Teater West End

**Teater West End** ialah satu istilah masyhur untuk teater pentas profesional arus perdana di teater-teater besar *Theatreland* London, West End. Bersama dengan Teater Broadway New York, teater West End biasanya dianggap mewakili taraf tertinggi teater komersil di dunia bertuturan Inggeris. Melihat persembahan West End adalah suatu aktiviti pelancong umum di London.

Jumlah kehadiran mengatasi 12 juta buat pertama kali pada 2002, dan pada Jun 2005 *[[The Times]]* melaporkan angka ini mungkin dipecahkan pada 2005. Jumlah kehadiran mengatasi 13 juta pada 2007, mencipta rekod baru untuk West End. Faktor jualan tinggi tiket pada separuh pertama 2005 termasuklah muzikal kegemaran ramai baru seperti *[[Billy Elliot the Musical|Billy Elliot]]*, *[[The Producers (muzikal)|The Producers]]* dan *[[Mary Poppins (muzikal)|Mary Poppins]]* dan sejumlah besar bintang filem yang muncul. Sejak akhir 1990-an terdapat pertambahan pelakon filem Amerika Syarikat di pentas London, dan pada 2005 antaranya adalah Brooke Shields, Val Kilmer, Rob Lowe, David Schwimmer dan Kevin Spacey.

## Sejarah

Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation.  The first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage.  It was soon joined by The Curtain.  Both are known to have been used by William Shakespeare's company.  In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark, where it was used in building the Globe Theatre in a new theatre district formed, beyond the controls of the City corporation.  These theatres were closed in 1642 during the interregnum.

At the restoration in 1660, two companies were licensed to perform, the Duke's Company and the King's Company. Performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisle's Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. It opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new structure designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.

Outside the West End, Sadler's Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a "Musick House", with performances of opera; as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Haymarket Theatre opened on 29 December 1720 on a site slightly north of its current location, and the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden opened in Covent Garden on 7 December 1732.

The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, and all other theatres could perform only musical entertainments.  By the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama.  Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music.  Initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to be established in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel.

The West End theatre district became established with the opening of many small theatres and halls, including the Adelphi in The Strand on 17 November 1806.  South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, opened on 11 May 1818.  The expansion of the West End theatre district gained pace with the Theatres Act 1843; which relaxed the conditions for the performance of plays, and the Strand gained another venue when the Vaudeville opened on 16 April 1870.  The next several decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End.  The Criterion Theatre opened on Piccadilly Circus on 21 March 1874, and in 1881, two more houses appeared: the Savoy Theatre in The Strand, built by Richard D'Oyly Carte specifically to showcase the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, opened on 10 October (the first theatre to be lit by cooler, cleaner electric lights), and five days later the Comedy Theatre opened as the Royal Comedy Theatre on Panton Street in Leicester Square. It abbreviated its name three years later.  The theatre building boom continued until about World War I.  

Among the noted performers who began their careers in the early days of West End theatre are Robert William Elliston, John Liston, Nell Gwynne, and later Henry Irving, Ellen Terry, John Lawrence Toole, Nellie Farren, Marie Tempest, Seymour Hicks, Ellaline Terriss, and Marie Brema.

During the 1950s and 1960s, many plays were produced in theatre clubs, in order to evade the censorship then exercised by the Lord Chamberlain's Office. The Theatres Act 1968 finally abolished censorship of the stage in the United Kingdom.

## Theatreland
 
Now rebranded - by Westminster council and the Society of London Theatre - as "Theatreland", London's main theatre district, which contains approximately forty venues, is located in the heart of the West End of Central London, and is traditionally defined by The Strand to the south, Oxford Street to the north, Regent Street to the west, and Kingsway to the east. Prominent theatre streets include Drury Lane, Shaftesbury Avenue, and The Strand. The works staged are predominantly musicals, classic or middle-brow plays, and comedy performances.

Beyond the West End are the Royal National Theatre and Old Vic, in Southwark; and the Barbican Theatre, in the City of London. London also has many smaller theatres, both around the West End and its periphery.

