Timbuktu

## Timbuktu
Yita Wikipedia, encyclopedia zaalem'a

Timbuktu (/ˌtɪmbʌkˈtuː/ *TIM-buk-TOO*; French: *Tombouctou*; Koyra Chiini: *Tumbutu*; Tuareg: *ⵜⵏⴱⴾⵜ*, romanized: *Tin Buqt*) ya galʋ tẽng m'be Mali,tɩ a be kilometr pissi(12mi) rɩtgo baobgo ni Niger kʋɩga.Tẽnga n ya tẽng-zugu ni Tombouctou Region,tɩ a ya kadeng tẽnga n paasd a nii(8) Mali soolem pugin.A tara neb 54,453 sõdg n da sõd yʋʋmde 2009 wakat.

## Kibare
Timbuktu sɩnga mi n ya wakat-wakat la neb dag zĩi be hal tɩ a wa lebg tẽng tɩ neba pa zĩi be wakat fãa yʋʋmde kobre piig la a yiibu sẽn looga wakat.Tɩ a dag ya zĩig ning neb sẽn dag maane leebgo wakat ning Mansa Musa n dag kẽng be yʋʋmde 1325 wakat, Timbuktu kẽnga taoore ni yamsem kosgo,sãnem,ivory la yembse kosgo.Tɩ a wa yalg 

Belem-tɩɩse 

1.Yʋʋre-bãngre￼ 

2.Rẽenem kʋdemde￼ 

3.Kʋdemde￼ 

4.Tẽng-baoosgo￼ 
* Zĩ-kõbgo

5.Arzɛk koglgo￼ 
* Yamsem leebgo
* Koob tʋʋma
* Yamleo-gõore
- Zaba

6.Nen-taoore yɛl-sɩngre 
* Leo Africanus
* Shabeni

7.Bũmb bãngr la rog-mik
* Rog-n-mik tigr rãmba
* World Heritage Site
- Lislaam wẽns sul-dãmba zaba

8.Kaorengo
* Zãmsg zĩiga
* Sɛb-gʋndum la sɛb-koosg zĩisi*
9.Buud goama

10.Roto la soay maanego

11.Nin-bɛda

12.Neba fãa rog-n-miki

13.Twin towns - sister cities (Tẽms sẽn zem-taaba - Galʋ tẽms sẽn zem-taaba)

14.Ges-n-paasga 

15.Sɛb-tũnugd bilgri

16.Goam-loeese

17.Sɛb-tikds sẽn zoe n tik ne sẽn na ka tiki

15.Kɛɛng tõkre

## Yʋʋr-bãngre
Yʋʋm kobre sẽn looga, Timbuktu yʋʋra gʋlsg toeema wʋsgo-n yi ne Tenbuch sen be Catalan Atlas (1375),ne gõoda m boond Antonio Malfante's Thambet,tɩ a gʋlsa ne lɛtre yʋʋm 1447 la a me dik Alvise Cadamosto a gõob ne Cadamosto, ne Heinrich Barth's Timbúktu la Timbu'tu.France gʋlsg n yi ãndũni sebtɩɩse n ya ne Tombouctou.La German gʋlsg ya Timbuktu n leb ya Timbuktu.        

## Rẽenem-kʋdemde
Timbuktu dag ya kadeng leebgo suka yʋʋm 500 ne 1500AD wakat,Tɩ ya yʋgma lab tar n dag segd taaba n tekre yamsem ne Sahel Desert ramba ne sãnem, ivory la yembse n yi Sahel,tɩ na toog n ta Niger kʋlga.A nin-buiid(yʋʋm 2018 dag ya 32,640)tɩ dag ya 10,000 yʋʋm kobre piig la  tãab(13) wakat,Tɩ b waooglem wa yik 50,000 yʋʋm kobre piig la a yoob(16) wakat hal tɩ wa tilg o b lislaamdo Université m boond University of Timbuktu,tɩ a wat ne lislaamdo bãngdba wʋsg lislaamdo ãndũni fâa.        

## Tẽng-baoosgo
Timbuktu be goabg baobg ne Sahara wã kilometr piig la a nu 15km (9.5 mi) m be rɩtgo baobgo ne Niger kʋlg kâsênga.Tẽnga koglga ne bĩis tãnga tɩ a soy fãa ya bĩisir. Kabara bato-yasg-zĩiga ya kilometr a nii 8km (5 mi) ne a goabg tẽnga la a soka ne kʋlga sore kilometr a tãab 3km (12 mi) ko-sora.   

## Arzɛk koglgo
Timbuktu arzɛk be a goabg baobg n ya tran-saharan leebgo.La masa,bumb ning o b tar m paame arzɛk beẽ ya yamsem kʋg o b sẽn yiisd Taodenni tuuba suka m'be Sahara wã suka tɩ a ya kilometr 664 (413 mi) m'be rɩtgo baobgo ne Timbuktu.La yʋʋm kobre pissi (20) wã  suka,o b  yamsem kʋga dag zilgra ne yʋgma bɩ azalai,tɩ a dag be Timbuktu sɩpaolg kiuug la tʋʋlg kiuug basgo.   

