Perekaan dan penemuan Inggeris

**Perekaan dan penemuan Inggeris** adalah alat, proses atau teknik yang kemunculannya, sama ada secara sepenuhnya ataupun tidak, disebabkan oleh pada seorang yang lahir di England; dalam sesetengah kes, keInggerisan mereka ditentukan sedemikian kerana mereka dilahirkan di England, ataupun oleh orang bukan suku Inggeris yang bekerja di negeri itu. Kerap kali, seseuatu yang ditemui buat pertama kali, turut digelar "perekaan", dan dalam kebanyakan kes, tiada sempadan jelas terdapat di antara kedua-duanya

Yang berikut merupakan senarai perekaan atau penemuan yang sering dianggap oleh salah satu cara sebagai Inggeris:

## Pertanian
*Gerudi biji - Jethro Tull 

## Ilmu falak
*Penemuan planet Uranus dan bulan Titania, Oberon, Enceladus, Mimas  oleh Sir William Herschel

## Kimia
*Ujian Marsh untuk Arsenik - James Marsh
*Hukum Dalton dan Law of multiple proportions - John Dalton
*Penemuan Buckminsterfullerene - Sir Harold Kroto
*Pengasingan Natrium buat kali pertama - Humphry Davy

## Komunikasi
*Uniform Penny Post - Rowland Hill et al.
*Radio sawat jam  - Trevor Baylis
* World Wide Web - Sir Tim Berners-Lee

## Komputer
*Enjin analisis   - Sir Charles Babbage
*ACE dan Pilot ACE  - Alan Turing
*Bombe  - Alan Turing
*Komputer Colossus  - Tommy Flowers
*Enjin bezaan  - Sir Charles Babbage
*Jaringan Sejagat  - Sir Tim Berners-Lee
*ZX Spectrum  - Sir Clive Sinclair

## Pembuatan jam
*Lolosan tambat  - Robert Hooke
*Spring imbang  - Robert Hooke (disputed - possibly invented by Christiaan Huygens of the Netherlands)
*Grasshopper escapement, Gridiron pendulum, H1, H2, H3 and H4 watches (a watch built to solve the longitude measurement problem) - John Harrison

## Pengilangan pakaian
*Derby Rib (stocking manufacture) - Jedediah Strutt
*Flying shuttle - John Kay
*Mauveine, the first synthetic organic dye - William Henry Perkin
*Mesin tenun - Edmund Cartwright
*Kerangka pintal - John Kay
*Mesin pintal - James Hargreaves
*Spinning mule - Samuel Crompton
* Poliester - John Rex Whinfield

## Penyulitan
*Playfair cipher - Charles Wheatstone

## Kejuruteraan
*Sepanan boleh laras - Edwin Beard Budding
* Cavity Magnetron  - Dr Harry Boot
*First coke-consuming blast furnace - Abraham Darby I
*First working universal joint - Robert Hooke
*First Compression-Ignition engine aka Diesel Engine - Herbert_Akroyd_Stuart
*Enjin stim - Thomas Savery
*Newcomen steam engine - Thomas Newcomen
**Modified version of the Newcomen steam engine (Pickard engine) - James Pickard
*Pendulum Governor - Frederick Lanchester
*The first screw-cutting lathe - Henry Maudslay
* Disc Brakes - Frederick Williams
* Enjin pembakaran dalam - Samuel Brown
* Enjin jet - Sir Frank Whittle

## Makanan
*Bird's Custard - Alfred Bird
*Sandwich - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich

## Alat perkakas rumah
*Ballbarrow - James Dyson
*Collapsible baby buggy - Owen Maclaren
*Dyson DC01 - James Dyson
*Pemadam api - George William Manby
*Mesin rumput - Edwin Beard Budding
*Gelang getah - Stephen Perry
*Mentol lampu - Joseph Wilson Swan
* Tin - Peter Durand
* Skru gabus - Reverend Samuell Henshall
* Perangkap tikus - James Henry Atkinson
* Mesin jahit - Thomas Saint
* Setem - Rowland Hill
* Kertas tandas - British Perforated Paper Company
* Pembersih hampagas - Hubert Cecil Booth

## Proses industri
*English crucible steel - Benjamin Huntsman
* Steel production Bessemer process - Henry Bessemer
*Hydraulic press - Joseph Bramah
*Parkesine, the first man-made plastic - Alexander Parkes
*Simen Portland - Joseph Aspdin
*Sheffield plate - Thomas Boulsover
*Water frame - Richard Arkwright
*Keluli tahan karat - Harry Brearley
* Rubber Masticator - Thomas Hancock

