ບິກິນີ

**ບິກິນີ** ແມ່ນ ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ສຳ ລັບຜູ້ຍິງປະ ກອບດ້ວຍຜ້າສອງສາມຫລ່ຽມຢູ່ເທິງ, ຄ້າຍກັບ ເສື້ອກັນ ໜາວ ແລະປົກຫຸ້ມ ເຕົ້ານົມ ຂອງຜູ້ຍິງ , ແລະຜ້າສອງສາມຫລ່ຽມຢູ່ດ້ານລຸ່ມ, ດ້ານ ໜ້າ ປົກຄຸມ ກະດານ ແຕ່ເປີດສາຍບື, ແລະດ້ານຫລັງ ປົກຄຸມ ກົ້ນ . [1] [2] ຂະ ໜາດ ຂອງດ້ານເທິງແລະດ້ານລຸ່ມສາມາດແຕກຕ່າງຈາກການປົກຄຸມຂອງເຕົ້ານົມ, ກະດູກແຂນແລະກົ້ນ, ຈົນເຖິງການອອກແບບທີ່ເປີດເຜີຍຫຼາຍຂື້ນເຊັ່ນ: ທອງ ຫຼື G-string ທີ່ປົກຄຸມພຽງແຕ່ areolae ແລະ mons pubis , ແຕ່ຈະເປີດເຜີຍ ກົ້ນ.

ໃນເດືອນພຶດສະພາປີ 1946, ນັກອອກແບບແຟຊັ່ນ Parisian Jacques Heim ໄດ້ ອອກແບບຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າສອງສິ້ນທີ່ລາວໃສ່ຊື່ວ່າ Atome. [3] ຄ້າຍຄືຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ຂອງຍຸກສະ ໄໝ, ມັນປົກຄຸມສາຍບືຂອງຜູ້ຄົນ, ແລະມັນບໍ່ໄດ້ດຶງດູດຄວາມສົນໃຈຫຼາຍ. ຜູ້ອອກແບບເສື້ອຜ້າ Louis Réardໄດ້ ແນະ ນຳ ການອອກແບບ ໃໝ່ ທີ່ນ້ອຍກວ່າຂອງລາວໃນເດືອນກໍລະກົດ. [4] ລາວຕັ້ງຊື່ຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າດັ່ງກ່າວພາຍຫຼັງ Bikini Atoll , ບ່ອນທີ່ການທົດລອງ ລະເບີດນິວເຄຼຍ ຄັ້ງ ທຳ ອິດ ເກີດຂື້ນພຽງແຕ່ 4 ມື້ກ່ອນ. ການອອກແບບ skimpy ຂອງລາວແມ່ນລຸກຂື້ນ, ເປີດເຜີຍສາຍບືຂອງຜູ້ຄົນແລະກົ້ນຂອງນາງຫຼາຍ. No ແບບ runway ຈະໃສ່ມັນ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນເຂົາຈ້າງເປັນ ນັກເຕັ້ນລໍາ nude , ລົງກອນ Bernardini , ຈາກ ຄາສິໂນ de Parisສ້າງແບບຈໍາລອງໃນການທົບທວນແຟຊັ່ນຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າ. [5]

ຍ້ອນການອອກແບບທີ່ມີການຖົກຖຽງແລະເປີດເຜີຍ, ຊຸດແຕ່ງກາຍໄດ້ຖືກຍອມຮັບຢ່າງຊ້າໆຈາກປະຊາຊົນ. ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ໄດ້ຮັບການເປີດເຜີຍແລະຍອມຮັບເພີ່ມຂື້ນເປັນ ຮູບເງົາທີ່ ຄ້າຍຄືກັບ Brigitte Bardot , Raquel Welch , ແລະ Ursula Andress ໃສ່ພວກເຂົາແລະໄດ້ຖືກຖ່າຍຮູບຢູ່ຫາດຊາຍສາທາລະນະແລະເບິ່ງໃນຮູບເງົາ. ໃນຫລາຍປະເທດການອອກແບບດັ່ງກ່າວຖືກຫ້າມບໍ່ໃຫ້ອອກຈາກຫາດຊາຍແລະສະຖານທີ່ສາທາລະນະອື່ນໆ. [6]

