Tata Bahaso Inggris

**Tata bahaso Inggris** adolah sabuah aturan nan manggambarkan struktur ungkapan dalam bahaso Inggris, tamasuak di dalamnyo mamuek struktur kato, frasa, klausa, jo kalimaik. Ado babarapo variasi takaik sijarah, sosial, budaya jo daerah bahaso Inggris. Divergensi dari tata bahaso nan dijalehan di siko tajadi di babarapo dialek dalam bahaso Inggris. Artikel iko manjalehan sacaro umum tentang bahaso Inggris standar, sarupo ucapan nan ado di wacana publik, contohnyo: siaran televisi, pandidikan, hiburan, pamarintahan, jo laporan berita, tamasuak juo di siko: pidato baiak formal maupun informal. Ado pabedaan tatantu dalam tata bahaso antaro bantuak standar *[[Bahaso Inggris Britania|British English]], [[Bahaso Inggris Amerika|American English]]* jo *Australian English,* meskipun iko indak mancolok dibandingkan jo pabedaan leksikal jo pangucapan.

## Fungsi Dasa

### ''Noun''
Pangartian *noun* adolah kato benda, nan digunon untuak manjalehan deskripsi tentang urang, tampaek, benda, sarato babarapo hal nan dibendakan.

#### ''Determiner''
*Determiner* adolah kato, frasa, atau imbuahan nan muncua basamoan jo *noun* atau *noun phrase*, sarato bafungsi sabagai rujuakan dari *noun/noun phrase* tasabuik sasuai konteksnyo.

**Contoh**:
* **The** *girl* is **a** *student*.
* I've lost **my** *keys*.
* **Some** *folks* get all **the** *luck*.
* **Which** *book* is that?
* I only had **thirty-seven** *drinks*.
* I'll take **this** *one*.
* **Both** *windows* were open.
Kato nan dicetak **tebal** marupoan panjaleh dari noun (dicetak miriang) sasuai konteksnyo

### ''Tense''
*Tense* adolah maso atau wakatu nan dalam bahaso Inggris tabagi manjadi tigo, yaitu

#### ''Present tense''
### ''Tense''
*Tense* adalah masa atau waktu yang dalam bahasa Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu

#### ''Present tense''
*Present tense* adolah jinih kalimaik baiak lisan maupun tulisan nan digunoan untuak manyatoan suatu kajadian atau paristiwa nan tajadi dengan latar wakatu pado maso kini.

#### ''Past tense''
*Past tense* adolah jinih kalimaik baiak lisan maupun tulisan nan digunoan untuak manyatoan suatu kajadian atau paristiwa nan tajadi dengan latar wakatu pado maso lalu.

#### ''Future tense''
*Future tense* adolah jinih kalimaik baiak lisan maupun tulisan nan digunoan untuak manyatoan suatu kajadian atau paristiwa nan tajadi dengan latar wakatu pado maso nan kandatang.

### ''Verb''
*Verb* adolah jinih kalimat karajo atau dimano si subjek malakukan sasuatu tindakan atau kagiatan.

#### ''Auxiliary''
*[[Auxiliary]] verb* adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama dan untuk menjelaskan aspek ataupun kala dari suatu kalimat.

**Contoh:**
* *I *'will** help you.''
* ''She **can** read the code well.''
* ''John **has** looked for Sarah's necklace.''
Kato nan dicetak taba adolah ''auxiliary verb'' nan bafungsi manjalehan kato karajo utamo nan ado sasudahnyo.

==== ''Irregular verb'' ====
Contoh-contohnyo:

