Enkyusabuziba(chemicals or chemical susbstances)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!

Manya:
(i)Akaziba(atomu)
(ii)Obuziba(atoms)
(iii)Obuziizi(nucleus) 
(iv)Essomabuziba(Chemistry)
(v)Ebyobuziba(Chemistry)
(vi)Enkyusabuziba(Chemical, chemical substance)
(vii)Ekikyusabuziba(Chemical reaction)
(viii)Enkyukakyuka ey'obuziba(Chemical change)
(ix)Enkyukakyuka eyo ku ngulu(Physical change)

Obuzimbe bw’ennabuzimbe(the structure of matter) buva ku buzimbe obwangu okudda ku buzimbe obuzibuwavu (complex) , kubanga obutoffaali(particles) obusinagyo obutini, obutinniinya=obutini ennyo(elementary particles) bwekwasawaza(bond together) okukola obutoffali obuddako obutono, obuziba(atoms) ate na buno ne  bwekwasawaza okukola molekyo eziddako mu butono ate molekyo nezekwasawaza okukola ebipooli (compounds).

Okwekwasawaza kitegeeza kwegatta okugenda mu maaso wakati w’obuziba(atoms) ne kiviirako enkyukakyuuka ez’obuziba(chemical changes) mu nabuzimbe (matter) ez’enjawulo. Ekigenda mu maaso wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kye njise ekikyusabuziba (reaction). 
Lwaki ekikyusabuziba kubanga kino kiba kikolwa ekikomekkereza nga wazzeewo enkyukakyuka ey’obuziba(chemical change .

Ekikyusabuziba ekigenda mu maaso mu wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala emu n’endala kivaamu enkyusabuziba (chemicals) ez’enjawulo okuva mu mbeera. 

Ekikyusabuziba n’olwekyo kiviirako ekintu“Okuva mu mbeera” nga kkalwe okutalagga .
Enkyukakyuka ez’obuziba ezijjawo wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kireetawo  endagakintu(element)  ekwatibwako okuva mu mbeera ne kivaamu ekintu(nabuzimbe) kijja. 
Embeera endagakintu mw’ebadde nga ekikyusabuziba tekinnabawwo eba evuddewo.

Bw’oba okyayagala okwefumiitiriza ku kino kye nkugamba kuba “ekifaananyi eky’omulengera” (mental picture)  ku butinniinya  bw’akaziizi.  Waliwo obutinniinya bw’akaziba obusirikitu ennyo Katonda bwe yakozesa okukola ebitundu byako so ng’ate n’akaziba kano nako kasirikitu aketaagisa enzimbulukusa (microscope)okulaba.

Obutiniinya obusatu buno, akakontanyo(proton), nampawengwa(neutron), n’akasannyalazo(electron) obwo bwonsatule ne busengekebwa okukola akaziba ng’ebirimba n’ebirimba by’akaziizi ak’ekika ekimu bye bikola buli ndagakintu(element) okugyawula ku ndagakintu endala zonna. 

Waliwo  endagakintu(elements) 118 ezisobola okusangibwa mu molekyo ze tumanyi. Molekyo entiniko ziyinza okukolera awamu ne zitondekawo molekyo ennene   (macromolecules). Mu butuufu buli ky’olaba kizimbiddwa okuva mu kitono(small) oba ekitini(tiny, minute). 

Bwe tutandika  n’obutinniinya obusirikitu ddala tuyinza okukiraga mu mitendera okuva ku gusembayo wansi okweyongerayo waggulu. Gino gye mitendera gy’obuzimbe bw’enzitoya:

•	Obutinniinya=obusirikito obutini ennyo (elementary particles)
•	Obutoniinya=obusirikito obutono ennyo (subatomic particles)
•	Obuziba (atoms)
•	Obutoffaali= obuziba, obutonniinya n’obutinniinya
•	Molekyo (Molecule)
•	Ebirimba bya Molekyo (macromolecules)
•	Ensengekera y’obutaffaali (cell organelles)
•	Obutaffaali (Cells)
•	Emiwuula (tissues)
•	Ebitundu by’omubiri (organs)
•	Ensengekera (systems)
•	Ebiramu (organisms)
•	Ebibinja by’ebiramu (populations)
•	Ensengekera z’entababutonde (ecosystems)
•	Entababiramu (biomes)
•	Enjuba/emmunyenye
•	Ensengekera z’enjuba n’enkulungo zazo
•	Ebisinde (galaxies)
•	Obwengula (Universe) ……n’okweyongerayo

Sabusitansi (Matiiriyo) yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba(reactive substance) eyitibwa enkyusabuziba (pure substance). Sabusitansi zibaamu endagabuzimbe n’ebipooli (elements and compounds).  Kizibu nnyo okwawula ebirungo eby’enjawulo ebikola  enkyusabuziba  awatali kweyambisa “bukodyo bwa kikyusabuziba buzibuwavu” (complex chemical techniques)

Endagakintu (Elements)

Buli kintu kirina endaga ekyawula ku kirala.Endaga eno eyinza obutaba ndabika ya kungulu naye  obuzimbe bw’obuziba bwayo (structure of its atoms) 
Endagakintu eba nkyusabuziba etasobola kwawulibwamu oba okukyusibwa okufuuka nkyusabuziba ndala mu ngeri yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba eya buljjo. Namunigina(unit)  y’endagakintu esingayo obutono k’akaziizi (atom).

