Longquan Celadon

***Longquan Celadon*** (龍泉青瓷) yaa Sɩngr sẽn boond tɩ seb-vẽeng sẽn yaa seb-vɩɩs ne seb-vʋʋs sẽn yaa seb sẽn yaa sebã, sẽn yaa sebr sẽn yaa sebẽ wã sẽn yaa sebre, sẽn yaa b sẽn naan n yiis yʋʋmd 950 n tãag yʋʋmd 1550. B ra maanda bugum-koglgã wʋsg Lishui soolmẽ wã, Zhejiang soolmẽ wã. Sẽn zems ne sẽn yaa to-to wã, b yãa gãosg sẽn ta 500 , tɩ kɩt tɩ Longquan Celadon tigis zĩiga yaa Sɩngd tẽnga sigls sẽn tar pãng n yɩɩd sigls sẽn naan naan naan wa b sẽn naan naan tigis-gãosgã. "Longquan-type" yaa gom-biig sẽn nong n yɩɩd sẽn na yɩl n bãng b toor-toor ning sẽn be be be wã, wall sẽn na yɩl tɩ b yeel tɩ "sud celadon" bala, yaa wa b sẽn da maand wa b sẽn boond tɩ "Longquans-type" wã. 

Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n tõog n tall n tall n kõ-a, a ra segd n maana yɩɩr wʋsg n tõog n paam n paam n tõog n tɩge. B fãa kell n yɩɩ sõma Yuan (1271-1368) la Ming (1368-1644) wakatẽ. Sẽn yɩɩd yʋʋm kobs a nu, b ra tara rolgr wʋsg ne longquan celadonã sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne Sɩngr arzɛkã pʋgẽ, la b ra rɩkda a togs-n-taare tẽns a taabã pʋsẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Kore la Zapõ. B sẽn wa n sãam b ra-kãnga, b sẽn paam tɩ b yi b zĩisẽ wã, b sẽn da tar porzɛlɛn-bil ne sẽn yaa pemse, n yi Jingdezhen wã. 

Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ b pa tõe n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da pa mi wã, b getame tɩ b yaa wa b pa mi ye. Sɩngrẽ wã, b pʋɩta b teedã tɩ b lebg b sẽn pa tar tɩm-n-tɩr ye, la b pʋɩt-b tɩ b yaa porzɛlɛn. B tõe n tũnugda ne gom-biis sẽn yaa "tõnd-tõnd sẽn yaa ne pĩig" n bilg bõn-kãens, la tẽns a taabã sɛbdb tagsdame tɩ b "tẽnda bõn-kãens wa tãn-tõnda". [v] 

A Longquan Celadon wã ra yaa bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd sẽn yaa Celadon sẽn naan be Sɩngr soolmẽ wã, la b maana b sẽn tõe n tõog n tõog n bãng b modgdã la b sẽn maandã. B ra maanda ne bã-rãmb sẽn yaa toor-toore, tɩ b yaa zɛlt-yaalã, la b yaa wa ne waas-yaalgã (b sẽn get-b tɩ b yaa sõma, la b pa tarẽ) la bug-rãmb ye. Rõ-kãens fãa yita rã-gãongã pʋgẽ; wakat ninga, b pa tar rã-gãongo, tɩ b lebg tɩ b lebg n wa maan tɩ b lebg ne rã-gãonga. B pa tol n ningd bũmb nins b sẽn maandã ye. B sẽn maand-b tɩ b maneg-b yaa koom-koglgã sẽn yaa wa koom-koglgã, la b sẽn maan-b tɩbg-n-tɩrsã. Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra tara bõn-naands sẽn yaa nana, tɩ kɩt tɩ b tõe n maan bũmb n maan bũmb ning b sẽn dat n maan n wilg tɩ b yaa sõma.

## Dɩt-n-taase la d sẽn na n maneg-a to-to
Longquan celadon yĩngã, sẽn yaa b sẽn yã wã, yaa "tõnd sẽn yaa gãn-kãsenga, sẽn yaa gãnd ne gãnd ne pɛɛlg sẽn yaa pemse, n ta n ta n lebg porselean sẽn yaa pemsem", la b sã n wẽed-a n ges a zugu, a lebgda wa terakot sẽn yaa wa roog sẽn yaa wa bĩngd sẽn yaa wa wa bĩnd sẽn yaa wa a sẽn yã wã. Woto kɩtame tɩ Longquan ne Sa-Nedg Celadons pa yembr ye. La sã n yaa ne bũmb sẽn yaa pemsem la sẽn yaa gãndgã, b pa tõe n maan woto ye. Tẽns sẽn be tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, b getame tɩ b yaa kug-rɩtba, la b tõe n bool-b lame tɩ porsɛllɛn. B sẽn lebg n yi Sɩngr buud-gomdã pʋgẽ wã, b tõe n yeelame tɩ b fãa yaa "porseyn". [Bɩ y ges kɩbayã.] 

