open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Olutiko

IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his scientific translations on the Luganda wikipedia for free public consumption !!!

Olutiko (mushrooming fungus)

olutiko(can also mean goosebumps)

Olutiko bwe luba lumerukidde ddala luyitibwa katiko oba bitiko.

Obutiko(mushrooms)  nalwo kika kya lufungi(a type of fungi). Obutiko biba birimba bya miraatira (strands) ebibeera mu ttaka nga biyitibwa kayifa (hyphae) .Kayifa zino lwe lufungi lwennyini olusookerwako, bino nga biba bikoola ebiba mu kuvunda oba ebikuta by’emiti ebiba bivunda ku ttaka. 

Ekiseera bwe kituuka okuzaala, ne bufuna omutunsi n’ekikoffiira n’obulaba nga bufuluma nga bumeruka okuva mu ttaka. Wansi w’ekikoffiira wasangibwayo sipuwa z’olufungi (fungus spores).
Obwoyooya

IALI NGO has been authorized by Terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his luganda scientific translations for free public consumption.

Obwoyaya (cilia). 

Buno bulamu obusirikitu obuli mu lubu lwa polotozoowa,  obulinga  obwoya obutini obumpi.Eky’okulabirako ye palemesiyamu (Paramecium). Bulina obwoya obutini ku mubiri gwabwo gwonna. Obwoyoya buno bukuba amazzi ne busobozesa akaramu kano okutambula mu mazzi.
Obulamu Obusirikitu obw'omugaso

Obulamu obusirikitu obw’omugaso (Useful Microbes)

Yadde nga obulamu obusirikitu obumu bwa bulabe eri omuntu kyokka ate obumu bwa mugaso; mu ngeri zino: 

(i)	Okuyingiza nayitologyeni mu ttaka. Waliwo bbakitiiriya eziyingiza nayitologyeni mu ttaka (fixing nitrogen). Bbakitiiriya zino zibeera mu mirandira gya bimera era kino kikiyamba okuyingiza nayitologyeni okuva mu ttaka. Nayitologyeni agasa nnyo ebimera okukula obulungi era bbakitiriya zino ze zisobozesa kino. 

(ii)	Ensolo nga ente n’embuzi zisobola okubeerawo ku muddo olw’obulamu obusirikitu (microbes) obusangibwa mu lubuto lwayo. Bbakitiriya ezisangibwa mu lubuto lw’ente ziyamba okukutulakutula zeruloozi mu bimera. Bbakitiriya zino zisangibwa mu nsolo zonna ezirya omuddo okuziyamba okuba ennamu yadde nga zirya muddo.

(iii)	Olukonge olumera ku mukyungwa ogutandise okwonooneka mwe mwavumbulwa eddagala erirwanyisa bbakitiiriya (antibiotics). N’olwekyo olufungi (fungi) mwe muva eddagala erilwanyisa endwadde ezireetebwa bbakitiiriya. Dokita bw’akwkebejja n’akizuula nti olumbiddwa bbakiiriya (bacterial infection), akugerera eddagala erilwanyisa bbakitiiriya nga linafuya ebisenge by’obutffaali bwa bbakitiriya. Ebisenge bya bbakitiiriya bwe biba ebinafu omutaffaali bwo obukuumi (immune cells) bugenda mu maaso ne busaanyaawo bbakitiiriya.
Vayiraasi (Virus))

IALI NGO has been authorized by  Termonologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his Luganda scientific translations on Luganda wikipedia for free public consumption.

"Vayiraasi" ( Viruses)

Bannasayansi abamu bagamba nti akaramu akasirikitu akayitibwa vayiraasi kayinza okuba nga si  kintu ekiramu ekyetengeredde. Wansi ka tukulage ki vayiraasi kye zisobola okukola ne ki kye zitasobola. Mu bye zisobola okukola mwe muli: 

b)	 Tebusobola kuzaala ku bwabwo. Ziba zirina okukola okulumba obutaffaali bw’ekiramu mwe buli olwo obutaffaali buno obulimbiddwa ne buyamba okwabuluza mu vayiraasi endala.

c)	Tebuva mu mbeera lu kintu kyonna. Bukola ogwabwo oba busaanawo.

d)	Tebulina bitundu bya njawulo kukola mirimu gya njawulo nga mu bitaffaali obumu. Vayiraasi tezirina nnyukiriyaasi, mitokyandira yadde libosomu. Vayiraasi ezimu tezirina na nakazzi (cytoplasm).  Kyokka olina okumanya nti vayiraasi ziri bwe ziti:

e)	Zirinawo ebitundu ebyetaagisa nga akatundu akatini ak’endagabutonde (DNA oba RNA (si byombi). Akawuzi ako aka asidi wa nnyukirayiki ke kakola obulamu bwa vayiraasi.

f)	Zirina olububi lw’ekizimbamubiri (protein coat) okukuuma asidi ya nnyukirayiki. Olububi luno luyitibwa kapuseedi (capsid). Kapuseedi ekuuma amakkati ga vayiraasi kyokka ate era y’eyamba okulumba obutaffaali obupya. Vayiraasi ezimu zirina olubaaso (envelope) luno nga lububi olulala olukolebwa lipidi n’ebizimba mubiri mu ngeri y’emu akatoffaali aka bulijjo bwe kabeera.Olubaaso luyamba vayiraasi okuyingirira ensengekera awatali kukettebwa kwonna, ne kiyamba vayiraasi okulumba obutaffaali obupya mu kiramu mw’eba y’egiriisiza. 

Vayiraasi zirimu ebika ebikulu bisatu nga bw’onoyiga gye bujja. Mu butuufu, vayiraasi (viruses) tezili wansi wa bwakabaka bwa monera nga bakitiria naye busirikitu nga bakitiria ate yadde tezibalibwa mu bilamu zireeta endwadde mu bantu. Vayiraaasi busirikitu butalina butaffaali era tebubalibwa mu biramu naye bulina obusobozi okweyubula (repricate themselves) munda mu butaffaali bw’ebiramu. 

Vayiraasi tezirina mutereezabulamu w’amasoboza (energy metabolism) nga bwe kiri mu bitonde ebirala, tezikula, tezivaamu kazambi, tezisitimuka (hey do not respond to stimuli) era tezezaala mu bwetengerevu . N’olweekyo tezibalibwa mu biramu. 

Obuziba bwazo bulimu DNA oba RNA nga bwetoololeddwa olububi lwa ebizimbamubili (coating of protein). Amakkati ga vayilaasi omusangibwa obuteleke (genes) ye genomu (genome), ate bbulangiti ya kizimbamubiri (protein coating) luyitibwa kapisaidi (capsid). Vayiraasi zirina enkula ezizaawula. Vayiraasi ezimu zirina enkula ya mpuyiabiri (icosahedron), ezirimu mpetosatu eya nakyenkanyi (equilateral triangles). Endala zirina enkula y’amakata (a helix).Vayiraasi ze zireeta namusuna (chickenpox)

, lebbiizi (rabies), mulangira/olukusense (measles), ne sennyiga (influenza)
Ensengekera y'Ekitegabbugumu

IALI NGO was authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his scientific  translations on Luganda wikipedia for public consumption).

"Ekitegabbugumu lya njuba eky'ensi" (the Greenhouse system)

Omuntu ow’omulembe olina okumanya nti okukontana okuli mu butonde kuli ne mu nampewo etubezaawo era enkulungo (ensi) yaffe eri mu nkyuukakyuka ya mbeera ya budde olw’okuba nga obungi bwa kggaasi ezitega ebbugumu ku nsi lisukkulumye  kw'eryo eryetaagibwa.  

Ekitegabbugumu y’engeri ebbugumu eriva ku njuba gye litegebwaamu era ne liyingizibwa "ggaasi eza kitegabbugumu" (greenhouse gases) ezisangibwa mu nampewo ebbugumu lino bwe liba likyusiza ekkubo okuddayo mu bwengula. Ssinga tewaaliwo ggaasi zino eza kitegabbugumu, ebbugumu eriva ku njuba lyonna lyandibadde lizzibwaayo mu bwengula, kino   ne kireka Ensi nga nyinyogovu nnyo obutasobozesa bulamu kubeerako. Kyokka ate ebbugumu oba okwokya okusigala mu nampewo  w’Ensi bwe kuyitirira era kireetawo okwonoona embeera y’obudde ku nsi olw’ebbugumu okuyitirira ennyo . Walina kubeerawo bbugumu lya kigero eryetaagisa ku Nsi.

