open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umndeni.

## Umndeni.

### Isingeniso.
Umndeni ufaka izinto ezinengi begodu akunahlathululo elula ehlathulula umndeni ngebala lobujamo obungeneleko begodu abuhlangeko. Nanyana kunjalo, umndeni yinto ekhona koke, ungafaka iinlwana kanye nabantu. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umndeni. 

### Kuyini umndeni?
Ngokuya kuka-Arslan (2023) asekelwa yi-Wikipedia (2024) umndeni kungaba ngumma, ubaba nomntwana wabo labo abahlala ndawonye. Ngamanye amagama, umndeni ufana umntwana nababelethi bakhe, umma nobabakhe, labo ahlala endlini eyodwa nanyana ngejaradeni elilodwa. 

U-Havigerova, u-Haviger no-Truhlarova (2013) basekelwa ngu-Enrique, u-Howk no-Huitt (2007) bathi, umndeni kusiqhema sabantu abahlalala endlini eyodwa kanye nalabo abakhololwa nanyana abasebenza boke. Ngamanye amagama, umndeni akusimntwana wakho, ababelethi bakho nanyana abentwana bekhenu kwaphela, kodwana umndeni ufaka nabantu esisebenza nabo nalabo ekholelwa ezintweni zinye sisoke. 

Umndeni uhluke ngemqema ezilandelako: Umndeni omkhulu, umndeni wabentwana, umndeni omncani. Umndeni omkhulu, mndeni lowo ofaka neenhlobo (Arslan 2023). Ngamanye amagama umndeni omkhulu ngumma, ubaba, ukghari, umzala, umalume, umntamama nobentwana bekhaya. 

Kodwana, umndeni wabentwana, kumndeni loya onganababelethi kodwana odosa phambili mntwana begodu namalungu womndeni lo, kubentwana bodwa (Arslan 2023). Umndeni omncani wona, mndeni loyo ofaka umma nobaba nabentwana babo kwaphela (Arslan 2023). 

### Isiphetho
Umndeni uqakatheke kwambala begodu kufanele sizwisise bonyana umndeni awufaki kwaphela umma nobaba nabentwana bakhe kodwana ufaka nabantu esiphila nabo eduze ngaso soke isikhathi lasihlala khona.

### Isilululwazi
Umntwana

**Umntwana** mumuntu ongaphasi kweminyaka engaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi alithoba. Kumumuntu osese ngaphasi kwetlhogomelo nelawulo lababelethi.
Umoya Ocwengileko

**Umoya ocwengileko**, mumomya ovela kuZimu. Umoya lo wafika ephasini lokha uJesu kreste  nakabuyela ezulwini kuyise uZimu. Kwathi bona uJesu akhambe watjhiya umoya ocwengileko bonyana uzokuthatha isikhundla sakhe uhlale nabantu abamakreste. umoya ocwengileko oowaziwa ngokuthi nguye umsizi wamakholwa owasiza bona aphile ipilo ecwengilweko. Umoya ocwengileko ngiloyo Moya othi nawuwamukeleko ukhone ukwenza izinto ezihle begodu ube nemikghwa emihle.
Umrhatjho ikwekwezi

**Ikwekwezi** mrhatjho omkhulu eSewula Afrika orhatjha ngesiNdebele. Umrhatjho wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1983 enyangeni kaTjhirhweni mhlana ilanga li-1, okutjho ukuthi kwabe kuthoma unyaka ngaleso skhathi. Mrhatjho lo urhatjhwa malanga woke evekeni ngesikhathi soke. Ikwekwezi itholakala endaweni ye-Johannesburg e Auckland Park. Umunru owansungula umrhatjho weKwekwezi ngu Thizathiza.
Umthetho

**Umthetho** yindlela inarha ethileko eziphatha ngakhona. Akekho umuntu ongaphasi komthetho.  Umthetho unikela indlela ekuzokurarulwa ngayo imilandu, ekuzokuvikelwa ngayo amalungelo wabantu begodu inikele abantu ubulungiswa.
Umthetho sisekelo

**Umthetho sisekelo** kuyincwadi ephethe amandla wombuso begodu iphethe amalungelo nokuvikeleka kwesitjhaba. Kuyinto eqakatheke ekuhlathululeni umthetho nepolotiki zenarha. Umthetho sisekelo wenza bona boke abantu babe ngaphasi komthetho ngitjho nabaphezulu ngokweenkhundla. Uvikela ukuhlukunyezwa kamandla negunya enkhundleni ezithileko ezihlukileko.
Uzimu

**UZimu** nguloyo ongaphezu koke. Okunguye esikholwa bona wadala izulu nephasi. Uzimu umummoya akabonakali ngamehlo wenyama kodwana ukhona uyaphila. Uzimu nguye owenza bona kube nepilo emhlabeni begodunguye owenza bona kube khona abantu. UZimu ukhulunyiswa ngomkhuleko.
Wikipedia

**IWikiphidiya** mthombolwazi osimahla ongamalimi ahlukahlukeneko. Iphrojekhthi le ilawulwa yihlangano engabhadelwako yasimahla enzinze e-America eyaziwa nge-''Wikimedia Foundation''. Ihlangano le yathoma ngomnyaka ween-2001,  ngu-Jimmy Wales no-Larry Sanger, begodu ilinga ukubuthelela nokuhlathulula ilwazi labantu ngamalimi woke.

Kusukela ngomnyaka ween-2008, iWikiphidiya yaba nemitlolo edlula eengidini ezili-10 ngamalimi ama-**253**, khulukhulu nge-English. Imitlolo yeWikiphidiya le, itlolwa ngokusebenzisana kwabazinikeleko ephasini loke, begodu yoke imitlolo ihlelwa nangubani one-inthanethi. IWikiphidiya le ikhule inje, ngeyokuthoma begodu, ingekulu khulu, ejimeni lokusekela i-inthanethi.

## Iinkhombo
Umthethosisekelo

## Umthethosisekelo.

### Isingeniso.
Umthethosisekelo ngezinye zezinto eziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi kuba nokuphatha kuhle kanye nokwenza izinto ngomthetho ngaphandle kokugadanga abanye abantu amazizo. Ukudlula lapho umthetheosisekelo welusa iinkareko zomphakathi bonyana ziqalelelwe ngaso soke isikhathi. Eenhlokweni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana umthetho sisekelo kuyini begodu yini imisebenzi yawo.

### Kuyini umthethosisekelo?
Ngokuya kuka-Myanmar (2013) umthethosisekelo libuthelelo lemithethi kanye nemithethomgomo leyo eyenzelwe ukubuswa kwenarha. Ngamanye amagama, umthethosisekelo wenziwe mithetho nemithethomgomo leyo ehlahla begodu eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha ilawulwa kuhle. Ukungezelela, umthethosisekelo uhlathulula iinkambiso neenkambisosilawulo zemikhakha yombuso begodu wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amalungelo wemiphakathi akagadangelwa nanyana akaphulwa ngeminye imithetho ejwayelekileko (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014). Lokhu kusitjheja bonyana umthethosisekelo wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi iinfuneko kanye namakareko wemiphakathi ayahlonitjhwa ngeminye imithetho ejwayelekileko yokulawulwa kwenarha.

Umthethosisekelo mthetho omkhulu enarheni yoke begodu akukho omunye umthetho ekufanele utjhayisane nawo nanyana ayikho into eyenziwako ekufanele itjhayisane nawo (UmThethosisekelo 1996; ne-Wikipedia 2024). Lokhu kutjho bona akunamuntu nanyana ngubani, ekufaka hlangan zoke iinhlangano, iinkhaphani kanye nombuzo ngokupheleleko, onelungelo lokwenza isenzo leso esingakhambelani nomthethosisekelo. Nakungenzeka kube nomuntu ongenza isenzo esingakhambelani nomthethosisekelo, angadoselwa ekhotho begodu agwetjwe.

