Ihlaziyo Lesakhiwo Esisi Sekelo Semitjho YesiNdebele

Isakhiwo semitjho siqakathekile ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi umutjho uzwakala kuhle begodu umlayezo wawo uyazwisiseka. Ukungezelela, isakhiwo semitjho sidlala indima ekulu ekuthuthukiseni ilwazi nezinga lekghono lelimi kubasebenzisi balo. Ngamanye amagama, isakhiwo semitjho sinomthintela kiloyo osakhako naloyo uzowufunda nanyana asebenzise umutjho loyo. 

Ukuya ngokukaYu (2021) pheze woke umuntu osebenzisa ilimi elithize kufanele azwisise isakhiwo semitjho. Ukungezelela, isakhiwo semitjho sithinta boke abasenzisi belimi lelo ekufaka hlangana abatloli, abafundisi, abarhubhululi, abarhatjhi, abatlami beenhlathululimagama namathemu nabafundi. Lokhu kuyasivezela bona isakhiwo semitjho siqakatheke kangangani begodu kuyakateleleka bonyana nawumsebenzisi welimi usazi. 

Ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi sizokutjheja isakhiwo semitjho ngaphasi kwesiNdebele. Isakhiwo semitjho lesi sizokuhlaziywa ngokunqopha kuzinto ezakha imitjho, ubujamo bazo bendabuko emutjhweni kanye nemihlobo yemitjho. Imethodoloji yekhwalithethivu nebuthelelo ledatha, ihlaziyo lemitlolo, zisetjenzisiwe. Ukungezelela, ithiyori yehlaziyo lommongo isetjenzisiwe nayo. Imiphumela yehlaziyo ledatha izokurhunyutjhwa bese kunikelwe ngalokho okuvunjululiweko. Esihlokweni esilandelako isakhiwo semitjho siyahlathululwa. 

## '''Isakhiwo Semitjho'''
Isakhiwo semitjho siwela ngaphasi kwesifundo sesintheksi (uYusuf no-Ali, 2025). Isintheksi kusifundo esiphathelene nokutlolwa nokuhleleka kuhle kwemitjho ngendlela leyo engalahli umnqondo (uSkhosana, 1996). Ngamanye amagama, isintheksi kusifundo esinqophe eendleleni ezitjenziswako ekutloleni nanyana ekwakhiweni kwemitjho ngendlela ezwakalako kuloyo oyitlolileko naloyo oyifundako. Tjhejani isibonelo esilandelako:

1. IWikipedia ikhiphe isikhangiso.

Esibonelweni 1, sinikelwe umutjho ‘IWikipedia ikhiphe isikhangiso.’, loyo ositjela bonyana kunesikhangiso esikhitjhwe yiWikipedia. Umutjho lo uyezwakala begodu nomnqondo awudurhisi owufundako. Ungezelela, singatjho bona umutjho lo uphelele ngombana kunongci (.) ekugcineni kwawo. 

Nanyana kunjalo, isakhiwo semitjho siyahluka ngokuya kwelimi elinye nelinye (uSkhosana, 1998). Ukuragela phambili, ilimi ngalinye lakha imithetho yayo elawula isakhiwo semitjho ngendlela ekhambisana nelimi lelo. Okutjho bonyana kuyakghonakala ukuthi umutjho ungatlolwa ngokufana emalimini ahlukeneko; kodwana, unikele umnqondo nomlayezo ofanako. Esihlokweni esilandelako imethodoloji nebuthelelo ledatha ezisetjenzisiweko ziyahlathululwa. 

## '''Imethodoloji Nebuthelelo Ledatha Ezisetjenzisiweko'''
Isifundo lesi sisebenzise imethodoloji yekhwalithethivu. Ukuya ngokukaCreswell (2003) asekelwa kuDaniel (2016), imethodoloji yekhwalithethivu, yimethodoloji esetjenziswa mrhubhululi loyo isifundo sakhe esinganahlaziyo ledatha leenomboro nanyana ilingelelo. Lokhu kutjho bona, isifundo semethodoloji yekhwalithethivu asisebenzisi amaphesende begodu nobungako bobudisi bezinto (u-Aspers noCorte, 2019; noTaderdoost, 2021). Ngamanye amagama, umrhubhululi osebenzisa imethodoloji yekhwalithethivu ihlaziyo lakhe lisuke lidzimelele emmongweni nemlayezweni omumethwe yidatha yesifundo sakhe. Ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi, imitlolo yesiNdebele ifundiwe bese kwatshwaywa leyo enemitjho ngomnqopho wokufuna ukufunda nokuhlaziya isakhiwo semitjho leyo. Ukungezelela, ihlaziyo leli linqophe ezintweni ezakha imitjho, ubujamo bazo bendabuko nemihlobo yemitjho leyo. Imiphumela ihlaziwile begodu kwanikela ngesiphetho. 

