എഡിത് വാർട്ടൺ

**എഡിത് വാർട്ടൺ** (/ˈiːdɪθ ˈwɔːrtən/; എഡിത് ന്യൂബോൾഡ് ജോനെസ് എന്ന പേരിൽ ജനിച്ച പുലിറ്റസർ പ്രൈസ് ജേതാവായ അമേരിക്കൻ നോവലിസ്റ്റും ചെറുകഥാകൃത്തും ആലേഖനകലാകാരിയുമായിരുന്നു. (ജീവിതകാലം:ജനുവരി 24, 1862 – ആഗസ്റ്റ് 11, 1937) 1927, 1928, 1930 വർഷങ്ങളില്‌‌‌‍‌‌‌ നോബല്‌‌‌‌ സമ്മാനത്തിനു പരിഗണിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരുന്നു.  എഡിത് വാർട്ടൺ അമേരിക്കയിലെ ഉയർന്ന വർഗ്ഗക്കാരുടെ ജീവിത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള തന്റെ ആന്തരികവീക്ഷണം നർമ്മരസം കലർത്തി തന്റെ രചനകളിലൂടെ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചിരുന്നു.  

## രചനകൾ

### നോവലുകൾ
* *The Valley of Decision*, 1902
* *[[The House of Mirth]]*, 1905
* *[http://ia331334.us.archive.org/3/items/thefruitofthetre19191gut/19191-h/19191-h.htm The Fruit of the Tree]*, 1907
* *[[The Reef (novel)|The Reef]]*, 1912
* *[[The Custom of the Country]]*, 1913
* *[[Summer (novel)|Summer]]*, 1917
* *[https://archive.org/details/marnetaleofwar00whariala The Marne]*, 1918
* *[[The Age of Innocence]]*, 1920 (Pulitzer Prize winner)
* *[[The Glimpses of the Moon]]*, 1922
* *A Son at the Front*, 1923
* *The Mother's Recompense*, 1925
* *Twilight Sleep*, 1927
* *The Children*, 1928
* *Hudson River Bracketed*, 1929
* *The Gods Arrive*, 1932
* *[[The Buccaneers]]*, 1938 (unfinished)

### നോവലുകളും നോവലൈറ്റുകളും
* *[[The Touchstone]]*, 1900
* *[[Sanctuary]]*, 1903
* *Madame de Treymes*, 1907
* *[[Ethan Frome]]*, 1911
* *[[Bunner Sisters]]*, 1916
* *[[Old New York (novellas)|Old New York]]:
1. False Dawn
2. The Old Maid
3. The Spark
4. New Year's Day* 1924
* *Fast and Loose: A Novelette*, 1938 (written in 1876–1877)

### കവതകൾ
* *Verses*, 1878
* *Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse*, 1909
* *Twelve Poems*, 1926

### ചെറുകഥാ ശേഖരങ്ങൾ
* *[[The Greater Inclination]]*, 1899, includes Souls Belated.
* *[[Crucial Instances]]*, 1901
* *[https://archive.org/details/descentofman00wharrich The Descent of Man and Other Stories]*, 1904
* *The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories*, 1908
* *[https://archive.org/details/talesofmenandgho00wharuoft Tales of Men and Ghosts]*, 1910
* *[https://archive.org/details/xinguandothersto00wharuoft Xingu and Other Stories]*, 1916
* *[[Old New York (novellas)|Old New York]]*, 1924
* *Here and Beyond*, 1926
* *Certain People*, 1930
* *Human Nature*, 1933
* *The World Over*, 1936
* *Ghosts*, 1937
* *[[Roman Fever]] and Other Stories*, 1964
* "Madame de Treymes and Others: Four Novelettes", 1970
* "The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton", 1973
* "The New York Stories of Edith Wharton", 2007

### നോണ്-ഫിക്ഷൻ
* *[[The Decoration of Houses]]*, 1897
* *[https://archive.org/details/italianvillasthe00whar Italian Villas and Their Gardens]*, 1904
* *[https://archive.org/details/italianbackgroun00whar Italian Backgrounds]*, 1905
* *[https://archive.org/details/cu31924014199701 A Motor-Flight Through France]*, 1908 (travel)
* *[https://archive.org/details/fightingfrancef05whargoog Fighting France, from Dunkerque to Belfort]*, 1915 (war)
* *[https://archive.org/details/frenchwaysandthe00wharuoft French Ways and Their Meaning]*, 1919
* *[https://archive.org/details/inmorocco00wharuoft In Morocco]*, 1920 (travel)
* *The Writing of Fiction*, 1925  (essays on writing)
* *[https://archive.org/details/backwardglance030620mbp A Backward Glance]*, 1934 (autobiography)
* *Edith Wharton: The Uncollected Critical Writings*, Edited by Frederick Wegener, 1996
* *Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920*, 1995, Edited by Sarah Bird Wright

