Surrealismus

[thumb|200px|*Mulier et Avis.* [Ioannes Miró, Barcinonae, 1982.]]
**Surrealismus** est motus culturalis annis 1920 ineuntibus ortus, qui artificia oculorum et scripturis innotuit. Finis fuit "olim contradictorias somnii et realitatis condiciones resolvere." Artifices scaenas debilitantis et absurdas accuratione saepe photographica pinxerunt, rebus quotidianis animalia absona creaverunt, et rationes picturae evolverunt quae siverunt ut mens omni sensu carens se exprimat.
[thumb|150px|left|[Andreas Breton, 1924.]]
[thumb|175px|*Littérature* n° 1, Martio [1919.]]

Opera surrealistica mirationem propinquitatum improvisarum et res quae non sequuntur efficere conantur; multi autem artifices et scriptores surrealistici suum opus habent principem motus philosophici expressionem, cuius opera artifacta tantum sunt. Andreas Breton dux aperte asserere solebat Surrealismum praesertim esse motum revolutionarium.

Surrealismus plerumque ex activitatibus Dada per Magnum Bellum ortus est, et eius locus maximi momenti fuit Lutetia. Ex annis 1920, motus per orbem terrarum extentus est, tandem artes oculorum, litteras, pelliculam, et musicam multarum civitatum et linguarum afficiens, cogitatione et usu civili, philosophia, et theoria sociali non exclusis.

## Motus conditus 
*Surrealiste,* vocabulum Francicum, a Gulielmo Apollinaire excogitatum, primum apparuit in praefatione *Les Mamelles de Tirésias* ('Mammae Tiresiadis'), eius ludi scaenici, qui, anno 1903 compositus, anno 1917 primus actus est.

Bellum Orbis Terrarum II artifices et scriptores dispersit qui Lutetiae habitaverant, quorum multi sese cum Dada interim consociaverunt, nimiam putantes cogitationem rationalem et aestimationes burgicolarum certamen belli fovisse. Dadaistae contra dicentes conventus, perfunctiones, scripta, et opera artis contra artem dicata faciebant. Post bellum, cum Lutetiam redierunt, nisus Dada continuabant.

Per bellum, Andreas Breton, qui medicinam et psychiatriam exercuerat, in valetudinario neurologico merebat, ubi rationibus psychoanalyticis Sigmundi Freud utebatur ad milites curandos qui *shell-shock* morbo mentis laborabant. Breton, cum in Iacobum Vaché scriptorem iuvenem incideret, credidit eum filium spiritualem esse Alfredi Jarry, scriptoris et pataphysicae conditoris. Habitum scriptoris iuvenis contra societatem et odium in traditionem artificem admirabatur. Breton deinde scripsit, "In litteris, captus sum in ordinem ego a Rimbaud, a Jarry, ab Apollinaire, a Nouveau, a Lautréamont, sed Iacobus Vaché est cui plurimum debeo."

Breton, Lutetiae iterum degens, se cum agitationibus Dadaisticis coniunxit, unaque cum Ludovico Aragon et Philippo Soupault *Littérature* perioricum litterarium condidit. Ei experimenta scripturae automaticae facere coeperunt—sponte scribere sine cogitationibus circumscriptis vel animadvertis—et has scripturas in lucem in periodico protulerunt, cum narrationibus eorum somniorum. Breton et Soupault, in automatismum profundius fodentes, *The Magnetic Fields* (1920) scripserunt.

Novos artifices et scriptores ad sese nunc trahebant; mox quidem credebant automatismum meliorem mutationis socialis rationem esse quam impetum Dadaisticum in valores traditionales. Inter gregem demum numerabantur Paulus Éluard, Beniaminus Péret, Renatus Crevel, Robertus Desnos, Iacobus Baron, Maximus Morise, Petrus Naville, Rogerius Vitrac, Gala Éluard, Maximus Ernst, Salvator Dalí, Man Ray, Ioannes Arp, Georgius Malkine, Michael Leiris, Georgius Limbour, Antoninus Artaud, Raymundus Queneau, Andreas Masson, Ioannes Miró, Marcellus Duchamp, Iacobus Prévert, et Ivus Tanguy.

