Bahasa Mongol

**Bahasa Mongolia** atau **bahasa Mongol** (монгол хэл, *mongol khel*) merupakan bahasa utama di dan juga bahasa rasmi di Mongolia. Bahasa ini secara rasmi ditulis menggunakan huruf Sirilik. Selain di Mongolia, bahasa ini juga dipertuturkan di Republik Rakyat China (di wilayah Mongolia Dalam), Rusia dan Kyrgyzstan. Majoriti penutur di Mongolia menuturkan dialek Khalkha (atau Halh), sementara mereka yang di China menuturkan kelompok dialek Chahar, Oyirad, dan Barghu-Buryat. Jumlah penuturnya mencapai hampir 6 juta orang.

## Tulisan
Pelbagai sistem tulisan telah diguna pakai oleh penutur bahasa Mongolia sepanjang sejarah. Kini, dua sistem tulisan lazim digunakan, tulisan Mongolia tradisional dan abjad Cyril. Masyarakat Mongol di China masih menggunakan tulisan tradisional manakala Mongolia menggunakan tulisan Cyril sejak zaman Soviet. Kerajaan Mongolia pada Mac 2020 mengumumkan peralihan penggunaan sistem tulisan bahasa kepada tulisan tradisional, dan dokumen-dokumen kerajaan rasmi akan menggunakan kedua-dua sistem tulisan menjelang 2025.

## Rujukan

## Bibliografi
*For some Mongolian authors, the Mongolian version of their name is also given in square brackets, e.g., "Harnud [Köke]". Köke is the author's native name. It is a practice common among Mongolian scholars, for purposes of publishing and being cited abroad, to adopt a surname based on one's [[patronymic]], in this example "Harnud"; compare [[Mongolian name]].* 
*Some library catalogs write Chinese language titles with each syllable separate, even syllables belonging to a single word.*

; Senarai singkatan yang digunakan
*TULIP* is in official use by some librarians; the remainder have been contrived for this listing.
; Journals
* *KULIP*  *Kyūshū daigaku gengogaku ronshū* [Kyushu University linguistics papers]
* *MKDKH*  *Muroran kōgyō daigaku kenkyū hōkoku* [Memoirs of the Muroran Institute of Technology]
* *TULIP*  *Tōkyō daigaku gengogaku ronshū* [Tokyo University linguistics papers]
; Publishers
* ÖMAKQ  Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a 
* ÖMSKKQ  Öbür mongγul-un surγan kümüǰil-ün keblel-ün qoriy-a 
* ÖMYSKQ  Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a 
* ŠUA  [Mongol Ulsyn] Šinžleh Uhaany Akademi 

