Analogi

**Analogi** (dari Yunani *analogia*, "perkadaran", dari *ana-* "ke atas, menurut" [juga "terhadap", "baru"] + *logos* "nisbah" [juga "perkataan, ucapan, mengira"]) ialah proses kognitif untuk memindahkan maklumat atau makna daripada subjek tertentu (analog atau sumber) kepada yang lain (sasaran) atau ungkapan linguistik yang sepadan dengan proses sedemikian. Dalam erti kata yang lebih sempit, analogi ialah inferens atau hujah dari satu butir ke butir yang lain, berbanding deduksi, aruhan dan penculikan, di mana sekurang-kurangnya satu premis, atau kesimpulan, bersifat umum dan bukannya khusus.  Istilah analogi juga boleh merujuk kepada hubungan antara sumber dan sasaran itu sendiri, yang selalunya (walaupun tidak selalu) persamaan, seperti dalam tanggapan biologi analogi.

## Rujukan

## Rujukan
* Cajetan, Tommaso De Vio, (1498), *De Nominum Analogia*, P.N. Zammit (ed.), 1934, *The Analogy of Names*, Koren, Henry J. and Bushinski, Edward A (trans.), 1953, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
* Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991). Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
* Coelho, Ivo (2010). "Analogy." ACPI Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ed. Johnson J. Puthenpurackal. Bangalore: ATC. 1:64-68.
* Cornuéjols, A. (1996). Analogie, principe d’économie et complexité algorithmique. In *Actes des 11èmes Journées Françaises de l’Apprentissage*. Sète.
* Cornuéjols, A. (1996). Analogy, principle of economy and computational complexity.* Doumas, L. A. A., Hummel, J.E., and Sandhofer, C. (2008). A Theory of the Discovery and Predication of Relational Concepts. Psychological Review, 115, 1-43.
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* Forbus, K. et al. (1998). Analogy just looks like high-level perception.* Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, 155–170. (Reprinted in A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and artificial intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann).
* Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 
* Hofstadter, D. (2001). Analogy as the Core of Cognition, in Dedre Gentner, Keith Holyoak, and Boicho Kokinov (eds.) The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001, pp.&nbsp;499–538.
* Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P. (1986). Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
* Hummel, J.E., and Holyoak, K.J. (2005). Relational Reasoning in a Neurally Plausible Cognitive Architecture
* Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
* Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy", in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
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* Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* Langacker, Ronald W. (1987). Foundations of Cognitive grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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* Melandri, Enzo. La linea e il circolo. Studio logico-filosofico sull'analogia (1968), Quodlibet, Macerata 2004 prefazione di Giorgio Agamben.
* Morrison, C., and Dietrich, E. (1995). Structure-Mapping vs. High-level Perception.
* Pessali, H.; Dalto, F. and Fernández, R. (2015).  Analogies we suffer by: the case of the state as a household**. **In: Tae-Hee Jo; Zdravka Todorova (Org.). *Advancing the Frontiers of Heterodox Economics: Essays in Honor of Frederic S. Lee*. Nova Iorque: Routledge, p.&nbsp;281-295.
* Perelman, Ch, Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1969), The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, Notre Dame 1969.
* Ross, J.F., (1982), *Portraying Analogy*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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* Ross, J.F., (1958), *A Critical Analysis of the Theory of Analogy of St Thomas Aquinas*, (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms Inc).
* Shelley, C. (2003). Multiple analogies in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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## Pautan luar

* ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' "Analogy and Analogical Reasoning", by Paul Bartha.
* ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' "Medieval Theories of Analogy", by E. Jennifer Ashworth.
* ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' "Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning", by Grant Lamond.
* *[http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-09;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-09;brand=default Dictionary of the History of Ideas]* Analogy in Early Greek Thought.
* *[http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-10;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-10;brand=default Dictionary of the History of Ideas]* Analogy in Patristic and Medieval Thought.
* *[https://aclanthology.org/P15-1063/ Computational approaches to computing temporal analogy]*.