Japane

**I-Japan** lilizwe eliyisiqhingi e-East Asia. Isendaweni ye-Pacific Ocean eduze ne-northeast coast ye-Asia mainland, begodu inemngcele ngeTjingalanga ngeLwandle le-Japan begodu isuka eLwandle le-Okhotsk ngetlhagwini ukuya eLwandle le-East China ngeSewula. I-archipelago ye-Japan ineenhlengele ezine ezikulu—i-Hokkaido, i-Honshu, i-Shikoku, ne-Kyushu—kanye neenkulungwana zeenqhingi ezincani, ezihlanganisa amakhilomitha ayi-377,975 (145,937 sq mi). I-Japan inabantu abapheze babe ziingidi ezili-124 ukusukela ngo-2024, begodu yinarha yetjhumi nanye enabantu abanengi. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Tokyo; i-Greater Tokyo Area yindawo ekulu khulu yedorobha ephasini, enabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezingama-38 ukusukela ngo-2016. I-Japan ihlukaniswe yaba ziindawo ezima-47 zokuphatha kanye neendawo ezibunane zesintu. Pheze amakota amathathu wendawo yenarha le ineentaba begodu inamahlathi amanengi, igxile kwezokulima kanye nabantu abahlala emadorobheni khulu emathafeni wayo asepumalanga. Inarha le ihlezi e-Pacific Ring of Fire, okwenza bona iinhlenge zayo zibe sengozini yokusikinyeka kwephasi okubhubhisako kanye nama-tsunami.

## Umlando

I-Japan[a] lilizwe eliyisiqhingi e-East Asia. Itholakala eLwandle le-Pacific eduze negwini elisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia, inomngcele ngeTjingalanga ngeLwandle le-Japan begodu isuka eLwandle le-Okhotsk ngetlhagwini ukuya eLwandle le-East China ngeSewula. I-archipelago ye-Japan ineenhlengele ezine ezikulu kanye neenhlengele ezincani ezili-14,121. I-Japan ihlukaniswe yaba ziindawo ezima-47 zokuphatha kanye neendawo ezisibhozo zesintu, begodu pheze ama-75% wendawo yayo ineentaba begodu inamahlathi amanengi, igxila ezolimo zayo kanye nabantu abahlala emadorobheni khulu emathafeni wayo asepumalanga. Njengombana inabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezili-123 ukusukela ngomnyaka ka-2025, lilizwe le-11 elinabantu abanengi ephasini. I-Tokyo yidolobha elikhulu lenarha.

Indawo yokuhlala yokuthoma eyaziwako ye-archipelago yathoma nge-Upper Paleolithic, begodu ukuthoma kwe-Japanese Paleolithic kwathoma ngo-c. 36,000 BC. Hlangana nekhulu lesi-4 nelesi-6, imibuso yayo yahlanganiswa ngaphasi kombusi e-Nara begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi e-Heian-kyō. Kusukela ngekhulu le-12, amandla wamambala bekaphethwe ziinkhulu zebutho ezaziwa nge-shōgun kanye namakhosi we-feudal abizwa nge-daimyō, ebegade aphoqelelwa ziinkhulu ezibizwa nge-samurai.[11] Ngemva kokubusa yi-Kamakura ne-Ashikaga shogunates kanye nekhulu leminyaka lamazwe alwako, i-Japan yahlanganiswa ngo-1600 yi-Tokugawa shogunate, eyaqalisa umthethomgomo wangaphandle wokuzihlukanisa. Ngo-1853, imikhumbi ye-Amerikha yakatelela i-Japan bona ivule ukurhwebelana ngeTjingalanga, okwaholela ekupheleni kwe-shogunate nokubuyiselwa kwamandla we-imperial ngo-1868.

I-Japan ivela kokuthoma emlandwini otlolwe phasi *encwadini ye-China ye-Han*, eyaqedwa ngo-111 AD, lapho ichazwa khona njengemibuso emincani eyikhulu. Ngemva kweminyaka elikhulu, *iNcwadi ka-Wei* itlola bona umbuso we -Yamatai (okungatjho i-Yamato ) wahlanganisa inengi lemibuso le.   UbuBhuda bethulwa e-Japan ukusuka e-Baekje (umbuso we-Korea) ngo-552, kodwana ukuthuthukiswa kobuBuddha be-Japan kwathonywa khulu yi-China.  Nanyana bekuphikiswa ekuthomeni, ubuBuddha bakhuthazwa sisigaba esibusako, kufaka hlangana abantu abafana noMkhosana u-Shōtoku, begodu bathola ukwamukelwa okukhulu ukuthoma ngesikhathi saka-Asuka (592–710). 

