Monasteru ta' Haghpat

Il-**Monasteru ta' Haghpat**, magħruf ukoll bħala **Haghpatavank** (bl-Armen: Հաղպատավանք), huwa kumpless ta' monasteru Medjevali f'Haghpat, l-Armenja, li nbena bejn is-sekli 10 u 13.

## Pożizzjoni
Il-pożizzjoni tal-Monasteru ta' Haghpat intgħażlet sabiex ikun iħares lejn ix-xmara Debed fir-reġjun ta' Lori fit-Tramuntana tal-Armenja. Inbena, mhux fuq quċċata, iżda nofs triq fuq għolja f'sit magħżul biex ikun għall-kenn u mistur min-nies, kif ukoll bħala rispons għal speċi ta' umiltà monastika. Inbena fuq promontorju bil-veġetazzjoni li jinsab nofs triq fuq ix-xaqliba ta' għolja, li spiss tkun fis-sħab. Quċċata fuq in-naħa opposta tax-xmara hija għolja 2,500 metru. Il-monasteri tat-Tramuntana tal-Armenja mhumiex iżolati, għad-differenza tal-kontropartijiet tagħhom fir-reġjuni aridi tal-pajjiż. Dawn inbnew f'ambjent ta' villaġġ u l-Monasteru ta' Haghpat huwa mdawwar b'bosta villaġġi.

## Storja u deskrizzjoni

Il-monasteru ġie stabbilit mir-Reġina Khosrovanuysh, il-mara tar-re Bagratid Ashot III, x'aktarx fid-976. Il-Monasteru ta' Sanahin fil-qrib inbena bejn wieħed u ieħor fl-istess żmien.

### Katidral ta' Surb Nshan
L-ikbar knisja fil-kumpless, il-Katidral ta' Surb Nshan, li x'aktarx beda jinbena fid-976, tlesta fid-991 mir-re Smbat. Huwa eżempju tipiku tal-arkitettura Armena tas-seklu 10. Il-koppla ċentrali tiegħu hija mirfuda minn erba' pilastri imponenti tal-ħitan laterali. Il-ħitan ta' barra fihom daħliet triangolari żgħar. Affresk fl-apsida juri lil Kristu Pantokrator. Id-donatur tal-katidral, il-Prinċep Armen Khutulukhaga, jidher fit-transett tan-Nofsinhar (navata trasversali li tiltaqa' man-navata prinċipali). L-ulied subien tal-fundatur tal-knisja, il-Prinċpijiet Smbat u Kurike, jidhru flimkien mar-Reġina Khosravanuysh f'bassoriljiev fin-naħa tal-Lvant tas-saqaf forfċi. Apparti xi restawr minuri li twettaq fis-sekli 11 u 12, il-knisja żammet il-karattru oriġinali tagħha.

### Strutturi oħra

Hemm diversi strutturi oħra fis-sit ukoll. Hemm il-Knisja ta' Sourb Grigor (San Girgor) b'koppla żgħira tal-1005. Żewġ kappelli laterali żdiedu mal-knisja oriġinali; l-ikbar waħda nbniet fil-bidu tas-seklu 13, u l-iżgħar waħda, magħrufa bħala d-"Dar ta' Hamazas", inbniet fl-1257. Fl-1245 inbena kampnar waħdu ta' tliet sulari. Żidiet oħra tas-seklu 13 jinkludu l-Kappella ta' Sourb Astvatsatsin, librerija u skrittorju (li iktar 'il quddiem ġie kkonvertit f'maħżen), u refettorju kbir, li jinsab 'il barra mil-limiti tal-monasteru.

Barra minn hekk, hemm ukoll għadd ta' *khachkar* (ħaġriet b'għamla ta' salib) mill-isbaħ tas-sekli 11-13 li jinsabu fit-territorju tal-monasteru; l-iżjed waħda magħrufa fosthom tissejjaħ il-*khachkar* ta' "Amenaprkich" (tas-Salvatur ta' Kollox) li ilha hemmhekk mill-1273.

### Kruċjati
Fl-1260, Prosh Khaghbakian, flimkien mas-*suzerains* Zakaridi Armeni tiegħu Avag u Shahnshah, mexxa forza kbira ta' Georgiani u ta' Armeni biex jappoġġaw forza ferm iżgħar ta' truppi Mongoli ta' Hulegu fl-Assedju ta' Mayyāfāriqīn (Diyarbakır), li kienet difiża mill-aħħar mexxej Ajjubid tagħha Al-Kamil Muhammad. Il-Prinċep Armen Sevata ta' Kachen inqatel fil-kunflitt. Meta l-belt inħatfet wara assedju ta' sentejn, il-Musulmani ġew immassakrati, iżda l-Kristjani ffrankawha. Ir-relikwi Kristjani nġabru u ttieħdu lura lejn l-Armenja, b'mod partikolari lejn il-Monasteru ta' Haghpat, li ngħata l-id tal-Appostlu San Bartilmew.

