Abiogenesis

**Abiogenesis** atau **biopoiesis** ialah proses semula jadi yang melibatkan hidupan bangkit daripada jirim tidak hidup seperti sebatian organik mudah. Hidupan terawal di Bumi wujud sekurang-kurangnya 3.5 bilion tahun lalu, semasa era Eoarkean apabila kerak yang mencukupi memejal ikutan Eon Hadean lebur. Pada 8 November 2013, ahli sains melaporkan penemuan sesuatu yang mungkin merupakan tanda hidupan sebenar terawal di Bumi - fosil tikaran mikrob (berhubung kait dengan batu pasir di Australia Barat) dianggarkan berumur 3.48 bilion tahun.

Hipotesis saintifik tentang asal usul hidupan boleh dibahagikan kepada sebilangan kategori. Banyak pendekatan menyiasat cara molekul yang bereplikasi dengan sendiri atau komponennya wujud. Pada anggapan bahawa hidupan berasal secara spontan di Bumi uji kaji Miller–Urey dan uji kaji serupa menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan asid amino, kerap dipanggil "bongkah binaan hidupan," boleh disintesis secara rasem dalam keadaan yang bertujuan serupa dengan yang mengenai Bumi awal. Beberapa mekanisme telah disiasat, termasuk kilat dan sinaran. Pendekatan lain (hipotesis "metabolisme dahulu") tertumpu pada pemahaman cara katalisis dalam sistem kimia di Bumi awal mungkin telah menyediakan molekul pelopor penting untuk replikasi sendiri.

## Lihat juga

## Rujukan

## Bacaan lanjut

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* Buehler, Lukas K. (2000–2005) *The physico-chemical basis of life*, http://www.whatislife.com/about.html accessed 27 October 2005.
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*  (Cited on p.&nbsp;108).
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* Morowitz, Harold J. (1992) "Beginnings of Cellular Life: Metabolism Recapitulates Biogenesis". Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05483-1
* NASA Astrobiology Institute: Earth's Early Environment and Life 
* NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Exobiology: Gustaf O. Arrhenius
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* Dedicated issue of ''Philosophical Transactions B'' on Major Steps in Cell Evolution freely available.
* Dedicated issue of ''Philosophical Transactions B'' on the Emergence of Life on the Early Earth freely available.

## Pautan luar
* A.E.Zlobin, Tunguska similar impacts and origin of life (mathematical theory of origin of life, incoming of pattern recognition algorithm due to comets)
* The Origin of Life  Video by John Maynard Smith
* "Harvard Team Creates the World's 1st Synthesized Cells" 
* Martin A. Nowak and Hisashi Ohtsuki. Prevolutionary dynamics and the origin of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008 
* "Exploring Life's Origins: a Virtual Exhibit"
* "SELF-REPLICATION: Even peptides do it" by Stuart A. Kauffman (web archive version as original page no longer accessible)
* Origins of Life website including papers, resources, by Dr. Michael Russell at the U. of Glasgow
* Possible Connections Between Interstellar Chemistry and the Origin of Life on the Earth 
* Scientists Find Clues That Life Began in Deep Space&mdash;NASA Astrobiology Institute 
* Self-organizing biochemical cycles&mdash;by Leslie Orgel
* How Life Began: New Research Suggests Simple Approach
* Primordial Soup's On: Scientists Repeat Evolution's Most Famous Experiment –an article in Scientific American. March 28, 2007
* Illustrations from ''Evolution'' (textbook)
* An abiogenesis primer for laymen 
* Evolution before genes.  Vera Vasas et al., Biology Direct, 2012, 7:1.
* Debate bubbles over the origin of life
* How life began on Earth
* Early Archean Serpentine mud Volcanoes at Isua, Greenland, as a Niche for Early Life Marie-Laure Pons et al. PNAS
* The Origins of Life Smithsonian magazine