open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Empimo oba Empima(Dimensions)

Mu Luganda olubalanguzi, empimo oba empima kigambo ekivvuunula "dimension" eky'Olungereza.
Enkula ezekibalangulo zirina empimo za njawulo. Manya:
(i) Enkula ez'ekitendero(Plane shapes) zino zirina empimo emu(one dimension shapes):

    (a) Olukoloboze/Omusittale(line)
    (b)Ekisittale/Ekikoloboze(Line segment)
     (c)Omugendo(ray)

(ii) Enkula ez'ekitendero  zino zirina mpimo bbiri:
    (a)Mpuyinnya nga kyesimba, kyebiriga , kyebiriggula, kyegendaganya. Zino zirina empimo y'obuwanvu(length) n'obukiika(width)
    (b) Enkula ennetoloovu=Entoloovu(Circle). Enkula ennetoloovu n'eripuso zirina empimo y'obwetoloovu(circumference)n'olusekkati(diameter)

(iii) Enkula ez'enkalubo(Solid figures) oba enkula ez'ekibangirizo(Space figures)nga ebigulimiro(prisms) oba bwenyibungi(polyhedron), ekinu(cylinders) n'ensoggo(cones)  zirina empimo satu:

   (a) Empimo y'Obuwanvu obweyoleka nga obwetoloovu(the dimension of length or circumference)
   (b) Empimo y'obukiika(length obweyoleka nga olusekkati (the dimension of width or diameter)
    (c)Empimo y'bwesimbo oba obusimba  oba obugulumivu(the dimension of height/altitude)

Ekimu ku binnyonnyozo by'enkula ez'ekibalo z'empimo(dimensions) era okubalangula obwagagavu(area), obubangirivu(volume), n'obwetoloovu circumfrence, n'obwebulungirivu(perimeter) kitwetaagisa okumanya empimo za buli nkula,kuba empimo zino ze zitutuusa ku kibalo ekiba kyetaagisa.

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Omupango(Strategy)

Omupango(strategy( kiva mu kikolwa eky'oluganda "okupanga"(to assemble or to strategize).Olulimi olukula ku misinde egya yiriyiri nga Oluganda wabadde wetaagisa omulamwa oguvvuunula eky'olungereza "strategy". Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku:

(i)Enteekateeka ez'omupango(Strategic Plans)
(ii)Enzirukanya y'ekitongole  ey'omupango(strategic management)

"Omupango"(strategy)  kisonjolwa nga omugereko gw'ebikolebwa ( a set of actions) ebigenderera okutuuka ku biruubiriro ebiba biri mu nteekateeka.Emiramwa egyetaagisa mu kubaga enteekateeka ez'omupango girimu:

(i)Okuteekateeka(planning)
(ii)Enteekateeka (Plans)
(iii) Okutondeka/okukola enteekateeka (to formulate plans)
(iv)Okutondeka oba okuteekawo enkola (Policy making)
(iv) Enzirukanya y'ekitongole(Corporate management)
(v) Enzirukanya y'emirimu (management)
(vi)Abaddukanya ekitongole/bizinensi(Managers)
(vii)Omutondesi w'enkola(Policy maker)
(viii) Enkola       (Policy)
(ix)Okutetenkanya   (to organise)
(x)Ekitetenkanyo   (organisation,planning)
(xi) Ekibiina        ( organisation , an administrative entity or body)
(xi)Ensengeka       (arrangement)
(xiii)omusengeko     (pattern)
(xii)Ensengekera     (System)
(xiii)Ekigendererwa    (aim)
(xiv) Ekiruubirirwa =E (goal)
(xv) Ekiruubiriro="ekiruubirirwa oli kumpi okukituukako"      (objective)
(xvi)Enteekateeka z'ebitongole (Corporate plans)
(xvii)Kawefube(Project)
(xviii)Enteekateeka ya kawefube(Project Plan)
(xvix)Okuteekateeka kaweefube( to plan a project)
(xx)Ekiruubiriro eky'omupango(strategic objective)
(xxi) Ekigambululo (Statement)
(xxii)Ekigambululo kya Poliisi(Police statement)
(xxiii)Ekigambululo eky'okwolesebwa(Vision statement)
(xxiv)Ekigambululo eky"okutuukiriza(okwolesebwa)=Mission statement
(xxv)Ekigambululo ky'ebyensimbi (financial statement)
(xxvi)ekigambululo kya banka(Bank statement)
(xxvii)Enteekateeka ya kawefube owa bbizinensi(Business Prokect Plan)
(xxviii)Enteekateeka ya kawefube ow'obusuubuzi(Business Project Plan)
(xxix)Enteekateeka ya kawefube ow'okwekulakulanya(Development Project Plan)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Bwenyibungi=Feesinnyingi(Polyhedron)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Obwenyi(face) era kiba feesi. Mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo( mu Okubala)tuzimba emiramwa mu byempimo oba essomampimo (geometry)nga tweyambisa obugambo "bwenyi" oba "feesi" ne tuzimba emiramwa:

(a) Feesinnyingi(Polyhedron)

(b) Bwenyibungi(Polyhedron)

Bwenyibungi nkula za mpimo satu(three dimensional shapes) ezirina safeesi ez'enjawulo ez'omuseetwe nga buli safeesi oba feesi "mpuyinnyingi"(polygon).Weetegereze:

(i) bwenyibungi oba Feesinnyingi(Polyhedron)

(ii)Mpuyinnyingi(Polygon)

Mu Bwenyibungi oba Feesinnyingi  mulimu:

(a)Enkalubo za Polato(Platonic solids)

(b)Ekigulumiro

(c) Akagulumiro=Pyramid)

(d)Feesinnya(tetrahedron)

(e)Feesimunaana(Octahedron)

(f)Feesikuminabbiri(Dedocahedron)

(h)Feesabiri(Icosahedron)

(i)feesabirimumukaaga(Great Rhombicuboctahedron

(j)Feesinkaagamubbiri(Greatrhombicusidodecahedron)

(k)Ekigulumiro ekya feesimukaaga(Dodecagonal prism)

(l)Ekigulumiro ekya feesikumi((Octagonal prism)

(m)Ekigulumiro ekya Mpetosatu(triangular prism)

(n)Kyesatuza(cube)

Manya: Enkulungo(Sphere) n'eripuso(ellipse) si bwenyibungi kubanga enkula zino zirina feesi emu ennekulungirivu.
Ebinnyonnyozo by'essomampimo (Geometrical properties)

"Ekinnyonnyozo"(Property) mu essomampimo kitegeeza ekyo ekinnyonnyola enkula ey'ekibalangulo."Ekisonjozo"(characteristic)kitegeeza ekyo ekisonjola ekintu oba ekiramu.Okulaga ebinnyonnyozo by'enkula eyekibalo yonna okugyawula ku nkula endala, olina okwebuuza nti enkula eyogerwako erina :

# Empuyi(sides) meka?
# Empeto(angles) meka?
# Enkoloboze eza  kapendikyula(Perpendicular lines) meka?
# Enkoloboze ezigendagana(parallel lines) meka ?
# Feesi(obwenyi) meka?
# Embalama(edges) meka?
# Obufumito(vertices) bumeka?
# Empimo(dimensions) meka?

Awo oba onnyonnyola ebikwata ku nkula okusobola okulaga ebyo ebigyawula ku nkula endala. Bino by'ebinnyonnyozo(properties) mu essomampimo.
Ensibuko y'Ebikula(the origin of species)

Okusinziira ku kakensa Charles Darwin, ebikula(species)byonna birina obujajja obwa wamu(common ancestry). Agamba nti obulamu bwasibuka mu bikyusabuziba(chemical reactions) ebyaali bigenda mu maaso mu byazi oba mu njazi emyaka egyedda ennyo.

Darwin agamba nto obulamu buzze bwerongoosereza okuva mu bulamu obusirikitu obw'omutendera ogwa wansi ennyo era ne bugenda nga bweyawuzaamu okufuuka obulamu obw'enjawulo obuli eyo mu nkumi n'enkumi ku Nsi.

