Cephennium

***Cephennium*** er en slekt av små biller som nå blir regnet til familien kortvinger (Staphylinidae). De er rovdyr som har spesialisert seg på midd. Mange av artene kan ligne på små maur.

## Utseende
Knøttsmå til små biller (gjerne ca. 1,5 &nbsp;mm), som oftest forholdsvis slanke og blanke, nakne eller med oppstående hår. Denne gruppen kjennes vanligvis lett fra andre perlebiller på at pronotum er forholdsvis stort og bredt, vanligvis tydelig bredere enn dekkvingene. **Hodet** er lite og mer eller mindre rundt, og skilt fra brystet med en tydelig "hals". Fasettøynene er små og utstående med ganske få fasetter, noen arter mangler fasettøyne. Antennene er ganske lange og kraftige, trådformede eller svakt kølleformede, og består av 11 ledd. Palpene er ofte forholdsvis lange og kølleformede. Brystskjoldet (pronotum) er vanligvis omtrent så langt som bredt og mye smalere enn dekkvingene. Ofte har det en tverr-rekke av dype groper nær roten. **Dekkvingene** dekker vanligvis hele bakkroppen. De er ofte ovale på form og bredest omkring midten. Hos mange arter har de noen dype groper ved roten. **Beina** er forholdsvis lange med fortykkede lår, ellers slanke. Fremlåret er ofte kledt med "sugekopper" som hjelper dem holde fast på byttet. Føttene er fem-leddete.

## Levevis
Perlebillene er rovdyr som stort sett lever av midd, spesielt pansermidd (Oribatida). Disse har et meget hardt skall og perlebillene har organer på frambeina for å holde byttet fast, og munndeler som passer til å borre eller sage seg gjennom middenes skall. Billene er ganske vanlige på litt fuktige steder, som i løvstrø, under steiner og i råtten, død ved. En god del arter lever i maur- eller termitt-tuer.

## Fossile arter
På grunn av sin beskjedne kroppsstørrelse blir disse billene lett bevart i rav. Det er derfor kjent relativt mange fossile arter i denne gruppen, og gruppens evolusjonære historie er bedre dokumentert enn de fleste andre biller.

