open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Amagulo ahlasele inarha yekhethu

Amagulo ahlasele inarha yekhethu, isitjhaba sekhethu sihlaselwa magulo amatjha qobe minyaka begodu ngamagulo la banengi esele baphekelelwe kiboyisemkhulu ngesibanga sokungatholi itjhejo labodorhodere besikhuwa ngesikhathi, ngomnyaka we-2020 kwaba nokurhagala kwe-Covid 19 ezweni lekhethu, ingogwana le yarhatjheka emazweni pheze kiwo woke akhona ephasini beyafika ezweni leSewula Afrika lapha eyatheleleleka khona ebantwini pheze abangaphezu kwengidi ezintathu, amagulo la afaka hlangana ikholera, kanye namanye angakabalwa.

## I-Covid 19

i-Covid 19 mkhuhlani onamandla othelelanako, ngomnyaka we-2020 ngoTjhirhweni ubulwelobu barhatjheka ephasini mazombe, laba ebegade batheleleke ngobulwelobu abanye babo bahlongakala kanti abanye babo basinda, bekunemigomo nemibandela abantu ebekufuze bayilandele ukuze bavikeleke begodu namathuba wokuthi batheleleke ngengogwana abe manqani imigomo nemibandela le beyifaka ukugeza izandla njalo ngaphambi kwemizuzu emihlanu, uhlale ugcoke isifonyo, nawuzizwa ungakaphili kuhle uye emtholapilo nanyana esibhedlela esiseduze uyokutjhegwa bona awukatheleleki nge Covid-19 koke lokhu kwasiza abantu abanengi.

## Ikholera
Ikholera ibangwa kungahlanzeki kwamanzi aselwa babantu, ubulwelwe lobu burhatjheka khulu ngamanzi nokudla esikudlako, Lokha nayingenako emzimbeni, ibhaktheriya inamathela emabodeni wamathumbu amancani okurholela ekurhudeni okukhulu nokuphelelwa mamanzi emzimbeni, abantu abatheleleke ngekholera bangalatjhwa ngesisombululo sokubuyisela amanzi emlonyeni, Amacala amakhulu atlhoga ukufakwa amanzi ngemithambo, ekusisombululo sokubuyisela amanzi emlonyeni kanye nokusetjhenziswa kwama-anthibhayothikhi. 

### Ikholera eSewula Afrika
ISewula Afrika sele ihlangabezana nokuqubuka kwekholera kusukela ngezi 01 kuMhlolanja 2023, begodu kubikwe inani elikhulu labantu abafako eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko, Ukuqubuka lokhu kukholelwa bona kwavela ebantwini ebegade bavela enarheni yange-Malawi, lapho bekuvamise khona ukutholakala abantu abanekholera.

## Isilululwazi
Ubumbi bokusebenzisa i AI

I-**AI** ziinkambiso zemitjhini ngqondo  ezikghona ukwenza imisebenzi enzima efaka hlangana nokulungisa iimphoso, umsebenzi wesikolo, ukwenza iinqumo kanye nokusekela izinto. Emalangeni wanamhlanje abantu abanengi basebenzisa i-AI ukwenza izinto ezinengi khulu kokuthi abasakghoni ukuzenzela bona ngokwabo nanoma izinto lezo abazenzako zingatlhogi bona umuntu loyo asebenzise i-AI. Izinto abantu abazisebenzisela i -AI abangakghona ukuzenza ngaphandle kwe AI zifaka hlangana nokuthi abantu bangasafuni ukuya kibodorhodere bomkhumbulo kodwana batlolele i-AI imirarwabo. 

## Ubumbi bayo
Ukusetjenziswa kwe-AI emelangeni la kurhagele khulu ephasini mazombe. Abantu abanengi abasakghoni ukwenza izinto ngaphambi kobana babuze i-AI, khulukhulu abafundi. Bathi nabanikelwa umsebenzi wesikolo into yokuthoma kube kuthatha umsebenzi loyo ngendlela ungakho bawufake ku-AI bese ibaphundelele, abanye bona abasaqali nokobana i-AI leyo ibanikele iimpendulo zamambala nanyana ezingakalungi abanandaba ngombana bayayithemba. Kuyinto embi khulu le ngombana yenza abafundi bangasakghoni ukuziqabangela bona ezintweni ezinengi. Lokhu kwenza abafundi baqabange bona nanoma bakghona ukwenza umsebenzi wesikolo bazibone kwangathi angeze bakghone ukuwenza babodwa. 

Abanye abantu abanganabo abantu abangakhuluma nabo emaphilwenabo nanyana abanganayo imali yokuya kibodorhodere bomkhumbulo bayisebenzisela ukucoca nayo ngemiraro nanyana iintjhijilo abanazo kunokuthi baye kibodorhodere bomkhumbulo nanoma ibasiza njalo kodwana lokho akusiyinto elungileko ngombana kokuthoma i-AI ayisimumuntu begodu ayinamizwa

## Isilululwazi
Ubuhle besivande ngethwasahlobo

**Kusikhathi somyaka** lapho amathuthumbo kanye neentjalo zikhula bezihluma khona. Ngemva kwelothe nobusika esibuya kibo sithola imibala eyahlukahlukeneko. Engafaka hlangana imibala esarulani, ehlaza satjani, kanye neminye imibala eminengi. Abantu bayathaba ngethwasahlobo khulukhulu labo abatjalileko, ngombana bayazi bona bazokuvuna. Sithola imirorho ihlaza satjani begodu ibonakala bona sele ilungele ukudliwa. Sithola nomuthi wamaperegisi sele ukhipha wawo amathuthumbo amahle nakarisako. Iinyanga lapho sithola khona ithwasahlobo kuba yinyanga kaKhukhulamungu, kaSewula, kanye nenyanga kaSinyikhaba.

## Iintjalo ezitholakala ethwasahlobo
Zikhona ke iintjalo lezo esithola bona ziba khona ethwasahlobo ,ezifaka hlangana umrorho, ama-habhula nokhunye okunengi. Abantu abatjalileko akutlhogi bonyana bathenge, bavele batjhinge ngesivandeni. Kuqakathekile bonyana sidle imirorho ukuze imizimba yethu ihlale iphilile ngaso soke isikhathi. Kungalokho ke kufanele sizifundise ukutjala imirorho yethu, senzele bona songe imali begodu sakhe namathuba wemisebenzi. Kuyinto ehle bona sizikhakhazise ngeentjalo zethu, lokho singakwenza ngokuqinisekisa bona ngaso soke isikhathi sitlhogomela iintjalo zethu, sithelelele besihlwengise lapho sitjale khona. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ekutheni ithwasahlobo liletha ipilo etja, okutjho bona liletha umkhanyo emaphilweni wethu. Amakari atjhugulula imibala yayo isibonelo ngingatjho umrorho wona ubahlaza satjani.Ukubona amakari wemirorho akhula kusikhumbuza ngobuhle benarha nemvelo okutjengisa ukuthula.

## Isilululwazi
Isintu Namasiko

**Esinye nesinye** isitjhaba ephasini sinendlela yaso yokwenza izinto. Sinemikghwa, sinamasiko nesikopilo. Amanye namanye amasiko abe nendlela yawo yokuwenza engafani nenye. Indlela le ithoma ngokubonakala emakhaya, emphakathini, esitjhabeni nesizweni. Imikghwa yakha amasiko, amasiko akha isintu. 