Many theatres in the West End are of late Victorian or Edwardian construction and are privately owned. The majority of them have great character, and the largest and best maintained feature grand neo-classical, Romanesque, or Victorian façades and luxurious, detailed interior design and decoration. On the other hand, leg room is often cramped, and audience facilities such as bars and toilets are often much smaller than in modern theatres. The protected status of the buildings and their confined urban locations, combined with financial constraints, make it is very difficult to make substantial improvements to the level of comfort offered. In 2004, it was estimated an investment of £250 million was required for modernisation, and the theatre owners unsuccessfully requested tax concessions to help them meet the costs.

## Long-running shows
The length of West End shows depend on ticket sales. Musicals tend to have longer runs than dramas. The longest running musical in West End history is *[[Les Misérables(teater muzikal)|Les Misérables]]*. It overtook Andrew Lloyd Webber's *[[Cats]]*, which closed in 2002 after running for 8,949 performances and 21 years, as the longest running West End musical of all time on 8 October 2006. Other long-runners include Lloyd Webber's *[[The Phantom of the Opera (teater muzikal)|The Phantom of the Opera]]* and Willy Russell's *[[Blood Brothers (musical)|Blood Brothers]]* which have also subsequently overtaken *Cats*. However the non-musical Agatha Christie play *[[The Mousetrap]]* is the longest running show in the world, and has been showing since 1952.

* *[[The Mousetrap]]* at the St Martin's Theatre – opened 25 November 1952 originally at the Ambassadors Theatre – 58th Year. 
* *[[Les Misérables (teater muzikal)|Les Misérables]]* at the Queen's Theatre – opened 8 October 1985 originally at the Barbican Theatre – 25th Year
* *[[The Phantom of the Opera (teater muzikal)|The Phantom of the Opera]]* at Her Majesty's Theatre – opened 9 October 1986 – 24th Year
* *[[Blood Brothers (teater muzikal)|Blood Brothers]]* at the Phoenix Theatre – opened 28 July 1988 originally at the Albery Theatre – 22nd Year
* *[[Cats]]* – opened 11 May 1981 at the New London Theatre and closed 11 May 2002 on its 21st anniversary
* *[[The Woman in Black]]* at the Fortune Theatre opened 15 February 1989 originally at the Strand Theatre – 21st Year
* *[[Starlight Express]]* – opened 27 March 1984 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and closed 12 January 2002 – 17 years
* *[[No Sex Please, We're British]]* – opened 3 June 1971 at the Strand Theatre and closed 16 January 1987 – 16 years
* *[[Chicago (teater muzikal)|Chicago]]* at the Cambridge Theatre – opened 18 November 1997 originally at the Adelphi Theatre- 12th Year
* *[[Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story]]* – opened 12 October 1989 at the Victoria Palace Theatre, transferred to the Novello Theatre October 1995 and closed 19 May 2002 – 12 Years 
* *[[Mamma Mia!]]* at the Prince of Wales Theatre – opened 6 April 1999 originally at the Prince Edward Theatre – 11th Year
* *[[The Lion King (teater muzikal)|Disney's The Lion King]]* at the Lyceum Theatre – opened 19 October 1999 – 11th Year
* *[[The Black and White Minstrel Show]]* – opened in 1962 at the Victoria Palace Theatre and closed about 1972 – 10 years
* *[[Miss Saigon]]* – opened 20 September 1989 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and closed 30 October 1999 – 10 years
* *[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]* – opened 9 August 1972 at the Palace Theatre and closed about 1980 – 8 years
* *[[Me and My Girl]]* (revival) – opened 12 February 1985 at the Adelphi Theatre and closed 16 January 1993 – 8 years
* *Aldwych Farces* (revue) – opened in 1925 at the Aldwych Theatre and closed in 1933 – 8 years
* *[[We Will Rock You (teater muzikal)|We Will Rock You]]* at the Dominion Theatre – 14 May 2002 – 8th Year
* *[[Stomp (dance troupe)|Stomp]]* now at the Ambassadors Theatre opened 25 September 2002 at the Vaudeville Theatre – 7th Year
* *[[Evita]]* – opened 21 January 1978 at the Prince Edward Theatre and closed on 8 February 1986 – 7 years
* *[[There's A Girl In My Soup (comedy)|There's A Girl In My Soup]]* – opened June 1966 at the Globe Theatre. Closed in 1973 after over a thousand performances – 6 1/2 years 
* *[[Oliver!]]* – opened in 1960 at the New Theatre and closed about 1966 – 6 years.
* *[[Billy Elliot the Musical]]* - opened May 2005 at the Victoria Palace Theatre - 5th year.

