Psammodes

***Psammodes*** er en slekt av biller der de fleste av artene er knyttet til tørre miljøer.

## Utseende
Store, brede og høyt hvelvede, ofte matt svarte skyggebiller. Antennene er trådformede og forholdsvis korte. Pronotum og dekkvinger er rundet hver for seg, dekkvingene er høyt hvelvede uten punktstriper, gjerne med lit læraktig overflate. Artene mangler flygevinger. Slekten omfatter noen av de største artene i den store familien skyggebiller.

## Levevis
Nesten alle artene er nattaktive. Kroppsoverflaten viser noen tilpasninger til å ta opp fuktighet fra omgivelsene. Larvene til noen arter kan gjøre noe skade på dyrkede planter.

## Utbredelse
Artene lever i tørre områder i det sørlige Afrika.

## Systematisk inndeling
Artslisten følger . De fleste av artene er nå overført til slekten *[[Mariazofia]]* Kamiński, 2022.

* Ordenen biller, Coleoptera
** Underordenen Polyphaga
*** Gruppen (infraorden) Cucujiformia
**** Overfamilien heteromerer, Tenebrionoidea Latreille, 1802
***** Familien **[[skyggebiller]]**, Tenebrionidae Latreille, 1802
****** Underfamilien **[[Pimeliinae]]** 
******* Stammen **[[Sepidiini]]** Eschscholtz, 1829
******** Understammen Molurina Solier, 1834
********* Slekten ***Psammodes*** Kirby, 1819
********** Arter fortsatt beholdt i slekten:
*********** *[[Psammodes longicornis]]* (Kirby, 1819)[3]
*********** *[[Psammodes probes]]* (Péringuey, 1899)[4]
*********** *[[Psammodes sklodowskae]]* Kamiński & Gearner, 2022
********* Arter flyttet til slekten *[[Mariazofia]]*:
********** *[[Psammodes algoensis]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes asperulipennis]]* Fairmaire, 1888
********** *[[Psammodes atratus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes barbatus]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes basuto]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes batesi]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes bennigseni]]* Kraatz, 1897
********** *[[Psammodes blapsoides]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes brunneus]]* (Olivier, 1795) 
********** *[[Psammodes brunnipes]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes caelatus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes caffra]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes caraboides]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes carinatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes clarus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1873
********** *[[Psammodes collaris]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes coloratus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes comatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes comptus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes convexus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes coriaceus]]* (Gerstaecker, 1854)
********** *[[Psammodes costalis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes dejeani]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes depressicollis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes devexus]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes diabolicus]]* Koch, 1952
********** *[[Psammodes difficilis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes dilutus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes dimidiatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes discrepans]]* Péringuey, 1904
********** *[[Psammodes dohrni]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes eberlanzi]]* Koch, 1952
********** *[[Psammodes egregius]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes ethologus]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes expletus]]* Quedenfeldt, 1885
********** *[[Psammodes fartus]]* Péringuey, 1904
********** *[[Psammodes ferrugineus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes flagrans]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes fragilis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes fritschi]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes funestus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes gariesus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes gerstaeckeri]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes gibbus]]* (Linnaeus, 1760)
********** *[[Psammodes glaber]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes glabratus]]* Harold, 1878
********** *[[Psammodes grandis]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes granulatus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes granulifer]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes guillarmodi]]* Koch, 1952
********** *[[Psammodes haagi]]* Gebien, 1910
********** *[[Psammodes herculeanus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes hirtipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes hirtipes]]* (Laporte, 1840)
********** *[[Psammodes hirtus]]* (Bertoloni, 1849)
********** *[[Psammodes herero]]* Péringuey, 1908
********** *[[Psammodes hottentottus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes incongruens]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes infernalis]]* Harold, 1878
********** *[[Psammodes intermedius]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes janitor]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes kamagasus]]* Péringuey, 1908
********** *[[Psammodes kirschi]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes kubub]]* Péringuey, 1908
********** *[[Psammodes kuisip]]* Péringuey, 1908
********** *[[Psammodes laevicollis]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes lanuginosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes lethargicus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes longipes]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes lucidus]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes mashunus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes memnonius]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes mimipinguis]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes moschleri]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1875
********** *[[Psammodes muata]]* Harold, 1878
********** *[[Psammodes mulleri]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes nigrisaxicola]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes nitens]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes nitidicollis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes nitidipennis]]* (Fairmaire, 1897)
********** *[[Psammodes nitidissimus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes obsulcatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes ovatus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes ovipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes perfidus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes piceus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes pilifer]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes pilosellus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1875
********** *[[Psammodes pilosipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes pilosus]]* (Thunberg, 1787)
********** *[[Psammodes pinguis]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes placidus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes plicatus]]* (Solier, 1844)
********** *[[Psammodes plicipennis]]* Gemminger, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes ponderosus]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes procerus]]* (Fåhraeus, 1870)
********** *[[Psammodes procustes]]* (Westwood, 1875)
********** *[[Psammodes productus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes profanus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes propinquus]]* Quedenfeldt, 1885
********** *[[Psammodes protensus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes pubescens]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes pustulifer]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes quadricostatus]]* (Fåhraeus, 1870)
********** *[[Psammodes raucus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1875
********** *[[Psammodes refleximargo]]* (Gebien, 1920)
********** *[[Psammodes retrospinosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes rotundicollis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes rufofasciatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes rufonervosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes rufostriatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1875
********** *[[Psammodes rugulosipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes rugulosus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes rusticus]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes scaber]]* (Fabricius, 1775)
********** *[[Psammodes scabratus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes scabriusculus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes schultzei]]* Péringuey, 1908
********** *[[Psammodes segnis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes sellatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1875
********** *[[Psammodes semipilosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes semivillosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes setipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes solitarius]]* Péringuey, 1899
********** *[[Psammodes spiculosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes spinosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes splendens]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes steinhelli]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1878
********** *[[Psammodes striatopilosus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes subaeneus]]* Harold, 1878
********** *[[Psammodes subcostatus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes subgranulatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes tenuipes]]* (Fåhraeus, 1870)
********** *[[Psammodes timarchoides]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes togatus]]* Koch, 1953
********** *[[Psammodes tomentosus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes trachysceloides]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes transvaalensis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1875
********** *[[Psammodes tricostatus]]* (Fåhraeus, 1870)
********** *[[Psammodes tristis]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes tuberculipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes tumidipennis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes undulatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes uniformis]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes validus]]* Kratz, 1897
********** *[[Psammodes velutinus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes ventricosus]]* Fåhraeus, 1870
********** *[[Psammodes vialis]]* (Burchell, 1822) 
********** *[[Psammodes villosostriatus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes villosulus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes vittatus]]* (Solier, 1843)
********** *[[Psammodes volvulus]]* Haag-Rutenberg, 1871
********** *[[Psammodes zschokkei]]* Koch, 1953

## Referanser




## Eksterne lenker
*