Eugene Merle Shoemaker

**ဂျေန် ရှဝ်မုက်ကာ** () (ဨပြဳ ၂၈၊ ၁၉၂၈ -ဂျူလာင် ၁၈၊ ၁၉၉၇) လဆောဝ် ပံင်ယၟု နကဵု **Gene Shoemaker**ဝွံ ဒှ်တၠပညာဘူမိဗေဒ ဂကူအမေရိကာန်၊ တုဲ ဒှ်မၞိဟ်မပါလုပ် ပ္ဍဲအရာမခၞံဗဒှ် ဘာသာသိပ္ပံဂြိုဟ်အကာသ (planetary science)ကိုပ်ကၠာအိုတ် မွဲတၠရ။ ညးဝွံ ယၟုမြဟ်တဴ နကဵု ညးမဂွံဆဵုကေတ် သၞံင်ဒဂုဲ (Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9) မစွံ ကုသမ္ဘာညး Carolyn S. Shoemaker ကေုာံ David H. Levy တအ်ရ။ သၞံင်ဒဂုဲဏအ်ဂှ် အာဇီု ဂြိုဟ်ဂျူပိတာ (Jupiter) ပ္ဍဲဂိတုဂျူလာင် သၞာံ ၁၉၉၄ ဗီုမဇီုဂှ် ဗလးထ္ၜး ပ္ဍဲတဳဝဳ အလုံလိုက်မွဲရ။ တုဲပၠန် ရှဝ်မုက်ကာဂှ် သီုဒှ်မၞိဟ် မလ္ၚတ် ဒၞာဲခလံက်ဂၠးတိ ဗီုကဵု Barringer Meteor Crater ပ္ဍဲအရိဇြဝ်နာရ။ ရှဝ်မုက်ကာဂှ် ဒှ်ဒါရာ်တာ ဂကောံသုတေသန မလ္ၚတ်ပထဝဳသၞံင်အကာသ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (the United States Geological Survey's Astrogeology Research Program) ကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ တုဲပၠန် အရာညးဂမၠိုင် မတီ ဂျေန် မွဲပၠန်ဂှ် ညးဂွံ မဂွံအခေါင်တိုပ်ဇုတ်ညးတေအ် လတူဂိတုကၠာအိုတ်ရ။ 

