𑐴𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵

**𑐴𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵** (Code of Hammurabi) 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐩𑐾𑐳𑑀𑐥𑑀𑐚𑐵𑐩𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐩𑐶 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐳𑐸𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐟 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩 𑐩𑐸𑐣𑐵 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑗𑑕𑑐 𑐃𑐳𑐵 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾 𑐧𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐏𑐸𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐖𑐸𑐖𑐸 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑑄 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐬𑐹𑐥𑑄 𑐳𑐸𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐟 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐷 𑐡𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐵𑐰𑐾𑐖 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐾 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐏𑑅। 

𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷 𑐖𑐸𑐖𑐸𑑄 𑐖𑐵𑐬𑐷 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐷𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑑄 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑐮𑑄 𑐧𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑑂𑐫𑑅 𑐱𑐩𑐵𑐱𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐥𑑂𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐵𑐧𑐷 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐸𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 (𑐐𑐠𑐾𑐎𑐶 𑐄𑐬-𑐣𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐹 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵)𑐫𑑂 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐷𑐜𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐟𑐶𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣। 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐳𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐰 𑐱𑐵𑐬𑐷𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐧𑑅 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐮। 𑐠𑐠𑐾 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐎 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐚 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸𑐳𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐡𑑀𑐲𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐩𑐵𑐣 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐥𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵𑑅। 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫 𑐖𑐹𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐱𑑀𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐸 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐩𑐟𑐶 𑐡𑐸 𑐢𑐿𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃 𑐣𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐟𑑀𑐬𑐵𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑑀𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩 𑐰 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑄 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸।

𑐴𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐠𑐷 𑐠𑐷 𑐰𑐶𑐲𑐫𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑑒𑑘𑑒 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐴 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐩𑐏𑐸। 𑐟𑐬, 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐷𑐜𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐟𑐶𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐱𑐵𑐬𑐷𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐲𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐫𑑂 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐱𑐵𑐮𑐷 𑐳𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐏 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫 𑐖𑐹𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐱𑑀𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐸 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐡𑐂 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢 𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐡𑑀𑐲𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐳𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐀𑐨𑐶𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐁𑐬𑑀𑐥𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐩𑐵𑐞 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐰𑐳𑐬 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐬𑐔𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐚 𑐡𑐸, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐎 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐡𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐚 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐩𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐸, 𑐱𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐟𑐶, 𑐰𑐵 𑐮𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳 𑐚𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐌𑐣𑐶𑐳 (Lex Talionis) 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐮𑐾𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 (" 𑐩𑐶𑐏𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐩𑐶𑐏𑐵, 𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐰𑐵") 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 

𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐱𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐖𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐎𑐳𑐶𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐦𑐎𑑅 𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 𑐫𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐥𑐶 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐵𑐳𑐣𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐬 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐟 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐖𑐎 𑐡𑐸 𑐢𑐿𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐩𑐵𑐣 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐱𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐊𑐮𑐵𑐩𑐶𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐮𑐸𑐚𑐾 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐠𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐢𑐵𑐣𑐷 𑐳𑐸𑐳𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑑄𑐎𑐮। 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵, 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑙𑑐𑑑𑐫𑑂 𑐂𑐬𑐵𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐱𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑐣𑑄 𑐮𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏 𑐰 𑐁𑑅 𑐥𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐸𑐨 𑐳𑑄𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐫𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐸। 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑑒𑑘𑑒𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩 𑐡𑐸, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐩𑐶𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑑑𑑒𑐐𑐸 𑐚𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 (𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹)𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑐎 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐀𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑑄 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐀𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐣𑐐𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐳𑐸𑑄 𑐣𑑄 𑐳𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐬 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐏𑑄 𑐧𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐾𑐦𑐟। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐃𑐮𑐾 𑐀𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑑄 𑐳𑐸𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐵𑐮, 𑐰 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑑄 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐳𑐸𑐢𑐵𑐬 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐀𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐃𑐮𑐾 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐮। 𑐱𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐴𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐧𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑑂𑐫𑑅 𑐱𑐩𑐵𑐱𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐥𑑂𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸 𑐰 𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸 𑐎𑐶 𑐴𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐱𑐩𑐵𑐱𑑄 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐖𑐣𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑑅𑐣𑐾 𑐴𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 

𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐷𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐞 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑑄𑐣𑑂𑐫𑑄𑐎𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐨𑐰𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐏𑐣𑐾𑐡𑐂। 𑐳𑑄𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑂𑐟 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐶𑐚𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐳𑐨𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑐾𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐧𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐾𑐳-𑐬𑐶𑐮𑐶𑐦𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑑒𑑓 𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐸𑐣𑐡𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐟 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐾 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐧𑐷 𑐣𑑄 𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐏𑑅। 𑐊𑐜𑑀𑐮𑑂𑐦 𑐰𑐾𑐣𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐖(Frieze)𑐫𑑂 "𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐶𑑄" 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐂 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐦𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐖 𑐀𑐩𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐎𑐷 𑐳𑐬𑑂𑐰𑑀𑐔𑑂𑐔 𑐀𑐡𑐵𑐮𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐰𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐶𑐞𑐷 𑐥𑑅𑐏𑐵𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐸। 

## 𑐳𑑄𑐬𑐔𑐣𑐵 𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑐹𑐥
𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑑀𑐴𑑃 (Basalt)𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐶𑐮𑐵𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 (Stele) '𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐦𑐬𑑂𑐩' (Cuneiform) 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐶𑑄 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸।

* **𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂:** 𑐖𑐸𑐖𑐸 𑐴𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐧𑐷𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑑂𑐫𑑅 '𑐱𑐩𑐵𑐱' (Shamash) 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩𑐟 𑐎𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐡𑐸, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣 𑐡𑐿𑐰𑐷 𑐱𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐷।
* **𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅:** 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑑒𑑘𑑒 𑐐𑐹 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩𑐟 𑐡𑐸𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 ।

## 𑐩𑐹 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟
𑐴𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐬𑐵𑐧𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐥𑐎𑑂𑐲 '𑐮𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳 𑐚𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐫𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐳' (Lex Talionis) 𑐰𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐱𑑀𑐢𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐏𑑅।

# **𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐣 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫:** 𑐫𑐡𑐶 𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐶𑐏𑐵 𑐟𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐂 𑐢𑐵𑐳𑐵, 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐄𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑐶𑐏𑐵 𑐴𑐾 𑐟𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐩𑐵𑑅।
# **𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐬:** 𑐳𑐖𑐵𑐫 𑐧𑐷𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐷𑐜𑐶𑐟 𑐰 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐢𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐬 (𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐩𑐣𑐹, 𑐡𑐵𑐳, 𑐰𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐷𑐣) 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐦𑐬𑐎-𑐦𑐬𑐎 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩 𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐹 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸।

## 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐲𑐫
𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐴𑐶𑐟𑐵𑑄 𑐟𑐟𑑂𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐷𑐣 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐷-𑐠𑐷 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑑅 𑐎𑑅𑐑𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸:

* **𑐥𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣:** 𑐂𑐴𑐶𑐥𑐵, 𑐥𑐵𑐬𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐸𑐎𑐾 (Divorce), 𑐰 𑐀𑑄𑐱𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐜𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐷 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩।
* **𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑐵𑐞𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐫:** 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐬, 𑐆𑐞𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐖, 𑐰 𑐧𑐸𑑃𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞।
* **𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐩𑐶 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬:** 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐩𑐶, 𑐰𑐿𑐡𑑂𑐫 (Doctor), 𑐰 𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑂𑐜𑐬𑐟𑐫𑐐𑐸 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐰। 𑐫𑐡𑐶 𑐕𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑂𑐜𑐬𑑄 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐾𑑃 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐩𑐣𑐹 𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐢𑐵𑐳𑐵, 𑐄𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐧𑐶𑐮𑑂𑐜𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐧𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩 𑐡𑐟।

## 𑐋𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐎 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰
* **𑐮𑐶𑐏𑐶𑐟 𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐵𑐣:** 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐞𑐵𑐮𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐣𑐎𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐮𑐶𑐏𑐶𑐟 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑐮।
* **𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐰𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞𑐵:** "𑐧𑐮𑐰𑐵𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐧𑐮𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐾𑐮𑐾 𑐩𑐦𑐫𑐾𑐩𑐵" 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐰𑑄 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐐𑐟 𑐳𑐸𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐶𑐎 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬 𑐟𑐫𑐵𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐟।

## 𑐧𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐳𑑃
* Roth, Martha T. (1995). *Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor*.
* King, Leonard William (1910). *The Code of Hammurabi*.