Liste over integraler av trigonometriske funksjoner

Det følgende er en liste over integraler (antideriverte funksjoner) av trigonometriske funksjoner. For antideriverte som involverer både eksponentialfunksjoner og trigonometriske funksjoner, se Liste over integraler av eksponentialfunksjoner. For en liste over antideriverte funksjoner, se lister over integraler. Se også trigonometrisk integral.

Generelt, hvis funksjonen \sin(x) er en hvilken som helst trigonometrisk funksjon, og \cos(x) er dens deriverte,

: \int a\cos nx\;dx = \frac{a}{n}\sin nx+c

I alle formler antas konstanten *a* å være forskjellige fra null, og *C* betegner integrasjonskonstanten.

## Integrander som bare involverer [[Sinussetningen|sinus]]

: \int\sin ax\;dx = -\frac{1}{a}\cos ax+C\,\!

: \int\sin^2 {ax}\;dx = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{4a} \sin 2ax +C= \frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{2a} \sin ax\cos ax +C\!

: \int x\sin^2 {ax}\;dx = \frac{x^2}{4} - \frac{x}{4a} \sin 2ax - \frac{1}{8a^2} \cos 2ax +C\!

: \int x^2\sin^2 {ax}\;dx = \frac{x^3}{6} - \left( \frac {x^2}{4a} - \frac{1}{8a^3} \right) \sin 2ax - \frac{x}{4a^2} \cos 2ax +C\!

: \int\sin b_1x\sin b_2x\;dx = \frac{\sin((b_1-b_2)x)}{2(b_1-b_2)}-\frac{\sin((b_1+b_2)x)}{2(b_1+b_2)}+C \qquad\mbox{(for }|b_1|\neq|b_2|\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\sin^n {ax}\;dx = -\frac{\sin^{n-1} ax\cos ax}{na} + \frac{n-1}{n}\int\sin^{n-2} ax\;dx \qquad\mbox{(for }n>0\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\sin ax} = \frac{1}{a}\ln \left|\tan\frac{ax}{2}\right|+C

: \int\frac{dx}{\sin^n ax} = \frac{\cos ax}{a(1-n) \sin^{n-1} ax}+\frac{n-2}{n-1}\int\frac{dx}{\sin^{n-2}ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }n>1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int x\sin ax\;dx = \frac{\sin ax}{a^2}-\frac{x\cos ax}{a}+C\,\!

: \int x^n\sin ax\;dx = -\frac{x^n}{a}\cos ax+\frac{n}{a}\int x^{n-1}\cos ax\;dx = \sum_{k=0}^{2k\leq n} (-1)^{k+1} \frac{x^{n-2k}}{a^{1+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k)!} \cos ax +\sum_{k=0}^{2k+1\leq n}(-1)^k \frac{x^{n-1-2k}}{a^{2+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k-1)!} \sin ax  \qquad\mbox{(for }n>0\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int_{\frac{-a}{2}}^{\frac{a}{2}} x^2\sin^2 {\frac{n\pi x}{a}}\;dx = \frac{a^3(n^2\pi^2-6)}{24n^2\pi^2}   \qquad\mbox{(for }n=2,4,6...\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\sin ax}{x} dx = \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n\frac{(ax)^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)\cdot (2n+1)!} +C\,\!

: \int\frac{\sin ax}{x^n} dx = -\frac{\sin ax}{(n-1)x^{n-1}} + \frac{a}{n-1}\int\frac{\cos ax}{x^{n-1}} dx\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{1\pm\sin ax} = \frac{1}{a}\tan\left(\frac{ax}{2}\mp\frac{\pi}{4}\right)+C

: \int\frac{x\;dx}{1+\sin ax} = \frac{x}{a}\tan\left(\frac{ax}{2} - \frac{\pi}{4}\right)+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln\left|\cos\left(\frac{ax}{2}-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right|+C

: \int\frac{x\;dx}{1-\sin ax} = \frac{x}{a}\cot\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{ax}{2}\right)+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln\left|\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{ax}{2}\right)\right|+C

: \int\frac{\sin ax\;dx}{1\pm\sin ax} = \pm x+\frac{1}{a}\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\mp\frac{ax}{2}\right)+C

## Integrander som bare involverer [[cosinus]]

: \int\cos ax\;dx = \frac{1}{a}\sin ax+C\,\!

