Epic of King Gesar

Rĩm Gesar (tiibẽ: གླིང་གེ་སར།, Wylie: gling ge sar), b sẽn gʋls tɩ Geser (sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn kẽed ne mongol rãmbã) bɩ Kesar (/ˈkɛzər, ˈkɛs-/), yaa seb-bɛd sẽn gomd tiibẽ la Azi tẽn-kɩremsã yell n gomd. Yaa yʋʋmd 200 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, bɩ yʋʋmd 300 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã, la yʋʋmd 600 sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã la b sɩng n gʋlsd seb-kãngã. Rẽ poore, nebã ra ket n togsd-a-la ne no-goamã, tɩ kɩt tɩ kibarã lebg sõma n paasdẽ. Bãngr-gomdã paama a sẽn da yaa to-to n sa wã, la a sẽn da yaa to-to n yɩɩd yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 12 soabã sɩngrẽ. 

Sebrã gomda a Gesar sẽn yaa nin-kãsenga, sẽn yaa naam soab ning sẽn pa zoet rabeem, sẽn yaa Ling (Wylie: gling) soolmã. B gʋlsa-a-la yɩɩl-bɛd la vɛrse-bɛd buud toor-toor pʋgẽ, la b yɩɩl-a-la zĩig fãa Azi tẽn-sʋk la Azi soolmẽ wã. Yaa a sẽn be Tibɛt tẽnga pʋga. 

Sẽn zems bards 100 n be seb-kãngã pʋgẽ, n ket n be Gesar bãndã sẽn be Chine wã.  Tibɛt, Mongol, Buryat, Balti, Ladakhi la Monguor yɩɩl-yẽgdbã kell n talla b no-goamã, la epikã kɩtame tɩ bãngdb wʋsg rat n bãng-a, bala yaa epik-rãmb a wãn nins sẽn be no-goamã pʋgẽ wã a ye n ket n yaa yɩɩl-yẽgdb sẽn tõe n tall b no-goamã. Yugur  la Salar, sẽn yaa epõ wã vɛrse, b leb n gʋlsa a Baltistan Balti wã, Burusho wã sẽn be Hunza la Gilgit  la Kalmyk la Ladakhi nebã, sẽn be Nepallã, la Altaik, Turkic la Tungus buud toɛy-toɛyã sʋka. B sẽn sɩng n yiis seb-kãngã to-to wã yaa seb-vãoog sẽn gʋls ne mongol buud-gomde, b sẽn yiis Pekẽ yʋʋmd 1716 wã. 

Yaa ne vɛrse-rãmb wʋsgo, tɩ ned kam fãa tar vɛrse-rãmb wʋsgo, la neb kẽer yetame tɩ b yaa sẽn zãr n yɩɩd dũniyã fãa wã.  Baa ne sẽn pa be sebr sẽn yaa vẽenega, tibetã seb-vãoog sẽn be Chine wã pida ne seb-vãoog 120, sẽn yɩɩd vɛrse rãmb milyõ a ye, sẽn pʋɩ ne "sakr" 29.  Zĩigã seb-vãadã wilgame tɩ seb-vãad 50 la b sẽn yiis hal tɩ ta masã, sẽn kẽed ne Chine, Inde la Tibetã.   

## Tãnd sẽn yaa bĩngã
B wilgame tɩ b sẽn da get a Gesar yell ne b sẽn da boond-a Romã nebã tɩ a Sezaar wã, b yeelame tɩ yaa Turkic buud-gomd la b ra tõe n dɩk n tɩ togs-a Rom soolmẽ wã. Neb kẽer tagsdame tɩ yaa Mogol Kesar n kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ b na n wʋma koɛɛgã. Mongol rãmbã da yaa taab n be ne Bizantins rãmbã, tɩ b rĩmã ket n tũnugda ne b yʋʋre.  

Sẽn kẽed ne numismatikã kaset la kibay kẽer gomda Bactrian naab a Phrom-kesar yelle, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Kabul Shahi sẽn be Gandhara, sẽn da yaa Turkic rĩmã a Fromo Kesaro ("Rom Sezaar") sẽn da so sẽn da yaa Khotan rĩmã rĩmã kẽed-n-taag yʋʋmd 800 wã sʋka. Bon sɩngrẽ wã, From Kesar yaa zĩig yʋʋr wakat fãa, la a zɩ n gom naam soab yell wa a sẽn maan kaoosg pʋgẽ wã ye. Tibẽ epõ wã vɛrse kẽere, rĩm a ye yʋʋr sẽn boond t'a Phrom Ge-sar bɩ Khrom Ge-sar yaa rĩm a yembr sẽn so tẽms a naasã  -  b wilgame t'a yʋʋrã bee yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 10 soabã pʋgẽ la a Phrom/Khrom wã kell n yaa Irã buud (*frōm-hrōm) sẽn yaa Rūm/Rom. Gom-bi-kãngã sẽn yit Irã yaangã pʋgẽ wã bee Rom sẽn be yaangã pʋgẽ wã (拂菻 , Fólín) poorẽ, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ Byzance (phrōm- sẽn yit).  

A. H. Francke ra tagsdame tɩ Tibɛt yʋʋr sẽn boond tɩ Gesar yita Sanskrit pʋgẽ. S.K. Chatterji sẽn sɩng a tʋʋmdã, a wilgame tɩ sẽn yaa a Kesar, Kyesar, sẽn yaa Ladakh buud-goamdã sẽn be Tibet buud-gomdã pʋgẽ wã rat n yeelame tɩ "b sẽn dog-a paalgã", la tɩ Gesar/Kesar sẽn be Tibet wã, wa sẽn be Sanskrit pʋgẽ wã rat ne 'rũm-rũm-n-soab' sẽn yaa Sanskrit buud-gomdẽ wã.

