Frøviklere

**Frøviklere** (***Grapholita*** spp.) er en artsrik slekt i sommerfuglfamilien viklere (Tortricidae) som hører til undergruppen Olethreutinae. Det er beskrevet ca. 125 arter på verdensbasis, ti av dem er funnet i Norge.

## Utseende
Små til middelsstore, tettbygde viklere (de norske artene med vingespenn 8-19 millimeter). På farge er den gjerne mørkt brunlige med mer eller mindre utbredte, hvite tegninger. Mange av artene har en kommaformet, hvit flekk ved bakkanten av forvingen, og kan minne om kommamøll (Glyphipterigidae).

## Levevis
De fleste av artene har larver som lever på frukter og frø, gjerne på busker og trær eller på urter i erteblomstfamilien. Det er også noen som borer inne i stengler.

## Skadedyr
Flere av artene er brysomme skadedyr ved dyrking av ulike slags frukter, men ikke i Norge.

## Utbredelse
Slekten er utbredt i hele Holarktis, dessuten i Sør-Amerika og Australia.

## Systematisk inndeling

* sommerfugler (Lepidoptera)
** gruppe **[[Heteroneura]]** 
*** gruppe **[[Apoditrysia]]**
**** gruppe / overfamilie **[[Tortricoidea|viklere]]** (Tortricoidea) 
***** familie **[[viklere]]** (Tortricidae) 
****** Underfamilien Olethreutinae
******* gruppe Grapholitini
******** slekten frøviklere, *[[Grapholita]]* Treitschke, 1829 
********* underslekten *[[Aspila]]* (bare europeiske arter listet her)
********** plommefrøvikler, *Grapholita funebrana* Treitschke, 1835
********** nypefrøvikler, *[[Grapholita tenebrosana]]* Duponchel, 1843
********** hagtornfrøvikler, *[[Grapholita janthinana]]* (Duponchel, 1835)
********** *[[Grapholita andabatana]]* (Wolff, 1957)
********** *[[Grapholita lobarzewskii]]* (Nowicki, 1860)
********** *[[Grapholita molesta]]* (Busck, 1916)
********* underslekten *Grapholita* i snever forstand
********** kløverfrøvikler, *[[Grapholita compositella]]* (Fabricius, 1775)
********** lakrismjeltfrøvikler, *[[Grapholita pallifrontana]]* Lienig & Zeller, 1846
********** mjeltfrøvikler, *[[Grapholita aureolana]]* Tengström, 1848
********** humlevikler, *[[Grapholita discretana]]* Wocke, 1861
********** erteknappfrøvikler, *[[Grapholita lunulana]]* (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
********** vikkefrøvikler, *[[Grapholita orobana]]* Treitschke, 1830
********** vårfrøvikler, *[[Grapholita jungiella]]* (Clerck, 1759)
********* Arter funnet i Europa, men ikke i Norge:
********** *[[Grapholita caecana]]* Schläger, 1848
********** *[[Grapholita coronillana]]* Lienig & Zeller, 1846
********** *[[Grapholita delineana]]* Walker, 1863
********** *[[Grapholita difficilana]]* (Walsingham, 1900)
********** *[[Grapholita fissana]]* (Frölich, 1828)
********** *[[Grapholita gemmiferana]]* Treitschke, 1835
********** *[[Grapholita glycyrrhizana]]* (Kuznetzov in Danilevsky, Kuznetsov & Falkovitsh, 1962)
********** *[[Grapholita internana]]* (Guenée, 1845)
********** *[[Grapholita larseni]]* Rebel, 1903
********** *[[Grapholita lathyrana]]* (Hübner, [1813])
********** *[[Grapholita nebritana]]* Treitschke in Ochsenheimer, 1830
********** *[[Grapholita nigrostriana]]* Snellen, 1883
********* Arter ikke funnet i Europa (ikke skilt på underslekt)
********** *[[Grapholita amictana]]* (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
********** *[[Grapholita amphitorna]]* (Turner, 1916)
********** *[[Grapholita angleseana]]* (Kearfott, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita antitheta]]* (Meyrick, 1911)
********** *[[Grapholita arcia]]* Diakonoff, 1988
********** *[[Grapholita arcuatana]]* Kuznetzov, 1992
********** *[[Grapholita astrapephora]]* Diakonoff, 1976
********** *[[Grapholita auroscriptana]]* Caradja, 1916
********** *[[Grapholita bigeminata]]* (Meyrick in Caradja & Meyrick, 1935)
********** *[[Grapholita biserialis]]* (Meyrick in Caradja & Meyrick, 1935)
********** *[[Grapholita boulderana]]* McDunnough, 1942
********** *[[Grapholita caeruleana]]* Walsingham, 1879
********** *[[Grapholita callisphena]]* (Meyrick, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita caudicula]]* Diakonoff, 1975
********** *[[Grapholita cerasivora]]* (Matsumura, 1917)
********** *[[Grapholita chrysacrotoma]]* Diakonoff, 1976
********** *[[Grapholita comanticosta]]* Kuznetzov, 1988
********** *[[Grapholita conficitana]]* (Walker, 1863)
********** *[[Grapholita conversana]]* Walsingham, 1879
********** *[[Grapholita cotoneastri]]* Danilevsky in Danilevsky & Kuznetsov, 1968
********** *[[Grapholita curviphalla]]* Liu & Yan, 1998
********** *[[Grapholita cyanogona]]* (Meyrick, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita dactyla]]* Liu & Yan, 1998
********** *[[Grapholita diaphorotorna]]* Diakonoff, 1983
********** *[[Grapholita dilectabilis]]* Kuznetzov, 