Ngomnyaka ka-645, urhulumende odoswa phambili ngu -Prince Naka no Ōe no -Fujiwara no Kamatari basungula begodu basebenzisa i- Taika Reforms . Itjhuguluko lathoma ngokutjhugulula umhlaba, ngokusekelwe emibonweni ka-Confucius nefilosofi evela e-China .  Yenza bona yoke inarha e-Japan ibe ngeyesizwe, bona isabalaliswe ngokulinganako hlangana nabalimi, begodu yayala bona kwenziwe irejista yemizi njengesisekelo sehlelo elitjha lomthelo.  Umnqopho wamambala weenguquko bekukuletha ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu nokuthuthukisa amandla wekhotho yombuso, ebegade isekelwe esakhiweni sombuso we-China. Iinthunywa nabafundi bathunyelwa e-China ukuyokufunda ngokutlola kwe-China, ipolotiki, ubukghwari, nekolo. 

Ipi ye-Jinshin yango-672, ukulwa okukhulu hlangana kweKosi u-Ōama nomzukulu wakhe uKosi u-Ōtomo, kwaba sizathu esikhulu sokwenza amatjhuguluko wokuphatha.  Amatjhuguluko la agcina ngokumenyezelwa kwe- Taihō Code, eyahlanganisa imithetho ekhona begodu yasungula isakhiwo sombuso wendawo ophakathi nongaphasi.  Amatjhuguluko wezomthetho la adala umbuso ritsuryō, ihlelo lombuso ohlanganisiweko wesitayela se-China elahlala likhona isigamu seminyaka eyinkulungwane. 

Isikhathi se-Nara (710–784) satshwaya ukuvela kombuso we-Japan odzimelele e-Imperial Court e- Heijō-kyō ( i-Nara yanje). Isikhathi lesi sibonakala ngokuvela kwesiko lokutlola elitjha ngokuqedwa kwe- Kojiki (712) ne Nihon Shoki (720), kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yobuciko nezakhiwo eziphefumulelwe maBuddha.   Ubhubhane lwe-smallpox ngo-735-737 kukholelwa bona lwabulala ingcenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu be-Japan.   Ngo-784, uMbusi u-Kanmu wathutha idolobha elikhulu, wahlala e- Heian-kyō (i- Kyoto yanamhlanjesi) ngo-794.  Lokhu kwathoma isikhathi se-Heian (794–1185), lapho kwavela khona isiko lama-Japan. I-Murasaki Shikibu 's *The Tale of Genji* kanye namagama wengoma yesitjhaba ye-Japan "Kimigayo " atlolwa ngesikhatheso. 

### Isikhathi sama-feudal

Isikhathi se-feudal ye-Japan sabonakala ngokuvela nokubusa kwesigaba esibusako samasotja, ama -samurai .  Ngo-1185, ngemva kokuhlulwa kwesizwe se -Taira yisizwe se-Minamoto ePini ye-Genpei, i-samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo yasungula urhulumende webutho e -Kamakura .  Ngemva kokuhlongakala kwaka-Yoritomo, isizwe sama-Hōjō sathatha amandla njengababusi be shōgun .  Isikolo se-Zen se-Buddhism sathonywa ukusuka e-China ngesikhathi se-Kamakura (1185–1333) begodu sathandwa hlangana nesigaba sama-samurai. 

### Isikhathi samanje
 
Ibutho le -United States Navy lathumela u-Commodore u-Matthew C. Perry bona aphoqelele ukuvulwa kwe-Japan ephasini langaphandle. Ukufika e -Uraga " ngemikhumbi emnyama " emine ngoJulayi 1853, i- Perry Expedition yaphumela emhlanganweni we-Kanagawa kaNtaka 1854.  Iimvumelwano ezifanako ezalandelako namanye amazwe weTjingalanga zaletha ubujamo obubudisi bezomnotho nezepolotiki.  Ukutjhiya umsebenzi kwe- shōgun kwaholela ePini ye-Boshin nokusungulwa kombuso ohlanganisiweko ohlanganiswe ngaphasi kombusi ( ukubuyiselwa kwe-Meiji ).  Ngokwamukela iinkhungo zepolotiki, zokwahlulela, nezamasotja zeTjingalanga, iKhabinethi yahlela umKhandlu we-Privy, yethula umThethosisekelo we-Meiji (ngoNovemba 29, 1890), begodu yahlanganisa i- Imperial Diet . 

Ngesikhathi se-Meiji (1868-1912), uMbuso we-Japan wavela njengombuso othuthuke khulu e -Asia begodu waba ngumbuso wephasi onebubulo owaphishekela ukulwa kwezempi ukwandisa indawo yawo yomthelela.    Ngemva kokunqoba ePini yokuThoma ye-Sino-Japanese (1894–1895) kanye ne -Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), i-Japan yathola ukulawula i-Taiwan, i-Korea kanye nengcenye esewula ye -Sakhalin,   begodu yahlanganisa i-Korea ngo-1910  35&nbsp;iingidigidi ngo-1873 ukuya ku-70&nbsp;iingidigidi ngo-1935, ngokutjhuguluka okukhulu ukuya emadorobheni.  

