Amasoboza mu Mubiri (Energy in the body)

Plisinzioira ku Muwanga , ebitonde ebirina obulamu bikolebwa obukadde n’obukadde bw’obutaffaali(cells) obusirikitu obuyitibwa obutaffaali bw’omubiri (body cells). Munda mwa buli kataffaali mulimu molekyu(molecules) empanvuyirivu eziyitibwa  Endagabutonde . 

Endagabutonde (DNA) eriko obuweke obulinga obuli ku luwuzi lwa sappule obuyitibwa endagabuzaale oba ennabuzaale (genes) nga mu nnabuzaale muno mwe muterekebwa obubaka obusomebwa endagabutonde esobole okufuna ebiragiro omubiri kwe gukolera.

Molekyu z’endagabutonde (DNA molecule) n’olwekyo ze zitereka    ebiragiro bya Katonda   ebigamba obutaffaali bw’omubiri engeri y’okuzimbamu ekiramu ekyo, kibe kimera oba nsolo.

Nnabuzaale(endagabuzaale) n’olwekyo  bwe butaffaali obukola  molekyu ya ndagabutonde (DNA molecule) . Buli katoffaali  kafuna okumanyisibwa okuyita mu kemiko z’omubiri okuwa ebiragiro okukola buli ekizimba omubiri ekigenda okwetaagisa akataffaalikomubiri. N’olwekyo, endagabuzaale (genes) kitundu ku  ndagabutonde   omuterekwa ebiragiro bya Katonda  ebigamba obutaffaali bw’omubiri engeri gye buba bukola akatundu konna ku mubiri oba enkula y’ekiramu gamba nga enviiri eza munyerere, amaaso aga kitaka oba okuba omunene , omutono ,oba omuwanvu . 

Okuyita mu tekinologiya azze avumbulwa kati kimanyiddwa nti  “akataffaali k’omubiri”(body cell) kasirikitu (microscopic) ka kyewuunyo   akalimu emitendera egisinga egya masiini ezikolebwa omuntu. 

“Endagabuzaale y’omubiri’(body gene) , ekozesa ebiragiro okuva mu “butaffaali bw’omubiri” okufuga enkola yayo . Ekisinga okuba eky’ekyewuunyo ku ndagabuzaale  y’ensengekera y’enkyusa y’ebimanyibwa ekwatagana n’olukusko(code) luno. Okufanana olulimi lwonna , ennyukuta n’ebigambo tebirina kye bitegeeza wabweeru  w’ensengekera  ekozesebwa okuwa amakulu ennyukuta n’ebigambo ebyo. Ekyokulabirako kiri mu lutalo olumu olwali lulwanibwa abanyolo n’abaganda.

Omuduumizi  w’abaganda Kibuuka Omumbaale yagamba omu ku balwanyi be abakessi  okukoleeza omumuli gumu ku lusozi waggulu  ssinga abalwanyi ba Bunyolo bayingira nga basaabala ennyanja wamala oba okukoleeza emimuli ebiri ssinga baba bayise ku ttaka. 

Singa tewaaliwo mpuliziganya wakati wa Kibuuka Omumbaale n’omusajja we ono , okufuba okuteekawo okutegeeragana  okwangu ng’okwo tekwandibadde na makulu  Ekyo kitwaale ng’ekyokulabirako okubiseemu omuwendo ogulimu ziro ennyingi. Kati kimanyiddwa nti endagabuzaale z’omubiri  nsengekera (system) ya mpulizaganya mu butoffaali bw’omubiri .Bwe twoogera ku butaffaali (cells)tetutegeeza butoffaalo(atoms) . 

Obutoffaali butono nnyo (butini) okusinga obutaffaali yadde bwombi busirikitu (microscopic). Okutegeera ebikwaata ku masoboza(energy) mu butaffaali bw’omubiri (body cells)  kyetaagisa okunnyonnyoka obulamu. Obulamu busobola kubeerawo nga molekyu n’obutaffaali bw’omubiri bisigadde mu mbeera  ebukuuma nga busengeke bulungi. )  . 