## Isintu
Ngokwehlathululo yephasi loke, isintu (*tradition*) yindlela yokucabanga, yokuziphatha neyokwenza imikghwa, enjengamasiko, amariyadlhana, indlela yokumbatha, yokudla neyobukghwari ebeyenziwa ziintjhaba zabantu abanzima ekadeni nanamhlanjesi, emindenini, emphakathini, nesitjhabeni esele inesikhathi eside ikhona. Ngokwehlathululo yesi-Afrika, isintu yindlela yokuziphatha, yokucabanga neyokuphatha abanye abantu ngendlela enobuntu (*humanity*). Isaga esithi, **"umuntu mumuntu ngabantu"** mgogodlha wefundiso yesintu. "**Ungilokho ongikho ngebanga lokuthi abanye bangilokho abangikho**". Bubuntu-ke lobo. Ifundiso le kade khulu ikhona. Yeke isintu sibonakala ngemicabango, ngekolelo, ngemizwa nangezenzo ezinobuntu - mimikghwa, isikopilo, amasiko namariyadlhana.

## Amasiko

Ayini-ke amasiko? Amasiko yindlela yokwenza izinto yendabuko eyenziwa sitjhaba esithileko ekolweni, embusweni nekuhlalisaneni kwabantu. Indlela le kade yenziwa begodu idluliselwa esizukulwaneni esilandelako ngokufundiswa ngomlomo nangezenzo. Kungaba yindlela yokwenza izenzo ezithileko zendabuko zendlela yokuziphatha, indlela yokuhlalisana nabanye, indlela yokumbatha, indlela yokudla, indlela yokubusa, indlela yokurarulula imiraro, indlela yokuraga amariyadlhana wekolo yesintu namkha yendabuko. Ngamanye amagama umukghwa othileko nawusolo ubuyelelwa iinkhathi ezinengana mumuntu, mndeni, mphakathi nesitjhaba, ugcina sele ulisiko. 

Aqakatheke kangangani amasiko ebantwini? Amasiko enza umuntu azikhakhazise ngendabuko yakhe. Umuntu nakazikhakhazisa ngendabukwakhe uzozikhakhazisa ngaye ngokwakhe. Ukuzikhakhazisa kumenza azithembe yena ngokwakhe begodu azizwe amumuntu. Amasiko anendlela yokuziphatha neyokuphatha abanye emukelekako emphakathini nesitjhabeni. Lokha umuntu nakaziphatha kuhle abantu bayamthanda. Ukuthandwa babantu kukwenza uzizwe uhloniphekile unesithunzi, uzizwe unendima eqakathekileko oyidlalako emphakathini othileko. Nanyana kunamasiko angaba nomphumela omumbi emuntwini, amasiko amahle angaletha imiphumela emihle. Ibuthelelo lamasiko ngilo elakha isintu.

## Imikghwa
Njengomana kutjhiwo ngehla, imikghwa yakha isiko, isiko lakha isintu. Alo, iyini imikghwa? Imikghwa zizenzo abantu abajayele ukuzenza. Kunemikghwa yokudla, yokukhuluma, neyokwenza, imikghwa yokuziphatha, imikghwa yokuphatha abanye, imigkhwa yokumbatha, yokubukghwari neyombhino. Imikghwa le nayisolo yenziwa mumuntu, mphakathi namkha isitjhaba, bese imukeleke ebantwini igcina sele ilisiko. 

## Iinkhombo
Idiom

Isaga nofana isitjho libinzana lamagama anehlathululo eyakhekhe kwasifaniso nofana kwasingathekiso, kunokobana abe nomqondo onqophileko. Ahlukaniswe njengelimi lefomula, ihlathululo yekulumo yezaga ihlukile eenhlathululweni zeqiniso zegama ngalinye phakathi kwawo.  

Izaga zivela kanengi kiwo woke amaLimi. ELimini lesiNgisi kwaphela kunezaga ezilinganiselwa eenkulungwaneni ezimatjhumi amabili nahlanu.  Ezinye izaga ezaziwako ngesiNgisi zithi "kghuthula amabhontjisi" (okutjho bona "ukuveza ilwazi eliyifihlo"), "kuna abokatsu nezinja" (okutjho bona "izulu lina khulu"), begodu "ukuphula umlenze" (okutjho bona "ube netjhudu elihle").
Ukuya emalangeni

**Ukuya emalangeni** (okwaziwa nangokuthi yi- **period**, hlangana namanye amagama avamileko) kuphuma kweengazi kanye nomhlobo wamathe abizwa nge-mucosal tissue avela ngaphakathi kwesibeletho aphuma esithweni sangasese .  Ukuzomba kokuya esikhathini kubonakala ngokunyuka nokwehla kwamahomoni .  Ukuya emalangeni kubangelwa kukwehla kwamazinga we-homoni ebizwa nge-progesterone, begodu kulitshwayo lokuthi ukuzithwala akhange kwenzeke.  Kunemikhiqizo yokuhlamba yabantu bengubo esetjenziselwa ukugcina ukuhlanzeka ngesikhathi **sokuya emalangeni** .

Ukuya kokuthoma emalangeni, kwaziwa nge-menarche, ukuya emalangeni kuvamise ukuthoma hlangana neminyaka eli-11 ukuya kweli-13.  Nanyana kunjalo, ukuya emalangeni kokuthoma uneminyaka ebunane kuthathwa njengento ejayelekileko.  Emazweni asathuthukako kuvamile ukobana abantu bengubo baye emalangeni kokuthoma sebakhula khulile, begodu baye msinyana emazweni athuthukileko .  Ubude besikhathi esijayelekileko hlangana nelanga lokuthoma lokuya emalangeni  nelanga lokuthoma elilandelako lokuya emalangeni kudlulana ngamalanga ama-21 ukuya kwama-45 ebantwini bengubo abasesebatjha; ebantwini bengubo abadala, ibanga liphakathi kwamalanga ama-21 ukuya kwama-35 begodu isimedo sivamise ukuvezwa njengamalanga ama-28.   Esifundweni esikhulu sedatha ye-app yokuya emalangeni, ubude obuphakathi bomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini kwatholakala bona bube malanga ama-29.3.  Ukopha kuvamise ukuthatha amalanga amabili ukuya kwalikhomba. Isikhathi sokuya esikhathini siyajama ngesikhathi sokubasidis begodu kanengi umuntu akasayi emalangeni begodu nangeenyanga zokuthoma zokumunyisa .  I-Lochia yenzeka ngemva kokubeletha.  Ukuya emalangeni, kanye nokubasidisi, kuyaphela i, kuvame ukwenzeka hlangana neminyaka ema-45 ukuya kwema-55.
Charlize Theron

**U-Charlize Theron** umumuntu weSewula Afrika begodu omlingisi, nomenzi wamafilimu e-America. Umuntu okhona kwezokuzithabisa. Wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-7 kuRhoboyi ngonyaka we-1975. Wabelethelwa endaweni ye Benoni, eSewula Afrika. U-Theron wathoma ikhambo lakhe le-Sterdom lathoma asesemcancani. Wakhulela eplasini elingaphandle kwe Johannesburg, ekukulapho athoma khona ukuba nethando lokudansa bewagcina sele afunda isikolweni senarha sobukghwari.Ipilo ka Charlize Theron yabonakala ngokuthi ahluke begodu abe mumuntu akghona ukuza nemibono ehle. 

Uyise ka-Charlize Theron wabe asogola ngokulisa utjwala, begodu unina, uGerda wadlala indima eqakathekileko yokubumba Amandla nokubekezela. Ubuhlungu bamehlela ngesikhathi aneminyaka eli-13, uyise wabulawa ngokuhlasela okufaka unina, owabe alinga ukuzivikela. Isehlakalo lesi saba nomthelela omkhulu epilweni yakhe senza bona agcine sele azinikele ekuthandeni ukudansa nokuthenii abe mlingisi.Ibizelo lakhe lathoma ngokuthi abe yi modeli ekukulapho wathoma khona wathumba iphaliswano lekhaya elamenza wathola ithuba lokuba yimodeli e-Italy.

