Zuñi

**Zuñi** er eit urfolkspråk i USA som blir tala av zuñifolk frå vestlege New Mexico og austlege Arizona. Det har rundt 9&nbsp;500 talarar, særleg rundt Zuni Pueblo i New Mexico. Til forskjell frå mange andre urfolkspråk i USA har zuñi mange unge talarar og er i utbreidd bruk som daglegspråk. Det er derfor mindre truga av språkdød.

Zuñi er eit isolert språk, men høyrer til pueblo-språkbunten og har mange lånord frå keres, hopi og o'odham.

Zuñinamnet på språket er ** (*shiwi* 'zuñi' og '-’ma', 'zuñi-måten') og namnet på talarane er *a:shiwi* (*’a:(w)-* [fleirtal] + *shiwi*, 'zuñi').

## Skrift
Zuñi blir skrive med latinsk skrift. Zuñialfabetet har 18 bokstavar:

A, B, D, CH, E, H, I, K, L, Ł, M, N, O, P, S, T, U, W, Y

Bokstaven *Ł, ł* uttrykker lyden   (IPA, uttalt som h og l saman). Ein bruker *’* ti la uttrykk  (glottal plosiv) i midten og slutten, men ikkje først i ord.

I tillegg til ch finst det også fleire bokstavkombinasjonar.

Bokstavane c, r, g, v, z, x, q, f j er ikkje brukt i zuñi, men kan brukast til å skriva lånord.

Zuñiortografien blei i stor grad utarbeidd av Curtis Cook. Det finst også eldre ortografiar laga av språkforskarar og antropologar.