Obutaffaali bwonna bwetaaga “amaanyikasoboza” okubukuuma mu nsengeka eyetaagisa  , Bannafizikologia (physicists) basonjola amaanyikasoboza nga obusobozi okukola .Kino kitegeeza nti okukola(work) kye kintu kyennyini ekyongerayo obulamu .

Enneeyisa y’amasoboza eragibwa okuyita mu  nekebejja  ezesigika , ekiyitibwa amateeka agafuga amaanyikasoboza (the  laws of thermodynamics).:

Etteeka erisooka ery’amasoboza ligamba nti amasoboza tegayinza kusaanyizibwaawo yadde okutondekebwaawo.Kino kitegeeza nti omugatte gw’amaanyikasoboza mu nsengekera ey’awamu  ng’obwengula(universe)) gasigala mu “entakyuuka” (constant). 

Amasoboza tegayingira yadde okufuluma mu nsengekera ey’awamu( a closed system)kyokka mu nsengekera ey’awamu , amasoboza gayinza okukyuuka.Eky’okulabirako , amasoboza ag’eknyusabuziba(chemical energy) mu petulooli gafulumizibwa ng’amafuta agegasse ne wokisigyeni olwo ensasi n’ekoleeza ekintabuli (mixture) munda mu yingini y’emmotoka.  Amasoboza  eg’enkyusabuziba agali mu petulooli gakyuusibwa ne gafuuka amasoboza aga nabbuguma(heat energy), amasoboza  ag’eddoboozi(sound energy) , n’amasoboza  ag’okuva( motion).

Etteeka  ly’amasoboza(thermodynamics) eriddako ligamba nti obungi bw’amasoboza obuliwo mu nsengekera ey’awamu(in a closed system)  “ekendeera entakyuuka”( decreasing constantly). Amasoboza agaliwo okukozesebwa ebiramu gava mu kipimo ky’ensengekera. 

Eky’akabi ,  okukyusa amasoboza mu nsengekera z’ebiramu tekibeerawo butereevu. Buli kutambuza kitundu kya mubiri , buli kirowoozo, na buli kutomeggana kwa kemiko(ekikemiko) mu butaffaali bw’omubiri mubaamu okutambuza amasoboza  ate n’okugenda kw’amasoboza mu kikolwa kye kimu.Olw’ensonga eno, ensengekera eba erina okuyingiza amasoboza mangi ddala okusinga  agetaagisa mu bikolwa by’obulamu.

Ekikyusabuziba mu  Mibiri gy’ebiramu
             (Chemical reactions in living things).

Ekigenda mu maaso okubeezawo emibiri gyaffe nga miramu nakyo si kya butanwa .   Ebipooli bya kemiko (chemical compunds) ebisinga tebyegattika  mbagirawo yadde okweyawulamu(okwekutulamu) embagirawo .
Ekikyusabuziba ekisinga okugenda mu maaso mu biramu  kyetaagisa oamasoboza(.to energize). Amasoboza gano ge gaabuluza mu kaziba(atom) akasangibwa  mu molekyu(molecules) , kino ne kisobozesa ekikyusabuziba(reaction) okubaawo. 

"Ekikyusabuziba"(chemical reaction)  kyetaagisa "ekisobozeso" (ekyo ekisobozesa) ekiyitibwa "amasobozeso"(activation energy)  . Eky’okulabirako ayidologyeni ne okisigyeni byegatta okutondekawo amazzi ku tempulikya eya bulijjo( room temperature) , naye ekikyusabuziba   kyetaagisa amasobozeso( activation energy). 

Ekikyusabuziba kyonna ekirimu okufulumya amasoboza kiyitibwa "ekifulumyamasoboza"   ( exergonic reaction). Mu kifulumyamasoboza ( exorgonic chemical reaction),ebisigalira(products) biba n’amasoboza matono  okusinga ebitomegganyi(the reactants). 

