Bahasa Hungary

**Bahasa Hungary**, **Bahasa Majar** atau **Bahasa Magyar** () merupakan bahasa dalam rumpun bahasa Finni-Yugra, lagi khususnya cabang Yugra yang tiada pertalian darah dengan bahasa-bahasa Eropah Tengah lain. Sebagai salah satu daripada sebilangan kecil bahasa Eropah moden yang tidak tergolong dalam rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropah, bahasa Hungary/Majar banyak meraih minat para pakar bahasa. Bahasa ini ditutur di negara Hungary serta kaum minoriti Hungary di tujuh buah negara yang berjiran dengan Hungary. Nama tempatan bahasa ini disebut ***magyar*** .

Terdapat kira-kira 13 juta orang yang menutur bahasa Hungary sebagai bahasa ibunda, termasuk 9.5-10 juta orang yang tinggal di Hungary zaman sekarang. Terdapat dua juta orang penutur yang tinggal di kawasan yang dahulunya merupakan sebahagian Kerajaan Hungary sebelum Perang Dunia Pertama, termasuklah kumpulan terbesar yang tinggal Romania, di mana terdapat kira-kira 1.4 juta orang berbangsa Hungary. Penutur bahasa Hungary juga didapati di Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Austria, dan Slovenia, serta kira-kira sejuta orang yang tinggal merata tempat di seluruh dunia.

## Ortografi
Bahasa ini mempunyai abjad tersendiri yang digunakan untuk menulis dan mewakilkan bunyi-bunyi khas ia:
}
|
|similar to British English c**o**t
| might describe it better (raised, more rounded; sign rendered probably incorrectly, containing two diacritical marks below). Still definitely not , but more like  (the *o* in traditional Received Pronunciation *h*'o**t'')
|-
|[[Á]]
|á
|
|
|''seg**a**r''
|Not nearly as open as the ''a'' in American English ''h**a**t'', but closer to it than Hungarian ''a'' (without the accent mark)
|-
|[[B]]
|bé
|
|
|**b**ayi
|
|-
|[[C]]
|cé
|
|
|like po**ts**
|
|-
|[[Hungarian cs|Cs]]
|csé
|
|
|**c**a**c**ing
|
|-
|[[D]]
|dé
|
|
|**d**a**d**u
|
|-
|[[Hungarian dz|Dz]]
|dzé
|
|
|''ki**ds***
|rare. does not occur at the beginning of words. When neither post- nor preconsonantic, always realised as a [[Gemination|geminate]].
|-
|[[Hungarian dzs|Dzs]]
|dzsé
|
|
|'''j'''ari, '''j'''a'''j'''a, ***G**eorge'', ''bri**dg**e''
|rare, mostly in loanwords. when final or intervocalic, usually realised as a geminate: ''maharadzsa''   'maharajah', ''bridzs''   'bridge (card game)', but ''dzsungel''   'jungle', fridzsider   coll. 'refrigerator'
|-
|[[E]]
|e
|
|
|l**e**wat (é); ***e*'dge* atau *b**e**d*
|about 40-50% of speakers also have a phoneme  (see below at Ë).  is not considered part of *standard Hungarian*, wherein  takes the place of .
|-
|[[É]]
|é
|
|
|*'é** [lewat] panjang
|
|-
|[[F]]
|ef
|
|
|**f**ikir, eu**f**oria
|
|-
|[[G]]
|gé
|
|
|**g**i**g**i
|
|-
|[[Hungarian gy|Gy]]
|gyé
|
|
|(not used in English; soft form of . Mostly similar to **d**uring, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation)
|denoting  by &#x3C;gy&#x3E; is a remnant of (probably) Italian scribes who tried to render the Hungarian sound. &#x3C;dy&#x3E; would be a more consistent notation in scope of &#x3C;ty&#x3E;, &#x3C;ny&#x3E;, &#x3C;ly&#x3E; (see there), as the &#x3C;y&#x3E; part of digraphs show palatalisation in the Hungarian writing system.
|-
|[[H]]
|há
|
|1. 2. 

3. 

4. 
| colspan="2" |Pada mula:

* **h**airan, ***h*'uman*
Antara dua [[vokal]]:

* bera*'h**i
Pada hujung:

