open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Endagabwolekero

**Endagabwolekero** eba nnyanguyirizi eraga obwolekero okusobola okulaga ebiseyeeya mu bwengula nga ennyonyi, ku mazzi nga emmeeri n'amaato, ne kuttaka nga emmotoka n'abantu abatambuza ebigere obwolekero obutuufu bwe baba betaaga okukwata okutuuka gye balaga. Endagabwolekero ebaako nigina eziraga:

* Obukiikakkono oba mambuka
* Bukiikakkono owa buvanjuba
* Obuvanjuba
* Bukiikaddyo owa buvanjuba
* Obukiikaddyo oba maserengeta
* Bukiikaddyo owa bugwanjuba
* Obugwanjuba
* Bukiikakkono owa bugwanjuba

Manya: Okusobola okumanya awali bukiikakkono n'awali bukiikaddyo, obwenyi bwo butunuze buvanjuba (enjuba gy'eva), omukono gwo ogwa kkono gye gutunudde we waba obukiikakkono ate omukono gwo ogwa ddyo gye gutunudee we wali obukiikaddyo. Enkoona yo gy'etunudde we waba obugwanjuba.

## Etelekero Lye Bifanannyi

File:Compass Rose English North.svg|Obukiikakkono/ mambuka
File:Compass Rose English Northeast.svg|Bukiikakkono owa buvanjuba
File:Compass Rose English East.svg|Obuvanjuba
File:Compass Rose English Southeast.svg|Bukiikaddyo owa buvanjuba
File:Compass Rose English South.svg|Obukiikaddyo/ maserengeta
File:Compass Rose English Southwest.svg|Bukiikaddyo owa bugwanjuba
File:Compass Rose English West.svg|Obugwanjuba
File:Compass Rose English Northwest.svg|Bukiikakkono owa bugwanjuba


## Ebyokurabirako
Bukiikakkono

**Obukiikakkono**: Okusobola okumanya awali bukiikakkono n'awali bukiikaddyo, obwenyi bwo butunuze buvanjuba (enjuba gy'eva), omukono gwop ogwa kkono gye gutunudde we waba obukiikakkono ate omukono gwo ogwa ddyo gye gutunudee we wali obukiikaddyo. Enkoona yo gy'etunudde we waba obugwanjuba. Waliwo ne :

* Bukiikakkono owa buvanjuba
* Bukiikakkono owa bugwanjuba

## Etelekero Lye Bifanannyi

File:Compass Rose English North.svg|Obukiikakkono
File:Compass Rose English Northeast.svg|Bukiikakkono owa buvanjuba
File:Compass Rose English Northwest.svg|Bukiikakkono owa bugwanjuba


## Laba Nawano
* Endagabwolekero

## Ebyokurabirako
Okulembewaza(to Police, Policing)

Muwanga aganba nti kyetaagisa okugenda nga tufeebeza ddala emiramwa gyonna egy'ennimi engwiira kubanga akizudde nti kisoboka nga tubadde tukitaddeko essira n'ebirowoozo.Ku luno akyuusizza omulamwa gwa "poliisi" bwaati:

(i)  Okulembewaza(to police, Policing)

(ii) Abalembewaza( Police officers)

(iii) Ekirembewazo (Police Station ). Kino kiba kitebe kya mirembewazo oba kitebe kya kulembewaza mu kitundu.

(iv) Ekirembewazi (Police Headquarters).Kino kiba kitebe kya kulembewaza eky'eggwanga lyokka.

(iv) Sseddembewazo (Police Headwaters).

Olw'okuba omulimu gw'omulembewaza omukulu kwe kukuuma emirembe mu ggwanga, ba ofiisa abatendeke mu kukuuma emiremeb Muiwanga abayise "abalembawaza(policemen oba police officers) , ekitegeeza nti be batendeke aabavunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma emirembe mu ggwanga mu buli kitundu we baba basindikiddwa.

Okulembewaza(policing) n'olwekyo ky'ekikolwa eky'okukuuma emirembe .Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku :

(a) Omulembewaza (Policeman/Policewoman). Kino kitegeeza "mukuumi wa mirembe". Omulembewaza Omukyala(Police woman)

(b) Ofiisa omulembewazi (Police officer)

(c) Ekitongole ekirembewazi (Police Department)

(d) Ekiwalirizo  ky'Emiremmbe   mu Uganda (Uganda Police Force). Kino kitegeeza kitongole ekiwaliriza emirembe mu ggwanga.

(e) Abalembewaza (Policemen) oba Ba ofiisa abalembewazi (Police officers).

(f) Okunoonyereza ku misango (to investigate)

(g) Omunoonyereza (investigator) .Naye Omunoonyerezi (scientific researcher)

(h) Omuduumizi w'abalembawaza (Police Commander)

(i) Omuduumizi w'abalembawaza mu Disitulikiti(District Police Commander)

(j) Omuduumizi w'abalembawaza  owo ku ntikko (Inspector General of Police)

(k) Omuziiyizi  w'obumenyi bw'amateeka(Crime Preventer)

(l)Okwekengera obumenyi obuzzi bw'emisango (Crime watch)

(m) Okulembewaza Embeera ey'Obumenyi bw'amateeka/Obuzzi bw'emisango(Crime Policing)
Omuduumizi w'Abalembawazi mu Disitulikiti (District Police Commander)

Omuduumizi w'abalembawazi mu Disitulikiti 
                    (District Police Commander)

Ono yaba omuduumizi w'abalembawaza bonna owo ku ntikko mu disitulikiti. Aba wansi wa Ssabalembawazi ow'ettundutundu (Regional Police Commander)
Namunigina za Kyebiriga (Square units)

Namunigina za kyebiriga
         (Square units)

Mu kibalangulo ky'essomampimo mulimu emiramwa gino:

(i) Namunigina(Unit of measurement)
(ii)Kyebiriga (Sqaure)
 
Namunigina za kyebiriga n'olwekyo , okusinziira ku Muwanga,  kivvuunulwa "square units". Singa oba obalangula bwagaagavu bwa nkula yonna ey'ekibalo, ansa orina kugiwa mu namunigina z'ekipimo(units of measurement) eziyitibwa namunigina za kyebiriga(Sqaure units). Namunigina za kyebiriga ziyinza okubaamu:

(a) miita eza kyebiriga (square meters)

(b) kiromiita eza kyebiriga (square kilometers)

(c) mayiro eza kyebiriga (square miles)

(d) sentimiita eza kyebiriga( square centimeters)

(e) Yaadi eza kyebiriga (square yards)

(f) Yinsi eza kyebiriga (square inches)
Namunigina za Kyesatuza (Cubic units)

Namunigina za kyesatuza
         (Cubic  units)

Mu kibalangulo ky'essomampimo(mathematics of geometry) mulimu emiramwa gino:

(i) Namunigina(Unit of measurement)

(ii)Kyesatuza (Cube)
 
Namunigina za kyesatuza n'olwekyo , okusinziira ku Muwanga,  kivvuunulwa "cubic units". Singa oba obalangula obubangirivu(volume) bwa nkula yonna ey'ekibalo, ansa orina kugiwa mu namunigina z'ekipimo(units of measurement) eziyitibwa namunigina za kyesatuza(cubic  units). Namunigina za kyesatuza ziyinza okubaamu:

(a) miita eza kyesatuza (cubic meters)

(b) kiromiita eza kyesatuza (cubic kilometers)

(c) mayiro eza kyesatuza (cubic miles)

(d) sentimiita eza kyesatuza( cubic centimeters)

(e) Yaadi eza kyesatuza (cubic yards)

(f) Yinsi eza kyesatuza (cubic  inches)
Ssabalembawaza ow'ettundutundu(Regional Police Commander)

Ssabalembawaza ow'ettundutundu
                    (Regional  Police Commander)

Ono yaba omuduumizi w'abalembawaza ow'ettundutundu eririmu ebitundu ne disitulikiti ez'enjawulo disitulikiti. Aba wansi wa Ssabaduumizi w'ekirembewazo(Inspector General of Police)
Ssaabaduumizi w'Ekirembawazo(Inspector General of Police)

Ssabaduumizi w'Ekirembewazo 
                    (Inspector General of Police)

