Amalimi WeSewula Afrika

**Inarha yeSewula Afrika** yinarha enabantu abanamasiko nabaneenzinda ezihlukahlukeneko, nabakhuluma amalimi ahlukahlukeneko. Inengi labantu enarheni le lisesiqhemeni sokuthoma sabantu abakhuluma amalimi angaphasi kwesiNguni, okusiZulu, isiXhosa, isiNdebele nesiSwati. Bese isiqhema sesibili ngobukhulu ngesikhuluma amalimi we-Sesotho,  Setswana, Sepedi. Bese kunesiqhema esikhuluma i-Xitsonga nesiqhema esikhuluma i-Tshivenda.

Ngaphezu kwamalimi abaliweko la kunamalimi ahlobene nawo. Ngokwesibonelo, esiNdebeleni kunesiNala, nesiNdebele seMoletlane. EsiXhoseni kube nesiNgqika, isiThembu, isiBhaca, isiGcaleka, isiMpondo, isiMpondomise, isiMfengu nesiBomvana. Kusese nelimi lesiThwa elibandaka isi-Khoe, isi-Tu isi-Kx'a, namanye amalimi. Bese isiSwati kunesikhulunywa eManzini, esikhulunywa eShiselweni, nesikhulunywa eHhoho. IsiPedi naso sinamalinyana angaphasi kwaso anjengesiTlokwa nesiLobedu. Bese kube namalimi angasiwo wendabuko, namkha amalimi wesikhuwa akhulunywako njengesiNgisi nesiBhuru. Woke amalimi la namanye angakabalwa lapha malimi akhulunywa babantu beSewula Afrika.

## Amalimi Asemthethweni
Amalimi aseMthethweni eSewula Afrika siNdebele, isiZulu, isiSwati, isiXhosa, i-Sepedi, i-Sesotho, i-Setswana, i-Tshivenda, ne-Xitsonga okumalimi wendabuko, bese kuba siBhuru nesiNgisi. Ithebula elingenzasi litjengisa isibalo sabantu abakhuluma amalimi asemthethweni eSewula Afrika namaphesente wabalikhulumako esibalweni sabo boke abantu abahlala eSewula Afrika ngokweembalobalo zango-2022.

## IsiNdebele

IsiNdebele seSewula Afrika ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa enarheni le. Isizathu sokuthi kuthiwe siNdebele seSewula Afrika kukuthi kunesiNdebele seZimbabwe. Ngokwethebula elingehla, abantu abakhuluma isiNdebele - abasimunyileko, okulilimi lesibili nalabo okulilimi lesithathu kibo - bangaphezu kweengidi ezine. Ilimeli likhulunywa khulukhulu esifundeni seMpumalanga eendaweni ezinjengaKwaNdebele, eMalahleni, e-Middleburg, e-Belfast, kwaDlawulale nakezinye iindawo  njengesiFunda seLimpopo.I siNdebele esisemthethweni siNzunza, kodwana kusese nesiNdebele sakwaManala nesiNdebele seMoletlane. AmaNdebele aziwa njengesitjhaba esithanda imibala emihle nekhanyako ongayibona endleleni abambatha ngayo nabenza ngayo imigwalo yabo.

AmaNdebele bekangaphasi kwesiqhema sabaMbo ngaphambi kobana sizijamele ngaphasi kweNgwenyama uNdebele. Ngikho namhlanjesi kunezici ezifanako phakathi kwelimi lesiNdebele nelimi lesiHlubi, isiBhaca, isiMpondo nesiMpondomise.  Ngemva kwesikhathi uNdebele wabeletha uMkhalangana owabeletha umNtungwa. Ngemva kwesikhathi umNtungwa wabeletha uNjonono. UNjonono wabeletha uNanasi, uNanasi wabeletha uMafana. UMafana wabeletha uMhlanga owabeletha uMusi. Kusesikhathini seNgwenyama uMusi lapha amaNdebele ahlukana khona waba maNzunza namaNala. AmaNdebele akheka ngaleyondlela sele ahlala eSewula Afrika nje.

## IsiSwati

IsiSwati sikhulunywa eenarheni ezimbili, eSewula Afrika neSwatini. Ngokwethebula elingehla abantu abakhuluma isiSwati eSewula Afrika  bangaphezu kweengidi ezilikhomba. KunesiSwati esikhulunywa eSwatini kwaManzini, eShiselweni neHhoho. Abantu abakhuluma isiSwati eSwatini babalelwa eengidini ezine.