* **kh**amis - juga huruf ''[[kha]]'' (خ) dalam [[abjad Arab]]
* tiada bunyi
|-
|[[I]]
|i
|
|
| colspan="2" |d**i**r**i** - lebih pendek daripada í
|-
|[[Í]]
|í
|
|
|**I** panjang
|Vowel length is phonemically distinctive in Hungarian: ''irt'' = 'to exterminate' and ''írt'' = 'to write (past tense)'
|-
|[[J]]
|jé
|
|, 
|i**y**a, **y**oyo
|allophones occur when  occurs after a consonant; (voiceless after voiceless, voiced after voiced consonants). e.g. ''férj'' 'husband', ''kapj'' 'get! (imperative)'
|-
|[[K]]
|ká
|
|
|**k**a**k**i
|
|-
|[[L]]
|el
|
|
|**l**a**l**uan
|
|-
|[[Hungarian ly|Ly]]
|elly, el-ipszilon
| / 
|
|pla**y**, pra**y**
|
|-
|[[M]]
|em
|
|
|**m**ind, assu**m**e, **m**ight,
|
|-
|[[N]]
|en
|
|
|**n**asib, baha**n** (kecuali sebelum huruf 'k' dan 'g' di mana - **ng**a**ng**a, bara**ng**)
|allophone before , 
|-
|[[Hungarian ny|Ny]]
|eny
|
|
|**ny**a**ny**i
|
|-
|[[O]]
|o
|
|
|b**o**h**o**ng
|A shorter, more open variant of Ó. Unlike with short ''e'', which is opened to  in standard speech, short ''o'' remains , rather than opening to  where it would come close to clashing with short ''a''.
|-
|[[Ó]]
|ó
|
|
|'O' panjang
|Same as  except longer. It is important to pay attention to. (eg.: ''kor'' = 'age' and ''kór'' = 'disease')
|-
|[[Ö]]
|ö
|
|
|Sebutan "E pepet" (ĕ / b**e**rat) dengan bibir lebih membundar
|A shorter, more open variant of Ő
|-
|[[Double acute accent|Ő]]
|ő
|
|
|'Ö' panjang
|Minimal pair to : ''öt'' = 'five' and ''őt'' = 'him/her (Hungarian pronouns do not specify gender)'
|-
|[[P]]
|pé
|
|
|**p**isau, a**p**rikot, tutu**p**
|
|-
|([[Q]])
|kú
|
|
|
|Q occurs only as part of the digraph ''qu'' in foreign words, realised as : ''[[Aquincum]]''  (name of an old Roman settlement on the area of present-day [[Óbuda]]). Words originally spelled with ''qu'' are today usually spelled with ''kv'', as in ''akvarell'' 'watercolor painting'.
|-
|[[R]]
|er
|
|
|**r**ambut
|also called ''apical trill'' as pronounced by trilling the tip of your tongue (the apex) and not the uvula.
|-
|[[S]]
|es
|
|
|**sy**ahwat, **sy**or
|This notation is unusual for European writing systems where &#x3C;s&#x3E; stands for  virtually everywhere. In Hungarian,  is represented by &#x3C;sz&#x3E;.
|-
|[[Hungarian sz|Sz]]
|esz
|
|
|**s**u**s**u
|
|-
|[[T]]
|té
|
|
|**t**arik, lewa**t**, bin**t**ik
|
|-
|[[Hungarian ty|Ty]]
|tyé
|
|
|**t**ube
|
|-
|[[U]]
|u
|
|
|dah**u**l**u**
|
|-
|[[Ú]]
|ú
|
|
|'u' panjang
|minimal pair to : ''hurok'' 'loop' ∼ ''húrok'' 'cords'
|-
|[[Ü]]
|ü
|
|
|(not used in English, corresponds to German Ü)
|A shorter, more open variant of ű
|-
|[[Double acute accent|Ű]]
|ű
|
|
|'Ü' panjang
|
|-
|[[V]]
|vé
|
|
| rowspan="2" |**v**ideo, re**v**olusi, **v**akum
|
|-
|([[W]])
|dupla vé
|
|
|only occurs in foreign words and in Hungarian aristocratic surnames
|-
|([[X]])
|iksz
|
|
|
|occurs only in loanwords, and there only when denoting ;  is transcribed: ''extra'', ''Alexandra'', but ''egzakt'' 'exact'.
|-
|([[Y]])
|ipszilon
|
|
|happ**y**
|Usually combined with another letter to form a new sound (see ly, ny, gy, ty). In loanwords, usually rendered as  or . Occurs very often in old Hungarian aristocratic surnames where it stands for  or : 'Báthory' , 'Batthyány'  (&#x3C;n&#x3E;+&#x3C;y&#x3E; ∼ )
|-
|[[Z]]
|zé
|
|
|de**s**ert, ro**s**es
|
|-
|[[Hungarian zs|Zs]]
|zsé
|
|
|plea**s**ure, lei**s*'ure
|
|}

== Perbandingan perkataan Uralik ==




== Bibliografi ==

=== Kursus ===
* *MagyarOK&nbsp;– Text book and exercise book for beginners*. Szita, Szilvia; Pelcz, Katalin (2013). Pécs; Pécsi Tudományegyetem. [http://www.magyar-ok.hu/ MagyarOK website] .
* *Colloquial Hungarian&nbsp;– The complete course for beginners*. Rounds, Carol H.; Sólyom, Erika (2002). London; New York: Routledge. .
:This book gives an introduction to the Hungarian language in 15 chapters. The dialogues are available on CDs.

* *Teach Yourself Hungarian&nbsp;– A complete course for beginners*. Pontifex, Zsuzsa (1993). London: Hodder & Stoughton. Chicago: NTC/Contemporary Publishing. .
:This is a complete course in spoken and written Hungarian. The course consists of 21 chapters with dialogues, culture notes, grammar and exercises. The dialogues are available on cassette.