ການອອກແບບຊຸດກະໂປ່ງນ້ອຍໆໄດ້ກາຍເປັນເລື່ອງທົ່ວໄປໃນບັນດາປະເທດຕາເວັນຕົກສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ໃນກາງຊຸມປີ 1960 ຍ້ອນວ່າທັງ ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ແລະ ຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນ . ຮອດທ້າຍສະຕະວັດທີ 20 ມັນຖືກ ນຳ ໃຊ້ຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງເປັນ ຊຸດກິລາ ໃນ ບານສົ່ງຫາດຊາຍ ແລະການອອກ ກຳ ລັງກາຍ . ມີຈໍານວນຂອງທີ່ທັນສະໄຫມແມ່ນ ການປ່ຽນແປງ stylistic ຂອງການອອກແບບການນໍາໃຊ້ເພື່ອຈຸດປະສົງການຕະຫຼາດແລະເປັນການແບ່ງປະເພດອຸດສາຫະກໍາ, ລວມທັງ monokini , microkini , TANKINI- ເສື້ອຕົວຍາວ , trikini , pubikini ແລະ skirtini . ຊຸດລອຍນ້ ຳ ສັ້ນໆ ສຳ ລັບ ຜູ້ຊາຍ ອາດຈະຖືກເອີ້ນວ່າຊຸດລອຍນໍ້າ. [2] ຄ້າຍຄືກັນ, ຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນຂອງຜູ້ຊາຍແລະຜູ້ຍິງແມ່ນຖືກອະທິບາຍວ່າເປັນຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນຂອງຜູ້ຊາຍ.

ຊຸດກະໂປ່ງໄດ້ຄ່ອຍໆໄດ້ຮັບຄວາມຍອມຮັບຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງຈາກ ສັງຄົມຕາເວັນຕົກ . ໃນຕົ້ນຊຸມປີ 2000, bikinis ໄດ້ກາຍເປັນທຸລະກິດ 811 ລ້ານໂດລາສະຫະລັດຕໍ່ປີ, ແລະໄດ້ເພີ່ມທະວີການບໍລິການແບບ ໝູນ ວຽນເຊັ່ນ: ການ ຖັກແສ່ວ ແລະການກັນ ແດດ . [7]

## Etymology and terminology 
While the two-piece swimsuit as a design existed in classical antiquity, the modern design first attracted public notice in Paris on July 5, 1946. French automotive engineer Louis Réard introduced a design he named the "bikini", adopting the name from the Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, which was the colonial name the Germans gave to the atoll, transliterated from the Marshallese name for the island, .

Four days earlier, the United States had initiated its first peacetime nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads. Réard hoped his swimsuit's revealing style would create an "explosive commercial and cultural reaction" similar to the explosion at Bikini Atoll.

By making an analogy with words like *bilingual* and *bilateral* containing the Latin prefix "bi-" (meaning "two" in Latin), the word *bikini* was first back-derived as consisting of two parts, [*bi* + *kini*] by Rudi Gernreich, who introduced the monokini in 1964. Later swimsuit designs like the tankini and trikini further cemented this derivation. Over time the "*–kini* family" (as dubbed by author William Safire), including the "*–ini* sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole), expanded into a variety of swimwear including the monokini (also known as a numokini or unikini), seekini, tankini, camikini, hikini (also hipkini), minikini, face-kini, burkini, and microkini. The *Language Report*, compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent and published by the Oxford University Press (OUP) in 2003, considers lexicographic inventions like bandeaukini and camkini, two variants of the tankini, important to observe. Although "bikini" was originally a registered trademark of Réard, it has since become genericized.

Variations of the term are used to describe stylistic variations for promotional purposes and industry classifications, including monokini, microkini, tankini, trikini, pubikini, bandeaukini and skirtini. A man's brief swimsuit may also be referred to as a bikini. The two-piece swimsuit can be traced back to the Greco-Roman world, where bikini-like garments worn by women athletes are depicted on urns and paintings dating back to 1400&nbsp;BC.

In *Coronation of the Winner,* a mosaic in the floor of a Roman villa in Sicily that dates from the Diocletian period (286–305&nbsp;AD), young women participate in weightlifting, discus throwing, and running ball games dressed in bikini-like garments (technically bandeaukinis in modern lexicon). The mosaic, found in the Sicilian Villa Romana del Casale, features ten maidens who have been anachronistically dubbed the "Bikini Girls". Other Roman archaeological finds depict the goddess Venus in a similar garment. In Pompeii, depictions of Venus wearing a bikini were discovered in the Casa della Venere, in the *tablinum* of the House of Julia Felix, and in an atrium garden of Via Dell'Abbondanza.

