Pengherniaan cakera spina

**Pengherniaan cakera spina** ialah satu keadaan patologi yang disebabkan oleh koyak pada gegelang berserat luar (*[[anulus fibrosus]]*) untuk cakera intervertebra. Koyak ini membenarkan bahagian tengah cakera yang lembut (*[[nukleus pulposus]]*) untuk mengalir ke luar.

Keadaan ini biasanya merupakan perkembangan lanjut untuk protusi cakera yang telah wujud. Walaupun lapisan-lapisan *annulus fibrosus* yang paling luar masih belum koyak dalam peringkat permulaan ini, cakera yang terlibat akan bonjol apabila mengalami tekanan.

## Istilah

Some of the terms commonly used to describe the condition include herniated disc, prolapsed disc, ruptured disc, and the misleading expression "slipped disc." Other terms that are closely related include disc protrusion, bulging disc, pinched nerve, sciatica, disc disease, disc degeneration, degenerative disc disease, and black disc.

The popular term *"slipped disc"* is quite misleading, as an intervertebral disc, being tightly sandwiched between two vertebrae, cannot actually "slip," "slide," or even get "out of place." The disc is actually grown together with the adjacent vertebrae and can be squeezed, stretched, and twisted, all in small degrees. It can also be torn, ripped, herniated, and degenerated, but it cannot "slip."

The spelling "disc" is based on the Latin root *discus*. Most English language publications use the spelling *"disc"* more often than "disk." Nomina Anatomica designates the structures as *"disci intervertebrales"* and Terminologia Anatomica as *"discus intervertebralis/[[Intervertebral disc]]."* http://www.asnr.org/spine_nomenclature/glossary.shtml 

## Taburan bahagian
### Kekerapan
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are the cervical disc herniation and the lumbar disc herniation. The latter is the most common, causing lower back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica.

Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than cervical (neck) disc herniation, and it is one of the most common causes of lower back pain. The cervical discs are affected 8% of the time and the upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) discs only 1 - 2% of the time.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000442.htm

The following locations have no discs and are therefore exempt from the risk of disc herniation: the upper two cervical intervertebral spaces, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Most disc herniations occur when a person is in their thirties or forties when the nucleus pulposus is still a gelatin-like substance. With age the nucleus pulposus changes ("dries out") and the risk of herniation is greatly reduced. At the same time osteoarthritic degeneration makes its inroads.

### Pengherniaan cakera servikal
Cervical disc herniations occur in the neck, most often between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebral bodies. Symptoms can affect the back of the skull, the neck, shoulder girdle, scapula, shoulder, arm, and hand. The nerves of the cervical plexus and brachial plexus can be affected. http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic25.htm

### Pengherniaan cakera toraks
Thoracic discs are very stable and herniations in this region are quite rare. Herniation of the uppermost thoracic discs can mimic cervical disc herniations, while herniation of the other discs can mimic lumbar herniations. http://www.emedicine.com/sports/topic128.htm

### Pengherniaan cakera lumbar
Lumbar disc herniations occur in the lower back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Symptoms can affect the lower back, buttocks, thigh, and may radiate into the foot and/or toe. The sciatic nerve is the most commonly affected nerve, causing symptoms of sciatica. The femoral nerve can also be affected. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic303.htm

## Punca
Causes of a disc herniation can include general wear and tear on the disc over time, repetitive movements, stress on the disc that occurs while twisting and lifting, or other injuries.

## Gejala
Symptoms of a herniated disc can vary depending on the location of the herniation and the types of soft tissue that become involved.  They can range from little or no pain if the disc is the only tissue injured to severe and unrelenting neck or back pain that will radiate into the regions served by an affected nerve root when it is irritated or impinged by the herniated material.  Other symptoms may include sensory changes such as numbness, tingling, muscular weakness or paralysis, and affection of reflexes. Unlike a pulsating pain or pain that comes and goes, which can be caused by muscle spasm, pain from a herniated disc is usually continuous.