### Kuyini imisebenzi yomthethisisekelo na?
Imisebenzi yemithetho sisekelo minengi, begodu ifaka hlangan elandelako:

1.      Ukuveza nokutjengisa imikhawulo yomphakathi yombanganarha (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014)

2.      Ukuveza nokuqinisekisa ubujamo namandla wombuso (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014)

3.      Ukunikela nokuqinisekisa amalungelo nemisebenzi yomphakathi (Myanmar 2013)

4.      Ukuqinisekisa nokulawulwa kweenhlangano zekolo kanye nobudlelwano babo neembethamthetho (Myanmar 2013)

5.      Uqinisekisa bonyana umbuso uziphendulele njani ebantwini nemiphakathini  leyo eyibusako (UmThethosisekelo 1996).

Imisebenzi yomthethosisekelo engehla le, ayikaphelele kodwana le ngeminye eqakatheke khulu ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi umthethosisekelo ufinyelela umnqopho wawo.

### Isiphetho
Umthethosisekelo kumthetho oqakathekileko begodu nomkhulu ukudlula yoke imithetho ekhona enarheni. Umthetho lo umhlahlandlela begodu wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi kuba nokuthula, ukusebnzisana kanye nokuphilisana kuhle enarheni yoke. Kuqakathekile bonyana abantu bazi ngomthethosisekelo begodu bawufunde bawuzwisise.

### Umthombolwazi
Umtjhado

**Umtjhado** kuvumelana kwababili, okumfazi nendoda phambi kwabofakazi noZimu ukuthi bazokuba nyama yinye. Umfazi utjhiya isibongo sakhe athethe sendoda begodu amukelwe emndenini wendoda. Ngaphambi kobana kube nomtjhado indoda iyalobola ukuze ikhone ukunikelwa umfazi wayo.

Umtjhado kulokha abantu abathandanako benza umsebenzi wokugidinga ithando labo begodu bafunge bebahlanganiswe mfundisi phambi kwabantu.

Minengi imohlobo yomtjhado.

Umtjhado wesintu, ngesiNdebele ubizwa bona lidwendwe nobukhazi lapho kutjhadwa ngokwesintu, begodu nemindeni yabantu abatjhadako yabelana ngezipho.

Umtjhado wesikhuwa obizwa ngokuthi mtjhado omhlophe, lomtjhado lapho umakoti ambatha khona irogo elimhlophe begodu abe nabaphekeleli. Umkhwenyana naye ugcoka isudu kuyiwe ekeregeni ukuyokuhlanganiswa. Umtjhado lo ngokwemvelo ngewamakhuwa kodwana nabantu abanzima sele bawenza.

Umtjhado wekhotho.
I-ISBN

## ISBN

### Kuyini i-ISBN?
I-ISBN sirhunyezo esijamele International Standard Book Number (IZinga leenTjhabatjhabatjha leNomboro yeNcwadi). I-ISBN kuziinomboro ezilutjhumi nantatho nanyana ezilutjhumi lezo ezenyelwe omunye nomunye okhiqizo ukuze ukwazi ukutholakala ngazo (International ISBN Agency 2024).

Kungani zilitjhumi nantathu kanti ezinye zilitjhumi na?
Iinomboro ezilitjhumi nantathu ngezisetjenziswa eentjhabatjhabeni bese lezo ezilitjhumi zisetjenziswe ngaphakathi enarheni. Ngokuya kwe-Barcoding (2024), enye nenye inarha ephasini inenomboro yayo leyo eyisebenzisa ngaphakathi ukuze umkhiqizo wayo ukhone ukutshwayiwa.
Ingabe zitjho ukuthini iinomboro ze-ISBN nanyana ze-Bar code na?

Njengoba sivezile ngaphambilini bonyana iinomboro ze-bar code zilitjhumi nanye kanti ke ze-ISBN zilitjhumi. Asitjhejeni isibonelo esilandelako:
 

Isitjengiso 1

Isitjengiso esinikelwe sona lesi ngaphezulu sinikele i-bar code yeenomboro ezilitjhumi nantathu. Iinomboro zokuthoma i-978 zibizwa bona ziinomboronhlomelelo lezo ezenzelwe bona umkhiqizo wakho ukghone ukutloliswa eentjhabatjhabeni (ISBN Barcode 2024 no-Barcoding 2024). Ngamanye amagama i-978, inomboro etjengisa bonyana umkhiqizo wakho ungathengiswa ephasini loke.
Inomboro elandelako i-1, igamele inarha nesiyingi ngokuya kanye nemilimi elisetjenziswako lapho enarheni. ESewula Africa sanikelwa u-0, nanyana u-1, ngombana ngaphambilini limi kwakusiNgisi begodu imikhiqizo yethu eminengi yayikhutjwa ngesiNgisi (Barcoding 2024).

Iinomboro ezihlanu ezilandelako zijamele ikhamphani nanyana abakhiqizi nabathengisi bomkhiqizo loyo. Enye nenye ikhamphani nanyana abathengisi banenomboro yabo leyo ebenza bonyana bafunyaneke lokha umuntu nakathenga umkhiqizo ngobunzizolwazi nanyana ngobulondolwazi (International ISBN Agency 2024).

Iinomboro ezintathu nanyana ezine ziinomboro ezibizwa bonyana ziinomboro zokuqinisekisa ngombana ziqinisekisa yoke inomboro ye-bar code nayana ye-ISBN (International ISBN Agency 2024).

Nakwenzekile bonyana umkhiqizo okhitjhiweko utloliswe ngekhaya nanyana enarheni yethu kwaphela uzokusebenzisa i-ISBN yeenomboro ezilitjhu (Barcoding 2024). Okutjho bona i-ISBN izokuthoma ngo-1868935918. I-978, izokususwa njengoba sihlathululiwe bonyana isetjenziswa mikhiqizo leyo ezitlolise nanyana etjhengiswa nakwezinye iinarha.
Isiphetho.

I-ISBN nanyana i-bar code iqakatheke khulu njengombana yenza bonyana umkhiqizo womuntu otloliswe begodu waziwe ngibo boke abantu khona ungazokwetjiwa nanyana usetjenziswe butjhilweni. Kuqakathekile bonyana yoke imikhiqizo itloliswe njengomkhiqizo weentjhabatjhaba.

### Umthombolwazi
IBoekenhouthoek

**IBoekenhouthoek** yindawo esezabelweni zakwaNdebele esiphandeni seMpumalanga ngaphasi kuka masipala we Thembisile hani municipality. Indawo le ayikadumi khulu ngombana kuyindawo encani ebhodwe ziintaba. Elinye igama lendawo le yiZithabiseni, la kuhlala ngobunengi abantu abamaNdebele kodwana naminye imihlobo yabantu iyatholakala. Indawo le ingaphasi kobukhosi baka Msindo ikosi eyakhathamako. 

## Abosaziwako abakhulelel kulendawo
USipho Mbele omlingisi kamabonakude nomtloli. UThando Mahlangu mthuthukisi wesiNdebele. U-August Masango owadlulako ephasini ebegade adume khulu ehlanganweni ye- African national congress. UGamela Mthombeni omkhuzeli wezemidlalo emrhatjhweni Ikwekwezi.

## Indawo le kuze njani bona ibizwe ukuthi yi Boekenhouthoek
Iindawo le yathiywa bona yiBoekehouthoek ngesibanga sokobana beyizele ngeenhlahla ezibizwa boan maBoekenhout trees, umdwadwa.

## Okhunye nge Boekenhouthoek

Indawo le izele amatje aligugu we crystal ekwenziwa ngawo imirhabiso. Abantu bayawemba amatje la bayowathengisela amakhuwa ukuze bakghone ukwenza imali yokuziphilsa.
IHendrina

**IHendrina** yidorobha elikumasipala we Steve Tshwete, ongaphasi kwesifunda seNkangala esifundeni seMpumalanga eSewula Afrika. Idorojaneli, litholakala ngemva kwamakhilomitha ama-53 etlhagwini-tjhingalanga yedorobha i Ermelo, godu, liphinde litholakale ngemva kwamakhilomitha ama-40 esewula-tjhingalanga yedorobha iCarolina. Kanti liphinde litholakale ngemva kwama khilomitha ama 53 esewula yedorobha i Middleburg.