Ono yaba omuduumizi w'abalembawaza n'abaduumizi baabwe bonna mu ggwanga  . Ateekebwako Mukulembeze wa Ggwanga. Ekirembewazo kitegeeza  "ekitongole ekikuuma emirembe mu ggwanga  (Police Department) kyokka "ekirembewazi" kitegeeza ekitebe ky'ekirembewazo mu kitundu kyonna eky'eggwanga  (Police Station).
Ekirembewazo n'ekirembewazi(Police Department and Police Station)

Weetegereze enjawulo wakati wa :

(i) Ekirembewazo (the Police Department in general).Kitegeeza ekitongole ekikuuma emirembe mu ggwanga lyonna okutwalira awamu

(ii) Ekirembewazi (Police Station). Kitegeeza ekitebe ekikuuma emirembe mu kitundu kinnakimu.
Eggwanga eryetongovu (Sovereign State)

Eggwanga eryetongovu
           (Sovereign state)

Eggwanga eryetongovu kye kivvuunula "sovereign state" . Weertegereze :

(i) Obwetongovu(Sovereignty)

(ii)Omwetongovu (Sovereign)
Omulembe Omutebi(the Mutebi era)

"Omulembe Omutebi"
      (the Mutebi Era)

Omulembe Omutebi bwe bwakabaka bwa Buganda obwatandika mu butongole mu 1993 oluvannyuma lw'amatikkira ga Kabaka wa Buganda Ronald Muwenda Mutebi. Omulembe Omutebi gwajjawo oluvannyuma lw'entalo ezaali zitaaguddetaagudde Buganda ne Uganda okutwalira awamu era eby'obuwangwa bya Buganda nga byali biddiridde nnyo olw'obukulembeze obwali buggyewo Obuganda obwalina obukyayi, effutwa, enge, n'empiiga awamu n'okulabira ddala nga Buganda esaanawo. Ebintu ebikulu ebituukiddwako ku Mulembe Omutebi birimu bino:

(i) Okukulaakulanya Oluganda okutuuka ku mutindo gwa Sayansi. Oluganda lufuuse olulimi olusoose mu Afirika eri wansi w'eddungu Sahara okufuuka olulimi olwa sayansi olusobodde okweyubula ne luwandiika emmanduso(primers) mu:

   (a) Ekibalangulo (mathematics). "Ekibalangulo" era kiyitibwa "essomakubala".Okubala kivvuunula  "counting"

   (b) Sayansi ez'ensibo(the natural sciences). Sayansi ez'ensibo zirimu "essomabuziizi"(Chemistry), "Essomabuzimbe" oba "essomabutonde"(Physics)

   (c) Sayansi ez'Obulamu(Health sciences). Sayansi ez'obulamu zirimu:
        
         -Essomabiramu(Biology),Essomabulamu lirimu:Essomabulamu bwa nsolo(animal biology), essomabulamu bwa bimera(planty biology), n'essomabulamu obusirikitu(microbiology)

         -Essomabulamu bwa nsolo mulimu amasomo mangi ddala nga essomansolo(Zoology) n'essomabimera(botany), okunokoolayo gano gokka.

(ii) Muzzang'anda(restoring unity through forgiveness ). Olw'entalo n'okutabulatabula awamu n'okusiga obukyayi ebyakolebwa abafuzi b'amatwale n'abo abaabaddira mu bigere, abantu mu Buganda ne Uganda baateekebwamu omutima ogw'obukyayi ogwesigamizibwa ku musingi gw'amawanga oba obuwangwa n'eddiini. Omulembe omutebi gusize ensigo ezitaba abantu ab'enjawulo abasangibwa mu Buganda ne Uganda okutwalira awamu.
Okugandawaza n'okuyugandawaza obuyivuwavu(gandanisation and ugandanisation of academics)

Okugandawaza obuyivuwavu 

## "gandananisation" of intellectualism/academics

Obuyivuwavu kiva mu bigambo "obuyivu ekiwanvu". Omuntu ayinza okuba nga asomeyoko oba nga muyivu naye nga si muyivu kiwanvu. Omuntu amanyi okusoma aba munyukufu(literate) kyokka omuntu omunyukufu yadde amanyi okusoma naye  nga atwala biseera kusoma bitabo oba ebiwandiiko eby'enjawulo asigala si muyivu . Mu butuufu n'omuyivu bw'alekera awo okunoonya okumanya ng'asoma ebiwandiike eby'enjawulo mu biseera bye eby'eggandaalo  atwalibwa okuba nga si muyivuwavu.

Okugandawaza buyivuwavu kikwata ku boogezi b'oluganda:

(i) Okuwagira mu ngeri yonna okulaba nga olulimi oluganda luzimba emiramwa gya sayansi egy'etaagisa okugifuula olulimi olwa sayansi. Waliwo aboogezi b'Oluganda abamu ate bbo abagezaako okulemesa olulimi lwaffe olw'obu jajja okukulaakulaa olw'okuba bbo si be bakitandise. Ekyo tekijja kuyamba lulimim lwaffe kkulaakulana .ffenna tukwatire wamu twegatte era tuwagire mu ngeri yonna buli omu alina ky'akozeewo okukulaakulanya Oluganda mu  kwogera okwa sayansi.

(ii) Okufaayo okuba abasomi b'ebitabo byonna ebiyigiriza ebya sayansi n'ebitali   bya sayansi kubanga obutayagala kusoma bitabo oba biwandiiko eby'enjawulo y'ensigo y'obutamanya mu ggwanga.  

## "Okuyugandawaza obuyivuwavu" (ugandanisation of academics)
Okuyugandawaza obuyivuwavu kikwata ku boogezi b'ennimi za Uganda zonna:

(i) Okuwagira mu ngeri yonna okulaba nga ennimi zaffe ez'ekinnansi  zizimba emiramwa gya sayansi egy'etaagisa okugifuula ennimi zaffe zonna nga n'oluswayiri mw'olutwalidde okuba eza  sayansi. Waliwo abaddugavu  abamu ate bbo abagezaako okulemesa ennimi zaffe ez'obuzaaliranwa  okukulaakulaa olw'okuba bbo balowooza nti ennimi ez'ebulaaya nga Olungerza ze nnimi eza sayansi zokka. Ekyo tekijja kuyamba nnimi lwaffe kkulaakulana .ffenna tukwatire wamu twegatte era tuwagire mu ngeri yonna buli omu alina ky'akozeewo okukulaakulanya ennimi zaffe eza Uganda mu  kwogera okwa sayansi.

(ii) Okufaayo okuba abasomi b'ebitabo byonna ebiyigiriza ebya sayansi n'ebitali bya sayansi mu nnimi zaffe ez'obuzaaliranwa ne mu Lungereza     kubanga obutayagala kusoma bitabo oba biwandiiko eby'enjawulo y'ensigo y'obutamanya mu ggwangga lya Uganda
Obuyivu n'obuyivuwavu(being learned and being educated/intellectual)

Muwanga agamba nti mu luganda temukyali bigambo bye tumala gakozesa awatali kuba na busobozi ku bisonjola nga tubyawula kw'ebyo bwe birabika nga bifanagana.Kkiriza oba gaana , waliwo ejawulo wakati w'emiramwa gino:

(a) obuyivu n'obuyivuwavu(being learned and being educated/intellectualized)

(b)Obukwafu n'obukwafuwavu(thickness and density)

(c) akatini n'akatono(tiny and very small)

(d) akatonniinya N'akatinniinya (atomic particle and sub-atomic particle)

(e) akatonniinya n'akatunniinya(atomic particle and particle).Akatunniinya kaba katoffaali(any particle)

(f) okufumuuka, n'okudduka (Evaporation and running)

(g) okutolontoka n'okutebentuka(decrease  in momentum and increase in acceleration)

(h) Okutebenta n'okutebentuka(acceleration and deceleration)

(i) Okutolonta n'okutolontoka(momrntum and decrease in momentum)
Ekibumbulukuko(radioactivity)

Wali olabye ettoffaali eribumbulukuka? Ettoffaali bw'olikuba nga tolyokyezza , singa enkuba erikuba okumala ekiseera,  libumbulukuka(decay). Okusinziira ku Muwanga , mu essomabuzimbe/essomabutonde(Physics) , okubumbulukuka(decay) kubaawo mu buziizi(nuclei)  bw'obuziba(atoms) z'endagabuzimbe(elements)  singa  obuziizi buno tebuba buggumivu mu butonde. 

