Palestina

**Palestina** ( , , ; , *Palaistinē*; ; bahaso Ibrani: פלשתינה *Palestina*) adolah sabuah wilayah geografis di Timua Tangah antaro Lauik Tangah jo Sungai Yordan. Namo "Palestina" digunoan dek panulih-panulih Yunani Kuno, jo kamudian digunoan untuak provinsi Romawi Syria Palaestina, provinsi Romawi Timur Palaestina Prima jo provinsi Umayyah jo Abbasiyah Jund Filastin. Wilayah iko dikenal juo sabagai Tanah Israel (bahasa Ibrani: ארץ־ישראל *Eretz-Yisra'el*), Tanah Suci, Levant Salatan, Cisjordan, jo sacaro historis dikenal jo namo-namo lainnyo misalnyo Kanaan, Suriah Salatan jo Kerajaan Yerusalem.

Talatak di lokasi nan strategis, di antaro Mesir, Suriah jo Jazirah Arab, jo tampek lahianyo Agamo Yahudi jo Kakristenan, wilayah iko mampunyoi sijarah nan panjang jo riuh sabagai pasimpangan untuak agamo, budayo, padagangan jo politik. Wilayah iko alah dikuasai dek babagai bangsa, yaitu: Urang Mesir Kuno, Urang Kanaan, Bani Israil, Orang Assyiria, Urang Babilonia, Urang Farsi, Urang Yunani Kuno, Urang Romawi, Urang Romawi Timua, Kakhalifahan Arab Sunni, Kakhalifahan Fatimiyah Syi'ah, Urang Salibi, Ayyubiyyah, Mamluk, Turki Utsmani, Urang Britania, Urang Israel modern jo Bangsa Palestina.

Bateh-bateh dari wilayah iko salalu barubah sapanjang sijarah, jo tarakhia kali ditatapkan pado zaman modern dek Pasatujuan bateh Parancih-Britania (1920) jo Nota Transyordania (tanggal 16 September 1922), salamo pariode Mandat Palestina. Kini, wilayah iko tadiri dari Negara Israel jo Negara Palestina.

## Etimologi

Istilah *Peleset* (Transliterasi dari Hieroglif Mesir sabagai *P-r-s-t*) basobok di babagai dokumen Mesir nan merujuak kapado sabuah bangsa atau tanah nan badakekan, bamulo dari sakitar taun 1150 SM salamo Dinasti kaduo puluah Mesir. Panyabuikan partamo dipakiroan ado di dalam teks-teks dari Kuil Medinet Habu, nan marekam sabuah bangsa nan disabuik Peleset ado di antaro Bangsa Lauik, nan manyerbu Mesir pado maso bakuasonya Ramses III, kamudian diikuiki dek sabuah ukiran pado Patuang Padiiset. Urang Assyria manyabuik wilayah iko sabagai *Palashtu* atau *Pilistu*, dimulai Adad-nirari III pado Lempeng Nimrod sakitar taun 800 SM, sampai kaisar Sargon II, dalam hikayaiknyo sakitar 1 abaik satalah Lempeng Nimrod.

## Geografi

Palestina talatak di bagian barat benua Asia nan mambantang antaro garih lintang meridian 15-34 dan 40-35 ka arah timur, jo antari garih lintang meridian 30-29 dan 15-33 ka arah utara.

Palestina mambantuak bagian tenggara dari kasatuan geografis nan gadang di balahan timur dunia Arab nan disabuik jo nagari Syam. Salain Palestina, nagari Syam tadiri dari Lebanon, Suriah jo Yordania. Pado awalnyo nagaro-nagaro iko punyo pabatasan nan kolektif di lua pabatasannyo jo Mesir.

Pabatasan Palestina dimulai dari Lebanon di Ras El-Nakoura di wilayah Lauik Tangah (Lauik Mediterania) jo garih luruih mangarah ka timur sampai ka daerah di dakek kota ketek Lebanon iyolah kota Bent Jubayel, di mano garih pamisah antaro kaduo nagaro iko miriang ka Utara jo suduik nan hampia luruih. Pado titik iko, pabatasan barado mangitari mato aia Sungai Yordan nan manjadi bagian dari Palestina dalam jalan ketek nan mambatasinyo dari wilayah Timur jo wilayah Suriah jo danau Al Hola, Lout jo Tabariyya.

Pabatasan jo Yordania dimulai di wilayah selatan danau Tabariyya pado pambuangan sungai Al Yarmouk. Taruih sapanjang Sungai Yordan. Dari mato aia Sungai Yordan, pabatasan iko ka arah Selatan mambalah patangahan Lauik Mati sacaro geometrikal jo lembah Araba, hinggo sampai pado daerah Aqaba.

Pabatasan jo Mesir dapek digambaran jo garih nan hampia mambantuak garih luruih nan mambalah antaro daerah semi-pulau Seena jo padang pasia Al Naqab. Pabatasan iko dimulai di Rafah di Lauik Tangah hinggo sampai ka daerah Taba di Teluk Aqaba.

Di bagian Barat, Palestina talatak di sabalah paaiaan lapeh internasional dari Lauik Tangah jo jarak sakitar 250&nbsp;km dari Ras El-Nakoura di balah selatan hinggo Rafah di bagian salatan.

Karano lokasinya talatak di patangahan nagaro-nagaro Arab, Palestina mambantuak kombinasi geografis nan natural jo humanistik bagi medan terestrial nan laweh nan mamuek kahidupan urang-urang asli Badui di wilayah selatan jo gaya panduduakan nan alah lamo di bagian utara. Tanah Palestina punyo kaistimewaan dibandiang jo daerah lain karano marupoan bagian dari tampek diturunkannyo sadoalah agamo samawi, tampek di mano paradaban kuno muncua, manjadi jambatan aktivitas komersial jo tampek panyusupan ekspedisi militer di sapanjang era basijarah nan babeda. Lokasi strategis nan dinikmati Palestina mamungkinkannyo untuak manjadi faktor panghubuang antaro babagai benua bagi dunia kuno Asia, Afrika jo Eropa. Palestina manjadi tampek nan dijadikan pintu masuak juo bagi pajalanan ka nagaro-nagaro tetangga. Inyo manjadi jambatan panghubuang bagi manusia sajak dulu kala, sabagaimano inyo menikmati juo lokasi sentral (Pusek) nan mamikek sabagian urang nan nio bamukim jo hiduik dalam kamakmuran.

## Pamarintahan
Pada saat iko daerah Palestina tabagi manjadi duo entitas politik:
* Daerah nagaro Israel
* Daerah Otoritas Nasional Palestina, iyolah sabagian gadang Tapi Baraik jo saluruah Jalur Gaza

## Sijarah

## Caliak pulo
* Organisasi Pambebasan Palestina
* Yasser Arafat
* Konflik Israel jo Palestina
* Hamas
* Israel

## Referensi


## Pranala lua
* Pusek Informasi Palestina http://www.infopalestina.com/
* Sijarah Palestina jo Rakyaiknyo http://www.dakwatuna.com/tag/sejarah-palestina/
* WAFA – kantua berita Palestina http://english.wafa.ps/
* Palestine.ma http://freepalestine.free.fr 
* The Palestine Chronicle http://www.palestinechronicle.com/
* Welcome to Palestine http://www.palestine-net.com 
* The Hope Simpson Report (London, 1930) http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/e3ed8720f8707c9385256d19004f057c!OpenDocument
* Palestine Royal Commission Report (the Peel Report) (London, 1937) http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html
* Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1928) http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument 
* Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1929) http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/38bed104db074b49052565e70054eb22!OpenDocument
* Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1934) http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/a212ce7d6edb27c6052565d4005af973!OpenDocument 
* Report to the Council of the League of Nations (1935) http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/b672dc87b2d50447052565d4005173df!OpenDocument 
* www.mideastweb.org – A website with a wealth of statistics regarding population in Palestine
* Coins and Banknotes of Palestine under the British Mandate 
* WorldStatesmen- Maps, flags, chronology, see Israel and Palestinian National Authority
* hWeb – Israel-Palestine in Maps 
* Palestine Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
* 1911 Encyclopedia description of Palestine
* Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine 
* History of the Palestine Problem, UN website

; Peta
* Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916 
* 1947 UN Partition Plan
* 1949 Armisitice Lines
* Israel After 1949 Armistice Agreements 
* Liberal Democrat Friends of Palestine 
* The Ottoman Palestine Pictures

## Pustaka

* Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1971). (Ed)., *The Transformation of Palestine*. Illinois: Northwestern Press.
* Avneri, Arieh (1984), The Claim of Dispossession, Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press
* Bachi, Roberto (1974), The Population of Israel, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University
* Belfer-Cohen, Anna and Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000). Early Sedentism in the Near East. A Bumpy Ride to Village Life. In Ian Kuijt (Ed.). *Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation*. Springer. ISBN 0-306-46122-6
* Biger, Gideon (1981). Where was Palestine? Pre-World War I perception, *AREA* (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers) Vol 13, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;153–160.
* Broshi, Magen (1979). The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period, *Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research*, No. 236, p.&nbsp;7, 1979.
* Byatt, Anthony (1973). Josephus and population numbers in first century Palestine. *Palestine Exploration Quarterly*, 105, pp.&nbsp;51–60.
* Chancey, Mark A. (2005). *Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84647-1
* Chase, Kenneth (2003). *Firearms: A Global History to 1700*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82274-2
* Doumani, Beshara (1995). *Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700–1900*. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-20370-4
* Ember, Melvin & Peregrine, Peter N. (2002). *Encyclopedia of Prehistory.* Springer. ISBN 0-306-46262-1
* Farsoun, Samih K. and Naseer Aruri (2006), *Palestine and the Palestinians*, Westview Press, 2nd edition, ISBN 0-8133-4336-4
* Finkelstein, I, Mazar, A and Schmidt, B. (2007). *The Quest for the Historical Israel*. The Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0
* Gelber, Yoav (1997). *Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: Alliance of Bars Sinister*. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4675-X
* Gerber, Haim (1998). "Palestine" and other territorial concepts in the 17th century, *International Journal of Middle East Studies*, Vol 30, pp.&nbsp;563–572.
* Gilbar, Gar G. (ed.), *Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914*. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-07785-5
* Gilbar, Gar G. (1986). The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine With the West, 1865–1914. In David Kushner (Ed.). *Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation*. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-07792-8
* Gilbert, Martin (2005). *The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict*. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35900-7
* Gottheil, Fred M. (2003) The Smoking Gun: Arab Immigration into Palestine, 1922–1931, *[[Middle East Quarterly]]*, X(1).
* Hansen, Mogens Herman (Ed.) (2000). *A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation*. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 87-7876-177-8
* Harris, David Russell (1996). *The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia*. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-537-9
* Hayes, John H. and Mandell, Sara R. (1998). *The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: From Alexander to Bar Kochba*. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25727-5
* Hughes, Mark (1999). *Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919*. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4920-1
* Ingrams, Doreen (1972). *Palestine Papers 1917–1922*. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-8076-0648-0
* Khalidi, Rashid (1997). *Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness*. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10515-0
* Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). *Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide*. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01517-7
* Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). *Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History*. Brill. ISBN 90-04-12101-3
* Katz, Shmuel (1973) *Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine* Shapolsky Pub; ISBN 0-933503-03-2
* Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). *Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300-1100 BCE*. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 1-58983-097-0

* Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S. (1994). *Palestinians: The Making of a People*, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65223-1
* Köchler, Hans (1981). *The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem*. Vienna: Braumüller. ISBN 3-7003-0278-9
* Kurz, Anat N. (2005) *Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle*. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-032-7, 9781845190323.
* Lewis, B. (1993). *Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East*. Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9518-6
* Le Strange, Guy (1965). *Palestine under the Moslems* (Originally published in 1890; reprinted by Khayats) ISBN 0-404-56288-4
* Loftus, J. P. (1948), Features of the demography of Palestine, Population Studies, Vol 2
* Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922. *International Organization*, 23(1), pp.&nbsp;73–96.
* McCarthy, Justin (1990). *The Population of Palestine*. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07110-8.
* Mandel, Neville J. (1976). *The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I*. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02466-4
* Maniscalco, Fabio. (2005). *Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony* Massa Publisher. ISBN 88-87835-62-4.
* Metzer, Jacob (1988). *The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine*. Cambridge University Press.
* Mills, Watson E. (1990). *Mercer Dictionary of the Bible*. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0-86554-373-9
* Pastor, Jack (1997). *Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine*. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15960-1
* Porath, Yehoshua (1974). *The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement*, 1918–1929. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-2939-1
* Redmount, Carol A. 'Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt' in *The Oxford History of the Biblical World*, ed: Michael D. Coogan, (Oxford University Press: 1999)
* Rogan, Eugene L. (2002). *Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89223-6.
* Rosen, Steven A. (1997). *Lithics After the Stone Age: A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant*. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7619-9124-7
* Sachar, Howard M. (2006). *A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time*, 2nd ed., revised and updated. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-76563-8
* Said, Edward W. and Christopher Hitchens (2001). *Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question*. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-340-9.
* Schlor, Joachim (1999). *Tel Aviv: From Dream to City*. Reaktion Books. ISBN 1-86189-033-8
* Scholch, Alexander (1985) *"The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850-1882"*, International Journal of Middle East Studies, XII, 4, November 1985, pp.&nbsp;485–505
* Shahin, Mariam (2005). *Palestine: A Guide*, Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-557-X
* Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990) Population characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron regions according to Ottoman Census of 1905. In Gar G. Gilbar, ed., *Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914*.Leiden: Brill.
* Shiloh, Yigal (1980). The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density, *Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research*, No. 239, p.&nbsp;33, 1980.
* Sicker, Martin (1999). *Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922*. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96639-9
* Stearns, Peter N. 
* Twain, Mark (1867). *Innocents Abroad*. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-243708-5
* UNSCOP Report to the General Assembly 
* Westermann, *Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte*. ISBN 3-07-509520-6
* Whitelam, Keith (1997). *The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History*, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10759-8, ISBN 978-0-415-10759-4
* *Buku Ensiklopedia Indonesia*.
|}