## Umlando wedorobha
Idorobha le Hendrina lathoma ukuba khona ngomnyaka we-1914 eplasini ekhabe libizwa nge Garsfontein Farm. Kulidorobha elithiyelelwe ngo Hendrina Beukes, ekumfazi ka Gert Beukes. uGert Beukes bekumnikazi wokuthoma weplasi i Garsfontein. Yize kunjalo, abaphathi abakhulu  ekhabe bengamele idorobheli khabe kuyikomidi yezepilo kunye nesigungu sendawo ngomnyaka we-1919 kuya emnyakeni we -1926.

## Umnotho
Umnotho omkhulu ofunyaneka edorobheni iHendrina utholakala emamayini wamalahle atholakala eendaweni ezitjhidelene nedorobheli. Godu kunamaplasi amanengi,  lapha kutjalwa khona iintjalo ezifana namabhontjisi, amazambana kunye nomthombo. Kuyindawo eneentetjhi ezimbili ezikulu eziphehla igezi eziphethwe ngezinye zeenkampani ezikulu enarheni yeSewula Afrika i-Eskom. Iintetjhi lezo ziyi Arnot Power Station Kunye ne Hendrina Power Station.
IKrugersdorp

**I-Krugersdorp** (isiBhunu se-Kruger's Village) iyidolobha elinezimayini eWest Rand, eSifundazweni saseGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika eyasungulwa ngo-1887[2] nguMarthinus Pretorius kanye no-Abner Cohen.[3] Ngemva kokutholakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand, kwavela isidingo sedolobha elikhulu elisentshonalanga yolwandle. Uhulumeni wathenga ingxenye yepulazi lasePaardekraal futhi waliqamba leli dolobha elisha ngomongameli waseTransvaal, uPaul Kruger. I-Krugersdorp ayisenaye uhulumeni kamasipala ohlukile ngemuva kokuthi uhlanganiswe noMasipala Wendawo waseMogale City kanye namadolobha aseduze. Manje sekuyisizinda sikahulumeni eMogale City.
IRandfontein

**I-Randfontein** iyidolobha lezimayini zegolide eWest Rand, Gauteng, South Africa, 40 km (25 mi) entshonalanga yeGoli. Njengoba iWitwatersrand igiya igolide, umxhasi wezimayini u-JB Robinson wathenga ipulazi i-Randfontein futhi, ngo-1889, wantanta i-Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company. Idolobhana lasungulwa ngo-1890 ukuze lisebenzele imayini entsha futhi laphathwa yi-Krugersdorp laze laba umasipala ngo-1929.[2]: 292  Ngaphandle kokuba nemboni yokugaya izitembu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iRandfontein, njengezinye izindawo eziningi ezingaphandle kwedolobha. I-Johannesburg, empeleni iqoqo lasemaphandleni lamapulazi nezindawo ezincane endaweni enhle kakhulu yaseGauteng.
IVaalbank

**IVaalbank** (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi iLibangeni) iyidolobha elincane eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-102 enyakatho-mpumalanga yePitoli. Idolobhana libalulekile enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMpumalanga lapho iningi labantu elizungezile lisemaphandleni futhi lingenayo ingqalasizinda. Ibheke iDamu laseMkhombo (elalibizwa ngeRenosterkop Dam) elibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo esifundeni.
Yunivesithi yempulanga

**IYunivesithi yeMpumalanga** ingenye wamayunivesithi ama-26 eSewula Afrika. IYunivesithi le itholakala esifundeni seMpumalanga, Yize kungiyo yodwa iYunivesithi esifundeni seMpumalanga, kodwana ingencancani khulu kunawo woke amayunivesithi wenarha yeSewula Afrika. Yasungulwa ngomnyaka wee-2013 mhlazana amalanga ali-13 enyangeni kaSewula. Yavulwa nguPrimiya (Premier) wesifundeni seMpumalanga kanye nomnyango wezefundo ephakameko. Iyunivesithi le yathoma ngabentwana abalikhulu namatjhumi asithandathu nane (169).

## Amakhampasi weYunivesithi yeMpumalanga
Iyunivesithi le inamakhampasi amabili, ekuyikhampasi ekulu iMbombela kanye neSiyabuswa ekuyikhampasi encani. Ikhampasi ekulu itholakala e-Cnr R40 and D725 Roads
Mbombela 1200 bese encani yona itholakala eBheki Mfundo Drive
siyabuswa 0472 . 

## Ukuthuthuka kweYunivesithi
Iyunivesithi le ithuthuke khulu kusekela ngomnyaka wee-2013. Kwanje sele inabafundi abangaphezu kwe-10 000 emakhampsini womabili. Ngomnyaka wee-2023 beyigidinga iminyaka ematjhumi wokuba khona kwayo.  

## Iinkomba
Wolwekraal

**I-Wolwekraal** (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi yi-Borolo) iyindawo ehlala kuMasipala Wesifunda saseNkangala esifundazweni saseMpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika, amakhilomitha ayi-14 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMdutjana.
Ilimi lesindebele

Abarhatjhi bethu abasirhatjhela ngelimiiNdebele ki lesyo yoke imirhatjho lokha nabadobha umlaleli wokugcina emoyeni kumele bafundiswe namkha batjelwe bona akhebalise ukuthi ("ngithatha wokuphela"), akusiyo indlela yesiNdebele le. Ibinzana elithi (wokuphela) is the direct translation of Sotho/Sepedi language( wa bofelo) which means the last one. NgesiNdebele sithi (Wokugcina) ngombana kulapho sele ugcina khona ngomlaleli loya omdobhako. Ugcina ngaye kodwana awuphelelisi ngaye. IsiNdebele asiphelelisi kodwana siyagcina.
Intuthuko yethelerina

**Ituthuko yethelerina**, isigaba somntazinyana mntazinyana ongakarhabi ukuphuhla amabele. Umntazinyana umbatha umrivathi nerhabi kodwana irhabi lakhe alifani nerhabi letlawana begodu alifani nerhabi lethelerina. Umntazinyana uvunula nesikotjhi ngombana bayasizila isithimba ngombana angakenzi isiko namkha akakenzelwa umnyanya wequde. 

**Amatlawana**

Itlawana mntazana osele athoma ukuphuhla amabele. Itlawana lona livunulo irhabi elinomncamo nomadalanyana umadalanyana yithawula ephothelwe ngomncamo neenrholwane zedinini ukuba nobukhobe nemidzegana emlenzeni.

**Ithelerina**

Ithelerina mntazana osele athombile owenzelwe umnyanya wequde. Ithelerina livunula irholoro epheleleko, iinrholwane zeenyaweni,iphephethu nesithimba kanye neenrholwane zedinini ijuba nobukhobe. Entanyeni bese ithelerina lifaka iraso nesijogana.
Isibonelelo se350

**Isibonelelo se 350** yimali evela kurhulumende ukulekelela abantu abangasebenzi Sewula Afrika. Imali le yathoma ukurholwa babantu abangasebenzi ngonyaka we-2020 lokha nakufika ingogwana ye covid-19 enarheni le. Imali yaragelwa phambili yarholwa kuze kube nje. 