Kino kye kiviirako ekifulumyalubugumu(radioactivity) era ekiyitibwa "ekibumbulukuko"(Radioactivity).Nga bbulooka enjokye bw'eba enzigumivu etasobola kubumbulukuka mu mbeera yonna yadde enkuba egikubye, era endagabuzimbe  ezimu teziyinza kubumbulukuka kubanga obuziizi bwazo buggumivu( their nuclei are stable).
Okufulumya olubugumu=Okufulumya Oluyengo (to emit radiation)

Weetegereze nti Muwanga akikkaatiriza nti:

(i) Okufulumya Olubugumu(to emit radiation)

(ii) Okufulumya Oluyengo ( to emit radiation)

(ii) Olubugumu =Oluyengo (Radiation).
Okubumbulukuka okw'ekifulumyalubugumu(radioactive decay)

Omugeye Muwanga era agamba nti:

(i) mu essomabuzimbe(Physics)  n'essomabuziba(Chemistry)  , "okubumbulukuka"(decay) kwe kuviirako ekifulumyalubugumu (radioactivity)  era ekiyitibwa "ekibumbulukuko:(radioactivity).

(ii) Okubumbulukua + ekifulumyalubugumu = Okubumbulukuka okw'ekifulumyalubugumu (radioactive decay)

"Ebbugumu" kitundubutundu ku  ku "lubugumu" oluva ku njuba.
Obuziizi obutali buggumivu(unstable nuclei)

Obuziizi obutali buggumivu(Unstable nuclei) buba bubumbulukufu era busobozesa 'ekifulumyalubugumu(radioactivity)
Endagabuzimbe enzigumivu(Stable elements)

Endagabuzimbe enzigumivu(Stable elements) ziba n'obuziba obulina obuziizi obuggumivu(atoms with stable nuclei), ekitegeeza nti zino tezifulumya lubugumu (they dont emit radiation)
Endagabuzimbe ezitali nzigumivu(unstable elements)

Endagabuzimbe ezitali nzigumivu (unstable elements) ziba mumbulukufu (are radio active) kuba zifulumya olubugumu (they emit radiation).Ekyokulabirakop ye yulaniyaamu.
Ekiyaayaano ky'Obusannyalazo

Okusinziira ku Muwanga ,mu essomabuziba (chemistry) omulamwa gw' ekiyayaano ky'obusannyalazo(the valency of electrons) gwe  gumu n'ogw' ekiyayaano(Valency).
Endagabuzimbe(Chemical element)

Endagabuzimbe mu essomabuziba n'essomabuzimbe kiraga ekibalo ky'obutonde eky'essomabuziba ekiraga obuzimbe bw'ekintu obw'ebuziba okukyawulaku bintu ebirala byonna.Mu mweso gw'endagabuzimbe , endagabuzimbe ziri 118 buli kintu ekiri mwe kigwa.
Enkulaakulana y'Entabaganya(the Development of Society)

Okusinziira ku Muwanga Charles , ebyafaayo by'entabaganyabantu (human society), byafaayo bya nkulaakulana mu sayansi ne tekinologiya(entondeka y'ebikole).Munnabyabufuna (Political economist) yenna ajja kukutegeeza nti "buli sayansi ne tekinologiya lwe bikulaakulana entabaganya nayo eba ekulaakulana. Entabaganya ezze ekulaakulana okuyita mu nsengekera  zino:

(i) Ensengekera y'ababisi

         (the Primitive system). 

Eno yali ntabagana ya babisi (primitive society).Wano omuntu teyalina tekinologiya yenna oba tekinologiya yali wa wansi ddla nga ebyokulywa akung'aanyiriza bikung'aanyirize ku miti era yasulanga ku miti oba mu mpuku kuba teyalina tekinologiya yenna asobola kulima oba okuzimba omw'okusiisira(shelter).

Oluvannyuma yatandika tekinologiya eyasooka n'akozesa ebiti n'amagumba nga ebyokulwanyisa.

(ii) Ensengekera y'Obuddu 

          (the slave system)

Eno yali ntabaganya ya buddu(Slave society).Olw'okuba tekinologiya yali agenda akulaakulana omuntu n'asobola okuyiiya tekinologiya ow'okulima n'okuzimba ,wajjawo ekyefaananyirizaako obukulembeze ,era ebibinja ne birwaanagana entalo , olwo abo be bawambye ne bafuuka baddu okubakolera mu malimiro awatali kusasulwa. 

(iii) Ensengekera y'abataka

         (the feudal society)

Abaddu beerwanako ne bafuna obuweerero okufuuka ab'ebibanja nga balimira ku ttaka ly'abo abaali babalinako obwa nnanyini kyokka nga balina okusula abaloodi b'ettaka(landlords) obusuulu n'envujjo.

Olw'okuba bano baalina ku buweerero, abaloodi n'abaserafu abamu baafuna ekyegaanya okuteeka obwongo bwabwe ku magezi ag'omutwe n'okunoonyereza ku butonde , ekintu ekyayongera okukulaakulanya sayansi ne tekinologiya era ne kivaamu bannamakolero n'omulembe gw'abo abakolera omusaalwa n'empeera.

(iv) Ensengekera ya Sitakange

        (the Capitalist system)

Ensengekera ya sitakange mu Bulaaya yalimu okukulaakulanya ennyoo sayansi ne tekinologiya n'okuvumbula ennyanguyirizi(machines) ez'amalimiro n'amakolero amanene. Omulembe guno gwali gukolera ku Bakapitoola , abo abalina obwa nnannyini ku bikola n'ebikozesebwa abaakozesanga abakozi olw'empeera n'emisaala.

Entabaganya ya sitakange(the capitalist system) erimu ebirungi bingi n'ebibi bingi ddala omuli n'obutali bwenkanya mu nsasula y'empeera n'emisaala awamu n'obwannamukwakkula (primitive accumulation) nga bwe tunaalaba oluvannyuma.

(v) ensengekera ya bannakalyakaani

           (the socialist system)

linda ebinaddako wano !!
Emiramwa gy'ebyobufuna(the concepts for analysing Poitical economy)

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , emiramwa egyeagisa okunnyonnyola "ebyobufuna"(Political economy) by'entabaganya mulimu:

(i) Ebyobufuna= Ensobozeso z'ebyobufuzi + ensobozeso z'ebyenfuna (Political economy)

(ii) Ebyobufuna by'entabaganya (the political economy of society)

(iii)Entabaganya (Society)

(iv) Entababuvo (Community)

(v) Okutondeka = okutondawo ebikoleka(Production)

(vi) Ekitondeko (man made product, product, produce,artificial)

(vii)Entondeka(production, technology, how a product is created by a producer)

(viii)Omusingi gw'ebyenfuna (economic base)

(ix) Emikwanaganyo egy'ebyenfuna (production relations)

(x) Emikwanaganyo egy'entabaganyi(Social relations)

(xi) Emikwanaganyo egy'ebyobufuzi (Political relations)

(xii) Sebuzimbe (the superstructure )

(xiii) Sebasitula (the superstructure)

(xiv)Sebuzimbe w'entabaganya (the superstructure of society)

(xv) Sebasitula w'entabaganya (the superstructure of society)
Ebipimiso (Measuring instruments)

Muwanga agamba nti ekipimiso kitegeeza "ekintu ekipima"(that which takes measures). Ebipimiso (measuring instruments) birimu:

(i) Ekipimampeto (Protractor). Kino kipima mpeto (angles)

(ii) Ekipimankuba (Rain gauge)

(iii)Ekipimakanyigirizi(manometer). Kino kipima kanyigirizi (pressure)

(iv) Ekipimabwoki(Thermometer)

(v) Obufumbekevu (Acidity).
"Ekipimiso ky'Obufumbekevu" (PH Scale)

"Ekipimiso ky'Obufumbekevu" oba "ekipimiso ky'ekifumbekero"(PH Scale) kiba kipimo kya ayidologyeni afumbekedde mu kikulukusi(hydrogen concentration in a liquid). 
Kino kipima bufumbekevu(acidity) oba ekijjulungo(base)  mu  kikulukusi(liquid).

