Unionidae

**Unionidae** ialah keluarga kerang air tawar yang terbesar dalam order Unionida, iaitu moluska dwicangkang yang terkadang dikenali sebagai **kijing** atau hanya unionid.

Julat taburan keluarga ini ada di seluruh dunia. Ia paling rencam di Amerika Utara, dengan sekitar 297 takson teraku, tetapi China dan Asia Tenggara juga tidak kalah rencam.

Kerang air tawar ini hidup di habitat taburan yang luas, tetapi paling banyak di perairan lotik, cth. air mengalir seperti sungai, alur dan ceruk.

## Taksonomi

### Genus mengikut order taksonomi
Pengelasan berikut berdasarkan pangkalan data MolluscaBase dan MUSSEL Project:

* Subkeluarga Ambleminae
** Suku Lampsilini 
*** Genus *[[Epioblasma]]*
*** Genus  *[[Lampsilis]]*
*** Genus *[[Potamilus]]*
*** Genus *[[Actinonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Cambarunio]]*
*** Genus *[[Obovaria]]*
*** Genus *[[Toxolasma]]*
*** Genus *[[Medionidus]]*
*** Genus *[[Ptychobranchus]]*
*** Genus *[[Disconaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Leaunio]]*
*** Genus *[[Venustaconcha]]*
*** Genus *[[Cyrtonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Hamiota (dwicangkerang)|Hamiota]]*
*** Genus *[[Sagittunio]]*
*** Genus *[[Truncilla]]*
*** Genus *[[Villosa]]*
*** Genus *[[Arotonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Cyprogenia]]*
*** Genus *[[Delphinonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Ortmanniana]]*
*** Genus *[[Pachynaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Atlanticoncha]]*
*** Genus *[[Dromus (dwicangkerang)|Dromus]]*
*** Genus *[[Ellipsaria]]*
*** Genus *[[Friersonia]]*
*** Genus *[[Glebula]]*
*** Genus *[[Lemiox]]*
*** Genus *[[Ligumia]]*
*** Genus *[[Obliquaria]]*
*** Genus *[[Paetulunio]]*
** Suku Pleurobemini
*** Genus *[[Elliptio]]*
*** Genus *[[Pleurobema]]*
*** Genus *[[Fusconaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Plethobasus]]*
*** Genus *[[Pleuronaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Parvaspina]]*
*** Genus *[[Elliptoideus]]*
*** Genus *[[Eurynia]]*
*** Genus *[[Hemistena]]*
** Suku Popenaiadini
*** Genus *[[Nephronaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Psoronaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Barynaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Popenaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Sphenonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Micronaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Nephritica]]*
*** Genus *[[Reticulatus]]*
*** Genus *[[Martensnaias]]*
** Suku Quadrulini
*** Genus *[[Cyclonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Theliderma]]*
*** Genus *[[Uniomerus]]*
*** Genus *[[Quadrula]]*
*** Genus *[[Megalonaias]]*
*** Genus *[[Tritogonia]]*
** Suku Amblemini
*** Genus *[[Amblema]]*
*** Genus *[[Reginaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Plectomerus]]*
* Subkeluarga Unioninae
** Suku Anodontini
*** Subsuku Alasmidontina
**** Genus *[[Alasmidonta]]*
**** Genus *[[Lasmigona]]*
**** Genus *[[Pyganodon]]*
**** Genus *[[Utterbackiana]]*
**** Genus *[[Strophitus]]*
**** Genus *[[Utterbackia]]*
**** Genus *[[Anodontoides]]*
**** Genus *[[Arcidens]]*
**** Genus *[[Pseudodontoideus]]*
**** Genus *[[Pegias]]*
**** Genus *[[Simpsonaias]]*
*** Subsuku Cristariina
**** Genus *[[Sinanodonta]]*
**** Genus *[[Buldowskia]]*
**** Genus *[[Cristaria (dwicangkerang)|Cristaria]]*
**** Genus *[[Anemina]]*
