George Marshall

**George Catlett Marshall, Jr** (31 Disember 1880 - 16 Oktober 1959) adalah seorang Jeneral Angkatan Darat Amerika dan negarawan terkenal untuk peranan beliau semasa Perang Dunia II dan Perang Dingin. Beliau merupakan Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat, Setiausaha Negara, dan Setiausaha Pertahanan yang ketiga. Beliau telah dinobatkan sebagai "penganjur kemenangan" oleh Winston Churchill untuk kepimpinan beliau yang memenangkan Pihak Bersekutu dalam Perang Dunia II,  Marshall berkhidmat sebagai Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat semasa perang dan sebagai ketua penasihat tentera kepada Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt. Selaku Ketua Turus, Marshall mempengerusikan penciptaan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat, yang pada tahun 1939 memiliki kurang dari 200,000 anggota. Beliau merupakan penasihat tentera yang paling dipercayai oleh FDR.

Nama Marshall telah diberikan kepada Rancangan Marshall, selepas menyampaikan ucapan permulaan beliau selaku Setiausaha Negara di Universiti Harvard dalam bulan Jun 1947. Ucapan itu mengesyorkan bahawa orang Eropah secara kolektif membuat rancangan mereka sendiri untuk pembinaan semula Eropah selepas Perang Dunia II menyatakan, "Ia adalah logik bahawa Amerika Syarikat harus melakukan apa sahaja yang ia mampu lakukan untuk membantu dalam pengembalian kesihatan ekonomi biasa di dunia." Jabatan Negara membuat kebanyakan rancangan itu, dan Truman cukup licik untuk membiarkan nama Marshall dilampirkan sekali. Tidak seperti Truman, Marshall secara meluas dikagumi oleh ahli kedua-dua parti politik. Marshall menerima Hadiah Keamanan Nobel pada tahun 1953 untuk rancangan itu, yang bertujuan untuk pemulihan ekonomi di Eropah Barat selepas Perang Dunia II.

## Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat

## Darjah kebesaran, anugerah dan pingat

### Anugerah kebesaran tentera A.S.

### Darjah kebesaran asing

*Honorary Knight Grand Cross Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
*Grand Cross Legion of Honor (Perancis)
*Order of Military Merit (Brazil)
*Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Chile)
*Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá Cherifien (Columbia) (Given by President Ospina Perez as he opened the IX Panamerican Conference)
*Order of Military Merit, First Class (Cuba)
*Star of Abdon Calderon, First Class (Ecuador)
*Grand Cross Order of George I with swords (Greece)
*Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Itali)
*Order of the Crown of Italy (Itali)
*Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Maghribi)
*Grand Cross with Swords Order of Orange-Nassau (Belanda)
*Grand Cross Order of Military Merit (Soviet Union)
*Order of Suvorov, 1st class (Soviet Union)
*Gran Official del Sol del Peru (Peru)

### Bintang dan pingat asing

*Croix de Guerre (Perancis)
*Centennial Medal (Liberia)
*Silver Medal for Bravery (Montenegro)
*Medal of La Solidaridad, 2nd Class (Panama)

### Anugerah awam
*Tahun 1946, beliau telah dikurniakan United States Congressional Gold Medal.
*Tahun 1948, beliau telah dianugerahkan Distinguished Achievement Award bagi peranan dan sumbangannya sewaktu dan selepas Perang Dunia II.
*Hadiah Keamanan Nobel 1953 bagi Rancangan Marshall.
*The United States Postal Service honored him with a Prominent Americans series (1965–1978) 20¢ postage stamp.
*1959 Karlspreis (International Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen).
*1960 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, originally the Army Ballistics Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville Alabama, became a NASA field center and was renamed.
*The British Parliament established the Marshall Scholarship in recognition of Marshall's contributions to Anglo-American relations.
*Many buildings and streets throughout the U.S. and other nations are named in his honor.
*George C. Marshall Award, the highest award given to a chapter in Kappa Alpha Order.
*George C. Marshall High School, founded in 1962 and located in Falls Church, Virginia, is the only public high school in the United States named for Marshall. The nickname of the school – "The Statesmen" – appropriately reflects his life and contributions.
*The Marshall Elementary School is in the Laurel Highlands School District, Uniontown, Pennsylvania.
*George C. Marshall Elementary School: located in Vancouver, Washington.
The George C. Marshal European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
*George Catlett Marshall Medal, awarded by the Association of the United States Army.   Awarded to Bob Hope in 1972.

## Bibliografi
*Cray, Ed.  *General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman.* Norton, 1990. 847 pp.
*Harold I. Gullan; "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938–41." *Presidential Studies Quarterly* Volume: 28#3 1998. pp 510+ online edition
*Hein, David. "A Case Study in Principled Leadership: General George C. Marshall’s Core Beliefs." Lecture delivered at the John Jay Institute, Philadelphia, PA, May 8, 2013. http://www.johnjayinstitute.org/resources/lectures/a-case-study-in-principled-leadership-general-george-c-marshalls-core-beli/
*Hein, David. "In War for Peace: General George C. Marshall's Core Convictions and Ethical Leadership." *Touchstone* 26, no. 2 (March/April 2013): 41–48.
http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=26-02-041-f
*May, Ernest R. "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. out of War in China." *Journal of Military History* 2002 66(4): 1001–1010. Issn: 0899-3718
*Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria." *Diplomatic History* 1979 3(4): 349–375. Issn: 0145-2096
*Parrish, Thomas.  *Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War.* 1989. 608 pp.
*Steele, Richard W.  *The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy.* 1973. 239 pp.
*Mark C. Stoler, *George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century. * (1989) 252pp
*Forrest Pogue, Viking, (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography: complete text is online
***[http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939]*
***[http://www.marshallfoundation.org/Library/PogueCollection.htm George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943]*
***[http://www.marshallfoundation.org/Library/PogueCollection.htm George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943–1945]*
***[http://www.marshallfoundation.org/Library/PogueCollection.htm George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959]*

## Rujukan
**The Papers of George Catlett Marshall:* (Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds.)
**Vol. 1: The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939. (1981)
**Vol. 2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941. (1986)
**Vol. 3: The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943. (1991)
**Vol. 4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944. (1996)
**Vol. 5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947.  (2003)
**Vol. 6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949; (2012)
*Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, ed.  *George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947.* Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1998. 661 pp.
*Marshall, George C.  *George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue.* Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1991. 698 pp.  online edition
*George Catlett Marshall. *Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918* (1976)
*Greg Behrman. *The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe* Free Press, 2007.

## Bacaan lanjut
*

## Pautan luar

*Brief biography at the official Nobel Prize site
*The Marshall Foundation
*George C. Marshall Center, Garmisch Germany
*The Marshall Plan Speech MP3
*The Marshall Films Collection 
*Marshall Scholarships
*The Marshall Plan Speech 
*Dodona Manor
*"George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace" (Smithsonian Institution)
*"George Marshall and the American Century" (Documentary Film) 
*Annotated bibliography for George Marshall from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
*The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER XIX, General of the Army George C. Marshall, Special Military Funeral, 16 – October 20, 1959 by B.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Mossman and M.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Stark. United States Army Center of Military History, 1991. CMH Pub 90-1.
*The George C. Marshall Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Part 1 and Part 2
*City of Vancouver, Washington's "General George C. Marshall and Vancouver" page 
*Task Force Marshall Information Page 
*Joint Committee on The Investigation of Pearl Harbor, 79th Congress
*