B ra lobda yagengã ne koom-koglgã rotã, tɩ b lobd koom-koglg wʋsg n naag taab n kõ-ba. B ra tũnugda ne makr-rãmbã, la wakat ninga b ra tũnugda n maand b toor-toor n maand b toore. B ra maanda woto n yaool n pa tar yãkr ye. B ra maanda rẽ n pa tar tɩg ye. 

La b sã n da tar sãnem-gãong ne sãnem-goamã, b tõe n paama sãnem-gaasã. La ne sã n yaa ne bãag sẽn yaa sõma, b tõe n kɩtame tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn yaa sõma. B ra maanda longquan celadon ne tãns-kãnga sẽn yaa zãad-kãnga, la b ra maanda bĩis sẽn yaa bĩis n zẽkd n kẽng tãns-kãsengã zugu. B ra tũnugda ne b sẽn da maand bũmb ninsã wakat fãa, la b ra tõe n yõoga bugum-dãmb sẽn yaa sẽk n ta 12 n tõe n yõog kogl-dãmb 25000 wakat fãa. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n yɩ sõma, b ra segd n maana bũmb sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd b sẽn tõe n maan to-to. Sã n yaa ne bũmb kẽer, b ra tara sã n yaa ne sãnem la b ra tar sãnem n tõog n paam tɩ b paam sãnem sẽn yaa sõma n paase. 

Bãagrã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar bugum la gas-buud-bõoneg sẽn kɩt tɩ b yaa kãn -kãe. Sẽn yaa ne yageng sẽn yaa pemsem, rẽnd tõe n yaa vẽenema. Sẽn yaa sõma tɩ b bãng tɩ b sã n wa n wa n pa tar tɩ b ningd-a, a na n yɩɩ wa a sẽn da pa tar tɩbgdã. Bãngr-rãmbã wʋsg tara gãndg la b gãndg b sẽn maandã, la b pa tar woto wa b sẽn maand Guan wã ye. Wakat ninga, b ra maandame n yaool n paam n yiisd ligdã n paas ligdã sẽn tar ligdã. 

Sɩngrẽ wã, Zĩ-naandã ne Zĩ-paandã ra tara gom-biis wʋsg sẽn wilgd tɩ b yaa ne sãnem-biis la b yaa ne b zʋgo. ^ ^ ^ ^ "Kinuta" (砧青瓷) sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "maale", tõe tɩ yaa malɛg baleng sẽn yaa balengã poore. ^ "Yẽ yaa yɩɩl wakatẽ wã sẽn yaa biru-green ning b sẽn nong n waoogd n yɩɩd a taabã fãa". ^ "Yãk-yẽngr" yaa tenryūji. A Shickikan buud yaa Ming sẽn be sʋka, sẽn yɩlẽ tɩ b sãnemã lebg vẽenega. Wala sẽn yaa ne sãnda selãdonã, Sɩngla nebã nifẽ, sã n yaa wa ne sãnda, yaa bũmb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg ne Sɩngla wã sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn tar yõod n yɩɩd bũmb nins fãa sẽn be Sɩngla pʋgẽ wã. 

B wʋsg yaa nana, la b yaa nin-sõngo. Sẽn sɩng ne Yuan wã, b paasda bõn-naands wʋsg la b maneg-b-la wʋsgo, la b yiisda bõn-nood wʋsg la rãam b sẽn da tar n tɩgã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã. "Mallet" vaso wã ra yaa bũmb sẽn nong wʋsg Longquan tẽnga, tɩ b ra tar b nug n maand wa rũms bɩ wag-rũngã. B sẽn maand-b ne b to-to wã, b na n maana rũms sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da maand ne b to wã, tɩ b na n yeel tɩ tigre la zũngã. B ra tũnugda ne-b n kogl b kũum poore. Longquan buud a to sẽn yaa toor-toorã yaa zĩm a yiib bɩ a yiib sẽn yaa zĩm-dãmb sẽn be zĩ-gũudẽ wã sẽn be zĩiga pʋga, sẽn yaa bĩis bɩ b sẽn yaa bɩsgo; b sã n wa maan woto, b sã n maan zũnd n na n maan metallã nug-n-goamgo, wa b sẽn yeel yʋʋmd 14 soabã saabẽ wã. 

