Obwongo (the Brain)

IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post this article from his Luganda scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for free public consumption.

Obwongo(the brain). 

Kino kye kitundu mu mutwe omuli sayansi w’ebirowoozo n’okukwanaganya buli kigenda mu maaso mu mubiri. Embeera y’obwongo ey’obwakalimagezi y’eyitibwa mulengera(mind). Obwongo kye kitundu ky’omubiri ekisinga okubeera mu nduka eyekibalo(complex). Kye kitundu ky’omubiri(organ) ekitusobozesa okulowooza, ekuba n’embeera ez’omubiri, okutambula(okuva mu kifo) n’okuloota.
Obwongo kye kitundu ky’omubiri gwaffe ekitusozesa okutegeera ensi mwe tuli. Obwongo bwo kyekifundikwa ky’okutegeera n’okwetegeera kwo. Obwongo buyingiza obubaka (messages) okuva mu bitundu by’omubiri byonna ne bukola okutaputa obubaka obwo,  olwo mulengera atalabika (mind) n’ekumanyisa obubaka  buno. 

Obwongo bw’omuntu bulina ensengekera(complexity) ya waggulu etusobozesa okulowooza, okutambula, okusenserwa(to feer), okulaba, okuwulira, okuwunyiriza n’okulega. Obwongo bwe bufuga  omubiri  gwonna, gufuna obubaka(information), ne bwekenneenya obubaka obwo , bwe butaputa okutegeeza mulengera wo(your mind) akukumanyisa kye butapuse, ate era ne butereka obubaka obwo bwennyini okukusobozesa okujjukira(memery) nga wayiseewo ekiseera.

Obwongo bufulumya sigino z’amasannyalaze(erectrical signals),ezikolera wamu n’okutomeggana kwa kemiko(chemical reactions),okusobozesa ebitundu by’omubiri okukolagana(okuwuliziganya) .Obusimu(nerves) bwe busindika sigino zino wonna mu mubiri.  Obwongo buzimbibwa obutaffaali obw’enjawulo obuyitibwa nyuloni(neurons) obukwatagana n’obusimu bw’emibiri gyaffe.

 Obwongo , ekintu ekwegendereza  ennyo bukuumibwa amagumba g’akawanga amagumu ennyo.  Okutwalira awamu , emigaso gy’obwongo

•	Okulowooza 

•	Okwefumiitiriza 

•	Okusengeka ebirowoozo

•	Okwekeneenya

•	Okwekebejja 

•	Okuyiga 

•	Okusegeera (sense perception) 

•	Okutegeera

•	Okwetegeera (consciousness) 

•	Okufuga ebikolebwa omubiri nga okussa, n’ebirala nkumu.

Buli ekikwata ku Ensi oba ekigenda mu maaso mu Ensi kikettebwa sensa zaffe ettaano ne kiweerezebwa obusimu eri obwongo, olwo obwongo ne bukola okutaputa obubaka obujjidde mu busimu buno ne tusobola okulaba, okuwulira, okuwunyiriza, okulega, n’okusenserwa (to feer) byonna wamu ekiyitibwa okusegeera(sense perception). 

Obwongo bwe bukola ku bubaka buno obujjira mu busimu, ne tusobola okutegeera obubaka buno nga ebifaananyi, amaloboozi, n’ebirala. Obwongo bukozesa busimu okutegeeza omubiri ki eky’okukola, eky’okulabirako, obwongo butegeeza emifumbi (muscles) okwenyeenya oba omutima gwo okukubira okumu. 

Ebitundu by’obwongo

Mu bantu obwongo bulimu ebitundu eby’enjawulo n’emigaso gya njawulo. Obwongo  kye kitundu ky’omubiri(organ) ekisinga okuba eky’amaanyi yadde nga kizitowa pawunda ssatu zokka . Bw’okikwatamu(texture) kiringa ebizigo(Jerly). 
Obwongo bulimu ebitundu ebikulu bisatu ;  Mulowooza(cerebrum) , Mwetengereza(cereberlum) n’Omutunsi gw’obwongo(brain stem)  ate era ne bugabanyizibwaamu ebiwayi(kemisifiiya) ebifuga ebikolwa ebigere mu mubiri .