## Tẽms sẽn zem-taaba - Galʋ tẽms sẽn zem-taaba
Timbuktu wẽnda a:
* Chemnitz, Germany
* Hay-on-Wye, Wales (United Kingdom)
* Kairouan, Tunisia
* Marrakesh, Morocco
* Saintes, France
* Tempe, United States

## Ges-n-paasga
* List of cities in Mali
* History of Timbuktu
* Timbuktu Renaissance, an initiative to rebuild the city's economy through music and culture

## Sɛb-tũnugd bilgri
## Goam-loeese
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# Staff (28 January 2013). "Mali – Islamists Rebels Burn Manuscript Library as They Leave Timbuktu". Reuters (via Africa – News and Analysis). Retrieved 31 January 2013.
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# "WHC Requests Close Surveillance of Bordeaux, Machu Picchu, Timbuktu and Samarkand". World Heritage Convention News & Events. UNESCO. 10 July 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
# Decision 33COM 7B.45 – Timbuktu (Mali), Final Decisions of the 33rd Session of the WHC, Seville, 2009
# "Timbuktu shrines damaged by Mali Ansar Dine Islamists". BBC News. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
# "Mali Islamist militants 'destroy' Timbuktu saint's tomb". BBC News. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
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# "Timbuktu's 'Badass Librarians': Checking Out Books Under Al-Qaida's Nose". NPR.
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## Sɛb-tikds sẽn zoe n tik ne sẽn na ka tiki
* Barth, Heinrich (1857), Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855, New York: Harper & Brothers. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3. |internet Archive: Volume 3.
* Caillié, Réné (1830), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828, London: Colburn & Bentley. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2.
* Cleaveland, Timothy (2008), "Timbuktu and Walata: lineages and higher education", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.), The Meanings of Timbuktu (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 77–91, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2021, retrieved 29 April 2012.
* Dubois, Felix (1896), Timbuctoo the mysterious, Tombouctou la mystérieuse.English.1896, translated by White, Diana, New York: Longmans, hdl:2027/mdp.39015008010343.
* Hammer, Joshua (2016). The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-7743-6.
* Hacquard, Augustin (1900), Monographie de Tombouctou, Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes. Also available from Gallica.
* Heath, Jeffrey (1999), A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110162851.
* Hunwick, John O. (2003), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12560-5. ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4 (paperback) First published in 1999 as ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
* Insoll, Timothy (2002), "The Archaeology of Post Medieval Timbuktu" (PDF), Sahara, 13: 7–22, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012.
* Insoll, Timothy (2004), "Timbuktu the less Mysterious?" (PDF), in Mitchell, P.; Haour, A.; Hobart, J. (eds.), Researching Africa's Past. New Contributions from British Archaeologists, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 81–88, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012, retrieved 8 February 2011.
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* Jeppie, Shamil (2008), "Re/discovering Timbuktu", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.), The Meanings of Timbuktu (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 1–17, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2021, retrieved 26 February 2011.
* Leo Africanus (1896), The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols), Brown, Robert, editor, London: Hakluyt Society. A facsimile of Pory's English translation of 1600 together with an introduction and notes by the editor. Internet Archive: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3
* Medupe, R.T.; Warner, B.; Jeppie, S.; Sanogo, S.; Maiga, M.; Maiga, A.; Dembele, M.; Diakite, D.; Tembely, L.; Kanoute, M.; Traore, S.; Sodio, B.; Hawkes, S. (2008). "The Timbuktu Astronomy Project". In Holbrook, J.; Medupe, R.T.; Urama, J.O. (eds.). African Cultural Astronomy. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 179–188. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6639-9_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-6639-9.
* Miner, Horace (1953), The primitive city of Timbuctoo, Princeton University Press. Link requires subscription to Aluka. Reissued by Anchor Books, New York in 1965.
* Park, Douglas (2010), "Timbuktu and its prehistoric hinterland", Antiquity, 84 (326): 1076–1088, doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067090, S2CID 161730981.
* Park, Douglas (2011). Climate Change, Human Response and the Origins of Urbanism at Prehistoric Timbuktu (PhD). New Haven: Yale University, Department of Anthropology..
* Saad, Elias N. (1983), Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24603-3.

## Kɛɛng wila
* Timbuktu – World History Encyclopedia
* Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Timbuktu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 981–983.
* Jeppie, Ahamil "A Timbuktu book collector between the Mediterranean and Sahel", Video of a presentation given at the conference The southern shores of the Mediterranean and beyond: 1800 – to the present held at the University of Minnesota in April 2013.
* Ancient West Africa's Megacities on YouTube – contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation
* Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
* Green, Jonathan (24 November 2022). "S2 07 - Timbuktu - a true story" (audio (30 mins)). ABC Radio National. Return Ticket. Features interviews with Cynthia Schneider and Manny Ansar, co-directors of the Timbuktu Renaissance, and Lazare Eloundou Assomo, director of UNESCO World Heritage
Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library
* Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa's written history unveiled, The UNESCO Courier, 2007–5, pp. 7–9
* Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people', The UNESCO Courier, October 1959
* Timbuktu on Global Heritage Network – early warning and threat monitoring system for endangered cultural heritage sites
* Presentation showing images of Timbuktu
* ArchNet.org. "Timbuctu". Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013.