Kunqu

**Kungu**(sɩɩn: 崑曲), sẽn boond tɩ Kunju (崑劇), K'un-ch'ü, Kun opera, bɩ Kunqu opera, yaa Sɩngr opera buud-goam nins sẽn yaa pĩnd n be rũndã-rũndã wã sʋka. A yii mizik buud sẽn yaa tẽng-n-taag n kẽng Kunshan, Wu buud-gomdã pʋga, la poore, a wa n dɩ naam Sɩngr filimã pʋgẽ yʋʋmd 16th n tãag yʋʋmd 18th yʋʋm kob-gĩnd wã. UNESCO wilgame tɩ yaa bõn-naands nins sẽn yaa ninsaalb sẽn tar ne noorã la b sẽn pa tar ne b yĩngã n tarã n kɩt tɩ b lebg nin-kãsems a ye. A Wei Liangfu [zh] maneg n maneg n yɩɩl kunqu wã sẽn yaa sõma, la a paama nebã wʋsg a Liang Chenyu sẽn wa n dɩk a modgr ning a sẽn boond t'a Huansha ji wã pʋgẽ wã.  Yʋʋmd 2006 wã, b gʋls-a-la tẽn-tẽngã sẽn pa tar bũmb ning sẽn tõe n tall n tall a yõodo. Yʋʋmd 2008 wã, b kẽes-a-la ãdem-biisã sẽn tar bũmb nins sẽn pa tar yõodã sẽn yaa nin-buiidã nin-buiidã sẽn maandã pʋga. Yʋʋmd 2018 yʋʋm-rɩt kiuugã pʋgẽ, karẽn-biis nins sẽn geta karẽn-kẽndrã yell n paasã wilgame tɩ Peking Yuniõrgã yaa Sɩngr buud-gomd ning sẽn tar pãng wʋsg sẽn be Kunqu wã siglgã. 

A Kunqu zãada bob la bĩng n na n tõog n yɩɩl yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ "Zhongzhou Rhyme" wã.

## Kibsa

B tẽedame tɩ b ra tara yɩɩl nins sẽn yit Taicang sẽn be Ming soolmẽ wã, la b ra tara-b-la ne yɩɩl nins b sẽn da tar n be Kunshan soolmẽ wã. A Wei me ra naan n naan yɩɩl nins sẽn yit Haiyan (魏良輔) sẽn be Hangzhou la Yiyang (海鹽) sẽn be Jiangxi soolmẽ wã. A leb n daamsda nanxi ritm nins sẽn da tũnugd ne fõndã ne zaju sẽn be rɩtgẽ wã, zĩig ning b sẽn nong n dɩkd yɩɩl nins b sẽn dɩkd n kõtã. B boond-b lame tɩ "water mill" (水磨調, shuimo diao). Kunsã opera pipi wã, a ye yaa Liang Chenyu (梁辰魚), sẽn dog Kunsã la a tũnug ne Kunsã yɩɩl opera wã pʋgẽ.  Yaa buud a yembr n be ne bu-zĩng ning b sẽn boond tɩ kunqu wã, la b yetame tɩ b sẽn wa n sɩng-a wã kɩtame tɩ "Zĩn-zĩn-dãmbã sẽn yaa pipi wã" lebg pipi bu-zẽn-dãmbã.

A Kunqu opera sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd yaa a Tang Xianzu sẽn gʋlsã: "Peaon Pavilion". Tʋʋm-kãsems a taab n be ne Peach Blossom Fan la The Palace of Eternal Life.

