ഒഫ്രിസ്

**ഒഫ്രിസ്**  ജനുസ് ഓർക്കിഡിനി ഉപഗോത്രത്തിൽപ്പെട്ടതും ഓർക്കിഡേസീ കുടുംബത്തിലെ ഓർക്കിഡുകളുടെ ഒരു വലിയ സമൂഹവുമാണ്. യൂറോപ്പ്, വടക്കേ ആഫ്രിക്ക, കാനറി ദ്വീപുകൾ, മിഡിൽ ഈസ്റ്റ്,  തുർക്ക്മെനിസ്ഥാൻ എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിൽ ഇവ വ്യാപകമായി വ്യാപിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു. പ്ലൈനി ദി എൽഡർ (23-79 എ.ഡി.) എഴുതിയ "നാച്വറൽ ഹിസ്റ്ററി" എന്ന പുസ്തകത്തിൽ ഒഫ്രിസ് ഓർക്കിഡിനെക്കുറിച്ച് ആദ്യമായി വിവരിച്ചിരുന്നു.

## സ്പീഷീസുകൾ
**[[Ophrys apifera]]* Huds. – Bee Orchid - Central and southern Europe, North Africa, east to Iran
**[[Ophrys × arachnitiformis]]* Gren. & Philippe - False Spider Orchid (hybrid *O. fuciflora × O. sphegodes)* - western and central Europe from France and Britain to Sicily and Hungary
**[[Ophrys argolica]]* H.Fleischm. – Argolian Bee-orchid
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *aegaea* (Kalteisen & H. R. Reinhard) H. A. Pedersen & Faurh. - Greek islands 
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *argolica* - Greece
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *biscutella* (O. Danesch & E. Danesch) Kreutz - southern Italy, Croatia
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *crabronifera* (Sebast. & Mauri) Faurh. - central and southern Italy
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *elegans* (Renz) E. Nelson - Cyprus
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *lesbis* (Gölz & H. R. Reinhard) H. A. Pedersen & Faurh. - western Turkey and the Greek Islands
***Ophrys argolica* subsp. *lucis* (Kalteisen & H. R. Reinhard) H. A. Pedersen & Faurh. - Turkey, Syria, Greek islands
**[[Ophrys atlantica]]* Munby – Atlantic Bee-orchid - Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
**[[Ophrys bertolonii]]* Moretti – Bertoloni's Bee-orchid - from Spain to Serbia

**[[Ophrys bombyliflora]]* Link – Bumblebee Orchid - Mediterranean Basin and Canary Islands
**[[Ophrys cilicica]]* Schltr. – Cilician Bee-orchid - Turkey, Syria, Iran (note that Cilicia means southern Turkey)
**[[Ophrys ferrum-equinum]]* Desf. – Horseshoe Bee-orchid  - Albania, Greece, Turkey
***Ophrys ferrum-equinum* subsp. *ferrum-equinum* - Albania, Greece, Turkey
***Ophrys ferrum-equinum* subsp. *gottfriediana* (Renz) E.Nelson - Greece
**[[Ophrys fuciflora]]* (F.W.Schmidt) Moench – Late Spider-orchid - from Britain to Iraq
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *andria* (P.Delforge) Faurh. - Greek islands
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *apulica* O.Danesch & E.Danesch - southern Italy including Sicily
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *biancae* (Tod.) Faurh. - Sicily
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *bornmuelleri* (M.Schulze) B.Willing & E.Willing - Turkey, Cyprus, Greek islands, Syria, Palestine, Israel, Iraq 
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *candica* E.Nelson ex Soó  - southern Italy including Sicily, plus Greece and Turkey
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *chestermanii* (J. J. Wood) H. Blatt & W. Wirth - Sardinia
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *elatior* (Paulus) R. Engel & Quentin Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia 
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *fuciflora* - from Britain to Syria
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *grandiflora* (H. Fleischm. & Soó) Faurh. - Turkey, Cyprus
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *lacaitae* (Lojac.) Soó - Italy, Malta, Croatia
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *oblita* (Kreutz, Gügel & W. Hahn) Faurh., H. A. Pedersen & S. G. Christ - Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Israel 
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *oxyrrhynchos* (Tod.) Soó - southern Italy including Sicily
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *pallidiconi* Faurh. - Turkey
***Ophrys fuciflora* subsp. *parvimaculata* O. Danesch & E. Danesch - Italy
***Ophrys fuciflora *var*. ziyaretiana* (Kreutz & Ruedi Peter) Faurh. & H. A. Pedersen - Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Israel

