Gammarus

***Gammarus***, på norsk kjent som enten *tanglopper* eller *marflo*, er en slekt av bunnlevende (bentiske), småøyde amfipoder. De ser ut som små gjennomsiktige reker. De finnes mest på store dyp, i fjorder og i sedimenter nærmere land. Disse små dyrene spiser dyreplankton. De lever hovedsakelig på den nordlige halvkule. Gruppen inneholder om lag 200 sikre arter og like mange synonymer, totalt anslagsvis 400 - 405 arter og underarter.

*[[Gammarus pulex]]* er  eksempel på en art i ferskvann, mens mange arter lever i saltvann. *[[Gammarus locusta]]* foretrekker salinitet over 25 psu og er svært vanlig langs norskekysten og rundt Svalbard.

## Nordlige arter
En rekke arter av denne gruppen er funnet i nordlige farvann rundt Norge. Disse omfatter: 

* *[[Gammarus chevreuxi]]* Sexton, 1913 - Irskesjøen, Middelhavet
* *[[Gammarus crinicornis]]* Stock, 1966 - Nordsjøen, Den engelske kanal, Middelhavet
* Kystmarflo *([[Gammarus duebeni]])* Liljeborg, 1852 - Botniske hav, Kattegat, Nordsjøen, Norskehavet, Island, Den engelske kanal, Irskesjøen 
* *[[Gammarus finmarchicus]]* Dahl, 1938 - Norskehavet, Barentshavet, Island 
* *[[Gammarus inaequicauda]]*  Stock, 1966 - Østersjøen, Oslofjorden, Grimstad
* *[[Gammarus insensibilis]]*  Stock, 1966 - Den engelske kanal, Middelhavet
* Nordlig marflo *(Gammarus lacustris)*  G.O. Sars, 1864 - innsjøer i hele Norden
* *[[Gammarus locusta]]*  Linnaeus, 1758 - Åland, Kattegat, Nord-Norge, Island?
* *[[Gammarus oceanicus ]]* Segerstråle, 1947 - Botniske hav, Kattegat, Nordsjøen, Norskehavet, Island
* Ferskvannstangloppe *([[Gammarus pulex ]])* Linnaeus, 1758 - innsjøer i Finland, Sverige, Danmark, Storbritannia
* *[[Gammarus salinus ]]* Spooner, 1947 - Botniske hav, Oslofjorden, Nordsjøen
* *[[Gammarus setosus ]]* Dementieva, 1931 - Barentshavet, Svalbard, Grønland
* *[[Gammarus tigrinus]]* Sexton, 1939 - elver og innsjøer i Nord-Amerika, innvandret til Østersjøen, Nordsjøen, Den engelske kanal, Irskesjøen
* *[[Gammarus wilkitzkii ]]* Birula, 1897 - Barentshavet, Svalbard, Island
* Elveosmarflo *([[Gammarus zaddachi]])* Sexton, 1912 - Botniske hav, Kattegat, Nordsjøen, Norskehavet

## Taksonomisk plassering
Taksonomien til krepsdyrene er under regelmessig revisjon, og det er generelt omstridt å fin-inndele organismer taksonomisk. En moderne oppdatering av systematikken gis av Martin og Davis, som følgende oversikt følger ned til nivået orden, mens lavere nivåer i enkelte tilfeller følger *[[Catalogue of Life]]*:  - og generelt bygger på *WoRMS*-databasen i detaljer på nivå lavere enn familie:

* **Rekke: KREPSDYR (Crustacea)** - 67.000 arter
** **KLASSE [[storkrepser]] (Malacostraca) - +25.000 arter <small>Latreille, 1802</small>
*** Underklasse [[Eumalacostraca]]** Grobben, 1892
**** Overorden Eucarida Calman, 1904
**** Overorden Peracarida Calman, 1904
***** Orden amfipoder (Amphipoda) - 9.000 arter, 1.900 i ferskvann Latreille, 1816
****** *Tidligere: [[Caprellidea]] (2013: Senticaudata)*
****** Underorden Gammaridea - 21 overfamilier, 125 familier, 1.000 slekter, 7.275 arter Latreille, 1802
******* Overfamilie Gammaroidea 
******** Familie Gammaridae Leach, 1814
********* *Slekt Gammarus* Fabricius, 1775
********** *[[Gammarus abscisus]]* G. Karaman, 1973
********** *[[Gammarus abstrusus]]* Hou, Platvoet & Li, 2006
********** *[[Gammarus acalceolatus]]* Pinkster, 1970
********** *[[Gammarus accolae]]* G. Karaman, 1973
********** *[[Gammarus accretus]]* Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus acherondytes]]* Hubricht & Mackins, 1940
********** *[[Gammarus aequicauda]]* Martynov, 1931 representerer *[[Gammarus