* ''a-'': for ''abide'', ''arise'', ''awake'', lihat ''bide'', ''rise'', ''wake''
* ''[[to be|be]]'' (''am'', ''is'', ''are'') – ''was'', ''were'' – ''been''
* ''be-'': for ''befall'', ''beset'', etc. see ''fall'', ''set'', etc.
* ''bear'' – ''bore'' – ''borne''
* ''beat'' – ''beat'' – ''beaten''
* ''become'' – ''became'' – ''become''
* ''beget'' – ''begot'' – ''begot(ten)''
* ''begin'' – ''began'' – ''begun''
* ''bend'' – ''bent'' – ''bent''
* ''bet'' – ''bet'' – ''bet'' [past tense jo participle kadang kala ''betted'']
* ''beware'' – ''beware''
* ''bid'' – ''bid'' – ''bid'' [as in an auction]
* ''bid'' – ''bade/bid'' – ''bidden/bid'' [meaning "request"]
* ''bide'' – ''bided/bode'' – ''bided/bidden'' [but ''abide'' mostly uses the regular forms only]
* ''bind'' – ''bound'' – ''bound''
* ''bite'' – ''bit'' – ''bitten''
* ''bleed'' – ''bled'' – ''bled''
* ''blow'' – ''blew'' – ''blown''
* ''break'' – ''broke'' – ''broken''
* ''breed'' – ''bred'' – ''bred''
* ''bring'' – ''brought'' – ''brought''
* ''build'' – ''built'' – ''built''
* ''burn'' – ''burnt/burned'' – ''burnt/burned''
* ''burst'' – ''burst'' – ''burst''
* ''buy'' – ''bought'' – ''bought''
* ''can'' – ''could'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''cast'' – ''cast'' – ''cast'' [prefixed forms ''broadcast'', ''forecast'', etc. sometimes take ''-ed'']
* ''catch'' – ''caught'' – ''caught''
* ''choose'' – ''chose'' – ''chosen''
* ''clad'' – ''clad/cladded'' – ''clad/cladded'' [''clad'' is also sometimes used as past form of ''clothe'']
* ''cleave'' – ''clove/cleft'' – ''cloven/cleft'' [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
* ''cling'' – ''clung'' – ''clung''
* ''come'' – ''came'' – ''come''
* ''cost'' – ''cost'' – ''cost'' [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
* ''creep'' – ''crept/creeped'' – ''crept/creeped''
* ''crow'' – ''crowed/crew'' – ''crowed'' [''crew'' normally used only of a cock's crowing]
* ''cut'' – ''cut'' – ''cut''
* ''dare'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''dare'' (see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above)
* ''deal'' – ''dealt'' – ''dealt''
* ''dig'' – ''dug'' – ''dug''
* ''dive'' – ''dived/dove'' – ''dived'' [the form ''dove'' is chiefly American]
* ''do'' (''does'' ) – ''did'' – ''done''
* ''drag'' – ''dragged/drug'' – ''dragged/drug'' [the form ''drug'' is chiefly dialectal]
* ''draw'' – ''drew'' – ''drawn''
* ''dream'' – ''dreamed/dreamt'' – ''dreamed/dreamt''
* ''drink'' – ''drank'' – ''drunk''
* ''drive'' – ''drove'' – ''driven''
* ''dwell'' – ''dwelt/dwelled'' – ''dwelt/dwelled''
* ''eat'' – ''ate'' – ''eaten''
* ''fall'' – ''fell'' – ''fallen''
* ''feed'' – ''fed'' – ''fed''
* ''feel'' – ''felt'' – ''felt''
* ''fight'' – ''fought'' – ''fought''
* ''find'' – ''found'' – ''found''
* ''fit'' – ''fit/fitted'' – ''fit/fitted''
* ''flee'' – ''fled'' – ''fled''
* ''fling'' – ''flung'' – ''flung''
* ''fly'' – ''flew'' – ''flown''
* ''for(e)-'': for ''forgo'', ''foresee'', etc. see ''go'', ''see'', etc.
* ''forbid'' – ''forbade/forbid'' – ''forbidden''
* ''forget'' – ''forgot'' – ''forgotten''
* ''forsake'' – ''forsook'' – ''forsaken''
* ''freeze'' – ''froze'' – ''frozen''
* ''get'' – ''got'' – ''gotten/got'' [past participle ''got'' in [[British English]], ''gotten'' in [[American English|American]], but see ''[[have got]]'']
* ''gild'' – ''gilded/gilt'' – ''gilded/gilt''
* ''give'' – ''gave'' – ''given''
* ''[[go (verb)|go]]'' – ''went'' – ''gone'' [see also ''[[have been]]'']
* ''grind'' – ''ground'' – ''ground''
* ''grow'' – ''grew'' – ''grown''
* ''hang'' – ''hung/hanged'' – ''hung/hanged'' [the form ''hanged'' is more common in the sense of [[execution by hanging|execution]] by hanging]
* ''have'' (''has'') – ''had'' – ''had''
* ''hear'' – ''heard'' – ''heard''
* ''hew'' – ''hewed'' – ''hewn/hewed''
* ''hide'' – ''hid'' – ''hidden''
* ''hit'' – ''hit'' – ''hit''
* ''hoist'' – ''hoist/hoisted'' – ''hoist/hoisted''
* ''hold'' – ''held'' – ''held''
* ''hurt'' – ''hurt'' – ''hurt''
* ''in-'': for ''inlay'', ''input'', etc. see ''lay'', ''put'', etc.
* ''inter-'': for ''interlay'', ''interweave'', etc. see ''lay'', ''weave'', etc.
* ''keep'' – ''kept'' – ''kept''
* ''kneel'' – ''knelt/kneeled'' – ''knelt/kneeled''
* ''knit'' – ''knit/knitted'' – ''knit/knitted''
* ''know'' – ''knew'' – ''known''
* ''lay'' – ''laid'' – ''laid''
* ''lead'' – ''led'' – ''led''
* ''lean'' – ''leaned/leant'' – ''leaned/leant''
* ''leap'' – ''leaped/leapt'' – ''leaped/leapt''
* ''learn'' – ''learned/learnt'' – ''learned/learnt''
* ''leave'' – ''left'' – ''left''
* ''lend'' – ''lent'' – ''lent''
* ''let'' – ''let'' – ''let''
* ''lie'' – ''lay'' – ''lain'' [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
* ''light'' – ''lit/lighted'' – ''lit/lighted''
* ''lose'' – ''lost'' – ''lost''
* ''make'' – ''made'' – ''made''
* ''may'' – ''might'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''mean'' – ''meant'' – ''meant''
* ''meet'' – ''met'' – ''met''