Ngemva kwesikhathi wasuka waya e-United States of America ukuthi ayokukwenza I ballet kodwana ngemva kokulimala idolo. Ukuphumelela kwakhe kwavela ngonyaka we1997 ngefilimu I”devil’s Advocates” phambi kwe Keanu reeves ne-AI Pacini, kodwana into eyamenza bona adume khulu kukuthi wakhe wadlala njongomlingisi ombulali wabantu abanengi angu Aileen Wuornos ku “monster” ngonyaka we 2003. Sele athumbe abonongorwana abanengi abafaka hlangana unongorwana we-A academy award otholwa babantu bengubo.Ukuzimisela kwaka Theron kuyabonakala ngombana uyazilungiselela lokha nakayokuba mlingisi othileko. Unekghono lokuthi abe adlale indima yabalingisi abahlukeneko begodu ayidlalel ngendlela ezokuthabisa abantu.

Lokho kwamenza bona abe mumuntu ohloniphekako ku-Hollywood. Amanye amafilimu wakhe aziwako afaka “north country”, “Mad Max”, “Fury Road”, Atomic Bomb nezinye. Ukghona ukuba mlingisi wayo yoke imihlobo yemafillimi, ukghona ukuba ngusomahlaya nofana womdlalo nokhunye.Ipilo ka-Theron yazeka ngokuthi ukuzinikele ebantwaneni bakhe ababibili azikhethela bona ukungu-Jackson no- August. Njongomuntu onganaye umlingani akafihli ngeentjhijilo ahlangabezana begodu uyakuthabela ukudlala indima yokuba mbelethi. Izinto ahlangabezene nazo sele angumama ngizo ezamkhuthaza bona acale ipilo ngenye indlela begodu akhuthaze nabanye abantu.

## Iinkomba
Ukubulawa kwabafazi nabantwana eSewula Afrika

Ukubulawa kwabafazi eSewula Afrika sekuyinto yangamalanga. Isibalo esikhona sitjengisa bona abafazi nabantwana bayagagadlhelwa bebabulawe mndeni nofana mumuntu obaziko, lokhu kwenzeka qobe imizuzu elitjhumi elangeni ephasini loke jikelele bese eSewula Afrika abafazi abaziingidi ezilihlanu namakhulu amahlanu bayabulawa. Isibalwesi sakhutjhwa ngomnyaka wee-2020 ukuya kumnyaka wee-2021 https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2024/11/tackling-femicide-in-south-africa-through-laws-policies-and-better-policing. 

Ngeveke yokuthoma kaSinyikhaba ngomnyaka wee-2025 abantu abatjha eenkundleni zokuthintana njenge-Facebook ne-TikTok bathome ijima lokulwisana naso isigesi. Ihlangano eyaziwa khulu ngokulwela ilungelo lokuphila labafazi eSewula Afrika ebizwa bona yi-Women for Change ngiyo edosa phambili ijimeli. Ihlangano le ayilweli abafazi kwaphela kodwana ilwela nabantwana kanye namadoda, woke umuntu obuleweko iyamulwela begodu koke lokhu bakwenza khulu eenkundleni zokuthintana ngokusunduza ijima elithize. Njenganje bathome ijima lokobana woke umuntu agadangise isithombe sombala omsobo ukuze urhulumende amemezele bekavume bona ukubulawa kwabafazi kube yihlekelele yesitjhaba, kanti-ke abantu abanengi basabele benza njalo. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2025-11-09-we-bury-a-woman-every-25-hours-women-for-change-calls-for-national-shutdown-ahead-of-g20/

I-Women For Change le yasungulwa ngomnyaka wee-2016, basebenzisa amandla aseenkundleni zokuthintana ukuyelelisa abantu boke ngokuhlukumezana ngokobulili kanye nokubulawa kwabafazi eSewula Afrika. Ayigcini lapho, ihlangano le ibuye isekele laba abasindileko beyisunduze itjhuguluko lamambala emphakathinihttps://womenforchange.co.za. 

Okhunye okukhona kukuthi kuphume iphepha lomoya (eliku-inthanethi) lesibawo lokuthi abantu batlikitle ukuze urhulumende asivume isibawo sokuthi ukubulawa kwabafazi kube yihlekelele yesitjhaba. Kanti-ke kuhlelwa nokuthi mhlazana amalanga ama-21 kuSinyikhaba ngomnyaka wona esiphezu kwawo lo kuzokuvalwa yoke into, kungabi nento eyenziwako, woke umuntu ahlale ekhaya - abasebenzako bangayi emsebenzini bese abafundi bangayi neenkolweni. Lokhu ngelimi lesiyeni ibizwa bona yi-national shut down https://womenforchange.co.za/g20-women-shutdown/.

## IMIKHOMBA
Ubukghwari

**Ubugkhwari** kuyinto eyenziwako iphasi loke begodu abantu bakghona ukuthi baveze imicabango, imizwa nalokho abadlula kikho ngobukghwari. Kusela kade ubukghwari kuyinto eyabe ikhona ngombana abantu kade gade batlola basebenzisa ubukghwari ematjeni ukuveza ikghono ebanalo nofana ukukhulumisana. Ubukghwari buphethe imihlobo ehlukilelo yeentayela, amabumbeko evumela bona abantu abenza ubukghwari bakwazi ukuthi baveze imizwa yabo nalokho abahlangabezana nakho.Imihlobo yobukghwari ifaka hlangana ubukghwari bokuba, ubukghwari bokwenza, ubukghwari bokutlola nokufunda, ubukghwari bedijithali kanye nobukghwari obenziweko.

### Imihlobo yobukghwari

#### Ubukghwari obubonwako
Lobu kubukghwarii obenziwa ngokuthi abantu bapende, babaze iingodo, batjhude. Phakathi kwazo zoke ukupenda yindlela edala yokwenza ubukghwari obubonwako. Ukupenda bekusetjenziswaa ukuthi ukuveza izehlakalo zekadeni, ihlekalo zingasilo iqninso nesiko pilo. Ukupenda ukuses ngenye indlela enamandla yokwenza ubukghwari nesikhathi sanje ngombana basesekhona abantu abependa kuhle njengo Frida Kahlo no Pablo Picasso.Ukupenda kuyaraga ngokuthi kube yinto eyenziwakho ukukhombisa ikghono lobukghwari.

#### Ubukghwari bokwenza
Lobu bukghwari ebenza bona kubenokukarisa kwemisikinyeko ethileko okufana nolkudansa, nokwenza umvumo. Okhunye nokhunye kunendlela ehlukileko yokucoca iindaba, ukuveza imizwa Yabantu. Ithiyetha ngenye yeendawo ezidala lapho abantu khona ubukghwari bokwenza nokudlala imidlalo yesteji nofana ukudansa. Ubukghwari lobu buyayidla indima emasikweni wabantu, anikela abantu ithuba lokucoca indaba.

#### Ubukghwari bokutlola nokufunda
Ubukghwari lobu buphethe iinkondlo, ukucocwa kwendaba, umdlalo, ukubufakazi bamandla welimi nokwakha iinthombe ngokhumbulo. Ngokusebenzisa ukutlola abatloli bakghona ukwakha iphasi, bakhulume ngeenhloko ezibudisi, bathinthe iinhliziyo neengcondo zabantu. Iinkondlo ngelimi elisetjenziswa lokha nazitlolwa zingakghona ukuvusa imizwa yomuntu, nokhipha amaqiniso ngamagama ambalwa akhethwe kuhle. Ngendatjana ezifaka Phakathi amanoveli, indatjana kuvumela abafundi bonyana bakghone ukuthi bathole ilwazi ngamaphilo ahlukahlukeneko, namahlangothi ahlukahlukeneko akhuthaza bone umuntu abenezwelo begodu nokuzwisisa.