: \int\cos^2 {ax}\;dx = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{4a} \sin 2ax +C = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{2a} \sin ax\cos ax +C\!

: \int\cos^n ax\;dx = \frac{\cos^{n-1} ax\sin ax}{na} + \frac{n-1}{n}\int\cos^{n-2} ax\;dx \qquad\mbox{(for }n>0\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int x\cos ax\;dx = \frac{\cos ax}{a^2} + \frac{x\sin ax}{a}+C\,\!

: \int x^2\cos^2 {ax}\;dx = \frac{x^3}{6} + \left( \frac {x^2}{4a} - \frac{1}{8a^3} \right) \sin 2ax + \frac{x}{4a^2} \cos 2ax +C\!

: \int x^n\cos ax\;dx = \frac{x^n\sin ax}{a} - \frac{n}{a}\int x^{n-1}\sin ax\;dx\,= \sum_{k=0}^{2k+1\leq n} (-1)^{k} \frac{x^{n-2k-1}}{a^{2+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k-1)!} \cos ax +\sum_{k=0}^{2k\leq n}(-1)^{k} \frac{x^{n-2k}}{a^{1+2k}}\frac{n!}{(n-2k)!} \sin ax  \!

: \int\frac{\cos ax}{x} dx = \ln|ax|+\sum_{k=1}^\infty (-1)^k\frac{(ax)^{2k}}{2k\cdot(2k)!}+C\,\!

: \int\frac{\cos ax}{x^n} dx = -\frac{\cos ax}{(n-1)x^{n-1}}-\frac{a}{n-1}\int\frac{\sin ax}{x^{n-1}} dx \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\cos ax} = \frac{1}{a}\ln\left|\tan\left(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right|+C

: \int\frac{dx}{\cos^n ax} = \frac{\sin ax}{a(n-1) \cos^{n-1} ax} + \frac{n-2}{n-1}\int\frac{dx}{\cos^{n-2} ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }n>1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{1+\cos ax} = \frac{1}{a}\tan\frac{ax}{2}+C\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{1-\cos ax} = -\frac{1}{a}\cot\frac{ax}{2}+C\,\!

: \int\frac{x\;dx}{1+\cos ax} = \frac{x}{a}\tan\frac{ax}{2} + \frac{2}{a^2}\ln\left|\cos\frac{ax}{2}\right|+C

: \int\frac{x\;dx}{1-\cos ax} = -\frac{x}{a}\cot\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{2}{a^2}\ln\left|\sin\frac{ax}{2}\right|+C

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{1+\cos ax} = x - \frac{1}{a}\tan\frac{ax}{2}+C\,\!

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{1-\cos ax} = -x-\frac{1}{a}\cot\frac{ax}{2}+C\,\!

: \int\cos a_1x\cos a_2x\;dx = \frac{\sin(a_1-a_2)x}{2(a_1-a_2)}+\frac{\sin(a_1+a_2)x}{2(a_1+a_2)}+C \qquad\mbox{(for }|a_1|\neq|a_2|\mbox{)}\,\!

## Integrander som bare involverer [[tangens]]

: \int\tan ax\;dx = -\frac{1}{a}\ln|\cos ax|+C = \frac{1}{a}\ln|\sec ax|+C\,\!