**[[Ophrys fusca]]* Link – Sombre Bee-orchid, Dark Bee-orchid - from Portugal to Turkey
***Ophrys fusca* subsp. *blitopertha* (Paulus & Gack) Faurh. & H.A.Pedersen - Turkey, Greek islands
***Ophrys fusca* subsp. *cinereophila* (Paulus & Gack) Faurh.- Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria 
***Ophrys fusca* subsp. *fusca*  - from Portugal to Turkey
***Ophrys fusca* subsp. *iricolor* (Desf.) K.Richt.  - from Portugal to Turkey
***Ophrys fusca* subsp. *pallida* (Raf.) E. G. Camus in E. G. Camus & A. A. Camus - Sicily, Tunisia, Algeria
**[[Ophrys insectifera]]* L. – Fly Orchid - much of Europe from Spain to Russia and Finland
***Ophrys insectifera* nothosubsp. *tytecaeana* P. Delforge - France
***Ophrys insectifera* subsp. *aymoninii* Breistr. France, Spain
***Ophrys insectifera* subsp. *insectifera* - much of Europe from Spain to Russia and Finland
**[[Ophrys isaura]]* Renz & Taubenheim - Turkey
**[[Ophrys kojurensis]]* Gölz - Iran
**[[Ophrys konyana]]* Kreutz & Ruedi Peter - Turkey
**[[Ophrys kopetdagensis]]* K.P. Popov & Neshat. - Turkmenistan
**[[Ophrys kotschyi]]* H. Fleischm. & Soó – Cyprus Bee-orchid, Kotschy's Bee-orchid - Greece, Cyprus
***Ophrys kotschyi* subsp. *ariadnae* (Paulus) Faurh. - Greek islands and mainland
***Ophrys kotschyi* subsp. *cretica* (Soó) H.Sund. - Crete and other Greek islands
***Ophrys kotschyi* subsp. *kotschyi* – Cyprus 
**[[Ophrys kreutzii]]* W.Hahn - Turkey
**[[Ophrys lepida]]* S. Moingeon & J.-M. Moingeon - Sardinia
**[[Ophrys lunulata]]* Parl. - Sicily

**[[Ophrys lutea]]* Cav. – Yellow Bee-orchid - from Portugal and Morocco to Syria
***Ophrys lutea* subsp. *aspea* (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Faurh. - Tunisia, Libya
***Ophrys lutea* subsp. *galilaea* (H. Fleischm. & Bornm.) Soó - from Portugal and Morocco to Syria
***Ophrys lutea* subsp. *lutea* - from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey
***Ophrys lutea* subsp. *melena* Renz - Greece, Albania
**[[Ophrys lycia]]* Renz & Taubenheim - Turkey
**[[Ophrys omegaifera]]* H. Fleischm. – Omega Bee-orchid - from Portugal and Morocco to Syria
***Ophrys omegaifera *var*. basilissa* (C. Alibertis, A. Alibertis & H.R. Reinhard) Faurh - Greece
***Ophrys omegaifera* subsp. *dyris* (Maire) Del Prete - Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Balearic Islands
***Ophrys omegaifera* subsp. *fleischmannii* (Hayek) Del Prete - Crete and other Greek islands
***Ophrys omegaifera* subsp. *hayekii* (H. Fleischm. & Soó) Kreutz  - Sicily, Algeria, Tunisia
***Ophrys omegaifera* subsp. *israelitica* (H. Baumann & Künkele) G. Morschek & K. Morschek - Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Greece 
***Ophrys omegaifera* subsp. *omegaifera* - Turkey, Greek islands
***Ophrys omegaifera* subsp. *apollonae* or *[[Ophrys apollonae]]* - Greek islands, Turkey
**[[Ophrys pseudomammosa]]* Renz -  Turkey, Greece

