Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II

**Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II** adalah serangan udara yang berpanjangan terhadap jalan keretapi, pelabuhan, bandar-bandar, perumahan pekerja dan orang awam, dan kawasan industri dalam wilayah musuh semasa Perang Dunia II. Pengeboman strategik ialah strategi ketenteraan yang berbeza dari sokongan udara dekat untuk angkatan darat dan kuasa udara taktikal. Semasa Perang Dunia II, ia diyakini oleh ramai strategis tentera bahawa kekuatan udara dapat menjamin kemenangan besar  dengan menyerang infrastruktur industri dan politik, dan bukannya sasaran tentera semata-mata. Pengeboman strategik sering melibatkan kawasan pengeboman yang dihuni oleh orang awam dan beberapa kempen sengaja dirancang untuk mensasarkan penduduk awam supaya dapat menggerunkan mereka dan mengganggu aktiviti biasa mereka. Undang-undang antarabangsa pada awal Perang Dunia II tidak secara khusus melarang pengeboman udara di bandar-bandar walaupun sebelumnya terdapat pengeboman seperti itu semasa Perang Dunia I, Perang Saudara Sepanyol,dan Perang China-Jepun Kedua.

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II bermula pada 1 September 1939 apabila Jerman menceroboh Poland dan *[[Luftwaffe]]* (Tentera Udara Jerman) mula mengebom bandar-bandar dan penduduk awam di Poland dalam kempen pengeboman udara. Ketika perang terus berlanjutan, pengeboman oleh Kuasa Paksi dan Pihak Bersekutu meningkat dengan ketara. Tentera Udara Diraja mula mengebom sasaran tentera di Jerman, seperti dermaga dan limbungan kapal, pada Mac 1940, dan mula mensasarkan Berlin pada Ogos 1940. Pada September 1940, pihak Luftwaffe mula mensasarkan bandar-bandar British dalam kempen The Blitz. Selepas bermulanya Operasi Barbarossa pada Jun 1941, Luftwaffe menyerang bandar-bandar Soviet dan infrastruktur. Dari Februari 1942 ke atas, kempen pengeboman British terhadap Jerman menjadi kurang ketat dan  menambah sasaran ke atas tapak industri dan kawasan awam. Apabila Amerika Syarikat memulakan misi pengeboman udara terhadap Jerman, ia memperkuatkan usaha ini dan pengeboman api yang kontroversi telah dilakukan ke atas Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), dan bandar-bandar Jerman yang lain.

Dalam Perang Pasifik, pihak Jepun mengebom penduduk awam disepanjang peperangan (contohnya di Chongqing). Serangan udara ke atas Jepun oleh AS bermula dengan bersungguh-sungguh pada Oktober 1944 dan menjelang Mac 1945 telah mula meningkatkan  pengeboman api secara meluas, memuncak dalam pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki pada 6 dan 9 Ogos 1945.

Kesan pengeboman strategik banyak diperdebatkan semasa dan selepas peperangan. Kedua-dua *Luftwaffe* dan RAF gagal memberikan pukulan kalah mati dengan memusnahkan moral musuh. Namun, ada yang berpendapat bahawa pengeboman strategik sasaran bukan tentera dapat mengurangkan kapasiti  industri dan pengeluaran musuh dan dalam pendapat para pendukung di zaman antara perang, penyerahan kalah Jepun mewajarkan pengeboman strategik. Jumlah kematian akibat pengeboman strategik cukup besar, bukan hanya dari segi pengeboman tetapi juga kehilangan kru udara. Beratus-ratus ribu atau sejuta orang awam terkorban, berjuta-juta orang lagi hilang tempat tinggal, dan banyak atau sebahagian besar bandaraya utama musnah, terutamanya di Eropah dan Asia.

## Rujukan
### Petikan

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*  – Spaight was Principal Assistant Secretary of the Air Ministry (U.K)
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## Pautan luar
* The Blitz: Sorting the Myth from the Reality by *[[BBC History]]*
* Liverpool Blitz— Experience 24 hours in a city under fire in the Blitz from National Museums Liverpool
* Coventry Blitz Resource Centre
* The 376th Heavy Bombardment Group Oral Histories at Ball State University
* Allied Bombers and Crews – slideshow by *[[Life magazine]]*
* Annotated bibliography for conventional bombing during World War II from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
* The Revenger's Tragedy by Leo McKinstry (in *[[New Statesman]]*)