## Kjelder

**Denne artikkelen bygger på «[[:en:Zuni language|Zuni language]]» frå ,  den 31. januar 2013.*  

### Litteraturliste
*Bunzel, Ruth L. (1932a). Zuñi origin myths. In *47th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1929–1930* (pp.&nbsp;545–609). Washington.
*Bunzel, Ruth L. (1932b). Zuñi ritual poetry. In *47th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1929–1930* (pp.&nbsp;611–835). Washington.
*Bunzel, Ruth L. (1933). *Zuni texts*. Publications of the American Ethnological Society (No. 15). New York: G.E. Steckert & Co. ISBN 0-404-58165-X
*Bunzel, Ruth L. (1934). Zuni. In *Handbook of American Indian languages* (Vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;383–515). Gluckstadt: J. J. Augustin.
*Campbell, Lyle. (1997). *American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
*Cannell, Joseph R. (2007). *On the Language Family Classifications of Zuni* [Online] Available: www.josephcannell.yahoo.com [2007, April 15]
*Condie, Carol. (1973). Problems of a Chomskyan analysis of Zuni transitivity. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *39*, 207-223.
*Cook, Curtis D. (1975). Nucleus and margin of Zuni clause types. *Linguistics*, *13* 5-37.
*Cushing, Frank Hamilton. (1975). *Zuni breadstuff*. Indian notes and monographs (Vol. 8). AMS Press.  ISBN 0-404-11835-6
*Davis, Nancy Yaw. (2000). *The Zuni enigma*. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04788-1
* Davis, Irvine. (1966). [Review of *Zuni grammar* by Stanley Newman]. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *32*, 82-84.
*Dutton, Bertha P. (1983). *American Indians of the Southwest*.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
*Foster, Michael K. (1996). Language and the culture history of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp.&nbsp;64–110). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Goddard, Ives. (1996). The classification of the native languages of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.) *Handbook of North American Indians: Languages* (Vol. 17, pp.&nbsp;290–323). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Granberry, Julian. (1967). *Zuni syntax*. (Doctoral dissertation, SUNY Buffalo).
*Hickerson, Nancy P. (1975). Two studies of color: Implications for cross-cultural comparability of semantic categories.  In M. D. Kinkade, K. Hale, & O. Werner (Eds.), *Linguistics and anthropology: In honor of C. F. Voegelin* (pp.&nbsp;317–330). The Peter De Ridder Press.
*Hymes, Dell H. (1957). Some Penutian elements and the Penutian hypothesis. *Southwestern Journal of Anthropology*, *13*, 69-87.
* Kroeber, Albert L. (1917). *[http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/97 Zuñi kin and clan]*. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 18, Pt. 2). New York: The Trustees.
* Miller, Wick R. (1996). The ethnography of speaking. In I. Goddard (Ed.) *Handbook of North American Indians: Languages* (Vol. 17, pp.&nbsp;222–243). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Miner, Kenneth L. (1986). Noun stripping and loose incorporation in Zuni. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *52*, 242-254.
*Mithun, Marianne (Ed.). (1999). *The languages of native North America*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Newman, Stanley. (1954). A practical Zuni orthography. In J. Roberts & W. Smith (Eds.), *Zuni law: A field of values* (pp.&nbsp;163–170). Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology (Vol. 43, No. 1). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, Harvard University. ISBN 0-527-01312-9
*Newman, Stanley. (1955). Vocabulary levels: Zuni sacred and slang usage. *Southwestern Journal of Anthropology*, *11*, 345-354.
*Newman, Stanley. (1958). *Zuni dictionary*. Indiana University research center publications (No. 6). Bloomington: Indiana University.
* Newman, Stanley. (1964). Comparison of Zuni and California Penutian. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *30*, 1-13.
*Newman, Stanley. (1965). *Zuni grammar*. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology (No. 14). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
*Newman, Stanley. (1967). Zuni grammar: Alternative solutions versus weaknesses. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *33*, 187-192.
*Newman, Stanley. (1967). The Zuni verb 'to be'. In J. W. Verhaar (Ed.), *Foundations of language, supplemental series* (Vol. 1). The Humanities Press.
*Newman, Stanley. (1996). Sketch of the Zuni language. In I. Goddard (Ed.) *Handbook of North American Indians: Languages* (Vol. 17, pp.&nbsp;483–506). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
*Nichols, Lynn. (1990). Direct quotation and switch reference in Zuni. In *Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society* (No. 16, pp.&nbsp;90–100).
*Nichols, Lynn. (1993). Recovering Zuni auxiliaries and their role in event classification. *Harvard Studies in Linguistics*, *3*, 92-108.
*Nichols, Lynn. (1998). *Topics in Zuni syntax*. (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard).
* Parsons, Elsie Clews. (1927). Zuñi names and naming practices. *The Journal of American Folklore*, *36* (140), 171-176.
*Stout, Carol. (1972). *Zuni transitivity: A generative approach*. (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico).
* Tedlock, Dennis. (1972). *Finding the center: Narrative poetry of the Zuni Indians*. New York: Dial.
* Tedlock, Dennis. (1978). Coyote and Junco. In W. Bright (Ed.), *Coyote stories* (pp.&nbsp;171–177). Chicago: The Chicago University Press.
* Tedlock, Dennis. (1983). *The spoken word and the work of interpretation*. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
* Tedlock, Dennis. (1999). *Finding the center: The art of the Zuni storyteller* (2nd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
*Walker, Willard. (1964). *Reference, taxonomy and inflection in Zuni*. (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
*Walker, Willard. (1966). [Review of *Zuni grammar* by Stanley Newman]. *Language*, *42* (1), 176-180.
*Walker, Willard. (1966). Inflection and taxonomic structure in Zuni. *International Journal of American Linguistics*, *32* (3), 217-227.
*Walker, Willard. (1979). Zuni semantic categories. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), *Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest* (Vol. 9, pp.&nbsp;509–513). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
*Walker, Willard. (1983). What Zuni is really like. In F. Agard, G. Kelley, A. Makkai, V. B. Makkai (Eds.), *Essays in honor of Charles F. Hockett* (pp.&nbsp;551–562). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
*Watts, Linda. (1992). *Relational terminology at Zuni Pueblo: A social semiotic case study*. (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University).
*Yumitani, Yukihiro. (1987). A comparative sketch of Pueblo languages: Phonology. In *Kansas working papers in linguistics* (No. 12, pp.&nbsp;119–139). University of Kansas.

## Bakgrunnsstoff
*Zuni ved Ethnologue
*Zuni World View , "Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview", HTML og PDF.
*Engelsk-zuñi ordliste
*Engelsk-zuñi fraseliste
*Zuni Bibeldelar på zuñi