It is possible to have a herniated disc without any pain or noticeable symptoms, depending on its location. If the extruded nucleus pulposus material doesn't press on soft tissues or nerves, it may not cause any symptoms.  It has been estimated that as many as 50% of the population have focal herniated discs in their cervical region that do not cause noticeable symptoms. http://www.emedicine.com/sports/byname/Cervical-Disc-Injuries.htm

Typically, symptoms are experienced only on one side of the body. If the prolapse is very large and presses on the spinal cord or the cauda equina in the lumbar region, affection of both sides of the body may occur, often with serious consequences.

## Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by a practitioner based on the history, symptoms, and physical examination.  At some point in the evaluation, tests may be performed to confirm or rule out other causes of symptoms such as spondylolisthesis, degeneration, tumors, metastases and space-occupying lesions as well as evaluate the efficacy of potential treatment options. These tests may include the following:

***[[X-ray]]**: Although traditional plain X-rays are limited in their ability to image soft tissues such as discs, muscles, and nerves, they are still used to confirm or exclude other possibilities such as tumors, infections, fractures, etc.. In spite of these limitations, X-ray can still play a relatively inexpensive role in confirming the suspicion of the presence of a herniated disc. If a suspicion is thus strengthened, other methods may be used to provide final confirmation.
***[[Computed tomography]] scan (CT or CAT scan)**: A diagnostic image created after a computer reads x-rays. It can show the shape and size of the spinal canal, its contents, and the structures around it, including soft tissues. 

***[[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI)**: A diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology. It can show the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding areas, as well as enlargement, degeneration, and tumors. It shows soft tissues even better than CAT scans.
***[[Myelography|Myelogram]]**: An x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces. By revealing displacement of the contrast material, it can show the presence of structures that can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, such as herniated discs, tumors, or bone spurs. Because it involves the injection of foreign substances, scans are now preferred when available, although myelograms still provide excellent outlines of space-occupying lesions.  
***[[Electromyography|Electromyogram]] and [[Nerve conduction studies]] (EMG/NCS)**: These tests measure the electrical impulse along nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and muscle tissue. This will indicate whether there is ongoing nerve damage, if the nerves are in a state of healing from a past injury, or whether there is another site of nerve compression.

## Rawatan
The majority of herniated discs will heal themselves in about six weeks and do not require surgery. Your doctor may prescribe bed rest (usually for no more than two days), or advise you to maintain a low, painless activity level for a short period. If your doctor recommends physical therapy, this may include pelvic traction, gentle massage, ice and heat therapy, ultrasound, electrical muscle stimulation, and stretching exercises. http://www.neurosurgerytoday.org/what/patient_e/herniated.asp Pain medications are often prescribed to alleviate the acute pain and allow the patient to begin exercising and stretching.

The presence of cauda equina syndrome (in which there is incontinence, weakness and genital numbness) is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and possibly surgical decompression.

There are a variety of non-surgical care alternatives to treat the pain, including:

# Physical therapy
# Osteopathic/chiropractic manipulations
# Massage therapy
# Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
# Oral steroids (e.g. prednisone or methyprednisolone)
# Epidural (cortisone) injection
# Intravenous sedation, analgesia-assisted traction therapy (IVSAAT)

If pain is severe and continuous, or if there are neurological deficits, surgery may be recommended. Surgical options include:

# Microdiscectomy http://www.spine-health.com/Topics/surg/overview/lumbar/lumb03.html
# Lumbar fusion
# Disc arthroplasty
# Dynamic stabilization

Surgical goals include relief of nerve compression, allowing the nerve to recover, as well as the relief of associated back pain and restoration of normal function.

## Lihat juga

* Back pain 
* Degenerative disc disease
* Low back pain
* Sciatica
* Vertebral column

## Pautan luar
* Herniated disc - Cedars-Sinai Health System
* Herniated Nucleus Pulposus - eMedicine.com
* What's a herniated disc, pinched nerve, bulging disc...? - Spine-health.com
* Lumbar herniated disc animation - Spine-health.com
* Herniated lumbar disc  - North American Spine Society
* Back pain and neck pain for patients - Spine-health.com
* Back Pain: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments  - spinehealthlife.com