## Gesar ne Ling soolmã
Tibet wã, b pa wae n sãmbd t'a Gesar sɩd zĩndame ye. (Samuel 1993, s. 365) (Lǐ Liánróng 2001, s. 334) Bãngdb kẽer yeelame tɩ b rog-a-la yʋʋmd 1027, n tik seb-kʋd a ye sẽn gʋls yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã pʋgẽ, sẽn boond tɩ Mdo smad chos 'byung sẽn gʋls ne Brag dgon pa dkon mchog bstan pa rabã.  Kẽer yel-kãsems wõnda sẽn wilgd bũmb nins sẽn zĩnd Tibɛt kʋdemdã sɩngrẽ wã: kãadem ne Siin na-bi-pugla tẽegda kɩbay sẽn gomd rĩm a Songtsän Gampo kãadem ne na-bi-poak a Wencheng yʋʋmd 641 wã yelle.  Gʋls kẽer yetame t'a ra bee Golok, Dotō ne Domé sʋka, bɩ Markham, Tanak, Öyuk bɩ Panam tẽn-bil ning sẽn be Nyang kʋɩlgã noore. Sẽn mik tɩ kɩbarã yel-solemd la a yel-bũndã pa zems ne zĩigã la wakatã, kibay nins sẽn be kɩbarã pʋgẽ wã pa zems ye. Baa ne b sẽn yɩɩl-a Tibɛt buud-goamã fãa pʋgẽ wã, b ra geta Kham la Amdo wa b sẽn da yaa zĩig ning b sẽn da moond-a wã. Tibɛt gomdã pʋgẽ, gom-bil ning b sẽn boond tɩ gling wã rat n yeelame tɩ " tẽn-bilã", la a tõe n yɩɩ " tẽn-kãsengã " wala Sanskrit gom-bilã dvīpa.  Ling ra yaa naam-bil sẽn da be Kham sẽn be Yangtze la Yalong kʋɩlgã sʋka. Gsumge Mani Stone Castle sẽn be Yalong kʋɩlgã sẽn yitẽ wã, yaa Gesar wẽnd-doog sẽn be a sʋka. A Lingtsang (Wylie: gling tshang) yaa soolem sẽn zĩnd hal tɩ ta yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã. 

## Epi wã sẽn paasã

A Turk Fromo Kesaro sẽn tõog n zab ne Arabi tãb-biis sẽn be Gandhara yʋʋmd 739 n tãag 745, n tõog n zab n sãam a Zezi wã, tõe n yɩɩ a Tibet wã. Sẽn yaa pipi n be Ladakh, Baltistan la Gilgit wã, tɩ b sẽn wa n wa n zab ne Tibet nebã, b wilgame tɩ b yaa rĩm dãmb la Gesar sẽn be Bactrian soolmẽ wã.  

A sẽn yaa Tibɛt buud toor-toorã, a sẽn yaa a soabã yaa a sẽn sɩng ne a yiib-n-soabã sẽn wa n be Tibetã pʋgẽ wã. A sẽn wa n wa n yaa Sarma wã, wall a "pa-pa-rɩk" wã, yaa a sẽn wa n lebg a soabã. B sẽn da yet tɩ b gomda ne b noorã yaa nin-buiidã sẽn be zĩis a yiib sẽn yaa zĩ-zãrsẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Bon (Ladakh ne Zanskar sẽn be Tibet mogrã rɩtgẽ wã, la Kham ne Amdo sẽn be be kiisgã), tɩ wilgdẽ tɩ gomdã tara buud toor-toore. La a R. A. Stein yeelame tɩ b sẽn da gʋls b goamã pa pĩnd n yɩɩd b sẽn da togs b goamã ye. [g]Sẽn yaa to-to ne gom-bi-pugl, neb wʋsg sẽn pa. 

Wala b sẽn da yetã, b ra tara buud toor-toor wʋsgo, la b pa tõe n gʋls sɛb nins sẽn be Biiblã pʋgẽ ye. La b sẽn da gomd bũmb ning sẽn yaa a Zeova Kaset rãmbã yell yʋʋmd 1500 wã wã, b wilgame tɩ b ra gomda bũmb ning b sẽn gʋls n gʋls a Byang chub rgyal mtshan pʋgẽ wã yelle. Baa ne a sẽn tar yʋʋm wʋsg n tãag masã wã, a sẽn yaa pipi n gʋls tɩ b gʋlsd a soabã yaa Moongol tẽmsã sẽn da gʋlsd a soab yʋʋmd 1716 wã. Tibɛt sɛb nins fãa sẽn paam n paam tõndã pa yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 18 soabã ye, baa ne b sẽn tõe n dɩk pĩnd sɛb nins sẽn pa ket n tarã. Yʋʋm kobs 19 soabã la 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, bãngd a ye n yiisd kibarã ne tɩɩs n yiis-a. A ra yaa ling-tsang, sẽn yaa soolmã sẽn be Derge soolmã pʋga rɩtg-n-soga, n dɩk a yam a Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso, sẽn yaa Tibet karen-bi-laaga.   

Tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, Gesar kibarã sẽn be zĩig ningã wilgdame tɩ b pʋd-a-la yʋʋr sẽn yaa toor-toore. Tibet nebã sẽn yeel tɩ Gesar yaa Ling Gesar, Ling Gesar la Gesar Norbu Dradul wã yʋʋr yĩnga. Buryat rãmbã sʋka, b boond-a lame t'a Abayi Geser Khubun. Khalkha wã sẽn yet tɩ yaa noorẽ wã, b boond-a lame t'a Altan Bogdo khan. Altai seb-vẽenega, b boond-a lame tɩ Sädängkäi Käsär la Sartaktai Käsär.  A sẽn be Balti la Ladakh nebã sʋka, a yaa a Gyalpo Kaiserr.   

