Timarcha

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***Timarcha*** er en slekt av biller i delgruppen (underfamilien) **[[Chrysomelinae]]**.

## Utseende
Forholdsvis store og kraftige, brede og høyt hvelvede, halvblanke, svarte bladbiller, kan ha avdempet metallglans.

## Levevis
*Timarcha*-artene er store og tunge biller med tykt skall, De har reduserte flygevinger, kan ikke fly, og er generelt trege. De kan dermed ikke lett unnslippe rovdyr, men forsvarer seg delvis med sitt tykke, harde skall og delvis ved å skille ut giftig blod om de blir alvorlig truet. Dette danner påfallende, røde dråper og har gitt billene det engelske navnet "bloody-nose beetles". Artene lever på bakken i tørre, varme områder, for eksempel maquis. Billene er hovedsklaig nattaktive.

## Utbredelse
Slekten er utbredt i Nord-Afrika, Sør- og Sentral.Europa, Midtøsten og Asia. På grunn av billenes begrensede mobilitet har det utviklet seg svært mange lokale arter i denne slekten . Dessuten finnes det noen få arter på vestkysten av Nord-Amerika.

## Systematisk inndeling

Det er sannsynlig at en del av de navngitte formene bare er fargevarianter .

* orden **[[biller]]** (Coleoptera)
** underorden **[[Polyphaga]]**
*** overfamilie **[[Chrysomeloidea]]** Latreille, 1802 (=Phytophaga) 
**** familien  bladbiller (Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802) 
***** underfamilien **Bladbiller**, Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802
****** stammen Timarchini
******* slekten ***Timarcha*** Latreille, 1829
******** Underslekten *Americanotimarcha* Jolivet, 1948 - noen ganger regnet som en egen slekt, to arter i vestlige Nord-Amerika
********* *[[Timarcha cerdo]]* Stål, 1863
********** *[[Timarcha cerdo cerdo]]* Stål, 1863
********** *[[Timarcha cerdo leechi]]* Jolivet, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha intricata]]* Haldeman, 1853
********** *[[Timarcha intricata intricata]]* Haldeman, 1853
********** *[[Timarcha intricata vandykei]]* Jolivet, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha intricata viridis]]* Jolivet, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha intricata yvettae]]* Jolivet, 1948
******** Underslekten *Metallotimarcha* Motschulsky, 1860
********* *[[Timarcha corinthia]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha corinthia albanica]]* Apfelbeck, 1912
********** *[[Timarcha corinthia corinthia]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha gibba]]* (Hagenbach, 1825)
********* *[[Timarcha hummelii]]* Faldermann, 1837
********** *[[Timarcha hummelii humellii]]* Faldermann, 1837
********** *[[Timarcha hummelii starcki]]* Bechyné, 1953
********* *[[Timarcha metallica]]* Laicharting, 1781
******** Underslekten *Timarcha* (i snever forstand)
********* *[[Timarcha apricaria]]* Waltl, 1835
********* *[[Timarcha apuana]]* Daccordi & Ruffo, 1990
********* *[[Timarcha aurichalcea]]* Bechyné, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha balearica]]* Gory, 1829
********* *[[Timarcha calceata]]* Perez, 1865
********* *[[Timarcha chalcosoma]]* Fairmaire, 1868
********* *[[Timarcha coarcticollis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha coarcticollis coarcticollis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha coarcticollis paulinoi]]* Kraatz, 1879
********* *[[Timarcha erosa]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha erosa erosa]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha erosa vermiculata]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********* *[[Timarcha espanoli]]* Bechyné, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha fallax]]* Perez, 1865
********** *[[Timarcha fallax fallax]]* Perez, 1865
********** *[[Timarcha fallax piochardi]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha fallax sagrensis]]* Kuntzen, 1911
********** *[[Timarcha fallax tortosensis]]* Bechyné, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha granadensis]]* Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha granadensis dislocata]]* Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha granadensis granadensis]]* Bechyné, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha gravis]]* Rosenhauer, 1856
********* *[[Timarcha guipuzcoana]]* Bechyné
********* *[[Timarcha heydeni]]* Weise, 1882
********* *[[Timarcha hispanica]]* Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838
********** *[[Timarcha hispanica hispanica]]* Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838
********** *[[Timarcha hispanica laevisterna]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********** *[[Timarcha hispanica rugipennis]]* Perez, 1865
********** *[[Timarcha