Imali le ibalekelele khulu abantu abanga sebenzi ngombana bakghona ukuziphilisa njengombana izinga lokungasebenzi  liphezulu begodu nezinto ziyabiza eentolo.
UPaul Kruger

**UStephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger** (iphimbo lesiBhunu: [ˈkry.(j)ər]; 10 Okthoba 1825 - 14 Julayi 1904), owaziwa kangcono njengoPaul Kruger, wayengusopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika. Wayengomunye wabantu ababeqavile kwezombangazwe nezempi eNingizimu Afrika ngekhulu le-19, kanye noMongameli Wezwe WaseNingizimu Afrika (noma iTransvaal) kusukela ngo-1883 kuya ku-1900. Eqanjwe ngokuthi u-Oom Paul ("Uncle Paul"), waduma emhlabeni wonke njengo. ubuso bembangela yamaBhunu—leyo yaseTransvaal kanye nomakhelwane wayo i-Orange Free State—ibhekene neBrithani phakathi neMpi Yesibili yamaBhunu ka-1899–1902. Uke wabizwa nge-Afrikanerdom, futhi usengumuntu ophikisanayo; abathandwayo bamhlonipha njengeqhawe lesintu elidabukisayo.
Ukulumbana Kwamabizo NgesiNdebele

kilesi isiqetjhana sizokutjheja indlela amabizo alumbene namkha ahlangene ngayo elimini lesiNdebele. 

**ibizo nebizo**

ukulumbana kwebizo nebizo kwenzeka lokha nakuhlanganiswa ibizo nelinye ibizo, isibonelo;
Ukunganakekelwa kwabentwana abakhubazekileko

**Abantwana abaphila nokukhubazeka**

Iinkolo zabentwana abaphila nokukhubazeka ziyimvela  kancani eendaweni zemakhaya isibonelo endaweni yangeSiyabuswa zinengi tle! iinkolo kodwana abantwana abakhubazekileko kufanele baye ngepitori ukuze bakwazi ukufumana ifundo.

### ukungakaqeqetjhwa kwabo titjhere eenkolweni.
Abantwana abakhubazekileko bazithola banganakekelwa ngefanelo ngeenkolweni, unobangela walokhu kukobana abotitjheri abanaso isineke sabo. Imihlobo ekhona yokukhubazeka kwabentwana ngile elandelako: abantwana abangaboniko, abangakwazi ukuzikhambela ngeenyawo zabo, abantwana abane down syndrome njalo njalo.
Ukungasabethwa kwabentwana Eenkolweni

Ngelimi lesiYeni yi-Abolishment of corporal punishment. Umthetho oze nentanto yenengi uthi abentwana abasabethwa eenkolweni kodwana abafundisi abakulandeli lokho. Kwezinye iinkolo abafundisi basababetha abafundi.
Nelson Makamo

**U-Nelson Makamo** (Nhlolanja 1982) mdwebi weenthombe weSewula Afrika wesimanjemanje owaziwa ngeenthombe ezivamise ukuveza abantwana beSewula Afrika abasemaphandleni. U-Makamo utjengise umsebenzi wakhe emazweni ngamazwe, ngemibukiso yedwa emadorobheni afana ne-Los Angeles, Paris, London, New York kanye neSewula Afrika.

## Iminyaka yokuthoma
U-Makamo wabelethwa e-Modimolle, e-Limpopo, eSewula Afrika, ngoMhlolanja wee-1982, begodu ukuthakazelela kwakhe ukudweba kwathoma asesemncani. Wafunda e-Artist Proof Studio e-Goli, lapho afunda khona ngokukhethekileko ngokwenza amaphrinti.[1] Isikhungo lesi saba yingcenye eqakathekileko yohambo lwakhe, samsiza bona athuthukise amaqhinga ahlukahlukeneko, ukusuka emidwebeni yamalahle ukuya ekudwebeni ngamafutha ne-acrylic.

#### Isitayela sobuKghwari kanye neengqikithi
U-Makamo waziwa khulu ngeenthombe zakhe ezizwakalako nezikhulu, khulukhulu zabantwana, kanengi asebenzisa imibala ekhanyako nemigqa evezako. Imisebenzi yakhe yenziwa ngamalahle, amapende wamafutha, nama-acrylic, begodu iyadunyiswa ngokujula kwayo, ukuthungwa, nokuzwakala kwayo. Ukutjheja kwakhe abantwana, khulukhulu abantwana abanzima abavela emaphandleni weSewula Afrika, kuqakathekile embonweni wakhe wezobuciko.

## Iinkomba
Dullstroom

I-**Dullstroom,** eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Emnothweni, yidorobha elincani elisesifundazweni se-Mpumalanga, eSewula Afrika. Idorobha lisemakhilomitha ama-35 (amamayela ama-22) enyakatho ye-Belfast kanye namakhilomitha angaba ma-53 (amamayela ama-33) eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Lydenburg emgwaqweni we-R540. 

Kanye ne-Barkly East ne-Underberg, ngenye yeendawo eziphambili zeSewula Afrika zokudoba ngeenyoni. Idorobha linesitetjhi sesitimela esiphakemeko khulu eSewula Afrika ngamamitha ama-2,077 (amafidi ama-6,814) ngaphezu kwezinga lelwandle kanye neenyawo ze-De Berg, indawo ephakemeko khulu esifundazweni ngamamitha ama-2,332 (amafidi ayi-7,651). Indawo ye-Dullstroom e-Highveld plateau kusizathu sokuthi ubujamo bezulu bayo buhluke khulu eendaweni eziseduze.

## Iinkomba
Modimolle

**I-Modimolle**, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Nylstroom, yidorobha eliseduze nomkhawulo osewula we-Waterberg Massif esifundazweni se-Limpopo, eSewula Afrika. Yidorobha eliphakathi nendawo eliqale khulu ukulima nokulima (ama-citrus, amadiribe kanye neenkomo) kanye neenlwana zeganga nezokuvakatjha. I-Nylstroom nayo itholakala emakhilomitheni angaba li-135 (amamayela ama-84) etlhagwini ye-Pitoli, idorobha elikhulu leSewula Afrika.

I-Waterberg Biosphere esabalalele enyakatho, i-UNESCO ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Biosphere Reserve, ine-15,000 square kilometers (5,792 square miles). I-Waterberg sisifunda sokuthoma engcenyeni yetlhagwini yeSewula Afrika ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Biosphere Reserve yi-UNESCO. Ukwakheka kwamadwala okukhulu kwabunjwa makhulu wezigidi zeminyaka yokuguguleka komlambo ukukhiqiza ubujamo obuhlukahlukeneko be-bluff kanye ne-butte. I-ecosystem ingavezwa njengehlathi elomileko elinamakari nofana i-Bushveld.

## Iinkomba
I-Afrika

I-A**frika** yizwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu begodu lesibili ngenani elikhulu labantu ephasini ngemva kwe-Asia. Ngamakhilomitha angaba ziingidi ezima-30.3 (amamayela ayi-11.7 wezigidi) kufaka hlangana iinhlengele eziseduze, ihlanganisa ama-20% wendawo yomhlaba kanye nama-6% wendawo yayo yoke. Ngabantu abapheze babe ziingidigidi eziyi-1.4 ukusukela ngo-2021, ibalelwa emaphesentini ali-18 wabantu ephasini. Inani labantu be-Afrika mncani khulu kiwo woke amazwekazi. iminyaka ephakathi ngo-2012 beyiyi-19.7, lokha iminyaka ephakathi yephasi loke beyiyi-30.4.Ngokuya ngokuqagela kwango-2024, inani labantu be-Afrika lizakufikelela ebantwini abaziingidigidi ezi-3.8 ngo-2099. Nanyana kunemithombo yemvelo eminengi, i-Afrika yizwekazi elinenotho encani ngehloko begodu liyindawo yesibili engananotho enengi, ngaphambi kwe-Oceania. Izazi zithi lokhu kungenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukeneko ezifaka hlangana ubujamo bendawo, ubujamo bezulu, ikohlakalo,ubukoloniyali, iPi yomKhuhlane, kanye nobukoloniyali obutjha. Nanyana kunobujamo obuphasi bomnotho, ukwanda kwezomnotho kwamuva nje kanye nenani labantu abanengi nabasesebatjha kwenza i-Afrika ibe yimakethe eqakathekileko yezomnotho ephasini loke. I-Afrika inenani elikhulu lemithombo yemvelo nemithombo yokudla, okufakahlangana amadayimane, itjhukela, itswayi, igolide, i-ayini, i-cobalt, i-uranium, ikhopha, i-bauxite, isiliva, i-petroleum, igesi yemvelo, iimbhontjisi ze-cocoa, kanye nezithelo ezitjhisako.

