Passeriformes

**Passerine** adalah satu sekumpulan burung dari order **Passeriformes**,yang mana termasuk lebih daripada separuh dari semua spesies burung. Kadang kala ia juga dikenali sebagai **burung kicau**. Passerine membentuk salah satu dari order vertabrata darat yang mempunyai kepelbagaian yang paling banyak: dengan lebih daripada 5,000 spesies yang telah dikenalpasti, Secara umumnya, passerine mempunyai dua kali lebih banyak spesies jika dibandingkan dengan order terbesar dalam mamalia, iaitu Rodensia. Ia mencangkupi lebih 110 keluarga, vertebrata kedua lebih banyak (selepas Perciformes).

Nama "passerine" dan "Passeriformes" diterbitkan daripada *Passer domesticus*, nama saintifik bagi spesies jenis&genus ini; ciak rumah&mdash;dan dari istilah Latin *passer* untuk ciak *[[Passer]]* dan burung-burung kecil serupanya.

## Senarai taksonomik dalam keluarga Passeriformes

Senarai berikut adalah dalam susunan taksonomik, dengan meletakkan keluarga yang berkaitan dalam susunan berikutnya. Keluarga yang disenaraikan di sini adalah yang telah diakui oleh Kesatuan Ahli Ornitologi Antarabangsa (IOC). Susunan dan divisyen ke dalam infraorder, parvorder dan superfamili berdasarkan analisis filogenetik yang diterbitkan oleh Carl Oliveros dan rakan-rakan beliau pada tahun 2019. Hubungan antara keluarga dalam suborder Tyranni (suboscine) kesemuanya telah ditentukan akan tetapi beberapa nod-nod dalam Passeri (oscine) adalah tidak jelas ekoran pemisahan jurai yang pantas.

### Suborder Acanthisitti
:::* Acanthisittidae: ren New Zealand

### Suborder [[Tyranni]] (Suboscines)
* **Infraorder Eurylaimides**: suboscine Dunia Lama
:::* Philepittidae: asity
:::* Eurylaimidae: takau biasa
:::* Calyptomenidae: takau hijau dan Afrika
:::* Sapayoidae: takau sapayoa
:::* Pittidae: pacat
* **Infraorder Tyrannides**: suboscine Dunia Baru
:* **Parvorder Furariida**
:::* Melanopareiidae: crescentchest
:::* Conopophagidae: gnateater dan gnatpitta
:::* Thamnophilidae: antbird
:::* Grallariidae: antpitta
:::* Rhinocryptidae: tapaculos biasa
:::* Formicariidae: antthrushes
:::* Furnariidae: ovenbird dan woodcreeper
:* **Parvorder Tyrannida**
:::* Pipridae: manakin
:::* Cotingidae: cotinga
:::* Tityridae: tityras dan sekutunya
:::* Tyrannidae: sambar zalim

### Suborder [[Passeri]] (Oscines)

:::* Atrichornithidae: scrub-bird
:::* Menuridae: lyrebird
:::* Climacteridae: treecreeper Australia
:::* Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbird
:::* Maluridae: fairywren, emu-wren dan grasswren
:::* Dasyornithidae: bristlebird
:::* Pardalotidae: pardalotes
:::* Acanthizidae: scrubwren, thornbill, dan gerygones
:::* Meliphagidae: honeyeater
:::* Pomatostomidae: pseudo-babbler
:::* Orthonychidae: logrunner

* **Infraorder Corvides**
:::* Cinclosomatidae: jewel-babbler, quail-thrushes
:::* Campephagidae: sewah 
:::* Mohouidae: whitehead
:::* Neosittidae: sittella
::*Superfamili Orioloidea
:::* Psophodidae: whipbird
:::* Eulacestomidae: wattled ploughbill
:::* Falcunculidae: shriketit
:::* Oreoicidae: bellbird Australia-Papuan 
:::* Paramythiidae: painted berrypecker
:::* Vireonidae: vireo
:::* Pachycephalidae: sambar siul
:::* Oriolidae: oriole dan figbird Dunia Lama 
::*Superfamili Malaconotoidea

:::* Machaerirhynchidae: boatbill
:::* Artamidae: woodswallow, butcherbird, currawong, dan magpie Australia 
:::* Rhagologidae: mottled whistler
:::* Malaconotidae: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras, and boubous
:::* Pityriaseidae: bristlehead
:::* Aegithinidae: burung kunyit
:::* Platysteiridae: wattle-eye dan batise
:::* Vangidae: vangas
::*Superfamili Corvoidea
:::* Rhipiduridae: fantail
:::* Dicruridae: drongos
:::* Monarchidae: monarch flycatcher
:::* Ifritidae: blue-capped ifrit
:::* Paradisaeidae: cenderawasih
:::* Corcoracidae: white-winged chough dan apostlebird
:::* Melampittidae: melampittas
:::* Laniidae: tirjup
:::* Corvidae: gagak, raven dan jay

