Cuba

**Cuba**, secara rasminya digelarkan **Republik Cuba**, terdiri daripada pulau Cuba (pulau terbesar di kalangan pulau-pulau Antillen Besar), Isle of Youth, dan pulau-pulau kecil yang berhampiran. Ia terletak di bahagian utara Caribbean pada pertemuan Laut Caribbean, Teluk Mexico, dan Lautan Atlantik; di selatan bahagian timur Amerika Syarikat, dan Bahamas; di barat Kepulauan Turki dan Caicos dan Haiti; di timur Mexico. Kepulauan Cayman dan Jamaica berjiranan di selatan negara ini.

Cuba ialah negara yang mempunyai paling banyak penduduk di Caribbean. Budaya dan adat resamnya berasal daripada beberapa sumber, termasuk zaman penjajahan Sepanyol, pembawaan masuk abdi-abdi Afrika, dan secara tidak begitu kuat, kedudukannya yang berhampiran dengan Amerika Syarikat. Pulau ini mempunyai iklim tropika yang disederhanakan oleh perairan disekitarnya; arus panas Laut Caribbean dan kedudukannya di tengah-tengah perairan yang besar juga menyebabkan Cuba kerap kali mengalami hurikan.

Sejarah tercatat Cuba bermula pada 24 Oktober 1492, ketika Christopher Columbus menemui pulau ini semasa pelayaran sulungnya dan menuntut pulau ini untuk Sepanyol. Ketika itu, pulau ini telah didiami oleh orang-orang Amerindian termasuk bangsa-bangsa Taíno dan Ciboney yang datang dari Amerika Selatan beberapa abad dahulu. Kaum Taino adalah petani, manakala kaum Ciboney adalah pemburu-pemungut. Nama Cuba berasal daripada perkataan bahasa Taíno, *cubanacán*, yang bermaksud "tempat pusat".

Pantai Cuba dipetakan secara lengkap oleh Sebastian de Ocampo pada tahun 1511. Pada tahun itu, Diego Velazquez de Cuellar mengasaskan petempatan Sepanyol yang pertama di Baracoa. Bandar-bandar yang lain kemudian diasaskan, termasuk Havana pada 1515. Sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh mereka di seluruh benua Amerika, orang-orang Sepanyol menindas dan mengabdikan hampir 100,000 orang asli di pulau ini. Dalam tempoh satu abad, kesemua orang asli itu tidak wujud lagi, akibat kesan-kesan gabungan yang terdiri daripada penyakit, kerja paksa, dan pembunuhan kaum. Peneroka-peneroka Sepanyol kemudian membawa masuk abdi-abdi Afrika yang tidak lama kemudian merupakan sebahagian besar penduduk-penduduk di Cuba.

## Sejarah

## Bibliografi

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Álvarez Batista, Gerónimo 1983. III Frente a las puertas de Santiago. Editorial Letras Cubanas, Havana.

Ameringer, Charles D 1995 The Caribbean Legion Patriots, Politicians, Soldiers of Fortune, 1946-1950 Pennsylvania State University Press (December, 1995) (Paperback) ISBN 0271014520

Anderson, Jon Lee 1997. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, Bantam Press, ISBN 0553406647 or Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0

Anton, Alex and Roger E. Hernandez 2002 Cubans in America: A Vibrant History of a People in Exile Kensington Publishing Corporation (May, 2002) ISBN 157566593X

Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio 1939 Estoy con el Pueblo [I am With the People]. Havana.
    
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Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio unfinished autobiography and archive in the University of Miami’s Cuban Heritage Collection http://www.miami.edu/UMH/CDA/UMH_Main/1,1770,2593-1;37251-3,00.html
]

Bonachea, Ramon L and Marta San Martin 1974. The Cuban insurrection 1952-1959. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswik, New Jersey ISBN 0878555765

Carrillo, Justo 1985 Cuba 1933: Estudiantes, Yanquis y Soldados. University of Miami Iberian Studies Institute ISBN 0935501002 Transaction Publishers (January 1994) ISBN 1560006900

Castro, Fidel 1972 (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdéz) Revolutionary Struggle. 1947-1958. MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London ISBN 0262020653

de la Cova 2006 The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolution. University of South Carolina Press (in press)

Duarte Oropesa, José 1989 Historiología Cubana. Ediciones Universal Miami Vol 1. ISBN 0897294904, All volumes ISBN 8439925808

El'Toro, John Demico Chicano 2005 Cuban Secrets: I look like a Jackson Tribunal Publishing Corporation (July, 2005) ISBN 0544235617

Enamorado, Calixto 1917 Tiempos. Heroicos Persecucion. Rambla, Bauza and Company, Havana.