## Wotkazy
* Kněz Kevin I Nyerere

## Iinkomba
Isindebele

**IsiNdebele** esaziwa ngesiNdebele seSewula (*Southern* Ndebele) lilimi le-Afrika elivela esiqhemeni samaMbo wamalimi weBantu. Ilimeli likhulunywa maNdebele okubabantu abafumaneka eSewula Afrika. Bafumaneka eemfundeni ezifaka hlangana iMpumalanga, Gauteng, Limpopo, ne-*North-West*. 

KunesiNdebele esikhulunywa e-Limpopo eendaweni ezifana ne-Polokwane (Bhulungwane), Ga-Rathoka (KaSondonga), Ga-Mashashane, Ga Maraba / Kalkspruit, Mokopane (Mghumbane), Zebediela (Sebetiela), eduze ukuya eNdebeleni yeSewula.
## Iinkomba
Limpopo

**I-Limpopo** (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) yisimfunda esetlhagwini khulu yeSewula Afrika. Iqanjwe ngomlambo i-Limpopo, owenza umngcele wephrovinsi engeTjingalanga nesetlhagwini. Ibizo elithi Limpopo lisuselwa ku-Rivombo (i-Livombo/Lebombo), isiqhema sabahlali be-Tsonga ebesidoswa phambili ngu-Hosi Rivombo owahlala endaweni eneentaba begodu wabiza indawo le ngemva umdosiphambili wabo. Iintaba ze-Lebombo nazo ziqanjwe ngazo. Umlambo lo bewubizwa ngokuthi yi-Vhembe miphakathi yama-Venda wendawo. Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu khulu esifundazweni telsorgulama.com.tr Polokwane, kuthi isishayamthetho sesifundazwe sise-Lebowakgomo.

Iphrovinsi yakhiwe ziinarha ezintathu zangaphambilini ze-Lebowa, Gazankulu kanye ne-Venda begodu yingcenye yesifunda sangaphambilini se-Transvaal. Iphrovinsi ye-Limpopo yasungulwa njengenye yeemfunda ezilithoba ngemva kokhetho luka-1994 lweSewula Afrika. Ibizo lephrovinsi bekuyi-"Northern Transvaal", ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yatjhugululwa yaba "Northern Province" mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni wee-1995, nezinye iimfunda ezimbili. Ibizo latjhugululwa godu ngomnyaka ka-2002 laba yi-Limpopo Province. I-Limpopo yakhiwe ziintjhaba ezintathu: isiPedi, isiTsonga kanye nesiVenda.

Abadosiphambili bendabuko namakhosi basakha umgogodla oqinileko wepolotiki yesifundazwe. Yasungulwa ngokuya komThetho we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders Act, Act 5 of 2005, umsebenzi omkhulu we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders kukweluleka urhulumende nesishayamthetho ngeendaba ezihlobene namasiko, amasiko, namasiko, kufaka hlangana amagadango wokuthuthukisa athinta imiphakathi yemakhaya. Mhlana ali-18 kuRhoboyi wee-2017, u-Kgosi Malesela Dikgale wakhethwa godu njengoSihlalo we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders. 

## Iinkomba
Polokwane

**I-Polokwane** lidorobha elikhulu lesiFunda se-Limpopo eSewula Afrika. Yisikhungo samadorobha esikhulu kunazo zoke enarheni enyakatho ye-Gauteng. Bekungenye yamadorobha alithoba abamba iNdebe yePhasi ye-FIFA yango-2010. 

## Umlando
Ngabo-1840, ama-Voortrekkers ngaphasi koburholi baka-Andries Hendrik Potgieter asungula i-Zoutpansbergdorp, idorobha eliyi-100 km (62 mi) ukuya enyakatho. Indawo yokuhlala le kwafanela bona itjhiywe ngebanga lokurarana neentjhaba zendawo (ama-Lebelo, Langa & Ledwaba clans), basungula idorobha elitjha ngo-1886 baliqamba ngokuthi "Pietersburg" ukuhlonipha umdosiphambili we-Voortrekker u-Petrus Jacobus Joubert. Inani elincani labantu be-India/Asia kanye nabantu abanemibala bahlala esifundeni ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19. Bekuyinhlokodolobha ye-Transvaal ne-Orange Free State isikhathi esifitjhani ngo-1900 ngesikhathi sePi yesiBili yamaBhunu kusukela ngo-1899 ukuya ku-1902.[6] AmaBrithani athatha i-Pietersburg ngo-1901 begodu akha ikampa yokuhlushwa ukubopha abafazi nabantwana be-Boer abapheze babe zi-4,000.

## Iinkomba
Malawi

**I-Malawi** ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Malawi begodu ngaphambilini yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Nyasaland, yinarha enganamanzi eSewulapumalanga ye-Afrika. Inomngcele nge-Zambia ngeTjingalanga, i-Tanzania ngeTlhagwini neTlhagwini-pumalanga, ne-Mozambique ngepumalanga, ngesewula, neSewula-Tjingalanga. I-Malawi inendawo engaphezu kwe-118,484 km2  begodu inabantu abalinganiselwa ku-22,224,282 (kusukela 2025). Inhlokodolobha ye-Malawi nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Lilongwe. Indawo yayo yesibili ngobukhulu yi-Blantyre, eyesithathu ngobukhulu yi-Mzuzu, bese kuthi eyesine ngobukhulu yi-Zomba, eyayiyinhloko-dolobha yangaphambilini.

## Iinkomba
IWitkoppen Clinic

**I-Witkoppen Health and Welfare Centre**, evamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Witkoppen Clinic, sisikhungo sokutlhogonyelwa kwepilo somphakathi esingenzi inzuzo esitholakala e-Fourways, e-Johannesburg, eSewula Afrika. Umtholampilo lo wathoma ngo-1946 begodu unikela ngeenkonzo ezinengi zokunakekelwa kwepilo emiphakathini eseduze ne-Sandton ne-Diepsloot.

## Iinkomba
U-Nyabela

**U-Nyabêla** (1825/30 - 1902) bekayinduna yama-Ndzundza esizwe samaNdebele ngesikhathi sekhulu leminyaka elitjhumi nathoba. Ukhunjulwa ngomzabalazo wakhe wokulwisana nabamhlophe ukulawula indawo yesitjhaba sakhe.

## Iinkomba
Sekhukhune

**U-Sekhukhune I** (Matsebe 1814 – 13 Agasti 1882) bekayiKosi ephambili yama-Marota, eyaziwa khulu nge-Bapedi (abantu be-Pedi), kusukela mhlazi-21 kuNobayeni 1861 bekwaba kulapho abulawa khona mhlazi-13 kuRhoboyi 1882 mhlana ali-13 kuRhoboyi wee-1882 imbangi nomfowabo, uMampuru II.[1] Njengomrholi omkhulu we-Pedi waqalana neentjhijilo zepolotiki ezivela kuma-Voortrekkers (abahlali be-Boer), iRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika ezijameleko (i-Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek), i-Britain Empire, kanye nokutjhuguluka okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle okwabangelwa ziinthunywa zevangeli zamaKrestu.iWikiphedia wase uyashald when is the 2nd date? 