* **Infraorder Passerides**
:::* Cnemophilidae: satinbird
:::* Melanocharitidae: berrypecker dan longbill
:::* Callaeidae: wattlebird New Zealand 
:::* Notiomystidae: stitchbird
:::* Petroicidae: robin Australia
:::* Eupetidae: rimba
:::* Picathartidae: rockfowl
:::* Chaetopidae: rock-jumper

:* **Parvorder Sylviida**
:::* Hyliotidae: hyliotas
:::* Stenostiridae: sambar pari-pari
:::* Paridae: burung serai, chickadee dan titmice
:::* Remizidae: tit penduline 
:::* Panuridae: bearded reedling
:::* Alaudidae: lark
:::* Nicatoridae: nicator
:::* Macrosphenidae: crombec dan cekup Afrika
:::* Cisticolidae: cisticolas dan sekutunya

::*Superfamili Locustelloidea
:::* Acrocephalidae: cekup mensiang, cekup Grauer dan sekutunya
:::* Locustellidae: grassbird dan sekutunya
:::* Donacobiidae: black-capped donacobius
:::* Bernieridae: cekup Malagasy 
:::—

:::* Pnoepygidae: rimba
:::* Hirundinidae: sualo dan martin

::*Superfamili Sylvioidea
:::* Pycnonotidae: merbah
:::* Sylviidae: rimba sylviid, parrotbill dan myzorni
:::* Zosteropidae: mata putih
:::* Timaliidae: burung rimba pokok
:::* Leiothrichidae: burung rimba dan sekutunya
:::* Pellorneidae: burung rimba tanah

::*Superfamili Aegithaloidea
:::* Phylloscopidae: cekup daun dan sekutunya
:::* Hyliidae: hylias
:::* Aegithalidae: long-tailed tit atau bushtit
:::* Scotocercidae: streaked scrub warbler
:::* Cettiidae: cekup belukar Cettia dan sekutunya
:::* Erythrocercidae: yellow flycatchers

:* **Parvorder Muscicapida**
::*Superfamili Bombycilloidea
:::* Dulidae: palmchat
:::* Bombycillidae: waxwing
:::* Ptiliogonatidae: sambar sutera
:::* Hylocitreidae: hylocitrea
:::* Hypocoliidae: hypocolius
:::* Mohoidae: oos

::*Superfamili Muscicapoidea
:::* Elachuridae: spotted elachura
:::* Cinclidae: dipper
:::* Muscicapidae: sambar dan chat Dunia Lama
:::* Turdidae: murai batu dan sekutunya
:::* Buphagidae: oxpecker
:::* Sturnidae: starling dan rhabdornis
:::* Mimidae: mockingbird dan thrasher
:::—

:::* Regulidae: goldcrest dan kinglet
::*Superfamili Certhioidea
:::* Tichodromidae: wallcreeper
:::* Sittidae: burung patuk
:::* Certhiidae: treecreeper
:::* Polioptilidae: gnatcatcher
:::* Troglodytidae: ren
* **Parvorder Passerida**
:::* Promeropidae: sugarbird
:::* Modulatricidae: dapple-throat dan sekutunya
:::* Nectariniidae: kelicap
:::* Dicaeidae: flowerpecker
:::* Chloropseidae: burung daun
:::* Irenidae: fairy-bluebird
:::* Peucedramidae: olive warbler
:::* Urocynchramidae: finch Przewalski
:::* Ploceidae: tempua
:::* Viduidae: indigobird dan whydah
:::* Estrildidae: waxbill, munia dan sekutunya
:::* Prunellidae: accentor
:::* Passeridae: Old World sparrows and snowfinches
:::* Motacillidae: wagtail dan pipit
:::* Fringillidae: finch dan euphonia
::*Superfamili Emberizoidea (previously known as the nine-primaried oscines)
:::* Rhodinocichlidae: rosy thrush-tanager
:::* Calcariidae: longspur dan snow bunting
:::* Emberizidae: bunting
:::* Cardinalidae: cardinal
:::* Mitrospingidae: mitrospingid tanager
:::* Thraupidae: tanager dan sekutunya
:::* Passerellidae: sparrow Dunia Baru, bush tanager
:::* Parulidae: warbler Dunia Baru
:::* Icteriidae: yellow-breasted chat
:::* Icteridae: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
:::* Calyptophilidae: chat-tanager
:::* Zeledoniidae: wrenthrush
:::* Teretistridae: cekup Cuba 
:::* Nesospingidae: Puerto Rican tanager
:::* Spindalidae: spindalises
:::* Phaenicophilidae: Hispaniolan tanager