*  Amaržargal, B. 1988. *BNMAU dah' Mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: halh ajalguu*. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
* Apatóczky, Ákos Bertalan. 2005. On the problem of the subject markers of the Mongolian language. In Wú Xīnyīng, Chén Gānglóng (eds.), *Miànxiàng xīn shìjìde ménggǔxué* [The Mongolian studies in the new century : review and prospect]. Běijīng: Mínzú Chūbǎnshè. 334–343. .
* Ashimura, Takashi. 2002. Mongorugo jarōto gengo no  no yōhō ni tsuite. *TULIP*, 21: 147–200.
* Bajansan, Ž. and Š. Odontör. 1995. *Hel šinžlelijn ner tom"joony züjlčilsen tajlbar toli*. Ulaanbaatar.
* Bayančoγtu. 2002. *Qorčin aman ayalγun-u sudulul*. Kökeqota: ÖMYSKQ. .
* Bjambasan, P. 2001. Mongol helnij ügüjsgeh har'caa ilerhijleh hereglüürüüd. *Mongol hel, sojolijn surguul: Erdem šinžilgeenij bičig*, 18: 9–20.
* Bosson, James E. 1964. *Modern Mongolian; a primer and reader*. Uralic and Altaic series; 38. Bloomington: Indiana University.
* Brosig, Benjamin. 2009. Depictives and resultatives in Modern Khalkh Mongolian. *Hokkaidō gengo bunka kenkyū*, 7: 71–101.
* Chuluu, Ujiyediin. 1998. ''Studies on Mongolian verb morphology''. Dissertation, University of Toronto.
* Činggeltei. 1999. *Odu üj-e-jin mongγul kelen-ü ǰüi*. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. .
* Coloo, Ž. 1988. *BNMAU dah' mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: ojrd ajalguu*. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
* Djahukyan, Gevork. (1991). Armenian Lexicography. In Franz Josef Hausmann (Ed.), *An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography* (pp.&nbsp;2367–2371). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
* [Dobu] Dàobù. 1983. *Ménggǔyǔ jiǎnzhì. Běijīng: Mínzú.*
* Garudi. 2002. *Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul*. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ.
* Georg, Stefan, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, Paul J. Sidwell. 1999. Telling general linguists about Altaic. *Journal of Linguistics*, 35: 65–98.
* Guntsetseg, D. 2008. Differential Object Marking in Mongolian. *Working Papers of the SFB 732 Incremental Specification in Context*, 1: 53–69.
* Hammar, Lucia B. 1983. *Syntactic and pragmatic options in Mongolian – a study of* bol *and* n. Ph.D. Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University.
* [Köke] Harnud, Huhe. 2003. *A Basic Study of Mongolian Prosody*. Helsinki: Publications of the Department of Phonetics, University of Helsinki. Series A; 45. Dissertation. .
* Hashimoto, Kunihiko. 1993.  no imiron. *MKDKH*, 43: 49–94. Sapporo: Dō daigaku.
* Hashimoto, Kunihiko. 2004. Mongorugo no kopyura kōbun no imi no ruikei. *Muroran kōdai kiyō*, 54: 91–100.
* Janhunen, Juha (ed.). 2003. *The Mongolic languages*. London: Routledge. 
* Janhunen, Juha. 2003a. Written Mongol. In Janhunen 2003: 30–56.
* Janhunen, Juha. 2003b. Para-Mongolic. In Janhunen 2003: 391–402.
* Janhunen, Juha. 2003c. Proto-Mongolic. In Janhunen 2003: 1–29.
* Janhunen, Juha. 2003d. Mongol dialects. In Janhunen 2003: 177–191.
* Janhunen, Juha. 2006. Mongolic languages. In K. Brown (ed.), *The encyclopedia of language & linguistics*. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 231–234.
* Johanson, Lars. 1995. On Turkic Converb Clauses. In Martin Haspelmath and Ekkehard König (eds.), *Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective*. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 313–347. .
* Kang, Sin Hyen. 2000. Tay.mong.kol.e chem.sa č-uy uy.mi.wa ki.nung. *Monggolhak* [Mongolian Studies], 10: 1–23. Seoul: Hanʼguk Monggol Hakhoe [Korean Association for Mongolian Studies].
* Karlsson, Anastasia Mukhanova. 2005. *Rhythm and intonation in Halh Mongolian*. Ph.D. Thesis. Lund: Lund University. Series: Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund; 46. Lund: Lund University. .
* Ko, Seongyeon. 2011. Vowel Contrast and Vowel Harmony Shift in the Mongolic Languages. *Language Research*, 47.1: 23–43.
* Luvsanvandan, Š. 1959. Mongol hel ajalguuny učir. *Studia Mongolica* [Mongolyn sudlal], 1.
* Luvsanvandan, Š. (ed.). 1987. (Authors: P. Bjambasan, C. Önörbajan, B. Pürev-Očir, Ž. Sanžaa, C. Žančivdorž) *Orčin cagijn mongol helnij ügzüjn bajguulalt*. Ulaanbaatar: Ardyn bolovsrolyn jaamny surah bičig, setgüülijn negdsen rjedakcijn gazar.
* Matsuoka, Yūta. 2007. Gendai mongorugo no asupekuto to dōshi no genkaisei. *KULIP*, 28: 39–68.
* Mizuno, Masanori. 1995. Gendai mongorugo no jūzokusetsushugo ni okeru kakusentaku. *TULIP*, 14: 667–680.
* Mönh-Amgalan, J. 1998. *Orčin tsagijn mongol helnij bajmžijn aj*. Ulaanbaatar: Moncame. .
* Nadmid, Ž. 1967. *Mongol hel, tüünij bičgijn tüühen högžlijn tovč tojm*. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
* Norčin *et al.* (eds.) 1999. *Mongγol kelen-ü toli*. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. .
