open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Omugendo gw'amasoboza(Energy Flow)

Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga ,Omugendo gw'amasoboza era ekiyitibwa Okutambula kw’amasoboza  oba ennetoloola y’amasoboza(energy flow) mu nsengekera  y’entababutonde(in the ecological system), kiraga engeri amasoboza okuva mu mmere gye gakozesebwamu okuwerezebwa awaddako mu lugegere lw’emmere(food chain). 
 
Ebitundu 10% eby’emmere bye biyisibwawo  okudda ku kitundu ekirala eky’olujegere lw’emmere .Esigaddewo ekozesebwa  okukuza, okuzaala, n'enkola endala eza mutereezabulamu(metabolic processes) mu kitundu ky’olugyegere ekisooka.
Semateeka (Constitution)

Semateeka (Constitution) ly’etteeka eryo ku ntikko eriteekawo obuzimbe  bw’obufuzi bw'eggwanga .Ebimu ku bintu semateeka by’akola kwe kuteekawo amasiga ga gavumenti awamu n’okusonjola emirimu n’obuyinza  bwa buli ssiga mu kukola emirimu gino.

Amasiga ganoo asatu ge gasinga okuba ag’omugaso mu kuddukanya eggwanga: essiga lya nakitondekamateeka, essiga erya nakiteekamunkola , n’essiga eddamuzi(naddamula).Amasiga gano geyolekeramu emirimu gya gavumenti egisinga okwetagisa omuli :

(i)	okuteekawo enzirukanya(management) z’ebitongole bya gavumenti byonna  n’entuukiriza y'enkola zino(administration).

(ii)	Okukola n’okusazaamu oba okukyuusa mu mateeka agafuga eggwanga

(iii)	 Okusalawo ku butakkaanya obuba bubaluseewo nga amateeka g’eggwanga gali mu kuteekewa mu nkola okuyita mu bisalibwawo essiga lya nakiteekamunkola(executive) oba ebisalibwawo ( administration)
Emiramwa omusomesa gye yetaaga okuwa ebiragiro eby'ekibalangulo mu Luganda(the basic concepts a teacher needs to give mathematical instructions in Luganda)

From IALI NGO with permission from Charles Muwanga . Ekibalangulo “sessomo” eriwagala obwongo  erisengeka ebirowoozo nga lyogeza   obubonero n'ebigambo. Essomo lino n’olwekyo liyamba okukulaakulanya “EkkyO”(IQ)  y’omuntu.  Ekibalangulo mu bumpi kiwandiikibwa “ekibalo”(maths) oba "okubala". Gino gye gimu ku miramwa omusomesa gye yetaaga okuwa ebiragiro eby'ekibalangulo(mathematical instructions) egyetaagisa mu sessomo lino:

a)	Ekibalangulo		(mathematics)

b)	Ekibalo oba Okubala	(maths)

c)	Namba	=linnya   	(number)

d)	Nambiso	=kabonero	(numeral)

e)	Ekikunizo		(mathematical problem/question)

f)	Omweyoleko		(mathematical expression)

g)	Okusonjola  		(to simplify)

h)	Okubalangula		(to calculate)

i)	okubalanguza		(to solve)

j)	Okubaza 		(to solve or to calculate)

k)	Ekibazo			(solution to a mathematical problem)

l)	Ekibalanguzo		(formula)

m)	Omubalanguzo		(mathematical operation)

Omusomesa nga talina miramwa egyo tasobola kusomesa kubala mu Luganda !
Amasomo agali wansi wa Sessomo ly'Ekibalangulo(the Topics or Sub-fields of study under the discipline of Mathematics in Luganda Language)

From IALI NGO with authority from Muwanga Charles .Sessomo ly’ekibalangulo(the discipline of mathematics)  lirimu amasomo gano wansi:

i)	Ekibaririzo	(Arithmetic,  a branch of mathematics  using    numbers only )

ii)	Aligebbula	       (aAlgebra, a branch of matehmatics  using both numbers and letters)

iii)	Omugereeso gwa namba			(Number theory)

iv)	Emisingi gya namba=Emisimba		(Number bases)

v)	Essomankula/essomampimo/Ebyempimo	(Geometry)

vi)	Emikutule				(Fractions)

vii)	Emitonnyeze				(Decimals)

viii)	Okukunuukiriza n’okuzingako namba	(Estimation and rounding off numbers)

ix)	Nambuluzo n’Okulambulula namba	(Factors and factoring numbers)

x)	Namba ennambulukufu			(Composite numbers)

xi)	Namba ezitali nambulukufu		(Prime numbers)

xii)	Ennyingo n'Ekiyingo=Ekibalo ky'Ennyingo		(Terms and Polynomials)

xiii)	 Emigereko 				(Sets)

xiv)	Emikwanaganyo n’Emikwataganyo	(Relations and functions)

xv)	    Ebikwataganyo			(Coordinates)

xvi)	Omugerageranyo/Emigerageranyo		(Ratio/Ratios)

xvii)	Ekigerageranyo/Ebigerageranyo		(Rate/Rates)

xviii)	Emigendaganyo				(Proportions)

xix)	Kalonda 				(Data)

xx)	    Kalonda omusengeke			(Statistics)

xxi)	Ekibalo ky’Obusuubuzi			(Business math)

(ii)	Omugereeso gwa namba			(Number theory)

(iii)	Essomankula/Essomampima			(Geometry)

(iv)	Aligebbula				(Algebra)

(v)	Emikutule			(Fractions)	
		
(vi)	Emitonnyeze		(Decimals)

(vii)	Omugerageranyo n’Omugendaganyo	(Ratio and Proportion)

(viii)	Omugerageranyo gwe 100			(Ratio of 100, Percent)

(ix)	Namunigina z’ebipimo			(Units of measurements)

(x)	Kalonda ne Kalonda omusengeke		(Data and statistics )

(xi)	Nakyenkanyampuyi=Namba ez'enkannya empuyi				(Equations)

(xii)	Ekyenkanyampuyi				(Symmetry)

(xiii)	Nakyekubira					(Inequalities)

(xiv)	Ekifunza ne kyekubisamifunza		          ( Exponents and Logarithms)

(xv)	Nakyenkanyanpuyi (Equation)

(xvi)	Ekyenkanyampuyi 				(Symmetry)

(xvii)	Omugerageranyo				 (Ratio)

(xviii)	Ekigerageranyo 				 (rate )

(xix)	Omukwataganyo				 (Function)

(xx)	Ekikwataganyo 				(Coordinate)

(xxi)	Ekibazo 						 (Solution):

(xxii)	Omugereeso 					(theory) . 

(xxiii)	Okugereesa					 (To theorize)

(xxiv)	Ekifaanaganyo 				(Reflection) 

(xxv)	Ekyetoloozo 					(Rotation)

(xxvi)	Ekifaananyi					 (Picture)

(xxvii)	Ekifaananyo 					(image)
        
        Ekifaanaganyo   (Reflection)

(xxviii)	Ekikube eky’omuteeberezo		           (Imaginary drawing) 

(xxix)	Omuteeberezo=omulengera oguteebereza				(Imagination)

(xxx)	Ekiseetulo /ekiseetuko			(translation/slide)

(xxxi)	Ekiseetuso 					(displacement)

(xxxii)	Okuzimbulakkanya				 (resizing)

(xxxiii)	Omukwanaganyo				(Mathematical elation)

(xxxiv)	Omugendaganyo				 (Proportion) 

(xxxv) Essomampuyisatu(Trigonometry)

(xxxvi) Ekibazamukisa=Ekibalo ky'Omukisa (Probability)

(xxxvii) Ekisengeko=Ekibalo ky'emisengeko (Matrix)

(xxxxviii)Ekiyingo =Ekibalo ky'ennyingo(Polynomials)
Omuganyulwo/Omuganyulo(Interest)

FROM IALI NGO with authority from Muwanga Charles.

Omuganyulo oba Omuganyulwo(Interest)

Buli lwe wewola ensimbi, osasula sente ez’enkozeso (usage fee). Sente ez’enkozeso zino ziyitibwa muganyulo oba omuganyulwo (interest or simple interest).
 