1972
********** *[[Grapholita dimorpha]]* Komai, 1979
********** *[[Grapholita dohrniana]]* Zeller, 1863
********** *[[Grapholita dyarana]]* (Kearfott, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita dysaethria]]* Diakonoff, 1982
********** *[[Grapholita eclipsana]]* Zeller, 1875
********** *[[Grapholita edwardsiana]]* (Kearfott, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita endrosias]]* (Meyrick, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita exigua]]* Kuznetzov, 1972
********** *[[Grapholita fana]]* (Kearfott, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita fimana]]* Snellen, 1883
********** *[[Grapholita fistularis]]* (Meyrick, 1928)
********** *[[Grapholita floricolana]]* (Meyrick, 1881)
********** *[[Grapholita geministriata]]* (Walsingham, 1900)
********** *[[Grapholita globella]]* Liu & Yan, 1998
********** *[[Grapholita globovalva]]* Liu & Yan, 1998
********** *[[Grapholita hamatana]]* Kennel, 1901
********** *[[Grapholita heptatoma]]* Diakonoff, 1976
********** *[[Grapholita hieroglyphana]]* Blanchard & Knudson, 1984
********** *[[Grapholita hyalitis]]* (Meyrick, 1909)
********** *[[Grapholita hylophanes]]* (Meyrick, 1928)
********** *[[Grapholita imitativa]]* Heinrich, 1926
********** *[[Grapholita inopinata]]* Heinrich, 1928
********** *[[Grapholita interstinctana]]* (Clemens, 1860)
********** *[[Grapholita iridescens]]* (Meyrick, 1881)
********** *[[Grapholita isacma]]* (Meyrick, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita jesonica]]* (Matsumura, 1931)
********** *[[Grapholita jucundata]]* Kuznetzov, 1971
********** *[[Grapholita junctistrigana]]* (Walsingham, 1900)
********** *[[Grapholita komaii]]* Rose & Pooni, 2003
********** *[[Grapholita kurilana]]* Kuznetzov, 1976
********** *[[Grapholita lana]]* (Kearfott, 1907)
********** *[[Grapholita latens]]* Kuznetzov, 1972
********** *[[Grapholita latericia]]* Komai, 1999
********** *[[Grapholita libertina]]* Heinrich, 1926
********** *[[Grapholita limbata]]* Diakonoff, 1969
********** *[[Grapholita lunatana]]* Walsingham, 1879
********** *[[Grapholita macrodrilus]]* Diakonoff, 1984
********** *[[Grapholita melicrossis]]* (Meyrick, 1932)
********** *[[Grapholita mesoscia]]* Diakonoff, 1969
********** *[[Grapholita miranda]]* (Meyrick, 1911)
********** *[[Grapholita namatophora]]* Diakonoff, 1976
********** *[[Grapholita nucleana]]* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
********** *[[Grapholita obliqua]]* Diakonoff, 1982
********** *[[Grapholita okui]]* Komai, 1999
********** *[[Grapholita omittana]]* Kuznetzov, 1988
********** *[[Grapholita optica]]* (Meyrick, 1912)
********** *[[Grapholita opulentica]]* Kuznetzov, 1992
********** *[[Grapholita orbiapex]]* Kuznetzov, 1988
********** *[[Grapholita packardi]]* Zeller, 1875
********** *[[Grapholita pagenstecheri]]* Bradley, 1961
********** *[[Grapholita parvisignana]]* (Meyrick, 1881)
********** *[[Grapholita patens]]* Kuznetzov, 1971
********** *[[Grapholita pavonana]]* (Walsingham, 1900)
********** *[[Grapholita prolopha]]* (Meyrick, 1912)
********** *[[Grapholita prunivora]]* (Walsh, 1868)
********** *[[Grapholita pycnograpta]]* (Meyrick, 1936)
********** *[[Grapholita rhabdotacra]]* Diakonoff, 1969
********** *[[Grapholita rosana]]* Danilevsky in Danilevsky & Kuznetsov, 1968
********** *[[Grapholita schizodelta]]* Diakonoff, 1982
********** *[[Grapholita scintillana]]* Christoph, 1882
********** *[[Grapholita seclusana]]* (Walker, 1866)
********** *[[Grapholita semifusca]]* Kuznetzov in Danilevsky & Kuznetsov, 1968
********** *[[Grapholita shadawana]]* Liu & Chen, 2000
********** *[[Grapholita siderocosma]]* Diakonoff, 1978
********** *[[Grapholita sporosema]]* (Meyrick, 1922)
********** *[[Grapholita steringus]]* Diakonoff, 1983
********** *[[Grapholita tetrazancla]]* (Turner, 1925)
********** *[[Grapholita tornosticha]]* (Turner, 1946)
********** *[[Grapholita torodetta]]* (Meyrick, 1914)
********** *[[Grapholita tricyanitis]]* Dianokoff, 1976
********** *[[Grapholita tristriatana]]* Pagenstecher, 1900
********** *[[Grapholita tristrigana]]* (Clemens, 1865)
********** *[[Grapholita valens]]* Kuznetzov, 1988
********** *[[Grapholita vitrana]]* Walsingham, 1879
********** *[[Grapholita yasudai]]* Komai, 1999
********** *[[Grapholita zapyrana]]* (Meyrick, 1881)

## Kilder
* Fauna Europaea Web Service (2011) Fauna Europaea version 2.4, www.faunaeur.org 
* Aarvik, Leif, Berggren, Kai, Hansen, Lars Ove. 2000. *Norges Sommerfugler. Catalogus Lepidopterorum  Norvegiae.* Norsk entomologisk forening. 192 sider.

## Eksterne lenker
* 
*  www.nhm.uio.no/fakta/zoologi/insekter/norlep/  Norges sommerfugler – Et norskspråklig nettsted om norske sommerfugler.