Richard Wagner

**Wilhelm Richard Wagner** (; ; 22 Mei 1813 &ndash; 13 Februari 1883) adolah surang pangarang musik banso Jerman, sutradara teater, ahli polemik, jo pamimpin orkestra nan tamasua dek opera atau, labiah tapek, "drama musik".

Indak samo jo pangarang opera lain, Wagner mangarang kaduo-duo libreto jo musik untuak satiok karya pantasnyo. Inyo mambuek namo partamo kali sabagai pangarang karya aliran romantisme dek Weber jo Meyerbeer. Sudah tu Wagner mambuek parubahan gadang malalui konsep *[[Gesamtkunstwerk]]* ("karya seni nan total")&mdash;dangan konsep ko, Weber mancari jalan untuak manyatuan aspek seni sair, visual, musik jo drama, jo musik nan manjadi aspek subsidiari drama, nan dikatangahan dalam sabuah siri esei antaro taun 1849 jo 1852. Wagner mambuek realisasi pakaro ko dalam bagian partamo sabuah siklus ampek opera, *[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]* (*Lingkaran [[Nibelung]]*).

Karangan-karangannyo, tautamo di wakatu kamudian, tanamo dek tekstur, harmoni musik rancak, jo orkestrasi, jo juo panggunoan leitmotif—frase musik nan takaik jo watak-watak individu, tampek, idea atau unsua-unsua plot. Kamajuan nan dibueknyo jo bahaso musik, sarupo kromatisme nan ekstrem jo tonaliti nan capek barubah, banyaik mampangaruahi pakambangan musik klasik.  Karyanyo, *[[Tristan und Isolde]]*, kadang-kadang dikatoan sabagai titik pamuloan musik meden.

## Rujuakan

### Sumber

**Karya prosa dek Wagner**

* Wagner, Richard (ed. Dieter Borchmeyer) (1983; in German), *Richard Wagner Dichtungen und Schriften*, 10 vols. Frankfurt am Main.
* Wagner, Richard (ed. and tr. Stewart Spencer and Barry Millington) (1987), *Selected Letters of Richard Wagner*, London: Dent. ISBN 0-460-04643-8; W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02500-2.
* Wagner, Richard (tr. Andrew Gray) (1992), *[[Mein Leben (Wagner)|My Life]]*, New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80481-6. Wagner's partly unreliable autobiography, covering his life to 1864, written between 1865 and 1880 and first published privately in German in a small edition between 1870 and 1880. The first (edited) public edition appeared in 1911. Gray's translation is the most comprehensive available.
* Wagner, Richard, *Collected Prose Works* (tr. W. Ashton Ellis).
:: Wagner, Richard (1994c), vol. 1 *[[The Artwork of the Future]] and Other Works*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9752-4.
:: Wagner, Richard (1995d), vol. 2 *[[Opera and Drama]]*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9765-3.
:: Wagner, Richard (1995c), vol. 3 *Judaism in Music and Other Essays*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9766-1.
:: Wagner, Richard (1995a), vol. 4 *Art and Politics*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9774-6.
:: Wagner, Richard (1995b), vol. 5 *Actors and Singers*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9773-9.
:: Wagner, Richard (1994a), vol. 6 *Religion and Art*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9764-7.
:: Wagner, Richard (1994b), vol. 7 *Pilgrimage to Beethoven and Other Essays*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9763-0.
:: Wagner, Richard (1995e), vol. 8 *Jesus of Nazareth and Other Writings*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9780-7.