: \int\tan^n ax\;dx = \frac{1}{a(n-1)}\tan^{n-1} ax-\int\tan^{n-2} ax\;dx \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{q \tan ax + p} = \frac{1}{p^2 + q^2}(px + \frac{q}{a}\ln|q\sin ax + p\cos ax|)+C \qquad\mbox{(for }p^2 + q^2\neq 0\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\tan ax} = \frac{1}{a}\ln|\sin ax|+C\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\tan ax + 1} = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{2a}\ln|\sin ax + \cos ax|+C\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\tan ax - 1} = -\frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{2a}\ln|\sin ax - \cos ax|+C\,\!

: \int\frac{\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax + 1} = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{2a}\ln|\sin ax + \cos ax|+C\,\!

: \int\frac{\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax - 1} = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{2a}\ln|\sin ax - \cos ax|+C\,\!

## Integrander som bare involverer [[secans]]

I det 17. århundre var integralet av secansfunksjonen temaet for en velkjent formodning fremsatt i 1640-årene av Henry Bond. Problemet ble løst av Isaac Barrow Det var opprinnelig nødvendig for kartografi. Se Integralet av secansfunksjonen.

:\int \sec{ax} \, dx = \frac{1}{a}\ln{\left| \sec{ax} + \tan{ax}\right|}+C

:\int \sec^2{x} \, dx = \tan{x}+C

:\int \sec^n{ax} \, dx = \frac{\sec^{n-1}{ax} \tan {ax}}{a(n-1)} \,+\, \frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \sec^{n-2}{ax} \, dx \qquad \mbox{ (for }n \ne 1\mbox{)}\,\!

:\int \sec^n{x} \, dx = \frac{\sec^{n-2}{x}\tan{x}}{n-1} \,+\, \frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \sec^{n-2}{x}\,dx

:\int \frac{dx}{\sec{x} + 1} = x - \tan{\frac{x}{2}}+C

:\int \frac{dx}{\sec{x} - 1} = - x - \cot{\frac{x}{2}}+C

## Integrander som bare involverer [[cosecans]]

:\int \csc{ax} \, dx = -\frac{1}{a}\ln{\left| \csc{ax}+\cot{ax}\right|}+C

:\int \csc^2{x} \, dx = -\cot{x}+C

:\int \csc^n{ax} \, dx = -\frac{\csc^{n-1}{ax} \cos{ax}}{a(n-1)} \,+\, \frac{n-2}{n-1}\int \csc^{n-2}{ax} \, dx \qquad \mbox{ (for }n \ne 1\mbox{)}\,\!

:\int \frac{dx}{\csc{x} + 1} = x - \frac{2\sin{\frac{x}{2}}}{\cos{\frac{x}{2}}+\sin{\frac{x}{2}}}+C

:\int \frac{dx}{\csc{x} - 1} = \frac{2\sin{\frac{x}{2}}}{\cos{\frac{x}{2}}-\sin{\frac{x}{2}}}-x+C

## Integrander som bare involverer [[cotangens]]

:\int\cot ax\;dx = \frac{1}{a}\ln|\sin ax|+C\,\!

: \int\cot^n ax\;dx = -\frac{1}{a(n-1)}\cot^{n-1} ax - \int\cot^{n-2} ax\;dx \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{1 + \cot ax} = \int\frac{\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax+1}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{1 - \cot ax} = \int\frac{\tan ax\;dx}{\tan ax-1}\,\!

## Integrander som involverer både [[Sinussetningen|sinus]] og [[cosinus]]

: \int\frac{dx}{\cos ax\pm\sin ax} = \frac{1}{a\sqrt{2}}\ln\left|\tan\left(\frac{ax}{2}\pm\frac{\pi}{8}\right)\right|+C

: \int\frac{dx}{(\cos ax\pm\sin ax)^2} = \frac{1}{2a}\tan\left(ax\mp\frac{\pi}{4}\right)+C

: \int\frac{dx}{(\cos x + \sin x)^n} = \frac{1}{n-1}\left(\frac{\sin x - \cos x}{(\cos x + \sin x)^{n - 1}} - 2(n - 2)\int\frac{dx}{(\cos x + \sin x)^{n-2}} \right)

