ਗਰਮੀ

ਹੀਟ ਜਾਂ **ਗਰਮੀ**, ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਸਤੂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੂਜੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਦਰਮਿਆਨ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ਅੰਤਰ ਕਾਰਨ ਵਹਿ ਰਹੀ ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਮਾਤਰਾ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

## ਹਵਾਲੇ 
### ਕਥਨ 
### ਹਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ 
* Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). *Equilibrium Thermodynamics*, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, .
* Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). *Physical Chemistry*, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, .
* Bacon, F. (1620). *Novum Organum Scientiarum*, translated by Devey, J., P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 1902.
* 
* Bailyn, M. (1994). *A Survey of Thermodynamics*, American।nstitute of Physics Press, New York, .
* Born, M. (1949). *Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance*, Oxford University Press, London.
* Bryan, G.H. (1907). *Thermodynamics. An।ntroductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications*, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
* Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). *Thermodynamics and an।ntroduction to Thermostatistics*, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
*  A translation may be found here. A mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). *The Second Law of Thermodynamics*, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
* Chandrasekhar, S. (1961). *Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability*, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK.
* 
* Clausius, R. (1854). *Annalen der Physik* (''Poggendoff's Annalen*), Dec. 1854, vol. xciii. p.&nbsp;481; translated in the *Journal de Mathematiques*, vol. xx. Paris, 1855, and in the *Philosophical Magazine*, August 1856, s. 4. vol. xii, p.&nbsp;81.
* Clausius, R. (1865/1867). *The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies*, London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII. Also the second edition translated into English by W.R. Browne (1879) here and here.
* De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). *Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics*, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications।nc., New York, .
*Denbigh, K. (1955/1981). *The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium*, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, .
* Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). *Entropy*, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, .
* 
*
* , Lecture on Matter, Living Force, and Heat. 5 and 12 May 1847.
* Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). *Thermal Physics*, second edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, .
* 
* Kondepudi, D., Prigogine,।. (1998). *Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures*, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, .
* Landau, L., Lifshitz, E.M. (1958/1969). *Statistical Physics*, volume 5 of *Course of Theoretical Physics*, translated from the Russian by J.B. Sykes, M.J. Kearsley, Pergamon, Oxford.
* Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). *Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers*, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-.
* Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003). The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics, Chapter 8 of *Entropy*, Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003).
* 
* 
* 
* Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). *Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics*, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
* Planck, M., (1897/1903). *Treatise on Thermodynamics*, translated by A. Ogg, first English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
* Planck. M. (1914). *The Theory of Heat Radiation'', a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.
* Planck, M., (1923/1927). *Treatise on Thermodynamics*, translated by A. Ogg, third English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
* 
* Shavit, A., Gutfinger, C. (1995). *Thermodynamics. From Concepts to Applications*, Prentice Hall, London, .
* Truesdell, C. (1969). *Rational Thermodynamics: a Course of Lectures on Selected Topics*, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
* Truesdell, C. (1980). *The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822–1854*, Springer, New York, .

### ਹੋਰ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ 
* 
* Gyftopoulos, E. P., & Beretta, G. P. (1991). *Thermodynamics: foundations and applications.* (Dover Publications)
* Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company.

## ਬਾਹਰੀ ਲਿੰਕ 
* 
* Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins – Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
* Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer  – ChE Online Resources

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