**Other sources**
* Adorno, Theodor (tr. Rodney Livingstone) (2009), *In Search of Wagner*, London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-344-5.
* Applegate, Celia; Potter, Pamela (eds.) (2002), *Music & German National Identity*, Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02131-7.
* Beckett, Lucy (1981), *Richard Wagner: Parsifal*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29662-5.
* Borchmeyer, Dieter (2003), *Drama and the World of Richard Wagner*, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11497-2.
* Bruen, Hanan (1993), "Wagner in Israel: A conflict among Aesthetic, Historical, Psychological and Social Considerations", *Journal of Aesthetic Education*, vol. 27, no. 1 (Spring 1993), 99–103.
* Burbidge, Peter and Sutton, Richard (eds.) (1979), *The Wagner Companion*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29657-1.
* Burk, John N. (1950), *Letters of Richard Wagner: The Burrell Collection*, New York: The Macmillan Company. ISBN 978-0-8443-0031-3.
* Calico, Joy Haslam (2002), Für eine neue deutsche Nationaloper, in Applegate (2002), 190–204.
* Carr, Jonathan (2007), *The Wagner Clan*, London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20790-9.
* Conway, David (2002), A Vulture is Almost an Eagle'&nbsp;... The Jewishness of Richard Wagner" , *Jewry in Music* website, accessed 23 November 2012.
* Conway, David (2012), *Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01538-8.
* Cormack, David (2005), Wir welken und sterben dahinnen': Carrie Pringle and the Solo Flowermaidens of 1882" in *[[The Musical Times]]*, vol. 146, no. 1890, 16–31.
* Dahlhaus, Carl (tr. Mary Whittall) (1979), *Richard Wagner's Music Dramas*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22397-3.
* Dahlhaus, Carl (1995), "Wagner: (Wilhelm) Richard Wagner", in *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, London: Macmillan, vol. 20, 115–36. ISBN 0-333-23111-2.
* Daverio, John (2008), "*Tristan und Isolde*: essence and appearance", in Grey (2008), 115–33.
* Deathridge, John (1984), *The New Grove Wagner*, London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-36065-6.
* Deathridge, John (1982), "An Introduction to *The Flying Dutchman*", in John, Nicholas (ed.), *English National Opera/The Royal Opera House Opera Guide 12: Der Fliegende Holländer/The Flying Dutchman*, London: John Calder. ISBN 0-7145-3920-1, 13–26.
* Deathridge, John (2008), *Wagner Beyond Good and Evil*, Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25453-4.
* Donington, Robert (1979), *Wagner's *Ring* and its Symbols*, London: Faber Paperbacks. ISBN 0-571-04818-8.
* Everett, Derrick (2008), "Wagner, Gobineau and ''Parsifal'': Gobineau as the inspiration for ''Parsifal''" , *http://www.monsalvat.no*, version of 26 June 2008, accessed 27 July 2010.
* *Faber Music News* (2007), Autumn 2007 edition.
* Fackler, Guido (tr. Peter Logan) (2007), "Music in Concentration Camps 1933–1945" , *Music and Politics*, vol. 1, no. 1 (Winter 2007).
* Field, Geoffrey G. (1981), *Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain*, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04860-6.
* François-Sappey, Brigitte (ed.) (1991), *Charles Valentin Alkan*, Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-02779-X.
* de La Grange, Henri-Louis (1973), *Mahler: Volume One*, London: Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-01672-8.
* Grant, John (1999), "Excalibur: US movie", in John Clute & John Grant (eds.) *[[The Encyclopedia of Fantasy]]*, Orbit, 324. ISBN 1-85723-893-1.
* Gregor-Dellin, Martin (1983), *Richard Wagner—His Life, His Work, His Century*, New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-177151-6.
* Grey, Thomas S. (2002), "Wagner's *Die Meistersinger* as National Opera (1868–1945)", in Applegate (2002), 78–104.
* Grey, Thomas S. (ed.) (2008), *[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to Wagner]]*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6.
* Gutman, Robert W. (1990), *Wagner—The Man, His Mind and His Music*, Orlando: Harvest Books. ISBN 978-0-15-677615-8.
* Hilmes, Oliver (2011), *Cosima Wagner: The Lady of Bayreuth*, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17090-0.
* Horton, Paul C. (1999), "Review of ''Psychoanalytic Explorations in Music: Second Series''" (ed. Stuart Feder), *American Journal of Psychiatry* vol. 156, 1109–10, July 1999, accessed 8 July 2010.
* Joe, Jeongwon (2010). "Why Wagner and Cinema? Tolkien was wrong" in Jeongwon Joe, Sander L. Gilman (eds.), *Wagner and Cinema*. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22163-6.
* John, Eckhardt (2004; in French), "La musique dans la système concentrationnaire nazi", in *Le troisième Reich et la musique* (ed. Pascal Huynh), Paris: Fayard, 219–28. ISBN 2-213-62135-7.