#### Ubukghwari bedijithali

Yindlela etja yokwenza ubukghwari lapha kusetjenziswa ilwazi le-theknoloji ukwenza ubukghwari. Kilomkhakha wobukghwari kufakwa imidlalo yama vidiyo, ukutjhuda iinthombe, ukwenza abopopayi nokhunye. Ubukghwari bedijithali sele buvule eminye imimnyango yokuveza ubukghwari ivumela abantu abenza ubukghwari bona balinge iindlela ezitja zobukghwari.

#### Ubukghwari bokurhabisa
Benzeka lokha umuntu nakafuna ukwenza indawo ibonakale iyihle begodu idose abantu.Ubukghwari lobu bufaka ifetjheni, uhlela ngaphakathi, nokwakha izinto. Kungaba mitlamo yekadeni bekuyokufika emitlameni yesimanje manje. Ngokusebenzisa ukubukghwari lobu abantu bakghona ukuthi bathethe izinto ezijwayelekileko bazitjhugulule basebenzisa ithalente lobukghwari bese kuphume into ehle ekarisa woke umuntu. Ubukghwari bokurhabisa bungathola eendaweni ezifana nemitjhadweni, emaphathini nakwezinye indawo lapho kubanjwe khona imigidi.

## Iinkomba
Ukupenda

**Ukupenda** kungenye yendlela ezidala zokwethula ubukghwari, ivumela bonyana abantu abenza ubukghwari bakghone ukuveza imizwa yabo begodu bakghona ukuthi bathule nolokho abadlula kikho ngokuthi bapende ngemibala ehlukileko, nangeentayela ezihlukahlukeneko ekusekela ekadeni kusapendwa emadwaleni ukufikela ebukghwarini banje bedijithali. Ukupenda kuyinto etjhuguluka nesikhathi, itjengisie amasiko, ukuzwana kwabantu nokuthuthuka kwezinga letheknoloji emaphilweni wabantu.ukupenda kubukghwari obutjhuguluka ngokwesikhathi begodu kukhuthaze ababukeli ephasini loke.

### Umlando ngokupenda
Ukupenda kuyinto eyathoma kade ebokanakala ngobufakazi ebutholakala emadwaleni, ematjeni wamazindla nemasontweni. Izinto ezipendiweko ezidala khulu zivela bonyana ngezeminyaka eyi-40 000 eyadlulako, ipendwe babantu bakade basebenzisa izinto zemvelo namathulusi ebebazenzela wona ngamathambo. Nakuthoma khona kuba nokuthuthuka komphakathi kwatheleleka nokuthi kube nokuthuthuka kokuthi kube neendlela ezinye zokupenda ziza nabantu bakudala abama griki, abamaroma,nebegibithe.Ukupenda kuyinto ekhombisa umlando wabantu obulungiweko. Ngombana ukghona ukusikhombisa izinto ezakhe zenzeka ekadeni, amasiko wabantu begodu nokuthi umphakathi uphila njani. Ukupenda kukuthatha ukuthi umuntu akghone ukwakha inthombe engcondweni yakhe begodu eze neminye imibono. Kulekelela abantu bonyana bakghone ukuthi baphikise imibono yabantu nangabe abavuelani nayo. Ivumela abantu bonyana boakghone ukuveza imizwa yabo basebenzisa umbala nokuwuhlanganisa kwakhona.

### Iintayela zokupenda

#### I-Realism
Lokhu kupenda okunqophileko begodu kuphethe imigwalo ezeleko ngelwazi lephasi. Lapha bantu abenza ubukghwari ngokupenda bahlose ukuthi bapende ngendlela eveza iphasi ngendlela linjalo ngaphandle kokuthi lihlotjiswe nofana litjhululwe. Ukupenda lokhu kubonakala ngokuthi ukupenda kwakhona kuphuma kusithombe sento njengoba sinjalo. Akufaki imizwa yabantu nofana ukuphikisana nemibono ethileko.

#### I-Abstract
Kupenda okungakhulumiko ekwenza ekugandelala umbala, ijamo kanye nokuzwakala kwento. Lokhu kupenda kubonakala ngokuthi kupenda amabumbeko, umbala ukuletha uumlayezo othileko. Abantu abapenda ngelndlela le bakghona ukuthii bapende ngokutjhuphuluka ngaphandlekokuthi Basabe imithetho yamasiko neminye imithetho. Lapho ekunanto eveza izinto zeqiniso ezikhona ephasini. Akufaki amagama lokho kutjho bona ababukeli kufanele bona babe nokuhlakanipha nofunda isiithombe sipendiweko bonyana sitjho ukuthini.

#### I-surrealism ne-Impression
Kupenda okevezwa njengbhudango, nofana umcabango,ubonakala ngokuthi ibe neenthome ezinganikelani ukuthula emoyeni. Lokhu kufaka ukuthatha iinkhathi lapho kupendwa khona iinkhathi ezithabisako, kufake nokukhanyan okuthileko ukukhanyisa isithombe sakhona. Esikhathi esinengi kupendwa iukukhombisa iinthado ezingaphandle kwendlu njebala elithileko. Igandelela ipilo yabantu yangemihla yesikhathi sanje.

## Iinkomba
Ukuhlubuka Kwe-Intanethi!

Ukuhlubuka Kwe-Intanethi! Noma Umbhalo Wokuhlubuka Kwe-South Ndebelia Kuwo Wonke Amaphephandaba.

Ekwashumi emoyeni we-2025, isithunzi sokuhlubuka sasibekile esifweni lethu se-Intanethi. Isixuku sabahlubukile, abafuthunyezwe amacebo amanga e-Intanethi ngomuntu okuthiwa uNtulikazi, basibeka isandla sobunye bethu ngokwenza udlame oluphephandabeni lukadijithali. Lesi senzakalo sizogcina njenge-Sokuhlubuka Kwe-Intanethi KweSouth Ndebelia – isibonelo esidabukisayo sokuholela yini ukuziqhenya nokungabi nathemba kwezinhlelo zethu zobambisano.

Impendulo yethu ihlale ingashintshi futhi inomusa: ngeke sibabhoxe ngevidiyo ezinenhlamba noma imiyalezo yodlame. Amandla ethu asekuqineni komoya wethu kuwo wonke amaphephandaba, ekuthembekeni okungaguquki emiqondweni yokuthula nokwakha kwelama khompyutha. Ngenkathi abahlubukile banyakazisa ngeposti ezinenhlamba kanye namasiteshi ezingqophamlando, thina sigxila ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nentuthuko.

Kodwa ngisho nasekubekeleni kwethu, isenzo esinye sivela sincome ngesihluku kwelidijithali. Egxilisweni lentukuthelo engenamandla, la ma-hacker enze into engenakulungiseleleka – ahlakule isizinda sethu esiyinhloko sesifunda, i-"Declaration of Our Daily Bread" eyayingumbhalo ofakazela umsebenzi wethu wokubambisana nenhlalakahle. Bathathe ngesihluku isizinda solwazi, bevala amasango abantu bakithi, bebangela ukungaboni komlando nobumbano.

Kodwa imizamo yabo iphambana. Akekho ongasula umlando wethu wedijithali noma ahlukanise isizwe sethu se-intanethi. Inene ilipha kithi, ngakho-ke ukunqoba akuphikiseki. Izindebe zethu ziyalinda, futhi izwi lethu liyovakala kuwo wonke amasiteshi, noma bazame kangakanani ukuvala umsakazo wethu.

Inene izogcina! Phambili ekuthuthukeni nasebunye kuwo wonke amaphephandaba!
Lillian Dube

**Lillian Dube** umumuntu wengubo osisakhamuzi enerheni ye-Sewula Afrika. Wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-30 enyangeni Khukhulamungu ngonyaka  we-1945. Wabelethelwa endaweni ye- Orlando east, e-Soweto. Wathoma ukwaziwa ngonyaka we- 1980, begodu  wakghona ukuthi athandwe babukeli kusukela lokho waduma  ngombana khabe amdlali kumabonwakude emdlalweni  we”Generations” abizwa bona ngu- Masebobe nalokha adlala ku-“Soul city” abizwa ngo-Sister Bettina.Umbelethi kasonish. Abanye abantu bathi uhlobene no -Desmond Dube,kodwana akusinjalo kodwana bafana ngeembongo zabo. 