Omuganyulwo = gwe muwendo ogukusalirwa olw’okukozesa sente ze wewoze.  Omuwendo gw’omuganyulwo gw’osasulwa gusinziira ku bintu bisatu:

a)	Omuwendo gwa sente ze wewola =Omutemwa (the principle). Omutemwa ze sente z’oba wewoze

b)	Ekigerageranyo ky’omuganyulwo .Ekigerageranyo ky’omuganyulo (interest rate) kiba kitundu ku kikumi eky’omutemwa ekisasulwa ng’ensimbi ey’enkozeso (fee).

c)	Obuwanvu bw’ekiseera kye wewoledde sente ezo.

Ekiseera ky’okusasula bwe kiba kituuse , kikwetaagisa okusasulwa omutemwa gattako  n’ekigerageranyo ky’omuganyulwo(interest rate) ekyetuumye. 

Kino kye kiyitibwa omuganyulwo oba omuganyulo omwangu era kikozesebwa mu kusiga ensimbi oba okwewola okw’ekiseera ekimpi .Ekibalanguzo (formula) guba: 
Omuganyulwo = Omutemwa x Ekigerageranyo ky’omugeranyo x ekiseera.
Enzirukanya y'ekitongole ey'Omupango (Strategic Management)

From IALI NGO with authority from Terminologist Muwanga Charles.

i)	Okubaga Omupango

a)	Baga ekigambululo ky’okwolesebwa (vision statement) 

b)	Baga ekigambululo ky’ebigendererwa (mission statement) 

c)	Nokolayo emikisa n’obuzibu obuyinza okuyingirira ekitongole (kuva mu mbeera ey’ ebweeru). 

d)	Nokoolayo amaanyi n’obunafu ebiri munda mu kitongole. 

e)	Nokoolayo ebiruubirirwa (long term objectives / aims)

f)	Lowooza ku mipango emirala singa kino kiba kigaanye. 

g)	Londa emipango egisingilayo ddala egy’okugoberera.

 
ii)	Okutuukiriza omupango 

a)	Tekawo ebiruubiriro by’omwaka (annual objectives) nga byesonjovu(specific), bipimifu( measurable) ate nga bituukibwako (attainable), bye kibalo (realistic), biri mu kiseera ekibibaze (timely) ate nga bituukikako (sustainable). 

b)	Baga enkola (policies) okuwanirira ebyo waggulu. 

c)	Abakozi bazzemu amaanyi. 

d)	Gabanya embalirira. 

iii)	Obwakalabalaba n’okutunula emabega(Monitoring and evaluation)

v)	Wekennennya emipango egikola obulungi n’egitakola bulungi olwo olongoose ne kyetaagisa. 

Enganyulo z’omupango gwa kitondekakola 

-	Kikendeeza okwenoona ensimbi n’ebyobugagga by’ekitongole. 

-	Kisobozesa okuteekateeka okwewala awatali kulinda buzibu kubaawo.
 
-	Enteekateeka ziba nsengeke, nsengekere ate nga zitegeerekeka 

-	Kimeetawo obumu mu batondesi n’abatuukiriza enkola era n’abakozi bonna. 

-	Kimeetawo empuliriziganya ekintu ekitambuza ekitongole obulungi. 

 Weetegereze"

1-	Baga ekigambululo ky’okwolesebwa 

2-	Bega ekigambululo ky’ekigenderwa 

3-	Wekenneenye ebijja (emikisa n’obuzibu)

4-	Wekennenye ebyomunda (amanyi n’obunafu) 

5-	Teekawo ebiruubirirwa (ebiruubirirwa eby’omupango) 

6-	Tuuka ku mipango 

7-	Teekawo enkola n’ebiruubirirwa eby’omwaka 

8-	Gabanya ebikozesebwa nga (ensimbi n’abakozi) 

9-	Kola ogwa kalabalaba, pima era otunule emabega engeri ebintu gye bikolebwamu.
Ebisonjozo by'Ebiruubirirwa n'ebiruubiriro(Characteristics of aims and objectives)

From IALI NGO with authority from terminologist Charles Muwanga ! Ebiruubiro biba kumpi nnyo okutyuukirira okusinga ku biruubirirwa ate ebiruubirirwa biri kumpi nnyo okutuukirira okusinga ebigendererwa.

Ebisonjozo by’ebiruubirirwa  eby’omulamwa 

Okutuuka ku biruubirirwa byo olina okumanya obulungi ki ky’oyagala okufuna .Tosonjolanga biruubirirwa byo na bigambo ebitali birambulukufu bulungi nga okwengerako, okusingako, katono, kinene, kanene, kiwanvu, muwanvu , oba kitono. Beera mwesonjovu(specific) .  Singa oba oyagala okukukendeeza omubiri ,  mu kifo ky’okugamba  nti njagala  kulongoosa ndabika yange , oba olina okukiraga  nga okozesa ebigambo ebisonjovu nga  okukola dduyiro  n’okulya kimu buli lunaku okusobola okukendeeza kirogulaamu   emu buli wiiki .

Kikulu nnyo okusonjola ebiruubirirwa byo  bw’oba nga ddala oyagala okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu bulamu . Kalondomusengeke alaga nti abo abayiseemu mu bulamu be Bantu abasonjodde ebiruubirirwa byabwe er ne babigobererwa. 

Ebigendererwa ebivaamu omugaso biba n’ebisonjozo(characteristics) omuli okuba ebyesonjovu (specific) ebipimifu(measurable) ebituukikako(attainable) , ebitegeerekeka(realistic)  ate nga biri mu kiseera .Mu butuufu ebisonjozo by’ebiruubirirwa birimu :

•	Obupimifu(Measurable): 

Okusonjola obusonjozi ebiruubirirwa  tekimala , olina okuteekawo amakubo  gennyini  okupima  engeri engeri gy’obituukako . Jjukira enjogera nti “ekyo ekiba kipimiddwa kye kikoleka” .

•	Ebituukikako: 

Bw’osonjola ebiruubirirwa  olina okulaga enneeyisa, obusobozi ,obumanyirivu  n’ebiyingizo (inputs, funds) ze wetaaga okubituukako. 

•	Ebitegeerekeka .

Buli kiruubirirwa ky’osonjola kirina okwesigama ekiruubiriro  ekiyinza okutuukirizibwa .Tokola biruubirirwa by’otayinza kutandikako era nga n’awe wennyini tokkiriza nti onoosobola okubituukiriza.

•	Biriko ebiseera ebigere. 

Walina okubaawo ebiseera ebigere okutuukirizaamu oba opkutuuka ku biruubirirwa byo. Bw’oba nga wetaddeko ebiseera ebigere , oba n’ekikubanja okubituukiriza n’okubituukako  .
Ebiruubiriro (Objectives)

From IALI NGO with authority from terminologist Charles Muwanga!

Ebiruubiriro (Objectives)

Ebiruubiriro =ebiruubirirwa ebisonjoddwa n’ekipomo. Bino  biba bigambululo ebyesonjovu(specific statements)  kw’ekyo ekyetaagibwa okukola.
Ky’olina okujjukira kwe kuba nti  ekiruubiriro(objective) kiba kipimifu(measurable) okusinga ekiruubirirwa(aim),  ekikolwa ekiri mu nteekateeka  okuba nga kituukirizibwa mu kiseera ekiri wansi w’olunaku.

Ekiruubiriro ky’ekyo ekiva mu biruubirirwa ebituukirizibwa mu nziring’anya , nga   nga kiba  kipimifu ate nga kyesonjovu okusinga ekiruubiriwa. Kyokka ekigendarerwa kyeyoleko eky’ekiseera ekiwanvu okuyita mu mwaka gumu oba okusingawo ate kkyo ekigendererwa(Goal) kiyita mu myaka esatu okutuuka ku myaka etaano..
Ebiruubirirwa (Aims)

From IALI with authority from terminologist Charles Muwanga !

