Gerhart Hauptmann

**Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann** (15 November 1862 - 6 Jun 1946) ialah seorang dramatis dan novelis Jerman. Beliau telah dikira sebagai penaja yang paling penting dalam naturisme sastera, walaupun menggabungkan gaya lain ke dalam karyanya juga. Beliau menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan pada tahun 1912. 

## Penerbitan

**Novel**
* *Der Narr in Christo Emanuel Quint* (1910)
* *Atlantis* (1912)
* *Wanda*  *Der Dämon* (1926)
* *Die Insel der grossen Mutter* (1928)
* *Um Volk und Geist* (1932)
* *Im Wirbel der Berufung* (1936)
* *Das Abenteuer meiner Jugend* (1937)

**Novel pendek**
* *Bahnwärter Thiel* (1888)
* *Der Ketzer von Soana* (1918)
* *Phantom* (1923)
* *Marginalien* (selected works, reports: 1887–1927)
* *Das Meerwunder* (1934)
* *Sonnen* (1938)
* *Der Schuss im Park* (1939)

**Novel ayat**
* *Promethidenlos* (1885)
* *Anna* (1921)
* *Die blaue Blume* (1924)
* *Till Eulenspiegel* (1927)
* *Der grosse Traum* (1912–42)

**Sandiwara**
* *Before Sunrise* (*Vor Sonnenaufgang*, 1889)
* *The Reconciliation* (*Das Friedensfest*, 1890)
* *Lonely People* (*Einsame Menschen*, 1891)
* *[[The Weavers (play)|The Weavers]]* (*Die Weber*, 1892)
* *Colleague Crampton* (*College Cramption*, 1892)
* *[[The Beaver Coat]]* (*Der Biberpelz*, 1893)
* *[[The Assumption of Hannele]]* (*Hanneles Himmelfahrt*, 1893)
* *Florian Geyer* (1896)
* *Elga* (1896) 
* *Helios* (1896) fragment
* *[[The Sunken Bell]]* (*Die versunkene Glocke*, 1896)
* *Pastoral* (*Das Hirtenlied*, 1898) fragment
* *[[Drayman Henschel]]* (*Fuhrmann Henschel*, 1898)
* *Schluck and Jau* (*Schluck und Jau*, 1900)
* *Michael Kramer* (1900)
* *[[The Conflagration]]* (*Der rote Hahn*, 1901)
* *Henry of Auë* (*Der arme Heinrich*, 1902)
* *[[Rose Bernd]]* (1903)
* *And Pippa Dances* (*Und Pippa Tanzt!*, 1906)
* *The Maidens of the Mount* (*Die Jungfern von Bischofsberg*, 1907)
* *Charlemagne's Hostage* (*Kaiser Karls Geisel*, 1908)
* *Griselda* (1909)
* *[[The Rats (play)]]* (*Die Ratten*, 1911)
* *Gabriel Schilling's Flight* (*Gabriel Schillings Flucht*, 1912)
* *Peter Brauer* (1912)
* *Commemoration Masque* (*Festspiel in deutschen Reimen*, 1913)
* *The Bow of Odysseus* (*Der Bogen des Odysseus*, 1914)
* *Magnus Garbe* (1914, second version: 1942)
* *Indipohdi* (1920)
* *Veland* (1925)
* *Herbert Engelmann* (1921–26)
* *Spuk* (two plays: *Die schwarze Maske* and *Hexenritt*, 1928)
* *Die goldene Harfe* (1933)
* *Hamlet in Wittenberg* (*Hamlet im Wittenberg*, 1935)
* *Die Finsternisse* (1937)
* *Ulrich von Lichtenstein* (1936–37)
* *Die Tochter der Kathedrale* (1935–38)
* *Die Atriden-Tetralogie*:
#*Iphigenie in Aulis* (1944)
#*Agamemnons Tod* (1948; written in 1942)
#*Elektra* (1948; written in 1944)
#*Iphigenie in Delphi* (1941)

**Dalam terjemahan bahasa Inggeris**
* ''Hannele. A Dream Poem'' (1894)
* ''Lonely Lives'' (1898)
* ''The Sunken Bell'' (1899).
* ''The Coming of Peace'' (1900)
* ''And Pippa Dances'' (1907)
* ''The Reconciliation'' (1910)
* ''The Fool in Christ, Emanuel Quint'' (1911)
* ''Atlantis'' (1912).
* ''Parsival'' (1915)
* The Dramatic Works:
** ''Social Dramas'' (1912) 
** ''Social Dramas'' (1913) 
** ''Domestic Dramas'' (1914) 
** ''Symbolic and Legendary Dramas'' (1914)
** ''Symbolic and Legendary Dramas'' (1915) 
** ''Later Dramas in Prose'' (1915) 
** ''Miscellaneous Dramas'' (1917) 
* ''Phantom'' (1922)
* *The Heretic of Soana* (1923)
* *Lineman Thiel and Other Tales* (1989)

