Kampeni ya M23 (2022–pano)

The **kampeni ya M23** ndi mndandanda wa nkhondo zachiwembu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi March 23 Movement (M23), gulu la achiwembu lomwe limathandizidwa ndi dziko la Rwanda ku Democratic Republic of the Congo, kuyambira mu Marichi 2022. Mu Novembala 2021, gulu la M23 lidayamba kuukira asilikali a DRC (FARDC) ndi MONUSCO, ndikulanda malo ankhondo ku Ndiza, Cyanzu, ndi Runyoni ku chigawo cha kumpoto kwa Kivu. Izi zinachitika pa nthawi imene Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) idatumizidwa kuderali kuti ikalimbane ndi Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), gulu la achiwembu ochokera ku Uganda lomwe likuchita ntchito zantopola ku chigawo cha kumpoto kwa Kivu ndi Ituri ku Congo.

Mavuto anawonjezeka pakati pa Marichi ndi June 2022, pamene M23 idalanda madera ofunikira mu dera laRutshuru , kuphatikizapo mzinda wa malire wa Bunagana, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti asilikali a DRC athawire ku Uganda. Uganda inanenetsa kuti Rwanda idakonza zaukali izi kuti isokoneze ntchito za UPDF motsutsana ndi ADF, pamene Rwanda inayankha kuti Uganda ikugwiritsa ntchito anthu a M23 kuti ayopseze chitetezo cha dziko lawo. DRC inatsutsa Rwanda pofuna kuti apereke zida ndi kukonza zaukali, zomwe UN Security Council idatsimikizira mu lipoti. Koma Rwanda ndi M23, nawonso, anatsutsa kuti DRC ikugwirizana ndi Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) ndipo anati cholinga chawo chinali kuteteza Banyamulenge motsutsana ndi ziwawa za FDLR. Lipoti la UNSC linatchula kuti kulowera kwa asilikali a Rwanda ku DRC kunayamba asanatchulidwe mgwirizano wa FARDC-FDLR, ndipo akatswiri ananena kuti kubwerera kwa M23 kumayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi zosowa zachuma osati chifukwa cha ndale kapena chitetezo.

Mavuto anachititsa kuti zigawo zina zadziko la East African Community (EAC) zitumize East African Community Regional Force (EACRF) kuti isinthe momwe zinthu zilili. Pa 26 January 2023, M23 idalanda Kitchanga. DRC, itatopa ndi kusachita kanthu kwa EACRF, idafunsa thandizo lankhondo kuchokera ku Southern African Development Community (SADC) ndikukhazikitsa gulu la asilikali apadera, zomwe zidapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zigulu zankhondo pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka Wazalendo pafupi ndi madera omwe M23 inali ikuwongolera. Mu June 2023, Human Rights Watch idalemba za ziwawa zambiri zomwe zidachitika ndi M23, kuphatikizapo kuphedwa kosavomerezeka, zankhondo za kugonana, ndi milandu yankhondo ina, ndikunena kuti Rwanda inathandizira. UNSC kenako idapempha kuti atsogoleri a M23 alandire chilango ndikulimbikitsa kuti akuluakulu a Rwanda olamulira nawo akutsutsidwa chifukwa cha ziwawa. Pofika March 2024, M23 idayambanso zaukali, kuphatikizapo kulowerera kumpoto kwa Rutshuru, ndikulanda Rwindi ndi nsomba ya Vitshumbi pafupi ndi Lake Edward. Lipoti lina la UNSC la April linanena kuti pali asilikali a Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) pakati pa 3,000 ndi 4,000 omwe ali kum'mawa kwa DRC, kuposa asilikali a M23 okwana 3,000. Mu June 2024, M23 ndi RDF adalanda Kanyabayonga ndi Kirumba ndikulowa ku Lubero Territory koyamba. Zoyesayesa zach diplomasi, zomwe zidayendetsedwa ndi Purezidenti wa Angola João Lourenço, zinagwa pambuyo poti Purezidenti Paul Kagame sanapite ku msonkhano wa atatu ku Luanda pa 15 December, womwe unali wokonzedwa kuti ukambirane za nkhani ya FDLR limodzi ndi Purezidenti Félix Tshisekedi ndi Purezidenti Lourenço. Kusowa kwa Rwanda kunalimbikitsa kukayikira kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwake kum'mawa kwa DRC kumayendetsedwa makamaka ndi zosowa zachuma, makamaka kupeza Kivu's mineral resources, osati chifukwa cha chitetezo.

Kuyambira mu January 2025, M23 idayamba kupita patsogolo kwambiri molunjika ku Goma ndi Bukavu, zomwe ndi likulu la North Kivu ndi South Kivu, motsogozedwa ndi uthandizo womwe umanenedwa kuchokera ku Rwanda, zomwe zinakulitsa mavuto pakati pa maiko awiriwa. Pofika 30 January, M23 idalanda Goma yonse ndiyeno inayamba kupita ku Bukavu, ndikulanda mzindawu pa 16 February. Atalanda Goma, M23 idalengeza zolinga zawo zoti azipita ku Kinshasa.

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