aequicaudus]]* Martynov, 1931 
********** *[[Gammarus agrarius]]* G. Karaman, 1973
********** *[[Gammarus albimanus]]* G. Karaman, 1968
********** *[[Gammarus alius]]* Sidorov, 2012
********** *[[Gammarus alsaticus]]* Van Straelen, 1924 †
********** *[[Gammarus amabilis]]* Hou, Li & Li, 2013
********** *[[Gammarus anatoliensis]]* Schellenberg, 1937
********** *[[Gammarus angulatus]]* Martynov, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus angusticoxalis]]* Martynov, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus annandalei]]* Monod, 1924
********** *[[Gammarus annulatus]]* Smith, 1873
********** *[[Gammarus anodon]]* Stock, Mirzajani, Vonk, Naderi & Kiabi, 1998
********** *[[Gammarus aoculus]]* Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus araxenius]]* Derzhavin, 1938
********** *[[Gammarus arduus]]* G. Karaman, 1975
********** *[[Gammarus argaeus]]* Vávra, 1905
********** *[[Gammarus bakhteyaricus]]* Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus balcanicus]]* Schäferna, 1922
********** *[[Gammarus baloutchi]]* Khalaji-Pirbalouty & Sari, 2006
********** *[[Gammarus barnaulensis]]* Schellenberg, 1937
********** *[[Gammarus baysali]]* Özbek et al., 2013
********** *[[Gammarus belli]]* G. Karaman, 1984
********** *[[Gammarus beningus]]* Hou, Li & Li, 2014
********** *[[Gammarus bergi]]* Martynov, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus birsteini]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus bitaensis]]* Shu, Yang & Chen, 2012
********** *[[Gammarus bosniacus]]* Schäferna, 1922
********** *[[Gammarus bousfieldi]]* Cole & Minckley, 1961
********** *[[Gammarus brevicornis]]* Martynov, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus brevipodus]]* Hou, Li & Platvoet, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus breviramus]]* Bousfield & Elwood, 1971
********** *[[Gammarus bucharensis]]* Martynov, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus caparti]]* Petre-Stroobants, 1981
********** *[[Gammarus caucasicus]]* Martynov, 1932
********** *[[Gammarus caudisetus]]* Viviani, 1805
********** *[[Gammarus chaohuensis]]*  Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus chevreuxi]]* Sexton, 1913
********** *[[Gammarus chimkenti]]* G. Karaman, 1984
********** *[[Gammarus chostensis]]* Martynov, 1932
********** *[[Gammarus cohabitus]]* Hosinger, et. al., 2008
********** *[[Gammarus comosus]]* Hou, Li & Gao, 2005
********** *[[Gammarus craspedotrichus ]]* Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus crenulatus]]* G.S. Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus crinicaudatus]]* Stock, et. al., 1998
********** *[[Gammarus crinicornis]]* Stock, 1966
********** *[[Gammarus crispus]]* Martynov, 1932
********** *[[Gammarus cryptoparechiniformis]]* Grabowski, Wysocka & Mamos, 2016
********** *[[Gammarus cryptosalemaai]]* Grabowski, Wysocka & Mamos, 2016
********** *[[Gammarus curvativus]]* Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus dabanus]]* Tachteew & Mekhanikova, 2000
********** *[[Gammarus daiberi]]* Bousfield, 1969
********** *[[Gammarus decorosus]]* Meng, Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus denticulatus]]* Hou, Li & Morino, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus desperatus]]* Cole, 1981
********** *[[Gammarus dorsosetosus]]* Mateus & Mateus, 1990
********** Kystmarflo *([[Gammarus duebeni]])* Liljeborg, 1852
********** *[[Gammarus dulensis]]* S. Karaman, 1929
********** *[[Gammarus edwardsi]]* Bate, 1862
********** *[[Gammarus effultus]]* G. Karaman, 1975
********** *[[Gammarus electrus]]* Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus elevatus]]* Hou, Li & Morino, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus elvirae]]* Iannilli & Ruffo, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus emeiensis]]* Hou, Li & Koenemann, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus fasciatus]]* Say, 1818
********** *[[Gammarus finmarchicus]]* Dahl, 1938
********** *[[Gammarus flabellifera]]* Stimpson, 1856
********** *† [[Gammarus fluviatilis]]* Milne-Edwards, 1840
********** *[[Gammarus fontinalis]]* costa, 1883
********** *[[Gammarus fossarum]]* Koch, 1836
********** *[[Gammarus frater]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus frigidus]]* Hou & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus galgosensis]]* Lee & Kim, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus galgosensis]]* Lee & Kim, 1980
********** *[[Gammarus gauthieri]]* S. Karaman, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus glabratus]]* Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus goedmakersae]]* G.S. Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus gonensis]]* Özbek, 2016
********** *[[Gammarus gracilis]]* Martynov, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus gregoryi]]* Tattersall, 1924
********** *[[Gammarus halilicae]]*  G. Karaman, 1969
********** *[[Gammarus hegmatanensis]]*  Hekmatara, et. al., 2011
********** *[[Gammarus hirsutus]]*  Martynov, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus hongyuanensis]]*  Barnard & Dai, 1988
********** *[[Gammarus hoonsooi]]*  Lee, 1986
********** *[[Gammarus hyalelloides]]* Cole, 1976
********** *[[Gammarus ibericus]]*  Margalef, 1951
********** *[[Gammarus inaequicauda]]*  Stock, 1966
********** *[[Gammarus inberbus]]*  Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus inopinatus]]*  Mateus & Mateus, 1990
********** *[[Gammarus insensibilis]]*  Stock, 1966
********** *[[Gammarus italicus]]*  Goedmakers & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus izmirensis]]*  Özbek, 2007
********** *[[Gammarus jacksoni]]*  Morino & Whitman, 1995
********** *[[Gammarus jaspidus]]*  Hou & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus jenneri]]*  Bynum & Fox, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus kamtschaticus]]*  Tzvetkova, 1972
********** *[[Gammarus kasymovi]]*  Aliev, 1997
********** *[[Gammarus katagani]]*  Özbek, 2012
********** *[[Gammarus kesanensis]]*  Özbek & Çamur-Elipek, 2010
********** *[[Gammarus kesslerianus]]*  Martynov, 1931
********** *[[Gammarus kischineffensis]]*  Schellenberg, 1937
********** *[[Gammarus komareki]]*  Schäferna, 1922
********** *[[Gammarus korbuensis]]*  Martynov, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus koshovi]]*  Bazikalova, 1946
********** *[[Gammarus kyonggiensis]]*  Lee & Seo, 1990
********** *[[Gammarus laborifer]]*  Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** Nordlig marflo *(Gammarus lacustris)*  G.O. Sars, 1864
********** *[[Gammarus lasaensis]]*  Barnard & Dai, 1988
********** *[[Gammarus laticoxalis]]*  Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus lawrencianus]]*  Bousfield, 1956
********** *[[Gammarus lecroyae]]*  Thoma & Heard, 2009
********** *[[Gammarus ledoyeri]]*  G. Karaman, 1987
********** *[[Gammarus lepoliensis]]*  Jazdzewski & Konopacka, 1989
********** *[[Gammarus lichuanensis]]*  Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus limnaeus]]*  S.I. smith, 1874
********** *[[Gammarus lobifer]]*  Stock, et. al., 1998
********** *[[Gammarus locusta]]*  Linnaeus, 1758
********** *[[Gammarus loeffleri]]*  Zamanpoore, et. al., 2010
********** *[[Gammarus longipedis]]*  Karaman & Pinkster, 1987
