Aphthona

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***Aphthona*** er en slekt med biller som tilhører familiegruppen bladbiller (Chrysomelidae).  

## Utseende
*Aphthona* er små biller, vanligvis under 5&nbsp;mm lange. De har ofte en metallisk glans i bronse, blått eller grønt. Men de kan også være lyse, og uten metall glans. Kroppen er litt langsmal, oval som bladbillene ofte er. Baklåret er tykkere enn de andre lårene. Mange av artene er svært like hverandre og sikker artsbestemmelse kan bare skje ved undersøkelse av genitaliene.

## Levevis
Både larvene og de voksne (imago) billene lever av å spise blad på næringsplanten. 

*Aphthona* tilhører gruppen av insekter med fullstendig forvandling (holometabole insekter), som gjennomgår  en metamorfose i løpet av utviklingen. Larvene er radikalt forskjellige fra de  voksne i levevis og i kroppsbygning. Mellom larvestadiet og det voksne stadiet er et puppestadie, en hvileperiode, der billens indre og ytre organer endres.

## Systematisk inndeling med europeiske arter
Oversikten har med europeiske arter.

* orden **[[biller]]** (Coleoptera)
** underorden **[[Polyphaga]]**
*** overfamilie **[[Chrysomeloidea]]** Latreille, 1802 (=Phytophaga) 
**** familien  bladbiller (Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802) 
***** underfamilien jordlopper, Alticinae Newman, 1834
****** slekten ***Aphthona*** Chevrolat, 1837 – seks arter i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona abdominalis]]* (Duftschmid 1825)
******* *[[Aphthona aeneomicans]]* Allard 1875
******* *[[Aphthona albertinae]]* Allard 1866
******* *[[Aphthona alcina]]* Leonardi 1975 	
******* *[[Aphthona atrocaerulea]]* (Stephens 1831) – finnes i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona atrovirens]]* (Forster 1849)
******* *[[Aphthona beckeri]]* Jacobson 1895
******* *[[Aphthona biokovensis]]* Penecke 1907
******* *[[Aphthona bonvouloiri]]* Allard 1860
******* *[[Aphthona carbonaria]]* Rosenhauer 1856
******* *[[Aphthona constantini]]* Doguet & Petitpierre 1986
******* *[[Aphthona convexior]]* Har. Lindberg 1950
******* *[[Aphthona crassipes]]* (Wollaston 1860)
******* *[[Aphthona cyparissiae]]* (Koch 1803)
******* *[[Aphthona czwalinae]]* Weise 1888
******* *[[Aphthona delicatula]]* Foudras 1860
******* *[[Aphthona depressa]]* Allard 1859
******* *[[Aphthona erichsoni]]* (Zetterstedt 1838) – finnes i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona espagnoli]]* Kral 1965
******* *[[Aphthona euphorbiae]]* (Schrank 1781) – finnes i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona flava]]* Guillebeau 1894
******* *[[Aphthona flaviceps]]* Allard 1859
******* *[[Aphthona franzi]]* Heikertinger 1944
******* *[[Aphthona fuentei]]* Reitter 1901
******* *[[Aphthona gomerensis]]* (Gruev & Petitpierre 1979)
******* *[[Aphthona gracilis]]* Faldermann 1837
******* *[[Aphthona gruszkorum]]* Warchalowski 1974
******* *[[Aphthona herbigrada]]* (Curtis 1837)
******* *[[Aphthona illigeri]]* Bedel 1898
******* *[[Aphthona juliana]]* Springer 1953
******* *[[Aphthona kuntzei]]* Roubal 1931
******* *[[Aphthona lacertosa]]* (Rosenhauer 1847)
******* *[[Aphthona lutescens]]* (Gyllenhal 1808) – finnes i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona maculata]]* Allard 1876
******* *[[Aphthona maldesi]]* Doguet & Petitpierre 1986
******* *[[Aphthona melancholica]]* Weise 1888
******* *[[Aphthona moralesi]]* Madar & Madar 1965
******* *[[Aphthona nigriceps]]* (Redtenbacher 1842)
******* *[[Aphthona nigriscutis]]* Foudras 1860
******* *[[Aphthona nonstriata]]* Goeze 1777 – finnes i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona occidentalis]]* Har. Lindberg 1950
******* *[[Aphthona occitana]]* Doguet 1988
******* *[[Aphthona ovata]]* Foudras 1860
******* *[[Aphthona paivana]]* (Wollaston 1860)
******* *[[Aphthona pallida]]* (Bach 