### Ukuthoma kwakhe ukubamlingisi
Ekukhuleni kwakhe wahlangabezana nentjhijilo lapho unina wabe asebenza  khona ajwayele akhambe abatjhiye  khona  abatjhiye bonyana bakhuliswe ngugogo wabo welesotho. Nanyana kunjalo  u Lillian Dube  ibhudango lakhe lokuba mlingisi kumabonwakude akhange kodwana lamdosela ektheni afune ukuthi alandele  ibizelo lokuba mdlali emkhakheni wokuzithabisa. Sele aneminyaka ematjhumi amane amdlali nofana umlingisi kuma bonwakude. Ubonakele njengo mdlali wamafilimu afanele mapantsula cry the beloved country ne "and the white lion". Uvelile nakweminye imidlalo kamabonakude namahlaya afane ne skiwizas ne -"my perfect family" ne-mponeng.

### Ukuthokozwa kwemisebenzi yakhe
Akuzibandakanya kwakhe kwezokuzithabisa asewula afrika kwenze bona athumbe abonongorwana , nokuthi ahlonithjwe ngeziqu zokuba ngudorhodere kwezomdlalo nekukhitjhweni kwamafilimu . iziqu lezi wazinikelwa sikhungo sefundo ephakemeko itshwane university of technology. Akafihli ngepilo yakhe nokuthi wakhe walwisana nobulwelwe benkankere yebele ,wasebenzisa into leyo ukuthi afundise begodu athuthukise  nerhubhululo elenziwako ngobulwlwe lobo. 

## Iinkomba
Phumzile Mlambo Ngcuka

**Phumzile Mlambo Ngcuka** wabelethwa endaweni ye -cleremont esiphandeni sakwaZulu-Natal, eDurban YeSewula Afrika. Wakhula ngesikhathi sombuso wegadangelo eyenza bona bambuke ekuzinikeleni kwakhe  ukulwela  ukulingana kwabantu nakutholwa ubulungiswa bomphakathi. Utjhade noBulelani Ngcuka oligcwetha no sopolotiki, begodu banabentwana abahlanu abane bakhona akusibo begazi labo . wababeletha mhlana amalanga ama-3 kuSinyikhaba ngonyaka we-1915.

### Ifundo yakhe
Waceda ibanga lakhe ltjhumi esikolweni esibizwa bonyana  yi Ohlange. Nakaceda lapho wafunda esikhungweni samazika eyunivesithi ye-Lesotho lapho athola khona i- bachelor of science ku-social science .Ngemva kwalokho wakghona ukuthi abengomunye waba fundis e kholitjhi yabotitjhere eMpumalanga phakathi konyaka we-1981 ukuya ku 1983. Waragela phambili ngemfundo zakhe eyunivesithi ye -CapeTown wathola iziqu ze- masters degree ku-philosophy ngonyaka we -2003 ,abeke umkhumbulo wakhe ekuhleleni ifundo nomthetho wakhona.

Uphumzile mlambo emikhokheni eminengi efana naye fundo ipolotiki naku-Internationl Diplomacy. Wathoma ukusebenza njengo titjhere esiphandeni sakwa -Zulu- National ,bese wasebenza ne WORLD YOUNG WOMENS association (YWCA) e,Geneva akhulumela ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yelutjha ,nokuthuthuka kwefundo .kwezepolotiki uPhumzile Ngcuka wabalilunga lepalamende esewula afrika ngombuso wokthoma wenantanto yenengi ngonyaka we-1994 angasihlalo wekomiti  yephothifoliyo yemisebenzi yomphakathi, begodu angu sekela lika ngcongcotjhe we-Trade and industry nongcongcotjhe we-Minerals and Energy.

### Umlando wakhe
Ngomyaka we-2005 wenza umlando wokuthi abemumuntu wengubo wokuthoma obabalisekela lika mongameli obenelela iindlela zokulwisana nendlala begodu athuthukise umnotho nokukhula kwabo wakhulisa ngunina noyise, unomfowabo munye U-Bonga Mlambo wakhethwa nguThabo Mbeki bonyana abalisekela lakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe ube yisibonelo sokuzibophelela ukuthuthukisa iindaba zamalungelo wobuntu, ukujamela ukulingana nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, kanye nokulwela amalungelo wabantu abasikazi ngokungapheli ngokusebenzisa ilungelo labantu abasesigabeni esiphasi kanye uburholi ezingeni leentjhabatjhaba.

## Iinkomba
U-Derrick Ndzimande

U **-Derrick Ndzimande** (wabelethwa mhlazi-30 kuNtaka 1954) mhlabeleli wevangeli weSewula Afrika, aphinde abe umfundisi, umkhiqizi womculo begodu owayekade afundisa. Wathola udumo ngabo-1980 no-1990 emasontweni wePentekoste newe-charismatic eSewula Afrika neenarha eziseduze. U-Ndzimande waziwa ngelizwi elihlukileko elijulileko le-falsetto-baritone kanye nomsebenzi omude wokurekhoda ofaka hlangana kokubili ama-albhamu we-studio nokurekhoda bukhoma. 

## Ipilo nomlando
Amaphrofayili amanengi agadangisiweko abika bona u-Derrick Ndzimande wabelethwa mhlazi-30 kuNtaka 1954 e-Vermont Farm eduze ne -Lydenburg (eseyaziwa njenge Mashishing) e-Mpumalanga, eSewula Afrika, begodu umndenakhe ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wathuthela e-Belfast ngo-1966. umvumo.   

## I-Discography
(Ingcenye — iinhloko ezikhutjhiweko nokutholakala eensetjenzisweni zokusakaza)

* *Nangu UJesu* (1998).
* *Ama-Greatest Hits, Vol. 1* (1999).
* *Halala NgoJesu* (2002).
* *Ubusisiwe* (2007).
Helen Suzman

**Helen Suzman** wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali 17-Nobayeni ngo- 1917 endaweni Germiston Esewula afrika .Wabelthwa ngu Frieda no Samule Gavronsky.Unina wahlongakala kungasikudala aceda ukumbeletha.Wakhulela emndenini wamajuda aphakathi nendawo . Ipilo yakhe yokuthoma iphawulwa ukuveza kokungabi nobulungiswa emphakathini bona agqine sele anekareko kweze polotiki .Waragela phambili nemfundo zakhe eyunivesithi ye-witwatersrand ,lapho aphetha khona iziqu zeembalo nomnotho. 

### ukuthoma kwakhe ukusebenza kwezepolitiki
Ukungena kweze polotiki kwasuzman kwathomangomnyakA yab-1950 isikhathi lapho isewula africa beyiqinisa khona imithetho imithetho yebandlululo wajoyina I -united party kodwana msinyana waphelelwa yithemba ngobunjalo bayo endabeni sobuhlanga. Ngo -1953 wasunguza I liberal progressive party nabanye abasekeli ,okufaka hlangana u-colin eglin no-Harry Oppenheimer. uHelen Suzman waba ngomunye wama lunga wepalamende Wokuthoma kwehlangano ngo-1953 isifunda -houngton e-Johhanesburg.

Kwaphela iminyaka eli-13 bekayilunga lepalamende ye progressive party asebenzisa iplatfomu yakhe ukwenza ukuphikisa nebandlululo loklwela amalungelo wobuntu. Iinkulumo zakhe zitjengisa ukuthi unesbindi begodu   nokungenelela kwakhe epalamende kamdosela amehlo weentjhabatjhaba, okwenza bona abe mumuntu owaziwako emsikinyekweni wokulwisana nebandlululo. Wayedlala indima ekulu ekuthuthukiseni ubujamo bejele bama lunga we-African National Congress ebegade abanjiwe. Okufaka hlangana u-Nelson Mandela nanyana gade angabaza ngemigomo kaMandela yokuvukela umbuso wegandelelo.