### ເຄື່ອງ ສຳ ອາງເບື້ອງຕົ້ນໃນພາກຕາເວັນຕົກ
Swimming or bathing outdoors was discouraged in the Christian West, so there was little demand or need for swimming or bathing costumes until the 18th century. The bathing gown of the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve chemise-type gown made of wool or flannel that retained coverage and modesty.

In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer Annette Kellerman was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing form-fitting sleeveless one-piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England, In 1913, designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two-piece swimwear. Inspired by the introduction of females into Olympic swimming he designed a close-fitting costume with shorts for the bottom and short sleeves for the top.

During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun", at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. Rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic. Jersey and silk were also sometimes used. By the 1930s, manufacturers had lowered necklines in the back, removed sleeves, and tightened the sides. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly latex and nylon, swimsuits gradually began hugging the body through the 1930s, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.

Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. The 1932 Hollywood film *Three on a Match* featured a midriff baring two piece bathing suit. Actress Dolores Del Rio was the first major star to wear a two-piece women's bathing suit onscreen in *Flying Down to Rio* (1933).

Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public. Hollywood endorsed the new glamor in films like 1949's ''Neptune's Daughter'' in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child".

Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. In 1942, the United States  War Production Board issued Regulation L-85, cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and mandating a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric in women's beachwear. At the same time, demand for all swimwear declined as there was not much interest in going to the beach, especially in Europe. and in an endeavor to resurrect swimwear sales, two French designers&nbsp;– Jacques Heim and Louis Réard &nbsp;– almost simultaneously launched new two-piece swimsuit designs in 1946. Heim launched a two-piece swimsuit design in Paris that he called the *atome*, after the smallest known particle of matter. He announced that it was the "world's smallest bathing suit." Although briefer than the two-piece swimsuits of the 1930s, the bottom of Heim's new two-piece beach costume still covered the wearer's navel.

Soon after, Louis Réard created a competing two-piece swimsuit design, which he called the *bikini*. He noticed that women at the beach rolled up the edges of their swimsuit bottoms and tops to improve their tan. Réard's *bikini* undercut Heim's *atome* in its brevity. His design consisted of a two triangles of fabric forming a bra, and two triangular pieces of fabric covering the mons pubis and the buttocks connected by string. When he was unable to find a fashion model willing to showcase his revealing design, Réard hired Micheline Bernardini, a 19-year old nude dancer from the Casino de Paris. He announced that his swimsuit, with a total area of  of cloth, was "smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit". Réard said that "like the [atom] bomb, the bikini is small and devastating". Fashion writer Diana Vreeland described the bikini as the "atom bomb of fashion". French newspaper *Le Figaro* wrote, "People were craving the simple pleasures of the sea and the sun. For women, wearing a bikini signaled a kind of second liberation. There was really nothing sexual about this. It was instead a celebration of freedom and a return to the joys in life." As competing designs emerged, he declared in advertisements that a swimsuit could not be a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring."

### ສັງຄົມ
Despite the garment's initial success in France, women worldwide continued to wear traditional one-piece swimsuits. When his sales stalled, Réard went back to designing and selling orthodox knickers. In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole, Réard himself would later describe it as a "two-piece bathing suit which reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden name." Fashion magazine *Modern Girl Magazine* in 1957 stated that "it is hardly necessary to waste words over the so-called bikini since it is inconceivable that any girl with tact and decency would ever wear such a thing". a name Morley registered as a trademark. The winner was Kiki Håkansson of Sweden, who was crowned in a bikini. After the crowning, Håkansson was condemned by Pope Pius XII, while Spain and Ireland threatened to withdraw from the pageant. In 1952, bikinis were banned from the pageant and replaced by evening gowns. As a result of the controversy, the bikini was explicitly banned from many other beauty pageants worldwide. Although some regarded the bikini and beauty contests as bringing freedom to women, they were opposed by some feminists as well as religious and cultural groups who objected to the degree of exposure of the female body.