hispanica sobrina]]* Fairmaire, 1884
********** *[[Timarcha hispanica transversicollis]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********* *[[Timarcha insparsa]]* Rosenhauer, 1856
********* *[[Timarcha intermedia]]* Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838
********* *[[Timarcha kiesenwetteri]]* Kraatz, 1879
********* *[[Timarcha marginicollis]]* Rosenhauer, 1856
********* *[[Timarcha melica]]* Bechyné, 1947
********* *[[Timarcha nicaeensis]]* Villa, 1853
********** *[[Timarcha nicaeensis italica]]* Herrich-Schäffer, 1838
********** *[[Timarcha nicaeensis nicaeensis]]* Villa, 1853
********** *[[Timarcha nicaeensis sontiaca]]* Müller, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha parvicollis]]* Rosenhauer, 1856
********** *[[Timarcha parvicollis elocata]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha parvicollis nitendula]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha parvicollis parvicollis]]* Rosenhauer, 1856
********* *[[Timarcha pimelioides]]* Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838
********* *[[Timarcha rugulosa]]* Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838
********** *[[Timarcha rugulosa globata]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha rugulosa lomnickii]]* Miller, 1867
********** *[[Timarcha rugulosa rugulosa]]* Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838
********** *[[Timarcha rugulosa sinaiana]]* Bechyné, 1947
********** *[[Timarcha rugulosa stichai]]* Bechyné, 1947
********* *[[Timarcha seidlitzi]]* Kraatz, 1879
********* *[[Timarcha strophium]]* Weise, 1888
********* *[[Timarcha tenebricosa]]* (Fabricius, 1775)
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa anglica]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa angusticollis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa bulgarica]]*
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa heyrowskyi]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa moravica]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa motschulskyi]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa normandiana]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa pauperata]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa submontana]]* Bechyné, 1945
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa tenebricosa]]* (Fabricius, 1775)
********** *[[Timarcha tenebricosa transgrediens]]* Bechyné, 1948
********* *[[Timarcha tenuicornis]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********* *[[Timarcha validicornis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha validicornis camoensii]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha validicornis validicornis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** Underslekten *Timarchostoma* Motschulsky, 1860
********* *[[Timarcha affinis]]* Laboissiere, 1939
********* *[[Timarcha aragonica]]* Balbi, 1892
********** *[[Timarcha aragonica aragonica]]* Balbi, 1892
********** *[[Timarcha aragonica spectacula]]* Bechyné, 1962
********* *[[Timarcha asturiensis]]* Kraatz, 1879
********** *[[Timarcha asturiensis asturiensis]]* Kraatz, 1879
********** *[[Timarcha asturiensis convexifrons]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********* *[[Timarcha catalaunensis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha catalaunensis belchitensis]]* Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha catalaunensis catalaunensis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha chloropus]]* (Germar, 1824)
********** *[[Timarcha chloropus chloropus]]* (Germar, 1824)
********** *[[Timarcha chloropus semilaevis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha cornuta]]* Bechyné, 1944
********* *[[Timarcha cyanescens]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********** *[[Timarcha cyanescens aequata]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha cyanescens cyanescens]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********** *[[Timarcha cyanescens leseleuci]]* Marseul, 1887
********** *[[Timarcha cyanescens vizcayensis]]* Bechyné, 1953
********* *[[Timarcha daillei]]* Laboissiere, 1939
********** *[[Timarcha daillei cylindricollis]]* Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha daillei daillei]]* Laboissiere, 1939
********** *[[Timarcha daillei franzi]]* Bechyné, 1962
********** *[[Timarcha daillei pseudoperezi]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha daillei pygmaeola]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha daillei rhilensis]]* Weise, 1891
********* *[[Timarcha durmitoriensis]]* Apfelbeck, 1912
********* *[[Timarcha elliptica]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha fracassii]]* Meier, 1900
********* *[[Timarcha geniculata]]* (Germar, 1824)
********* *[[Timarcha globipennis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha goettingensis]]* (Linnaeus, 1758)
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis aerea]]* Herrich-Schäffer, 1838
