Pengasidan lautan

**Pengasidan lautan** ialah nama yang diberikan kepada pengurangan berterusan okay pH lautan Bumi, disebabkan oleh pengambilan karbon dioksida () hasil kegiatan manusia daripada atmosfera Sebahagian daripada komponen karbon dioksida ini akan bertindak balas dengan air menghasilkan asid karbonat agar dapat mencapai serta mengekalkan keseimbangan kimia. Molekul-molekul asid karbonat pula bertindak balasi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hidronium sehingga meningkatkan keasidan laut.

Peningkatan keasidan air laut diperkirakan mendatangkan banyak akibat seperti penurunan mendadak metabolisme obor-obor jumbo (*Dosidicus gigas*), penurunan sistem keimunan kerang biru, serta pemutihan batu karang.

## Pelarutan asid dalam air
 dilarutkan dalam air lautan lalu menambahkan ketumpatan ion hidrogen () lalu mengurangkan pH laut seperti berikut:
 CO2 (aq) + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3− + H+  CO32− + 2 H+. 

Sejak bermulanya revolusi perindustrian, terdapat anggaran dibuat bahawa pH permukaan lautan telah menurun sedikit lebih daripada 0.1 unit dalam skala logaritma pH yang mewakili sebanyak 29% kenaikan . Penurunan lanjut dijangka sebanyak 0.3 hingga 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) apabila mencecah 2100 selepas pengumpulan berterusan  antropogenik di lautan, di mana impak paling besar akan ketara pada batu-batu karang dan Lautan Selatan. These changes are predicted to accelerate as more anthropogenic  is released to the atmosphere and taken up by the oceans. Tahap perubahan kepada ciri-ciri kimia dalam lautan akan bergantung kepada tahap pengurusan dan pengurangan kesan dalam perubahan iklim yang diambil pihak yang bertanggungjawab.

## Lihat juga
* Pam biologi
* Singki karbon dioksida
* Kedalaman pampasan karbonat
* Pam pelantar benua
* Gas rumah hijau
* Projek Analisis Data Lautan Global
* Maksimum Terma Paleosen–Eosen
* pH air laut
* Pam keterlarutan
* Impak persekitaran daripada industri arang batu

## Rujukan

### Bibliografi
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*. Report website.
*, RS Policy document 10/09. Report website.
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*. Report website.

## Bacaan lanjut
* Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). Position analysis: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues. ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
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* , (Article preview only).
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* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research , report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88pp.
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* Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p.&nbsp;Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
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## Pautan luar
**Sumber sains:**
* How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and Carl Safina
* Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, report by the Royal Society (UK)
* AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level, IPCC
* State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification , NOAA
* Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center  (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
* Ocean acidification introduction , USGS
* Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean , report by CSIRO
* The Ocean in a High  World, an international science symposium series
* The Acid Ocean&nbsp;– the Other Problem with  Emission, David Archer (scientist), a RealClimate discussion
* Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news, Jean-Pierre Gattuso
* Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific , including recent presentations on ocean acidification, Pacific Science Association
* ''Ocean Acidification'' , a multimedia, interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory
* Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science, Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
* Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge  A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
*Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April 30, 2012
* Ocean acidification virtual lab 
* Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science, a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council (released April 2011)
* Ocean Acidification , a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
* Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change, July 22, 2010
* Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry February 25, 2012 Science News
* Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.  IMBER/SOLAS

**Tapak pendidikan:**
* Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team  
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**Projek sains:**
*[http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/dr-francisco-chavez-ocean-acidification ''Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification'' – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
* [http://epoca-project.eu/ European Project of Ocean Acidification] (EPOCA), a 4-year-long [[European Union|EU]] initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
* [http://bioacid.ifm-geomar.de/index.htm Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification] (BIOACID), a [[Germany|German]] initiative funded by [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|BMBF]]
* [http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/ Ocean Acidification Research Programme] (UKOARP), a 5-year-long [[United Kingdom|UK]] initiative funded by [[Natural Environment Research Council|NERC]], [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] and [[Department of Energy and Climate Change|DECC]]
* [http://www.ozean-der-zukunft.de/english/research-areas/greenhouse-oceans/ocean-acidification/facts/ Research Program on Ocean Acidification]  at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", [[Kiel]]
* [http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/oarc/ Ocean Acidification Research Center]  at [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]

**Sumber media popular**:
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=threatening-ocean-life Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out: How Acidification Affects Marine Life], [[Scientific American]]
* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/20/061120fa_fact_kolbert "The Darkening Sea, article in The New Yorker magazine, Nov. 20, 2006 (requires registration)]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/04/AR2006070400772_pf.html "Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals"], [[Washington Post]]
* [http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=5008279&affil=wjla "Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification"], [[ABC News]]
* [http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=6248578 "Ocean Acidification & Climate"], by Clayton Sandell [[ABC News]]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philippe-cousteau/a-world-without-whales_b_254717.html A World Without Whales?] by [[Philippe Cousteau]], ''[[The Huffington Post]]''
* http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ , [[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana]]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/acidocean.html The Acid Ocean] , [[Stanford University]]
* Sea Change (Parts [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/pacific-ocean-perilous-turn-overview/ One], [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/alaska-crab-industry/ Two], and [http://apps.seattletimes.com/reports/sea-change/2013/sep/11/oysters-hit-hard/ Three]), ''[[The Seattle Times]]''

**Video tentang Pengasidan Lautan*':
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55D8TGRsl4k&feature=related *The Other  Problem*], an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from [[Ridgeway School, Plympton|Ridgeway School]], [[Plymouth]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cqCvcX7buo *Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification*], by [[Natural Resources Defense Council]]
* [http://aseachange.net/ *A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish*], an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
* [http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ *Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell''] , by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
* Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel

### Kalkulator sistem karbonat
Pakej berikut menghitung keadaan sistem karbonat di dalam air laut (termasuk pH):
* CO2SYS , a stand-alone executable (also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA)
* seacarb , a R package for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (also available here)
* CSYS, a Matlab script