Ebiruubirirwa(aims)

Ebiruubirirwa biba bigambululo kwe’ekyo ekyetaagibwa okukola naye nga bbyo byesonjovu okusinga ku bigendererwa(gaols) . Nabyo tebiba birambulukufu nnyo.  
Mu kuteekateeka kawefube  , ebiruubirirwa  birina okulagibwa obulungi.Ekiruuburirwa  kisonjolwa mu bwangu nga ekigonjoolo ky’obuzibu(solution to a problem)  obubwa buwedde okunokoolwayo .Ekizibu ekirina ekiruubirirwa ekyo  tekiba kyesonjovu (is general problem).  

Eno y’ensonga lwaki singa oba owandiika ebiwandiiko bya kaweefube , kyetaagisa okumanya enjawulo wakati w’ebiruubirirwa n’ebiruubiriro .Ekiruubiriro kijjibwa mu kiruubirirwa  yadde nga kirina ekigendererwa kye kimu n’ekiruubirirwa yadde nga kyo ekiruubiriro kyesonjovu nnyo okusinga ekiruubirirwa .
Ka tugambe nti entabaganyo yo enekoddeyo ekizibu ekigyolekedde  nga  “enkozesa y’obutonde  ey’ekyeyonoonerero” . 

Ekigonjoolo ky’ekizibu ekyo kibeera “okuziiyiza enkozesa y’obutonde ey’ekyeyonoonero”  .  Oyinza okulaga nti ekiruubirirwa kino si kirambulukufu bulungi nga obuuza “buttonde ki obukozesebwa ekyeyonoonero?”  Baba bayinza okukuddamu nti “okutema emiti  n’okusanyaawo ebibira awatali kweloboza yadde kusimba emirala’ .Wano ky’okola kwe kubategeeza nti enteekateeka ya kawefube erina okuba nga nesonjovu ku buli kiruubiriro obutalekaawo mwagaanya gwa ntaputa za njawulo.
Ebigendererwa (Goals)

**Ebigendererwa (Goals)**

Ebigendererwa bigambululo eby’awamu kw’ekyo ekyetaagibwa okukola ebitali byesonjovu (not specific)  ebiraga wa omuntu gy’ayagala okukoma oba ki omuntu ky’ayagala okutuukako awatali kulaga ngeri ki gy’anaatukayo . Ebigendererwa bwe biba eby’okuyigiriza biwandiikibwa mu ngeri etali nambulukufu nga :

•	Okuyiga
•	Okumanya

•	Okutegeera

•	Okunnyonnyoka

Ate n’ebingendererwa eby’obusuubuzi nabyo bwe bityo biba si birambulukufu bulungi era birimu:

•	Okukola amagoba

•	Okugaziya bizineesi

•	Okugaziya akatale

Okiraba nti ebigendererwa ebyo tebiteekeddwako kipimo era  si bipimifu (are not measurable).

Ebigendererwa  gwe musingi okuzimbibwa enteekateeka za kawefube yenna k’aba wa kusuubula, wa bitongole, oba wa byanjigiriza.
Entakyuka (Constant)

**Entakyuka** (*Constant*) guba muwendo ogutakyuka. Mu butuufu entakyuka (constants) n’enkyusibwo (variable) zikiikirira miwendo(values), Entakyuka guba muwendo ogutakyuka ate enkyuso guba muwendo ogusobola okukyuka.

Mu sayansi, entakyuka zikiikirira ebyekuuziza ku "kalonda w’ebitonde" (physical phenomena).Ekyokulabirako amazzi gekwata omuzira ku tempulikya eya nabwoko(dgrees) 32 Falenayiti  oba  nabwoki 0 (0 degrees) Selisiyaasi. Ekipimo ky'obwoki(tempulikya) kino amazzi we gekwatira omuzira kya ntakyuka(it is constant) kubanga kikakasiddwa nti amazzi gekwatira ku kipimo kya tempulikya kino kyokka.

Waliwo n’entakyuka endala ekozesebwa mu kibalangulo: Omugerageranyo (ratio) gw’obwekulungirivu (circumference) bw’ekikulungirivu kyonna ku daamita yayo nagwo guba gwa ntakyuka eyitibwa “ppaayi” . N’olwekyo singa oba  ofunye daamita oba ladiya ey’ekikulungirivu , oba osoboka okufuna obwekulungirivu bwayo.

Nga Munnasayansi akozesea ekibalangulo okwekenneenya amateeka ag’ensibo, ntegeeza amateeka ag’obutonde n’okugakozesa, akozesa entakyuuka n’enkyuso. Enkuso(variable) gubamuwendo ogusobola okukyusibwa okusinziira ku mbeera z’ekibuuzo ekiba kiriwo ate entakyuka yo tesobola kukyusibwa yadde ekibuuzo(mbeera) kiba  kikyuse..Enkyuso y’emu eyinza okuba entakyuka mu mbeera emu ate n’ebeera enkuso mu mbeera endala.

Eky’okulabirako: Okutebentesa kw’essikirizo kwa ntakyuka mu buwanvu obumu mu kyebulungulo ky’essikirizo ku Nsi  naye okutebentesa(acceleration) kuno kukyuka okusinziira ku buwanvu obw’enjawulo, kino kitegeeza kuba kwa nkyusibwo(is variable).

Entakyuka era oyinza okugisonjola nga “ennyukuta” ekiikirira oba eri mu kifo kya  “ namba ”

Obutaba nga nkyuso ezitera okulagibwa ne nyukuta  za waliifu w’olulattini  ezisemabyo : x,y,z….,  entakyuka   ziragibwa n’enyukuta wza waliifu ez’ekitundu ekisooka okutandika ne  : a,b.c,….. Kyokka kyetaagisa okumanyisa omusomi oba nga ennyukuta ntakyuka , okujjawo okubuzabuzibwa. Eky’okulabirako ekirungi eky’entakyuka mu nakyenkanyanjuyi(equation) ye nakyenkanyanjuyi eya nakana(quadratic equation:

Y=ax2+ bx +c

Nga   :   
	x ne y ze nkiise oba enkyusibwo ate 
	a,b, c  z’entakyuka

Kino kitegeeza oyinza okuyingiza omuwendo gwonna   mu kifo kya a, b, ne c, nakyenkanyampuyi eno n’esigala eya nakana(quadratic) osobole  okugoberera amateeka agetaagisa okutuuka ku ekibazo  kya yo.
Ekigereeso (Scientific theory)

**Ekigereeso** (theory) nagwo mulamwa ogwazimbibwa Muwanga Charles. Ekigereeso kyekuusiza ku kikolwa eky'okugereesa(to theorize, to guess). Nga tweyambisa akakodyo ak'okugattika ebigambo tufuna emiramwa :

(i) Ekigereeso= Ekigambululo ekigereesa(Scientific theory)

(ii) Omugereeso =Omubalanguzi ky'agereesa(mathematical theory)

(iii) Eggereeso = Essomo erigereesa (Theorem)

Kati nno tuyinza okwogera ku :

(a) Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi(The Pythagoras theorem)

(b) Ekigereeso ky'Ensibuko y'Ebikula (The theory of the origin of species)

(c) Ekigereeso ky'ekyerongooserezo ky'Obulamu (the theory of the evolution of life)
Okukunuunukiriza n'Okuzingako(Approximation and Rounding numbers)

Okukukunuukiriza  n’okuzingako 
     (Approximation and rounding off numbers)

Okukunuukiriza  (estimate) kikozesebwa nnyo mu kibalangulo ne mu bulamu bwa bulijjo.

 Oyinza okuzingako omuwendo gwa sente, ebiseera, olugendo (distansi), n’endagabungi (quantities) endala nnyingi. Okuzingako (rounding off) ngeri ya kukunuukiriza. Oku zingako emitonnyeze: 

i.	Funa omuwendo gw’ekifo (place value) gw’oyagala okuzingako olwo otunula ku digito eziddako ku ddyo. 

ii.	Singa digito (digit) eba wansi wa 5, tokyusa digito ezingako (rounding digit) kyokka suula digito zona eziddako ku ddyo.
 
iii.	Singa digito eba esinga ku 5 gattako emu ku digito ezingako osuuule digito zonna eziddako ku ddyo. 