### Sõsg la kibarã sẽn wilgd bũmb ning sẽn maandã
A sẽn yaa zab-gʋlsdã tara yɛl wʋsg sẽn tõe n sõng-a t'a bãng a sẽn maand to-to wã, la a sẽn pa tõe n maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa sõma wã, a sẽn maand bũmb ning sẽn wõnd b sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa kibay wʋsg pʋgẽ wã, a gomda a sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn pʋgdã: 

Rĩm a Ge-sar rogame tɩ b maan bõn-bãn-kãsenga, b yãagame tɩ b pa get-a ye. La a lebg naam soaba, n tõog n paam a pag a Brug-mo. A sẽn wa n wa n beẽ wã, a kogla a nin-buiidã ne neb sẽn yaa ninsaalb la sẽn yɩɩd ninsaalb fãa. Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n wa paam kũum, a kẽnga zĩ-tẽng sẽn pa beẽ tɩ b tõe n wa fãag a nin-buiidã ne b bɛɛbã.  

A Samuels sẽn yaa a Zeova Kaset soaba, Gesar zab-gʋlsdã yaa a sẽn get a Tibɛtã buud-gomdã la a tũudmã sẽn yaa a taab taab taab pʋgẽ wã.  (Samuel 1993, seb-neng 7-23); (Samuel 2005, seb-neng 166) Gɛs-sar yel-soalgã sẽn paam n paam-b wã yaa Buddzma tagsgo la yɛl sẽn kɩt tɩ b pa tõe n bãng 'sẽn-soab' ning sẽn yaa toor fasɩ wã. B sẽn maan pĩnd wẽndẽ kibarã vaeesg n na n bãng bũmb ning sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn wilgd tɩ b tara b mens n get b sẽn maand bũmb ninsã, b wilga bũmb nins sẽn wilgd tɩ yaa Buddɛɛgdb n tar pãng n wilgdẽ tɩ b tara a Zeova. A Samuel sẽn mak Gesar buud a tãabo, sẽn yaa Mongool, Tibɛt soolmã, la Ladakh soolmã, sẽn da yaa toor-toorã, n makd bũmb ning sẽn pʋgdã: 

* (1) A Lha sẽn maan bũmb ningã.  
* (2) Khrungs sẽn pa mi a Zeova wã yell.  
* (3) Rã-rɩ-rɩkã yell.  
* (4) Bdud 'dul yel-solemdã.  
* (5) B sẽn wa n maand a Hor wã. 
* (6) Sɩngr yel-soabã. 

tɩ b tõe n paas   

* (7) Srid pa'i'u kosmogeni wã sẽn sɩng ne bũmb ning fãa. 

#### Tibet buud-gomd

Tibet buud-goamã yaa toor fasɩ ne taab wʋsg. Naoor wʋsgo, b geta b sẽn maan bũmb ning sẽn yaa Buddismã wɛɛngẽ wã, tɩ b get dũniyã naanego la Tibet sẽn yita zĩig ningã. B sã n da gomd a Gautama sẽn yaa a Buddha yell n gomd bũmb a to pʋsẽ, b pa gomd a zugu, wall b gomd bũmb a taab sẽn pa sɩd be dũniyã tũudum pʋgẽ wã yelle. A Samten Karmay yeelame tɩ Gesar yaa ned sẽn da yaa nin-buiidã nin-buiidã sẽn da ket n yaa Buddismã nin-buiidã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, a Gesar zabda ne dharma bɛɛba, sẽn yaa sodaas sẽn yaa nin-kʋdã, sẽn tar pãng ne raood la zab-teedã, la yel-wẽn-maandb wala sɩlem la zãmbã. 

