Chinyanja

**Chinyanja** eller **chichewa** er eit sørleg bantuspråk som har rundt 9,3 millionar talarar. Det er offisielt språk i Malawi og blir også snakka i Mosambik og delvis i Zambia og Zimbabwe. Chinyanja er det mest utbreidde språket i Malawi, der det særleg blir tala i sentrale og sørlege område. 

Nominalklassen *chi-* blir brukt som forstaving for språk. I Malawi blei namnet på språket offisielt endra frå «chinyanja» til «chichewa» i 1968 på ordre frå president Hastings Kamuzu Banda (som var av chewafolket), og dette er framleis det vanlegaste namnet brukt i Malawi i dag. I Zambia er språket vanlegvis kjend som nyanja eller  '[språket] frå sjøen', som viser til Malawisjøen). Språknamnet blir skrive  i Mosambik. 

Chinyanja er eit bantuspråk i sone N (N31).

## Fonologi

### Vokalar

Chewa har fire vokallydar, . Desse blir skrivne *a*, *e*, *i*, *o*, *u*.

### Konsonantar

Konsonantar i chinyanja kan vera enkle (dvs. følgd av ein vokal), labialiserte (følgd av *w*) eller palataliserte (følgd av eller kombinert med *y*):

**ba*, *kha*, *ga*, *fa*, *ma*, *sa* etc.
**bwa*, *khwa*, *gwa*, *fwa*, *mwa*, *swa* etc.
**bza*, *khya*, *ja*, *fya*, *nya*, *sha* etc.

## Ortografi

Chinyanja blir skrive med litt ulik ortografi i Mosambik og dei andre landa. Ortografien bruker det latinske alfabetet, med ein tilleggsbokstav, *ŵ*, som blir brukt for bilabial frikativ.

## Merknadar

## Kjelder

**Denne artikkelen bygger på «[[:en:Chewa language|Chewa language]]» frå ,  den 14. april 2020.*  
 

*Atkins, Guy (1950) "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja" *Africa: Journal of the International African Institute*, Vol. 20, No. 3
*Batteen, C. (2005). "Syntactic Constraints in Chichewa/English code-switching." 
*Corbett, G.G.; Al D. Mtenje (1987) "Gender Agreement in Chichewa". *Studies in African Linguistics* Vol 18, No. 1.
*Downing, Laura J.; Al D. Mtenje (2017). *The Phonology of Chichewa*. Oxford University Press.
*Goodson, Andrew, (2011). ''Salimini's Chichewa'' In Paas, Steven (2011). *Johannes Rebmann: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism*, pp.&nbsp;239–50.
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*Henry, George, (1904). *[https://books.google.com/books?id=xjY-AAAAYAAJ A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa].*
*Hullquist, C.G. (1988). *Simply Chichewa*.
*Hyman, Larry M. & Sam Mchombo (1992). "Morphotactic Constraints in the Chichewa Verb Stem". Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp.&nbsp;350–364.
*Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999a). "Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case of Chichewa" in René Kager, Harry van der Hulst and Wim Zonneveld (eds.) *The Prosody-Morphology Interface*. Cambridge University Press, 90-133.
*Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999b). "Non-Etymological High Tones in the Chichewa Verb", *Malilime: The Malawian Journal of Linguistics* no.1.
*Katsonga-Woodward, Heather (2012). *Chichewa 101*. .
*Kanerva, Jonni M. (1990). *Focus and Phrasing in Chichewa Phonology*. New York, Garland.
*Kishindo, Pascal, (2001). "Authority in Language": The Role of the Chichewa Board (1972-1995) in Prescription and Standardization of Chichewa. *Journal of Asian and African Studies*, No. 62.
*Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
*Kunkeyani, Thokozani (2007). "Semantic Classification and Chichewa Derived Nouns". SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol.15 (2007): 151-157.
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*Lehmann, Dorothea (1977) *An outline of Cinyanja Grammar*. Zambia 
*Mapanje, John Alfred Clement (1983). "On the Interpretation of Aspect and Tense in Chiyao, Chichewa, and English". University College London PhD Thesis.
*Marwick, M.G., (1963). "History and Tradition in East Central Africa Through the Eyes of the Northern Rhodesian Cheŵa", *Journal of African History*, 4, 3, pp.&nbsp;375–390.
*Marwick, M.G., (1964). "An Ethnographic Classic Brought to Light" *Africa: Journal of the International African Institute*, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;46–56.
*Maxson, Nathaniel (2011). *Chicheŵa for English Speakers: A New and Simplifed Approach*. .
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*Mchombo, S. (2006). "Nyanja". In *The Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World* (Elsevier).
*Missionários da Companhia de Jesus, (1963). *Dicionário Cinyanja–Português*. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.
*: The first Chinyanja/Chichewa monolingual dictionary (c.2000). Blantyre (Malawi): Dzuka Pub. Co. (Also published online at the website of the "Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi".)
*Mtenje, Al D. (1986). ''Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa'' part 1. ''Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa'' part 2. PhD Thesis, University College, London.
*Mtenje, Al D. (1987). "Tone Shift Principles in the Chichewa Verb: A Case for a Tone Lexicon", *Lingua* 72, 169-207.
*Newitt, M.D.D. (1982) "The Early History of the Maravi". *The Journal of African History*, vol 23, no. 2, pp.&nbsp;145–162.
*Paas, Steven, (2016). *Oxford Chichewa–English, English–Chichewa Dictionary*. Oxford University Press.
*Rebman, John (= Johannes Rebmann), (1877). ''A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language''. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968).
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*Salaun, N. (1993) [1978]. *Chicheŵa Intensive Course*. Likuni Press, Lilongwe.
*Scott, David Clement & Alexander Hetherwick (1929). *Dictionary of the Nyanja Language*.
*Scotton, Carol Myers & Gregory John Orr, (1980). ''Learning Chichewa'', Bk 1. ''Learning Chichewa'', Bk 2. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (For recordings, see External links below.)
*Simango, Silvester Ron (2000). "'My Madam is Fine': The Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa". *Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development*, vol 12, no. 6.
*Stevick, Earl et al. (1965). ''Chinyanja Basic Course''. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C. (Recordings of this are available on the internet.)
*Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2005). "Mark Hanna Watkins". *Histories of Anthropology Annual*, vol 1, pp.&nbsp;181–218.
*Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937). ''A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa'', *Language*, Vol. 13, No. 2, Language Dissertation No. 24 (Apr.-Jun., 1937), pp.&nbsp;5–158.
*Woodward, M.E., (1895). *[https://archive.org/details/avocabularyengl00rgoog A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa].* Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

## Bakgrunnsstoff

* PanAfrLoc om Chichewa
* Menneskerettserklæringa på chinyanja

; Litteratur 

* Paas, Steven, 2012. 3. utg. *Dictionary / Mtanthauziramawu. English – Chichewa / Chinyanja // Chichewa / Chinyanja – English.* VTR Publications. ISBN 978-3-941750-87-6
* Mchombo, Sam, 2004. *The Syntax of Chichewa.* Cambridge Syntax Guides
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* Henry, George, 1904. *[http://books.google.com/books?id=xjY-AAAAYAAJ A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa].*
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* Woodward, M. E., 1895. *[http://books.google.com/books?id=vIEOAAAAYAAJ A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa].* Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
* Missionários da Companhia de Jesus 1963. *Dicionário Cinyanja-Português*. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.