Pingat Diraja

**Pingat Diraja**, yang juga dikenali sebagai **Pingat Raja** dan **Pingat Permaisuri** (bergantung kepada jantina raja pada masa penganugerahan), adalah pingat perak, di mana tiga diberikan setiap tahun oleh Royal Society, dua untuk "sumbangan yang paling penting dalam kemajuan pengetahuan semulajadi" dan satu untuk "sumbangan cemerlang dalam sains gunaan", yang dilakukan dalam Negara-Negara Komanwel. Anugerah ini dibuat oleh George IV dan dianugerahkan pertama pada tahun 1826. Pada mulanya terdapat dua medali yang dianugerahkan, kedua-duanya untuk penemuan yang paling penting dalam tahun sebelumnya, tempoh masa yang dipanjangkan kepada lima tahun dan kemudian dipendekkan kepada tiga. Format ini disokong oleh William IV dan Victoria, yang mempunyai keadaan berubah pada tahun 1837 supaya matematik adalah subjek yang mana Medali Diraja boleh dianugerahkan, walaupun hanya setiap tahun ketiga. Keadaan ini telah diubah sekali lagi pada tahun 1850 supaya:

... Pingat-pingat Diraja dalam setiap tahun harus dianugerahkan untuk dua sumbangan paling penting dalam kemajuan Pengetahuan Semula, yang diterbitkan pada asalnya dalam kekuasaan-Nya di dalam tempoh tidak lebih dari sepuluh tahun dan tidak kurang dari satu tahun dari tarikh anugerah, mata pelajaran, sudah tentu, kepada kelulusan Yang Mulia. ...dalam penganugerahan Pingat DiRaja, satu harus diberikan dalam setiap dua bahagian Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam.


Pada tahun 1965, sistem telah diubah menjadi format semasa, di mana tiga Pingat dianugerahkan setiap tahun oleh Raja atas cadangan Royal Society Council. Kerana sifat keduanya (untuk kedua-dua sains fizikal dan biologi) pemenang anugerah dipilih oleh kedua-dua Jawatankuasa Anugerah sebelah A dan B. Sejak ditubuhkan pada tahun 1826, pingat telah dianugerahkan 405 kali.

## Senarai penerima
}||Molecular Biology || "for his highly influential discoveries of the 'Holliday junction' structure in meiotic recombination and the function of DNA methylation at CG base pairs."
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| ||Biophysics || "for his pioneering work in protein engineering and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and his contributions as an inventor and entrepreneur."
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| rowspan="3" |2012 ||  ||Physics || "for his theories of symmetry-breaking in quantum field theory, with diverse applications to elementary particle masses, vortex formation in Helium 3 and structure formation in the early universe."
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|   ||Biology || "for his crucial contributions to the development of genetic engineering, to biotechnology and to the study of hepatitis viruses."
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|   ||Chemistry || "for his outstanding contributions to chemical synthesis at the interface between materials and biology and pioneering the field of organic electronic materials."
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| rowspan="3" |2013 || ||Physics || "for his remarkable exact solutions of fundamental models in statistical mechanics."
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|   ||Genetics || "for seminal contributions to population genetics, gene mapping and understanding of familial genetic disease."
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|   ||Medical Physics || "for pioneering the application of the physical and engineering sciences to the development of ultrasonics as a diagnostic and surgical tool which has revolutionised clinical practice."
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| rowspan="3" |2014 || ||Mathematics || "for his many deep and varied contributions to mathematics, including harmonic analysis, prime number theory, partial differential equations, combinatorics, computer science, statistics, representation theory, and much more."
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|   ||Biochemistry || "for his discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation by src protein kinase that revolutionised our understanding of cellular signal transduction."
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|   ||Biophysics || "for his pioneering work in biomolecular mass spectrometry including strategy and instrument design and for outstanding entrepreneurship in biopharmaceutical characterisation."
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| rowspan="3" |2015 || ||Astronomy || "for her pivotal contribution in observing, analysing & understanding pulsars, one of the most important astronomical discoveries of the 20th century."
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|   ||Biology || "for her work on the prediction and discovery of telomerase and the role of telomeres in protecting and maintaining the genome."
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|   ||Physics || "for his major contributions to the development of the Standard Model, particularly his success in making the case for the building the LHC."
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| rowspan="3" |2016 || ||Chemistry || "for his pioneering work within catalytic chemistry, in particular on single-site heterogeneous catalysts, which have had a major impact on green chemistry, clean technology and sustainability."
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|  ||Biology || "for her innovative work within the field of mouse embryology and development, establishing the pathways involved in early body planning of the mammalian embryo."
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|  ||Material Sciences || "for his major advances and discoveries of new forms of matter and materials, in particular the development of chiral liquid crystals."
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| rowspan="3" | 2017 ||  ||Physics || "for his major contributions to laser physics and the development of the field of attosecond science."
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|   ||Biology || "for their research on the ecology and evolution of Darwin’s finches on the Galapagos, demonstrating that natural selection occurs frequently and that evolution is rapid as a result."
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|  || Medicine || "for his research on surface antigens of normal and leukaemic cells that defined the cellular lineage of different leukaemias and led to procedures now in routine clinical use." 
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| rowspan="3" | 2018 ||  ||Geology || "for his contributions to our understanding of volcanoes, including evaluating their risks and mitigating their hazards."
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|  ||Biology || "for his research on morphogenesis and pattern formation that led to the concept of positional information in embryonic development."
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|   || Medicine || "for their co-development of DNA sequencing techniques transforming biology and genomic medicine." 
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## Rujukan