Carl von Clausewitz

**Carl Philipp Gottfried** (atau **Gottlieb**) **von Clausewitz** (; 1 Jun 1780&nbsp;– 16 November 1831) adalah seorang jeneral Prusia dan ahli teori tentera yang menegaskan "moral" (bermaksud, dalam istilah moden, psikologi) dan aspek politik perang. Karyanya yang paling terkenal, *[[On War|Vom Kriege]]* (*On War*), belum selesai pada kematiannya.
Clausewitz merupakan seorang realis dalam banyak maksud yang berbeza dan, dalam beberapa perhatian romantis, juga menarik banyak idea-idea rasionalis dari Zaman Kesedaran Eropah.

Pemikiran Clausewitz sering digambarkan sebagai Hegelian kerana kaedah dialektiknya; tetapi, walaupun beliau mungkin secara peribadi mengenali Hegel, masih ada perdebatan samada Clausewitz sebenarnya dipengaruhi olehnya. Beliau menegaskan interaksi dialektikal pelbagai faktor, mencatat perkembangan-perkembangan yang tidak dijangka dibawah "fog of war" (iaitu, dalam menghadapi maklumat yang tidak lengkap, meragukan, dan sering benar-benar salah dan ketakutan tahap tinggi, keraguan, dan keseronokan) memanggil keputusan cepat oleh para komander yang berjaga-jaga. Beliau melihat sejarah sebagai satu pemeriksaan penting pada kemujaraban ilmiah yang tidak sesuai dengan pengalaman. Berbeza dengan karya awal Antoine-Henri Jomini, beliau berpendapat bahawa perang tidak dapat dijumlahkan atau dikurangkan ke peta kerja, geometri, dan graf. Clausewitz mempunyai banyak aforisme, yang paling terkenal ialah "Perang adalah kesinambungan politik dengan cara yang lain."

## Rujukan

## Bacaan lanjut

### Kajian ilmiah

* See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on ''The Clausewitz Homepage'' bibliography section.
* Aron, Raymond. *Clausewitz: Philosopher of War.* (1985). 418 pp.  
* Bassford, Christopher. *[http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/Bassford/CIE/TOC.htm Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815-1945].* New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.  
* Christopher Bassford, "Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare." Working paper,
* Cormier, Youri. "Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013) https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519
* Cormier, Youri. "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics" International History Review, Volume 36, Issue 3, 2014 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2013.859166?tab=permissions#.U9f1XvldXGB.
* Cormier, Youri. War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp. 183-232
* Echevarria, Antulio J., II. *After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War.* (2001). 346 pp.  
* Echevarria, Antulio J., II. *Clausewitz and Contemporary War* (2007)  
* Gat, Azar. *The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz* (1989)  
* Handel, Michael I., ed. *Clausewitz and Modern Strategy.* 1986. 324 pp.  
* Handel, Michael I. *Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought.* (2001) 482 pages. Based on comparison of Clausewitz's *On War* with Sun Tzu's *The Art of War*  
* Heuser, Beatrice. *Reading Clausewitz.* (2002). 238 pages, 
* Heuser, Beatrice. "Small Wars in the Age of Clausewitz: Watershed between Partisan War and People’s War", *Journal of Strategic Studies*, Vol. 33 No.1 (Feb. 2010), pp.&nbsp;137–160 .
* Holmes, Terence M. "Planning Versus Chaos in Clausewitz's ''On War''." *Journal of Strategic Studies* 2007 30(1): 129-151.  Fulltext: EBSCO
* Sir Michael Howard, *Clausewitz*, 1983 [originally a volume in the Oxford University Press "Past Masters" series, reissued in 2000 as *Clausewitz: A Very Short Introduction*].  
* Keegan, John, *A History of Warfare* (London: Hutchinson, 1993). See critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, "John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic," *War in History*, November 1994, pp.&nbsp;319–336.
* Kinross, Stuart. *Clausewitz and America: Strategic thought and practice from Vietnam to Iraq.* (London: Routledge, 2009.)  
* Mieszkowski, Jan. "How To Do Things With Clausewitz," *The Global South,* Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2009, pp.&nbsp;18–29 in Project MUSE
* Mertsalov, A.N. “Jomini versus Clausewitz” pages 11–19 from *Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy* edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, .
* Paret, Peter. in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War''. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.
* Paret, Peter. "Two Historians on Defeat in War and Its Causes," *Historically Speaking,* Volume 11, Number 3, June 2010, pp.&nbsp;2–8 
* Paret, Peter. *Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times*. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
* Paret, Peter. "From Ideal to Ambiguity: Johannes von Müller, Clausewitz, and the People in Arms." *Journal of the History of Ideas* 2004 65(1): 101-111.  Fulltext: Project Muse
* Rogers, Clifford J. "Clausewitz, Genius and the Rules,"https://www.academia.edu/14697110/_Clausewitz_Genius_and_the_Rules_The_Journal_of_Military_History_Vol._66_No._4_Oct._2002_pp._1167-1176, *The Journal of Military History*, Vol.&nbsp;66, No.&nbsp;4. (2002), pp.&nbsp;1167–1176.
* Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz. Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013.  http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf
* Rothfels, Hans "Clausewitz" pages 93–113 from *The Makers of Modern Strategy* edited by Edward Mead Earle, Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
* Sharma, Vivek Swarooop. "A Social Theory of War: Clausewitz and War Reconsidered" in *Cambridge Review of International Affairs* 2015 28 (3): 327-347. Full text at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271941186_A_social_theory_of_war_Clausewitz_and_war_reconsidered.
* Smith, Hugh. *On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas.* (2005). 303 pp.
* Stoker, Donald J. *Clausewitz: His Life and Work* (Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp. online review
* 
* Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds. *Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century* (2007) excerpt and text search
* Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. "On the Relationship of History and Theory in on War: the Clausewitzian Ideal and its Implications" *Journal of Military History* 2001 65(2): 333-354. 
* Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. *Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War* Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008.  
* Villacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher. "Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity". Parameters, Autumn 95, pp.&nbsp;9–19,
* Wallach, Jehuda L. *The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars.* (1986).
* 

