Toxorhynchites

Ny ***Toxorhynchites*** no hany vondron-karazana moka (fianakaviana *Culicidae*) ao amin' ny foko *Toxorhynchitinii* (zana-pianakaviana *Culicinae*). Ity vondron-karazana ity dia ahitana karazana zato eo ho eo mitsinjara amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana efatra, izay miparitaka indrindra any amin' ny faritra mafana eran' izao tontolo izao (35° Avaratra and 35° Atsimo).

Mahavariana ireo moka ireo noho ny antony maro. Izy ireo, hatreto, no moka lehibe indrindra eran-tany, mirefy 0,5 hatramin' ny 1,5 sm. Mahavariana ny famirapirany toy ny metaly, tsy mampidi-doza tanteraka ho an' ny biby manana hazondamosina amin' ny vanim-potoanana maha lehibe azy ireo: tsy manaikitra (tsy mihinana ra) izy ireo ary mitroka mamim-bony.

Ny olitr' ireo moka ireo dia mpiremby, mihinana indrindra ny olitry ny moka isan-karazany, ka mahatonga ny *Toxorhynchite* ho mahasoa ny olombelona. Ity karazana fomba fihinanana ity dia tsy fahita firy eo amin' ny moka, ary tsy hita afa-tsy ao amin' ny karazana *Lutzia*, ao amin' ny karazana sasany ao amin' ny *Psorophora*, *Sabethes*, *Eretmapodites*, *Culiseta*, *Aedes* ao amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Mucidus*, ary *Tripteroides* amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Rachisoura*.

## Karazana

### Karazana maneran-tany
Ny vondron-karazana *Toxorhynchites* dia mizara ho zana-bondron-karazana 4 ary misy karazana 90 mbola velona sy karazana 1 efa lany tamingana:

#### Zana-bondron-karazana ''Toxorhynchites''

Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Toxorhynchites*:

* *Toxorhynchites acaudatus* (Leicester, 1908)
* *Toxorhynchites albipes* (Edwards, 1922)
* *Toxorhynchites amboinensis* (Doleschall, 1857)
* *Toxorhynchites angustiplatus* Evenhuis and Steffan, 1986
* *Toxorhynchites ater* (Daniels, 1908)
* *Toxorhynchites auranticauda* Lane, 1992
* *Toxorhynchites auripes* Edwards, 1935
* *Toxorhynchites barbipes* Edwards, 1913
* *Toxorhynchites bengalensis* Rosenberg and Evenhuis, 1985
* *Toxorhynchites bickleyi* Thurman, 1959
* *Toxorhynchites brevipalpis* Theobald, 1991

* *Toxorhynchites camaronis* Ribeiro, 1991
* *Toxorhynchites christophi* Portschinsky, 1884
* *Toxorhynchites coeruleus* (Brug, 1934)
* *Toxorhynchites darjeelingensis* Tyagi, Munirathinam, Krishnamoorthy et al., 2015
* *Toxorhynchites dundo* Ribeiro, 1991}
* *Toxorhynchites edwardsi* (Barraud, 1924)
* *Toxorhynchites evansae* (Edwards, 1936)
* *Toxorhynchites funestus* (Leicester, 1908)
* *Toxorhynchites gigantulus* Dyar & Shannon, 1925
* *Toxorhynchites gravelyi* (Edwards, 1921)
* *Toxorhynchites indicus* Evenhuis and Steffan, 1986
* *Toxorhynchites inornatus* (Walker, 1865)
* *Toxorhynchites kempi* (Edwards, 1921)
* *Toxorhynchites klossi* (Edwards, 1921)
* *Toxorhynchites leicesteri* Theobald, 1904
* *Toxorhynchites lewisi* Ribeiro, 1991
* *Toxorhynchites macaensis* Ribeiro, 1997
* *Toxorhynchites magnificus* (Leicester, 1908)
* *Toxorhynchites manicatus* (Edwards, 1921)
* *Toxorhynchites manopi* Thurman, 1959
* *Toxorhynchites metallicus* Leicester, 1904
* *Toxorhynchites minimus* (Theobald, 1905)
* *Toxorhynchites nepenthicola* Steffan and Evenhuis, 1982
* *Toxorhynchites nepenthis* (Dyar and Shannon, 1925)
* *Toxorhynchites nigripes* (Edwards, 1935)
* *Toxorhynchites okinawensis* Toma, Miyagi and Tanaka, 1990
* *Toxorhynchites pendleburyi* (Edwards, 1930)
* *Toxorhynchites phytophagus* Theobald, 1909
* *Toxorhynchites quasiferox* (Leicester, 1908)
* *Toxorhynchites rajah* Tsukamoto, 1986
* *Toxorhynchites ramalingami* Evenhuis and Steffan, 1986
** *Toxorhynchites raris* (Leicester, 1908)

* *Toxorhynchites rickenbachi* Ribeiro, 1991
* *Toxorhynchites rodhaini* Ribeiro, 1991
* *Toxorhynchites speciosus* (Skuse, 1889)
* *Toxorhynchites splendens* (Wiedemann, 1819)
* *Toxorhynchites sumatranus* (Brug, 1939)
* *Toxorhynchites sunthorni* Thurman, 1959
* *Toxorhynchites towadensis* (Matsumara, 1916)
* *Toxorhynchites tyagii* Krishnamoorthy et al., 2013
* *Toxorhynchites domrey* Maquart & Rahola,2023