* Okada, Hidehiro. 1984. Mongol chronicles and Chinggisid genealogies. *Journal of Asian and African studies*, 27: 147–154.
* Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli. 2005 [1964]. *Odu üy-e-yin mongγul kele*. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. .
* Poppe, Nicholas. 1955. *Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies*. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.
* Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. *Mongolian language handbook*. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
* Pürev-Očir, B. 1997. *Orčin cagijn mongol helnij ögüülberzüj*. Ulaanbaatar: n.a.
* Rachewiltz, Igor de. 1976. Some Remarks on the Stele of Yisuüngge. In Walter Heissig et al., *Tractata Altaica – Denis Sinor, sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata*. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp.&nbsp;487–508.
* Rachewiltz, Igor de. 1999. Some reflections on so-called Written Mongolian. In: Helmut Eimer, Michael Hahn, Maria Schetelich, Peter Wyzlic (eds.). *Studia Tibetica et Mongolica – Festschrift Manfred Taube. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica Verlag: 235–246.
* [[Byambyn Rinchen|Rinchen, Byambyn]] (ed.). 1979. *Mongol ard ulsyn ugsaatny sudlal helnij šinžlelijn atlas*. Ulaanbaatar: ŠUA.
* Rybatzki, Volker. 2003a. Intra-Mongolic Taxonomy. In Janhunen 2003: 364–390.
* Rybatzki, Volker. 2003b. Middle Mongol. In Janhunen 2003: 47–82.
* Sajto, Kosüke. 1999. Orčin čagyn mongol helnij "neršsen" temdeg nerijn onclog (temdeglel). *Mongol ulsyn ih surguulijn Mongol sudlalyn surguul Erdem šinžilgeenij bičig XV bot*, 13: 95–111.
* Sanžaa, Ž. and D. Tujaa. 2001. Darhad ajalguuny urt egšgijg avialbaryn tövšind sudalsan n'. *Mongol hel šinžlel*, 4: 33–50.
* Sanžeev, G. D. 1953. *Sravnitel'naja grammatika mongol'skih jazykov*. Moskva: Akademija Nauk USSR.
* Sečen. 2004. *Odu üy-e-yin mongγul bičig-ün kelen-ü üge bütügekü daγaburi-yin sudulul*. Kökeqota: ÖMASKKQ. .
* Sechenbaatar [Sečenbaγatur], Borjigin. 2003. *The Chakhar dialect of Mongol: a morphological description*. Helsinki: [[Finno-Ugrian society]]. .
* Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a [Туяa], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. *Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal*  [A guide to the regional dialects of Mongolian]. Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. .
* Siqinchaoketu [=Sečenčoγtu]. 1999). *Kangjiayu yanjiu*. Shanghai: Shanghai Yuandong Chubanshe.
* Slater, Keith. 2003. *A grammar of Mangghuer*. London: RoutledgeCurzon. .
* [[Sergei Starostin|Starostin, Sergei A.]], [[Anna V. Dybo]], and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. *Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages*, 3 volumes. Leiden: Brill. .
* Street, John C. 1957. *The language of the Secret History of the Mongols*. New Haven: American Oriental Society. American Oriental series; 42.
* Street, John C. 2008. Middle Mongolian Past-tense *-BA* in the Secret History. *Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 (3)*: 399–422.
* [[Jan-Olof Svantesson|Svantesson, Jan-Olof]]. 2003. Khalkha. In Janhunen 2003: 154–176.
* Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén. 2005. *The Phonology of Mongolian*. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Temürcereng, J̌. 2004. Mongγul kelen-ü üge-yin sang-un sudulul. Kökeqota: ÖMASKKQ. .
* Toγtambayar, L. 2006. *Mongγul kelen-ü kele ǰüiǰigsen yabuča-yin tuqai sudulul*. Liyuuning-un ündüsüten-ü keblel-ün qoriy-a. .
* Tömörtogoo, D. 1992. *Mongol helnij tüühen helzüj*. Ulaanbaatar.
* Tömörtogoo, D. 2002. *Mongol dörvölžin üsegijn durashalyn sudalgaa*. Ulaanbaatar: IAMS. .
* Tsedendamba, Ts., Sürengijn Möömöö (eds.). 1997. *Orčin cagijn mongol hel*. Ulaanbaatar.
* Tserenpil, D. and R. Kullmann. 2005. *Mongolian grammar*. Ulaanbaatar: Admon. .
* Tümenčečeg. 1990. Dumdadu ǰaγun-u mongγul kelen-ü toγačin ögülekü tölüb-ün kelberi-nügüd ba tegün-ü ularil kögǰil. *Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli*, 3: 102–120.
*
* Walker, Rachel. 1997. [http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/172-0197/172-0197-WALKER-0-1.PDF *Mongolian stress, licensing, and factorial typology*]. Rutgers Optimality Archive, ROA-172.
* Weiers, Michael. 1969. *Untersuchungen zu einer historischen Grammatik des präklassischen Schriftmongolisch*. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Asiatische Forschungen, 28. (Revision of 1966 dissertation submitted to the Universität Bonn.)
* Yu, Wonsoo. 1991. *A study of Mongolian negation*. Ph. D. Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University.


==Bacaan lanjut==
* Janhunen, Juha A. 2012: *Mongolian.'' (London Oriental and African Language Library, 19.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. . 

## Pautan luar

* Lingua Mongolia (a website dedicated to the Mongolian language, mostly as written in the Mongolian Uyghur script)
* Bolor Mongolian-English dictionary