**[[Ophrys reinholdii]]* Spruner ex Fleischm. – Reinhold's Bee-orchid - from Croatia to Turkey
***Ophrys reinholdii* subsp. *antiochiana* (H. Baumann & Künkele) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz - Turkey, Syria
***Ophrys reinholdii* subsp. *reinholdii* - from Croatia to Turkey
***Ophrys reinholdii* subsp. *straussii* (H. Fleischm.) E. Nelson - Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Cyprus, Greek islands
**[[Ophrys schulzei]]* Bornm. & Fleischm. - Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon
**[[Ophrys scolopax]]* Cav. – Woodcock Bee-orchid - from Morocco and Portugal to Hungary and Iran
***Ophrys scolopax* subsp. *apiformis* (Desf.) Maire & Weiller - Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco
***Ophrys scolopax* subsp. *conradiae* (Melki & Deschâtres) H.Baumann & al. - Corsica, Sardinia, Italy
***Ophrys scolopax* subsp. *cornuta* (Steven) E.G. Camus - Italy, Hungary, the Balkans, Crimea, Turkey, Caucasus
***Ophrys scolopax* subsp. *heldreichii* (Schltr.) E.Nelson Greece, Turkey
***Ophrys scolopax *var*. minutula* (Gölz & H.R. Reinhard) H.A. Pedersen & Faurh - Turkey, Greek islands
***Ophrys scolopax* subsp. *rhodia* (H.Baumann & Künkele) H.A. Pedersen & Faurh. - Greek islands
***Ophrys scolopax* subsp. *scolopax*  - from Portugal to Iran

**[[Ophrys speculum]]* Link – Mirror Bee-orchid, Mirror Orchid - from Portugal to Syria
***Ophrys speculum* subsp. *lusitanica* O.Danesch & E.Danesch - Spain, Portugal
***Ophrys speculum* subsp. *regis-ferdinandii* (Acht. & Kellerer ex Renz) Soó - Turkey, Greek islands
***Ophrys speculum* subsp. *speculum* - from Portugal to Syria
**[[Ophrys sphegodes]]* Mill. –  Early Spider-orchid - from Britain and Portugal to Iran
***Ophrys sphegodes* nothosubsp. *jeanpertii* (E.G. Camus) Del Prete & Conte - France, Spain, Balkans *(O. sphegodes *subsp*. araneola × O. sphegodes *subsp*. sphegodes)*
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *aesculapii* (Renz) Soó ex J.J.Wood - Greece
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *araneola* (Rchb.) M.Laínz - Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia 
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *atrata* (Rchb.f.) A.Bolòs - from Portugal to Serbia
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *aveyronensis* J.J.Wood - France, Spain
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *catalcana* Kreutz - European Turkey
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *cretensis* H.Baumann & Künkele - Crete and other Greek islands
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *epirotica* (Renz) Gölz & H.R.Reinhard - Albania, Greece
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *gortynia* H.Baumann & Künkele - Crete and other Greek islands
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *helenae* (Renz) Soó & D.M.Moore - Albania, Greece
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *mammosa* (Desf.) Soó ex E.Nelson - from the Balkans to Turkmenistan
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *passionis* (Sennen) Sanz & Nuet - France, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, mainland Italy 
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *sipontensis* (R.Lorenz & Gembardt) H.A.Pedersen & Faurh. - Apulia
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *sphegodes* - from Britain and Spain to Hungary and the Balkans
***Ophrys sphegodes* subsp. *spruneri* (Nyman) E.Nelson - Crete and other Greek islands

**[[Ophrys tenthredinifera]]* Willd. - from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey
**[[Ophrys tremoris]]* Gämperle & Gölz - Turkey
**[[Ophrys ulupinara]]* W.Hahn - Turkey
**[[Ophrys umbilicata]]* Desf. - from the Balkans to Iran
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *beerii* Shifman - Israel
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *bucephala* (Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Biel - Turkey and the Greek islands
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *calycadniensis* Perschke - Turkey
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *flavomarginata* (Renz) Faurh. - Cyprus, Syria, Israel
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *lapethica* (Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Faurh. - Cyprus
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *latakiana* (M.Schönfelder & H.Schönfelder) Faurh. & H.A.Pedersen - Turkey, Syria
***Ophrys umbilicata* subsp. *umbilicata*  - from the Balkans to Iran
**[[Ophrys urteae]]* Paulus - Turkey
**[[Ophrys zagrica]]* Gölz - Iran

## അവലംബം

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## പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

* Extensive information and beautiful slides
* Ophrys picture database 
* Orchids of Greece , slide show.

വർഗ്ഗം:ഓർക്കിഡുകൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:പുഷ്പങ്ങൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:അലങ്കാരസസ്യങ്ങൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:ഓർക്കിഡേസീ
വർഗ്ഗം:മെഡിറ്ററേനിയൻ സസ്യങ്ങൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:വടക്കേ ആഫ്രിക്കയിലെ സസ്യജാലം
വർഗ്ഗം:ഇറാനിലെ സസ്യജാലങ്ങൾ