* Kosmikã sɩngrẽ la Tibɛt pĩnd wẽndẽ: Bũmb a yembr sẽn wilgd tɩ dũniyã wa n wa lebg naam sẽn pa tar pãnga; zĩn-dãmb rĩm dãmb wʋsg (Wylie: bdud) ra zãgsame tɩ b pa na n sak-b ye. Rẽ kɩtame tɩ zĩn-dãmb wʋsg sẽn yaa ninsaalb rɩtbã la burkĩndb wʋsg sẽn be soolem wʋsg naaba sẽn get b yelle, n maand wẽnga. A Tibɛtã sẽn lebg bu-zẽmba n lebg Buddismã, a tãabã sẽn yaa rĩm-dãmb sẽn yaa Dharma wã pʋgẽ, yaa bũmb sẽn kɩt tɩ nebã pa mi a Zeova ye. B wilga bũmb nins sẽn kɩt tɩ b bãng tɩ a Padmasambhāva (b sẽn boond t'a Guru Rinpoche) tõog n tõog Tibɛt nebã.
* Gesar rogem yaa yel-solemd bɩ sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn pa wõnd a taabã: B yeelame t'a pa tar ba, wala a Padmasambhava sẽn sõngd a saasẽ bõn-naandgã, n naan n tʋm a Ling rĩmã, la a paamame t'a yũ bõn-yũudl sẽn yaa bãan n kɩt t'a rog a ma zugã, wala a Athena sẽn be Greek mitoloog pʋgẽ wã. A ma wã sẽn yũ koomã sẽn maan sũ-noog ne a ma wã n dɩk a biigã n kõ a ma wã.  A rogame, a rogame, yaa a ba sẽn yaa yĩngr-soaba la tãnga sẽn yaa sõngã, la a ma sẽn yaa koom tẽngr-tẽngã wẽn-naandã, bɩ a rogame. A rogame t'a Chori yaa a Ling sẽn be Dza Valley wã pʋgẽ, a rog-a-la rĩm a Singlen Gyalpo ne a pag a Lhakar Drönma sẽn yaa Gogã.
* A roagdb: A tara a yao-rãmb a ye la a yaab a yiib. A yembr yaa "kẽngd-rũng" (Wylie: spyi dpon rong tsha), a Ling nin-kẽem sẽn yaa yam soaba, sẽn deegd biigã; a to wã, a Khrothung sẽn yaa yãgre la zãmbã, getame tɩ biigã yaa yell sẽn pak-a la a baood n na n maan-a wẽnga.
* A Gesar sẽn yaa Wẽnnaam tʋmtʋmdã tʋʋmd yaa n na n tõog zĩn-dãmb sẽn tar pãng tẽngã zugã.  A sẽn ta a kom-bɩɩsã, b wilgame t'a yaa ned sẽn yaa ned sẽn ya zũnd, sẽn yaa nin-wẽng, sẽn yaa wẽnga, sẽn yaa ned ning sẽn pa mi a taabã, la sẽn yaa ned t'a pa mi a Zeova ye. A ba wã malɛk a Todong, yaa rĩm a yao wã, kɩtame tɩ a ma ne a biigã kẽng rMa tãnga, la a bɩɩme n vɩ weoogẽ, a biigã sẽn yeelg rẽnna la a yeelg n yeelg n zãad a zoob sẽn tar zoob-rãmb n kõ-a.
* A Gesar sẽn lebg Ling rĩmã, a Gesar rɩka naam n kẽ kãadem ne a Brugmo, n kẽnda sãnem tãnsã zugu. A sã n tõog n tõog zabrã, a lebgda "Wõnda, a sẽn maand tʋlsã, a sẽn tõogd bɛɛbã", la a pʋdda a meng t'a Gesar. A sẽn da be a Kyang Go Karkar tʋʋlg zugu, a ne a tũud-n-taas 30 n zab ne tẽns nins sẽn be soogã sẽn makd wẽnga.

* A Gesar sẽn wa n be a pipi koe-moonegã pʋgẽ (a sẽn zabd ne a Klu btsan, sẽn yaa rɩtg zĩn-dãmb ning sẽn dɩt ninsaalb rɩtgã), a pagã, a Gurdkar (tõnd sẽn boond tɩ "tõnd-bilã"), sẽn yaa Hor rĩmã, yõka a pagã.
* B leb n maana koe-moonegã a yiib: Gesar zabda ne rĩm a Sadam sẽn be Jang soolmẽ wã (neer n be Yunnan soolmẽ wã), la rĩm a Shingkhri sẽn be Mon soolmẽ wã.
* A Gesar sẽn na n zab gãd-rãmb a 18 wã (Wylie: rdzong chen bco brgyad): B sõdga yɩɩl-gʋlsdb la b sõsdbã sẽn yet tɩ b sõdga to-to wã, la tɩ tãs-kãens pʋgẽ, b sõdgdame ne Tajik (Wylie: stag gzig)  la Khache sẽn yaa b mooslim dãmb bɛɛba.
* Lhasa: Vɛrse kẽer yetame tɩ a sẽn tar yʋʋm 39, a maana zĩ-gũud a Red Hill (Wylie: dmar pori), sẽn zĩnd Potala roogã pʋgẽ. 
* Zĩ-kẽem: A Gesar sẽn ta yʋʋm pis-naasẽ wã, a kẽnga bugum pʋgẽ tɩ yɩ a baasg pʋga, n yaool n bas ninsaalbã tẽng n leb n kẽng saasẽ arzãnã.

### mos_Latn n lebg n lebg n wa n lebg n yaa Mongoolse (1716)

* A sɩngda ne arzãn sɩngrẽ, a Ge-Ser rogem, a kom-bɩɩma, a kãadem ne Rogmo, la a sẽn paam tɩ Ling lebg rĩmã.
* Geser tõoga tigr sẽn tar sor sẽn yaa kɩdga.
* Geser kẽnga Sɩngr tɩ b kẽ kãadem ne Sɩngr naaba.
* Geser sẽn tõog zĩn-naabã ne a pagã sõngre.
* Geser zab ne rĩm-dãmb a tãabã
* Geser sã n zab zĩn sẽn dɩkd b mens n lebg lama wã.
* A Geser sẽn wa n na n fãag a ma wã, a kẽnga bugum pʋgẽ.

Yʋʋmd 2017 wã pʋgẽ, b lebgda Biiblã buud-gomdã buud-gomd ning sẽn yaa Inglizã pʋgẽ. 

### Buryat version
Buryat-rãmbã sẽn gʋlsd seb-gʋlsdã gomda Gesar sẽn da zabd ne zĩn-dãmbã yelle. B leb n tara Gesar tʋʋm-kãsemsã sɩngr-gʋlsd sẽn yaa sõma la sẽn yaa to-to. Sã n yaa ne Biibl-kãensã, Zĩigã neb buud a taab sẽn boond tɩ Tengri Khormusta (Turmas, Khorbustu, Hormust) sẽn yaa kãsenga, n zab ne Atai Ulan sẽn yaa Wẽrgo wẽn-naandb sẽn yaa wẽnsã.  A sã n wa tõog n na n kʋ-a, a Khormusta wãbda a Atai Ulan wã n na n gɩdg a vʋʋgrã, la a lobd a yĩngã wil n lobd tẽngã zug, tɩ b lebg zĩn-dãmbã la rũngã. A sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ ãdem-biisã sa. B tʋma a Khormusta bi-ribl sẽn yaa a bog-vɩɩgã (Bukhe Belligte bɩ a Uile Butelegcji) tɩ b wa maan bũmb ning sẽn sãamd tẽngã.