A Kunqu yɩɩlã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n maan yɩɩl wʋsg sẽn yaa pipi wã, tɩ rẽ sʋka a Peking Opera sẽn tar a Kunqu yɩɩll wʋsg. A Kunqu ra boondame tɩ Yabu (雅部, "dũniyã filimã"), la yɩɩ yɩɩ yɩɩr wʋsg sẽn be beẽ wã n na n yɩɩg-a. La yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, nin-tɩrsã leb n lugla Kunqu, la kom-n-tɩrs rãmbã me n deeg n deeg-a. Wala Sɩngr opɛɛr buud toor-toor sẽn yaa buud toor-toore wã, a Kunqu paama zu-loees a yembr buud-goam siglgã pʋgẽ, la a paama taab buud-goams sẽn yaa buud-goamb sẽn yaa buud sẽn yaa buud a to wã pʋgẽ.

Rũndã-rũndã, b maanda yɩɩl wʋsg Sɩngla tẽn-bɛd a yopoe wã pʋsẽ:Beijing (Northern Kunqu Theater), Shanghai (Shanghai Kunqu Theater), Suzhou (Suzhou Kunqu Theater), Nanjing (Jiangsu Province Kun Opera), Chenzhou (Hunan Kunqu Theater), Yongjia County/Wenzhou (Yongjia Kunqu Theater), and Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province Kunqu Theater), la Taipei wã me, Neb sẽn pa tʋmd tʋʋm-no-kãsems ne opera wã tʋmdame tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ la tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, la wakat ninga, opera kom-pugli wã kẽndame.

Yʋʋmd 1919 wã, a Mei Lanfang ne a Han Shichang sẽn yaa Kunqu nin-buiidã sẽn da yaa nin-tũudã kẽnga Zapõ n na n maan yɩɩl. Yʋʋmd 1930 wã, a Mei yɩɩla Kunqu Etazĩni la Soaviɛr Soaviɛr soolmẽ wã, la a paama waoogr wʋsgo.  

A yɩɩlã yaa opera sẽn be Chinese pʋgẽ, tɩ b boond-a tɩ Four Great Characteristic Melodies wã a ye. 

Yʋʋmd 2006 wã, a Zhou Bing yɩɩ filim ning sẽn boond tɩ Kunqu (Kun Opera) sẽn yaa yʋʋm kobs-sikr kiuugã filimã tus a yiibu. A paama a 24 soabã China TV Golden Eagle Award ning sẽn kõ-a dokumentar filim ning sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd ning sẽn kõ wã; a paama a 21 soabã Starlight Award ning sẽn kõt a 2006 soabã.

Sɩngr ning sẽn yaa pipi wã, a sẽn yaa pipi soabã, a sẽn maan yɩɩl wʋsg ne a sẽn yaa a soabã. B boond-a lame tɩ "orchid" bogs koabgẽ wã pʋsẽ. 

A Kunqu Opera yaa yɩɩl, yɩɩl, dans la zab-teed sẽn naag taaba. B mii yɩɩl-kãnga ne a goamã sẽn yaa sõma, a sẽn tar waoogr la a sẽn maand sõma. Yaa Opera sẽn be zĩ-dʋʋgẽ wã pʋgẽ wã, b boond-a tɩ "opɛr koabg pĩnda". A sẽn yetã yaa "Zhongzhou rɛm".

## B sẽn deegd-a wã
Yʋʋmd 2001 wã, UNESCO wilgame tɩ b ra rat n yeelame tɩ b yɩɩ nin-buiidã sẽn tar bũmb ning b sẽn pa tõe n yã wã la b ra rat tɩ b lebg nin-buiidã nin-buiidã n kõ bũmb ning b pa tõe n bãng ye.

Yʋʋmd 2018 yʋʋm-rɩt kiuugã pʋgẽ, karẽn-biis nins sẽn geta karẽn-biisã yell b sẽn boond tɩ Peking University wã kɩtame tɩ b lebg Kunqu Opera wã siglgã. 

A Kunqu opera wã paama wilg-a-la yʋʋmd 2019 wã Sɩngr Opera Culture Week wã rasem 2 zĩ-likr kiuug rasem a ye.

