Kudzipha

**Kudzipha** ndi chinthu chimene munthu amachita pochotsa moyo wake mwadala n'cholinga choti afe. Kuvutika maganizo, matenda ovutika maganizo, matenda a maganizo, matenda okhudza makhalidwe, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo – kuphatikizapo kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala abenzodiazepine, ndi zina mwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu adziphe. Anthu ena amadzipha ngati njira yachidule yothawira mavuto monga  azachuma, mavuto obwera chifukwa chosagwirizana maubale, kapenanso kuvutitsidwa ndi anthu ena. Anthu amene achitapo zinthu zosonyeza kuti ankafuna kudzipha ndi amene ali pa chiopsezo chachikulu choti angathe kudzipha nthawi ina m'tsogolomu. Pali njira zambiri zothandiza munthu kuti asadziphe ndipo zina mwa njirazi ndi kuchita zinthu zoti munthu yemwe angadzipheyo asapeze zinthu monga mfuti, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso poizoni. Njira zinanso ndi kupereka thandizo la chipatala kwa munthu amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; kuthandiza munthuyo kuti amve uthenga kudziwitsa anthu ena ngati munthu wina akufuna kudzipha, ndiponso kuchita zinthu zothandiza kuti zachuma ziyambe kuyenda bwino pa moyo. Ngakhale kuti pali malo oimbira foni ulere ambiri, umboni ukusonyeza kuti malowa sakuthandiza kwenikweni.

Njira zofala kwambiri zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito podziphera zimasiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyananso. Zina mwa njira zodziphera zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi monga kudzimangirira, kumwa poizoni, ndiponso kudziwombera ndi mfuti. Padziko lonse, m'chaka cha 2015 chokha, anthu 828,000 anadzipha, ndipo chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera kwambiri tikayerekezera ndi anthu 712,000 omwe anadzipha mu 1990. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa zinthu zimene zikuchititsa imfa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kudzipha kuli pa nambala 10.

Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 0.5-1.4% amadzipha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anthu 12 pa 100,000 amadzipha chaka chilichonse. Anthu atatu pa anthu anayi alionse amene amadzipha padziko lonse amakhala a kapena ochokera m’mayiko osauka. Ndipo kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti azibambo ambiri amadzipha poyerekezera ndi azimayi, ndipo chiwerengero cha azibambo odziphawo n’chokwera ndi 1.5 m’mayiko osauka, koma m’mayiko olemera, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa 3.5. M’madera ambiri, anthu omwe apitirira zaka 70 ndi amene amakonda kudzipha. Koma m’madera ena, anthu a zaka zoyambira pa 15 mpaka 30 ndi omwe amadzipha kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 anthu ochuluka kwambiri amene anadzipha anali a ku Ulaya. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti chaka chilichonse, anthu oyambira pa 10 miliyoni mpaka 20 miliyoni amachita zinthu zofuna kudzipha. Anthu omwe anayesera kudzipha koma sanafe nthawi zambiri amavulala ngakhalenso kulumala kumene. M’mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anthu ochuluka zedi amene amadzipha kapena kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha amakhala achinyamata ndiponso akazi.

Anthu amadzipha pazifukwa zosiyanasiyanamonga zokhudza chipembedzo, kufuna ulemu, kapenanso kukhala ndi moyo wopanda tanthauzo. Chipembedzo cha Abulahamu chimaona kuti kudzipha ndi lochimwira Mulungu, ndipo anthu a m’chipembedzochi amakhulupirira zimenezi chifukwa amaona kuti moyo ndi wopatulika. M'nthawi ya chisamurai ku Japan, mwambo wodzipha wotchedwa seppuku (*harakiri*) unkaonedwa kuti ndi wovomerezeka chikwa anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ndi njira yokonzera zimene munthu walakwitsa kapenanso kuti njira yochitira zionetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake. Mwambo winanso wotchedwa Sati, womwe unathetsedwa ndi a British Raj, unkachitika m’njira yakuti  namfedwa wamkazi wa ku Indiya ankafunika kudzipha podziponya pamoto wa maliro a mwamuna wake. Mkaziyo ankafunika kuchita zimenezi kaya mwakufuna kwake kapena mochita kukakamizidwa ndi achibale ake ngakhalenso anthu ena. M’mbuyomu, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi ku America anali ndi lamulo loletsa kudzipha komanso kuchita zinthu zofuna kudzipha, koma masiku ano, lamulo limeneli linathetsedwa m’mayikowo. Komabe, mayiko ambiri ngakhalenso kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kuti munthu akufuna kudzipha. M’zaka za m’ma 1900 komanso m’ma 2000, anthu ena akhala akudzipha mwa apo ndi apo ngati njira yochitira ziwonetsero zosonyeza kusakondwa ndi zinazake ndipo njira yodzipherayi imatchedwa kamikazekomanso zigawenga zakhala zikudzipha pophulitsa mabomba a timkenawo komanso pofuna kupha anthu ena.

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