Carbohydratum

[thumb|300px|[Lactosum est disaccharidum in lacte inventum, quod consistit in molecula D-galactosi et molecula D-glucosi a-1-4 nexu glycosidico conligatis.]]
**Carbohydratum**, sive **hydratum carbonii** rite descriptum, in chemia organica est biomolecula cuius formula empirica C*m*(H2O)*n* est; hoc est, hydratum carbonii in carbonio, hydrogenio, oxygenio consistit, ubi ratio atomica duorum ultimorum est 2:1. In naturae conformatione, hydrata carbonii accuratius aldehyda polyhydroxia et ketona appellantur.

*Hydratum carbonii* est dictio, quae frequentissime in biochemia adhibetur, ubi idem significat ac *saccharidum.* Hydrata carbonii (saccharida) in quattuor greges chemicos dividuntur, qui sunt monosaccharida, disaccharida, oligosaccharida, polysaccharida. In universum, monosaccharida et disaccharida, quae sunt minora (inferiore pondere moleculari) carbonii hydrata, usitate saccharida appellantur. Vocabulum *saccharidi* a Graeco  'saccharum' deductum est. Cum scientificum carbohydratorum vocabularium multiplex sit, nomina monosaccharidorum disaccharidorumque saepissime suffixo *-osum* simpliciter terminantur. Itaque saccharum sanguinis est monosaccharidum glucosum, saccharum mensae est disaccharidum sucrosum, et saccharum lactis est disaccharidum lactosum.

## Chemia hydratorum carbonii 
Chemia hydratorum carbonii est pars gravis chemiae organicae, et quidem ea, quae magnum ad oeconomiam conferat. Inter praecipuas reactiones organicas quae hydrata carbonii tractant sunt hae:
* Acetalizatio carbohydratorum
* Degradatio Wohliana
* Reactio cyanohydrini
* Reactio Koenigs-Knorriana
* Reactio Nefiana
* Recompositio Amadoriana
* Transformatio Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekensteiniana

[thumb|200px|Alimenta [frumentum|frumento facta sunt copiosi multiplicum simplicumque hydratorum carbonii fontes.]]

* Acidum
* Aldehidum
* Alimentum
* Amylum
* Bioplasticum
* Catabolismus
* Fermentatio
* Gluconeogenesis
* Glycolipidum
* Glycoinformatica
* Glycolysis
* Glycoproteinum
* Ketonum
* Macromoleculae
* Photosynthesis
* Saccharum
* Via pentosi phosphati

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
* Alton, G., M. Hasilik, R. Niehues, et al. 1998. Direct utilization of mannose for mammalian glycoprotein biosynthesis. *Glycobiology* 8: 285–295.
* Berger, V., S. Perier, C. Pachiaudi, S. Normand, P. Louisot, et A. Martin. 1998. Dietary specific sugars for serum protein enzymatic glycosylation in man. *Metabolism* 47: 1499–1503.
* British Society for Allergy and Environmental Medicine. 1996. Effective nutritional medicine. The application of nutrition to major health problems. *Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine* 6: 191–232.
* Martin Frank et Siegfried Schloissnig. 2010. "Bioinformatics and molecular modeling in glycobiology", *Cell Mol Life Sci*: 2749–2772
* Freeze, H. H. 1998. Disorders in protein glycosylation and potential therapy: Tip of an iceberg? *The Journal of Pediatrics* 133: 593–600.
*Gerald W Hart, Ronald J Copeland. *2010*. "Glycomics hits the big time", *Cell*ː 672-6.
* Lehmann, Joshen. 1996, 2002. *Kohlenhydrate: Chemie und Biologie.* Ed. 2a. Stutgardiae et Novi Eboraci: Thieme. ISBN 313532902X.
* Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson, et M. M. Cox, eds. 1993. Structure and Catalysis. In *Principles of Biochemistry,* 252ff. Novi Eboraci: Worth Publishers.
* Lindhorst, Thisbe K. 2000. Struktur und Funktion von Kohlenhydraten. *Chemie in unserer Zeit* 34 (1): 38–52. ISSN [tel:0009-2851 0009-2851].
* Macdonald, I. 1994. Carbohydrates. In *Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease,* ed. M. E. Shils, J. A. Olson, et M. Shike, 36–44. Malvern: Lea and Febiger.
* Martin, A., C. Rambal, V. Berger, S. Perier, et P. Louisot. 1998. Availability of specific sugars for glycoconjugate biosynthesis. A need for further investigations in man. *Biochimie* 80: 75–86.
* Ritter, Thomas K., et Chi-Huey Wong. 2001. Kohlenhydrate in der Antibiotikaforschung: ein neuer Ansatz zur Resistenzbekämpfung. *Angewandte Chemie* 113 (19):[tel:3616–3641 3616–3641]. ISSN [tel:0044-8249 0044-8249].
* Zubay, G. L., W. W. Parson, et D. E. Vance. 1995. *Principles of Biochemistry.* Dubuque Iovae: William C. Brown.

## Nexus externi 
*Carbohydrata, exemplaris "interactivis" et animationibus non exclusis
*Vocabularium carbohydratorum: IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature
*Singula de carbohydratis
*Carbohydrata et Glycosylatio: The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
*Functional Glycomics Gateway Carbohydrata vini

Categoria:Alimenta

Categoria:Nutritio