Etos

**Etos** ialah perkataan bahasa Yunani bermaksud "watak" yang digunakan untukmempamerkan kepercayaan ciri yang menjadi pedoman yang menggambarkan ciri suatu masyarakat, bangsa, atau ideologi. Orang Yunani juga menggunakan perkataan ini untuk merujuk kepada kuasa muzik mempengaruhi emosi, tingkah laku, dan juga moral. Cerita awal Yunani Orpheus menunjukkan idea ini dalam cara yang mendorong. Penggunaan perkataan ini dalam retorik berasaskan rapat pada peristilahan Yunani yang digunakan oleh Aristotle dalam konsepnya tiga bukti seni atau cara pujukan.

## Lihat juga
* Etika Nicomachus
* Ethopoiein
* Retorik (Aristotle)
* Puitika (Aristotle)
* Logos
* Patos
* Volksgeist

## Rujukan

## Bacaan lanjut
* Aristotle. *Nicomachean Ethics* (transl. W. D. Ross). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 
* Aristotle. *On Rhetoric* (Transl. G. A. Kennedy). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 
* Barthes, Roland.''L'Ancienne rhétorique.'' *Communications*, Vol. 16, Nr. 1 (1970), Seuil: pp. 172-223 
* Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs *Man Cannot Speak for Her: A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric*. Praeger, 1989.
* Castriota, David. *Myth, Ethos, and Actuality: Official Art in Fifth-Century B.C. Athens.* London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.
* Chiron, Pierre. *Aristotle: Rhétorique*. Paris: Flammarion, 2007. 
* Fraser, Nancy. "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of the Actually Existing Democracy." *Social Text* 25.26 (1990): 56-80.
* Gandler, Stefan "The quadruple modern Ethos: Critical Theory in the Americas."  ''APA Newsletter on Hispanic/Latino Issues in Philosophy'', Newark, DE: American Philosophical Association/University of Delaware, vol. 14, núm. 1, fall 2014, pp. 2-4. .
* Garton, C. "Characteristics in Greek Tragedy." *The Journal of Hellenic Studies*, Vol. 77, Part 2. (1957), pp.&nbsp;247–254. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/629364
* Garver, Eugene. *Aristotle's Rhetoric: An Art of Character.* Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. 
* Givone, Sergio. *Eros/Ethos*. Turin: Einaudi, 2000. 
* Grazia, Margreta. *Hamlet without Hamlet.* New York, NY: Cambridge, 2007. 
* Habermas, Jurgen. *The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere*. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1991.
* Halliwell, Stephen. *Aristotle's Poetics.* Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 
* Halloran, S. Michael. "Aristotle's Concept of Ethos, or if not His, Someone Else's." *Rhetoric Review*, Vol. 1, No. 1. (Sep. 1982), pp.&nbsp;58–63. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/465559.
* Jarratt, Susan, and Nedra Reynolds. "The Splitting Image: Contemporary Feminisms and the Ethics of *ethos*." *Ethos: New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory*. Eds. James S. Baumlin and Tita French Baumlin. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1994. 37-63.
* LeFevre, K.B. *Invention as a Social Act*. Southern Illinois University Press, 1987.
* McDonald, Marianne; Walton, J. Michael (eds.). *The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theater.* Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press, 2007. 
* Meyer, Michel. *La rhétorique*. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, coll. «Que sais-je? n° 2133», 2004. 
* Müller, Jörn. *Physics und Ethos: Der Naturbegriff bei Aristoteles und seine Relevanz für die Ethik*. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006.
* Höffe, Otfried (ed.). *Aristoteles. Poetik*. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2009.
* Hyde, Michael J.; Schrag, Calvin O. (eds.). *The Ethos of Rhetoric.* Columbia (SC): University of South Carolina, 2004. 
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* Oddo, John. (2014) "The Chief Prosecutor and the Iraqi Regime: Intertextual Ethos and Transitive Chains of Authority." In *Intertextuality and the 24-Hour News Cycle: A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell's U.N. Address*, pp.&nbsp;45–76. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
* Paris, Bernard. *Character as a Subversive Force in Shakespeare: the history and Roman plays.* London: Associated University Presses Inc, 1991. 
* Pittman, Corretta. "Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos: Harriet Jacobs, Billie Holiday, and Sister Souljah." *Rhetoric Society Quarterly*. 37 (2007): 43-70.
* Proscurcin Jr., Pedro. *Der Begriff Ethos bei Homer. Beitrag zu einer philosophischen Interpretation.* Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2014. 
* Rapp, Christof. *Aristoteles: Rhetorik.* Berlin: De Gruyter, 2002.
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* Ronald, Kate. "A Reexamination of Personal and Public Discourse in Classical Rhetoric." *Rhetoric Review* 9.1 (1990): 36-48.
* Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg (ed.). *Essays on Aristotle's Rhetoric.* Berkeley (CA): University of California Press, 1996. 
* Schmertz, Johanna. "Constructing Essences: *Ethos* and the Postmodern Subject of Feminism." *Rhetoric Review* 18.1 (1999): 82-91.
* Vergnières, Solange. *Éthique et Politique chez Aristote: Physis, Êthos, Nomos*. Paris: PUF, 1995.
* Warner, Michael. "Publics and Counterpublics." *Public Culture* 14.1: 49-90.
* Woerther, Frédérique. *L'èthos aristotélicien.* Paris: Librairie Philosophique Vrin, 2007. 

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