Ekirabika okuva mu bifaananyi ebiweerezebwa ebibulungulo (satellite) ebisindikibwa mu bwengula awamu n’okunoonyereza kiraga nti omuzila oguli ku nsi guli mu kumerenguka olw’ebbugumu eryeyongera buli olukya; semayanja zeyongera okujjula, n’ensengekera z’embeera z’obudde zigenda zikyuuka. 

Amazzi ageetagibwa ebiramu gafuuse ga kkekwa, embuyaga (hurricanes), kikungunta (cyclones), ne kibuyaga (typhoons) bigenda byeyongera mu maanyi n’enzilinagana. Eddungu likyayinza okweyongera okugaziwa olwo ensi kigizibuwalile okulima emmele egimala. Kino kyetaagisa okukyuusa enneeyisa okuziiyiza obungi bwa kabwokisaidi mu nampewo.
Okugatta mu busimba (Vertical addition)

"Okugatta okw'obusimba" (vertical addition ) oba okugatta mu misimbalala(adding in columns) kwe kuno wansi:

                                               5
                                            +  6
                                      Ansa eba 11

Okugatta mu bugalamivu (adding horizontally) era  kye kimu ne  "Okugatta okw’emigalamiro" (adding in rows) nga wano wansi:

                                             5+6 = 11
Emisengeko n'Enziring'anya ya namba (Patterns and sequencing of numbers)

IALI NGO was authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post articles from his Luganda scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for public consumption.

 Emisengeko n’Enziring’anya y’ennamba
                (Patterns and Sequencing of Numbers)

Muno mulimu :
1. Okubala mu bibiri bibiri (Counting in 2s) nga wano :

                       0, 2, 	4,	6,  8,   10,   12,.....

2.	Okubala mu bibinja bisatu bisatu (counting in threes)	nga wano:

 	Ekibinja 1 ekya 3 = 3

  	Ebibinja 2 ebya 3 = 3 + 3 = 6

   	Ebibinja 3 ebya 3 = 3 +3 +3 = 9

    	Ebibinja 4 ebya 3 = 3 + 3 + 3+3 = 12

     	Ebibinja 5 ebya 3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 15

      	Ebibinja 6 ebya 3 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 18

3. Okubala mu bibinja ebya bisatu bisatu (counting in threes)

4.Okubala mu bibinja ebina bina (Counting in fours)
	
Ekibinja 1 ekya 4 =4

Ebibinja 2 ebya 4 = 4 + 4 =8

Ebibinja 3 ebya 4 = 4 +4 +4 =12

	
Ebibinja 4 ebya 4  = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 =16

Enziring'anya ogisengeka bwoti :

	4,	    8,    12, ........

4. Okubala mu bibinja ebya taano taano (counting in fives)

Ekibinja 1 ekya 5 =5

Ebibinja 2 ebya 5 = 5 + 5 =10

Ebibinja 3 ebya 5 = 5 + 5 +5  =15

Ebibinja 4 ebya 5  = 5  + 5 + 5 + 5 =20

Osebgeka bwoti : 5,    10,    15,........

3. Okubala mu bibinja ebya kumi kumi (counting in fives)

Ekibinja 1 ekya 10=10

Ebibinja 2 ebya 10 = 10 + 10=20

Ebibinja 3 ebya10 = 10 + 10 + 10=30
	
Enziringanya eno ogisengeka bwoti 10,   20, 	30,........
Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi (the Pythogorean Theorem)

Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi kitundu ku "essomampuyisatu"(trigonometry).  . Lino ly'Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi(the Pythagorean Theorem). Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi ligamba nti :

                 Olwesimbu olwa kyebiriga + Olugalamiro olwa kyebiriga = Oluwunziko olwa kyebiriga.
                 Mu Lungereza: Height squared Plus Base squared is equal to Hypotenuse sqaured

Essomampuyisatu era lirimu okutegeera emiramwa egyetaagisa okutegeera "Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi"(Pythagoras theorem)gino:

(a) Olwesimbu(height)= Olukoloboze olwesimbu

(b)Olugalamivu(Base)=Olukoloboze olugalamivu

(c) Oluwunziko/Olwewunziko (Hypotenuse)=Olukoloboze olwewunzise

(d) Olwesimbu olwa kyebiriga(Height (a)Squared )

(e) Olugalamivu olwa kyebiriga (Base (b)  squared)

(f)Oluwunziko olwa kyebiriga (Hypotenuse (c) squared)

(g) Okugereesa (to theorize)

(h) Ekigereeso (Scientific theory)

(i) Omugereeso(Mathematical theory)

(j)Eggereeso (Theorem)

 Lino ly'Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi(the Pythagorean Theorem):

Eggereeso lya Payisoggolaasi ligamba nti :

             "Olwesimbu olwa kyebiriga + Olugalamiro olwa kyebiriga = Oluwunziko olwa kyebiriga".

Essomampuyisatu(trigonometry) era liyingirako ne mu Essomampimo ery'entoloovu(The Geometry of Circles)era gino gy'emiramwa egyetaagisa okunnyonnyoka :

(a)Olusekkati(D)=Olukoloboze olusala mu nkula ennetoloovu kimu kya kubiri(Diameter)

(b)Olunakkati(R) =Olukoloboze olusala mu nkula ennetoloovu ebitundu bina era lusala mu lusekkati ebitundu bibiri ebyenkanankana(radius)
Essomankula ennetoloovu

Gino gy'egimu ku miramwa emikulu mu essomankula ennetoloovu (the Geometry of a Circle):

Olusekkati(D)=Olukoloboze olusala mu nkula ennetoloovu kimu kya kubiri (Diameter)

Olunakkati(R) =Olukoloboze olusala mu nkula ennetoloovu ebitundu bina era lusala mu lusekkati ebitundu bibiri ebyenkanankana(radius)
Entabaganya y'abayivu(Academia)

"Entabaganya y'abayivu"(Academia, society of the learned felloows)

 Entabaganya oba entababuvo y'abayivu(academia) kitwaliramu  n’abanoonyerezi (researchers)abali ku mutendera gw’okunoonyereza n’ebyengugiriza ebya  waggulu mu bayivuwavu(intellectuals). 

Ate era waliwo n’entabaganya  z’abayivu(academic/learned societies ) ezitandika ng’obubondo bw’abayivu(academics) abakolera awamu .Obubondo buyinza okutandika mu ngeri etali ntongole naye  oluvannyuma bw’etereeza era ne bwewandiisa mu nkola y’amateeka. 
"Entabaganya y'abayivu" kitera okutwalibwa ng’ekirimu sessomo(disciplines)  ate nga buli sessomo lirimu                                                                          amasomo(sub-fields of study) ag’enjawulo. Buli sessomo ezze eyabuluzibwaamu  amasomo aga wansi ameetengerevu ag’enjawulo amalala manji. Kyokka waliwo okunoonyeleza okukolebwa nga  kugatta  sessomo ez’enjawulo mu kakyo kano.
Akataffaali

Akataffaali   (living cell).

Obutaffaali obuzimba ekiramu (cells), kitegeeza obutaffaali obuzimba buli kiramu, omuli ensolo n’ebimera.  Obutaffaali buno bwe bukola obuzimbe bw’omubiri, ne buyingiza ebiriisa (nutrients) mu mubiri okuva mu mmere, ne bukyuusa ebiriisa bino, okubifuula  amasoboza (energy), era ne bukola emirimu gy’omubiri egy’enjawulo.

