E. H. Carr

**Edward Hallett **"**Ted**"** Carr**  (28 Jun 1892 – 3 November 1982) merupakan sejarawan, diplomat, wartawan dan ahli teori hubungan antarabangsa Inggeris, dan penentang empirisisme dalam historiografi. Carr lebih dikenali dengan sejarah 14 judul Kesatuan Soviet dari 1917 hingga 1929, dengan tulisannya tentang hubungan antarabangsa, terutamanya *[[The Twenty Years' Crisis]]*, dan dengan bukunya *[[What Is History?]]* yang beliau meletakkan prinsip historiografi menolak kaedah dan amalan sejarah tradisional.

Berpendidikan di Merchant Taylors' School, London, dan di Trinity College, Cambridge, Carr memulakan kerjayanya sebagai diplomat pada 1916; tiga tahun kemudian, beliau menyertai Persidangan Damai Paris sebagai ahli perwakilan British.  Menjadi semakin sibuk dengan kajian hubungan antarabangsa dan Kesatuan Soviet, beliau meletakkan jawatan dari Pejabat Luar Negeri pada 1936 untuk memulakan kerjaya akademik. Dari 1941 hingga 1946, Carr bekerja sebagai penolong penyunting di *The Times*, di sana beliau dikenal dengan pemimpinnya (editorial) menggesa sistem sosialis dan perikatan Inggeris-Soviet sebagai asas sistem pascaperang. Kemudian, Carr menulis karya besar 14 judul tentang sejarah Soviet berjudul *[[A History of Soviet Russia]]*, sebuah projek yang beliau masih tertarik pada masa kematiannya pada 1982. Pada 1961, beliau menyampaikan syarahan G. M. Trevelyan di University of Cambridge yang menjadi asas bukunya, *What Is History?* Bergerak semakin ke arah kiri sepanjang kerjayanya, Carr nampak peranannya sebagai ahli teori yang akan membuat dasar sistem antarabangsa yang baharu.

## Karya terpilih

* *Dostoevsky (1821–1881): A New Biography*, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.
* *The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth Century Portrait Gallery*, London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.
* *Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism*, London: Dent, 1934.
* *Michael Bakunin*, London: Macmillan, 1937.
* *International Relations Since the Peace Treaties*, London: Macmillan, 1937.
* *[[The Twenty Years' Crisis]], 1919–1939: an Introduction to the Study of International Relations*, London: Macmillan, 1939, revised edition, 1946.
* *Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy from the Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War*, London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939.
* *Conditions of Peace*, London: Macmillan, 1942.
* *Nationalism and After*, London: Macmillan, 1945.
* *The Soviet Impact on the Western World*, 1946.
* *[[A History of Soviet Russia]]*, London: Macmillan, 1950–1978. Collection of 14 volumes: *The Bolshevik Revolution* (3 jilid), *The Interregnum* (1 volume), *Socialism in One Country* (5 volumes), and *The Foundations of a Planned Economy* (5 jilid).
* *The New Society*, London: Macmillan, 1951.
* *German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939*, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1952.
* *[[What Is History?]]*, 1961, revised edition ed. R.W. Davies, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
* *1917 Before and After*, London: Macmillan, 1969; American edition: *The October Revolution Before and After*, New York: Knopf, 1969.
* *The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin (1917–1929)*, London: Macmillan, 1979.
* *From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays*, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
* *The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935*, London: Macmillan, 1982.
* *The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War*, 1984.

## Nota

E.h Carr /sejarah merupakan tindak balas pembaca terhadap penulis sejarah iaitu fakta-fakta yang ditulis oleh sejarawan
 
karyanya yang terkenal ialah, what is history? 

“suatu proses interaksi berterusan antara ahli sejarah dengan fakta-faktanya, suatu dialog yang tidak berkesudahan
antara masa kini dengan masa lampau ”

 (PENGERTIAN SEJARAH MENGIKUT              PANDANGAN SEJARAWAN) 

       [Form 1 sejarah]

