Musica aleatoria

[thumb|[Ioannes Cage (1988), cuius *Music of Changes* ('Musica mutationum', 1951) primum opus musicum a fortuna penitus effectum saepe habetur.]]
**Musica aleatoria** (ab *alea*) est musica in qua pars compositionis a fortuna efficitur, et/aut pars operis compositi effecti ab actore vel actoribus determinatur. Vocabulum saepissime cum rationibus ubi fortuna finitum rerum quae fieri possunt numerum implicat. Musici Europaei vocabulum didicerunt per acroases a Werner Meyer-Eppler, acustico Germanico, in Schola Aestivali Musicae Novae Darmstadiensi annis 1950 exeuntibus habitas. Secundum cuius definitione, "ratio aleatoria dicitur . . . si eius progressus generatim determinatur sed de fortuna singulatim dependet." Vocabulum vicissim a Petro Boulez compositore Francico populo gratum factum est.

*Aleatorismus
*Compositio extemporanea
*Contingentia
*Musica algorithmica
*Musica electronica
*Musica generativa
*Musica stochastica

## Notae

## Bibliographia
*Boehmer, Konrad. 1967. *Zur Theorie der offenen Form in der neuen Musik.* Darmstadt: Edition Tonos.
*Boulez, Pierre. 1957. Aléa. *Nouvelle Revue française* 59 (1 November).
*Farach-Colton, Andrew. 2005. Hovhaness Concerto for 2 Pianos; (3) Pieces for 2 Pianos. *Gramophone,* November.
*Fierdag, Hanno. 2004. *Die Aleatorik in der Kunst und das Urheberrecht: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Computer generated works.* 
*Fisher, Lynn. 2010. An Unlikely Musical Pioneer? Early Aleatory Counterpoint. *AleaCounterpoint,* 8 Iunii.
*Griffiths, Paul. 2001. Aleatory. *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.* Ed. 2a., ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
*Hovhaness, Alan. 1944. *Lousadzak,* op. 48 (partitura). Novi Eboraci: Peer International Corporation. 
*Hovhaness, Alan. 1958. *Meditation on Orpheus* (partitura), op. 155. Novi Eboraci: C. F. Peters Corporation.
*Jacobs, Arthur. 1966. Admonitoric Note. *The Musical Times* 107(1479):414.
*Joe, Jeongwon, et S. Hoon Song. 2002. Roland Barthes' ’Text’ and Aleatoric Music: Is the Birth of the Reader the Birth of the Listener?. *Muzikologija* 2:263–81.
*Karlin, Fred, et Rayburn Wright. 2004. *On the Track: A Guide to Contemporary Film Scoring.* Ed 2a. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0415941350; ISBN 0415941369.
*Lieberman, David. 2006. Game Enhanced Music Manuscript. In ''GRAPHITE '06: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), November 29–December 2, 2006*, ed. Y. T. Lee, Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin, Diego Gutierrez, et Norhaida Mohd Suaib, 245–250. Novi Eboraci: ACM Press. ISBN 1595935649. 
*Lotringer, Sylvère. 1998. Duchamp Werden. *Crossings: Kunst zum Hören und Sehen: Kunsthalle Wien, 29.5.-13. 9.1998.* Catalogus exhibitionis. Ed. Cathrin Pichler, 55-61. Ostfildern bei Stuttgart: Cantz. ISBN 3893224432.
*Maconie, Robin. 2005. *Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen.* Lanham Terrae Mariae, Toronti, Oxoniae: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0810853566.
*Meyer-Eppler, Werner. 1957. Statistic and Psychologic Problems of Sound, conv. Alexander Goehr. *Die Reihe* 1: 55–61. Prima editio, 1955: Statistische und psychologische Klangprobleme, *Die Reihe* 1: 22–28. 
*Müller, Hermann-Christoph. 1994. *Zur Theorie und Praxis indeterminierter Musik: Aufführungspraxis zwischen Experiment und Improvisation / vorgelegt von Hermann-Christoph Müller.* Cassalae: G. Bosse. ISBN 3764924772.
*Pimmer, Hans. 1997. *Würfelkomposition: zeitgenössische Recherche: mit Betrachtungen über die Musik 1799.* Monaci: Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3929115905.
*Prendergast, Mark J. 2000. *The Ambient Century: from Mahler to Trance: The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age.* Londinii: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0747542139.
*Pritchett, James. 1993. *The Music of John Cage.* Music in the 20th Century. Cantabrigiae, Novi Eboraci, Melburni: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521416213 (textile); ISBN 0521565448.
*Rae, Charles Bodman. 2001. Lutosławski, Witold (Roman). *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.* Ed. 2a, ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
*Randel, Don Michael. 2002. *The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians.* ISBN 0674009789. 
*Roig-Francolí, Miguel A. 2008. *Understanding Post-Tonal Music.* Bostoniae: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 007293624X.
*Rosner, Arnold, et Vance Wolverton. 2001. Hovhaness [Hovaness], Alan [Chakmakjian, Alan Hovhaness]. *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.* Ed. 2a, ed. Stanley Sadie et John Tyrrell. Londinii: Macmillan Publishers.
*Stone, Susan. 2005. The Barrons: Forgotten Pioneers of Electronic Music. *NPR Music,* 7 Februarii.
*Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1915. *Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe: das Problem der Stilentwicklung in der neueren Kunst.* Monaci: F. Bruckmann.
*Wölfflin, Heinrich. 1932. *Principles of Art History: The Problem of the Development of Style in Later Art.'' Textus ex septima editione Theodisca (1929) a Marie D. Hottinger conversus. Londinii: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd. Reimpressus Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications, 1950.

## Nexus externi
*"John Cage's Indeterminacy."
*"Mozart's Musikalisches Würfelspiel." Interretiale ludi Mozartiani genus.
*Pellicula instrumenti musici aleatorii.

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