Positivisme logik

**Positivisme logik**, yang kemudiannya dipanggil **empirisme logik**, dan kedua-duanya bersama-sama juga dikenali sebagai **neopositivisme**, ialah gerakan dalam falsafah Barat yang tesis utamanya ialah prinsip pengesahan (juga dikenali sebagai kriteria pengesahan makna).  Teori pengetahuan ini menegaskan bahawa hanya pernyataan yang boleh disahkan melalui pemerhatian langsung atau pembuktian logik yang bermakna dari segi penyampaian nilai kebenaran, maklumat atau kandungan fakta. Bermula pada akhir 1920-an, kumpulan ahli falsafah, saintis, dan ahli matematik membentuk Bulatan Berlin dan Bulatan Vienna, yang, di kedua-dua bandar ini, akan mengemukakan idea-idea positivisme logik.

## Catatan

## Rujukan
*Bechtel, William, *[https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2007-0-02715-3&isbn=9781317767480&format=googlePreviewPdf Philosophy of Science: An Overview for Cognitive Science]* (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, 1988).
*Friedman, Michael, *[https://books.google.com/books?id=e9TjZc9wNUAC&printsec=frontcover Reconsidering Logical Positivism]* (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
*Novick, Peter, *[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521357456  That Noble Dream: The 'Objectivity Question' and the American Historical Profession]* (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
*Stahl, William A  & Robert A Campbell, Yvonne Petry, Gary Diver, *[https://books.google.com/books?id=GY6i84rSKMcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=%22logical%20positivism%22&f=false Webs of Reality: Social Perspectives on Science and Religion]* (Piscataway NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
*Suppe, Frederick, ed, *[https://books.google.com/books?id=SpvZsxCA0TIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false The Structure of Scientific Theories]*, 2nd edn (Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 1977).

## Bacaan lanjut

*Achinstein, Peter and Barker, Stephen F. *The Legacy of Logical Positivism: Studies in the Philosophy of Science*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969.
*Ayer, Alfred Jules. *Logical Positivism*. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1959.
*Barone, Francesco. *Il neopositivismo logico*. Roma Bari: Laterza, 1986.
*Bergmann, Gustav. *The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism*. New York: Longmans Green, 1954.
*Cirera, Ramon. *[https://archive.org/details/carnapviennacir00cire/page/n18  Carnap and the Vienna Circle: Empiricism and Logical Syntax]*. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994.
*Edmonds, David & Eidinow, John; *Wittgenstein's Poker*, 
*Friedman, Michael. *Reconsidering Logical Positivism*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999
*Gadol, Eugene T. *Rationality and Science: A Memorial Volume for Moritz Schlick in Celebration of the Centennial of his Birth*. Wien: Springer, 1982.
*Geymonat, Ludovico. *La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania*. Torino, 1934.
*Giere, Ronald N. and Richardson, Alan W. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa9LuLMrJvkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false Origins of Logical Empiricism]*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
*Hanfling, Oswald. *Logical Positivism*. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1981.
*Holt, Jim, "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, *Exact Thinking in Demented Times:  The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science*, Basic Books, 449 pp.), *[[The New York Review of Books]]*, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp.&nbsp;74–76.
*Jangam, R. T. *Logical Positivism and Politics*. Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1970.
*Janik, Allan and Toulmin, Stephen. *Wittgenstein's Vienna*. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973.
*Kraft, Victor. The Vienna Circle: *The Origin of Neo-positivism, a Chapter in the History of Recent Philosophy*. New York: Greenwood Press, 1953.
*McGuinness, Brian. *Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann*. Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.
* Milkov, Nikolay (ed.). *Die Berliner Gruppe. Texte zum Logischen Empirismus von Walter Dubislav, Kurt Grelling, Carl G. Hempel, Alexander Herzberg, Kurt Lewin, Paul Oppenheim und Hans Reichenbach.* Hamburg: Meiner 2015. (German)
*Mises von, Richard. *Positivism: A Study in Human Understanding*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951.
*Parrini, Paolo. *Empirismo logico e convenzionalismo: saggio di storia della filosofia della scienza*. Milano: F. Angeli, 1983.
*Parrini, Paolo; Salmon, Wesley C.; Salmon, Merrilee H. (ed.) *Logical Empiricism&nbsp;– Historical and Contemporary Perspectives*, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.
*Reisch, George. *How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science : To the Icy Slopes of Logic*. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
*Rescher, Nicholas. *The Heritage of Logical Positivism*. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985.
*Richardson, Alan and Thomas Uebel (eds.) *The Cambridge Companion to Logical Positivism.* New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
*Salmon, Wesley and Wolters, Gereon (ed.) *Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, 21–24 May 1991*, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994.
*Sarkar, Sahotra (ed.) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eS8jeSgy8eIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22The+Emergence+of+Logical+Empiricism:+From+1900+to+the+Vienna+Circle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjqstmi9evfAhWDnoMKHWT1Dk4Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle]*. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
*Sarkar, Sahotra (ed.) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hf0Ar62uA34C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false Logical Empiricism at its Peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath]*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
*Sarkar, Sahotra (ed.) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=H-OdzRfpehEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences]: Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
*Sarkar, Sahotra (ed.) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=NiQBRoKrVW0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism: Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics]*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
*Sarkar, Sahotra (ed.) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ68n_9XXAwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals]*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
*Spohn, Wolfgang (ed.) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=ED3sCAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach]*, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
*Stadler, Friedrich. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=2rAlCQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=positivism&f=false The Vienna Circle. Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism].* New York: Springer, 2001. – 2nd Edition: Dordrecht: Springer, 2015.
*Stadler, Friedrich (ed.). *The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives.* Dordrecht – Boston – London, Kluwer 2003.
*

## Pautan luar
*
**Rencana mengenai positivis logik**
* The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle
* Carnap, Rudolf. 'The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language'
* Carnap, Rudolf. 'Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology.'
* Excerpt from Carnap, Rudolf. ''Philosophy and Logical Syntax''.
* Feigl, Herbert. 'Positivism in the Twentieth Century (Logical Empiricism)', ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'', 1974, Gale Group (Electronic Edition)
* Hempel, Carl. 'Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning.'

**Rencana mengenai positivisme logik**

* Kemerling, Garth. 'Logical Positivism', ''Philosophy Pages''
* Murzi, Mauro. 'Logical Positivism', ''The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief'', Tom Flynn (ed.). Prometheus Books, 2007 (PDF version)
* Murzi, Mauro. 'The Philosophy of Logical Positivism.'
* Passmore, John. 'Logical Positivism', ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Paul Edwards (ed.). New York: Macmillan, 1967, first edition

**Rencana mengenai topik falsafah berkaitan**
* Hájek, Alan. 'Interpretations of Probability', ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)''
* Rey, Georges. 'The Analytic/Synthetic Distinction', ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2003 Edition)'', Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
* Ryckman, Thomas A., 'Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity', ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2001 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)''
* Woleński, Jan. 'Lvov-Warsaw School', ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)''
* Woodward, James. 'Scientific Explanation', ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)''