J.R.R. Tolkien

**John Ronald Reuel Tolkien** (Bloemfontein, 3 januari 1892 - Londe 2 september 1972) waor 'ne Britse filoloog en sjriever vaan fantasy-romans. Zien merites ligke dao-in, tot heer, door absoluut te excellere, in e zjanre wat door critici neet es literatuur weurt gezeen toch werke wis te sjaope die algemein gewaardeerd weure en die me dèks bij oetzundering toch tot de literatuur rekent. Zien beuk *The Hobbit*, *The Lord of the Rings* en *The Silmarillion* weure hiel väöl geleze en de figure oet zien fantasiewereld zien begrippe gewore in de daogelekse spreektaol.

## Biografie
Tolkien woort in 1892 in de Oranje-Vrijstaot, daan nog zelfstendeg, gebore, es zoon vaan Arthur Tolkien en Mabel Tolkien-Suffield. Heer had ei broor. Mèt drei jaor góng heer nao Ingeland veur e femiliebezeuk; wie ziene vaajer in Zuid-Afrika storf bleve ze dao evels. Al vreug begós zien moojer häöm en zie broor privéles te geve, ouch in Latien, wat Tolkiens levelings"vak" woort.

In 1904 storf zien ma en es wees woort heer oondergebrach in 't katheliek Birmingham Oratory. In zien puberteit begós heer 'n groete interesse veur kuns te oontwikkele en lierde heer väöl taole, boe-oonder Fins, wat de veurnaomste inspiratiebron zouw weure veur de elfetaol Quenya. Heer raakde verwikkeld in 'n romantische leefde veur Edith Bratt, die zien inspiratie waor veur de elf Lúthien en boemèt heer in 1916 trouwde. Ze zouwe veer kinder kriege. In 1915 studeerde heer aof aon de Universiteit van Oxford; in 1915 en 1916 voch heer in d'n Ierste Wereldoorlog, o.a. in 't beröchde gevech in de Slaag aon de Somme.

Nao nog e paar jaor bij 't Oxford Dictionary of English language gewèrk te höbbe woort heer in 1920 lector in Leeds en in 1925 beneump tot professor te Oxford. Dao bleef heer docere tot zie pensioen in 1959, boenao heer tot zienen doed bleef sjrieve euver Middel-Eerd.

In 1937 bouwde heer um de väöl kunstaole die heer bedach had 'n fantasiewereld en 'n verhaol: *The Hobbit*. 't Verhaol waor oorspronkelek veur zien kinder bedoeld, meh wie heer 't oetgaof, bleek 't nog mie gepas veur volwassene. Zienen oetgever vroog daan ouch um e vervolg. De perfectionistische Tolkien werkde dat vervolg ummer wijer oet, tot de doezend pazjena's tellende roman *The Lord of the Rings* in 1954 en 1955 in drei deile woort oetgegeve.

In de jaore zesteg woorte de beuk immens populair, veural oonder studente, en Tolkien werkde intösse aon verklaorende gesjrifte euver de taole en historie vaan 't land. Ouch sjreef heer 'nen daarde roman euver 't land: *The Silmarillion*. Dit is gei vervolg op *The Lord of the Rings* meh speult väöl ieder. Heer leet 't book bij zienen doed oonaofgemaak achter; ziene zoon Christopher Tolkien maakde 't aof.

## Werke

### Fictie en poëzie, bij leve gepubliceerd
* 1936 *Songs for the Philologists*, mèt E.V. Gordon et al. 
* 1937 *[[The Hobbit]] or There and Back Again*
* 1945 *[[Leaf by Niggle]]* (kort verhaol)
* 1945 *The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun*
* 1949 *[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]* (fabel in Middelieuwse stiel)
* 1953 *The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son* 
* *[[The Lord of the Rings]]* (Nederlandse vertaoling: *In de Ban van de Ring*)
** 1954 *[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]*: 't ierste deil vaan *The Lord of the Rings*
** 1954 *[[The Two Towers]]*: 't twiede deil vaan *The Lord of the Rings*
** 1955 *[[The Return of the King]]*: 't daarde deil vaan *The Lord of the Rings*
*  1962 *[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]] and Other Verses from the Red Book*
* 1967 *[[The Road Goes Ever On]]*, mèt Donald Swann
* 1964 *[[Tree and Leaf]]* (*[[On Fairy-Stories]]* en *[[Leaf by Niggle]]* in bookvörm)
* 1966 *The Tolkien Reader* (*The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorthelm's Son*, *On Fairy Stories*, *Leaf by Niggle*, *Farmer Giles of Ham' en *The Adventures of Tom Bombadil*)
* [[1966]] *Tolkien on Tolkien* (otobiografisch)
* [[1967]] *Smith of Wootton Major*

