എക്കിനോപ്സിസ്

**ഈസ്റ്റർ ലില്ലി കാക്റ്റസ്, ഹെഡ്ജ്ഹോഗ് കാക്റ്റസ്, സീ-അർച്ചിൻ കാക്റ്റസ്** എന്നും അറിയപ്പെടുന്ന ദക്ഷിണ അമേരിക്കൻ സ്വദേശിയായ **എക്കിനോപ്സിസ്** കള്ളിച്ചെടികളുടെ വലിയ ഒരു ജനുസ്സാണ്. ചെറിയ ഒരു സ്പീഷീസ്, ഇ. ചാമിസിറസ്, **പീനട്ട് കാക്ടസ്** എന്നാണ് അറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്. 128 സ്പീഷീസുകളിൽ വലിയ മരങ്ങൾ മുതൽ ചെറിയ **ഗ്ലോബോസ് കാക്ടി** വരെ കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. മുള്ളൻപന്നി, അല്ലെങ്കിൽ കടൽച്ചേനയിൽ നിന്നാണ് എക്കിനോസ് എന്ന പദം ഉത്ഭവിച്ചത്. ഒപ്സിസ് എന്നാൽ കാഴ്ചയിൽ എന്നർത്ഥം. ഈ സസ്യങ്ങളിൽ നിറയെ തിങ്ങിനിറഞ്ഞ മുള്ളുകൾ കാണപ്പെടുന്നതിനാൽ എക്കിനോപ്സിസ് എന്നപേർ ഈ സസ്യത്തിന് ലഭിക്കാനിടയായി.
### സ്പീഷീസ്
:Note: some of the species listed below may be synonyms, subspecies, or varieties of others.

* *[[Echinopsis adolfofriedrichii]]* G. Moser

* *[[Echinopsis amoenissima]]* Werdermann 
* *[[Echinopsis ancistrophora]]* Spegazzini
* *[[Echinopsis angelesii]]* (R. Kiesling) G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis antezanae]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis apiculata]]* Linke 

* *[[Echinopsis arboricola]]* (Kimnach) R. Mottram
* *[[Echinopsis arebaloi]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis atacamensis]]* (Philippi) H. Friedrich & G.D. Rowley
 
* *[[Echinopsis aurata]]* Salm-Dyck 
* *[[Echinopsis aurea]]* Britton & Rose
 
* *[[Echinopsis backebergii]]* Werdermann
* *[[Echinopsis baldiana]]* Spegazzini
* *[[Echinopsis berlingii]]* Y. Ito 
* *[[Echinopsis bertramiana]]* (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis bolligeriana]]* Mächler & Helmut Walter 
* *[[Echinopsis bonnieae]]* (Halda, Hogan & Janeba) Halda & Malina 
* *[[Echinopsis boyuibensis]]* F. Ritter
* *[[Echinopsis brasilensis]]* A. V. Frič

* *[[Echinopsis bridgesii]]* Salm-Dyck (not to be confused with *E. lageniformis*, which is also known as *Trichocereus bridgesii*)
* *[[Echinopsis bruchii]]* (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & Glaetzle
* *[[Echinopsis cabrerae]]* (R. Kiesling) G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis caineana]]* (Cárdenas) D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis cajasensis]]* F. Ritter
* *[[Echinopsis calliantholilacina]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis callichroma]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis calochlora]]* K. Schumann

* *[[Echinopsis camarguensis]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis campylacantha]]* Pfeiffer & Otto 
* *[[Echinopsis candicans]]* (Salm-Dyck) F. A. C. Weber
* *[[Echinopsis cardenasiana]]* (Rausch) H. Friedrich

* *[[Echinopsis caulescens]]* (F. Ritter) M. Lowry 
* *[[Echinopsis cephalomacrostibas]]* (Werdermann & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis cerdana]]* Cárdenas

* *[[Echinopsis chalaensis]]* (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis chamaecereus]]* H. Friedrich & W. Glaetzle
* *[[Echinopsis chereauniana]]* Schlumb. 
* *[[Echinopsis chiloensis]]* (Colla) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis chrysantha]]* Werdermann
* *[[Echinopsis chrysochete]]* Werdermann
* *[[Echinopsis cinnabarina]]* (Hooker) Labouret
* *[[Echinopsis clavata]]* (F. Ritter) D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis cochabambensis]]* Backeberg
* *[[Echinopsis colmariensis]]* Hort. 
* *[[Echinopsis comarapana]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis conaconensis]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis coquimbana]]* (Molina) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis coronata]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis cotacajesii]]* Cárdenas

* *[[Echinopsis crassicaulis]]* (R. Kiesling) H. Friedrich & Glaetzle
* *[[Echinopsis cristata]]* Salm-Dyck 
* *[[Echinopsis cuzcoensis]]* (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis cylindracea]]* (Backeberg) Friedrich
* *[[Echinopsis decaisniana]]* Walp. 