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Evans, Walker (Photographer), and Andrei Codrescu 2001 Walker Evans: Cuba (Hardcover) J. Paul Getty Trust Publications ISBN 0892366176

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Fontova, Humberto 2005 Fidel: Hollywood's Favorite Tyrant. Regnery Publishing Company, Washington DC. ISBN 0895260433

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Fuentes, Norberto 2004 La Autobiografia De Fidel Castro Editorial Planeta, Mexico D.F ISBN 8423336042, ISBN 9707490012

George, Edward 2005 The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara To Cuito Cuanavale. Frank Cass Publishers, London & Portland, Oregon ISBN 0415350158

Gonzalez, Servando 2002 The Secret Fidel Castro: Deconstructing the Symbol. Spooks Books, U.S. ISBN 0971139105 ISBN 0971139113

Greene, Graham 1958 Our Man in Havana: Viking ISBN 067053141 laneta, Mexico D.F ISBN 8423336042, ISBN 9707490012

Guevara, Ernesto “Che” (and Waters, Mary Alice editor) 1996 Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956-1958. Pathfinder New York (see reference to “El Viscaíno” on page 186). ISBN 0873488245.

Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara Guerrilla attack on the Barracks de la Plata. In: The Mammoth book of War Stories. Jon. E. Lewis, editor, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York 1999 Edition Printed and bound in United Kingdom. ISBN 0786706295 pp. 507-512.

Gutiérrez, Pedro Juan 1998 (Translation 2001) Dirty Havana Trilogy, Faber and Faber, London ISBN 0571206263

Geyer, Georgie Anne 2002 Guerrilla Prince. Andrews McMeel Publishing Kansas City ISBN 0740720643

Jimenez Pastrana, Juan 1983. Los Chinos en la Historia de Cuba: 1847-1930. Editorial de Sciencias Sociales, Havana,

Kapcia A. 2002. The Siege of the Hotel Nacional, Cuba, 1933: A Reassessment. Journal of Latin American Studies, 34, 283-309.

Kelshall, Gaylord T. M. 1994 The U-Boat War in the Caribbean United States Naval Institute Annapolis Maryland ISBN 1557504520

Kissinger, Henry 2000 Years of renewal. Simon & Schuster ISBN 0684855720

Kost, William E. 2004 Cuban agriculture: to be or not to be organic. Cuba in Transition 14, 274-281.

Lagas, Jacques 1964 Memorias de un capitán rebelde. Editorial del Pácifico. Santiago, Chile.

Lazo, Mario 1968 Dagger in the heart: American policy failures in Cuba. Twin Circle. NewYork

Lazo, Rodrigo 2005 Writing to Cuba Filibustering and Cuban Exiles in the United States. University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0807855944

Loiret, F; Ortega, E; Kleiner, D; Ortega-Rodes, P; Rodes, R; Dong, Z 2004 A putative new endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Pantoea sp. from sugarcane J. Appl. Microbiol., 97 (3) 504-511.

Lowinger, Rosa and Ofelia Fox 2005 Tropicana Nights. The Life and Times of the Legendary Cuban Nightclub. Harcourt, Orlando, New York, London ISBN 0151012245

Marmol, Jose G. 1993 Donato Marmol, Mayor General en la Revolucion del Separatismo Cubano. Editorial Arenas, Miami, pp. 171-174, 191,193-197, 200, 202, 218, 243 ISBN 0918454964

Márquez, Nicolás 2004 La otra parte de la verdad. Ediciones de Autor ISBN 9874382678

Márquez-Sterling, Carlos and Manuel 1975, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, Regents Publishing Co., NY, ISBN 0-88345-251-0

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Marrero, Levi 1981 5th edition "Geografia de Cuba" La Moderna Poesia, Coral Gables Florida.

