Bertrand Russell

**Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell**, (18 Mei 1872&nbsp;– 2 Februari 1970) ialah seorang ahli falsafah, logik matematik, matematik, sejarah dan pengkritik sosial British. Dalam beberapa detik kehidupannya, beliau menganggap dirinya sebagai seorang liberal, sosialis, dan pencinta damai. Beliau dilahirkan di Monmouthshire, ke dalam keluarga bangsawan Britain.

Russell mengetuai "revolusi British terhadap idealisme" pada wal abad ke-20. Beliau dianggap seorang daripada pengasas falsafah analitik bersama-sama pendahulunya, Gottlob Frege dan anak didiknya Ludwig Wittgenstein. Beliau juga dianggap sebagai ahli logik terunggul abad ke-20. Bersama-sama A. N. Whitehead, beliau menghasilkan *[[Principia Mathematica]]*, satu percubaan untuk meletakkan logik sebagai asas matematik. Esei falsafahnya *On Denoting* dianggap sebuah "paradigma falsafah." Karyanya mempengaruhi logic, matematik, teori set, linguistik, sains komputer, dan falsafah, khususnya falsafah bahasa, epistemologi, dan metafizik.

Russell seorang aktivis anti-perang dan anti-imperialisme, dan dipenjarakan kerana kempen anti-perangnya semasa Perang Dunia Pertama. Kemudian, beliau berkempen menentang Adolf Hitler, mengkritik sistem totalitarian Stalin, menyerang penglibatan Amerika Syarikat dalam Perang Vietnam, dan menyokong kuat pergerakan pelucutan senjata nuklear. Dalam tahun 1950 Russell dikurniakan hadiah Nobel dalam bidang Kesusasteraan sebagai "pengiktirafan penulisan yang pelbagai dan bernilai yang memperjuangkan cita-cita kemasnusiaan dan kebebasan fikiran]]"

## Lihat juga
* Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club
* Structural realism (philosophy of science)

## Nota

### Rujukan tambahan
#### Russell
* 1900, *Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries*, *Rivista di matematica 7*: 115–148.
* 1901, *On the Notion of Order*, *Mind (n.s.) 10*: 35–51.
* 1902, (with Alfred North Whitehead), *On Cardinal Numbers*, *American Journal of Mathematics 23*: 367–384.
* 1948, BBC Reith Lectures: Authority and the Individual A series of six radio lectures broadcast on the BBC Home Service in December 1948.

#### Rujukan sekunder
* John Newsome Crossley. *A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox*, *Australian Journal of Philosophy 51*: 70–71.
* Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. *The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940*. Princeton University Press.
* *Bertrand Russell: A Political Life* by Alan Ryan 1981

### Buku berkaitan falsafah Russell
* *Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments*, edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
* *Bertrand Russell*, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
* *Bertrand Russell's Ethics*. by Michael K. Potter, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.
* *The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell*, edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
* *Russell*, by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972. ISBN 0-00-632965-9. A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
* *The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem*, by Celia Green. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4 Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on causality.
* *Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship*, by Nicholas Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

### Buku biografi
* *Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist*, by John Lewis (1968)
* *Bertrand Russell*, by A. J. Ayer (1972), reprint ed. 1988: ISBN 0-226-03343-0
* *My father Bertrand Russell*, by Katharine Tait (1975)
* *[[The Life of Bertrand Russell]]*, by Ronald W. Clark (1975) ISBN 0-394-49059-2
* *Bertrand Russell and His World*, by Ronald W. Clark (1981) ISBN 0-500-13070-1
* *Bertrand Russell: Mathematics: Dreams and Nightmares* by Ray Monk (1997) ISBN 0-7538-0190-6
* * Bertrand Russell: 1872–1920 The Spirit of Solitude* by Ray Monk (1997) ISBN 0-09-973131-2
* *Bertrand Russell: 1921–1970 The Ghost of Madness* by Ray Monk (2001) ISBN 0-09-927275-X
* *[[Logicomix|Logicomix: An Epic Search for Truth]]* by Apostolos Doxiadis, and Christos Papadimitriou (2009)
* 'Bertrand Russell', by George Santayana in *Selected Writings of George Santayana*, ed. Norman Henfrey, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, I, 1968 : 326–9

## Baccan lanjut
* Bertrand Russell. 1967–1969, *The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell*, 3 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin.
* Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. 1975–1981, "Famous Marriages Bertrand Russell & Alla Pearsall Smith, Part 1" & "Part 3", on "Alys" Pearsall Smith, webpage content from *The People's Almanac*, webpages: Part 1 & Part 3 (accessed 8 November 2008).
* Russell B, (1944) "My Mental Development", in Schilpp, Paul Arturn "The Philosophy of Betrand Russell", New York, Tudorm 1951, pp 3–20

## Pautan luar

;Penulisan lain dalam talian
* 
* 
* "A Free Man's Worship" (1903)
* "The Elements of Ethics" (1910)
* War and Non-Resistance (1915)
* The War and Non-Resistance — A Rejoinder to Professor Perry (1915)
* The Ethics of War (1915)
* ''Justice in Wartime'' (1917)
* ''Why Men Fight: A Method of Abolishing the International Duel'' (1917)
* "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?" 1930
* ''Legitimacy Versus Industrialism 1814–1848'' (1935)
* "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?" (1947)
* "Ideas that Have Harmed Mankind" (1950)
* "What Desires Are Politically Important?" (1950)
* ''An Outline of Philosophy'' (1951)
* ''Is There a God?'' (1952)
* 
* ''The Scientific Outlook'' (1954)
* "16 Questions on the Assassination" (of President Kennedy) (1964)

;Audio
* Works by Bertrand Russell in audio format from LibriVox
* Sound clips of Bertrand Russell speaking

;Lain-lain
* 
* Pembroke Lodge&nbsp;— childhood home and museum
* The Bertrand Russell Society Quarterly
* The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
* 
* Bertrand Russell in Japan
* 
* Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery (London)
* 
* The Bertrand Russell Archives at McMaster University
* Resource list
* The First Reith Lecture given by Russell (Real Audio)
* Nobel Prize
* Bertrand Russell at 100 Welsh Heroes
* Key Participants: Bertrand Russell&nbsp;— *Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: A Documentary History*
* PM@100: LOGIC FROM 1910 TO 1927  Conference at the Bertrand Russell Research Centre (McMaster University, Ontario, Canada), to be held on 21–24 May 2010, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the publication of Principia Mathematica.
* Bertrand Russell Society Bulletin (2011–present)(Kris Notaro and David Blitz)