Ibuthelelo ledatha, ihlaziyo lomtlolo, lisetjenzisiwe nalo ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi. Ibuthelelo ledatha ihlaziyo lomtlolo, libuthelelo ledatha lelo elisetjenziswa ukubuthelela idatha emitlolo kwaphela (uSharma, 2023; noDewi, 2021). Ukungezelela, ibuthelelo ledatha ihlaziyo lomtlolo linikela umrubhululi amano wokubuthelela idatha emitlolo leya efaka hlangana isihlathululimagama, incwadi nomtlolo wemikhangiso ukuze umrhubhululi ekhethe idatha enqophileko kusifundo sakhe (uKibiswa, 2019; noNicmanis, 2024). Ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi, idatha yemitolo enemitjho yesiNdebele ifundiwe bese kutshwaywa leyo elungele isifundo lesi bona iyokuhlaziywa ngokungeneleleko. Esihlokweni esilandelako ithiyori esetjenziswe esifundweni lesi iyahlathululwa. 

## '''Ithiyori Yesifundo'''
Ithiyori, ihlaziyo lommongo, isetjenzisiwe ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi. Ithiyori ihlaziyo lommongo, yithiyori enzinze khulu ngaphasi kokuhlaziya ummongo womtlolo ukuze kufumaneke umlayezo wawo (uMayring, 2014; noRochson, u-Adade-Yeboah no-Owusu, 2023). Ukungezelela, esikhathini esinengi imitlolo imumethe imilayezo efihlakeleko begodu ukuze ifunywane kufanele kuhlaziywe ummongo wayo ngomnqopho wokuwuzisisa bonyana uwakhekhe njani, usebenza njani begodu umlayezo wawo yini (uShort, 2024). Ngamanye amagama, ithiyori ihlaziyo lommongo linikela umrhubhululi amano wokuhlaziya imitlolo eminengi ngomnqopho wokuzwisisa bonyana isetjenziswa njani ebujameni bayo bendabuko. 

Ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi, imitlolo enemitjho yesiNdebele ihlaziywile ngomnqopho wokuzwisisa bona yakhiwe ngani. Ukungezelela, ubujamo bendabuko bezakhi zemitjho yesiNdebele nabo buhlaziywile bonyana bukuphi emitjhweni begodu imitjho le inemihlobo emingaki. Ekugcineni, kunikelwe ngesiphetho mayelana nalokho okuvunjululwe kusifundo lesi. Esihlokweni esilandelako imitlolo ehlobene nesifundo lesi itjhejiwe. 

## '''Imitjho Ehlobene Nesifundo Lesi'''
Imitjho inezakhi zayo ezenza bonyana izakhiwo zayo zihleleke kuhle. Ukuya ngokukaHamraqulova (2023) isakhiwo semitjho senziwe ngezinto ezinengi lezi ezifaka hlangana iinkhekhe zekulumo. UHamraqulova (2023) uveze lokhu esifundweni sakhe sesihloko esithi, ‘*Sentence Structure in English Grammar Study in National Groups’*, lapho bekuhlaziywa khona ukukghedlwa kweenkhekhe zekulumo ezahlukeneko ezitholakala emitjhweni yesiNgisi. Isifundo lesi sifunyene bona kunobudisi bokutshwaya nokwazi iinkhekhe zekulumo ezisetjenziswa emitjhweni. UHamraqulova (2023) uphakamise bona kufanele iinkhekhe zekulumo ezitholakala emutjhweni zitlolwe phasi begodu zifundiswe abasebenzisi belimi.

Ngesikhathi uHamraqulova (2023) enze isifundo esinzinze eenkhekheni zekulumo ezitholakala esakhiweni somutjho, uYusuf no-Ali (2025) benze isifundo leso esinqophe eendimeni ezidlalwa isakhiwo semitjho lokha nawusebenzisa begodu ufunda isiNgisi, ngaphasi kwesihloko esithi, ‘*Unveiling the Role of Grammar Mastery: How Sentence Structure, Verb, and Subject-Verb Agreement Shape Tenses Usage in English Learning’*.  UYusuf no-Ali (2025) bafunyene bona izakhiwo zomutjho ezifaka hlangana ihloko yomutjho, isenzo nomenzi zidlala indima eqakathekileko ekuthuthukiseni ilwazi lelimi kubafundi. Kodwana, umraro ovunjululiweko kukuthi abafundi abanengi abanakghono lokuhlanganisa kuhle izakhi lezo emutjhweni. UYusuf no-Ali (2025) baphakamise bona ikharikhyulamu yezefundo kufanele yenze isifundo leso esinzinze ekusetjenzisweni kwelimi nehlelo ukuze abafundi bazokwazi ukumunya ilwazi lokuthuthukisa ikghono labo lehlelo nelimi. 