Jjukira nti Omugeye Muwanga Charles akusosootoledde omulamwa gwa "ekifumbekero"(acid).Weetegereze:

(i) Ekifumbekerayidologyeni(hydrogen concentration)
(ii) Ekifumbekero (Acid).

Okiraba nti bwe tusalira omulamwa gwa "ekifumbekerayidologyeni"(hydrogen concentration) tufuna "ekifumbekero:(acid). Mu butuufu singa ekikulukusi(liquid) kiba kifumbekeddemu(having a concentration of)  obuzitoya bwa ayidologyeni(hydrogen molecules), kino kiba "kifumbekero"(acid).Kuno kugaziya makulu(semantic extension).

Ekitali kifumbekero kiba "kijjulungo"(base). Kino kiva mu kusalira kigambo "ekijjulungayidologyeni"(hydrogen dilution).

Weetegereze:

(a) Obwoki =Temperature

(b) Tempulikya (Temperature)
Obusirifaali(Microscopic particles)

Ku luno Muwanga azze n'omulamwa gwa "obusirifaali"(microscopic particles) okuva mu "Essomabuzimbe ery'Obusirifaali"(Microscopic Particle Physics).

Weetegereze:

(i) Obusirifaali = Obutoffaali obusirikitu (microscopic particles)

(ii) Obutunniinya=Obusirifaali (Microscopic particles)

(iii)Essomabuzimbe ery'Obusirifaali (Microscopic particle Physics or Particle Physics)

(iv)Essomabutonde ery'Obusirifaali= Essomabuzimbe ery'Obusirifaali=Essomabuzimbe ery'Obutunniinya=Essomabutonde ery'Obutunniinya

Mu busirifaali(obutoffaali obusirikitu) mulimu:

(a) Obutunniinya= Obutundutundu obutono ennyo (very small  particles)
(b) Obutonniinya =obutoffaali obutono ennyo obuzimba akaziba/atomu (Sub-atomic particles)
(c) Obutinniinya=Obutiffaali obusingayo obutini mu kaziba/mu atomu(Elementary particles)
(d)Obuzitoya =Obusirifaali obuzimba enzitoya(molecules). Enzitoya = mass ; Akazitoya (molecule).
(e)Obulamu obusirikitu (Micro organisms)
(f)Obusirigiinya=Obusirigini =Endagabuzaale (genes)
(g)Obusirifaali bwa alufa(Alpha particles). Obusirifaali bwa alufa bufulumya (emit) emigendo gya alufa(alpha rays)
(h) Obusirifaali bwa beta (beta particles) . Obusirifaali bwa beta bufulumya emigendo gya beta (beta rays)
(i)Obusirifaali bwa ggama(Gamma particles).Obusirifaali bwa ggama bufulumya emidendo gya ggama(gamma rays)
Obutunniinya (Particles)

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , 

Obutunniinya 
        (Particles)

Obutunniinya kiva mu kugattika bigambo "obutundutundu obutono ennyo.

"Obutunniinya"=Obusirifaali (Microscopic particles)

"Obusirifaali" = Obutoffaali obusirikitu (microscopic particles)

Weetegereze enjawul wakati w'emiramwa gno mu mpandiika ne mu makulu:

(a)Obutunniinya= "Obutundutundu" obutono ennyo(Particles)

(b) Obutonniinya =Obutoffaalo "obutono ennyo"(the Subatomic particles)

(c) Obutinniinya=Obutoffaali "obutini ennyo"(the elementary particles)
Obutonniinya(the Subatomic particles)

Muwanga agamba nti mu buzimbe  bwa "akaziba"(atomu) , nako kalina obusirifaali(particles) obukazimba .Obusirifaali oba obutoffaali obuzimba akaziba(atomu) bwe buyitibwa "obutonniinya"(subatomic particles) 

Weetegereze enjawul wakati w'emiramwa gino mu mpandiika ne mu makulu:

(a)Obutunniinya= "Obutundutundu" obutono ennyo(Particles)

(b) Obutonniinya =Obutoffaalo "obutono ennyo"(the Subatomic particles)

(c) Obutinniinya=Obutoffaali "obutini ennyo"(the elementary particles)
Obutinniinya (the elementary particles)

Mu buzimbe bw'akaziba(atomu) mulimu obusirifaali(obutunniinya) bwa mirundi ebiri, obutonniinya n'obutinniinya. Obutinniinya butini nnyo okusinga obutonniinya. Okusnziira ku Muwanga , ekyokulabirako ky'obutinniinya (elementary particles) bwe "busannyalazo"(electrons) n'obukwaki (quarks). Obukontanyo(protons) ne nampawengwa(neutrons) bbwo butonniinya(subatomic particles)

Weetegereze enjawul wakati w'emiramwa gno mu mpandiika ne mu makulu:

(a)Obutunniinya= "Obutundutundu" obutono ennyo(Particles)

(b) Obutonniinya =Obutoffaalo "obutono ennyo"(the Subatomic particles)

(c) Obutinniinya=Obutoffaali "obutini ennyo"(the elementary particles)
Atomu =akaziba (atom)

Weetegereze Muwanga ky'agamba nti "Akaziba" =atomu  ate era "atomu" = akaziba(atom)

Okutuuka ku mulamwa gwa sayansi guno mu Luganda, tweyambisa engeri bbiri:

(i) Okwewola: Twewola atomu eky'olungerza ne tukiyita n'okukiwandiika nga "atomu" mu Luganda.

(ii) Tugaziya amakulu g'ebuziba(far away or very minute). Bw'oba tokiyise "atomu" oyinza okukiyita "akaziba" oba "obuziba" mu bungi.

Okukiyita akaziba kitegeeza nti "kali wala nnyo n'obusobozi bw'eriiso eriri obukunya okukalaba". Eriiso liba lyetaagisa "enzimbulukusa".

"Enzimbulukusa"(Microscope)m eba "ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa" ekintu kisobole okulabikira eriiso.

Akaziba bwe kaba nga kategeeza atomu , tusobola okufuna emiramwa emirala egyetaagisa egya sayansi ez'ensibo nga:

(a) Essomabuziba (Chemistry)

(b)Ekikyusabuziba(chemical reaction). Kino kiva mu bigambo by'oluganda " ekikolwa ekikyusa obuziba" the act of changing an atom's electronic configuration).

(c) Enkyukakyuka ez'obuziba (Chemical change)

(d) Enkyusabuziba (Chemicals)

Atomu bw'eba nga etegeeza kaziba(atomu), tusobola okufuna emiramwa emirala egya sayansi nga :

(a) Vatomu (ion). Vatomu kiraga atomu ebaddemu ekikolwa eky'okuva kw'oobusannyalazo. Vatomu eba atomu oba akaziba akaviiriddwako oba akayingiza obusannyalazo, ekintu ekiviirako enkyukakyuka ez'obuziba.

(b)Vatone (Negative ion) .Weetegereze : Vatomu + negatiivu =Vatone

(c) Vatopo (Cat ion). Weetegereze : vatomu + pozitiivu = Vatopo

(d)Okuvaatisa (to ionize atoms ). Kino ky'ekikolwa ekiviirako okuva kw'obusannyalazo mu kaziba( mu atomu)

(e)Ekivaatiso(ionization).Eno y,embeera ennyonnyola ekikolwa eky'okuvaatiso.

Soma ku mulamwa : "ekiyayaano"(valency"
Pozitiivu (Positive)

Pozitiivu kitegeeza "kiddamaaso". namba za pozitiivu tuyinza okuziyita namba za kiddamaaso ate akaseregento aka pozitiivu tuyinza akaserengeto aka kiddamaaso.
Negatiivu (negative)

Negatiivu kitegeeza "kiddannyuma". Namba za negatiivu tuyinza okuziyita namba za kiddannyuma ate akaseregento aka negatiivu tuyinza okukayita akaserengeto aka kiddannyuma.
Ekifuulannenge(Inverse)

Ekifuulannenge Muwanga akiyita kukola kintu mu ngeri eya kikontana oba okusulika ekintu. Ekifuulannenge kiringa kasulike (reciprocal).Omulamwa gwa kifuulannenge gweyambisibwa mu sayansi n'ekibalangulo mu ngeri ez'enjawulo nga bwe tunaalaba mu maaso.
Ekikulungo(hemisphere)

“Ekikulungo (=Ekimu kya kubiri eky’Enkulungo=Hemisphere)

Weetegereze ebigambo!!