AmaSwati bewasiqhenyana esincani sabeNguni ebesaziwa bona Mangwane. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi isiqhemesi sahlangana nesiqhenyana sabeSuthu ebesihlala endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuseSwatini. Ngemva kwalokho bakhula baba sisizwe ngaphasi kweNgwenyama uDlamini III eyathatha iintambo eNgwenyameni uMaseko, yathatha isitjhaba yayosinzinzisa ngasemlanjeni iPongola bahlala eduze namaNdwandwe ngo-1750. UDlamini III walandelwa yiNgwenyama uNgwane III okukholelwa bona nguye owaba yiNgwenyama yokuthoma eyabusa indawo namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuseSwatini.

## IsiZulu

IsiZulu ngelinye lamalimi adumileko asemthethweni eSewula Afrika elikhulunywa babantu ababgaogezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amahlanu, kuthi labo abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezilitjhumi nanye. IsiZulu sikhulunywa khulu KwaZulu Natal, esiFundeni se-Gauteng nakezinye iimfunda.

Umuntu owadlala indima ekulu ekwakhekeni kwesitjhaba samaZulu yiNgwenyama uShaka. UShaka walwa neentjhaba ezincani nezikulu zabeNguni kuhlanganise namaNdwandwe wazihlula. Ngemva kwalokho wazibiza ngoZulu obekangukhokho omkhulu wesitjhaba abelethelwa kiso. Iintjhabezi zahlangana kwavela ilimi lesiZulu.
## IsiXhosa

IsiXhosa naso singelinye lamalimi weSewula Afrika asemthethweni. IsiXhosa sikhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nobunane, kuthi labo okulilimi labo lokubelethwa bangaphezu kweengidi ezibunane. IsiXhosa sikhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni seTjingalanga Kapa, eTlhagwini  Kapa nesiFundeni se-Gauteng.

Ekadeni bekuneenqhema zabeNguni ezakha ubuhlobo neentjhaba zabaThwa nabaKhwe (ama-*Khoekhoe*). Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi iintjhabezi zahlangana zaba sisizwe  sinye ngaphasi kokubusa kweNgwenyama u-Tshawe owahlula isitjhaba sama-Cirha nama-Jwarha. Ngemva kwalokho wahlanganisa zoke iintjhaba ezincani kuhlanganise nesabaKhwe. Labeletheka njalo-ke ilimi lesiXhosa.

## I-Sesotho

I-Sesotho lilimi elisemthethweni eSewula Afrika elikhunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amabili nambili. Okulilmi labo abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezintathu. I-Sesotho sikhulunywa khulu enarheni ye-Lesotho, kanti eSewula Afrikapha sikhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni se-Freestate, se-Gauteng. Umhlobo lo we-Sesotho ubizwa ngokobana yi-Sesotho seSewula ngombana uhlukaniswa ne-Sesotho seTlhagwini - i-Sepedi, ne-Sesotho seTjingalanga - i-Setwana.

Emandulo abantwaba beza eSewula Afrika bavela etlhagwini njengezinye iintjhaba bafika bahlala etlhagwini yeSewula Afrika. Bafika baba ziinqhenyana ezinjengaba-Taung, aba-Sia, aba-Fokeng, ama-Kgolokoe nabaKwena nezinye iinqenyana. Kuhlekuhle umndeni webukhosini be-Lesotho mndeni wabaKwena. AbeSuthwaba ngibo-ke ababanikazi belimi le-Sesotho esikhulunywa eSewula Afrika ne-Lesotho.

## Setswana

I-Setswana nalo ngelinye lamalimi asesiqhemeni se-Sesotho seTjingalanga esikhulunywa eSewula Afrika ne-Botswana. Abantu abasikhulumako eSewula Afrika bangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amabili nantathu, abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezine. I-Setswana sikhulunywa khulu enarheni ye-Botswana kanti eSewula Afrika sikhulunywa khulu esiFundeni seTlhagwini-Tjhingalanga, ne-Gauteng.

Emandulo abeTswana bebangaphasi kwesiqhema sabeSuthu nabazakufika eSewula Afrika bavela eTlhagwini ne-Afrika. Bafika baba ziinqhenyana ezinjengaba-Taung, aba-Sia, aba-Fokeng, ama-Kgolokoe nabaKwena kunye nezinye iinqhenyana. Bafika endaweni ebizwa ngokobana yi-Botswana namhlanjesi, balwa nabaThwa babahlula, bese bakha umbuso wabaTswana. Ngibo-ke namhlanjesi ababanikazi belimi le-Setswana.

## Sepedi

I-Sepedi (Sepedi) nalo ngelinye lamalimi angaphasi kwe-Sesotho atloliswe ngokomthetho eSewula Afrika, begodu saziwa ngokuthi yi-Sesotho seTlhagwini. Ilimeli likhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni se-Limpopo nese-Gauteng babantu abalinganiswela eengidini ezimatjhumi amabili nekhomba.

