Graphium (kekupu)

***Graphium*** ialah genus kebanyakan jenis kupu-kupu ekor layang tropika yang dikelompokkan sebagai **riang** atau **ekor pedang**. Berasal dari Erasia, Afrika dan Oseania, genus ini diwakili oleh lebih 100 spesies. Warnanya berubah-ubah mengikut habitat yang dikunjungi; dari hutan hujan hingga savana. Beberapanya berekor agak panjang bak pedang, sedangkan yang lain tiada lunjuran sayap belakang. Spesies *Graphium* kerap dilihat di lopak berlumpur.

## Spesies

Disenaraikan mengikut abjad:

**Subgenus**: *Idaides*
:**Kumpulan spesies**: *codrus*
::* *[[Graphium anthedon]]* (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864)
::* *[[Graphium cloanthus]]* (Westwood, 1841)
::* *[[Graphium codrus]]* (Cramer, [1777])
::* *[[Graphium empedocles]]* (Fabricius, 1787), asalnya *Papilio empedocles* Fabricius, 1787; *Mantissa Insectorum* 2: 10, no. 94 = homonim bagi *Papilio empedocles* Cramer, 1779; digantikan oleh *empedovana* Corbet, 1941.
::* *[[Graphium empedovana]]* (Corbet, 1941) – riang Malaya
::* *[[Graphium gelon]]* (Boisduval, 1859)
::* *[[Graphium macleayanus]]* (Leach, 1814) – ekor layang Macleay
::* *[[Graphium mendana]]* (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
::* *[[Graphium monticolus]]* (Fruhstorfer, 1896)
::* ?*[[Graphium protensor]]* (Gistel,1857) *Papilio protensor* Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel *Vacuna* 2(2):513-606. sinonim bagi *[[Graphium sarpedon]]*
::* *[[Graphium sarpedon]]* (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang segi tiga
::* *[[Graphium stresemanni]]* (Rothschild, 1916)
::* *[[Graphium weiskei]]* (Ribbe, 1900) – ekor layang tompok ungu

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *eurypylus*
::* *[[Graphium agamemnon]]* (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang ekor
::* *[[Graphium arycles]]* (Boisduval, 1836) – riang tompok
::* *[[Graphium bathycles]]* (Zinken, 1831) – riang belang
::* *[[Graphium chironides]]* (Honrath, 1884) – riang urat
::* *[[Graphium doson]]* (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – riang biasa
::* *[[Graphium eurypylus]]* (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang besar
::* *[[Graphium evemon]]* (Boisduval, 1836) – riang kecil
::* *[[Graphium leechi]]* (Rothschild, 1895)
::* *[[Graphium macfarlanei]]* (Butler, 1877)
::* *[[Graphium meeki]]* (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901)
::* *[[Graphium meyeri]]* (Hopffer, 1874)
::* *[[Graphium procles]]* (Grose-Smith, 1887)

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *wallacei*
::* *[[Graphium browni]]* (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
::* *[[Graphium hicetaon]]* (Mathew, 1886)
::* *[[Graphium sandawanum]]* Yamamoto, 1977 – ekor layang Apo
::* *[[Graphium wallacei]]* (Hewitson, 1858)

**Subgenus**: *Arisbe* Hübner, [1819]
:**Kumpulan spesies**: *antheus*
::* *[[Graphium antheus]]* (Cramer, [1779])
::* *[[Graphium evombar]]* (Boisduval, 1836)

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *policenes*
::* *[[Graphium biokoensis]]* Gauthier, 1984
::* *[[Graphium colonna]]* (Ward, 1873)
::* *[[Graphium gudenusi]]* (Rebel, 1911)
::* *[[Graphium illyris]]* (Hewitson, 1872)
::* *[[Graphium junodi]]* (Trimen, 1893)
::* *[[Graphium kirbyi]]* (Hewitson, 1872)
::* *[[Graphium liponesco]]* (Suffert, 1904)
::* *[[Graphium policenes]]* (Cramer, [1775])
::* *[[Graphium policenoides]]* (Holland, 1892)
::* *[[Graphium polistratus]]* (Grose-Smith, 1889)
::* *[[Graphium porthaon]]* (Hewitson, 1865)

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *angolanus*
::* *[[Graphium angolanus]]* (Goeze, 1779)
::* *[[Graphium endochus]]* (Boisduval, 1836)
::* *[[Graphium morania]]* (Angas, 1849)
::* *[[Graphium ridleyanus]]* (White, 1843)
::* *[[Graphium schaffgotschi]]* (Niepelt, 1927)
::* *[[Graphium taboranus]]* (Oberthür, 1886)