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{\cos ax + \sin ax} = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\sin ax + \cos ax\right|+C

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{\cos ax - \sin ax} = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\sin ax - \cos ax\right|+C

: \int\frac{\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax + \sin ax} = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\sin ax + \cos ax\right|+C

: \int\frac{\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax - \sin ax} = -\frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\sin ax - \cos ax\right|+C

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{\sin ax(1+\cos ax)} = -\frac{1}{4a}\tan^2\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\tan\frac{ax}{2}\right|+C

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{\sin ax(1-\cos ax)} = -\frac{1}{4a}\cot^2\frac{ax}{2}-\frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\tan\frac{ax}{2}\right|+C

: \int\frac{\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax(1+\sin ax)} = \frac{1}{4a}\cot^2\left(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)+\frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\tan\left(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right|+C

: \int\frac{\sin ax\;dx}{\cos ax(1-\sin ax)} = \frac{1}{4a}\tan^2\left(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)-\frac{1}{2a}\ln\left|\tan\left(\frac{ax}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right|+C

: \int\sin ax\cos ax\;dx = -\frac{1}{2a}\cos^2 ax +C\,\!

: \int\sin a_1x\cos a_2x\;dx = -\frac{\cos((a_1-a_2)x)}{2(a_1-a_2)} -\frac{\cos((a_1+a_2)x)}{2(a_1+a_2)} +C\qquad\mbox{(for }|a_1|\neq|a_2|\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\sin^n ax\cos ax\;dx = \frac{1}{a(n+1)}\sin^{n+1} ax +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq -1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\sin ax\cos^n ax\;dx = -\frac{1}{a(n+1)}\cos^{n+1} ax +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq -1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\sin^n ax\cos^m ax\;dx = -\frac{\sin^{n-1} ax\cos^{m+1} ax}{a(n+m)}+\frac{n-1}{n+m}\int\sin^{n-2} ax\cos^m ax\;dx  \qquad\mbox{(for }m,n>0\mbox{)}\,\!

: også: \int\sin^n ax\cos^m ax\;dx = \frac{\sin^{n+1} ax\cos^{m-1} ax}{a(n+m)} + \frac{m-1}{n+m}\int\sin^n ax\cos^{m-2} ax\;dx \qquad\mbox{(for }m,n>0\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\sin ax\cos ax} = \frac{1}{a}\ln\left|\tan ax\right|+C

: \int\frac{dx}{\sin ax\cos^n ax} = \frac{1}{a(n-1)\cos^{n-1} ax}+\int\frac{dx}{\sin ax\cos^{n-2} ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{dx}{\sin^n ax\cos ax} = -\frac{1}{a(n-1)\sin^{n-1} ax}+\int\frac{dx}{\sin^{n-2} ax\cos ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\sin ax\;dx}{\cos^n ax} = \frac{1}{a(n-1)\cos^{n-1} ax} +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\sin^2 ax\;dx}{\cos ax} = -\frac{1}{a}\sin ax+\frac{1}{a}\ln\left|\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{ax}{2}\right)\right|+C

: \int\frac{\sin^2 ax\;dx}{\cos^n ax} = \frac{\sin ax}{a(n-1)\cos^{n-1}ax}-\frac{1}{n-1}\int\frac{dx}{\cos^{n-2}ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\sin^n ax\;dx}{\cos ax} = -\frac{\sin^{n-1} ax}{a(n-1)} + \int\frac{\sin^{n-2} ax\;dx}{\cos ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\sin^n ax\;dx}{\cos^m ax} = \frac{\sin^{n+1} ax}{a(m-1)\cos^{m-1} ax}-\frac{n-m+2}{m-1}\int\frac{\sin^n ax\;dx}{\cos^{m-2} ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }m\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: også: \int\frac{\sin^n ax\;dx}{\cos^m ax} = -\frac{\sin^{n-1} ax}{a(n-m)\cos^{m-1} ax}+\frac{n-1}{n-m}\int\frac{\sin^{n-2} ax\;dx}{\cos^m ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }m\neq n\mbox{)}\,\!

