Antoine Lavoisier

**Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier** (26 Ogos 1743 – 8 Mei 1794) adalah seorang ahli kimia Perancis yang merupakan orang pertama untuk mengelaskan unsur-unsur mengikut kumpulan tertentu. Beliau juga merupakan orang yang memberikan nama kepada oksigen pada tahun 1774. Perkataan "oksigen" terdiri daripada dua perkataan bahasa Yunani, *oxus* (asid) dan *gennan* (menghasilkan).

Pada tahun 1789, Antoine Lavoisier menyusun unsur-unsur, cahaya, haba, dan beberapa sebatian, ke dalam suatu jadual mengikut kumpulan.

Dalam jadual itu, unsur-unsur dikelaskan kepada logam dan bukan logam. Namun begitu, jadual itu mengandungi banyak perkara yang tidak betul kerana cahaya, haba, dan beberapa sebatian yang belum dapat diuraikan pada ketika itu seperti kapur, silika, alumina, barita dan magnesia juga dimasukkan dalam jadual itu.

## Jadual Berkala Unsur

Menurut Antoine Lavoisier, unsur-unsur pada ketika itu dapat dibahagi kepada empat kumpulan iaitu:

### Kumpulan I

* Oksigen
* Nitrogen
* Hidrogen
* Cahaya
* Haba

### Kumpulan II

* Sulfur
* Fosforus
* Karbon
* Klorin
* Fluorin

### Kumpulan III

* Arsenik
* Bismut
* Kobalt
* Plumbum
* Zink
* Nikel
* Stanum
* Argentum

### Kumpulan IV

* Kapur
* Silika
* Alumina
* Barita
* Magnesia

## Legasi

Sumbangan asas Lavoisier terhadap kimia adalah hasil daripada usaha sedar untuk memenuhi semua uji kaji ke dalam rangka teori tunggal. Beliau menubuhkan penggunaan yang konsisten keseimbangan kimia, oksigen digunakan menumbangkan teori flogiston, dan membangunkan sistem baru tatanama kimia yang diadakan oksigen yang merupakan unsur penting dalam semua asid (yang kemudian ternyata menjadi salah). Lavoisier juga melakukan penyelidikan awal dalam kimia fizikal dan termodinamik dalam eksperimen bersama dengan Laplace. Mereka menggunakan kalorimeter untuk menganggarkan haba dibebaskan setiap unit karbon dioksida dihasilkan, akhirnya mendapati nisbah yang sama untuk api dan haiwan, yang menunjukkan bahawa haiwan menghasilkan tenaga dengan sejenis tindak balas pembakaran.

## Karya terpilih
* ** (Paris: Chez Durand, Didot, Esprit, 1774). (Second edition, 1801)
* *L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse, publié par ordre du Roi, par les régisseurs-généraux des Poudres & Salpêtres* (Paris, 1779).
* *Instruction sur les moyens de suppléer à la disette des fourrages, et d'augmenter la subsistence des bestiaux, Supplément à l'instruction sur les moyens de pourvoir à la disette des fourrages, publiée par ordre du Roi le 31 mai 1785* (Instruction on the means of compensating for the food shortage with fodder, and of increasing the subsistence of cattle, Supplement to the instruction on the means of providing for the food shortage with fodder, published by order of King on 31 May 1785).
* (with Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy) *[http://imgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/displayimage.php?album=692&pos=3 Méthode de nomenclature chimique]* (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1787)
* (with Fourcroy, Morveau, Cadet, Baumé, d'Arcet, and Sage) *[https://books.google.com/books?id=-bM5AAAAcAAJ Nomenclature chimique, ou synonymie ancienne et moderne, pour servir à l'intelligence des auteurs.]* (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789)
* *[http://isnature.org/Files/Lavoisier1789-Traite_elementaire_de_chimie.htm Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes]* (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789; Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations, 1965) (lit. Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, presented in a new order and alongside modern discoveries) also here
* (with Pierre-Simon Laplace) "Mémoire sur la chaleur," *Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences* (1780), pp.&nbsp;355–408.
* *[http://www.lavoisier.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_page_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&bdd=lavosier&table=Lavoisier&typeofbookDes=Memoires&bookId=65&pageChapter=Premier%20m%E9moire%20contenant%20les%20exp%E9riences%20faites%20sur%20la%20chaleur,%20pendant%20l%27hiver%20de%201783%20%E0%201784,%20par%20P.S.%20de%20Laplace%20et%20A.L.%20%20Lavoisier&pageOrder=1&facsimile=off&search=no&num=&nav=1 Mémoire contenant les expériences faites sur la chaleur, pendant l'hiver de 1783 à 1784, par P.S. de Laplace & A. K. Lavoisier]* (1792)
* *Mémoires de physique et de chimie* (1805: posthumous)