## ပထမအဝဲ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ပညာဘာ

ရှဝ်မုက်ကာ ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲလောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် (Los Angeles) ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ (California) ပ္ဍဲကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန်၊ မဒှ်ကောန် အစာဘာ မူရေလ် မေ (Muriel May) ကေုာံ George Estel Shoemaker မဒှ် သၟာဗ္ၚ၊ သၟာပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ အစာဘာ ကေုာံ ရုပ်ဒမျိုင် (motion pictures)ရ။ မိမညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဒှ်မၞိဟ် ဇာတိ နူကဵု Nebraska။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ကာလညးဍောတ်တ်ဂှ် မိမညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် အကြာလောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် ကဵု နျူယံက်၊ ဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ကေုာံ Wyomingတုဲ အပါညး George ဂှ် လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် နာနာသာ်ရ။ အပါညးတေအ်ဂှ် ဟွံမိက်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဍုင်ဇၞော်ဇၞော်တုဲ ဒးဂၞပ် ကမၠောန် နကဵုကဆံင် ဒါရာ်တာ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာ Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ပ္ဍဲဍုင် Wyoming မဒှ်ကွာန်ဍောတ်တ်မွဲရ။ ဆဂး မိညးတေအ်ဂှ် ညာတ်ကေတ် ယဝ်ရကောန်ဇကု ပ္ဍဲကွာန်ရးမ္ဂး ပရေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ် ဍိုဟ်ကေက် ဍိုန်လျတုဲ မိက်ဂွံမံင် လတူဍုင်ဇၞော်ရ။ ကာလ မိညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံ ကမၠောန်အစာဘာ ပ္ဍဲ ဍုင်ဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ဘာကဝ်လိက်အလဵုအသဳ (State Teachers College at Buffalo) အခိင်ဘာပံက်မ္ဂး ညးတေအ် မံင်ကရောမ်မိညးတေအ် ပ္ဍဲဗာပ်ဖလဝ်တုဲ အခိင်ကညင် ဘာကၟာတ်မ္ဂး ညးတအ် ပြံင်မံင် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲအပါညးတေအ် ကွာန် Wyoming ရ။ ဂျေန် စိုတ်ထတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် ပရူတၟအ်ဂမၠိုင်ရ။ တုဲ ညးတေအ် ဂွံအခေါင်လ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲကဵု တိုက်ထ္ၜးပျးဗာပ်ဖလဝ် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲခန်ထ္ၜးသိပ္ပံရ။ ညးတေအ် တိုန်ဘာတန်စတုတ္ထ ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဘာ the School of Practice တုဲ စနူအခိင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် စပကောံ တၟအ်ဂကူနာနာ ဓါတ်မိနေရလ်နာနာရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် မွဲသၞာံဂှ်  ညးတေအ် သီုတိုန်ဘာ ကဆံင်တန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်သဝ်တ္ၚဲကီုရ။ ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးတေအ် ပြံင်အာမံင် လောသ် အေန်ဂျလေသ် ပၠန် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၂ ဂှ်တုဲ ဂျေန်လုပ်တိုန်ဘာတန်သမၠုင် ပ္ဍဲ Fairfax High School။ ကာလဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၁၃ သၞာံရ။ ကြဴနူဂှ် ပိသၞာံ ညးတေအ် ဘာတန်သမၠုင် အာစိုပ်ဒတုဲရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် ညးတေအ် မတိုန်ဒၟံင် ဘာတန်သမၠုင်ဂှ် ညးတေအ် သီုဓဇက် ဂြဝ် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံဂဳတဘာ (the school orchestra)ကီုရ။ တုဲပၠန် ပ္ဍဲပရေင်ကာယဗလလေဝ် စိုန်သကီု စိစောန်ကီုရ။ ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ဘာကၟာတ်မ္ဂး ညးတေအ် လုပ်ကၠောန်ကမၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဒၞာဲချူမတ် (lapidary)

ဂျေန် လုပ်တိုန်ဘာ ပ္ဍဲ California Institute of Technology ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၄ ကာလညးတေအ် မကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၁၆ သၞာံဂှ်ရ။ သကအ်ရဲ ပ္ဍဲဘာညးတေအ်ဂှ် အာယုက်ဇၞော် နူညးတေအ်အိုတ်တုဲ ကၠာဟွံစိုပ် ပၞာန်ဂၠးတိအလန်ဒုတိယဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဘာတိုန်ရ။ ဂျေန် ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမု ဗာတ်ချ်လာ ဒဳဂရဳ ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၈ ကာလညးတေအ် မကလိဂွံ အာယုက် ၁၉ သၞာံရ။ တုဲဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကေတ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ်တၟအ် Precambrian metamorphic rocks မနွံ ပ္ဍဲ နျူ မက္ကဇြဳကဝ် လပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာတုဲ ကလိဂွံ ဗြးမဟိမုမဟာ (M. Sc. degree) နူကဵု Caltech ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၄၉ ရ။