 Ekikulungo eba nkula nga kitundu kubiri eky'enkulungo. Ekikulungo kiva mu bigambo “ekimu kya kubiri  ky’enkulungo”.
Olukoloboze olw'Ekisittalo(transversal line)

Ebisittalo
   (transversals)

“Okusittaza” ekintu kuba ku kiwunzikamu  . Kino si kye kumu n’okwesittaza.Enkoloboze AB ezisalaganya mu nkoloboze ezigendagana (parallel lines) ziyitibwa bisittalo. Ekimu kiba kisittalo (Transversal).
Olusittalo(Diaganol Line)

Ensittalo
   (Diagonals)

Olusittalo luba lukoloboze olusalaganya mu mpuyinnya nga lukwata mu mpeto bbiri eza kikontana (ezitunuuliganye).
Weetegereze enjawulo wakati w'olusittalo(diagonal) ne "ekisittalo"(transversal)
Oluwunziko/Olwewunziko/Omusittalo(Hypotenuse)

Emisittalo/Ennewunziko (hypotenuses)

Muwanga agamba nti mu mpuyisatu ennesimbu(rightangled triangle) olukoloboze olwewunzise  luyitibwa omusittalo, olwewunziko, oba oluwunziko . Mu bungi giyitibwa “misittalo” oba “Empunziko” oba 'ennewunziko: (hypotenuses).Omulamwa guno gujja kwetaagisa nnyo mu kibalo ekya “Eggereeso lya Payisoggola”(the Pythagoras theorem).
Eripuso(ellipse)

“Eripuso” 
    (Ellipse)
Eripuso eba nkula ey’empima essatu ey’ekiwoovu(oval). “Ekiripuso”(Semi-ellipse) ate kyo kiba “ekimu kya kubiri ekya eripuso”. Era eripuso kiyitibwa kiwoova ekitegeeza nti kitundu kya nkula ey’ekiwoovu (Oval shape).Eripuso teba nkulungo ntuukirivu.
Empeto n'Empetero(Angles and Bearings)

Empeto n’Empetero 
           (Angles and Bearings)

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , essomo ku mpeto (angles) litandika na kuyiga ki ekikola empeto, amannya g’empeto ag’enjawulo, n’engeri gye gaweebwamu amannya gano.Kalonda akwata ku maweto annyonnyolwa wansi: 

(i) Eppeto(Angle)

Eppeto likolebwa  migendo ebiri (two rays) egisisinkanye ku  katonnyeze k’enkomerero ak’awamu akayitibwa akafumito(vertex) . 
		 
Empuyi ebbiri ez’eppeto giba migendo(rays) ate akatonnyeze(point) we gyegattira ke kayitibwa akafumito (vertex). 

(ii)	Empetero (Bearings)

Eppetero kye ki mu kibalangulo? 

Mu kibalo tuyinza okupima empeto nga tukozesa ekiyitibwa empetero  (bearings) era ekiyitibwa ""endagabuvo. Eppeto liba lipimibwa okuva mu bukiikakkono obulambikibwa ne layini eyesimbye. Kino kitegeeza olina okusooka kukuba layini mu bwesimbu okuva ku katonnyeze (ekifo) ky’ogenda okukolako okubalanguza olwo opime eppeto okuva ku layini eno eya obukiikakkono era ansa yo olina okugiwa nga ya namunigina ssatu, n’osembyayo akabonero ka nampeto.Eky’okulabirako eppetero bwe libeera nampeto 45, kino tukiraga nga nampeto 045.

Empetero )bearings) ziba mpeto  eziragokusinziira ku ndagabwolekero (compass directions).

Okulaga obwolekero(direction) kyetaagisa mu mbeera nnyingi naddala mu Nsi ey’okusaabala mu bwengula oba ku mazzi(nautical world). Emu ku ngeri ez’okulaga endagaludda kwe kunokoolayo eppetero (bearing), ekitegeeza ekifo ekimu we kiri okuva ku kirala.Eppetero ngeri ya kulaga maweto (angles). Essomampuyissatu (Trigonometry) ly’ettabi ly’ekibalangulo erikwata ku kalonda w’empeto. Mu essomampuyissatu, waliwo engeri bbiri ez'okulaga endagabuvo(eppetero):
Ensengekera y'Endagabusangiro(GPS Syetm)

Muwanga agamba nti "endagabusangiro" eba nsengekera ya ndagakifo oba Ensengekera y'Endagabusangiro (GPS System).Weetegereze:

(i) Ensengekera y'Endagakifo (Geographic Positioning System)

(ii) Ensengekera y'Endagabusangiro(Geographical Positioning System).

(iii) Obusangiro (Position)

(iv) Ekifo (Place)
Enkinu (Cylinder)

Enkinu” oba enkunu (=enkula ey’ekinu).	

Bw’ogattika ebigambo “enkula ey’enkinu” ofuna omulamwa “enkinu”(Cylinder) oba “enkunu(Cylinder)..
Essomakubala =Ekibalangulo (Mathematics)

Olulimi lugaggawala bigambo ebifaanagavu !! 

Charles Muwanga agamba nti "essomankubala" era kitegeeza kye kimu n'ekibalangulo mu Luganda olubalanguzi.

Weetegereze :

(i) Ekibalangulo (mathematics)

(ii) Essomakubala(mathematics)

(iii)Okubala (counting)

(iv) Okubalirira = Ekibalirizo (Arithmetic)

(v) Ekibalo (Math or Maths)

(vi) Oluganda olubalanguzi (mathematical Luganda)

(vii)Essomabigoberero (Algebra)
Enfissi =enfikkizo=enfikkizi=Enfikko(Remainder)

Muwanga agamba nti  ebigambo bye bimu ku bigaggawaza olulimi. Bino bifaanagavu (Synonyms):

(a) Enfissi(remainder or money balance)

(b)Enfikkizi(remainder or money balance)

(c) Enfikkizo(remainder or money balance)

(d) Enfikko(remainder or money balance)
Essomakubalirira=Okubalirira=Ekibalirizo(Arithmetic)

Omugeye Muwanga agamba nti omulamwa gwa "arithmetic" osobola okugugandawaza mu ngeri ssatu bwoti:

(i) Okubalirira(Arithmetic)

(ii)Essomakubalirira(Arithmetic)

(iii) Ekibalirizo(Arithmetic)

Ekibalirizo oba okubalirira oba essomakubaliriro kye kintu kyokola oba ky'oyigiriza omuyizi okuyiga awatali kukozesa mpandiiso na lupapula , wabula kuva butereevu mu bumanyirivu bw'omulengera gwe(by the experience of one's mind).

Ekikolwa kino kirimu okugatta ,okwawuza, okukubisa, n'okugabiza mu miwendo mangu mu mulengera gwo .
Obutaffaali obw'eggabo=Obutaffaali obulemawavu(Sickle cells)

Obutaffaali obw'eggabo
        (Sickle cells)

Ffe tetujja kubuyita butaffaali bwa najjolo .Mu Luganda,  "Obutaffaali obw'eggabo" kakensa Charles Muwanga era bw'ayise "obutaffaali obulemuwavu"(obulemu ekiwanvu) oba "obutaffaali obulemawavu"(obulema ekiwanvu), olwokuba nga buba bwalemala mu nkula yaabwo ne bwewetamu ate nga bubugaanye mu musaayi mu mubiri gwonna, era mu Luganda bwe tuyinza okuyita "obutaffaali obw'eggabo"(sickle cells) kuba bwalemala ne buba mu nkula ey'eggabo nga ery'eggaali.
Ekisensero(Diffusion)

Muwanga agamba nti ekisensero(diffusion) ky'ekibaawo mga obuzitoya(molecule) obw'ekika ekimu busensera ne bwetabulinana n'obuzitoyo obw'ekika ekirala mu bitengejjeso(fluids) .Ebitengejjeso bibaamu ebikulukusi(liquids)  ne ggaasi.