Obutaffaali  bulina ebitundu bya njawulo nga buli kitundu kirina omulimu gwakyo egw’enjawulo.  Ebitundu by’akataffaali bino biyitibwa “olugaanire” (organelles).  Buli kataffaali  kaliko ebitundu (olugaanire) bino:

(i)   Katopulaazi.Katopulaazi luba luzzizzi (fluid) munda mw’akataffaali oluba lwetoolodde olugaanile (ebitundu by’akataffaali).

(ii)  Endopulaazi letikyula

Endopulaazi letikyula (endoplasme reticulum), ky’ekitundu ky’akataffaali ekiyamba okufulumya molekyu ne kizisindika mu bitundu eby’enjawulo munda oba wabwelu w’akataffaali.

(iii) Bbulogi

Bbulogi (Bolgi apparatus) ky’ekisengeka molekyu ezifulumizibwa “endopulaazi letikyula” okuzisobozesa okufulumizibwa wabweeru w’akataffaali.

(iv)  Lisosamu ne perekiso

Lyasosomu ne perekiso (lysosomes and peroxisomes) bitundu bya kataffaali ebizza obujja akataffaali nga bikola ku bakitilia eziba zikalumbye ela ne zijjamu obutwa (toxic substances) ela ne zizza obujja ebitundu by’akataffaali ebivudde ku mpagala.

(v)	Mitokyandira

Mitokyandila (mitochondria) ziba oligaanile ez’enjawulo ezijja amaanyikasoboza (energy) munda okugateeka mu mbeela akataffaali gye kasobola okukozesa.  Mitokyandira zirina sabusitansi z’oluzode (genetic material) ezaazo ku bwazo, ezeyawudde ku DNA eri mu buziizi era ziyinza okweyubula ku bwazo.

(vi)	Obuziizi(nucleus) 

Obuziizi (nucleus) y’ekola nga ekifundikwa ky’ebilagilo by’akataffaalikazimbamubili, n’eweeleza ebilagilo ebikuza akataffaali, okweyabuluzaamu oba okufa.  Obuziizi era y’ennyumba ya DNA, eddoboozi ly’ebiragilo ly’enkola n’enkula y’omubiri gw’ekiramu, omuli obutereke (gene).  Obuziizi yebulunguddwa akabubi (membrane) akayitibwa “akabaasa ka obuziizi” (nuclear envelope), akakuuma DNA era ne kaawula obuziizi n’ebitundu by’akataffaali ebirala.

(vii) Olububi lwa Pulaazima

Olububi lwa pulaazima (plasma membrane) lwe lubikkiridde ku ngulu kwa akataffaalikazimbamubili ku ngulu.  Lwawula akataffaali n’ebitundu ebiddako era ne lukkiliza ebiriisa okuyingira n’okufuluma akataffaali.

(viii)Libosoomu

Libosomu (ribosomes) ziba olugaanire(bitundu bya kataffaali) ebisobola okuseyeeya ekyeere mu katopulaazi (cytoplasm) oba ne byegatta ku endopulaazi letikyula.
Atomu = Akaziba (atom)

Atomu= Akaziba (atom).  

 Kano ke katoffaalikazimbakintu akasembayo . Ekigambo atomu(akaziba) kyava mu ky’olugeleeki “atomos” ekitigeeza “ekitasalwamu” oba ekitagabanyizibwamu” , okulaga ekintu ekitasobola kugabanyizibwamu butundu busingako awo butono. Mu butuufu obuziba(atomu) butundutundu bw’ekintu obusirikitu obusembayo okugabanyizibwamu  obutasoboka kulabibwa na maaso gali bukunya  wabula ng’omuntu akozesezza enzimbulukusa(microscope).

“Obuziba” (atomu ennying) bwe butundutundu obutono obukola ebintu ebya bulijjo era bukolebwa obutoffaali obuyitibwa obukontanyi oba konta(protons) obulimu kyagi y’amasannyalaze eya pozitiivu, nampawengwa oba nampa  akatalina kyagi ya masannyalaze yonna oba ka tugambe aka kibogwe  n'akasannyalazo akalimu ekisannyalazo(kyagi ya masannyalaze) eya  negatiivu .

Obutoffali bwa atomu obwa konta ne nampa  bwekwata kitole wakati mu buziizi (amakkati) ga atomu ate bbwo obusannyalazo  ne butambula nga bwebulungula obuziizi nga enkulungo bwe zebulungula enjuba oba nga emyezi bwe yebulungula enkulungo zagyo.

Mu njogera endala atomu bwe butaffaali obuzimba ebintu ebya bulijjo. Ebiramu n’ebitali biramu bikolebwa atomu(buziba). Mu biramu watomu era ze zizimba obutaffaalikazimbamubiri(cells). Obuziba(Atomu) obusinga obukola ensi n’ebigirimu bwaliwo nga bwe bufanana kati mu nnabire eya sesebbuka okuva mu kire kya molekyu okukola ensengekera y’enjuba.

Kubanga atomu erina  kyagi eya kibogwe , eba n’omuwendo gwa konta n'obusannyalazo gwe gumu kyokka  atomu efuuka(eyitibwa) vatomu(ion) bwefuna kyagi(ekitegeeza bw’esanyalazibwa). Okusanyalazibwa kwa atomu kubaawo ng’eviiriddwako oba efunye obusannyalazo. Kino kitegeeza nti vatomu(ion) teziba na muwendo gwa busannyalzo ne konta  gwe gumu.

Konta tetambula nga busannyalazo. Eno ye nsonga lwaki obusannyalazo buyinza okujjibwa mu atomu oba okwongerwa mu atomu, ekifuula atomu eno vatomu, naye si konta.

Okutambuza obusannyalazo wakati wa atomu ez’enjawulo kye kiviirako ekikyusabuziba(chemical reaction) oba okukyuka okw'obuziba(Chemical change). Buli atomu eyawulibwa ku ndala okuyita mu muwendo gwa konta ne nampa by’erina kyokka endagakintu(element) zzo zawulibwa na muwendo gwa konta eziri mu atomu ezikola endagakintu(element) ey’ekika ekimu.  

Ekikyusabuziba=ekikolwa ekikyusa obuziba(chemical reaction) kiva ku busannyalazo obubeera ku kire ekyetoloodde obuziizi(nucleus). Obuziizi(Nucleus) tebulina kakwate konna na kikyusabuziba era busigala tebukyusiddwa n'akatono yadde mu bikyusabuziba ebisingayo amaanyi.

Ebinnyonnyozo by'Obuziba/Ebinnyonnyozo bya atomu 
                             (atomic properties)

•	Vampa(Isotope) ze atomu ezirimu omuwendo gwakonta gwe gumu naye nampa za njawulo.

•	Vamba zirina ebinnyonnyozo by'enkyusabuziba(chemical prpperties) n’endabika ze zimu.

•	Omuwendo gwa konta bwe gukyusibwa nga endagakintu nayo ekyuka.
Senkuluze (Encyclopeadia)

Senkuluze = Enkuluze ennene (Encyclopaedia,connotes Voluminous dictionary)

Senkuluze(encyclopedia ) ye senkulu w’enkuluze kubanga ennyonnyola omulamwa mu bugazi  ne mu buziba bwagwo , akawonvu n’akagga .Enkuluze (dictionary) yo esonjola  amakulu g’ekigambo mu bumpimpi. Enkuluze enokoolayo n'esonjola amakulu g’ebigambo(defines) ate ssenkuluze n’ennyonyola(explains) ebyafaayo, amakulu, etimologia(ensibuko) , n’obukulu bwabyo.  

Senkuluze eno egenderera kuyamba abo abaagala okukola okunoonyereza kwa sayansi mu lulimi oluganda.  Sayansi yetaagisa nnyo okumanyisa omuntu ngeri Ensi gy’eyimiriddewo n’okuyiga engeri ebintu gye bikola oba gye bikolebwamu mu bulamu obwa bulijjo.

