Crambidae

***Crambidae*** merupakan keluarga **moth rumput** daripada Lepidoptera (rama-rama dan moth). Moth ini agak berubah-ubah dalam penampilan, subkeluarga nominal Crambinae (moth rumput) mengambil postur serupa seperti lipatan rumput, manakala subkeluarga lain termasuk serangga yang berwarna terang dan bercorak yang terletak secara merebak di sayapnya.

Dalam banyak klasifikasi, Crambidae telah dianggap sebagai subkeluarga daripada Pyralidae atau moth-moncong. Perbezaan utama adalah struktur dalam telinga dipanggil *praecinctorium*, yang menyambung dua membran telinga dalam Crambidae, dan tidak berada di Pyralidae. Kajian terbaru oleh Munroe dan Solis, dalam Kristensen (1999) mengekalkan Crambidae sebagai keluarga penuh.

## Kegunaan ''crambid''
* Moth keladi bunting *[[Niphograpta albiguttalis]]*, digunakan untuk mengawal perumahnya (*[[Eichhornia crassipes]]*), di Florida.
* Venir air, *[[Acentria ephemerella]]* adalah agen kawalan biologi yang digunakan terhadap Eurasian watermilfoil

## ''Crambid'' tidak berbahaya
* Moth pudina *[[Pyrausta aurata]]*

## ''Crambid'' berbahaya
Larva Crambid biasanya pengorek batang dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan keluarga rumput. Kerana keluarga ini mengandungi banyak tanaman penting, beberapa spesies Crambidae mencapai status perosak. Pengorek jagung Eropah *Ostrinia nubilalis* mungkin yang paling terkenal - diperkenalkan kepada Amerika Syarikat di awal 1900-an, kini meluas dalam semua tetapi negeri-negeri barat. Spesies perosak lain termasuk:
* *[[Chilo (moth)|Chilo]] partellus*, batang pengorek bertompok
* *[[Chilo suppressalis]]*, pengorek beras Asiatik
* *[[Crambus]]* spp., webworms tanah air
* *[[Duponchelia fovealis]]*
* *[[Diatraea saccharalis]]*, pengorek tebu
* *[[Maruca]]* spp., pengorek buah kacang
* *[[Scirpophaga innotata]]*, pengorek batang beras putih
* *Diatraea grandiosella*, pengorek jagung barat daya
* *[[Desmia maculalis]]*, pelipat daun anggur

## Galeri

Image:Maruca vitrata.jpg|*[[Maruca vitrata]]*
File:Moth from Spilomelinae under Crambidae W IMG_2758.jpg|Spesies *[[spilomelinae]]*
File:Agriphila straminella on Achillea.ogv|*[[Agriphila straminella]]* atas Achillea