## သ္ၚိကၟိန်
အခိင်ကာလ ဂျေန် မတိုန်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲ Caltech ဂှ် သကအ်ရဲညးတေအ် မွဲဂှ် ဒှ် Richard Spellman မဒှ်ညး မကၠုင်နူ ချဳကဝ်၊ ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ။ ကာလညးတေအ် မလုပ်ကၠောန်ဒၟံင် အစဳအဇန်ဒံက်တာ ပ္ဍဲကဵုတက္ကသိုလ် Princeton University ဂှ် ညးတေအ် ကလေင်အာ ကာလဳဝှောရ်နဳယျာ သွက်ဂွံ တိုန်သဘင်ပမ္ၚဵုထပ်တဲ Richard ပ္ဍဲကဵု သၞာံ ၁၉၅၀ ဂှ်ရ။ ကာလဂှ် ညးတေအ် ဂွံဆဵု ကဵုဒေအ် Richard မနွံယၟု ကာရဝ်လေန် (Carolyn) ရ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ကတဵုဒှ်မၞိဟ် ပ္ဍဲကွာန် Gallup၊ နျူမက္ကဇြဳကဝ် ပ္ဍဲသၞာံ ၁၉၂၉၊ ဆဂး ခြာဟွံလအ်ဂှ် ဂကောံသ္ၚိကၟိန်ညးတအ် ပြံင်လုပ်မံင် ပ္ဍဲချဳကဝ် (Chico) တုဲ ညးတအ် ဆက်မံင်အာ စဵုကဵု အခိင်ဂှ်ရ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ကလိဂွံ ဗြမဟိမုဒဳဂရဳ နူကဵု ကဝ်လိက်ချဳကဝ် (Chico State College) ဘာသာဝင် ကေုာံ ပရေင်သိပ္ပံပရေင်ဍုင်ကွာန်ရ။ ညးတေအ် မွဲလှ်ေကီု စိုတ်ဟွံလုပ်စ လပါ်ကွတ်သိပ္ပံရ။ ဆဂး စုက်လုက် ကုဂျေန်တုဲ ညးတေအ် စိုတ်လုပ်စတုဲ တိုန်တန်ဗတောန် မဆေင်ကဵု ပထဝဳ ပ္ဍဲကဝ်လိက်ရ။ ဆဂး ညးတေအ်ထေင် ဒှ်အရာ စိုတ်မလုပ်စခိုဟ် မွဲဟွံသေင်ရ။ ညးၜါဂှ် ဖျေဟ်ဒၞာဲဒက်အိန်ထံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ၁၇ အဝ်ဂေတ် သၞာံ ၁၉၅၁ ရ။

ညးတအ် ကလိဂွံ ကောန်ဇာတ်ပိ၊ ကောန်ဗြဴၜါ ကဵု ကောန်တြုဟ်မွဲ။ ကာရဝ်လေန်ဂှ် ဒှ်အာမၞိဟ်မမင်မွဲသ္ၚိ ကေုာံ ရံင်စကောန်ၚာ် ပ္ဍဲသ္ၚိရ။ ကၠာညးတအ် ဟွံစှ်ေဒၞာဲဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံကမၠောန် အစာဘာကီုလေဝ် ဟွံပြေပြံင်တုဲ တိတ်ထောအ်ရ။ ကာလကောန်ၚာ်တအ် ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်အိုတ်တုဲ ကာရဝ်လေန် ကမၠောန် သွက်ကၠောန် ဟွံမဲ လ္ၚုတုဲ ဂျေန် ကဵုကသပ် ကဵုတိုန်ဘာ စပ်ကဵု နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ တုဲ လုပ်ကၠောန် ပ္ဍဲဂကောံညးတအ် သွက်ဂွံမင်ရံင် အကာသရ။ ကာလ ညးတေအ် ကလိဂွံအာယုက် ၅၁ ဂှ် ဂွံဒှ် သၟာနက္ခတ္တဗေဒ (a planetary astronomer) မွဲတုဲ ဆက်ကၠောန်အာကမၠောန်ဂှ်ရ။