The bikini was banned on the French Atlantic coastline, Spain, Italy, The United States Motion Picture Production Code, also known as the Hays Code, enforced from 1934, allowed two-piece gowns but prohibited the display of navels in Hollywood films. The National Legion of Decency, a Roman Catholic body guarding over American media content, also pressured Hollywood and foreign film producers to keep bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies. As late as 1959, Anne Cole, one of the United States' largest swimsuit designers, said, "It's nothing more than a G-string. It's at the razor's edge of decency." The influence of the National Legion of Decency also waned by the 1960s.

### ເພີ່ມຂື້ນເພື່ອຄວາມນິຍົມ
 started in 1950. This photo of 2009 shows a Samba dancer in bikini at the Rio Carnival. During the 1950s, Hollywood stars such as Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth, Lana Turner, Elizabeth Taylor, took advantage of the risqué publicity associated with the bikini by posing for photographs wearing them—pin-ups of Hayworth and Williams in costume were especially widely distributed in the United States.

In Europe, 17-year-old Brigitte Bardot wore scanty bikinis (by contemporary standards) in the French film *Manina, la fille sans voiles* ("Manina, the girl unveiled"). The promotion for the film, released in France in March 1953, drew more attention to Bardot's bikinis than to the film itself. By the time the film was released in the United States in 1958 it was re-titled *Manina, the Girl in the Bikini*. Bardot was also photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. Working with her husband and agent Roger Vadim she garnered significant attention with photographs of her wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France.

Similar photographs were taken of Anita Ekberg and Sophia Loren, among others. According to *The Guardian*, Bardot's photographs in particular turned Saint-Tropez into the beachwear capital of the world, Bardot's photography helped to enhance the public profile of the festival, and Cannes in turn played a crucial role in her career.

Brian Hyland's novelty-song hit "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" became a *Billboard* No. 1 hit during the summer of 1960: the song tells a story about a young girl who is too shy to wear her new bikini on the beach, thinking it too risqué. *Playboy* first featured a bikini on its cover in 1962; the *Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue* debut two years later featured Babette March in a white bikini on the cover.

 and Annette Funicello for Beach Party films (c. 1960s). Funicello was not permitted to expose her navel.]]

Ursula Andress, appearing as Honey Rider in the 1962 British James Bond film, *Dr. No*, wore a white bikini, which became known as the "Dr. No bikini". It became one of the most famous bikinis of all time and an iconic moment in cinematic and fashion history. Andress said that she owed her career to that white bikini, remarking, "This bikini made me into a success. As a result of starring in *Dr. No* as the first Bond girl, I was given the freedom to take my pick of future roles and to become financially independent."

The bikini finally caught on, and by 1963, the movie *Beach Party*, starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon, led a wave of films that made the bikini a pop-culture symbol, though Funicello was barred from wearing Réard's bikini unlike the other young females in the films. In 1965, a woman told *Time* that it was "almost square" not to wear a bikini; the magazine wrote two years later that "65% of the young set had already gone over".

Raquel Welch's fur bikini in *One Million Years B.C.* (1966) gave the world the most iconic bikini shot of all time and the poster image became an iconic moment in cinema history. Her deer skin bikini in *One Million Years B.C.*, advertised as "mankind's first bikini", (1966) was later described as a "definitive look of the 1960s". Her role wearing the leather bikini raised Welch to a fashion icon DuPont introduced lycra (DuPont's name for spandex) in the same decade. "The advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini," wrote Kelly Killoren Bensimon, a former model and author of *The Bikini Book*, "It didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore." Increased reliance on stretch fabric led to simplified construction. Alternative swimwear fabrics such as velvet, leather, and crocheted squares surfaced in the early '70s. four years after his death. By the end of the century, the bikini had become the most popular beachwear around the globe. According to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard, this was due to "the power of women, and not the power of fashion". As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women", By 1988 the bikini made up nearly 20% of swimsuit sales, more than any other model in the US, though one-piece suits made a comeback during the 1980s and early 1990s. Actresses in action films like *Blue Crush* (2002) and ''Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle* (2003) made the two-piece "the millennial equivalent of the power suit", according to Gina Bellafonte of *The New York Times*, In 2002, clothing retailer Abercrombie & Fitch came under criticism for selling child-sized thong bikinis and underwear.

The first Bikini museum in the world is being built in Bad Rappenau in Germany. The development of swimwear from 1880 to the present is presented on 2,000 square metres of exhibition space.

