Chilankhulo Cha ChiTumbuka

**Chitumbuka** ndi Chiyankhulo chachi Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Tanzania. Chimadziwikanso kuti  kapena  — mawu akuti *chi-* kutsogolo kwa *Tumbuka* amatanthauza "m'njira ya", ndipo pankhaniyi amatanthauza "chilankhulo cha anthu a Tumbuka". Chitumbuka chili m’gulu la chinenero chimodzi (Guthrie Zone N) monga Chewa ndi Sena.

Bungwe la World Almanac (1998) likuyerekeza kuti pali anthu pafupifupi 2,000,000 (mu chaka cha 1998) olankhula Chitumbuka, ngakhale magwero ena amati ndi ochepa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri olankhula Chitumbuka amati amakhala ku Malawi. Chitumbuka ndi zinenero zomwe zimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Northern Malawi, makamaka ku Rumphi, Mzuzu, ndi Maboma a Mzimba. Panopa ChiTumbuka chili ndi anthu oposa 8 miliyoni.

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Chitumbuka chomwe chimalankhulidwa m'matauni a Malawi (omwe amabwereka mawu kuchokera ku Swahili ndi Chewa) ndi "mudzi" kapena "zakuya" Tumbuka m’midzi. Mtundu wa Rumphi nthawi zambiri umadziwika kuti ndi "chilankhulo choyera", ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa "Tumbuka weniweni". Chiyankhulo cha Mzimba wakhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Zulu (chiNgoni), even so far as to have clicks mawu ngati   "kodza", omwe samapezeka m'zilankhulo zina.

M'mbiri yonse ya dziko la Malawi Chitumbuka ndi Achewa nthawi zina zakhala zilankhulo zomwe akuluakulu aboma amagwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, chilankhulo cha Chitumbuka chinavutika kwambiri muulamuliro wa Pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda, chifukwa mu 1968 chifukwa cha mfundo ya dziko limodzi lokhala ndi chinenero chimodzi chinasiya kukhala chinenero chovomerezeka m’Malawi. Izi zinachititsa kuti a Tumbuka achotsedwe pa maphunziro a sukulu, wailesi ya dziko lonse, ndi ma print media. zinayambikanso pawailesi, koma chiwerengero cha mabuku ndi zofalitsa zina m’Chitumbuka chidakali chochepa.

## Malemba

Njira ziwiri zolembera Chitumbuka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito: kalembedwe kakale (kagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachitsanzo mu Wikipedia ya Chitumbuka ndi m’nyuzipepala ya ), mmene mawu monga  'people' ndi  'year' alembedwa ndi 'b' ndi 'ch', komanso kalembedwe katsopano ka boma (kogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo mu mtanthauzira mawu wa Citumbuka wofalitsidwa pa intaneti ndi Center for Language Studies ndi m’Baibulo la pa intaneti), m’mene mawu ofananawo amalembedwa ndi ‘mira’ ndi ‘c’, mwachitsanzo. *ŵanthu* and *caka*. (Phokoso la  ndi lozungulira kwambiri [w] limatchulidwa ndi lilime moyandikira-i.) Pali kusatsimikizika kwina komwe mungalembe 'r' ndi kuti 'l', mwachitsanzo.  (Dictionary) or  (Bible) 'food'. (Kwenikweni [l] ndi [r] ali maalofoni ofanana phoneme.) Pali kukayikiranso pakati pa kalembedwe 'sk' ndi 'sy' (onse ) ndi  ('nsungwi') akupezeka mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka).

## Malembo ake
### Mavawelo
Mavawelo omwewo , , , ,  ndi syllabic  amapezeka m'Chitumbuka monga m'chinenero choyandikana nawo Chewa.

### Makonsonati
Makonsonanti a Chitumbuka amafanananso ndi a Chewa oyandikana nawo, koma amasiyana. Mawu osalekeza akuti ,  ndi , omwe palibe kapena m'mphepete mwa Chewa, amapezeka m'Chitumbuka. Zinanso zodziwika bwino ndi mawu omveka , , , , , , ndi . M’Chitumbuka mulibe ma affricates monga Chichewa , , , . Maphokoso a  ndi  samachotsedwa m'mphuno m'Chitumbuka, kotero kuti Chewa

rds a Tumbuka; mwachitsanzo Low ( 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ( 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ( 'kuphulika kwa chinthu'), ndi Kutsika Kwambiri ( 'kutayika mwadzidzidzi'), etc.

Ku Tumbuka kumagwiritsanso ntchito malankhulidwe amitundumitundu; mwachitsanzo, mu mafunso inde-ayi nthawi zambiri pamakhala kugwa Kwapamwamba-Kutsika pa syllable yomaliza ya funso:
* 'kodi inunso mukupalira chimanga?'

Zikuoneka kuti palibe kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa kamvekedwe ka mawu mu Chitumbuka ndi focus.