Ekyokulabirako senkuluze eyamba omuntu atali munnasayansi   okumanya enjawulo eriwo wakati w'ekinonoozo ekiwunda ebyuma by’amakolero (industrial machinery designing engineering) n'ekinonoozo ekiddaabiriza(maintenance engineering).
Atomu enzigumivu n'ezitali nzigumivu(Stable and unstable atoms)

Atomu enzigumivu n’ezitali nzigumivi 
              (Stable and unstable atoms)

Waliwo empalirizo (Forces) munda mu atomu ezifuga enneeyisa ya konta, nampa, n’obusannyalaza. Awatali mpalirizo zino, atomu eba tesobola kubeerawo nga yekwasaganye  wamu. Jjukira, konta zirina kyagi eya pozitiivu, obusannyalazo kyagi eya negatiivu, ate nampa tebulina kyaagi(bwa kibogwe oba nampawengwa.  

Okusinziira ku mateeka ga essomabuzimbe/ essomabutonde (physics) ,  kyagi ezifaanagana zesindikiriza(repel) ate ezitafaanagana zisikang’ana (attract). 

Kati ki ekisobozesa konta okusigala awamu mu atomu? 

Waliwo empalirizo(force) eyiyitibwa “empalirizo  ennene” ( strong force ) ekkakkanya(  overcomes) emparirizo  ey'ensindiikirizo( the force of repulsion) wakati wa konta , era kino ne kikuumira obuziizi(nucleus) awamu.

Amasoboza ag’ekuusiza ku “emparirizo ennene” gayitibwa amasoboza ag'enkwaso(binding energy). Obusannyalazo bukuumibwa mu kwetoloola nga bwebulungula obuziizi lwa kuba waliwo ensikirizo(attraction) wakati wa kyagi  eya pozitiivu eya konta ne kyagi eya negatiivu ey’obusannyalaza ebireetebwawo ekyebulungulo ky’omugendo gw’amasanyalaze ne magineeti ( an electromagnetic field) . 

Obuziizi bwa atomu  eviibwako obutoffaali bwayo obutinniinya ?

Mu atomu ezimu , amasoboza  ag’enkwaso(binding energy) mangi ekimala okukuumira obuziizi  awamu .Obuziizi bw'akaziba( the neucleus of the atom) nga buno bugambibwa okuba obuggumivu  (stable).  Kyokka mu atomu endala amasoboza  ag’enkwaso si mangi kimala (not strong enough)  kukuumira buziizi  wamu era obuziizi bwa atomu nga zino bugambibwa okuba nga “si buggumivu”(unstable). Atomu ezitali nzigumivu(unstable atoms) ziba ziviibwaako nampa ne konta mu kugezaako okusigala nga ziggumidde. 

Weetegereze:

•	Ebyebulungulo by’emigendo gy’amasannyalaze ne magineeti(Electromagnetic fields ) bireetela kyagi ezifaanagana okwesambaggana oba okwesindiikiriza ate ezitafaanagana ne zikwatagana/ne zisikangana( attract each other). 

•	Konta zisigala wamu mu buziizi olw’empalirizo ennene (strong force) ekkakkanya ensindiikrizo ( repulsion) ereetebwawo ekyebulungulo ky’omugendo gw’amasanyalaze ne magineeti) . 

•	Amasoboza eg’enkwaaso(binding energy) ge maanyikasoboza agava mu maanyi engw’anguli ela amaanyi gano ge gakuumila awamu obuziizi. 

•	Atomu enzigumivu( stable atom) eba atomu erina amasoboza ag’enkwaaso(binding energy) agamala okusobola okukuumila wamu obuziizi ebbanga lyonna. 

•	Atomu etali nzigumivu( unstable atom) teba na maanyi ga nkwaaso gamala kusobola kukuumira wamu buziizi ebbanga lyonna era atomu eno eyitibwa  "atomu emmumbulukufu"(radioactive atom ).

•	Atomu ke katoffaali akasirikitu  akasigala nga kafaanagana n'obutoffali obulala . 

•	Ebipooli bikolebwa nga atomu za ndagakintu  ez’enjawulo ezigattiddwa okuva mu buziba bw'ekintu (chemically).
Essomabutaffaali(Cell Biology)

IALI NGO has been authorized by Terminologist Muwanga Charles to post this article from his Luganda Scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for free public consumption.

Essomabutaffaali ( Biology of Cerls ). 

Ekimumu ku  bikola  essomabiramu(Biology) kwe kuba nti ebiramu byonna bikolebwa butaffaali(cells). Ebiramu ebimu birimu akataffaali  ka namunigina ate ebirala birina obutaffaali bungi obusengekeddwa okukola ebinywa  ate ebinywa(tissues) ne bisengekebwa okukola ebitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo(organs).

Mu biramu bingi , ebitundu by’omubiri(organs) eby’enjawulo bikolera wamu nga ensegekera y’ebitundu by’omubiri (organ system). Kyokka ne ne mu biramu ebizibuwavu(complex life forms) obulungi , essomabiramu lyetoloolera ku bigenda mu maaso mu butaffaali. 
Omu ku bannasayansi abasooka okwekenneenya obutaffaali yali mungereza  Robert Hooke.Mu   myaka gya 1600 , Hooke yekenneenya akabubi  nga akozesa enzimbulukusa(microscope) eyali ya kayiiyizibwa. 

Mu myaka gya 1950, bannasayansi batondekawo omulamwa ogugamba nti ebiramu biyinza okwawulwamu  ebiziizite (prokaryotes ) ne ebiziizina(eukaryotes). Ebiziizina  kitegeeza bino biramu nga birina obutaffaali nga obuzimbe bwabwo bwesonjodde bulungi  ate ebiziziite  kitegeeza ebiramu bino obutaffaali bwabyo tebulina buzimbe bwesonjodde bulungi.

Obutaffaali bw'ebiziziina   n'ebiziziite  bulina ebikulu(features) bibiri  : 

(i) olububi lwa Pulaazima(plasma membrane)  

(ii)  sayitopulaazima(cytoplasm).

Kyokka obutaffaali bw'ebiziziite  tebulina nsengeka nga ya biziziina   kubanga ebiziziite  tebulina buziizi yadde ebitundu bya olugaanire(organelles) ebirala ate obutaffaali bw'ebiziziina bulina obuziizi  n’ebitundu ebirala. 

Mu Biziziite  mulimu bbakitiriya ate mu biziziima mulimu polotozowa (protozoa), fungi, ebimera , n’ensolo.
Omuyivu oba Omuyivuwavu(Learned person or Intellectual?)

IALI NGO has been authorized by terminologist Charles Muwanga to post this article from his Luganda scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for free public consumption. 

Omuyivu (learned person ) oba omuyivuwavu (Intellectual) ? 

Omuyivu oba omuyivuwavu ye muntu akola ng’omusomesa oba  omunoonyerezi mu settendekero oba ettendekero erya waggulu lyonna.  Mu bungi bano be bayitibwa abayivu(learned person) oba abayivuwavu(intellectuals). 

Omuyivuwavu(intellectual) kiva mu bigambo "omuyivu ekiwanvu , ekitegeeza nti "omuyivuwavu" atera okuba ng’alina diguli eza waggulu( advanced degree) era nga "omukenkufu"(Professor) y'asembayo waggulu mu ttuluba er'abayivu ekiwanvu(abayivuwavu.

Omuyizi ali mu mitendera egya waggulu mu matendekerro ne Settendekero naye ayinza okubalibwa nga omuyivu naye aba tannaba kufuuka "muyivuwavu"(intellectual).

Okutwalira awamu omuyivuwavu(intellectual) aba waggulu wa muyivu.Omuyivuwavu ekimufuula omuyivu ekiwanvu lwa kwenyigira mu misomo egya waggulu , asomye ennyo n'okukola okunoonyereza okuviira ddala mu biseera bye eby'obuyizi obw’emitendera egya waggulu okutuuka ku abakenkufu (Professors) ne bakakensa (specialists).

Ekibuuzo ekyobuyivu (academic question)  kye ki ?

 Ekibuuzo eky'obuyivu kisonjolwa nga  ekibuuzo ekitasobola kuddibwamu mu ngeri emu kyokka abantu kye baagala okulowoozaako n’okukubaganyaako ebirowoozo .Ekyokulabirako ky’ekibuuzo eky'obuyivu  kwe kuba ng’oba ddala   waliwo  ensengekera y’enjuba (solar system) endala erina enkulungo(planet) okuli obulamu ?
Empewo (Air)

IALI NGO has been authorised by terminologist Muwanga Charles to post this article from his Luganda scientific works on Luganda wikipedia for free public consumption.

