Philosophia

[thumb|upright=1.4|Philosophia et [artes liberales.]]

**Philosophia** (etymologice 'amor sapientiae', Graece φιλεῖν 'amare' + σοφία 'sapientia') est studium sapientiae vel veritatis, per investigationem principiorum cogitationis humanorumque factorum. Qui philosophiae se dedicant philosophi nominantur. "Philosophia individua dimittit; neque impressiones primas individuorum, sed notiones ab illis abstractas complectitur; atque hoc prorsus officium est atque opificium rationis."

Vocabulum *philosophia*e a Pythagora fictum est, quia sapientiam privilegium divinum putabat; ipse autem se sapientem (*sophos*) haberi nolebat. Amator sapientiae (vel scientiae) igitur dici malebat.

Philosophia hodierna multas definitiones habet, inter eas:
*Criticum studium omnium humanarum quaestionum;
*Rationale studium omnis sapientiae humanae;
*Studium quaestionum, quibus responsa non sint absoluta.

Partes speciales philosophiae sunt philosophia mentis, philosophia scientiarum, philosophia orationis, philosophia historiae, philosophia religionis, et ceterae.

## Notiones philosophiae
Inter notiones philosophicas sunt philosophari; esse, essentia, quidditas, haecceitas, substantia, exsistentia, res, realitas; perceptio, spatium, tempus, conscientia, veritas; ratio, mens, memoria, voluntas, desiderium; bonus, officium, virtus, libertas; natura, societas, iustitia, potestas, civitas; ars, labor, historia, illuminatio, cosmotheoria.

## Divisio 
Praecipuae philosophiae notiones realitatis et veritatis (in metaphysica, logica, et ontologia), sapientiae (in epistemologia), boni et iustitiae (in ethice et oeconomia politica), et pulchritudinis (in aesthetica) sunt.

Philosophia dividitur in:

1. Philosophia essendi (seu metaphysica), quae subdividitur in: 

1.1 Metaphysica generalis (seu ontologia) et

1.2 Metaphysica specialis.

Ontologia dividitur in: 

1.1.1 Generalis,

1.1.2 Aetiologia et 

1.1.3 Categorologia.

Metaphysica specialis dividitur in: 

1.2.1 Theologia naturalis (seu theodicea seu soteriologia), 

1.2.2 Cosmologia (seu philosophia naturae, cosmologia metaphysica, cosmologia philosophica) et 

1.2.3 Philosophia hominis (seu psychologia metaphysica, psychologia philosophica, psychologia rationalis, anthropologia philosophica).

2. Philosophia cognoscendi (seu critica, epistemologia, gnosologia, theoria cognitionis, phaenomenologia, logica materialis, logica maior, criteriologia, ideologia, methodologia)

3. Philosophia operandi (seu ethica, philosophia moralis, moralitas, axiologia (in qua aesthetica, calologia seu theoria artis est) et sociologia philosophica). Subdividitur in:

3.1 Ethica generalis et iustitia socialis

3.2 Ethica specialis (in qua philosophia politica vel oeconomia politica est).

Logica (logica formalis seu logica minor) scientia quae agitur de causis alteris non est, sed de causis inmediatis. Cum mathematica, scientiae formales sunt.

## Historia philosophiae 
*Plurum philosophorum nomina discere poteris s.v. index philosophorum.*

### Philosophia Occidentalis 
#### Graecia 
**Vide etiam* Index philosophorum Graecorum
[thumb|300px|*[Mors Socratis,* pictura ab Iacobus Ludovico David anno 1787 picta. Socrates venenum *Conii* bibiturus est.]]
[thumb|[Plato (laeva) et Aristoteles (dextra): pars *Scholae Athenarum,* a Raphaelo anno 1509 picta.]]
##### Origo philosophiae 
Occidentalis traditio coepit in Graecia. Res prima fuit indagatio ἀρχῆς id est principii mundi. Philosophi praeclari fuerunt:

*Anaxagoras
*Anaximander
*Anaximenes
*Democritus
*Diogenes
*Empedocles
*Heraclitus
*Parmenides
*Pythagoras
*Thales
*Xenophanes
*Zeno Eleates

