Bipolar disorder

**Matenda a muubongo**, omwe poyamba ankatchedwa **matenda opanikizika maganizo**, ali m’gulu la matenda a maganizo omwe amachititsa wodwala kuti nthawi zina azikhumudwa ndiponso nthawi zina azisangalala mopitirira muyezo.	 Kusangalala mopitirira muyezoko kumatchedwanso kuti mania kapena hypomania, malinga ndi kukula kwa chisangalalocho, ndipo zingakhale choncho munthuyo akusonyeza zizindikiro zoti matendawo afika poipa kwambiri kapena ayi. Matendawa akayamba kukula, munthuyo amayamba kumva kuti ali ndi zambiri kapena amaona kuti mphamvu zambiri mphamvu zambiri, akusangalala kwambiri kapenanso sakuchedwa kuipidwa ndi zilizonse. Pa nthawi imeneyi, kawirikawiri munthu amasankha zinthu mosaganiza bwino asanaganizire n’komwe zotsatirapo zake. Pa nthawi imeneyi kawirikawiri munthuyo sakhala ndi tulo.  Ndipo matendawo akafika poti akumuvutitsa kwambiri moti akupanikizika maganizo, munthu amatha kuyamba kulira popanda chifukwa chodziwika, amangodandaula zilizonse, ndipo safuna kuphana maso ndi anthu ena. Ndipo anthu amene ali ndi matendawa amakhala pachiopsezo choti akhoza kudzipha ndipo anthu odzipha awonjezereka ndi 6 peresenti pa zaka 20 zapitazi, pomwe anthu amene amadzivulaza chiwerengero chawo chawonjezereka ndi 30 mpaka 40 peresenti. Nthawi zambiri anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena monga matenda a nkhawa ndiponso angayambe kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti n’chiyani chimene chimayambitsa matendawa, koma zikuoneka kuti munthu amadwala matendawa chifukwa cha zochitika pamoyo wake komanso ngati wachita kuyamwira kuchokera kumtundu wake. Zikuoneka kuti munthu angadwale matendawa mosavuta ngati achibale ake ena anadwalapo.  Zochitika pa moyo wa munthu zikuphatikizapo kuchitiridwa nkhanza munthu ali mwana komanso kupanikizika  kupanikizika maganizo. Ndipo 85 peresenti ya anthu omwe amadwala matendawa amachita kuyamwira. Matendawa amaikidwa m’magulu awiri, ndipo gulu loyamba limatchedwa matenda a muubongo ongoyamba kumene pamene gulu lachiwiri limatchedwa matenda a muubongo aakulu ngati matendawo afika poipa kwambiri moti wodwala akupanikizika maganizo ndiponso kusowa mtendere. Koma ngati munthu wakhala akudwala matendawa kwa nthawi yaitali ndithu koma sakumusowetsa mtendere kwambiri, ndiye kuti matendawo angatchedwe ndi dzina lakuti cyclothymic disorder. Koma ngati munthu wayamba vutoli chifukwa chakumwa mankhwala enaake akuchipatala kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndiye kuti matendawo angaikidwenso m’gulu lina.  Mavuto enanso amene amabwera chifukwa cha matendawa ndi monga kukhala ndi mtima wofuna kuchita zinthu zoti ena atione, kusinthasintha khalidwe, kupanikizika maganizo ndiponso  kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mavuto ena. Munthu yemwe ali ndi vutoli sangafunike kukayezetsa kuchipatala kuti atsimikizire ngati ali ndi matendawa kapena ayi, komabe, akhoza kuyezetsa magazi kapena kuyezetsa zinthu zina m'thupi kuti aone ngati matendawo sanayambitsenso mavuto ena.

Matendawa akhoza kutheratu ngati munthu atapatsidwa thandizo loyenerera monga psychotherapy komanso mankhwala a mood stabilizers ndiponso antipsychotics. Chitsanzo cha mankhwalawa ndi lithium ndiponso mankhwala ena otchedwa anticonvulsants. Ngati matendawa afika poipa kwambiri, munthu akhoza kupatsidwa thandizo la mankhwala kapenakugonekedwa m’chipatala ngakhale kuti wodwalayo sakugwirizana nazo. Matenda a muubongowa akalekereredwa, wodwalayo amasinthasintha kwambiri khalidwe, sachedwa kukwiya, ndiponso amakonda kukangana ndi anthu; munthu wotereyu angathandizidwe pomupatsa mankhwala benzodiazepines. Ngati matendawa akukula, sibwino kumupatsa munthuyo mankhwala a m’gulu la ma antidepressants. Koma ngati mankhwalawa agwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene munthuyo akusinthasintha khalidwe, wodwalayo angafunike kumupatsanso mankhwala omuthandiza kuti akhuzumuke. Njira ya Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ngakhale kuti siyofala kwambiri, ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kwa odwala ena omwe sakuchira ndi njira zina zochiritsira. Ndipo ngati pakufunika kuti wodwalayo asapitirize kulandira thandizo linalake, ndi bwino kusiya kumupatsa thandizo lachipatalalo mwa pang’onopang’ono.  Ndipo anthu amene amadwala matendawa amavutikanso ndi mavuto a zachuma komanso mavuto ena okhudza kukhala bwino ndi anthu ena.  Ndipo pa avereji, pafupifupi anthu 25 pa 100 aliwonse amene amadwala matendawa amakumana ndi mavuto amenewa.  Komanso anthu omwe amadwala matenda a muubongo ali pa chiopsezo kuwirikiza kawiri poyerekezera ndi anthu ena choti akhoza kumwalira ndi matenda ena monga matenda a mtima; izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mavuto ena amene amabwera m’thupi mwawo chifukwa cha kumwa mankhwala olimbana ndi matenda a muubongo.

Padziko lonse lapansi, munthu m’modzi pa anthu 100 aliwonse ali ndi matenda a muubongo.  Ku United States kokha, pafupifupi anthu atatu pa 100 aliwonse amadwala kapena anadwalapo matendawa pa nthawi inayake pamoyo wawo; ndipo chiwerengero cha odwala pakati pa amuna ndi akazi n’chofanana.  Koma anthu ambiri amayamba kudwala matendawa akakwanitsa zaka 25.  Mu 1991, zikuoneka kuti ndalama zokwana madola 45 biliyoni zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuwonongeka chifukwa cha matendawa m’dziko la United States lokha.  Gawo lalikulu ndithu ndi ndalamazi zinawonongeka chifukwa anthu ochuluka zedi omwe ankadwala matendawa sankapita kuntchito kwa masiku osachepera 50 munthu aliyense pa chaka.  Kawirikawiri anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa amakumananso ndi mavuto ena chifukwa choti amasalidwa.

## See also
* Cyclothymia
* *[[Tristimania|Tristimania: A Diary of Manic Depression]]*

## Notes

;References
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## Further reading

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## External links

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* Bipolar Disorder overview from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health website
* NICE Bipolar Disorder clinical guidelines from the U.K. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence website
* International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force report on current knowledge in pediatric bipolar disorder and future directions