Agamba nti obutonde era buzze bwelondobamu , ekintu ky'ayita "okwelondobamu okw'obutonde"(natural selection) nga "ekikula ekinafu bisaanawo"(the weaker species dies out). Okiraba nti ekikula ekinafu kisaanawo. Wano africa yonna, omuli Misiri, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia lyonna lyali ttaka lya baddugavu  naye eddungu bwe lyagenda lirya abaddugavu nga baddukayo okudda wansi .Kino kyajjawo lwa kuba abaddugavu balemwa "okufuga obutonde"(taming nature) abawalabbu bbo ne bajja ne batandikawo tekinologiya ow'okufukiria ebimera ekibasobosezza okuyitimuka mu ddungu ffe abaddugavu lye twadduka. kati bagagga ba mafuta.
Ekyelongooserezo ky'Ebiramu(the evolution of life)

Okusinziira ku Kakensa Charles Darwin , ebiramu byonna byasibuka mu bulamu obwa wansi ennyo okutandika n'obulamu obusirikitu.

Olw'ekibalo kya Katonda ye ky'ayita ekibalo ky'obutonde, obulamu buzze bwelongoosereza n'okweyawulamu ebikula eby'enjawulo . Kino ky'ekiyitibwa "ekyerongooserezo ky'ebikula"(the evolution of species). 
Okkiriza  nti  ebiramu bizze byelongoosereza ( do yo believe that life has evolved )okuva mu bulamu obwa wansi ennyo okutuuka ku ndabika eriwo kati ? Gino gy'emiramwa gye wetaaga okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku mulamwa guno:

(i)Ekyerongooserezo ky'ebiramu(te evolution of life)
(ii)Okwelongoosereza kw'ebiramu(the evolution of life)
(iii)Okwelongoosreza kw'ebikula (the evolution of species)
(iv)Ekyelongooserezo ky'ebikula (the evolution of species)
(v)Ekikula(a Species)
(vi)Enkula( mathematical shape, human character)
(vi) Ebikula ("soecies" , plural of "a species")
(vii)Okwolendobamu okw'obutonde(natural selection)
(viii)Mu butonde , "Ekikula ekinafu kisaanawo"(in nature , the weaker species dies out)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Obuziizi(Nucleus)

Amakkati g'akaziba(atomic center) bwe buziizi(nucleus) . N'olwekyo obuziizi ky'ekifo ekisembayo mu makkati g'obuziba(atoms). Mu  buziizi musangibwamu obotonniinya bwa mirundi ebiri:

(a) Obukontanyi oba konta(proton)

(b)Nampawengwa oba nampa(neutron)

Obusannyalazo(electrons ) bwo buli wabweru wa "obuziizi"(outside the nucleus).N'olwekyo buli lwe boogeranga ku "buziizi" manya nti bategeeza amakkati g'akaziba.Weetegereze emiramwa gino:

(i)Ekyabuluzabuziizi(nuclear or nucleus fission)

(ii) Ekyeggatisabuziizi(Nuclear or nuclear fusion)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Obutoffaali(Particles)

Sooka okimanyi nti "akataffaali"(living cell) kaba kazimba mubiri gwa kiramu kyokka "akatoffaali" kazimba buli kintu.

Akatoffaali ke  katundutundu akayinza okuba akasirikitu oba akatali kasirikitu ak'ekintu kyonna. Obutoffaalo buba butundutundu. Mu "essomabutonde" oba "essomabuzimbe"(physics) waliwo "obutoffaali"(particles) bwa njawulo:
(a) obutoffaali obwa Beta(Beta-particles)
(b) Obutoffaalo obw'alufa(Alpha-particles) 
(c) Obupoto (photons).Buno era buyitibwa bupaketi bwa kitangaala(packets of light)
(d)Obutonniinya(Atomic particles)
(e) Obutinniinya(elementary particles)
(f)Akatiriitu kano nako katunnniinyo

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Enzimbulukusa(Microscope)

Bannasaynsi baakizuula nti waaliwo obulamu bungi , obumu nga buleeta endwadde nnyingi, bwe twali tutasobola kulaba na liiso eriri obukunya. Kino baakituukako oluvannyuma lw'okuvumbula enzimbulukusa(microscope).

Enzimbulukusa=Ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa obusirikitu(a machine or device that enlarges  or magnifies tiny or minute objects and life forms).Waliwo n'ennengeza(telescope) , eno nga yo esika n'ekulengeza ebiri ewala ennyo mu bwengula.

Bivudde eri Muwanga  Charles
Ennengeza(Telescope)

Ennengeza(Telescope) kitegeeza ennyanguyirizi(device) elengeza omuntu ekyo ekiri ewala ennyo naddala mu buziba bw'obwengula.Weetegereze:

Ennengeza(Telescope)=Ennyanguyirizi  erengeza ebiri ewala ennyo.
Enzimbulukusa(Microscope)= Ennyaguyirizi ezimbulukusa obusirikitu ne busobola okulabibwa nga bwe bufaanana.

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Emisinde n'Engenda(Seed and Velocity)

Emisinde n’Engenda
       (speed and velocity).

Mu essomabutonde oba essomabuzimbe(Physics) , "emisinde" kisonjolwa nga ekigerageranyo ky'embiro ezziddukwa buli namunigina ya biseera (rate of running per unit time).Mukasa avuze emotoka ku misinde gya km 150 buli ssaawa , kino kiba kigambululo kya misinde(Statement of speed)).

Kyokka bw'oba oyogera ku "eng'enda"(velocity) ku misinde oyongerako n'obwolekero(direction). Mukasa avuze emotoka ku km 150 buli ssaawa ng'ayolekedde bukiikakkono, kiba "kigambululo kya ng'enda"(Statement of velocity).

 Waliwo ebipimo ebiraga emisinde gyokka n’ebyo ebiraga emisinde, n'ekintu ekidduka emisinde gyekiraga oba gyekitunudde. Oli bw’akubuuza emisinde gy’ennyonyi kwetambulira aba akubuuza ekintu kya njawulo ne “engenda” yaayo .Nga Obuwanvu n’okuseetuka bwe birina amakulu ag’enjawulo yadde nga birina enfaanagana, ne emisinde n’engenda  bwe bityo bwe biri. 

 Emisinde gipimibwa ku nsengekera okulaga embiro ekintu ze kitambula. Era ginnyonyolwa nga ekipimo ky’olugendo oba obuwanvu bw’olugendo.

Ekintu ekiri ku mbiro oba ekiwewenyuka kiba misinde gya waggulu  kitambula olugendo luwanvu mu kaseera akatono . Ekintu ekigenda empola kiba n’emisinde gya wansi era kitambulo olugendo lumpi mu kaseera akatono. Ekintu ekiri mu kifo ekimu kiba n’emisinde zero. Mumisinde tetufaayo ku ludda ki ekintu gye kitambula kigenda.

Engenda  kipimo ekiraga emisinde  n’oludda ekintu gye kiraga . Engenda kitegeeza engeri ekintu ekitambula gye kikyuusaamu ekifo.Singa omuntu okuba oluta lumu mumaaso ate nadda emabega oluta lumu wano tewaba  “ngenda” kubanga omuntu aba adda mu kifo kye kimu .Kino kitegeeza.

Ssinga omuntu akubuuza nti ekidduka  kyo ddukira ku musinde ki ? Oyinza okuddamu nti  kiddukira ku  kirmita 70 buli ssaawa. 
Egyo gy’emisinde(speed) gyakyo . 

Bivudde eri Charles Muwanga.
Kyokka bw’akubuuza nti  “engenda” yaakyo eri etya oba ekidduka kyo kati kiri kigenda kitya oba kiri mu ngenda ki? Wano ogattako  gyekitunude n’ogamba ntu : “kigenda kiromita 70 buli ssaawa , bukikakkono”.  Eyo y’engenda(verocity) yaakyo.
Okutebenta n'okutolontoka(acceleration and Momentum)

Okutebenta (acceleration) n'okutolontoka(Momentum)miramwa egibaddewo mu luganda nga si misonjole bulungi. Amateeka ag'enzimba y'emiramwa gatukkiriza okugaziya amakulu g'ebigambo ebiriwo okusobola okuteekawo emiramwa gye twetaaga mu sayansi.Kati nno weetegereze:

(i)Okutebenta (acceleration)
(ii)Okutebentuka (deceleration)
(iii)  Entolonta(momentum)
(iv) Okwongeza entolonta (increasing momentum).