## Rujukan

* Abramsky, Chimen & Williams, Beryl J. (editors) *Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr*, London: Macmillan, 1974, .
* A. K. Review of *Michael Bakunin* pp.&nbsp;244–245 from *Books Abroad*, Volume 12, Issue # 2 Spring 1938.
* Barber, John "Carr, Edward Hallett" pp.&nbsp;191–192 from *Great Historians of the Modern Age* ed. Lucian Boia, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
* Barghoorn, Frederick Review of *The Interregnum, 1923–1924* pp.&nbsp;190–191 from *Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science*, Volume 302, November 1955.
* Beloff, Max "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp.&nbsp;8–10 from *History Today*, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992.
* Beloff, Max "Review: The Foundation of Soviet Foreign Policy" Review of *The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923* pp.&nbsp;151–158 from *Soviet Studies*, Volume 5, Issue # 2, October 1953.
* Bernstein, Samuel Review of *Michael Bakunin* pages 289–291 from *Political Science Quarterly*, Volume 54, Issue # 2, June 1939.
* Call, M. S. Review of *International Relations Since the Peace Treaties* page 122 from *World Affairs*, Volume 101, Issue # 2, June 1938.
* Campbell, John Review of *The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935* p.&nbsp;1207 from *Foreign Affairs*, Volume 61, Issue # 5, Summer 1983.
* Carr, E. H. *German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars*, Harper & Row: New York, 1951, 1996
* Carr, E. H. *The Twilight of the Comintern* New York : Pantheon Books, 1982
* Carr, E. H. *What Is History?* London: Penguin Books, 1961, 1987.
* Carsten, F. L. *A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of the Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Parts 1–2* pp.&nbsp;141–144 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 56, Issue # 1, January 1978.
* Carsten, F. L. Review of *A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Part 3* pp.&nbsp;138–140 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 58, Issue # 1, January 1980.
* Carsten, F. L. Review of *The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935* pp.&nbsp;629–631 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 61, Issue # 4, October 1983.
* Cobb, Adam "Economic Security: E.H. Carr and R.W. Cox-The Most Unlikely Bedfellows" from *Cambridge Review of International Studies*, Volume 9, 1995.
* Cobb, Adam "Carr, E.H." pp.&nbsp;180–181 from *The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing* ed. Kelly Boyd, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999, .
* Conolly, Violet Review of *1917: Before and After* pp.&nbsp;735–736 from *International Affairs*, Volume 45, Issue # 4, October 1969.
* Conquest, Robert "Agit-Prof" pp.&nbsp;32–38 from *The New Republic*, Volume 424, Issue # 4, 1 November 1999.
* Corbett, P. E. Review of *The Twenty Years' Crisis* pp.&nbsp;237–238 from *Pacific Affairs*, Volume 14, Issue # 2, June 1941.
* Cox, Michael "Will the Real E. H. Carr Please Stand up?" pages 643–653 from *International Affairs*, Volume 75, Issue # 3, July 1999.
* Cox, Michael (editor) *E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal*, London: Palgrave, 2000, .
** Cox, Michael "Introduction" pp.&nbsp;1–20.
** Davies, R.W. "Carr's Changing Views of the Soviet Union" pp.&nbsp;91–108.
** Halliday, Fred "Reason and Romance: The Place of Revolution in the Works of E.H. Carr" pp.&nbsp;258–279.
** Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr's Search for Meaning" pp.&nbsp;21–35.
** Jones, Charles "'An Active Danger': Carr at The *Times*" pp.&nbsp;68–87.
** Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp.&nbsp;36–67.
** Stephanson, Anders "The Lessons of *What Is History?*" pp.&nbsp;283–303.
** Ticktin, Hillel "Carr, the Cold War, and the Soviet Union" pp.&nbsp;145–161.
** White, Stephen "The Soviet Carr" pp.&nbsp;109–124.
** Wilson, Peter "Carr and His Early Critics: Responses to *The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1939–46*" pp.&nbsp;165–197.
* Davies, R. W. "Edward Hallett Carr, 1892–1982" pp.&nbsp;473–511 from *Proceedings of the British Academy*, Volume 69, 1983.
* 
* Deutscher, Isaac "Review: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23: A Review Article" review of *A History of Soviet Russia: Vol. I: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23* pp.&nbsp;204–207 from *International Affairs*, Volume 27, Issue # 2, April 1951.
* Deutscher, Isaac "Mr E.H. Carr as a Historian of the Bolshevik Régime" pp.&nbsp;91–110 from *Heretics and Renegades and Other Essays*, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.
* 
* Drinan, Patrick Review of *The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin, 1917–1929* pages 100–101 from *Military Affairs*, Volume 44, Issue # 2, April 1980.