### ນອກໂລກຕາເວັນຕົກ
The 1967 film *An Evening in Paris* is mostly remembered because it featured Bollywood actress Sharmila Tagore as the first Indian actress to wear a bikini on film. She also posed in a bikini for the glossy *Filmfare* magazine. The costume shocked a conservative Indian audience, but it also set in motion a trend carried forward by Zeenat Aman in *Heera Panna* (1973) and *Qurbani* (1980),

Indian women wear bikinis when they vacation abroad or in Goa without the family. Despite the conservative ideas prevalent in India, bikinis have become more popular. In summer, when women take up swimming, often in a public space, a lot of tankinis, shorts and single-piece swimsuits are sold. The maximum sales for bikinis happen in the winter, the honeymoon season. Huludao, Liaoning, China set the world record for the largest bikini parade in 2012, with 1,085 participants and a photo shoot involving 3,090 women.

For most parts of the  Middle East, bikinis are either banned or is highly controversial. When Lebanese magazine *Ash-Shabaka* printed a bikini-clad woman on the cover they had to make a second version with only the face of the model. In 2011, Huda Naccache (Miss Earth 2011), when she posed for the cover of *Lilac'' (based in Israel) became the first bikini-clad Arab model on the cover of an Arabic magazine.

## Bikini variants
While the name "bikini" was at first applied only to beachwear that revealed the wearer's navel, today the fashion industry considers any two-piece swimsuit a bikini. Modern bikini fashions are characterized by a simple, brief design: two triangles of fabric that form a bra and cover the woman's breasts and a third that forms a panty cut below the navel that covers the groin and the buttocks. Modern bikinis were first made of cotton and jersey. DuPont's introduction of Lycra (spandex) in the 1960s completely changed how bikinis were designed and worn, as according to Kelly Killoren Bensimon, a former model and author of *The Bikini Book*, "the advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini...it didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore." Metal and stone jewelry pieces are now often used to dress up look and style according to tastes. To meet the fast pace of demands, some manufacturers now offer made-to-order bikinis ready in as few as seven minutes. The world's most expensive bikini was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen; containing  of diamond, it was valued at £20&nbsp;million. It is an official uniform for beach volleyball and is widely worn in athletics and other sports. Sports bikinis have gained popularity since the 1990s. However, the trend has raised some criticism as an attempt to sell sex. The International Swimming Federation (FINA) voted to prohibit female swimmers from racing in bikinis in its meeting at Rome in 1960.

### Beach volleyball 
 team has cited several advantages to bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather. Photo shows US beach volleyball players Jennifer Fopma and Brooke Sweat in their uniforms.]]

In 1994, the bikini became the official uniform of women's Olympic beach volleyball. In 1999, the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the bikini becoming the required uniform for women. That regulation bottom is called a "bun-hugger", It was the fifth largest television audience of all the sports at the 2000 Games. Much of the interest was because of the sex appeal of bikini-clad players along with their athletic ability. Bikini-clad dancers and cheerleaders entertain the audience during match breaks in many beach volleyball tournaments, including the Olympics. Even indoor volleyball costumes followed suit to become smaller and tighter. At the 2006 Asian Games at Doha, Qatar, only one Muslim country&nbsp;– Iraq&nbsp;– fielded a team in the beach volleyball competition because of concerns that the uniform was inappropriate. They refused to wear bikinis. The weather during the evening games in 2012 London Olympics was so cold that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings. Earlier in 2012, FIVB had announced it would allow shorts (maximum length  above the knee) and sleeved tops at the games. Richard Baker, the federation spokesperson, said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".

The bikini remains preferred by most players and corporate sponsors. US women's team has cited several advantages of bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather. Competitors Natalie Cook and Holly McPeak Many female beach volleyball players have suffered injuries by over-straining the abdominal muscles while many others have gone through augmentation mammoplasty to look appealing in their uniforms.

Sports journalism expert Kimberly Bissell conducted a study on the camera angles used during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games beach volleyball games. Bissell found that 20% of the camera angles were focused on the women's chests, and 17% on their buttocks. Bissell theorized that the appearance of the players draws fans attention more than their actual athleticism.
Sports commentator Jeanne Moos commented, "Beach volleyball has now joined go-go girl dancing as perhaps the only two professions where a bikini is the required uniform." British Olympian Denise Johns argues that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to attract attention. Rubén Acosta, president of the FIVB, says that it makes the game more appealing to spectators. In the 1980s, the Ms Olympia competition started in the US and in the UK the NABBA (National Amateur Body Building Association) renamed Miss Bikini International to Ms Universe. In 1986, the Ms Universe competition was divided into two sections&nbsp;– "physique" (for a more muscular physique) and "figure" (traditional feminine presentation in high heels). In November 2010 the IFBBF (International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness) introduced a women's bikini contest for women who do not wish to build their muscles to figure competition levels.