## Aetas Prostrata 
[thumb|left|120px|[Allen Ginsberg anno 1979.]]
[thumb|200px|[Salvator Dalí et Man Ray Lutetiae, 16 Iunii 1934. Photographema Caroli Van Vechten.]]
[thumb|200px|Poema ex *Calligrammes* [Gulielmus Apollinaire|Apollinaire.]]
Multi scriptores cum Aetate Prostrata consociati a Surrealistis magnopere moti sunt. Philippus Lamantia et Theodorus Joans auctores Prostrati et Surrealistici saepe appellantur. Inter alios scriptores Prostratos a Surrealismo motos fuerunt Robertus Kaufman, Gregorius Corso, Allen Ginsberg, et Laurentius Ferlinghetti. Artaud potissimum multos Prostratos movit, sed praecipue Ginsberg et Carolus Solomon. Ginsberg dicit "Van Gogh—The Man Suicided by Society" Antonini Artaud suum "Howl" recte movisse, cum "Zone" Gulliermi Apollinaire, "Ode to Walt Whitman" Friderici García Lorca, et "Priimiititiii" [sic] Curtii Schwitters, structuram praeterea poematis "Free Union" Andreae Breton apud suum "Kaddish" magnum valuisse. Ginsberg et Corso cum eorum viris Tristano Tzara, Marcello Duchamp, Man Ray, et Beniamino Péret Lutetiae congressi sunt, unde admirationem demonstrandam, Ginsberg pedes Duchampianos basiavit, Corsoque illius focale praecidit.

Gulielmus S. Burroughs, nuclearis Aetatis Prostratae particeps et scriptor mythistoriarum postmodernus auctoritate gravis, cum Brion Gysin olim surrealista, rationem excogitavit quam rationem concisam appellabat, in qua casus compositionem textus ex verbis ex aliis fontibus excisis praescribebat, et quam diem feriatum surrealisticum habebat, eius debitum technicis Tristani Tzara rationibus agnoscens.

* Ars psychedelica
* Ludovicus Buñuel
* Cinema Surrealisticum
* Leonora Carrington
* Leonora Fini
* Litterae Franciae
* Frida Kahlo
* Renatus Magritte
* Albertus Montoreano
* Modernismus
* Mujeres surrealistas
* Musica Surrealistica
* Neofauvismus
* Realismus magicus

## Notae 
[thumb|upright=1.0|*1ª Exposição dos Surrealistas,* [1949.]]
[thumb|*Dali Atomicus.* [Photographema Salvatoris Dalí (1948). A Philippo Halsman pro magazina *LIFE* factum.]]
[thumb|*Vertumnus.* [Pictura Iosephi Arcimboldo. Nonnulli Surrealistae Arcimboldo praecursorem habebant.]]
[thumb|100px|[Caput Ludovici Buñuel. Opus Iñaki sculptoris. Centrum Buñuel de Calanda.]]

## Bibliographia 
;Andreas Breton
* *Manifesta Surrealismis*: manifesta primum et secundum et praefatio tertii, mythistoria *Piscis Solubilis,* et politicae Surrealismi res. ISBN 0-472-17900-4.
* *What is Surrealism?: Selected Writings of André Breton.* ISBN 0-87348-822-9.
* 1952, 1993. *Conversations: The Autobiography of Surrealism.* Gallimard. Ed. retractata, Paragon House. ISBN 1-56924-970-9.
* 1988. *The Abridged Dictionary of Surrealism.* In *Oeuvres complètes,* ed. Marguerite Bonnet, 1:328. Lutetiae: Éditions Gallimard.