##### Philosophia classica 
Circa 400 a.C.n., disputatio facta est cogitatio de homine. Philosophi, qui creaverunt classicam philosophiam in Europa, fuerunt:
* Socrates
* Plato
* Aristoteles

##### Philosophia hellenistica 
*Chrysippus
*Cleanthes
*Epictetus
*Epicurus
*Plotinus
*Pyrrho Eleus
*Neoplatonismus
*Sextus Empiricus
*Zeno Citieus

#### Roma 
Romani eandem ferme viam rationemque philosophandi, i.e. sapientiam adfectandi, secuti sunt ac Graeci. Praeclari philosophi erant:

*Stoicismus
*Aurelius Augustinus
*Marcus Aurelius
*Cassiodorus
*Lactantius
*Titus Lucretius Carus
*Philodemus
*Minucius Felix
*Seneca
*Severinus Boethius
*Marcus Tullius Cicero
*Marius Victorinus

#### Mediaevalis philosophia 
[thumb|175px|[Thomas Aquinas|Sanctus Thomas Aquinas.]]

*Anselmus Cantuariensis
*Thomas Aquinas, Doctor Angelicus
*Avicenna
*Petrus Abaelardus
*Abulola Moarrensis
*Averroes
*Bernardus Claraevallensis
*Boethius Dacii
*Petrus Damiani
*Robertus Capito
*Robertus Grosseteste
*Albertus Magnus Doctor Universalis
*Rogerius Baco 
*Bonaventura
*Petrus Lombardus, Magister Sententiarum
*Raimundus Lullius
*Eckhartus de Hochheim, Doctor Seraphicus
*Ioannes Duns Scotus, Doctor Subtilis
*Guillelmus de Ockham, Doctor Incincibilis
*Ioannes a Ripa, Doctor Subtilissimus
*Franciscus Petrarcha

#### Philosophia Temporis Renatarum Artium
[thumb|200px|[Marsilius Ficinus.]]

*Rodolphus Agricola
*Iohannes Althusius
*Ioannes Bodinus
*Carolus Bovillus
*Iordanus Brunus Nolanus, Frater
*Thomas Campanella
*Renatus Cartesius
*Nicolaus Cusanus Cardinalis
*Nicolaus Copernicus
*Marsilius Ficinus
*Petrus Gassendus
*Ioannes Picus de Mirandola
*Franciscus Patritius
*Samuel Pufendorf
*Petrus Ramus
*Benedictus de Spinoza
*Faber Stapulensis
*Franciscus Suarez
*Franciscus de Victoria Nova
*Dominicus de Soto
*Bernardinus Telesius
*Laurentius Valla
*Ioannes Ludovicus Vives
*Benedictus Pereira
*Petrus Pomponatius
*Augustinus Steuchus
*Theodoros Gazes
*Basilius Bessario
*Donatus Giannotti
*Iohannes Locke
*Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius

[thumb|175px|[Iordanus Brunus.]]
#### Hodierna philosophia 
[thumb|175px|[Ioannes Lockius.]]
[thumb|175px|[Renatus Cartesius (Franciscus Hals pinxit).]]
[thumb|175px|[Immanuel Kant.]]

*David Hume
*Iohannes Stuart Mill
*Fridericus Nietzsche
*Georgius Wilhelmus Fridericus Hegel
*Iohannes Fichtius
*Immanuel Kantius
* Carolus Popper
*Balduinus de Bodinat

### Philosophia pessimismi 
*Arthurus Schopenhauer
*Fridericus Nietzsche
*Aemilius Michael Cioran
*David Benatar

### Philosophia Institiae Socialiae 
*Simona Weil
*Iohannes Rawls

#### Philosophia neo-Aristoteliana 
*Ayn Rand
*Harrius Binswanger
*Andreas Bernstein
*Leonardus Peikoff

#### Philosophia analytica 
*Ludovicus Wittgenstein
*Bertrand Russell
*Gottlob Frege
*Tadeusz Kotarbinski
*Alfredus Tarski
*Georgius Henricus von Wright