Okuzingako namba enzijuvu 

Okuzingako namba enzijuvu (whole number) :

i.	Zuula omuwendo gw’ekifo gw’oyagala (digito ezingako) olyoke otunuulire digito eddako ku ddyo. 

ii.	Singa digito eba wansi wa 5, tokyusa digito ezingako (rounding digit) kyokka kyusa digito zonna eziddako ku ddyo wa digito ezingako ozifuule ziro. 

iii.	Singa digito eyo eba 5 oba okusinga wo, gatta emu ku digito ezingako bw’omala okyusa digito zonna ku ddyo wa digito ezingako ogifuule ziro. 

Mu namba 785 . 3862 : 

1000 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu nkumi 

790 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu makumi 

785 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu nsusuuba 

800 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu bikumi 

785.4 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi kimu kye kumi

785.39 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu kimu ku kikumi

785.386 y’esingayo okubeera okumpi mu kimu kya lukumi

Okukunuukiriza  oba olina  okuba n’obusobozi okuteebereza n’osemberera ansa entuufu kintu ekikozesebwa ennyo mu kibalangulo ate ekyangu ennyo mu bulamu obwa buijjo

Ebikunizo

Zingirako buli namba ku kigo ekimsabiddwa

1) Zingirako 6,329 ku kikumi  .Ansa:  6,300

2) Zingirako 646 ku kifo ky’ekumi  . Ansa 650.

3). Zingirako 91, 480 ku kifo ky’olukumi . Ansa 91,000
Nambuluzo za Namba(Factors of Numbers)

From IALI NGO with authority from Charles Muwanga !

Nambuluzo za Namba (Factors of numbers)

Okusobola okunnyonnyoka essomo ly’ekibalangulo eky’okulambulula namba obulungi, wetaagisa okumanya egimu ku miramwa egikozesebwa, naddala emiramwa nga:

        Ekitondeko / Omutondeko                       (Product)

•	Enkubisa				(coefficients)

•	Enkubise				 (multiples)

•	Entakyuka				(constants)
 
•	entakoma 				(infinite)

•	enkiise/enkyusibwo			(variable), 

•	engabiso				(divisor)

•	omugabo				(dividend)

•	Ennyingo				(terms), 

•	Mufunza				(exponentiation)

•	Kyekubisamufunza				(logarithms).

•	Namba ennambulukufu		(composite numbers)

•	Namba ezitali nambulukufu	(prime numbers)

•	Enfikkizo oba enfissi				(remainder)

•	Nambuluzo 				(factors)

•	Nambuluzo Eyawamu 		(Common factor)

•	Enkubise Eyawamu   		(Common Multiples)

•	Enkubise Eyamu Esembayo 	(Lowest Common Multiple)

•	Nambuluzo  Eyawamu Esingayo (Greatest Common )

•	Okulambuluza namba ezitali nambulukufu (prime factorization)

Mu muwendo   5 x 3 = 15,    ttaano ne ssatu ze nambuluzo ( factors) oba enkubisa(coefficients)  ate  kumi na ttaano  ye nkubise(multiple.)  oba ekitondeko(product). 

Okulambulula (Factoring) kiringa kwabuluza mu namba; kitegeeza okulaga namba ng’ekubise (multiple) oba kiyite ekitondeko(product) kya nambuluzo  zaayo (its factors). Nambuluzo ziba namba ennambulukufu (composite numbers) oba namba ezitali nambulukufu (prime numbers ) ,okujjako 0 ne  1 ezitagwa mu biti bino ebibiri.

Namba 15 nkubise (multiple) ya 5 ne 3, kubanga eyinza okugabizibwaamu 5 ne 3 . Mu  3 x 5 = 15 , 3 ne 5  zombi nkubisa za  15 ate 15  nkubise( multiple) ya   3 ne  5 .

"Nambuluzo"(factors) ze namba ze wekubisaamu okufuna namba endala. Eky’okulabirako  nambuluzo za 6 ziri 2 ne 3  kubanga 2 x 3 = 6 .Kyokka namba ezimu ziyinza okulambululwa mu ngeri ezisukka mu emu .Eky’okulabirako  , 12 eyinza okulambululwa nga  1×12, 2×6, oba  3×4.
Omusimba ogw'Ekkumi (Base Ten)

From IALI NGO with authority from terminologist Charles Muwanga !!

Omusingi gwa namba ogw’ekkumi=Omusimba  
        (Number Base Ten)

Ensengekera eno eragibwa mu namba z’emitonnyeze ekkumi . Omusingi ogw’ensengekera ya kkumi ze namba e 10 . Kino kitegeeza nti nti waliwo obubonero 10 , obutandikira ku ziro okutuukaku 9.Mu ngeri y’emu , kino kitegeeza ensengekera ekozesa obubonero obusatu  0, 1ne  2  guba musingi gwa namba ogwa  3, ensengekera ya namba eyeyambisa obubonero obuna  ,0,1,2,3 guba musingi gwa namba ogwa nnya , n’ensengekera endala bwe zityo okweyongarayo  nga wano mu taabulo eno:

Ensengekera ya namba 	Omusimba 	Omugereko gwa digito 

Omusimba ogwa  3 	3	0, 1, 2

Omusimba ogwa  4 	4	0, 1, 2, 3

Omusimba ogwa  5 	5	0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Omusimba ogwa  6	6	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 

Omusimba ogwa  7 	7	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Omusimba ogwa  8	8	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Omusimba ogwa  9	9	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Omusimba ogwa  10	10	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Mu musingi gwa namba ogw’ekkumi(omusimba ogw'ekkumi) mulimu ebika bya namba eby’enjawulo omuntu yenna k’abe mubalanguzi oba nga si mubalanguzi bye yetaaga okunnyonnyoka mu bulamu obwa bulijjo. Bye bino:

a)	Namba eza kibazo			(cardinal numbers)

b)	Namba ezibala				(counting numbers)

c)	Namba eza ndagakifo 			(ordinal numbers)
	
d)	Namba eza ndagalinnya		(nominal numbers )

e)	Namba enzijuvu				(Whole numbers)

f)	Kibalirampuyibbiri						(integers)

g)	Namba ez’ensibo /ez'obutonde)		 (natural numbers)

h)	Namba za kyegabanya				(Even numbers )

i)	Namba eza kigaaniremu/Kigaanira				(odd numbers)

j)	Emikutule 			(Fractions)

k)	Namba ez’omugerageranyo 	 		(Rational Numbers)

l)	Namba  ezitali za mugerageranyo	 (Irrational Numbers)

m)	 Namba Zennyini				( Real numbers)

n)	Namba Ez’omuteeberezo		(Imaginary Numbers)

o)	Namba za kyebiriga			(Square numbers )

p)	Namba za kyesatuza			(Cube numbers)

q)Namba enzibuwavu (Complex numbers)
Omugereeso(Mathematical theory)

From IALI NGO with authority from terminologist Charles Muwanga !!

Omugereeso (theory) kiva mu kigambo ky’oluganda “okugereesa”, ekitegeeza “omubalanguzi ky'agereesa”. Omugereeso gwa namba (number theory) gutandika na kuyiga namba, obutaffaali obuzimba omugereeso gwa namba ne sessomo ly’ekibalangulo lyonna okutwalira awamu.

Ekinambirizo (arithmetic) kikozesa bubonero okubala. Kyetaagisa okuwa obubonero buno amannya . Erinnya ly’akabonero akabala liyitibwa “namba”. Amannya g’obubonero buno  mu luganda gali : “ziro , emu, bbiri, satu, nnya, ttaano, mukaaga , n’okweyongerayo mu entakoma. Ezo ze namba ez’enjawulo . Amannya gano gayitibwa mannya agabala oba namba za kibazo (namba ezibala). 

Obubonero obukiikirira namba bulagibwa nga:  "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7” n’okweyongerayo mu ntakoma. Obubonero buno buyitibwa nambiso (numerals). Waliwo ne nambiso z’ekirooma”( Roman numerals) nga  I,II,III,IV ,n’okweyongerayo .  'Okiraba nti mu nambiso z’ekirooma temuli kabonero ka ziro.

Mu butuufu buli ssomo mu sessomo ly'ekibalangulo liyinza okwogerwako nga "omugereeso"(mathematical theory) nga wano wansi:

(i)Omugereeso gw'Obuserengeto (Slope theory)

(ii)Omugereeso gw'emigereko(Set theory)

(iii)Omugereeso gw'Obuufu (the theory of mathematical locus)

(iv) Omugereeso gw'essomampimo(Geometry theory)

n'okweyongerayo.
Okulambulula namba

Mu ssomo ly’ekibalo lyonna ojja kweyambisa ekiyitibwa okulambulula (factoring) mu ngeri ez’enjawulo. Okulambulula kukozesebwa nga obalanguza nakyenkanyanjuyi eza namayingo (polynomial equations), okusonjola (to simplify) n’emisoso gy’ekibalo emirala mingi ddala. 

"Nambuluzo"(factors) ze namba ze wekubisaamu okufuna namba ebdala. Eky’okulabirako  nambuluzo za 6 ziri 2 ne 3  kubanga 2 x 3 = 6 .Kyokka namba ezimu ziyinza okulambululwa mu ngeri ezisukka mu emu .Eky’okulabirako  , 12 eyinz okulambululwa nga  1×12, 2×6, oba  3×4. 

Namba erambululwa ne 1 ne yo yennyini byokka eyitibwa “namba eterambulula” oba “namba etali nambulukufu” (prime number)  . Namba eziterambulula ekkumi ezisooka ziri  2, 3, 5, 7, 11,  13, 17,1 9, 23,  ne 29. 

Namba 1  tebalibwa mu namba ziterambulula , ensonga tetera kuteekebwa oba kulagibwa mu kulambulula kwa namba  kubanga 1 egenda mu buli namba . 
Bw’oba oyagala okuzuula namba eziterambulula zonna eza namba yonna kiba kitegeeza nti olina okulaga olukalala lwa namba ezitali nambulukufu zonna eza namba ennambulukufu, okujjako 1. Eky’okulabirako namba ezitali nambulukufu eza 75 ziri 5x5x5, si "5” yokka. Bwekityo bwe kiri yadde nga 5 ye nambuluzo yokka eya 75  kubanga wetaaga kopi za 5 ssatu okusobola okukubisamu okudda ku 75, n’olwekyo okulaga namba za 75 eziterambulula kitwaliramu kopi za 5 zonna essatu. 

Okulambulula namba kitegeeza kulaga nambuluzo zayo ezitali nambulukufu zokka  , si bitondeko byazo . Eky’okulabirako, yadde nga 3x3 =9  ate nga 9 ngabiza ya 36 , 9 tebalibwa mu nambuluzo za 36 .

Wano olina okunnyonnyoka engeri gy’olambululamu n’okuzuula Nambuluzo Ey’awamu Esingayo(NESI) mu lungereza eyitibwa  GCF(Greatest Common Factor) n’Ennambuluzo Ey’awamu Esembayo(NESE) , mulungereza eyitibwa “Lowest Common Factor”. 

Mu kibalo , okulambulula(factorization or factoring ) kitegeeza okubumbulula ekintu (wano ekintu ekiba kibumbululwa eba namba n namayingo, oba metuliikisa )  okukifuula ekitondeko(product)  ky’ebintu ebirala oba enambuluzo , zino nga bwe ziba nga zikubisiddwamu wamu zikuwa namba eyasoosewo. Eky’okulabirako namba 12 erambululwa mu nambuluzo nga 3 × 4, ate namayingo   x2 − 9   n’erambululwa nga (x − 3)(x + 3).  Mu ngeri yonna , ekivaamu kiba kitondeko ky’ebintu ebitonotono oba ebitundutundu.

Tekigendererwa ky’okulambulula kwe kuzimbulula ekintu okutuuka ku butaffaalikazimbira bwakyo(obutaffaali obukizimba oba obutaffaali obukola obuzimbe bwakyo) nga nambuluzo  oba namayingo obusembayo. 

Okulambulula entegere kufugibwa ggereeso lya kubalanguza (arithmetic theorem) ate okulambulula namayingo kufugibwa ggereeso lya akigebbula ( the theorem of  algebra). 

Kikontana w’okulambulula namayingo aba kuzimbulukusa (expansion) , okukubisaamu wamu enambuluzo za namayingo  okutuuka ku namayingo ezimbulukusiddwa, ewandiikiddwa nga omugatte gw’ennyingo.
Obulwadde bw'Okulumizibwa amagulu

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### Enfaanana y'obulwadde buno

Okulumwa amagulu y'embeera ereetera omuntu okukaluubirizibwa mu kutambula. Obulumi buno omuntu asinga kubuwulira ng’awumuddeko era ayinza n'okulemwa okwebaka. Oluvannyuma lw’okutawaanyizibwa mu kwebaka, omuntu ayinza okusiiba nga yeebase, talina maanyi era nga teyeeyagala.

### Obuzibu obujja n'obulwadde buno

Obumu ku buzibu obuli mu kulumizibwa mu magulu kuliko okufuna n'obuzibu mu nsigo, obulwadde bwa sukaali. Obulwadde buno bwawulibwamu emirundi ebiri nga kuno kuliko omuntu okulumwa amagulu ng’akyali muto wamu n'okulumizibwa ng'omuntu akuze. Omuntu okulumwa amagulu nga akuze kigwa bugwi. Obujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu businziira ku bubonero bw'alina.

### Enzijanjaba

Okulumizibwa mu magulu kiyinza okuvumulwa nga ekibuleeta kijjanjabiddwa naye nga obujjanjabi mulimu okukyusa ku mbeera wamu n'okufuna eddagala. Okukyusa mu mbeera y'obulamu kuliko nga okuva ku mwenge, sigala n'okwebaka obulungi. Eddagala erisinga okukozesebwa ku bulwadde buno kuliko *levadopa* oba *dapamine agonist* nga *pramipexole*. Abantu abali wakati wa 5-15% mu Amerika bateeberezebwa okuba n'obuzibu buno. Abakyala be basinga okutawaanyizibwa obulwadde buno okusinga abasajja naye nga kisinga kujja na myaka
Obulwadde bw'Okukulungutana

Okukulungutana kw'obwongo kuzingiramu ebintu bingi nga muno muzingiramu n'okutya. Okulungutana kiyinza okuviirako omuntu omutima okukubira okumukumu n'okukankana. Ebika by'okukulungutama bingi nga muno mulimu nga okukulungutana okuteebereka, okukulungutana okulina ekibuleeta, okukulungutana okuleetebwa okutya n'ebirala.

Obulwadde bw'okukulungutana buyinza okubeera obw'omu musaayi oba nga kiva ku mbeera eziri mu bwebulungulule. Omwana ayinza okukwatibwa obulwadde bw'okukulungutana singa abeera yakijjanyizibwa nga muto oba nga yeetooroddwa embeera y'obwavu. Okukulungutana olumu kutera kujja n'okufuna obulemu ku bwongo wamu n'okukozesa ebintu ebiralalala. Obubonero bw'okukulungutana singa bubeera bulabiddwa kyagala omuntu abulina afune obujjanjabi nga emyezi mukaaga teginnayita.

Singa omuntu alina obubonero buno taweebwa bujjanjabi, olwo obulwadde buno bufuuka bwa lubeerera. Obumu ku bujjanjabi obuyinza okuweebwa omuntu alina obulwadde bw'okukulungutana mulimu ng’okukyusa ku mbeera y'obulamu bw'omuntu, okubudaabudibwa n'obulala. Obulwadde bw'okukulungutana businga nnyo mu bakyala nga wano bukubisa obuli mu basajja emirundi esatu era nga butera kutandikira ku bantu b'emyaka 25. Abantu 12% be bakwatibwa obulwadde bw'okukulungutana buli mwaka. Omuwendo gw'abantu abalina obulwadde buno guli waggulu nnyo mu U.S ne Europe.
Obulwadde bw'okulumizibwa mu luba

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### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Obulwadde bw'okulumizibwa mu luba kika kya bukosefu obiviirako omuntu okubeera n'obuzibu mu ngeri ebinywa bye ebyomukyenyi gye bikolamu. Obumu ku bubonero bw'bulwadde buno mulimu nga okulumizibwa mu binywa, okulumizibwa ku matu, obutawoomerwa kantu konna n'ebirala.

### Ekireeta obulwadde buno

Ekiviirako obulwadde buno tekimanyiddwa, wabula waliwo ebigambibwa okuviirako obulwadde buno nga kino kuliko; Obulwadde bwa sukaali, obuzibu mu ntambula y'omusaayi mu mubiri n'ebirala. Obujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu alina obuzibu buno businziira ku ngeri gy'afaananamu n'ekyo ekigambwa okuviirako obulwadde.

### Eddagala

*Corticosteroid* ddagala erigambibwa okwongera Ku mbeera y'omuntu wabula ate n’eddagala eddala lingi liyinza okweyambisibwa. "Eye patch" ly'eddagala eriyinza okweyambisibwa okuteeka ku liiso eririko obuvune lireme kukala. Omuntu alina Obulwadde buno takkirizibwa kulongoosebwa. 

Obulwadde buno businga nnyo mu bantu wakati w'emyaka 15 ne 60. Obulwadde buno bukwata abasajja n'abakyala obulwadde mu ngeri ya kyenkanyi. Bufuna erinnya lyabo okuva ku musawo eyakuguka mu kulongoosa abantu, "Charles Bell" era nga ye yasooka okuvumbula embeera gye bukosaamu obusuwa bw'omusaayi.
Kookolo w'oku bwongo

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### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Kansa w'obwongo agya singa obutofaali obutali bwa bulijjo bumeruka mu bwongo. Obulwadde buno bwa emirundi ebiri ”concerous" ne "Benign". Ebika bya kansa ono biyinza okuleeta obubonero okusinziira ku kifo w’abeera akutte. Obubonero buno mulimu ng’okulumwa omutwe, okusesema, okukyukakyuka mu ndowooza y'omuntu n'ebirala. Omuntu alina obulwadde buno atera nnyo okulumwa omutwe ku makya era kitera n’okuleetera okusesema.

### Ebimu ku bireeta obulwadde buno

Waliwo ebigambibwa nti okukozesa ennyo esimu kiviirako obulwadde buno naye tekinnaba kunoonyerezebwako bulungi. Obujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu ono basinziira ku biva mu kukebera omuntu mu byuma.

### Enzijanjaba

Omuntu alina obulwadde buno asobola okulongoosebwa. Eddagala eriyinza okukozesebwa kuliko, “Furosemide” era nga liyinza okukozesebwa okukendeeza ku kuzimba eri omuntu alina kookolo ono. Obulumi omuntu bw’afuna businziira kika kya kookolo ekiruma omuntu. Ekika ekya *Glioblastomas* kikosa nnyo omulwadde so ng’ate ate "meningiomas" tebukosa nnyo mulwadde.

Kika kya kookolo ekiyitibwa, *Secondary* oba *metastatic* bukwata nnyo abantu okusinga "Primary brain tumor" era nga businga kuva ku kookolo w'amawuggwe. Obulwadde bwa *Primary brain tumor* bukwata abantu 250,000 buli mwaka mu nsi yonna. Mu Australia, omuwendo gw'ensimbi akakadde kamu mu emitwalo kyenda ze zikozesebwa okujjanjaba Kansa ono okusinga ekika kya Kansa omulala yenna.
Obulwadde bw'okubeera n’amazzi ku bwongo

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### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Eno y’embeera y’okubeera n’amazzi mu bwongo. Amazzi ago gayitibwa cerebrospinal fluid. Amazzi ago galeetera galeetera ekiwanga okubeera nga kinyigirizibwa mu ngeri etali ya bulijjo. 

### Obubonero

Omuntu omukulu alina obuzibu buno afuna okulumizibwa mu mutwe, okukaluubirizibwa mu ngeri gy’alabamu ebintu ng’ekimu akirabamu bibiri, obutasobola kuyimirira bulungi n’atereera, okukyuka mu bunnabuntu bwe, n’okukyukako ku bwongo. Mu baana obulwadde buno butera okubaleetera okugejja mu bunene bw'emitwe. Obumu Ku bubonero obulala mulimu nga okusesema, obuteebaka n'ebirala.

Obulwadde buno omuntu asobola okubufuna ng’azaalibwa oba kadde konna mu bulamu bwe. Ebimu Ku biviirako obulwadde buno mulimu omuntu okufuna obulemu ku mutwe, okukuluusanyizibwa Ku bwongo, "Intra ventricular homorrhage" n'obulala.

### Enzijanjaba

Obulwadde buno busobola okujjanjabibwa nga omuntu aloongoosebwa "Shunt system". Singa omuntu afuna obubonero buno obw'omujjirano ate n'atafuna bujjanjabi, kiyinza okumuviirako okufa.
Omwana omu oba babiri ku ku 1000 abazaalibwa bababa n’obulwadde buno. Wabula, obulwadde buno businga nnyo mu nsi ezikyakula.
Okutya (Panic)

Okutya kimu ku bubonero bw'okukulungutana nga kireetebwa embeera egwa obugwi. Omuntu alimu Okutya abeera n'obuzibu nga okutuuyana, okukankana n'okuziyira. Obubonero buno obuleetebwa Okutya tebutera kubandaala ddakiika esukka emu.

Ekiviirako obuzibu bw'okutya tekimanyiddwa wabula nga kigambibwa nti abamu kiviira ddala mu maka gye bava. Ebimu ku bisuubirwa okuviirako okutya mulimu okukozesa ebintu nga sigala, Okukakaalukanyizibwa ku bwongo n'amaka abantu gye bava.

Okutya kusobola okujjanjabibwa nga abantu babuddaabudibwa wamu n'okukozesa eddagala lya *Cognitive behavior therapy* nga kino kye kika ky'okubudaabuda ekitera okuweebwa abantu abalina Okutya.

Okutya kukosa ebitundu 2.5% Ku bulamu bw'omuntu. Kino kitera kutandikira ku myaka gy'okuvubuka oba nga omuntu yakatqndika emyaka gy'obukulu. Obuzibu buno tebulabikira nnyo mu baana wabula ate buli nnyo mu bakazi okusinga abasajja.
Obuzimba bw’omu nnyindo

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Obuzimba bw’omu nnyindo bw’ebwo obuggyamu naye nga tebuliimu kookolo. Obubonero okulabirwa obulwadde buno buzingiramu okukaluubirirwa mu kussiza mu nnyindo, okulemwa okuwunyiriza, obutawoomerwa by’olwa n’ennyindo egikulukuta. Butera okukwata ennyindo zombi era nga omuntu bwe bumukwata atera okulumizibwa mu kyenyi. 

Ekiviirako obulwadde buno tekitegeerekeka. Butera nnyo okukwata abantu abakosebwa n'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde. Omuntu alina obuzibu buno asobola okwesulika nga ennyindo eri waggulu oba okukeberebwa n'ebyuma.

*Steroids* bwe bujjanjabi obuweebwa omuntu alina obuzibu bw'okufeekeera wabula singa bugaana omuntu ono asobola okulongoosebwa. Abantu 4% balina obuzibu bw'okufeekeera wabula ate abantu 40% be bafuna obulwadde buno mu kaseera konna mu bulamu bwabwe. Obulwadde buno butera kukabikira ku myaka 20 wabula buno bwo bukwata nnyo abasajja okusinga abakyala.
Okwetukuta kw'emisuwa

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Okwetukuta y'embeera egyawo oluvannyuma lw'emisuwa egitwala omusaayi mu bwongo n'omusuwa ogutambuza omusaayi mu nkizi okulemererwa.
 
### Obubonero

Obumu ku bubonero bw'obulwadde buno mulimu nga okulwala omusujja, okulumwa omutwe n'okulumwa ensingo. Obumu ku bubonero obulala mulimu ng’omuntu okusoberwa mu ngeri gy'akolamu ebintu, okusesema n'ebirala. Mu baana, obulwadde buno bubaviirako okuggwaamu amazzi wamu n'okutaataganyizibwa mu ndya yaabwe.

### Obulabe

Okwetukuta kuno kuyinza okuleetebwa obuwuka bw'omusaayi oba okukozesa ebidagaladagala. Okwetukuta kw'omusaayi kuno kwa bulabe nnyo kubanga emisuwa gino girinaanye obwongo n'omusuwa gw'omu nkizi era embeera eno ebeera ya bwerinde nnyo.
Obulwadde buno buyinza okwewalibwa nga abantu begemesebwa. Abantu basobola n'okuweebwa eddagala era nga bwe bujjanjabi obwandisookeddwaako. Okwetukuta kuno kuyinza okuviirako omuntu okufuna endwadde endala nga Ensimbu, Okukulungutana n'ebirala. Era nga kino kiyinza okuviirako omuntu okufuna obulemu ku bwongo singa tafuna bujjanjabi mangu.

### Obulwadde buno mu nsi yonna

Mu 2013, Obulwadde buno bwakosa abantu obukadde 16 era nga kino kyaviirako abantu 303000 okufa okwetoloora ensi yonna okuva Ku bantu 464000 abaafa mu 1990. Obulwadde buno butera kumeruka mu mwezi gwa Deesemba n’Ogwomukaaga mu bitundu yba Afrika era buno bwe bw'ekika kya "meningitis belt".
Ebigenge

### Enfaanana y'ebigenge

Ebigenge bulwadde obuleetebwa obuwuka bwa *bacteria* obuyitibwa *Mycobacterium leprae* ne *Mycobacterium lepromatosis*.

### Obubonero

Mu kusooka obulwadde buno bwe bukukwata tebulaga kabonero konna okumala ebbanga lya myaka ng'etaano (5) okutuuka ku myaka ng'abiri (20).

Obumu ku bubonero obusooka kwe kuli okulwala kw'omukutu oguyitamu omukka gwe tussah (respiratory tract), olususu, wamu n'amaaso.

Bino biviiramu omuntu okuba nga takyawulira bulumi ku lususu, ekivaako okugenda ng'akutukako ebitundu by'okumubiri ebimu olw'obuvune obugenda nga bweyongera. Omubiri omunafu wamu n'obutalaba bulungi biyinza okweyongera.

### Engeri gye busiigibwa

Ebigenge bisiigibwa nga biva ku muntu omu okudda ku mulala, nga biyita mu mpewo eba eyasimuddwa omulwadde, oba eminyira gye, oba omusaayi gwe nga yeerumise.

Ng'oggyeeko endowooza eya bulijjo, ebigenge si kyangu nnyo kukwata muntu.

### Obujjanjabi

Kyokka ebigenge biwona n'eddagala eriyitibwa “Multidrug theapy (MDT)” era ng'obujjanjabi buno bwa bwereere okuva mu kitongole ky'ebyobulamu eky'ensi yonna (World Health Organisation).
Obulwadde bw'Ebola

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Ebola kirwadde ekikwata abantu , ssaako ebisolo ebirala ebigwa mu luse lw'abantu, gamba ng'amazike, enkima n'ebirala, era ng'Ebola aleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa 'Ebolavirus'.

### Obubonero

Obubonero bw'Ebola butandikira mu bbanga eriri wakati w'ennaku ebbiri (2) ne wiiki ssatu nga bumaze okukwata omuntu. Mu bubonero buno mwe muli: okufuna omusujja, okuwulira obulumi mu mimiro, okulumizibwa mu nnyingo z'omubiri zonna wamu n'omutwe oguluma. Ekirwadde kino bwe kigenda kyeyongera, ebintu ng'okusesema, okuddukana n'okubutuka kw'olususu bijja, era nga n'ebitundu by'omubiri okuli ekibumba n'ensigo biba binafuye nga tebikyasobola kukola bulungi mirimu gyabyo.

Mu kiseera ng'ekyo, abalwadde abamu batandika okuvaamu omusaayi mu byenda ne mu lususu, ekyongera enyo emikisa gy'okufa kw'omulwadde oyo, olw'okuggwaamu omusaayi n'amazzi mu mubiri. Embeera eno etera okubeererawo mu bbanga eriri wakati wa wiiki omukaaga n'ekkuminoomukaaga, ng'obubonero bw'Ebola bumaze okweyoleka.

### Ebola asaanyizibwa atya?

Ssinga omuntu omulala omubiri gwe gukwataganako n'ebintu ebifuluma mu mubiri gw'omulwadde- gamba ng'omusaayi oba ebisesemye bye,awo kisoboka okukwata abadde tabulina. Ate mu ngeri endala, ssinga omuntu akozesa ebintu ebyagenzeeko edda obuwuka bwa Ebola, gamba ng'ebiriirwamu ob'engoye z'omulwadde. Kyokka n'omwana ssinga ayonsebwa nga nnyina ayina Ebola, omwana naye buba bumukwata. Kyokka era kirowoozebwa nti ekitonde ekiyitibwa 'Ekinyira'[fruit bat] kye kitambuza ekirwadde kino,newankubadde kyo kiba tekirina Ebola.
Okukugira okubalukawo kw'Ebola kusaana okukwatiza awamu, wakati w'abasawo n'abantu bonna, nga muno mwemuli okuzuula amangu abo abateeberezebwa okuba nga bafunye Ebola ate n'okubassaako obujjanajabi n'endabiria ey'enjawulo, wamu n'okufa ennyo kw'abo ababadde babeera n'omulwadde oyo. Okufaayo ennyo ku nziika y'omufu w'Ebola, sinakindi n'okumwokya obwokya.

### Engeri y’okubwewala

Engeri y'okubwewalamu kuliko okweziyiza okukwatibwa Ebola ava ku nsolo okudda ku bantu. Mu birala kuliko okwambala engoye ez'ekisawo eziziyiza omuntu kukwatibwa Ebola singa aba amuliraanye, oba okuliraana ebintu bye.
Tewali ddagala ly'Ebola tongole limujjanjaba yadde erimugema, naye waliwo eryo eryeyambisibwa okumalawo ebyo ebola byaleeta. Ekyatuumya Ebola erinnya eryo y'ensonga nti bwasooka kugwa ku kyalo Yambuku ekiriraanye omugga Ebola.
Kookolo W’omu musaayi (Leukemia)

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Kino kika kya kookolo (cancer) womumusaayi ow’enjawulo  atandikira mu busomyo era n’akyankalanya obutaffaali  bw’omubiri obukola omusaayi. Obumu ku bubonero bwa kookolo ono kuliko; okuvaamu omusaayi, okulumizibwa  omubiri gwonna, okuba n’omubiri omunafu, omusujja era n’okuba nga kyangu nnyo okufuna obulwadde. Embeera eno ejjawo lwa nsonga nti obutaffaali obukola omusaayi tebuli mu mbeera ya bulijjo.

### Engeri gye bukwata

Leukemia ono akeberebwa mu musaayi oba mu busomyo. Ekireeta kookolo ono tekimanyiddwa, naye nga waliwo ensonga ezeekuusa ku buzaale wamu n’ebyo ebitwetoolodde (environment) ebirowoozebwa nti birina omukono mu kuleeta kookolo ono. Bino  kuliko, okunywa (okufuuweeta) ebintu nga ssigala,okuteeka omuntu mu byuma nga mu kifaananyi (x-ray),kkemiko ez’obulabe gamba nga “Benzene” n’ebirala. Kyokka n’abantu abava mu lulyo, awaali wabadde omulwadde wa kookolo ono ow’omusaayi kyandiba ekyangu nabo okubakwata.

### Obujjanjabi

Obujjanjabi bwa kookolo ono bulimu engeri  ez’enjawulo, gamba nga: okukozesa eddagala erijjanjaba kookolo (cancer), okuteeka omulwadde mu byuma ebitta obuwuka bwa kookolo, enzijanjaba ya kookolo ekozesa eddagala n’ebirungo ebimunafuya, ssaako okukyusa obusomyo ne bateekamu obulala.

### Kookolo ono asobola okuwona?

Okuwona kw’obulwadde era kusinziira ku kika kya kookolo w’omu musaayi ono ekiba kikukutte, ate n’emyaka gy’omulwadde, naye ng’ekyokumuwona kyo kikakasiddwako mu mawanga agaakula edda nga Amerika. Ebibalo biraga nti mu mwaka 2012, abantu obukadde busatu mu emitwalo ataano mu enkumi bbiri (352000) baakwatibwa endwadde eno, era 2650,000 ne bafa. Era ono y’omu ku kookolo asinga okukwata abaana.
Obulemu ku maaso

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Kino kitegeeza kukendeera kwa busobozi bw'amaaso okulaba obulungi, era nekibanga kyetaagisa embeera eteri ya bulijjo omuntu okusobola okulaba obulungi, okugeza nga bambala gaalubindi. Omuntu bw’aba nga talabirako ddala ayogerwako nga muzibe. Obulemu mu kulaba buleetera abantu okukaluubirizibwa mu mirimu gyabwe egya bulijjo gamba nga okuvuga ebidduka, okusoma, okwetaba ne bannaabwe n’okutambula kwennyini.

### Ebibuleeta

Ebisinga okuleeta obulemu mu nsi yonna mulimu nga refractive errors (43%), cataracts (33%), ne glaucoma (2%). Obuzibu obwa refractive errors buzingiramu okulaba ebiri okumpi, okulaba ebiri ewala, wamu n’okulaba engeri y’ebizeezengere. Ekintu ekirala ekitera okuleeta obulemu ku maaso kwe kukula mu myaka, sukaali, okukwata ekifu ku mmunye, omwana okuziba amaaso ng’akyali muto wamu n’okukosebwa okulala. Obulemu ku maaso era busobola okuleetebwa obuzibu ku bwongo nga buva ku kusannyalala oba okutulugunyizibwa mu birowoozo n’ebirala. Obulwadde buno busobola kukeberwa n’ekola eyitibwa eye exam.

### Obujjanjabi

Ekitongole ky’Ebyobulamu eky’ensi yonna kiteebereza nti ebitundu 80% obw’obulemu ku maaso busobola okuziyizibwa oba oba okuwonyezebwa nga bujjanjabiddwa. Abantu abasing abalina obulemu ku maaso batera okujjanjabibwa nga bakyusaamu mu bifo mwe babeera oba okuweebwa ebyuma ebisobola okubayambako okkulaba. 

### Obunene bw’ekizibu kino

Mu 2012 waaliwo obukadde bw’abantu 285 abaalina obulemu ku maaso era nga ku abo 246 baali tebalaba bulungi ate obukadde 39 baali bamuzibe. Abantu abasinga okubeera n’obuzi bw’obulemu ku maaso bali mu nsi ezikyakula era nga basussa emyaka 50. Omuwendo gw’abantu abalina obulemu ku maaso gugenze gukka okuva mu myaka 1990. Obulemu buno bukosa abantu mu byenfuna mu ngeri bbiri. Engeri esooka ng’abantu basaasaanya nnyo ensimbi ku bujjanjabi ate engeri endala nga tebasobola kukola nga bwe bandibadde bakola
Obulwadde bwa Asima (Asthma)

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Asima bulwadde obukugira entambula y’empewo egenda mu mawuggwe omuntu okusobola okussa obulungi. Kino kibaamu okuziyira okwa buli kiseera, omuli okufeekeera, n’okukaluubirizibwa mu kussa. Embeera eno esobola okubaawo okusinziira ku muntu, naye nga etera kusukka mu budde bw’ekiro oba ng’omulwadde oyo akoze dduyiro (physical exercise).

### Engeri gye bukwata

Asima akwata omuntu okuva ku nsonga ey’obuzaale bwe, oba ebyo ebimwetoolodde, gamba ng’okuyingiza omukka ogw’obulabe oba okukozesa ebirungo ebireeta “allergy” ow’ekika kyonna. 

### Enzijanjaba

Naye ng’okukukebera Asima basinziira ku bubonero omulwadde bw’aba nabwo,ng’akozesezza eddagala okumala akaseera oba okupima entambula y’omukka ogufuluma n’oguyingira mu mawuggwe. Asima tawona, wabula asobola okukkakkannyizibwako ng’omulwadde yeewala ebintu ebiyinza okumuleeta, gamba nga ebyo ebireeta allegy, wamu n’ebinyiiza, era n’okukozesa eddagala erikendeeza obuzimbu bw’omubiri n’okwongera amaanyi mu mubiri eriyitibwa “Corticosteriods”. Wabula waliwo n’ebika by’eddagala ebirala ebiyinza okwongerezebwako ku Corticosteriods singa Asima aba yeeyongedde.

### Obunene bw’ekizibu kya Asima

Mu 2013, abantu abawererako ddala 242 baalina Asima ono, era abantu obukadde buna mu emitwalo munaana mu kenda(489,000) baafa mu mwaka ogwo. Embeera eno esinga kweyolekera mu nsi ezikyakula, naye nga Asima atera kutandikira mu myaka emito.
Omusujja oguyitibwa Rift Valley Fever (RVF)

### Enfaanana y’obulwadde buno

Omusujja gwa *Rift valley fever(RVF)* guleetebwa akawuka akayitibwa RFV virus akagwa mu kika kya’ phlebovirus’. Omusujja guno guleeta obubonero obutonotono ate n’obunene. Mu butonotono mulimu okufuna omusujja, ennyingo eziruma wamu n’omutwe oguluma,ebitwala akabanga ka wiiki ng’emu. Ate mu bubonero obunene oba obw’amaanyi mulimu: okufuna ekifu ku maaso nga waakayita ebbanga lya wiiki nga ssatu nga bukutte omuntu, okukyankalanyizibwa kw’obwongo, ekireetawo omutwe oguluma ennyo (ogubobba), okuvaamu omusaayi, wamu n’okulwala ekibumba ebigwawo mu nnaku ntono ezisooka kyokka abo abavaamu omusaayi emikisa gyabwe okufa gibeera mu bitundu ataano ku buli kikumi (50%).

### Ensaasaanya

Omusujja guno gusaasaanyizibwa singa omuntu akwata mu musaayi gw’ensolo erina obulwadde obwo, okussa omukka oguva mu nsolo endwadde, okunywa amata amabisi agavudde mu nsolo endwadde, oba okulumibwa ensiri ezibusaasaanya. Obulwadde buno butera kukwata nsolo nga; ente, embuzi, endiga, eŋŋamiya n’endala era nga businga kusaasaanyizibwa nsiri

Wabula si kikakafu nti obulwadde buno busobola okuva ku muntu omu n’abusiiga omulala. Okukebera nokujjanjaba obulwadde buno, bakozesa eddagala eryongera abasirikale ababulwanyisa  mu mubiri oba okuzuula akawuka kennyini nga bakebera mu musaayi.

### Engeri y’okubwewala

Okwewala obulwadde buno mu bantu, kwe kugemesa ensolo zonna naddala ng’omusujja guno ogwa RVF tegunnagwa. Kyokka ssinga ogema ensolo nga gumaze okubalukawo, kyandyongera n’okusajjula embeera.Okusibira ensolo mu kifo ekimu, nezitataayaaya mu kitundu gyebuba bugudde, nga kw’otadde n’okufuuyira ensiri  ezibusaasaanya ne zikendeera.

### Eddagala

Waliwo eddagala erigema abantu eyavumbulwa mu mwaka 2010, newankubadde libadde terinnasaasaana nnyo, naye nga tewali bujjanjabi na ddagala ttuufu ku ndwadde eno. Naye ng’endwadde eno yeeriisa nnyo enkuuli mu biseera by’enkuba, ensiri ezibusaasaanya we zizaalira ennyo.