Naoor wʋsgo, a Longquan dekorationã yaa sẽn yit yĩngẽ wã n wat n na n yɩlẽ n maan tɩ nebã bãng tɩ a sã n wa paam tɩ b ningd a Zezi Zezi kũumã, a sã n paam tɩ b maan bũmb sẽn yaa wa b sẽn maan tɩ b maan-a wã, a pa tarẽ ye. Sẽn deng n yɩ woto wã yaa ne bõn-naands sẽn yaa sõma n paasdẽ, tɩ b tõe n yãg n bãng tɩ b yaa bõn-naandse. Yaa wakat ning sẽn deng Yuan wã la b ra maand wẽnd-dood wʋsgo, la b ra pa maand bũmb wʋsg ye. Wala Qingbai, wakat ninga b ra naagda b namsgã wall b nin-buiidã ne b yagrã sẽn yaa ne glas ye.
File:Spotted Celadon KONOIKE.JPG|A ye sẽn yaa ne a Zeova Kaset rãmbã
File:Vase Phoenix Handles Celadon.JPG|"Mallet" vaso ne rũms sẽn maand b sẽn maand b toorẽ wã, zĩ-kãseng yɩɩl, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 12 soabã
File:Percival David Collection DSCF3122 12.jpg|B sẽn yã tɩ b yaa rũmsã, b rɩtame, tigr n digd wũnda, rɩtgo, wag-rũng n digd pɛrgã, Kibɩ-rʋʋng yɩɩl
File:BLW Celadon dish with unglazed fish.jpg|b sẽn da maand ne zĩm sẽn yaa bĩis n bĩisã, la b sẽn da tigimd b sẽn yãgd-b ne b sẽn yãbd-b ne a sẽn yãgdã, Yuan, yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 14 soabã
File:Dish with dragon and fish, Longquan ware, China, Song or Yuan dynasty, stoneware with celadon glaze - Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm - DSC09484.JPG|Dĩis sẽn tar tãnsã zĩ-kãnga


## Zĩndb la sẽn na n wa paam-b n deeg-b b yõor

Sã n yaa ne Celadon sẽn be sa-kãsengã, a Longquan teedã pa wõnd b ra tũnugda ne goosneerã noorẽ ye, baa ne a Longquans bugum sẽn da tũnugd ne n maand "tʋʋmdã" Guan teedã, sẽn wõnd a Guan bugum dãmbã ra pa tõe n maan ne sor-kãsemsã ye. A ra yaa lekollã, bɩ karen-bi-rãmb sull n da yaa zĩ-kãseng n da beẽ. Sẽn paase, b ra tũnugda ne-b n maand tẽn-kugrã la wakat ninga b sẽn na n yik-b kũumã. B ra tara bõn-naands wʋsg sẽn yaa wa b sẽn da maand pĩndã, la b ra tara b sẽn da yaa wa b b sẽn da maan bũmb nins sẽn yaa tũudmã wɛɛngẽ wã. B leb n yiisda b rãmb wʋsg tɩ b yi tẽns a taab sẽn be Azi soolmẽ wã, wala Zapõ la Kore, tɩ b tõe n bãng b sẽn maand b tʋʋmdã ne b karen-biis nins sẽn be be zĩigã. 

Yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b tall-b tɩ b yi n tɩ yi n tɩ woogd tẽngã. A ra tara a longquan-rãmb 50 000 sẽn da yaa wa b sẽn da wa n yiis-b n yi n yi n tɩ wa n yi n kẽng tẽngã. Sẽn paase, a ra pa kaoos tɩ Japan sɩng n dɩkd a Longquan teed n maand woto ye. 

Sẽn paase, b ra leb n yiisda b teed wʋsg tɩ b kẽngd tẽns a taab pʋsẽ. Rũndã-rũndã, b sẽn tigimd b teedã yaa b sẽn tigimd b teedã sẽn yaa 1300 n be Ottoman Emperorsã sẽn tigimd-b wakat fãa wã. B sẽn da tẽed tɩ b na n sãama b to wã, b ra pa tõe n paam n dɩd-b ye. B yãa bõn-bil sẽn be Afrika kiidã pʋga, sẽn be Kenya la Tanzani. 

