Namunigina z'entababutonde(Ecological units)

Gakuweebwa Muwanga ! Namunigina (Nigina) z’entababutonde(Ecological units) , z'ensengekera z'obutonde (natural systems) ezeyawudde ku muntu nga entababimera (vegetation),  obuwuka obusirikitu(microorganisms) , ettaka, enjazi , nampewo(atmosphere), na buli kigenda mu maaso mu butonde ng’enkuba okutonnya oba embuyaga.

Entababimera (Biomes)

(i)	Ettale(Grasslands)

Ebisonjozo by’ettale

(a)Ettale libaamu emiti gya lumaggamagga naye nga lubunye omuddo nga ebiteete n’ebika ebirala

(b)Olusaalu luba lukalukalu , ekintu ekiziiyiza emiti emingi okukuliramu

(c) Buli semazinga alina ettale okujjako antakitiika

(d) Ettale libaamu obulamu  bw’ensolo obw’enjawulo omuli ebinyonyi,luyonsa(mammals)  ezirya omuddo, lugirigimba(reptiles),ebiwuka , ne lulyansolo(predetors) ez’enjawulo.

(ii)	Eddungu(Deserts)

Ebisonjozo

•	Eddungu liba kkalu ekiyitiridde

•	Eddungu lyennyini lLifuna enkuba ntono ddala , eri wansi wa yinsi 6 buli mwaka

•	Waliwo n’eddungu ery’ekibogwe, nga lino lifunayo ku nkuba nnyingiko ekunuukiriza yinsi 16 buli mwaka

•	Eddungu lyennyini  liba n’ebimera bitono ddala kyokka  ekiwangaaliro ky’eddungu ery’ekibogwe(semidesert habitat)  lifuna enkuba emala okukuu,a obulamu bw’ensolo n’ebimera obunjiko.
•	Eddungu lyennyini lizibu okuwangaaliramu ensolo era ezo ezisobola okulibeeramu liba n’obutonde obuziyamba okubeera mu mbeera ey’eddungu.

(iii)	Ebibira by’Obusekkati(Tropical forests)

Ebiwangaaliro bino bisangibwa kumpi ne yikweta.Waliwo ebibira by’Obusekkati bwa mirundi ebiri : 

Ebibira eby’enkuba etonnya okumalako omwaka(rainforests) ; n’ebyo eby’enkuba etonnya ebiseera ebimu(Seasonal forests).Byombi bifuna enkuba eri waggulu wa fuuti 8.5 buli mwaka.
Ebibira eby’obusekkati birimu ebiramu bingi ddala okusinga n’ebisangibwa mu biwangaaliro ebisigaddewo byonna nga obigasse wamu.

(iv)	Ebibira ebyolubogwe(temperate forest)

Ebibira ebyolubogwe biba bya “kiragala atasalako”  (evergreen) oba  lusuulabikoola(deciduous) .Ebibira ebya lusuulabikoola bisuula ebikoola byonna mu biseera ebya winta. 
Ebibira ebyolubogwe  biwangaalioramu ebiramu bingi naye tebituka ku bungi bwa bibira bya busekkati.

(v)	Ebibira eby’omusoggo(Coniferous Forest)

Ebibira eby’omusoggo bibaamu emiti egisingayo obugumu ebya “kiragala atasalako” (evergreen) , ebigumira embeera y’obudde enkaalaamufu.Bisinmga kusangibwa mu kikulungo kya bukiikakkono(northern hemisphere).

Musangibwamu ebikula bingi omuli luyonsa(mammals),  ensolo ezitalina nkizi  n’ebinyonyi. 

(vi)	Ebiwangaaliro ebyo mu Nsozi(Mountain habitats)

Ebiwangaaliro ebyo mu nsozi byawukana okuva wansi ku nsozi okutuuka waggulu ku ntikko y’ensozi tempulikya gye ziri wansi ddala era nga wannyogovu nnyo. Okisigyeni  wa kkekwa ate nga omusana guba mukalaaamufu. Ebiseera by’obudde bwe bikyuka  obulamu bw’ensolo nabwo buba bukyusa obusangiro . 