### Pilogeni
Passeriformes hidup berdasarkan pada "Taxonomy in Flux family phylogenetic tree" oleh John Boyd.

## Nota kaki

## Rujukan

* Alström, Per; Ericson, Per G.P.; Olsson, Urban  & Sundberg, Per (2006): Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea. *[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] '38*'(2): 381–397.  PMID 16054402
* Barker, F. Keith; Barrowclough, George F. & Groth, Jeff G. (2002): A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. *[[Proceedings of the Royal Society#Proceedings of the Royal Society B|Proc. R. Soc. B]] '269*'(1488): 295–308.  PDF fulltext
* Barker, F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A.; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel (2004): Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. *[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] '101*'(30): 11040-11045.  PMID 15263073 PDF fulltext Supporting information
* Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G. & Crowe, T.M. (2005): African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. *[[Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B]] '272*'(1565): 849–858.  PDF fulltext Electronic appendix
* Boles, Walter E. (1997): Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. *[[Emu (journal)|Emu]] '97*'(1): 43–50. 
* Cibois, Alice; Slikas, Beth; Schulenberg, Thomas S. & Pasquet, Eric (2001): An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. *[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] '55*'(6): 1198–1206. DOI:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext 
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2003): *[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]* (Vol. 8: Broadbills to Tapaculos). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334504
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2004): *[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]* (Vol. 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 8487334695
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2005): *[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]* (Vol. 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions). ISBN 8487334725
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2006): *[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]* (Vol. 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 849655306X
* del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie, D. (eds.) (2007): *[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]* (Vol. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 9788496553422
* Dickinson, E.C. (ed.) (2003): *The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the World* (3rd edition). Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 071366536X
* Ericson, Per G.P. & Johansson, Ulf S. (2003): Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. *[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] '29*'(1): 126–138  PDF fulltext
* Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. *Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis '23*': 33–78. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
* Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén, Kókay, József & Márton, Venczel (2000): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the section of the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2]. *Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis '24*': 39–75. [Hungarian with English abstract] PDF fulltext
* Hír, János; Kókay, József; Venczel, Márton; Gál, Erika & GKessler, Eugén (2001): Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról [A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary)] *Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis '25*': 41–64 [Hungarian with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
* Hugueney, Marguerite; Berthet, Didier; Bodergat, Anne-Marie; Escuillié, François; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile & Wattinne, Aurélia (2003): La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) [The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)] [French with English abstract]. *[[Geobios]] '36*'(6): 719–731.  (HTML abstract)
* Johansson, Ulf S. & Ericson, Per G.P. (2003): Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960). *[[Journal of Avian Biology|J. Avian Biol.]] '34*'(2): 185–197.  PDF fulltext
* Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). *[[Zoologica Scripta|Zool. Scripta]] '35*'(2): 149–186.  (HTML abstract)
* Lovette, Irby J.& Bermingham, Eldredge (2000): *c-mos* Variation in Songbirds: Molecular Evolution, Phylogenetic Implications, and Comparisons with Mitochondrial Differentiation. *[[Molecular Biology and Evolution|Mol. Biol. Evol.]] '17*'(10): 1569–1577. PDF fulltext
* Mayr, Gerald & Manegold, Albrecht (2006): A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France. *[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] '108*'(3): 717–720. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2.0.CO;2 [HTML abstract](http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1650%2F0010-5422(2006)108%5B717%3AASSPBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2)
* Manegold, Albrecht;  Mayr, Gerald &  Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2004): Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna. *[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] '121*'(4): 1155–1160. [English with Spanish abstract] DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2 Imageless HTML fulltext
* Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1991): El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at  VIII Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados ["The most ancient passerine from South America"]. [Spanish] Abstract in *Ameghiniana '28*'(3–4): 410. Google Books fulltext
* Noriega, Jorge I. & Chiappe, Luis M. (1993): An Early Miocene Passeriform from Argentina. *[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] '110*'(4): 936–938. PDF fulltext DjVu fulltext
* Roux, T. (2002): Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon ["Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon"]. [French] *Courrier Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon '6*': 38–57.
* Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. *[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|J. Syst. Palaeontol.]] '5*'(1): 1–39.  (HTML abstract)