**** Genus *[[Beringiana]]*
**** Genus *[[Pletholophus]]*
**** Genus *[[Simpsonella]]*
**** Genus *[[Amuranodonta]]*
*** Subsuku Anodontina
**** Genus *[[Anodonta]]*
**** Genus *[[Pseudanodonta]]*
** Suku Unionini
*** Genus *[[Unio (dwicangkerang)|Unio]]*
*** Genus *[[Nodularia (dwicangkerang)|Nodularia]]*
*** Genus *[[Aculamprotula]]*
*** Genus *[[Acuticosta]]*
*** Genus *[[Cuneopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Inversiunio]]*
*** Genus *[[Pseudobaphia]]*
*** Genus *[[Rhombuniopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Lepidodesma]]*
*** Genus *[[Pseudocuneopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Schistodesmus]]*
*** Genus *[[Arcuneopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Diaurora]]*
*** Genus *[[Middendorffinaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Protunio]]*
** Suku Lanceolariini
*** Genus *[[Lanceolaria]]*
* Subkeluarga Gonideinae
** Suku Pseudodontini
*** Subsuku Pilsbryoconchina
**** Genus *[[Sundadontina]]*
**** Genus *[[Monodontina]]*
**** Genus *[[Pilsbryoconcha]]*
**** Genus *[[Bineurus]]*
**** Genus *[[Thaiconcha]]*
**** Genus *[[Namkongnaia]]*
**** Genus *[[Nyeinchanconcha]]*
*** Subsuku Pseudodontina
**** Genus *[[Pseudodon]]*
** Suku Contradentini
*** Genus *[[Lens (dwicangkerang)|Lens]]*
*** Genus *[[Yaukthwa]]*
*** Genus *[[Physunio]]*
*** Genus *[[Trapezoideus]]*
*** Genus *[[Pressidens]]*
*** Genus *[[Solenaia]]*
** Suku Lamprotulini
*** Genus *[[Lamprotula]]*
*** Genus *[[Potomida]]*
*** Genus *[[Schepmania]]*
*** Genus *[[Discomya]]*
*** Genus *[[Pronodularia]]*
** Suku Rectidentini
*** Genus *[[Hyriopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Ensidens]]*
*** Genus *[[Ctenodesma]]*
*** Genus *[[Elongaria]]*
*** Genus *[[Khairuloconcha]]*
*** Genus *[[Prohyriopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Rectidens]]*
** Suku Gonideni
*** Genus *[[Ptychorhynchus]]*
*** Genus *[[Sinosolenaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Inversidens]]*
*** Genus *[[Leguminaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Parvasolenaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Gonidea]]*
*** Genus *[[Koreosolenaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Microcondylaea]]*
*** Genus *[[Obovalis]]*
*** Genus *[[Pseudodontopsis]]*
** Suku Chamberlainini
*** Genus *[[Sinohyriopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Chamberlainia (dwicangkerang)|Chamberlainia]]*
*** Genus *[[Caudiculatus]]*
* Subkeluarga Parreysiinae
** Suku Coelaturini
*** Genus *[[Coelatura]]*
*** Genus *[[Nitia (dwicangkerang)|Nitia]]*
*** Genus *[[Nyassunio]]*
*** Genus *[[Prisodontopsis]]*
*** Genus *[[Brazzaea]]*
*** Genus *[[Grandidieria]]*
*** Genus *[[Moncetia]]*
*** Genus *[[Pseudospatha]]*
** Suku Indochinellini
*** Genus *[[Indonaia]]*
*** Genus *[[Scabies (dwicangkerang)|Scabies]]*
*** Genus *[[Radiatula]]*
*** Genus *[[Harmandia (dwicangkerang)|Harmandia]]*
*** Genus *[[Indochinella]]*
*** Genus *[[Scabiellus]]*
*** Genus *[[Unionetta]]*
** Suku Lamellidentini
*** Genus *[[Lamellidens]]*
*** Genus *[[Trapezidens]]*
*** Genus *[[Arcidopsis]]*
** Suku Leoparreysiini
*** Genus *[[Leoparreysia]]*
** Suku Parreysiini
*** Genus *[[Parreysia]]*
*** Genus *[[Balwantia]]*
* Genus *[[Haasodonta]]* (Subkeluarga *incertae sedis*)
* Genus *[[Germainaia]]* (Subkeluarga *incertae sedis*)
* Subkeluarga Modellnaiinae
** Genus *[[Modellnaia]]*