Buryat Biibl-kãng tara yɩɩl-rãmb 9 (eegre), tɩ b fãa gomda Gesar sẽn tõogd bɛɛbã to-to wã yelle. 

* Pipi: Gesar sẽn da yaa bi-bɩɩgã. A Gesar sẽn be bãensã roogẽ wã, a Gesar sẽn boond t'a Nyurgai (Sug-n-gãong) wã, sẽn ket n yaa bi-bɩɩga, n tõogd bõn-naandb a tãabo, la a kʋɩt-n-tɩrsã la a tãb-bi-poakã (gell-y a Heracles ne a Cú Chulainn) n kẽ kãadem ne kom-bi-pogs a yiib, n yaool n dɩk a yʋʋrã.
* A yiib-n-soabã: A kẽnda ne a Alma Mergen sẽn yaa koom-koglg bi-pugli bi-pãngre. Rẽ poore, a baooda zĩn-dãmbã, sẽn dog a Atai Ulan zɩɩmã sẽn yitã. A Zezi sẽn yeel tɩ b na n maan yɩɩg n kõ-b-la b sẽn na n maan to-to wã, b yeelame tɩ b naaga tãnga.
* A tãab soaba: A zabda ne Taiga wã zu-soaba, tigr-kãseng a Orgoli, sẽn dog a Atai Ulan nug- rɩtgẽ wã.
* A naas soaba: A kʋʋ rũnda sẽn yaa kãseng n boond t'a Arkang sẽn dɩt wĩntoogã. A A Atai Ulan n dog a zug sẽn kaoogã.
* A nu soaba: A zabda ne a Gal Dulme, sẽn yaa tãn-tãn-tʋʋmã nin-vɩɩm sẽn dog a Atai Ulan kũumã. A Gesar pa tõe n tõog a Gal Dulme a meng ye, a sẽn yaa bi-bõogo sõngrã yĩnga.
* A yoob soaba: A zabda ne Abarga Sasen, zĩn-dãmb sẽn tar zut 15 sẽn dog Atai Ulan nug- rɩtgã pʋgẽ.
* A lʋbɛ: A zabda ne a Shiram Minata, zĩn sẽn yit 'Tõnd sẽn be vɩɩm ne kũum sʋka' wã, sẽn dog a Atai Ulan gõeem ning sẽn be goabgã.
* A na n zabame ne a tãabo. A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn yaa b nin-buiidã, b sẽn da maand yɩɩl a to wã wilgda b sẽn tõe n maan to-to.
* A 9 soabã: A yaa tãb-bi-bees sẽn yaa a Lobsogoi, sẽn yaa a Atai Ulan poorẽ soaba. 

Kibsa wʋsg n be n pa be ne nin-yend nins sẽn togs tɩ b sẽn togs tɩ bũmbã pa beẽ wã. Wala makre, kibsa a Gesar sẽn yãnd a Gume-Khan sẽn yaa Sɩngd-n-soaba, bɩ kibsa a sẽn sãam a Zĩng a Naasã, zĩn-dãmbã sẽn pa tar bãngr wʋsg.

Gesar zab-gʋlsdã pʋgẽ, b sẽn gʋls-b to-to wã sẽn yaa toor-toorã kɩtame tɩ bãngdb kẽer tagsdame tɩ Buryat la Mongool buud-goamã pa zems ne Tibɛt buud-gomd a ye ye. Setsenmunkh yeelame tɩ b sẽn gʋls Mongool buud-gomdã yaa bũmb a ye n pa paam n põse. 

### Balti and Ladakhi version
Sõng-kãngã pʋgẽ, b sõdga pʋ-bũn a yopoe wã:

* B sẽn gʋls a Kesar kibayã pʋgẽ, b yetame t'a yaa Wẽnnaam bi-ribl (Lha Yokpoon) sẽn tʋm Miyul (Dũniyã) n na n lebs n kõ laafɩ la bãan. 
* Sã n yaa ne Balti sẽn togsd-a noorã, b dog-a-la Roung yul, Baltistan tẽnga pʋga.
* A Dong-gsum Mi-la sngon-mo, sẽn dog ne yel-solemd kʋʋd a nin-saas a ye, tɩ b rog a Ling tẽngã. A yaa ba a yiibu la a lʋɩɩs neb a nii sẽn wat Gling./
* A Bang-po rgya-bzhin yãka a bi-bɩɩg a yaoogã, a Don-grub, t'a na n dɩ naam Gling zugu. A kiime, a leb n dogda wa liii, la a lebg n boond-a t'a Gog-bzang lha-mo, la b boond-a tɩ Kesar/Kyesar. 
* A Kesar kẽe kãadem ne a Lhamo Brugmo la a lebg rĩm sẽn be Glingã.
* A Kesar kẽnga Sɩna, la a kẽnga be n kẽ kãadem ne rĩmã bi-pugl a ye, a Yu'i dKon-mchog-ma.
* A Kesar tõoga goabg nin-kãsemsã, a Ze-mo sẽn yaa goabg pagã sõngrã.
* A sã n pa beẽ, a Hor rĩmã reega a pagã.
* A sã n wa lebg n wa, a Kesar zabda a Hor rĩmã, n lebs a pagã n wa Gling. 