## ပရေင်ရေင်တၠုင် မဆေင် ကုသိပ္ပံ

ဂကောံသုတေသနပထဝဳ ကၟိန်ဍုင်အမေရိကာန် (United States Geological Survey) (USGS) ခပတိုန်ကမၠောန် ကုဂျေန် နူသၞာံ ၁၉၅၀။ တာလျိုင်ညးတေအ် ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် သွက်ဂွံဂၠာဲ ဓါတ်ယူရေနဳယာမ် (uranium deposits) ပ္ဍဲဥထာ (Utah) ကဵု ကဝ်လဝ်ရာဒဝ် (Colorado)ရ။ ပရေင်ကမၠောန်ညးတေအ် ဂတဂှ် သွက်ဂွံလ္ၚတ် လၟေင်ဒဒှ်ဒဵုခတိုဟ် (volcanic processes) မုဟိုတ်ရောမ္ဂး ညးမလ္ၚတ်လဝ် ကိုပ်ကၠာတေအ် ဟီုလဝ် ကတိုင်ဓါတ်ယူရေနဳယာမ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ဂွံဆဵုကေတ် ဒၞာဲဒဵုခတိုဟ် တြေံရ။ ပရေင်လ္ၚတ်ဏအ်ဂှ် ဗလးကဵုညးတေအ် ဂၠာဲလ္ၚတ် ပ္ဍဲ Hopi Buttes မနွံလပါ်သၟဝ်ကျာ အရိဇြဝ်နာ (Northern Arizona) ဗဒါဲ (Meteor Crater)ရ။

Daniel Barringer, an entrepreneur and mining engineer who had discovered Meteor Crater in 1891, had postulated that it had been caused by the impact of a meteor. About the same time, G. K. Gilbert, the chief geologist of the USGS, examined the crater and announced that it had been created by an explosive venting of volcanic steam. A majority of scientists accepted Gilbert's explanation of the cause of the crater, This theory remained as conventional wisdom until Shoemaker's investigations a half century later.

### Astrogeology and Apollo

For his Ph.D. degree at Princeton (1960), under the guidance of Harry Hammond Hess, Shoemaker studied the impact dynamics of Barringer Meteor Crater.  Shoemaker noted Meteor Crater had the same form and structure as two explosion craters created from atomic bomb tests at the Nevada Test Site, notably Jangle U in 1951 and Teapot Ess in 1955. In 1960, Edward C. T. Chao and Shoemaker identified shocked quartz (coesite) at Meteor Crater, proving the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures.  They followed this discovery with the identification of coesite within suevite at Nördlinger Ries, proving its impact origin.

In 1960, Shoemaker directed a team at the USGS center in Menlo Park, California, to generate the first geologic map of the Moon using photographs taken by Francis G. Pease.  Shoemaker also helped pioneer the field of astrogeology by founding the Astrogeology Research Program. He was prominently involved in the Lunar Ranger missions to the Moon, joining the television imaging team of Harold Urey and Gerard Kuiper, which turned into a preparatory mission for the future manned landing.  Shoemaker was then chosen to be the principal investigator for the Surveyor program's television experiment, and then the lunar geology principal investigator for Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Apollo 13. 

Shoemaker was also involved in the training of the American astronauts.  He himself was a possible candidate for an Apollo Moon flight and was set to be the first geologist to walk on the Moon but was disqualified due to being diagnosed with Addison's disease, a disorder of the adrenal gland.  Shoemaker would train astronauts during field trips to Meteor Crater and Sunset Crater near Flagstaff. He was a CBS News television commentator on the early Apollo missions, especially the Apollo 8 and Apollo 11 missions, appearing with Walter Cronkite during live coverage of those flights.

According to David H. Levy, just before the manned Moon landings, 

He was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1965.

Coming to Caltech in 1969, he started a systematic search for Earth orbit-crossing asteroids, which resulted in the discovery of several families of such asteroids, including the Apollo asteroids. Shoemaker advanced the idea that sudden geologic changes can arise from asteroid strikes and that asteroid strikes are common over geologic time periods.  Previously, astroblemes were thought to be remnants of extinct volcanoes&nbsp; — even on the Moon.

### Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

In 1993, he co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 using the 18-inch Schmidt camera at Palomar Observatory.  This comet was unique in that it provided the first opportunity to observe the planetary impact of a comet.  Shoemaker–Levy 9 collided with Jupiter in July 1994. The resulting impact caused a massive "scar" on the face of Jupiter.

## Death

Shoemaker spent much of his later years searching for and finding several previously unnoticed or undiscovered impact craters around the world.

Shoemaker died on July 18, 1997 during one such expedition in a head-on car collision on the remote Tanami Track, a few hundred kilometers northwest of Alice Springs, Australia. Shoemaker's wife Carolyn was severely injured in the crash.

On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon by the Lunar Prospector space probe in a capsule designed by Carolyn Porco. He is the only person whose ashes have been buried on any celestial body outside Earth.

The brass foil wrapping of Shoemaker's memorial capsule is inscribed with images of Comet Hale–Bopp ("the last comet that the Shoemakers observed together"), the Barringer Meteor Crater, and a quotation from Shakespeare's *[[Romeo and Juliet]]* reading

The fatal crash had happened when Hale-Bopp was still visible to the naked eye, having passed perihelion and having moved into the southern celestial hemisphere.

## Awards and tributes

Gene Shoemaker received a large number of awards for his professional work. According to the obituary published by the USGS Astrogeology Science Center, these included:

* Doctorate of Science, Arizona State College, Flagstaff, 1965.

* Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao, 1965. 

* Arthur S. Flemming Award, 1966. Doctorate of Science, Temple University, 1967. 

* NASA Medal for Scientific Achievement, 1967. 

* U.S. Department of the Interior Honor Award for Meritorious Service, 1973. 

* Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1980. 

* U.S. Department of the Interior Distinguished Service Award, 1980. 

* Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America, 1982. 

* G.K. Gilbert Award of the Geological Society of America, 1983. 

* Rieser Kulturpreis, co-recipient with E.C.T. Chao and Richard Dehm, 1983. 

* Honorary Doctorate of Science, University of Arizona, 1984. 

* Barringer Award of the Meteoritical Society, 1984. 

* Kuiper Prize of the American Astronomical Society, Division for Planetary Sciences, 1984.

* Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society, 1985. 

* Distinguished Alumni Award of the California Institute of Technology, 1986. 

* Rittenhouse Medal of the Rittenhouse Astronomical Society, co-recipient with C.S. Shoemaker, 1988. 

* U.S. National Medal of Science, 1992. 

* Whipple Award, American Geophysical Union, 1993.

* Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993. 

* AIAA Space Science Award, 1996. 

* NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, 1996. 

* Bowie Medal, American Geophysical Union, 1996. 

* Special Award, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1997. 

* Shoemaker Award, Texas Section of the American Institute of Professional Geologists, awarded posthumously, 1997.

On July 24, 1997, a memorial for Dr. Eugene Shoemaker and Dr. Jurgen Rahe was presented in the U.S. House of Representatives by California representative George E. Brown, Jr. The memorial was published in the *Congressional Record*. The memorial credited Shoemaker with being either the discoverer or co-discoverer of 820 asteroids and comets during his career. 

A ring-like topographic feature in Western Australia, an astrobleme previously named the "Teague ring" was renamed "Shoemaker Crater" in honor of Eugene M. Shoemaker.

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous space probe was renamed "NEAR Shoemaker" in his honor. It arrived at asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000, and landed on the asteroid after a year of orbital study. He was previously honored with the asteroid 2074 Shoemaker, discovered and named by his colleague, Eleanor F. Helin.

## List of discovered minor planets

Gene Shoemaker is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the co-discovery of 183 minor planets between 1977 and 1994.