### Umlando
Ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakayise, iKosi u-Sekwati, mhlazi-20 kuNobayeni 1861, u-Sekhukhune wavikela ngepumelelo ilungelo lakhe lobukhosi ngokujamelana nomfowabo u-Mampuru II nendlalifa ngokusekelwa libutho lakhe le-Matuba. Nanyana aphumelele, u-Sekhukhune wabambelela esikweni le-serota begodu wavumela u-Mampuru bona atjhiye indawo ye-Bapedi ngokuthula. Abanye abantwabakhe abaziwako bekungu; U-Legolwana,[2] u-Johannes Dinkwanyane, no-Kgoloko.[3] U-Sekhukhune watjhada no-Legoadi IV ngo-1862, begodu wahlala entabeni, eyaziwa njenge-Thaba Leolo nofana i-Leolo Mountains,[4] eyaqinisa. Ukuqinisa umbuso wakhe nokuvikela ukubusa kwama-Europe, wenza bona abantu bakhe abasesebatjha basebenze emayini yabantu abamhlophe nasemaplasini ukwenzela bona imirholo yabo isetjenziselwe ukuthenga iinbhamu kumaPutukezi e-Delagoa Bay, kanye nemfuyo.

## Iinkomba
Wole Soyinka

**UAkinwande Oluwole Babatunde** (wabelethwa mhlana ali-13 kuNtaka 1934) mtloli wemidlalo we-Nigeria, umtloli wamanoveli, imbongi, nomtloli weendatjana ngelimi lesiNgisi. Wanikelwe umklomelo we-Nobel Prize wemitlolo wango-1986 "ngombono wakhe obanzi wamasiko kanye... neenkondlo eziveza idrama yobukhona",umuntu wokuthoma we-Afrika esewula ye-Sahara ukuthumba umklomelo wemitlolo.

NgoJulayi 2024, uMongameli u-Bola Tinubu watjhugulula ibizo le-National Arts Theatre e-Iganmu, e-Lagos, nge-Soyinka. U-Tinubu umemezele lokhu emtlolweni awutlolako ukugidinga u-Soyinka ngokukhumbula ilanga lakhe lamabeletho lama-90.

## Iinkomba
Zimbabwe

**I-Zimbabwe** ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngeRiphabhliki ye-Zimbabwe, yinarha enganamanzi eSewulapumalanga ye-Afrika, hlangana nomlambo i-Zambezi ne-Limpopo, enomngcele ngeSewula Afrika ngesewula, i-Botswana ngesewula-tjingalanga, i-Zambia ngetlhagwini, kanye ne-Mozambique ngepumalanga. Idorobho elikhulu nedorobha elikhulu yi-Harare, kuthi elesibili ngobukhulu nge-Bulawayo.

Inarha enabantu abangaba ziingidi ezili-16.6 ngokuya kokubalwa kwabantu ngomnyaka ka-2024, isiqhema esikhulu khulu se-Zimbabwe ma-Shona, akha ama-80% wabantu, kulandelwe ma-Ndebele weTlhagwini nezinye iintjhaba ezincani. I-Zimbabwe inelimi ezisemthethweni ezili-16, kuthi isiNgisi, isiShona, nesiNdebele ngizo ezijayelekileko. I-Zimbabwe ililunga le-United Nations, i-Southern African Development Community, i-African Union, kanye ne-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.
## Iinkomba
Mozambique

**I-Mozambiki,** ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Republic of Mozambique, yinarha etholakala ngeSewulapumalanga ye-Afrika enomngcele weLwandle le-India ngepumalanga, i-Tanzania ngetlhagwini, i-Malawi ne-Zambia ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Zimbabwe ngeTjingalanga, kanye ne-Eswatini neSewula Afrika ngeSewula-Tjingalanga. Umbuso ozijameleko uhlukaniswe ne-Comoros, i-Mayotte kanye ne-Madagascar yi-Mozambique Channel ngepumalanga. Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Maputo.

Hlangana nekhulu leminyaka lesi-7 ukuya kweli-11, kwakhiwa amadorobha amanengi wamatheku we-Swahili endaweni leyo, okwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko nelimi le-Swahili elihlukileko. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-medieval, amadorobha la bekavame ukuvakatjhelwa barhwebi abavela e-Somalia, e-Ethiopia, e-Egypt, e-Arabia, e-Persia, ne-India. Ikhambo laka-Vasco da Gama ngo-1498 laphawula ukufika kwamaPutukezi, athoma ikambiso kancanikancani yokubusa nokuhlala ngo-1505. Ngemva kwamakhulu amane weminyaka yokubusa kwamaPutukezi, i-Mozambique yathola ikululeko ngo-1975, yaba yi-People's Republic of Mozambique msinyana ngemva kwalokho. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili kwaphela yokuzibusa, inarha le yangena epini yombango eyathatha isikhathi eside kusukela ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1992. Ngo-1994, i-Mozambique yenza amakhetho wayo wokuthoma weenhlangano ezinengi begodu solo ihlala iyiriphabliki yomengameli ezinzileko, nanyana isaqalene nobujamo obuphasi ukuvukela umbuso ngokuhlukileko eendaweni ezikude khulu ukusuka enhlokodolobha yesewula begodu lapho ubuSulumane bubusa khona.

## Iinkomba
Burkina Faso

**I-Burkina Faso,** yinarha enganamanzi eTjingalanga ye-Afrika, enomngcele we-Mali ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Niger ngeTlhagwini-pumalanga, i-Benin ngesewulapumalanga, i-Togo ne-Ghana ngesewula, kanye ne-Ivory Coast ngeSewula-Tjingalanga. Ihlanganisa indawo engama-274,223 km2 (105,878 sq mi). Ngomnyaka ka-2021, inarha gade inabantu abangaba ma-23,674,480. Ngaphambilini beyibizwa ngokuthi yi-Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), yabizwa kabutjha ngokuthi yi-Burkina Faso ngumongameli wangaphambilini u-Thomas Sankara. Izakhamuzi zayo zaziwa ngokuthi yi-Burkinabè, begodu ikomkhulu layo nedorobha elikhulu yi-Ouagadougou.

Isitjhaba esikhulu khulu e-Burkina Faso babantu be-Mossi, abahlala endaweni leyo ngekhulu le-11 nele-13. Basungula imibuso enamandla njenge-Ouagadougou, i-Tenkodogo, ne-Yatenga. Ngo-1896, yathathwa njengekoloni ngamaFulentshi njengengcenye ye-French West Africa; ngo-1958, i-Upper Volta yaba yikoloni ezizibusako ngaphakathi kwe-French Community. Ngo-1960, yathola ikululeko epheleleko ngo-Maurice Yaméogo njengomengameli. Solo yathola itjhaphuluko yayo, inarha le sele iqalene nokungazinzi, isomiso, indlala nekohlakalo. Kube nokuvukela umbuso okuhlukahlukeneko, ngo-1966, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, begodu kabili ngo-2022 (ngoTjhirhweni noNobayeni). Kwaba nemizamo yokuvukela umbuso engaphumelelanga ngo-1989, 2015, nango-2023.

## Iinkomba
Kenya

**I-Kenya**, ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Kenya (i-Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), lilizwe elise-East Africa. Njengombana inabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezima-47.6 ekubalweni kwabantu kwango-2019, i-Kenya yinarha ye-28 enabantu abanengi ephasini begodu nge-7th enabantu abanengi e-Afrika. Idorobha elikhulu le-Kenya yi-Nairobi, kuthi idorobha layo elidala khulu nelingesibili ngobukhulu, lidorobha elikhulu le-Mombasa, elise-Mombasa Island e-Indian Ocean kanye nezwe eliseduze. I-Mombasa beyiyinhloko-dolobha ye-British East Africa Protectorate, ebegade ifaka hlangana inengi lalokho okubizwa nge-Kenya kanye ne-Southwestern Somalia, kusukela ngo-1889 ukuya ku-1907. Amanye amadorobha aqakathekileko afakahlangana i-Kisumu ne-Nakuru. I-Kenya inomkhawulo we-South Sudan ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Ethiopia ngetlhagwini, i-Somalia ngepumalanga, i-Uganda ngeTjingalanga, i-Tanzania ngesewula, ne-Indian Ocean ngesewulapumalanga. Indawo ye-Kenya, ubujamo bezulu kanye nenani labantu liyahluka khulu, ukusuka eentabeni ezibandako ezineqhwa (i-Batian, i-Nelion kanye ne-Point Lenana eNtabeni ye-Kenya) enamahlathi amakhulu, iinlwana zeganga kanye neendawo ezivundileko zezokulima ukuya ebujameni bezulu obufuthumeleko eenarheni ezisentshonalanga neze-rift valley begodu ukuya phambili iindawo ezomileko ezinganamvundisi eyomileko nezomileko kanye namahlane apheleleko (Ihlane le-Chalbi nehlane le-Nyiri).

