The Birth of a Nation

***The Birth of a Nation*** (asalnya dipanggil ***The Clansman***) merupakan filem senyap epik Amerika Syarikat 1915 yang diarahkan dan diterbitkan oleh D. W. Griffith serta dibintangi oleh Lillian Gish. Ia merupakan adaptasi dari novel dan pementasan *[[The Clansman]]*, oleh Thomas Dixon Jr.. Filem ini ditulis oleh Griffith bersama-sama Frank E. Woods.

Filem ini menjadi penuh kontroversi atas penampilan watak-watak berkulit hitam ia sebagai berperwatakan ganas (dilakonkan banyak pelakon berkulit putih dalam solekan khas) serta bernafsu buas terhadap wanita, serta menggambarkan Ku Klux Klan - sebuah kelompok pemerjuang ketuanan kulit putih - sebagai wira, malah penayangan filem ini menjadi antara faktor penting dalam penaikkan nama serta pembentukan semula kelompom tersebut pada tahun 1915. Terdapat banyak tunjuk perasaan dalam golongan masyarakat kulit hitam terhadap penayangan filem dini di serata Amerika Syarikat.

## Barisan pelakon

* Lillian Gish 
* Mae Marsh 
* Henry B. Walthall 
* Miriam Cooper 
* Mary Alden 
* Ralph Lewis 
* George Siegmann 
* Walter Long 
* Wallace Reid 
* Joseph Henabery 
* Elmer Clifton 
* Josephine Crowell 
* Spottiswoode Aitken 
* George Beranger 
* Maxfield Stanley
* Jennie Lee 
* Donald Crisp 
* Howard Gaye 

**Tiada kredit:**
* Robert Harron 
* Edmund Burns 
* David Butler 
* William Freeman 
* Sam De Grasse 
* Olga Grey 
* Russell Hicks
* Elmo Lincoln 
* Eugene Pallette 
* Harry Braham 
* Charles Stevens 
* Madame Sul-Te-Wan 
* Raoul Walsh 
* Lenore Cooper 
* Violet Wilkey 
* Tom Wilson 
* Donna Montran 
* Alberta Lee 
* Allan Sears 
* Vester Pegg
* Alma Rubens
* Mary Wynn
* Jules White
* Monte Blue
* Gibson Gowland
* Fred Burns
* Alberta Franklin
* Charles King
* William E. Cassidy

## Rujukan

**Bibliografi**

* Addams, Jane, in *Crisis: A Record of Darker Races*, X (May 1915), 19, 41, and (June 1915), 88.
* Bogle, Donald. *Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films* (1973).
* Brodie, Fawn M. *Thaddeus Stevens, Scourge of the South* (New York, 1959), p.&nbsp;86–93. Corrects the historical record as to Dixon's false representation of Stevens in this film with regard to his racial views and relations with his housekeeper.
* Chalmers, David M. *Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan* (New York: 1965), p.&nbsp;30 *Cook, Raymond Allen. *Fire from the Flint: The Amazing Careers of Thomas Dixon* (Winston-Salem, N.C., 1968).
* Franklin, John Hope. "Silent Cinema as Historical Mythmaker". **In** *Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II*. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. 
* Franklin, John Hope, "Propaganda as History" pp.&nbsp;10–23 in *Race and History: Selected Essays 1938–1988* (Louisiana State University Press, 1989); first published in *The Massachusetts Review*, 1979. Describes the history of the novel *The Clan* and this film.
* Franklin, John Hope, *Reconstruction After the Civil War* (Chicago, 1961), p.&nbsp;5–7.
* Hickman, Roger. *Reel Music: Exploring 100 Years of Film Music* (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006).
* Hodapp, Christopher L., and Alice Von Kannon, *Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies* (Hoboken: Wiley, 2008) p.&nbsp;235–6.
* Korngold, Ralph, *Thaddeus Stevens. A Being Darkly Wise and Rudely Great* (New York: 1955) pp.&nbsp;72–76. corrects Dixon's false characterization of Stevens' racial views and of his dealings with his housekeeper.
* Leab, Daniel J., *From Sambo to Superspade* (Boston, 1975), p.&nbsp;23–39.
* *New York Times*, roundup of reviews of this film, March 7, 1915.
* *The New Republica*, II (March 20, 1915), 185
* Poole, W. Scott, *Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting* (Waco, Texas: Baylor, 2011), 30. 
* Simkins, Francis B., "New Viewpoints of Southern Reconstruction", *Journal of Southern History*, V (February, 1939), pp.&nbsp;49–61.
* . The latest study of the film's making and subsequent career.
* Williamson, Joel, *After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction* (Chapel Hill, 1965). This book corrects Dixon's false reporting of Reconstruction, as shown in his novel, his play and this film.

## Pautan luar

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* ''The Birth of a Nation: Controversial Classic Gets a Definitive New Restoration'' Detailed Brenton Film article by Patrick Stanbury on his 2015 restoration, including a history of the film on home video
* ''The Birth of a Nation at 100'' discussion on the BFI's YouTube channel
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* GMU.edu , "Art (and History) by Lightning Flash": *The Birth of a Nation* and Black Protest
* ''The Birth of a Nation'' on Roger Ebert's list of great movies
* ''The Birth of a Nation'' on filmsite.org, a web site offering comprehensive summaries of classic films
* Souvenir Guide for ''The Birth of a Nation'', hosted by the  Portal to Texas History
* Virtual-History.com, Literature
* NEH's EDSITEment lesson plan ''The Birth of a Nation'', the NACCP, and the Balancing of Rights
* C-SPAN hosted discussions of and aired the film on the occasion of its 100th anniversary:
** ''Q&A'' interview with Dick Lehr on his book ''The Birth of a Nation: How a Legendary Filmmaker and a Crusading Editor Reignited America's Civil War'', January 11, 2015
** Introduction to screening and discussions, February 14, 2015
** First part of the film
** Intermission with discussion
** Second part of the film
** Open phone discussion with Hari Jones and Dick Lehr