## Maina
### Maphunziro a mayina
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zilankhulo za Chibantu, mayina a Chitumbuka amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mayina malinga ndi mawu amodzi komanso ambiri. Gulu lirilonse la nauni liri ndi adjective, pronoun, ndi ma verb mapangano, omwe amadziwika kuti 'concords'. Kumene mapanganowo sakugwirizana ndi mawu oyamba, mapanganowo amakhala patsogolo posankha gulu la nauni. Mwachitsanzo, dzina lakuti  'possessions', ngakhale lili ndi mawu oyamba *ka-*, limayikidwa m'kalasi 1, popeza wina amati  'awa katundu' pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero cha kalasi 1 . Amalawi eni ake (monga mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka ya University of Malawi) amatchula mayina a mayina ndi mayina achikhalidwe monga "Mu-lina-"; Akatswiri a Bantu, komabe, amatchula makalasi ndi manambala (1/2 etc.) zogwirizana ndi mayina a zilankhulo zina za Bantu. Nthawi zina manauni sagwirizana ndi makalasi pansipa, mwachitsanzo.  'chief' (class 9) mosakhazikika amakhala ndi mawu ambiri *mafumu* m'kalasi 6.

**Class 1/2 (Mu-lina-)**

Maina ena m'kalasi ili alibe chiyambi Mu-:
* pl.  = munthu
* pl.  = mlendo, mzungu
* pl.  = mwana
* pl.  = bulu
* pl.  = amalume a amayi
* (no pl.) = katundu, katundu

*Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)*
* pl.  = mutu
* pl.  = mkuyu
* pl.  = moyo
* pl.  = mtima

**Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)**
* pl.  = bere
* pl.  = boma, boma
* pl.  = botolo
* pl.  = fuko, fuko
* pl.  = diso
* (palibe umodzi) = madzi
* pl.  = phiri
* pl.  = vuto, vuto
* pl.  = dzanja

**Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)**
* pl.  = chaka
* pl.  = dziko, dziko
* pl.  = farm animal
* pl.  = woledzera
* pl.  = chikwapu

**Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)**
* pl.  = plate
* pl.  = ndalama
* pl.  = njerwa
* pl.  = nkhuku
* pl.  = nsomba

*Class 11 (Lu-)*

Okamba ena amaona mawu m’kalasili ngati kuti ali m’kalasi 5/6.
* = mbali
* = kutchuka
* = lilime

*Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)*
* pl.  = chinthu chaching'ono
* pl.  = mwana
* pl.  = mbalame
* (no singular) = kugona

*Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)*

Mainawa nthawi zambiri amakhala osamveka ndipo alibe zambiri.
* = usiku
* = ulimi
* pl.  = bridge
* pl.  = uta

*Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive*
* = kugula, kugula
* = kuba, kuba

*Makalasi 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative*
* = underneath
* = in front, before
* = inside

### Concords
Maverebu, ma adjectives, manambala, ziyeneretso, ndi matchulidwe mu Chitumbuka ayenera kugwirizana ndi dzina lomwe likutchulidwa. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes, infixes, kapena suffixes zotchedwa 'concords' zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi gulu la nauni. Kalasi 1 ili ndi ma concords osiyanasiyana, osiyana pa matchulidwe, mawu oyamba, chinthu, manambala, adjectives, ndi zotengera:
* = mwana uyu
* = one child
* = that child
* = the whole child
* = every child
* = the child saw him
* = the small child
* = mwana wa Khumbo
* = my child
* = the child has seen

Magulu ena a mayina ali ndi ma concords ang'onoang'ono, monga momwe tawonera patebulo ili pansipa:
 

## Zitsanzo za mawu ndi zolemba
Mawu otsatirawa ndi awa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito munthu akapita kudera limene chinenero chawo chachikulu ndi Chitumbuka:

## Mavesi
### Chiyambi chamutu
Maverebu onse ayenera kukhala ndi chiyambi cha mutu, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dzina la mutu. Mwachitsanzo, liwu lakuti  'hunter' ndi kalasi 7, choncho ngati liri lotsogolera, mneniyo amakhala ndi chiyambi *ci-*:
: = 'mlenje anapha mkango'

N'zothekanso kuti mutuwo ukhale dzina lamalo (makalasi 16, 17, 18), pamene mneniyo ali ndi chiyambi cha malo:
: = 'pa mphasa panakhala mwana'

Mawu akuti "ku-* (kalasi 17) amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati munthu pokambirana za nyengo:
: = 'kuzizira masiku ano'

Pamene mutuwo uli mloŵana waumwini, ma prefixes a mutu ali motere (mloŵa m'malo mwake akhoza kuchotsedwa, koma osati mutu wa mutu):
: = 'I bought' (*nkha-* stands for *ni-ka-*)
: = 'you bought' (informal, singular)
: = 'he, she bought'
: = 'tinagula'
: = 'unagula' (zambiri kapena ulemu)
: = 'anagula', 'anagula' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu)

M’chinenedwe changwiro, awa amafupikitsidwa ku , mwachitsanzo.  'tagula'.

