Papyrus (materies)

thumb|upright=1.2|Papyrus (P. BM EA 10591 recto columnae IX, initium linearum 13–17).
**Papyrus** est materies naturalis chartae crassae similis, quae antiquitus superficies scribendi adhibebatur. Ex medulla *Cyperi papyri* facta est, unius ex cyperaceis terrarum umidarum. Vocabulum *papyrus* etiam instrumentum in schedis talis materiei scriptum attingit, quae schedae, alia ad aliam coniunctae, in voluminibus convolvuntur, ut primum libri genus sit.

[thumb|upright=0.6|left|[Pictura Romana iuvenis cum volumine papyri, ex Herculaneo, saeculo primo.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Epistula in papyro scripta, saeculo tertio a.C.n.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|Pars *[Liber Mortuorum|Libri Mortuorum* Aegyptiaci in papyro scripta.]]
[thumb|upright=0.7|Instrumentum venditionis [asinus|asini: papyrus 19.3 per 7.2 cm, MS Gr SM2223, Bibliotheca Houghtoniana Universitatis Harvardianae.]]
[thumb|upright=0.7|Varii modi ad [caulis|caulem cyperi papyri secandum et ad schedam papyri faciendam.]]
[thumb|upright=0.7|Cyperus papyrus, [plantae apud Hortos Kewenses Londinii.]]

Papyrus ut videtur primum in Aegypto adhibebatur (saltem usque ad primam domum), quia planta cyperus papyrus olim per deltam Nili abundabat. Etiam per regionem Mediterraneam et in regno Kush notus est. Praeter materiem scribendi, Aegypti antiqui papyrum in aliis artifactis construendis adhibebant, sicut naves harundinis, tegetes, funes, soleae, et corbes.

## Historia
Homines papyrum primum in Aegypto millennio quarto a.C.n. aut antea fabricabantur. Prima papyri indicia archaeologica prope Wadi al-Jarf annis 2012 et 2013 excavata sunt, in portu Aegypti antiquae secundum litus maris rubri. Haec instrumenta, diarium Mereranum appellata, ex annis 2560–2550 fere a.C.n. exstant, circa finem regni Cheopis.

*Bibliotheca Nag Hammadi
*Charta
*Codex
*Libellus palmaris
*Manuscriptum
*Membrana (ars scribendi)
*Museum Papyrorum (Vindobona)
*Ostracon
*Palimpsestus
*Papyrologia
*Gaius Plinius Secundus
*Villa Papyrorum
*Volumen

## Notae
## Bibliographia
*Bierbrier, Morris Leonard, ed. 1986. *Papyrus: Structure and Usage.* British Museum Occasional Papers 60, ser. ed. Anne Marriott. Londinii: British Museum Press.
*Blanck, Horst. 1992. *Das Buch in der Antike.* Monaci: Beck. ISBN 3-406-36686-4.
*Diringer, Davi. 1982. *The Book before Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental.* Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24243-9.
*Drenkhahn, Rosemarie. 1982. "Papyrus." In *Lexikon der Ägyptologie* 4, ed. Wolfgang Helck et Wolfhart Westendorf, 667–70. Wiesbaden: Spalte.
*Kosack, Wolfgang. 2013. *Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale: Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino: Einleitung: Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack.* Berolini: Verlag Brunner Christoph. ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.
*Leach, Bridget, et William John Tait. 2000. "Papyrus." In ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology,', ed. Paul T. Nicholson et Ian Shaw, 227–53. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Leach, Bridget, et William John Tait. 2001. "Papyrus." In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt,', ed. Donald Bruce Redford, 3: 22–24. Oxoniae, Novi Eboraci, et Cairi: Oxford University Press et The American University in Cairo Press.
*Lyons, Martyn. 2011. *Books: A Living History.* Angelopoli: Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4.
*Mahnke, Heinz-Eberhard, et al. 2019. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207419301670?via%3Dihub "Virtual unfolding of folded papyri."] *Journal of Cultural Heritage,l* 31 Iulii 2019.
*Martin, Victor. 1958. *Ménandre: Le Dyscolos*. Genavae: Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, Cologny.
*Mazal, Otto. 1999. *Griechisch-römische Antike.* Geschichte der Buchkultur; 1. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 3-201-01716-7.
*Parkinson, Richard Bruce, et Stephen G. J. Quirke, cum contributionibus Ute Wartenberg et Bridget Leach. 1995. *Papyrus.* Egyptian Bookshelf. Londinii: British Museum Press. ISBN 0292765630.
*Ray, John D.. 1999. "Papyrus." In *Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt,* ed. Kathryn A. Bard, 610–11. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18589-0.
*Thompson, Maunde. 1912. *Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography.* Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. Editio interretialis.

## Nexus externi
*Pagina domestica collectionum papyrorum Lovanii.
*Collectio Papyrorum Bibliothecae Universitatis Gandavi.
*"How Papyrus Paper Is Being Made."
*Lund University Library Papyrus Collection.
*"Papyrus Aegyptius Antiqua." Aldokkan.
*
*Yale Papyrus Collection Database at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
[thumb|upright=0.5|[Flos|Flores *Cyperi papyri.*]]

Categoria:Delta Nili
Categoria:Inventiones Aegypti

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