Jean Piaget

**Jean Piaget** (; 9 Ogos 1896 – 16 September 1980) merupakan seorang ahli psikologi Switzerland yang dikenali kerana kajiannya terhadap perkembangan kanak-kanak. teori perkembangan kognitif Piaget dan pandangan epistemologi sama-sama dipanggil "epistemologi genetik".

Piaget sangat mementingkan pendidikan kanak-kanak. Sebagai Pengarah Biro Pendidikan Antarabangsa, beliau mengisytihar pada tahun 1934 bahawa "hanya pendidikan mampu menyelamatkan masyarakat kita daripada runtuh yang boleh jadi, sama ada ganas, atau beransur-ansur." Teori perkembangan kanak-kanak beliau dikaji dalam program pendidikan praperkhidmatan. Para pendidik terus menggabungkan strategi berasaskan konstruktivis.

Piaget mencipta Pusat Antarabangsa untuk Epistemologi Genetik di Geneva pada tahun 1955 manakala di fakulti Universiti Geneva dan mengarahkan Pusat tersebut sehingga beliau meninggal dunia pada tahun 1980. The number of collaborations that its founding made possible, and their impact, ultimately led to the Center being referred to in the scholarly literature as "Piaget's factory".

Menurut Ernst von Glasersfeld, Jean Piaget merupakan "perintis hebat teori mengetahui konstruktivis." Walau bagaimanapun, ideanya tidak popular meluas hingga 1960-an. Hal ini kemudian membawa kepada timbulnya kajian perkembangan sebagai suatu subdisiplin major dalam psikologi. Menjelang akhir abad ke-20, Piaget hanya yang kedua daripada B. F. Skinner sebagai ahli psikologi yang paling banyak dipeting pada zaman itu.

## Lihat juga

* Pembelajaran aktif
* Pencepatan kognitif
* Konstruktivisme (teori pembelajaran)
* Epistemologi konstruktivis
* Psikologi perkembangan
* kecerdasan bendalir dan berhablur
* Dekalaj mendatar dan menegak
* Pembelajaran berasaskan inkuiri
* Tahap perkembangan moral Kohlberg
* Perkembangan psikososial
* Perkembangan agama
* Tugas paras air

### Rakan usaha sama

*Edith Ackermann
*Leo Apostel
*Edgar Ascher
*Evert Beth
*Magali Bovet
*Guy Cellérier
*Paul Fraisse
*Rolando García
*Pierre Gréco
*Jean-Blaise Grize
*Gil Henriques
*Bärbel Inhelder
*Benoit Mandelbrot
*Albert Morf
*Pierre Oléron
*Seymour Papert
*Maurice Reuchlin
*Hermina Sinclair de-Zwart
*Alina Szeminska
*Huê Vinh-Bang

