Joseph Stilwell

**Joseph Warren Stilwell** (19 Mac 1883 &ndash; 12 Oktober 1946) adalah seorang Jeneral dalam Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat yang berkhidmat di Kancah China Burma India semasa Perang Dunia II. Personalitinya yang tajam telah memberikan nama samaran "Vinegar Joe".

Walaupun dicurigai Sekutunya, Stilwell menunjukkan dirinya sebagai seorang ahli taktik yang berkebolehan dan berani di medan perang tetapi kekurangan sumber-sumber menyebabkan beliau terus dipaksa untuk membuat penambahbaikan. Beliau terkenal dengan perbezaan strategi, pasukan darat menentang kuasa udara, dengan orang bawahannya, Mejar Jeneral Claire Chennault, yang kata-katanya didengar oleh Generalisimo Chiang Kai-shek. Jeneral George Marshall, iaitu Ketua Turus Tentera Darat, mengakui yang beliau telah memberikan Stilwell "salah satu tugas yang paling sukar" dari mana-mana panglima kancah peperangan.

## Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat
 

## Anugerah kebesaran
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Distinguished Service Cross
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Distinguished Service Medal (Tentera Darat A.S.) berserta kelopak daun oak
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Legion of Merit
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Bronze Star Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Philippine Campaign Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Mexican Border Service Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;World War I Victory Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;American Defense Service Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three campaign stars
*&nbsp;&nbsp;World War II Victory Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;*Chevalier [[Légion d'honneur]]*
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Combat Infantryman Badge (Jeneral Stilwell adalah salah seorang dari tiga jeneral yang dikurniakan CIB, secara tradisi ia dikurniakan hanya kepada mereka yang berpangkat  Kolonel ke bawah, manakala untuk dua jeneral yang lain; Mejar Jeneral William Dean dan Jeneral Matthew Ridgway.  Jeneral Ketumbukan  Douglas MacArthur menerima pingat kehormat CIB.)
*Panamanian La Solidaridad Medal 1919

## Lihat juga

*Perang China-Jepun Kedua
*Akademi Tentera Whampoa
*Sejarah Republik China
*Angkatan Tentera Republik China
*Y Force
*Charles N. Hunter

## Rujukan
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## Bacaan lanjut

*Jack Belden, *Retreat With Stilwell*, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1943. Sympathetic eyewitness account.
*Frank Dorn, *Walkout: With Stilwell in Burma*, Pyramid Books 1973. By his principal aide.
* Fred Eldridge, 'Wrath in Burma The Uncensored Story of Gen. Stilwell* Doubleday & Co., 1946.
*
*Eric Larrabee, *Commander In Chief*, New York: Harper & Row, 1987. 
*[[Jon Latimer]], *Burma: The Forgotten War*, London: John Murray, 2004. 
*[[Barbara Tuchman]], *Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45*, Macmillan 1970. Grove Press 2001. British edition: *Sand Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911-45*, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001. . Sympathetic full scale biography.
*[[John Masters]], *The Road Past Mandalay*, London: Michael Joseph, 1961. First-hand account of the fighting in Burma by a Chindit officer.
* Pfefer, Nathan *Vinegar Joe's War* Presidio Press, 2000, .
*
* Charles F. Romanus Riley Sunderland, *Stilwell's Command Problems* (Washington: Department of the Army, Historical Division, 1956). Official Army history with extensive documentation.
* Rooney, D.D. *Stilwell* Pan Macmillan, 1973, .
* Stilwell, Joseph; White, Theodore, Ed. *The Stilwell Papers* Da Capo Press, 1991, . Stilwell's wartime diaries.
* Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War," *Asian Affairs* 34.3 (November 2003): 243-259. Revisionist study argues that Stilwell misunderstood Chiang's military strategy, which was actually flexible and well founded in Chinese realities.
* Hans J. Van de Ven, *War and Nationalism in China, 1925-1945'' (London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Expands revisionist view including longer period of time.
* Andrew Roberts, "Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941-1945" (New York: Harper Perennial. 2010). Presents a harsher picture of Stilwell in course of examining Churchill, Roosevelt, Brook, and Marshall.
* Rana Mitter, "Forgotten Ally: China's World War II. 1937-1945" (Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2013). Complete re-examination of the Chinese wars with Japan which argues that the memory of 'betrayals' by Britain, America, and Russia continues to influence China's worldview today.

## Pautan luar

* The Stilwell Pages
* Annals of the Flying Tigers
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*Stilwell's basketball biography on Hoopedia
* Transcribed copies of Stilwell's World War II diaries and other diaries are available on the Hoover Institution Archives website, with the original diaries among the Joseph Warren Stilwell papers at the Hoover Institution Archives.
* Transcribed copies of the World War II diaries of Ernest F. Easterbrook , Stilwell's executive assistant in Burma (as of 1944) and son-in-law, are available on the Hoover Institution Archives website, with the original diaries among the Ernest Fred Easterbrook papers at the Hoover Institution Archives.