Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat

**Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat** merujuk kepada segolongan ahli politik dan negarawan yang terlibat dalam kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat dengan menandatangani Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat, mengambil bahagian dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat, mewujudkan Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, atau sumbangan penting yang lain. Dalam kumpulan besar yang dikenali sebagai "Bapa Pengasas", terdapat dua kelompok: pertama "Para Penandatangan Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan" (mereka yang menandatangani Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1776) dan "Para Penggubal Perlembagaan" (mereka yang menjadi delegasi ke Konvensyen Persekutuan dan mengambil bahagian dalam merangka merangka atau menggubal cadangan Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat). Kebanyakkan para sejarawan mentaksirkan "Bapa Pengasas" sebagai kumpulan besar, termasuk bukan hanya setakat Para Penandatangan dan Para Perangka tetapi juga kesemua mereka, yang mana terdiri dari ahli politik, para juri, negarawan, tentera, diplomat, atau rakyat biasa, yang mengambil bahagian dalam kemerdekaan Amerika dan penubuhan Amerika Syarikat. Ahli sejarawan Amerika, Richard B. Morris, dalam sebuah buku beliau pada tahun 1973 yang bertajuk *Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries,* mengenalpasti tujuk tokoh berikut sebagai Bapa Pengasas utama:
* Benjamin Franklin,
* George Washington,
* John Adams,
* Thomas Jefferson,
* John Jay,
* James Madison,
* dan Alexander Hamilton.

Warren G. Harding, kemudian menjadi Senator Republikan dari Ohio, menggunakan fasa "Bapa Pengasas" di dalam ucaptama beliau di Konvensyen Kebangsaan Republikan 1916. Beliau menggunakan fasa ini beberapa kali selepas itu, paling penting semasa ucaptama sulung beliau sebagai Presiden Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1921.

## Senarai Bapa Pengasas

### Orang yang menandatangani Pengistiharan Kemerdekaan
* John Adams
* Samuel Adams
* Josiah Bartlett
* Carter Braxton
* Charles Carroll
* Samuel Chase
* Abraham Clark
* George Clymer
* William Ellery
* William Floyd
* Benjamin Franklin
* Elbridge Gerry
* Button Gwinnett
* John Hancock
* Lyman Hall
* Benjamin Harrison
* John Hart
* Joseph Hewes
* Thomas Heyward, Jr.
* William Hooper
* Stephen Hopkins
* Francis Hopkinson
* Samuel Huntington
* Thomas Jefferson
* Francis Lightfoot Lee
* Richard Henry Lee
* Francis Lewis
* Philip Livingston
* Thomas Lynch, Jr.
* Thomas McKean
* Arthur Middleton
* Lewis Morris
* Robert Morris
* John Morton
* Thomas Nelson, Jr.
* William Paca
* Robert Treat Paine
* John Penn
* George Read
* Caesar Rodney
* George Ross
* Benjamin Rush
* Edward Rutledge
* Roger Sherman
* James Smith
* Richard Stockton
* Thomas Stone
* George Taylor
* Charles Thomson (Setiausaha)
* Matthew Thornton
* George Walton
* William Whipple
* William Williams
* James Wilson
* John Witherspoon
* Oliver Wolcott
* George Wythe

### Delegasi ke Konvensyen Perlembagaan

#### Delegasi yang menandatangani

* Abraham Baldwin
* Richard Bassett
* Gunning Bedford, Jr.
* John Blair
* William Blount
* David Brearly
* Jacob Broom
* Pierce Butler
* Daniel Carroll
* George Clymer
* Jonathan Dayton
* John Dickinson
* William Few
* Thomas Fitzsimons
* Benjamin Franklin
* Nicholas Gilman
* Nathaniel Gorham
* Alexander Hamilton
* Jared Ingersoll
* William Jackson (Setiausaha)
* Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
* William Samuel Johnson
* Rufus King
* John Langdon
* William Livingston
* James Madison
* James McHenry
* Thomas Mifflin
* Gouverneur Morris
* Robert Morris
* William Paterson
* Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
* Charles Pinckney
* George Read
* John Rutledge
* Roger Sherman
* Richard Dobbs Spaight
* George Washington (Presiden Konvensyen)
* Hugh Williamson
* James Wilson