### Penterjemah
*Eleanor Duckworth
*Wolfe Mays

## Nota

## Rujukan

* Aqueci, F. (2003). *Ordine e trasformazione: morale, mente, discorso in Piaget*. Acireale-Roma: Bonanno. .
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*Beilin, H. (1994). Jean Piaget's enduring contribution to developmental psychology. A century of developmental psychology (pp.&nbsp;257–290). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association.
* Bringuier, J.-C. (1980). *Conversations with Jean Piaget* (B.M. Gulati, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1977) .
* Chapman, M. (1988). *Constructive evolution: Origins and development of Piaget's thought*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
* Demetriou, A. (1998). Cognitive development. In A. Demetriou, W. Doise, K. F. M. van Lieshout (Eds.), *Life-span developmental psychology* (pp.&nbsp;179–269). London: Wiley.
*Demetriou, A., Mouyi, A., & Spanoudis, G. (2010). The development of mental processing. Nesselroade, J. R. (2010). Methods in the study of life-span human development: Issues and answers. In W. F. Overton (Ed.), *Biology, cognition and methods across the life-span. Volume 1 of the Handbook of life-span development* (pp.&nbsp;36–55), Editor-in-chief: R. M. Lerner. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
* Duveen, G. & Psaltis, C. (2008). The constructive role of asymmetries in social interaction. In U. Mueller, J. I. M. Carpendale, N. Budwig & B. Sokol (Eds.), *Social life and social knowledge: Toward a process account of development*. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
*Flavell, J. (1967). *The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget*. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. .
*Fowler, J. W. (1981). *Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning*. San Francisco: Harper & Row. .
*Gattico, E. (2001). *Jean Piaget*. Milano: Bruno Mondadori. .
*Hallpike, C.R. (1979). *The foundations of primitive thought*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
*Ivey, A. (1986). *Developmental therapy*. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. .
*Kamii, C.  (1985).  *Young children reinvent arithmetic: Implications of Piaget's theory.*  New York: Teachers College Press.
*Kesselring, T. (1999). *Jean Piaget*. München: Beck. .
*Kassotakis, M. & Flouris, G. (2006) *Μάθηση & Διδασκαλία*, Αthens.
*Kitchener, R. (1986). *Piaget's theory of knowledge: Genetic epistemology & scientific reason*. New Haven: Yale University Press. .
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CUNY pdf
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*Messerly, J.G. (1992). *Piaget's conception of evolution: Beyond Darwin and Lamarck*. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. .
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*Robinson, R.J. (2005). *The birth of reason*. Prometheus Research Group. (Available online at prometheus.org.uk)
*Smith, L. (Ed.) (1992). *Jean Piaget: Critical assessments* (4 Vols.). London: Routledge. .
*Smith, L. (1993). *Necessary knowledge: Piagetian perspectives on constructivism*. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum. .
*Smith, L. (Ed.) (1996). *Critical readings on Piaget*. London: Routledge. .
*Smith, L. (2001). Jean Piaget. In J. A. Palmer (Ed.), *50 modern thinkers on education: From Piaget to the present*. London: Routledge.
*Traill, R.R. (2000) *Physics and Philosophy of the Mind*. Melbourne: Ondwelle. 
*Traill, R.R. (2005a) *........ *. Melbourne: Ondwelle. ondwelle.com
*Traill, R.R. (2005b / 2008) *Thinking by Molecule, Synapse, or both? – From Piaget's Schema, to the Selecting/Editing of ncRNA*. Melbourne: Ondwelle. ondwelle.com  [Also in French: ondwelle.com
*Vidal, F. (1994). *Piaget before Piaget*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. .
*Vonèche, J.J. (1985). Genetic epistemology: Piaget's theory. In T. Husén & T.N. Postlethwaite (Eds.-in-chief), *International encyclopedia of education* (Vol. 4). Oxford: Pergamon.
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## Bacaan lanjut
Piaget telah memberi inspirasi kepada kajian yang tidak terkira banyaknya dan juga bidang pertanyaan yang baru. Berikut adalah senarai kritik dan ulasan, disusun menggunakan kaedah berasaskan kutipan yang sama sebagai senarai karya utama beliau sendiri (di atas). Ini mewakili tulisan pasca-Piaget yang penting dan berpengaruh dalam subdisiplin masing-masing.

### Contoh
*Vygotsky, L. (1963). *Thought and language*. [12630 citations]

### Klasik
*Papert, S. (1980). **. [4089]
*Minsky, M. (1988). *[[Society of Mind|The society of mind]]*. [3950]
*Kohlberg, L. (1969). *Stage And Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach To Socialization*. [3118]
*Flavell, J. (1963). *The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget*. [2333] [The development of the project that became this book, and its impact, is discussed in detail by ]
*Gibson, E. J. (1973). *Principles of perceptual learning and development*. [1903]
*Hunt, J. McV. (1961). *Intelligence and Experience*. [617+395+384+111+167+32=1706]
*Meltzoff, A. N. & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. [1497]
*Case, R. (1985). *Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood*. [1456]
*Fischer, K. W. (1980). *A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills*. [1001]