Ngokufani nesifundo sakaYusuf no-Ali (2025), uPhilippakos noZoi (2019) benze isifundo sesihloko esithi, ‘*Sentence Construction: Supporting Elementary Students’ Editing Skills*’, lapho bekuhlaziywa khona amakghono angasetjenziswa ukulungisa iimphoso zemitjho bafundi bamabanga aphasi. Isifundo lesi sifunyene bona abafundi abanengi bamabanga aphasi abanamakghono wokulungisa iimphoso zemitjho, khulukhulu imitjho ezizitjho. UPhilippakos noZoi (2019) bakhombele bona abafundisi bamabanga aphasi kufanele bafundise abafundi ngezitjho kanye namaqhinga wokulungisa iimphoso. 

Amanye wamakghono asetjenziswa ngesikhathi kutlolwa nanyana kusetjenziswa imitjho afaka hlangana ukuhlukanisa nokukghedla umutjho omude. Lokhu kufakazelwe sifundo sakaYu (2021) sesihloko esithi, ‘*A Study on the Role of Sentence Structure Analysis in English Learning*’, lokha nakaveza bonyana abafundi abanengi baba nesitjhijilo sokuzwisisa nokukghedlha imitjho emide. Umnqopho omkhulu wesifundo sakaYu (2021) bekukuhlaziya izwisiso labafundi mayelana nemitjho emide. UYu (2021) uphakamise bona abafundi laba kufanele bafundiswe ngamaqhinga wokuzilolonga wehlelo nelimi, khulukhulu ngokunqopha emitjhweni emide ukuze bakwazi ukufunyana amakghono afunekako nakuza ekukghedlhweni nokuzwisisweni imitjho emide. 

Ekulunyweni engehla le, kukhulunywe ngezakhi ezisetjenziswako nakwenziwa isakhiwo semitjho, kanye neendima imitjho enayo ekuthuthukiseni ilwazi nekghono lehlelo lelimi. Ukungezelela, kubuywe kwavezwa ubudisi obumayelana nokuzwisisa imitjho emide. Woke amaphuzu nemibono evunjululwe ngehla le, iveza isidingo sokurhubhulula ngesakhiwo semitjho ngokunqopha kuzinto ezitholakala emitjhweni, ubujamo bazo bendabuko nemihlobo yemitjho ekhona esiNdebeleni. Esihlokweni esilandelako idatha iyahlaziywa. 

## '''Ihlaziyo Ledatha'''
Isakhiwo semitjho singakhiwa ngezinto ezinengi; kodwana, ihloko yomutjho nesenzo zihlala zikhona esakhiweni somutjho (uSkhosana, 1996). Ngamanye amagama, ihloko yomutjho nesenzo kuzizinto ezisisekelo esakhiweni somutjho begodu esikhathini esinengi azitlhogeki emtjhweni. Tjhejani isibonelo esilandelako:

1. Inja idla amaqanda.

Esibonelweni 2, sinikelwe umutjho ‘Inja idla amaqanda’, loyo owakhiwe ngehloko yomutjho ‘Inja’, isenzo ‘idla’ nomenziwa ‘amaqanda’. Ukungezelela, sithole bona ihloko yomutjho ‘Inja’ isekuthomeni komutjho bese isenzo ‘idla’ sibe phakathi. Umenziwa yena ‘amaqanda’ usekugcineni komutjho. Lokhu kuyasibikela bonyana indawo yehloko yomutjho ngokwendabuko isekuthomeni komutjho; isenzo indawo yaso ngokwendabuko iphakathi emutjhweni bese kuthi umenziwa indawo yakhe ngokwendabuko emutjhweni isekugcineni begodu kufakazelwa nguSkhosana (1998).

Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona iinkhekhe zekulumo ezitholakala emutjhweni njengoba kufakazelwe nguHamraqulova (2023). Tjhejani isibonelo esilandelako:

2. Isifundo lesi sibudisi.

Esibonelweni 3 esingehla, sinikelwe umutjho, ‘Isifundo lesi sibudisi’, loyo owakhiwe ngeenkhekhe zekulumo ezahlukeneko. Igama ‘Isifundo’ kusikhekhe sekulumo ibizo; igama ‘lesi’ kusikhekhe sekulumo isabizwana sokukhomba eduze bese kuthi ibizo ‘sibudisi’ kusitlhadlhululi esisiphawulo. Lokhu kuyasivezela bonyana umutjho awakhiwa ngehloko, isenzo nomenziwa kwaphela; kodwana, ihloko, isenzo nomenziwa lezo zingawela ngaphasi kweenkhekhe zekulumo ezahlukeneko.