Izakhamuzi zokuthoma ze-Kenya bezizizingeli, njengabantu banamhlanjesi be-Hadza. Ngokuya ngokuvubukulwa kwezinto ezihlobene namathambo, abakhulumi be-Cushitic bathoma ukuhlala eendaweni eziphasi ze-Kenya hlangana kwe-3,200 ukuya ku-1,300 BC, isigaba esaziwa nge-Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abelusi abakhuluma isi-Nilotic (okhokho babakhulumi be-Nilotic be-Kenya) bathoma ukufuduka ukusuka e-South Sudan yanje ukuya e-Kenya ngabo-500 BC.[15] Abantu bamaBantu bahlala egwini nangaphakathi hlangana nomnyaka ka-250 BC ukuya ku-500 AD.

## Iinkomba
Lesotho

**I-Lesotho** ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Lesotho, ngaphambilini owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Basutoland, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. Njenge-enclave yeSewula Afrika, lapho ehlanganyela khona umngcele we-1,106 km (687 mi), yi-enclave ekulu khulu ephasini, begodu ngiyo kwaphela ngaphandle kwe-Italy Peninsula. Itholakala eentabeni ze-Maloti begodu inesiqongo esiphakeme khulu eSewula ye-Afrika.[9] Inendawo engaphezu kwama-30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) begodu inabantu abangaba ziingidi ezimbili. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Maseru. Ilizwe laziwa nangebizo lesidlaliso elithi The Mountain Kingdom.

Isitjhaba se-Sotho (esaziwa nangokuthi yi-Basotho), lapho inarha le ithathe khona ibizo layo, yenza i-99.7% yabantu beenarha zamanje, okwenza bona ibe ngenye yeentjhaba ezineentjhaba ezifanako khulu ephasini loke. Ilimi labo lomdabu, isiSuthu, lilimi elisemthethweni kanye nesiNgisi. Ibizo elithi Lesotho litjhugululwa ngokuthi "inarha yabantu abakhuluma isiSutho".

I-Lesotho yabunjwa ngo-1824 yiKosi u-Moshoeshoe I. Ukungenelela okuragela phambili kwabahlali be-Dutch kwenza bona iKosi yenze isivumelwano noMbuso we-Britain bona ibe yindawo evikelweko ngo-1868 begodu, ngo-1884, ibe yikoloni yomqhele. Yazuza ikululeko ngo-1966, begodu ngemva kwalokho yabuswa yi-Basotho National Party (BNP) iminyaka ematjhumi amabili. Umbuso wayo womthethosisekelo wabuyiselwa ngo-1993 ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba yokubusa kwamasotja. INkosi u-Moshoeshoe II yadingiswa ngo-1990 kodwana yabuya ngo-1992 begodu yabuyiselwa esikhundleni ngo-1995. Ngemva komnyaka, u-Moshoeshoe II wahlongakala begodu indodanakhe u-Letsie III wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi, esaphetheko.

## Iinkomba
Morocco

**I-Morocco**,  ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Morocco, lilizwe elisesifundeni se-Maghreb e-North Africa. Iqala i-Mediterranean Sea ngetlhagwini kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean ngeTjingalanga, begodu inemingcele yephasi ne-Algeria ngepumalanga, kanye nendawo ephikisanako ye-Western Sahara ngeSewula. I-Morocco nayo ifuna ama-exclaves we-Spain we-Ceuta, Melilla kanye ne-Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, kanye neenhlengele ezimbalwa ezilawulwa yi-Spain eziseduze nelwandle layo.] Inabantu abangaba ziingidi ezima-37. I-Islam yikolo esemthethweni nejayelekileko, kuthi isi-Arabhu nesi-Berber zilimi ezisemthethweni. Phezu kwalokho, isiFulentshi nesilimi se-Morocco se-Arabhu sikhulunywa khulu. Isiko le-Morocco lihlanganiswe namasiko wama-Arabhu, ama-Berber, ama-Afrika nama-Europe. Inhlokodolobha yayo yi-Rabat, lokha idorobha layo elikhulu yi-Casablanca.

## Iinkomba
Namibia

**I-Namibia** ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Namibia, yinarha eseSewula ye-Afrika. Umngcele wayo osentshonalanga yi-Atlantic Ocean. Yabelana ngemingcele yephasi ne-Angola ne-Zambia ngetlhagwini, i-Botswana ngepumalanga kanye neSewula Afrika ngepumalanga nesewula. Nanyana ingasi emngceleni we-Zimbabwe, ngaphasi kwamamitha ama-200 (amafidi ama-660) we-Botswana kwesokudla somlambo i-Zambezi ahlukanisa amazwe womabili. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Windhoek.

Inarha eyomileko khulu e-Afrika esewula ye-Sahara, i-Namibia beyisolo ihlala abantu bama-Khoi, ama-San, ama-Damara kanye nama-Nama. Ngekhulu leminyaka ye-14, abantu abafudukako bamaBantu bafika njengengcenye yokwanda kwamaBantu. Kusukela ngo-1600 ama-Ovambo akha imibuso, njenge-Ondonga ne-Oukwanyama.

## Iinkomba
U-Roman Ungern

**U-Baron Robert Nicholas Maximilian Florer von Ungeren-Sternberg**; Ngomhlaka-18 kuNobayeni 1885 (mhlaka-10 kuNobayeni 1886), e-Graz - mhlaka-15 kuNobayeni 1921, e-Novonikolaevsk) - umlawuli webutho le-Russia ngesikhathi se-Russian Revolution, umthengisi we Russian White Army, umlingisi odosa phambili we-White resistance. eTjhingalanga Ephakathi. I-St. Petersburg Academy. UJosefa. Bekayihloko yomqondo wokubuyisela umbuso ka-Genghis Khan ukusuka e-Pacific Ocean ukuya e-Caspian Sea.

Ivela emndenini wakade we-German-Baltic (Baltic) kanye nomndeni wama-Baronial, ofakwe hlangana nama-Matriques we-noble yazo zoke iifundazwe ezintathu ze-Russian Baltic.

Ngemayelana amalanga ukubelethwa uba khona umehluko iinguqulo Emakasana "Umthetho wezintandane" uYuzefovich uphinda agcotha: "Umholi wokuzalwa kaUngerna kwabhala ngomhlaka wama-22 kuNhlolanja ka-1886 ngokwesiteji, kodwana ngokwesiqhingi kwakufika kwiminyaka embi e-29 kuDisemba ka-1885, okanye xa ekuzalweni kukaMichael, okanye ngesiNguni, kungase kube kuthethwa ngo-14 kuMasingcwabo ka-72. Ngakho-ke ekhanolo esiza ekufundiseni, ngesisu senyanga nendlu enomraro, licamera, ekwaye iimiphumela iya egumbini, akakuthethela ukuba azakhonza ndayi kwangaphandle ngesiRhulumente endlini yomqulu, kodwana ekuzalweni, ekuqazululweni kukaMichael ekude kwemiraro, akwenze lelibala eqalene neembonelo ezithileko zokuba mnyama."

