അർനോൾഡ് സൊമ്മർഫെൽഡ്

ജർമ്മൻ ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനും ആറ്റം,ക്വണ്ടം ഫിസിക്സിന്റെയും ആദ്യകാല വളർച്ചയ്ക്ക് അമൂല്യമായ സംഭാവനകൾ നല്കിയ വ്യക്തികളിൽ ഒരാളായിരുന്ന **അർനോൾഡ് സൊമ്മർഫെൽഡ്**.അദ്ദേഹമാണ്‌ സെക്കന്റ്  ക്വാണ്ടം നംബറും(അസിമുതൽ ക്വാണ്ടം നംബർ)ഉം നാലാമത്തെ ക്വാണ്ടം നംബറും(സ്പിൻ ഖ്വാണ്ടം നംബറും)അവതരിപ്പിച്ചത്.എക്സറേ തരംഗ സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിന്റെയും ഫൈൻ സ്റ്റ്രക്ച്ചർ കോൻസ്റ്റന്റെയും ആദ്യമായി അവതരിപ്പിച്ചതും അദേഹമാണ്‌.അദ്ദേഹത്തിനൊപ്പം പ്രവർത്തിച്ച പലർക്കും നോബൽ സമ്മാനം ലഭിച്ചെങ്കിലും 84 തവണ നോമിനേഷനു പോയെങ്കിലും അദ്ദേഹത്തിനു നോബൽ സമ്മാനം ലഭിച്ചില്ല.ഫിസിക്സിൽ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ നോബൽ സമ്മാനത്തിനു നോമിനേഷൻ ലഭിച്ചിട്ടും നോബൽ സമ്മാനം ലഭിക്കാത്ത വ്യക്തിയാണ്‌ അദ്ദേഹം.

## പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ
*Arnold Sommerfeld "Mathematische Theorie der Diffraction" *Math. Ann.* **47** 317–374 (1896)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated by Raymond J. Nagem, Mario Zampolli, and Guido Sandri *Mathematical Theory of Diffraction* (Birkhäuser Boston, 2003) ISBN 0-8176-3604-8
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Atombau und Spektrallinien* (Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1919)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the third German edition by Henry L. Brose *Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines* (Methuen, 1923)
*Arnold Sommerfeld, *Three Lectures on Atomic Physics* (London: Methuen, 1926)
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Atombau und Spektrallinien, Wellenmechanischer Ergänzungband* (Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1929)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated by Henry L. Brose *Wave-Mechanics: Supplementary Volume to Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines* (Dutton, 1929)
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Lectures on Wave Mechanics Delivered before the Calcutta University* (Calcutta University, 1929)
*Arnold Sommerfeld and Hans Bethe *Elektronentheorie der Metalle* in H. Geiger and K. Scheel, editors *Handbuch der Physik* Volume 24, Part 2, 333–622 (Springer, 1933).  This nearly 300-page chapter was later published as a separate book: *Elektronentheorie der Metalle* (Springer, 1967).
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Mechanik – Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 1* (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, 1943)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the fourth German edition by Martin O. Stern *Mechanics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume I * (Academic Press, 1964)
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Mechanik der deformierbaren Medien – Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 2 *  (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, 1945)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the second German edition by G. Kuerti  *Mechanics of Deformable Bodies – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume II* (Academic Press, 1964)
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Elektrodynamik – Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 3* (Klemm Verlag, Erscheinungsort, 1948)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the German by Edward G. Ramberg *Electrodynamics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume III* (Academic Press, 1964)
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Optik – Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 4*  (Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1950)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated from the first German edition by Otto Laporte and Peter A. Moldauer *Optics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume IV* (Academic Press, 1964)
*Arnold Sommerfeld *Thermodynamik und Statistik – Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 5* Herausgegeben von Fritz Bopp und Josef Meixner. (Diederich sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1952)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, edited by F. Bopp and J. Meixner, and translated by J. Kestin *Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume V* (Academic Press, 1964)
*Arnold Sommerfeld * Partielle Differentialgleichungen der Physik – Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik Band 6* (Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1947)
**Arnold Sommerfeld, translated by Ernest G. Straus *Partial Differential Equations in Physics – Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume VI* (Academic Press, first printing 1949, second printing 1953; also as n°1 of AP pure and applied mathematics collection)
*Felix Klein and Arnold Sommerfeld *Über die Theorie des Kreisels* [4 volumes] (Teubner, 1897)