#### Zana-bondron-karazana ''Afrorhynchus''
Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Afrorhynchus*:

* *Toxorhynchites aeneus* (Evans, 1926)
* *Toxorhynchites angolensis* Ribeiro, 1992
* *Toxorhynchites brunhesi* Ribeiro, 2004
* *Toxorhynchites capelai* Ribeiro, 1992
* *Toxorhynchites erythrurus* (Edwards, 1941)
* *Toxorhynchites fontenillei* Ribeiro, 2004
* *Toxorhynchites grjebinei* Ribeiro, 2004
* *Toxorhynchites helenae* Ribeiro, 1992
* *Toxorhynchites kaimosi* (van Someren, 1946)
* *Toxorhynchites lemuriae* Ribeiro, 2004
* *Toxorhynchites lutescens* (Theobald, 1901)
* *[[Toxorhynchites madagascarensis]]* Ribeiro, 2004
* *Toxorhynchites nairobiensis* (van Someren, 1946)
* *Toxorhynchites nigeriensis* Ribeiro, 2005
* *Toxorhynchites pauliani* (Doucet, 1951)
* *Toxorhynchites ruwenzori* (van Someren, 1948)
* *Toxorhynchites viridibasis* (Edwards, 1935)
* *Toxorhynchites wolfsi* Ribeiro, 2005
* *Toxorhynchites zairensis* Ribeiro, 2005

#### Zana-bondron-karazana ''Ankylorhynchus''
Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Ankylorhynchus*:

* *Toxorhynchites catharinensis* (da Costa Lima, Guitoon and Ferreira, 1962)
* *Toxorhynchites hexacis* Martini, 1901
* *Toxorhynchites purpureus* Theobald, 1901
* *Toxorhynchites trichopygus* Wiedemann, 1828

#### Zana-bondron-karazana ''Lynchiella''

Indreto ny karazana ao amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Lynchiella*:

* *Toxorhynchites bambusicola* Lutz and Neiva, 1913
* *Toxorhynchites cavalierii* García and Casal, 1967
* *Toxorhynchites gerbergi* Belkin, 1977
* *Toxorhynchites grandiosus* Williston, 1900
* *Toxorhynchites guadeloupensis* Dyar and Knab, 1906
* *Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis* Fabricius, 1787
* *Toxorhynchites hypoptes* (Knab, 1907)
* *Toxorhynchites mariae* Bourroul, 1904
* *Toxorhynchites moctezuma* Dyar and Knab, 1906
* *Toxorhynchites portoricensis* Roeder, 1885
* *Toxorhynchites pusillus* Lima, 1931
* *Toxorhynchites rizzoi* (de Deus Palma and Galvão, 1969)
* *Toxorhynchites rutilus* Coquillett, 1896
* *Toxorhynchites solstitialis* Lutz, 1904
* *Toxorhynchites theobaldi* Dyar and Knab, 1906
* *Toxorhynchites violaceus* Wiedemann, 1821
* *Toxorhynchites caatingensis* Andrade & Corte, 2021

### Karazana hita eto Madagasikara
Ity ny lisitry ny karazana karazana *Toxorhynchites* voalaza fa misy eto Madagasikara, izay samt ao amin' ny zana-bondron-karazana *Afrorhynchus*, araka ny loharanom-baovao ara-tsiansa (Ribeiro, 2004; Tantely et al., 2016).

* *Toxorhynchites brunhesi* Ribeiro, 2004. 
* *Toxorhynchites fontenillei* Ribeiro, 2004.  
* *Toxorhynchites grjebinei* Ribeiro, 2004.  
* *Toxorhynchites lemuriae* Ribeiro, 2004.  
* *[[Toxorhynchites madagascarensis]]* Ribeiro, 2004.
* *Toxorhynchites pauliani* (Doucet, 1951). 

**Fanamarihana:**

* Ny fanadihadiana sy ny katalôgy sasany dia manondro ihany koa fa ny *Toxorhynchites brevipalpis* dia notaterina fa hita eto amin' ny Nosy tamin' ny alalan' ny angon-drakitra toy ny WRBU, saingy tsy tafiditra ao anatin' ny fanadihadiana rehetra vao haingana (angona tokony hohamarinina araka ny loharano).
* Ny biolojian' ny olon-dehibe amin' ny karazana malagasy dia mbola tsy takatry ny saina; ny olitra dia miaina amin' ny phytothelmata isan-karazany (*[[Ravinala|Ravenala]]*, *[[Pandanus]]*, *[[Nepenthes]]*, *[[Volotsangana|Bambusoideae]]*, sns.) ary mpihinana ny olitry ny moka hafa.

**Loharano:**

* Ribeiro, H. (2004). ''A review of the Malagasy species of Toxorhynchites'' (Diptera: Culicidae). ''Zootaxa'', 656 : 1-31.

* Tantely, L. M., Le Goff, G., Boyer, S. (2016). *[https://protectedareas.mg/document/show/292156 An annotated checklist of the mosquitoes of Madagascar (Diptera: Culicidae)] *. *PLOS ONE*, 11(7): e0159969.

## Loharano sy fanamarihana