### A Zeova Kaset rãmbã sẽn maand bũmb nins sẽn yaa sõma wã
A Chadwick ne a Zhirmunsky tagsdame tɩ sẽn yaa pipi sõss nins sẽn be Moongol, Tibɛt la Ladakh wã pʋgẽ wã wilgda sõss sẽn zems ne buud-goam nins sẽn be Turki wã sẽn maand yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã. a) Wa Kyrgyz sodaag a Bolot, Gesar me kẽe tẽng zug n wa lebg bi-bɩɩg n wa paam n paam n paam vʋʋsem sõng zaeebã. b) Tẽng zugẽ wã yaa koglg sẽn be tãngã zugu.  (c) D A yaa pag sẽn yaa yel-gɛt n na n wilg-a sorã, a sẽn na n yɩ wa rũmsã, wala Turkic shamaness kara Chach.  (d) Wa a Kara Chach, Gesar sẽn yaa a karen-saambã sõng-a lame t'a tõog zabr ne a bɛɛbã sẽn yaa nin-wẽnsã.  (e) Wa a Bolot, Gesar leb n waame n na n paam n dɩtẽ, la a zãad vɩɩm koomã. f) Wa Altai wã zak-biisã, Gesar kẽnga yĩngr n tɩ kẽed liiga n na n paam tɩtã sẽn na n maag a nin-buiidã. B wilgame tɩ Gesar siglgã kibarã ra yaa sõma ne Uygur Khaganate soolmẽ wã.

### Sõng sẽn yaa sõma
A Li Lianrong (李連榮) sẽn yeelã,

B sẽn kɩt tɩ b gʋls-a yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a yopoe wã, b pa tõe n yeel tɩ yaa gom-bi-pugl n kɩt tɩ b lebg sɛbã ye. Sẽn paase, a wilgame tɩ b ra tara yõod wʋsg ne Tibɛt nebã sẽn da be yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a yoobã la a nao-n-soabã sʋka, la pa yʋʋm kob-kãng ye. Woto, pa tõe n maan sogsg sẽn yaa sõma n wilg tɩ b sẽn yã bũmb ning sẽn zĩnd pĩnd wẽndẽ wã pa tõe n paam n bãng a sẽn wa n zĩndẽ ye. 

A Jiangbian wilgame tɩ tẽn-kʋdemdã sɩngr yaa buud toor-toore. A yeelame tɩ sẽn deng n wa n yɩ zab-gʋlsdb, Tibɛt nebã "ra tara kibar wʋsg sẽn wilgd saasẽ la tẽngã sẽn naan n naanã, b buud toor-toorã sẽn yitẽ, la b buud-toorã wa n yɩ wa neb nins sẽn be tẽng zugã. Rẽ n so tɩ b naan Gesar sẽn yaa ned ning b sẽn boond tɩ Sgrung wã. Sẽn paase, sẽn na yɩl n tõog n bãng-b sõma, Gesar lebga zab-gʋlsd sẽn yaa sõma". Neb wʋsg sẽn maand yɩɩlã gomda yɛl kẽer b sẽn tẽr bɩ b sẽn gʋlsd b sɛbã pʋgẽ, tɩ kẽer me yɩɩl-b yɩɩl sẽn yaa wa b sẽn be b sẽn be bãnd pʋgẽ wã. Woto me yaa bũmb sẽn wõnd a sẽn maand ne a sẽn maand a Zeova raabã.

Yaa yɩɩl sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn yaa gom-bi-bõoneg la b sẽn gomdã, Gesar yɩɩlã yɩɩlã paama b sẽn da pa tõe n yã n bãng a võor yʋʋm kobs-gĩnd wʋsgo. Gesar yɩɩl-gʋlsdã ra mienda a sẽn da gomd a pʋgẽ wã bal ye. A sẽn da wa n maandẽ wã, a ra pa tol n getẽ ye. Wala makre, rũndã-rũndã, dũni gill zabr a yiib-n-soabã kibar sẽn kẽed Tibɛt soolmẽ wã, a Khamthrül Rinpoche (1929-1980) ra gʋlsda kɩbay sẽn wilgd tɩ Gesar kẽnga Alemayn n na n zab ne zĩn-naabã, n tõe n yeel tɩ yaa a Adolf Hitler n gom rẽ yelle. 

### Tẽebã wɛɛngẽ
Tibet nebã sẽn da tar pĩnd wẽndẽ wã ra yaa tẽn-tẽng la tẽn-tẽnga la b pa tar tẽng ye. Gesar kibarã wilgda b sẽn da be n be n getẽ tɩ b yaa nin-buiidã sẽn yaa nin-tɩrsã la b sẽn yaa nin -tɩrsã sẽn yaa nin na-tẽnsã la b sẽn be b soolmã pʋgẽ wã. Bãngr-goam kẽer wilgame tɩ Gesar yaa lama sẽn wilgd t'a yaa wag-rũng nin-vɩɩs sẽn maand bũmbu, la tɩ b sẽn yet tɩ a sẽn yaa nin-vʋʋs sẽn yaa a nin-vẽed sẽn pa tũud a Zeova wã, a yaa nin-kʋʋd sẽn pa tar tẽng ye, a sẽn yaa a Tibɛt tẽnga, la a yaa nin -vɩɩs nins sẽn maand bẽnegr tɩ b pa maand bũmbo. A zabã yaa zab-teed sẽn zabd ne nin-yãgdbã sẽn dat n tõogd a Gling soolmã, tɩ b get-b tɩ b yaa Buddism kɩɩsdba. La a sẽn tõogd dzongs bɩ gãndbã kɩtame tɩ b pa tõe n bãng bũmb ye, bala yaa b sẽn da tõe n wa maan n sõng-b tɩ b tõog n tõog n zab ne tẽngã. 

