ଗାଲିଲିଓ

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**ଗାଲିଲିଓ**ଙ୍କ ଜନ୍ମ , ପିସାଠାରେ (ଫେବ୍ରୁୟାରୀ ୧୫ , ୧୫୬୪) ହେଇଥିଲା । (ଠିକ ସେହି ବର୍ଷ ୱିଲିୟମ ସେକ୍ସପିଅରଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମ ହୋଇଥିଲା)  ଗାଲିଲିଓ ନିଜ ଛଅ ଭାଇ ଓ ଭଉଣୀଙ୍କ ଭିତରେ ବଡ଼ ଥିଲେ । ଗାଲିଲିଓଙ୍କ ପିତା, ଭିନସେଞ୍ଜୋ ଗାଲିଲି (Vincenzo Galilei), ଇଟାଲୀର ପିସାଠାରେ ପଶମ ବ୍ୟବସାୟ କରୁଥିଲେ । ସମ୍ଭ୍ରାନ୍ତ ବଂଶରେ ଜନ୍ମ ହୋଇ ସୁଦ୍ଧା, ଆର୍ଥିକ ଅନଟନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ତାଙ୍କ ପିତା କୁଳ ଗୌରବ ରକ୍ଷାକରି ନପାରି ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ରଚନା କରି ପରିବାର ପରିପୋଷଣ କରୁଥାନ୍ତି । ଶେଷରେ ସେ ବ୍ୟବସାୟରେ ପଶିଲେ । ଗାଲିଲିଓ ସେତେବେଳେ ଛୋଟପିଲା ହୋଇଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସଙ୍ଗୀତକୁ ଆଦରି ନେଲେ । ବଂଶୀ ବଜାଇ ଓ ଗୀତଗାଇ ସେ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କୁ ମୁଗ୍ଧ କରି ଦେଉଥିଲେ । ସେ ଚିତ୍ର ଅଙ୍କିବାରେ ପାରଦର୍ଶୀ ଥିଲେ । ପିଲାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଖେଳଣା ଓ କଣ୍ଢେଇ ମଧ୍ୟ ତିଆରି କରୁଥିଲେ । ଯିଏ ଦେଖୁଥିଲା ତାଙ୍କ ହାତର ପ୍ରଶଂସା ନକରି ରହିପାରୁନଥିଲା । 

ଗାଲିଲିଓଙ୍କ ନାଁ ତାଙ୍କର ଜଣେ ପୂର୍ବଜ, ଗାଲିଲିଓ ବୋନଇୟୁଟି (Galileo Bonaiuti),ଙ୍କ ନାଁ ଅନୁସାରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିଲା । ଗାଲିଲିଓ ଦେଖେଇବାକୁ ଚାହୁଁଥିଲେ ଯେ ପେଣ୍ଡୁ ଦ୍ୱୟର ବସ୍ତୁତ୍ୱ ଅଲଗା ହବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ତଳେ ପଡ଼ିବା ସମୟ ଏକା ହବ । କିନ୍ତୁ ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲ ଭାବୁଥିଲେ ଯେ ଓଜନିଆ ବସ୍ତୁ ଶୀଘ୍ର ପଡ଼ିବ ଓ ହାଲୁକା ଡେରିରେ । କିଛି ଇତିହାସକାରଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଏହିପରି କୌଣସି ପରୀକ୍ଷା ହେଇନଥିଲା ।  । କିନ୍ତୁ ଡ୍ରେକ(Drake)ଙ୍କ କହିବା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଏହି ପରୀକ୍ଷା ହୋଇଥିଲା , ଅଳ୍ପ ବହୁତେ ବିବାନୀ(Viviani) କହିବାପରି । ଉକ୍ତ ପରିକ୍ଷାଟି ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ସିମୋନ ଷ୍ଟିଭିନ(Simon Stevin) କରିଥିଲେ ୧୫୬୮ରେ ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କୋଠାଟି ଥିଲା ଡେଲଫ୍ଟ(Delft) ଗୀର୍ଜାର ଟାୱାର ।