}

|-

| **[[3199 Nefertiti]]** || 13 September 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[3225 Hoag]]** || 20 August 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[3317 Paris]]** || 26 May 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 3484 Neugebauer || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[3554 Amun]]** || 4 March 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[3671 Dionysus]]** || 27 May 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[3700 Geowilliams]]** || 23 October 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 3880 Kaiserman || 21 November 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 3927 Feliciaplatt || 5 May 1981 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[4151 Alanhale]]** || 24 April 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[4197 Morpheus]]** || 11 October 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| 4379 Snelling || 13 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[4450 Pan]]** || 25 September 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[4525 Johnbauer]]** || 15 May 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[4899 Candace]]** || 9 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[4946 Askalaphus]]** || 21 January 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5023 Agapenor]]** || 11 October 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5029 Ireland || 24 January 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5052 Nancyruth || 23 October 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5167 Joeharms || 11 April 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5168 Jenner || 6 March 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5175 Ables]]** || 4 November 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5211 Stevenson || 8 July 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5259 Epeigeus]]** || 30 January 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5264 Telephus]]** || 17 May 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5284 Orsilocus]]** || 1 February 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5285 Krethon]]** || 9 March 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5430 Luu]]** || 12 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5436 Eumelos]]** || 20 February 1990 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5511 Cloanthus]]** || 8 October 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5551 Glikson || 24 January 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5579 Uhlherr || 11 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5632 Ingelehmann || 15 April 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5637 Gyas || 10 September 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5638 Deikoon]]** || 10 October 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5652 Amphimachus]]** || 24 April 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5670 Rosstaylor || 7 November 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5720 Halweaver || 29 March 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5725 Nördlingen || 23 January 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5726 Rubin || 24 January 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5731 Zeus]]** || 4 November 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5765 Izett || 4 April 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5863 Tara || 7 September 1983 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[5899 Jedicke]]** || 9 January 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5947 Bonnie || 21 March 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5953 Shelton || 25 April 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5957 Irina || 11 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 5999 Plescia || 23 April 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[6063 Jason]]** || 27 May 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[6084 Bascom]]** || 12 February 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6087 Lupo || 19 March 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6179 Brett || 3 March 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[6239 Minos]]** || 31 August 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6372 Walker || 13 May 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[6376 Schamp]]** || 29 May 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[6398 Timhunter]]** || 10 February 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6401 Roentgen || 15 April 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6436 Coco || 13 May 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[6478 Gault]]** || 12 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6485 Wendeesther || 25 October 1990 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6510 Tarry || 23 February 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6543 Senna || 11 October 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6585 O'Keefe || 26 September 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6635 Zuber || 26 September 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6740 Goff || 14 April 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6901 Roybishop || 2 August 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| 6909 Levison || 19 January 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7051 Sean || 13 May 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7086 Bopp || 5 October 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[7088 Ishtar]]** || 1 January 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[7092 Cadmus]]** || 4 June 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7112 Ghislaine || 3 April 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[7119 Hiera]]** || 11 January 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[7167 Laupheim]]** || 12 October 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7173 Sepkoski || 15 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7480 Norwan || 1 August 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7549 Woodard || 9 October 1980 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7560 Spudis || 10 January 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7749 Jackschmitt || 12 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7750 McEwen || 18 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7756 Scientia || 27 March 1990 || &thinsp;

|-

| 7778 Markrobinson || 17 April 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[7958 Leakey]]** || 5 June 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[8034 Akka]]** || 3 June 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8149 Ruff || 11 May 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8326 Paulkling || 6 May 1981 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8327 Weihenmayer || 6 May 1981 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8347 Lallaward || 21 April 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8356 Wadhwa || 3 September 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[8373 Stephengould]]** || 1 January 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8709 Kadlu || 14 May 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

| 8804 Eliason || 5 May 1981 || &thinsp;