Costumes are regulation "posing trunks" (bikini briefs) for both men and women. Female bodybuilders in America are prohibited from wearing thongs or T-back swimsuits in contests filmed for television, though they are allowed to do so by certain fitness organizations in closed events. Runner Florence Griffith-Joyner mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged tights at the 1988 Summer Olympics, earning her more attention than her record-breaking performance in the women's 200 meters event. In the 2007 South Pacific Games, the rules were adjusted to allow players to wear less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis. At the West Asian Games in 2006, organizers banned bikini-bottoms for female athletes and asked them to wear long shorts.

String bikinis and other revealing clothes are common in surfing, though most surfing bikinis are more robust with more coverage than sunning bikinis. *Surfing Magazine* printed a pictorial of Kymberly Herrin, *Playboy* Playmate March 1981, surfing in a revealing bikini, and eventually started an annual bikini issue. The Association of Surfing Professionals often pairs female surf meets with bikini contests, an issue that divides the female pro-surfing community into two parts. It has often been more profitable to win the bikini contest than the female surfing event.
### ບານສົ່ງຫາດຊາຍ
 team has cited several advantages to bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather. Photo shows US beach volleyball players Jennifer Fopma and Brooke Sweat in their uniforms.]]

In 1994, the bikini became the official uniform of women's Olympic beach volleyball. That regulation bottom is called a "bun-hugger", Bikini-clad dancers and cheerleaders entertain the audience during match breaks in many beach volleyball tournaments, including the Olympics. Even indoor volleyball costumes followed suit to become smaller and tighter. At the 2006 Asian Games at Doha, Qatar, only one Muslim country&nbsp;– Iraq&nbsp;– fielded a team in the beach volleyball competition because of concerns that the uniform was inappropriate. They refused to wear bikinis. The weather during the evening games in 2012 London Olympics was so cold that the players sometimes had to wear shirts and leggings. Earlier in 2012, FIVB had announced it would allow shorts (maximum length  above the knee) and sleeved tops at the games. Richard Baker, the federation spokesperson, said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".

The bikini remains preferred by most players and Holly McPeak

Sports journalism expert Kimberly Bissell conducted a study on the camera angles used during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games beach volleyball games. Bissell found that 20% of the camera angles were focused on the women's chests, and 17% on their buttocks. Bissell theorized that the appearance of the players draws fans attention more than their actual athleticism.
Sports commentator Jeanne Moos commented, "Beach volleyball has now joined go-go girl dancing as perhaps the only two professions where a bikini is the required uniform." British Olympian Denise Johns argues that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to attract attention. Rubén Acosta, president of the FIVB, says that it makes the game more appealing to spectators. In the 1980s, the Ms Olympia competition started in the US and in the UK the NABBA (National Amateur Body Building Association) renamed Miss Bikini International to Ms Universe. In 1986, the Ms Universe competition was divided into two sections&nbsp;– "physique" (for a more muscular physique) and "figure" (traditional feminine presentation in high heels). In November 2010 the IFBBF (International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness) introduced a women's bikini contest for women who do not wish to build their muscles to figure competition levels.

Costumes are regulation "posing trunks" (bikini briefs) for both men and women. Female bodybuilders in America are prohibited from wearing thongs or T-back swimsuits in contests filmed for television, though they are allowed to do so by certain fitness organizations in closed events. Runner Florence Griffith-Joyner mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged tights at the 1988 Summer Olympics, earning her more attention than her record-breaking performance in the women's 200 meters event. In the 2007 South Pacific Games, the rules were adjusted to allow players to wear less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis. At the West Asian Games in 2006, organizers banned bikini-bottoms for female athletes and asked them to wear long shorts.

String bikinis and other revealing clothes are common in surfing, though most surfing bikinis are more robust with more coverage than sunning bikinis. *Surfing Magazine* printed a pictorial of Kymberly Herrin, *Playboy* Playmate March 1981, surfing in a revealing bikini, and eventually started an annual bikini issue. The Association of Surfing Professionals often pairs female surf meets with bikini contests, an issue that divides the female pro-surfing community into two parts. It has often been more profitable to win the bikini contest than the female surfing event.