## List of West End theatres
* If no show is currently running, the play listed is the next show planned (dates marked with an *).
* If the next show planned is not announced, the applicable columns are left blank.

#### Upcoming productions
**[[Hair (musical)|Hair]]*, Gielgud Theatre
**[[The Fantasticks]]*, Duchess Theatre
**[[All My Sons]]*, Apollo Theatre
**[[All the Fun of the Fair]]*, Garrick Theatre
**[[Mrs Warren's Profession]]*, Comedy Theatre
**[[Holding the Man]]*, Trafalgar Studios
**[[La Bête]]*, Comedy Theatre
**[[Grumpy Old Women Live]]*, Novello Theatre
**[[Flashdance The Musical]]*, Shaftsbury Theatre

## London's non-commercial theatres
It should be noted that the term West End Theatre is sometimes used to refer specifically to commercial productions in Theatreland. However the leading non-commercial (usually government subsidised) theatres in London, such as the National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Globe Theatre, the Old Vic, the Young Vic, the Royal Court Theatre, the Almeida Theatre, and the Open Air Theatre, most of which are not located in Theatreland, arguably enjoy greater artistic prestige. These theatres stage a higher proportion of more demanding work, including Shakespeare, other classic plays and premieres of new plays by leading highbrow playwrights. Hit plays from the non-commercial theatres sometimes transfer to one of the commercial Theatreland houses for an extended second run.

The Royal Opera House is one of London's most famous theatres and widely regarded as one of the greatest opera houses in the world, comparable with the Palais Garnier, La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera House, New York.  Commonly known simply as Covent Garden due to its location, it is unique to other West End theatres in many ways, not least in having three resident performance companies, The Royal Ballet, Royal Opera and a resident symphony orchestra.  It has three performance spaces (19th Century Main Auditorium, Linbury Theatre and Clore Studio) and hosts guest performances from other leading opera, ballet and performance companies from around the world.

## Producing houses
Whilst the vast majority of West End theatres are receiving houses (houses that receive productions from elsewhere), there are a number of established producing houses, both within the heart of the West End and in other parts of London. Some of the more famous ones (along with their artistic directors) are listed:

*Almeida Theatre - Michael Attenborough
*Bush Theatre - Josie Rourke
*Donmar Warehouse - Michael Grandage
*Haymarket Theatre - Sean Mathias
*Lyric Hammersmith - Sean Holmes
*Old Vic - Kevin Spacey
*Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park - Timothy Sheader
*Rose Theatre, Kingston - Stephen Unwin
*Royal Court Theatre - Dominic Cooke
*Royal National Theatre - Nicholas Hytner
*Shakespeare's Globe - Dominic Dromgoole
*Young Vic - David Lan

## Other London theatre
There is a great deal of theatre in London outside of the West End. Much of this is known as fringe theatre which is the equivalent of Off Broadway Theatre in New York. Fringe venues range from well-equipped small theatres to rooms above pubs, and the performances range from classic plays, to cabaret, to plays in the languages of London's ethnic minorities. The performers range from emerging young professionals to amateurs.

Finally, there are also local theatres in the suburbs which stage a wide range of work, often including touring productions, such as the New Wimbledon Theatre or the Churchill Theatre in Bromley.

## Anugerah
There are a number of annual awards for outstanding achievements in London theatre:
*Laurence Olivier Awards
*Evening Standard Awards
*London Critics' Circle Theatre Awards
*National Dance Awards
*West End Cares Awards
*Whatsonstage.com Theatregoers' Choice Awards

## Lihat juga

*2009 in theatre
*List of London theatres
*List of West End musicals
*List of notable musical theatre productions
*Musical theatre

## Nota

## Pautan luar
* What's On in Theatre – Daily news service about London's West End
* Society of London Theatre – trade body for the London theatre industry
* History of London's West End Theatres
* West End Whingers Satirical reviews of West End Theatre productions
* West End Theatre Guide