king paralan a sexual ampong asexual.  Ing 
alimbawa kareti, deng aphid, slime mold, sea anemone, at dakal 
kareng tanaman.  Nung pabor karela ing kabilyan ning kapaligiran, magagamit ya 
ing asexual reproduction, alimbawa nung dakal ing pamangan, atin lang masaleseng 
tuknangan, masanting ing klima, alang sakit, makapabor ya ing pH, o aliwa pang 
kombinasyun da reng kaylangan king bye.  Uli na niti, darakal la king paralang 
exponential deng karelang populasyun ba rang samantalanan ing kasaplalan (rich 
supply) da reng sustansya ampo reng aliwang pamangaylangan.        

Istung megisan no reng pikukwanan pamangan, maging matsura ne ing klima, o 
mibibili king panganib ing bye ning indibidwal a organismu, mamalis la king 
kaparalanan ning pamiparakal a sexual deti.  Sisiguradwan na ning pamiparakal a 
sexual a misasamut ya ing gene pool na ning species.  Uli na ning pamiyaliwa-
liwa (variation) da reng supling, mas bage lang kumabye reng aliwang indibidwal, 
at iti babye yang pamikatagun a marapat ing selective adaptation.  Metung pa, 
metung nang bunga ning pamiparakal a sexual ing pamanalto ning metung a life 
stage o panaun ning bye a mas maki resistensyang o kagiwan a kumabye lipat da 
reng kabilyang mapanganib o peligrosu king bye ning pengaring asexual. Anya pin 
atilu reng butul (seeds), spore, ebun, pupa, cyst, at aliwa pang panaun ning bye 
(stage) king pamiparakal a sexual (sexual reproduction) a “over-wintering” 
(paralan ba lang kumabye alimbawa neng winter o karimlan, nung kapilan masakit 
ing bye).  Paralan la reti bang “manaya’ neng matsura ing sitwasyun/kabilyan o 
klima, angga king sumanting pasibayu iti.        

### Ing Red Queen hypothesis
Pekakilala ya ing pamiparakal a sexual antimong metung a paralan a babyeng 
pamibage king kapaligiran a alang patugut king 
pamanaliwa, uling iti magdala yang pamiyaliwang phenotypic king 
populasyun.  E mu pangkilwal ing pamiyaliwang manibat king pamiparakal a 
sexual (alimbawa ing pamanalto da reng sagu o pamipekat-pekat da reng taliri) 
nun e physiological murin iti (makaapektu angga king prosesu ning bye).  Agyang 
king hypothesis a awsan dang Red Queen Hypothesis, ing pamiparakal a sexual 
a magbunga king pamiyaliwa-liwa metung yang an evolutionary arms race laban 
kareng parasitiku anti murin kareng sangkan a pangkapaligiran.  Uli ning 
pamiyaliwang ibat king pamiparakal a sexual, mas magkasákit lang “misane” deng 
parasitiku king karelang host (itang tutuknangan da), at uli na niti, e la 
masyadung matalab (less efficient).  Nanupata, ing peka ideya ning 
hypothesis a ini, alang patugut ing pamag-evolve da reng parasitiku, 
anya taglus-taglus la muring manaliwa, dapot anti la mong e mamalis pusisyun 
king metung at metung.  Mamalis la king pamiparakal a sexual deng organismung 
makapamili king sexual at asexual reproduction neng darakal lang masyadu king 
metung a populasyun deng pathogen o organismung magdalang sakit. 
3       

## Ing byeng e menibat king pamiparakal
Dakal a pamibule-bule o pamanisip (speculation) tungkul king tema ning byeng e 
menibat king pamiparakal da reng mabibye (life without reproduction).  Nanupata, 
e ustung palage itang sasabyan dang uling misuglung-suglung o mikakamaganak la 
reng eganaganang mabye king yatu, mika panaun kanitang milabas a maki metung a 
indibidwal a yang pipumpunan da reng eganaganang organismu.  Agpang kaniting 
palageng iti, ala yang reproductive origin o e ibat king aliwang mabibye ing 
indibidwal a iti.  Nanupata, ing tutu, deng populasyun ning species ila pin deng 
darakal, at e mu kabud ing metung a indibidwal ing magdilidiling pipumpunan ning 
metung a species a dínalan king evolution.  Ating e tutuki kaniti (exceptions), 
alimbawa deng “sport” (mutation) a paparakalan da king paralan a vegetative 
(asexual), dapot lalto la pa murin deti kapamilatan ning pamiparakal o 
reproduction da reng mabibye.   

Ngening panaun tamu, isipan da pa murin deng siyentipiku nung malyaring 
maglalang king bye king paralang non-reproductive (itang e magdependi king 
pamiparakal da reng aliwang mabibye) king laboratoryu.  Atin nang metung a grupu 
da reng siyentipikung mekapaglalang virus a purus ibat kareng materyal a e 
mabye.  Mas masákit a e mu nanu kesa kaniti ing pamangawa king organismung 
tutung mabibye, alimbawa ing simpling bacterium, a yalang bitasang pipumpunan.     

Katatawlyan, metung yang kapaniwalan da reng dakal a relihyun ing byeng e 
menibat king pamiparakal da reng mabibye Creation myths.  
Alimbawa, i Adan king Biblia, lelangan ne ning Dios, at ala yang 
pipumpunan. 

## Ing pamiparakal da reng makina
Metung yang manimunang pakikwanan ning larangan da reng robot ing makagawang 
makinang magparakal dili ra (self-replicating machines).  Uling miwangis-wangis 
la kauryan (features) deng eganaganang robot (ngening panaun tamu), malyari 
tamung sabyang deng makatuki ilang kaylangan nang gawan ning metung a robot (o 
grupu da reng robot) a magparakal dili na: 

*Mangalap kareng gamit a kaylangan
*Gawang bayung pyesa
*Munyeng pikukwanan enerhiya  
*I-program la reng bayung makina o robot

E ra pa murin agagawa ing anti kaniti angga ngeni.

King lebel a nanotechnical, malyari la muring iplanu deng 
nanomachine ba lang dákal dili ra.  Ini ing penibatan ning teoryang ":en:gray 
goo" ning Armageddon, a yang tema da reng nobelang science fiction antimo ing 
*[[:en:Bloom (novel)|Bloom]]* ampo ing *[[:en:Prey (novel)|Prey]]*.

## Lon la murin deti
*Lottery principle -- Ing ideyang paralan ne ning pamakibage (adaptive) ing 
pamiparakal a sexual uling panibatan ne ning pamiyaliwa-liwa.
*Parthenogenesis -- (ibat ya king amanung Griegong 
&pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&epsilon;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;, "virgin", + 
&gamma;&epsilon;&nu;&epsilon;&sigma;&iota;&sigmaf;, "pangabait") at ing 
kabalduga’na, itang pamandagul ampong pamanalkus (growth and development) ning 
embryo o butul/biní agyang alang fertilization ibat king lalaki.

## Deng pikwanan
#S. P. Otto and D. B. Goldstein. "Recombination and the Evolution of Diploidy". 
Genetics. Vol 131 (1992): 745-751.
#Pang, King Chee "Certificate Biology: New Mastering Basic Concepts", Hong Kong, 
2003.
#Zimmer, Carl. "Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Nature's Most 
Dangerous Creatures", New York: Touchstone, 2001.

## Suglung a palwal
* 
[Asexual Reproduction](http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AsexualReproduction.ht
ml)
* Human reproductive system webpage 
* Journal of Biology of Reproduction
* Journal of Andrology