Ensonjola  1: Endagakintu ey’ekikemiko( chemical element)

Endagakintu  ye sabusitansi etasobola kwabulibwamu oba okukutulwamu sabusitansi endala ey’enyusabuziba okuyita mu kikyusabuziba(chemical reaction).

Waliwo endagakintu 118 ezimanyiddwa nga ku zino ezisinga ziriwo mu butonde ate ezimu nga zikoleddwa muntu. Endagakintu ze tumanyi ziragibwa mu mweso gw’enkyusabuziba(Chemical table of elements nga buli ndagakintu efundiwaziddwa n’akabonero ak’enkyusabuziba(chemical symbol). 
Ekyama ky’essomabuziba kiri mu buzimbe bwa kaziizi(atom) , naddala okukontana okw’obutonde okuli wakati w’obutinniinya obubiri, akasannyalazo ne kikontana (konta).

Akaziba(atom)

Omulamwa gw’akaziba(atom) nagutuseeko nga nkozesa akakodyo k’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi a’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extention).

Akaziba n’olwekyo kyekuusiza ku kigambo eky’oluganda olwa bulijjo “ebuzuba”(a very far away place).

Mu ngeri emu “akaziba kali wala nnyo n’obusobozi bw’eriiso lyaffe eriri obukunya okulaba” kubanga akaziba katoffaali akasirikitu aketaaga “enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalazo”(electron microscope) okukalaba. 

Amakkati g’akaziba ngayise “buziizi”(nucleus).Mu luganda olwa bulijjo obuziizi kitegeeza ekitundu ky’ekifo ekisembayo okuba ewala.

Akaziba giba migereko(sets) gya butinniinya bwa masannyalaze obuyitibwa kikontana (konta), nampawenwa (nampa), n’obusannyalazo (electrons). Obuziba butini nnyo era tosobola kubulaba okujjako nga weyambisizza ekiyitibwa “enzimbulukusa y’obusannyalazo” (electron microscope). 
Obuziba obumu bulina obukontanyo, nampawengwa, n’obusannyalazo bungi  okusinga obulala ate obulala bulina butono okusinga obulala. Buli kaziba keyisa mu mbeera ya njawulo era ekireetawo okweyisa mu mbeera ey’enjawulo kiva ku muwendo gwa busannyalazo(electrons) ne obukontanyo(protons) obusangibwa mu kaziba ako.

Obuziba obusingayo obwangu buba n’akasannyalazo kamu n’akakontanyo  kamu era ako ke kaziba ka ayidologyeni( kitondekamazzi). Ekirimba ky’akaziba ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu(which is bonded together) kye kikola ggaasi eya ayidologyeni(hydrogen gas).

Obuziba obuzibuwavu(complex atoms) okusingawo buba n’obukontanyo bungiko, nampawengwa nnyingiko, n’obusannyalazo bungiko. 

Ekirimba kyabwo nga bwegasse kye kikola endagakintu(element) endala nga keriyamu, kkopa, okisigyeni, kkalwe, zaabu, makyule, ekikulembero, n’okweyongerayo. Endagakintu gy’ekoma okuba n’obutinniinya obungi, ntegeeza gy’ekoma okuba n’obusannyalazo, nampa ne konta ennyingi, gy’ekoma okuba n’enzitoya ennene (big mass) era gy’ekoma okuba enzito mu ssikirizo ly’Ensi (earth’s gravity).

Ayidologyeni ne keriyamu (helium) mpewufu nnyo era abantu bazikozesa okuzimbulukanya bbaluuni. Zzaabu erimu obukontanyo  79 , nzito nnyo ate ekikulembero (lead) ekirimu konta 82 esingako obuzito, eno y’ensonga lwaki abantu bakozesa ekikulembero okukola obuzito (weights). Endagakintu (element)  oba akaziba ak’obutonde akasingayo obuzito ye Yulaniyamu.
Kubanga obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ky’amasannyalaze ekya pozitiivu, bugezaako okwesambaggana buli kamu okuva ku kannaako. Kino kiba kyabuluza mu kaziba singa si kuba nti waliwo empalirizo endala, empalirizo y’obuziizi ey’amaanyi (the strong nuclear force), ebusika n’ebuzza awamu. Omwenkanyonkanyo gw’empalirizo guno gwe gusobozesa aakaziba okubaawo  ate era olw’okuba buli kintu kikolebwa mu buziba, kino kye kisobozesa buli kintu okuba nga kisoboka okubaawo.

Naye ebintu ebisinga tebikolebwa mu kika kya akaziba kimu kyokka wabula obvuziba obw’ebika eby’enjawulo bwegatta nga bweyambisa ekiyitibwa enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds) okutondekawo ebirimba by’obuziba ebigazi okusingawo,  ebiyitibwa molekyu (molecules).

By’olina okusooka okumanya ku Buziba

Mu essomabuziizi obuziba butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali obuzimba buli nabuzimbe (matter). Obuziba butwalibwa okuba nga bwe “butoffaali” obusookerwako obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba ne “obutaffaali” bw’ebiramu. 

Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba  mupya , wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo  n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate. 

Kyokka ku mulembe guno kimanyiddwa nti obuziba busirikitu obuyinza okwabuluzibwamu era buyinza okufulumya “amasoboza”(energy) amayitirivu obungi nga bwabuluziddwamu okuyita mu bituliso by’obuziizi (nuclear explosions) n’engeri endala.