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis andrzejowskii]]* Krynicki, 1832
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis arvernensis]]* Laboissiere, 1939
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis atramentaria]]* Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis carpathica]]* Bechyné, 1946
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis gallica]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis goettingensis]]* (Linnaeus, 1758)
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis mangaliana]]* Bechyné, 1946
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis normanna]]* Reiche, 1872
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis obenbergeri]]* Bechyné, 1947
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis semirufa]]* Pic, 1931
********** *[[Timarcha goettingensis splendiflora]]* Bechyné, 1946
********* *[[Timarcha gougeleti]]* Fairmaire, 1859
********* *[[Timarcha interstitialis]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********** *[[Timarcha interstitialis bruleriei]]* Bellier, 1870
********** *[[Timarcha interstitialis cebennica]]* Jeanne, 1965
********** *[[Timarcha interstitialis interstitialis]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********** *[[Timarcha interstitialis sinuatocollis]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********* *[[Timarcha janthinipes]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********* *[[Timarcha lusitanica]]* (Fabricius, 1781)
********* *[[Timarcha maritima]]* Perris, 1850
********* *[[Timarcha melitensis]]* Weise, 1882
********* *[[Timarcha monserratensis]]* Bechyné, 1962
********* *[[Timarcha montana]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha monticola]]* Dufour, 1843
********** *[[Timarcha monticola altimontana]]* Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha monticola monticola]]* Dufour, 1843
********* *[[Timarcha oblongula]]* Fairmaire, 1880
********* *[[Timarcha obsoleta]]* Laboissiere, 1937
********* *[[Timarcha olivieri]]* Fairmaire, 1868
********** *[[Timarcha olivieri dubitabilis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********** *[[Timarcha olivieri olivieri]]* Fairmaire, 1868
********** *[[Timarcha olivieri parnassia]]* Fairmaire, 1868
********** *[[Timarcha olivieri paulmeyeri]]* Stiller, 1926
********* *[[Timarcha perezi]]* Fairmaire, 1884
********** *[[Timarcha perezi perezi]]* Fairmaire, 1884
********** *[[Timarcha perezi praecox]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha perezi vivesi]]* Bechyné, 1962
********* *[[Timarcha pontavicei]]* Marseul, 1883
********* *[[Timarcha pratensis]]* Duftschmid, 1825
********* *[[Timarcha recticollis]]* Fairmaire, 1891
********* *[[Timarcha sardea]]* Villa, 1835
********* *[[Timarcha sicelides]]* Reiche, 1860
********* *[[Timarcha sphaeroptera]]* Fairmaire, 1873
********* *[[Timarcha stepaneki]]* Bechyné, 1946
********* *[[Timarcha strangulata]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata aubryi]]* Jeanne, 1965
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata breiti]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata decens]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata epipleuralis]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata pseudostrangulata]]* Bechyné, 1953
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata sculptipennis]]*Bechyné, 1948
********** *[[Timarcha strangulata strangulata]]* Fairmaire, 1861
********* *[[Timarcha temperei]]* Jeanne, 1965
********* *[[Timarcha trapezicollis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** *[[Timarcha achardi]]* Bechyné, 1945
******** *[[Timarcha aguilari]]* Bechyné, 1946
******** *[[Timarcha amethystipes]]* Chevrolat, 1873 
******** *[[Timarcha angusta]]* Bechyné, 1944
********* *[[Timarcha angusta algirica]]* Bechyné
********* *[[Timarcha angusta angusta]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha apicicornis]]* Bechyné, 1948
******** *[[Timarcha araneiformis]]* Bechyné, 1947
******** *[[Timarcha atlantica]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha brachydera]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** *[[Timarcha brevipennis]]* Pic, 1919
******** *[[Timarcha corallipes]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** *[[Timarcha