Meningitis

**Matenda oumitsa khosi** ndi matenda amene amayamba chifukwa cha kutupa khungu limene limakutira bongo ndiponso mnyewa waukulu wochoka ku bongo, ndipo kutupa kotereku kukachitika kumatchedwa meningesi. Zizindikiro zofala kwambiri za matendawa ndi kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa mutu ndiponso kuuma kwa khosi. Zizindikiro zinanso zingakhale monga  kusokonezeka maganizo kapena bongo kusiya kugwira ntchito moyenera, kusanza, ndiponso kudana kwambiri ndi kuwala kapena phokoso. Ana omwe ali ndi matendawa nthawi zambiri zosagwirizana kwenikweni ndi matendawa, monga kunyong'onyeka, kuwodzera, ndiponso kukana kudya. Koma ngati tizilonda tatuluka, zingasonyeze kuti munthuyo ali ndi mtundu winawake wa matenda oumitsa khosi; monga, matenda oumitsa khosi omwe amayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa meningococcal.

Kutupa kwa khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu kumachititsidwa ndi mavailasi, mabakiteriya, ngakhalenso tizilombo tina, ndipo nthawi zina mwa apo ndi apo, kumatha kuyambitsidwanso ndi mankhwala a kuchipatala. Matenda oumitsa khosi akhoza kukhala oopsa kwambiri makamaka ngati khungu lomwe latupalo lili pafupi kwambiri ndi malo amene bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu zalumikizana, ndipo zoterezi zikachitika, wodwalayo amayenera kulandira thandizo la chipatala mwamsanga. Ndipo njira ya kuchipatala yoyeza timadzi ta mkati mwa msana imathandiza madokotala kudziwa ngati munthu ali ndi matenda oumitsa khosi kapena ayi. Kuti achite zimenezi, madokotala amabaya jakisoni kumsana m'munsi mwa fupi la khosi n'kutenga timadzi tomwe timakuta khungu lophimba bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu. Ndiyeno amayeza timadzite ndi makina oyezera.

Anthu angathe kupewa mitundu ina ya matendawa ngati atalandira katemera wa meningococcal, wa masagwidwi, wa chibayo, ndiponso katemera wa Hib. Ndipo nthawi zina zimathandiza ngati anthu omwe akuoneka kuti angathe kutenga matendawa mosavuta atapatsidwa mankhwala olimbana ndi tizilombo ta matendawa. Thandizo loyambirira kwa munthu amene akudwala kwambiri matendawa lingakhale kumupatsa mankhwala olimbana ndi mabakiteriya ndipo nthawi zinanso mankhwala olimbana ndi mavailasi. Anthu omwe akudwala kwambiri matendawa angapatsidwe mankhwala la corticosteroids omwe amathandiza thandiza kuti khungu lokuta bongo ndi mnyewa waukulu lisatupe. Munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda oumisa khosi akapanda kulandira thandizo mwachangu, angakhalenso ndi mavuto ena aakulu monga kugontha n'khutu, khunyu, madzi kuunjikana mubongo, kapenanso  mavuto ena a mubongo.

Mu 2013 matenda oumisa khosi anagwira anthu pafupfupi 16 miliyoni. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu 303,000 amwalire ndi matendawa, omwe ndi anthu ocheperapo oyerekezera ndi anthu 464,000 omwe anamwalira ndi matendawa mu 1990. Odwala akalandira thandizo loyenerera, ndi anthu 15 okha pa 100 aliwonse omwe angamwalire ndi matendawa. Chaka chilichonse, mliri wa matendawa umabuka cha mu December ndi June m'mayiko kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa dera lomwe limadziwika kuti  dera la matenda oumisa khosi. Miliri ina yocheperapo ya matendawa imabukanso m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansili. Dzina la Chingelezi la matendawa meningitis ndipo linachokera ku mawa a Chigiriki akuti μῆνιγξ *méninx*, omwe amatanthauza "khungu" kapena "chikopa" ndipo mawu a zachipatala amene anawonjezeredwa ku dzinali akuti  *-itis*, amatanthauza "kutupa".

## Malifalensi