Sẽn nan pa kaoos, yaa wakat bʋg la b gɩdg tɩ b karemd-a Tibet zakẽ.  La b maandame tɩ b boond Gesar tɩ b maan-a wa b sẽn boond-a tɩ b tẽebã pãng sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩda.  Sẽn na yɩl n bãng tɩ b sẽn da maand bũmb ning sẽn da yaa zab-kãsemsã yʋʋm kobs-gĩndẽ wã, b ra tara bũmb wʋsg ne a Zeova tũudmã pʋgẽ. A kelug karen-biisã pa sak n deeg tɩ b gʋlsd a sẽn yetã ye, la a Kagyu la a Nyingma karen-biisa ra nong-a lame, n get-a t'a yaa a Padmasambhava sẽn maandã sẽn wilgdẽ la a yaa a sẽn zãmsd nebã bũmb ning sẽn yaa Buddismã wɛɛngẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa a Dzogchen karen-bi-bi-puglã.  Rẽ n so tɩ neb nins sẽn nong-a wã la sẽn kɩɩsd-a wã na n leokame tɩ yaa vẽeneg tɩ b pa segd n get-a wa tũudum taoor soab ye. La b pa get-b tɩ b tara tũudum taoor soab bal ye. 

A Orgyen Tobgyal wilgame tɩ b sẽn get a Nyingma wã, "bãngr ning d sẽn mi tɩ yaa Ling Gesar wã sɩd yaa a Guru Rinpoche mengã sẽn pukd a drala" (Wylie: dgra bla, "sũg-n-taab sɩɩgã"). 

A Chögyam Trungpa sẽn da yaa Kagyu ne Nyingma buud-goamã taoor soaba, la sẽn da lugl Shambhala Budismã diasporã pʋgẽ, sẽn paam n paam n paam belsgo ne Gɛrk filozof-rãmbã sẽn be polisã pʋgẽ wã, rɩka Gesar epã kibar sẽn be sõssã sẽn gomd gom-biis sẽn yaa sõma n gomd kom-bɩɩs sẽn yaa kom-bɛɛg sẽn yaa a Mukpo buud sẽn naan naan naan naan maan n naan naan naan lebg kom-bẽn-bɩɩse, n naan naan maan Tibet tẽnga sẽn yaa a yembr n naan naan yɩ a yembr. 

Sɩngr tẽnga taoor dãmb me sakda Gesar ne a tũudmã ne a taab sẽn yaa Zĩnd-rãmbã sʋka. 

Baltistan soolmẽ wã, b ra gomda rĩm a Kesar kibarã zakẽ, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽoogẽ wã, la masã, b pa le tõe n bãng-a ye, bala b tara sɛb sẽn tõe n sõng-a t'a bãnge. Sẽn yaa to-to tɩ b sẽn be tẽng kãngã wã yaa b sẽn yaa a Mooslim dãmb n be wã, b ra gomda yɛl sẽn yaa yamleoog bala, tɩ nebã ra tagsdẽ tɩ Kesarã pa ned ye, la yaa "hla hlu", Wẽnnaam bõn-naands sẽn yaa toor sẽn ka to, la Wẽnnaam sẽn kõ-b tõog n yɩɩd b taabã.

## Gesar zãmsg pĩnd wẽndẽ
Yʋʋmd 1716 wã, b yiisda Gesar sebrã pipi seb-gʋlsdã ne Mongool buud-gomd ye. Yaa seb-kãngã n kɩt tɩ b lebg pipi Biibl-kãng buud-gomd sẽn be Zapõ wã pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa Rus buud-gomdã pʋgẽ, la a sẽn lebg n yiis a Moravi misioneer a Isaac Jacob Schmidt yʋʋmd 1836 wã.  Yʋʋmd 1839 wã, b lebg-a lame ne buud-gomdã sẽn yaa Alemã. A August Hermann Francke, sẽn yaa Moravi misioneer a to me, n tigim n lebg Biiblã n yi Ladakh tẽngẽ wã yʋʋmd 1905 n tãag yʋʋmd 1909 wã. Yʋʋmd 1942 wã, a George Roerich maana Gesar sɛbã vaeesgo (Roerich 1942; 277-315)  

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã pʋgẽ, bãngdb a taab sẽn boond tɩ Nicholas Poppe la Walther Heissig n yiis-b Geser sɛb a taab sẽn yaa Mongool nebã. 

Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 19 soabã la yʋʋm kob-koglgã sɩngrẽ, b yiis-a lame, la a Rolf Stein sẽn lebg-a n lebg n lebg n wa Frans kʋdemdã pʋgẽ, la a yaool n pa pids-a ye.  A Stein pʋga a sẽn yiis seb-kãngã ne a seb-neng 600 sẽn gomd Tibɛt zab-gʋlsdã yell n get a Recherches sur l'Epopee et le Barde au Tibet wã.  Yaa woto n ket n yaa Tibɛt Gesar nin-buiidã zãmsgo. B sẽn lebg tɩ b lebg tɩ b gʋls-b n lebg n lebg n yeel tɩ b yaa b naaba, b gʋlsa b sẽn boond tɩ Kornman, a Khandro la a Chonam, la b yiis-a lame yʋʋmd 2012 tɩ b boond t'a "Gezar ning sẽn yaa Ling wã: Gesar sẽn dog ne yam-yãkrã, a yʋʋm pipi wã la a sẽn paam n lebg rĩmã". A David Shapiro sẽn lebg n togs seb-kãensã n wilg b sẽn tõe n wʋm b võore, la a yiis-b yʋʋmd 2019 wã, a sẽn boond tɩ Gesar of Ling: A Bardic Tale from the Snow Land of Tibet wã.

