Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ya ku Sudan (2023–pano)

Nkhondo yamkati inayamba pa 15 April 2023 pakati pa magulu awiri otsutsana a boma lankhondo la Sudan. Mkangano uwu ukuphatikiza Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), otsogozedwa ndi General Abdel Fattah al‑Burhan, ndi gulu la paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), lomwe likutsogozedwa ndi Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (wodziwika kwambiri ndi dzina loti Hemedti), yemwenso atsogolera gulu lalikulu la Janjaweed. Magulu ang’onoang’ono ankhondo alowa nawo nkhondoyi. Kumenyana kwakhazikika kwambiri m’mzinda likulu, Khartoum, komwe mkangano udayambira ndi nkhondo zazikulu, komanso m’dera la Darfur. Anthu ambiri m’dera la Darfur ananenedwa kuti aphedwa m’njira yotchedwa Masalit massacres, zomwe zafotokozedwa ngati ethnic cleansing kapena genocide. Sudan yatsimikiziridwa kukhala ikukumana ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la humanitarian crisis padziko lapansi; pafupifupi anthu 25 miliyoni akukumana ndi njala yayikulu kwambiri njala. Pa 7 January 2025, United States idanena kuti RSF ndi magulu okhudzana nawo achita genocide.

Kuyambira pomwe Sudan inapeza ufulu wake mu 1956, dzikoli lakhala likuvutika ndi kusakhazikika komwe kukuphatikizapo zoyesayesa 20 za coup, ulamuliro wa nthawi yayitali wa asilikali, nkhondo ziwiri zamkati zotsutsa kwambiri, komanso Darfur genocide. Nkhondoyi inayamba chifukwa cha kusamvana pa kuphatikizidwa kwa RSF mu asilikali pambuyo pa coup ya 2021, kuyambira ndi kuukira kwa RSF m'madera a boma ku Khartoum ndi mizinda ina. Deralo likulu linagawika pakati pa magulu awiriwa, ndipo al‑Burhan anasamutsira boma lake ku Port Sudan. Zoyesayesa za mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo mgwirizano wa May 2023 wotchedwa Jeddah Declaration, sizinathe kuthetsa nkhondoyi, pomwe magulu ambiri ankhondo analowa nawo: SPLM–North (al‑Hilu faction) idalimbana ndi SAF kumwera; gulu la Tamazuj linathandizira RSF; ndipo SAF inalandira thandizo kuchokera ku magulu ena a Sudan Liberation Movement ndi Justice and Equality Movement. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2023, RSF idalamulira madera ambiri a Darfur ndikupita patsogolo ku Khartoum, Kordofan, ndi Gezira. SAF inakweza mphamvu mu 2024, ikulandira mphamvu ku Omdurman ndikubwezeretsa Khartoum, kuphatikizapo Nyumba ya Purezidenti ndi dege lapaulendo, mu March 2025. Ngakhale zoyesayesa zatsopano zokambirana, sipanakhalepo mgwirizano wokhazikika wa kupuma moto, ndipo nkhondoyi ikupitirirabe ndi zovuta zazikulu za anthu komanso zoopsa zadziko lonse.

Njala yokha yawononga moyo wa ana pafupifupi 522,000, pamene chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe aphedwa m’nkhondoyi, kuphatikizapo imfa chifukwa cha chiwawa, njala, ndi matenda, ndichokwera kwambiri; anthu ena masauzande ambiri akusowa kapena aphedwa m'masanthula apadera, makamaka omwe amayikidwa ku RSF ndi magulu okhudzana nawo. Osachepera anthu 61,000 aphedwa ku Khartoum State yokha, mwa omwe 26,000 aphedwa chifukwa cha chiwawa chokha. Pofika 5 February 2025, anthu opitirira 8.8 miliyoni anasamukira mkati mwa dziko ndipo ena opitirira 3.5 miliyoni anathawa kudziko lina ngati othawa nkhondo. Mu August 2024, Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Famine Review Committee (FRC) idatsimikizira kuti zinthu za njala zili m'madera ena a North Darfur.