M’chiyankhulo cha [[Karonga]], pa munthu wachitatu mmodzi *a-* amapezeka m'malo mwa *wa-*, ndipo chachitatu ndi *wa-* m'malo mwa *wa-*, kupatula mu nthawi yangwiro, pamene *wa-* ndi *ba-* agwiritsidwa ntchito.

===Chikhomo-chinthu===
Kuti muwonetse chinthu, mawu owonjezera atha kuwonjezeredwa ku mneni nthawi yomweyo muzu wa mneni usanachitike. Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiro cha chinthu ndichosankha:
: = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9)
: = 'Changa ananyamula katundu' (class 1)

Chizindikiro cha chinthu chimagwirizana ndi gulu la chinthucho, monga momwe tawonetsera pa tebulo la concords pamwambapa.

Chizindikiro cha chinthu chingakhalenso malo (makalasi 16, 17, kapena 18):
: = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house'

Zolembera za malo oimira munthu ndi izi:
: = 'wandiwona'
: = 'wakuwona'
: = 'wamuona'
: = 'watiwona'
: = 'wakuwonani' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu)
: = 'wawaona'

===Nyengo===
Nthawi m'Chitumbuka imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono powonjezera ma infixes, ndipo pang'ono ndi ma suffixes. Mosiyana ndi Chichewa, mamvekedwe sapanga mbali iriyonse ya kusiyanitsa pakati pa nthawi imodzi ndi inzake.

M'mbuyomu kusiyana kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi ya hodiernal (kutanthauza zochitika zamasiku ano) ndi nthawi zakutali (kutanthauza zochitika dzulo kapena nthawi ina yapitayo). Komabe, malire pakati pa posachedwapa ndi akutali si enieni.

Kusiyana kwina kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi zakale ndi zangwiro. Nthawi yabwino ikagwiritsiridwa ntchito imakhala ndi tanthawuzo loti zotsatira zake zikadalipo panthawi yolankhula, mwachitsanzo: 'maungu afalikira () pamunda'. Ungwiro wapano utha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maverebu osonyeza momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano monga  'I am sitting' kapena  'Ndine wokondwa'. Remote perfect is used for events that happened some back but the impact is still not today, such as  'the rock has fallen' or  ' iye (wamwalira) '.

Nthawi zamtsogolo zimasiyanitsanso pafupi ndi zochitika zakutali. Nthawi zina zimatanthawuza kuti chochitikacho chidzachitika kwina, mwachitsanzo  'Ndipita ndikacheze'.

Ma Compound tenses amapezekanso mu Chitumbuka, monga  'he had slept',  'he had just left' ndi  'azamuguliska'.



Nthawi zina zamtsogolo zimaperekedwa ndi Vail (1972) ndi ena.

Mu munthu 1 mmodzi, *ni-ku-* ndi *ni-ka-* afupikitsidwa kukhala *nkhu-* ndi *nkha-*:  ' I am going', 'I go',  'I used to go'.

===Manenedwe oipa===
Popanga mneni m'Chitumbuka, mawu akuti  kapena  amawonjezedwa kumapeto kapena kumapeto kwa ndimeyi. Zikuwoneka kuti  amakondedwa ndi olankhula achichepere:
:
:'sakulemba kalata'

:
:'sitigwira ntchito mawa'

Komabe, ndi nthawi yangwiro, pali mawonekedwe osiyana, kuwonjezera * -nda-* ndi kutha * -e*:
:
: "yes ndakumana naye"

:
: "ayi, sindinakumane naye"

==Chikoka cha Ngoni pa Tumbuka==

*Mawu achiNgoni (Chizulu/Ndwandwe) opezeka m'Chitumbuka:*

Zinenero zonse za Chitumbuka zakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi chilankhulo cha Chingoni, makamaka m'boma la Mzimba m'dziko la Malawi. Ngoni ndi chilankhulo chomwe chinachokera kwa anthu a Ndwandwe omwe anali oyandikana ndi a Zulu asanagonjetsedwe ndi Azulu ndipo adatengedwa kukhala Zulu. Choncho chinenero chimene a Ndwandwe ankalankhula chinali chofanana ndi Chizulu. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za mawu opezeka mu chitumbuka omwe ndi ochokera ku Chizulu/Ndwandwe, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mawuwa ali ndi mawu achitumbuka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito posinthana ndi olankhula, (kupatulapo 'munwe/minwe' kutanthauza 'chala/zala' Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zinalibe mnzake woyamba kapena mawu oyamba atayika).



==Chitsanzo cha Tumbuka==

*'Miyezi ku Tumbuka:'''

Chitsanzo cha nthano zomasuliridwa m'Chitumbuka ndi zilankhulo zina za Kumpoto kwa Malawi chaperekedwa mu kafukufuku wa zilankhulo za ku Northern Malawi wochitidwa ndi bungwe la Center for Language Studies la University of Malawi. Nthano zachitumbuka zimapita motere:

:
:

:

## Maumboni