Pool Baakister

**Dr Pool Baakister** (Ingiliffa: Paul Baxter; A.L.A Amajjii 30, 1925 - Gurraandhala 2, 2014) antiroppooloojistii hawaasa lammii Ingilaandi kan Oromoorratti qorannoo gochuun beekkamudha. Baakister barruu qorannoo adda addaa fi kitaaba waa'ee Oromoorratti maxxansiiseera. Baakister gabrummaa ummanni Oromoo keessa jiraatu nama biyyota dhihaatti akka beekkamu godhedha.   

## Seenaa Duubaa
Baakister bara 1925 biyya Ingilaanditti Liimingiten Ispaa bakka jedhamutti dhalate. Abbaansaa barsiisaa sadarkaa toffaa fi hoggana mana barumsaa ture. Baakisteris mana barumsaa Waarwiik jedhamu galee barachaa ture. Boodarra garuu yeroo Waraana Addunyaa II, barnoota addaan kutee bara 1943 komaandoo seene. Yeroo kana biyya Neezerlaandi keessatti biyyasaa tajaajiluun Jarmanii qabate. Bara 1944 kaadhimasaa Paat kana mana wal beekan fuudhe. Erga WWII xumuramee booda Yuunivarsiitii Kaambiriij seenee digirii BA barnoota Ingiliffaan fudhate. Erga eebbifamee booda, Baakister bakka itti antiroppooloojjin guddachaa jiru gara Oksifoordi deeme. Itti fufee Yuunivarsiitii Oksifoordi seenudhaan antiroppooloojii hawaasaa barate.  

Yeroo kana, haala qindoomina hawaasa Oromoo qorachuuf fedhii guddaa gohate. Bara 1952, gara Oromiyaa deemee Sirna Gadaa qorachuuf yaadus sirni Hayilasillaasee kan aadaa fi Afaan Oromoo balleessee Amaaraa gochuuf halkanii guyyaa hojjachaa ture, Baakister eeyyama dhowwate. kanaan abdii kan hinkutatin Baakister, karaa Keeniyaa dhufuudhan, qorannoo fiildii Oromoo Booraanaa kan Kaaba Keeniyaa jiraatanirratti gochuuf haadha manaasaa Paati fi ilmasaa Timootii fudhatee garas deeme. Qorannoo kanaafis waggaa lama 1952-1953 achi ture. Baakister qorannoo PhD isaa bara 1954tti kanaratti barreessee PhD fudhate; mata-duree qorannoo kanaa The Social Organization of the Oromo of Northern Kenya jedha ture. Qorannoon kunis qorannoowwan kan biraa inni Oromorratti sana booda godhee fi barattoota waa'ee Oromoo barataniif bu'uura ta'eefi. Sana malee, maqaa balleessi warri nafxanyootaa kan Oromoon ummata qaroomina, aadaa fi seena hinqane jedhu soba ta'uu mirkaneesse. Baakister, hojii qorannoo fiildii ittuma fufee ummata Kiigaa kan Yuugaandaa keessa jiraatu qorateera. 

Sana booda, gara Gaanaa deemun Yuunivarsiitii Koollejjii Gaanatti hojii jalqabe. Maatinsaa Gaanaa waan jaalataniif, yeroo inni achitti hojjachaa ture yeroo gammachuu ta'eef. Boodarra, bara 1960 gara Ingilaanditti deebi'e Yuunivarsiitii Maachister keessatti wagga tokkoof barsiisaa ta'ee hojjate. Gidduutti waggaa lamaaf Yuunivarsiitii Koollejjii Siwaansee keessatti erga barsiisee booda yeroo dhumaatif gara Maanchisteritti deebi'e. Sana booda waggaa 26 guutuu Oromoo qorachuu fi antiroppooloojirratti dabarse. Baakister qorannoo Oromoof Arsii dhufee ji'a 12f bara 1968/69tti ummata Arsii keessa Kofalee jiraateera. Ummanni Arsii naannoo Kofalee jaalala gudda isaaf qabanirraan kan ka'e ilmasaa Aadama jedhanii moggasan, Baakisteriinis abbaa Aadama jedhanii waamu ture.

Baakister waa'ee Oromorratti barruu qorannoo fi kitaabota hedduu kan maxxansiise yoo ta'u barruu qorannoo Oromoo kan namoota biraa hedduu gulaaleera. Kora Waldaa Qorannoo Oromoo hedduurratis hirmaateera. Barruu qorannoo "Ethiopia’s Unacknowledged Problem: The Oromo" jedhu kan 1978 maxxanserratti, hacuuccaa ummanni Oromoo keessa jiraatu baayyee hamaa akka ta'ee fi gara-jabummaa impaayera Itoophiyaa keessa jiru agarsiise.