### Sumber-sumber utama

* Clausewitz, Carl von. *Historical and Political Writings,* ed. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992).
* Clausewitz, Carl von. *[http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/VomKriege1832/TOC.htm Vom Kriege]*. Berlin: Dümmlers Verlag, 1832.
* 
* Clausewitz, Carl von. *On War*, abridged version translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007) 
* Clausewitz, Carl von. *[http://www.clausewitz.com/mobile/principlesofwar.htm Principles of War]*. Translated by Hans Gatske. The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942. Originally "Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Ergänzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen" (written 1812).
* Clausewitz, Carl von. Col. J. J. Graham, translator. *Vom Kriege*. *[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1946 On War &mdash; Volume 1] *, Project Gutenberg eBook. The *full* text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at http://www.clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm. http://www.clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm
* Clausewitz, Karl von. *On War.* Trans. O.J. Matthijs Jolles. New York: Random House, 1943. Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English translation.
* Clausewitz, Carl von. *[http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1812/Clausewitz-CampaignOf1812inRussia-EllesmereTranslation.pdf *The Campaign of 1812 in Russia*] *. Trans. anonymous [Wellington's friend Francis Egerton, later Lord Ellesmere], London: John Murray Publishers, 1843. Originally Carl von Clausewitz, *Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz über Krieg und Krieg führung*, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832–37, "*Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland*" in Vol. 7, Berlin, 1835.
* Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans. Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran, ''On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815''. (Clausewitz.com, 2010). This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study, *[http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five1-9.htm The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview]* (Berlin: 1835). . It also includes Wellington's reply to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as two letters by Clausewitz to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.
* Clausewitz, Carl von. *[http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/TwoLetters/TwoLetters.htm Two Letters on Strategy]*. Ed./trans. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran. Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984.

## Pautan luar

* Mind Map of ''On War''
* Clausewitz homepage, large amounts of information.
* Corn, Tony. "Clausewitz in Wonderland", *Policy Review*, September 2006. This is an article hostile to "Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians." See also reply by Clausewitz Homepage, "Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack."
* 
* 
* 
* The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre
* ''Two Letters On Strategy'', addressed to the Prussian general-staff officer, Major von Roeder, respectively of 22 and 24 December 1827.
* Erfourth M. & Bazin, A. (2014). Clausewitz’s Military Genius and the #Human Dimension. The Bridge.