* ''mis-'': for ''misspeak'', ''mistake'', etc. see ''speak'', ''take'', etc.
* ''mow'' – ''mowed'' – ''mowed/mown''
* ''must'' – [[defective verb|defective]] [see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''need'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''need'' (see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above)
* ''off-'': for ''offset'' see ''set'', etc.
* ''ought'' – [[defective verb|defective]] [see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''out-'': for ''outbid'', ''output'', etc. see ''bid'', ''put'', etc.
* ''over-'': for ''overbid'', ''overdo'', etc. see ''bid'', ''do'', etc.
* ''pay'' – ''paid'' – ''paid'' [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
* ''plead'' – ''pleaded/pled'' – ''pleaded/pled''
* ''pre-'': for ''prepay'', ''preset'', etc. see ''pay'', ''set'', etc.
* ''prove'' – ''proved'' – ''proved/proven''
* ''put'' – ''put'' – ''put''
* ''quit'' – ''quit'' – ''quit''
* ''re-'': for ''redo'', ''remake'', etc. see ''do'', ''make'', etc.
* ''read''  – ''read''  – ''read'' 
* ''rend'' – ''rent'' – ''rent''
* ''rid'' – ''rid/ridded'' – ''rid/ridded/ridden''
* ''ride'' – ''rode'' – ''ridden''
* ''ring'' – ''rang'' – ''rung''
* ''rise'' – ''rose'' – ''risen''
* ''run'' – ''ran'' – ''run''
* ''saw'' – ''sawed'' – ''sawn/sawed''
* ''say'' (''says'' ) – ''said'' – ''said''
* ''see'' – ''saw'' – ''seen''
* ''seek'' – ''sought'' – ''sought''
* ''sell'' – ''sold'' – ''sold''
* ''send'' – ''sent'' – ''sent''
* ''set'' – ''set'' – ''set''
* ''sew'' – ''sewed'' – ''sewn/sewed''
* ''shake'' – ''shook'' – ''shaken''
* ''shall'' – ''should'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''shear'' – ''sheared/shore'' – ''shorn/sheared''
* ''shed'' – ''shed'' – ''shed''
* ''shine'' – ''shone/shined'' – ''shone/shined''
* ''shit'' – ''shat/shit/shitted'' – ''shat/shit/shitted''
* ''shoe'' – ''shoed/shod'' – ''shoed/shod''
* ''shoot'' – ''shot'' – ''shot''
* ''show'' – ''showed'' – ''shown/showed''
* ''shrink'' – ''shrank/shrunk'' – ''shrunk''
* ''shut'' – ''shut'' – ''shut''
* ''sing'' – ''sang'' – ''sung''
* ''sink'' – ''sank'' – ''sunk''
* ''sit'' – ''sat'' – ''sat''
* ''slay'' – ''slew/slayed'' – ''slain/slayed''
* ''sleep'' – ''slept'' – ''slept''
* ''slide'' – ''slid'' – ''slid''
* ''sling'' – ''slung'' – ''slung''
* ''slink'' – ''slunk'' – ''slunk''
* ''slit'' – ''slit'' – ''slit''
* ''smell'' – ''smelled/smelt'' – ''smelled/smelt''
* ''smite'' – ''smote'' – ''smitten''
* ''sneak'' – ''sneaked/snuck'' – ''sneaked/snuck'' [''snuck'' is chiefly American, and it is regarded as informal]
* ''sow'' – ''sowed'' – ''sown/sowed''
* ''speak'' – ''spoke'' – ''spoken''
* ''speed'' – ''sped/speeded'' – ''sped/speeded''
* ''spell'' – ''spelled/spelt'' – ''spelled/spelt''
* ''spend'' – ''spent'' – ''spent''
* ''spill'' – ''spilled/spilt'' – ''spilled/spilt''
* ''spin'' – ''spun'' – ''spun''
* ''spit'' – ''spat/spit'' – ''spat/spit'' [the form ''spit'' rather than ''spat'' is common in America]
* ''split'' – ''split'' – ''split''
* ''spoil'' – ''spoiled/spoilt'' – ''spoiled/spoilt''
* ''spread'' – ''spread'' – ''spread''
* ''spring'' – ''sprang/sprung'' – ''sprung''
* ''stand'' – ''stood'' – ''stood''
* ''stave'' – ''staved/stove'' – ''staved/stove''
* ''steal'' – ''stole'' – ''stolen''
* ''stick'' – ''stuck'' – ''stuck''
* ''sting'' – ''stung'' – ''stung''
* ''stink'' – ''stank'' – ''stunk''
* ''strew'' – ''strewed'' – ''strewn/strewed''
* ''stride'' – ''strode'' – ''stridden/strode''
* ''strike'' – ''struck'' – ''struck''
* ''string'' – ''strung'' – ''strung''
* ''strive'' – ''strove/strived'' – ''striven/strived''
* ''swear'' – ''swore'' – ''sworn''
* ''sweat'' – ''sweated/sweat'' – ''sweated/sweat''
* ''sweep'' – ''swept'' – ''swept''
* ''swell'' – ''swelled'' – ''swollen/swelled''
* ''swim'' – ''swam'' – ''swum''
* ''swing'' – ''swung'' – ''swung''
* ''take'' – ''took'' – ''taken''
* ''teach'' – ''taught'' – ''taught''
* ''tear'' – ''tore'' – ''torn''
* ''tell'' – ''told'' – ''told''
* ''think'' – ''thought'' – ''thought''
* ''throw'' – ''threw'' – ''thrown''
* ''thrust'' – ''thrust/thrusted'' – ''thrust/thrusted''
* ''tread'' – ''trod'' – ''trodden/trod''
* ''un-'': for ''unbend'', ''unweave'', etc. see ''bend'', ''weave'', etc.
* ''under-'': for ''underlie'', ''undergo'', ''understand'', etc. see ''lie'', ''go'', ''stand'', etc.
* ''up-'': for ''upset'' see ''set'', etc.
* ''wake'' – ''woke'' – ''woken''
* ''wear'' – ''wore'' – ''worn''
* ''weave'' – ''wove'' – ''woven''
* ''wed'' – ''wed/wedded'' – ''wed/wedded''
* ''weep'' – ''wept'' – ''wept''
* ''wet'' – ''wet/wetted'' – ''wet/wetted''
* ''will'' – ''would'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''win'' – ''won'' – ''won''
* ''wind'' – ''wound'' – ''wound'' [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
* ''with-'': for ''withdraw'', ''withhold'', ''withstand'', see ''draw'',''old'', ''stand''
* ''wring'' – ''wrang/wrung'' – ''wrung''
* ''write'' – ''wrote'' – ''written''