* *[[Echinopsis densispina]]* Werdermann
* *[[Echinopsis derenbergii]]* A. V. Frič
* *[[Echinopsis deserticola]]* (Werdermann) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis escayachensis]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis eyriesii]]* Pfeiffer & Otto
* *[[Echinopsis fabrisii]]* (R.Kiesling) G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis famatimensis]]* (Spegazzini) Werdermann
* *[[Echinopsis ferox]]* (Britton & Rose) Backeberg

* *[[Echinopsis formosa]]* (Pfeiffer) Jacobi

* *[[Echinopsis friedrichii]]* G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis gibbosa]]* Pfeiffer 
* *[[Echinopsis gigantea]]* Rud. Meyer 
* *[[Echinopsis gladispina]]* Y. Ito 
* *[[Echinopsis glauca]]* (F. Ritter) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis glaucina]]* H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis haematantha]]* (Spegazzini) J. G. Lamb.
* *[[Echinopsis hahniana]]* (Backeberg) R. S. Wallace

* *[[Echinopsis hamatispina]]* Werdermann 
* *[[Echinopsis hammerschmidii]]* Cárdenas

* *[[Echinopsis hertrichiana]]* (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt

* *[[Echinopsis hossei]]* Werdermann 

* *[[Echinopsis huascha]]* (F. A. C. Weber) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis huotti]]* Labour.

* *[[Echinopsis hystrichoides]]* F. Ritter
* *[[Echinopsis ibicuatensis]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis imperialis]]* Hort. 

* *[[Echinopsis jajoiana]]* Hort. 
* *[[Echinopsis jamessianus]]* Hort. 

* *[[Echinopsis kladiwaiana]]* Rausch

* *[[Echinopsis klingleriana]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis knotti]]* Schlumberger 
* *[[Echinopsis knuthiana]]* (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis korethroides]]* Werdermann

* *[[Echinopsis lageniformis]]* (Forst.) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley (formerly *Trichocereus bridgesii*)
* *[[Echinopsis lamprochlora]]* F. A. C. Weber
* *[[Echinopsis lateritia]]* Gürke

* *[[Echinopsis leucantha]]* Walpers

* *[[Echinopsis litoralis]]* (Johow) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley (syn.: *E.chiloensis* (Colla) subsp. *litoralis* (Johow)Lowry)

* *[[Echinopsis lorethroides]]* Werdermann 
* *[[Echinopsis macrodiscus]]* Frič 
* *[[Echinopsis macrogona]]* (S.D.) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis mamillosa]]* Gürke

* *[[Echinopsis marsoneri]]* Werdermann
* *[[Echinopsis mataranensis]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis maximiliana]]* Heyder
* *[[Echinopsis melanacantha]]* A. Dietr. 

* *[[Echinopsis meyeri]]* Heese
* *[[Echinopsis mieckleyi]]* Rud. Meyer
* *[[Echinopsis mihanovichii]]* Frič & Gurcke 
* *[[Echinopsis minuana]]* Spegazzini

* *[[Echinopsis mirabilis]]* Spegazzini
* *[[Echinopsis misleyi]]* J. Labouret 

* *[[Echinopsis molesta]]* Spegazzini

* *[[Echinopsis nigra]]* Backeberg

* *[[Echinopsis nigrispina]]* Walp. 
* *[[Echinopsis nodosa]]* Linke 
* *[[Echinopsis obrepanda]]* (Salm-Dyck) K. Schum.
* *[[Echinopsis octacantha]]* Muehlenpf. 

* *[[Echinopsis oxygona]]* Pfeiff. & Otto
* *[[Echinopsis pachanoi]]* (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis pampana]]* (Britton & Rose) D. R. Hunt

* *[[Echinopsis pectinata]]* Fennel 

* *[[Echinopsis pelecygona]]* Y. Ito 

* *[[Echinopsis pentlandii]]* (W. J. Hooker) Salm-Dyck ex A. Dietrich

* *[[Echinopsis peruviana]]* (Britton & Rose) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis picta]]* Walp. 

* *[[Echinopsis pojoensis]]* Cárdenas

* *[[Echinopsis pseudomammillosa]]* Cárdenas

* *[[Echinopsis pugionacantha]]* Rose & F. Boedeker
* *[[Echinopsis pulchella]]* Zucc. 

* *[[Echinopsis quadratiumbonata]]* (F. Ritter) D. R. Hunt

* *[[Echinopsis reichenbachiana]]* Pfeiff. 