* Kaes, Anton (1989). *From Hitler to Heimat: The Return of History as Film*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-32456-5
* Karlsson, Jonas (2012), In that hour it began'? Hitler, *Rienzi*, and the Trustworthiness of August Kubizek's *The Young Hitler I Knew*  ", *The Wagner Journal*, vol. 6, no. 2, ISSN 1755-0173, 33–47.
* Katz, Jacob (1986), *The Darker Side of Genius: Richard Wagner's Anti-Semitism*, Hanover and London: Brandeis. ISBN 0-87451-368-5.
* Kennedy, Michael (1980), *The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music*, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-311320-6.
* Kienzle, Ulrike (2005), "*Parsifal* and Religion: A Christian Music Drama?", in William Kinderman and Katherine Rae Syer (ed.), *A Companion To Wagner's Parsifal*, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 81–132. ISBN 978-1-57113-457-8. Also available on Google Books, accessed 27 January 2013.
* Lee, M. Owen (1998), *Wagner: The Terrible Man and His Truthful Art*, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-4721-2.
* Lockspeiser, Edward (1978), *Debussy, his Life and Mind: Volume 1, 1862–1902* (2nd edition), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22053-X.
* Long, Michael (2008), *Beautiful monsters: imagining the classic in musical media*, Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-25720-0.
* Magee, Bryan (1988), *Aspects of Wagner*, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284012-7.
* Magee, Bryan (2000), *Wagner and Philosophy*, London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9480-3.
* Marek, George R. (1981), *Cosima Wagner*, London: Julia MacRae Books. ISBN 978-0-86203-120-6.
* Martin, T. P. (1992), *Joyce and Wagner: A Study in Influence*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39487-1.
* McClatchie, Stephen (2008), "Performing Germany in Wagner's *Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg*", in Grey (2008), 134–50.
* Michotte, Edmond (ed. and tr. Herbert Weinstock) (1968), *Richard Wagner's Visit to Rossini (Paris 1860): and an Evening at Rossini's in Beau-Sejour (Passy) 1858*, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-52442-6.
* Millington, Barry (ed.) (2001), *The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music* (revised edition), London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-02-871359-1.
* Millington, Barry (2008), "*Der Ring des Nibelungen*: conception and interpretation", in Grey (2008), 74–84.
* Millington, Barry (undated a), "Wesendonck, Mathilde", in *[[Grove Music Online]]*. Oxford Music Online (subscription only, accessed 20 July 2010).
* Millington, Barry (undated b), "Walküre, Die", in *The New Grove Dictionary of Opera*, Stanley Sadie (ed.). *Grove Music Online*. Oxford Music Online (subscription only, accessed 23 July 2010).
* Millington, Barry (undated c), "Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Die", in *The New Grove Dictionary of Opera*, Stanley Sadie (ed.). *Grove Music Online*. Oxford Music Online (subscription only, accessed 23 July 2010).
* Millington, Barry (undated d), "Parsifal", in *The New Grove Dictionary of Opera*, Stanley Sadie (ed.). *Grove Music Online*. Oxford Music Online (subscription only, accessed 23 July 2010).
* Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (tr. Stewart Spencer) (1993). *Wagner Androgyne: A Study in Interpretation*, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04832-1.
* Naumann, Emil (1876; in German), *Italienische Tondichter, von Palestrina bis auf die Gegenwart*, Berlin: R. Oppenheim. .
* Newman, Ernest (1976), *The Life of Richard Wagner*, 4 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-685-14824-2. The classic biography, superseded in places by newer research but still full of many valuable insights.
* Nietzsche, Friedrich (tr. Walter Kaufmann) (1967), "The Case of Wagner", in Nietzsche (tr. Kaufmann) *The Birth of Tragedy* and *The Case of Wagner*, Random House. ISBN 0-394-70369-3.
* Nietzsche, Friedrich, (tr. Ian Johnston) (2009), *[http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/Nietzsche/genealogy3.htm On the Genealogy of Morals&nbsp;– A Polemical Tract] *, accessed 14 March 2014.
* Overvold, Liselotte Z. (1976), "Wagner's American Centennial March: Genesis and Reception", *Monatshefte* (University of Wisconsin), vol. 68, no. 2 (Summer 1976), 179–87. .
* Painter, George D. (1983), *Marcel Proust*, Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-006512-1.
* Picard, T. (ed.) (2010; in French), *Dictionnaire encyclopédique Wagner*, Paris: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2-7427-7843-0.
