Buruh paksa

**Buruh paksa**, atau **buruh tidak bebas**, merujuk kepada sebarang bentuk hubungan kerja, khususnya dalam sejarah moden atau zaman awal moden, di mana individu dipekerjakan bertentangan dengan kehendak mereka dengan ancaman kemiskinan, penahanan, atau keganasan, termasuk kematian atau bentuk penderitaan berat lain terhadap diri mereka atau ahli keluarga mereka.

Buruh tidak bebas merangkumi semua bentuk perhambaan, buruh tahanan, dan institusi berkaitan seperti perhambaan hutang, sistem hamba tani (*serfdom*), kerja wajib awam (*corvée*) dan kem buruh paksa.

## Lihat juga
* Kuli
* Gulag
* Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa
* Hamba seks
* Pemerdagangan manusia

## Nota

## Rujukan
### Petikan

### Sumber

* Allen, Theodore W. (1994). *The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control.* New York, NY: Verso Books.  (cloth) --  (paper).
* Allen, Theodore W. (1997). *The Invention of the White Race: The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America*, 1997. New York, NY: Verso Books.  (cloth) --  (paper)
* Bales, Kevin. (1999). ''Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy.'' Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 
* Blackburn. (1997). *The Making of New World Slavery From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800*, London: Verso Books.  (paper).
* Blackburn, Robin. (1988). *The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848*. London, England: Verso Books.  (cloth) --  (paper).
* Brass, Tom, Marcel Van Der Linden, and Jan Lucassen. (1993). *Free and Unfree Labour*. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History. .
* Brass, Tom. (1999). ''Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates.'' London, England: Frank Cass Publishers.  (cloth) --  (paper)
* Brass, Tom and Marcel Van Der Linden. (1997). *Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues.* New York, NY: Peter Lang.  (cloth)
* Brass, Tom. (2011). *Labour Regime Change in the Twenty-First Century: Unfreedom, Capitalism and Primitive Accumulation.* Leiden: Brill. .
* Brass, Tom. (2017) *Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982-2016.* Leiden, South Holland: Brill. .
* Hilton, George W. (1960). *The Truck System, including a History of the British Truck Acts, 1465-1960.* Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. [reprinted by Greenwood Press, London, 1975. ]
* Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). ''Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan.'' London, England: Routledge. 
* Guijarro Morales, A. *El Síndrome de la Abuela Esclava. Pandemia del Siglo XXI* (The Enslaved Grandmother Syndrome: a 21st-century Pandemic). Grupo Editorial Universitario. Granada, oct 2001. .
* Ruhs, Florian: *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904185203/http://www.aventinus-online.de/no_cache/persistent/artikel/8599/ Foreign Workers in the Second World War. The Ordeal of Slovenians in Germany.]*, in: aventinus nova Nr. 32 [29.05.2011]

; International Labour Organization

* ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)
* The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009
* A global alliance against forced labour
* Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO/SAP-FL
* Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO/SAP-FL
* Eradication of forced labour—General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) — ILO 2007
* Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004 — ILO
* Stopping Forced Labour 2001 — ILO

## Pautan luar

* UN.GIFT  — Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
*eliminating Forced Labor  — Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor
* Slavery in the 21st century—BBC
* Sex trade's reliance on forced labour—BBC
* China's Forced Labour Camps—Laogai Research Foundation
* The ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)
* Alleging Captive Labor, Foreign Students Walk Out of Work-Study Program at Hershey Plant *[[Democracy Now!]]*, September 1, 2011.
* Migrant Workers as Non-Citizens: The Case against Citizenship as a Social Policy Concept, by Donna Baines and Nandita Sharma. *Studies in Political Economy* 69. Autumn 2002, p.&nbsp;75.
* Seafood from Slaves - Associated Press investigation of the international Pacific fishing fleet, 2015–2016, winner of the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service