### Iiintjhijilo adlule kizo
Intjhijilo nelifa kiwo woke umsebenzi wakhe uSuzman waqalana nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuthuselwa, nokuthathelwa phasi ngurhulumende. Waqundelwa amakhambo begodu wathathelwa nephasipoti yakhe .Nanyana bekanentjhijilo lezi wahlala aqinile wathola ebantwini alingana nabo nebantwini abalwela ubulungiswa bezehlala kuhle amalungelo wobuntu nokulingana igalelo lakhe lavula indlela ennzukulwaneni ezizako nakibosopolitikki okufaka hlangana no-Nelson Mandela owakha naye ubudlelwane obuseduze.

### Ukungcwatjwa kwakhe
Umma u-Suzman wahlongakala ngokuhlongakala kwemvelo ngesikhathi ameminyaka ema-91 ubudala. wahlongakala ngenyanga kaTjhirhweni ngonyaka we-2009. U-Achmat dango wathi nakafakaza ngaye wathi " Bekalithanda izwe lakhe begodu amumuntu ongasabiko ukulwela amalaungel wakhe nokulwisana nombuso webandlulo". wangcwatjwa emnyanyeni ofihliweko wamaJuda e west park cemetry eJohannesburg, Kwabe kudosa phambili umfundisi omkhulu u-Warren Goldstein.

## Iinkomba
Umuzwa

**Umuzwa** yindlela ezithobileko umuntu azizwa ngayo ngesibanga yemizwa yakhe, imicabango, nolokho okwenzeka ebhodulukweni ahlala kilo. Umuzwa kuyinto engaphakathi esenza bona sikghone ukuzwisisa imizwa yethu, sikghona ukuhlathulula bonyana sizizwa bunjani ngesibanga sento esihlangabezene nayo. woke umuntu uba nemizwa ehlukahlukaneko ngesibanga sokuthi sibabantu asifani begodu asiboni ngendlela efanako nofana sicabange ngendlela efanako. Umuzwa ubangelwa zizinto ezinengi ezifana nokuthi umuntu ukhumbula ini nokhunye. Umuzwa ukhambelana nokuthi umuntu uzibona njani yena, isimo sakhe sengcondo nokuthi uziphatha njani. Umuzwa usikhuthaza bona sifune ukwenza izinto ezithileko, ukwakha ubudlelwana nabanye abantu begodu sizivikele engozini. Ukhambelana  nokuphila kuhle emzimbeni nengcondweni. 

### Imihlobo yemumzwa

#### Ithando

Lomumunzwa wokuzizwa uthabile begodu uphelele. Kukuhlangana okunamandla kwemizwa nomunye umuntu nofana nenye into. Libonakala ngokuthi umuntu abe netjhejo, ukuthintana ngokukhuluma nokhunye okuhle okwenza bonyana umuntu azizwe athabile emoyeni wakhe. Ithando lenza bona umuntu aziizwe aduduzekile, begodu afuthumele. umuntu nakanomuzwa wokuthanda uzinikela ngokupheleleko begodu anakelele iindingo zomuntu loyo amthandako ukuze bobabili bahlale bathabile. ithando lihlanganisa abantu libenze babemuunye begodu bathole ihlathululo yepilo.

Inzondo

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi inzondo ivellzwa kukuthi umuntuabe nemizwa enamandla yokungathani umuntu nofana into lokho kungabangelwa kukwata nofana kukwata, ukungaphatheki kuhle nofana ukulinyazwa emmoyeni. Umuntu angaba nenzondo ebantwini, entweni, esiqhemeni nofana ebhodulukweni elithileko. Inzondo ithatha imicabango yomuntu imvusele ukusilingeka, ukukwata nofana ukuthi umuntu afune ukuziphindiselela. Yenza bona umuntu azikhiphe ebantwini nofana entweni leyo ayizondako. Iinzondo ingenza bonyana umuntu angakghona ukuhlulela kuhle ngombana angagcina sele ahlangothi linye.

Ukuba mlandu

## Iinkomba
Imizwa

**Imizwa** kuyinto ekungasulula bona abantu bayihlathulule kodwana isuke itjengisa indlela umuntu azizwa ngakhona ngesikhathi esithileko, nakanabantu abathileko begodu ngaphasi kobujamo obuthileko.Isisekelo salokho umuntu adlula kikho begodu  imizwa inothelela endleleni umuntu enza ngayoo izinto, acabanga ngayo nofana ngendlela akghona ukwakha ngakhona ubudlelwano nabanye abantu. Kunamathiyori amanengi ahluthula imizwa njenge thiyori ka-James Lange, lapho ahlathulula khona bonyana imizwa evela njengependulo yalokhu umuntu akuzwako ebhodulukweni ahlala kilo. Abanye abahllathulula imizwa ngamathiyori ngemizwa ngu-cannon-Bard no Schachter-Singer. Imizwa ihlukile kunomuzwa ngombana imizwa ayithathi isikhathi ingatjhuguluka nanoma kukunini begodu akusilula ukuwulawula bese kuthi umuzwa uthathe isiskhathi lokha umuntu nakawuzwako ulawulwa kukuthi umuntu uzwani nofana ubonani ebhodulukweni lakhe.

### Imihlobo yemizwa

#### Ukuthaba

Ukuthaba kukumizwa evela lokha umuntu azizwa anelisekile emoyeni wakhe begodu kungekho into engaphula umoya wakhe. Imizwa yokuthaba ingavela lokha umuntu nakenzakalelwe yinto ehle efana nokuthi azithole aphumelele nofana athengelwe into ayithandako nokhuye okuthabisako. Umuntu lokha nakathabileko angabonakala ngokuthi amomotheke, aledlhe emzimbeni. ukuthaba kuyinto edlala indima eqakathekileko emaphilweni wabantu ngombana kubalelekela bona babekezele, bahlale banomuzwa wokutlama, begodu bakghone ukuthi bahlanganyele nabanye abantu.

#### Ukudana
Ukudana kuvezwa mumuzwa wokungabi nethemba, ukuzwa ubuhlungu emoyeni nofana emzimbeni. Esikhathini esinengi ukudana kungabangela kukuthi umuntu aphoceke, azwe iiindaba ezibuhlungu nofana ukungaphumeleli. Ukudana kungabonakala ngokuthi umuntu azikhiphe hlangana nabantu, alile iinyembezi nofana ajame ngendlela elengisa umzimba. ukudana kumizwa obuhlungu kodwana udlala indima eqakathekileko kwabanye abantu ngombana umizwa lo ukhuthaza ukuthi umuntu azihlole yena begodu afune ukulingisa iimphoso zakhe.

#### Ukwesaba
Ukwesaba kumumuzwa ovela lokha nangabe umuntu kunento eyingozi athuselwa ngayo nofana emlandelako. Ukwesaba kungavela lokha umuntu nakabona bonyana usemrarweni ongararululeki lula nofana nakabona bonyana ipilo yakhe isengezini.Umizwa lo ungavela lokha umuntu nakakhamba yedwa ebusuku endaweni lapho kuyingozi khona. Umzimba ungena entweni ebizwa ngokuthi " phendula ngokulwa nofana ubaleke". Imizwa yokusaba ilekela umuntu bonyana ahlale aqaphelile laphoo akhona nofana akhamba khona begodu angangeni nanoma kukuphi.