##### Philosophia marxistica 
*Carolus Marx
*Fridericus Engels
*Ludovicus Althusser
*Georgius Lukacs
*Vladimirus Lenin

##### Philosophia existentialistica 
*Severinus Kierkegaard
*Ioannes Paulus Sartre
*Albertus Camus
*Carolus Theodorus Jaspers

##### Philosophia post-moderna 
*Iacobus Derrida
*Michael Foucault
*Aegidius Deleuze
*Sigismundus Bauman

##### Philosophia phaenomenologica 
*Edmundus Husserl
*Martinus Heidegger
*Emmanuel Lévinas
*Ioannes Lipps
*Maximus Scheler
*Editha Stein
*Ioanna Arendt
*Iohannes Paulus II

#### Hermeneutica 
*Ioannes Georgius Gadamer
*Paulus Ricoeur
*Antonius Gerards

### Philosophia Sinica
#### Philosophia Confuciana 
*Confucius
*Zuluus
*Yenyuenius
*Mencius
*Xun Zi

#### Philosophia Daoistica 
*Laocius
*Sancius

#### Philosophia Mociana 
*Mocius seu Micius

#### Aliae doctrinae 
*Han Fei
*Sunlungus
*Lieupugueius

### Philosophia Indica 
#### Philosophia Brahmanica 
* Rāmānuja
* Ādi Śaṅkara

#### Philosophia Buddhica 
*Butta
*Aśvaghoṣa
*Nāgārjuna
*Āryadeva
*Vasubandhu

*Artes liberales
*Dies mundi philosophiae
*Logica philosophica
*Metaphilosophia
*Omnia
*Philosophia coloris
*Philosophia continentalis
*Philosophia mathematicae
*PhiloSOPHIA (periodicum)
*Philosophia recens
*Philosophia religionis
*Philosophia religiosa
*Philosophia scientiae
*Pragmatismus

## Notae
## Bibliographia
*Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, et John Cumming, eds. (1983), 1992. *The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers.* Fontana Originals. Hammersmith Angliae.: Fontana Press. ISBN 9780006369653.
*Bullock, Alan, et Oliver Stallybrass, eds. 1977. *The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought.* Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060105785.
*Julia, Didier. 2006. *Dictionnaire de la philosophie.* Responsable éditorial, Emmanuel de Waresquiel; secretariat de rédaction, Joelle Narjollet. Lutetiae: Larousse. ISBN 9782035833099.
*Reese, W. L. 1980. *Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.* Atlantic Highlands Novae Caesareae: Humanities Press. ISBN 9780391006881.

### Praefationes
*Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2003. *Thinking it Through: An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy.* ISBN 9780195134582.
*Blumenau, Ralph. *Philosophy and Living.* ISBN 9780907845331.
*Craig, Edward. *Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction*. ISBN 9780192854216.
*Curley, Edwin. 1994. *A Spinoza Reader.* Princeton. ISBN 9780691000671.
*Durant, Will. 1991. ''Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers.* Pocket. ISBN 9780671739164.
*Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. *Mastering Philosophy.* ISBN 9780333693438.
*Higgins, Kathleen M., et Robert C. Solomon. *A Short History of Philosophy.* ISBN 9780195101966.
**Philosophy Now.* Magazina.
*Rochelle, Gerald. 2012. *Doing Philosophy.* ISBN 9781780460048.
*Russell, Bertrand. *The Problems of Philosophy.* ISBN 9780195115529.
*Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. *What is Philosophy? An Introduction.* ISBN 9781903765944.
*Sober, Elliott. 2001. *Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings.* Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131898691.
*Solomon, Robert C. *Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy.* ISBN 9780534167080.
*Warburton, Nigel. *Philosophy: The Basics.* ISBN 9780415146944.