## Rujukan

**Rujukan umum** 
* Garten, HF (1954). *Gerhart Hauptmann.* New Haven: Yale University Press. 
* Marshall, Alan (1982). *Naturalists Jerman dan Gerhart Hauptmann.* Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 
* Maurer, Warren R. (1992). *Memahami Gerhart Hauptmann.* Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 
* Mellen, Philip A. (1984). *Gerhart Hauptmann.* *Syncretism Agama dan Agama Timur.* New York: Peter Lang. 
* Osborne, John (1998). *Gerhart Hauptmann dan Drama Naturalist.* Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. 
* Pohl, Gerhart (1962). *Gerhart Hauptmann dan Silesia.* Grand Forks: University of North Dakota Press. 
* Shaw, Leroy R. (1958). ''Saksi Penipuan.'' ''Gerhart Hauptmann sebagai Critic of Society.'' http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106007467605;view=1up;seq=11 Berkeley: University of California Press. 
* Skrine, Peter N. (1989). *Hauptmann, Wedekind, dan Schnitzler.* New York: St Martin's Press. 

## Bacaan lanjut

* Downs, Brian W. (1926). "Gerhart Hauptmann," *The North American Review,* Vol. 223, No. 830, pp.&nbsp;102–115.
* Dukes, Ashley (1911). ''Modern Dramatists.'' London: Frank Palmer.
* Dussère, Carolyn (1980). "An Interpretation of Gerhart Hauptmann's 'Parsival'," *Colloquia Germanica,* Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;233–245.
* Campbell, T.M. (1924). "Gerhart Hauptmann—Christian or Pagan?," *The Modern Language Journal,* Vol. 8, No. 6, pp.&nbsp;353–361.
* Coates, William Ames (1945). "Dostoyevski and Gerhart Hauptmann," *The American Slavic and East European Review,* Vol. 4, No. 3/4, pp.&nbsp;107–127.
* Ewen, David (1935). "Conversations with Gerhart Hauptmann," *Books Abroad,* Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;253–254.
* Hale, Edward Everett (1905). "Hauptmann." In: *Dramatists of Today.* New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp.&nbsp;37–61.
* Heller, Otto (1905). "Gerhart Hauptmann." In: *Studies in Modern German Literature.* Boston: Ginn & Company, pp.&nbsp;117–128.
* Heuser, F.W.J.(1926). "Hauptmann and Novalis," *Germanic Review,* Vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;125–131.
* Huneker, James (1919). "Gerhart Hauptmann." In: *Iconoclasts.* New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp.&nbsp;182–210.
* Kobbé, Gustav (1898). "The Dramas of Gerhart Hauptmann," *The Forum,* Vol. 24, pp.&nbsp;432–441.
* Lewisohn, Ludwig (1912). "Introduction." In: *The Dramatic Works,* Vol. 1. London: Martin Secker, pp. ix–xxxvii.
* Maurer, Warren R. (1979). "Gerhart Hauptmann's Character Names," *The German Quarterly,* Vol. 52, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;457–471.
* Muller, Siegfried H. (1952). "Gerhart Hauptmann's Relation to American Literature and His Concept of America," *Monatshefte,* Vol. 44, No. 7, pp.&nbsp;333–339.
* Reichart, Walter A. (1946). "The Totality of Hauptmann's Work," *Germanic Review,* Vol. 21, pp.&nbsp;143–149.
* Reichart, Walter A. (1962). "Hauptmann Study in America: A Continuation Bibliography," *Monatshefte,* Vol. 54, No. 6, pp.&nbsp;297–310.
* Robertson, John G. (1902). ''A History of German Literature.'' New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
* Scholz, Karl W.H. (1918). ''The Art of Translation.'' Philadelphia: Americana Germanica Press.
* Thompson, Nesta M. (1920). "Naturalism and the Dream Motive as Observed in the Works of Gerhart Hauptmann," *Washington University Studies,* Vol. 8, pp.&nbsp;77–101.
* Wahr, F.B. (1946). "Hauptmann's Hellenism," *Journal of English and Germanic Philology,* Vol. 33, pp.&nbsp;421–451.
* Wiehr, Josef (1906). "The Naturalistic Plays of Gerhart Hauptmann," *The Journal of English and Germanic Philology,* Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–71; Part II, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;531–575.
* Witkowski, Georg (1909). ''The German Drama of the Nineteenth-century.'' London: George Bell & Sons.
* Youngman, Paul A. (2005). "Gerhart Hauptmann." In: *Black Devil and Iron Angel. The Railway in Nineteenth-century German Realism.* Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, pp.&nbsp;109–127.
* Schweissinger, Marc: Gerhart Hauptmann's Hamlet `translation`, In: Anglistica Pisana 8(2), pp.&nbsp; 11-24.

## Pautan luar
* Hadiah Nobel Bio pada Hauptmann 
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* Bekerja oleh atau mengenai Gerhart Hauptmann   
* Kerja oleh Gerhart Hauptmann di Hathi Trust 
* Keratan akhbar tentang Gerhart Hauptmann