* Evans, Graham "E. H. Carr and International Relations" pages 77–97 from *British Journal of International Studies*, Volume 1, Issue # 2, July 1975.
* F. D. Review of *Nationalism and After* pages 289–290 from *World Affairs*, Volume 108, Issue # 4, December 1945.
* Fox, William R. T. "E.H Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision" pp.&nbsp;1–16 from *Review of International Studies*, Volume 11, 1985.
* Gathorne-Hardy, G. M. Review of *International Relations between the Two World Wars (1919–1939)* pp.&nbsp;263–264 from *International Affairs*, Volume 24, Issue # 2, April 1948.
* Gellner, Ernest "Nationalism Reconsidered and E. H. Carr" pages 285–293 from *Review of International Studies*, Volume 18, Issue # 4, October 1992.
* Goldfischer, David "E. H. Carr: A 'Historical Realist' Approach for the Globalisation Era" pp.&nbsp;697–717 from *Review of International Studies*, Volume 28, Issue # 4 October 2002.
* Griffins, Martin *Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations*, London: Routledge, 2000, .
* Gruber, Helmut Review of *Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935* pp.&nbsp;195–200 from *New German Critique*, Volume 30, Autumn, 1983.
* Gurian, Waldemar "Review: Soviet Problems" pages 251–254 from *The Review of Politics*, Volume 13, Issue # 2, April 1951
* Gurian, Waldemar  "Review: Soviet Foreign Policy" pages 118–120 from *The Review of Politics*, Volume 16, Issue # 1, January 1954.
* Hanak, Harry Review of *A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929, iii, Parts 1 and 2* pages 644–646 from *The English Historical Review*, Volume 93, Issue # 368, July 1978.
* Hanak, Harry Review of *A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929* pages 642–643 from *The English Historical Review*, Volume 95, Issue # 376, July 1980.
* Haslam, Jonathan "We Need a Faith: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982" pp.&nbsp;36–39 from *History Today*, Volume 33, Issue # 8, August 1983.
* Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr and the *History of Soviet Russia*" Reviews of Reviews of *The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917–1929*, *From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays* and *The Twilight of Comintern 1930–35* pp.&nbsp;1021–1027 from *Historical Journal*, Volume 26, Issue #4, December 1983.
* Haslam, Jonathan *The Vices Of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982*, London; New York: Verso, 1999, .
* Howe, Paul "The Utopian Realism of E.H. Carr" pp.&nbsp;277–297 from *Review of International Studies*, Volume 20, Issue No. 3, 1994.
* Hudson, G. F. Review of *A History of Soviet Russia. The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. Volume I* pp.&nbsp;597–601 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 29, Issue # 73, June 1951.
* Hughes-Warrington, Marnie *Fifty Key Thinkers on History*, London: Routledge, 2000, .
* Hunter, Holland Review of *Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 A History of Soviet Russia* page 484 from *Slavic Review*, Volume 38, Issue # 3, September 1979.
* Karpovich, Michael Review of *Michael Bakunin* pp.&nbsp;380–382 from *The American Historical Review*, Volume 44, Issue # 2, January 1939.
* Keep, John Review of *Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929* pp.&nbsp;284–289 from *Soviet Studies*, Volume 24, Issue # 2, October 1972.
* Keeton, G. W. Review of *The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939* pp.&nbsp;156–157 from *The Modern Law Review*, Volume 4, Issue # 2, October 1940.
* Kendall, Walter Review of *The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War* pp.&nbsp;122–123 from *International Affairs*, Volume 62, Issue # 1, Winter 1985–1986.
* Kenez , Peter Review of *The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin* page 372 from *Russian Review*, Volume 39, Issue # 3, July 1980.
* Jackson, George Review of *Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935* pp.&nbsp;815–817 from *The American Historical Review*, Volume 89, Issue # 3, June 1984.
* Jenkins, Keith *On 'What Is History?': From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White*, London: Routledge, 1995, .
* Johnston, Whittle "E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique" pp.&nbsp;861–884 from *Journal of Politics*, Volume 29, Issue # 4, 1967.
* Jones, Charles *E.H. Carr And International Relations: A Duty To Lie*, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, .
* Labedz, Leopold "E.H. Carr: A Historian Overtaken by History" pp.&nbsp;94–111 from *Survey* March 1988 Volume 30 Issue # 1/2.
* Laqueur, Walter *The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present*, New York: Scribner, 1987 .
* Linklater, Andrew "The Transformation of Political Community: E. H. Carr, Critical Theory and International Relations" from *Review of International Studies*, Volume 23, Issue # 3, July 1997.
