Bahasa Mozarab

**Bahasa Mozarab** adalah kontinum dari erat berkaitan loghat Romawi dituturkan di wilayah Muslim yang didominasi dari Semenanjung Iberia selama tahap awal butang pembangunan Romance Bahasa 'di Iberia. Mozarabic turun dari Bahasa Latin Akhir dan awal Romance dialek dituturkan di Semenanjung Iberia dari 5 ke abad ke-8, dan telah berbicara sehingga abad ke-14. Ini set dialek kemudian dikenali sebagai*bahasa*Mozarabic, walaupun tidak pernah ada standard umum. (Mozarab berasal dari perkataan Arab **مستعرب** - musta'rab, iaitu "Diarabkan").

## Nama asli
Walaupun nama Mozarabic saat ini digunakan untuk bahasa Romance banyak, nama asli (nama asli seorang pengarang atau endonim) bahasa itu bukan "muzarab" atau "mozarab" tetapi *latinus*atau *Latino*. Mozarabs sendiri tidak pernah menyebut bahasa mereka sendiri "Mozarabic" tetapi dengan nama yang bermaksud "Latin" (iaitu Romance Bahasa). Mereka tidak menyebut diri oleh nama "mozarab".
Pada masyarakat masa Kristian makmur di Muslim Sepanyol; orang-orang Kristian sekarang biasanya disebut sebagai *Mozárabes*, walaupun istilah itu tidak digunakan pada waktu (Hitchcock 1978)
Ia hanya pada abad ke-19 sejarawan Sepanyol mula menggunakan kata-kata "mozarab" dan "Mozarabic" untuk merujuk kepada orang-orang Kristian yang tinggal di bawah kekuasaan Islam di Semenanjung Iberia di Abad Pertengahan, dan mereka Bahasa. Lain yang sangat umum Arab exonym untuk bahasa ini adalah*al-ajamiya*("orang asing / asing") yang mengandungi makna bahasa Romance di Al-Andalus. Jadi kata-kata "Mozarabic" atau "ajamiya" yang exonyms dan bukan nama asli seorang pengarang Bahasa.

Roger Wright, dalam bukunya tentang evolusi Bahasa Roman awal di Perancis dan di Semenanjung Iberia*Latin Akhir dan Awal Romance di Sepanyol dan Carolingian Perancis*, muka surat 156, menyatakan bahawa:
The Romance Awal Muslim Sepanyol dikenali kepada pengguna sebagai**latinus. Kata ini boleh menyebabkan kekeliruan; para ulama Visigothic menggunakannya untuk kontras dengan Greek atau Ibrani, dan Simonet (1888: XXIII-IV, XXXV-VII) yang ditubuhkan bahawa dalam Islam Sepanyol itu digunakan untuk merujuk kepada bukan bahasa Arab basahan (sebagai adalah perkataan Arab *Al-Lathinī*)

Juga di dalam buku yang sama, muka surat 158, penulis menyatakan bahawa:
Kegunaan *latinus* bererti Latin-Romawi, sebagai lawan Arab, juga ditemui di utara sempadan agama
Ini bermakna bahawa kata *latinus* atau *Latin* mempunyai makna bahasa cinta diucapkan dan hanya kontras dengan Latin klasik (*lingua Latina*) beberapa abad kemudian. Untuk speaker romance kontemporari dari Semenanjung Iberia pada waktu itu bahasa vernakular berbicara mereka dipandang sebagai "Latin". Hal ini terjadi kerana Latin klasik dipandang sebagai pidato berpendidikan bukan sebagai bahasa yang berbeza.

Satu masalah penting merujuk dalam bahasa Romance tua adalah nama yang Sephardic Yahudi berikan kepada bahasa Romance berbicara mereka di Iberia -* [[Bahasa Ladino|Ladino]] nama*dan juga bahawa orang Alp berbicara asmara, yang Ladins, memberi kepada bahasa mereka -* [[Bahasa Laden|Laden]] *.

Di Semenanjung Iberia:
Perkataan *Ladino* (
This is one of the main reasons why Iberian Jews (*Sephardim*) from central and southern regions called their everyday language *ladino*, because this word had the sense of spoken Romance language (Ladino is today a Romance language more closely related to Spanish, mainly to Old Spanish, spoken by some Jews of Sephardic ancestry).

In the Alps:
For the same reason, speakers of ladin, another Romance language (spoken in eastern Switzerland in two valleys in Graubünden and northern Italy in the Trentino Alto-Ádige/Südtirol and Veneto regions), call their own language *ladin* i.e. "Latin".

This word had the sense of spoken Romance language not only in Iberian Peninsula but also in other Romance language regions in early Middle Ages.

## Tulisan
Because Mozarabic was not a language of high culture, it had no official script. Unlike most Romance languages, Mozarabic was primarily written in the Arabic alphabet rather than the Latin alphabet, though it was also written in the Latin alphabet and less so in the Hebrew alphabet. Most documents were in the Arabic alphabet. Mozarab scholars wrote words of the Romance vernacular in alternative scripts in the margins or in the subtitles of Latin language texts (glosses).

The two languages of culture in Medieval Iberia were Latin in the north (although it was also used in the south by Mozarab scholars) and Arabic in the south (which was the principal literary language of Mozarab scholars). These are the languages that constitute the great majority of written documents of the Peninsula at that time.

Mozarabic is first documented in writing in the Peninsula as choruses (*[[kharja]]s*) (9th century) in Arabic lyrics called *[[muwashshah]]s*. As these were written in the Arabic alphabet, the vowels had to be reconstructed when transliterating it into Latin script.

## Morfologi and phonetics
In some aspects, it is more archaic than the other Romance languages. Based on the written documents that are identified as Mozarabic, some examples of these more archaic features are the preservation of the Latin consonant clusters CL, FL, PL, and intervocalic P, T and C (K) as voiceless, as in the Mozarabic words *lopa* (she-wolf), *toto* (all) and *formica* (ant).

The morphology of some words is closer to Latin than other Iberian Romance or Romance languages in general. This Romance variety had a significant impact in the formation of Portuguese, Spanish and especially Andalusian Spanish, which explains why these languages have several words of Andalusi Arabic origin (Mozarabic was, understandably, quite influenced by Arabic and vice versa).

It was spoken by Mozarabs (Christians living as dhimmis), Muladis (the native Iberian population converted to Islam) and some layers of the ruling Arabs and Berbers. The cultural language of Mozarabs continued to be Latin, but as time passed, young Mozarabs studied and even excelled at Arabic. Due to the northwards migration of Mozarabs, we can find Arabic placenames in areas where Islamic rule did not last long. With the deepening of Islamization and the advance of the Reconquista, Mozarabic was substituted either by Arabic or by Northern Romance varieties, depending on the area and century.

## Documents in Mozarabic (Old Southern Iberian Romance)
Some texts found in manuscripts of poetry in Muslim Iberian Peninsula (*Al-Andalus*), although mainly written in Arabic, have however some stanzas in mozarabic (*Latino*) or in what seems to be Mozarabic. These are important texts because there are few examples of written Mozarabic language.

In *Late Latin and Early romance* Roger Wright also makes an analysis of these poetry texts known as *kharjas*:
Muslim Spain has acquired philological interest for a further reason: the *kharjas*. These are apparently bilingual (Arabic-Romance) or macaronic final stanzas of some verses in the Hispano-Arabic *muwashshaha* form discovered in some Arabic and Hebrew manuscripts (...). Analyses of these have been hampered in the past by the belief that we know too little about *mozárabe* Romance to discuss the "Romance" element on a sound basis; but this is not entirely true. (...) The detailed investigations by Galmés de Fuentes (e.g. 1977, 1980) on later documents and toponyms have established the main features of *mozárabe* phonology, and many features of its morphology (...). The conclusion seems to be that *mozárabe* Romance is not particularly different from that of other parts of Iberia.

## Tulisan contoh (abad ke-11)

## Lihat juga
* Aljamiado, amalan menulis bahasa Roman dengan huruf Arab.
* Aragonese, sebuah bahasa Iberia berkaitan
* Mozarab, penduduk Kristian di bawah kekuasaan Islam.
* Seni Mozarab
* Upacara Mozarab, liturgi Kristian dipeliharakan oleh Mozarab.
* Muwashshah, suatu bentuk puisi Arab.
* Kharja, bahagian daripada muwashshah tersebut.
* Bahasa Ladino, Bahasa Sepanyol yang diucapkan oleh Sephardic Yahudi.

## References

* Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). *Historia de la Lengua Española* (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. ISBN 84-89934-11-8
* Wright, Roger. (1982). *Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France*. Liverpool: University of Liverpool (Francis Cairns, Robin Seager). ISBN 0-905205-12-X

## External links
* Mozarabic overview
* Ethnologue report for Mozarabic