### Dalam terjemahan Inggeris
* *[https://archive.org/details/essaysphysicala00lavogoog Essays Physical and Chemical]* (London: for Joseph Johnson, 1776; London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1970) translation by Thomas Henry of *Opuscules physiques et chimiques*
* *The Art of Manufacturing Alkaline Salts and Potashes, Published by Order of His Most Christian Majesty, and approved by the Royal Academy of Sciences* (1784) trans. by Charles Williamos of *L'art de fabriquer le salin et la potasse*
* (with Pierre-Simon Laplace) *Memoir on Heat: Read to the Royal Academy of Sciences, 28 June 1783, by Messrs. Lavoisier & De La Place of the same Academy.* (New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1982) trans. by Henry Guerlac of *Mémoire sur la chaleur*
* *[https://books.google.com/books?id=-pQQAAAAIAAJ Essays, on the Effects Produced by Various Processes On Atmospheric Air; With A Particular View To An Investigation Of The Constitution Of Acids]*, trans. Thomas Henry (London: Warrington, 1783) collects these essays:
# "Experiments on the Respiration of Animals, and on the Changes effected on the Air in passing through their Lungs." (Read to the Académie des Sciences, 3 May 1777)
# "On the Combustion of Candles in Atmospheric Air and in Dephlogistated Air." (Communicated to the Académie des Sciences, 1777)
# "On the Combustion of Kunckel's Phosphorus."
# "On the Existence of Air in the Nitrous Acid, and on the Means of decomposing and recomposing that Acid."
# "On the Solution of Mercury in Vitriolic Acid."
# "Experiments on the Combustion of Alum with Phlogistic Substances, and on the Changes effected on Air in which the Pyrophorus was burned."
# "On the Vitriolisation of Martial Pyrites."
# "General Considerations on the Nature of Acids, and on the Principles of which they are composed."
# "On the Combination of the Matter of Fire with Evaporable Fluids; and on the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids."
* “Reflections on Phlogiston”, translation by Nicholas W. Best of “Réflexions sur le phlogistique, pour servir de suite à la théorie de la combustion et de la calcination, publiée en 1777” (1783). Published in two parts:
# "Lavoisier’s ‘Reflections on phlogiston’ I: against phlogiston theory", *[[Foundations of Chemistry]]* 17(2015), 137-151.
# "Lavoisier’s ‘Reflections on phlogiston’ II: on the nature of heat", *Foundations of Chemistry* 18(2016), 3-13.
* *Method of chymical nomenclature: proposed by Messrs. De Moreau, Lavoisier, Bertholet, and De Fourcroy* (1788) Dictionary
**Elements of Chemistry, in a New Systematic Order, Containing All the Modern Discoveries* (Edinburgh: William Creech, 1790; New York: Dover, 1965) translation by Robert Kerr of *Traité élémentaire de chimie*. ISBN 978-0486646244 (Dover).
**1799 edition
**1802 edition: volume 1, volume 2
** Some illustrations from 1793 edition
** Some more illustrations from Othmer Library of Chemical History
** More illustrations (from Collected Works) at Othmer Library of Chemical History

## Catatan

## Bacaan lanjut
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* *Catalogue of Printed Works by and Memorabilia of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794... Exhibited at the Grolier Club* (New York, 1952).
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*Duveen, D. I. and H. S. Klickstein, *A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743–1794* (London, 1954)
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## Pautan luar

*Panopticon Lavoisier a virtual museum of Antoine Lavoisier
*Antoine Lavoisier Chemical Achievers profile
*Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 
*Bibliography at Panopticon Lavoisier

### Mengenai karya beliau
* Location of Lavoisier's laboratory in Paris
* Radio 4 program on the discovery of oxygen by the BBC
* Who was the first to classify materials as "compounds"? – Fred Senese
* Cornell University's Lavoisier collection

### Penulisan beliau
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*Les Œuvres de Lavoisier (The Complete Works of Lavoisier) edited by Pietro Corsi (Oxford University) and Patrice Bret (CNRS) 
*Oeuvres de Lavoisier (Works of Lavoisier) at Gallica BnF in six volumes. 
* WorldCat author page