### Ħsarat tul iż-żminijiet
Il-monasteru ġarrab bosta ħsarat tul iż-żminijiet. Għall-ħabta tal-1130, terremot qered partijiet mill-Monasteru ta' Haghpat u ma ġiex irrestawrat qabel xi ħamsin sena wara. Barra minn hekk, il-monasteru ġarrab bosta attakki mill-forzi armati fil-bosta sekli tal-eżistenza tiegħu u ġarrab ħsarat ukoll minn terremot qawwi fl-1988. Minkejja dan, il-maġġoranza tal-kumpless għadha intatta u l-monasteru għadu jeżisti mingħajr alterazzjonijiet sostanzjali.
File:Canon_tables_from_the_Haghbat_Gospels;_1211_(Yerevan,_Matendaran,_MS_6288,_fols._8v–9r.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_tables_from_the_Haghbat_Gospels;_1211_(Yerevan,_Matendaran,_MS_6288,_fols._8v%E2%80%939r.jpg|Canon tables from the Haghbat Gospels, created at Horomos Monastery and soon after given to the Haghpat Monastery; 1211 (Matendaran, MS 6288, fols. 8v–9r).
File:Mural_representing_Khutlubuga._Church_of_the_Holy_Sign._Haghpat_Monastery,_southern_wall._Late_13th_century._(color).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_representing_Khutlubuga._Church_of_the_Holy_Sign._Haghpat_Monastery,_southern_wall._Late_13th_century._(color).jpg|Mural representing Khutlubuga. Church of the Holy Sign. Haghpat Monastery, southern wall. Late 13th century.
File:Deesis._Church_of_the_Holy_Sign._Haghpat_Monasery.Wall_painting_in_the_semi-dome._Early_13th_century.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deesis._Church_of_the_Holy_Sign._Haghpat_Monasery.Wall_painting_in_the_semi-dome._Early_13th_century.jpg|Deesis. Church of the Holy Sign. Haghpat Monastery. Wall painting in the semi-dome. Early 13th century.


## Sit ta' Wirt Dinji
Il-Monasteru ta' Haghpat flimkien mal-Monasteru ta' Sanahin ġew deskritti bħala "kapulavuri tal-arkitettura reliġjuża u ċentru ewlieni tat-tagħlim fil-Medju Evu", u b'hekk ġew iddeżinjati bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1996. Il-Monasteri ta' Haghpat u ta' Sanahin tniżżlu fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO billi:Iż-żewġ kumplessi monastiċi jirrappreżentaw l-epitoma tal-arkitettura reliġjuża Armena, bi stil uniku żviluppat mit-taħlit tal-elementi ekkleżjastiċi Biżantini u tal-arkitettura vernakolari tradizzjonali tar-reġjun tal-Kawkasu.Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' żewġ kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-**kriterju (ii)** "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; u l-**kriterju (iv)** "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem".

## Gallerija

File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_05.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_05.jpg|The belltower
File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_18.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_18.jpg|The belltower and the Church of Sourb Nshan
File:Armenia_Haghbat.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenia_Haghbat.jpg|Artistically carved entranceway to one of the buildings
File:Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_monastery_04.JPG
File:-Հաղպատի_վանական_համալիր.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%80.jpg
File:Haghpat_Monastery_1.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monastery_1.jpg
File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(30).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(30).jpg
File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(22).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(22).jpg
File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(27).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(27).jpg
File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(29).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(29).jpg
File:Armenia_Tour_2006_Haghpat_Monastery_(2166048620).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenia_Tour_2006_Haghpat_Monastery_(2166048620).jpg
File:Armenia_Jan_2020_12_44_30_089000.jpeg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenia_Jan_2020_12_44_30_089000.jpeg
File:Haghpat_monastery_07.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_monastery_07.JPG
File:Haghpat_monastery_06.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_monastery_06.JPG
File:Haghpat_monastery_08.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_monastery_08.JPG
File:Entrance_to_Great_Gavit,_Haghpat_monastery.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Great_Gavit,_Haghpat_monastery.jpg
File:093_Haghpat_monastery_Armenia_(1541479538).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:093_Haghpat_monastery_Armenia_(1541479538).jpg
File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(19).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(19).jpg
File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(23).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(23).jpg
File:Haghbat_a.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghbat_a.JPG
File:Haghpat_-_Armenia_(2935022258).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_-_Armenia_(2935022258).jpg|Smbat II and his brother Kiurike I depicted at the entrance to Haghpat Monastery
File:Haghpat monastery complex cutted 022.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat monastery complex cutted 022.jpg
File:Հաղպատ_(2019)_35.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF_(2019)_35.jpg
File:DJI_0012-3.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DJI_0012-3.jpg
File:Haghpat_Monestary_Ceiling,_Armenia.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monestary_Ceiling,_Armenia.jpg|Dome (interior)
File:Haghpat_Monastery,_2022_12.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monastery,_2022_12.jpg
File:Haghpat_Hamazasp_3,_Armenia.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Hamazasp_3,_Armenia.jpg
File:Haghpat_monastery_29.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_monastery_29.JPG
File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_interior_3.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_interior_3.jpg
File:Haghpat_From_Inside.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_From_Inside.jpg|Monastery gate, looking from inside out; note stone crosses (khachkars) left and right
File:Cross-Stones-Haghpat.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cross-Stones-Haghpat.jpg|Monastery gate, stone crosses (khachkars)
File:Haghpat_galeria.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_galeria.jpg
File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_28-30_HDR.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_28-30_HDR.jpg|Church interior, nave and altar
File:Haghpat_-_Armenia_(2934174549).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_-_Armenia_(2934174549).jpg
File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_interior.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_interior.jpg
File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_refectory.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_refectory.jpg
File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_06.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monasterio_de_Haghpat,_Armenia,_2016-09-30,_DD_06.jpg|Library and scriptorium (storage jars were inserted into the floor when the room was later converted into a storeroom)
File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_holes.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haghpat_Monastery_-_holes.jpg


## Referenzi