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Martin, Lionel 1978 The Early Fidel: Roots of Castro's Communism Lyle Stuart, Secaucus New Jersey; 1st ed edition ISBN 0818402547

Martin, Paul Sidney George L. Quimby and Donald Collier 1947 Indians before Columbus;: Twenty thousand years of North American history revealed by archeology, The University of Chicago press, Chicago Illinois . ASIN B0006AR3AE pp. 40-46.

Matos, Huber, 2002. Como llego la Noche. Tusquet Editores, SA, Barcelona. ISBN 8483109441

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Ortiz, Fernando 1995 edition, (translated from 1947 original by Harriet de Onís) Cuban counterpoint Tobacco and Sugar. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina and London ISBN 08223161161

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Phillips, R Hart 1935 Cuban side show. Cuban Press, Havana 2nd edition. ASIN: B000860P60

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## Lihat juga





## Pautan luar
### Laman web rasmi
* Undang-undang Cuba
* Kanun Jenayah Cuba
* Kanun Pilihan Raya Cuba
* Kanun Keluarga Cuba
* *[https://archive.is/20121210073920/www.granma.cu/ingles/index.html Granma]* — edisi antarabangsa akhbar Parti Komunis Cuba
* Republik Cuba
* Senarai ahli Majlis Negara
* Prensa Latina — Berita Dunia Cuba
* Agensi Berita Cuba — berita Cuba
* Trabajadores — akhbar Gerakan Kesatuan Sekerja Cuba

### Perkara am
* 
* Sistem politik dan pilihan raya Cuba
* Perlembagaan Cuba
* Nasihat untuk Percutian di Cuba
* Laman web Caribbean Net News – berita harian Caribbean mengenai Cuba
* Hubungan Amerika Syarikat-Cuba: Ikhtisar analisis bagi Dasar, Undang-undang & Peraturan Amerika Syarikat – Kertas Peristiwa (Mac 2005) oleh Dianne E. Rennack dan Mark P. Sullivan daripada Majlis Atlantik Amerika Syarikat
* Maklumat mengenai Cuba – budaya, sejarah, demografi, geografi, agama, dll
* Laman web Real Cuba – laman web anti Castro, dengan gambar dan ulasan
* Pusat Kajian Perniagaan Cuba – Pusat Cuba di Universiti Utara Ohio
* Perpaduan Cuba – kempen British "untuk mempertahankan Cuba dan hak rakyatnya terhadap penentuan diri dan kedaulatan negara" (sebuah laman web yang memihak kerajaan kini)
* Perpaduan Trinidad & Tobago Cuba – kumpulan kempen yang berpusat di Trinidad dan Tobago, dan yang meyokong Cuba dan Revolusi Cuba
* Peta-peta Cuba – peta untuk semua provinsi dan bandar raya utama di Cuba
* Rasa Cuba – masakan Cuba dan foto Havana
* Arrebatus.com – pendapat yang berbeza terhadap Cuba (sembang, video, foto, muat turun)
* CUBANET  – laman web anti Castro, termasuk rencana berita daripada wartawan bebas Cuba, serta ikhtisar berita Cuba oleh akhbar-akhbar antarabangsa
* Encuentro en la Red – tapak berita bebas dan budaya mengenai hal-hal Cuba
* Menemui Cuba melalui himpunan foto lama & poskad yang bermutu tinggi dan abadi
* Cuba: Foto-foto orang dan pandangan darat 
* Perkhidmatan Penyelidikan Kongres (CRS)  – laporan mengenai Cuba
* Gambar-gambar Cuba – gambar daripada kesemua 14 provinsi Cuba, termasuk bandar raya Havana
* Paseos por La Habana: Panduan dan maklumat pelancongan Havana – perincian mengenai budaya, sejarah, tradisi, jalan raya, hotel, restoran, dan bar (dalam bahasa Sepanyol)
* Cuba Cultura – pangkalan data mengenai sejarah, budaya dan seni bina Cuba dari Zaman Pra-Columbia hingga Zaman Khas (dalam bahasa Sepanyol)
* Nasihat untuk Pelancongan di Cuba – dengan bahagian kemas kini mengenai bahaya-bahaya pelancongan
* Panduan pautan untuk Cuba. – menemui Cuba melalui himpunan pautan-pautah terisih
* Projek AIDS Cuba – HIV dan AIDS di Cuba
* http://www.cuba-linda.com — Cuba Linda (bahasa Perancis)
* Sepanyol dan orang Sepanyol – pendapat sezaman mengenai pemberontakan Cuba
* UN HDI – Indeks Pembangunan Manusia untuk Cuba daripada PBB
* IFEX  – kebebasan bercakap di Cuba daripada IFEX
* Proses pilihan raya di Cuba – demokrasi di Cuba
* Sistem politik dan pilihan raya Cuba
* Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat – Cuba, dari sudut pandangan kerajaan Amerika Syarikat
* Pejabat Kawalan Harta Asing, Perbendaharaan Amerika Syarikat: Sekatan-sekatan Cuba – gambaran keseluruhan Peraturan Kawalan Harta Cuba, Judul 31, Bahagian 515 dalam Kanun Peraturan Persekutuan Amerika Syarikat
* Portal maklumat Cuba – maklumat dalam bahasa Inggeris, Perancis, dan Jerman
* Allinson, Sidney. Pengintip Sejarah Ketenteraan: Ernest Hemingway
* Esei oleh pengarah filem ''Bye Bye Havana'' – pemerhatian terpenci mengenai kehidupan di Cuba berdasarkan beberapa temu bual jalan pada 2004
* CubaSolidarity.com – laman web Rangkaian Negara Amerika Syarikat mengenai Cuba; berita, ucapan, maklumat pelancongan, peristiwa, serta senarai laman web Cuba yang meyeluruh
* Laman web Salsa di Cuba
* Cuba Terbalik  – sejarah, berita semasa, ulasan, dan sumber
* Bendera-bendera Cuba – wawasan sejarah mengenai bendera-bendera dan lambang-lambang Cuba
* Laman web Kumpulan ''Rock Around the Blockade'' – sebuah kumpulan yang berpusat di Britain dan yang membekalkan Revolusi Cuba dengan barang dan perpaduan politik
* Halaman Cuba: Metadirektori Cuba