Baakister sababuma Oromoorratti qorannoo geggeesseef, gara Itoophiyaa deebi'ee akka hinseenne dhorkameera. Yeroo adda addaatti gara itoophiyaa dhufee qorannoosaa hayyootaaf dhiyeesuuf akkasumas qorannoo dabalataa geggeessuf yaadullee, mootummaan Dargii akka biyya keessa hinseenne dhorkeera. 

## Barruulee Maxxanse
* The Social Organization of the Oromo of Northern Kenya Ph.D. Dissertation, Oxford University, 1954. 
* Repetition in Certain Boran Ceremonies In African Systems of Thought, ed. M.Fortes and G. Dieterlin, (London: Oxford University Press for International African Institute, 1960), 64-78.
* Acceptance and Rejection of Islam among the Boran of the Northern Frontier District of Kenya in Islam in Tropical Africa, edited by I.O. Lewis (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), 233-250.
* Stock Management and the Diffusion of Property Rights among the Boran In Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, (Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Haile Selassie I University, 1966), 116-127.
* Some Preliminary Observations on a type of Arssi Song In Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Ethiopian Studies, ed. E. Cerulli (Rome: 1972).
* Boran Age-Sets and Generation-set: Gada, a Puzzle or a maze? In Age Generation and time: Some Features of East African Age Oroganisations, ed. P.T.W. Baxter and U. Almagor, ( London: C. Hurst, 1978), 151-182.
* Ethiopia’s Unacknowledged Problem: The Oromo, African Affairs, Volume 77, Number 208 (1978): 283-296.
* Atete: A Congregation of Arssi Women, North East African Studies, Volume I (1979), 1-22.
* Boran Age-Sets and Warfare, in Warfare among East African Herders, ed. D. Turton and K. Fukui, Senri Ethnological Studies, Number 3, Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology( 1979), 69-95.
* Always on the outside looking in: A view of the 1969 Ethiopian elections from a rural constituency Ethnos, Number 45(1980): 39-59.
* The Problem of the Oromo or the Problem for the Oromo in Nationalism and Self-Determination in the Horn of Africa, ed. I.M. Lewis, (London: Ithaca Press, 1983), 129-150.
* Butter for Barley and Barley for Cash: Petty Transactions and small Transformations in an Arssi Market in Proceedings of Seventh Congress of Ethiopian Studies (Lund:  1984), 459-472.
* The Present State of Oromo Studies: a Resume, Bulletin des Etudes africaine de l’ Inalco, Vol. VI, Number 11(1986): 53-82.
* Giraffes and Poetry: Some Observations on Giraffe Hunting among the Boran Paiduma: Mitteilungen fur Kulturkunde Volume 32 (1986), 103-115.
* Some Observations on the short Hymns sung in Praise of Shaikh Nur Hussein of Bale In The Diversity of the Muslim Community, ed. Ahmed el –Shahi, (London: Ithaca Press, 1987), 139-152.
* L’impact de la revolution chez les Oromo: Commentl’ont-ils percu, comment ont-ils reagi? In La Revolution ethiopienne comme phenomene de societe, edited by Joseph Tubiana, (Paris: l’Harmattan, Bibliotheque Peiresc, 1990), 75-92.
* Big men and cattle licks in Oromoland Social change and Applied Anthropology; Essays in Honor of David  David W. Brokensha, edited by Miriam Chaiken & Anne K. Fleuret,( Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), 246-261.
* Oromo Blessings and Greetings In The Creative Communion, edited by Anita  Jacoson-Widding &  W. Van Beek (Uppsala, Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology , 1990), 235-250.
* Introduction In Guji Oromo Culture in Southern Ethiopia by J. Van de Loo, ( Berli: ReinMer, 1991).
* Ethnic Boundaries and Development: Speculations on the Oromo Case In Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity & Nationalism, edited by Kaarsholm Preben & Jan Hultin, (Denmark: Roskilde University, 1994):  247-260.
* The Creation & Constitution of Oromo Nationality In Ethnicity & Conflict in the Horn of Africa, edited by Fukui Katsuyoshi & John Markarkis, (London: James Currey, 1994): 166-86.
* Towards a Comparative Ethnography of the Oromo in Being & Becoming Oromo: Historical & Anthropological enquiries, edited by Paul Baxter et al, (Uppsala: Nordiska Afikanistitutet, 1996): 178-189.
* Components of moral Ethnicity: The case of the Oromo. In Ethnicity and the state in Eastern Africa, edited by Mohammed Salih & John Markarkis, (Uppsala: OSSREA & SIAS, 1998).
*July, 1996. P. T. Baxter, Alessandro Triulzi, Jan Hultin. Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries 

## Wabii
* The Oromo Studies Association’s Tribute to the Late Dr. Paul Baxter (1925-2014), dhumarratti kan baname: Ebla 11, 2015