1.	Mulowooza(cerebrum). Kino kye kitundu ekisinga obunene mu bwongo. Mu mulowooza mwe musibuka sayansi w’ebirowoozo omuli okwefumiitiriza. Okusengeka ebirowoozo, okujjukira ,okukola ku bukunizo, okulowooza n’okusegeera(sense perception). 

2.	Mukwanaganya(cerebellum) . Kino ekitundu kibeera mabega mu mutwe wansi wa mulowooza . Ekitundu ky’obwongo kino kye kifuga enkwanaganya( coordination) y’ebitundu by’omubiri byonna  ne nakyenkanyamubiri ( balance) awamu ne amayimirira(posture), entambula(movement) n’enkwanaganya y’emifumbi(coordination of muscles). 

3.	Omutunsi gw’Obwongo(brain stem ) . Omutunsi gw’obwongo gusangibwa wansi wa mulowooza gwe gufuga  ebijjirawo ( automatic functions) nga okussa, ekikamulammere(digestion), enkuba y’omutima ,  n’akanyigirizi k’omusaayi(blood pressure).

Bino wansi bye bitundu ebiru mu bitundu ebisatu ebyo bye ndaze waggulu :

(a) Ekisaaganda ky’akatindo (Corpus Callosum) – ekisaaganda ekinene eky’ebiwuzi  bw’obusimu(nerve fibres) ekigatta kemisifiiya eya kkono n’eya ddyo. 

(b) Ekiwayi ekyo mumaaso ekya Mulowooza(Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum) – kino kirimu ebitundu by’akawompo ne mu maaso ebya buli kemisifiiya ya mulowooza . Kye kifuga okukozesa obwongo(okugoba ensonga, okwefumiitiriza, okwekenneenya, okusengeka ebirowoozo), embeera z’obuntu(emotions) ,n’ okusalawo. 

(c )Medula wabulongota(Medulla Oblongata )- kye kitundu ekya wansi eky’omutunsi gw’obwongo waggulu w’enkoggo eya waggulu .

(d) Ekiwayi ekyo mu nkoona ekya Mulowooza (Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum )- Kino kye kitundu emabega wa buli kemisifiiya ya sekalowooleza omuli ekifundikwa ky’okulaba n’obusobozi bw’okusoma ebiwandiike. Kiri mu nkoona. 

(e) Ekiwayi eky’emabega ekyamulowooza(Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum )- Kino kye kitundu kya kemisifiiya za sekalowooleza ekiri wakati w’ekiwayi ekyo mu maaso n’ekyo mu makkati . Kirimu ebifundikwa bya sensa oba ebyokusegeera (sense perception) ebikulu. 

(f) Akavuluzi k’okubwongo(Pituitary Gland )- Kano kavuluzi akavulula ebikemuluzi(hormones)  akekutte ku ntobo y’obwongo wakati wa ponda n’ekisaaganda ky’akatindo .

(g) Ponda(Pons) – Kino kitundu kya mutunsi gwa bwongo(brain stem) ogukwataganya kemisifiiya za mukwanaganya era n’ekwataganya mukwanaganya ne mulowooza . Eri waggulu wa medula wobolongota.

(h) Ekiwayi ekyo mu makkati ekya sekalowooleza(Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum -) tKino kye kitundu ekiri wansi wa kemisifiiya za sekalowooleza omuli ebifundikwa by’okuwulira n’okujjukira . Biri mu mabbali (enjuyi) ga mutwe. 

(i) Emiraatira gy’obusimu (Spinal Cord -) Kino kisaaganda ekikwafu eky’obuwuzi bw’obusimu(nerve fibres) ekiva ku ntobo y’obwongo okutuuka ku  bitundu by’amakudde  , ng’eyita mu nkizi oba ebikoggo((vertebrae) ebizimba enkizi.