#### Delegasi yang meninggalkan konvensyen tanpa menandatangani
* William Richardson Davie
* Oliver Ellsworth
* William Houston
* William Houstoun
* John Lansing, Jr.
* Alexander Martin
* Luther Martin
* James McClurg
* John Francis Mercer
* William Pierce
* Caleb Strong
* George Wythe
* Robert Yates

#### Delegasi yang enggan menandatangani
* Elbridge Gerry
* George Mason
* Edmund Randolph

### Para pengasas lain
* Ethan Allen
* Egbert Benson
* Richard Bland
* George Clinton
* Patrick Henry
* Michael Hillegas, Bendahari Amerika Syarikat pertama.
* John Jay, Ketua Hakim Amerika Syarikat pertama.
* Henry Knox
* Henry Lee III
* Thomas Sim Lee
* Robert R. Livingston
* John Marshall, Ketua Hakim Amerika Syarikat ke-4.
* Philip Mazzei
* James Monroe, Ahli Kongres Benua dan Presiden Amerika Syarikat ke-5, "Generasi Republikan terakhir"
* Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, sukarelawan dan biasanya dikaitkan dengan simbol persekutuan dengan Perancis.
* James Otis, Jr.
* Thomas Paine, pengarang risalah berpengaruh *[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]*.
* Peyton Randolph, Presiden Kongres Benua Pertama
* Dr. William Rickman, Pengarah Hospital Tentera Benua pertama.
* Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, pegawai Prusia yang menyusun semula Tentera Benua dan memimpin kemenangannya.

## Lihat juga
* Senarai pengasas negara (seluruh dunia)
* Senarai para delegasi ke Kongres Benua
* Sejarah Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat
* Hak-hak Orang Inggeris

## Nota

## Rujukan

* *American National Biography Online,* (2000).
* Richard B. Bernstein, *Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution* (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
* R. B. Bernstein, *The Founding Fathers Reconsidered* (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
* Richard D. Brown. "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View," *William and Mary Quarterly,* 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp.&nbsp;465–480 [online at JSTOR](http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(197607)3%3A33%3A3%3C465%3ATFFO1A%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G).
* Henry Steele Commager, "Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today," *Daedalus* 90 (Fall 1961): 650-673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, *Freedom and Order* (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
* Joseph J. Ellis. *Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation* (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
* Joanne B. Freeman, *Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic* (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
* Jack P. Greene. "The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation," *Political Science Quarterly,* Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp.&nbsp;1–22 [online in JSTOR](http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-3195(197303)88%3A1%3C1%3ATSOOTA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U).
* P.M.G. Harris, "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, " *Perspectives in American History* 3 (1969): 159-364.
* Mark E. Kann; *The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy* (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999).
* Adrienne Koch; *Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment* (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961).
* Frank Lambert. *The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America.* (Princeton, NJ> Princeton University Press, 2003).
* Martin, James Kirby. *Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution,* (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
* Morris, Richard B. *Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries* (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
* Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," *Presidential Studies Quarterly,* Vol. 29, 1999
* Rakove, Jack. *Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America*(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010) 487 pages; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action, beginning in the 1770s
* Cokie Roberts. *Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation* (New York: William Morrow, 2005); popular
* Gordon S. Wood. *Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different* (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)

## Pautan luar
* NARA - America's founding fathers (retrieved 09-20-2010)
* Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Founding Fathers and Slavery (retrieved 09-20-2010)
* What Happened to the Signers of the Declaration of Independence? (retrieved 09-20-2010)
* "What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today?" (retrieved 09-20-2010)