Yʋʋmd 2019 yʋʋm-sar kiuugã, b sõdga "National intangible cultural heritage representative project protection unit", sẽn yaa rɩtg kunku opera teyatr, Huan provẽnsã taoor soaba, Jiangsu provẽnsã, sẽn yaa performing arts group co., LTD., Shanghai taoor soaba, wakat fãa yaa sõma taoor soab wakat fãa yaa sõma kunku opera ChuanXiSuo (Zhejiang), Chine academy of art sẽn yaa "kunku opera" tʋʋm-noor koglg sullã. Yʋʋmd 2022 yʋʋm-sar kiuugã, sẽn tũ ne tʋʋm-noor toeengã, b toeema koglg sullã yʋʋr tɩ Yongjia Kunqu Opera Troupe (Yongjia Kunqu Opera Training Institute).

## Dɩtbã
A Kunqu Opera wã yaa karẽn-bi-kãseng sẽn tar karẽn-kɛglem, karẽn-kẽeng sẽn tar karẽng n kẽnd ne a karẽn-bɛdã. Yɩɩllã me tara zĩ-zãaga, sẽn yaa toor ne opera rãmb a taabã, tɩ b tõe n kõ-a-la loogr b toor sẽn zems ne b sẽn datã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b yãkda bũmb a naasã: b sẽn yaa to-to, b sẽn yaa gãn-to, la b sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn yaa to.

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a Nankun ne a Beikun pa toor ye. La b tõe n pʋɩ-b lame tɩ b lebg yɩɩl-dãmb la b lebg instrumental-dãmb.

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a Kunqu opera wã yɩɩlã yaa sõma, a sẽn maand yɩɩl sõma, a sã n wa naag ne yɩɩl la kibsã, a yaa sõma la a yaa zems-n-taar soaba. Kẽng opera yaa yɩɩl, kibs, pʋɩ-sʋka, la sẽn yaa kʋɩl-walg tʋʋm-teed sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo. Yɩɩn-walg la kibsã sẽn yaa tʋʋm-teedã sẽn tar pãng wʋsg yɩɩl pʋgẽ, b sẽn getẽ tɩ yaa tʋʋm-te-noodã sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd fãa, b tõe n pʋɩ-a-la zĩis a yiibu: a yembr yaa sõsg sẽn yaa sõngo, la kibs sẽn maand n maand n gʋlsd a sẽn dat n maan to-to. A yembr yaa kibs sẽn yaa sõma ne yɩɩl sõss sẽn yaa sõma, la ka yɩɩl sẽn yaa sõma bal ye, la yaa bũmb sẽn tar pãng n wilgd kibsã zʋllã la a goamã võor ye.

Kẽngẽ Opera wã yɩɩl rɩka pĩnd wẽndẽ nin-buiidã yɩɩl la bʋ-kaoorã la a rɩka b rogem n kõ-a. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n bãng bũmb ning sẽn be b sẽn maandã, b naan yɩɩl wʋsg n wilg b sẽn maand bũmb ningã. Sẽn zems ne tʋʋm-kãsemsã sẽn be zĩig ning b sẽn maandẽ wã, b sẽn maand yɩɩl sẽn tar pãng la b sẽn maandã, b maana yɩɩl wʋsg sẽn tar pãng n kɩt tɩ b maand yɩɩl wʋsg n yɩɩl yɩɩl la b dansã.

Yaa woto me la a Naanbai sẽn yaa Kunqu Opera wã sẽn yaa sõma. B sʋka, Harlequin me tara kʋɩl-bil sẽn yaa tẽng-tẽnga sẽn yaa a Wu buud-gomdã, wala a Su Bai, Yangzhou Bai, etc. Zĩ-kãng sẽn be Wuzhong soolmẽ wã tara vɩɩm sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo, la a tũnugda ne Allegro buud-gomd sẽn yaa kʋɩl sẽn yaa toor-toorã. Sẽn paase, a Kunqu opera yɩɩl tara sõss sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yaa sõss sẽn tar pãng n tõe n kɩt tɩ yɩɩl yɩɩl sõma.

