open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Okuva

Okusinziira ku Muwanga, Okuva(motion) kiva mu kusalira(clipping) obugambo"okuva mu kifo". Okuva kitwaliramu okutambula, okuseetuka, okujugumira , okukankana, n'omugendo (okuva okweyongerayo.

Olw'okuteekawo omulamwa gwa sayansi "okuva"(Motion) , kati tuyinza okwogera ku :

(i) Amateeka ga Newton ag'Okuva(Newton's Laws of Motion)
(ii) Ensibukuva(Kinematics).  Kino kikwata ku nsibuko z'okuva . Ki ekireetera ebintu okuva.      
(iii) Engerikuva(Dynamics).Kino kikwata ku ngeri okuva gye kubaawo.  

Waliwo akakwate akatasattululwa wakati w'okuva, empalirizo,n'amasoboza.Awatali mpalirizo tewayinza kubaawo kuva ate era awatali masoboza tewayinza kubaawo mpalirizo.
Emigereko

IALI NGO was given authority by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for public consumption:

Omugereko mulamwa oguvudde mu kugaziya amakulu g'ebigambo ebiriwo mu Luganda. Omugereko gulinga "mulengo", "kikunngaanyo", oba "omuteeko".Muwanga agamba nti waliwo emiramwa egyetaagisa okubaza emigereko gino wansi:

(i) Omuteeko.(Union of Sets).Omuteeko guva mu kuteeka wamu migereko egy'enjawulo.

(ii) Entabiro y'emigereko (Intersection of Sets)

(iii)Endaga z'emigereko    (Set notation)

(iv) Veniggulaamu    (Venn diagram)

(v) Omugereko omukalu(empty set)

(vi)Emigereko egyenkanankana(Equal sets)

(vii) Ekitundu ky'Omugereko (Sub set)

(viii)Okukwataganya emnigereko( to match sets).

(ix) Emigereko egyenkanankana (equal sets)

(x) Bamemba b'Omugereko (Elements of a Set)

(xi) Omugereko guyinza okuba omulengo(heap) ,ekikung'aanyo(Collection), oba ekibinja (Grouping) ky'ebintu oba ebiramu nga :

    (a) Omugereko gy'ensolo ezo mu nsiko ( Set of wild animals) gubaamu ensolo ez'enjawulo eziwangaalira mu bisiko n'ebibira.

    (b)Omugereko gw'ebidduka muyiinza okubaamu emotoka. loole. ennyonnyi, namunkanga, n'eggaali z'omukka.

 n'okweyongerayo
Nambuluzo

Nambuluzo kiva mu kikolwa ekyokulambulula namba (Okunambulula). Nambuluzo(Factors) ze 
(i) namba ze weekubisaamu okufuna namba endala oba
(ii) Namba ezigabiza obutereevu mu namba endala awatali kuleka nfissi

Omulamwa ogwekuusiza ku nambuluzo gwe mulamwa gwa "Nambuluzo Eyawamu Esingayo"=NESI(Highest Common Factor=HCF.
Enkubise

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , ekitondeko (product) kiba n'obuzimbe bwe buti:

    a x b=ab

Mu mweyoreko ogwo, "a" ne "b" z'enkubisa ate  "ekitondeko"(product) ye "enkubise"(multiple).
Okiraba nti mu mweyoleko 2 x 3 = 6 , 2 ne 3 z'enkubisa ate 6 y'enkubise (Multiple).

Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku "Enkubise Eyawamu Esembayo"=ENKEESE(Lowest Common Multiple=LCM
Ekitondeko

Okusinziira ku Muwanga ,Okutondeka kitegeeza ekikolwa eky'omuntu okutondawo ekintu(to create). Ekitondeko n'olwekyo mulamwa oguva mu kikolwa "okutondeka"(to produce, to create , to form).Mu kibalangulo eky'okukubisa emirundi , ansa ky'ekiba ekitondekO. Ekyokulabirako:
     Mu a x b = ab , ab ky'ekitondeko.
     Mu 2x3  =  6 , 6 ky'ekitondeko ate 2 ne 3 ze nambuluzo(factors) oba enkubisa.
Musikisa/Okusikiza

Ssekalowooloza waffe Muwanga agamba nti okusikiza kitegeeza okuteeka ekintu oba omuntu  mu kifo kyennyini awabadde omulala. Semaka bw'afa bamusikiza mutabani we ate era bwe bagoba omuntu ku mulimu bamusikiza omulala.

Mu kibalangulo , "Musikiza"(Substitution) si kika kya muddo wabula kitegeeza "kusikiza"(to substitute). Akakodyo kano kayitibwa kugaziya makulu ga bigambo ebiriwo(semantic extension).Ekyokulabirako:

Singa t=2 , wendowaza (evaluate) t+7
Ekibazo: Ky'okola kwe kusikiza t ne bbiri bwoti:

2+7= 9 . Awo oba omaze okuwendowaza.Oteeka 2 awabadde enkyusibwo "t" , n'olyoka osonjola.
Okuwendowaza

Mu kibalangulo , okuwendowaza kitegeeza "okuzuula omuwendo gwa.." . Omuwendo guzuulibwa nga namba. Kino kitegeeza bw'oba oweereddwa omweyoleko ogulimu namba oba namba ne'nnukuta kyokka n'otegeezebwa omuwendo gw'ennukuta(enkyusibwo) ezo, oba osobola okuweondowaza=okuzuula omuwendo gw'omweyoleko(to evaluate) ogwo. Eky'okulabirako:

Ekikunizo 1: Wendowaza 5+2+3
             Wano oba ogatta namba zonna essatu okufuna omuwendo gw'omweyoleko ogwo :
             5+2+3 = 10.Kiwedde
Ekikunizo 2: Singa  n=7 , wendowaza n+7 
             Wano ky'okola kwe kusikiza "n" ne 7 ne kiba 
             7+7 = 14 Kiwedde

Okwo kwe kuwendowaza(Evaluation) okusinziira ku Muwanga Charles.
Okusonjola

kakensa Muwanga agamba nti , okusonjola kirina amakulu abiri:
(i)okusonjola = to define
(ii) Okusonjola =to simplify

Singa nkugamba nti sonjola emiramwa gino:
(a)Ekyabuluzabuziizi(Nuclear fission)
(b)Ekyegattsabuziizi(Nuclerafusion)

Olina okuwa amakulu gabyo mu bumpimpi.

Kyokka mu kibalangulo , bwe nkuwa ekikunizo(mathematical problem)nti sonjola emyeyoleko gino:
(i) 1/2 + 2/3 
(ii) 30/55
(iii) 12:24: 36

Mba ntegeeza kubalanguza (to solve)  oba kukendeeza (to reduce) .
Ekikunizo

Bino byombi bikunizo:
1.Sonjola
  (i) -3 + 6
  (ii) 1/2+3/4
2. Mu kibiina mulimu abaana 35.Ku bano 15 balenzi. Zuula omuwendo gw'abawala.

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , ebyo byombi biyitibwa "bikunizo"(mathematical problems/mathematical questions).

Tobuzabuza "kikunizo" na "kakunizo"(puzzle).
Mpuyinnyingi

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Mpuyinnyingi(Polygon) kitegeeza "enkula ey'ekibalo"(mathematical shape) erina empuyi(enjuyi) ennyingi, okuva ku mpuyi satu okweyongerayo . Mu nkula(shapes) ezirina empuyi ennyingi mulimu:

(i)Mpuyisatu(Trigony).Eno era eyitibwa Mpetosatu(triangle).

(ii) Mpuyinnya(Quadrilateral).Eno era eyitibwa "mpetonnya"(quadrangle)

(iii)Mpuyittaano(pentagon)

(iv)Mpuyimukaaga(Hexagon)

(v)Mpuyimusanvu(Heptagon)

(vi)Mpuyimunaana(Octagon)

(vii)Mpuyimwenda(Nonagon)

(viii)Mpuyikkumi(DEcagon)

n'okweyongeryo.  Weetegereze mpuyinnyingi zino:

Mpuynnyingi (Polygon)	Enjuyi (Sides)	English

Mpuyissatu(Mawetasatu)	3	Triangle

Mpuyinnya	4	Quadrilateral

Mpuyittaano	5	Pentagon

Mpuyimukaaga	6	Hexagon

Mpuyimusanvu	7	Heptagon

Mpuyimunaana	8	Octagon

Mpuyimwenda	9	Nenagon

Mpuyikkumi	10	Mpuyikumi

Mpuyikumineemu	11	Hendecagon

Mpuyikumunabiri	12	Dodecagon

Mpuyikuminassatu	13	Tridecagon

Mpuyikuminannya	       14	      Tetradecagon

Mpuyikuminattaano	15	Pendecagon

Mpuyikuminamukaaga	16	Hexadecagon

Mpuyikuminamusanvu	17	Heptadecagon

Mpuyikuminamunaana	18	Octadecagon

Mpuyikuminamwenda	19	Nendecagon

Mpuyabiri	20	       Icogon
Ennyingo

Bwo'gatta namba oba enkyusibwo(variables) ziba "nyingo" kyokka  bw'ozekubusaamu emirundi ziba nambuluzo(factors).

Okusinziira ku Muwanga , emiramwa gy'ekibalangulo egyekuusiza ku "nnyingo" n'Ekibalo ky'ennyingo=Ekiyingo(Terms and Polynomials) gye gino:

(i)	Ennyingo 			(Term (in algebra)

(ii)	Ennyingo ezifaanagana   	(Like Terms)

(iii)	 Nnyingo ezikwatagana	        (Like Terms)

(iv)	Ennyingo ezitafaanagana 	(Unlike Terms)

(v)	Nnyingo ezitakwatagana	        (Unlike Terms)

(vi)	Namayingo			(Polynomials)

(vii)	Nnyingemu			(Monomial)

(viii)	Nnyingobbiri			(Binomial)

(ix)	Nnyingosatu			(Trinomial)

Weetegereze: 

(a)"ennyingo ezikwatagana"(like terms) ne "ennyingo ezitakwatagana"(unlike terms),nnyingemu(monomial), nnyingobbiri(binomial) ,nnyingosatu(trinomial), Ekibalo ky'ennyingo=Ekiyingo(Polynomial).

(b)Namba oba ennukuta bw'ozikubisaamu ziba "nambuluzo"(factors)kyokka bw'ozigatta ziba "nnyingo"(terms).Wano wansi, mu myeyoleko :

  (i) ax5 = 5a , a ne 5 nambuluzo(factors) , 
 (ii)  a+5 =15 , a ne 5 ziyitibwa "nnyingo"(terms)

(c)Wa ensonga : 

(i) 13y – z			nnyingobbiri . Lwaki ?

(ii) 11 × a + k ÷ 3    	        nnyingobbiri

(iii)  23x – x/b		nnyingobbiri

(iv) y ÷ a × t + z		nnyingobbiri

(v) 6x ÷ 4 + c + 3		nnyingosatu

(vi) (d – 4r + 6) ÷ 4		nnyingosatu

(vii) e× e × f × g ÷ 7	        nnyingemu

(viii) a + b ÷ q		nnyingobbiri

(ix) a + b + c + 11 ÷ y	        nnyingonnya 

(x) 5 × y + 5 ÷ y + 2	        nnyingosatu
Enkyusibwo

Enkyusibwo(variable) era eyitibwa entamanyika kubanga eno eba nnukuta etamanyiddwa muwendo. Namba yo eba emanyiddwa omuwendo gwayo.

Lwaki tugiyize nkyusibwo lwa kuba nti singa omuwendo ogulina okubeera mu kifo ekyo guzuulibwa, ennukuta eno eba ekyusibwa ne waddawo namba.Oyinza okugamba nti enkyusibwo eba "nkuumakifo".Ekyokulabirako. Mu mweyoleko ogwa nakyenkanyampuyi:

(i)7xn =28 , "n" eba nkyusibwo(variable)
(ii) a + 3= 10 , "a" y'enkyusibwo

Mu (i) ne (ii) , waggulu ,7, 28, ne 3 ziyitibwa "entakyuka"(constants)
Mpuyinnya

Mpuyinnya(Quadrilateral) y'enkula ey'ekibalo erina enjuyi nnya n'empeto nnya munda. Mpuyinnya zirimu:
(i) "Kyesimba"(Reactangle).Eno erina "empeto ennesimbu"(right angles) n'empuyinnya niemigogo gy'empuyi ezigendagana(Paralell sides)ebiri.
(ii) "Kyebiriga"(Square).Eno nayo kika kye kesimba kubanga erina "empeto ennesimbu"(right angles) lwa kuba  empuyi zaayo ennya zonna zenkanankana.
(iii)"Kyegendaganya"(Paralellgram) . Eno erina emigogo gy'empuyi ezigendagana ebiri .
(iv)Kyebiriggula(Rhombus)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Eppetero

"Eppetero"(Bearing) kyefaananyirizaamu "eppeto"(angle). Ku Ppeto bw'oteekako "obwolekero"(direction)ekivaamu kiyitibwa eppetero(bearing).

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Obuufu oba Obuyitiro

Omunoonyerezi Muwanga agamba nti ekigambo ky'Oluganda ekisinga okubaamu amakulu agajjayo omulamwa gw'Olungereza "mathematical  locus" , bwe "buufu" .Obuufu litegeeza "obuyitiro" bw'ekintu.

Linda ebinaddako wano !!
Kalonda ne Kalondomusengeke

"Kalonda" ky'ekigambo ky'Oluganda ekisinga okujjayo amakulu agali mu mulamwa gw'olungereza "data". Kalonda bw'amala okusengekebwa okumujjamu obubaka ,afuuka "kalonda omusengeke" oba "kalondomusengeke"(Statistics).Gino gy'emiramwa  egyekuusiza ku kalonda(data):

(i) Kalonda (data)

(ii)Okukung'aanya kalonda (data collection)

(iii)Okusengeka kalonda(data arrangement)

(iv) Kalondomusengeke(Statistics)

(v) Omusengesi wa Kalonda(Statistician)

(vi)Abasengesi ba kalonda (Statisticians)

(vii) Okutaputa kalonda (Data interpretation)

(viii) Kalonda ow'endagamutindo(Qualitative data)

(ix) Kalonda ow'endagabungi (Quantitative data)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Okukunuukiriza n'Okuzingako namba

"Okukunuukiriza"(approximation) kitegeeza "okugezaako okutuuka ku kintu naye nga obulako katono okukituukako oba okukikwatako". Muwanga yakijja mu kugaziya makulu(semantic extension).

Engeri emu ey'okukunuukiriza namba oba emiwendo kwe "okuzingako namba"(rounding off a number) nga ogizingirako ku:

(i)Kkumi erisingayo okuba okumpi

(ii)Ekikumi ekisingayo okuba okumpi

(iii) Olukumi olusengayo okuba okumpi

(iv)Obutundutundu bw'ekkumi obusingayo okuba okumpi

(v) Obutundutundu bw'ekikumi obusingayo okuba okumpi

(vi)Obutundutundu bw'olukumi obusingayo okuba okumpi

n'okweyongerayo

From IALI NGO with authority from terminologist Muwanga Charles.

Okukukunuukiriza  n’okuzingako 
     (Approximation and rounding off numbers)

Okukunuukiriza  (estimate) kikozesebwa nnyo mu kibalangulo ne mu bulamu bwa bulijjo.

 Oyinza okuzingako omuwendo gwa sente, ebiseera, olugendo (distansi), n’endagabungi (quantities) endala nnyingi. Okuzingako (rounding off) ngeri ya kukunuukiriza. Oku zingako emitonnyeze: 

i.	Funa omuwendo gw’ekifo (place value) gw’oyagala okuzingako olwo otunula ku digito eziddako ku ddyo. 

ii.	Singa digito (digit) eba wansi wa 5, tokyusa digito ezingako (rounding digit) kyokka suula digito zona eziddako ku ddyo.
 
iii.	Singa digito eba esinga ku 5 gattako emu ku digito ezingako osuuule digito zonna eziddako ku ddyo. 

Okuzingako namba enzijuvu 

Okuzingako namba enzijuvu (whole number) :

i.	Zuula omuwendo gw’ekifo gw’oyagala (digito ezingako) olyoke otunuulire digito eddako ku ddyo. 

ii.	Singa digito eba wansi wa 5, tokyusa digito ezingako (rounding digit) kyokka kyusa digito zonna eziddako ku ddyo wa digito ezingako ozifuule ziro. 

iii.	Singa digito eyo eba 5 oba okusinga wo, gatta emu ku digito ezingako bw’omala okyusa digito zonna ku ddyo wa digito ezingako ogifuule ziro. 

Mu namba 785 . 3862 : 

1000 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu nkumi 

790 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu makumi 

785 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu nsusuuba 

800 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu bikumi 

785.4 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi kimu kye kumi

785.39 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu kimu ku kikumi

785.386 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu kimu kya lukumi

Okukunuukiriza  oba olina  okuba n’obusobozi okuteebereza n’osemberera ansa entuufu kintu ekikozesebwa ennyo mu kibalangulo ate ekyangu ennyo mu bulamu obwa buijjo

Ebikunizo

Zingirako buli namba ku kigo ekimsabiddwa

1) Zingirako 6,329 ku kikumi  .Ansa:  6,300

2) Zingirako 646 ku kifo ky’ekumi  . Ansa 650.

3). Zingirako 91, 480 ku kifo ky’olukumi . Ansa 91,000
Emikwanaganyo n'Emikwataganyo

Omukwanaganyo (mathematical relation) kiva mu kikolwa ky'oluganda "okukwanaganya"(Relating or matching something with another).

Omukwataganyo(mathematical function) kirimu okuba nti buli kintu kikwataganyizibwa n'ekirala kimu kyokka.Omukwataganyo gugerageranye n'obufumbo. Buli mukazi arina okukwatagana n'omusajja omu yekka. 

Bwe kitaba ekyo ,ekibeerawo kiyitibwa mukwanaganyo(relation).Mu mukwanaganyo ekintu ekimu kiyinza okukwanagana n'ebisukka mu kimu. Wano tewabaawo kukwatagana wabula okukwanagana.Emiramwa  egyetaagisa mu kibalo ky'emikwanaganyo n'emikwataganyo girimu:
(a) Omukwanaganyo(mathematical relation)
(b)Omukwataganyo(mathematical function)
(c) Ekikwanaganya(mapping diagram)
(d)Omuyingizo n'Omufulumyo(input and output) ogw'ekikwanaganya
(e)Ekikwataganya(Coordinate graph)
(f) Endaga y'omukwataganyo (Function notation)

Linda ebinaddako wano !

Manya :Bino bigambo ebivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Ekibazamukisa

"Ekibazamukisa" era ekiyitibwa "ekibalo ky'Omukisa"(Probability, the mathematics of chance)  gwe mukisa oba obusobozi nti enkintu oba ekisuubiro kinaatuukirira(kinaaberawo)Gino gy'emiramwa egyetaagisa:
(a)Ekisuubiro(expectation)
(b)Ekituukiriro(Event) .Kino era kiba "kituuko"
(c) Kyesatuza oba Ensatuza (Dice)
(d) Ekinusu (Coin)
(e) Omutwe(M) n'ekikira(K)=Head and Tail
(f) Ebisuubiro ebisobola okubeerawo mu kiseera kye kimu(Mutually inclusive events)
(g) Ebisuubiro ebitasobola kubeerawo mu kiseera kye kimu(Mutually exclusive events)
(h) ebisoboko(Possible outcomes)
(i) EMK=Ekibalo ky'Omukisa

Bino bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Ekifunza

Ekifunza kiva mu bigambo "ekibalo ky'emirundi emifunze". Omweyoleko ogw'ekifunza guyitibwa "omufunzo", ekitegeeza "omulundi omufunze".Weetegereze:
(a) Ekifunza (Exponentiation)
(b) Omufunza(Exponent)
(c) Akafunza (the power)
(d)Enfunzo(Base)
(e)Ekikola(Base)
(f) Kyekubisamufunza(Logarithm)

Bino bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
Ebisengeko

Ekisengeko(Matrix) kiva mu bigambo by'Oluganda "ekibalo ky'emisengeko"(the mathematics of patterns).Emisengeko gino guba gya namba oba ebintu ebisengeke mu "migalamiro"(rows) ne "emisimbalaala"(Columns).

Mu bungi "ekisengeko"(matrix) kifuuka"ebisengeko"(Matrices).

Omulamwa guvudde  eri Muwanga Charles.

Lindako ebinaddirira ku muko guno !
Obulwadde bwa Hernia

**Hernia**

Hernia kiba kizimba era nga kisinga kukwata kyenda. Hernia alimu ebika ebiwerako, naye ng'okusinga akwata mu kabutobuto naddala ebbalibbali w'akabutobuto ekisambi we kitandikira. Hernia aleetebwa omusaayi okwesiba nga tegukyagenda mu bifo gye gusaanidde okugenda, ekintu ekireetera ekizimba ekyo ekijja n'obulumi. Mu bika bya Heria ebirala mulimu nga ow'oku kyenda (hiatus hernia), owa wansi w'ekkundi (incisional Hernia) ssaako oyo akwata mu kkundi kwennyini (Umbilical Hernia).

Ebiyinza okuviirako Hernia yenna okukula mu mubiri kuliko ebintu ng'ekiziyiro (okuziyiraziyira), omugejjo (okugejja), omukyala okufuna olubuto (olw'omwana) n'ebirala.

Ku basajja Hernia ono akwata wakati w'ekisambi n'olubuto ng'ono tatera kuleeta bubonero era tatera kwetaagisa kulongoosebwa mu basajja. Wabula ku bakazi aba waabulabe nnyo era kiba kisaana omukyala alongoosebwe mu budde.

**Obumu ku bubonero bw'endwadde ya Hernia**

Obubonero buno bwawukanamu okusinziira ku kika kya Hernia, naye buno bwe businga okweyoreka ku ndwadde eno: Okuzimba okujja n'obulumi awo Hernia bwaaba akukutte okugeza, ku kabutobuto, ate mu basajja watera okubaawo okuzimba kw'ensigo ezizaala n'obulumi mu kifo ekyo kyonna. Hernia era bw'asimba awantu, wajjawo obulumi bungi era ekyo nekikalubya obulamu ng'omulwadde oyo akolola, ng'akozesa omubiri gwe oba ng'agenze mu kabuyonjo.

**Ebimu ku bireeta endwadde ya Hernia**

Hernia naddala ow'oku kyenda aleetebwa ebintu nga okusitula ebintu ebizito ennyo ku mubiri gwo, okukololakolola ennyo, okukubwa ennyo ku lubuto oba n'omubiri okumala akaseera akawanvu nga teguteredde bulungi. Mu birala mulimu ebintu ebyongera okuleeguula olubuto, nga bino byandiviirako okuleeta Hernia oba okuttula oyo abaddewo ng'asirise. Muno mulimu ebintu ng'omugejjo, olubuto okwepika ng'ebyenda byekyusa, ng'omuntu afuka oba okwekkama ennyo ng'ali mu kaabuyonjo, endwadde ezikwata ku mawuggwe n'ebirala. N'ekirala, singa ennyingo z'omubiri zinafuwa olw'endya embi, olw'okunywa sigala oba okukozesa omubiri ekisusse.
Amambulugga

**Amambulugga**

Amambulugga ndwadde ereetebwa akawuka akayitibwa *Mumps virus*. Amambulugga mangu nnyo okusaasaanyizibwa mu bantu ababeera ewamu anti endwadde eno eyitira mu mukka gwe tussa, oba ebintu ng'amalusu oba eminyira gy'omulwadde singa bikutonnyera ku maaso, mu nnyindo oba mu kamwa.

Endwadde eno ekwata muntu yekka, era abalwadde basobola okusiiga bannaabwe amambulugga okuva mu nnaku nga musanvu(7) nga bubakutte naye nga tebunnalaga kabonero konna, okutuusa ku nnaku nga munaana(8) nga bumaze okweyolekera mu bubonero bwabwo. Abasawo okumanya endwadde eno kisinga kuba ku kuteebereza olw'okuzimba kw'obutaffaali obuzaala amalusu obusangibwa mu mba, okumpi n'amatu. Era okukebera obulwadde buno mu musaayi kyangu nnyo, newankubadde bukyayinza okwekweka ne butalabika naddala mu mibiri gy'abo abaagemebwa obulwadde buno.

**Obubonero bw'amambulugga**

Mulimu okuwulira omusujja omutonotono mu mubiri, okulumwa omutwe wamu n'obukosefu mu mubiri. Okugeza okulumizibwa mu nnyingo. Bino biddirirwa okuzimba kw'obutaffaali obuzaala amalusu obusangibwa mu mba okumpi n'amatu, era okuzimba kuno kumala ebbanga lya wiiki ng'emu.

Obubonero obulala kuliko akamwa okukala(nga temuli malusu), okuzimba mu bwenyi oba okuzimba amatu, n'ekirala kwe kulumizibwa ng'omulwadde ayogera.

**Ekireeta endwadde eno**

Amambulugga galeetebwa akawuka akayitibwa 'Mumps virus' akayita mu mpewo gye tussa, mu malusu oba mu minyira. Singa omulwadde akolola(oba ayasimula) oba anyiza, ne wabaawo obutondo obukusammukira mu maaso, mu nnyindo oba mu kamwa, olwo okwatibwa endwadde eno. N'ekirala esobola okukukwata ng'okozesezza ebikozesebwa mu kulya n'okunywa bye bimu n'oyo abulina.

Akaseera omulwadde k'amala n'obulwadde buno nga tebunnalaga bubonero bwabwo kali wakati w'ennaku kkumi na mukaaga n'ekkuminoomunaana(16-18) era omuntu kyangu nnyo okubusiiga abalala nga tamanyi nti abulina.

**Engeri y'okweziyizaamu endwadde y'amambulugga**

Engeri esooka era esinga kwe kwegemesa n'eddagala erigema amambulugga gano. Era wano ekitongole ekikulira n'okulondoola ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna , kikubiriza abantu okugemesa abaana baabwe ku kirwadde kino, nga bawezezza emyezi kkumi n'esatu (13) Endwadde eno singa esajjuka eba esobola okukoseza ddala omuntu, era n'emutuusaako bino wammanga: Okukosebwa mu bwongo, okukosebwa kw'akalulwe, ate oluusi n'okufuuka kiggala(amuggavu w'amatu-atawulira!). Mu birala mulimu okuzimba n'obulumi obungi mu nsigo z'ekisajja ezizaala ekiyinza okuviirako omulwadde oyo okugumbawala (okufuuka omugummba!) ate nga ne ku bakyala wabeerawo okuzimba kw'amagi agazaala newankubadde si kya bulabe nnyo nga bwe kiri ku basajja.
Okutya

**Okutya**

Okutya kika kya kukulungutana okunnyonnyolwa  n’okutya okutaggwawo abantu kwe babeera nakwo eri ekintu oba embeera.  Embeera eno ey’okutya ereetawo omuntu okufuna okutya ku kintu era ne kumuwangaaliramu okusukka emyezi mukaaga.  Omuntu alina embeera eno yeewalira ddala okusemberera embeera oba ekintu ky’atya, n’asukka nnyo ku buwanvu omuntu eyeewala ekintu kino okumutusaako obulabe bwe yandibaddemu okuva we kiri. Singa ekintu oba embeera etiibwa ebeera nga tesobola kwewalika, kino kireetera omuntu akitya okubeera nga tateredde.  Eri abo abatya ebiwundu oba omusaayi basobola okuzirika. Waliwo okutya okuva ku mbeera y’ekitundu omuntu mw’abeera nga tagyagala wabula nga talina ngeri gy’asobola kugivaamu. Ebiseera ebisinga abantu bafuna okutya ku bintu oba embeera eziwerako.

Embeera z’okutya zaawulwamu ebika eby’enjawulo okuli; okw’ebintu eby’enjawulo, okw’embeerabantu, n’okuva ku bwetoloole bw’omuntu. Okutya okuva ku bintu  mulimu; okuva ku bisolo ebimu, obutonde bw’ensi, omusaayi oba ekiwundu n’embeera ez’enjawulo. Oktya okusinga okulabika ennyo kwe kw’emisota, nnabbubi n’okubeera n’entengereze. Okutya kunooluusi kujja oluvannyuma lw’omuntu okufuna ekifaananyi ekibi ku bintu ebyo. Okutya kw’embeerabantu kwe kutya omuntu kw’afuna olw’okutya okulamulwa abantu abala ababalaba. Okutya okw’obwetoloole kujja olw’okuba ng’omuntu awulira ng’okuva mu mbeera gyalimu si kyangu.

Okutya ebintu eby’enjawulo kulina kumalibwawo ng’omuntu atya ebintu ebyo abeera ng’amanyizibwa okulaba ebintu by’atya  okutuusa ng’okutya ku muweddemu. Obujjanjabi tebwetaagisa mu kika ky’okutya kino. Okutya okw’omu mbeerabantu n’okwo okuva ku bwetoloole  bw’omuntu kwo kujjanjabibwa nga kugattiddwako okubuulirira n’eddagala. Eddagala ery’eyambisbwa mulimu *antidepressants*, *benzodiazepines*, oba *beta-blockers.*

Okutya okw’ebintu eby’enjawulo kukosa abantu ebitundu 6-8% mu nsi ey’obugwanjuba n’abantu ebitundu 2-4% mu ssemazinga wa Asia, Africa ne Latin America mu mwaka ogumu. Okutya okw’embeerabantu kukosa abantu ebitundu 7% mu America n’ebitundu 0.5-2.5% mu bitundu by’ensi ebisigadde. Okutya okuva ku bwetoloole bw’omuntu kukosa abantu ebitundu 1.7%.  Abakazi okukosebwa kwabwe kukubisibwamu emirundi ebiri mu kw’abasajja. Okusinga kibeera wakati w’emyaka 10-17.  Obungi bw’abantu abafuna embeera eno gukka buligye beeyongera okukula. Abantu abalina embeera ey’okutya babeera n’emiksa mingi okwetuga.

Wano ewaffe mu Uganda abakyala bamanyiddwa nnyo ng'abatya ebisaanyi ne nnabbubi naye ng'okusinga ennyo ebisaanyi. Wabula waliwo n'abasajja abatya ebisaanyi. Okutya okw'engeri eyo, oli bw'alaba ekisaanyi awulira nga n'omubiri gulinga ogumera olutiko. Abalala batya ebiyenje.
Okuyimbulukuka

**Okuyimbuluka**  mbeera ya bulamu amasavu agayitiridde we gabeerera mu mubiri okutuuka ku ssa wegatuukira okubeera nga gakosa obulamu by’omuntu.  Abantu battwakibwa okuba abayimbulukufu singa emibiri gyabwe gibeera n’obuzito, oba ekipimo ekifunibwa oluvannyuma lw’okugabiza obuzito bw’omuntu n’ekitundu (square) ky’obuzito bw’omuntu bubeera nga buli waggulu wa kilo amakumi asatu (30 kg/m2), ng’obuzito obuli wakati wa kilo 25-30 kg/m2 bwe butwalibwa ng’obuzito obusukkiridde. Amawanga agamu mu buvanjuba bwa ssemazinga wa Asia bakozesa ebipimo (values) bya wansiko. Okuyimbulukuka kuleetawoemikisa gy’okufuna endwadde ez’enjawulo okusingira ddala obulwadde bw’omutima, sukaali, okuzibikirwa kw’empewo, ebika bya kookolo eby’enjawulo, n’obulwadde bw’ennyingo.

### Ebiviirako okuyimbulukuka

Okuyimbulukuka kusinga kuleetebwawo omugatte gw’ebintu eby’enjawulo okuli okulya okuyitiridde, obutakola dduyiro,okufuna obutoffaali okuva ku bazadde obuleeta embeera eno. Okugamaba nti omuntuasobola okuba ng’alya katono wabula era n’ayimbulukuka oluvannyuma lw’omubiri okulemererwa okumenyamenya emmere eno tekirina byakulabirako bikiwagira. Okuyimbulukuka kuleetera abantu okubeera nga bakozesa amaanyi mangi okusinga bannaabwe abatono olw’okuba kiba kyetaagisa amaanyi mangi okukuuma obuzito bw’omubiri obweyongeddeko.

### Okuziyiza Okuyimbulukuka

Okuyimbukuka kusoboka okuziyizibwa ng’omuntu ateekawo enkyuka kyuka mu nkola y’ebintu bye mu bulamu bwe obwa bulijjo wamu n’okukola okusalawo ng’omuntu. Okukyusa endya n’okukozesa omubiri dduyiro bwe bujjanjabi obusooka era obusinga obukulu. Omutindo gw’emmere gusobola okukyusibwa ng’omuntu akendeeza ku kulya emmere enzito, okugeza emmere erimu amasavu amangi ne sukaali, n’okulya ennyo ebika by’emmere ebitasoboka kumenyebwamenyebwa mu mubiri. Obujjanjabi busoboka okukolebwa nga bugattiddwa wamu n’endya ennungi, okukendeeza ku bwagazi bw’okulyaoba okukendeeza ku kulya amasavu.singa endya, dduyiro n’obujjanjabi bibeera nga tebikoze, awo omuntu asobola okussibwa ku nkola y’okusala amasavu oba okulongoosebwa okusobola okukendeeza ku bunene bw’olubuto ekireetera omuntu okuwukira ng’akkuta mangu oba okukendeeza ku bungi bw’ebirungo omubiri bye guyingiza. 

### Akabi akali mu kuyimbulukuka

Okuyimbulukuka kimu ku bintu ebireeta okufa mu nsi yonna wabula nga buziyizika. Kino kyeyongera buli kiseera mu bantu abakulu ne mu baana abato. Mu 2004, abantu abakulu obukadde 600 nga bye bitundu (13%) n’abaana abato obukadde 42 abali wansi w’emyaka etaano baali bayimbulukufu. Obuyimulukufu bulabikira nnyo mu bakazi okusinga mu basajja. Ab’obuyinza kino bakyigerako ng’ekizibu ky’ebyobulamu ekisinze mu kyasa ekya 21. Embeera y’okuyimbulukuka ereetera abantu abakulina okubeera nga basongebwamu ennwe naddala mu nsi ey’obugwanjuba , newankubadde nga kyali kitwalibwa ng’akabonero k’obugagga n’obugimu bw’omuntu mu byafaayo ebyedda wamu ne mu bitundu ebimu eby’ensi mu kiseera eky’olwaleero. Mu 2013, ekitongole ekimu mu America ekiyitibwa American Medical Association kyabinjiwaza obuyimbulukufu ng’ekika ky’obulwadde.
Essomampuyisatu (Trigonometry)

Essomampuyisatu  ye kalonda yenna ow'ekibalo ky'enkula ez'empuyi satu. Mpuyisatu(triangles) zirimu ebika bino:

(i)Mpuyisatu ennesimbi(Right triangle)

(ii)Mpuyisatu eyamalongo(Isoscelles Triangle)

(iii)Mpuyisatu ey'amatenkane(Scalene triangle)

Essomampuyisatu(Trigonometry)

(i) Mpuyisatu Ennesimbu(Right triangle)

(ii)Mpuyisatu Eyamalongo(Isosceles triangle)

(iii) Mpuyisatu Eyamatenkane(Scalene triangle)

Essomampuyisatu era lirimu okutegeera emiramwa egyetaagisa okutegeera "Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi"(Pythagoras theorem)gino:

(a) Olwesimbu(height)

(b)Olugalamivu(Base)

(c) Oluwunziko(Hypotenuse)

(d) Olwesimbu olwa kyebiriga(Height (a)Squared )

(e) Olugalamivu olwa kyebiriga (Base (b)  squared)

(f)Oluwunziko olwa kyebiriga (Hypotenuse (c) squared)

(g) Okugereesa (to theorize)

(h) Ekigereeso (Scientific theory)

(i) Omugereeso(Mathematical theory)

Lino ly'Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi(the Pythagorean Theorem):

Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi ligamba nti :

Olwesimbu olwa kyebiriga + Olugalamiro olwa kyebiriga = Oluwunziko olwa kyebiriga.

Essoma mpuyissatu era liyingirako ne mu Essomampimo ery'entoloovu(The Geometry of Circles)era giino gy'emiramwa egyetaagisa okunnyonnyoka :

Olusekkati(D)=Olukoloboze olusala mu nkula ennetoloovu kimu kya kubiri(Diameter)

Olunakkati(R) =Olukoloboze olusala mu nkula ennetoloovu ebitundu bina era lusala mu lusekkati ebitundu bibiri ebyenkanankana(radius)
Okutana

**Okutana** kuleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa "Clostridium tetani" akatera okusangibwa mu ttaka, mu nfuufu oba mu bintu ebivundu era nga kayingira mu mubiri singa osalibwa ebintu kyonna ekyatalagga oba ekikyafu. Kino kireetera okukola obutwa mu mubiri ekireetera omuntu Okutana. Obulwadde buno tebusaasaanyizibwa bantu.
Okutana okusobola okutangirwa nga tugema abo abalina obulwadde buno nga bamalayo ekipimo ky'eddagala ng’abasawo bwe balagira. Omuntu alina ekiwundu alina okukikuuma nga kiyonjo.
Obulwadde buno obw'okutana buli mu buli nsi naye businga nnyo mu bitundu ng’embeera y'obudde ya bbugumu nnyo. Ebitundu eby’ebbugumu bibeeramu obuwuka bungi mu ttaka. Mu 2013, abantu abafa obulwadde bw'okutana baakendeera okutuuka Ku bantu 52000 okuva ku bantu 356000 mu 1990. 
Obulwadde buno bwazuulibwa Antonio Carle ne Giorgio Rottone mu 1884 mu ssetedekero ya Turin n'eddagala lyabwo ne lizuulibwa mu 1924.

## Obubonero
Okutana kutandika n'obukosefu mu binywa era nga kireetera okulumizibwa mu kifuba, mu bulago, mu lubuto, okusannyalala wamu n'obuzibu mu kussa.
Obubonero obulala mulimu nga okutuuyana ennyo, okusannyalala, okuzimba, omutima okukuba ennyo n'okufuka okwabuli kaseera.

## Ebiviirako okutana
Okutana kuleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa "Clostridum tetani" akaleetebwa ebintu ebitalavvu naddala emisumaali oba ebyuma ebirala ebiyinza okusala oba okufumita omuntu.
Obulwadde buno businga kukwata bantu bataagemebwa oba abataamalayo kipimo kya ddagala.
Busobola era okuva ku bifo ebikcaafu n'obubi bw'abantu, obw'ebisolo ng’ente, embuzi, endiga, enkoko n'ebirala.

## Engeri y’okubuziyiza
Okutana kuyinza okuziyizibwa nga tugema ne "tetanus toxide". Abantu abakulu balina okufuna eddagala buli luvannyuma lwa myaka 10.
Mu baana abali wansi w'emyaka omusanvu, eddagala lyagatibwako ne DTT/DTAP eririmu n'okugema akafuba.
Mu bantu abakulu n'abaana abasukka emyaka omusanvu eddagala lya "TD" lye likozesebwa
Eddembe ly'okweyogerera

Ekiwandiiko kino okusingira ddala kyogera ku ddembe lya kweyogerera. Eddembe ly'okweyogerera lye liweebwa omuntu okusobola okwogera ebirowoozo bye, nga tatya kukugirwa/kuziyizibwa abo abali mu buyinza (gavumenti). Eddembe y’okweyogerera era lizingiramu n’eddembe ly’okunoonya, okufuna era n 'okusaasaanya obubaka oba endowooza yo nga tofuddeeyo ku mukutu mw’oyise.
Eddembe ly'okweyogerera litwalibwa ng'eddembe ly'obuntu era waliwo n’amateeka g’ensi yonna agafuga eddembe lino. Okugeza Universal Declaration of Human Rights wamu ne International Human Rights Law.
Eddembe ly'okweyogerera terituukiridde, era waliwo ebintu bingi ebirikugira, okuli; okuwaayiriza/okukonjera abakulu, okusaasaanya obuseegu okuyita mu bifaananyi mu  ebiwandiiko oba mu butambi.

## Entandikwa y'eddembe ly'okweyogerera
Kirowoozebwa nti enfuga y'Abagereeki (Greeks) egoberera demokulaasiya ye yatandikawo eddembe lino eyo mu kyasa ekyokutaano oba ekyomukaaga nga Kristo tannajja. Ekirala bwe bukulembeze bw'eggwanga ly'Abalooma (Roman Republic) nabwo bwalimu eddembe ly'okweyogerera ssaako ery'eddiini. Okulangirira eddembe ly'omuntu ekyakolebwa eyo mu mwaka 1789 n'ebirala bingi biraga ensibuko y'eddembe lino.
Ennaku zino eddembe ly'okweyogerera lissibwamu ekitiibwa mu nsi yonna nga beesigama ku nnambika ya John Milton agamba nti: Eddembe ly'okweyogerera si bbeetu lya kwanja bubaka na birowoozo kyokka, wabula 
kizingiramu n'ensonga enkulu endala ssatu:
Okunoonya, okufuna n'okusaasaanya obubaka oba ebirowoozo eri abalala ng'omuntu takugiddwa. Kino kirimu n’omuntu okusalawo ku mukutu gw’ayagala okukozesa. 
Newankubadde eddembe ly'okweyogerera weeriri, naye ate tulina okulikozesa obulungi obutayingirira na kuvvoola ddembe ddala.

## Eddembe ly'amawulire
Lino ddembe eryongerezebwa ku ly'okweyogerera, naye ng'eyita ku mutimbagano gwa internet. Ate era kiyinza okutegeeza eddembe ly'omuntu yenna okukuuma ebyama bye obutalabibwa balala ng'akozesa omutimbagano.
Okuggyawo eddembe ly'okukozesa omutimbagano nga kikolebwa abantu oba gavumenti 
Kino kizingiramu ebikolwa ng'okulondoola n'okuketta era n'okufugiriza ennyo abantu ku nkozesa ya internet. Wabula okuyita mu ddembe ly'amawulire eryo waggulu, ekitongole ekitaba amawanga agakozesa  internet munsi yonna gakkaanya nti okuggyawo eddembe ly'okukozesa internet  ng'oyita mu bikolwa ebyo waggulu kiba kikyamu era tekikkirizibwa.
Buli muntu asaanye amanye eddembe lye era alikozesa bulungi.
Omusujja gw’omu byenda

Omusujja gw’omu byenda guleetebwa obuwuka obuyitibwa 'Salmonella Typhi' nga bukwata mu byenda ne mu musaayi. Omusujja guno bwe gukukwata otandika okufuna (okulaba) obubonero bwagwo mu bbanga eriri wakati w'ennaku omukaaga n'asatu (6-30 days).

## Obumu ku bubonero bw'omusujja gw’omu byenda
Omuntu bw’afuna omusujja guno nga gwa maanyi okumala ennaku eziwera, anafuwa omubiri, alumizibwa mu lubuto, akaluubirizibwa mu kufuluma era alumizibwa n’omutwe. Wabula, waliwo n’abafuna obutulututtu ku mubiri.
Omusujja gw’omu byenda guva akwatira mu kulya era n'okunywa amazzi oba emmere ebiba birina akakwate ku bubi bw'oyo eyakwatibwa edda obulwadde buno. Omusujja guno gukwata bantu bokka, tegukwata kisolo kyonna. 

## Obubonero
Obubonero obulala obw’omusujja gw’omu byenda bwe buno.
Mu mbeera ng'omulwadde alina omusujja gw’omu byenda tajjanjabiddwa, obulwadde buno bulina emitendera ena, era nga buli mutendera gumala wiiki ng'emu era, gye gino wammanga:
*Mu wiiki esooka, ebbugumu ly'omulwadde litadika mpolampola okulinnya nga kw’otadde okuwuliramu engeri y'omusujja. Embeera eno ewerekerwa ebintu ng'okukendeera mu ntujja (enkuba) y'omutima, okulumizibwa kw'omubiri,omutwe oguluma ssaako n'ekifuba ekikololwa.
*Mu birala mulimu okwerumika n'okulumwa olubuto. Kyokka ssinga bakukebera mu kiseera kino ekya wiiki esooka bwe bakukebera tebasobola kugulaba.
*Mu wiiki ey'okubiri, omulwadde atandika okuba omunafu ddala era kimuwa obuzibu okuzuukuka,era olwadde afuna n'obutulututtu.
*Olubuto lwongera okugejja(okuzimba) wamu n'okukulumwa, era wano osobola okufuna n'ekiddukano. Akabonero ek'enkukunala ak'obulwadde buno kali nti omulwadde oyo abaafuna omusujja buli kawungeezi mu wiiki esooka n'eyookubiri.
*Mu wiiki eyookusatu, ebyenda bitandika okuvaamu olusaayisaayi.
Wiiki eyookusatu weggweerako ng'omusujja gutandise okukendeera.

## Engeri y'okuziyizaamu omusujja gw’omu byenda
Okubeera abayonjo. Okusinga ennyo obulwadde buno bukwatira mu byakulya ne mu mazzi agalimu obubi bw’oyo eyakwatibwako obulwadde buno.

## Enzijanjaba y’omusujja gw’omu byenda
Okujjanjaba endwadde eno, eddagala lino wammanga lye limu ku likozesebwa:
Oral rehydration therapy, ekika kya Fluoroquinolone okuli eddagala nga eiprofloxacin n'ebika by'eddagala ebirala bingi.
Ebiseera ebisinga endwadde y’omusujja gw’omu byenda bw'eba ejjanjabiddwa mu budde ewona bulungi.
Enkulaakulana eyannamaddala

Enkulaakulana eyannamaddala y'enkwajja y'okutuukiriza ebiruubirirwa bw'abantu wamu n'okukuuma ebintu by'obutonde okusobola okutumbula mu by'enfuna wamu n'embeera z'abantu. Ekimiimo "enkulaakulana " kyaggibwa mu "Brundtlant report" eya 1987 ekwata Ku kukuuma ebibira. Endowooza eno bwe yakulaakulanyizibwa n'eryoka ekyusa obwa nga olwo essira ne liteekebwa Ku nkulaakulana mu by'enfuna ne mu bantu z'okukuuma obwebulungulule olw'emigigi egijja.

## Ebyafaayo
Enkulaakulana ey’ensibo kiyinza okunnyonnyolwa ng’ekikolwa ky'okukuuma ebintu by'omuwendo eby'obutonde oba ebikolebwa abantu nga tusikiza ebintu by'obutonde ebiba bikozeseddwa n’ebyo bwe byenkanya omuwendo oba okusingawo awatali kwonoona butonde.
"Enkulaakulana eya nnamaddala" yasibukira ku mugendo gwa kaweefube w’Enkwata n’endabirira y’ebibira eyakulaakulanyizibwa ku ssemazinga wa Bulaaya mu kyasa ky'omusanvu n'ekyomunaana nga basinziira ku ngeri okusala embaawo gye kwali kusaanyaawo obutonde. John Evelyn yakinogaanya nti, Okusimba emiti kitwalibwe nga ekintu eky'obuwaze mu nsi yonna okusobola okukendeeza ku ngeri obutonde bw'ensi gye bwali busaanyizibwawo.
Oluvannyuma lwa Rachel Carson okufulumya ekiwandiiko mu 1962 ekya "The developing environmental movement", yayogera nnyo ku nkwatagana wakati w'enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna n'engeri obutonde gye bwali busaanyizibwawo.
Ebbanga bwe lyagenda liyitawo, Ekitongole ky’Amawanga amagatte mu nsi yonna ekikola ku nsonga z’obwebungulule n’enkulaakulana, kya yateekawo engeri ttaano ez'okukuuma obutonde era omuntu ataazitambulirangako yali wa kuvunaanibwa.
Mu 1992, "The united Nations conference on environment and development" kyafulumya " the Earth chater" ekyannyonnyola engeri z'okukuumamu ebintu by'obutonde n'emirembe mu nsi yonna mu kyasa ky'abiri mu ekimu.
Mu nteekateeka yaabwe wansi w'akawaayiro ak'abiri mu akamu wansi w'omutwe "Enkulaakulana eya nnamaddala", bannyonnyola nti enkulaakulana eno yalimu okukyusa okuva ku nkola enkadde mu by'enfuna okudda ku nkola empya mu nga kizingiramu okukozesa ebintu ebiri mu bwebulungulule okutuukiriza ebyetaago by'abantu okusobola okufuuka ku nkulaakulana eno.
Bwe batyo waaliwo okukkaanya okulaba engeri obutonde gye buyinza okukozesebwamu obulungi okutuuka ku nkulaakulana eno. Ebbanga bwe lizze liyitawo, waliwo kaweefube agenze akolebwa okulaba nga buli kintu ekikolebwa mu nsi kikolebwa mu ngeri etadiibuuda buttoned ate ng’ereetawo enkulaakulana.
Obunyukufu(Literacy)

Obunyukufu oba obunukufu (Literacy) biva mu kigambo ky'Oluganda "ennyukuta" oba "ennukuta"(letter). Obunyukufu kyekuusiza ku busobozi bwa kuwandiika na kusoma n'obusobozi bwonna omuntu bw'afuna okuyita mu kusoma ebinukuto eby'enjawulo(various literature).Okuva mu mulamwa gw'obunukufu tufuna emiramwa nga :
(i)Omunukufu=Omuntu amanyi okuwandiika n'okusoma   (Literate person). Kye kimu n'Omunyukufu
(ii) Omunukufu ow'ekibogwe                         (Semi-literate person).Kye kimu n'Omunyukufu owa kibogwe

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles
SIKO SEERO

SIKO SEERO  (SICKLE CELL).
 (Sickle cell) bulwadde bwa nsikirano omuntu bwafuna mu kutataaganyizibwa kw’omusaayi nga obutoffaali bw’omusaayi obumyufu buzaala ekirungo ekimyufu ekisusse (abnormal haemoglobin)
Obutoffali omumyufu bufuula omusaayi okuba omumyufu era butambuza omukka gwetussa mu mubiri.  Bulina ekirungo ekiyitibwa ‘haemoglobin’ ekibuwa langi emyufu era n’okutambuza omukka ogussibwa.
Bwetooloovu, bunaanuuka, era bulina obwangu, ekibusobozesa okuyita mu misuwa ne mu busuwa obutono.
Wabula, mu bantu abalina obulwadde bwa sickle cell, obutoffaali bwabwe omumyufu bwefaananyirizaako ng’ekiwabyo. 
Agamba nti obutoffaali bwabwe obumyufu bwekumiira ekitabusobozesa kuyita mu misuwa ne mu busuwa obutono.
Buwunzika buzibikidde emisuwa, ekitataaganya entambula y’omusaayi, ne kiremesa omusaayi n’omukka gw’obulamu okubuna ebitundu by’omubiri.
Okuzibikira kw’emisuwa n’okumenyeka kw’obutoffaali obumyufu obwekiwabyo bye bivaako obubonero n’obuvune oba okulumizibwa kw’obulwadde buno obwa ‘Sickle cell’.
Omuntu afuna atya obulwadde bwa Sickle cell?
Obulwadde bwa (Sickle cell) bwa nsikirano, buleetebwa singa omuntu asikira obutoffaali obulimu obulwadde okuva mu bazadde bombi mu kaseera k’okufuna olubuto.  Singa abazadde baba n’obulwadde obw’omusaayi basobola okuzaala omwana n’obulwadde bwa sickle cell. Omukisa gw’abazadde bano okuzaala omwana abulina guli 25%.  Ekyennaku abaana ebitundu 80% bafa mu mwaka ogusooka olw’okulwawo okukeberebwa era ne bakwatibwa bubi.
Omuntu alina obulwadde bwa Sickle cell yandikoze bino okuwangaala:
Dr. Ndugwa ne Dr. Nanyeenya abe Rubaga bagamba nti okujjanjaba n’okutangira obulwadde bwa sickle cell bigenderera okutangira obulumi mu mubiri, obulwadde bwa omusujja gwa malaria n’okutta obuwuka obuba bulumbye omubiri.
Endabirira y’omulwadde alina obuwuka bwa Sickle cell
	Muwe eddagala ly’omusaayi buli lunaku okwewala okuggwebwamu omusaayi.
	Alina okunywa wakati wa lita 3 – 5 olunaku okwewala okuggwebwamu amazzi.
	Ffaayo ku ndya y’omulwadde ng’omuwa emmere erimu ebirungo ebiriisa omubiri, ng’era esingamu ebirungo ebizimba omubiri (proteins)
	Alina okukuumwa nga muyonjo okwewala obuwuka obusirikitu obulumba omubiri.
	Genderera embuguma y’omubiri gwe, omusujja kayinza okuba akabonero k’omusujja oba obuwuka mu mubiri.
	Genderera enkula ye.
	Mutangire omusujja gwa malaria ogusobola omuviirako okuggwebwamu omusaayi.  
	Alina okukeberebwa enkyukakyuka mu mbeera buli bbanga.
Ebyobugagga ebyobutonde

enyonnyola ebyobugagga eby’obutonde ng’ebyamaguzi eby’omugaso mu ngeri yaabyo ey’obutonde. Kino kitegeeza nti emirimu egikolebwa ku bintu gyekwanya na kubisima, na kubirongoosa so si kundawo biggya. Okugeza newankubadde ng’okulima oba okulunda tetusobola kubiraba ng’emirimu gy’obutonde, kwo okusima ebyobugagga eby’omuttaka n’okusima amafuta tubiraba ng’emirimu egy’obutonde 

Emirundi egisinga, eby’obugagga eby’obutonde tutera okubitunuulira ng’ebisobola okuzzibwa obuggya oba ebitasobola. Mu kiti eky’ebyo ebisibola okuzzibwa obuggya, mulimu ng’ebibira n’ebyobugagga ebitalina bulamu ng’embuyaga, empewo, amazzi n’amaanyi g’enjuba.

Eby’obugagga ebitaddizibwa buggya, by’ebyo ebiba bitakyasobola kuddamu kufunika kasita ebyo ebibadde mu kitundu bimala okuggaawo. Ebyo kasita tumala okubikozesa, tuba tetukyasobola kuddamu kubifuna, biba biweddewo. Ebyobugagga eby’omu ttaka tebiddizibwa buggya. Amafuta agava mu bisigalira by’ebiramu nago tegasobola kuddizibwa buggya newankubadde nga gasobola okuddawo nga gava mu biramu bye bimu oluvannyuma lw’obukadde n’obukadde bw’emyaka. Okumanya ebisingawo ku mafuta agava mu bisigalira, genda ku kibanja kino 

Mu kiseera kino, amafuta agava mu byasigalira gabalirirwamu ebitundu 90 ku kikumi eby’amaanyi gonna agakozesebwa mu nsi. Ebyobugagga ebyo bibalirirwa okubeera nga bitwala ebitundu 65% eby’amasannyalaze agakozesebwa wonna mu nsi ate era nga bikola ebitundu 95% eby’amaanyi gonna ageetaagibwa mu nsi yonna. Okugeza nga, amasannyalaze ageetaagisa okuleeta ebbugumu, entambula, okukola amasannyalaze n’ebirala.

Enkozesa yaffe ey’amasannyalaze agava mu byasigalira kumpi yeekubisaamu emirundi ebiri buli myaka 20. Ekibalo ekyo kyeraliikiriza kubanga ekigero ky’amafuta ago kikendedde nnyo kutwala wala era nga kyeraliikiriza. 

Ebyobugagga ebyobutonde ebizzibwa obuggya ng’embuyaga n’amazzi, bibaddenga bikozesebwa emabega yonna okutuusa wano jjuuzi. Mu nsi ezikyakula, biomass y’ensibugo y’amasannyalaze abantu abasing obungi mu mawanga ago ge bakozesa 

Eby’obugagga ebiddizibwa obuggya bya nkizo mu ngeri nti byo tebifulumya nnyo mukka mubi era bituyambako mu kukendeeza okwesigama ennyo ku mafuta.
Ebika by’ettaka

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Ettaka lye twogerako wano si nfuufu bufuufu.  Ebimmera byonna byesigamye ku ttaka. Ettaka lye lisalawo ku kika ky’ekimera ekisobola okukulira mu kifo gundi. Mu ttaka omwo era mwe mubeera ebika by’ebitonde ebyenjawulo. Mu bino mulimu ebyo bye tutasobola kulaba na maaso gaffe wamu n’ebyo bye tusobola okulaba; waliwo ebyo ebyevulungula mu ttaka ate n’ebyo ebibeera obubeezi kungulu ku taka.

## Ebika by’ettaka eby’enjawulo

Tewali nsengeka ya bitaka bya ttaka ebimalayo byonna mu ngeri ematiza. Ettaka abantu balyogerako mu ngeri ez’enjawulo: ettaka ery’olusenyu, ettaka ery’olubumba, ettaka eggimu;ettaka eddungi oba ebbi; ettaka erizitowa oba eriwewuka ate era ne tulirabira ne ku bungi bw’omusenyu wamu n’ettosi eriri mu ttaka. 
Ekibanja kino ekya University ya Illinois’ The University of Illinois' extension web site kyogera ku ngeri ettaka gye lizimbibwamu wamu n’ebyo ebirikola, ebika by’ettaka, wamu n’engeri gye lirina okukuumibwamu. Ekibinja ekyo era kiriko okugezesa okw’enjawulo okunyuma okukoleddwa ku ttaka.

## Okwekebejja ettaka

Singa onooba ng’oyagala okwekaliriza ettaka ly’olina ewaka wo, ekibanja kya BBC's gardening site kijja kukuyamba nnyo ku nsonga eno. Mu ngeri y’emu, ekitongole kya Chemistry.org portal kirina ekiwandiiko ekirungi ky’osoboola okwewanulira mu ngeri eya Pdf era nga kino kisobola okukuyamba okupima n’okwetegereza ekirungo kya acid ekiri mu ttaka lyo. 

## Okukuuma ettaaka

Tekyewuunyisa okulaba nti abo abalwanirira ebyobutonde, baagala nnyo okukuuma ettaka. Ensonga y’okukuuma ettaka eri ku mwanjo nnyo mu kisaawe ky’ekinnassaayansi. Kikulu nnyo okumanya engeri gye tusobola okukuuma ettaka n’okutangira mukoka. Okumanya ebisingawo, genda ku kibanja kino
Olujegere n’ekitimba ky’emmere

Ebisolo n’ebimera ka kibe kinene oba kitono kitya buli kimu kirina engeri gye kyesigamya okubeerawo kwakyo ku kisolo oba ekimera ekirala. Kino tusobola okukirabira ku njuki n’ebimuli by’ebimera, ebisolo ebirya omuddo, abantu abalya ennyama y’ebisolo n’ebirala. Kwe kugamba buli kimu kirina engeri gye kyesigama ku kinne waakyo. 

Olujegere lw’emmere lwe twogerako wano, y’engeri amaanyi gye gatambuzibwamu okuva mu kitonde ekimu okudda mu kirala nga gayita mu mmere. Kibeera kirungi okumanya ebikola olujegere luno okusobola okwewala okusaanyaawo oba okwonoona ebyo ebirutambuza.

Olujegere lw’emmere lutandika n’ekiseera ebimera ebyakiragala we bikolera emmere yaabyo era nga mu kiseera kino ebitonde bingi biganyulwamu. Okugeza ensirianyi n’ebisolo birya omuddo, abantu balya ebibala era nga wano amaanyi g’emmere we gaviira mu bimera okudda mu bisolo.

Ekisolo ekimaze okulya ebimera, bwe kiriibwa ekisolo ekirala ng’olwo amaanyi agakibaddemu gadda mu kisolo ekyo. Ate amaanyi agabibaddemu bwe gatuuka mu kisolo ekirala gakyusa ekika.

Olujegere lw’emmere lutulaga entambuza y’amaanyi n’ebiriisa okuva mu kitonde ekimu okudda mu kirala. Omutendera ogusooka by’ebimera okuzaala amaanyi, olwo ku mutendera ogwa waggulu ebitonde ebiri by’ebimera bifuna amaanyi ago era nga gatambula okuva mu kitonde ekimu okudda mu kirala.

Ebimera ebyakiragala tebikoma ku kuwa lujere luno ntandikwa wabula era bituyamba n’okutuwa empewo ennungi gye tussa, engoye ze twambala, amaka g’ebisolo by’omu nsiko, okulongoosa ebbanga nga binuunamu empewo embi n’ebintu ebirala ng’embaawo ezikolebwamu ebibajje.

N’olwekyo tulina okutegeera ensegeka y’ebitonde ebitwetoolodde nga tufaayo ku bungi bw’ebimera ebirimu n’okulaba nga tebikosa kubeerawo kwa bitonde birala ebiri mu kifo ekimu nabyo. Mu bibangirizi ebibuutikiddwa obutonde obw’omuddo, ebimera bibeera bingi okusinga ebitonde ebirala sso ng’ate mu kibira ebitonde ebirala bibeera birwanira ekifo n’ebirime wabula nga kino kyenkanyankanyizibwa bulungi mu nsengeka kinnabutonde.

Wasobola okubaawo enkolagana ey’enjawulo wakati w’ebitonde eby’enjawulo mu kifo ekimu, ng’ekimu kiwaniririra okukula kw’ekirala ate n’ekyo ekikuze ne kiwanirira okubeerawo kw’ebitonde ebirala.
Obulimi obuyimirizikawo

Waliwo ennyinyonnyola ez'enjawulo ku bulimi obuyimirizikawo. Wabula ng’ennyinyonnyola zonna  zirina kye zifaanaganya mu zoera kye kino nti: obulimi bulina okuba n’obusobozi obuwa ebika by'emmere eby'enjawulo eri abantu.

Ebintu nga bisatu ebitunuulirwa mu bulimi obuyimirizikawo:

#Obutataataganya butonde bwansi
#Obusobozi bw'okutuukiriza ebyetaago by'omu kitundu
#Okuba nga busoboka eri buli mulimi.

Newankubadde ng'obulimi bwatandikibwawo emyaka omutwalo mulamba (10,000) egiyise , abantu bangi naddala mu nsi ezikyakula bakyalina ekizibu ky'ebbula ly'emmere olw'emiwendo gy'abantu abali mu nsi zino egirinnya buli lukya.

Emu ku nkola eyeeyambisibwa mu bulimi obuyimirizikawo y’ey'okukyusakyusa ebirime mu nnimiro era ng'erina emigaso nga gino: 

*Okukendeeza okukulugguka kw'ettaka
*Okukuuma obugimu mu ttaka
*Okuziyiza ebiwuka ebitawaanya ebirime
*Okwewala okwesigama ennyo ku ddagala ly'ebirime 
*Okwewala ebirime okukosebwa enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde
*Okwongera ku magoba agava mu bulimi

Mu mirimu egikolebwa abantu naye nga gikosa obutonde bw'ensi, obulimi butwalako ebitundu 13%. Enkola abalimi ze bakozesa ezikosa obutonde bw'ensi kuliko zino wammanga:

#Okwokya ebikoomi
#Okukaliza entobazi
#Okutema emiti
#Okusaawa okuyitiridde
#Okulimira ennyo ku ttaka 

Ebiva mu bino:

*Okufiirwa empewo ey'obutonde eva mu bimera ne mu ttaka.
*Okweyongera kw'empewo efulumizibwa mu kussa (cabondioxide) mu bbanga eritwetoolodde.
*Okusaanyaawo obulamu bw’ebitonde ebibeera mu bibira ne mu mazzi.
*Okutta ebiwuka by’omu ttaka eby’omugaso ebiyamba okigimusa ettaka
*Okukulugguka kw’ettaka
Omubalanguzi(mathematician)

Okuva mu mulamwa gw'ekibalangulo(mathematics),tufuna emiramwa nga:

(a)Okubalangula(to calculate)

(b)Okubalanguza(to solve)

(c)Okubaza ( short for "okubalangula or "okubalanguza")

(d)Ekibazo(solution to a mathematical solution)

(e)Ekibalanguzo(Formula)

(f)Obubalanguziso(operations)

(g)Ekibalirizo(Arithmetic)

(h)Omubalanguzi(mathematician)

Omubalanguzi(mathematician) ye kakensa mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo.

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles

Abamu ku Babalanguzi abaatikirivu mu byafaayo mulimu:

1.Isaac Newton

2. Payisoggolaasi

3. Galileo Galilei

n'abalala

Wano mu Uganda Omugenzi ,Omukenkufu  J.C.Kiwanuka ye yasooka okufuuka "Omukenkufu w'ekibalangulo"(Professor  of Mathematics). Ba kakensa abalala ababalanguzi mulimu:

1.Omukenkufu Luboobi

2.Omukenkufu Mugambi

3. n'abalala bangi.

Eky'ennaku kwe kuba nti abakenkufu abo bonna si banyukufu mu kibalangulo ekiri mu nnimi zaffe ez'ekinnansi. Kino kati kigenda kufuuka lufumo.
Okubalangula(to calculate)

Mu sessomo ly'ekibalngulo "okubalangula" kivvuunula" "to calculate". Okubalangula kitegeeza okubaza ebikunizo by'okubala .Wetaagisa emiramwa nga:

(a) Okubalanguza(to solve)
(b)Okusonjola(to simplify)
(c) Okubaza(to calculate or to solve)
(d) Okukubisa emirundi(multiplication)
(e) Okugatta ( to add)
(f) okuzuula omugatte(finding the sum)
(g)Okugabiza namba emu n'endala(division)
(h)okusengeka number (arranging or ordering numbers)
(i)okupima( to measure)
(ii)Okusengeka ensonga oba ebirowoozo(logic, reasoning)

Bivudde eri Muwanga Charles