Tanda Peninggalan Abad Lepas

***Tanda Peninggalan Abad Lepas*** ( **',
juga digelar ***Kronologi Negara-Negara Kuno*** atau ***Sisa Zaman Dahulu**', selepas terjemahan diterbitkan oleh [[Eduard Sachau]] pada 1879)
oleh [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] adalah suatu kajian perbandingan [[kalendar]] berlainan budaya dan tamadun, dijalin dengan maklumat matematik, astronomi, dan bersejarah, menjelajahi adat dan agama berlainan orang.
Diselesaikan pada [[1000]] AM (390/1 AH), ia adalah karya utama pertama Al-Biruni, disusun di [[Gorgan]], di halaman [[Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir|Qabus]], apabila dia berada dalam usia lewat dua puluhan.

== Gambaran keseluruhan ==
Al-Biruni dalam karyanya membuat pemerhatian [[skeptikisme|skeptikal]] yang "Banyak orang menghargakan kebijaksanaan Tuhan semua yang mereka tidak mengetahui sains fizikal".

Tulisan survives in an early 14th century [[Ilkhanid]] manuscript by one Ibn al-Kutbi (the "Edinburgh codex", AH 707 / AD 1307–8, 179 folios, Northwestern Iran or northern Iraq, kept at the [[Edinburgh University Library]], MS Arab 161). The manuscript contains 25 paintings and survives also in an exact 17th century Ottoman copy (MS Arabe 1489, kept in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]])

Hillenbrand (2000) interprets the choice and placement of illustrations throughout the text as a cycle which emphasizes the interest of the Ilkhanids in religions other than the predominant Islam, many illustration showing specific episodes related to [[Manichaeism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Christianity]]. Other illustrations show a keen interest in topics of history and science. The account of the birth of [[Caesar]] is illustrated with a realistic rendition of a [[cesarean section]].
The [[Shi`ite]] inclination of those responsible for the production is particularly evident from the two concluding images, the largest and most accomplished in the manuscript, which illustrate two episodes in the life of [[Muhammad]], both centrally involving  [[`Ali]], [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]:  The Day of Cursing (fol. 161r) and The Investiture of `Ali at [[Ghadir Khumm]] (fol. 162r). The manuscript has a total of five images [[depictions of Muhammad|depicting Muhammad]], including the first miniature which shows the Prophet as he prohibits [[intercalation]] (fol. 6v).
The style of the images is kept in a hybrid style between that of pre-Mongol period Persia and the Chinese style introduced with the Mongol invasions.

== Sejarah ==
He discussed his idea of [[history]] in *The Chronology of the Ancient Nations*, also known as *The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries*. It is a comparative study of [[calendar]]s of different cultures and civilizations, interlaced with mathematical, astronomical, and historical information, exploring the customs and religions of different peoples. Completed in AD 1000 (AH 390/1), it is the first major work of Al-Biruni's, compiled in [[Gorgan]], at the court of [[Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir|Qabus]], when he was in his late twenties.

In *The Chronology Of Ancient Nations*, he mentions the birth and death of the [[Caliph]]s, [[Shia Imam]]s, [[Fatimah]] (daughter of Muhammad) and [[Khadija]] (Muhammad's wife).

== Geografi matematik ==
Discussing the [[astrolabe]], Al-Biruni considers the an [[orthographic projection|orthographic]] [[cylindrical projection]] as his own invention, expanding upon the work of [[Al-Saghani]].

Biruni was regarded as the most skilled when it came to mapping [[city|cities]] and measuring the distances between them, which he did for many cities in the [[Middle East]] and western [[Indian subcontinent]]. He often combined astronomical readings and mathematical equations, in order to develop methods of pin-pointing locations by recording degrees of [[latitude]] and [[longitude]]. He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of [[mountain]]s, depths of [[valley]]s, and expanse of the [[horizon]], in *The Chronology of the Ancient Nations*.

== Catatan ==


== Rujukan ==
*Robert Hillenbrand. 'Images of Muhammad in al-Biruni's Chronology of Ancient Nations.' In *Persian Painting from the Mongols to the Qajars: Studies in Honour of Basil W. Robinson*, ed.  Hillenbrand, 129–46, Pembroke Persian Papers, 3. London and New York: I. B. Tauris in association with the Centre of Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge, 2000.
* Priscilla P. Soucek. 'An Illustrated Manuscript of al-Brn's Chronology of Ancient Nations.' In *The Scholar and the Saint: Studies in Commemoration of Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni and Jalal al-Din al-Rumi*, ed. Peter J. Chelkowski, 103–168. New York: Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, New York University Press, 1975.
*Sheila S. Blair, *The Development of the Illustrated Book in Iran*,  Muqarnas (1993).
*G. Saliba, 'Al-Biruni and the sciences of his time', in *Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period*, Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN 0-521-02887-6, p.&nbsp;316.
*J. F. P. Hopkins, 'Geographical and navigational literature', in *Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period'', Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN 0-521-02887-6,  405-423.

## Pautan luar
*The Legacy of Genghis Khan: Courtly Arts and Culture in Western Asia, 1256–1353  (metmuseum.org)
*The investiture of `Ali at Ghadir Khumm (iranica.com)