;Alii fontes
* Ades, Dawn. 2012. *Surrealism in Latin America: Vivisimo Muerto.* Angelopoli: Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-117-6.
* Alexandrian, Sarane. 1970. *Surrealist Art.* Londinii: Thames & Hudson.
* Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1917, 1991. De *Parade.* In *Oeuvres en prose complètes,* ed. Pierre Caizergues et Michel Décaudin, 2:865-866. Lutetiae: Éditions Gallimard.
* Barnes, Rachel. 2001. *The 20th-Century Art Book.* Londinii: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-3542-0.
* Bolton, Linda. 2003. *Surrealists.* Sicagi: Heinemann Library. ISBN 1-58810-648-9.
* Brotchie, Alastair, et Mel Gooding, eds. 1995. *A Book of Surrealist Games.* Berkeleiae: Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-084-9.
* Burroughs, William S., James Grauerholz, et Ira Silverberg. 2000. *Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader.* Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3694-X, ISBNN 9780802136947. 
* Caws, Mary Ann. 2001. *Surrealist Painters and Poets: An Anthology.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press.
* Chadwick, Whitney. 1985. *Women Artists and the Surrealist Movement.* Bulfinch Press. ISBN 978-0-8212-1599-9.
* Chadwick, Whitney. 1998. *Mirror Images: Women, Surrealism, and Self-Representation.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53157-3.
* Durozoi, Gerard. 2004, *History of the Surrealist Movement.* Conv. Alison Anderson. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-17411-5.
* Flahutez, Fabrice. 2007. ''Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe. Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu (1941–1965).* Dijon: Les presses du réel.
* Fort, Ilene Susan, et Tere Arcq, eds. 2012. *In Wonderland: The Surrealist Adventures of Women Artists in Mexico and the United States.* Monaci: Prestel Verlag. 
* Galtsova, Elena. 2012. *Surrealism and Theatre. On the Theatrical Aesthetics of the French Surrealism.* Moscuae: Russian State University for the Humanities. ISBN 978-5-7281-1146-7.
* Ginsberg, Allen, et Lewis Hyde. 1984. *On the poetry of Allen Ginsberg.* University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06353-7, ISBN 978-0-472-06353-6.
* Ginsberg, Allen. 1995. *Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography.* Ed. Barry Miles. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-092611-2.
* Gioia, Dana. 2004. *California poetry: from the Gold Rush to the present.* Heyday Books. ISBN 1-890771-72-4, ISBN 978-1-890771-72-0.
* Kaufman, Bob. 1996. *Cranial Guitar.* Coffee House Press. ISBN 1-56689-038-1, ISBN 978-1-56689-038-0.
* Leddy, Annette, et Donna Conwell. 2012. *Farewell to Surrealism: The Dyn Circle in Mexico.* Angelopoli: Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-118-3.
* Lewis, Helena. 1990. *Dada Turns Red.* Edimburgi: University of Ednburgh Press.
* Low, Mary, et Juan Breá. 1979. *Red Spanish Notebook.* Franciscopoli: City Light Books. ISBN 0-87286-132-5.
* Melly, George. 1991. *Paris and the Surrealists.* Londinii: Thames & Hudson.
* Meltzer, Dave. 2001. *San Francisco beat: talking with the poets.* City Lights Books. ISBN 0-87286-379-4, ISBN 978-0-87286-379-8.
* Miles, Barry. 2001. *Ginsberg: A Biography.* Londinii: Virgin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7535-0486-3.
* Moebius, Stephan. 2006. *Die Zauberlehrlinge: Soziologiegeschichte des Collège de Sociologie.* Constantiae: UVK.
* Nadeau, Maurice. 1989. *History of Surrealism.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-40345-2.
* Olson, Kirby. 2002. *Gregory Corso: doubting Thomist.* SIU Press. ISBN 0-8093-2447-4, ISBN 978-0-8093-2447-7.
* Richard, Jean-Tristan. 1999. *Les structures inconscientes du signe pictural / Psychanalyse et surréalisme.'' Lutetiae: L'Harmattan. 
* Rosemont, Franklin, et Robin D. G. Kelley. 2009. *Black, Brown, & Beige: Surrealist Writings from Africa and the Diaspora.* University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71997-3, ISBN 978-0-292-71997-2.
* Sams, Jeremy. 1993, 1997. Poulenc, Francis. *The Penguin Opera Guide,* ed. Amanda Holden. Londinii: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-051385-1.

## Nexus externi 
### Scripta Andreae Breton 
* 1924. *Manifesto of Surrealism,* www.tcf.ua.edu
* 1934. *What is Surrealism?* pers-www.wlv.ac.uk (acroasis, Bruxellis)

### Prospectus 
* Surrealismus Nederlandicus
* Tempora Surrealismi, www.cnac-gp.fr (Centre Pompidou)
* Le Surréalisme, www.site-magister.com
* Historia generalis motus artis, cum biographiis et arte, www.surrealist.com
* *Surrealism Reviewed,* www.ltmrecordings.com (audiobook, archivum)
* *The New International Surrealist Manifesto,* issuu.com (PDF)
* Bibliographia de culturis poeticis, forum.psrabel.com

### Surrealismus et civilitas 
* Heath, Nick. 1919-1950: The politics of Surrealism, libcom.org
* Rosemont, Franklin. 1989. "Herbert Marcuse and Surrealism," *Arsenal* 4.
* Kennedy, Maev. 2007. "How the surrealists sold out," *The Guardian,* 27 Martii.

### Poesis surrealistica 
* *Aimé Césaire and Surrealism,* www.benjamin-peret.org (L'Association des amis de Benjamin Péret)
* Gullette, Alan. "The Theory and Techniques of Surrealist Poetry," alangullette.com
* Holcombe, C. J. "Surrealism in Poetry," www.textetc.com
* Jackaman, Rob. 1989. *The course of English surrealist poetry since the 1930s.* Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-932-6.
* "A sample of French Surrealist poetry," www.alb-neckar-schwarzwald.de

Categoria:Motus artis