1856) – finnes i Norge
******* *[[Aphthona parnassicola]]* Heikertinger 1944
******* *[[Aphthona perrisi]]* Allard 1869
******* *[[Aphthona placida]]* (Kutschera 1864)
******* *[[Aphthona plenifrons]]* (Wollaston 1864)
******* *[[Aphthona puncticollis]]* Allard 1866
******* *[[Aphthona punctiventris]]* Mulsant & Rey 1874
******* *[[Aphthona pygmaea]]* (Kutschera 1861)
******* *[[Aphthona rhodinensis]]* Heikertinger 1944
******* *[[Aphthona sandrae]]* Baselga & Novoa 2002
******* *[[Aphthona sardea]]* Allard 1866
******* *[[Aphthona sarmatica]]* Ogloblin 1928
******* *[[Aphthona semicyanea]]* Allard 1859
******* *[[Aphthona stussineri]]* Weise 1888
******* *[[Aphthona subovata]]* Allard 1859
******* *[[Aphthona tristis]]* Har. Lindberg 1950
******* *[[Aphthona valachica]]* Heikertinger 1944
******* *[[Aphthona variolosa]]* Foudras 1860
******* *[[Aphthona venustula]]* (Kutschera 1861)
******* *[[Aphthona violacea]]* (Koch 1803)
******* *[[Aphthona wachnitzae]]* (Madar & Madar 1968)
******* *[[Aphthona wagneri]]* Heikertinger 1909
******* *[[Aphthona wollastoni]]* Har. Lindberg 1950
****** utvalgte ikke-europeiske arter:
******* *[[Aphthona alanyensis]]* Fritzlar, 2004
******* *[[Aphthona almorensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona andrewesi]]* Jacoby, 1896
******* *[[Aphthona asirica]]* Doguet, 1979
******* *[[Aphthona babai]]* Kimoto, 2000
******* *[[Aphthona basantapurica]]* Kimoto, 2001
******* *[[Aphthona bengalica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona bergeali]]* Fritzlar, 2001
******* *[[Aphthona bergealoides]]* Fritzlar, 2004
******* *[[Aphthona bilyi]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona brancuccii]]* Medvedev, 1997
******* *[[Aphthona brunnea]]* (Medvedev, 1984)
******* *[[Aphthona cangshanensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona chalchica]]* Medvedev, 1980
******* *[[Aphthona chekanovskii]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona chiangmaiensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona chrozophorae]]* (Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003)
******* *[[Aphthona clara]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona claripes]]* Rapilly, 1978
******* *[[Aphthona crassicornis]]* Lopatin, 1990
******* *[[Aphthona cryptomorpha]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona dalatensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona delicatula]]* Foudras, 1860
******* *[[Aphthona dhrubi]]* Konstantinov & Sprecher-Uebersax, 2005
******* *[[Aphthona dhunche]]* Konstantinov & Sprecher-Uebersax, 2005
******* *[[Aphthona dobangensis]]* Kimoto, 2001
******* *[[Aphthona dongchuanica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona flavicollis]]* Wang, 1992
******* *[[Aphthona furthi]]* Medvedev, 1997
******* *[[Aphthona fuscothailandensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona glebi]]* Konstantinov, 2006
******* *[[Aphthona glochidionae]]* (Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003)
******* *[[Aphthona gracilipes]]* Ogloblin, 1926
******* *[[Aphthona gressitti]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona gruevi]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona guamensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona habashanica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona hauseri]]* Heikertinger, 1911
******* *[[Aphthona heveli]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona himalayana]]* Medvedev & Sprecher-Uebersax, 1997
******* *[[Aphthona hissarica]]* Lopatin, 1975
******* *[[Aphthona indica]]* Jacoby, 1900
******* *[[Aphthona interstitialis]]* Weise, 1887
******* *[[Aphthona jordanica]]* Mohr, 1962
******* *[[Aphthona kashmirensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona kaszabi]]* Kral, 1967
******* *[[Aphthona konstantinovi]]* Lopatin in Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona kubani]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona kurosawai]]* Ohno, 1962
******* *[[Aphthona lantangi]]* Konstantinov & Sprecher-Uebersax, 2005
******* *[[Aphthona lopatini]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona lubischevi]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona luzonica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona macarangae]]* (Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003)
******* *[[Aphthona maghrebina]]* Bergeal & Doguet, 1989
******* *[[Aphthona malaisei]]* Bryant, 1939
******* *[[Aphthona mallotae]]* (Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003)
******* *[[Aphthona marataka]]* Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003
******* *[[Aphthona mariki]]* Konstantinov & Sprecher-Uebersax, 2005
******* *[[Aphthona martensi]]* (Medvedev, 1990)
******* *[[Aphthona merkli]]* Gruev, 1994
******* *[[Aphthona mimica]]* Medvedev, 1997
******* *[[Aphthona mohri]]* Warchalowski, 1973
******* *[[Aphthona mude]]* Konstantinov & Sprecher-Uebersax, 2005
******* *[[Aphthona nandiensis]]* Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003
******* *[[Aphthona neoerythropoda]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona nepalensis]]* Medvedev, 1984
******* *[[Aphthona okinawaensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona olegi]]* Konstantinov, 2006
******* *[[Aphthona omeishanica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona ovatipennis]]* Medvedev, 1992
******* *[[Aphthona ovatoidea]]* Gruev, 1981
******* *[[Aphthona pallida]]* Bach, 1856
******* *[[Aphthona paropaca]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona pelmoides]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona phalchoki]]* Konstantinov & Sprecher-Uebersax, 2005
******* *[[Aphthona phyllanthae]]* (Prathapan & Konstantinov, 2003)
******* *[[Aphthona postmaculata]]* Medvedev, 1993
******* *[[Aphthona potanini]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona przhevalskii]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona pseudocrypta]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona rawalpindica]]* Lopatin in Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona rufothoracica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona russica]]* Konstantinov, Volkovitsh & Cristofaro, 2001
******* *[[Aphthona schereri]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona semivaripes]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona siamica]]* Kimoto, 2000
******* *[[Aphthona simlaensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona singalilaensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona sinuatipennis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona spenceri]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona steineri]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona taiwana]]* Takizawa, 1979
******* *[[Aphthona tamdaoensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona tamila]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona taniae]]* Konstantinov, 2006
******* *[[Aphthona tenasserimae]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona thailandensis]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona warchalowskii]]* Fritzlar, 2001
******* *[[Aphthona weiseana]]* Konstantinov, 1998
******* *[[Aphthona wittmeri]]* Doguet, 1979
******* *[[Aphthona yunnanica]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002
******* *[[Aphthona yunnomontana]]* Konstantinov & Lingafelter, 2002

## Referanser


## Litteratur
* Lindroth, C.H. 1993. *Våra skalbaggar och hur man kãnner igen dem* (opptrykk av opprinnelig tre hefter (1942-1945. Bonnier forlag.) Fãltbiologerna. ca. 240 sider. ISBN 91-85094-722

## Eksterne lenker
* 
* ''Aphthona'' - Fauna Europaea
* Norsk Entomologisk forening