|}

}

|-

| 8817 Roytraver || 13 May 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9016 Henrymoore || 10 January 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9022 Drake || 14 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[9023 Mnesthus]]** || 10 September 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9082 Leonardmartin || 4 November 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[9165 Raup]]** || 27 September 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9172 Abhramu || 29 July 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9277 Togashi || 9 October 1980 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9299 Vinceteri || 13 May 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[9564 Jeffwynn]]** || 26 September 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9744 Nielsen || 9 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 9768 Stephenmaran || 5 April 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10041 Parkinson || 24 April 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10044 Squyres || 15 September 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10060 Amymilne || 12 April 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10108 Tomlinson || 26 April 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10295 Hippolyta || 12 April 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10487 Danpeterson || 14 April 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10563 Izhdubar || 19 November 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10683 Carter || 10 June 1980 || &thinsp;

|-

| 10739 Lowman || 12 May 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

| 11006 Gilson || 9 October 1980 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[11066 Sigurd]]** || 9 February 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[11277 Ballard]]** || 8 October 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 11311 Peleus || 10 December 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 11836 Eileen || 5 February 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 12227 Penney || 11 October 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 12237 Coughlin || 23 April 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 12242 Koon || 18 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 12675 Chabot || 9 October 1980 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[12714 Alkimos]]** || 15 April 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 12753 Povenmire || 18 April 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[13062 Podarkes]]** || 19 April 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 13937 Roberthargraves || 2 August 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[14827 Hypnos]]** || 5 May 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 14835 Holdridge || 26 November 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 15228 Ronmiller || 23 February 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 15304 Wikberg || 21 October 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 15 May 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| 16452 Goldfinger || 28 September 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| 16641 Esteban || 16 August 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

| 17399 Andysanto || 6 September 1983 || &thinsp;

|-

| 17408 McAdams || 19 October 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 19140 Jansmit || 2 September 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| 19173 Virginiaterése || 15 April 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 19243 Bunting || 10 February 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

| 20007 Marybrown || 7 June 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 20037 Duke || 20 October 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[21062 Iasky]]** || 13 May 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 21148 Billramsey || 16 April 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 21149 Kenmitchell || 19 April 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 22294 Simmons || 28 September 1989 || &thinsp;

|-

| 23452 Drew || 18 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[24626 Astrowizard]]** || 9 October 1980 || &thinsp;

|-

| 24643 MacCready || 28 September 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 24654 Fossett || 29 May 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 24761 Ahau || 28 January 1993 || &thinsp;

|-

| 26879 Haines || 9 July 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

| 27706 Strogen || 11 October 1985 || &thinsp;

|-

| 27711 Kirschvink || 4 November 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 29133 Vargas || 29 May 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 29137 Alanboss || 18 October 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 29146 McHone || 17 March 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 30767 Chriskraft || 6 November 1983 || &thinsp;

|-

| 30779 Sankt-Stephan || 17 October 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 30785 Greeley || 13 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 30786 Karkoschka || 18 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 30844 Hukeller || 17 May 1991 || &thinsp;

|-

| 32776 Nriag || 29 May 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 35056 Cullers || 28 September 1984 || &thinsp;

|-

| 37609 LaVelle || 25 November 1992 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[37655 Illapa]]** || 1 August 1994 || &thinsp;

|-

| 43763 Russert || 30 May 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

| 48416 Carmelita || 24 January 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

| **[[52266 Van Flandern]]** || 10 January 1986 || &thinsp;

|-

| 65672 Merrick || 16 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

| 73670 Kurthopf || 19 August 1982 || &thinsp;

|-

| 79117 Brydonejack || 16 August 1988 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 10 July 1978 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 7 November 1977 || &thinsp;

|-

|  || 26 September 1987 || &thinsp;

|-

! colspan=3 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 4px 12px;" |**Co-discovery** made with: E. F. Helin C. S. Shoemaker P. D. Wilder D. H. Levy

|}

|}

## Notes

## References

 

## Bibliography

## External links

* *Asteroids:  Deadly Impact* National Geographic videos

* USGS page about Gene Shoemaker

* NASA page about Gene Shoemaker