### Karya utama
*Bates, E. (1976). *Language and context: The acquisition of pragmatics*. [959]
*Ginsburg, H. P. & Opper, S. (1969). *Piaget's theory of intellectual development*. [931]
*Singley, M. K. & Anderson, J. R. (1989). *The transfer of cognitive skill*. [836]
*Duckworth, E. (1973). The having of wonderful ideas. [775]
*Youniss, J. (1982). Parents and peers in social development: A Sullivan-Piaget perspective. [763]
*Pascual-Leone, J. (1970). A mathematical model for the transition rule in Piaget's developmental stages. [563]
*Schaffer, H. R. & Emerson, P. E. (1964). The development of social attachments in infancy. [535]

### Karya kepentingan
* [470]
* [469]
*Wadsworth, B. J. (1989). Piaget's theory of cognitive and affective development [421]
*Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1992). *Beyond Modularity*. [419]
*Bodner, G. M. (1986). *Constructivism: A theory of knowledge*. [403]
*Shantz, C. U. (1975). *The Development of Social Cognition*. [387]
* [370]
*Gruber, H. & Voneche, H. (1982). *The Essential Piaget*. [348]
*Walkerdine, V. (1984). Developmental psychology and the child-centred pedagogy: The insertion of Piaget into early education. [338]
*Kamii, C. & DeClark, G. (1985). Young children reinvent arithmetic: Implications of Piaget's theory [335]
*Riegel, K. F. (1973). Dialectic operations: The final period of cognitive development [316]
* [314]
*Karplus, R. (1980). Teaching for the development of reasoning. [312]
*Brainerd, C. (1978). The stage question in cognitive-developmental theory. [311]
*Brainerd, C. (1978). Piaget's theory of intelligence. [292]
*Gilligan, C. (1997). Moral orientation and moral development [285]
*Diamond, A. (1991). Neuropsychological insights into the meaning of object concept development [284]
*Braine, M. D. S., & Rumain, B. (1983). Logical reasoning. [276]
*John-Steiner, V. (2000). Creative collaboration. [266]
*Pascual-Leone, J. (1987). Organismic processes for neo-Piagetian theories: A dialectical causal account of cognitive development. [261]
*Hallpike, C. R. (1979). *The foundations of primitive thought* [261]
*Furth, H. (1969). *Piaget and Knowledge* [261]
*Gelman, R. & Baillargeon, R. (1983). A review of some Piagetian concepts. [260]
*O'Loughlin, M. (1992). Rethinking science education: Beyond piagetian constructivism. Toward a sociocultural model of teaching and learning. [252]
*Messerly, John G. (1996). "Psychogenesis and the History of Science: Piaget and the Problem of Scientific Change", *The Modern Schoolman* LXXIII, 295–307.

## Pautan luar
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*Jean Piaget Society, society for the study of knowledge and development.
*The Jean Piaget Archives, with full bibliography.
*Interview with Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder by Elizabeth Hall (1970).
*Jean Piaget @ Teaching & Learning Developmental Psychology, Piaget as a scientist with resources for classes.
*Jean Piaget's Genetic Epistemology: Appreciation and Critique by Robert Campbell (2002), extensive summary of work and biography.
*Piaget's The Language and Thought of the Child (1926) – a brief introduction
*The Moral Judgment of the Child by Jean Piaget (1932)
*The Construction of Reality in the Child by Jean Piaget (1955)
*Piaget's role in the International Bureau of Education and the International Conference on Education
*Genetic Epistemology by Jean Piaget (1968)
*Comments on Vygotsky by Jean Piaget (1962)
*, a 27-minute documentary film used primarily in higher education.
*, a 27-minute documentary film used primarily in higher education.
*Foundation Jean Piaget for research in psychology and epistemology – French version only – diffuse to the world community writings and talks of the Swiss scientist.
*Human Nervous System model in accordance with Piaget's Learning Theory – French version only
*Jean Piaget and Neuchâtel The site is maintained by the Institute of Psychology and Education, Neuchâtel University
*Jean Piaget's 1931 essay "The Spirit of Solidarity in Children and International Cooperation" (re-published in the Spring 2011 issue of *Schools: Studies in Education*)
*Jean Piaget: A Most Outrageous Deception by Webster R. Callaway