Ekikyusabuziba ekirala kiba kiyingizamasoboza ( endergonic reactions). Mu biyingizamasoboza ( endergonic reactions), amasoboza gategebwa era  ne gayingizibwa  okuva mu mbeera eyetooloddewo(surroundings )  . Ebisigalira(products) ebya ekiyinguizamasoboza ( endergonic reactions) biba n’amasoboza mangi okusinga enkyusabuzibai( reactants, chemicals) ebiba byenyigidde mu kikyusabuziba . Eky’okulabirako , ebimera ebikozesa ekitangattisa(photosynthesis)  ne bitega amasoboza okuva ku njuba okukola ebireetamaanyi ( carbohydrates)
. 
Amasobozeso(activation energy) agetaagisa okukoleeza( to spark ) ekifulumyamasoboza oba ekiyingizamasoboza  ( exergonic or endergonic reaction) gayinza okuba aga nabbugumya ( thermal energy ) oba amakyusabuziizi(chemical energy). Ekikyusabuziba kyetaagisa amasobozesoa(activation energy) era kiyinza okugenda mu maaso  nga waliwo nakongezabwangu ow’ebiramu(bio-catalyst).

Nakongezabwangu(Catalysts) ziba  sebusitansi ezanguyiriza ekikyusabuziba kyokka zo ne zisigala nga tezikyusiddwa.
 
Nakongezabwangu(catalyst) zikola nga zikkakkanya  obwetaavu bw’amasobozeso (activation  energy) okusobozesa ekikyusabuziba okugenda mu maaso mu bwangu.

Mu biramu , nakongezabwangu ziba molekyu za bizimbamubiri(protein molecules) eziyitibwa enzayimu(enzymes). Enzayimu zetaagisiza ddala okusobozesa ekikyusabuziba okugenda mu maaso mu butaffaali bw’omubiri. 

Ebiramu bingi ku nsi , omuli n’ebimera byonna ebyakiragala, byegattisa(synthesize)  emmere yabyo okuva mu molekyu ennyangu ennyo nga kabonibbiri-okisayidi(carbon dioxide) n’amazzi . Kino okubaawo ekiramu kyetaaga amasoboza(energy) era amasoboza gano  gava mu kitangaala.

Mu bimera ebya kiragala, amasoboza ag’ekitangaala (light energy) gategebwa mu kolopulaasi (chloroplast)  ezisangibwa mu butaffaali bw’ebimera ne bukozesebwa okugwegattisa(to synthesize) molekyu za gulukoosi( glucose molecules).  Mu kikolwa kino , okisigyeni afulumizibwa nga kazambi (waste product) ava mu bimera. 

Gulukoosi ne okisigyeni olwo ne bikozesebwa mu mitokyonduliyo(mitochondrion) z’obutaffaali bw’ebimera  n’ensolo , olwo amasoboza ne gafulumizibwa okukozesebwa mu kwegattisa(synthesis) . Mu kikyusabuziba (in the reaction), kabonibbiri-okisayidi n’amazzi bifulumizibwa mu mitokyonduliyo( mitochondrion ) okuddamu okukozesebwa  mu kitangattisa(photosynthesis) mu kolopulaasi (chloroplast).
 
Endaga ya enkwanaganya y’amasoboza mu butaffaali obulamu.

Ekitangattisa kigenda mu maaso mu mitendera ebiri :

(i)	Ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza amasoboza. Omutendera ogusooka gwe  gw’ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza amasoboza(the energy-fixing reaction ) era  oguyitibwa ekikyusabuziba eky’ekitangaala((light reaction) 

(ii)	Ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza kaboni. Ate ogw’okubiri  gweky'ekikyusabuziba ekiyingiza kaboni( the carbon-fixing reaction ) era ekiyitibwa ekikyusabuziba  ekyetongodde ku kitangaala((the light-independent reaction) oba ekikyusabuziba ekigenda mu maaso mu mbeera ey'ekizikiza( dark reaction).

Mu kikyusabuziba ekiyingiza kaboni , erementi eyetaagisa ye kabonibbiri-okisayidi(carbon dioxide) ajjibwa mu nampewo(atmosphere). Ekivaamu kwe kukola  ekizimbamubiri ekiyitibwa gulukoosi(glucose).

