Testudines

**Testudines** sunt animalia classis reptilium, quibus est praecipua testa ossea vel cartilaginea, ex eorum costis evoluta et scutum agendum. Ordo species ambas exstantis exstinctasque comprehendit. Primae huius gregis species Iurassico medio ortae sunt, quae hodie in vita sunt, nonnullae in periculum addicuntur. 

Testudines sunt ectothermi—animalia vulgo poikilothermi appellata—quod significat eorum temperaturam internum cum temperatura ambiente variare. Corporea autem *Dermochelytis coriaceae* temperatura, propter eius altam proportionem metabolicam, aqua circumpatenti insigniter altior est. Testudines amniota classificantur, cum aliis reptilibus, avibus, et mammalibus. Aliorum amniotorum similes, aerem suspirant, et ova in aqua non pariunt, quamquam multae species in aut prope aquam habitant.

## Classificatio 
Ordo **Testudines** Linnaeus, 1758
* Subordo Pleurodira Cope, 1864
** Familia †Apertotemporalidae Kühne, 1937
** Familia †Platychelyidae Brän, 1965 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
** Familia †Dortokidae Lapparent de Broin & Murelaga, 1996
** Familia †Notoemyidae Fernandez & Fuente, 1994
** Superfamilia Cheloides Gray, 1825 sensu Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
*** Familia Chelidae Gray, 1825
** Superfamilia Pelomedusoides Cope, 1868 sensu Broin 1988
*** Familia †Araripemydidae Price, 1973
*** Familia Pelomedusidae
*** Familia †Euraxemydidae Gaffney, Tong & Buffetaut, 2006
*** Familia †Bothremydidae Baur, 1891
*** Familia Podocnemididae Cope, 1868
* Subordo Cryptodira Duméril & Bibron, 1835
** Infraordo Eucryptodira Gaffney, 1975a sensu Gaffney, 1984
*** Familia †Macrobaenidae Sukhanov 1964
*** Familia †Eurysternidae Dollo, 1886
*** Familia †Plesiochelyidae Baur, 1888
*** Familia †Xinjiangchelyidae Nesov, 1990
*** Cladus Centrocryptodira
**** Familia †Osteopygidae Zangerl, 1953
**** Familia †Sinemydidae Yeh, 1963
*** Cladus Polycryptodira Gaffney, 1988
**** Cladus Pantrionychia
***** Familia †Adocidae
***** Superfamilia Trionychoidea Gray, 1870
****** Familia Carettochelyidae Boulenger, 1887
****** Familia Trionychidae Fitzinger, 1826
***** Superfamilia Testudinoidea Baur, 1893
****** Familia †Haichemydidae Sukhanov & Narmandakh, 2006
****** Familia †Lindholmemydidae Chkhikvadze, 1970
****** Familia †Sinochelyidae Chkhikvadze, 1970
****** Familia Emydidae (Rafinesque, 1815)
****** Familia Geoemydidae Theobald, 1868
****** Familia Testudinidae Batsch, 1788
***** Cladus Americhelydia Crawford et al., 2014
****** Familia Chelydridae Gray, 1831
****** Superfamilis Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004
******* Familia Dermatemydidae Gray, 1870
******* Familia Kinosternidae Agassiz, 1857
****** Superfamilia Chelonioidea Bauer, 1893
******* Familia †Toxochelyidae Baur, 1895
******* Familia Cheloniidae Oppel, 1811
******* Familia†Thalassemydidae
******* Familia Dermochelyidae Fitzinger, 1843
******* Familia †Protostegidae Cope, 1872
*Cladus †Paracryptodira
** Familia †Pleurosternidae Cope, 1868
** Familia †Compsemyidae
** Familia †Baenidae Cope, 1882

## Notae 
[thumb|Testudo maritimus in [Henry Doorly Zoo Omahae Nebrascae.]]

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## Bibliographia addita 
*Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard.1979. *Encyclopedia of turtles.* Neptunus Novae Caesareae: T. F. H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-918-1. Editio interretialis.
*Wyneken, Jeanette, Matthew H. Godfrey, et Vincent Bels, eds. 2008. *Biology of turtles.* Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849333392, ISBN 0849333393. 

## Nexus externi 
* "Recipes from Another Time." 2001. *Smithsonian Magazine.*
* "Chelonian studbook."
* "Biogeography and Phylogeny of the Chelonia."
* De evolutione testae testudinis. *New Scientist.*

Categoria:Ordines animalium

Categoria:Taxa Batsch
Categoria:Taxa 1788