### Res
*Copleston, Frederick. *Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev.* ISBN 9780268015695.
*Critchley, Simon. *Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction.* ISBN 9780192853592.
*Hamilton, Sue. *Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction*. ISBN 9780192853745.
*Harwood, Sterling, ed. 2000. *Business as Ethical and Business as Usual.* Belmont Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
*Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. *An Introduction to African Philosophy.* ISBN 9780847688418.
*Knight, Kelvin. *Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre*. ISBN 9780745619774.
*Kupperman, Joel J. *Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts*. ISBN 9780195133356.
*Leaman, Oliver. *A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy*. ISBN 9780745619606.
*Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. *Eastern Philosophy For Beginners*. ISBN 9780863162824.
*Nagel, Thomas. *What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy*. ISBN 9780195052923.
*Scruton, Roger. *A Short History of Modern Philosophy*. ISBN 9780415267632.
*Smart, Ninian. *World Philosophies*. ISBN 9780415228527.
*Tarnas, Richard. *The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View*. ISBN 9780345368096.

### Anthologiae
**Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1 & 2, 2nd edition),* ed. Louis P. Pojman
**Classics of Philosophy: The 20th Century (Vol. 3),* ed. Louis P. Pojman
**The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill,* ed. Edwin Arthur
**European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche,* ed. Monroe Beardsley
**Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings,* ed. James Baillie
**Existentialism: Basic Writings,* ed. 2a., ed. Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
**The Phenomenology Reader* ed. Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
**Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings,* ed. Muhammad Ali Khalidi
**A Source Book in Indian Philosophy,* ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
**A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy,* ed. Wing-tsit Chan
*Kim, J., et Ernest Sosa, ed. 1999. *Metaphysics: An Anthology.* Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
**The Oxford Handbook of Free Will* 2004. Ed. Robert Kane
*Husserl, Edmund, et Donn Welton. 1999. *The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology.* Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253212733.
*Cottingham, John. 2008. *Western Philosophy: An Anthology.* Ed. secunda. Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.

### Opera referentiae
*
*
**The Oxford Companion to Philosophy* ed. Ted Honderich
**The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy* a Robert Audi
**The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (10 vols.) ed. Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi
**The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* ed. Edward Craig. Imminutio.
**Encyclopedia of Philosophy* (8 vol.), ed. Paulo Edwards.
**International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers.* Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
**Directory of American Philosophers.* Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
**Routledge History of Philosophy* (10 vol.) ed. John Marenbon
**History of Philosophy* (9 vol.) a Frederick Copleston
**A History of Western Philosophy* (5 vols.) a W. T. Jones
**History of Italian Philosophy* (2 vol.) a Eugenio Garin. 
**Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies* (8 vol.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
**Indian Philosophy* (2 vol.) ed. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
**A History of Indian Philosophy* (5 vol.) ed. Surendranath Dasgupta
**History of Chinese Philosophy* (2 vol.) ed. Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
**Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming* ed. Chan, Wing-tsit
**Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy* ed. Antonio S. Cua
**Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion* ed. Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
**Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy* ed. Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
**A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English* ed. John A. Grimes
**History of Islamic Philosophy* ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
**History of Jewish Philosophy* ed. Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
**A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries* a Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
#### Addita
*Ayer, A. J., et al., ed. 1994. *A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations.* Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
*Blackburn, S., ed. 1996. *The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.* Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
*Angeles, P. A., ed. 1992. *The Harper Collins Dictionary of Philosophy.* Novi Eboraci: Harper Perennial.
*Bunnin, N., et al., ed. 1996. *The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy.* Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Oxoniae: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
*Hoffman, Eric, ed. 1997. *Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy.* Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.
*Mauter, T., ed. *The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy.* Londinii: Penguin Books.
*Popkin, R. H. 1999. *The Columbia History of Western Philosophy.* Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
*Runes, D., ed. 1942. *The Dictionary of Philosophy''. Novi Eboraci: The Philosophical Library, Inc.

## Nexus externi 
*Wikisource
*Scholasticon bibliotheca
*Corpus scriptorum latinorum
*Scholasticon bibliotheca
*Corpus scriptorum latinorum
*Philosophia
*Encyclopedia
*Situs Hispanicus philosophiae
*Situs Universitatis Jean Moulin Lugduni 3
*Academie Grannopolis
*Atrium
*Bibliotheca philosophiae
*Bibliotheca
*Biographiae et citationes philosophorum et scriptores athei

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