(vii)	Obufundikiro bw’ensi(Polar regions)

Obufundikiro bw’ensi bye bifo ebisingayo obunnyogovu ku nsi.Akitiiaka ey’obukiikakkono ekutte oluzira olw’ekibogwe kyokka yetooloddwa ettaka erikutte oluzira nga terisoboka kulimirwamu.Obufundikiro obwa bukiikaddyo, antakitiika, bujjudde oluzira ate nga bwebulunguddwa semayanja ezirimu amayengo amakyankalamu. Mu akaittika ensolo entonoezigumira embeera yayo zibeera ku lukalu kyokka ate mu antakitiika obulamu obuliyo butono ddala ate nga buno busangibwa ku nkomerero oluzira we lukwataganiora ne semayanja.

(viii)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu mazzi amanywefu(Freshwater habitats)

Amazzi amanywefu gasangibwa mu semazinga zonna kujjako ku antakitiika.Ebiwangaaliro by’Amazzi amanywefu birimu ennyanja, emigga, ensaalu (marshes), entobazi (wetlands) n’ebitoogo. Ennetolola y’okufumuuka kw’amazzi ga semayanja, enkuba, n’omuzira y’ewa ebiwangaaliro bino ensibuko y’amazzi amanywefu (freshwater). 

Amazzi amanywefu biwangaaliro bya nsolo ez’enjawulo nga ebyennyanja, luyonsa, lugirigimba (reptiles) , n’ebinyonyi .

Luno wansi lusaalu olukuuma obutonde bw’ennyanja . emigga oba emyala olutasaana kusaanyizibwawo. 

(ix)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu Semayanja ne Waluyanja (Ocean and Sea habitats)
Semayanja by’ebiwangaaliro by’ebiramu ebisinga okubaamu ensolo ku Nsi. Obulamu bw’ensolo mu semayanja busangibwa mu buwanvu opbw’enjawuo. Ku safeesi y’amazzi, wansiko ne wansi ddala eyo nga mayiro musanvu wansi wa safeesi. (x)	Ebimeruko byo mu semayanja(Coral Reefs)
Ebimerukro byo mu semayanja (Coral reefs) biwangaaliro bya byennyanja n’ensolo endala ezo mu mazzi.  Ebimeruko bisinga kusangibwa mu busekkati (tropics).         Ebimeruko byetaaga ebbugumu n’ekitangaala okukula , ensonga lwaki bisangibwa mu mazzi agatali wansi nnyo kyokka nga bibaamu ebiramu ntoko.

(x)	Ebimeruko byo mu semayanja(Coral Reefs)
Ebimerukro byo mu semayanja (Coral reefs) biwangaaliro bya byennyanja n’ensolo endala ezo mu mazzi.  Ebimeruko bisinga kusangibwa mu busekkati (tropics).         Ebimeruko byetaaga ebbugumu n’ekitangaala okukula , ensonga lwaki bisangibwa mu mazzi agatali wansi nnyo kyokka nga bibaamu ebiramu ntoko.

(xi)	Embalama za semayanja(Coasts)

Embalama za semayanja(Coasts) biwangaaliro bya bikula bingi eby’ensolo.Embalama za semayanja , ka zibe za lwazi oba lusenyu biwangaaaliro bya nsolo za ku lukalu n’ezo mu mazzi  .
Ensolo ezimu ezibeera mu nnyanja zikyalira olukalu okubiika amagi .Ensolo ezimu ezo ku mbalama ziyinza okubeerawo wansi w’amazzi oba wabweru w’amazzi . Ebyannyanja nkuyanja, lugirigimba, lubbira , ebinyonyi , n’ensolo ezitalina nkizi  ziwangaalira ku mbalama za semayanja gye bisanga emmere yabyo. 