Ekuthomeni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba nesikhathi sentando yenengi ye-Taishō (1912 ukuya ku-1926) eyasibekelwa kukhuphuka kokunwebeka nokusebenzisa amasotja .   Ipi yePhasi yoku-1 yavumela i-Japan, eyajoyina ihlangothi lama -Allies anqobileko, bona ithathe iindawo ze-Germany e- Pacific ne-China ngo- 1920 .  Ngeminyaka yabo-1920 kwaba nokutjhuguluka kwezepolotiki ukuya e-statism, isikhathi sokungabi nomthetho ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kwe-Tokyo ngo-1923, ukudluliswa kwemithetho ephikisana nokuphikisana kwezepolotiki, kanye nochungechunge lokuzama ukuvukela umbuso .   

Ikambiso le yarhaba ngabo-1930, yazala amaqembu amanengi wobuzwe ahlanganyela ubutha bentando yenengi ekhululekileko nokuzinikela ekunwebeni e-Asia.  Ngo-1931, i-Japan yahlasela i-China begodu yathatha i-Manchuria, okwaholela ekusungulweni kombuso we -Manchukuo ngo-1932; ngemva kokusolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kokuthunjwa, yatjhiya i- League of Nations ngo-1933.  Ngo-1936, i-Japan yatlikitla i -Anti-Comintern Pact ne -Nazi Germany ; isivumelwano se-1940 samaqembu amathathu senza bona kube ngelinye lamandla we-Axis . 

Umbuso we-Japan wahlasela ezinye iindawo ze-China ngo-1937, okwenza bona kube nepi yesibili ye-Sino-Japanese (1937–1945).  Ngo-1940, uMbuso wahlasela i-French Indochina, ngemva kwalokho i-United States yabeka umkhawulo we-oyile e-Japan.  ] ​​​​  Kizo zoke iindawo ebezithathwe yi-Japan ngesikhathi sepi, ukuhlukunyezwa okunengi kwenziwa ebantwini bendawo. Abafazi abanengi bakateleleka bona babe ziingqila zezemacansini . 

Ngemva kokunqoba kwama-Allied eminyakeni emine elandelako, okwagcina ngokuhlasela kwe-Soviet i-Manchuria kanye nokubhoma kwe-athomu e-Hiroshima ne-Nagasaki ngo-1945, i-Japan yavuma ukuzinikela ngaphandle kwemibandela .  Ipi le yabulala i-Japan iingidigidi zamaphilo kanye neendawo ezinengi ezahlulwako, okufakahlangana iindawo *ze* -Japan ezifana ne -Korea, i-Taiwan, i-Karafuto, kanye nama- Kurils .  Ama-Allies, aholwa yi-United States, abuyisela iingidigidi zabahlali be-Japan eendaweni zabo zangaphambilini kanye namakamu wezempi kiyo yoke i-Asia, lokho kwaqeda khulu uMbuso we-Japan kanye nomthelela wawo phezu kweendawo egade uwathumba.   Ama-Allies abize iKhotho yamaButho ye-International ye-Far East ukutshutshisa abadosiphambili be-Japan ngaphandle koMbusi  ngebanga lobulelesi bepi be-Japan . 

Ngo-1947, i-Japan yamukela umthethosisekelo omutjha ogcizelela imikghwa yentando yenengi ekhululekileko.  Ukuthunjwa kwama-Allied kwaphela ngesivumelwano se-San Francisco ngo-1952,  begodu i-Japan yavunyelwa ubulungu be -United Nations ngo-1956.  Isikhathi sokukhula okurekhodiweko senza bona i-Japan ibe mnotho wesibili ngobukhulu ephasini ngesikhatheso ;  lokhu kwaphela phakathi kwabo-1990 ngemva kokuqhamuka kwebhamuza lentengo yepahla, ukuthoma " Iminyaka elitjhumi elahlekileko " ebonakala ngokujama kwezomnotho nokunyuka kwamanani okuphasi.  Ngo-2011, i-Japan yahlangabezana nokusikinyeka kwephasi okukhulu khulu emlandwini wayo— ukusikinyeka kwephasi kwe-Tōhoku —okwabanga ihlekelele yenyukliya ye-Fukushima Daiichi .  Ngomhlana ali-1 kuMrhayili 2019, ngemva kokutjhiya uMbusi u-Akihito, indodanakhe u -Naruhito waba nguMbusi, wathoma i Reiwa isikhathi (2019-).

## Imithombo Lwazi