Singa ogattika ggaasi bbiri , ayidolohgyeni(kitondekamazzi0 ne nayitologyeni nga obikkudde akafuluza(valve) okugattaganya ebiterekero(containers) bya ggaasi zino ebbiri, zesensera ne zetabula mu bipimo bye bimu eby'obuzitoya bw'obuziba bwa ayidologyeni bubiri n'obuziba bwa nayitologyeni bubiri mu mugattiko gwa ggaasi.

Okufaanana nga mu ggaasi ,ekitabuligano oba ekisensero kye kimu ekibaawo mu bikulukusi. Mu bikulukusi , obuzitoya(molecule) era bwetabula mu bipimo bye bimu omulundi gumu (randamly) ne bibugaana obubangirivu bwonna (the whole volume) obubganyeemu ekikulukusi , yadde nga kino tekiba ku bwanguyirivu (rapidly) bwe bumu nga mu buzitoya bwa ggaasi.

Ekisensero oba ekitabuligano oba ekibugaano (diffusion) kya mugaso nnyo mu bigenda mu maaso mu mibiri gy'ebiramu. Ebiwuzi by'emifumbi(muscle fibers)  byetaaga okisigyeni abituusibwako okuyita mu kisensero/ekibugaano/ekitabuligano(diffusion) ekiva mu bitundu by'omubiri ebyetoolodde emifumbi.

Singa okisigyeni ayingira mu mifumbi aba atamala bulungi, emifumbi tegijja kufuna bulungi sigino eziva ku bwongo,
Ekikenululo

Muwanga agamba nti , ekikenululo(osmosis)  kibaawo mu mbubi(membranes) eziyitibwa "embubi eziyisa ekibogwe"(semipermeable membranes), ezirina obuyingizo(pores) obusobola okuyingiza obuzitoya obutonowavu(small molecule),  obutali bunene.
Ekibalangulo eky'Obusuubuzi(Business Mathematics)

Bino bivudde mu kitabo kya Muwanga "Luganda Mathwords: An etymologies handbook for mathematical terms in Luganda".

 Weetegereze :

(a) Ekibalangulo eky'Obusuubuzi (Business Mathematics)

(b) Ekibalo eky,Obusuubuzi (Business Maths)

(c) Essomabusuubuzi (Business Studies)

Oli Muwanga ! Ggwe mulindwa Afirika n'Obuganda gwe bwalindirira otuteeke ku ntikko mu magezi aga Sayansi ! Charles Muwanga kati akusoosootedde emiramwa gye wetaagisa mu Luganda olw'ekibalo eky'obusuubuzi:

(i) Omuganyulwo (interest)

(ii)Omuganyulwo (interest)

(iii) Omuganyulo oba Omuganyulwo ogusookerwako (simple interest)

(iv) Okubaza/okubalangula  omuganyulo oba okubaza omuganyulwo (calculating interest)

(v)Omuganyulo omuzibuwavu (Compound interest)

(vi) Okugula ekipangiso (Hire purchase)

(vii)Ekisasulo ekisooka(Down Payment)

(viii)Ekisasulo ekya buli mwezi (monthly payment)

(ix) Ensibiriro (insurance). Okusibirira obulamu, bbizinensi,...(insuring life , business etc)

(x) Ekitongole ky'ensibiriro (Insurance company)

(xi) Ekisibiriro(Premium).Ekisibiriro ="ekitundu ky'ensibiriro

(xii) Omugatte gw'ensibiriro (sum insured)

(xiii)Ekikkaannyo ky'ensibiriro(Insurance Policy)

(xiv)Bwasiisi n'ekiyungirizo (Commission and Brokerage)

(xv)Kayungirizi (broker)

(xvi) Omusigire (agent)

(xvii) Bakitunzi (Salespersons)

(xviii) Olusasuliro (Bill or invoice ) . Ensasuliro (Bills or invoices )

(xix)Ekigambululo ky'ebyensimbi (Financial statement)

(xx) Ekigambululo kya Banka (Bank statement)
Engula ey'ekipangiso(Hire purchase)

Muwanga agamba nti okupangisa kwe kukozesa ekintu ky'omuntu nga omusasudde naye ne kitafuukira ddala kikyo.

Bw'osasula ekintu n'okitwala naye nga osasuddeko kitundu oba ng'akipangisizza okutuusa nga nga omazeeyo ensimbi zonna z'olina okukisasulira.

KIno ky'ekiyitibwa "okugula ekipangiso" oba "engula ey'ekipangiso"(hire purchase).Ebigulibwa ekipangiso mulimu ebintu nga:

(a) Ebyokuzimbisa

(b)Ebidduka

(c)Ebikozesewa awaka nga  ebinnyogozeso (fridge) ,Ttivvi, n'ebirala

Mu kugula ekipangiso , omuntu asooka n'akola ekisasulo ekisooka(down payment) mu buliwo n'alyoka asasula ezibulayo mu bitundu ebyenkanankana buli mwezi okumala emyezi egiba gikkaanyiziddwako.

Okusasula okusooka (first payment) ky'ekiyitibwa |ekisasulo ekisooka (deposit. down payment). Ekyo ky'ailna okusasula buli mwezi kiyitibwa "ekisasulo ekya buli mwezi (monthly payment).

Okugula ekipangiso kuva ku kubaawo nkola ey'okutunda mu bisasulo eby'ebitundu(paying in instalments). Soma ekitabo ekitabo kya Charles Muwanga :Luganda mathwords: An  etymologies handbook for mathematical terms in Luganda
Ensibiriro (Insurence)

File:Coast review (1910)14760820941thumban advertisement for a fire insurance company Norwich Union showing the amount assets in age and paid insurance 
1910
Mu Kitabo kye Luganda Mathwords: An etymological handbook for mathematical terms in Luganda Charles Muwanga agamba nti edda ng'omuntu bw'aba agenda ku lugendo oluwanvu  nga bamusibirira ettu erinamuyamba ng'afunye obwetaafu mu kkubo oba eyo gyagenda
Ne mu bulamu tuli mu lugendo olwetaagisa okutusibirira nga twetegekera ebigwa bitalaze mu mbeera na 
(a) Obulwadde
(b) Emirimu
(c) Obulamu okufuna okulwala oba okufa
(d) Obubenje ku nguudo omuliro  
(e) Okusoma kw'abaana
Nolwekyo omuntu ng'asobodde yanibadde asibiorira  olugendo lw'alimu mu bulamu mu nkola eyitibwa ensibiriroInsurance na akola
Ensibiriro y'Obulamu Life insurance oba life assurance
Ensibiriro y'byobugagga Property insurance
Ensibiriro yokusoma kw'abaana Education insurance
Okunokoolayo ebimu.
Okugendana Obutereevu(Direct proportionality)

Muwanga agamba nti okugendana obutereevu kuba "okukyukuna obutereevu"(direct variation). Kinontana w'okugendana obutereevu kiba kugendana kifuulannenge.
Olusasuliro(Bill, Invoice)

OLusasuliro = Olupapula kw'osasulira ensimbi ezikubanjibwa. Kino kitegeeza nti olina by'okozesezza oba by'olozeewo okugula by'olina okusasulira nga owaayo olupapula luno "olusasuliro".

Omugeye Muwanga agamba nti bw'oyingira semaduuka okugula ebyettunzi ebyenjawulo, omutunzi akuwa olupapula oluliko olukalala lw'ebyittunzi bw'ogenda okusasulira nga lulaga ebisale bya buli ky'olonzeewo okugula.

Olupapula okulagibwa ebyo lwe luyitibwa "olusasuliro(Bill , invoice) kw'ogenda okusasulira by'otutte ku mulyango nga tonnaba kufuluma semaduuka(Supermarket). Mu bungi olusasuliro(Bill, invoice) kiba "ensasuliro(Bills , invoices).

