Set (dewa)

**Set** (; bacaan Egiptologi: **''Sutekh** - swtẖ ~ stẖ* atau [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]: *'Seth*' ) ialah dewa padang pasir, ribut, kekacauan, keganasan dan orang asing dalam agama Mesir purba. Dalam bahasa [[Yunani Purba]], Set dinamakan sebagai *Sēth* (Σήθ). Set mempunyai satu peranan positif yang mana dia menemani [[Ra (dewa)|Ra]] dalam bahteranya untuk menghalau [[Apep]], ular Kekacauan. Set berperanan penting sebagai seorang pahlawan yang menamatkan konflik.  Dia raja Tanah Merah (gurun), mengimbangi peranan Horus sebagai raja Tanah Hitam (tanah subur).

Dalam mitos Osiris, mitos Mesir yang paling penting, Set dikisahkan sebagai perampas takhta yang membunuh dan mengerat-ngerat saudaranya sendiri, [[Osiris]]. Isteri/kakak Osiris, [[Isis]], menyusun semula mayatnya dan membangkitkan abang/suaminya yang sudah mati dengan bantuan dewi [[Nephthys]]. Kebangkitannya cukup lama untuk mereka mengandungkan anak dan pewaris Osiris, [[Horus]]. Horus membalas dendam terhadap Set dan banyak mitos Mesir purba menceritakan konflik mereka.

Dalam astronomi Mesir purba, Set biasanya dikaitkan dengan planet [[Utarid]].

Oleh sebab Set berkaitan dengan kawasan barat Nil iaitu [[Gurun Sahara|Sahara]], dia kadangkala dikaitkan dengan dewa yang lebih rendah, [[Ha (dewa)|Ha]], dewa padang pasir, iaitu dewa yang digambarkan sebagai seorang lelaki dengan determinatif gurun di kepalanya.

== Family ==

Set ialah anak Geb, Bumi, dan Nut, Langit; adik-beradiknya [[Osiris]], [[Isis]] dan [[Nephthys]]. Dia berkahwin dengan Nephthys dan ayah kepada [[Anubis]] dan [[Wepwawet]]. Dalam beberapa kisah, dia mempunyai hubungan dengan dewi asing [[Anat]] dan [[Astarte]]. Daripada hubungan tersebut dikatakan lahirlah dewa buaya bernama Maga.

== Asal usul nama ==
Maksud nama *Set* tidak diketahui tetapi ia mungkin asalnya disebut **sūtiẖ* [ˈsuw.tixʲ] berdasarkan ejaan namanya dalam [[hieroglif Mesir]] sebagai *stẖ* dan *swtẖ*. Ejaan Mesir Akhir *stš* mencerminkan pelelangitan *ẖ* manakala kehilangan konsonan akhir direkodkan dalam ejaan seperti *swtj*. Bentuk namanya dalam bahasa Qibti, ⲥⲏⲧ *Sēt*, menjadi asas sebutan bahasa Inggeris dan akhirnya dipinjamkan ke bahasa Melayu.

== Binatang Set ==

Dalam seni, Set biasanya digambarkan sebagai makhluk ganjil yang pakar peradaban Mesir gelar sebagai "haiwan atau binatang Set", binatang yang tidak menyerupai mana-mana haiwan yang diketahui. Akan tetapi, ia menyerupai [[babi tanah]], [[anjing liar Afrika]], [[keldai]], [[dubuk]], [[jakal]], [[Babi|khinzir]], [[antelop]], [[zirafah]], [[okapi]], [[saluki]] atau [[rubah fanak]]. Haiwan itu mempunyai muncung yang melengkung ke bawah; telinga panjang berbentuk segi tiga; ekor nipis bercabang dengan jumbai bulu yang tumbuh dalam bentuk anak panah terbalik; dan badan anjing yang kurus. Kadangkala, Set digambarkan sebagai manusia dengan kepala yang tersendiri. Beberapa ahli kaji Mesir awal berpendapat ia imej stailistik zirafah, kerana "tanduk" atas rata yang besar sepadan dengan [[osikon]] zirafah. Namun, orang Mesir sendiri menggunakan rupa zirafah yang berbeza dengan haiwan Set. Semasa [[Zaman Akhir Mesir Purba|Zaman Akhir]], Set biasanya keldai atau sebagai lelaki dengan kepala keldai, dan dalam *Kitab Faiyum*, Set mempunyai kepala [[flamingo]].



Gambaran terawal haiwan Set berasal dari sebuah makam dari budaya Amrat ("Naqada I") Mesir prasejarah (3790–3500 SM), namun ia belum disahkan. Jika ini diabaikan, haiwan Set terawal muncul pada hulu parang istiadat [[Scorpion II]], pemerintah fasa Naqada III. Kepala dan ekor bercabang haiwan Set jelas terdapat pada cokmarnya.