### Tʋʋmdã
A Kunqu opera wã pʋga pʋga a tãab: sinian horn, fresh horn, la clown sẽn yaa sõma. 

Sẽn yaa rẽ yĩnga, a kelga a Zĩng Opera wã, la a rɩtda a Zĩnga Zaju wã, n dɩk a Sheng, a Dan, a Jing, a Mei, a Chou wã, la tʋʋm a yopoe wã.  

Huan Sha Ji , tʋʋm-paal a ye, wilgdame tɩ b ra maanda tʋʋm-paalga sẽn yaa a Kun Opera sɩngrẽ. Sẽn paas tɩ b tũ Opera-nin-Dĩngã sẽn yaa a yopoe wã, b rɩka a Xiao Mei la a Xiao Dan sẽn be Yuan Zaju n paas a Xiao Sheng, a Xiao dan, a Xio Mei, a Xao Wai la a Xio Jing sẽn yaa a nu n paas tɩ yaa a piig la a yiibu.

Ming Dynasty wã saabẽ, a Kun opera wã sẽn wa n be pãng wakatẽ wã, a Mohan Zhai kibarã sẽn be Ming wã pʋgẽ, b toeemame tɩ b lebg "Old Dan", sẽn leb n dɩkda Zaju sẽn da yaa a buudu. Neb a taab rolã yaa wa a sẽn da maan a Kun opera wã pʋgẽ wã. Qing soolmã Kangxi soolmẽ wã, a Kun opera wã tʋʋmda ra yaa "rɩt-biis piig la a yiibu sẽn be kʋɩlgã la ko-kãsengã pʋgẽ". 

A Qianlong naamã sasa, a Kunqu Opera ra yaa sẽn da nong-b wʋsg n yɩɩd nebã, la b maneg n maneg n maneg b sẽn maand yɩɩrã, la b tõog n tõog n tõog tɩ b naan maan rol-dãmb tʋʋmde. 

Sẽn paase, b sẽn da wa n maand yɩɩr ne b sẽn da maand yɩɩr wã, b ra pa le tõe n bãng tʋʋm nins b sẽn da segd n maan n yɩɩdã ye. Zĩ-zĩ-zẽn-zĩiga la Dao sʋka, Kun opera rolã tʋʋmda naagda "rɩk piig la a yiibu sẽn be kʋɩlgã la ko-zĩigẽ wã" ne tʋʋm pʋga pʋga. "Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo, la Chou"  wã rẽnna zugẽ, b tara rẽnna a 20 sẽn boond tɩ "ʋ-bõoneg a 20". 

Sẽn yaa to-to ne a Zeova wã, a Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn yaa b rãmb n tʋmd ne b sũy fãa wã, b na n paama sũ-noog wʋsgo. Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b tõe n yeelame tɩ b sã n wa tar noor a ye, b tõeeme n maan tʋʋm a taab n wa maan a to. B boondẽ noor piigã tɩ "soor piigã". B yaa: net, bãag sẽn yaa sõma, fut bãag, kʋʋlem, sɩnga, Zhengdan, a nu Dan, a yoob Dan, wẽnga, la wẽnga.  Neb kẽer sẽn tõe n bãng b sẽn maand to-to wã yaa: b sẽn yaa karen-biis sẽn yaa nin-kẽengã, nin-kɩɩmb nins sẽn yaa nin -kẽeng dãmba, la Zhengdan sẽn tar noor a naasã.

A Kun opera wã sull fãa yãka a toor-toorã. Yaa buud-goam nins sẽn yaa sõma wã n kɩt tɩ b naan maan tʋʋm sõma la b naan maan bũmb toor-toor ne a Kunqu Opera wã sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b wilg b nin-buiidã sẽn be to-to wã, b wilg b sẽn be to wã pʋgẽ, b wilg-b tɩ b gomda to-to, b wilg tɩ b gomda yell n yɩɩda, la b paas b sẽn dat n yeel tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã.