Empewo(air)

Kino kika kya mukka/ggaasi oba kitundu ku mukka . Empewo by'ebirungo by'emikka oba ggaasi ezikola nampewo (earth’s atmosphere) . Empewo gwe mukka oba  ggaasi omulongoose mwe tubeera era gwe tussa. 

 Empewo terina langi (kkala) yadde okuwunya kwonna . Okufaanana ng’ebintu ebirala byonna empewo erina obuzito era yereetawo okunyigirizibwa kwa nampewo (atmospheric pressure). Mu kyangaala temubaamu mpewo era n’obwengula  wabweeru wa nammika(cosmos) tewali mpewo.

Empewo ye ggaasi erina omugattiko gwa nayitologyeni(78%) , okisigyeni(20%) , Agoni(0.94%) , kaboni-bbiri-okisayidi(0.03%) , ayidologyeni 0.01%), neyoni( 0.00123%), keriyaamu (0.0004%) , kaliputooni(0.00005%) ne Ekisenoni(0.000006%).

Ensolo n’ebimera byetaaga empewo okubaawo. Abantu beetaaga wokisigeni ali mu mpewo eno okuba abalamu. Mu mubiri gw’omuntu, amawuggwe gasobozesa  omusaayi okufuna wokisigeni ate negajja kabokisaidi mu musaayi guno , kabokisaidi ono nazzibwa mu mpewo. 

Empewo eyinza okwononebwa (pollution) omukka ogulimu munyale (smoke), ne ggaasi ezimu nga  kabonimonokisaidi . Okwonoonebwa kw’empewo kyekimu ku biyinza okuba nga bireetawo “olubugumu mu lwebulungulo lw’ensi (global warming). Olwa sayansi ayitimuse n’akola empuliziganya  n’entambula ebyomulembe awamu ne yindasitule ezifulumya emikka egy’obulabe olwebulungulo (globe) kati kiringa kyalo ekiri awamu.

Emigaso gy’empewo tegirojjeka ;  Awatali mpewo tewandibaddewo bulamu ku nsi. Abantu baba bazirika mu busikonda era mu kaseera katono ne bafa mu kyangaala . Ennyonyi zikozesa  ebiwujjo(properlers) okutambuza empewo okuyita ku biwawatiro byazo . ekizisobozesa okubuuka mu bbanga.

Empewo bw’ewola  efuuka kakulukusi(liquid) , bwenyogoga n’efuuka muzira ate bwebuguma n’efuuka ggaasi. Empewo ebuguma kintabuli gya ggaasi.  N’olwekyo empewo kintu, bintu oba kitundu kya ndagakintu.
Kkala za Musoke (Rainbow Colours)

Kkala za Musoke(Rainbow colours). 

Kkala za Musoke(Rainbow colors) zijjawo zitya mu kikaayi (sky)? 

Okusooka ekitangaala kiva ku njuba ng’emigendo gy’ekitangaala(sun’s rays) . 

Emigendo gy’ekitangaala emingi gye gikola ekisaaganda ky’ekitangaala(beam/stream of light) . 

Omugendo gw’ekitangaala bwe guyingirira amatondo g’enkuba mu bbanga(mu kikaayi) , ne gwewetamu(refraction) nga guyingirira amatondo oba ettondo ly’enkuba  ate olwo ne gudda emabega(reflection) nga gutuuse emabega w’ettondo ly’enkuba lye guyingidde ate ne guddamu negwewetamu nga gufuluma e ttondo ly’amazzi lino , ekintu ekiviirako ekitangaala ekyeru okulaga kkala ezikirimu.

Ekireetawo kino kyonna kwe kuba nga ekitangaala ekiyingira kidda emabega(reflected back) ku mpeto(angles) ag’enjawulo , ng’ekitangaala ekisinga kidda emabega ku ppeto(angle) eriri wakati wa  digiri 40-42  .
 Eppeto terisinziira ku bunene bwa ttondo lya nkuba omugendo gw’ekitangaala mwe guba guyingiridde naye ku misinde  omugendo gw’ekitangaala kwe guyingirira .

 Amazzi ga semayanja gayingiza omugendo gw’ekitangaala ku misinde gya waggulu okusinga ag’enkuba , n’olwekyo laadiya(radius) y’omuweto gwa musoke(rain bow curve) mu semayanja ntono okusinga ku ya musoke mu kikaayi.

 Amaanyi ekitangaala kwe kyewetera gasinziira ku buwanvu bwa jjengo(wave lengths) , kino ne kivaako enneeyisa ya kkala  okusinziira ku buwanvu bw’ejjengo obwa buli kkala. 

Bivudde wa Charles Muwanga
Omuntu

Abantu (Humans). 

Omuntu oba abantu "ensolo kalimagezi"(Intelligent animal). Mu takisonoma y’ebiramu,  omuntu ali mu:

(i)  bwakabaka bwa wansolo, 

(ii)Ettabi lya luyansa (mammal), 

(iii)Omutendela gwa bamuntunsolo (primates), 

(iv)Olubu lw’omuntu “(genus homo), 

(v)Ekikula (sipiisa) kya “Omuntu kalimagezi” (homo sapiens), the intelligent man. 

Omuntu nsolo magulu abiri (bipedal animal ), ekitegeeza nti  atambulila ku magulu abiri. Alina obwongo obukulaakulanye okumusobozesa okukozesa olulimi okwogera, okutondeka ebirowoozo, n’okufuga  embeela ze ez’obuntu ( controling emotions). 

Obwongo buno mwe muva “obusobozi bwa  mulengela” (mental abilities) ate obutakozesa mikono ng’atambula kimusobozesa okukozesa “ebikola” (tools) obutafaanana sipiisa (kikula) ndala yonna. 

Mu mutendela gw’ensolo oguyitibwa “bamuntunsolo” (primatees”) omuntu naye mw’ali era mwe   musangibwa amazike agali okumpi ennyo n’omuntu. Omuntu okufaanana ne bamuntunsolo abalala, nsolo ntabaganyi . Bamuntunsolo bonna babeela mu bibinja, okuyambagana n’okwewa obukuumi, n’okulabirira ebito byabwe kyokka omuntu okuba omutabaganyi ne muntu munne kye kimufuuka omuntu ensolo y’ebyenfuna , ensolo y’ebyobufuzi ate era ensolo entabaganyi.
Ekipimampeto(Protractor)

IALI NGO was authorized by Terminologist Charles Muwanga to post this article from his Luganda scientific works on Luganda Wikipedia for free public consumption.

"Ekipimampeto"(Protractor)

Okupima empeto(angles) mu digiri weyambisa ekiyitibwa "ekipimampeto", (protractor) ekitegeeze ekipima empeto . Ekipimampeto ekya  bulijjo kipima okuva ku  0° - 180 . Ekipimampeto  kiyinza okubaako digiri 180 oba 360 singa kiba kikola entoloovu enzijjuvu(full circle).

Entoloovu  enzijjuvu(full circle) eba  360° ate kimu kya kubiri eky’entoloovu  eba 180° so nga ate kimu kya kuna eky’entoloovu  eba 90° .
Eppeto eryesimbu(Right angle)

Eppeto Eryesimbu(Right angle)

Eppeto eryesimbu ( right angle) liba ppeto nga ekipimo kyalyo kiri  digiri 90° zennyini. 

Engeri ennyangu ey’okusalawo oba eppeto lyesimbu  kwe kulaba oba nga ka kyebiriga akatono kayinza okugya obutereevu mu kkoona ly’amasang’anziira ga layini ebbiri ezikola eppeto. 