### As editor
* *[https://archive.org/details/bookofhomeless00wharuoft The Book of the Homeless]*, 1916

## എഡിത് വാർട്ടൺ രചനകളെ ആസ്പദമാക്കിയുള്ളവ :

### സിനിമ
* *[[:en:The_House_of_Mirth_(1918_film)|The House of Mirth]]* (*[[:en:The_House_of_Mirth_(1918_film)|La Maison du Brouillard]]*) , a 1918 silent film adaptation (6 reels) (of the 1905 novel) directed by French film director Albert Capellani, starring Katherine Harris Barrymore as Lily Bart. It is considered to be a lost film
* *The Glimpses Of The Moon*, a 1923 silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the 1922 novel) directed for Paramount Studios by Allan Dwan, starring Bebe Daniels, David Powell, Nita Naldi and Maurice Costello. It is considered to be a lost film
* *The Age of Innocence*, a 1924 silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the 1920 novel) directed for Warner Brothers by Wesley Ruggles, starring Beverly Bayne and Elliott Dexter. It is considered to be a lost film
* *The Marriage Playground*, a 1929 talking film adaptation (70 minutes) (of the 1928 novel *The Children*) directed for Paramount Studios by Lothar Mendes, starring rising star Fredric March in leading role (as Martin Boyne), Mary Brian (as Judith Wheater), Kay Francis (as Lady Wrench)&nbsp;...
* *[[:en:The_Age_of_Innocence_(1934_film)|The Age of Innocence]]*, a 1934 film adaptation (9 reels / circa 80–90 minutes) (of the 1920 novel) directed for RKO Studios by Philip Moeller, starring Irene Dunne and John Boles.
* *Strange Wives*, a 1934 or 1935 film adaptation (8 reels / 75 minutes) (of the 1934 short story *Bread Upon the Waters*) directed for Universal by Richard Thorpe, starring Roger Pryor (as Jimmy King), June Clayworth (as Nadja), Esther Ralston (as Olga)&nbsp;... It is considered to be a lost film
* *[[:en:The_Old_Maid_(1939_film)|The Old Maid]],* a 1939 film adaptation (95 minutes) (of the 1924 short novella) directed by Edmund Goulding starring Bette Davis.
* A 1944 film version of the 1911 novel *[[:en:Ethan_Frome|Ethan Frome]]* starring Joan Crawford was proposed but never came to fruition
* *Ethan Frome* (99 minutes) directed by John Madden and released in 1993,
* *[[:en:The_Age_of_Innocence_(1993_film)|The Age of Innocence]]* (138 minutes) directed by Martin Scorsese and released in 1993,
* *[[:en:The_Reef_(1999_film)|The Reef]] * (88 minutes) directed by Robert Allan Ackerman and released in 1999.
* *[[:en:The_House_of_Mirth_(2000_film)|The House of Mirth]]* (140 minutes) directed by Terence Davies and released in 2000, starring Gillian Anderson as Lily Bart.

### ടെലിവിഷൻ
* *Ethan Frome*, a 1960 (CBS) TV US adaptation, directed by Alex Segal, starring Sterling Hayden as Ethan Frome, Julie Harris as Mattie Silver and Clarice Blackburn as Zenobia Frome. First Wharton adaptation on television.
* *Looking Back*, a 1981 TV US loose adaptation of two biographies of Edith Wharton: *A Backward Glance*, Wharton's own 1934 autobiography & *Edith Wharton*, a 1975 biography by R.W.B. Lewis (1976 Bancroft Prize-winner).
* *The House of Mirth*, a 1981 TV US adaptation, directed by Adrian Hall, starring William Atherton, Geraldine Chaplin and Barbara Blossom
* *The Buccaneers*, a 1995 BBC mini-series, starring Carla Gugino and Greg Wise

### തീയേറ്റർ
* *The House of Mirth* was adapted as a play in 1906 by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch
* *The Age of Innocence* was adapted as a play in 1928. Katharine Cornell played the role of Ellen Olenska.

## അവലംബം

വർഗ്ഗം:പുലിറ്റ്സർ പുരസ്കാര ജേതാക്കൾ
വർഗ്ഗം:അമേരിക്കൻ നോവലെഴുത്തുകാർ
വർഗ്ഗം:ജനുവരി 24-ന് ജനിച്ചവർ
വർഗ്ഗം:1862-ൽ ജനിച്ചവർ
വർഗ്ഗം:ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 11-ന് മരിച്ചവർ
വർഗ്ഗം:1937-ൽ മരിച്ചവർ