B ra tara kareng wʋsg n kẽng Erop ne raopã, la b ra getame tɩ b yaa sãamb sẽn yaa b sẽn da tar n kõ-b la b lebg b sẽn na n maan n kõ-ba. Sɩngrẽ wã, b ra tara Sɩnay-dãmb a tãabo n yaool n wa n tɩ be Erɔp yʋʋmd 1500 soabã. Yaa b sẽn da boond tɩ Fonthill Vase wã (masã sẽn boond tɩ Dublin) la b sẽn boond tɩ qingbai porsellɛnã. La a yiib a taabã yaa Longquan celadon. Yʋʋmd 1487 wã, a Lorenzo de' Medici paama longquan rɩɩb sẽn yaa a Qaitbay sẽn yaa Ezipt Mamluk Sultã nengẽ. A Katzenelnbogen koglgã ra koosame ne Alemãnd sẽn yaa arzɛk rãmb n kẽng n kẽng tẽn-sõngo yʋʋmd 1433/34 wã, a sẽn wa n lebg n wa wã, a paama a gãag n maneg-a ne sãnem sãnem (masã yaa Kassel). A Longquan Warham Bowl wã, sẽn yaa a William Warham sẽn yaa Canterbury arzɛkbispo n kõ New College, Oxford yʋʋmd 1532 wã (masã b sẽn kõ-a Ashmolean Museum wã), tõe n yɩɩ yʋʋmd 1500 wã poor bilfu. A paama sãnem yɛl sẽn yaa sõma n zĩnd Angletɛɛrã pʋgẽ.

## Kibsa

Song soolmã sẽn be sa-kãsengã pʋgẽ, Dayao (大窯) bugum sẽn be Longquan tẽngã sɛɛgẽ wã bal n da yiisd bugum dãmb a yiibu la a tãabo. A Zincun sẽn da be be be wã yĩnga, b ra yaa bugum dãmb sẽn yaa kãsenga, la b ra yiisda bugum dãmb n yɩɩd b taabã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b ra maand-b-la ne seb-kãsemse, la b ra maand woto hal tɩ ta Song-rʋʋngã (1127-1279), la b kell n maana woto wakat ning b sẽn boond tɩ Yuan (1271-1368) la Ming (1368-1644). 

A Longquan Celadon rogmã pʋgẽ, bũmb sẽn yɩ kãseng n zĩnd yɩɩ sẽn ket n be Northern Song wã sorã sẽn zoe n kẽng zĩ-gõonegẽ, b sẽn wa n bas rɩtgã tõogo, yʋʋm 1120-nin-gĩndã, Jin-Song zabrã pʋgẽ. Soog-rɩtg sẽn be Zĩng-rɩtaab soolmẽ wã, b lugla a ye Hangzhou, sẽn pẽ Longquan. La sẽn da yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b ra yiisd b teedã n yiisd b toorẽ wã, b ra pa le tar pãng ye. Longquan teedã pa yit Sɩngd-bi-kãsengã sẽn be tẽn-kɩtbã sʋka, tɩ Sɩngd bãngdb ra naag-b n gʋls-b-la rẽ wɛɛngẽ, la b pa gomd wʋsg ne-b ye. 

Kibar a ye sẽn sɩng ne Yuan wakat n tãag masã, n tar yõod sẽn pa mi, wilgda saam-biis a yiib sẽn boond tɩ Zhang, b yiibã fãa sẽn yaa Longquan pãrba, tõe tɩ yaa Kibɩ-kãsengã Song pʋgẽ, baa ne rẽ sẽn pa vẽenega. Saam-biigã sẽn yaa kãsem soabã ra tara bũmb a to sẽn yaa toor-toorã; b sẽn yeel tɩ yaa sõma bɩ wẽng, b yeelame tɩ yaa ne a sẽn tar a meng ne a meng n da yaa gãn-koɛɛga, la b yeelame tɩ Ge ware (tõnd sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "mam-biigã gãn-kẽengã") yaa woto. A yao wã me ra tara bõn-naandg sẽn yaa sõma, tɩ b get-a tɩ yaa sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩd pĩnd Longquan wã. 

Song soolmã sẽn be zĩ-dʋʋngã pʋgẽ, b ra tara sãnem-sõngo, la b ra tara kolor toor-toorã wʋsgo, la b le paasda b teedã me wʋsgo. Yʋʋmd 1988 wã, Sɩni arheolog sẽn vaees n bãng sẽn sɩng ne bugum-paalgã wilgame tɩ b ra tara bugum-pugum 39 sẽn yit Waoog-tẽng soolmẽ wã, 61 sẽn yit Waog-tẽng soolem pʋgẽ, la b ra tara b bugum-piis 70 sẽn yit Yuan soolmẽ wã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ, neb nins sẽn da ket n tʋmd ne b toorẽ teedã ra yaa 23%,