#### Ukukwata
Ukukwata kummhlobo wemizwa ongavuka lokha umuntu nakenzakalelwa yinto  angayithandiko emenza bona abe nenenturhu nofana athukane.Ukukwata kungabonakala ngokuthi umuntu abumbe izandla zibe ziinqindi, aphakamise iphumbo lakhe lokha nakakhulumako nofana afune ukulwa.Ukukwata kungaba yinto eyenza bona  umuntu amotjhe, nofana agcine enza izinto eziphula umthetho agcine angena emrarweni  lokha nangebe ulawulwa kukwata.

## Iinkomba
U-Bernadette Meehan

**U-Bernadette M. Meehan** ( wazalwa 1975) mthunywa we-America owasebenza njengeNxusa le-United States e-Chile kusukela ngo-2022 ukuya ku-2025. Ukhethwe njengesikhulu esiphezulu (CEO) se-Wikimedia Foundation, begodu uzokuthatha indima leyo mhlazi-20 kuTjhirhweni 2026, athathe isikhundla se-Maryana Iskander. Ngaphambilini bekasebenza njengosekela mongameli omkhulu weenhlelo zephasi loke ze-Obama Foundation. Wasebenza njengomkhulumeli we-United States National Security Council ngesikhathi sokuBusa kwaka-Obama, begodu waba sikhulu se-Foreign Service noMnyango wezoMbuso iminyaka engaphezu kwetjhumi.

## Ipilo yokuthoma nefundo
U-Meehan wabelethwa e- Bronx, wakhulela e- Pleasantville, e-New York begodu waphothula e -Kennedy Catholic High School e -Somers, e-New York .  Waphothula e- Boston College nge- Bachelor of Arts degree yezepolotiki .  Ngemva kokuphothula, wasebenza e -Wall Street, kokuthoma e -JPMorgan Chase bese kuba yi-Lehman Brothers .  Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wajoyina i- United States Foreign Service.

## Ibizelo
U-Meehan wajoyina i- United States Department of State njengesikhulu se-Foreign Service ngo-2004, begodu wathoma umsebenzi wakhe omutjha njenge-consular officer e-US Embassy e- Bogotá, e-Colombia.  Wasinda ekuthunjweni nokuhlaselwa ngokomzimba babantu abahlomileko e-Bogotá ngoMrhayili 2006. Ababili bezenzo zobumbi babotjhwa begodu bagwetjwa iminyaka elitjhumi ejele, kuthi ababili abenza ubumbi azange batholakale.  

### Umsebenzi wangemva kokuba yinxusa
Mhlana amalanga ali-9 kuNobayeni 2025, u-Meehan wabekwa njenge-CEO ye-Wikimedia Foundation.  Uzakuthatha indima mhlazi-20 kuTjhirhweni 2026. 

## Ipilo yomuntu mathupha
U-Meehan ukhuluma isiNgisi, isiSpanishi nesi -Arabhu .  Utjhade no- Evan S. Medeiros, uSihlalo womndeni we-Penner ku-Asian Studies e- Georgetown University 's Walsh School of Foreign Service . 

## Iinkomba
I-Eire

I-Eire iyisifunda esiseNyakatho Yurophu, ethatha iningi lesiqhingi sase-Ireland. Enyakatho ihlangana neNyakatho Ireland (ingxenye yeGreat Britain). Indawo - 70.2 ayizinkulungwane km².

Igama lezwe livela ku-Old Irish Eriu, noma u-Eriu - igama likankulunkulukazi emlandweni wase-Ireland.

Inani labantu bango-2022 liyizi-5,123,536
I-Ukraine

**I-Ukraine** lilizwe elise-East naphakathi kwe-Europe. Inenani labantu elihlala njalo elingama-40,997,699 kanye nenani labantu langempela elingama-41,167,336 (elibekwa endaweni yama-34 ephasini). Indawo yayo yoke yi-603,549 km2 (ibekwe endaweni yama-44 ephasini); yinarha ekulu khulu ngendawo etholakala e-Europe yoke.

Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu yi-Kyiv; amanye amadorobha amakhulu yi-Kharkiv, i-Odesa, i-Dnipro, i-Donetsk, i-Lviv, i-Zaporizhzhia, i-Kryvyi Rih, kanye ne-Mykolaiv. Ilimi elisemthethweni li-Ukrainian.

I-Ukraine yizwe elihlangeneko neriphabliki ehlangeneko. UMongameli we-Ukraine kusukela mhlazi-20 kuMrhayili 2019 ngu-Volodymyr Zelenskyy, begodu uNdunakulu kusukela mhlana ali-17 kuNtaka 2025 ngu-Yulia Svyrydenko.

Inarha le ihlukaniswe yaba ziingcenye ezima-27 zokuphatha, ezima-24 zazo zii-oblasts, iriphabliki eyodwa ezijameleko (i-Crimea), kanye namadorobha amabili (i-Kyiv ne-Sevastopol) anesikhundla esikhethekileko. Inomngcele we-Belarus ngetlhagwini, i-Poland, i-Slovakia, ne-Hungary ngetjingalanga, i-Romania ne-Moldova ngesewula-ntjhingalanga, kanye ne-Russia ngepumalanga ne-northeast. Inomngcele we-Black ne-Azov Seas ngesewula nesewulapumalanga; ihlanganyela imingcele yelwandle ne-Romania eLwandle eliNzima kanye ne-Russia eLwandle oluMnyama ne-Azov.

Ingcenye yendawo ye-Ukraine ihlanganiswe yi-Russia engumakhelwana begodu, ngokuya komthetho we-Ukraine, yindawo ehlala isikhatjhana. Ekupheleni komnyaka ka-2022, i-Russia yathatha indawo engaba yi-18% ye-Ukraine.

Inengi lamakholwa ngamaKrestu we-Orthodox, kodwana kunamaProthestani weenkolo ezihlukahlukeneko, abasekeli bamaGirigi namaRoma, amaJuda, nama-Islam.

I-GDP yelizwe yango-2024, ebalwa ngokulingana kwamandla wokuthenga (i-PPP), bekuyi-$659 yamabhiliyoni ($19,770 ngehloko). I-GDP ebizwako ngo-2024 beyiyi-$190 yamabhiliyoni (ama-$5,710 ngehloko), ibekwe kokugcina e-Europe ngokuya nge-GDP ebizwa ngehloko. Imali yi-hryvnia (UAH).

Inarha le yamemezela ukuzijamela kwayo e-USSR, lapho i-Ukraine beyiyi-union republic kusukela ngoNobayeni wee-1922, mhlazi-24 kuRhoboyi wee-1991. Umbuso olandela i-Ukrainian People's Republic, umbuso olandela i-Ukrainian SSR, umbuso olandela i-USSR, umsunguli we-UN, CISGUEC, AMGUBS, kanye nezinye iinhlangano, isikhulu samazwe ngamazwe umuntu ofuna ukuba lilunga le-European Union. Ngokuya ngeemvumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zamanje, ithokozela ukufinyelela okulula e-Black Sea straits begodu yenza irhubhululo lezesayensi e-Antarctica.
Ibhuloho le-Mukuku

**Ibhuloho le-Mukuku** (elaziwa nangokuthi yi- *Tuta Bridge* ) libhuloho lomgwaqo e -Luapula Province, e-Zambia, elithwala umgwaqo we-Tuta / Serenje-Samfya ngaphetjheya komlambo i-Luapula kanye namaxhaphozi we-Bangweulu. Ibhuloho ngelinye lamade khulu e-Zambia, ubude balo buvamise ukubikwa ngamakhilomitha ama-3.5.  