Ggulukosi ayinza okuterekebwa mu ngeri nyingi . Mu bimera ebimu , molekyu za ggulukoosi zegattisibwa buli emu ku ndala  okukola molekyu za sitaaki(starch molecules). Eky’okulabirako , mu lumonde , sitaaki aterekebwa mu mirandira mu ttaka egiyitibwa emimmonde. Mu bimera ebimu ggulukosi afuulibwa fulakitosi (fructose) , ekitegeeza sukali wo mu bibala (fruit sugar),  era amaanyikasoboza ne gaterekebwa mu nkula eno eya fulakitosi. Ate mu bimera ebirala, fulakitosi yegatta ne ggulukosi okukola sukulozi , ono nga ye sukaali wo ku meeza( table sugar). 

Amasoboza gaterekebwa mu bireetamaanyi(carbohydrates) mu nkula eno Obutaffaali bw’ebimera( plant cells) bujja amasoboza okukola emirimu gyabwo mu bimera  okuva mu molekyu zino. Ensolo zikozesa enkula ya gulukosi y’emu okuyita mu kulya ebimera olwo ne ziyingiza molekyu mu butaffaali bwazo. 

Kino kitegeeza nti ebiramu byonna , mu ngeri emu oba endala , bibeerawo ku kitangattisa (photosynthesis).  Ekitangattisa ye engeri enkulu ey’okutuusa amasoboza ag’ekitangaala ky’enjuba mu nsengekera z’ebiramu(living systems ) n’okulaba nga amasoboza ago gabaawo okusobozesa ekikyusabuziba(chemical reactions) mu butaffaali bw’ebiramu .Ekyo nakyo kibalo kya butonde ekyateekebwawo Katonda.

"Enjawulo wakati w’amaanyi n’amasoboza"

(a)Amasoboza gabeera mu mbeera nnyingi ate nga gayinza okuterekebwa kyokka amaanyi tegayinza kuterekebwa.

(b)Amaanyi gakutegeeza embiro oba emisinde amasoboza kwe gakozesebwa. Mu motoka ez’enjawulo, amasoboza agakozesebwa gaba ge gamu naye obunene bw'ekitondekamaanyi ekya motoka bwe businziirako ekigerageranyo(rate) amasoboza kwe gaba gakozesebwa era eno y’ensonga lwaki emmotoka entono zikekkereza amafuta okusinga ennene.

(c)Amasoboza bwe busobozi okukola omulimu. Amaanyi ky’ekigerageranyo ky’emisinde(rate of speed) omulimu kwe gukolebwa buli sikonda. Amasoboza gapimibwa mu "nakkoola"(joule) ate amaanyi gapimibwa mu "namaanyi" (watts) oba kirowaati (kilowatts).Nakkoola=namunigina y'okukola(unit of work) ate namaanyi=namunigina y'amaanyi(unit of power).

Edda nga tewannaba bidduka bya nnyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi(machine engines), ekyeyambisibwanga okugonza mu byentambula yalinga nsolo ey’amaanyi. Ensolo zaali nnyingi naye ente, embuzi oba embwa tebyalina maanyi gasobola kwetikka bito na kudduka misinde gitambuza bantu n’ebyabwe nga embalaasi. Eno y’ensonga lwaki na guno gujwa, amaanyi ga yingini y’emotoka gapimibwa mu nigi eziyitibwa ‘amaanyi g’embalaasi (horse power).

 
Embalaasi (Horse) nsolo ekozesa amasoboza amangi okwetikka n’okudduka n’esigala nga tekooye.Amaanyi g’embalaasi (horse power) ge masoboza g’ekozesa buli sikonda mu biwaati. Weetegereze:

(i)	Okukola kwetaagisa ebintu bisatu ebikulu:

•	Empalirizo

•	Okuseetuka 

•	Obwolekero bw’empalirizo gy’esonze

(ii)	Amasoboza gategeeza

•	Busobozi(ability)

•	Mbavu (capacity)

•	Amaanyi agasobozesa(ability to do work)

Amasoboza bwe obusobozi okukola omulimu (ability to work). Okukola omulimu gwonna kyetaagisa amasoboza (amaanyi agasobozesa).

(iii)	Amaanyi kitegeeza

•	Kipimo kya masoboza

•	Kipimo kya kya bwangu amasoboza kwe gafulumizibwa

•	Kipimo kya kukola

•	Kipimo kya bwangu omulimu kwe gukolebwa

Okukola kiba kikolwa ekirimu empalirizo n’okuseetuka oba omugendo mu bwolekero bw’empalirizo.