* *Hungarolingua 1&nbsp;– Magyar nyelvkönyv*. Hoffmann, István; et al. (1996). [http://www.nyariegyetem.hu/ Debreceni Nyári Egyetem]. 
* *Hungarolingua 2&nbsp;– Magyar nyelvkönyv*. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (2001). [http://www.nyariegyetem.hu/ Debreceni Nyári Egyetem]. 
* *Hungarolingua 3&nbsp;– Magyar nyelvkönyv*. Hlavacska, Edit; et al. (1999). [http://www.nyariegyetem.hu/ Debreceni Nyári Egyetem]. 
:These course books were developed by the University of Debrecen Summer School program for teaching Hungarian to foreigners. The books are written completely in Hungarian and therefore unsuitable for self study. There is an accompanying 'dictionary' with translations of the Hungarian vocabulary into English, German, and French for the words used in the first two books.
* "NTC's Hungarian and English Dictionary" by Magay and Kiss.  (You may be able to find a newer edition also. This one is 1996.)

=== Tatabahasa ===
* *Gyakorló magyar nyelvtan / A Practical Hungarian grammar* (2009, 2010). Szita Szilvia, Görbe Tamás. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 978 963 05 8703 7.
* *A practical Hungarian grammar* (3rd, rev. ed.). Keresztes, László (1999). Debrecen: Debreceni Nyári Egyetem. .
* *Simplified Grammar of the Hungarian Language* (1882). Ignatius Singer. London: Trübner & Co.
* *Practical Hungarian grammar: [a compact guide to the basics of Hungarian grammar]*. Törkenczy, Miklós (2002). Budapest: Corvina. .
* *Hungarian verbs and essentials of grammar: a practical guide to the mastery of Hungarian* (2nd ed.). Törkenczy, Miklós (1999). Budapest: Corvina; Lincolnwood, [Ill.]: Passport Books. .
* *Hungarian: an essential grammar* (2nd ed.). Rounds, Carol (2009). London; New York: Routledge. .
* *Hungarian: Descriptive grammar*. Kenesei, István, Robert M. Vago, and Anna Fenyvesi (1998). London; New York: Routledge. .
* [http://www.rpi.edu/~sofkam/magyar.html Hungarian Language Learning References] (including the short reviews of three of the above books)
* *Noun Declension Tables&nbsp;– HUNGARIAN*. Budapest: [http://www.pons.hu/index.php?action=termek&id=81 Pons]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928153213/http://www.klett.hu/termekcsalad/250 Klett]. 
* *Verb Conjugation Tables&nbsp;– HUNGARIAN*. Budapest: [http://www.pons.hu/index.php?action=termek&id=82 Pons]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928153159/http://www.klett.hu/termekcsalad/253 Klett]. 

=== Lain-lain ===
* Abondolo, Daniel Mario: *Hungarian Inflectional Morphology*. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1988. 
* Balázs, Géza: *The Story of Hungarian. A Guide to the Language.* Translated by Thomas J. DeKornfeld. Corvina publishing. Budapest, 1997. 
* Stephanides, Éva H. (ed.): *Contrasting English with Hungarian''. Akadémiai publishing. Budapest, 1986. 

## Nota

## Rujukan

## Pautan luar

* Free downloadable Hungarian teaching and learning material
* Introduction to Hungarian
* Hungarian Profile 
* List of formative suffixes in Hungarian
* The relationship between the Finnish and the Hungarian languages
* Hungarian Language Review at How-to-learn-any-language.com
* "The Hungarian Language: A Short Descriptive Grammar" by Beáta Megyesi (PDF document)
* The old site of the Indiana University Institute of Hungarian Studies (various resources)
* Hungarian Language Learning References on the Hungarian Language Page (short reviews of useful books)
* One of the oldest Hungarian texts&nbsp;– A Halotti Beszéd (The Funeral Oration)
* WikiLang&nbsp;– Hungarian Page (Hungarian grammar / lessons, in English)
* Hungarian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
* Basic Hungarian language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)

### Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica
* Introduction to the History of the Language; The Pre-Hungarian Period; The Early Hungarian Period; The Old Hungarian Period
* The Linguistic Records of the Early Old Hungarian Period; The Linguistic System of the Age
* The Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language of the Old Hungarian Period
* The Late Old Hungarian Period; The System of the Language
* The First Half of the Middle Hungarian Period; Turkish Loan Words

### Kamus
* Hungarian ↔ English created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences&nbsp;– Computer and Automation Research Institute MTA SZTAKI (also includes dictionaries for the following languages to and from Hungarian : German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Polish)
* bab.la - Online Hungarian-English dictionary and language learning portal
* English-Hungarian-Finnish&nbsp;– three-language freely editable online dictionary
* Collection of Hungarian Technical Dictionaries
* Hungarian bilingual dictionaries
* Hungarian-English dictionary
* English-Hungarian dictionary
* Hungarian Verb Conjugation