Awatali ekyo oba olina okukozesa ekipimampeto (protractor) okutuuka ku kipimo ekituufu kyennyini oba nga eppeto lya  90° oba nedda. Gakuweebwa okuva eri Charles Muwanga !!!
Eppeto essongovu (Acute angle)

Eppeto essongovu (acute angle)

Lino era liyitibwa “peto lya kafumito”. Eppeto essongovu (acute angle) liba ppeto nga ekipimo kyalyo kiri wansi wa  digiri  90°. Empeto zino , kyebiriga eba teyinza kugya bulungi mu masang’anziira ga layini ebbiri  ezikola empeto zino. Bivudde wa Charles Muwanga.
Eppeto erya Mwamyakooye(Obtuse angle)

Eppeto erya Mwamyakooye (Obtuse angle).

Eppeto erya mwamyakooye liba n’ekipimo ekiri waggulu wa digiri 90°  naye nga liri wansi wa digiri 180°. Bivudde wa Charles Muwanga !!!
Eppeto eggolokofu =Eppeto ezzingulukufu (Straight angle)

Eppeto Eggolokofu (Straight angle)

Singa eppeto liba n’ekipimom kya digiri  180°, liyitibwa eppeto eggolokofu(a straight angle). Empeto engolokofu  era oyinza okuziyita :

(a) Eppeto enzingulukufu 

(b) Olukoloboze Olugolokofu(Straight line)

Mu butuufu eppeto eggolokofu liba zzingulukufu nga olukoloboze olugolokofu. Bivudde eri Charles Muwanga !!
Empeto ezekyendeza (Complimentary angles)

Empeto ezekyendeza (Complimentary angles)

Empeto bbiri(two angles) ziba “zekyendeza”  singa ebipimo byago ebya digiri bikola omugatte gwa digiri 90°. Kino kitegeeza nti singa tukwataganya empeto zombi oluuyi olumu ku lulala nga n’obufumito bukwataganyizibwa, ziba zikola eppeto eryesimbu(erya digiri kyenda). Tuyinza okugamba nti eppeto erimu lyekyendeza eddala( complements  the other).

Ekikulu kwe kumanya nti Amaweto agekyendeza  oba empeto ezekyendeza ziba mpeto nga omugatte gwazo gakola 90°. Bivudde eri Charles Muwanga.
Embuyaga (Wind)

Kibuyaga –wind. 

Kibuyaga y’empewo etambula oba eri mumugendo. Empewo kuba kukulukuta kwa ziggaasi. N’olwekyo empewo eba kakulukuusi wa ggaasi (fluid) si kakulukuusi wa mazzi (liquid). Amazzi ne Ggaasi byombi bikulukuta (flow).

Ku nsi, embuyaga  yesinga okuleetawo okutambula (okukulukuta) kw’empewo. Kyokka mu bwengula obuli wabweru w’ensi (outer space), embuyaga y’enjuba(solar wind), yo eva ku kukulukuta oba okutambula kwa ziggaasi oba obulere bwa ziggaasi okuva ku njuba okuyita mu bwengula ate embuyaga ya zikamwaka  eva mu kufuuwa butundutundu bwa ggaasi za kemiko okuva mu namikka (planetary atmoshphere) wa kamwaka okudda ku bwengula obuli wabweru wa kamwaka (ezitaliiko nampewo).

Kibuyaga ereetebwawo enjawulo mu kanyigirizi/ kunyigirizibwa (Pressure). Bwe wabaawo  enjawulo mu kunyigirizibwa, empewo etebentebwa(accererated) okuva awali okunyigirizibwa okwa waggulu okudda awali okunyigirizibwa okwa wansi.

Okutwalira awamu empewo etambula (kibuyaga, embuyaga/kibungeeta oba kikungunta) ejjawo lwa bbugumu lya njuba eriviirako okubugumya empewo oba ggaasi mu kifo ekimu, ekintu ekikkakkanya okunyigirizibwa kw’empeo oba ggaasi mu kifo kino. Empewo eyokya density eba teyekumye wamu nnyo ng’empewo ennyogoga. Kino kireetawo ensozi n’ebikko by’empewo mu nampewo waffe. Empewo eyekutte ennyo etambula edda ewatali yekutte nnyo. Empewo eno bwetambula(bwekulukuta) tugiyita mbuyaga.

Kino kyeragira mu bifo eby’embalama z’enyanja, ettaka werifuna okubuguma okw’amaanyi emisana. Embuyaga eva ku mayanja eri obunyogovu n’edda ku lukalu awali empewo eyokya. Ate ekiro ettaka linyogoga mangu okusinga ennyanja oba semayanja. 

Ate era kikungunta ez’enjawulo ezibuguma mu semayanja era zisobola okuleeta embuyaga  nga zireetala empewo waggulu okubuguma. Olumu entambula y’ensi eyegasse n’okunyigiriza okuli wansi mu kifo kino kireetera empewo okwetoloolera(spiral) ku misinde egya waggulu ekiyitibwa  kikungunta owa kanzunzu (cyclone) oba omuyaga (hurricane).

Empewo bwefuna okubugumizibwa kye kiviirako ekifo weeri okufuna okunyigirizibwa (akanyigirizi) okwa wansi (low pressure) ate gy’ekoma okunyogoga wajjawo akanyigirizi (okunyigirizibwa) akuli waggulu. Kino kyekireetawo embuyaga olwokuba waliwo enkyukakyuka mu kanyigirizi (okunyigiriza kw’empewo),  empewo n’etambula okuva ku kifo ekirimu ennyigiriza eya waggulu okudda ku ya wansi. Bivudde eri Charles Muwanga
Empeto enzingulukufu(Supplementary angles)

Empeto enzingulukufu (Supplementary angles)

Zino ziba mpeto nga bwe oziteeka awamu zikola omugatte oba enkula ya  digiri 180, eppeto ezzingulukufu. Bivudde wa Charles Muwanga.
Ebinnyonnyozo bya Kyebiriga (the properties of Sqaures)

Ebinnyonnyozo bya Kyebiriga (Properties of  Squares)okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga

Ebinnyonnyozo(Properties) kitegeeza ebintu ebikulu ebinnyonnyola ekintu ekirala. Ebinnyonnyozo bya Kyebiriga birimu:

•	(i)Empuyi zonna ennya eza kyebiriga zenkanankana

•	(ii)Empuyi ezitunuuliganye zigendagana(opposite sides are parallel)

•	(iii) Ensittalo za Kyebiriga zenkanankana

•	(iv) Ensittalo za kyebiriga zisalaganira ku mpeto ennesimbu(dissect each other at right angles) 
•	(v) Empeto za kyebiriga zonna ziriko digiri 90 , buli mpeto

•	(vi ) Kyebiriga kika kya kyesimba eky’enjawulo nga empuyi zonna zenkanankana
Omugendo (Ray)

Emigendo (Rays)

Omugendo (a ray ) luba lukoloboze olugolokofu   olutandikira ku katonnyeze ak'enkomerero  ku ludda olumu olwo ne lweyongerayo mu entakoma ku luuyi olulala .

 Omugendo guba “n’akatonnyeze k’ekomerero” (endpoint) kamu kokka nga kano ke kalaga ekifo we gutandikira.

Mu sayansi n’ekibalangulo  ekigambo “omugendo” kikozesebwa okujjayo emiramwa egy’enjawulo . Waliwo :

	Omugendo gw’ekitangaala    				 (a ray of light)

	Omugendo gw’amasoboza		(movement of energy)

	Omugendo gw’empalirizo y’amasanyalaze ne maggineeti (movement of electromagnetic force )

	Omugendo gwa’empalirizo ya erakitomagineeti( movement  of electromagnetic force)

	Omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (movement of electricity, current)

	Omugendo gw'obusannyalazo(the flow of electrons). 

         Omugendo gw'obusannyalazo (Movement or flow of electrons)

Jjukira nti amasannyalaze gannyonnyolwa nga “omugendo gw'obusannyalazo”(flow or movement of electrons). 
Buli mugendo guba n’obutandikiro oba ensibuko. Eky’okulabirako gwe mugendo gw’ekitangaala.N'olugendo gwefaananyirizaamu omugendo.Omugendo gw'ekitangaala okuva ku njuba oba okuva ku ttaala yonna luba lugendo lwa kitangaala.
                                    
Bya Charles Muwanga.
Olukusiko olwo mu Nkizi (Spinal code)

Olukusiko olwo mu Nkizi (Spinal code) okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga . 

"Olukusiko olwo mu nkizi" by'ebiyitiro by’Obubaka obwekusifu. Kino era oyinza okukiyita “omuyitiro ge’obubaka” obuva mu bitundu by’omubiri eby’enjawulo. 

Kino kisaaganda ekikwafu eky’ebiwuzi bw’obusimu (nerve fibres) ekiva ku ntobo y’obwongo okutuuka ku bitundu by’amakudde   okuyita mu nkizi oba ebikoggo (vertebrae) ebizimba enkizi.
Embeera ezifuga obwakalimagezi (the conditions that govern intelligence)

Embeera ezifuga Obwakalimagezi okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga.

Okufaanana n’obwakalimagezi (intelligence), Ekipimo ky’Obuwakalimagezi (EkkyO=IQ) kisinziira ku bintu ebikulu bibiri:

i)	Obuzaale(Genetic factors)

ii)	Embeera omuntu gy’abeeramu(the environmemnt)

Osaana okimanye nti olw’okuba ebiro bino abazadde beyunira nnyo okutwala abaana baabwe mu masomero n’amatendekero abantu abalina EkkyO eri waggulu beyongedde obungi okusinga abaaliwo mu mirembe egiyise olw’embeera ey’okutendekebwa n’okubangulwa gye bakuliramu. 

Okimanyi nti obulamu bw’omuntu bukolebwa ebintu bisatu ebyetaaga okukulakulanyizibwa okuva mu buto?  Anti obulamu obujjuvu bukolebwa:

•	Omubiri

•	Omulengera (the  mind)

•	N’omwoyo. Obw’omwoyo obukola omuntu bulimu “omwoyo w’obuntu (the soul) n’omwoyo wa Katonda (spirit), kyokka ndowooza nti omwoyo wa Katonda era asibukamu omwoyo akulengeza mu biki obwongo kye bukesse oba kye butapuse olw’omulengera, omwoyo ogukulengeza mu biki obwongo kye buzudde, ne gukulaga ekizuuliddwa.

Tosobola kwerimba nti ogenda kuteekawo embeera ekulaakulanya omwana wo mu kyenkanyi nga tokimanyi nti ebikola obulamu biri bisatu; omubiri, Omulengera, n’omwoyo era ebyo bye bitundu ebirina okukulaakulanyizibwa okuva awaka okutuukira ddala mu masomero n’amatendekero. Kimanye nti omulengera gulina akakwate n’omwoyo era omulengera ngusuubira okuba nga nagwo mwoyo ogw’obwakalimagezi.

Kino kitegeeza, okugunjula omwana kyetaaga okusiga mu mbeera ze ez’omubiri, oy’omwoyo, n’omulengera oguvaamu obwakalimagezi. Ssinga omukuza oba omuzadde yekubira olubege mu nkuza y’omwana, n’asuulirirako ekimu oba ebibiri kw’ebyo, omwana ono akula alina ky’abulako.

Obuntubulamu, ekitundu ekimu ku bikola obugunjufu,   busibuka mu kitundu ky’obulamu eky’omwoyo kyokka obulamu obujjuvu bwetaagisa okukulakulanya byonsatule: omwoyo, omubiri, n’omulengera (asibukamu obwakalimagezi).
Okiraba nti ebyetaago by’obulamu, birimuo okukulaakulanya engerekera z’omulengera ez’obwakalimagezi (intelligence instincts of the mind), obulamu obw’omubiri, awamu n’obulamu obw’omwoyo. 

Mu nteekateeka y’entabaganya ennambulukufu, ebyetaago eby’omwoyo bikolebwako bitongole bya ddiini, eby’omulengera bikolebwako bitongole bisomesa magezi ga mu mutwe omuli sayansi ne tekinologia ate ebyetaago eby’omubiri ne bikolebwaako yindasitule oba amakolero agakozesa tekinologiya okutondekawo buli kintu ekigonza obulamu bw’omuntu obw’omubiri nga tekinologiya w’ebyokulya (endiisa ennungi), ebyokwambala, ebizimbe omw’okubeera, ebikozesebwa mu malwaliro, eby’entambula, eby’okwerinda, n’ebirara bingi.
Ebyetaago by'Obulamu eby'Omulengera (the Mental needs of Life)

(Ebyetaago by’Obulamu eby’Omulengera 
             (The mental needs of life) okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga

Kati nno bw’oba obadde weyita mutegeevu nnyo kubanga okulaakulanye mu bulamu obw’omwoyo n’obw’omubiri naye ate n’osuulirira okukulakulanya enkozesa y’omulengera (mental health) ogusibukamu obwakalimagezi, werimba. Okukulaakulanya enkozesa y’omulenmgera kuba kukulaakulanya bwakalimagezi.

Ye abaffe kiri kitya nga essira olitadde ku bulamu bwa mubiri na mulengera n’osuulirira obulamu obw’omwoyo oba nga essira olitadde ku bulamu bwa mwoyo na mulengera n’osuulirira obulamu obw’omubiri? Wonna kuba kukootakoota mu galumonde!

Omwoyo ogusibukamu obwa kalimagezi gwe guyitibwa “omulengera” (the mind), ky’ekifundikwa ky’ obwakalimagezi” (human Intelligence). Omulamwa (concept) gw’obwakalimagezi gukozesebwa okunnyonnyola obwoogi bw’obwongo (brain power) oba obwogi bw’omulengera (mental power) mu nsolo eyitibwa omuntu.

Obusobozi bw’o bwongo buno, obuyitibwa omulengera (the mind), busibukamu obwakalimagezi bw’enjawulo, omuli:

a)	 Obwakalimagezi mu kulaba ekibalo kya Katonda ekya waggulu mu kyewunyo ekyeyorekera mu bumu bw’obwengula n’obutonde bwonna obubulimu, obw’ebiramu n’ebitali biramu (divine intelligence).

b)	Obwakalimagezi mu kibalangulo oba ekibalo (mathematical intelligence)

c)	Obwakalimagezi mu Sayansi ne tekinologiya(Scientific intelligence)
d)	Obwakalimagezi mu Katemba/okuyimba.

e)	Obwakalimagezi mu bukujjukujju n’obutabaganyi(Social intelligence)

f)	Obwakalimagezi mu kutondeka ebirungi 

g)	Obwakalimagezi mu kumanya ebikolwa ebiyinza okujja omuntu oba abantu abalala mu mbeera (emotional intelligence).

h)	Obwakalimagezi mu okutegeera okw’embagirawo (intuitive intelligence).

Okukulaakulanya obw’akalimagezi kitandikira ddala okuva nga omwana ya kazaaribwa, mu maka, okutuuka lw’ayingira amasomero n’amatendekero.

Obwakalimagezi buno businziira ku bwogi bw’omulengera. Omuntu gy’akoma okuba n’Ekipimo ky’Obwakalimagezi (EkkyO), abangereza kye bayita “Interligence Quotient” (IQ), ekiri waggulu, gy’akoma okuba n’obusobozi okukozesa omulengera gwe:

•	Okwekebejja obutonde 

•	Okujjukira

•	Okulowooza nga yefumiitiriza. 

•	Okwekenneenya nga yefumiitiriza. Okwefumiitiriza busobozi bwa mulengera.

•	Okusegeera n’ategeera ekyo sensa ze ettaano kye zimukettedde.

•	Okutuuka ku kumanya

•	Okutondeka emiramwa gy’omulengera (abstraction of mental concepts).

•	Okusengeka ebirowoozo (logic)
Enketteso z'Omubiri (the Body senses)

Enketteso z'omubiri(the Body senses) okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga!