A naan-soabã pʋga, sẽn yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b boond tɩ Dũd ne Ling zabrã, yaa a Jane Hawes, a David Shapiro la a Lama Chonam n lebg n yiis a soab ning sẽn boond tɩ Dãtãana wã sẽn na n dɩt b naam: Gesar zab-gʋlsdã pʋgẽ yʋʋmd 2021 (Shambhala 2021) 

A Matthias Hermanns (1965) leb n lebgda a to buud-gomdã buud-gomd a ye pʋgẽ.  B sẽn lebg Biiblã kãngã wã tika nug-rãmbã sẽn paam a Hermanns sẽn tigim Amdo wã zugu. Seb-kãngã me tara a Hermanns sẽn zãms Biiblã wʋsg n wilg tɩ b sẽn wilg tɩ b ra yaa Tibɛt tʋʋr-kɩrga pʋga la b sẽn da beẽ ne nin-buiidã, b wilgame tɩ b ra tara pãng n na n bãnge.A Hermanns tẽega tɩ b ra pĩnd n gʋlsd b sẽn boond tɩ "buudism" wã tɩ b naan wa lebg a Zeova Kaset rãmbã.

A Alexandra David-Néel sẽn lebg Gesar n lebg a Zezi n lebg a soabã yaa a "Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling" wã pʋgẽ, sẽn yi Frans yʋʋmd 1933 wã.

### B sẽn da maand zĩn-dãmb
A Nicholas Roerich sẽn yaa zĩn-dãmbã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ Gesar yaa nin-soab sẽn sakd a yĩngã sẽn yaa a soaba. B yeelame t'a na n waame ne sodaas sẽn pa tõe n tõog n kõ tɩrlem. A na n yɩɩ tãb-biis sẽn yaa kãn-kãe n zab ne-a.  A Gesar me tara bõn-naands wʋsg: wed-bil sẽn yaa pemse, a sãtgã, a sãta, a sʋʋg la a gãagã.

## Sebtiise



## Sõndb sẽn be
* Samuel 1993, pp. 68–9.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Samuel 2005, p. 166.
* **^** Chadwick & Chadwick 1940, pp. 48–9, 215–6.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** ***d*** ***e*** Maconi 2004, p. 372.
* **^** Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998, p. 222.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Maconi 2004, p. 373.
* **^** Dwyer 2007, pp. 75–76.
* **^** Penick 2009, p. vii.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Herrmann 1990, p. 485.
* **^** Harvilahti 1996, p. 40.
* **^** Harvilahti 1996, p. 43.
* **^** Harvilahti 1996, p. 42.
* **^** Kornman 2005, pp. 360, 367.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 177.
* **^** Maconi 2004, p. 374.
* **^** Martin 2011, p. 127.
* **^** Samuel 2005, pp. 170, 177.
* **^** Needham 1988, p. 186 note g.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Francke 2000, p. xxii.
* **^** Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 328.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 175.
* **^** Shakabpa 2010, p. 193.
* **^** Maconi 2004, p. 472.
* **^** Rinbochay, Sö-nam-drak-ba & Rinbochay 1997, p. 39.
* **^** Harmatta & Litvinsky 1999, p. 382.
* **^** Vohra 1996, pp. 218–219.
* **^** Stein 1959, p. 64.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 165.
* **^** Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969, p. 263.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 173.
* **^** David-Néel & Yongden 2004, pp. 2–3.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** ***c*** Maconi 2004, p. 376.
* **^** David-Néel & Yongden 2004, pp. 73–99.
* **^** Young 2004, pp. 72–3.
* **^** Penick 1996, p. xi.
* **^** David-Néel & Yongden 2004, p. 101.
* **^** Penick 1996, pp. xi–xii.
* **^** Chayet 2003, p. 44.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 171.
* **^** Sacharovska & Soloichin 1986.
* **^** Sėcėnmunch 2004.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 169.
* **^** Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969, pp. 263–4.
* **^** Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 335.
* **^** Lǐ Liánróng 2001, p. 332.
* **^** Samuel 2005, p. 178.
* **^** Lopez 2007, p. 372.
* **^** Samuel 1993, pp. 571–2.
* ^ Jump up to:***a*** ***b*** Samuel 1993, p. 293.
* **^** Rinpoche 2005, p. 333.
* **^** Kornman 2005, pp. 347–8.
* **^** Penny 2013, pp. 185–187.
* **^** Stein 1956.
* **^** Stein 1959.
* **^** Hermanns 1965.
* **^** David-Néel & Yongden 2004.
* **^** N. Roerich. *The Squad of King Gesar*. 1931

## Vẽenem

* Beyer, Stephan V (1992). Yaa tibet buud-gomd sẽn yaa kʋdemdã. Albany, New York: SUNY Press.  .
* Chadwick, Hector Munro; Chadwick, Nora Kershaw (1940). Seb-vãoog bɩʋʋngã. Vol. 3 (B lebs n yiis-a-la yʋʋmd 1986. Yaa Cambridge University Press n yiis-a. . A sẽn da yaa ninsabls tẽnsa taoor soaba.
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## Zems-n-taase

* Rĩm a Gessar
* Rĩm a Gesar sẽn da pa ki wã
* Rĩm a Gessar ne a Samzhug
* Geser Epic - Buryat version sẽn lebg ne ãngilindã (Wayback Machine) ( Archived 29 June 2007)
* Turke-rãmbã yel-bũndã gom-biis sõssã - Bãngr-gomd buud-goam wʋsg pʋgẽ
* Yaa yʋʋmd 1835 Biibl ning b sẽn lebg ne mongol buud-gomdã n lebg ne Alemaynã.
* B lebg-a-la mongol buud-gomd pʋgẽ (Khalkha Cyrillique)
* Buryatã Biibl b sẽn lebg ne Risi wã