Manya :

(a)"Okutebenta" oba "entebenta"(acceleration) kiba "kigerageranyo kya nnyongeza mu  ng'enda" (late of change of momentum)
(b) Okutebentuka oba entebentuka(Deceleration)  "kigerageranyo kya nkendeeza mu ng'enda"(late of change of velocity)
(c)"Okutolonta"(momentum) "kigerageranyo kya nkusa mu ntebenta(late of change of acceleration)

Wano nno bw'otaba omutitiizi obivaako buvi anti waliwo abantu abamu  nga tebagumiikiriza nkyukakyuka abaadde bannagira nga bwendi mu kukyusa oluganda. Bano mbagamba kimu nti buli lulimi lukulaalulana mu bigambo , ne lufuna ebipya ate ne lukaddiya ebitakyatuukana na mulembe ogubaawo. 

Kati guno mulembe gwa sayansi, bwe tuba nga tubadde tukozesa ebigamba bitaano,  okutebenta, okutebentuka, okutolontoka, n'okufumuuka nga byonna byekuusiza ku "kuva"(motion) ,kisaanidde okubikwataganya n'ebyolungereza ebya sayansi ow'okuva(science of motion)era buli kigambo kifune ensonjola eya sayansi mu kifo ky'okwewola ebiva mu nnimi engwira.

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles.
Okufumuuka n'Okutondowala (Evaporation and condensation)

"Okufumuuka" tekikyategeeza kudduka mbiro wabula kati kitegeeza kufumuuka(evaporation) kwa mazzi nga gabugumye ne gafuuka  "enfuumo y'amazzi"(water vapour).

Amazzi bwe gabuguma "amasoboza aga nabbugumya" (thermal energy)gagaleetera okujugumira(vibration), ekintu ekigaleetera okwokya. Ekiva mu kwokya bwe buzibba oba molekyo y'amazzi okwetaggulula ne gatandika okufumuuka(evaporating) ng'omukka (gas).Ekyo ekirabika nga omukka nga kifumuuka ky'ekiyitibwa "enfuumo"(Vapour).

Enfuumo y'amazzi bw'etuuka mu bwengula n'etomera ebire oba ekintu kyonna etandika okutondowala (to condense).Okutondowala mu essomabuzimbe(physics) kitegeeza "okufuuka ettondo ly'amazzi"(turning into a water drop) agatonnya wansi ng'amatondo.

The act of  water vapour(enfuumo y'amazzi)  turning into water drops(amatondo) is what we refer to as okutondowala(condensation)  in scientific Luganda.

Bivudde eri Muwanga  Charles
EKYOKI (LASER)

EKYOKIRA (LASER) kifundiwazi(acronym) ekiva mu kufundiwaza ekigambululo)Statement) :

"Ekyongeza Masoboza ga Kitangaala okuyita mu Kufulumya Olubugumu Olusitimuse" = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation=LASER)
Oluganda Olubalanguzi(Mathematical Luganda)

"Oluganda olubalanguzi" kitegeeza Oluganda okuba nga lusobola okukozesebwa mu "biwandiike ebyekibalangulo"(mathematical documentation))  ne mu "okwogera okw'ekibalangulo"( mathematical speech),ntegeeza :

(a) Okubalangula ebikunizo                    (to calculate mathematical problems

(b) Okubalanguza ebikunizo                     (to solve mathematical problems)

(c) Okusengeka ebirowoozo eby'ekibalangulo    (mathematical logic)

Kawefube ono y'asoose era mukama nga ayagadde , okuyita mu biwonvu n'ebikko, tugenda okufuula oluganda "olulimi olubalanguzi"(mathematical language).
Oluyengo(Radiation)

Oluyengo (radiation) mulamwa oguva mu bigambo "Olubugumu olw'amayengo"/ Oluyengo lulimu:

(a)Olubulukusi = Olubugumu lw'ebikulukusi(Convection)

(b) Olulandizo = Olubugumu olulandira  mu nkalubo(Conduction)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles

Manya : okufulumya olubugumu oba okufulumya oluyengo = to emit radiation
Olubumbulukuko(Radioactivity)

"Olubumbulukuko"(Radioactivity) luba luyengo(Radiation) oluva mu nzitoya ebumbulukuka nga "yulaniyaamu" oba emibiri gy'ebiramu.Olubumbulukuko lutera kuba:

(a)Luyengo lwa mugendo gwa masannyalaze ne magineeeti(electromagnetic radiation) oluva ku njuba.
(b)Luyengo lw'obutunniinyo(obutundutundu obuttini ennyo)=Particle radiation)

Manya:
" Oluyengo" = Olubugumu  olw'amayengo(Radiation)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
EKIKENGO(RADAR)

EKIKENGO(RADAR) kifundiwazo(acronym) kyebigambo ebiri mu kigambululo(statement) :

 "Ekiketto ky'Amayengo ga Leediyo"= "Radio Detection and Ranging"

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Embu z'Ensolo(Categories of animals)

(i)Ensolo ez'Enkizi(Vertebrates):

(a)Luyonsa (Mammals)
(b)Lugirigimba(Reptiles)
(c)Byennyanja(Fish)
(d) Binyonyi(Birds)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles

(ii)Ensolo ezitali za Nkizi(Invertebrates)

(a) Magulwana nga ebiwuka
(b)Magulumunaana nga nabbubi
(c)Magulubufukunya nga amagongolo ne ssigga
(c) Logonvu nga ensiring'anyi
(d) Lusonko nga amakovu

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Kalonda w'Obutonde(Natural phenomena)

Gakuweebwa Muwanga !!  Kalonda w’obutonde(Physical or natural phenomena ) nga enkyukakyuka y’embeera z’obudde mu  bitundu (Climate), empewo n ‘embuyaga , amasoboza (energy) , oluyengo oba olubugumu (radiation),  ekisannyalazo kya’amasannyalaze(electric charge) , n’empalirizo za magineeti(magnetic forces). Kalonda w'obutonde(Natural phenomena) era alimu:

(i)Endabiso z'ensi(Physical features) nga:
(a) Ebiwonvu n'ebikko
(b) Ensozi n'obusozi
(c) Semazzi(water bodies)
(d) ekitangaala (Light)
(e) Nampewo(the atmosphere).
(f) Entababutonde(ecology)
(g) Entababiramu(Biomes)
(h)Entavabinera(Vegatation)
(i)  Entuumo z'ebiramu(Biomass)

Bivudde eri Muwanga  Charles
Obuzimbe bw'Ensi(the structure of the earth)

Obuzimbe bw'ensi(the earth structure)bulimu :

(i)Ekikunsi (the Crust)
(ii) Emmantulo(the mantle)
(iii)Obuzziba (the core)

Weetegereze nti "obuziba" kivvuubula "atoms" ate akaziba ye "atom). E Buziba kitundu kiri  Tanzania

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Semayanja ne Waluyanja(Oceons and Seas)

Gakuweebwa Muwanga  ! Semayanja ne Waluyanja (Oceans and Seas)

“Waluyanja”(sea) kiba kikko ekyagaagavu ekirimu amazzi ag’olunnyo, nga kino kiba kitundu ku “semayanja”(ocean) , n’eno nga ebaamu amazzi ga lunnyo(salt water). 

Ku nsi tewali waluyanja zisangibwa munda ku lukalu kubanga ziba ne weziwaguliza okuyiwa oba okwegatta ku semayanja.   Semayanja (oceans) zo nnene ddala nga zeetoloola semazinga (continents) zonna ku Nsi. Waluyanja gaba matabi ga seruyanja.

Ku nkulungo y'Ensi , Semayanja zirimu:

(i) Seruyanja eya Buyindi (Indian Ocean)
(ii) Seruyanja Enteefu(Pacific ocean)
(iii) Seruyanja Entabamazinga(Atlantic ocean)
(Iv) Seruyanja eya Bukiikakkono(Arctic Ocean)
(v) Seruyanja eya Bukiikaddyo)Antarctic ocean)

Waluyanja(Oceans) zirimu:

(a)Waluyanja emmyufu(Red Sea)
(b)Waluyanja Omugumba(Dead Sea)
(c)Waluyanja w'Obukiikaddyo bwa Buchina(South China Sea)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Ebipimo ebyeyunira amakkati(Measures of centeral tendency)

Ebipimo ebyeyunira amakkati (Measures of central tendency)mulimu:

(a) Omugeranyo(Mean)
(b)ekigeranyo(average)
(c)Ensinga(mode)
(d)Ensekkati(Median)
(e)Ekigeranyo (Quotient)
(f) Omwawuzo(range)

Wetegereze:

(i) Omugerageranyo(Ratio)
(ii)Ekigerageranyo(Rate)
(iii)Olusekkati(Diameter)

Bivudde eri Muwanga  Charles
Okwetta

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Emirungi mingi tuwulira abantu nga besse. Okwetta kuli mu buli nsi na mu buli kitundu abantu gye babeera.

### Biki ebiviirako abantu okwetta

Okwetta kuva ku bintu bingi okuli obulwadde bw’okubwogo nga okwenyamira , obukyayi (okwekyawa), obutamiivu, enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z’omuntu oba okukozesa eddagala. Ensonga endala mulimu okweraliikirira okuva ku buzibu bw'okufuna ensimbi wamu n’obutakkaanya mu mukwano oba okunyoomebwa. 

### Heading text
Okuziyiza okwetta

Ebimu ku bikoleddwa okuziyiza okwetta bye bino: okukendeeza ku busobozi bw’omuntu okwetuusako obutwa, okujjanjaba obwongo n’okulwanyisa enkozesa y'eddagala mu bukyamu.

### Engeri abantu gye batta

Engeri z’okwetta nnyingi. Okwetta kusinzira ku bintu ebyetoolodde omuntu ayagala okwetta. Okugeza emiti, obutwa, emiguwa, ebiso, ebyogi  n'ebirala. Ebintu ebyo ebyetoolodde omuntu bireetera omuntu okwetta mu ngeri zino, okwetta nga yeetuze, okwewa obutwa, okwefumita ekiso n’engeri endala nnyingi. Engeri ezisinga okukozesebwa mu kwetta ze zino: okwetuga, okunywa obutwa bw’emmese n’okweyokya. Mu mwaka gwa 2013 abantu 842,000 betta ate nga mu mwaka gwa 1990 baali 712,000. Okweta, kukwatta ekifo kya 10 mu bireetera okufa kw’abantu munsi yonna.

Ekikolwa ky’okwetta kisinga kukolebwa basajja. So nga ate mu mawanga agaakula edda abaana abato be basinga okugezaako okwetta ate nga kino kisinga mu baana bawala.[5]
Enziku

Enziku, bumu ku bulwadde bwe'ekikaba. Obulwadde buno buleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*. Abantu bangi abatafuna bubonero bwa nziku so ng'ate oluusi baba bagirina. 

## Obumu ku bubonero

Abasajja bayinza okubabukirirwa nga bafuuyisa, okufulumya amazzi amacaafu okuva mu busajja, oba okulumwa ensigo. 
Ate bo abakyala basobola okufuna okubabuukirirwa nga bafuuyisa, okufulumya amazzi amacaafu okuva mu bukyala, okukulukuta omusaayi mu biseera by’okulwala oba okulumwa wansi mu bitundu by’ekyama. Enziku eretaawo okuzimba mu bukyala ate mu basajja n’eretaawo okuzimba mu nseke. Bwe kityo, enziku eyo esobola okusaasaana mu nnyingo zonna oba mu misuwa gy’omutima singa eba tejajabiddwa.

## Ensaasaana n'okwekebeza

Enziku esobola okusaasaanyizibwa ng'eva ku maama n’ekwata omwana mu kaseera kokusumulukuka. Obulwadde buno bukeberebebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. basobola okukebera omusulo oba akanyinyi mu basajja ate mu bakyala bakebera mumwa gwa nnabaana. Okwekebeza ekirwadde ky’enziku kisaana eri abantu ababa bakafuuna ababeezi wamu n’abavubuka abali wansi w’emyaka 25 buli mwaka. So ate era n’abasiyazi balina okwekebeza buli mwaka.

Waliwo engeri nnyinhi omuntu z’asobola okweyambisa okwewala enziku; okugeza nga; okukozesa obupiira, okwegatta n’omuntu omu yekka ate nga naye mulamu, n’okulekayo okwegatta. Ebiseera ebisinga obujjanjabi bw'obulwadde buno buba bwa kukubwa mpiso. 

Okuddamu okwekebeza kulina kubaawo luvannyuma lwa myezi esattu ate bo abaagalana abawezezza emyezi ebiri balina okfuna obujjanjabi okwewala okulwala enziku.
Okukola ebintu ebipya okuva mu birala

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Okukola ebintu ebipya okuva mu birala y’engeri y’okufuula kasasiro ekintu eky’omugaso. Kino kituyamba okwewala okwonoona ebintu ebyandibadde eby’omugaso. Kasasiro bw’akolebwamu ebintu ebirala kiyamba n’obutayonoona bwebungulule bwaffe ng’amazzi, empewo, n’ettaka.

Ebintu ebikolebwamu ebipya bizingiramu ebintu eby’enjawulo nga giraasi, empapula, kaadiboodi, ebyuma, pulasitiika, ebipiira, engoye n’ebyamasannyalaze. Mu ngeri y’emu n’okukola nakavundira mu bintu ebivunda nga emmere n’omuddo nakyo kitwalibwa ng’okukola ekintu ekipya okuva mu birala.

Ebintu ebigenda okufuulibwamu oba okulebwamu ebirala bisobola okutwalibwa we bikuŋŋaanyirizibwa oba mu kifo emmotoka w’ebiggya ne bisosolwa, ne biyonjebwa ate olwo ne bikolebwamu ebintu ebipya mu makolero.

Ekitera okubaawo kye kino nti ekintu ekikolebwamu ekirala, ekyo ekirala ekikoleddwa kiba kya ngeri eyo yennyini. Okugeza, empapula zikolebwamu empapula endala, oba akaveera akasuuliddwa ne kakolebwamu akaveera akalala. Wabula, kigambibwa nti enkola eno eyinza okubeera ey’ebbeeyi okusinga okukola ekintu ekipya kyennyini.

### Entandikwa y'omulimu guno

Okukola ebintu ebipya okuva mu birala kibaddenga kikolebwa okuva emabega yonna. Kigambibwa nti enkola eno yandiba nga yatandikira ku mulembe gwa Plato mu myaka gya 400 BC (Kristo nga tannajja). Mu kiseera ebikozesebwa we byabeerera eby’ebbula, okunoonyereza kw’ebyafaayo ebyekaliriza ebisigalira by’ebyo ebyakozesebwanga kulaga nti ebintu bitono nnyo eby’ebintu ebyakozesebwanga awaka ebyazuulibwanga (gamba nga evvu, ebipapajjo by’ensuwa n’ebirala). Kino kitegeeza nti kasasiro mungi yaddangamu okukozesebwa mu kiseera ky’ebbula. 

Mu biseera ng’omulembe gw’amakolero tegunnaba waliwo ebiraga nti kasasiro eyavanga ku byuma mu bitundu by’e Bulaaya yasaanuusibwanga n’addamu okukozesebwa. Gwo omulimu gw’okuddamu okukola ebirala okuva mu mpapula gwasooka kukolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1031 mu Japaani. Ate mu Bungereza, kasasiro ava mu mbaawo yakolebwangamu amataffaali.

Ebiseera bwe byagenda biyitawo, amakolero gaatandika okwetaaga kasasiro gwe gasobola okukolamu ebintu ebipya. Go amacupa aganywerwamu soda n’omwenge abantu baagazzangayo ne babawa ssente. Kino kyatandikira Bungereza ne Ireland eyo mu myaka gya 1800 naddala ku macupa aga Schweppes.

### Okukuŋŋaanya

Engeri nnyingi eziteereddwawo okukuŋŋaanyizaamu kasasiro. Engeri zino ezimu zitandikibwako abaagala okukolamu ensimbi ate endala zitandikibwawo gavumenti. Okukuŋŋaanya kasasiro kulimu engeri ssattu okuli ebifo ewasuulibwa kasasiro, awatundirwa kasasiro n’ewateekebwa kasasiro ku makubo okuggyibwawo emmotoka. 

### Okusosola

Kasasiiro  bw’akukuŋŋaayizibwa awantu, oluusi abeera tasosoddwa nga bw’aba alina okubeera. Bwe kityo, aba alina okusosolwa okusinziira ku bika ebimulimu. Okugeza, obuveera, emisumaali, n’ebirala ne bitegekebwa byokka na byokka.  Kino kikolebwa bwe kityo kubanga kasasiro oyo bw’aba ng’agenda kuddamu okukolebwamu ebintu ebirala alina okusosolwa obulungi olwo ebintu ebyo bisobole okukosebwa. Kino kitegeeza nti tulina okuyiga n’okwemanyiiza okusosola kasasiro mu ngeri ennungi.
Olukusense

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Olukusense bwe bumu ku bulwadde nnamutta obwogerwako mu nsi muno. Busaasaanyizibwa akawuka akayitibwa ***measles virus***. 

### Obubonero

Obumu ku bubonero bw’omuntu alina olukusense bwe buno: omusujja, ekifuba, ennyindo ezikulukuta eminyira n’okumyuka amaaso. Oluvannyuma lw’ennaku bbiri oba ssattu, ng’omuntu amaze okufuna obubonero obwo, omuntu asobola okufuna obugondo obweru mu kamwa obuyitibwa *Koplik's spots*. Obutulututtu obumyufu obutera okutandikira mu maaso nga tebunnasaasaana mu mubiri gwonna butandika mu nnaku ssattu oba ttaano oluvannyuma lw’okufuna obubonero bw’obulwadde buno. Obubonero buno butera okujja mu nnaku 10-12. Olulala, omuntu afunye obulwadde buno, asobola okufuna embiro, okuziba amaaso oluusi n’obulumi ku bwongo.

Olukusense kirwadde ekitambulira mu mpewo, era nga kisinga kusasanira mu kukolola wamu n'okukuba emyasa (okwasimula) okuva ku muntu omulwadde. Wabula, amalusu oba eminyira gy'omuntu alina obulwadde buno nabyo bisobola okubusiiga omulala atabulina. Singa abantu abalamu babeera mu kifo kye kimu n’omulwadde, wabaawo emikisa mingi nabo okukwatibwa obulwadde obwo mu nnaku nnya (4) zokka. Bwe kityo okwekebeza akawuka akaleeta olukusense kwa mugaso mu bitundu gye tubeera. 

Obukadde nga 20 obw’abantu bwe bukwatibwa olukusense, okusingira ddala mu bitundu bya Afirika ebikyakulaakulana. Mu mwaka gwa 2013 abantu 96,000 be baafa ekirwadde kino, okuva ku bantu 545,000 abaafa mu mwaka gwa 1990. So ng'ate mu mwaka gwa 1980 abantu obukadde 2.6 be baafa ekirwadde ky’olukusense.

### Engeri y’okujjanjabamu olukusense

Nazzikuno abaana abaakwatibwanga mulangira baabafumbiranga ebintu bino wammanga: enkejje, omutulika, enseenene n’ebirala bingi eby’ayambangako mu kufulumya obulwadde obwo. Laba Enzijanjaba y'Olukusense okumanya enzijanjaba y'olukusense ey'Ekiganda. Wabula, omulwadde w'olukusense asobola okukubwa empiso wamu n’okumira amakerenda mu nzijanjaba ey'Ekizungu.

### References

Enzijanjaba y'Olukusense
Okuggyamu olubuto

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Okuggyamu olubuto, kuba kuggyamu kanuunu nga tekanaba kufuluma nnabaana. Okuggyamu olubuto kukolebwa mu bugenderevu naye ng'ate wayinza okubaawo embeera we kiyinza okubaawo mu butali bugenderevu. Ekikolwa kino, ky'ekyo ekikolebwa okusindiikiriza olubuto okuvaamu. 

Amawanga agasinga mu nsi tegakkiriza bantu baamu kuggyamu mbuto naye ng'ate waliwo amawanga agakkiriza ensonga eno. Okuggyama embuto bwe kwakirizibwa gavumenti mu nsi ezaakulaakulana, waliwo eddagala eriziyiza okufuna embuto, bwe kityo ensangi zino waliwo obujjanjabi obutukana n’omutindo wamu n’okulongosa abakyala nga baggyibwamu embuto. 

### Obulabe bw'okuggyamu embuto

Ekikolwa ky'okuggyamu embuto kya mutawaanya nnyo. Ekikolwa kino kiviirako abantu abasukka mu 47,000 okufa ate ng'abantu abawera obukkadde 5,000,000 baweebwa ebitanda buli mwaka. Ekitongole ky’ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna kisemba nti abakyala bonna bakkirizibwe okuggyamu embuto mu ngeri etabokosa era kibeere nga kikolebwa mu butongole.

Kumpi abantu 56 be baggyamu embuto buli mwaka mu nsi yonna. Omuwendo gw’abaggyamu embuto gwakendeera wakati wa 2003 ne 2008, so ng'ate emyaka mingi emabega abaggyamu embuto baali bakendeera olw’okuba nti abantu baali basobola okwetuusaako enkola z'ekizaalaggumba. Mu mwaka gwa 2008, abakyala ebitundu 40% mu nsi baali bakkirizibwa okuggyamu embuto mu butongole.

### Ebyafaayo by'okuggyamu embuto

Okuggyamu embuto kikolwa ekibaddengawo ne mu mirembe gy'emabega ddala. Kino kibaddenga kikolebwa na ddagala lya kinnansi, ebyuma ebyogi wamu n’amaanyi. 

### Amateeka ku kuggyamu embuto

Amateeka g’okuggyamu embuto gaawukana okwetoolola ensi yonna okusinziira ku by’obuwangwa n’eddiini mu mawanga ag'enjawulo. 
Mu nsi ezimu, ekikolwa kino kibaawo okusinziira ku ngeri omuntu gye yafunamu olubuto. Okugeza, omukyala atusiddwako ogw’obuliisa amanyi aba akkirizibwa okuggyamu olubuto, omukyala alina obuzibu mu nseke aba akkirizibwa okuluggyamu so ng'ate n’obwavu busobola okuba ensonga y’okuggyamu olubuto oli ng'alaba tagenda kusobola kulabirira mwana gw'azadde.
Okuwangaala mu Luganda

## ETTEEKA ERIFUGA OKUWANGAALA MU LUGANDA

Mu kuwandiika olulimi Oluganda, tuwandiika ennukuta empeerezi ebbiri singa ennyingo ebeera ewandiikibwa ebeeramu eddoboozi eriwangaala. Kino kitegeeza nti awawangaala tuwandiikawo empeerezi bbiri nga mu bigambo bino: 
* Kasooli
* Mukeeka 
* Wandiika 
* Ekkooti n’ebirala

Wabula, kino tekitegeeza nti buli wabeera eddoboozi eriwangaala lirina kwolesebwa na kuwandiikawo mpeerezi bbiri. Ojja kwesanga nga waliwo w’owulira eddoboozi eriwangaala mu kigambo wabula nga teryoleseddwa mu kuwandiika olw’amateeka agafuga empandiika y’olulimi  Oluganda. Okuwandiika nga tuwangaala “n’empeerezi ebbiri” kireetebwawo embeera zino wammanga:

1. Singa tuba tuwandiika nga mu kigambo mulimu ennyingo eraga obusukkulumu bw’omuntu bw’alina okusinga ku balala. Akayingo akasukkulumu bwe kaddirirwa ekigambo nga kitandika n'empeerezi, olwo tufuna okuwangaala. 
Eby’okulabirako
* Ssaabasajja
* Ssaabasumba 
* Ssaabalangira 
* Nnaabalongo n’ebirala

2. Singa tuba tuwandiika mu kiseera ekinajja mu muntu asooka mu bumu, tuwandiika nga tuwangaala. Akabonero ak'ekiseera ekinajja ke kano, **naa-**.

Eby’okulabirako 
i)	Anaagenda 
ii)	Nnaalinda 
iii)	Onaamusanga
iv)	Nnaasiima 

3. Era singa tuba tuwandiika ebigambo ebyewole oba ebyagandawazibwaokuva mu nnimi endala, tuwandiika nga tuwangaala. 

Eby’okulabirako
* Ekkooti
* Essaati 
* Ttaanka 
* Bbookisi
* Ppaasi n’ebirala.

4. Bwe tubeera ne nnakasigirwa ekolebwa n'ensirifu n'empeerezi, **ba-**, ne tugikozesa mu kikolwa ekiri mu kiseera ekyayita, tufuna okuwangaala. 
Ebyokulabirako:
* Baalya
* Baasoma nnyo ne bayita bulungi ebigezo.

5. Waliwo n'okuwangaala okuggyawo olw'akawango akalaga okwekolako, **-ee-**.
Okugeza, neesaze, neetemye, beerumye, yeerimba, n'ebirala. 

Waliwo n'engeri endala ez'okulaga okuwangaala mu Luganda z'osobola okulowoozaako oba okwetegereza.

Ebyo byonna bye tulabye waggulu kye tuyita okuwangaala n’empeerezi ebbiri ezifaanagana nga ziwandiikiddwa mu kifo kimu.

Weetegereze: Waliwo etteeka erifuga okuwangaala nga tukozesezza ennukuta 'ggy'. Ennyukuta ezo bwe zibeera mu kigambo ne kiwulirwa nga kiwangaala, tuba tulina okuwangaala mu mpandiika. Wabula ku nnyukuta endala tetukkirizibwa kukola bwe tutyo.

* Eggwaatiro
* Tumuggyeemu 
* Eddwaaniro
* Ettwaatwa n’ebirala.

Wabula ennykuta eya “ny” yo tugitwala okuba ennukuta emu nga n’olwensonga eyo etteeka ery’okuwangaala n’empeerezi emu yo terigikwatako, kwe kugamba; ewawangaala ku yo wassibwawo empeerezi bbiri ezifaanagana mu maaso gaayo. Okugeza: 
* Nyaabula                                                                       
* Nnyaanya
Walifu y'Oluganda

Waliifu y’Oluganda kye kipande ekiraga ennukuta abiri mu omukaaga ez’eyambisibwa mu kuwandiika Oluganda era nga ze zino:

**Weetegereze**: Newankubadde ng'entereeza y'ennukuta eyo eyitibwa *Walifu y'Oluganda*, Oluganda lulina waliifu y'anjawulo ku y'olungereza. Okugeza, olungereza teluyina nyukuta ey'ekumi mu waliifu y'oluganda. Walifu Oluganda n'Olungereza ze lukozesa ya Kirooma era ekozesa ennukuta ze zimu. Entereeza y'ennukuta eyo egeegeenya bifo ewaatulirwa enjatula ey'ennukuta ezo. Omuntu bw'ategeka ennukuta ezo mu ntegeka ey'e Kingereza aba mutuufu ddala. 

Walifu y’Oluganda eyawulwamu ebitundu ebikulu bibiri;
i)	Ensirifu 
ii)	Empeerezi

## EMPEEREZI

Zino ziyitibwa ennukuta empeerezi olw’ensonga nti ziweererwa ennukuta ensirifu ne ziziyamba okukola amaloboozi era nga ze zino:

a      e     i      o        u

## ENSIRIFU

Ennukuta zino ziyitibwa zityo olw’ensonga nti singa zibeera tezongeddwako nnukuta empeerezi zibeera tezivuga oba nga tezivaamu ddoboozi. Ennukuta ensirifu ze zino wammnga:

Wabula, ennukuta ensirifu twongera ne tuziggyamu ebika ebirala bibiri okuli:
* Nakinnyindwa 
* Nampawengwa

## Nakinnyindwa
Zino zibeera nsirifu nga mu kwatulibwa kwazo omukka gufulumira mu nnyindo era nga kwe kuva erinnya Nakinnyindwa. Mu zo mulimu zino wammanga:
m   ,   n   ,   ny   ne ŋ'

Nampawengwa
Zino ziyitibwa zityo olw’ensonga tezirina we zigwa watuufu. Kino kitegeeza nti ennukuta zino zisobola okukola ng'ensirifu ate era ng’empeerezi nga kino kisinziira ku kifo we zibeera mu kigambo. Ennukuta zino ze zino wammanga: 
w ne y.
Enzijanjaba y'Olukusense

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## ENZIJANJABA Y'OLUKUSENSE MU BUGANDA

Obulwadde oluusi buyitibwa Mulangira. Buyitibwa butyo lwa nsonga nti bwatiibwanga nnyo olw'okuba nti bwalinga bwa bulabe nnyo mu Buganda nga n'okwatula erinnya lyabwo kitiisa. Buno bwe bumu ku ndwadde eziyitibwa nnamutta mu nsi yonna. Obulwadde buno bukuba obutulututtu ku mubiri gw'omuntu. Obulwadde buno bwa ngeri bbiri nga waliwo olukusense oluyiwa obutulututtu obutono ate n'obwo obuleeta obutulututtu. Obwo obuyiwa obutulututtu obunene buba bwa bulabe kubanga buleka  obukovukovu ku mubiri gw'omuntu.

Obulwadde buno businga nnyo mu baana abato wakati w'emyezi omwenda n'emyaka mukaaga. Omwana ayinza okukwatibwa Obulwadde buno singa abeera tagemeddwa bulwadde buno nga abasawo bwe balagira. 

Waliwo okunoonyereza okwalaga nti abaana abato naddala abali mu masomero busobola okubakwata nga buva ku bannabwe singa bagabana ebintu nga engoye, obuliri n'ebirala.

### '''Obubonero'''

Omuntu alina Obulwadde buno abeera n'obubonero nga okuyiwa obutulututtu, okwetakulatakula, omusujja, amaaso okukuba akaleka oba okufuuka kyenvunvu.

### '''Enzijanjaba'''

Obulwadde buno busobola okukendeezebwa n'okwewalibwa ng'abaana bagemebwa emirundi ebiri nga abasawo bwe bagira. Omuntu akwatiddwa Obulwadde buno talina kubeera mu banne kubanga busobola okukwata abalala. Abantu balina okwewala Okugabana ebintu nga engoye wamu n'ebirala ebikozesebwa ku nsusu.

Waliwo eddagala egganda eriyinza okukozesebwa okuvumula Obulwadde buno nga okufumba enkejje, omutulika ne balukandudde olwo omuntu n'aweeba amazzi agavuddemu n'anywa.

Obulwadde buno kimu ku biviirako abaana okufuna obulemu ng'obutawulira, okulemererwa okwogera wamu n'okufa kuba olukusense luli Ku lukalala lw'endwadde omukaaga zi nnamutta era nga butta nnyo abaana naddala Ku ssemazinga wa Afrika.

Gavumenti ez'enjawulo n'abagabirizi b'obuyambi batadde kaweefube mu kulwanyisa Obulwadde buno nga bayita mu kusimba amalwaliro, okubiriza abazadde okugemesa abaana, okwogerako n'abantu nga babategeeza ku katyabaga k'obulwadde buno.
Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu

Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu butunuulirwa mu ngeri y'emu ng'obwenkanya mu mbeera bantu . Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu kitegeeza abantu okubeera n'emikisa egyenkanankana mu bwebungulule obutaliimu bulabe eri abantu. 

Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu kimu ku bibeezaawo enkulaakulana. Mu 1996 abakulembeze ku kakiiko k’ebibeezaawo enkulaakulana mu Amerika kaayogera ku bwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu nga omwagaanya ogw’obwenkanya mu bulamu  bwaffe. 

Mu kkowe ery'Ebyenjigiriza, amatendekero aga waggulu gannyonnyola obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu ng'omwenkanonkano mu mbeerabantu.

Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu bulimu enkwata y'ebyobugagga, okwenyigira mu byobufuzi, ebyobuwangwa n'ebyenjigiriza mu ngeri entuufu era etayonoona. Obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu mulimu  okutuukiriza obyetaago bya buli muntu mu ngeri efaayo ku balala n'obutabalumya.

Mu bufunze, obwenkanyi mu mbeerabantu butegeeza abantu okukola byonna bye bakola naye nga bafaayo ku balala mu ngeri zonna. Omuntu alina okuola kyonna ky'akola naye nga yeegendereza obutalumya oba obutakosa balala.

### References
Ebyenfuna ebitoonoona butonde bwansi

Ebyenfuna ebitoonoona butonde bwa nsi buluubirira kukendeeza ku bulabe obwandituusiddwa ku bwebungulule bwaffe. Enkola eno eruubirira okukola emirimu egiwanirira obutonde era egitabwonoona.

Okutwaliza awamu, ensonga eno ey’ebyenfuna ebitoonoona butonde, ezingiramu kaweefube w’ebikolebwa byonna okulaba nti obutonde tebutaataaganyizibwa. Waliwo n’abakugu mu byenfuna abeemaliza mu kwekaliriza engeri ez’enjawulo emirimu gy’abantu nga mwotwalidde n’amakolero bwe biyinza okukolebwa mu ngeri ewanirira obutonde. Ekigendererwa ekikulu kwe kulaba nti obutonde ng’emiti, emigga, ebibira, entobazi, ettaka, enjuba n’ebirala tebyonoonebwa oba nga tebikozesebwa mu ngeri ya kudiibuuda. 

Mu mwaka gwa 2012, ekitongole kya ICC kyafulumya ekiwandiiko ekirambika engeri y’okukozesa obutonde mu ngeri etabwonoona. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kirimu amagezi n’okuwabula kw’abakugu okwakuŋŋaanyizibwa mu myaka ebiri. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kitangaaza ku ebyo ebirina okufiibwak mu mirimu okulaba nti okusoomoozebwa okuliwo mu nsi ku butonde kukolebwako.

Okutwaliza awamu, kigasa nnyo okulaba nti ebikolebwa byonna mu nsi bifaayo ku butonde okulaba nti tetubwonoona. Tulina okukola emirimu egiwanirira obutonde mu ngeri y’emu nga n’obutonde bwe butuwaniridde.
Obuzimbe bw'Akaziba (the structure of the atom)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga ! "Akaziba" kitegeeza "atomu". Obuzimbe bw'akaziba (the atomic structure).Buno wammanga bwe butonniinya  (sub-atomic particles) obukola akaziba(atom):

(i)	Konta (kikontana): Eno erina kyagi ya pozitiivu era esangibwa munda mu nyukiriyasi y'akaziba. Akatonniinya kano kayitibwa “kikontana” , kakontanyo oba "konta" mu bufunze okulaga nti ekisannyalazo kyako  ekya pozitiivu kiri mu kukontana n'ekisannyalazo eky’akasannyalazo ekya negatiivu era okukontana kuno kwekukuumira akaziba  awamu ne katabumbulukuka. Jjukira nti poola ezitafaanagana z’esikiriza (attract).
(ii)	Nampa (Nampawengwa). Eno erina kyagi ya kibogwe era nayo esangibwa mu nyukiriasi ya atomu.
(iii)	Akasannyalazo (electron). Kano kalina ekisannyalazo kya negatiivu era ko katambulira mu kire oba ekisosonkole okwetoloola nyukiriyasi y'akaziba.
Akaziba ka ayodologyeni  (hydrogen)  ke kasingayo  obwangu mu buzimbe kubanga kalina akasannyalazo kamu, konta emu ne nampa emu.

iAkaziba ka  keriyamu (helium atomu), ke kaddirira aka ayodologyeni (hydrogen) obwangu kubanga kalina Obusannyalazo bubiri, Konta bbiri, ne Nampa bbiri.
 
Nabuzimbe yonna (all matter) ebaamu obutoffaali obuyitibwa obuziba(atoms). Luno lwe lukalala lw’ebinnyonnyozo by'obuziba ebisookerwako: 
(i)	Obuziba  tebusobola kwabuluzibwamu nate ng’okozesa  kikyusabuziba. Bulina obuzimbe omuli obusannyalazo, nampa, ne konta . 
(ii)	Buli kasannyalazo kalina kyagi y’amasannyalazo eya negatiivu. 
(iii)	Buli konta erina kyagi y’amasannyalaze eya pozitiivu. Kyagi ya konta n’akasannyalazo zenkana mu kipimo kyokka nga zirina obulaga bwa kikontana. Obusannyalazo ne konta bulina ensikiriza ey’awamu mu masannyalaze. 
(iv)	Buli nampa eba ya kibogwe mu masannyalaze. Kino kitegeza, nampa teziba na kyaagi era tezisikirizibwa mu masannyalaze okudda eri obusannyalaza oba okudda eri konta. 
(v)	Konta ne nampa bulina ekigero kye kimu kyokka bunene okusinga obusannyalaza naye enzitoya ya konta y’emu n’eya nampa. Enzitoya ya konta eri  emirundi 1840 okusinga ey’akasannyalazo 
(vi)	Nyukiriyaasi ya atomu ebaamu konta (proton) ne nampa (neutron). 
(vii)	Obusannyalazo butambulira wabweru wa nnyukiriyaasi (omubeera konta ne nampa). 
(viii)	Kumpi enzitoya ya atomu yonna esangibwa mu nyukiriasi kyokka kumpi volima ya atomu yonna erimu busannyalazo. 
(ix)	Namba ya konta (namba ya atomu) y’eraga ekika kya erementi .Bw’okyuusa namba ya nampa ofuna atonu (isotopes.) Bw’okyusa namba y’obusannyalazo ofuna atovu (ions) ya atomu ne namba ya konta etakyuka. Bino byonna bibeerawo mu erementi emu. 
(x)	Obutonniiya  bw'akaziba ekibukuumira awamu eba empalirizo ez’amaanyi ennyo. 

Okutwalira awamu obusanyalazo bwangu okujjibwa (okutoolwa) oba okugattibwa ku atomu okusinga nampa ne konta. Okutomeggana kwa atomu okusinga kubaamu obuziba  oba ebirimba by'obuziba n’okukolagana wakati w’obusannyalazo bwabwo.  Ogwo gwe mugereeso gw'obuziba (atomic theory).
Akaziba ka ayidologyeni (hydrogen atom)

Ayidologyeni ke kaziba akasingayo obwangu era mu nnaku ezasooka nga “okubwatuka okunene” (big-bang) kumaze okubaawo, ayidologyeni kye kika ky'akaziba kyokka ekyali mu bwengula obupya.

Akaziba ka ayidologyeni, okufaanana n'obuziba obulala endala, kalina obuziizi (nuleous) naye buno bbwo  ebulimu akakontanyo kamu kokka, n’akasannyalazo kamu, akatebenta okwetoloola obuziizi bw'akaziba.

Obuziba bwa ayidologyeni obwasooka mu bwengula bwetuuma wamu mu birimba ebiyitibwa nabire (nebulae). Nabire bwe yafuuka enkwafuwavu (when the nebula became dense) ekimala, n’evaamu ekiyitibwa enjuba. Munda mw’enjuba zino mwalimu ebbugumu lingi nnyo n’empalirizo esikira mu njuba (ensikirizo = gravity).

Ensikirizo ey’amaanyi (strong gravity) n’enyigira wamu atomu za k-mazzi ekyatondekawo atomu za k-mazzi nnya ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu (bonded together) okutondekawo akaziba akapya akalina  obukontanyo bubiri, nampawengwa bbiri, n’obusennyalazo bubiri. Kano kaziba ka kaziba akayitibwa  “keriyamu” (helium).

Obukontanyo bwalina amasoboza (energy) mangi okusinga aga nampawengwa, olwo amasoboza agasukkulumye ne gawaguza okugenda mu bwengula ne gakola okwokya n’ekitangaala kino ekitumulisa.

Mu butuufu munda mw’enjuba ezisinga obungi mu bwengula obuwumbi n’obuwumbi bw,obuziba bwa ayidologyeni(billions of hydrogen atoms) buli mu kukyuka okufuuka obuziba bwa  keriyamu (helium atoms) buli lunaku. Enjuba singa eba tekyalimu ayidologyeni (hydrogen), efuuka sabalangaatira (super giant) oba omulangaatira gw’enjuba omumyufu (red giant).

Kyokka si buli ayidologyeni nti yasigala mu njuba.Ayidologyeni  omu yatandika okuwewenyuka okwetoloola enjuba. Ayidologyeni  yegattika n’ebika by'obuziba ebirala, oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera essikirizo (gravity) ne lisikira awamu obuziba buno okukola enkulungo z’enjuba (planets of the sun).

Ku nsi kuliko obuziba bwa ayidologyeni  nkuyanja, yadde obusinga ku bbwo bwegasse n'obuziba obulala  okukola molekyu. Olw’okuba obuziba bwa ayidologyeni buwewufu nnyo, buwewuka okusinga empewo, ekitegeeza nti bw’ojjuza bbaluuni ne ayidologyeni  eba etengejja waggulu mu lubaale okufaanana ne bbaluuni ya keriyamu gy’ogula ku dduuka.

Ekintu ekisinga obukulu ku ayidologyeni, bwe buziba obubiri obwa ayidologyeni  obwekwasawaza n'akaziizi kamu aka okisigyeni okutendekawo molekyo y’amazzi ag’omugaso ennyo mu bulamu ate era akaziizi aka kitondekamazzi kegatta n'akaziizi ka kaboni okukola molekyo ya "kaboni za nakazzi" (hydrocarbons), eno nga eba molekyo ya kaboni n’amazzi, omukolebwa ebiramu byonna.
Ensenke

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Ensenke ndwadde ereeta ekifu ku maaso, ekireetera omuntu okuba nga takyalaba bulungi. Ensenke yandikwata eriiso limu oba gombi.

### Obumu ku bubonero bw'ensenke

* Omuntu okuba nga takyalaba bulungi na kwawula bulungi langi za bintu
* okuba n'ekifu ku maaso
* amaaso okuba nga gafuna ogutangaala ogwetooloovu mu budde obw'emisana. 
* Mu birala mulimu okukaluubirirzibwa ng'omuntu atunula ku langi ezitangaala gamba nga; enjeru oba eya kyenvu n'endala, wamu n'okuzibuwalirwa okulaba mu budde obw'ekizikiza

Bino nno bireetera omulwadde okulemererwa ebintu ng'okuvuga ebidduka, okusoma bwino oba okwawula abantu ab'enjawulo.
Ensenke ekola ebitundu ataano ku buli kikumi(50%) mu kufuula abantu abazibe b'amaaso, ate era n'ekola ebitundu asatu mu bisatu ku buli kikumi(33%) mu kufuula abantu okuba n'obulemu ku maaso mu nsi yonna.

### Ebireeta ensenke

* Ensenke etera kuva ku kukaddiwa
* omubiri okufuna okwekanga okw'amaanyi
* okutunula mu bimyanso eby'amaanyi ennyo
* omuntu okuzaalibwa nayo
* omuntu singa alongoosebwa amaaso olw'ensonga endala asobola okufuna ekizibu kino
* Ebirala ebiyinza okuleeta ensenke kwe kuli endwadde ya ssukaali, okufuuweeta(okunywa ebintu nga ssigala, taaba n'ebirala)
* omuntu okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu ng'atunudde mu kitangaala ky'omusana
* wamu n'okunya ennyo omwenge okumala ekiseera ekiwanvu.

### Engeri y'okwewala ensenke

Wabula ensenke tukyayinza okugyewala nga twambala gaalubindi ez'omusana okwewala okutunula mu kitangaala kyagwo ekingi, okwewala okunywa omwenge ne ssigala n'ebirala.

Omuntu nga yaakafuna obulwadde buno asobola okukozesa  gaalubindi z'amaaso endwadde n'ekkakkanamu, wabula gaalubindi bwe zigaana olwo ng'amaaso galongoosebwa okusobola okuggyako ekifu ku maaso. Wabula okulongoosa amaaso agalwadde ensenke tekisobolwa mu mawanga gonna, naddala ku bakazi. Ababalirizi bagamba nti abantu abawerera ddala obukadde abiri(20) bazibe b'amaaso olw'ensonga eno.
Eddagala erigema endwadde ya kkolera

Eddagala erigema endwadde ya Cholera lya mugaso nnyo mu kuziyiza okukwatibwa n'okusaasaana kwa Cholera. 

Eddagala lino liba lya mugaso nnyo era likola ebitundu kinaana mu bitaano ku buli kikumi(85%) singa omwana agemebwa mu myezi omukaaga egisooka ng'amaze okuzaalibwa. Wabula singa omwana agemebwa obulwadde bwa cholera mu myezi emirala omukaaga egiba gisigaddeyo okuweza omwaka gumu, eddagala lino likolera wakati w'ebitundu ataano n'enkaaga ku buli kikumi(50-60%).

Naye singa omwana agemebwa ng'awezezza emyaka ebiri olwo eddagala lino liba lijja kukola ku bitundu ebitasukka makumi ataano ku buli kikumi.

Buli okugemesebwa kw'abaana abangi mu kitundu lwe kukolebwa , kiyamba n'abo abatagemeseddwa,  anti baba tebalina gye banaabuggya kubanga abasinga baba baagemesebwa nga kizibu okubakwata.
Ekitongole ky'ebyobulamu munsi yonna (World Health Organisation) kikubiriza era kiwagira enkozesa y'eddagala lino erigema cholera, nga kwekuli eritonnyezebwa mu kamwa [ddoozi bbiri oba ssatu] nga kw'otadde n'ery'akayiso (naye eddagala ery'akayiso terirabikalabika nnyo, era ery'okutonnyeza mu kamwa lye lisinga okweyambisibwa).

Eddagala lino erigema cholera eritonnyezebwa mu kamwa teriyina bulabe bwonna, era likkirizibwa okukozesebwa  ne ku bakyala abalina embuto, era n'abo abalina emibiri eminafunafu. Kyokka  omuntu nga yaakalimira yandifunamuuko obulumi obutonotono mu lubuto, oba oluusi n'okuddukana, naye nga si bya bulabe nnyo eri obulamu bwe.

Eddagala erigema cholera ery'okutonnyeza mu kamwa lyatandika okukozesebwa eyo mu myaka gy'ekyenda, era liri ku lukalala lw'ekitongole ky'ebyobulamu munsi yonna olw'eddagala ery'omugaso ennyo era eryetaagibwa mu byobulamu obwa bulijjo.
Obulwadde bw'Ennyingo (Arthritis)

Obulwadde bw'ennyingo, obwogerwako mu Lungereza nga ***Arthritis*** kbwe bulwadde obukosa ennyingo. 

Obumu ku bubonero bw'obulwadde buno mulimu nga okulumizibwa mu nnyingo, ebbugumu, okumyukirira ku lususu, okuzimba, ennyingo okukakanyala, okulumizibwa singa ogezaako okutambuza ennyingo erimu obukosefu.

Obulwadde bwa *Arthritis* bwa ngeri nnyingi ezisukka mu kikumi naye ezitera okulabika mulimu nga *Osteoarthritis* nga buno butera kukwata mu ngalo, maviivi ne mu bisambi, *Rheumatoid arthritis* nga buno butera kukwata mu mikono ne mu bugere.

Obumu ku **bujjanjabi** bw'obulwadde buno mulimu okuteekamu bbaraafu ku kifo ewali obulumi, okuyisa ekintu ekibuguma ku kifo awali obuvune. Okukendeeza ku mugejjo wamu n'okukola dduyiro biyinza nabyo okukendeeza ku buzibu buno.

Ekika ky'obulwadde bw'ennyingo ekya *Osteoarthritis* bukwata abantu abasukka ebitundu 3.8% ate *Rheumatoid* bwo bukwata abantu abasukka mu 0.24% buli mwaka.

Okutwaliza awamu obulwadde buno businga kukwata bantu abakuliridde mu myaka.