* Caribbean Net News - (Daily Caribbean news -- Cuba.)
* U.S.-Cuban Relations: An Analytic Compendium of U.S. Policies, Laws & Regulations - Occasional Paper (March 2005) by Dianne E. Rennack and Mark P. Sullivan from the Atlantic Council of the US.
* Information about Cuba &mdash; Culture, history, demography, geography, religion, etc.
* Center for Cuban Business Studies &mdash; The Cuba Center at Ohio Northern University
* Cuba Solidarity &mdash; British campaign for the defence of Cuba and its peoples' right to self-determination and national sovereignty.
* Trinidad &amp; Tobago Cuba Solidarity &mdash; a campaigning group, based in Trinidad and Tobago, that supports Cuba and the Cuban Revolution.
* Cuba Maps  &mdash; Maps of all the provinces of Cuba, and maps of the major cities.
* Cubamusic &mdash; All about Cuban music
* CUBANET  &mdash; An anti-Castro site including news articles from Cuba's independent journalists and a digest of Cuban news by international newspapers
* Encuentro en la Red &mdash; Independent news and cultural site on Cuban matters
* Discover Cuba through a collection of old Photos & Vintage Postcards.
* Photos of people and Sights 
* Cuba Pictures Photos from all 14 Cuban provinces, plus the city of Havana
* Paseos por La Habana Havana guide (in Spanish) and travel information. Details of culture, history, traditions, routes, hotels, restaurants and bars.
* Cuba Cultura A database of Cuban History, Culture and Architecture from the Pre-Columbian to the Special Period
* Travel Advisories for Cuba Updated section on travel dangers.
* Link guide to Cuba. Discover Cuba through a collection of sorted links.
* Cuba AIDS Project HIV and AIDS in Cuba
* http://www.cuba-linda.com Cuba Linda French site
* Spain and the Spaniard A contemporary opinion of the Cuban uprising
* UN HDI &mdash; Human Development Index for Cuba from UN
* IFEX  &mdash; Freedom of expression in Cuba from IFEX
* The Electoral process in Cuba &mdash; Democracy in Cuba
* Cuba's Political and electoral system
* U.S. Department of State &mdash; Cuba, from the U.S. government's point of view
* Todo de Cuba Many informations about Cuba
* The Infoportal of Cuba Information in English, French and German
* The Cuban Constitution
* http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent?file=PRhemingway Allinson, Sidney. Military History Undercover: Ernest Hemingway
* Essay by director of film Bye Bye Havana A detailed look at life in Cuba from street interviews in 2004