## അവലംബം

## അധിക വായനയ്ക്ക്
*Benz, Ulrich *Arnold Sommerfeld. Lehrer und Forscher an der Schwelle zum Atomzeitalter 1868 – 1951* (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1975)
*Beyerchen, Alan D. *Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich* (Yale, 1977)
*Born, Max *Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951*, *Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society* Volume 8, Number 21, 274–296 (1952)
*Cassidy, David C. *Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg * (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1992) ISBN 0-7167-2503-7  (Since Werner Heisenberg was one of Sommerfeld's Ph.D. students, this is an indirect source of information on Sommerfeld, but the information on him is rather extensive and well documented.)
*Eckert, Michael *Arnold Sommerfeld:  Atomphysiker und Kulturbote 1868-1951.  Eine Biografie* (Deutsches Museum, Wallstein Verlag, 2013)
* Eckert, Michael, trans. Tom Artin *Arnold Sommerfeld:  Science, Life and Turbulent Times, 1868-1951* (Springer, 2013)
* Eckert, Michael *Propaganda in science: Sommerfeld and the spread of the electron theory of metals*, *Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences* Volume 17, Number 2, 191–233 (1987)
*Eckert, Michael *Mathematics, Experiments, and Theoretical Physics: The Early Days of the Sommerfeld School*, *Physics in Perspective* Volume 1, Number 3, 238–252 (1999)
*Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator) *Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources* (Birkhäuser, 1996)
*Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach.  *Intellectual Mastery of Nature.  Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 1: The Torch of Mathematics, 1800 to 1870.* University of Chicago Press, paper cover, 1990a.  ISBN 0-226-41582-1
*Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach.  *Intellectual Mastery of Nature.  Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925.*  University of Chicago Press, Paper cover, 1990b. ISBN 0-226-41585-6
*Kant, Horst *Arnold Sommerfeld – Kommunikation und Schulenbildung* in Fuchs-Kittowski, Klaus ; Laitko, Hubert ; Parthey, Heinrich ; Umstätter, Walther (editors) *Wissenschaft und Digitale Bibliothek: Wissenschaftsforschung Jahrbuch 1998* 135–152 (Verlag der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsforschung, 2000)
*Kirkpatrick, Paul *Address of Recommendation by Professor Paul Kirkpatrick, Chairman of the Committee on Awards*, *American Journal of Physics* Volume 17, Number 5, 312–314 (1949).  Address preceding award to Arnold Sommerfeld, recipient of the 1948 Oersted Medal for Notable Contributions to the Teaching of Physics, 28 January 1949.
*Kragh, Helge  *Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century * (Princeton University Press, fifth printing and first paperback printing, 2002) ISBN 0-691-01206-7
*Kuhn, Thomas S., John L. Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen *[http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/index.htm Sources for History of Quantum Physics]* (American Philosophical Society, 1967)
*Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg *The Historical Development of Quantum Theory.  Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. * (Springer, 1982)  ISBN 0-387-95174-1
*Pauling, Linus *Arnold Sommerfeld: 1868 – 1951*, *Science* Volume 114, Number 2963, 383–384 (1951)
*Singh, Rajinder "Arnold Sommerfeld – The Supporter of Indian Physics in Germany"  *Current Science* **81** No. 11, 10 December 2001, pp.&nbsp;1489–1494
*Walker, Mark *Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb* (Persius, 1995) ISBN 0-306-44941-2

## പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

* Annotated bibliography for Arnold Sommerfeld from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
* Arnold Sommerfeld Biography  – American Philosophical Society (includes information on his students.)
* Arnold Sommerfeld Biography  – Zurich ETH-Bibliothek
* Arnold Sommerfeld – die Vektorrechnung 
* Arnold Sommerfeld's Students – The Mathematics Genealogy Project
*  ''Arnold Sommerfeld – the supporter of Indian physics in Germany''
* Michael Eckert (Video): ''Sommerfeld's Munich Quantum School''  - 3rd Conference on the History of Quantum Physics (June 2011)
** together with: Presentation, including many historical pictures 
* ''Hans Bethe talking about his time as Sommerfeld's Student on Peoples Archive'' 
* 
* ''Relativitätstheorie''  — Sommerfeld's 1921 introduction to special and general relativity for general audiences (German)
*Sommerfeld-Project  – Leibniz-Rechenzentrum der Wissenschaften
* 
* 
* A collection  of digitized materials related to Sommerfeld's and Linus Pauling's structural chemistry research.

വർഗ്ഗം:ജർമ്മൻ ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ
വർഗ്ഗം:ക്വാണ്ടം ഭൗതികം
വർഗ്ഗം:ഡിസംബർ 5-ന് ജനിച്ചവർ
വർഗ്ഗം:1868-ൽ ജനിച്ചവർ
വർഗ്ഗം:ഏപ്രിൽ 26-ന് മരിച്ചവർ
വർഗ്ഗം:1951-ൽ മരിച്ചവർ