ଗାଲିଲିଓ ପତନଶୀଳ ବସ୍ତୁର ସମୟ ମାପିବା ପାଇଁ ଜଳଘଡିର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଥିଲେ । ପେଣ୍ଡୁକୁ ଏକ ଅନତ ସମତଳ ଉପରେ ଗଡେଇ ଦେଉଥିଲେ ଓ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ପେଣ୍ଡୁଟି ପହଞ୍ଚିଲା ବେଳକୁ, ଜଳଘଡିରୁ କେତେ ବୁନ୍ଦା ଜଳ ତଳେ ପଡୁଥିଲା ମାପିନେଉଥିଲେ । ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ସମତଳ ପାଇଁ ସେ ପରୀକ୍ଷାର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି କରିଥିଲେ । ଶେଷରେ ସେ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ଉପନୀତ ହେଲେଯେ, "ପତମାନ ବସ୍ତୁ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରୁଥିବା ଦୂରତା, ତଦ୍ଦ୍ୱାରା ଅତିକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ହେଉଥିବା ସମୟର ବର୍ଗ ଅନୁସାରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହେଉଥାଏ ।" ଜଳଘଡି ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷା କରି ସେ ଯେଉଁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତରେ ଉପନୀତ ହୋଇଥିଲେ, ଆଜି ଆଧୁନିକ ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ଇଲେକଟ୍ରୋନିକ୍ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ ସମୟ ମାପି ପରୀକ୍ଷା କଲେ ଜଣାଯାଏଯେ ତାଙ୍କ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନିର୍ଭୁଲ ଥିଲା ।

ପ୍ରକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ବସ୍ତୁର ଗତି ପରାବୋଲୀୟ
* ୧୫୮୧ – ତାଙ୍କ ପିତା, ଭିନସେଞ୍ଜୋ ଗାଲିଲି ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କରେ *Dialogo della musica antica et moderna* ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ ।
* ୧୫୮୧ – ଭେଷଜ ବିଜ୍ଞାନର ଛାତ୍ର ଭାବେ ପିସା ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟରେ ନାମ ଲେଖାଇଲେ ।
* ୧୫୮୨ – ଓଷ୍ଟିଲୀୟ ରିଚି (Ostilio Ricci)ଙ୍କର ଗଣିତ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟାନରେ (leacture) ଉପସ୍ଥିତ ରହିଥିଲେ ଏବଂ ତା'ପରେ ଗଣିତ ଓ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ପଢ଼ିବା ପାଇଁ ନିର୍ଣ୍ଣୟ ନେଲେ ।
* ୧୫୮୫ – ଡିଗ୍ରୀ ନ'ନେଇ ପିସା ବିଶ୍ୱବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ ଛାଡିଥିଲେ ଓ ଅନୁଶିକ୍ଷକ (tutor) ଭାବେ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରିଥିଲେ । 
* 1586 – hydrostatic balanceର ଉଦ୍ଭାବନ; *La Balancitta* (*ଅଳ୍ପ ସନ୍ତୁଳନ*)ର ରଚନା ।
* 1586 – Simon Stevin publishes results for dropping lead weights from 10 meters
* 1588 – Tycho Brahe publishes work on comets containing a description of the Tychonic system of the world
* 1589 – appointed to Mathematics Chair, University of Pisa
* 1590 – partially completes *De Motu* (*On Motion*), which is never published
* 1591 – death of his father, Vicenzo Galilei
* 1592 – appointed professor of mathematics at University of Padua, remains 18 years
* ~1593 – invents early thermometer that unfortunately depended on both temperature and pressure
* ~1595 – invents improved ballistics calculation geometric and military compass, which he later improves for surveying and general calculations and earns income from tutoring on its use
* 1597 – letter to Kepler indicates his belief in the Copernican System
* 1600 – first child, Virginia is born; ~1600 *Le Meccaniche* (*Mechanics*)
* 1600 – William Gilbert publishes *On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on That Great Magnet the Earth* with arguments supporting the Copernican system
* 1600 – Roman Inquisition finds Giordano Bruno, Copernican system supporter, guilty of heresy for opinions on pantheism and the eternal plurality of worlds, and for denial of the Trinity, divinity of Christ, virginity of Mary, and Transubstantiation; burned at the stake by civil authorities
* 1601 – daughter Livia is born
* 1604 – measures supernova position indicating no parallax for the new star
* 1605 – sued by brothers-in-law for nonpayment of sisters' dowries
* 1606 – son Vincenzo born
* 1606 – publishes manual for his calculating compass
* 1607 – attempted assassination of his friend Friar Paolo Sarpi
* 1608 – Hans Lippershey invents a refracting telescope
* 1609 – independently invents and improves telescopes based on description of invention by Hans Lippershey
* 1609 – Kepler publishes *Astronomia nova* containing his first two laws and for the first time demonstrates the Copernican model is more accurate than the Ptolemaic for uses such as navigation and prediction
* 1609 – Thomas Harriot sketches the Moon from telescopic observations made four months before Galileo's
* 1610 – publishes *Sidereus Nuncius* (*Starry Messenger*); views our moon's mountains and craters and brightest 4 of Jupiter's moons
* 1610 – Kepler requests one of Galileo's telescopes or lenses, but Galileo replies he is too busy to build one and has no extras
* 1610 – lifetime appointment to mathematics position at University of Padua, and as mathematician and philosopher for Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
* 1611 – Discovers phases of Venus; granted audience with Pope; made member of Lincean Academy
* 1611 – David Fabricius publishes *Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun* prior to Christoph Scheiner and Galileo's published works on the subject
* 1612 – proposed Jupiter's moons could be used as a universal clock for possible determination of longitude
* ~1612 or 1613 – Francesco Sizzi discovers annual variations in sunspots' motions
* 1613 – *Letters on Sunspots*
* 1615 – *Letter to Grand Duchess Christina* (not published until 1636)
* 1616 – officially warned by the Church not to hold or defend the Copernican System
* 1616 – the Catholic Church places *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* on the List of Prohibited Books
* 1616 – private letter *Discourse on the tides*
* 1617 – moves into Bellosguardo, west of Florence, near his daughters' convent; observes double star Mizar in Ursa Major
* 1619 – Kepler publishes *Harmonices Mundi* which introduces his third law
* 1619 – *Discourse on the Comets*
* 1621 – Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII
* 1623 – publishes *The Assayer*
* 1624 – visits Pope who praises and honours him, leaving with assumed permission to publish work on the Copernican vs. Ptolemaic Systems; perfected a compound microscope
* 1625 – illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes published
* 1630 – completes *Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems* and subsequently receives approval of Church censor
* 1632 – publishes *Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems*
* 1633 – sentenced by the Inquisition to imprisonment, commuted to house arrest, for vehement suspicion of heresy
* 1633 – Catholic Church places *Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems* on the List of Prohibited Books
* 1638 – publishes *Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences*
* **1642 – death** in Arcetri, Italy
* 1668 – Newton builds his reflecting telescope
* 1687 – Isaac Newton publishes *Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica* deriving Keplers laws from the Universal Law of Gravitation and the Laws of Motion, uniting the heavens and earth under the same natural laws

