Temperamentum

[thumb|upright=0.8|[Ioannes Pavlov temperamentum investigavit.]]
[thumb|Tabula duodecim temperamentorum secundum Irinam Trofimova, una ex multis rationibus ad temperamentum in genera describendum adhibitis ([Anglice signata).]]
[thumb|[Quattuor temperamenta secundum physiognomiam. Adumbrationes Ioannis Casparis Lavater (saeculo duodevicensimo).]]

**Temperamentum** in psychologia plerumque est hominis indoles quae mores in biologia conditos efficiunt, ab educatione, rationibus aestimationum, habituque liberae. Nonnulli investigatores temperamentum cum iustis morum proprietatibus dynamicis consociant, sicut cum energia, mutabilitate, certorum stimulorum responsis, animique motuum propensitate. Proprietates temperamenti, praecipue neuroticismus, sociabilitas, et impulsivitas, exemplaria distincta in adultis exhibent, sed notabilissimae et maxime investigatae in pueris sunt. Infantuli per temperamentum usitate describuntur, sed investigationes longitudinalis annis 1920 confirmare coeperunt temperamentum rem omnino per vitam stabilem esse.

Constat inter eruditos temperamentum bene definitum esse, sed multae rationes temperamenti in genera describendi propositae sunt, consensu carente. atque ingenium (hic progressivae personalitatis proprietates definitum) porro scrutati sunt; congruentiae autem biologicae sine ulla controversia vix confirmatae sunt.

*Motus animi
*Personalitas
*Quattuor temperamenta
*Quinque temperamenta
*Socionica
*Rudolphus Steiner

## Notae
## Bibliographia
*Carey, William B. 1997. ''Understanding Your Child's Temperament.* Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. ISBN 1-4134-7028-9.
*Asendorpf, Jens B. 2004. *Psychologie der Persönlichkeit.* Berolini: Springer. ISBN 3-540-66230-8.
*Dalgalarrondo, Paulo. 2000. *Psicopatologia e semiologia dos transtornos mentais.* Porto Alegre: Artes médicas. ISBN 85-7307-595-3.
*Depue, R., et Y. Fu. 2012. "Neurobiology and neurochemistry of temperament in adults." In *Handbook of Temperament,* ed. M. Zentner et R. Shiner, 368-399. Novi Eboraci: Guilford Publications.
*Diamond, S. 1957. *Personality and temperament.* Novi Eboraci: Harper.
*Eysenck, H. J. 1990. "Biological dimensions of personality." In *Handbook of personality theory and research,* ed. L. A. Pervin, 244–76). Novi Eboraci: Guilford.
*Eysenck, H. J., et M. W. Eysenck. 1985. *Personality and individual differences.* Novi Eboraci: Plenum.
*Friedman, Howard S., et Miriam W. Schustack. 2016. *Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research.* Ed. 6a. Boston: Pearson Education ISBN 9780205997930. ISBN 0205997937.
*Kagan, Jerome, cum Nancy Snidman, Doreen Arcus, et J. Steven Reznick. 1994. *Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature.* Novi Eboraci: Basic Books. ISBN 0465084052.
*Kagan Jerome, et N. C. Snidman. 2004. *The long shadow of temperament.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
*Kagan, Jerome. "Temperament." *Encyclopedia of Early Childhood Development.* Encyclopedia of Early Childhood Development. Editio interretialis.
*Kohnstamm, G. A., J. E. Bates, et M. K. Rothbart, eds. 1989. *Temperament in childhood.* Oxoniae: John Wiley and Sons.
*Neville, Helen F., cum Diane Clark Johnson. 2015. *Temperament Tools: Working with Your Child's Inborn Traits.* Seattle: Parenting Press. ISBN 1936903253. ISBN 9781936903252.
*Rusalov, V. M., et I. N. Trofimova. 2007. *Structure of Temperament and Its Measurement.* Torontia: Psychological Services Press.
*Shick, Lyndall. "Understanding Temperament: Strategies for Creating Family Harmon." ISBN 1-884734-32-4.
*Seifer, R. A., A. J. Sameroff, L. C. Barrette, et E. Krafchuk. 1994. "Infant temperament measured by multiple observations and mother report." *Child Development* 65 (5): 1478–90. doi:10.2307/1131512. JSTOR 1131512. PMID 7982363.
*Thomas, Chess, et Birch. 1968. *Temperament and Behavior Disorders in Children.* Novi Eboraci: New York University Press.
*Trofimova, I. N. 2016. "The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of adult temperament." In *Individual Differences, Social and Environmental Influences and Impact on Quality of Life,* ed. M. C. Arnold, 77–147. Novi Eboraci: Nova Science Publishers.
*Trofimova, I. N. 2018. "Functionality vs dimensionality in psychological taxonomies, and a puzzle of emotional valence." *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* 373 (1744): 20170167. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0167. PMID 29483351. PMC 5832691.
*Trofimova, I. N.,  et T. W. Robbins. 2016. "Temperament and arousal systems: a new synthesis of differential psychology and functional neurochemistry." *Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews* 64: 382–402. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.008k PMID 26969100. Editio interretialis.
*Zeanah C. H., et N. A. Fox. 2004. "Temperament and Attachment Disorders." *Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology* 33 (1): 32—41.

## Nexus externi
*Henig, Robin Marantz. 2009. "Understanding the Anxious Mind." *New York Times Magazine,'' 29 Septembris 2009.

Categoria:Personalitas