open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yisaaka Netoni

Kakensa **Isaac Newton** yali Munnassomabutonde (Physicist) era Omubalanguzi (Mathematician) kayingo.

Ye yasooka okulambulula ekigereeso ky’okuva kw’ebintu (the theory of the motion of objects/things).

Amateeka ga Newton ag’Okuva (Newton’s laws of motion) ensibuko yaago eri mu Isaac Newton. Newton era yannyonnyola  Ekigereeso ky’Essikirizo (the theory of gravity). Waliwo olunaawuzo (legend) olugamba nti lumu aba atuddeko wansi mu muti gw’ebibala, ekibala ne kigwa wansi ne kimukuba mu mutwe. Yebuuza nti ki ekireetedde ekibala ekyo okugwa wansi ne kitadda waggulu.

Yafuna okwolesebwa okw’omulengera (mental insight) okwembagirawo nti wateekwa okuba nga waliwo empalirizo etalabika (invisible force) ereetedde ekibala okugwa wansi. Empalirizo etalabika eno n’agiyita essikirizo ly’ensi (earth’s gravity), eno nga eba nsikirizo ennene (big attraction), esikira enzitoya entono (small mass) mu makkati g’enzitoya ennene (big mass).
Alubbaati Ansitayini

**Albert Einstein** yali kakensa Munnassomabutonde (physicist) eyasooka okugereesa nti  “buli kintu kusinziira” (everything is relative) era n'agamba nti :

(i)Okuva(motion) kusinziira ku busangiro (its position) bwa kintu n’obusangiro bw’omulabi.

(ii)Amasoboza(Energy) gasinziira ku nzitoya(mass)M

Ng’akkaatiriza endowooza ye ey’obusinziiro (relativity) , yayongera n’agereesa nti amasoboza nago gasinziira ku nzitoya (energy is also relative to the mass of an abject). Ekintu gye kikoma okubaamu enzitoya ennene(big mass)  gye kikoma okubaamu amasoboza amatereke (potential energy) amangi.

Ekyo kye kiyitibwa Ekigereso kya Albert Einstein eky’Obusinziiro (Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity). Einstein yatondekawo ne nakyenkanyampuyi eraga ekigereeso kye.

Nakyenkanyampuyi ya albert Einstein ey’obusinziiro egamba nti:

 "Amasoboza (energy) genkanankana Enzitoya (mass) nga okubisizzaamu emisinde gy’ekitangaala egya kyebiriga" (speed of light squared).

Waliwo abayivu Einstein be yatuukirira okubategeeza ku kigereeso kye kyokka ne bagezaako okumulemesa n’okumujja ku mulamwa   n’alemerako ng’agamba nti “Its because of those who said no to me that I am doing it myself”. 

Oluvannyuma kyazuulibwa nti ekigereeso kye kyali kituufu , abo abaali bamugyereegerera  ne bafotooka.
 
Tovanga ku mulamwa kasita oba nga wekkirirzaamu olw'ekyo ky'Oliko !!!
Emiramwa egisookerwako mu Luganda Olwa Sayansi

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! 

(i)	Essomabiramu or essomabulamu		(biology)

(ii)	Essomabuziba 	/Ebyobuziba			(chemistry)

(iii)	Essomabutonde	oba Essomabuzimbe	(physics)

(iv)	Essomampimo 		 geometry a study of dimensions)

(v)	Essomankula 		(geometry as a study of shapes)

Muwanga  has also  able to coin the following scientific concepts that are expected to change the face of Luganda language which now doubles as both a language of culture and  a language of  science used both for ordinary and scientific discourse.

(i)	Amasoboza	 (Energy). 

This is the basis of my Luganda discourse on the various forms of energy. Amasoboza is a blend word from the Luganda pharse “amaanyi agasobozesa”.

(ii)	Empalirizo 	(Force). 

This is the basis of my discourse on the forces of nature (empalirizo z’obutonde). Empalirizo is a blendword from the Luganda pharse “embeera ewaliriza”

(iii)	Okuva (motion).

 Okuva is clipped from the Luganda phrase “okuva mu kifo “(to move from one place or position). This is the basis of my Luganda discourse on Amateeka ga Newton ag’Okuva (Newton’s Lawsof Motion).

(iv)	Akaziba 	(atom).

        Also Obuziba(atoms).Also "atomu".

(v)	Obuziizi(nucleus).

       Also see “nnyukiriyaasi”(nucleus).

(vi)	Obutonniinya 	(subatomic particles).

      They include “nampa” (neutron) and “obukonta” (protons). The  Concept "akatonniinya is formed by blending the Luganda words in the phrase "Obutoffaalo obutono ennyo".

(vii)	Obutinniinya (elementary particles).

 These include “obusannyalazo” (electrons) and “obukwaaki’ (quarks).
The concept "akatinniinya" is formed by blending the words in the phrase "akatoffaalo akatini ennyo:

(viii)	Obutunniinya (Alpha and beta particles).
The concept "obutunniinya" is formed by blending the words in the phrase "obutundutundu obutini ennyo". Obutunniinya are actually "Obutoffaali"(any kindo of particles.

Don't confuse "obutoffaali"(particles) with the biological "obutaffaali"(cells)

(ix)	Obusannyalazo.(Electrons). 

   From "amasannyalaze"  (electricity) , he has formed ,"Obusannyalazo". “Obusannyalazo” (electrons) are responsible for creation of “amasannyalaze” (electricity) due to their “flow” called “omugendo gw’obusannyalazo” (the flow of electrons).

(x)	Ekisannyalazo 	(electrical charge).Also called “kyaagi”(a charge)

(xi)	Obusirikitu 		(all microscopic particles or microscopic  organisms)

(xii)	Ekitambuzo		(mechanics)

(xiii)	Ekinonoozo		(engineering)

(xiv)	Omunonooza	        (engineer)

(xv)	Ennyanguyirizi	        (Machine)

(xvi)	Ekyanguyirizi 	        (machine)
Okwebiriga n'Okwesatuza namba

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Okwebiriga n’okwesatuza (Squaring and cubing numbers)

In “Mathematical Luganda” (oluganda olubalamguzi oba Oluganda olw’ekibalangulo), we talk of :

•	Okwebiriga or okwebirga (Squareing) means multiplying a number by itself two times.Okwebiriga (squaring) kuba kugamba nti y emirundi y ofuna y eya kyebiriga(y squared)

•	Okwesatuza or okusatuza (curbing) means to multiply a number by itself three times. Okwesatuza (cubing) kuba kugamba nti y emirundi y emirundi y ofuna y eya kyesatuza.
Olukoloboze lw'ennamba

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Olukoloboze lw'enamba(Number line) era luyitibwa :

(i) Omusittale gw'enamba

(ii)Layini y'enamba
Kyesatuza

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Okwesatuza namba kuba kugamba nti namba n x n x n == n eya kyesatuza (n cubed) .The resulting shape (enkula) is called kyesatuza. Why? 

Kyesatuza etymologically comes from the Luganda numeral “satu” (three). It means multiplying a number by itself three times. If the number 2 is multiplied by itself three times the resulting product (ekitondeko) is called kyesatuza. Watch this:  2 x 2x 2 = 8. 

Eight is therefore a cube number which is ennamba ya kyesatuza in Luganda.  The mathematical shape (enkula ey’ekibalo) formed looks like the cube above, which is kyesatuza.
Kyebiriga (square)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Okwebiriga namba kuba kugamba nti namba n x n == n eya kyebiriga (n squared) .The resulting shape (enkula) is called kyebiriga. Why? 

Kyebiriga etymologically comes from the Luganda numeral “bbiri” (two). It means multiplying a number by itself two times. If the number 3 is multiplied by itself two times the resulting product (ekitondeko) is called kyebiriga. Watch this:  5 x 5 =  25

25  is therefore "namba ya kyebiriga", (square number) number which is  in Luganda.  The mathematical shape (enkula ey’ekibalo) formed  is kyesatuza(Cube).
Ensoggo

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ensoggo(Cone).