Ekyokulabirako 1: empalirizo eya Nampalirizo 40 (40 Newtons) esindika ekintu miita kumu okwolekera empalirizo gy’esonze ekola omulimu ogwa Namulimu 400(400 Joules of work).Nampalirizo= namunigina y'empalirizo(unit of work).

Ekyokulabirako 2 : Okukola omulimu ogwa Nakkoola 150(150 joules of work), oba olina okufulumya amasoboza ga Namkkoola z'amasoboza 150 (150 joules of energy)

Ekyokulabirako 3 :Singa okola omulimu gwa namulimu 150 mu sikonda emu (Nga okozesa nakkoola z’amasoboza 150) , amaanyi ziba  Namaanyi 100(100 watts).

Enjawulo wakati w’amaanyi n’amasoboza

	Amasoboza 	Amaanyi
	Galina akakwate akatasattululwa n’amaanyi kubanga buli awali amaanyi wabaawo amasoboza.
	Kipimo oba kigerageranyo kya nfulumya ya masoboza buli nigi ya sikonda

	Ge galeeta enkyukakyuka
	Kipimo oba kigerageranyo kya bwangu omulimu kwe gukolebwa

	Gakyuka okuva mu kintu ekimu okudda mu kirala
	Amaanyi gapima bwangu amasoboza kwe gayingizibwa ekintu ekirala

	Gava mu mbeera emu okudda mu mbeera endala	Amaanyi tegasoboza kuva mu mbeera emu kudda mu mbeera ndala

 “Amaanyi” (Power) ky’ekigerageranyo ky’enfulumya oba ennyingiza y’amasoboza buli kiseera ekigere. Amasoboza gwe mulimu ogukolebwa mu nigi y’ekiseera ekigere (unit of time). Mu njogera endala amaanyi kipimo kya bwangu omulimu mwe gukolebwa. Nigi y’amaanyi ky’ekiwaati (watt). Ekiwaati kyenkanankana jjoole 1 buli sikonda 1.

Amaanyi (power) n’amasoboza (energy) ne mu Lungereza bikola okubuzaabuza kubanga birinaaniganye nnyo mu makulu. Okusobola okunyonnyoka emiramwa gino wetaaga okwekenneenya omulamwa ogw’okusatu, okukola ogukolebwa (work).

Amaanyi (power) mulamwa ogupima obungi bw’amasoboza agaba gakozesebwa buli nigi ya biseera (per unit time). N’olwekyo amasoboza y’embavu (effort) gy’oteekamu ate amaanyi gy’emisinde embavu eyo kw’ogiteekeramu. Emisinde gino kiba kigerageranyo buli nigi ya sikonda (rate per unit second). 

Eky’okulabirako bw’oba otusibwako amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze, ekigerageranyo ky’amasannyalaze (power rating) eky’ebikozesa amasannyalaze eby’enjawulo awaka kikutegeeza obungi bw’amasoboza buli kikozesa amasannyalaze bwe kikozesa buli sikonda.

Bbalibu ey’ebiwaati 80 eba ekozesa amasoboza ku kigerageranyo kya waggulu (at a faster rate) okusinga bbalibu ey’ejjengerero (fluorescent tube) erina ekigerageranyo ky’amasoboza eky’ebiwaati 20.

N’olwekyo amaanyi ky’ekigerageranyo amasoboza kwe kakozesebwa mu jjoole (joules) buli sikonda.

Endagabigambo 
         (Glossary)

"Obuziba"
      (Atoms)

Akatoffaali k’ekintu akasembayo obutono .Akaziba era kayitibwa atomu.Mu bungi akazibwa kabeera buziba(atoms). Lwaki kaziba ? Kino tukituseeko nga tukozesa akakodyo k’okugaziya amakulu(semantic extension). Olw’okuba akaziba kaba kasirikitu, koogerwako nga akantu akali ewala ennyon’eriiso eriri obukunya.Erisso eriri obukunya(naked eye) terisobola kukalaba.Kyetaagisa enzimbulukusa(Mcroscope).Ensimbulukusa kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa obusirikitu).

"Empalirizo" 
     (Force)
 
Empalirizo eba nsindiko(push) , nsikirizo(attraction, pull) oba ekinyoolezo(twist)

"Amasoboza amakyusabuziba" 
          (Chemical energy)

Amasoboza amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agafuumizibwa nga enkyusabuziba biri oba okusingako zikolaganye nga enkyusabuziba bbiri zibugumye.Tugamba nti enkyusabuziba zino zekyusaganyizza.

"Ekikuubagano"
      (Friction)

Ekikuubagano y’empalirizo ejjawo nga safeesi bbiri zikwataganye ne zekuuba.

"Okutondowala"
        (to Condense)

Okutondowala kibaawo nga ggaasi ennyogoze n’efuuka ekikulukusi.

"Ekitondekeso"(
         Generator)

Ekitondekeso eba nnyanguyirizi oba ekyanguyirizi ekikyusa amasoboza okugafuula amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (amasannyalaze).

"Amasannyalaze"

 Gano gaba masoboza agayinza okukutebenteraa mu waya.

"Ensikirizo" (
     attraction)

Eno eba mpalirizo ezikira mu magineeti

"Essikiso"
     (Gravitation)

Eno eba nsikirizo  ereetera ebintu ebyenjawulo ebibiri buli kimu okweyunira ekirala. Esikiso liba ssikirizo.

"Essikirizo" 
     (Gravity)

Eno eba mpalirzo esikira mu seng’endo nga omwezi, emmunyenye, enkulungo n’emyezi.

"Empalirizo ezisikira mu makkati" 
            (Centripetal forces)

Zino ziba mpalirizo ezeyunira amakkati

"Empalirzo eziviira amakkati" 
              (Centrifugal forces)

Zino ziba mpalirizo ezewaggula ku makkati

"Empalirizo ezisikira  mu mpuyibbiri"
                      (opposing forces)

Zino ziba mpalirizo ezewaggula ku makkati n’empalirizo ezeyunira amakkati

"Amasoboza" 
       (Energy)

Amasoboza   ge maanyi agasobozesa okukola.

"Amasoboza ag’Okuva" 
       (Kinetic energy)

Gano ge masoboza ag’ebintu ebiri mu kuva.Gano ge masoboza agakola.

"Amasoboza amatereke" 
          (Potential energy)

Gano ge masoboza agatali mu kuva wabula galinze okukozesebwa.

"Amasoboza ag’enjuba"(Solar energy)

Gano gaba masoboza agava ku njuba

"Okufumuuka"
         (to evaporate)

Kino kibeerawo nga ekikulukusi kyokyeddwa ne kifuuka ggaasi

Okwokya
   (Heat)

Gano ge masoboza agava   mu buziba ne molekyu bwe butebente nga budda mu maaso n’emabgega oba ka tugambe nti bwe bujugumira.

"Enzitoya" 
    (mass)

Buno  bungi bw’ennabuzimbe esangibwa mu kintu.

Obuzito 
    (Weight)

Empalirizo y’essikrizo (the force of gravity) esikira ekintu wansi ku safeesi y’ensi.Empalirizo y’essikrizo tugiwulira nga obuzito(weight). 

Kibunomu
 (Meteor)

Olwazi ekigwa okuva mu bwengula nga kyengeredde nnyo olw’ekikuubagano n’obutoffaali obuli mu nampewo.

Molekyu 
    (Molecule)

Akalimba k’obutoffaali bw’obuziizi(atomu) bubiri oba okusingawo obukwataganye awamu. Kano  nako busirikitu. 

Akatunniinya 
   (Particle)

Kano kaba katoffaali 

"Obuggumivu" 
    (Stability)

Eno ye mbeera mu essomabutonde nga obuziba buggumivu, ekitegeeza nti si bubumbulukufu .Tuyinza okwogera ku obuziba obuggumivu (stable atoms) n’obuziba obutali buggumivu (unstable atoms).

"Akanyigirizi" 
      (Pressure)

Eno y’empalirizo enyigiriza ekintu wansi ku safeesi yakyo .

Bivvuunuddwa Muwanga  Charles