## ଆଧାର 
## ପ୍ରସଙ୍ଗରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କିଛି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିତ୍ୱ 
* ଲିଓନାର୍ଡ ଡି‌ଗ୍‌ସ (ଇଂରାଜୀ)
* ନିକୋଲସ କପରନିକସ(ଇଂରାଜୀ)
* ଥୋମାସ ଡି‌ଗ୍‌ସ(ଇଂରାଜୀ)

## ଅଧିକ ତଥ୍ୟ 
### ଗାଲିଲିଓଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା 
* The Galilean Library, educational site.
* Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)
* Galileo's 1590 *De Motu* translation 
* Works by Galileo Galilei: text with concordances and frequencies.
* Galilei, Galileo. *Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare*  1610 Rome. From "Rare Book Room". Scanned first edition.
* Galilei, Galileo. *Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar*  1613 Rome. From Rare Book Room. Scanned first edition.
* Linda Hall Library features a first edition of *Sidereus Nuncius Magna*  as well as a pirated edition from the same year , both fully digitised.

### ଗାଲିଲିଓଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ 
* Starry Messenger: Observing the Heavens in the Age of Galileo —an exhibition at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
* Museo Galileo —Florence, Italy
* Galileo's math genealogy
* Portraits of Galileo
* The Galileo Project at Rice University
* PBS documentary: *400 Years of the Telescope* 
* Feather & Hammer Drop on Moon
* article by UK journalist  on proposed disinterment to determine Galileo's eyesight problems

#### ଜୀବନୀ 
* PBS Nova Online: ''Galileo's Battle for the Heavens*
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo
* 

#### ଗାଲିଲିଓ ଓ ଗୀର୍ଜା ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ତଥ୍ୟ 
* *Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science''  lecture (audio here ) by Thomas Aquinas College tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen
* "The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei" by Atila Sinke Guimarães
* Galileo and the Church, article by John Heilbron.
* Galileo Affair catholic.net

ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:୧୫୬୪ ଜନ୍ମ
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:୧୬୪୨ ମୃତ୍ୟୁ
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