Nanyana kunjalo, imitjho engaphasi kwesibonelo 2 no-3 ngokulandelana, ukuze ilethe imiqondo ezwakalako isebenzise iinthomo neemvumelwano. Ngaphasi komutjho wesibonelo 2, sifunyene isithomo sehloko u-‘i’ ohlonyelelwe kusiqu sehloko ‘-nja’ nesivumelwano sehloko u-‘i-’ ohlonyelelwe kusiqu sesenzo ‘-dla’ bese kuthi isithomo sakamenziwa u-‘ama-’ uhlonyelelwe kusiqu sakamenziwa ‘-qanda’.

Bese kuthi ngaphasi komutjho wesibonelo 3, sifunyene isithomo sehloko u-‘isi’ ohlonyelelwe kusiqu sehloko ‘-fundo’ nesivumelwano sehloko u-‘si-’ ohlonyelelwe kusiqu sesitlhadlhuli ‘-budisi’. Isabizwana sokukhomba eduze ‘lesi’ asinasithomo nanyana isivumelwano. Kodwana, sisebujameni bobunye ngombana ihloko yomutjho nayo isebujameni bobunye.

Okunye okuvunjululiweko kukuthi imihlobo yemitjho iyahluka njengoba kwavezwa nguSkhosana (1996). Tjhejani iimbonelo ezilandelako:

3. Ubaba uthenge ikoloyi.

4. UJabu udinwe khulu namhlanje ngombana bekagijima.

5. Kutjhayisene iinkoloyi ezimbili kwalimala abantu abambalwa. 

Esibonelweni 4, sinikelwe umutjho ‘Ubaba uthenge ikoloyi’ loyo owenziwe ngehloko yomutjho (Ubaba) eyodwa; isenzo sinye (uthenge) nomenziwa oyedwa (ikoloyi). Umutjho lo waziwa ngokuthi mumutjho onqophileko nanyana mumutjho olula (uSkhosana, 1996).

Ngokungafani nomutjho wesibonelo 4, kusibonelo 5 sinikelwe umutjho ‘UJabu udinwe khulu namhlanje ngombana bekagijima’, loyo owenziwe ngehloko (UJabu), izenzo (udinwe nobakagijima), isitlhadlhuli (khulu), isinabiso (namhlanje) nesihlanganiso (ngombana). Umutjho lo ubizwa bona mumutjho ovangileko. Ngokuya kukaSkhosana (1996) umutjho ovangileko siwubona ngeenhlanganiso ezinjengo-‘ngombana, bese nonanyana’ lezo ezihlanganisa imitjho embili ukuze kubumbeke umutjho munye. Nasitjheja umutjho wesibonelo 5, singawuhlukanisa ngemitjho embili; -UJabu udinwe khulu namhlanje; -bekagijima.

Umutjho wokugcina esinikelwe wona kusibonelo 6, u-‘ Kutjhayisene iinkoloyi ezimbili kwalimala abantu abambalwa’, loyo owenziwe ngemitjho edlula kemibili engakghedlwa ngale indlela:

-         Kutjahyisene iinkoloyi

-         Ezimbili

-         Kwalimala abantu abambalwa 

Ingcenye yokuthoma, kutjhayisene iinkoloyi, kumumutjho omkhulu ngombana yoke into ithoma kiwo. ‘Ezimbili’, kumumutjho wesenzo esizijameleko, bese kuthi ingcenye yesithathu ‘kwalimala abantu amambalwa’ kumumutjho oyamileko ngombana uphethe imiphumela yalokho okubangwe yingcenye yokuthoma nanyana umutjho omkhulu. Loku kuyasibikela bonyana imitjho ingahlukana kathathu ngokuya komlayezo ewumumetheko.

Isakhiwo semitjho yesiNdebele sihlaziwile ngaphasi kwesifundo lesi begodu kwavunjululwa bona izakhi ezifana nehloko yomutjho isenzo nomenziwa kanengi zihlala zikhona. Ukuragela phambili, imitjho le ifunyenwe bonyana izakhi zayo zingawela ngaphasi kweenkhekhe zekulumo ezahlukeneko njengesitlhadlhuli nebizo. Kokugcina, kuvunjululwe bona imitjho le imihlobo emithathu ehlukeneko. 

Isakhiwo semitjho siqakathekile bona sifundwe besizwisiswe ngombana sifundisa ngelwazi nekghono lehlelo nelimi. Ukungezelela, ukuzwisisa isakhiwo semitjho kwenza kube lula ukwakha nanyana ukutlola imitjho ezakwalako.   

## '''Umthombolwazi'''