“Ensoggo”= Enkula ey’olusoggo

Bw’ogattika ebigambo by’oluganda bibiri , “enkula ey’Olusoggo”(funnel shaped), ofuna omulamwa :   “Ensoggo”(Cone) nga  bw'olaba “olwendo”.

Ensoggo(Cone) is formed by blending from the Luganda phrase "enkula ey'Olusoggo"(a shape which looks like a local funnel). This is its local etymological definition.
Ekigulumiro

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ekigulumiro(Prism).

Ekigulumiro kiva mu kugattika ebigambo by'oluganda "ekintu ekigulumivu"(an object with altitude, a raised object).

Ekigalamiro kigerageranye n'ekitendero(plane ). Tusobola okwogera ku:

(i)Ekirawuli eky'ekigulumiro (Glass prism)

(ii)Ekugulumiro ekya kyesimba(Reactangular prism)

(iii)Ekigulumiro ekya mpetosatu(triangular prism)

(iv) Ekigulumiro ekya kyebiriga (square prism)

(v)Ekigulumiro ekya mpuyittaano(Pentagonal prism)
Ekitendero

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!Ekitendero(Plane or flat shape).

Ekitendero kitegeeza enkula nga obutonnyeze bwayo bwonna buli ku mutendera gumu, ekitegeeza nti ya museetwe !Enkula ez'ekitendero zirimu:

(a)Olukoloboze/omusittale

(b)Omugendo (ray)

(c)Entoloovu(circle)

(d)Kyebiriga(square)

(e)Kyesimba (Rectangle)

(f)Mpuyinnyingi(polygons) naye si Bwenyibungi(Polyhedron.Bwenyi bungi eba nkula ya kigulumiro.

Enkula ez'omuseetwe ziba n'empimo emu (one dimension) oba empimo bbiri(two dimensions).
Ettoloovu =Ekkubo eryetoloovu

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ettoloovu (Roundabout) .

Ettoloocu mulamwa oguva mu kugattika(blending) ebigambo by'Oluganda "ekkubo  eryetoloovu".Weetegereze bino:

(a)Entoloovu = Enkula  ennetoloovu (Circle)

(b)Enkulungo=Enkula ennekulungirivu (Sphere, Planet)

(c)Obwetoloovu (circumference)

(d)Obwebulungirivu (perimeter)
Enkulungo=Enkula ennekulungirivu(Sphere, Planet)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Enkulungo (Sphere ,Planet) .

Enkulungo  mulamwa oguva mu kugattika(blending) ebigambo by'Oluganda "enkula ennekulungirivu".Weetegereze bino:

(a)Ettoloovu = Ekkubo eryetoloovu (Roundabout)

(b)Entoloovu=Enkula ennetoloovu (Sphere, Planet)

(c)Obwetoloovu (circumference)

(d)Obwebulungirivu (perimeter)

Enkulungo eba nkula ey’empima satu, ekitegeeza si ya museetwe oba si ya kitendero. Enkulungo  eba“nkula  ennekulungirivu”(spherical shape) . Yadde enkulungo z’enjuba ziyitibwa nkulungo bannasayansi abamu bagamba nti zino si nekulungirivu ezituukiridde.Kino kitegeeza ziba nkula za eripuso.
“Ekikulungo (=Ekitundu ky’Enkulungo=Hemisphere)
Weetegereze ebigambo!! Ekikulungo eba nkula nga kitundu kya nkulungo. Ekikulungo kiva mu bigambo “ekitundu ky’enkulungo”.

“Eripuso” (Ellipse)

Eripuso eba nkula ey’empima essatu ey’ekiwoovu(oval). “Ekiripuso”(Semi-ellipse) ate kyo kiba “ekitundu kya eripuso”. Era ekiripuso kiyitibwa kiwoova ekitegeeza nti kitundu kya nkula ey’ekiwoovu (Oval shape).Eripuso teba nkulungo ntuukirivu.
Kyesimba (Rectangle)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Kyesimba (Rectangle).

Enkula erina empuyi nnya(four sided shape) nga ziyimiridde ku "empeto ennesimbu"(at right angles) eyitibwa Kyesimba(Rectangle).

Okirable nti ne kyebiriga ate era kyesimba lwa kuba nti yo empuyi zaayo zonna zenkanankana.
Enkoloboze ezigendagana(parallel lines)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Enkoloboze ezigendagana (parallel lines).Zino oyinza okuziyita:

(i)emisisittale egigendagana

(ii)Layini ezigendagana

Abantu abagendana oba ebintu ebigendana by'ebyo nga kumpi buli ekimu kye kikola n'ekirala kye kikola. Bwe baba bakubi ba bikonde baba bagenkanya.

Nga tweyambisa akaodyo ako'okuzimba emiramwa nga tugaziya amakulu(semantic extension),bwe twogera ku nkoloboze ezigendagana, tuba tutegeeza nti enkoloboze zino ziri obuwanvu bwe bumu buli lumu okuva  mu buufu bw'olulala ekitegeeza nti tezirisisinkana.
Enkoloboze eza kapendikyula(Perpendikyula lines)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Enkoloboze za kapendikyula (Perpendicular lines)

Zino ziba nkoloboze nga olumu lugalamivu(is horizontal) ate olulala oba endala nga zilutuddeko ku ppeto eryesimbu(at right angle).
Akatonnyeze (Point)

**Akatonnyeze** (point) kalaga kifo. Tekalina mpimo (has no dimension), ekitegeeza nti kalina empimo zeero (zero dimension).

Akatonnyeze ke katoffaali akazimba enkula ez'ekibalangulo (mathematical shapes) zonna.
Mpuyimusanvu (heptagon)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Mpuyimusanvu (Pentagon)

Eno eba nkula(shape, figure) erina empuyi musanvu.
Mpuyimunaana(Octagon)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Mpuyimunaana (Octagon)

Eno eba nkula(shape, figure) erina empuyi munaana.
Obubangirivu (Volume)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Obubangirivu(Volume) 

Obubangirivu bw'ekintu kitegeeza ekibangirizi oba ekibugaano(capacity) ky'ekintu ekyo ekiyinza okubugaanamu ekintu nga ggaasi, enkalubo oba ekikulukusi.

Mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo waliwo ebibalanguzo ebyo'okubalangula :

(a) Obubangirivu bw'enkinu(the volume of  a cylinder)

(b)obubangirivu bw'enkulungo (the volume of a sphere)

(c)Obubangirivu bw'Ensoggo(the volume of a Cone)

(d)Obubangirivu bw'ekibokisi(the volume of a box)

(e)Obubangirivu bwa kyesatuza (the volume of a cube)

(f)Obubangirivu bw'ebigulumiro eby'enjawulo(the volumes of different types of prisms)
Obukwafu n'Obukwafuwavu

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Obukwafuwavu (Density) kipimo ekigerageranya obungi oba omugerageranyo gw’enzitoyo eri mu kintu ne volima yakyo. Ekintu ekirina enzitoyo ennyingi mu  volima engere kiba n’obukwafuwavu bungi. Ekintu ekirina enzitoyo entono mu volima y’emu kiba n’obukwafufuwavu butono.  

Tempulikya erina ky’ekyusa ku bukwatufuwavu bw’ekintu. Tempulikya y’ekintu bw’erinnya, obukwafuwavu nga bukka kubanga atomu ziba mu mugendo okwetoloola volima yonna ne kiba nti wabaawo enzitoyo ntono mu kifo ekimu.

Kyokka mu mbeera ezimu, tempulikya bw’ekka ennyo ,ebintu ebisinga bikwata olw’obunnyogovu. Kyokka kino waliwo we kitakolera. Amazzi bwe gakwata olw’obunnyogovu, molekyu zongera bwe yongezi kweyawula mu kifo ky’okuba awamu. Kino kiva ku kuba nti molekyu zekolamu sempeke (crystals) .Engeri molekyu z’amazzi gye zisengekeddwamu mu sempeke y’omuzira ogukutte kigufuula obutaba mukwafu nnyo nga mazzi ga kakulukusi .Amazzi aganywebwa (fresh water) ye kakulukusi yekka alina obukwafu obwa 1.