## ຊຸດຊັ້ນໃນຊຸດບິກິນີ	
Certain types of underwear are described as bikini underwear and designed for men and women. For women, bikini or bikini-style underwear is underwear that is similar in size and form to a regular bikini. It can refer to virtually any undergarment that provides less coverage to the midriff than lingerie, panties or knickers, especially suited to clothing such as crop tops. For men, bikini briefs are undergarments that are smaller and more revealing than men's classic briefs. Men's bikini briefs can be low- or high-side that are usually lower than true waist, often at hips, and usually have no access pouch or flap, legs bands at tops of thighs. String bikini briefs have front and rear sections that meet in the crotch but not at the waistband, with no fabric on the side of the legs.

Swimwear and underwear have similar design considerations, both being form-fitting garments. The main difference is that, unlike underwear, swimwear is open to public view. The swimsuit was, and is, following underwear styles, and at about the same time that attitudes towards the bikini began to change, underwear underwent a redesign towards a minimal, unboned design that emphasized comfort first.

### History 
As the swimsuit was evolving, the underwear started to change. Between 1900 and 1940, swimsuit lengths followed the changes in underwear designs. In the 1920s women started discarding the corset, while the Cadole company of Paris started developing something they called the "breast girdle". During the Great Depression, panties and bras became softly constructed and were made of various elasticized yarns making underwear fit like a second skin. By 1930s underwear styles for both women and men were influenced by the new brief models of swimwear from Europe. Although the waistband was still above the navel, the leg openings of the panty brief were cut in an arc to rise from the crotch to the hip joint. The brief served as a template for most all variations of panties for the rest of the century. Warner standardized the concept of Cup size in 1935. The first underwire bra was developed in 1938.). As with the bra and other type of lingerie, manufacturers of the last quarter of the century marketed panty styles that were designed primarily for their sexual allure. Male bodies and men's undergarments were commodified and packaged for mass consumption, and swimwear and sportswear were influenced by sports photography and fitness.
### ປະຫວັດການ
As the swimsuit was evolving, the underwear started to change. Between 1900 and 1940, swimsuit lengths followed the changes in underwear designs. In the 1920s women started discarding the corset, while the Cadole company of Paris started developing something they called the "breast girdle". During the Great Depression, panties and bras became softly constructed and were made of various elasticized yarns making underwear fit like a second skin. By 1930s underwear styles for both women and men were influenced by the new brief models of swimwear from Europe. Although the waistband was still above the navel, the leg openings of the panty brief were cut in an arc to rise from the crotch to the hip joint. The brief served as a template for most all variations of panties for the rest of the century. Warner standardized the concept of Cup size in 1935. The first underwire bra was developed in 1938.). As with the bra and other type of lingerie, manufacturers of the last quarter of the century marketed panty styles that were designed primarily for their sexual allure. Male bodies and men's undergarments were commodified and packaged for mass consumption, and swimwear and sportswear were influenced by sports photography and fitness.

## Bikini waxing	
Bikini waxing is the epilation of pubic hair beyond the bikini line by use of waxing. The bikini line delineates the part of a woman's pubic area to be covered by the bottom part of a bikini, which means any pubic hair visible beyond the boundaries of a swimsuit. Visible pubic hair is widely culturally disapproved, considered to be embarrassing, and often removed. But, with certain styles of women's swimwear, pubic hair may become visible around the crotch area of a swimsuit. pubic hair may be styled into several styles — American waxing (removal of pubic hair from the sides, top of the thighs, and under the navel), French waxing (leaves only a vertical strip in front), Brazilian waxing (removal of all hair in the pelvic area, particularly suitable for thong bottoms).

## Bikini tan
The tan lines created by the wearing of a bikini while tanning are known as a bikini tan. A 1969 innovation of tan-through swimwear uses fabric which is perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which let enough sunlight through to produce a line-free tan.

As bikinis leave most of the body exposed to potentially dangerous UV radiation, overexposure can cause sunburn, skin cancer, as well as other acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eyes, and immune system. As a result, medical organizations recommend that bikini wearers protect themselves from UV radiation by using broad-spectrum sunscreen, which has been shown to protect against sunburn, skin cancer, wrinkling and sagging skin. Certain sunscreen ingredients can cause harm if they penetrate the skin over time.