Hermann von Helmholtz

**Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz** (31 Ogos 1821 - 8 September 1894) ialah seorang ahli perubatan dan ahli fizik Jerman yang membuat sumbangan penting dalam beberapa bidang saintifik. Institusi penyelidikan terbesar Jerman, Persatuan Helmholtz, dinamakan sempena namanya.

Dalam fisiologi dan psikologi, beliau terkenal dengan matematik mata, teori penglihatan, idea mengenai persepsi visual ruang, penyelidikan penglihatan warna, dan sensasi nada, persepsi bunyi, dan empirisisme dalam fisiologi persepsi.

Dalam fizik, beliau terkenal dengan teori-teorinya mengenai pemuliharaan tenaga, bekerja dalam elektrodinamika, termodinamik kimia, dan pada asas mekanik termodinamik.

Sebagai seorang ahli falsafah, beliau terkenal dengan falsafah sainsnya, idea-idea mengenai hubungan antara undang-undang persepsi dan undang-undang alam, sains estetik, dan idea mengenai kuasa sains saintifik.

## Karya
* *[https://books.google.com/books?id=C1i4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false On the Conservation of Force]* (1847) HathiTrust
* 
**[http://www.bartleby.com/30/125.html On the Conservation of Force]* (1895) Introduction to a Series of Lectures Delivered at Carlsruhe in the Winter of 1862–1863, English translation
**[https://archive.org/details/onsensationsofto00helmrich On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music]* (downloadable from California Digital Library) Third Edition of English Translation, based on Fourth German Edition of 1877, By Hermann von Helmholtz, Alexander John Ellis, Published by Longmans, Green, 1895, 576 pages
**[https://books.google.com/books?id=x_A5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3&dq=helmholtz&output=html On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music]* (downloadable from Google Books) Fourth Edition, By Hermann von Helmholtz, Alexander John Ellis, Published by Longmans, Green, 1912, 575 pages
**[http://poseidon.sunyopt.edu/BackusLab/Helmholtz/ Treatise on Physiological Optics]* (1910) three volumes. English translation by Optical Society of America (1924–5).
**[https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00helmuoft Popular lectures on scientific subjects]* (1885)
**[https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00helmrich Popular lectures on scientific subjects]* second series (1908)

## Rujukan

## Bacaan lanjut
* David Cahan: *Helmholtz: A Life in Science* (University of Chicago, 2018). 
* David Cahan (Ed.): *Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science.* Univ. California, Berkeley 1994, .
* Gregor Schiemann: *Hermann von Helmholtz's Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty. A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature*. Dordrecht: Springer 2009, .
* Franz Werner: Hermann Helmholtz´ Heidelberger Jahre (1858–1871). (= Sonderveröffentlichungen des Stadtarchivs Heidelberg 8). Mit 52 Abbildungen. Berlin / Heidelberg (Springer) 1997.

## Pautan luar

* Physics Tree: Hermann von Helmholtz Details
* "Hermann von Helmholtz" (Obituary). Royal Society (Great Britain). (1894). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. London: Printed by Taylor and Francis.
* "Hermann von Helmholtz" by Leo Koenigsberger (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1906) from Internet Archive
* "Hermann von Helmholtz" article by Lydia Patton, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* J. G. McKendrick *[https://archive.org/details/hermannludwig00mckeiala Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz]* (London : Unwin, 1899)
* Biography, bibliography and access to digital sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
*  (*Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen*)
* Helmholtz's (1867) ''Handbuch der physiologischen Optik'' - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library