### Genus berdasarkan order dan wilayah mengikut abjad

**Tersebar luas**
*  *[[Anodonta]]*
*  *[[Potomida]]*
*  *[[Unio (dwicangkerang)|Unio]]*
**Afrika**
*  *[[Brazzaea]]*
*  *[[Coelatura]]*
*  *[[Germainaia]]*
*  *[[Grandidieria]]*
*  *[[Mweruella]]*
*  *[[Nitia (dwicangkerang)|Nitia]]*
*  *[[Nyassunio]]*
*  *[[Prisodontopsis]]*
*  *[[Pseudospatha]]*
**Amerika Tengah**
*  *[[Arotonaias]]*
*  *[[Barynaias]]*
*  *[[Cyrtonaias]]*
*  *[[Delphinonaias]]*
*  *[[Disconaias]]*
*  *[[Friersonia]]*
*  *[[Martensnaias]]*
*  *[[Micronaias]]*
*  *[[Nephritica]]*
*  *[[Nephronaias]]*
*  *[[Pachynaias]]*
*  *[[Popenaias]]*
*  *[[Psoronaias]]*
*  *[[Psorula (dwicangkerang)|Psorula]]*
*  *[[Reticulatus]]*
*  *[[Sphenonaias]]*

**Asia Timur**
*  *[[Aculamprotula]]* 
*  *[[Acuticosta]]* 
*  *[[Anemina]]* 
*  *[[Arconaia]]* 
* *[[Bineurus]]*C. T. Simpson, 1900
*  *[[Caudiculatus]]* 
*  *[[Chamberlainia (dwicangkerang)|Chamberlainia]]* 
*  *[[Contradens]]* 
*  *[[Cristaria (dwicangkerang)|Cristaria]]* 
*  *[[Ctenodesma]]* 
*  *[[Cuneopsis]]* 
*  *[[Discomya]]* 
*  *[[Elongaria]]* 
*  *[[Ensidens]]* 
*  *[[Harmandia (dwicangkerang)|Harmandia]]* 
*  *[[Hyriopsis]]* 
*  *[[Inversidens]]* 
*  *[[Inversiunio]]* 
*  *[[Lamprotula]]* 
*  *[[Lanceolaria]]* 
*  *[[Lepidodesma]]* 
*  *[[Modellnaia]]* 
* *[[Monodontina]]* Conrad, 1853
*  *[[Nodularia (dwicangkerang)|Nodularia]]* 
*  *[[Oxynaia]]* 
*  *[[Physunio]]* 
*  *[[Pilsbryoconcha]]* 
*  *[[Pressidens]]* 
*  *[[Prohyriopsis]]* 
*  *[[Pronodularia]]* 
*  *[[Protunio]]* 
*  *[[Pseudobaphia]]* 
*  *[[Pseudodon]]* 
*  *[[Ptychorhynchus]]* 
*  *[[Rectidens]]* 
*  *[[Rhombuniopsis]]* 
*  *[[Scabies (dwicangkerang)|Scabies]]*
 
*  *[[Schepmania]]* 
*  *[[Schistodesmus]]* 
*  *[[Simpsonella]]* 
*  *[[Sinanodonta]]*
* *[[Solenaia]]*
* *[[Sundadontina]]* Bolotov et al., 2020
* *[[Thaiconcha]]* Bolotov et al., 2020
*  *[[Unionetta]]*
**Eropah**
*  *[[Microcondylaea]]*
*  *[[Pseudanodonta]]*
**India**
*  *[[Arcidopsis]]*
*  *[[Lamellidens]]*
*  *[[Parreysia]]*
*  *[[Radiatula]]*
*  *[[Trapezoideus]]*
*  *[[Yaukthwa]]*
**Timur Tengah**
*  *[[Leguminaia]]*
*  *[[Pseudodontopsis]]*
**New Guinea**
*  *[[Haasodonta]]*
**Amerika Utara** 
*  *[[Actinonaias]]*
*  *[[Alasmidonta]]*
*  *[[Amblema]]*
*  *[[Anodontoides]]*
*  *[[Arcidens]]*
*  *[[Cyprogenia]]*
*  *[[Dromus (dwicangkerang)|Dromus]]*
*  *[[Ellipsaria]]*
*  *[[Elliptio]]*

*  *[[Elliptoideus]]*
*  *[[Epioblasma]]*
*  *[[Fusconaia]]*
*  *[[Glebula]]*
*  *[[Gonidea]]*
*  *[[Hamiota (dwicangkerang)|Hamiota]]*
*  *[[Hemistena]]*
*  *[[Lampsilis]]*
*  *[[Lasmigona]]*
*  *[[Lemiox]]*
*  *[[Leptodea]]*
*  *[[Ligumia]]*
*  *[[Medionidus]]*
*  *[[Megalonaias]]*
*  *[[Obliquaria]]*
*  *[[Obovaria]]*
*  *[[Pegias]]*
*  *[[Plectomerus]]*
*  *[[Plethobasus]]*
*  *[[Pleurobema]]*
*  *[[Pleuronaia]]*
*  *[[Potamilus]]*
* *[[Psoronaias]]* Crosse & P. Fischer, 1894
*  *[[Ptychobranchus]]*
*  *[[Pyganodon]]*
*  *[[Quadrula]]*
*  *[[Reginaia]]*
*  *[[Rotundaria]]*
*  *[[Simpsonaias]]*
*  *[[Strophitus]]*
*  *[[Theliderma]]*
*  *[[Toxolasma]]*
*  *[[Truncilla]]*
*  *[[Uniomerus]]*
*  *[[Utterbackia]]*
*  *[[Venustaconcha]]*
*  *[[Villosa]]*

## Rujukan

## Pautan luar

* Missouri State Unio Gallery
* Freshwater Mollusk Conservation Society
* Ohio State University: Division of Molluscs - Freshwater Mussel Collection - Unionidae 
* Unionidae at The MUSSEL Project Web Site