corpulenta]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha crassaticollis]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** *[[Timarcha cyrenaica]]* Peyerimhoff, 1925
******** *[[Timarcha djelfaica]]* Bechyné, 1947
******** *[[Timarcha endora]]* Buquet, 1840
********* *[[Timarcha endora demoflysi]]* Normand, 1950
********* *[[Timarcha endora endora]]* Buquet, 1840
******** *[[Timarcha fossulata]]* Bechyné, 1948
******** *[[Timarcha freyi]]* Bechyné, 1953
******** *[[Timarcha generosa]]* Erichson, 1841
********* *[[Timarcha generosa generosa]]* Erichson, 1841
********* *[[Timarcha generosa mesatlantica]]* Kocher
********* *[[Timarcha generosa rungsi]]* Kocher, 1959
********* *[[Timarcha generosa subscabra]]* Kocher, 1959
******** *[[Timarcha globulata]]* Fairmaire, 1874
******** *[[Timarcha gnaptoroides]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha henonii]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** *[[Timarcha iblanensis]]* Antoine, 1939
******** *[[Timarcha immarginata]]*
******** *[[Timarcha insignis]]* Guerin, 1859
********* *[[Timarcha insignis inornata]]* Bechyné
********* *[[Timarcha insignis insignis]]* Guerin, 1859
******** *[[Timarcha khalouensis]]* Jolivet, 1966
******** *[[Timarcha laevigata]]* (Linnaeus, 1767)
********* *[[Timarcha laevigata inaequalis]]* Pic, 1924
********* *[[Timarcha laevigata laevigata]]* (Linnaeus, 1767)
********* *[[Timarcha laevigata robustior]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha latipes]]* (Linnaeus, 1767)
********* *[[Timarcha latipes djerbensis]]* Pic
********* *[[Timarcha latipes latipes]]* (Linnaeus, 1767)
******** *[[Timarcha mairei]]* Peyerimhoff, 1923
********* *[[Timarcha mairei humberti]]* Peyerimhoff, 1925
********* *[[Timarcha mairei lecerfi]]* Kocher, 1951
********* *[[Timarcha mairei mairei]]* Peyerimhoff, 1923
********* *[[Timarcha mairei peyerimhoffi]]* Kocher, 1951
********* *[[Timarcha mairei tichuktensis]]* Kocher, 1957
******** *[[Timarcha marani]]* Bechyné, 1948
******** *[[Timarcha maroccana]]* Weise, 1882
******** *[[Timarcha melas]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha nitidipes]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha opacicollis]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha peresa]]* Peyerimhoff, 1908
******** *[[Timarcha pfefferi]]* Bechyné, 1945
******** *[[Timarcha prujai]]* Kocher, 1963
******** *[[Timarcha punctella]]* Marseul, 1870
********* *[[Timarcha punctella antiatlantica]]* Jolivet, 1968
********* *[[Timarcha punctella punctella]]* Marseul, 1870
********* *[[Timarcha punctella sarhroensis]]* Jolivet, 1968
********* *[[Timarcha punctella schrammi]]* Kocher, 1956
********* *[[Timarcha punctella teluetica]]* Escalera, 1914
******** *[[Timarcha punica]]* Lucas, 1849
******** *[[Timarcha reticulata]]*
******** *[[Timarcha riffensis]]* Fairmaire, 1887
******** *[[Timarcha rugosa]]* (Linnaeus, 1767)
********* *[[Timarcha rugosa aterrima]]* Bechyné, 1944
********* *[[Timarcha rugosa rugata]]* Kocher, 1951
********* *[[Timarcha rugosa rugosa]]* (Linnaeus, 1767)
********* *[[Timarcha rugosa kourili]]* Bechyné, 1944
********* *[[Timarcha rugosa minutissima]]* Bechyné
******** *[[Timarcha rugosoidea]]* Jolivet, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha scabra]]* (Olivier, 1807)
******** *[[Timarcha scabripennis]]* Fairmaire, 1868
********* *[[Timarcha scabripennis bechynei]]* Kocher, 1959
********* *[[Timarcha scabripennis ifranensis]]* Jolivet, 1968
********* *[[Timarcha scabripennis infoveolata]]* Kocher, 1951
********* *[[Timarcha scabripennis scabripennis]]* Fairmaire, 1868
********* *[[Timarcha scabripennis vazquezi]]* Jolivet, 1968
******** *[[Timarcha scutellaris]]*
******** *[[Timarcha sphaeromorpha]]* Bechyné
******** *[[Timarcha spuria]]* Bechyné, 1947
******** *[[Timarcha staneki]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha taborskyi]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha tangeriana]]* Bechyné, 1943
******** *[[Timarcha tarsata]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha theryi]]* Kocher, 1958
******** *[[Timarcha tingitana]]* Fairmaire, 1873
******** *[[Timarcha tunisea]]* Pic, 1919
******** *[[Timarcha turbida]]* Erichson, 1841
******** *[[Timarcha variolosa]]* Bechyné, 1944
******** *[[Timarcha ventricosa]]* Weise, 1882
********* *[[Timarcha ventricosa aurulenta]]* Kocher, 1957
********* *[[Timarcha ventricosa mima]]* Bechyné, 1947
********* *[[Timarcha ventricosa ventricosa]]* Weise, 1882
******** *[[Timarcha zavadili]]* Bechyné, 1944

## Referanser


## Eksterne lenker
* 
* Chrysomelinae - Fauna Europaea
* Ovesikt over europeiske og nordafrikanske arter, med bilder