(xii)	Ebiwangaaliro byo mu Bibuga n’Amalimiro(Urban Areas and Farms)

Ebibuga n’obubuga awanu n’amalimiro (farms) biwangaaliro bya nsolo za waka n’endala ng’emmese, enkwa, envunza, ebiku, eminya, nabbubi, ensiringanyi, enwera, ensiri, n’endala eziyinza ebyagala ebifo awasangibwa abantu.

Obuwangaaliro n’Obudde (Environment and Weather)

Obudde y’embeera ya nampewo eya buli lunaku (Weather is the daily conditions of the atmosphere) Embeera ey’ekigeranyo (Climate) ky’ekigero ky’embeera z’obudde (average weather conditions) ku kifo kyonna okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu. Omwaka guba n’ebiseera by’obudde bibiri, ekiseera eky’enkuba n’ekiseera eky’omusana.

Omugaso gw’okusoma enkyukakyuka y’obudde (Weather changes).

•	Kiyamba abalimi okumanya ebiseera eby’okuteekateka enimiro, okusiga n’okukungula.

•	Kiyamba abalaguzi b’obudde okulangirira enkyukakyuka z’obudde eza buli lunaku. 
Obuzibu obureetebwawo enkyukakyuka z’obudde (weather changes)

-	Obudde obukalaamufu bwonoona ebirime. 

-	Okwonoona ebizimbe. 

-	Okutambuza obuwuka obuleeta endwadde. 

-	Amataba gatta abantu n’okwonoona ebintu. 

Empewo nga ekitundu ky’obudde (weather)

Ebinnyonnyozo by’empewo. Empewo ennyonnyolwa nga

-	Empeo erina obuzito (weight).

-	Empewo eba mpalirizo (force).

-	Empewo esensera omubiri.

-	Empewo yetaagisa ebiramu. 

Omugaso gw’empewo 

-	Okwaka (burning).

-	Okussa (breathing).

-	Okukola amasoboza ag’empewo (wind energy).

Obuvune bw’embuyaga (strong wind)

-	Okutaataaganya entanbula ey’ennyonyi.

-	Okwonoona ebizimbe n’ebimera.

-	Okusasaanya ennimi z’omuliro.

Enjuba 

	Enjuba y’ensibuko y’ekitangaala n’ebbugumu. 

	Ekaza engoye n’emmere enkalu.

	Ebimera bigyeyambisa okukola emmere yabyo.

	Amasannyalaze ag’enjuba. 

Obuvune bw’enjuba

	Okowokya okuyitiridee kukaza amazzi.

	Okwojkya okuyitiridde kukazaabirime.

	Ekitangaalaky’enjua kkiyinza okwonoona amaaso. 

Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala

	Olw’ekitangattisa (photosynthesis). 

	Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala okukula ngabyesimbye bulungi. 

Enkuba etondekawo etya? 

Ku lunaku olwokya, enjuba eyokya semazzi(water bodies) , okwokya ne kuviirako enfuumo y’amazzi(watervapour) okufumuuka ng’edda waggulu eri nampewo(atmosphere). Bw’etuuka eyo waggulu n’ekwata okufuuka ebire by’enkuba ebitondowala okufuuka enkuba etonnya ku Nsi.

Ki ekikola ebire (clouds)?

Ebire bikolebwa ensengekera (system) y’okufumuuka kw’amazzi (evaporation) n’ekitondowalo (condensation). Mu mpewo mubaamu omuwendo gw’enfuumo y’amazzi (water vapour), gw’otasobola kulaba na maaso go agali obukunya. Amazzi mu ssefuliya bwe geesera gatandika okufumuuka (evaporate), ekitegeeza nti gafuuka omukka gw’amazzi ogwokya (steam) era ne guyingira mu nampewo.

Singa oddira olusaniya n’oluteka waggulu ku ssefuliya efumbirwamu amazzi agaeesera, omukka gw’amazzi (steam) oba enfuumo (vapour), enfuumo y’amazi eno etondowala (condenses) ne gufuuka amazzi nate. Engeri okufumuuka kw’amazzi (evaporation) n’ekitondowalo (condensation) gye bigenda mu maaso kye wetaaga okumanya engeri ebire gye bikolebwamu.