Kuthandiza kwadziko lina m’nkhondoyi kuphatikizapo kutumizidwa kwa zida kuchokera ku China, Russia, ndi Turkey, ndi UAE ndi Chad kuthandiza RSF pamene Egypt ikuthandiza SAF, m’nthawi ya mkangano wa m’madera. Nkhondoyi yachititsa mavuto aakulu kwambiri a anthu monga kusowa kwa chakudya, madzi, mankhwala, ndi mwayi wolowa chithandizo, kutseka kwa zipatala zambiri, kufalikira kwa matenda, kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri, kuba zinthu za chithandizo cha anthu, komanso kufooka kwa maphunziro ndi zomangamanga, zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu oposa hafu ya dzikoli akhale ofunikira kwambiri kupatsidwa chithandizo. Pali pempho lachangu kuti aperekedwe thandizo, chitetezo chalamulo kwa ogwira ntchito za chifundo, kuthandiza othawa nkhondo, komanso kusiya kutumiza zida kwa RSF, makamaka kuchokera ku UAE. SAF ndi RSF onse awagwiritsa ntchito zabodza pogwiritsa ntchito social media, zithunzi zabodza, ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi AI kuti asokoneze malingaliro a anthu, kutsutsa adani awo, ndikulimbikitsa malingaliro a dziko lonse lapansi. M'mbuyo mwa nkhondoyi, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi European Union adayika ziletso pa anthu, makampani, ndi mabungwe omwe akugwirizana ndi SAF ndi RSF chifukwa cha kuswa mgwirizano wa kupuma moto, kulakwira ufulu wa anthu, komanso ntchito zosokoneza dziko.

## Course of the war – Timeline (April 2023 – present)

### April 2023

* **15 April** – RSF idayambitsa nkhondo pofuna kupeza malo a SAF m'madera ambiri, kuphatikizapo **Khartoum International Airport**, **Merowe Airport**, ndi **Presidential Palace**, zomwe zinayambitsa nkhondo yachikulu yapa mzinda.
* **16–22 April** – Nkhondo zoyamba zidakula m'mzinda wa Khartoum ndi kupita ku **Omdurman**, kumene pamalandira kuwotcha ma bridges ndi ma bombardment.
* **31 May** – Nkhondo yayikulu yadzadza pamalo a **Mayo** ku Khartoum, kupha anthu pakati pa 18–27 ndipo ambiri adavulalika.

### May 2023

* **8 May** – Governor wa Darfur, Minni Minawi, anabwerera ku Khartoum ndi kubwezeretsa gulu lake, pamene SAF ndi RSF anayamba zokambirana zowulungika ku Jeddah.
* **19–20 May** – RSF idafalitsa kuti lapha **Republican Palace**, ndipo pa 20 May panaperekedwa **Jeddah Declaration** yoyesera kupuma moto kwa masiku 7, koma inasokonekera.

### July 2023

* **22–23 July** – RSF yalandiranso malo ku **Geneina** (West Darfur) ndipo kuwunikira kwachitetezo kungayambitse zabodza zotsutsa.
* **8 July** – SAF inapanga **airstrike** ku Omdurman yomwe inaphedwa anthu oposa 22 monga lipoti la UN.

### August 2023

* Nkhondo zinayamba kufalikira kwambiri m’dera la **Darfur**, ndipo poyambirira pa 2024, RSF inalamulira m’madera ambiri a Darfur.

### December 2023

* RSF inalanda **Wad Madani** (capital ya Gezira) ndi madera akumadzulo kwa Khartoum.

### February 2024

* SAF inayamba kulimbikira mu **Omdurman**, ndipo anapeza mwayi pogwiritsa ntchito **dronesi zaku Iran** zomwe zidathandiza kuyambira March 2024.

### June 2024

* **2 June** – Zolemetsa zimachitika ku **El Fasher**, kuphatikizapo kupha anthu 11 ndi kupha magulu ena.
* **5 June** – RSF inalanda **Wad Al‑Noora**, kulanda pafupi 100 anthu kumene.
* **27 June** – Lipoti la IPC linati anthu opitilira 755,000 akukumana ndi njala yayikulu kwambiri mu Sudan.

### October 2024

* **Dry season offensive** – SAF inalimbitsa ma airstrikes komanso yolimbana ndi RSF mu **Khartoum**, kuphatikizapo kuyambira **October dry season** momwe mphambano inakwera.

### January 2025

* SAF inabwerera ku **Omdurman** pa **7 January** ndipo yachotsa RSF m'madera ena, kuphatikizapo **al‑Jili Oil refinery** pa 24 January.

### February–March 2025

* **17 February** – SAF inatchotsa RSF kuchokera ku **Bahri**, kupita patsogolo mu Omdurman.
* **3 March** – SAF inalanda madzi osalala ku **East Nile** pafupi ndi bridge ya **al‑Manshiya** ku Khartoum.
* **20 May** – SAF inalanda **Ombada** ndi madera ena ku Omdurman, ndipo inatangaza kuthetsa nkhondo mu Khartoum State, idakakamiza RSF kuchoka ku **White Nile State**.

### April 2025

* **13 April** – RSF idaphwanya m’zipatala ku **El Fasher**, kupha anthu opitirira 200 m’zipinda za othawa nkhondo.
* **March–May** – SAF inalamaliza kuteteza **Khartoum**, kuphatikizapo Presidential Palace ndi dega, ikutsimikizira kupambana kwake mu mzinda.

## Zolemba