* Potter, Pamela R. (2008), "Wagner and the Third Reich: myths and realities", in *The Cambridge Companion to Wagner* (ed. Thomas S. Grey), Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6.
* Puffett, Derrick (1984), "*Siegfried* in the Context of Wagner's Operatic Writing", in John, Nicholas (ed.), *Siegfried: Opera Guide 28*, London: John Calder (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-7145-4040-4.
* Reissman, Carla S. (2004), Rammstein meets Wagner in ''Stern'' magazine website, 17 February 2004 (accessed 31 October 2012).
* Rose, John Luke (1981), "A Landmark in Musical History", in John, Nicholas (ed.), *Tristan and Isolde: English National Opera Guide 6*, London: John Calder (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0-7145-3849-3.
* Rose, Paul Lawrence (1996), *Wagner: Race and Revolution*, London: Faber. ISBN 0-571-17888-X.
* Ross, Alex (2008), *[[The Rest Is Noise]]: Listening to the Twentieth Century*, London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-475-6.
* Scruton, Roger (2003), *Death-Devoted Heart: Sex and the Sacred in Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde"*, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516691-0.
* Shaw, George Bernard (1898), *The Perfect Wagnerite*. Online version at Gutenberg, accessed 20 July 2010.
* Sietz, Reinhold and Wiegandt, Matthias (undated), "Hiller, Ferdinand", in *Grove Music Online*. Oxford Music Online (subscription only, accessed 23 July 2010).
* Skelton, Geoffrey (2002), "Bayreuth", in *Grove Music Online*, Oxford Music Online. Version of 28 February 2002, accessed 20 December 2009.
* Sontag, Susan (1980). "Eye of the Storm", in *[[The New York Review of Books]]*, Volume XXVII, Number 2, 21 February 1980, pp.&nbsp;36–43; reprinted as "Syberberg's Hitler" in *[[Under the Sign of Saturn]]*. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980, ISBN 978-0-86316-052-3, 137–165.
* Spencer, Stewart (2000), *Wagner Remembered*, London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-19653-1.
* Spencer, Stewart (2008), "The 'Romantic operas' and the turn to myth", in Grey (2008), 67–73.
* Spotts, Frederic (1994), *Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival*, New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06665-4.
* Stanley, Glenn (2008), "Parsifal: redemption and *Kunstreligion*", in Grey (2008), 151–75.
* Tanner, M. (1995), *Wagner*, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10290-0.
* Taruskin, Richard (2009), *Music in the Early Twentieth Century*, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538484-0.
* Treadwell, James (2008), "The Urge to Communicate", in Grey (2008), 179–91.
* Vaszonyi, Nicholas (2010), *Richard Wagner: Self-Promotion and the Making of a Brand*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51996-0.
* Wagner, Cosima (tr. Geoffrey Skelton) (1978), *Diaries*, 2 vols. London: Dent. ISBN 978-0-15-122635-1.
* Wagner, Cosima (ed. and tr. Geoffrey Skelton) (1994), *Cosima Wagner's Diaries: an Abridgement.* London: Pimlico Books. ISBN 978-0-7126-5952-9.
* Walker, Alan (1996), *Franz Liszt: The Final Years*, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-52542-6.
* Walsh, Michael (1992), "The Case of Wagner—Again" , *Time*, 13 January 1992, accessed 17 July 2010.
* Warshaw, Hilary (2012), "No Sound of Music", *The Wagner Journal*, vol. 6, no. 2, ISSN 1755-0173, 77–9.
* Weiner, Marc A. (1997), *Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination*, Lincoln (NE) and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9792-0.
* von Westernhagen, Kurt (1980), "(Wilhelm) Richard Wagner", in vol. 20 of *[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]* (ed. S. Sadie), London: MacMillan 1980.
* Westrup, Jack (1980), "Conducting", in vol. 4 of *[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]* (ed. S. Sadie), London 1980.
* Žižek, Slavoj (2009), "Foreword: Why is Wagner Worth Saving", in Adorno (2009), viii–xxvii.

## Pautan lua

### Opera
* Richard Wagner Opera, Richard Wagner operas, Wagner interviews, CDs, DVDs, Wagner calendar, Bayreuth Festival
* Wagner Operas, site featuring photographs, video, MIDI files, scores, libretti, and commentary
* RWagner.net , contains libretti of his operas, with English translations
* Wagner website , assortment of articles on Wagner and his operas
* ''Wilhelm Richard Wagner'' site by Stanford University
* The Wagnerian, Richard Wagner news, operas, reviews, articles.

### Panulihan
* The Wagner Library . English translations of Wagner's prose works, including some of Wagner's more notable essays.

### Lain

* The National Archive  of the Richard Wagner Foundation
* Richard Wagner Museum  in the country manor Triebschen beside Lucerne, Switzerland where he and Cosima lived and worked from 1866 to 1872.