Nampewo (atmosphere) ye bbulangiti eyebulunghudde ensierimu ebirungo ebikola empewo gye tussah. Nampewo ono asinga okubuguma ku safeesi y’ensi. Gy’okoma okudda waggulu okuva ku safeesi y’ensi obunnyogovu gye bukoma okweyongera. Kino kireetera enfuumo (vapour) okutondowala (okuvaamu amatondo) okufuuka obutondo bw’amazzi oba omuzira obutono,

Engeri ebire gye bikwatibwako ku buwangaaliro (our environment) bwaffe

•	Bikkankkanya ebbugumu. 

•	Bireeta enkuba. 

•	Bivaamu laddu n’ebimyansuko. 

  Kino kipimankuba (Rain gauge)

Ekipimankuba (rain gauge) ky’ekikozesebwa okupima enkuba nga epimibwa mu miriliita. Oluusi enkuba eyinza okupimibwa mu sentimiita oba yinsi.  

Omugaso gw’enkuba eri ettaka, ensolo n’ebimera.

	Esobozesa ebimera okukula obulungi 

	Gakozesebwa awaka abantu n’ensolo naddala okufumba, okwoza. Okunaaba n’okuywebwa olw’obwetaavu bw’omubiri.

Kyokka enkuba eyitiridde eyonoona ebirime n’okutuusa obuvune ku nsolo.

Ebiramu ebisangibwa mu buwangaaliro (living things found in our environment)  
Buli kiramu kya mugaso nnyo mu buwangaaliro bw’obutonde kubanga emmere y’ebiramu biba biramu nga ensolo oba ebimera.

Ensolo (animals) 

Ebiramu bye bintu ebirina obulamu (life) . Ebiramu birimu;
Ebiwuka (Insects), Ensolo (animals), Ebinyonyi (birds), Ebyenyanja (fish), ebyewalula, n’ebirala.

Embu z’Ensolo (Classes of Animals)

Ebibuuka – ebinyonyi (birds), Obuwundo (bats) ebiwuika (insects)
Ebyo mu mazzi – Goonya (crocodiles), enfudu (tortoise), ebyenyanja (fish)
Ku lukalu – embuzi (goats), ente (Cows), Enkoko (chicken), Endiga (sheep), emplogoma (lions).

Ensolo ez’awaka n’ezo mu nsiko

Ensolo z’awaka (Domestic animals) – nsolo ezirundibwa awaka

Obumyu (rabbits), Ente (Cows), Embuzi (goats), Embizzi (pigs), enkoko (chickens), Sekkokko (turkeys), and embaata (ducks).

Ente (Cows)

Embuzi (Goats)

Enkoko (hens)

Obumyu (rabbits)

Endiga (Sheep)

Embizzi (Pigs)

	Embwa (Dog)
Kapa (Cat)

Ensolo ezo mu nsiko (Wild animals) – nsolo ezisangibwa mu nsiko 

Ensolo ezo mu nsiko (wild animals) zirimu;

Engo (leopard), emmondo (cheetah), emplogoma (Lions), Enkula (rhinos), n’endala

Monkey (Enkima) 

	Mpologoma (Lion)

	Engo (Tiger)
Enjovu (elephant)

Ebisonjozo by’ebiramu 
Ebisonjozo by’ebiramu kitegeeza ebintu bye tusinziirako okusonjola ebiramu okubwawula ku bitali biramu. Ebisonjola ebiramu birimu okuba nti :

•	Ebiramu bissa (breathe). 

•	Ebiramu bitambula (move). 	

•	Ebiramu bizaala (reproduce).

•	Ebiramu birya (feed). 

•	Ebiramu bifa (die).
 
Ebisonjozo by’ensolo (Characteristics of animals)

Ensolo zisonjolwa okusinziira ku:

•	Omuwendo gw’amagulu

•	Ekika ky’obugere 

•	Ekika ky’olususu.