### Rɩk-y n ges-y
A tara yɛl a tãabo: fu-rɩtgo, kolor la dekorã sẽn yaa sõma, la a rɩkda nens [zh]. 

Sẽn paase, sẽn sɩng ne a Yuan ne a Ming soolmã, a Kunqu opera wã futu kẽer wõnda futu nins sẽn da nong nebã wakat kãnga wã. B sẽn maand woto wã wilgdame tɩ sodaas-tʋʋmdã sodaas sẽn yaa kãsmã tara b toor-toorã, la tɩ sodaas nins sẽn yaa taoor dãmbã me tara fut toor-toore, tɩ zems ne b sull sẽn yaa tẽng-n-bi-bɩɩgã. Facebook yaa net la ugly wã sẽn be pʋ-peelem pʋgẽ. Neb wʋsg sẽn yaa a Sheng la a Dan nebã pa tar b sẽn dat n yeel tɩ b yaa wa b sẽn dat tɩ b maan bũmb ningã ye. Wala makre, b boond tɩ Monkey King (生) la Zhong Wuyan (Dan), la b yaa wa sẽn yaa wa b yaa wa roog, sẽn yaa pemse, la sẽn yaa lik. 

Yʋʋm wʋsg sẽn looge, a Kunqu opera wã siglgã lebga sõma n yɩɩd fãa, la a rɩka naam wʋsg ne Sɩngr opera wã. 

## Sõng sẽn tar yõod
Yaa Sɩngr sẽn yaa kʋdemdã n tar tʋʋm-no-kãsems wʋsg sẽn na n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n tʋm tʋʋm-noodã. 

Sɩngr opera wã sɩngame n be zĩig ning sẽn sɩng ne a siglgã. Wakat sẽn loog n loogdẽ wã, b gʋlsda b goamã, b gomdda b koɛɛgã la b maandda yɩɩl-kãnga. La b boond-a lame t'a "vɩɩm fɩsill", n paas a sẽn toeem bũmb wʋsg n yɩɩd a sẽn maand to-to wã. Yaa pĩnd wẽndẽ operã a tãabã sʋka, a ye bal n paam n põse. A yaa Han buud-gomdã ne a taab buud-gomd ning b sẽn da tarã me n wilgdẽ tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã.

## Tẽns sẽn pʋɩ
Yaa Kunban sẽn maan yɩɩl wʋsg n kɩt tɩ b tõog n wilg a Wanli wã yʋʋm a yi wã, b kɩtame tɩ b wilg a Kunqu opera wã Pekin la Hunan soolmẽ wã, n tɩ ta Yangzhou. Sɩngrẽ wã, a ra gomda a Suzhou buud-gomdã sẽn boond tɩ Wu wã yelle, la a wa n naag ne tẽn-tẽnsã ne a buud-gomd la a sẽn na n wa ne a buud toor-toore. Qing soolmã Qing soolmã pʋgẽ, a Qianlong wakatã, a Kunqu opera ra yaa sõma wʋsgo, la hal b sẽn sɩng rẽ tɛka, a Kunq opera sɩngame n dɩ naam ne a piisã tɩɩsẽ wã, sẽn kaoos yʋʋm koabg bɩ pis-tã la a yopoe wã, n lebg opera buud sẽn yaa pĩnd n tar yõod wʋsg ne Sɩngr la dũniyã gill zugu. 