* *[[Echinopsis rhodotricha]]* K. Schumann

* *[[Echinopsis riviere-de-caraltii]]* Cárdenas

* *[[Echinopsis robinsoniana]]* Werdermann 

* *[[Echinopsis rubescens]]* Backeberg 

* *[[Echinopsis salmiana]]* F. A. C. Weber 
* *[[Echinopsis salpigophara]]* A. C. Lemaire 
* *[[Echinopsis saltensis]]* Spegazzini
* *[[Echinopsis sanguiniflora]]* (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis santaensis]]* (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis schelhasii]]* Pfeiff. & Otto 
* *[[Echinopsis schickendantzii]]* F. A. C. Weber
* *[[Echinopsis schieliana]]* (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis schoenii]]* (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis schreiteri]]* (Castellanos) Werdermann

* *[[Echinopsis scopa]]* Carrière 

* *[[Echinopsis scopulicola]]* (F. Ritter) R. Mottram
* *[[Echinopsis setosa]]* Linke 

 
* *[[Echinopsis silvestrii]]* Spegazzini
* *[[Echinopsis simplex]]* Niedl 
* *[[Echinopsis skottsbergii]]* (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis smrziana]]* Backeberg
* *[[Echinopsis spachiana]]* (A. C. Lemaire) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis spegazzinii]]* K. Schumann 
* *[[Echinopsis sphacelata]]* Gravis 
* *[[Echinopsis spinibarbis]]* (Otto) A. E. Hoffmann

* *[[Echinopsis strausii]]* Graessn. 
* *[[Echinopsis strigosa]]* (Salm-Dyck) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis subdenudata]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis sucrensis]]* Cárdenas
* *[[Echinopsis tacaquirensis]]* (Vaupel) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis tacuarembense]]* J. Arechavaleta 

* *[[Echinopsis taratensis]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis tarijensis]]* (Vaupel) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis tarmaensis]]* (Rauh & Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis tegeleriana]]* (Backeberg) D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis tephracantha]]* Hort. 
* *[[Echinopsis terscheckii]]* (A. A. Parmentier) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis thelegona]]* (F. A. C. Weber) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis thelegonoides]]* (Spegazzini) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis thionantha]]* (Spegazzini) D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis tiegeliana]]* (Wessner) D. R. Hunt

* *[[Echinopsis trichosa]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis tricolor]]* A. G. Dietrich 
* *[[Echinopsis tuberculata]]* Niedt 
* *[[Echinopsis tubiflora]]* J. G. Zuccarini
* *[[Echinopsis tucumanensis]]* Y. Ito 
* *[[Echinopsis tulhuayacensis]]* (Ochoa) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis tunariensis]]* (Cárdenas) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis uyupampensis]]* (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley

* *[[Echinopsis vasquezii]]* (Rausch) G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis vatteri]]* (R. Kiesling) G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis verschaffeltii]]* Hort. 

* *[[Echinopsis volliana]]* (Backeberg) H. Friedrich & G. D. Rowley
* *[[Echinopsis walteri]]* (R. Kiesling) H. Friedrich & W. Glaetzle

* *[[Echinopsis werdermannii]]* Frič

* *[[Echinopsis yuquina]]* D. R. Hunt
* *[[Echinopsis zuccarinii]]* Pfeiff. & Otto 

## ചിത്രശാല

Image:The Botanical Magazine. pl 4521. Cactus.jpg|*Echinopsis cristata* var. *purpurea*

Image:Echinopsis eyriesii.JPG|*Echinopsis eyriesii* visited by a European honeybee; Kfar Blum Kibbutz garden, Israel.
Image:2008 07 Botanical Garden Meran 71610R0413.jpg|*Echinopsis huascha* Botanical Garden Meran
Image:Echinopsis chiloensis 5.jpg|*Echinopsis chiloensis*
Image:Echinopsis ferox c-3311 - 01A.jpg|*Echinopsis ferox* c-3311
Image:EchinopsisThelegona.jpg|*Echinopsis thelegona*
Image:Echinopsis backebergii1PAKAL.jpg|*Echinopsis backebergii*
Image:Echinopsis bruchii Yazz.JPG|*Echinopsis bruchii*
Image:Echinopsis oxygona13213404.jpg|*Echinopsis oxygona*
Image:Echinopsis yuquina 1.jpg|*Echinopsis yuquina*
Image:Echinopsis subdenudata 1.JPG|*Echinopsis subdenudata*
Image:Echinopsis rojasii (calorubra) 7.JPG|*Echinopsis obrepanda*


## അവലംബം

## ബിബ്ലിയോഗ്രാഫി
* Edward F. Anderson, *[[The Cactus Family]]* (Timber Press, 2001) , pp.&nbsp;255–286
* K. Trout, *Trout's Notes on San Pedro & related Trichocereus species (Sacred Cacti 3rd ed. Part B)* (Moksha Press, 2005) 

## പുറം കണ്ണികൾ

* Cactus Culture for Amateurs by W. Watson (1889)
* SucculentCity:  ''Plant Profiles, Photographs & Cultivation Data'' 
* Kuentz: ''Echinopsis'' (in French) 
* Lohmueller: ''Echinopsis'' 
* ''Mattslandscape; Echinopsis hybrids-growing culture'' 
* Vimeo Video Echinopsis Cacti in Bloom
* echinopsis.com Photographs, Videos
* Echinopsis Cacti Flower Photographs, Videos
.

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