Xiongnu

**Xiongnu** ( ; ) ialah sebuah gabungan puak orang nomad yang, menurut sumber Cina purba, dahulu tinggal di Tataran Eurasia timur dari abad ke-3 SM hingga akhir abad ke-1 Masihi. Empayar Xiongnu diasaskan oleh pemimpin tertinggi Modu Chanyu selepas tahun 209 SM. 

Selepas menggulingkan penguasa mereka sebelum ini, orang Yuezhi, Xiongnu menjadi kuasa dominan di tataran Asia Timur, berpusat di Penara Mongolia. Orang Xiongnu juga aktif di kawasan-kawasan yang kini sebahagian daripada Siberia, Mongolia Dalam, Gansu dan Xinjiang. Hubungan dengan jiran mereka di tenggara, dinasti-dinasti Cina, adalah kompleks—kadangkala aman, berperang, dan penaklukan. Akhirnya, Xiongnu dikalahkan oleh dinasti Han dalam konflik selama berabad-abad, yang membawa kepada konfederasi mereka berpecah kepada dua, serta penempatan semula secara paksa begitu ramai orang Xiongnu dalam sempadan Han. Semasa era Enam Belas Kerajaan, sebagai salah satu daripada "Lima Bangsa Gasar", mereka mengasaskan negeri-negeri dinasti Han-Zhao, Liang Utara dan Hu Xia di utara China.

Cubaan untuk mengaitkan Xiongnu dengan bangsa Saka dan Sarmatia yang berdekatan pernah menjadi topik berkontroversi. Walau bagaimanapun, bidang arkeogenetik telah mengesahkan mereka rnah inberteraksi dengan Xiorang ongnu, dan juga hubungan mereka dengan Hun .Identiti teras etnik Xiongnu telah menjadi subjek hipelbagai potesis, kerana hanya beberapa perkataan, terutamanya gelaran dan nama peribadi, masih terpelihara dalam sumber-sumber Cina. Nama *Xiongnu* mungkin serumpun dengan nama Hun dan/atau *[[Orang Huna|Huna]]*, tetapi ini dipertikaikan. Antara hubungannya dengan bahasa lain—semuanya juga berkontroversi—yang dicadangkan oleh pakar termasuk Turkik, Iran, Mongolik, Ural, Yenisei, atau pelbagai etnik.

## Rujukan

### Petikan


### Sumber

; Sumber utama

* Ban Gu et al., *[[Buku Han|Kitab Han]]*, terut. jld. 94, bahagian 1, bahagian 2 .
* Fan Ye et al., *Book of the Later Han*, terut. jld. 89 .
* Sima Qian et al., *[[Shiji|Rekod Ahli Sejarah Besar]]*, terut. jld. 110 .

; Sumber lain dirujuk

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* Hall, Mark & Minyaev, Sergey. Chemical Analyses of Xiong-nu Pottery: A Preliminary Study of Exchange and Trade on the Inner Asian Steppes. In: *Journal of Archaeological Science* (2002) 29, pp.&nbsp;135–144
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