Kunshan yɩɩl sɩngame n yalg a zĩiga, la sɩngrẽ a yaa Suzhou soolmẽ wã, la Wanli soolmẽ wã a yalga Yangtze kʋɩlgã rɩtg n kẽng Qiantang kʋɩlgã pʋga, a Suzhou sẽn yaa a zĩiga. Qing Dynasty wã, Kangxi rĩmã ra nonga Kunqu opera wã, n kɩt tɩ nebã ra nong-a hal wʋsgo. Woto, yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ Kunshan yɩɩ yɩɩ yɩɩl sẽn tar pãng n yɩɩd yɩɩlã sẽn zĩnd Ming soolmã sʋka n tãag Qing soolmã sʋka.

### Fujian
Yʋʋmd 1574 wã, buud-gomdã sẽn yaa Kunshan buud-gomd n lebg Fujian buud-gomda, la b sɩng n gomd-a-la ne-a. A Kunqu Opera wã paama pʋɩɩr wʋsg Fujian soolmẽ wã, la a tara pãn-tusdg wʋsg ne fujian soolmẽ nin-buiidã, sẽn yaa toor-toore, wall sẽn yaa ka toore. A Cao Xuefu [zh] sẽn lugl a Confuciusã drama wã pʋgẽ, Ming soolmã saabẽ wã, "Douqiang" sẽn yaa koɛɛg sẽn yaa kãseng n tar Kunshan buud-gomdã pʋ-tẽerã. Wala makre, "Ziyuchai" opera wã pʋgẽ, yɩɩl ning sẽn yaa "13 melodi". Yʋʋm 35 sẽn looge, a Qing Qianlong (1770), a Jian'ou soolmẽ wã lugla "Zhai Ya Lin Qu Society" la a zãms n yɩɩnd Kunqiang, sẽn yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "tõnd yɩɩl kãsenga". [Wõog-y n bãnge]

### Zhejiang
Kunqu Opera, sẽn boond tɩ "Cao Kun" la "Jin Kun", yaa Kunqu opera sẽn be Zhejiang soolmã Jinhua soolmẽ wã. B boond-a lame t'a "Cao Kun" sẽn yaa a sẽn kɩt tɩ b lebg nana, wall b toeem buud-gomdã la b sẽn maand yɩɩl to-to wã yĩnga. Sẽn yaa to-to ne sẽn yaa zãmaan-kãsengã la tẽn-tẽngã meebã la wẽnd-doogã makrã, kom-bɩɩsã sẽn yaa nin-buiidã taoor soaba wã yĩnga, buud-gomdã yaa nebã sẽn nong n yɩɩd, b sẽn baood n na n maan bũmb nins sẽn pa zemsã, yɩɩl ning b sẽn boond tɩ "tone" pa yembr ye. [Wõog-y n bãng] Sẽn sɩng ne Ming Dynasty wã, b get-a lame tɩ yaa Wu opera sẽn yaa sɩda. Sɩda, a Kunqu Opera yaa Quzhou ne Jinhua kʋɩlgã pʋga.

## Dẽnnaandbã

* Mei Lanfang
* Zhang Jiqing
* Hua Wenyi
* Yan Huizhu
* Zhang Jun

## Tʋʋm sẽn tar yõod wʋsgo

* *The Peony Pavilion* (Tang Xianzu)
* *The Peach Blossom Fan* (Kong Shangren)
* *The Palace of Long Life* (Hong Sheng)
* *The White Snake*
* *The Western Mansion* (Southern version, adapted from Wang Shifu's zaju)
* *The Injustice done to Dou E* (adapted from Guan Hanqing's zaju)
* *The Kite* (Li Yu)

## Sõng-n-taase


## Sõsg a taab[edit | edit source]

* Xiao Li (2005). *Chinese Kunqu Opera*. Translated by Li Li and Liping Zhang. Long River Press. ISBN 1-59265-062-7.

## Zems-n-taase

* UNESCO sẽn boond tɩ ninsaalb kʋdemd la b laog sẽn pa tõe n yã ne noorã Kunqu Opera
* Kunqu Sosiete wã, Inc.
* Kunqu Arts, Inc. sullã
* Kunku Teyatrã yaa bõe?