James A. Garfield

**James Abram Garfield** (Novembala 19, 1831 - Seputembara 19, 1881) anali Purezidenti wa 20 wa United States, kuyambira Marichi 1881 mpaka imfa yake mu Seputembala chaka chimenecho atawomberedwa miyezi iwiri yapitayo . Mlaliki, loya, komanso wamkulu wa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, Garfield adagwira ntchito zisanu ndi zinayi ku United States House of Representatives ndipo ndiye membala yekhayo wanyumbayo kuti asankhidwe kukhala Purezidenti. Asanayenerere kukhala pulezidenti, adasankhidwa kukhala Senate ya US ndi Msonkhano Waukulu wa Ohio — udindo womwe adaukana pamene adasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti .

Garfield anabadwira mu umphawi m'nyumba yamatabGarfield anabadwira mu umphawi m'nyumba yamatabwa ndipo anakulira ku northeast Ohio. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Williams College mu 1856, anaphunzira zamalamulo ndi kukhala loya. Iye anali mlaliki mu Stone-Campbell Movement ndi pulezidenti wa Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, yogwirizana ndi Ophunzira.wa ndipo anakulira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ohio . Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Williams College mu 1856, adaphunzira zamalamulo ndikukhala loya. Anali mlaliki mu Stone-Campbell Movement komanso pulezidenti wa Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, yogwirizana ndi Ophunzira .  

Pamsonkhano wa Republican National Convention wa 1880, nthumwi zinasankha Garfield, yemwe sanafunefune White House, ngati wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti pa chisankho cha 36. Mu zisankho zapurezidenti za 1880, adachita kampeni yotsika kutsogolo ndikupambana mwapang'onopang'ono wosankhidwa ndi Democratic, Winfield Scott Hancock . Zomwe a Garfield adachita ngati purezidenti zidaphatikizanso kunena kwake zaulamuliro wapulezidenti motsutsana ndi ulemu wa senatori pakusankhidwa kwa akuluakulu, kuchotsa katangale mu Post Office, komanso kusankhidwa kwake kukhala woweruza wa Khothi Lalikulu. Adalimbikitsa ukadaulo waulimi, osankhidwa ophunzira, komanso ufulu wa anthu aku Africa America . Anaperekanso maganizo osintha ntchito za boma, zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi Congress mu 1883 monga Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act ndipo adasaina kukhala lamulo ndi wolowa m'malo mwake, Chester A. Arthur . Garfield anali membala wa gulu la intraparty " Half-Breed " yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za purezidenti kutsutsa wamphamvu " Stalwart " Senator Roscoe Conkling waku New York. Anachita izi posankha mtsogoleri wa gulu la Blaine William H. Robertson kuti akhale mtsogoleri wopindulitsa wa Port of New York . Nkhondo yandale yotsatirayi inachititsa kuti Robertson atsimikizidwe ndi kusiya ntchito kwa Conkling ndi Thomas C. Platt kuchokera ku Senate.

Pa July 2, 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, wokhumudwa ndi wonyenga ofunafuna ofesi, adawombera Garfield pa Baltimore ndi Potomac Railroad Station ku Washington. Chilondacho sichinaphe nthawi yomweyo, koma matenda obwera chifukwa cha njira zosayenera za madokotala pochiza chilondacho chomwe chinapha Garfield pa September 19. Chifukwa cha nthawi yake yochepa paudindo, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakonda ku kusankha Garfield monga pulezidenti wotsikirapo kuchokera ku pulezidenti wocheperapo kapena kumusiya, ngakhale kuti adamuyamikira kwambiri chifukwa cha chinyengo. kulimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu.

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## Maumboni

## Ntchito zotchulidwa
 

## Kuwerenga kwina

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* Goodyear, C. W. (2023). *President Garfield: From Radical to Unifier*. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster.
* Graff Henry F., ed. *The Presidents: A Reference History* (3rd ed. 2002) online
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* Houdek, John Thomas. "James A. Garfield and Rutherford B. Hayes: A Study in State and National Politics" (PhD dissertation, Michigan State University; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7111871).
* Menke, Richard. "Media in America, 1881: Garfield, Guiteau, Bell, Whitman." *Critical Inquiry* 31.3 (2005): 638–664.
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* North, Ira Lutts. "A rhetorical criticism of the speaking of James Abram Garfield, 1876-1880" (PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. DP69446).
* Rushford, Jerry Bryant. "Political Disciple: The Relationship Between James A. Garfield And The Disciples Of Christ" (PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1977. 7807029).
* Skidmore, Max J. "James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur." in *Maligned Presidents: The Late 19th Century* (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014) pp.&nbsp;63–79.
* Sutton, Thomas C. "James A. Garfield." in *The Presidents and the Constitution* (Volume One. New York University Press, 2020) pp.&nbsp;266–275.
* Uhler, Kevin A. "The demise of patronage: Garfield, the midterm election, and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act" (PhD. Diss. The Florida State University, 2011) online.
* Vermilya, Daniel J. *James Garfield and the Civil War: For Ohio and the Union* (Arcadia Publishing, 2015).

## Maulalo akunja

* Garfield, James Abram, (1831-1881) Congressional Biography
* James Garfield: Buku Lothandizira kuchokera ku Library of Congress
* James A. Garfield 
* [ http://millercenter.org/president/garfield Ndemanga Zachidule za James A. Garfield ndi utsogoleri wake kuchokera ku Miller Center of Public Affairs
* "Life Portrait of James Garfield", kuchokera ku C-SPAN 's *American Presidents: Life Portraits*, July 26, 1999
* Works by or about James A. Garfield  
* Works by James A. Garfield   
* Odziwika bwino alumni a Delta Upsilon fraternity, kuphatikiza Garfield
* James A. Garfield Personal Manuscripts
* James A. Garfield Collection ku Williams College Chapin Library
* James A. Garfield Collection ku Williams College Archives ndi Special Collections
* Zolemba zovomerezeka zachipatala zokhudzana ndi thanzi la Purezidenti wa US James Garfield wochokera ku US National Library of Medicine. Lili ndi zidziwitso zachipatala zoperekedwa ndi madokotala omwe amapezekapo D. Hayes Agnes, JK Barnes, DW Bliss, Frank H. Hamilton, Robert Reyburn, ndi JJ Woodward pakati pa July 6 - September 19, 1881.