Obutaffaali obuzimba obwongo

Obwongo bulimu ebikumito 40 , ntegeeza (40%) , bya sebusitansi eya kivu( gray matter) , n’ebikumiti 60  (60%) nga sebusitansi  njeru ,mu kawanga munda .Obutaffaali obuzimba obwongo  bulimu nyuloni (neurons) n’obutaffaali bwa galiyeero(  glial cerls). 
The brain has three main parts: the cerebrum, the cereberlum, and the brain stem (medulla). 

Ebiriisa obwongo 

Yadde obwongo bulina ebikumito bibiri  ( 2% ) byokka oby’obuzito bw’omubiri , bukozesa ebikumito abiri (20% ) obwa wokisijeni ayingizibwa mu mubiri n’ebikumito abiri (20% ) eby’omusaayi ogwetoloola mu mubiri. 
Emiyitiro gy’omusaayi era egiyitibwa  emisuwa (blood vessers) omuli alitaali (arteries), kapiraali(capirlaries), ne veyina( veins), bye biweereza wokisijeni n’ebiriisa mu bwongo  plow ne bifulumya kazambi . Singa obutaffaali bw’obwongo tebufuna wokisijeni okumala eddakiika 3-5 , butandika okufa. 

Waliwo nakazzi wa   serepina(Cerebrospinal fluid ) eyetoolodde obwongo . 

Ensengekera y’obusimu

Obwongo n’emiraatira gy’obusimu (spinal code) bye bikola ensengekera y’obusimu eyo mu makkati(the central nervous system ). Obwongo bukwataganye n’emiraatira gy’obusimu egiva ku nsingo okutuuka ku bikudde. Emiraatira gy’obusimu okufaanana n’obwongo gikolebwa obutaffaali obuyitibwa nyuloni(neurons) era gitambuza obubaka obuweerezebwa obusimu wakati w’obwongo n’omubiri gwonna. 

Obutaffaali obugatta ensengekera y’obusimu eyo mu makkati  n’ebitundu by’omubiri ebisigadde buyitibwa ensengekera y’obusimu eyo ku mabbali(the peripheral nervous system). 
Ensengekera y’obusimu ey’embagirawo(the autonomic nervous system) y’efuga ensengekera eziwanirira  obulamu bwaffe  ze tutayinza kufuga kyeyagalire nga okussa, kikamulammere(digestion) , enneetoloola y’omusaayi mu mubiri , okunokoolayo ebitono. 

Obukuumi 

Obutaffaali  bw’ensengekera y’obusimu(the cerls of the nervous system )  bwa kwegendereza era bwetaaga obukuumi obw’enjawulo obutatuusibwaako buvune(injury) , yadde okulumbibwa obuwuka obuleeta endwadde. Obwongo n’emiraatira gy’obusimu(spinal cord ) gibikkiddwako olububi olugumu oluyitibwa ddulamatale(dura mater). Okwo kw’ogatta nakazzi  owa serepina(Cerebrospinal fluid )  kakulukusi eyebulungudde  obwongo n’ebiraatira by’obusimu . 

Ekikulannima (the cranium) , ekyengulu w’akawanga (the top of the skull) kyebulungudde okukuuma(okukugira) obwongo . Emiraatira gy’obusimu (the spinal cord) yebulunguddwa enkizi (backbone) oba ebikoggo ( vertebrae), amagumba agalimu omutuli, omuwulenge oba omuyitiro (hollow spinal bones) kyokka era emifumbi egimu giyamba okuwanirira ebikoggo  ebikola enkizi omubeera emiraatira gy’obusimu gino . 

N’ekisembayo waliwo  akakung’unta(akasengejja) k’omusayi oguyingira mu bwongo ( the blood-brain barrier ) kakuuma obwongo obutayingiramu kemiko okuva mu bitundu by’omubiri ebirala. Omusaayi oguyingira mu bwongo gusengejjebwa okuziiyiza kemiko ez’obulabe eri obwongo obutayingira mu bwongo .