: også: \int\frac{\sin^n ax\;dx}{\cos^m ax} = \frac{\sin^{n-1} ax}{a(m-1)\cos^{m-1} ax}-\frac{n-1}{m-1}\int\frac{\sin^{n-2} ax\;dx}{\cos^{m-2} ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }m\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\cos ax\;dx}{\sin^n ax} = -\frac{1}{a(n-1)\sin^{n-1} ax} +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: \int\frac{\cos^2 ax\;dx}{\sin ax} = \frac{1}{a}\left(\cos ax+\ln\left|\tan\frac{ax}{2}\right|\right) +C

: \int\frac{\cos^2 ax\;dx}{\sin^n ax} = -\frac{1}{n-1}\left(\frac{\cos ax}{a\sin^{n-1} ax)}+\int\frac{dx}{\sin^{n-2} ax}\right) \qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}

: \int\frac{\cos^n ax\;dx}{\sin^m ax} = -\frac{\cos^{n+1} ax}{a(m-1)\sin^{m-1} ax} - \frac{n-m-2}{m-1}\int\frac{\cos^n ax\;dx}{\sin^{m-2} ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }m\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

: også: \int\frac{\cos^n ax\;dx}{\sin^m ax} = \frac{\cos^{n-1} ax}{a(n-m)\sin^{m-1} ax} + \frac{n-1}{n-m}\int\frac{\cos^{n-2} ax\;dx}{\sin^m ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }m\neq n\mbox{)}\,\!

: også: \int\frac{\cos^n ax\;dx}{\sin^m ax} = -\frac{\cos^{n-1} ax}{a(m-1)\sin^{m-1} ax} - \frac{n-1}{m-1}\int\frac{\cos^{n-2} ax\;dx}{\sin^{m-2} ax} \qquad\mbox{(for }m\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

## Integrander som involverer både [[Sinussetningen|sinus]] og [[tangens]]

: \int \sin ax \tan ax\;dx = \frac{1}{a}(\ln|\sec ax + \tan ax| - \sin ax)+C\,\!

: \int\frac{\tan^n ax\;dx}{\sin^2 ax} = \frac{1}{a(n-1)}\tan^{n-1} (ax) +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

## Integrander som involverer både [[cosinus]] og [[tangens]]

: \int\frac{\tan^n ax\;dx}{\cos^2 ax} = \frac{1}{a(n+1)}\tan^{n+1} ax +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq -1\mbox{)}\,\!

## Integrander som involverer både [[Sinussetningen|sinus]] og [[cotangens]]

: \int\frac{\cot^n ax\;dx}{\sin^2 ax} = \frac{1}{a(n+1)}\cot^{n+1} ax  +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq -1\mbox{)}\,\!

## Integrander som involverer både [[cosinus]] og [[cotangens]]

: \int\frac{\cot^n ax\;dx}{\cos^2 ax} = \frac{1}{a(1-n)}\tan^{1-n} ax +C\qquad\mbox{(for }n\neq 1\mbox{)}\,\!

## Integraler med symmetriske grenser

: \int_^\sin {x}\;dx = 0 \!
: \int_^\cos {x}\;dx = 2\int_^\cos {x}\;dx = 2\int_^\cos {x}\;dx = 2\sin {c} \!
: \int_^\tan {x}\;dx = 0 \!
: \int_{-\frac{a}{2}}^{\frac{a}{2}} x^2\cos^2 {\frac{n\pi x}{a}}\;dx = \frac{a^3(n^2\pi^2-6)}{24n^2\pi^2}   \qquad\mbox{(for }n=1,3,5...\mbox{)}\,\!

## Referanser