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *leonidas*
::* *[[Graphium cyrnus]]* (Boisduval, 1836)
::* *[[Graphium leonidas]]* (Fabricius, 1793)
::* *[[Graphium levassori]]* Oberthür, 1890

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *tynderaeus*
::* *[[Graphium tynderaeus]]* (Fabricius, 1793)
::* *[[Graphium latreillianus]]* (Godart, 1819)

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *philonoe*
::* *[[Graphium philonoe]]* (Ward, 1873)

:**Kumpulan spesies**: *adamastor*
::* *[[Graphium abri]]* Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
::* *[[Graphium adamastor]]* (Boisduval, 1836)
::* *[[Graphium agamedes]]* (Westwood, 1842)
::* *[[Graphium almansor]]* (Honrath, 1884)
::* *[[Graphium auriger]]* (Butler, 1876)
::* *[[Graphium aurivilliusi]]* (Seeldrayers, 1896)
::* *[[Graphium fulleri]]* (Grose-Smith, 1883)
::* *[[Graphium hachei]]* (Dewitz, 1881)
::* *[[Graphium kigoma]]* Carcasson, 1964
::* *[[Graphium olbrechtsi]]* Berger, 1950
::* *[[Graphium poggianus]]* (Honrath, 1884)
::* *[[Graphium rileyi]]* Berger, 1950
::* *[[Graphium schubotzi]]* (Schultze, 1913)
::* *[[Graphium simoni]]* (Aurivillius, 1899)
::* *[[Graphium ucalegon]]* (Hewitson, 1865)
::* *[[Graphium ucalegonides]]* (Staudinger, 1884)

**Subgenus**: *Pathysa* 
:**Kumpulan spesies**: *antiphates*
::* *[[Graphium agetes]]* (Westwood, 1841) – riang ekor pedang jalur empat
::* *[[Graphium androcles]]* (Boisduval, 1836)
::* *[[Graphium antiphates]]* (Cramer, [1775]) – riang ekor pedang jalur lima
::* *[[Graphium aristeus]]* (Stoll, [1780]) – riang ekor pedang belang
::* *[[Graphium decolor]]* (Staudinger, 1888)
::* *[[Graphium dorcus]]* (de Haan, 1840)
::* *[[Graphium epaminondas]]* (Oberthür, 1879)
::* *[[Graphium euphrates]]* (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
::* *[[Graphium euphratoides]]* (Eimer, 1889)
::* *[[Graphium nomius]]* (Esper, 1799)
::* *[[Graphium rhesus]]* (Boisduval, 1836)
::* *[[Graphium stratiotes]]* (Grose-Smith, 1887)

**Subgenus**: *Paranticopsis* Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887
::* *[[Graphium delessertii]]* (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – riang zebra Malaya
::* *[[Graphium deucalion]]* (Boisduval, 1836) – riang zebra kuning
::* *[[Graphium encelades]]* (Boisduval, 1836)
::* *[[Graphium idaeoides]]* (Hewitson, 1853)
::* *[[Graphium macareus]]* (Godart, 1819) – riang zebra kecil
::* *[[Graphium megaera]]* (Staudinger, 1888)
::* *[[Graphium megarus]]* (Westwood, 1844) – riang zebra tompok
::* *[[Graphium ramaceus]]* (Westwood, 1872) – riang zebra Pendlebury
::* *[[Graphium phidias]]* (Oberthür, 1906)
::* *[[Graphium stratocles]]* (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
::* *[[Graphium thule]]* (Wallace, 1865)
::* *[[Graphium xenocles]]* (Doubleday, 1842) – riang zebra besar

**Subgenus**: *Pazala* Moore, 1888
::* *[[Graphium alebion]]* (Gray, [1853])
::* *[[Graphium eurous]]* (Leech, [1893])
::* *[[Graphium glycerion]]* (Gray, 1831)
::* *[[Graphium incerta]]* Bang-Haas, 1927
::* *[[Graphium mandarinus]]* (Oberthür, 1879)
::* *[[Graphium mullah]]* (Alphéraky 1897)
::* *[[Graphium tamerlana]]* (Oberthür, 1876)
::* *[[Graphium timur]]* (Ney, 1911) disinonimkan dengan *[[Graphium mullah]]* oleh Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007
::* *[[Graphium wenlingae]]* Hu, Condamine, Monastyrskii & Cotton, 2019

## Rujukan

*Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) *Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series* Volume 70:503-719 online
*Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). *The Butterfly Handbook*, pp.&nbsp;20&ndash;25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. 
*Smart, P. (1976). *The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World*. 

## Pautan luar
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*"Distribution of Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails" (broadly subgenera *Pazala* and *Arisbe*) Natural History Museum.
*"Genus ''Graphium''". *Insecta.pro*.