********** *[[Gammarus longisaeta]]*  Lee & Seo, 1992
********** *[[Gammarus lophacanthus]]*  Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus lordeganensis]]*  Khalayi-Pirbalanty & Sari, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus lychnidensis]]*  Schellenberg, 1943
********** *[[Gammarus macedonicus ]]* G. Karaman, 1976
********** *[[Gammarus madidus ]]* Hou & Li, 2005
********** *[[Gammarus marmouchensis ]]* Fadil, 2006
********** *[[Gammarus maroccanus ]]* Fadil & Dakki, 2001
********** *[[Gammarus martensi]]*  Hou & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus matienus ]]* Derzhavin, 1938
********** *[[Gammarus microps ]]* Pinkster & Goedmakers, 1975
********** *[[Gammarus minus ]]* Say, 1818
********** *[[Gammarus mladeni ]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus monospeliensis ]]* Pinkster, 1972
********** *[[Gammarus montaniformis ]]* Sidorov, 2012
********** *[[Gammarus montanus ]]* Hou, Li & Platvoet, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus mucronatus ]]* Say, 1818
********** *[[Gammarus murarius ]]* Hou & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus nekkensis ]]* Uchida, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus ninglangensis ]]* Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus nipponensis ]]* Uéno, 1940
********** *[[Gammarus nox ]]* Stock, 1995
********** *[[Gammarus nudus ]]* Martynov, 1931
********** *[[Gammarus obnixus ]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus obruki ]]* Özbek, 2012
********** *[[Gammarus oceanicus ]]* Segerstråle, 1947
********** *[[Gammarus ocellatus ]]* Martynov, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus ochridensis ]]* Schäferna, 1926
********** *[[Gammarus odaensis ]]* Lee & Kim, 1980
********** *[[Gammarus odettae ]]* Mateus & Mateus, 1990
********** * †[[Gammarus oeningensis ]]* Heer, 1865
********** *[[Gammarus orinos ]]* Pinkster & Schol, 1984
********** *[[Gammarus oronticus ]]* Alouf, 1979
********** *[[Gammarus osellai ]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus pageti ]]* Mateus & Mateus, 1990
********** *[[Gammarus palustris ]]* Bousfield, 1969
********** *[[Gammarus parechiniformis ]]* G. Karaman, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus paricrenatus ]]* Stock, et. al., 1998
********** *[[Gammarus parthicus ]]* Stock, et. al. , 1998
********** *[[Gammarus paucispinus ]]* Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus pavlovici]]*
********** *[[Gammarus pavo ]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus paynei ]]* Delong, 1992
********** *[[Gammarus pecos ]]* Cole & Bousfield, 1970
********** *[[Gammarus pellucidus ]]* Gurjanova, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus pexus ]]* Hou & Li, 2005
********** *[[Gammarus platvoeti ]]* Hou & Li, 2003
********** *[[Gammarus pljakici ]]* G. Karaman, 1964
********** *[[Gammarus plumicornis ]]* Costa A., 1853
********** *† [[Gammarus praecyrius ]]* Derzhavin, 1941
********** *[[Gammarus preciosus ]]* Wang, Hou & Li, 2009
********** *[[Gammarus pretzmanni ]]* Mateus & Mateus, 1990
********** *[[Gammarus pseudoanatoliensis ]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1987
********** *[[Gammarus pseudolimnaeus ]]* Bousfield, 1958
********** *[[Gammarus pseudosyriacus ]]* Karaman & Pinkster, 1977
********** Ferskvannstangloppe *([[Gammarus pulex ]])* Linnaeus, 1758
********** *[[Gammarus qiani ]]* Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus rambouseki ]]* S. Karaman, 1931
********** *† [[Gammarus retzi ]]* Maikovsky, 1941
********** *[[Gammarus rifatlensis ]]* Fadil, 2006
********** *[[Gammarus riparius ]]* Hou & Li, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus roeselii ]]* Gervais, 1835
********** *[[Gammarus rouxi ]]* Pinkster & Goedmakers, 1975
********** *[[Gammarus salemaai]]*  G. Karaman, 1985
********** *[[Gammarus salinus ]]* Spooner, 1947
********** *[[Gammarus sepidannus ]]* Zamanpoore, Poeckl, Grabowski & Schiemer, 2009
********** *[[Gammarus setosus ]]* Dementieva, 1931
********** *[[Gammarus shanxiensis ]]* Barnard & Dai, 1988
********** *[[Gammarus shenmuensis ]]* Hou & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus shirazinus ]]* Zamanpoore, et. al., 2010
********** *[[Gammarus sichuanensis ]]* Hou, Li & Zheng, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus sinuolatus ]]* Hou & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus sirvannus ]]* Hekmatara, et. al., 2011
********** *[[Gammarus sketi ]]* G. Karaman, 1989
********** *[[Gammarus sobaegensis ]]* G. Karaman, 1984
********** *[[Gammarus solidus ]]* G. Karaman, 1977
********** *[[Gammarus songirdaki ]]* G. Karaman, 1984
********** *[[Gammarus soyoensis ]]* Lee & Kim, 1980
********** *[[Gammarus spelaeus ]]* Martynov, 1931
********** *[[Gammarus spinipalmus ]]* Chen, 1939
********** *[[Gammarus spooneri]]* G. Karaman, 1991
********** *[[Gammarus stagnarius]]* Hou, Li & Morino, 2002
********** *[[Gammarus stalagmiticus]]* Hou & Li, 2005
********** *[[Gammarus stankokaramani]]* G. Karaman, 1976
********** *[[Gammarus stojicevici]]* S. Karaman, 1929
********** *[[Gammarus stupendus]]* Pinkster, 1983
********** *[[Gammarus subtypicus]]* Stock, 1966
********** *[[Gammarus suifunensis ]]* Martynov, 1925
********** *[[Gammarus syriacus]]* Chevreux, 1895
********** *[[Gammarus sywulai]]* Grabowski, Wysocka & Mamos, 2016
********** *[[Gammarus takesensis]]* Hou, Li & Platvoet, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus taliensis]]* Shen, 1954
********** *[[Gammarus tauricus]]* Martynov, 1931
********** *[[Gammarus teletzkensis]]* Martynov, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus tigrinus]]* Sexton, 1939
********** *[[Gammarus topkarai]]* Özbek & Balik, 2009
********** *[[Gammarus translucidus]]* Hou, Li & Li, 2004
********** *[[Gammarus troglophilus]]* Hubricht & Mackins, 1940
********** *[[Gammarus truncatus]]* Martynov, 1930
********** *[[Gammarus turanus]]* Martynov, 1935
********** *[[Gammarus uludagi ]]* G.S. Karaman, 1975
********** *[[Gammarus unguiserratus ]]* Costa, 1853
********** *[[Gammarus ustaoglui ]]* Özbek & Güloğlu, 2005
********** *[[Gammarus varsoviensis ]]* Jazdzewski, 1975
********** *[[Gammarus vignai ]]* Pinkster & Karaman, 1978
********** *[[Gammarus wangbangensis]]*  Lee & Seo, 1990
********** *[[Gammarus wautieri ]]* Roux, 1967
********** *[[Gammarus wilkitzkii ]]* Birula, 1897
********** *[[Gammarus xiangfengensis ]]* Hou & Li, 2002
********** Elveosmarflo *([[Gammarus zaddachi]])* Sexton, 1912
********** *[[Gammarus zagrosensis]]* Zamanpoore, et. al., 2009
********** *[[Gammarus zeongogensis]]* Lee & Kim, 1980
********** *[[Gammarus batei ]]* Boeck, 1861 (nomen dubium)
********** *[[Gammarus chilensis ]]* Nicolet, 1849 (nomen dubium)
********** *[[Gammarus circinnatus ]]* Viviani, 1805 (nomen dubium)
********** *[[Gammarus crassimanus ]]* Viviani, 1805 (nomen dubium)
********** *[[Gammarus truncatus ]]* Viviani, 1805 (nomen dubium)

## Referanser


## Eksterne lenker
* 
* «The Marine Flora and Fauna of Norway» - *Seawater.no*. Besøkt 22. januar 2014.
* Krepsdyrarter i Atlanterhavet og Skandinavia - *NEAT, South Scandinavian Marine Crustacea check-list*, Tjärnö marinbiologiske laboratorium, Sverige 1998. Besøkt 21. januar 2014.