Rangkaian Lebuhraya Singapura

**Rangkaian Lebuhraya Singapura** membolehkan pemandu bergerak dengan pantas dari satu-satu kawasan perbandaran di Singapura. Kesemua lebuh raya di Singapura adalah dari jenis jalan raya kembar dengan capaian pengasingan aras melalui persimpangan bertingkat. Setiap lebuh raya di Singapura mempunyai 6 lorong (3 bagi setiap arah perjalanan) tetapi ada juga yang mempunyai 8 lorong untuk menampung kadar aliran trafik yang tinggi.

Di Singapura, rangkaian lebuh raya dikategorikan kepada dua iaitu **lebuh raya ekspres** dan **lebuh raya separa ekspres**. Terdapat 11 lebuh raya ekspres termasuklah Lebuhraya Kallang-Paya Lebar yang separa siap, Lebuhraya Pantai Marina yang bakal dibina pada tahun 2008 serta Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan yang mula diluluskan pembinaannya pada tahun 2008. Lebuh raya ekspres pertama di Singapura ialah Lebuhraya Seluruh Pulau yang dibina pada tahun 1966. Kesemua lebuh raya di Singapura dibina, dikendalikan dan diselenggarakan oleh Lembaga Pengangkutan Darat Singapura. Had laju utama bagi lebuh raya ekspres adalah 90 km/j, tetapi terdapat beberapa tempat yang masih lagi mengguna pakai had laju lama 80 km/j berikutan kadar trafik yang tinggi.

Lebuh raya separa ekspres pula adalah lebuh raya yang tidak mempunyai had laju yang seragam dan ada bahagian yang masih menggunakan simpang lampu isyarat. Terdapat 3 lebuh raya separa ekspres di Singapura iaitu Lebuhraya Nicoll, Lebuhraya Pantai Barat dan Sistem Jalan Lingkaran Luar Singapura.

Rangkaian lebuh raya Singapura dihubungkan dengan rangkaian lebuh raya Malaysia melalui Laluan Kedua Malaysia-Singapura (berhubung dengan Lebuhraya Ayer Rajah) dan Tambak Johor (menghubungkan Lebuhraya Skudai dengan Lebuhraya Bukit Timah. Lebuhraya Bukit Timah adalah sebahagian daripada Rangkaian Lebuh Raya Asia laluan .

## Sejarah

## Lanjutan

The latest expressway completed is the 5 km Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE), which links the East Coast Parkway and Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway to Marina South and Ayer Rajah Expressway and includes Singapore's first undersea tunnel. Construction started in 2008 and the expressway opened to traffic 29 December 2013.  Prior to construction of the Marina Coastal Expressway, the Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway which runs for 12 km, 9 km of which are 10 metres underground, was started in 2001 and a 3 km section linking the Pan Island Expressway and East Coast Parkway was opened in late 2007. The Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway was completed on 20 September 2008.

Construction of the 11th expressway, the North–South Corridor, originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway, was announced on 30 January 2008. The new 21.5-kilometre expressway will cost about S$7.47 billion when fully completed by 2029 and will connect the East Coast Parkway with the northern parts of Singapore. In 2016, the Land Transport Authority announced that the North–South Corridor will be Singapore’s first integrated transport corridor featuring continuous bus lanes and cycling trunk routes, rather than a normal expressway when originally conceptualised.

## Ciri-ciri

Like all other global controlled-access expressway network, there are no traffic lights on the expressways. At an interchange with another road, an expressway is connected to it via slip roads. This allows traffic to change routes without having to stop or slow down. Due to the need to conserve space in land-scarce Singapore, there are no cloverleaf interchanges on the entire island as they are too large. Instead, traffic efficiency and land space are maximised by having traffic lights on terrestrial roads, as well as the usage of interchanges such as stack interchanges. The most common forms of highway-road or highway-highway intersections are single-point urban, diamond, and trumpet interchanges. Newer expressways such as the Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway and the future North South Corridor uses on-ramps and off-ramps to conserve space even further and minimise disruption to the road system, through the construction of viaducts and tunnels.

The road surface is asphalt, unlike normal roads which may have concrete surfaces. The lanes are separated with white dashed lines, while unbroken white lines are used to mark the edges of the median and shoulder. The shoulder is designated for stops in cases of breakdowns and emergencies, and driving on it is prohibited by law. Lanes are numbered from right to left, with lane 1 being the closest to the median. Crash barriers, cat's eyes and rumble strips are also used to ensure road safety.

There are signs marking the start and end of an expressway at its entry and exit points respectively. The expressways are also assigned route codes consisting three letters that form their respective initials, making the Singaporean expressway network as the only highway system with route coding system. The Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System is used on all the expressways—cameras are used for live monitoring of expressway conditions, and LED signboards display information messages, such as warnings of any disruptions to the normal flow of traffic, as well as estimated travel times. The longest expressway, the Pan Island Expressway, is only  long and therefore has no rest areas.

Singaporean expressways are the only highway network in Singapore with their own route codes. They are assigned with three-letter codes named after their respective initials where the last letter is always E; for example, PIE for the Pan Island Expressway. The only exception is the East Coast Parkway (ECP) whose the last letter is other than E.

## Keselamatan

The default speed limit and National Speed Limits on Singapore expressways is , but in certain areas a lower speed limit such as  or  is applied, especially in large urban areas, tunnels, heavy traffic and crosswinds. Speed traps are also deployed by the Singapore police at many places along the expressways and are deployed from 7am to 12am.

Certain types of transport, such as pedestrians, bicycles, and learner drivers, are not allowed.

## Senarai Lebuhraya

## References

* http://www.lta.gov.sg
* https://web.archive.org/web/20081106151957/http://www.kpeunderground.sg/

## Lihat juga
* Lebuh raya
* Sistem Lebuh Raya Malaysia