Enjawulo wakati w’obukwafuwavu n’obukwafu

Obukwafu (thickness)   bwe bunyigirivu bwa atomu ezizimba enzitoyo(ekintu) ate Obukwafuwavu(density) lwe ludda olupimibwa olw’ekintu bli namunigina ya volima. 

Obukwatuwavu  n’obukwafuwavu 

Obukwatuwavu n’obukwafuwafu (Viscosity and density) binnyonnyozo bibiri ebya kakulukusi ne ggaasi (ebitengejjeso) era biyinza okunnyonnyolwa ebinnyonnyozo ebisukka mu kimu kya kubiri eby’ebitengejjeso (fluids). 

Obukwatufu kiva mu kigambo ky’oluganda okukwata. Obukwatufu   (Viscosity) kisonjolwa nga ekipimo ky’ekigugubiro (resistance) ky’ekitengejjeso wakati mu kunyigirizibwa oba kawereege (tension). 

Mu ngeri endala tuyinza okugamba nti obukwatufu ky’ekikuubagano ekyo munda” (internal friction) mu kitengejjeso.

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!Obukwafu n'Obukwafuwavu (Thickness and density )!

 Obukwatufu  kyeyolekera ku kikuubagano wakati w’emitendera gy’ekitengejjeso ebiri nga emitendera ebiri egyeyitinganako (moving relative to each other). 

Obukwafuwavu (density) kyo kisonjolwa nga enzitoya buli namunigina ya volima(mass per unit volume).Obukwatufu mulamwa gwa mugaso nnyo mu kitambuzo ky’ebitengejjeso (fluid mechanics). 
Ebibaawo nga ensukumawaggulu (up thrust) egenda mu maaso bisinziira ku bukwafuwavu bwakitengejjeso(fluid density) .Obukwafuwavu kye kiringa obuzito bw’ekitengejjeso . Obukwafuwavu buyinza okubazibwa ne nakyenkanyanjuyi ennyangu eno:

Obukwafuwavu = enzitoya / volima. 

Namunigina z’obukwatufu ze Kgm-3.

Yadde ng’abantu bangi balowooza nti obukwatufu (viscosity) n’obukwafuwavu (density) bitegeeza ekintu kye kimu, ekituufu kiri nti gino miramwa ebiri egy’enjawulo. Obukwatufu bupimibwa ku buzito bwa migattiko gya molekyu. Kino kitegeeza:

Obukwatufu = namba ya molekyu x obuzito (volima) ya molekyu 

So nga ate obukambivu kipimo kya mpalirizo eziri wakati wa molekyu n’enkula za molekyu.
Obukwatufu kikutegeeza kikuubagano (friction) wakati w’emitendera gy’ekitengejjeso ekimu so nga ate obukwafuwavu bukyukaamu katono okusinziira ku tempulikya.
Empalirizo esukuma ekitengejjeso waggulu

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Empalirizo esukuma ekitengejjeso waggulu (Buoyancy) .

Okusinziira ku tteeka lino ery’ekitengejjo, “empalirizo ensukumira waggulu” (buoyancy) ereetera ekintu okusigala waggulu ku mazzi, eba erina okuteeka empalirizo ku buzito bw’ekintu, ekitegeeza nti byombi birina ekipimo ky’empalirizo kye kimu.

Kino kitegeeza nti ekintu ekyebbise ekitundu mu mazzi, kitengejja mu kitengejjeso nga empalirizo esukumira waggulu ekiriko yenkanankana n’obuzito bw’ekintu.
Obwagaagavu (Area)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Obwagaagavu (area).

Waliwo ebibalanguzo (formulae) ebyeyambisibwa okubalangula obwagaagavu bw'enkula ez'enjawulo nga:

(a) Obwagaagavu bw'ennkula ennetoloovu=Entoloovu (Area of a circle)

(b) Obwagaagavu bwa Mpuyinnya ez'enjawulo (area of quadrilaterals)

(c) Obwagaagavu bwa Mpuyinnyingi (Areas of Polygons).
Ekigugubiro

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ekigugubiro  oba Okugugubira(Resistence)

Ebika by'obuziba ( atomu) ebimu birina obusannyalazo obulagaya nga tebwekutte nnyo ku buziizi(nyukiriasi) y'akaziba(ya atomu) mwe buli.Obusannyalazo buyinza okusobozesebwa okutambula okuva mu atomu emu okudda mu ndala. Obusannyalazo obwo bwe butambula mu atomu eziba mu kintu (mu kitonde), omugendo gw’amasanyalaze kutondekebwawo.

Amasanyalaze gayita mu bintu ebimu bulungi okusinga mu birala. Ekipimo ky’obuzibu obubaawo  amasanyalaze okuyita mu kintu kye kiyitibwa “ekigugubiro oba okugugubira ” (resistance).

Ekigugubiro mu waya ksinziira ku bukwafu  n’obuwanvu bwayo  n’ekintu waya eyo  mw’ekolebwa. Obukwafu bwa waya buyitibwa ggeegi (gauge). Ggeegi gy’ekoma okuba entono, ne waya gy’ekoma okuba ennene. Ezimu ku waya ezisinga obukwafu zirina geegi 1.

Ebyuma eby’enjawulo zikozesebwa okukola waya. Waliwo waya eza kopa, aluminiumu, oba eza siteeli. Buli emu ku meto zino elina engugubila ya njawulo. Kino kitegeeza buli emu engeli gy’eyisaamu amasannyalaze y’abjawulo okuva ku ndala. Waya gy’ekoma okuba n’engugubila eya wansi gy’ekoma okuyitanu amasanyalaze obulungi.

Kopa akozesebwa mu waya nyingi kubanga alina okugugubila kwa wansi okusinga meto endala nyingi. Waya ezisinga okukozesebwa mu kuteeka  waya z’amasanyalaze mu nyumba zisinga kuba za kopa.

Akatundu ka meto kayinza okukozesebwa nga “embugumya”(heater). Ssinga wabawo omugendo gw’amasanyalaze, engugubila eleetawo okwekuuba, okwekuuba ne kuleeta okubuguma. Okugugubila kwa meto gye kukoma okubeela waggulu nayo gy’ekoma okubuguma. N’olwekyo waya enzinge kagongolo elina engugubila eya waggulu eba eyokya nnyo.

Ebintu ebimu tebiyitamu masanyalaze bulungi. Bino biyitibwa “bigugubizi”(insulators). Ekyokulabilako ye labba ensonga lwaki labba akozesebwa okubikka kungulu kwa waya z’amasanyalaze. N’ebirawuli nabyo bigugubizi birungi.
Amasannyalaze ag'entagenda

Obutafaanana nga masanyalaze gabeera mu mugendo , "amasannyalaze ag'omugendo" (current electricity), amasanyalaze agali mu kiwummulo (static electricity) gasigala mu kifo kimu. 

Ddira baluuni erimu omukka ojikuube ku mpale oba ku nviiri zo. Bw’omala ogiteeka waggulu ku kisenge. Baluuni ejja kusigala yekutte waggulu ku kisenge ku bwayo.  Siba obuwuzi ku nkomerere ya bbaluuni bbiri bwe ziti bw’omala okuubaganye balooni zino wamu ng’ozikwatidde ku buwuzi oziriraniganye. Buli emu ejja kuviira endala.

Okukuubaganya bbaluuni kiziwa amasanyalaze agatatambula agayitibwa amasannyalaze ege'entagenda(Static electricity). Bw’okuuba bbaluuni ku kintu ekirala nga enviiri zo oba empale, efuna obusannyalazo obulala   okuva mu kintu ekyo ky’ojikuubyeko n’efuuka  eya kyagi eya negatiivu. Kyagi oba ekisannyalazo ekya negatiivu mu baluuni kyesikira ku kyagi za pozitiivu mu kisenge.

Bbaluuni ebbiri eziri ku buwuzi zombi zirina kyaagi za negatiivu. Kyagi za negatiivu zesindikaganya (repel) okuva ku kyagi za negatiivu era mu ngeri y’emu kyagi za pozitiivu nazo zezekandula okuva ku kyagi za pozitiivu. N’olwekyo negatiivu kyagi eza bbaluuni zombi zesendika zeyongerayo buli emu okuva ku ndala.

Amasanyalaze ag'entagenda  nago gakuba. Ssinga oyita ku kiwempe nga bwokululakulula  ebigere byo ate n’okwata ku kintu eky'ekyuma, wayinza okubaawo ensasi(sipaaka) wakati wo n’ekintu eky'ekyuma. Bw’okulula ebigere byo ku kiwempe kireetawo okuyingiza obusannyalazo(electrons) obulala mu mubiri gwo gwonna era singa okwata ku kompyuta oyinza okugireetela okwononeka.

Ekika ekirala eky’amasanyalaze ekyewunyisa kye kya laddu oba ekimyanso mu kire ky’enkuba. 

Ebire bifuna kyagi eya negatiivu olw’obukerenda bw’omuzira obuli munda mu kire okukuubagana. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ku ttaka, kyagi ya pozitiivu yeyongera. Ebire byeyongera okufuna kyagi ey’amaayi n’ekivaamu obusannyalazo(electrons) okwekubuuka mu bire okudda eri kyagi za pozitiivu ku ttaka oba okuva ku ttaka okudda mu kire oba okuva mu kire ekimu okudda mu kirala. Kino kireetawo ensansi(sipaaka) ey’amaayi ey’amasanyalaze ag'entagenda  mu kikaayi /u lubaale (sky). Kino kye kireetawo ekimyansuko n'ekire okuvaamu eggulu okubwatuka.
Ekisannyalazo

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ekisannyalazo oba Kyagi y’Amasannyalaze(Electric charge)

Ekisannyalazo(kyagi), kintu ekiri mu mbeera y’ebitonde ekireetawo ensikirizo(force of attraction) , eno nga y'empalirizo esikiriza  oba ensindikirizo (empaliririza esindikiriza = force of repulsion) mu kubaawo kw’ekintu ekirala.

 Mu kunyonyola okwangu , ensolo ensajja bw’esemberera enkazi efuna okusikirizibwa okwegatta nayo. Kino kigerageranyizibwa n’ensikirizo  mu masanyalaze. Ate ensolo ensajja oba enkazi bwesembererwa ensajja oba enkazi endala tewabaawo kisikiriza kw’egatta wabula buli emu okugenda ekole ebirala ebigigasa oba okunoonya enkazi oba ensajja okutwalira awamu. Kino kigeraagelanyizibwa n’ensindiikirizo(repusion)  mu masanyalaze agali mu butonde.

Ekisannyalazo(Kyagi y’amasanyalaze) kintu ekiri mu buli kitonde ekikireetera okufuna amasindiikirizo(amasoboza agasindiikriza) oba amasikirizo(amasoboza agasikiriza nga kiri kumpi n’ekintu ekirala ekirina kyagi y’amasanyalaze.

Ekisannyalazo (Kyagi y’amasanyalaze) kibeera mu bika bibiri, ebiyitibwa pozitiivu ne negatiivu. Ebintu bibiri ebirina kyagi eya pozitiivu bifuna ensindiikirizo (repulsive force), eno nga eba empalirizo esiniikiriza mu kiseera ky’ekimu nga buli kimu kyekandula okuva ku kirala. Era ebintu ebibiri ebirina ekisannyalazo  ekya negatiivu bwe bikola. Kyagi y’amasanyalaze ebalibwa mu "nansannyalaze" (Coulomb). Nnansannyalaze kiva mu bigambo by'Oluganda "namunigina y'ekisannyalazo"(unit of charge)
Nansannyalaze

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!Nansannyalaze (Coulomb) kiva mu kugattika (blending) ebigambo by'Oluganda "namunigina y'ekisannyalaze".

Kyagi y’amasanyalaze ebalibwa mu "nansannyalaze" (Coulomb). Nnansannyalaze kiva mu bigambo by'Oluganda "namunigina y'ekisannyalazo"(unit of charge)
Luyiika

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Luyiika (liter).Luyiika (liter)ye  namunigina y’Obubangirivu( unit of Volume).

 Namunigina y’obubangirivu ye Luyiika (liter) . Luyiika(L) ekozesebwa okupima obungi bw’ebikulukusi  (amount of liquids). 

Akayiika(Milliliter (ml) bwe bungi bw’ekikulukusi obujjuza kyesatuza(cube) erina ebipimo bya sentimiita( sm) ku buli luuyi (ku buli mpimo). Luyiika(Liita) emu ey’ekikulukusi eba ejjuza kyesatuza(cube) eriko sentimiita 10 ku bulu luuyi.
Nanzitoya (Kiroggulaamu)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!Nanzitoya(Kilogram)  ye namunigina y’enzitoya(unit of mass). 

Namunigina y’enzitoya (the unit of mass) ye nanzitoyaer ekiyitibwa  kirogulaamu.(kg). 

Nanzitoya(Kirogulaamu) erina obuzito bwe bumu ne Luyiika( liita ) y’amazzi  ku tempulikya n’akanyigirizi aka bulijjo. Enzito /Gulaamu (g) emu   ezitowa  akayiika(miri-liita)  kamu ak’amazzi ku digiri 0 eza Seriisiyasi(Celsius). Ate omupimo gwa sezzito (metric tons) erimu nanzitoya 1000 ziba enzito akakadde kamu.
Nang'endo

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga .Nang'endo(Kilometer).

Na'engendo kiva mu kugattika bigambo "namunigina y'Olugendo" (unit of distance).Neng'endo era eba "kiromiita". Oyinza okugamba nti okuva e kampala okutuuka e Buwama waliwo "Nangendo 60"(60 km). 

Lugendo(meter) era eyitibwa Miita.Nang'endo 1 ebaamu lugendo(miita) 1000.
Nabwoki (Keruvin)

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! Nabwoki (keruvin).

Nabwoki(Noki)	, Keruviini(K)	,eba "Namunigina  ya bwoki"/tempulikya(Unit of  temperature).
Nabudde

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Nabudde (Unit of time). 

Nabudde (unit of time) kiva mu bigambo by'Oluganda "namuniginay'Obudde(Unit of time).

Nabudde (units of time) zirmu:

(i) Sikonda =katikitiki(Seconds)

(ii)Ddakiika(Minute)

(iii) Ssaawa (Hour).
Ekirandizo

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !! 	Ekirandiwazo (conduction). Okulandiza mulamwa ogutuukiddwako okuyita mu kugaziya amakulu (semantic extension). 

Okulandiza amasanyalaze oba obwoki oba ebbugumu  kujjawo ng’amasoboza gerandiza butereevu okuva mu kintu ekimu okudda mu kirala, okuva mu atomu emu okudda mu ndala,  okuva mu molekyu emu okudda mu ndala.Kino kyefaananyirizaako munaku kaama bwe yerandiza okuva wansi okweyongerayo waggulu.

Gezaako okuteeka oluuma oluwanvu mu muliro ogwaka ng’olukutte mu ngalo zo waggulu wa lwo, Oluuma luyingiza amasoboza okuva mu muliro olwo molekyu eziri munda mu luuma ne zitandika okutambula nga zanguwa olwa tepulikya ebugumye okusingawo.  Zino molekyulu eziri ku misinde nazo zireetera molekyu ezedding’ana (adjoining) okuba ku misinde n’ekivaamu okwokya kutuuka waggulu ku ngalo zo ezikutte ku luuma oluvanyuma ne molekyu mu ngalo zo nazo zitandika okutambula ku misinde.

Bwoba ofumba obuugi n’otandika okutabulamu n’ekigiiko eky’ekyuma, ekigiiko kibuguumilira era ne kitandika okwokya. Kino kiva ku kuba nti ebbugumu lirandira okuva mu buuji obwokya ne liyingirira ekigiiko we kikwatidde ku buuji okudda waggulu w’ekijiiko awannyogoga.

Ebyuma birandiza (biyitamu bulungi) ebbugumu ekintu ekitali mu muti omukalu oba pulasitiika. Bino biyitibwa “birandizo ebinafu” (bad conductors) ate ebisooka bye biyitibwa “ebirandizo ebituukirivu ” (good conductors). Okulandiza kuno si kwa bimera wabula kwa bbugumu (kwa kwokya) erirandira okuva mu atomu oba molekyo emu okudda mu ndala.

Okulandiza mu njogera eya Fizikisi kitegeeza okutambuza ebbugumu oba kyagi y’amasannyalaza okuva mu molekyu emu okudda mu ndala mu kintu. 

Tempulikya ky’ekipimo ky’ekigero (average) eky’amasoboza agali mu mugendo oba emisinde gya molekyu mu kintu.
Ekibulukusi

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ekibulukusi  (convection) . Ekibulukusi kifundiwazo kya “Ekibugumyabikulukusi” (liquid heater). 

Ekibulukusi, ekitegeeza okulaandiza ebbugumu mu bitengejjeso (fluids) ng’amazzi n’empewo. Okulandiza (transfer) kuno kubeerawo mu mazzi ne ggaasi kubanga bino bitambula kyere, ekisobozesa oluyengo olunnyogoga n’olubuguma. 

Ekibulukusi (kibugumya ebikulukusi na ggaasi) kitegeeza omugendo gwa ggaasi (omukka) oba kakulukusi (liquids)  okuva mu kifo awali obunnyogovu okudda awabuguma. Ssinga sefuliya y’amazzi eba ya kirawuli ekiraga obulungi ebiri munda (ekitangaavu), oba olaba omugendo gw’amayengo (currents) nga gabuguma   mu seppiki eno. Amazzi agasinga okubuguma gava wansi  nga gadda waggulu awannyogoga. Amazzi agannyogoga ne gadda wansi mu kifo ekyokya wansi mu sepiki. Omugendo guno gugenda mu maaso mu ngeri ya kwetoloola mu ssepiki.

Ekibulukusi kibaawo mu butonde mu nampewo ku lunaku lw’omusana olwokya. Ku safeesi y’Ensi bwe kuyingiza ekitangaala ky’omusana, ebitundu ebimu eby’okungulu byokya okusinga ebirala.  Empewo ebuguma oba eyokya ezimba, n’ekendeeza obukwafuwavu(becomes less dense)  okusinga eyo eyetolooddewo enyogoga, etandika okutengejja(buoyant) n’eyambuka. Obwovu (bubbles) by’empewo eyokya obuyitibwa  obubugumyo (thermals) buyamba okuyisaawo ebbugumu okudda  waggulu mu nampewo. Empewo ennyogoga olw’obuzito bw’eba nayo ekka wansi ku safeesi y’ensi okudda mu bigere by’eyo eyokya eba eyambuse waggulu olw’okuba si nzito nnyo.

Empewo ennyogoga bw’ekka ku safeesi y’Ensi nayo ebugumizibwa nayo n’eyambuka waggulu nga obubugumyo. Obubugumyo (thermals) buno ne buvaamu ebire eby’enkuba.

Ekibulukusi kiyisaawo (transfers) ebbugumu mu busimba okuliyingiza nampewo. Okusobola okuyisaawo ebbugumu lino okudda mu bitundu ebirala kyetaagisa empewo.
OLubugumu = Oluyengo

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Weetegereze :

(i) Olubugumu=Olubugumu olw'amayengo gw'omugendo gw'amasannyalaze ne magineeti(radiation) oba oluyengo lw'ebbugumu(heat wave). 

(ii)Oluyengo = OLubugumu olw'amayengo 

 Ekika kino ekyokuyisa ebbugumu kisobola okunnyonyolwa obulungi ku lunaku ng’akasana kaaka pereketya. Ekitangaala ky’omusana kyokya feesi yo awatali kubugumya mpewo ekwetoolodde. Amasoboza okuva ku njuba agayingizibwa feesi yo gayitibwa masoboza mafulumya (radiant energy). Ebbugumu ly’oluyengo lye litambuza amasoboza ag’okwokya (bbugumu) okuyita mu luyengo lwa erakitomagineeti (electromagnetic waves). Oluyengo oba amayengo (waves) gano kya njawulo okuva ku mayengo(water currents). Ate era waliwo n’ekiyitibwa oluyengo lw’ebivuga oba amayengo g’ebivuga (sound waves).

Ebbugumu ly’oluyengo lw’empewo olwa erakitamagineeti olusinga obungi luba mu kifaananyi kya kitangaala. Ekitangaala kikolebwa mayengo (waves) olw’ezirang’ana (frequency) ey’enjawulo. Enzirang’ana zino zitaputwa obwongo bwaffe nga langi (kala) kyoka waliwo  ebika by’oluyengo okuva kunjuba bye tutasobola kulaba; omuli yinfaledi(infrared) ne Atulalvoyoleeti(ultraviolet).

Oluyengo lw’enjuba (solar radiation) okusinga luyita mu nampewo ne luyingizibwa buli kintu omuli ettaka, enjazi, ensolo n’ ebimera. Wobujekita zino olwo ne zibuguma nga wobujekita enzirugirivu (dark) ng’oluguudo biyingiza ne bibuguma mangu okusinga ebyelukirivu (bright) kubanga bino byo tebiyingiza wabula bisindikiriza ne bizzaayo oluyengo lw’enjuba luno mangu.

Buli kintu kifulumya oluyengo lw’ebbugumu naye oluyengo lw’ebbugumu luno olufuluma   luba n’obuwanvu okusinga amaaso gaffe bwe gasobola okulaba. Oluyengo luno olufulumizibwa luyitibwa luyengo lwa yinfulaledi (infrared radiation) oba oluyengo lwa emmu (emabega wa kkala emmyufu).
Amayengo g'Omugendo gw'amasannyalaze n'Ebyebulungulo bya magineeti

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! "Amayengo g'omugendo gw'amasannyalaze n'ebyebulungulo bya Magineeti" era oyinza okugayita "amayengo g’erakitomagineeti" (electromagnetic waves) .

Amayengo gano , okwawukana ku g’amazzi, geewuunyisa kubanga gayinza n’okuyita awatali muyitiro(medium)  gwonna. Kino kiba kitegeeza nti go gayita ne mu kyangaala (vacuum).

 Bwe njogera ku kyangaala mba sitegeeza bbanga kubanga n’awali ebbanga wayinza okubaawo ekintu mu kikula ky’empewo oba ggaasi, omuli obutoffaali obwa watomu (atoms) ne molekyu (molecules).

Ejjengo ly’ekitangaala liba n’amasoboza ageyoleka ng’ebyebulungulo by’amasanyalaze ne magineeti (electric and magnetic fields). Ebyebulungulo bijugumila ku maweto (angles) amesimbu nga bidda ejjengo gye liraga ne ku maweto amesimbu okuva ku ddala.

Amayengo g’ekitangaala gatambulira mu bipimo bya njawulo. Buli jjengo lirina” ekipimo kya:

•	Obuwanvu. 

Buno bwe buwanvu obuli wakati wa punkuti (point) emu n’endala oba punkuti ebbiri eziddiringana okuva ku ntikko emu okudda ku ndala oba okuva ku kiwonvu ekimu okudda ku kirala.

•	Amasoboza. 

Ejjengo gye likoma obuwanvu gye likoma n’okuba n’amasoboza amatono.

•	Enziring’ana (frequency). 

Ejjengo gye likomya obumpi gye likoma n’okuba n’amasoboza agali waggulu ate era gye likoma n’okuba n’enzirinagana eri waggulu.
Ekitangaala ekirabika

Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!! Ekitangaala ekirabika (Visible light) kye kitundu kya "endaga y’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti" (electromagnetic spectrum) amaaso gaffe agali obukunya kye gasobola okulaba. 

Ekitangaala okuva ku njuba oba balibu y’amasanyalaze kitunula nga kyeru kyokka ekituufu kiri nti kiba mugattiko gwa kkala za musoke (rainbow colurs). Tusobola okulaba langi ez’enjawulo ez’endaga ya kkala za Musoke (ekkamiso=rainbow spectrum) nga nga twabuluza mu kitangaala ekyeeru n’ekigulumiro (prism=ekirawuli eky’ekigulumiro). Endaga (spectrum) era erabika bw’olaba “ekkamiso” (rainbow colours) mu lubaale. 

Kkala zino ziva ku emyufu (kasaayi) okutuuka ku mugattiko gwa bbululu, kakobe, ne kakyungwa. Wakati wa mmyuufu ne kakyungwa walilwo kyenvu, kiragala, bbululu, yindigo ne vayola. Kkala zino zirina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo, enziringana, n’amasoboza bya njawulo.  Vayola alina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo obusinga obumpi mu ndaga y’ekitangaala ekirabika. Kino kitegeeza erina enziringana n’amaanyikasoboza ebisinga okuba waggulu. Mmyufu (kasaayi) erina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo obusingayo obuwanvu n’olwekyo langi emmyufu erina enziringana n’amasoboza ebisinga okubeera wansi.
Amayengo

Amayengo (Waves)
 
Amasoboza (Energy) ga bika binji ddala agatambulila mu mayengo. Ekyokulabilako:

(a) eddoboozi liba jjengo erijugumilira mu mpewo. 

(b) Ekitangaala nalyo jjengo lya byebulungulo by’amasanyalaze ne magineeti.
 
(C)Waliwo n'amayengo ag'amazzi

Ekitangaala kika ky’amasoboza ekigendera oba ekitambulira mu mayengo; mu butuufu Ekitangaala kitundu kimu eky’ebyebulungulo bya erakitomagineeti ebijugumira. Ebyebulungulo bino biyitibwa ndaga ya elakitomagineeti  oba mugendo gwa ndaga y’amasannyalaze ne magineeti (the electromagnetic spectrum).

Amayemgo ga erakitomagineeti gayita mu bwengula ku misinde egya 299,792 km/s (186,282 mairo/kasikonda). Kino kye kiyitibwa emisinde gy’ekitangaala (speed of Light). 

Omugendo gw’amasoboza (flow of energy) gusinziira ku “buwanvu bwa jjengo” n’enziring’ana (frequency) yalyo. Obuwanvu bw’ejjengo bwe buwanvu obuli wakati w’entikko z’ejjengo ate enziringana gwe muwendo gw’amayengo oguyita buli sikonda. Ejjengo ly’ekitangaala gye likoma obuwanvu, n’enziringana gy’ekoma okubeera wansi era n’amaanyikasoboza agali mu jjengo lino gye gakoma okubeera amatono.

Nawe baako by'oyongereza oba okusunula  ku nzivuunulo ya Charles Muwanga eno !!
Kawereege

Mu essomabuzimbe(Physics), kawereege (tension) kinnyonnyola empalirizo eteekeddwa ku buli nkomerero ya lukoba, waya oba omugwa na buli kintu ekyeyongerayo mu mpimo emu oba ku buli nkomerero y’omutayimbwa oba payipu. 

Ku mutendera ogwa atomu, kawereege ajjawo nga atomu oba molekyu zisikibwa buli emu okuva ku ndala ne zifuna amasoboza g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti.

Buli nkomerero ya luwuzi oba oba omutayimbwa oguli mu kawereege eba esika ekintu kw’eri okulaba nga oluwuzi, omugwa oba olutayimbwa ludda mu mbeera gye lubaddemu etali ya kawereege.
Kawereege ky’ekikontana ky’ekikkatiro (compression)/Ekikkatiro oyinza okukigerageranya n’ekitoowolozo (slackening).

Mu essomabutonde, yadde kawereege si mpalirizo, kirina namunigina za mpalirizo  era kipimibwa mu Netoni(Newtons).

Enkomerero z’oluwuzi oba ekintu ekirala ekiri mu kawereege ziba ziteeka empalirizo ku bintu ebikatatanye ne ‘oluwuzi oba olutayimbwa (rod), okudda eri olutayimbwa oba oluwuzi .Empalirizo zino eziva ku kawereege ziyitibwa empalirizo eza kawereege (tension forces). 

IALI NGO yakkirizibwa omunoonyeyerezi Charles Muwanga okuweereza ebyo okuva mu nzivuunulo ze ez'enjawulo. N'awe yongerezaako Buganda ne Uganda  bigende mu maaso!
Ekinyigirizo

Ekinyigirizo (Stress)

Kino kikwata ku mpalirizo ezo munda, obutoffaali(patiki) ezirinaniganye eza matiiriyo eyeyongerayo ze ziteeka buli emu ku ndala.

 Ekyokulabirako, singa omutayimbwa ogw’enkalubo guba guwaniridde obuzito, buli katoffaali mu mutayimbwa kasika akatoffaali(particle ) eziddako waggulu ne wansi wayo.

 Ekikulukusi bwe kiba mu kanyigirizi, buli katoffaali kasindikibwa munda patiki zonna eziketoolodde era ensindikano ejjawo ebuisindika okudda wabweru. Zino "mpalirizo ez’obusirikitu" (microscopic forces).

IALI NGO yakkirizibwa omunoonyeyerezi Charles Muwanga okuweereza ebyo okuva mu nzivuunulo ze ez'enjawulo. N'awe yongerezaako Buganda ne Uganda  bigende mu maaso!
Ekikkatiro

Ekikkatiro (Compression)

Mu kitambuzo(mechanics), ekikkatiro kikwata ku kuteeka mpalirizo ey’ekyenkanyi ng’osindika ozza munda (inward).

Wano empalirizo eteekebwa ku luuyi lumu, kino ne kitegeeza nti empalirizo ekendeeza obuwanvu bw’ekintu ku ludda lwe lumu. Empalirizo ez’ekikkatiro (compressive forces) era ziyinza okuteekebwa ku njuyi ez’enjawulo, okusobola okukendeeza obugazi bwakyo oba volima yakyo.

IALI NGO yakkirizibwa omunoonyeyerezi Charles Muwanga okuweereza ebyo okuva mu nzivuunulo ze ez'enjawulo. N'awe yongerezaako Buganda ne Uganda  bigende mu maaso!
Ebinanuuko

Buli kintu ekinanuufu (elastic) kiyinza okwezza mu mbeera gye kibaddemu. Eky’okulabirako ye labbabbandi, etereka amasoboza mu ngeri y’emu. 

Labbabbandi eyinza okuleeguulwa n’eteekebwa mu mbeera ey’okukola. Okuleeguulwa okwo kubaamu okukola era ne kwongeza amasoboza amatereke.Nga amateeka ga sayansi agavumbuddwa be gabaddewo okuva Katonda lwe yatonda ensi, egimu ku miramwa gya sayansi gye twetaaga gyekweese mu bigambo bino ebibaddewo okumala emyaka mu lulimi lwaffe oluganda:

IALI NGO yakkirizibwa omunoonyeyerezi Charles Muwanga okuweereza ebyo okuva mu nzivuunulo ze ez'enjawulo. N'awe yongerezaako Buganda ne Uganda  bigende mu maaso.
Emiramwa egyekuusiza ku kuva kw'ebintu

Nga amateeka ga sayansi agavumbuddwa be gabaddewo okuva Katonda lwe yatonda ensi, egimu ku miramwa gya sayansi gye twetaaga gyekweese mu bigambo bino ebibaddewo okumala emyaka mu lulimi lwaffe oluganda:

•	Okuva					(motion)

•	Omugendo					(continuous motion, movement)

•	Omugendo gw’amasanyalaze		( current)

•	Omugendo gw’amasoboza		( movement of energy)

•	Omugendo gw’ekitangaala 		(Light ray)

•	Embiro					(speed)

•	emisinde					(speed)

•	Eng’enda 					(velocity)

•	okutebentesa/okutebenta		(to accelerate) 

•	Entebenta					(acceleration)

•	Entebentuka				(decelaration)

•	Okutolontoka			(to increase momentum)

•	Amateeka ga Netoni ag’okuva (omugendo)	(Newton’s laws of motion.)

•	Ekikolwa n’okuva mu mbeera(ensindikano)	(Action and reaction	)

•	Amateeka g’okuva				(the laws of motion)

•	Ekikolwa						(act)

•	Ensindikano oba okuva mu mbeera	 (reaction)

IALI NGO yakkirizibwa omunoonyeyerezi Charles Muwanga okuweereza ebyo okuva mu nzivuunulo ze ez'enjawulo. N'awe yongerezaako  Buganda egende mu maaso.
Ebitangattiso

IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his Luganda scientific writings to Luganda Wikipedia for free public  consumption.

"Ebitangattiso" (Chloroplasts)).

Ekitundu ky’ebikoola n’enduli z’ebimera omubeera ekitangattisa (photosynthesis) kiyitibwa "ekitangattiso"(chloroplast). 

Ebitangattiso bitundu (organelles) binene nga obigereegeranyizza, ebirimu oluzzizzi olulimu ebizimbamubiri (proteins), oluzizzi luno nga luyitibwa “seroma” (stroma).
Ensengekera z'Ebitangattiso

IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his Luganda scientific writings to Luganda Wikipedia for free public  consumption.

"Ensengekera z’ebitangattiso" (Photo-systems)

Molekyu ez’obutereke bwa langi (Pigment molecules) ezisengekeddwa nga ensengekera z’ekitangaala (photosystems) ze ziyingiza (zitega) ekitangaala ky’enjuba mu kololopulaasi (chloroplast). Ensengekera z’ebitangattiso (Photosystems) bulimba (clusters) bwa kitangaala obuyingiza obutereke bwa langi obw’ ekitangaala ky’enjuba nga bwegasse wamu ne molekyu nga obukonta (proton) eza vatomu eya ayodologyeni (hydrogen ion), enzayimu, enzayimu ez’awamu (coenzymes), ne sayitokiroomu (cytochromes).

Buli nsegekera ya kitangattiso (photosystem) erimu nga molekyu 200 eza pigimenti eya kiragala eyitibwa kerofiiru (chlorophyll) ne molekyu nga 50 ez’ekibinja kya ky’obutereke bwa langi (pigment) ekirala ekiyitibwa keratenoyi (carotenoids). Mu kifo ekibeeramu okutomeggana eky’ensengekera y’ekitangaala (photosystem), amasoboza ag’ekitangaala gakyusibwa ne gafuulibwa amasoboza aga kemiko (chemical energy). 

Ebiramu bingi ku Nsi, omuli n’ebimera byonna ebyakiragala, byegattisa (synthesize) emmere yabyo okuva mu molekyu ennyangu ennyo nga kabonbbiri-okisayidii (carbon dioxide) n’amazzi. Kino okubaawo ekiramu kyetaaga amasoboza (energy) era amasoboza gava mu kitangaala. Mu bimera ebya kiragala, amasoboza ag’ekitangaala (Light energy) gategwa mu keropulaasi (chloroplast) ezisangibwa mu butaffaali bw’ebimera ne bukozesebwa okwegattisa (to synthesize) molekyu za ggulukoosi (glucose molecules), eziragwa nga C6H12O6. Mu kikolwa kino, okisijeni (O2) afulumizibwa nga kazambi (waste product) ava mu bimera. 

Ggulukoosi ne okisijeni olwo ne bikozesebwa mu mitokyonduliya (mitochondrion) z’obutaffaali bw’ebimera n’ensolo, olwo amasoboza ne gafulumizibwa okukozesebwa mu kwegattisa (synthesis). Mu kutomeggana (in the reaction), kabonibbiri-okisayidi (C02) n’amazzi bifulumizibwa mu mitokyonduliya (mitochondrion) okuddamu okukozesebwa mu kitangattisa (photosynthesis) mu kolopulaasi (chloroplast).
Ekimuli

"Ekimuli" (Flower)

Ekimuli mwe muva ensigo z’ebimera. Birina ebitundu eby’enjawulo. Ekitundu ekikazi kye kiyitibwa "nakimuli (pistil), ekiggwayo nti “nakazaala w’ekimuli”. Nakimuli kitera kusangibwa mu makkati ga kimuli era kikolebwa ebitundu bisatu omuli: Mutegabuwakiso (stigma), siteero (style) ne walugi oba mukuumansigo(ovary). Mutegabuwakiso ke katundu akakwatira waggulu wa nakimuli. “Kakwataganye” ne siteero eringa olupiira. Siteero yetuuka ku walugi omubeera obutaffaali bw’amagi g’ekikazi agayitibwa mufuukansigo(ovules).
 
Ebitundu ebisajja biyitibwa "sekimuli" (stamens), era bitera okuba nga byebulungudde nakimuli. Obusajja bw’ekimuli buliko ebitundu bibiri: sekizaalirizi n’obuwaniriro. Sekizaalizi kye kireeta obuwakisa (pollen) nga bw’ebutaffali bw’ kizadde obuzaala ate obuwaniriro bwe buwanirira sekizaalizi okumukuumira waggulu. Mu kiseera eky’okuwakisa (fertilization), obuwakisa (pollen) bugwa ku sigema, olwo siteero eringa olupiira oludda wansi n’eyingira mu walugi (ovary). Obutaffaali bw’ekitundu ekisajja, obuwakisa bukka wansi mu siteero olwo ne bukwatagana ne walugi (ovules) okugiwakisa. Mukuumansigo ewakisiddwa y’efuuka ensigo ate mufuukansigo (ovules) n’efuuka ekibala. 

Ekitundu ekiyitibwa musikiriza (Petals) nakyo kirina omugaso gw’obutonde bw’ekimuli. Obulungi bwakyo buyamba okusikiriza ebiwuka ebitambuza obuwakiso (pollen) okuva ku kizadde (ekisajja), gamba nga enjuki, ebiwojjolo n’ebinyila. Ate mwetikka (sepals) mu ntobo kye kitundu ekiyamba okuwanirira ekimuli.

Ekibala ye walugi eba eyengedde omubeera ensigo. Okuwakisa nga kuwedde, walugi ezimbulukuka olwo n’efuuka ngonderevu oba nkalubo okukuuma ensigo eziba ziri mu kukula. Ebintu bingi bye tulowooza nti nva ndiirwa mu butuufu biba bibala; eky’okulabilako ennyaanya, kyukamba, ebijanjaalo, ensunjju, entula, ne kawo. 

Buli kibala kiba kimera kitono oba embuliyo (embryo) ekirimu ebikoola, enduli n’emirandila nga birinze ebyetaagisa okumeruka n’okukula. Ebimera byeyambisa nsigo zaabyo okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala   okuyita mu mbuyaga (mpewo), amazzi oba ebisolo ebiba binoonya omubisi mu kimuli.
Ekikoola

IALI NGO has been authorised by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his Luganda scientific Writings to Luganda Wikipedia.

 Ekikoola

Ekikoola kye kitundu ky’ekimera ekikola emmere yakyo; kino kitegeeza nti ebikoola g’amakolero g’emmere ag’ebimera ebya kiragala. Ebikoola biyinza okuba eby’enkula ennyangu; bino biba birina ekibuula(blade) kimu kyokka nga kigattibwa akapakkyo(petiole) ku nduli.  Ate waliwo ekikoola ekizibuwavu (compound leaf). Kino kikolebwa obukoola obw’enjawulo obukwataganyizibbwa akapakkyo (petiole) ku nduli.
 

Ebikoola bigenderera kutega oba kukwata kitangaala ate era birina obutuli omuyingizibwa n’okufulumizibwa amazzi n’empewo. Ku ngulu kw’ekikoola kuliko olububi lw’oluzigo oluyitibwa kyutiko (cuticle) olukuuma ekikoola. Mu kikoola mubaamu veeni (veins) ezitambuza amazzi n’ebiriisa munda mu kikoola.  

Ku bikoola kwe kubeera ensobozeso ezikola emmere, ekikolwa ekiyitibwa ekitangattisa (photosynthesis). Mu kikolwa kino, kabonibbiri-okisayidi n’amazzi nga byeyambisa kkala ya kiragala eyitibwa kerofiiru (chlorophyll) n’amasoboza ag’ekitangaala  bifuulibwa ggulukoosi(glucose), ntegeeza ebisukaali. Ebisukaali bino birimu amasoboza amanji ddala, mwe muva emmere ekozesebwa ebimera ebisinga obungi.
Emirandira gy'ebimera

IALI NGO has beena authorised by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his scientific writings  on Luganda Wikipedia for free public consumption.

"Emirandira"(roots)

Ebimera biba n’emirandira egy’obuswanso (fibrous roots) oba egy’omusoggo (taproot system).Mu mirandira gino gyombi, emigaso gye gimu; kutambuza mazzi na biriisa ebyetaagisa ekimera okukula. 

Emirandira giyamba okuwanirira ekimera nga gikisimba mu ttaka ate era ne giyingiza mu kimera amazzi n’ebiriisa okuva mu ttaka. Emirandila era gisobola okutereka ebireetamanyi (carbohydrates) ekimera bye kikozesa okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo. Omulandira ogw’omusoggo gwe mulandira ogutalina matabi mangi kyokka nga mukwafu nnyo ate nga muzimbulukufu.
Enduli oba enkolo

IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his Luganda scientific writings.

Enduli oba enkolo (Stem)

Enduli ziyamba okutambuza amazzi n’ebiriisa ebiba biyingiziddwa emirandira okudda mu bikoola, olwo emmere ekoleddwa mu bikoola n’egenda mu bitundu by’ekimera ebirala. 

Obutaffaali bw’ekimera obukola kino buyitibwa  zayireemu (xylem cells);  buno bwe butambuza amazzi  ate obutaffaali obutambuza emmere ekoleddwa ne buyitibwa polemu (phloem cells). 

Enduli era ziwagira ekimera ne zisobozesa ebikoola okutega omusana ogwetaagisa okukola emmere.  Ekikoola wekyegattira n’enduli wayitibwa mpataanya oba noodi (node). 

Ekibangiriza wakati w’ebikoola n’enduli kiyitibwa yintanoodi oba ekiwataanya (internode).
Obulamu Obusirikitu obw'obulabe

IALI NGO was authorised by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his scientific translations to Luganda Wikipedia for public consumption) .

Obulamu Obusirikitu obw’obulabe ku bulamu

Waliwo  obulamu obusirikitu nga bbwo bwa bulabe ku bulamu. Mu butuufu ebikula bya bbakitiiriya bingi bireeta endwadde mu Bantu, ensolo, n’ebimera. Abantu beeraliikirira  nnyo bbakitiiriya ezireeta  obulwadde nga tetanaasi(tetanus) n’obukooli ( E. coli). Kyokka waliwo ate era ebika by’obukooli ebirungi obusangibwa mu byenda byo okuyamba okukutulakutula emmere gy’olya ekigireetera okuwunya ng’ewedde okukolebwako obukooli buno. Waliwo n’obukooli bw’oyinza okufuna nga olidde ennyama etayidde bulungi. Obukooli buno bbakitiiriya embi eziyinza okukuteeka ku ndiri n’okukutta. 

Manya: Mu bulamu obusirikitu  kimanyiddwa nti mulimu bbakitiiriya ennungi ne bbakitiiriya ez’obulabe naye tekimanyiddwa oba nga waliwo vayiraasi ez’omugaso mu Nsi. Vayiraasi ez’obulabe zirimu :

(i)“Lebbiizi” (rabies),

(ii) Lubyamira (Pneumonia), 

(iii) Mulalama ( Meningitis).

Okuyita mu ssomo lya Tekinologia w’ebiramu (Biotechnology) bannasayansi banoonyereza n’okukola enkakaso ku vayiraasi, bbakitiiriya, ne fungi olw’ensonga ez’enjawulo ney ensonga esinga obukulu lwa kuba nti obulamu obusirikitu buno buyinza okuba obw’obuvune ennyo okusinga ensolo zo mu nsiko enkwambwe nga empologomma oba goonya. 

Kyokka era obuamu obusirikitu bukola ebitoolo (compounds)  okukola eddagala eppya eriyamba mu kujjanjaba endwadde  oba oli awo lumu omuntu ayinza okugemebwa okuziyiza sennyiga  oba  ebbola oba HIV aids. Mu butuufu laabu ziri mu kukola eddagala eppya oba ery’amaanyi okusingawo mu kulwanyisa  bbakitiiriya.
Polotozoowa

**Polotozoowa** (*Protozoa*) bulamu obusirikitu obusinga okuba obuzibuwavu. Polotozoowa buziiznaobulina obuzimbe obw’enjawulo era polotozoowa ziyinza okuba nga bwe bulamu obusookerwako obwa ebiramu ebizimbibwa obutaffaali obunji(multicellular organisms). 

Kino kitegeeza nti zirina obuzimbe obusobola okulabibwa ne mu bitonde eby’omutendera ogwa waggulu, obutali wantu walala wonna mu nsi ey’obulamu obusirikitu. Wamo ojja kusanga obulamu obusirikitu obusinga nga  

b)	Ameeba(amoebas)

c)	Obwenkira (flagellates) nga sipongi (sponges). Buno bulina obuzimbe obulinga akakira

d)	Obwoyaya (cilia). Buno buba bwoya obutini obumpi.Eky’okulabirako ye palamesiyamu (Paramecium). Bulina obwoya obutini ku mubiri gwabwo gwonna. Obwoya buno bukuba amazzi ne busobozesa akaramu kano okutambula mu mazzi.

e)	Sepironza (sporozoans). Sepironza (sporozoans) ziba polotozoowa ennyunyunsi (parasitic protests). Obulwadde bwa Malaria bureetebwa polotozowa ennyunyunsi eyiri mu kikula kya sepironza.  Polotozowa eno okufaanana n’obulamu obunyunyusi (parasites) bwonna tesobola kubeerawo ku lwayo wabula erumba ekiramu ekirala era n’ekikolako obuvune oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera.
Olufungi

Olufungi (Fungus)

Olufungi(fungus)  lulimu ebika nga n’olukonge mw’olutwalidde .Olukonge(molds) mu butuufu lufungi.

Tulaba olukonge mu binaabiro byaffe  oba ku mugaati oguba gukukula. Olufungi lulina enkula ey’oluzigooti (zygote). 

Oluyisiti (yeasts)luba lufungi olw’akataffaali akamu(single celled fungi) kyokka olukonge(molds) luba lufungi olw’obutaffaali obungi(multicellular fungi).  

Omugaati gwetaaga olugungi olw’ekika ky’oluyisiti (yeast) okuguzimbulukusa .Bw’oleka omugaati wabweru, guyingirirwa ekika ky’olufungi ekirala ekiyitibwa "olukonge lw’omugaati" (bread mold) okugufumya.  Olbuyisiti lwetaagisa okukola ekivululo (fermentation) mu kuyiisa omwenge.