Claudius

**Claudius** (lahir dengan nama *Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus*; 1 Agustus 10 SM – 13 Oktober 54 M) iyâ arèya Kaisar Romawi sè nomer 4 ḍâri Dinasti Julio-Claudian, sè marènta ḍâri taon 41 M sampè' ka matèna è taon 54 M. Claudius aropa'aghi angghuta kalowarga kekaisaran Romawi sè rang-rang èyarebbhâghi ka'angghuy marènta, ḍârina kondisi fisigghâ sè lemah bân kasèhadhânna sè jhubâ'. Maskè ènga' roma, salèrana jhâjâ naè' takhta saellana pembunuhan ponakanna, Kaisar Caligula, bân pamarènta'anna èkennang polana pan-bârâmpan pencapaian administratif bân militer, serta pan-bârâmpan intrik politik è sekitarra. 

## Kehidupan Awal
Claudius lahèr è Lugdunum, Gallia (sastèya Lyon, Prancis) tangghâl 1 Agustus 10 SM. Salèrana aropa'agh ana' ḍâri **Drusus**, jenderal Romawi sè èhormadhi, bân Antonia Minor, potrè ḍâri Mark Antony bân Octavia Minor, tarètanna ḍâri Kaisar Augustus. Claudius èrabât è lingkungan aristokrat Romawi, tapè kasèhadhânna sè jhubâ', tamaso' gagap bân masalah ghulina bhâdhânna, madhâddhi kalowargana ta' ngangghep jârèya anḍi' potensi politik otabâ militer sè rajâ.

## Bibliografi

### Sombher-sombher sè kona

* Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (1902) [1st century]. Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii. Translated by Allan Perley Ball. Columbia University Press.
* Gaius Plinius Secundus (1961) [c. 77 AD]. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham; W.H.S. Jones; D.E. Eichholz. Harvard University Press.
* Josephus (1737) [c. 96 AD]. "Chapters XIX–XX". Antiquities of the Jews. Translated by William Whiston. Harvard University Press.
* Publius Cornelius Tacitus (1924) [c. AD 110]. "Books 11–11". The Annals. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley. Loeb Classical Library.
* Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (1914) [c. AD 121]. "Life of Claudius". The Twelve Caesars. Translated by John Carew Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library.
* Lucius Cassius Dio (1927) [c. 230]. "Books 60–61". Roman History. Translated by Earnest Cary. Loeb Classical Library.

### Sombher sè modern

* Aveline, John (2004). "The Death of Claudius". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 53 (4): 453–475. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4436743.
* Griffin, Miriam (1990). "Claudius in Tacitus". The Classical Quarterly. 40 (2): 482–501. doi:10.1017/S0009838800043056. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 639107. S2CID 170810972.
* Humphrey, John H. (1986). Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press. .
* Hurley, Donna W., ed. (2001). Suetonius: Diuus Claudius. Cambridge University Press. .
* Levick, B. M. (1978). "Antiquarian or Revolutionary? Claudius Caesar's Conception of His Principate". The American Journal of Philology. 99 (1): 79–105. doi:10.2307/293870. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 293870.
* Levick, Barbara (2015) [1990]. Claudius (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. .
* Leon, Ernestine F. (1948). "The Imbecillitas of the Emperor Claudius". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 79: 79–86. doi:10.2307/283354. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283354.
* Major, Ann (1992). "Was He Pushed or Did He Leap? Claudius' Ascent to Power". Ancient History. 22: 25–31.
* Momigliano, Arnaldo (1934). Claudius, the Emperor and His Achievement. Translated by W.D. Hogarth. W. Heffer and Sons.
* Oost, Stewart Irvin (1958). "The Career of M. Antonius Pallas". The American Journal of Philology. 79 (2): 113–139. doi:10.2307/292103. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 292103.
* Ruth, Thomas De Coursey (1916). The problem of Claudius: Some aspects of a character study. Johns Hopkins University.
* Ryan, F. X. (1993). "Some Observations on the Censorship of Claudius and Vitellius, A.D. 47-48". The American Journal of Philology. 114 (4): 611–618. doi:10.2307/295428. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 295428.
* Scramuzza, Vincent (1940). The Emperor Claudius. Harvard University Press. .
* Simpson, C.J. (1981). "The Early Name of the Emperor Claudius" (PDF). Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 29: 363–368.
* Stuart, Meriwether (1936). "The Date of the Inscription of Claudius on the Arch of Ticinum". American Journal of Archaeology. 40 (3): 314–322. doi:10.2307/498692. JSTOR 498692. S2CID 191396418.
* Suhr, Elmer G. (1955). "A Portrait of Claudius". American Journal of Archaeology. 59 (4): 319–322. doi:10.2307/500799. JSTOR 500799. S2CID 192971087.
* Vessey, D. W. T. C. (1971). "Thoughts on Tacitus' Portrayal of Claudius". The American Journal of Philology. 92 (3): 385–409. doi:10.2307/292801. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 292801.