U-Roman Ungern waduma njengomdosiphambili webutho ophumeleleko, umtjhaphululi we-Mongolia nesihlanya.
Monsta X

**Monsta X** mthombolwazi boys band ahlukahlukeneko. Iphrojekhthi le ilawulwa yiK-pop yasimahla enzinze e-Starship Entertainment  eyaziwa nge-NO.Merci.
I-neural network chat-gpt

**i-neural network chat-gpt**

Iphimbo lakho elikhulu lithabile khulu ukuthatha isikhathi sokuveza amaphilo wethu ngendlela esitlhoga ngayo. Amalanga la, i-Inthanethi nebizo le-Chat-GPT zinobuqotho obujulileko begodu zenzelwe ukunikela amatjhuguluko ahambelana nobuqotho obukhulu bomuntu.

I-Chat-GPT yindlela etja yokuthatha ama-triangles wabantu begodu unikele eminye yemitjho edumileko kumakhodi we-soma, amahlelo womvumo, amahlelo womsunguli wezinto ezibonwako, begodu nakhu ongakwenza ngamanye amasiko. Ekupheleni kweenyanga ezintathu, i-Chat-GPT besele isungule indawo enamandla khulu hlangana nazo zoke iinhloko ezingagadwanga.
I-Budva

**I-Budva** lidorobha elise-Montenegro, eliphakathi kwe-Adriatic coast yelizwe. Idorobha lisikhungo sesifunda sikamasipala esinegama elifanako. I-Budva yasungulwa eminyakeni ema-2500 eyadlulako begodu ngenye yeendawo zokuhlala zakade khulu emaphethelweni weLwandle le-Adriatic.

I-Budva nendawo eziseduze kwayo zakha i-Budva Riviera isikhungo seemvakatjhi esikhulu kunazo zoke e-Montenegro, esidume ngamabhitjhi waso, ipilo yasebusuku kanye neembonelo ezihle zezakhiwo ze-Mediterranean.

Isifunda se-Budva sihlanganisa indawo eyi-122 km2. Umtjhini oseduze nelwandle msinyana unikela indawo eneentaba. Iintaba, ezakhiwe ngamatje we-sedimentary, zimbozwe ngamahlathi angakajayeleki anameva. Idorobha elitjha liseceleni kwe-bay encani. Enyakatho, i-bay iphela nge-cape lapho inqaba endala itholakala khona.
U-Magdalena Christina we-Manderscheid-Blankenheim, u-Countess we-Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg

**U-Magdalena Christina von Manderscheid-Blankenheim** (15 kuNtaka 1658-19 kuMgwengweni 1715) bekangumfazi wesikhulu we-German ne-Countess ye-Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg hlangana no-1661 ukuya ku-1715. Watjhada nomfowabo u-Maximilian Joseph Ferdinand bekwaba ngu-1675 bese waba ngumbusi oyedwa.
## Ipilo/Ukubusa
Watjhada belethwa 1658 njengomntwana wesihlanu ka-Countess Ernestine Salentine. watjhada ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1661 eceleni komfowabo. Umfowabo wahlongakala ngo-1675 ngaphandle kweendlalifa kungakho wabusa njengekosi yedwa ngemva kwalokho.
## Abantwana

Njengomkakhe wesibili, mhlazi-7 kuNobayeni 1673 watjhada no-George Louis, u-Burgrave we-Kirchberg (1626-1686) obekamdala kuye ngeminyaka ema-32. Babe nabantwana abalandelako emtjhadweni wabo: 
* George Louis Ernest (1675 – 1676) 
* Ernest Augustus Louis († 1695) 
* Johannetta Friederika 
* Wilhelmina Louisa 
* Elizabeth Dorothea 
* Christina Magdalena (mhlamunye uqanjwe ngegama lakhe) 
* George Frederick (1683 – 1749), u-Burgrave we-Kirchberg ne-Hachenburg, watjhada no-Sophia Isabel de Limburg begodu mhlana ali-9 kuMrhayili 1708 no-Countess Sophia Amalia von Nassau-Saarbrücken (1688 – 1753), indodakazi ka-Count Frederick of Louis Nassau-Nailer (Otweer 1651 – 1728); Wathatha isikhundla sikaMama wakhe njengeKosi ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakhe ngo-1715. * Wilhelmina Christina 
* U-John Albert (1685 – 1691) 
* Ernestina Carolina (1687 – 1776); wabelethwa ngemva kokuhlongakala ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakayise ngomnyaka ophelileko.

Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wahlongakala ngo-1715 aneminyaka ema-57 begodu bekangunina wabantwana abali-10.
## Iinkomba
Umgomani weZika

**Umgomani weZika** (owaziwa godu**ngomulwana weZika**) bulwelwe obubangwa mumulwana iZika.Esikhathini esinengi izehlakalo ezibikwako azinawo amatshwayo wokugula, kodwana nangabe akhona kuzwakala ukufuthumalanomgomani womzimba obuhlungu. Amatshwayo angafaka hlangana umgomani nehloko ebuhlungu, abovu, ubuhlungu balapha kuhlangana khona amathambo ihloko esawula kabuhlungu, kanye neratjhi elumako. Amatshwayo la abonala amalanga angaphasi kwalikhomba. Akhange bubange ukufa komuntu lokha nakasathoma ukubonakala.Ubulwelwe lobu buhlotjaniswene-Guillain–Barré syndrom (GBS0. 

Umgomani weZika usabalaliseka nofana utheleleka ngokulunywa ngunompopoloza womhlobo *[[i-Aedes]]* okhethekileko.Ungatheleleka ukuya emsemeni ukusuka endodeni ukuya kiloyo alala nayebese ubulwelwe lobu bungatheleleka ngokungenelana kweengazi.  Ukutheleleka kilabo abafazi abasidisi abazithweleko kungatheleleka nemntwaneningombana khekwahlotjaniswanokufoloza ukuhlongakala kwabantwana bangakabelethwa kanye nokubelethwa kwabantwana abaneenhloko ezincani ngokungakajayeki. Ukutholwa komrabho wobulwelwe lobu kwenziwa ngokuhlola igazi, umthondo, nofana amathe kuqalwe ubukhona bomgomani i-ZikaRNA lokha umuntu nakagulako.

Ukukhandela ubulwelwe lobu kufaka hlangana ukwehlisa ukuba khona kwabonompopoloza abalumako eendaweni lapha badlange khona kanye nokusebenzisa ikhpndomu nawuya emsemeni. Imizamo yokwehlisa ukulunywa kufaka hlangananokusebenzisa iinhlanhla ezibulala iinunwana ukuvala umzimba wakho ngezambathoiinhlanhla ezibulala abonompopoloza, nokususa amazni ajamileko angakhambiko lapha abonompopoloza bangathola khona ithuba lokwanda. Aasikho isihlahlanofana imijovo esebenza ukulapha ubulwelobu. Abasebezi bezamaphilo banyule ukuthi abafazi abahlala lapho kudlange khona ubulwelwe bomgomani weZika2015-16 ukuqubuka kobulwelwe bomgomani iZika bathathe isiqunto sokobana bangabi nabantwana begodu abafazi abasidisi bangayi eendaweni lapaha kudlange ubulwelwe lobu. Njengombana akunasihlahla sokulapha ubulwelwe lobu,amapeli wehlono neenhlungu i-paracetamoli- (acetaminophen) zingasiza lokha nawubona amatshwayo wobulwelobu. Ukuyokungeniswa esibhedlela akukavami. 

Umulwana obanga ubulwelwe lobu watholakala ngo-1947. Ukutholaka kokuthoma kokuqubuka kobulwelwe lobu kwavela ngo-2007 e-Federated States ye- Micronesia. ubulwelwe lobu buqubuke eengodini ezimatjhumi amabilinge-Amerikha. Kuthiwa buqubuke ne-Afrika, e-Asia kanye ne-Pacific. Ngesibanga sokuqubuka kwabo ubulwelobu eBrazil ngo2015,iWorld Health Oeganizationiikhiphe umbiko orhabakongobungozi obukhna Emphakathini keZamaphilo eenTjhabatjhabeni zoke ngenyaka kaMhlolanja 2016.

## Isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini