Obuziba(atoms)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Akaziba era oyinza okukiyita "atomu" naye ojja kukizuula nti okukozesa ekigambo okuva mu luganda olw'ennono, akaziba kijja kukuyamba nnyo okutegeera essomo ly'essomabuziizi okusinga nga wesibye ku kyewole "atomu.

By’olina okusooka okumanya ku "buziba"(atoms). 

Mu essomabuziizi oba ebyobuziizi(Chemistry) obuziba butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali obuzimba buli nabuzimbe (matter). Obuziba butwalibwa okuba nga bwe “butoffaali” obusookerwako obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba ne “obutaffaali” bw’ebiramu. 

Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba  mupya , wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo  n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate. 

Kyokka ku mulembe guno kimanyiddwa nti obuziba busirikitu obuyinza okwabuluzibwamu era buyinza okufulumya “amasoboza”(energy) amayitirivu obungi nga bwabuluziddwamu okuyita mu bituliso by’obuziizi (nuclear explosions) n’engeri endala.  

Ebyafaayo by'akaziba:

Omulamwa gw'akaziba(atomu) ogwasooka gwesigamizibwa ku kugereesa na ndowooza ya kifirosoofa (philosophical thinking) awatali ngezeso zesigamye ku fakikya(facts). Enkula y’obutonniinya yali ya njawulo okusinziira ku buwangwa ,  n’ettabi ly’endowooza (school of thought) era kyalimu okulowooza nti akaziba kaalimu obw’omwoyo (spiritual nature). 

Mu kyasa akya 18, obuziba  lwe bwatandika okutegeerebwa obulungi oluvannyuma lw’okutandikibwawo essomabuziiba ery’omulembe omujja.
 
Ebisonjozo by’akaziba:

(i)	Obuziba obulina omuwendo gw’obukontanyo(protons)  nga gwe gumu n’obuziizi(nucleous) bukola endagakintu(element) ya kika kimu.
(ii)	Enzitoya(mass)  y’akaziba ebazibwa okusinziira ku mugatte gw’obukontanyo(protons) ne nampawengwa (neutrons)ezibulimu.Obusannyalazo tebubalibwa mu kubaza nzitoya kubanga buwewufu nnyo
(iii)	Obuziba bwonna(all atoms) bubaamu amasoboza(energy) mu mbeera y’ekisannyalazo ekya  pozitiivu ne negatiivu. 
(iv)	Obuziba obw’endagakintu  ez’enjawulo buyinza okwegatta okuyita mu kwekwasawaza (bonding) ne zitondekawo molekyo.
(v)	Omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo gwe gusibukako enneyisa y’enkwasowazo (bonding behavior) akaziba.
Ebyo bye bisonjozo by’akaziba(atomu) ebisookerwako.

Obuziba  n’amasoboza :
 
Obuziba buyinza okukozesebwa okufulumya amasoboza(emission of energy) okuyita mu kyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission).  Ekyabuluzabuziizi kibaamu  okukutula mu buziizi(nuceus) obutundutundu obutono, ekiviirako okufulumya amasoboza amayitirivu.

Ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission) kyavumbulwa mu 1938 bannasayansi bwe baakizuula nti bayinza okututondekawo amasoboza agafulumizibwa endagakintu(element) ezimu ezifulumya olubugumu(which emit radiation) olw’okuba zino mmumbulukufu (are radioactive) singa obuziizi bwazo (their nucleus) buba bubumbulukuse. 

Vampawengwa oba vampa (isotope) emu eya yulaniyamu eyinza okubumbulukuka ku kigerageranyo ekiri waggulu (plit at a rapid rate) nga wateereddwao embeera eyetagisa, ekiviirako amasoboza amayitirivu, ekifuula ekitomeggero ky’obuziizi (nuclear reactor) eky’omugaso mu kukola kino. 
Amasoboza agatondekebwa obuziizi bwa yulaniyamu gakozesebwa okufulumya enfuumo y’amazzi (steam), eyetolooza namuziga ne kivaamu amasannyalaze. Amasoboza g’obuziba (atomic energy) gakakasiddwa okuba amayonjo ennyo ate nga si ga buseere ng’amasoboza ag’amafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuel energy). 

Ebinnyonnyozo by’akaziba:

Nga bwe tumaze okulaba, obuziba(atoms) bwe butoffaali obuzimba endagabuzimbe  oba nabuzimbe(matter) yonna mu bwengula. Essomabuziizi(Chemistry)  liba ssomo erisoma obuzimbe n’ebigenda mu maaso wakati w’akaziba akamu  n’akalala.

N’olwekyo kyetaagisa buli muntu awulira nti ayagala okunyonnyoka Ebyobuziba(Chemistrty) okufuna okunnyonnyoka ebisonjozo n’ebinnyonnyozo by’akaziba. Wansi ka nkulambululire “fakikya” ttaano(five facts) ze wetaaga okutegeera ekigereeso ky’essomabuziizi ekisookerwako: 

(i) Obuzimbe bwa  Akaziba:

Yadde nga obuziba  butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali bw’enabuzimbe obusookerwako kyokka ate nabwo bulina obuzimbe bwabwo. Obutinniinya obukulu obuzimba akaziba  buli busatu:

(a)Obusanyalazo(Electrons)
(b)Obukontanyo oba kikontana oba konta (Protons)
( c) Nampawengwa oba nampa(neutrons)

Lwaki obukontanyo buyitibwa butyo kivudde ku kuba nti ekisannyalazo kyabwo ekya pozitiivu kikontana n’ekisannyalazo ky’obusannyalazo ekya negatiivu.

Obukontanyo ne nampawengwa (nampa) busangibwa mu makkati ga atomu mu kitundu ekiyitibwa nnyukiriyasi (nucleus) ya atomu. Obusannyalazo bw’akaziba bwetoloola (circle) obuziizi (nucleus) okuva mu buwanvo obugere mu kiyitibwa emiyitiro gy’obusannyalazo (orbitals).

(ii) Enzitoya y’akaziba(atomic mass)

Buli kaziba kaba n’enzitoya (mass). Enzitoya egarageranyizibwa n’emiramwa “obuzito” n’endagabuzimbe oba nabuzimbe  (matter). Enzitoya eri mu atomu eyitibwa “enzitoya y’akaziba” (atomic mass). Enzitoya y’akaziba esinziira ku muwendo  gwa busannyalazo, nampawengwa, n’obukontanyo obusangibwa mu kaziba. Obuziizi bw’akaziba(nucleus of the atom) bukwafuwavu(is more dense) nnyo olw’okuba bulina enzitoya(mass) esinga obungi mu kaziizi .Ekyewunyisa, yadde nga mu mbeera eya bulijjo omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo gwenkanankana n’omuwendo gwa  namba y’obukontanyo obusangibwa mu buziizi, obusannyalazo bwa akaziba buli katundu katini nnyo ak’enzitoya ya yakaziba konna okutwalira awamu.

(iii) Obubangirivu bw’akaziba(Volume of the atom) 

Obuziizi bw’akaziba)nucleus of the atom) yadde nga mwe musangibwa enzitoya (mass) esinga, obubangirivu bw’akaziba(volume of the atom) obusinga tebuli mu buziizi kubanga obuziizi butwala kitundu kimu kya kawumbi ak’obubangirivu bw’akaziba  . Obuwanvo wakati w’obusannyalazo bw’akaziba ne n’obuziizi bwa maanyi okuba nti singa tukiraga mu mugerageranyo( in ratio form), obuziizi(nucleus) ekigero ky’omupiira n’ekisaawe buba n’obusannyalazo obugyetoloola (circling it) mayiro ne mayiro okuva w’eri. 

(iv) Ekisannyalazo(Kyagi)

Mu mbeera eya bulijjo, obuziizi (atoms) tebuba  na kisannyalzo . Kino kiva ku kuba nga omuwendo gw’obukontanyo obulina kyagi eya pozitiivu gwenkana n’omuwendo gw’obusannyalazo obulina kyagi eya negatiivu, ekitegeeza nti akaziba kaba kaggumivu(the atom is stable).

Kyokka waliwo embeera eyinza okureetera akaziba okufuna ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ne kafuuka fuuka vatomu=atomu egenze mu mbeera erimu okuva kw’obusannyalazo(ion), okuva mu kaziba akamu okudda mu kalala. Ekisannyalazo (kyagi) ky’akaziba kikyuka kubanga akaziba kaba kayingizza obusannyalazo obupya ekikafuula okuba ne kyagi(ekisannyalazo) eya negatiivu  oba nga efulumizza obusannyalazo okuva mu muyitiro gwabwo, ekikafuula okuba ne kyagi eya pozitiivu. Akaziba  tekaviibwako bukontanyo bwe kalina, so ng’ate kayinza okuviibwako obumu ku bukontanyo oba “obusannyalazo obw’ekiyayaano”(valency electrons).

(v) Okwekwasawaza (Bonding)

Essomo ly’essomabuziba okusinga lyekuusiza ku kwekwasawaza oba enkwasowazo z’obuziba (atomic bonding).  “Enkwasowazo z’obuziba”(atomic bonding)   zibeerawo mu mbeera satu; enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo(covalent bonding), enkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso (ionic bonding), n’enkwasowazo ez’ekyuma(metallic bonding). Enkwasowazo ez’ekigabanyo zibaawo nga obuziba bubiri bwegabanya obusannyalazo bwe bumu ate nga ensikirizo(attraction) wakati w’obuziba yenkana n’ensidiikirizo (repulsion). Mu nkwasowazo ez’ekivaatiso, vatomu(ions) bbiri ezirina kyagi eza kikontana kyokka nga zenkana mu kigero zekwata wamu olw’ensikirizo z’entagenda ey’amasannyalaze (electrostatic attraction). 

Ebisookerwako mu ssomabuziizi  byekuusiza ku kutegeera bisookerwako ku buzimbe bw’akaziba ne kalonda w’obuziba. N’olwekyo kyetaagisa okumanya nti obuziba bukolebwa busannyalazo, bukontanyo, ne nampawengwa. Era olina okukimanya nti okuba nga enzitoya (mass) y’akaziba esangibwa mu buziizi bw’akaziba(nucleus of the atom) yekuusiza ku binnyonnyozo bya bukontanyo(protons) na nampawengwa(neutrons).

Era wetaaga okumanya nti obuziizii, yadde bulina enzitoya nnene , ebugaana obubangirivu(volume) butono nnyo obw’akaziba. Okumanya kino kikuyamba okukuteekateeka okumanya ebibeerawo mu nkwasowazo ez’ekikemiko (chemical bonding).

Obutonniinya bwa Atomu (Subatomic particles)

Obutonniinya bw’akaziba (sub-atomic particles) buba busirikitu nga butini nnyo okusinga akaziba era bwe butundu obuzimba akaziba.

Obutonniinya bw’akaziba bwonna busobola okuba ne kyagi z’amasannyalaze za mirundi esatu: pozitiivu, negatiivu, ne nampawengwa. Obutonniinya bw’akaziba bwonna bulina ekinnyonnyozo eky’awamu ekiyitibwa ekiweweenyuko (spin). Buli katonniinya kya kaziba kawewenyukira ku ekisiisi yako(its axis) mu ngeri y’emu enkulungo  bwe zitebentera ku bisiisi byazo. Ekiwewenyuko(spinning) ky’akatonniinya ka’akaziba kiyinza okuba ekiddannyuma(negatiivu) oba ekiddamaaso(pozitiivu).

WEeetegereze:

(i)Akaziba(atomu)
(ii)Obuziba(atoms)
(iii)Obuziizi(nucleus) 
(iv)Essomabuziba(Chemistry)
(v)Ebyobuziba(Chemistry)
(vi)Enkyusabuziba(Chemical, chemical substance)
(vii)Ekikyusabuziba(Chemical reaction)
(viii)Enkyukakyuka ey'obuziba(Chemical change)
(ix)Enkyukakyuka eyo ku ngulu(Physical change)

Obuzimbe bw’ennabuzimbe(the structure of matter) buva ku buzimbe obwangu okudda ku buzimbe obuzibuwavu (complex) , kubanga obutoffaali(particles) obusinagyo obutini, obutinniinya=obutini ennyo(elementary particles) bwekwasawaza(bond together) okukola obutoffali obuddako obutono, obuziba(atoms) ate na buno ne  bwekwasawaza okukola molekyo eziddako mu butono ate molekyo nezekwasawaza okukola ebipooli (compounds).

Okwekwasawaza kitegeeza kwegatta okugenda mu maaso wakati w’obuziba(atoms) ne kiviirako enkyukakyuuka ez’obuziba(chemical changes) mu nabuzimbe (matter) ez’enjawulo. Ekigenda mu maaso wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kye njise ekikyusabuziba (reaction). 
Lwaki ekikyusabuziba kubanga kino kiba kikolwa ekikomekkereza nga wazzeewo enkyukakyuka ey’obuziba(chemical change .

Ekikyusabuziba ekigenda mu maaso mu wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala emu n’endala kivaamu enkyusabuziba (chemicals) ez’enjawulo okuva mu mbeera. 

Ekikyusabuziba n’olwekyo kiviirako ekintu“Okuva mu mbeera” nga kkalwe okutalagga .
Enkyukakyuka ez’obuziba ezijjawo wakati w’akaziba akamu n’akalala kireetawo  endagakintu(element)  ekwatibwako okuva mu mbeera ne kivaamu ekintu(nabuzimbe) kijja. 
Embeera endagakintu mw’ebadde nga ekikyusabuziba tekinnabawwo eba evuddewo.

Bw’oba okyayagala okwefumiitiriza ku kino kye nkugamba kuba “ekifaananyi eky’omulengera” (mental picture)  ku butinniinya  bw’akaziizi.  Waliwo obutinniinya bw’akaziba obusirikitu ennyo Katonda bwe yakozesa okukola ebitundu byako so ng’ate n’akaziba kano nako kasirikitu aketaagisa enzimbulukusa (microscope)okulaba.

Obutiniinya obusatu buno, akakontanyo(proton), nampawengwa(neutron), n’akasannyalazo(electron) obwo bwonsatule ne busengekebwa okukola akaziba ng’ebirimba n’ebirimba by’akaziizi ak’ekika ekimu bye bikola buli ndagakintu(element) okugyawula ku ndagakintu endala zonna. 

Waliwo  endagakintu(elements) 118 ezisobola okusangibwa mu molekyo ze tumanyi. Molekyo entiniko ziyinza okukolera awamu ne zitondekawo molekyo ennene   (macromolecules). Mu butuufu buli ky’olaba kizimbiddwa okuva mu kitono(small) oba ekitini(tiny, minute). 

Bwe tutandika  n’obutinniinya obusirikitu ddala tuyinza okukiraga mu mitendera okuva ku gusembayo wansi okweyongerayo waggulu. Gino gye mitendera gy’obuzimbe bw’enzitoya:

•	Obutinniinya=obusirikito obutini ennyo (elementary particles)
•	Obutoniinya=obusirikito obutono ennyo (subatomic particles)
•	Obuziba (atoms)
•	Obutoffaali= obuziba, obutonniinya n’obutinniinya
•	Molekyo (Molecule)
•	Ebirimba bya Molekyo (macromolecules)
•	Ensengekera y’obutaffaali (cell organelles)
•	Obutaffaali (Cells)
•	Emiwuula (tissues)
•	Ebitundu by’omubiri (organs)
•	Ensengekera (systems)
•	Ebiramu (organisms)
•	Ebibinja by’ebiramu (populations)
•	Ensengekera z’entababutonde (ecosystems)
•	Entababiramu (biomes)
•	Enjuba/emmunyenye
•	Ensengekera z’enjuba n’enkulungo zazo
•	Ebisinde (galaxies)
•	Obwengula (Universe) ……n’okweyongerayo

Sabusitansi (Matiiriyo) yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba(reactive substance) eyitibwa enkyusabuziba (pure substance). Sabusitansi zibaamu endagabuzimbe n’ebipooli (elements and compounds).  Kizibu nnyo okwawula ebirungo eby’enjawulo ebikola  enkyusabuziba  awatali kweyambisa “bukodyo bwa kikyusabuziba buzibuwavu” (complex chemical techniques)

Endagakintu (Elements)

Buli kintu kirina endaga ekyawula ku kirala.Endaga eno eyinza obutaba ndabika ya kungulu naye  obuzimbe bw’obuziba bwayo (structure of its atoms) 
Endagakintu eba nkyusabuziba etasobola kwawulibwamu oba okukyusibwa okufuuka nkyusabuziba ndala mu ngeri yonna ey’ekikyusabuziba eya buljjo. Namunigina(unit)  y’endagakintu esingayo obutono k’akaziizi (atom).

Ensonjola  1: Endagakintu ey’ekikemiko( chemical element)

Endagakintu  ye sabusitansi etasobola kwabulibwamu oba okukutulwamu sabusitansi endala ey’enyusabuziba okuyita mu kikyusabuziba(chemical reaction).

Waliwo endagakintu 118 ezimanyiddwa nga ku zino ezisinga ziriwo mu butonde ate ezimu nga zikoleddwa muntu. Endagakintu ze tumanyi ziragibwa mu mweso gw’enkyusabuziba(Chemical table of elements nga buli ndagakintu efundiwaziddwa n’akabonero ak’enkyusabuziba(chemical symbol). 
Ekyama ky’essomabuziba kiri mu buzimbe bwa kaziizi(atom) , naddala okukontana okw’obutonde okuli wakati w’obutinniinya obubiri, akasannyalazo ne kikontana (konta).

Akaziba(atom)

Omulamwa gw’akaziba(atom) nagutuseeko nga nkozesa akakodyo k’okuzimba emiramwa gya sayansi a’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extention).

Akaziba n’olwekyo kyekuusiza ku kigambo eky’oluganda olwa bulijjo “ebuzuba”(a very far away place).

Mu ngeri emu “akaziba kali wala nnyo n’obusobozi bw’eriiso lyaffe eriri obukunya okulaba” kubanga akaziba katoffaali akasirikitu aketaaga “enzimbulukusa ey’obusannyalazo”(electron microscope) okukalaba. 

Amakkati g’akaziba ngayise “buziizi”(nucleus).Mu luganda olwa bulijjo obuziizi kitegeeza ekitundu ky’ekifo ekisembayo okuba ewala.

Akaziba giba migereko(sets) gya butinniinya bwa masannyalaze obuyitibwa kikontana (konta), nampawenwa (nampa), n’obusannyalazo (electrons). Obuziba butini nnyo era tosobola kubulaba okujjako nga weyambisizza ekiyitibwa “enzimbulukusa y’obusannyalazo” (electron microscope). 
Obuziba obumu bulina obukontanyo, nampawengwa, n’obusannyalazo bungi  okusinga obulala ate obulala bulina butono okusinga obulala. Buli kaziba keyisa mu mbeera ya njawulo era ekireetawo okweyisa mu mbeera ey’enjawulo kiva ku muwendo gwa busannyalazo(electrons) ne obukontanyo(protons) obusangibwa mu kaziba ako.

Obuziba obusingayo obwangu buba n’akasannyalazo kamu n’akakontanyo  kamu era ako ke kaziba ka ayidologyeni( kitondekamazzi). Ekirimba ky’akaziba ezikwasiwaziddwa wamu(which is bonded together) kye kikola ggaasi eya ayidologyeni(hydrogen gas).

Obuziba obuzibuwavu(complex atoms) okusingawo buba n’obukontanyo bungiko, nampawengwa nnyingiko, n’obusannyalazo bungiko. 

Ekirimba kyabwo nga bwegasse kye kikola endagakintu(element) endala nga keriyamu, kkopa, okisigyeni, kkalwe, zaabu, makyule, ekikulembero, n’okweyongerayo. Endagakintu gy’ekoma okuba n’obutinniinya obungi, ntegeeza gy’ekoma okuba n’obusannyalazo, nampa ne konta ennyingi, gy’ekoma okuba n’enzitoya ennene (big mass) era gy’ekoma okuba enzito mu ssikirizo ly’Ensi (earth’s gravity).

Ayidologyeni ne keriyamu (helium) mpewufu nnyo era abantu bazikozesa okuzimbulukanya bbaluuni. Zzaabu erimu obukontanyo  79 , nzito nnyo ate ekikulembero (lead) ekirimu konta 82 esingako obuzito, eno y’ensonga lwaki abantu bakozesa ekikulembero okukola obuzito (weights). Endagakintu (element)  oba akaziba ak’obutonde akasingayo obuzito ye Yulaniyamu.
Kubanga obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo(kyagi) ky’amasannyalaze ekya pozitiivu, bugezaako okwesambaggana buli kamu okuva ku kannaako. Kino kiba kyabuluza mu kaziba singa si kuba nti waliwo empalirizo endala, empalirizo y’obuziizi ey’amaanyi (the strong nuclear force), ebusika n’ebuzza awamu. Omwenkanyonkanyo gw’empalirizo guno gwe gusobozesa aakaziba okubaawo  ate era olw’okuba buli kintu kikolebwa mu buziba, kino kye kisobozesa buli kintu okuba nga kisoboka okubaawo.

Naye ebintu ebisinga tebikolebwa mu kika kya akaziba kimu kyokka wabula obvuziba obw’ebika eby’enjawulo bwegatta nga bweyambisa ekiyitibwa enkwasowazo ez’enkyusabuziba (chemical bonds) okutondekawo ebirimba by’obuziba ebigazi okusingawo,  ebiyitibwa molekyu (molecules).

By’olina okusooka okumanya ku Buziba

Mu essomabuziizi obuziba butwalibwa okuba obutoffaali obuzimba buli nabuzimbe (matter). Obuziba butwalibwa okuba nga bwe “butoffaali” obusookerwako obuzimba buli kintu era nga bwe buzimba ne “obutaffaali” bw’ebiramu. 

Yadde nga mu Luganda omulamwa gw’akaziba  mupya , wabweru wa Afirika si mulamwa mupya. Abafirosoofa abayonaani oba bayite abagereeki ab’edda be baasooka okuvaayo  n’endowooza  y’akasirikitu  akaziba   kyokka baalowoozanga  nti akaziba  bwe butonniinya obutayinza kwabuluzibwamu nate. 

Kyokka ku mulembe guno kimanyiddwa nti obuziba busirikitu obuyinza okwabuluzibwamu era buyinza okufulumya “amasoboza”(energy) amayitirivu obungi nga bwabuluziddwamu okuyita mu bituliso by’obuziizi (nuclear explosions) n’engeri endala.