=== Academisch werk, bij leve gepubliceerd ===
* [[1922]] *A Middle English Vocabulary*
* [[1924]] *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight* (mèt [[E. V. Gordon]])
* [[1925]] *Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography*
* [[1925]] *The Devil's Coach Horses*
* [[1929]] *Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiohad*
* [[1932]] *The Name 'Nodens' * (in: *Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire*.)
* [[1932]]/[[1935]] *Sigelwara Land* deil I en II 
* [[1934]] *The Reeve's Tale* (de heroontdèkking vaan de dialek-humor, 't [[Hengwrt-manuscript]] in 't leech vaan [[Geoffry Chaucer]]s *The Canterbury Tales*)
* [[1936]] *The Monsters and the Critics* (lezing euver tekskritiek vaan [[Beowulf]])
* [[1939]] *On Fairy-Stories* (lezing euver Tolkien zien gedachte euver fantasy)
* [[1944]] *Sir Orfeo* ('n modern oetgaaf vaan 't Middelieuws gediech)
* [[1953]] *Ofermod*, oetgebrach mèt 't gediech *The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son*
* [[1953]] *Middle English "Losenger"*
* [[1962]] *Ancrene Wisse:  The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle*
* [[1963]] *English and Welsh*
* [[1966]] *Jerusalem Bible* (bijdrage es lexicograaf en vertaoler)

=== Postuum oetgebrach ===
* [[1975]] Vertaoling vaan *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight*, *Pearl (gediech)* en *Sir Orfeo* 
* [[1976]] *The Father Christmas Letters*
* [[1977]] *The Silmarillion* 
* [[1979]] *Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien*
* [[1980]] *Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth*
* [[1980]] *Poems and Stories* ('n compilatie vaan *The Adventures of Tom Bombadil*, *The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son*, *On Fairy-Stories*, *Leaf by Niggle*, *Farmer Giles of Ham* en *Smith of Wootton Major*)
* [[1981]] *The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien* (edd. [[Christopher Tolkien]] en [[Humphrey Carpenter]])
* [[1981]] *The Old English Exodus Text*
* [[1982]] *Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode*
* [[1982]] *Mr. Bliss*
* [[1983]] *The Monsters and the Critics* ('n essaybundel)
* [[1983]]–[[1996]] *The History of Middle-Earth*:
** I. *The Book of Lost Tales 1* ([[1983]])
** II. *The Book of Lost Tales 2* ([[1984]])
** III. *The Lays of Beleriand* ([[1985]])
** IV. *The Shaping of Middle-earth* ([[1986]])
** V. *The Lost Road and Other Writings* ([[1987]])
** VI. *The Return of the Shadow* (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 1) ([[1988]])
** VII. *The Treason of Isengard* (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 2) ([[1989]])
** VIII. *The War of the Ring* (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 3) ([[1990]]) 
** IX. *Sauron Defeated* (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 4, mèt 'n editie vaan [[The Notion Club Papers]]) ([[1992]])
** X.  *Morgoth's Ring* (De later Silmarillion vol. 1) ([[1993]])
** XI. *The War of the Jewels* (De later Silmarillion vol. 2) ([[1994]])
** XII. *The Peoples of Middle-earth* ([[1996]])
** *Index* ([[2002]])
* [[1995]] *J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator* ('n käös oet Tolkiens beeldende kuns)
* [[1998]] *Roverandom'