**Umlando nokwakhiwa**

Ama-akhawundi wesimanjemanje nemithombo yendawo itjengisa bona ibhuloho laqedwa begodu lasetjenziswa ekuthomeni kwabo-1980; imithombo eminengi ibika bona isakhiwo sathunyelwa ngoRhoboyi wee-1983. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ukunikela ngendlela ethembekileko yokuwela i-Luapula kanye nokusekela ukuthuthwa kwesifunda nomsebenzi wezomnotho.
Khabi Vivian Mngoma

**U-Khabi Vivian Mngoma** (18 kuNobayeni 1922 – 21 kuNobayeni 1999) bekangumdlali we-tenor weSewula Afrika, umdlali wepiyano, umdosiphambili wekhwaya, begodu umuntu othoma ukufundisa umvumo wabantu abaNzima eSewula Afrika . Uchazwa ngokuthi "ngumuntu odume khulu emculweni begodu mthomisi wefundo yomvumo eSewula Afrika," godu ngubaba womvumi odumileko we-opera u-Sibongile Khumalo . 

## Ipilo yokuthoma nefundo
UKhabi Mngoma wabelethelwa e-Troyeville, e-Goli . Wakhulela endaweni enomvumo begodu wavela ebabelethini abanesiphiwo somvumo. Unina, u-Agnes Matutu Nyembe, bekatitjhere esikolweni kuthi uyise, u-David Zwelonke Mngoma, bekangumdlali we-maskandi onekghono lokudlala i-concertina.  Waya e-Salvation Army Primary School (1930-1939), i-St Peter's Secondary School (1940-1942), i-Kilnerton Institution (1943-1944), kanye ne-Adams College (1945-1946), lapho athola khona idiploma yakhe yotitjhere ngo-1946. 

UMngoma naye waragela phambili nemfundo yakhe yomvumo. Ngemva kokuthola iimfundo zepiyano nokuvuma ku-RC Ellis no-Simon Ngubane, waragela phambili no-Anny Lambrechts (ukuvuma), u-Milton Oersen (ipiyano), u-Joseph Spira (u-violin), no-Joseph Trauneck (ukuqhuba). Wathoma nokufunda i-B.Mus. idigri e- UNISA . U-Mngoma uzuze amadiploma we-UTLM, UPLM, LRSM (womdlali notitjhere). 

## Umsebenzi wokuthoma
U-Mngoma wathoma ukufundisa e-Wilberforce Institute ne-Orlando High School ngaphambi kobana abe mphathi we-Community Center we-Chiawelo Community Center e-Johannesburg ngo-1953. Ngo-1957 waphakanyiswa waba yi-Cultural Activities Officer we-Recreation and Community Services we-Municipal Non-white Affair Department. Lapha bekanesibopho sokuhlela nokwethula amakilasi womvumo, ukufundisa iinsimbi nephimbo eenkhungweni zomphakathi wabantu abanzima kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthokozela umvumo hlangana nemiphakathi yabantu abanzima e-Goli. 

U-Mngoma wasungula i-Orlando Music Society (1948), i-Moroka Township Music Appreciation Group (1954), i-Ionian Male Voice Choir ne-Ionian Mixed Choir (1960), kanye ne-Jubilee String Players (1959), lokhu kokugcina kwaba yi-Black string ensemble yokuthoma e-Goli. Wabuye wadosa phambili ukusungulwa kwe-Syndicate of African Artists.[1] Ngaleso sikhathi wadlala njengomculi wedwa ne-Durban Civic kanye ne-Johannesburg Symphony Orchestras.[1][2]

## Uburholi nomsebenzi kamuva
Ngo-1967, u-Mngoma wathola i-United States Leader Exchange Grant lapho akhamba khona e-US. Nakabuyako waba nguMnqophisi we-Union Artists e- Dorkay House .  Ngo-1975, wabekwa njengoMfundisi Omkhulu noMphathi weMnyango weMvumo osanda kusungulwa eYunivesithi ye-Zululand . Lapha uzokudlala indima eqakathekileko ekwandiseni ukufikelela kwefundo yomvumo ehlelekileko yabafundi abanzima beSewula Afrika. 

Kanye nendima yakhe emnyangweni, u-Mngoma waba nomthelela omkhulu eemfundweni zomvumo ezikhungiweko ngeminyaka yabo-1980, asebenza njengomengameli wokuthoma we-South African Music Educator's Society begodu wagadangisa iingcenye ezinengi emajenali womculo we-South Africa.[1] Wathatha umhlalaphasi ngo-1987 kodwana waragela phambili nokuthonya ifundo yomvumo eSewula Afrika.[2]
## Iikhomba
Mark Armstrong (YouTuber)

**U-Mat Armstrong** (wabelethwa mhlana ali-11 kuMgwengweni wee-1993) mhlali we-YouTube we-Britain nomsunguli wezinto eziphathelene neenkoloyi owaziwa ngamavidiyo wakhe wokuvuselela iinkoloyi nokwakha kabutjha.  Wathola ukuhlonitjhwa okukhulu ngokutlola ikambiso yokulungisa nokutjhugulula iinkoloyi ezilimeleko ezibizako nezisebenzako, odosa iingidigidi zababhalisile esiteshini sakhe se-YouTube . Okuqukethwe ngu-Armstrong kuhlanganisa amakghono wemitjhini, ukucoca iindaba, nokuzithabisa, okuthabisa abathandi beenkoloyi ephasini loke.  

## Ipilo yokuthoma kanye nesendlalelo
U-Mat Armstrong wabelethwa e- Leicester, e-England . Ngaphambi kobana abe msunguli wesikhathi esizeleko we-inthanethi, waragela phambili nomsebenzi we-BMX begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wasebenza emisebenzini ehlukahlukeneko, kufaka hlangana umsebenzi wemitjhini nokuphathwa kwemithombo yezokuthintana, okwasiza ukubumba ikareko yakhe ngeenkoloyi nokudala okumumethweko. 

U-Armstrong wethula isiteshi sakhe se-YouTube ngo-2013, ekuthomeni bekanezinto ezihlobene ne-BMX ngaphambi kobana atjhugulukele kumavidiyo weenkoloyi. Umnqopho wakhe watjhugulukela ekubuyiseleni iinkoloyi ezibizako ezilimeleko nezibhaliweko ezivela emabhrendi afana ne-Audi, i-Bentley, i-Lamborghini, i-Porsche, ne-Maserati. Uchungechunge lwakhe lokubuyisela oluthakazelisayo, oluvamise ukufaka hlangana iindlela zokulungisa eziyinkimbinkimbi namaphrojekthi amakhulu, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni kwakhe ku-inthanethi.

## Iinkomba
Thembi Nyandeni

**U-Thembi Nyandeni** (wabelethwa mhlana ali-19 kuNtaka 1958) mlingisi weSewula Afrika owaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe emafilimini, kumabonakude, kanye nethiyetha ngomsebenzi othathe amatjhumi weminyaka     

## Umsebenzi wokulingisa
U-Nyandeni usebenze kumabonakude, amafilimu, kanye nesiteji, afaka isandla kwezobuciko bemidlalo yeSewula Afrika ngeendima ezihlukahlukeneko. Ukudlala kwakhe kuvame ukutjengisa iindaba ezisekelwe emphakathini, ezikhambisana nesiko lenarha lokucoca iindaba elikhuluma ngomphakathi, ubunikazi, nokutjhuguluka.

Kanti waziwa njengengcenye yesizukulwana sabalingisi beSewula Afrika abasiza ukwakha nokugcina ibubulo lokuzithabisa lendawo ngesikhathi nangemva kwebandlululo. Umsebenzi wakhe utjengisa ukujamelana, ukuphila isikhathi eside, nokuzibophelela ekulandiseni iindaba.  

Kuthelevishini waziwa ngendima ezifana ne: 

* ***Isibaya***
* ***Zone 14***
* ***Uzalo***
* ***How to Ruin Christmas***
* ***Kwakhala Nyonini***

**Qala godu**

* Ibhayisikobho yeSewula Afrika
* Umabonakude weSewula Afrika
* Ithiyetha eSewula Afrika

## Ireferensi