## Perubatan
* First correct description of circulation of the blood - William Harvey
* Vaksin cacar - Edward Jenner
* Antisepsis dalam pembedahan - Joseph Lister
* Artificial intraocular lens transplant surgery for cataract patients - Harold Ridley
* Clinical thermometer - Thomas Clifford Allbutt. 
* Colour blindness first described by John Dalton in *Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours* 
* Computed Tomography - Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
* Viagra - Peter Dunn, Albert Wood, Dr Nicholas Terrett
* EKG (underlying principles) - various

## Ketenteraan
*Congreve rocket - William Congreve
*High explosive squash head - Sir Charles Dennistoun Burney
*Puckle Gun - James Puckle
*Shrapnel shell - Henry Shrapnel
*Harrier Jump Jet - unknown
*Kereta kebal - unknown
*Dreadnought Battleship
* Bailey Bridge - Donald Bailey

## Perlombongan
*Lampu Davy - Humphry Davy
*Lampu Geordie - George Stephenson

## Alat muzik
*Konsertina - Charles Wheatstone

## Fotografi
*Ambrotype - Frederick Scott Archer
*Kalotaip - William Fox Talbot
*Proses kolodion - Frederick Scott Archer
*Stereoskop - Charles Wheatstone

## Sains
*Compound microscope with 30x magnification - Robert Hooke
* Universal Joint - Robert Hooke 
* The Iris diaphragm - Robert Hooke  
* Lolosan tambat dan spring imbang, which made more accurate clocks possible - Robert Hooke 
* Teori pembakar - Robert Hooke
* Barometer, anemometer, and higrometer (direka atau diperbaiki) - Robert Hooke
*Hukum Hooke (persamaan yang menerangkan kekenyalan) - Robert Hooke 
*Penjana elektrik (dinamo) - Michael Faraday
*Galvanometer - William Sturgeon
*Sinar inframerah - biasanya dianggap ditemui William Herschel.
*Newtonian telescope - Sir Isaac Newton
*Mikrometer - Sir William Gascoigne
**the first bench micrometer that was capable of measuring to one ten thousandth of an inch - Henry Maudslay
*Sinclair Executive, the world's first small electronic pocket calculator - Sir Clive Sinclair
*Pembaris gelongsor - William Oughtred 
*Sintesis kumarin, one of the first synthetic perfumes, and cinnamic acid via the Perkin reaction- William Henry Perkin
*Hukum Graviti - Sir Isaac Newton
*Hukum gerakan Newton - Sir Isaac Newton
*DNA fingerprinting - Sir Alec Jeffreys
* Vaksin cacar - Edward Jenner
* Elektromagnet - William Sturgeon
* Dew Point Hygrometer - John Frederic Daniell
* Jadual berkala - John Alexander Newlands
* Seismograf - John Milne
* Theori Evolusi - Charles Darwin

## Pengangkutan
### Keretapi
* Lokomotif stim bergerak pertama - Richard Trevithick

#### Lokomotif
**[[Blücher (lokomotif)|Blücher]]* - George Stephenson
**[[Puffing Billy (lokomotif)|Puffing Billy]]* -William Hedley 
**[[Locomotion No 1]]* - Robert Stephenson 
**[[Sans Pareil]]* - Timothy Hackworth
**[[Stephenson's Rocket]]* - George and Robert Stephenson

#### Pembangunan keretapi lain
*Displacement lubricator, Ramsbottom safety valve, the water trough, the split piston ring - John Ramsbottom

### Darat
*Bowden cable - Frank Bowden
*Cat's eye - Percy Shaw 
*Caterpillar track - Sir George Cayley
*Hansom cab - Joseph Hansom 
*Tali pinggang - George Cayley
*Sinclair C5 - Sir Clive Sinclair
*Belisha beacon - Leslie Hore-Belisha

### Laut
*Plimsol line - Samuel Plimsoll
*Hoverkraf - Christopher Cockerell
*Lifeboat - Lionel Lukin
*Resurgam - George Garrett
*Turbinia, the first steam turbine powered steamship, designed by the Irish engineer Sir Charles Algernon Parsons and built in Newcastle upon Tyne
* Kapal selam - William Bourne

### Angkasa
*Aeronautics and flight - George Cayley
* Enjin jet - Sir Frank Whittle

## Sukan
*Bola sepak - Rules as know today were established in 1848 at Cambridge University
*Ragbi - William Webb Ellis (questionable)
*Kriket - The world's second-most popular sport can be traced back to the 13th Century

## Lain-lain
*Waktu musim panas - William Willett 
*Bayko - Charles Plimpton
*Linoleum - Frederick Walton 
*Meccano - Frank Hornby
* Teka silang kata - Arthur Wynne
* Topeng gas - John Tyndall and others
* Steel-ribbed Umbrella - Samuel Fox

## Lihat juga
*Perekaan dan penemuan Wales
*Perekaan dan penemuan Scotland
*Perekaan dan penemuan Ireland Utara

## Rujukan