അരാവാക്കൻ ഭാഷകൾ

അരാവാക്കൻ **Arawakan** (*Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper*), also known as **Maipurean** (also *Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre*), തെക്കേ അമേരികയിലെ ആദിവാസികൾക്കിടയിൽ വികസിച്ച ഒരു ഭാഷാഗോത്രമാണ്. ഈ ഭാഷയുടെ ശാഖകൾ മദ്ധ്യ അമേരിക്കയിലേയ്ക്കും ഇന്നത്തെ ബഹാമാസ് ഉൾപ്പെട്ട കരീബിയൻ ദ്വീപുകളിലെ ഗ്രേറ്റർ അന്റിലീസിലേയ്ക്കും വ്യാപിച്ചു.  ഇന്നത്തെ ഇക്വഡോർ, ഉറുഗ്വേ, ചിലി എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ മാത്രമേ അരവാക്കാൻ ഭാഷ സംസാരിക്കുന്ന ജനതകൾ ഇല്ലാതുള്ളു. മൈപൂറിയൻ മറ്റു ഭാഷാഗോത്രങ്ങളുമായും ബന്ധമുള്ളതാകാം എന്നും അനുമാനിക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. 

## ഭാഷകൾ

## അറവാക്കനും മയിപൂറിയനും

## സ്വഭാവസവിശേഷതകൾ

## ശബ്ദശാസ്ത്രം

## ഇതും കാണൂ
* അമേരിക്കൻ ഇന്ത്യൻ (നേറ്റീവ് ഇന്ത്യൻ) വർഗ്ഗക്കാരുടെ പട്ടിക

## കുറിപ്പുകൾ


## അവലംബം
* Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), *The Amazonian languages*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 0-521-57021-2; 0-521-57893-0.
* de Goeje, C. H., (1928). *The Arawak language of Guiana*, Verhandelingen der Koninkljke Akademie van Wetenshappen te Amserdam, Ajdeiling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks.
* Deniker, Joseph. (1900). *The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography*.
* Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), *Ethnologue: Languages of the world* (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), *Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages* (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. 0-292-70414-3.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), *Atlas of the world's languages* (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". *Glottolog*. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.    
* Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at *Language Variety in the South III*conference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004.
* Walker, R. S., & Ribeiro, L. A. (2011). Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1718), 2562–2567. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2579

## കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

;Lexicons
*Cadete, C. (1991). Dicionário Wapichana-Português/Português-Wapishana. São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
*Captain, D. M.; Captain, L. B. (2005). Diccionario Basico: Ilustrado; Wayuunaiki-Espanol ; Espanol-Wayuunaiki. Bogota: Edit. Fundación para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados.
*Corbera Mori, A. (2005). As línguas Waurá e Mehinakú do Brasil Central. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & S. C. S. de Oliveira (eds.), Anais do IV Congresso Internacional da ABRALIN, 795-804. Brasília: Associação Brasileira de Lingüística, Universidade de Brasília.
*Couto, F. P. (2012). Contribuições para a fonética e fonologia da língua Manxineru (Aruák). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. (Masters dissertation).
*Couto, F. P. (n.d.). Dados do manxineri. (Manuscript).
*Crevels, M.; Van Der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In: P. Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics (Studies in Language Companion Series, 90), 151-179. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
*de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913b). Linguistique Bolivienne: La langue Lapaču ou Apolista. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 45:512-531.
*de Créqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913c). Linguistique bolivienne. La langue Saraveka. Journal de la Sociétè des Americanistes de Paris, 10:497-540.
*Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. (eds.) (1999). The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Duff-Tripp, M. (1998). Diccionario: Yanesha' (Amuesha) - Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47.) Lima: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.
*Ekdahl, E. M.; Butler, N. E. (1969). Terêna dictionary. Brasília: SIL. ELIAS ORTIZ, S. (1945). Los Indios Yurumanguíes. Acta Americana, 4:10-25.
*Facundes, S. Da S. (2000). The Language of the Apurinã People of Brazil (Maipure/Arawak). University of New York at Buffalo. (Doctoral dissertation).
*Farabee, W. C. (1918). The Central Arawaks (University Museum Anthropological Publication, 9). Philadelphia: University Museum.
*Fargetti, C. M. (2001). Estudo Fonológico e Morfossintático da Língua Juruna. Campinas: UNICAMP. (Doctoral dissertation).
*Gill, W. (1993 [1970]). Diccionario Trinitario-Castellano y Castellano-Trinitario. San Lorenzo de Mojos: Misión Evangélica Nuevas Tribus.
*Green, D.; Green, H. G. (1998). Yuwit kawihka dicionário Palikúr - Português. Belém: SIL.
*Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawak). LIAMES, 16.1:7-37.
*Kindberg, L. D. (1980). Diccionario asháninca (Documento de Trabajo, 19). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Mehináku, M. (n.d.). Vocabulário mehinaku. (Manuscript).
*Mosonyi, J. C. (1987). El idioma yavitero: ensayo de gramática y diccionario. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela. (Doctoral dissertation).
*Nies, J., et alii (1986). Diccionario Piro. Tokanchi Gikshijikowaka-Steno (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 22). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Ott, W.; Burke de Ott, R. (1983). Diccionario Ignaciano y Castellano: con apuntes gramaticales. Cochabamba: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.
*Parker, S. (1995). Datos de la lengua Iñapari. (Documento de Trabajo, 27). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Parker, S. (2010). Chamicuro data: exhaustive list. (SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, 12). SIL International.
*Payne, D. L. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakian) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In: D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullun (orgs.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, 355-499. The Hague: Mouton.
*Ramirez, H. (2001a). Dicionário Baniwa-Portugues. Manaus: Universidade do Amazonas.
*Ramirez, H. (2001b). Línguas Arawak da Amazônia Setentrional. Manaus: EDUA.
*Shaver, H. (1996). Diccionario nomatsiguenga-castellano, castellano-nomatsiguenga (Serie Linguística Peruana, 41). Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educación & Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Snell, B. (1973). Pequeño diccionario machiguenga-castellano. Yarinacocha: SIL.
*Solís, G.; Snell, B. E. (2005). Tata onkantakera niagantsipage anianeegiku (Diccionario escolar Machiguenga). Lima, Perú: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Souza, I. (2008). Koenukunoe emo'u: A língua dos índios Kinikinau. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. (Doctoral dissertation).
*Suazo, S. (2011). Lila Garifuna: Diccionario Garífuna: Garifuna - Español. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Litografía López.
*Trevor R. A. (1979). Vocabulario Resígaro (Documento de Trabajo, 16). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Tripp, M. D. (1998). Diccionario Yanesha' (Amuesha)-Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 47). Lima: Ministerio de Educación / Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Wapishana Language Project. (2000). Scholars's dictionary and grammar of the Wapishana language. Porto Velho: SIL International.
*Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51.

;Data sets
*Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018, November 27). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon et al.'s "Diversity of Arawakan Languages" from 2019 (Version v1.0.1). Zenodo. 
*Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Arawakan and Tukanoan contacts in Northwest Amazonia prehistory" from 2017 (Version v1.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. 
*Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Annotated Swadesh Lists for Arawakan Languages" from 2017 (Version v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. 

;Reconstructions
* 
* 
*

## പുറം കണ്ണികൾ

* Arawak Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies
* South American Phonological Inventory Database

വർഗ്ഗം:തെക്കേ അമേരിക്കയിലെ ഭാഷകൾ