== Nota ==
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== Rujukan ==
<references group="" responsive="1"> </references>

== Sumber ==

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* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAssmann2008">Assmann, Jan (2008). *Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the rise of monotheism*. University of Wisconsin Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22550-6|<bdi>978-0-299-22550-6</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+God+and+Gods%3A+Egypt%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+rise+of+monotheism&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-299-22550-6&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>

* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBickel2004">Bickel, Susanne (2004). "Myths and sacred narratives: Egypt". In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.). *Religions of the Ancient World: A guide*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3|<bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths+and+sacred+narratives%3A+Egypt&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
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* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGardiner1932">Gardiner, Alan H., ed. (1932). . *Late-Egyptian Stories*. Bibliotheca Aegptiaca. Vol.&nbsp;I. Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth. p.&nbsp;85.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Quarrel+of+Apophis+and+Se%E1%B8%B3nent%C4%93r&rft.btitle=Late-Egyptian+Stories&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Aegptiaca&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Fondation+Egyptologique+Reine+Elisabeth&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGardinerLateEgyptianStoriesPdf%2Fpage%2Fn185%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGoedicke1986">Goedicke, Hans (1986). *The Quarrel of Apophis and Seqenenrec*. San Antonio: Van Siclen. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0-933175-06-X|<bdi>0-933175-06-X</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarrel+of+Apophis+and+Seqenenrec&rft.place=San+Antonio&rft.pub=Van+Siclen&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-933175-06-X&rft.aulast=Goedicke&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" id="CITEREFGoldwasser2006">Goldwasser, Orly (2006). "King Apophis of Avaris and the Emergence of Monotheism". In Czerny, Ernst; Hein, Irmgard; Hunger, Hermann; Melman, Dagmar; Schwab, Angela (eds.). *Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak*. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol.&nbsp;149/II. Leuven: Peeters. pp.&nbsp;129–133. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1730-9|<bdi>978-90-429-1730-9</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Apophis+of+Avaris+and+the+Emergence+of+Monotheism&rft.btitle=Timelines%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Manfred+Bietak&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta&rft.pages=129-133&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1730-9&rft.aulast=Goldwasser&rft.aufirst=Orly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGriffiths1960">[[:en:J._Gwyn_Griffiths|Griffiths, J. Gwyn]] (1960). *The Conflict of Horus and Seth*. Liverpool University Press.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+of+Horus+and+Seth&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=J.+Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
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* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFIons1982">Ions, Veronica (1982). <span title="Free registration required" class="cs1-lock-registration"></span>. New York, NY: Peter Bedrick Books. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-87226-249-2|<bdi>978-0-87226-249-2</bdi>]] &#x2013; via archive.org.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Peter+Bedrick+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87226-249-2&rft.aulast=Ions&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptianmytholog00vero_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation thesis cs1" id="CITEREFKaper1997a">Kaper, Olaf Ernst (1997a). *Temples and Gods in Roman Dakhlah: Studies in the indigenous cults of an Egyptian oasis*. Faculteit der Letteren (doctoral dissertation). Groningen, DE: [[:en:Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen|Rijksuniversiteit Groningen]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Temples+and+Gods+in+Roman+Dakhlah%3A+Studies+in+the+indigenous+cults+of+an+Egyptian+oasis&rft.inst=Rijksuniversiteit+Groningen&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kaper&rft.aufirst=Olaf+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKaper2001">Kaper, Olaf E. (2001). "Myths: Lunar Cycle". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt*. Vol.&nbsp;2. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;480–482. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5|<bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths%3A+Lunar+Cycle&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=480-482&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Kaper&rft.aufirst=Olaf+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
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* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLichtheim2006b">Lichtheim, Miriam (2006b) [First edition 1976]. *Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume II: The New Kingdom*. University of California Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24843-4|<bdi>978-0-520-24843-4</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+New+Kingdom&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24843-4&rft.aulast=Lichtheim&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation report cs1" id="CITEREFOsing1985">Osing, Jürgen (1985). Seth in Dachla und Charga. Abteilung Kairo (Report). Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Vol.&nbsp;41. Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. pp.&nbsp;229–233.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Seth+in+Dachla+und+Charga&rft.series=Mitteilungen+des+Deutschen+Arch%C3%A4ologischen+Instituts&rft.pages=229-233&rft.pub=Deutschen+Arch%C3%A4ologischen+Instituts&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Osing&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPinch2004">[[:en:Geraldine_Pinch|Pinch, Geraldine]] (2004) [First edition 2002]. *Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt*. Oxford University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5|<bdi>978-0-19-517024-5</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFQuirke1992">Quirke, Stephen G.J. (1992) [1993]. *Ancient Egyptian Religion* (reprint&nbsp;ed.). New York, NY: Dover Publications. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-486-27427-0|<bdi>978-0-486-27427-0</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Religion&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-486-27427-0&rft.aulast=Quirke&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFStoyanov2000">Stoyanov, Yuri (2000). *The Other God: Dualist religions from antiquity to the Cathar heresy*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08253-1|<bdi>978-0-300-08253-1</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+God%3A+Dualist+religions+from+antiquity+to+the+Cathar+heresy&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08253-1&rft.aulast=Stoyanov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>
* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFte_Velde1967">te Velde, Herman (1967). *Seth, God of Confusion: A study of his role in Egyptian mythology and religion*. Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol.&nbsp;6. Translated by van Baaren-Pape, G.E. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Leiden, NL: [[:en:Brill_Publishers|E.J. Brill]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05402-8|<bdi>978-90-04-05402-8</bdi>]].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seth%2C+God+of+Confusion%3A+A+study+of+his+role+in+Egyptian+mythology+and+religion&rft.place=Leiden%2C+NL&rft.series=Probleme+der+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05402-8&rft.aulast=te+Velde&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASet+%28deity%29"></span>

== Pautan luar ==


* <cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation web cs1">[http://alain.guilleux.free.fr/khargha_hibis/khargha_temple_hibis.html "Le temple d'Hibis, oasis de Khargha"] &#x5B;Hibis Temple [at the] Khargha oasis&#x5D;. *alain.guilleux.free.fr''. – representations of Sutekh as Horus