Matenda oyamba chifukwa cha uchembere

**Matenda oyamba chifukwa cha uchembere**, omwenso amadziwika kuti **matenda oyamba ndi ubereki**, **kuphwanya thupi chifukwa chobereka** kapena **kuphwanya thupi kwa ubereki**, amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo ta bakiteriya tomwe talowa m'chiberekero pa nthawi imene mayi amabereka mwana kapena pamene wapititsa padera. Kawirikakwiri zizindikiro zake zimakhala kuphwanya thupi kutentha thupi,  kuzizidwa, kumva kumwateka m'mimba, ndipo nthawi zina kutulutsa fungo loipa kukha kumaliseche. Nthawi zambiri zimenezi zimachitika pakangotha maola 24 mayi atabereka kapena kupititsa padera, mpaka kufika pa masiku 10.

Kawirikawiri tizilombo toyambitsa matendati timalowa m'chiberekero ndipo timathanso kukhudza mbali zina **zoyandikna ndi chiberekerocho** kapena **zozungulira chiberekerocho**. Zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti mavutowa ayambe mosavuta ndi monga kuchitidwa opaleshoni, bakiteriya wamtundu winawake wotchedwa streptococcus wa gulu B akalowa kumaliseche, khungu la mkati mwa chiberekero likayamba kuchoka nthawi yake isanakwane, ndiponso ngati padutsa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ululu wa pobereka utayamba koma mwana sakutuluka, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo kawirikakwiri mavutowa amakhala oti ayambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya wa mitundu ingapo yosiyanasiyana. Madokotala amatha kudziwa mitundu ya mabakiteriya imene yayambitsa mavutowo ngati ayeza timadzi ta kumaliseche kapena magazi. Amayi omwe sakuchira matendawo ngakhale kuti alandira thandizo amafunika kuwayezanso bwinobwino. Zinthu zina zimene zimachititsa kuti amayi azidwala akangobereka kumene ndi izi: kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mkaka m'mabere, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe talowa kumaliseche, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe talowa m'mimba m'mimba ndi m'chiberekero.

Chifukwa cha mavuto amene angakhalepo mayi akachitidwa opaleshoni, madokotala amalimbikitsa zoti mayi aliyense azipatsidwa mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga a ampicillin pa nthawi imene akuchitidwa opaleshoni. Palinso mankhwala othandiza kumatenda odziwika bwino ndipo munthu amatha kupeza bwino pakangopita masiku awiri kapena atatu basi atalandira mankhwalawa. Kwa amayi amene sakupeza bwino koma matendawo sanafike povuta, mankhwala okumwa othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo angathandize, koma ngati vutolo likuoneka kuti ndi lalikulu jakisoni wa mankhwalawo angakhale wothandiza kwambiri. Mankhwala omwe amapezeka mosavuta ndi monga ampicillin ndiponso gentamicin ndipo amathandiza ngati mayi wabereka m'njira yachibadwa, ndipo mankhwala a clindamycin ndiponso a gentamicin angathandize ngati mayi wachitidwa opaleshoni pobereka. Koma kwa amayi omwe sakuchira ngakhale kuti apatsidwa thandizo la mankhwala oyenererera, ndi bwino kuwayeza kuti zidziwike ngati ali ndi chotupa chomwe chachita mafinya mkati mwawo.

M'mayiko olemera, pafupifupi mayi m'modzi kapena awiri pa 100 alionse amadwala matenda oyambitsidwa ndi tizilombo tomwe talowa m'nthupi pa nthawi imene amabereka m'njira yachibadwa. Chiwerengerochi chimakwera n'kufika 5 mpaka 13 kwa amayi amene anali ndi mavuto ena pobereka mwachibadwa, komanso chimafika pa hafu ya amayi onse amene abereka mochita kupangidwa opaleshoni ndipo sanapatsidwe mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo. Zimenezi zinachititsa imfa zokwana 24,000 m'chaka cha 2013, ndipo chiwerengerochi n'chotsika tikayerekezera ndi imfa zokwana 34,000 zomwe zinachitika mu 1990. Nthawi yoyamba imene matenda oterewa anayamba kudziwika ndi kale kwambiri, zaka za m'ma 400 BCE, ndipo anatchulidwa m'zinthu zimene Hippocrates analemba. Matenda amene amayamba mayi akangobereka kumene ankapha anthu ambiri kuyambira cha m'ma 1700 mpaka cha m'ma 1930, ndipo zinthu zinasintha pamene azachipatala anapeza mankhwala othandiza thupi kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa. M'chaka cha 1847 m'dziko la Austria, Ignaz Semmelweiss anayamba kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azisamba m'manja ndi chlorine ndipo zimenezi zinathandiza kuti imfa zochitika chifukwa cha matenda zichepe kuchokera pa anthu 20 pa 100 alionse kufika pa anthu awiri okha pa anthu 100 alionse.

## Malifalensi