Vladimir Putin

**Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin** (wobadwa pa 7 Okutobala 1952) ndi wandale waku Russia komanso wakale wazamisala yemwe akutumikira ngati purezidenti wapano wa Russia kuyambira 2012, kale anali muofesi kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2008. Analinso prime minister kuyambira 1999 mpaka 2000 komanso kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2012. Kuyambira 2021, Putin ndiye wachiwiri kwa purezidenti waku Europe yemwe watenga nthawi yayitali, pambuyo pa Alexander Lukashenko waku Belarus.

Putin adabadwira ku Leningrad (komwe pano ndi Saint Petersburg) ndipo adaphunzira zamalamulo ku Leningrad State University, akumaliza maphunziro ake mu 1975. Putin adagwira ntchito yaukazitape wakunja kwa KGB kwa zaka 16, ndikukwera paudindo wa lieutenant colonel, asanatule pansi udindo mu 1991 kuti ayambe ndale ntchito ku Saint Petersburg. Pambuyo pake adasamukira ku Moscow ku 1996 kuti alowe nawo utsogoleri wa Purezidenti Boris Yeltsin. Anatumikira mwachidule monga director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) komanso Secretary of the Security Council, asadasankhidwe kukhala prime minister mu Ogasiti 1999. Yeltsin atasiya ntchito, Putin adakhala prezidenti woweruza, ndipo pasanathe miyezi inayi adasankhidwa kotheratu mpaka nthawi yake yoyamba kukhala purezidenti ndipo adasankhidwanso mu 2004. Popeza panthawiyo malinga ndi malamulo ake adalandilidwa m'mawonekedwe awiri ngati Purezidenti, Putin adasankhanso kukhala prime minister kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2012, ndipo adasankhidwanso kukhala Purezidenti mu 2012, komanso mu 2018 Mu Epulo 2021, pambuyo pa chisankho cha referendum, adasainira kusintha kwamalamulo kuphatikiza imodzi yomwe ingamulole kuyimilira kuti asankhidwenso kawiri, zomwe zitha kupititsa utsogoleri wake ku 2036.

Munthawi yoyamba kukhala purezidenti, chuma cha Russia chidakula zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zowongoka, pomwe GDP imayesedwa pogula mphamvu ikuwonjezeka ndi 72%, ndalama zenizeni zidakulitsidwa ndi 2.5, malipiro enieni opitilira katatu; ulova ndi umphawi wopitilira theka ndipo kukhutitsidwa ndi moyo waku Russia komwe kudakwanira kudakwera kwambiri. Kukula kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa chakukwera kasanu pamtengo wamafuta ndi gasi, zomwe zimapangitsa ambiri ochokera ku Russia kutumizira kunja, kuchira pakukhumudwa kwa chikomyunizimu pambuyo pamavuto azachuma, kukwera kwa ndalama zakunja, komanso malingaliro anzeru azachuma komanso ndalama. Kutumikira motsogozedwa ndi Dmitry Medvedev kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2012, amayang'anira kusintha kwakukulu kwa asitikali ndikusintha kwa apolisi. Mu 2012, Putin adafunanso gawo lachitatu ngati Purezidenti ndipo adapambana ndi pafupifupi 64% ya mavoti. Kutsika kwamitengo yamafuta kuphatikiza pamilandu yapadziko lonse yomwe idakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa 2014 pambuyo poti asitikali aku Russia alowererapo ku Ukraine ndikulandidwa kwa Crimea zidapangitsa kuti GDP ichepetse ndi 3.7% mu 2015, ngakhale chuma cha Russia chidachulukanso mu 2016 ndikukula kwa 0.3% GDP, komanso kutsika kwalamulo mwalamulo inatha. Chitukuko pansi pa Putin chikuphatikizanso pomanga mapaipi, kubwezeretsanso kwa satellite yoyendetsera ntchito ya GLONASS, ndikumanga zomangamanga zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi monga Olimpiki Achisanu a 2014 ku Sochi. Putin adalandira 76% ya mavoti pazisankho za 2018 ndipo adasankhidwanso pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zomaliza mu 2024.

Motsogozedwa ndi Putin, Russia idakumana ndi demokalase yobwerera m'mbuyo. Akatswiri samawona Russia ngati demokalase, ponena za kumangidwa kwa otsutsa andale, kuyeretsa, kupondereza komanso kuletsa atolankhani aulere, komanso kusowa kwa zisankho zaulere komanso zachilungamo. Russia idalemba bwino pa Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index, ndi Freedom House's Freedom in the World index. Mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu komanso omenyera ufulu wawo amaneneza Putin kuti amazunza otsutsa andale komanso kuwalamula kuti azunzidwe kapena kuphedwa.

## Zolemba