John J. Pershing

General of the Armies **John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing** (13 September 1860 – 15 Julai 1948) merupakan seorang Jeneral tersohor dalam Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat yang memimpin kemenangan Angkatan Ekspedisi Amerika ke atas Jerman dalam Perang Dunia I (1917–18). Beliau menolak permintaan negara British dan Perancis yang mahu tentera Amerika di sepadukan dengan ketumbukan mereka, dan berkeras mahukan AEF beroperasi sebagai sebuah unit tunggal dibawah pemerintahannya, namun beberapa divisyen Amerika berjuang dibawah pemerintahan British, dan beliau juga membenarkan kesemua unit orang kulit hitam disepadukan dengan tentera darat Perancis. Tentera AS mula-mula bertempur sengit di Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, dan Soissons. Bagi mempercepatkan ketibaan askar-askar Amerika, mereka menaiki kapal ke Perancis dengan meninggalkan kelengkapan berat dan menggunakan kereta kebal British dan Perancis, artileri, kapal terbang dan senjata lain. Pada September 1918 di St. Mihiel, Tentera Darat Pertama telah berada dibawah pemerintahan Pershing; ia mengalahkan unjuran Jerman yang mana mereka telah kuasai selama tiga tahun. Pershing mengalihkan 600,000 askar Amerika ke kawasan pertahanan kukuh hutan Argonne, mengekalkan divisyennya yang bertempur hebat selama  47 hari, bersama dengan Perancis. Kemenangan tersebut adalah salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan pihak Jerman ingin mengadakan gencatan senjata, walaupun Pershing sendiri mahu meneruskan peperangan, menduduki seluruh Jerman dan memusnahkan tentera Jerman buat selama-lamanya.

Pershing merupakan satu-satunya askar Amerika yang diberi kenaikkan pangkat ke General of the Armies.  Beliau berkhidmat sebagai mentor kepada generasi para jeneral yang memimpin Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat di Eropah semasa Perang Dunia II, seperti George Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, dan George S. Patton. Beberapa taktik beliau telah dikritik oleh komander lain pada masa itu dan oleh sejarawan moden. Pergantungan beliau terhadap serangan berhadap yang merugikan itu, yang mana tentera Bersekutu yang lain sudah lama tidak menggunakan taktik tersebut, telah dipersalahkan kerana menyebabkan Amerika mengalami mangsa korban yang terlalu tinggi.

## Ringkasan kerjaya

### Tarikh pangkat

### Sejarah tugas

* 1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
* 1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
* 1891: Professor of Tactics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
* 1895: 1st Lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment
* 1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point
* 1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish–American War
* 1899: Officer-in-Charge, Office of Customs and Insular Affairs
* 1900: Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Philippines
* 1901: Battalion Officer, 1st Cavalry and Intelligence Officer, 15th Cavalry (Philippines)
* 1902: Officer-in-Charge, Camp Vicars, Philippines
* 1904: Assistant Chief of Staff, Southwest Army Division, Oklahoma
* 1905: Military attaché, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, Japan
* 1908: Military Advisor to American Embassy, France
* 1909: Commander of Fort McKinley, Manila, and governor of Moro Province
* 1914: Brigade Commander, 8th Army Brigade
* 1916: Commanding General, Mexican Punitive Expedition
* 1917: Commanding General for the formation of the National Army
* 1917: Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, Europe
* 1921: Chief of Staff of the United States Army
* 1924: Retired from active military service
* 1925: Chief Commissioner assigned by the United States in the arbitration case for the provinces of Tacna and Arica between Peru and Chile.

### Anugerah kebesaran

#### Darjah dan pingat Amerika

**Note:** The dates indicated are the date the award was made rather that they date of the service which was recognized.

* Distinguished Service Cross (1941)
* Distinguished Service Medal (1918)
* Silver Star (1932)
* Purple Heart (1932)
* World War I Victory Medal (with 15 battle clasps) (1919)
* Indian Campaign Medal (1907)
* Spanish Campaign Medal (with silver citation star upgraded to Silver Star decoration in 1932)
* Army of Cuban Occupation Medal (1915)
* Philippine Campaign Medal (1905)
* Mexican Service Medal (1918)
* Army of Occupation of Germany Medal (1941)

In 1932, seven years after Pershing's retirement from active service, his silver citation star was upgraded to the Silver Star decoration and he became eligible for the Purple Heart.

In 1941 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action leading an assault against hostile Moros at Mount Bagsak, on the island of Jolo in the Philippines on June 15, 1913.

In 1941, he was retroactively awarded the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal for service in Germany following the close of World War I.  As the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal has a profile of Pershing on its obverse this made Pershing the only soldier in the history of the U.S. Army eligible to wear a service medal with his own likeness on it.  (Navy admirals George Dewey, William T. Sampson and Richard E. Byrd were also entitled to wear medals with their own image on them.)

#### Anugerah antarabangsa
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (Britain)
* Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor (Perancis)
* Military Medal (Perancis)
* Croix de Guerre with Palm (Perancis)
* Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
* Croix de Guerre (Belgium)
* Order Virtuti Militari (2nd class—Commander's Cross) (Poland)
* Order of the White Lion (1st Class with Sword) (Czechoslovakia)
* Czechoslovakian War Cross
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Jade (China)
* Order of the Golden Grain (1st Class) (China)
* Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
* Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy (Itali)
* Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Itali)
* Order of the Rising Sun (Jepun)
* Medaille Obilitch, Miloš Obilić medal instituted by Petar II Petrović Njegoš (Montenegro)
* Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)
* Medal of La Solidaridad (1st Class) (Panama)
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun (Peru)
* Order of Michael the Brave (1st Class) (Romania)
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator (Venezuela)
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Karageorge with Swords (Serbia)

#### Anugerah awam
* Congressional Gold Medal
* Thanks of the United States Congress
* Special Medal of the Committee of the city of Buenos Aires
* Induction into the Nebraska Hall of Fame (1963)

## Lihat juga
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## Rujukan

**Bibliografi**
* Boot, Max. *The Savage Wars of Peace* New York, Basic Books, 2002. ISBN 0-465-00720-1
* Vandiver, Frank E. *Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume I* (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977) ISBN 0-89096-024-0
* Vandiver, Frank E. *Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing – Volume II* (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977) ISBN 0-89096-024-0
* 

**Bacaan lanjut**
* Goldhurst, Richard. *Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the classic American soldier,* (Reader's Digest Press, 1977)
* Smith, Gene. *Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing* (Wiley, New York, 1998) ISBN 978-0-471-24693-0
* Smythe, Donald. *Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing* (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973) ISBN 0-684-12933-7
* Smythe, Donald. *Pershing: General of the Armies* (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986) ISBN 0-253-21924-8
* Weigley, Russell Frank. *History of the United States army* (1967)
* Woodward, David R. *The American Army and the First World War* (Cambridge University Press, 2014). 484 pp. online review
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## Pautan luar

* Pershing Museum
* Biography of John J. Pershing
* ''New York Times'' obituary
* Black Jack Pershing in Cuba 
* The National Society of Pershing Rifles
* Pershing Rifles History 
* CHAPTER IV, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, State Funeral, 15–19 July 1948  in The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969 by B.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Mossman and M.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Stark, United States Army Center of Military History
* John J. Pershing collection at Nebraska State Historical Society
* Americans Under British Command, 1918  at Borrowed Soldiers
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