=== ''Article'' ===
''[[Article]]'' adolah sabuah kato (baiak awalan ataupun akhiran) nan digunoan basamo ''noun'' untuak manunjuakkan jinih ''noun'' tasabuik.

''Article'' dalam bahaso Inggris yaitu: ''the'' jo ''a/an. ''

**Contoh**:<blockquote>***The children*' know **the fastest way** hom*</blockquote><blockquote> *'Anak-anak itu** mengetahui **cara tercepat** pulang ke rumah.</blockquote>Kalimaik di ateh marujuak ka "Anak-anak" nan "Tatantu" (yaitu: anak-anak itu) jo "Cara" nan "Tertentu" (yaitu: cara tercepat):<blockquote>***Children*' know **the fastest way** home.*</blockquote><blockquote> *'Anak-anak** mengetahui **cara tercepat** pulang ke rumah.</blockquote>Kalimaik di ateh marujuak ka "Anak-anak" nan "umum"<blockquote>''Give me **the book**.''</blockquote>

 Berikan padaku **buku itu**
Kalimaik di ateh demikian pulo, yaitu marujuak kapado "Buku" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: buku itu)<blockquote>''Give me **a boo**''</blockquote><blockquote> Berikan padaku **sebuah buku'''Kalimaik di ateh marujuak kapado "Buku" nan sifatnyo "umum"..

## Rujuakan