## Systematisk inndeling

* Ordenen biller, **Coleoptera**
** Underordenen Polyphaga
*** Overfamilien åtsel- og rovbiller, **[[Staphylinoidea]]**
**** Familien kortvinger, Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802
***** Underfamilien **[[perlebiller]], [[Scydmaeninae]]** Leach, 1815
****** Gruppe Cephenniitae Reitter, 1882
******* Stammen **[[Cephenniini]]** Reitter, 1882
******** Slekten ***Cephennium*** Müller & Kunze, 1822 - ca. 170 arter
********* Underslekten *[[Cephennarium]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium apicale]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium aubei]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium carrarae]]* Reitter, 1885
********** *[[Cephennium insulare]]* Holdhaus, 1905
********** *[[Cephennium nobile]]* Holdhaus, 1905
********** *[[Cephennium sardoum]]* Reitter, 1884
********** *[[Cephennium tarsale]]* Holdhaus, 1905
********* Underslekten *Cephennium* (i snever forstand)
********** *[[Cephennium albericum]]* Croissandeau, 1894
********** *[[Cephennium angelinii]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium argodi]]* Croissandeau, 1891
********** *[[Cephennium assingi]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium australe]]* Wollaston, 1867
********** *[[Cephennium bosnicum]]* Ganglbauer, 1899
********** *[[Cephennium brachati]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium carnicum]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium carpathicum]]* Saulcy, 1878
********** *[[Cephennium cauchoisi]]* Orousset, 2017
********** *[[Cephennium cribrum]]* Croissandeau, 1891
********** *[[Cephennium crinitum]]* Blattný & Blattný, 1914
********** *[[Cephennium dalmatinum]]*  Machulka, 1932
********** *[[Cephennium dariae]]* Lazorko, 1962
********** *[[Cephennium debusschei]]* Orousset, 2018
********** *[[Cephennium delicatulum]]* Reitter, 1880
********** *[[Cephennium delicatum]]* Reitter, 1885
********** *[[Cephennium difficile]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium dilatatum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium doderoi]]* Binaghi, 1942
********** *[[Cephennium faillai]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium fairchildi]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium fairmairei]]* Jakobson, 1910
********** *[[Cephennium fallax]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium fraterculum]]* Besuchet, 1971
********** *[[Cephennium gallicum]]* Ganglbauer, 1899
********** *[[Cephennium helveticum]]*  Machulka, 1930
********** *[[Cephennium horni]]*  Machulka, 1933
********** *[[Cephennium hungaricum]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium irenae]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium istriense]]*  Machulka, 1932
********** *[[Cephennium italicum]]*  Machulka, 1930
********** *[[Cephennium ivanicum]]* Reitter, 1913
********** *[[Cephennium ivanjicense]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium jureceki]]*  Machulka, 1930
********** *[[Cephennium kiesenwetteri]]* Aubé, 1853
********** *[[Cephennium kulzeri]]* Lazorko, 1962
********** *[[Cephennium lantosquense]]* Croissandeau, 1891
********** *[[Cephennium laticolle]]* (Aubé, 1842)
********** *[[Cephennium lavagnei]]* Normand, 1916
********** *[[Cephennium lefebvrei]]* Orousset, 2017
********** *[[Cephennium leonhardi]]* Rambousek, 1909
********** *[[Cephennium lessinicum]]* Meybohm & Zanetti, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium machulkai]]* Besuchet, 1971
********** *[[Cephennium majus]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium maritimum]]* Reitter, 1885
********** *[[Cephennium matronulum]]* Reitter, 1918
********** *[[Cephennium merditanum]]* Apfelbeck, 1907
********** *[[Cephennium mlejneki]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium montanum]]* Reitter, 1885
********** *[[Cephennium montenegrinum]]* Reitter, 1881
********** *[[Cephennium mycetaeoides]]* Wollaston, 1871
********** *[[Cephennium nicaense]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium olympicum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium paganettii]]* Besuchet, 1971
********** *[[Cephennium pellucidum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium perispinctum]]* (Kolenati, 1846)
********** *[[Cephennium reissi]]*  Machulka, 1933
********** *[[Cephennium remisianum]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium rossii]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium ruthenum]]* Machulka, 1925
********** *[[Cephennium sarajevense]]* Machulka, 1932
********** *[[Cephennium serbicum]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium settei]]* Meybohm & Zanetti, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium simile]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium sladjanae]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium slovenicum]]* Machulka, 1931
********** *[[Cephennium stolzi]]* Machulka, 1932
********** *[[Cephennium tauricum]]* Winkler, 1913
********** *[[Cephennium thoracicum]]* (Müller & Kunze, 1822)
********** *[[Cephennium tirolense]]* Machulka, 1930
********** *[[Cephennium trebinjense]]* Machulka, 1932
********** *[[Cephennium tronqueti]]* Orousset, 2017
********** *[[Cephennium vespertilio]]* Kurbatov, 2006
********** *[[Cephennium viti]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium vitoshae]]* Stevanović, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium zoiai]]* Castellini, 2011
********* Underslekten *[[Geodytes]]* Saulcy, 1864
********** *[[Cephennium abeillei]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium alliberti]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium andreinii]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium apuanum]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium atomarium]]* Saulcy, 1870
********** *[[Cephennium betisi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium boissyi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium bonadonai]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium bossongi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium bugnioni]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium caecum]]* (Saulcy, 1864)
********** *[[Cephennium cailloli]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium catalonicum]]* Dodero, 1918
********** *[[Cephennium chobauti]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium clairi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium coiffaiti]]* Orousset, 2018
********** *[[Cephennium colasi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium condrillieri]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium devillei]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium doderianum]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium dogueti]]* Orousset, 2018
********** *[[Cephennium doublieri]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium fagniezi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium fonscolombei]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium gladiator]]* Jałoszynski & Struyve, 2016
********** *[[Cephennium guillebeaui]]* Xambeu, 1897
********** *[[Cephennium guignoti]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium hervei]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium honnorati]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium hypogaeum]]* Normand, 1906
********** *[[Cephennium jauberti]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium koziorowiczi]]* Orousset, 2006
********** *[[Cephennium laneyriei]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium lavezzianum]]* Orousset, 2007
********** *[[Cephennium lipadusae]]* Castellini, 2006
********** *[[Cephennium minimum]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium minutissimum]]* (Aubé, 1842)
********** *[[Cephennium ochsi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium omessanum]]* Bettinger, 1939
********** *[[Cephennium peragalloi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium peyerimhoffi]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium poneli]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium pueli]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium rasna]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium raymondi]]* Orousset, 2006
********** *[[Cephennium revelieri]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium roberti]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium romanum]]* Blattný & Blattný, 1914
********** *[[Cephennium roubali]]* Machulka, 1929
********** *[[Cephennium siettii]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium solieri]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium struyvei]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium tholini]]* Orousset, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium veyreti]]* Orousset, 2019
********* Underslekten *[[Macroderus]]* Croissandeau, 1894
********** *[[Cephennium divergens]]* Reitter, 1884
********* Underslekten *[[Neocephennium]]* Apfelbeck, 1911
********** *[[Cephennium bekchievi]]* Stevanović, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium cyclonotum]]* Holdhaus, 1924
********** *[[Cephennium fovangulum]]* Reitter, 1880
********** *[[Cephennium fulvum]]* Schaum, 1859
********** *[[Cephennium ganglbaueri]]* Apfelbeck, 1907
********** *[[Cephennium hlavaci]]* Stevanović, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium holdhausi]]* Apfelbeck, 1911
********** *[[Cephennium jablanicense]]* Reitter, 1918
********** *[[Cephennium nanulum]]* Ganglbauer, 1899
********** *[[Cephennium punctatum]]* Meybohm & Zanetti, 2014
********** *[[Cephennium punctithorax]]* Reitter, 1887
********** *[[Cephennium regale]]* Holdhaus, 1908
********** *[[Cephennium rubidum]]* Stevanović, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium saulcyi]]* Reitter, 1880
********** *[[Cephennium weingaertneri]]* Reitter, 1916
********** *[[Cephennium wunderlei]]* Stevanović, 2011
********* Underslekten *[[Phennecium]]* Normand, 1912
********** *[[Cephennium aciferum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium asturicum]]* Reitter, 1880
********** *[[Cephennium bicolor]]* Saulcy, 1870
********** *[[Cephennium caucasicum]]* Saulcy, 1878
********** *[[Cephennium decipiens]]* Normand, 1916
********** *[[Cephennium galitense]]* Besuchet, 1982
********** *[[Cephennium garganicum]]* Pace, 1977
********** *[[Cephennium granulum]]* Reitter, 1885
********** *[[Cephennium grouvellei]]* Croissandeau, 1891
********** *[[Cephennium hipponense]]* Normand, 1941
********** *[[Cephennium ibericum]]* Croissandeau, 1891
********** *[[Cephennium jonicum]]* Holdhaus, 1908
********** *[[Cephennium judaeum]]* Reitter, 1882
********** *[[Cephennium lesinae]]* Reitter, 1881
********** *[[Cephennium liliputanum]]* Reitter, 1881
********** *[[Cephennium linguatum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium lostiae]]* Dodero, 1887
********** *[[Cephennium metasternale]]* Normand, 1909
********** *[[Cephennium puncticolle]]* Reitter, 1885
********** *[[Cephennium punicum]]* Normand, 1912
********** *[[Cephennium pygmaeum]]* Saulcy, 1870
********** *[[Cephennium rugatulum]]* Normand, 1912
********** *[[Cephennium sagittatum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium scabrum]]* Normand, 1912
********** *[[Cephennium senectum]]* Normand, 1932
********** *[[Cephennium siculum]]* Reitter, 1913
********** *[[Cephennium solarii]]* Besuchet, 1958
********** *[[Cephennium theryanum]]* Reitter, 1890
********* Ikke plassert til underslekt:
********** *[[Cephennium aequale]]* Wollaston, 1867
********** *[[Cephennium anophthalmicum]]* Brendel, 1889
********** *[[Cephennium arcuatum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium aridum]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium canestroi]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium catax]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium celsifrons]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium chanianum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium chirgisianum]]*  Jałoszynski & Stevanović, 2015
********** *[[Cephennium cornutum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium corruptum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium curvatum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium dramanum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium felicitas]]* Scott, 1922
********** *[[Cephennium fibuliferum]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium fortespinosum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium gilberti]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium grandarboreum]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium hamulatum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium idanum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium latius]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium lusitanum]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium mariposae]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium meybohmi]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium ovatum]]* (Nietner, 1856)
********** *[[Cephennium portomosense]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium roubali]]*  Machulka, 1929
********** *[[Cephennium roubalianum]]*  Machulka, 1938
********** *[[Cephennium samothracicum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium scutulatum]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium selenanum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium selinonum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium silvai]]* Castellini, 2011
********** *[[Cephennium sinuosum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium thripticum]]* Assing, 2019
********** *[[Cephennium urbanum]]* Hopp & Caterino, 2009
********** *[[Cephennium vellicans]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021
********** *[[Cephennium vitsiense]]* Assing & Meybohm, 2021

## Referanser




## Eksterne lenker
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