* Long, David & Wilson, Peter (editors), *Thinkers of the Twenty Years' Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed.* London: Oxford University Press, 1996.
* W. N. M. Review of *German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939* pp.&nbsp;625–626 from *The English Historical Review*, Volume 67, Issue # 265, October 1952.
* Manning, C. A. W. "Review: *Conditions of Peace* by E. H. Carr" pp.&nbsp;443–444 from *International Affairs Review Supplement*, Volume 19, Issue # 8, June 1942.
* Molloy, Seán "Dialectics and Transformation: Exploring the International Theory of E. H. Carr" pp.&nbsp;279–306 from *International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society*, Volume 17, Issue # 2, Winter 2003.
* Morgenthau, Hans "The Political Science of E. H. Carr" pages 127–134 from *World Politics* Volume 1, Issue # 1, October 1948.
* Nove, Alec Review of *A History of Soviet Russia: Socialism in One Country, Volume I* pp.&nbsp;552–555 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 37, Issue # 89, June 1959.
* Nove, Alec Review of *1917: Before and After* pp.&nbsp;451–453 from *Soviet Studies*, Volume 22, Issue #3, January 1971.
* Oldfield, A. "Moral Judgments in History" pp.&nbsp;260–277 from *History and Theory*, Volume 20, Issue #3, 1981.
* Pethybridge , R. Review of *A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929* pages 942–943 from *The English Historical Review*, Volume 88, Issue # 349, October 1973.
* Pickles, W. Review of *Studies in Revolution* p.&nbsp;180 from *The British Journal of Sociology*, Volume 2, Issue # 2, June 1951.
* Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp.&nbsp;36–67 from *E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal* ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000
* Prince, J. R. Review of *What Is History?* pp.&nbsp;136–145 from *History and Theory*, Volume 3, Issue # 1, 1963.
* Rauch, Georg von Review of *The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923* pages 376–380 from *Historische Zeitschrift*, Volume 178, Issue #2, 1954.
* Rauch, Georg von Review of *A History of Soviet Russia* pages 181–182 from *Historische Zeitschrift*, Volume 193, Issue # 1 August  1961.
* Reynolds, P. A. Review of *German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–39* from *International Affairs*, Volume 28, Issue # 4, October 1952.
* Rowse, A. L. Review of *The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939* pp.&nbsp;92–95 from *The Economic Journal*, Volume 51, Issue # 201, April 1941.
* Schlesinger, Rudolf Review of *The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923* pp.&nbsp;389–396 from Soviet Studies, Volume 2, Issue # 4 April 1951.
* Schlesinger, Rudolf "The Turning Point" from *Soviet Studies*, Volume XI, Issue No. 4, April 1960.
* Seton-Watson, Hugh *The Bolshevik Revolution, Volume II* pp.&nbsp;569–572 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 31, Issue # 77, June 1953.
* St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of *A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923* pages 128–129 from *International Journal*, Volume 8 ,Issue # 2, Spring 1953.
* St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of *A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923* pages 59–60 from *International Journal*, Volume 9, Issue # 1, Winter 1954.
* Struve, Gleb Review of *Michael Bakunin* pp.&nbsp;726–728 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 16, Issue # 48, April 1938
* Trevor-Roper, Hugh "E.H. Carr's Success Story" pp.&nbsp;69–77 from *Encounter*, Volume 84, Issue No. 104, 1962.
* Walsh. W. H. Review of *What Is History?* pp.&nbsp;587–588 from *The English Historical Review*, Volume 78, Issue # 308, July 1963.
* Willetts, H. Review of *A History of Soviet Russia* Volume VI pages 266–269 from *The Slavonic and East European Review*, Volume 40, Issue # 94, December 1961.
* Wolfe, Bertram "Professor Carr's Wave of the Future Western Academics and Soviet Realities" from *Commentray*, Volume XIX, Issue # 3, March 1955.
* Woodward, E. L. Review of *Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism* page 721 from *International Affairs*, Volume 13,  Issue # 5, September – October  1934.
* Review of *The Conditions of Peace* pages 164–167 from *The American Economic Review*, Volume. 34, Issue # 1 March 1944.

## Pautan luar

* The Vices of Integrity: E H Carr 
* E. H. Carr: historian of the future
* Review of What Is History?
* The Two Faces of E.H. Carr by Richard J. Evans
* E.H. Carr Studies in Revolutions
* E. H. Carr and Isaac Deutscher: A Very Special Relationship
* E.H. Carr The Historian As A Marxist Partisan
* Review of The Vices of Integrity
* Review of E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal by Alun Munslow
* E.H. Carr vs. Idealism: The Battle Rages On by John Mearsheimer
* Papers of E. H. Carr held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections