Ebyetaagisa okukuza ebirime

IALI NGO has been authorized by Terminologist Charles Muwanga to post his Luganda scientific articles on Luganda wikipedia for public consumption.

Ebyetaagisa okukuza ebirime n’omuddo mu Byamalimiro oba Ebyetaagisa Okulima ebirime

Ebimera byonna byetaaga ebintu musanvu okukula; ekifo awokukulira, tempulikya entuufu, ekitangaala, amazzi, empewo, ebiriisa n’ebiseera ebigere. 

(i) Aw’okukuliza ekimera

Buli kimera kiba kyetaaga ekibangiriza okwetaaya nga kikula n’okukola emmere yaakyo. N’emirandila gyetaaga okukula nga tejikukiddwa lwa butabaawo kyagaanya. Ebimera ebikulira awatali kyagaanya (awafunda) emilandira gyakyo giba kyefunyafunya kinone kifungamya okukula kwagyo. 

(d)	Tempulikya

Ebimera ebisinga byagala tempulikya abantu ze betaaga; ebimu byagala embeera ez’ebbugumu ebirala ennyinyogovu okukula obulungi.Kiba kirungi omulimi okumanya ekimera wa gye kyaava asobole okubikolera embeera ezifaanana n’ezo eziri gye kyaava. Era osaana okimanye nti ebimera ebisinga byagala tempulikya ennyinyogovu ekilo. 

(e)	Ekitangaala.

Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala. Mu butuufu n’ebimera ebirimibwa munda byetaaga ekitenagaala. Ekimera ekitafuna kitangaala bulungi kijja kulaga kubanga obululi (stems) bwakyo bujja kuba butono nnyo ate nga kyeweta kidda eri kitangaala. 

(f)	Amazzi

Amazzi getaagisa nnyo okusobozesa ebimera okukola n’okutambuza ebiriisa. Awatali mazzi oba amazzi bwe gayitirira obungi, ekimera kiba kifa. N’olwekyo awatali nkuba okumala ekiseera kiba kyetaagisa okufukirira ekirime oba ebirime. Ebimera ebisinga byagala okufukirirwa ng’ettaka kkalu bulungi. Ddi lw’ofukirira na mirundi emeka kisinziira ku bunene bwa kirime na kiseera kya mwaka awamu n’ekika ky’ekirime. Kyokka ekikulu bwe bukalu bw’ettaka.
(g)	Empewo

(g)	Empewo

Ebimera bikozesa kabonibbiri-okisayidi (carbon dioxide) okuva mu mpewo ate ne bifulumya okisijgyeni (oxgen). Omukka gwa munyale, ggaasi, n’ebirala ebyonoona empewo bikosa ebimera.  

(h)	 Ebiriisa

Ebiriisa (nutrients) ebisinga ekimera bye kyetaaga bimerungukira mu mazzi olwo ne biyingizibwa mu kimera okuyita mu mirandila. Ebijimusa biyamba okukuuma ettaka nga lirimu ebiriisa ekimera bye kyetaaga naye tebyetaaga kuyitirira. Mu butuufu ebijimusa byokka tebibala kukuza bulungi kimera naye walina okubeerawo n’ekitangaala ekirungi, ettaka eddungi, n’ennyingiza n’enfulumya y’amazzi (drainage) ennungi. Ebiriisa ebisatu ebisinga okuba eby’omugaso bye: nayitologyeni (nitrogen), foosifolaasi (Phosphorous), ne potasiyaamu (Potassium).  
Nayitologyeni akozesebwa okukuza era yaviirako ekimera okuba ne kkala ya kiragala omukwaafu .Nayitologyeni akozesebwa ekimeramu bungi ddala era y’ayamba ebimera okuttulula ebikoola ebingi. “N” ke kabonero ka kemiko aka nayitologyeni.  Foosifalaasi ayamba obutaffaali okwegabizaamu (plant cell deivision) era ayamba okukola ebimuli n’ensigo n’okukuza ensengekera y’emirandira ey’amaanyi. Akabonero ka kemiko aka fosiforaasi ye “P”. Potasiyaamu ayamba okulwanyisa endwadde z’ebimera. Akabonero ka potasiyaamu aka kemiko kali “K”.

(i)	Ebiseera

Kitwaala ekiseera ekigere okukuza ekimera . Ebimera ebimu byetaaga ekiseera kiwanvu okusinga ebirala. Okusobozesa ebimera okumulisa n’okukola ebibala mu kiseera ekigere kirimu okusoomooza. Ebimera ebikulira wabweeru byetaaga ebiseera ebigere okuumulisa oba okuleeta ebibala. Oyinza okugera ebiseera bino ng’obazizza bulungi.  

Ebyamalimiro (Agriculture) kitegeeza okulunda n’okulima ebimera, obutiko n’ebiramu ebirala ebikozesebwa ng’emmere, ebigwa (fibre) n’ebintu ebilala ebyetaagisa okukuuma obulamu. Ebyamalimiro ky’ekimu ku bintu ebyafuula omuntu ow’omulembe ogw’ entabaganyaey’enteekateeka ey’omuggunduokuyita mu kulunda n’okulima mu buli maka, ekintu ekyaleetawo ekisukkulumo mu makungula (surpluses) era kino ne kiba entandikwa y’enteekateekanya 

Mu by’ensoma y’ebyamalimiro (agriculture education), okulima kuyimirilawo na ngeri oba bukodyo obusobozesa okutumbula ebikula by’ebirime n’ebisolo ebirundibwa. Mu bimera watera okwetaagisaawo okufukulira yadde nga waliwo n’enkola endala ez’okulima n’okulunda ku ttaka ekkalu. Mu mawanga agakulaakulanye aebyamalimiro ebiri ku mutindo ogw’amakolero byiimiriddewo ku kulima ekimera eky’ekikula ekimu oba okulunda ensolo y’ekikula kimu. Okulima n’okulunda kwonna kwetaagisa okuba ku mutindo ogukuuma obutonde bw’ Ensi (sustainable agriculture), omuli n’okukozesa nakavundira oba kiyite ebyamalimiro ebya nakavundira (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture).

Sayansi webyamalimiro, okuzaalisa ebimera, eddagala ly’ebiwuka n’ebigimusa, awamu n’okulongoosa mu tekinologiya biyambye nnyo okulinnyisa obungi bw’ebikungulwakyokka ate era biviiriddeko okwonoona obutonde bw’Ensi oba okutataaganya omwenkanonkano gw’embeera y’ebiramu mu butonde.

Ebitondekwawo okuva mu ebyamalimiro mulimu emmere, ebiwuzi (fibres), amafuta, n’ebikozesebwa mu makolero. Ku mulembe guno ebimera bikozesebwa okukola amafula g’ebiramu (biofuels), eddagala, ne pulasitiika. Mu mmere mulimu enva endiirwa, ebibala, amata, ennyama, n’ebirala. Ebiwuzi mulimu ppamba, ebyoya by’ensolo (wool), obuwuzi obukolebwa obusaanyi (silk), n’ amasanda (flux). Amafuta g’ebiramu mulimu entuumo za kasasiro (biomass), etani, ne dizero. 

Ebirala ebyetaagisa mu Ebyamalimiro

(a)	Enteekateeka y’ettaka

Ebimera byetaaga nayitologyeni (nitrogen), fosifaraasi (phosphorus) ne potasiyaamu (potassium), awamu n’ebiriisa mu bipimo ebitono (micronutrients) kuno nga kw’ogatta enkolagana n’obulamu obulala, omuli n’obufungi.  Wetaaga n’okubaawo  ekikyusabirime (crop rotatio) n’okubikka ne nakavundira w’eirime (green manure /"cover crops")  awamu n’ okuyingiza nayitologyeni  okuyita mu bireeju (legumes) ebiyingiza naitologyeni  mu ttaka nga bikolagana ne bakitiiriya eza lizobiya (rhizobialbacteria).

Mu nteekateeka y’ettaka era wetaagisawo okutobeka ebirime (intercropping), naddala okusobola okulwanyisa ebiwuka n’endwadde awamu n’okwongeza ebiriisa mu ttaka kyokka kino kyetaagisa okuwa amabanga amagazi okuwewala okuvuganya wakati w’ebirime eby’enjawulo. Ate era olumu ebisigalira by’ebirime (crop residues ) oyinza okubizza mu ttaka. Olwokuba ebirime eby’enjawulo bireka ebiriisa bya njawulo, kino kiba kiyamba okuwenkanyankanya ebyetaago mu ttaka. Bannassomabyamlimiro abakozesa ebiramu era bakozesa nakavundira w’ensolo ne minero ez’enjawulo.

Amalimiro amatobeke (Mixed farms) g’ego agalimu ebisolo n’ebirime.

Okunoonyereza ku biramu mu ttaka nakwo kuyambye nnyo mu ebyamalimiro ag’ebiramu. Ebika nya bakitiryia n’obufungi bikutulakutula mu kemiko, ebisigalira by’ebirime n’ebisolo ne bifuulibwa ebiriisa mu ttaka eby’omugaso, kino ne kiviirako amakungula amalungi. Ennimiro ezirimu nakavundira omutono oba omutali n’akatono bivaamu amakungula matono ddala olw’okuba ng’obuwuka obwetaagisa muttaka butono oba temuli kusobola kugimusa ttaka. 

(b)	Okukugira omuddo

Kino kirimu:

•	Okutema amavuunike (tillage) - Kino kikolebwa okuteekateeka ettaka ng’ogenda okusimba ng’ojjamu omuddo ogulimu. 

•	Okukabala (Cultivation) – Kino kyetaagisa okugonza ettaka oluvannyuma lw’okumeruka kw’ensigo.(after seeding); 

•	Okusaayira n’okutema omuddo n’ebitiititi 

•	Okwokya.  Wano okozesa okwokya okutta omuddo.  

•	Okubikkira (Mulching) – Kino okikola ng’okozesa ebimera ebirala by’otemye. 

•	Okuliisizaamu ensolo. Omuddo gukugilwa okuyita mu kuguliisizaamu ensolo nga embaata zisobola bulungi okujja omuddo mu birime nga emiti, ebibala, kasooli n’omukyeele. 

(c)	Okukugira ebiramu ebirala

Ng’ojjeeko omuddo, waliwo ebiramu ebirala ebiyinza okuleeta obuzibu ku ddimiro, gamba ng’ebiwuka n’enkuyege awamu ne bakitiriya. Ebiramu ebimu oyinza okubikugira ng’okozesa   ebiramu binnabyo (biological control). Kyokka era waliwo eddagala ly’ebiwuka eritundibwa ely’enjawulo.