Ekadeni isiqhemesi besiyingcenye yesiqhema sabeSuthu, kwathi nakukhamba ezinye iinqhema sona sasala ngetlhagwini yeSewula Afrika. Sineenqhenyana ezinengana okucatjangelwa bona sikhuluma amalinyana amatjhumi amathathu. Abanye bathi i-Sesotho seTlhagwini akusiso i-Sepedi kodwana lilimi elihlukileko.
## Tshivenda

Elinye lamalimi atloliswe ngokomthetho eSewula Afrika yi-Tshivenda. Abantu abakhuluma i-Tshivenda balinganiselwa eengidini ezihlanu. I-Tshivenda sikhulunywa khulu esiFundeni seLimpopo ngetlhagwini ngitjho nesiFundeni seGauteng. Nawulilemukisisa kuhle ilimeli linezici ezivela elimini lesiShona nelesiTokwa.

Ekadeni isiqhemesi kukholelwa bona sathoma ukuba khona nakusabusa uMpuso we-Mapungubwe, kwathi nakuwa umbuso lo kuvuka umbuso we-Zimbabwe sathutha sayokuhlala endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa ngokobana kuse-Zimbabwe. Sakhamba isikhathi, isiqhemesi sathutha e-Zimbabwe sehla seyama umlambo we-Zambezi sazitholela indawo sayithiya ngokuthi yi-D'zata. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi umbuso wabo uye wanzinza kwabusa amakhosi wawo ngokulandelana kwawo. Namhlanjesi ngibo ababanikazi belimi le-Tshivenda.

## Xitsonga

I-Xitsonga ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika atloliswe ngokomthetho. Ilimeli likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezilitjhumi nanye. I-Xitsonga sikhulunywa  khulukhulu esifundeni seLimpopo neseGauteng, bese kube ne-Xitsonga esikhulunywa e-Mozambique.

Abantwaba bebasiqhema sabeNguni abathoma lokha uSoshangane ebekuyinduna kaShaka abalekela enarheni yangepumalanga. Bathi nabafika lapho bazakhela umbuso omkhulu nedorhobho elibizwa bona yi-Gaza. Bafika bahlula izizwe ezinengi abazithola lapho njengesizwe samaNdawu, amaTonga, amaTjopi amaSena nezinye. Ilimi labo lesiNguni lahlangana nesiTonga namalimi walapho laba yi-Xitsonga. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi umbuso lo wahlukana, amanye amaTsonga asuka e-Mozambique athuthela eSewula Afrika.

## IsiBhuru

I-*Afrikaans* namkha isiBhuru mhlobo welimi lamakhuwa angasiwo wendabuko weSewula Afrika. Nalo litlolisiwe ngokomthetho begodu likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nane. I-Afrikaans ikhulunywa khulu eemfundeni zangeTjingalanga Kapa, eGauteng nakezinye iimfunda.

Ilimi le-Afrikaans livela elimini lesiDatjhi. AmaDatjhi afika eSewula Afrika lokha uJan Van Riebeeck obekasebenzela i-VOC (*[https://www.worldhistory.org/Dutch_East_India_Company/ Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie]*) afika nabantu bekhabo ngo-1652, bafika bahlala endaweni abayibiza bona yi-*Cape of Good Hope*. Bafika lapho bahlangana nesitjhaba sabaKhoekhoe. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ilimi lesiDatjhi lahlangana nelesiKhoe kunye namanye amalimi kwakheka ilimi namhlanjesi elibizwa ngokuthi yi-*Afrikaans* namkha isiBhuru, okulilimi elisemthethweni bekube njenganje eSewula Afrika.

## IsiNgisi

IsiNgisi kuphela kwelimi elikhulunywa khulu ukudlula woke eSewula Afrika. Sikhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nekhomba. Ilimeli ngilo elisetjenziswa khulu emazikweni wezefundo, wezepolotiki, wezeemali, wezamaphilo namanye.

Safika njani isiNgisi eSewula Afrika? IsiNgisi besele sikhona nakufika amaBhuru ngo-1652 ngombana nakufika amaDatjhi athola u-Atjhumato obekayikosi yabaKhoekhoe besele abuya eBantam ngo-1630, akghona ukukhuluma isiNgisi nesiDatjhi. Nanyana isiNgisi besele sikhulunywa eSewula Afrika, amaNgisi wokufika nokuhlala eza mva kwamaDatjhi. Kwathoma mhlokho bona isiNgisi sikhulunywe eSewula Afrika.

## Ilimi Lezandla
Ilimi lezandla ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika. Likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kwesigidi sinye, begodu kunabantu abama-234,655 okulilimi labo lokuthoma.

## Iinkhombo