Ab'ekitongole ky'amasannyalaze oba amazzi nabo baba bakusindikira |"olusasuliro"(bill) buli mweezi lw'otwala ku wofiisi zaabwe okusasula ebbanja erikubanjibwa.
Okugendana kifuulannenge(Inverse proportion)

Muwanga agamba nti okugendana ekifuulannenge kuba "okukyukuna ekifuulannenge"(inverse variation). Kinontana w'okugendana ekifuulannenge  kiba kugendana obutereevu.
Ensengeka y'Ebiramu(Life Taxonomy)

Bino bivudde mu kitabo "Essomabiramu" (Biology), enzivuunulo ya  Muwanga Charles.

Ensengeka y’Ebiramu 
          (Life Taxonomy). 

 
Okunoonyereza okukoleddwa kulaga nti ebiramu byonna bisengekeddwa mu mitendera gino wansi  naye nga okunoonyereza kuno bwe kukyagenda mu maaso emitendera gino gisuubirwa okuba nga gikyukamu gye bujja . Gino gy'emitendera  gy'ensengeka y'ebiramu ku nsi:
 

1.Amatwale(Domain)

2.Obwakabaka(Kingdom)

3.Olubinja(phylum)	

4.Olutendera(class)

5.Olusengeko(order)

6.Olusiisira(family)

7.Olubu	(genus)

8.Ekikula(species)

Obwakabaka(Kingdom) bulimu emitendera etaano

1	Wabulwadde(Monera )

2	Walukonge(Protista 

3	Wantiko (Fungi )

4	 Wammera (Plantae) 

5	Wansolo (Animalia)

Bya Muwanga.Naawe yongerezaako !
Ebizimbamubiri(Proteins)

Ebizimbamubiri
        (Proteins).

Bino bivudde mu kitabo : Essomabiramu(Biology)ekya Charles Muwanga

Ebizimba mubiri  y’emmere ezimba omubiri(body buirding foods). Ebizimbamubiri bikolebwa aminasidi . Kino kitegeeza nti obutaffaali obuzimba ebiriisa ebiyitibwa ebizimbamubiri biyitibwa aminasidi(amino acids),  bunnamunigina obutono(small units) obwetaagisa okukuza omubiri n’okuddaabiriza ebinywa(tissue repair). 

Ebizimbamubiri(Protein) ye sabusitansi esinga obungi mu mubiri , ng’ojjeeko amazzi , oba oli awo ne ebyassava/amasavu(fat). 

Emmere gye tujja mu bisolo nga ennyama, ebyenyanja, enkoko, amata, n’amagi birimu ebizimbamubiri biyitirivu. Waliwo n’ebimera ebigagga mu bizimbamubiri; muno mulimu ebijanjaalo, kawo, ebinyeebwa, n’emmere ey’empeke( cereals).

Singa ogatta ensibuko ez’ebimera(plant sources) nga , bbata wa  peanut  n’omugaati gw’empeke(whole-grain bread) oba omukyeere n’ebijanjaalo oba ofuna ebizimbamubiri mu bujjuvu.
Ebireetamaanyi(Carbohydrates)

Ebireetamaanyi
      (Carbohydrates)

Emmere eya sitaaki (Starches) ne sukaali(sugars) ze zikola ebireetamaanyi , emmere esinga okuvamu amaanyikasoboza (energy) agetaagibwa omubiri okukola egyagwo , ntegeeza mutereezabulamu(body metabolism).

Ebireetamaanyi(. Carbohydrates ) bivaamu namunigina z’amaasoboza(energy units), eziyitibwa kkaloli (calories) ekitundu kimu kya kubiri mu bamerika ate n’evaamu ebitundu bina bya kutaano ebya kkaloli mu ddayate(diet)  y’abafirika n’abo mu Aziya. 

Emmere engagga mu bireetamaanyi(carbohydrate-rich foods ) ate era ze zisinga okuvaamu ebizimbamubiri(proteins) mu bitundu by’ensi ebisinga. Muno mulimu Omukyeere., eng’ano, kasooli, ne lumonde .

Bivudde mu kitabo: Essomabiramu(Biology) ,  ekya Muwanga
Ebisukaali (Sugars)

Ebisukaali
      (Sugars)

Ebisukaali=Ebiriisa ebya sukaali

Ebisukaali/ebiriisa ebya sukaali tebyetaagisa nnyo. Ebisukaali bivaamu amasoboza (kkaloli) naye tebivaamu bizimbamubiri. Olw’ensonga eno ebisukaali biyitibwa mmere ya “kkaloli yekka”( "empty calorie" food).

 Ebiwoomerera ebitali bya buli lunaku si bya buvune mu mubiri  gwa muntu  atatuulira awo ng'akozesa n'okutambuza  omubiri gwe (active person)  naye ebiwoomerera ebiyitiridde biyinza okuvunza amannyo nga biriiriddwa wakati w’ebijjulo naddala nga biriiriddwa mu mmere ennyangu(snacks) ezikwatira mu mannyo(sicky foods).

Bivudde mu kitabo Essomabiramu (Biology) ekya Muwanga
Ebyassava ne woyiro(Fats and Oils)

Ebyassava ne Woyiro
       (Fats and Oils)

Emmere eza ssava (Ebyassava) ne woyiro zivaamu amaanyikasoboza mangi mu mubiri. Woyiro(oirs) gaba masavu ga kakulukusi(liquid) fats) .

Amasavu mu dayate nago getaagisa olw’obulamu obulungi kubanga gakola vitamiini ezimu ezeetagibwa mu mubiri , gabikkirira ku bitundu by’omubiri ebimu eby’enkizo , ge gamu ku bikola obutaffaali bw’omubiri, ate era gayamba okukuuma tempulikya y’omubiri. 
  
Amasavu era galwiisawo omuntu okulumwa enjala olw’okuba nga mugattiko gw’emmere ogulimu amasavu gumala akaseera kawanvuko mu lubuto.Bannandiisa (nutritionists) baawula wakati dayati z’amasavu  ez’enjawulo :   

(a)Amasavu amabugaanu(agabugaana omubiri)

              (Saturated fats). 

Gano gaba ga ssolido (solid form) ate nga gasibuka mu kulya nnyama ya bisolo.Mu dayati nnyingi gava mu masavu ga nnyama. Amasavu agabugaana gayinza okulunnyisa obunji bwa kolesito(cholesterol) mu musaayi.Kolesito  sabusitasi ey’oluzigozigo(waxy)  ekolebwa omubiri okukozesebwa amazzi ag’enjawulo agakutulakutula emmere mu lubuto(digestive juices)  n’emirimu emirala. 

Kolesito abaamu mu mubiri awatali kufa ku ki ekiriiriddwa. Ssinga obutaffaali bw’omubiri buba tebukyasobola kuyingiza kolesito ono olw’okuba ayitiridde atandika okugumba ku bisenge by’emiyitiro gy’omusaayi kin one kiviirako okugifunza. Kino kiyinza okuleetawo endwadde z’omutima oba ekikutuko.

(b) amasavu agatabugaana(unsaturated fats). Gano gaba masavu ga bimera.

Bivudde mu kitabo Essomabiramu(Biology) , ekya Muwanga
Minero (Menerals)

Minero
      (Minerals)

Minero (minerals)  teziva mu nsolo oba ebimera . Ziva mu bitali biramu  . Buli kika kya mmere kibaamu minero  ezetaagisa(essential minerals). Kino kiba kitegeeza nti minero ezisinga nnyangu okufuna mu bunji obwetaagisa omubiri , okujjako ayani(iron) mu baana abali wansi w’emyaaka ena n’abawala abali mu myaka gya kavubuka(adolescent girls ) n’abakazi mu myaka egizaala.
Bano betaaga ayani munjiko okusinga abeera mu dayati eya bulijjo. Ayani ayamba okuzimba obutaffaali bw’omusaayi obumyufu (red blood cerls) awamu n’okuyamba omusaayi okutambuza wokisijeni okuva mu mawuggwe okudda mu buli kataffaali ka mubiri .

Ayani ayinza okujjibwa mu bunji mu nnyama, naddala ekibumba, enjuba y’eggi , n’enva endiirwa ezakiragala omukwaafu. 

Buli muntu yetaaga ne kalisiyaamu(calcium) buli bbanga. Minero eya kalisiyaamu ezimba amannyo n’amagumba ate era yetaagisa omusaayi okukaliiririra(blood clotting). Kairisiyaamu ava mu mmere nga amata, kiiizi akaluba(hard cheese) , ebikoola ebyakiragala , ebinyeebwa, n’obwennyanja obutono nga  sadiiniya(sardines) obulina amagumba agayinza okumeketebwa. 

Minero endala ye posifalaasi(phosphorus) ekolagana ne kalisiyaamu okukola amaanyo n’amagumba amagumu. Dayati evaamu ebizimbamubiri ne kalisiyaamu eby’amaanyi era evaamu posifalaasi amala.
Minero endala mulimu sodiyaamu, potasiyaamu, ayodiini, maginesiyaamu, zinki ne kkopa.  

Bivudde mu kitabo "Essomabiramu"(Biology) , ekya Muwanga
Vitamiini

**Vitamiini** (*Vitamins*) nnyingi ddala nga n’ezimu tezinnaba kuvumbulwa. Kino kitegeeza gy’okoma okulya emmere ey’ebika ebye’enjawulo gy’okoma okufuna vitamiini ennyingi. 

Buli kiramu kyetaaga vitamiini okukula n’okuba ekiramu obulungi. Omubiri gulabika tegusobola kwekolera vitamiini zagwo , ekintu ekigwetaagisa okuzijja mu mmere eba eriiriddwa,
Buli vitamiini erina omulimu gwa njawulo gw’ekola mu mubiri. Okutomeggana kwa kemiko mu mutereezabulamu mu mubiri kwetaagisa vitamiini nnyingi era okubulawo oba obuyitirivu bw’emu kiyinza okutaataganya enkola y’endala.waliwo: 

# vitamiini ezimerenguka mu masavu (Fat-soluble vitamins).  Muno mulimu vitamiini nnya--A, D, E, ne  K—era eziyitibwa vitamiini ezimerenguka mu masavu(fat soluble vitamins). Zikutulwakutulwa ne ziyingizibwa okuyita mu masavu agabeera mu dayate .
# Vitamiini A . Eno yetaagibwa okukola amagumba amagumu, okulaba obulungi, n’okukola olususu olulungi. Esangibwa mu bibala  n’enva endiirwa ebyakiragala omukwafu ne kyenvu .
# Vitamiini D. Eno yetaagibwa abaana kubanga  eyamba kalisiyaamu okukola amannyo n’amagumba  ematereevu ate nga magumu ddala. Omusana ogutuuka obutereevu ku lususu  guyamba omubiri okwetondekerawo vitamiin D. Abaana neb a bbebi batera okwetaaga nakongereza(supplement) ya vitamiini D Infants and young chirdren often need a vitamin D supplement. Kyokka amata agasinga gongerebwamu vitamiini D mu kukolebwako mu makolero.
# Vitamiini E . Eno eyamba okukuuma vitamiini A n’obutaffaali bw’omusaayi obumyufu(red blood cerls). Esangibwa mu mmere enyingi era kumpi buli muntu afuna emumala.  
# Vitamiini K .Eno y’emu ku vitamiini ezikolebwa bakitiiria mu mubiri gw’omuntu munda. Bakitiiriya zizo zibeera mu kyenda munda . Omuwendo omutono era gusangibwa mu bikoola bya kiragala eby’emboga, n’ekibumba ky’embizi .  

Vitamiini ezimerenguka mu masavu(Fat-soluble vitamins ) ziyinza okuterekebwa mu mubiri okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu naddala mu binywa eby’amasavu ne mu kibumba. 

Vitamiini ezimerengukira mu mazzi (Water-soluble vitamins). Vitamin eziri mu kibinja kya B ziyamba okukuuma olususu olulamu n’ensengekera y’obusimu(T nervous system) ekola obulungi.
.Vitamiini eza B era ziyamba okujja  amaanyikasoboza (energy) mu bireetamaanyi(carbohydrates).

Ate vitamiini C yetaagisa okukuuma amannyo nga malamu n’okusobozesa omubiri okuyingiza ayani(iron). 

Vitamiini zino ezimerengukira mu mazzi (water-soluble vitamins) teziwangaala mu mubiri .Kino kitegeeza nti ebiriisa ebizirimu birina okuliibwa buli lunaku.  

Bivudde mu nzivuunulo "Essomabiramu"(Biology), ekya Muwanga
Amazzi mu mubiri (water in the Body)

Amazzi gali Omugeranyakikumi  60 ( 60%)  ogw’omubiri gw’omuntu omukulu Okusobola okuba omulamu ,buli kataffaali mu mubiri kalian okubisiwazibwa amazzi.Amazzi gakola kinene mu bikyusabuziba (chemical reactions) mu mubiri era getaagisa okutambuza ebiriisa ebirala , okkwenkanyankanya tempulikya z’omubiri , n’okufulumya kazambi(wastes).
Ekibumba

**Ekibumba** (*Liver*) kirina omulimu ogwa maanyi okukola ku biriisa ebikamulwa mu kikamulabiriisa.
Eky’okulabirako , obutaffaali bw’ekibumba bujjamu ggulukoosi ayitiridde obunji okuva mu musaayi ne kimufuula polima(polymer) eyitibwa girayikojeni(glycogen) okuterekebwa. 
 
Ekibumba era kikola mu kutereeza kwa aminasidi (amino acid metabolism). Ekibumba kikyusa aminasidi (amino acids) ezimu okuzifuula ebipooli(compounds) ebiyinza okukozesebwa mu manyikasoboza aga mutereezabulamu(energy metabolism). Mu kukola kino ekibumba kijja mu mubiri ebibinja bya amino okuva mu aminasidi ne kikozesa ebibinja bya amino okukola olusulooji(urea). Olusulooji(urea) lujjibwa mu mubiri nga lufulumira mu musulo. Amasavu(fats) gakolebwaako okudda mu namunigina za kaboni bbiri ( two-carbon units) ezisobola okukozesebwa mu mutereeza bulamu ow’amaanyikasoboza(energy metabolism).

Ekibumba era  kitereka vitamiini ne minero, kikola ebizimbamubiri bingi eby’omumusaayi(blood proteins),kyegattisa kolesitulo( synthesizes cholesterol) ne kikola  bire okukamula ebiriisa by’amasavu mu mmere. 

Bivudde mu kitabo Essomabiramu, ekya Muwanga
Akazitoya (Molecule)

Muwanga agamba nti ebirimba by'obuziba(clusters of atoms) biyitibwa "obuzitoya" (molecules).Manya:

"mole" = mass

"-cule"= tiny or very small

So molecule means "very small mass"(enzitoya entono ennyo). In Luganda molecule is "akazitoya" and in plural it is "obuzitoya"(molecules).

Obuziba bwa okisigyeni bubiri bukola akazitoya ka okisigyeni(oxigen molecule) kamu ate obuziba bwa ayidologyeni bubiri n'akaziba ka akisigyeni kamu bukola akazitoya k'amazzi(water molecule) kamu.
Obwoki (Temperature)

Obwoki(Temperature).

"Obwoki" kipimo kya kwokya oba okunnyogoga gw'ekintu.

Okupima obwoki tukozesa "ekipimabwoki"(thermometer).
Ensolo ez'omusaayi omubugumu n'ensolo ez'omusaayi omunnyogovu

Ensolo ez'omusaayi omubugumu
           (Cold blooded animals)

 Luyonsa (Mammals) n'ebinyonyi nsolo ez'omusaayi omubugumu(are cold blooded animals), ekitegeza nti emibiri gyabyo giyinza okwekolera ebbugumu yadde nga obudde bunnyogovu. Emibiri gy'ensolo ez'omusayi omubugumu emibiri gyazo gitera okusobola okukola ebbugumu elyazo yadde obudde bunnyogoga.

Ensolo ez'omusaayi omunnyogovu
             (cold blooded animals)

Ensolo ezirina omusaayi omunnyogovu nga goonya, lubbira, n'ebyennyanja zibuguma ate ne zinyogoga okusinziira ku bwoki obuliwo. Eky'okulabirako , enjuba bw'egolooba , ekiro emibiri gyazo nagyo giba ginnyogoga kyokka enjuba bw'evaayo emibiri gyabyo giyingiza ebbugumu ly'enjuba nagyo ne gibuguumirira. 

Bino bivudde mu kitabo Essomabiramu (Biology) ekya Muwanga Charles.