Okusegeera (sense perception) kutandikira mu nketteso z’omubiri ettaano ne kuggweera mu bwongo, olwo omulengera ne guleetera omuntu okumanya ekyo ky’asegedde (ekisensedde omubiri gwe). Okusegeera kulimu obusobozi bw’omubiri okuketta okuyita mu sensa ettaano: 

•	Okusenserwa (feeling)        	=kuva mu enketteso y’okukwatako

•	Okuwunyiriza			=okuva mu enketteso y’enyindo

•	Okulega			          =enketteso lwe lulimi(okukombako)

•	Okuwulira 			 =enketteso  g’amatu

•	Okulaba 			 =enketteso  g’amaaso

Omuntu singa teyalina nketteso ya kusenserwa (sense of feeling) yandibadde alinnya ku liggwa oba n’ayokyebwa omuliro n’atafuna kusenserwa kwonna, ekintu ekyanditadde obulamu bwe mu katyabaga k’okufa ebiwundu.

 Ate era singa yali tawulira, tawunyiriza, talaba, yadde okulega teyandisobodde kuwuliziganya na muntu munne (okuyiga), okusikirizibwa okulya oba okulaba ekintu kyonna. 

Okusegeera kikolebwa obusimu bw’omubiri obuketta oba obubega ne buweereza ku bwongo obukola okutaputa n’osobola okulaba, okuwunyiriza, okuwulira, okusenserwa ky’okutteko, oba okulega ky’okombyeko.
Omutunsi gw'Obwongo (the brain stem)

"Omutunsi gw’Obwongo"(Brain stem) okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga. 

"Omutunsi gw’obwongo" gusangibwa wansi emabega ku ntobo y’obwongo era gwe gufuga ebikolwa by’omubiri eby’embagirawo (automatic functions) nga okussa, okukola ku mmere mu lubuto (digestion), enkuba y’omutima, n’akanyigirizi k’omusaayi (blood pressure). Omutunsi gw’obwongo gukwataganya “emiraatira egy’obubaka” (spinal cord) n’obwongo.

 Omutunsi gw’obwongo guliko ebitundu bisatu. Bitundu ki bino? 

1) Medulla Wabulongota 

2) Ponda (Pons)

3) Amasekkati g’obwongo (Mid-brain)

Ponza 
  (Pons) 

Kino kitundu kya mutunsi gwa bwongo (brain stem) ekikwataganya kemisifiiya za mulowooza ne mukwanaganya. Eri waggulu wa medula wobulongota.

Medula wabulongota
       (Medulla oblongota)

Mu mutunsi gw’obwongo, medula wabulongota y’entabiro efuga okussa, akanyigirizi k’omusaayi, n’ekigerageranyo ky’enkuba y’omutima.
Omulowooza (Cerebrum)

Omulowooza (Cerebrum) okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga !

Obwongo bulimu ebitundu ebikulu bisatu; Omulowooza (cerebrum), Mukwanaganya (cerebellum), n’Omutunsi gw’Obwongo (brain stem) oguliko medulla wabulongota n’emiraatira gy’obusimu. Omulowooza ate era ne gu gabanyizibwaamu ebiwayi (kemisifiiya) ebifuga ebikolwa ebigereke mu mubiri.

Ebitundu by'omulowooza eby’enjawulo biyitibwa biroobe (lobes) oba biwayi (hemisphere)."Omulowooza"  kye kitundu ekisinga obunene mu bwongo. 

Mu mulowooza mwe musibuka sayansi w’ebirowoozo omuli okwefumiitiriza, okusengeka ebirowoozo, okujjukira, okukola ku bukunizo, okulowooza n’okusegeera (sense perception). Omulowooza (the cerebrum) gulimu ebiwayi bina:

(i)Omulowooza asooka (Mulowooza owo mu Maaso). Ekitundu ky’omulowooza kino kirimu ebitundu by’akawompo ne mu maaso ebya buli kiwayi ky’omulowooza. Kye kifuga enkozesa y’obwongo (okugoba ensonga, okwefumiitiriza, okwekenneenya, okusengeka ebirowoozo), embeera z’obuntu (emotions), n’okusalawo. Ekiwayi ekyo mu maaso era kiyitibwa ekiroobe ekyo mu maaso (front lobe).

(ii)	Omulowooza ow’enkoona - Kino kye kitundu kyy’omulowooza omuli ekifundikwa ky’okulaba n’obusobozi bw’okusoma ebiwandiike. Kiri mu nkoona era kiyitibwa kiroobe eky’okulaba (occipital Lobe) ekya mulowooza.

(iii)	Mulowooza ow’amakkati. Kino kye kitundu kya mulowooza ekiri wakati wa ekiroobe ekyo mu maaso maaso n’ekyo mu nkoona. Kye kikola ku sensa ettaano ez’omubiri okutaputa kye zikesse oba ka tukiyite okusegeera (sense perception). Kino era kiyitibwa ekiroobe ekyo mu makkati (Parietal Lobe).

(iv)	Omulowooza owa wansi (Ekiroobe ekya wansi ekya Mulowooza). Kino kye kitundu ekiri wansi ‘omutunsi gw’obwongo omusibuka okuwulira n’okujjukira. Biri mu mabbali (enjuyi) ga mutwe.
Okulambika ensonga(inductive reasoning)

Okulambika ebirowoozo oba Okulambika ensonga (inductive reasoning)kuba kunoonya nsonga n'ojijjayo bulungi ku lulwo nga osengeka ebirowoozo.

Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga ,Okulambika ensonga oba okulowooza nga olambika ensonga mu lungereza kiba “inductive reasoning”. Okuyita mu kukozesa obwongo ng’olambika ensonga, omuntu kalimagezi:

	Alambika ebirowoozo bye okuva wansi okudda waggulu.

	Atuuka ku kuvumbula oba okumanya ebipya.

	Kimusobozesa okuyigiriza abalala okwevumbulira oba okwezuulira okumanya okupya.

	Okulambika ensonga kitendeka omulengera (the mind) n’okukulaakulanya enkola z’omulengera (mental processes) mu bato nga bayiga okwevumbulira ebipya.

	Kimwetaagisa okukozesa ensonda ez’enjawulo

Okulambika ensonga oba okukozesa obwongo ng’olambika ebirowoozo (inductive reasoning) kiringa kutema kkubo awatali kkubo kubanga otandika tolina ky’omanyi wabula n’okozesa okwekebejja, okwekenneenya, n’okwefumiitiriza okutuuka ku kipya.

Engeri y’okusomesa oba okuyiga ng’olambika ensonga kiringa kutema kkubo awatali kkubo okutuuka ku kigendererwa (okuzuula ekituufu). Mu kutema ekkubo awatali kkubo mulimu okuyita ku busozi n’ebikko ate awo n’okyusaamu okufuna aw’okuyita awatuufu ate nga buli w’otema ogenda olambawo (olambikawo). Okusomesa okulambika ensonga kiyamba nnyo mu baana abato okukulaakulanya enkozesa z’obwongo bwabwe, naddala okwefumiitiriza n’okwetuukira ku kituufu ku bwabwe.

Okulambika ebirowoozo kitegeeza kuyamba muyizi kwetemera mpenda zituuka ku kumanya ekituufu kwekyo kyonoonyerezaako, ng’okozesa obwongo mu kifo ky’omuntu omulala okukubuulira ye ky’amanyi.

Ekituufu kiri nti abato basinga kuganyulwa mu kubayamba okulambika ensonga, omuli okubayigiriza okwezuulira ekituufu mu kifo ky’okubagamba obugambi nti kino oba kiri kye kituufu kubanga obwongo bwabwe buba bukyaalina obusobozi bwa maanyi.

Mu kinonoozo(engineering) kyetaagisa okunnyonnyoka  n’okunonooza amateeka ga sayansi ez’ensibo (natural sciences)kikusobozese okuzimba  ennyanguyirizi(machines) , ebizimbe, enguudo oba ennongoosereza ezetaagisa. Obutafaanana na kulambulula, okulambika kikolwa kya kwevumbululira (okukwekula) na kukozesa mateeka ga sayansi okuyiiya tekinologia omupya nga okola okunoonyereza eno nga bw’ogenda olambika buli mutendera gw’oyitamu naddaala okukola ennongoosereza mu tekinologiya aliwo oba okuvumbula tekinologiya omupya.