## Taksonomi
* Subkeluarga incertae sedis
** *[[Exsilirarcha]]* Salmon & Bradley, 1956
* Subkeluarga Acentropinae Stephens, 1836
* Subkeluarga Crambinae Latreille, 1810
* Subkeluarga Cybalomiinae Marion, 1955
* Subkeluarga Evergestinae Marion, 1952
* Subkeluarga Glaphyriinae W. T. M. Forbes, 1923
* Subkeluarga Heliothelinae Amsel, 1961
* Subkeluarga Linostinae Amsel, 1956
*** *[[Linosta]]*  Möschler, 1882
* Subkeluarga Midilinae Munroe, 1958
* Subkeluarga Musotiminae Meyrick, 1884
* Subkeluarga Noordinae Minet, 1980
*** *[[Noorda]]*  Walker, 1859 (= Epinoorda Rebel, 1902)
* Subkeluarga Odontiinae Guenée, 1854
*** *[[Aeglotis]]*  Amsel, 1949
*** *[[Autocharis]]*  Swinhoe, 1894
*** *[[Balaenifrons]]*  Hampson, 1896
*** *[[Blepharucha]]*  Warren, 1892
*** *[[Boeotarcha]]*  Meyrick, 1884 (= Botys crassicornis Walker, [1866])
*** *[[Canalibotys]]*  Maes, 2004
*** *[[Canuza]]*  Walker, 1866 (= Erotomanes Meyrick, 1882)
*** *[[Catharia]]*  Lederer, 1863
*** *[[Clupeosoma]]*  Snellen, 1880
*** *[[Cuneifrons]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Dausara]]*  Walker, 1859
*** *[[Deanolis]]*  Snellen, 1899
*** *[[Denticornutia]]*  M. O. Martin, 1986
*** *[[Dilacinia]]*  Amsel, 1961 (= Dilacina Amsel, 1961)
*** *[[Ertrica]]*  Walker, 1866
*** *[[Euctenospila]]*  Warren, 1892
*** *[[Glaucodontia]]*  Munroe, 1972
*** *[[Gononoorda]]*  Munroe, 1977
*** *[[Hemiscopis]]*  Warren, 1890
*** *[[Heortia]]*  Lederer, 1863 (= Eteta Walker, 1865, Tyspana Moore, 1885)
*** *[[Hydrorybina]]*  Hampson, 1896
*** *[[Irigilla]]*  Swinhoe, 1900
*** *[[Kerbela (moth)|Kerbela]]*  Amsel, 1949
*** *[[Mabilleodes]]*  Marion & Viette, 1956
*** *[[Neocymbopteryx]]*  Munroe, 1973
*** *[[Neogenesis]]*  Hampson, 1907
*** *[[Noctuelita]]*  Strand, 1915
*** *[[Noordodes]]*  Hampson, 1916
*** *[[Pelaea]]*  Lederer, 1863
*** *[[Phlyctaenomorpha]]*  Amsel, 1970
*** *[[Pitama]]*  Moore, 1888
*** *[[Platynoorda]]*  Munroe, 1977
*** *[[Porphyronoorda]]*  Munroe, 1977
*** *[[Probalaenifrons]]*  Munroe, 1977
*** *[[Protrigonia]]*  Hampson, 1896
*** *[[Suinoorda]]*  Hayden, 2009
*** *[[Syntonarcha]]*  Meyrick, 1890
*** *[[Taurometopa]]*  Meyrick, 1933
*** *[[Thesaurica]]*  Turner, 1915
*** *[[Tulaya]]*  Özdikmen, 2007 (= Hercynella Bethune-Baker, 1893)
*** *[[Turania (moth)|Turania]]*  Ragonot, 1891
*** *[[Usgentia]]*  Amsel, 1949
** Tribe Eurrhypini Leraut & Luquet, 1983
*** *[[Argyrarcha]]*  Munroe, 1974
*** *[[Cliniodes]]*  Guenée, 1854 (= Basonga Möschler, 1886, Exarcha Lederer, 1863, Idessa Walker, 1859, Metrea Grote, 1882)
*** *[[Dicepolia]]*  Snellen in Snellen, 1892 (= Endolophia Hampson, 1899)
*** *[[Emprepes]]*  Lederer, 1863 (= Hammocallos Chrétien, 1908)
*** *[[Eurrhypis]]*  Hübner, 1825 (= Threnodes Duponchel, 1845)
*** *[[Hyalinarcha]]*  Munroe, 1974
*** *[[Jativa (moth)|Jativa]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Mecynarcha]]*  Munroe, 1974
*** *[[Mimoschinia]]*  Warren, 1892
*** *[[Porphyrorhegma]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Pseudonoorda]]*  Munroe, 1974
*** *[[Pseudoschinia]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Sobanga]]*  Munroe, 1964
*** *[[Trigonoorda]]*  Munroe, 1974
*** *[[Viettessa]]*  Minet, 1980
** Tribe Odontiini Guenée, 1854
*** *[[Aeschremon]]*  Lederer, 1863
*** *[[Anatralata]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Aporodes]]*  Guenée, 1854
*** *[[Atralata]]*  Sylvén, 1947 (= Ennychia Lederer, 1863)
*** *[[Cataonia (moth)|Cataonia]]*  Ragonot, 1891
*** *[[Chlorobaptella]]*  Munroe, 1995 (= Chlorobapta Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
*** *[[Chrismania]]*  Barnes & McDunnough, 1914
*** *[[Cleptotypodes]]*  Minet, 1983
*** *[[Cymbopteryx]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Cynaeda]]*  Hübner, 1825 (= Cynoeda Walker, 1859, Noctuelia Guenée, 1854, Noctuaelia Wocke, 1871, Odontia Duponchel, 1832)
*** *[[Dentifovea]]*  Amsel, 1970
*** *[[Dichozoma]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Edia]]*  Dyar, 1913
*** *[[Epascestria]]*  Hübner, 1825 (= Epacestria Marion, 1957, Phlyctaenodes Guenée, 1854, Phlyctoenodes Cerf, 1910)
*** *[[Ephelis (moth)|Ephelis]]*  Lederer, 1863
*** *[[Epimetasia]]*  Ragonot, 1894 (= Metasiodes Ragonot, 1894, Thyridopsis Amsel, 1953)
*** *[[Eremanthe]]*  Munroe, 1972
*** *[[Frechinia]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Gyros (moth)|Gyros]]*  H. Edwards, 1881 (= Monocona Warren, 1892, Oribates H. Edwards, 1881)
*** *[[Heliothelopsis]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Metaxmeste]]*  Hübner, 1825 (= Hercyna Treitschke, 1828, Heryna Wocke, 1871, Metaxmestes Hübner, 1826)
*** *[[Microtheoris]]*  Meyrick, 1932
*** *[[Mojavia]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Mojaviodes]]*  Munroe, 1972
*** *[[Nannobotys]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Noctueliopsis]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Odontivalvia]]*  Munroe, 1973
*** *[[Plumipalpiella]]*  Munroe, 1995 (= Plumipalpia Munroe, 1961)
*** *[[Pogonogenys]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Procymbopteryx]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Psammobotys]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Rhodocantha]]*  Munroe, 1961
*** *[[Tegostoma]]*  Zeller, 1847 (= Anthophilodes Guenée, 1854, Anthophilopsis Ragonot, 1891)
*** *[[Titanio]]*  Hübner, 1825 (= Noctuomorpha Guenée, 1854, Titania J. L. R. Agassiz, 1846)
* Subkeluarga Pyraustinae Meyrick, 1890
* Subkeluarga Schoenobiinae Duponchel, 1846
* Subkeluarga Scopariinae Guenée, 1854
* Subkeluarga Spilomelinae Guenée, 1854
* Subkeluarga Wurthiinae Roepke, 1916
*** *[[Niphopyralis]]*  Hampson, 1893

## Rujukan

Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). 1999. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. *Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom.* Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.

## Lihat juga
* Senarai genera ''crambid''

## Pautan luar
* Keluarga Crambidae  di Lepidoptera.pro
* ''Synclita obliteralis'', pemotong daun teratai di UF / IFAS laman web Makhluk Pilihan
* ''Diatraea saccharalis'', pengorek tebu
* Moth Pelipat Daun Anggur Cirrus Digital