Galeones Manilenses

thumb|Galeo Hispanicus.
**Galeones Manilenses,** pleniore **Galeones Manilenses et Acapulcenses** (Hispanice *Galeones de Manila-Acapulco,* Tagalice *Kalakalang Galyon ng Maynila at Acapulco*) fuerunt galeones onerarii Hispanici qui semel aut bis per annum trans Oceanum Pacificum inter Manilam in Indiis Orientalibus Hispanicis (hodie Philippinae) et Acapulcum in Nova Hispania (hodie Mexicum) navigabant. Mutari solebat nomen cuiusque galeonis secundum nomen urbis ex qua navis navigabat. Hoc iter commercii anno 1568 coepit, via oceanica ab Andrea de Urdaneta anno 1565 inventa, et usque ad 1815 persistebat, cum Bellum Libertatis Mexicanum hoc commercium perpetuo interrumperet.

[thumb|400px|[Iter commercii Manila-Acapulco anno 1568 coepit, cum classes divitiarum Hispanicae itineribus hic albis coloratis utebantur, dum earum aemulae orientales, armatae Indicae Portugallicae, itineribus caeruleis annis 1498–1640 utebantur.]]

*Bernardus de la Torre
*Classis divitiarum Hispanica
*Historia litoris occidentalis Americae Septentrionalis
*Historia Philippinarum (1521–1898)
*Indiae Orientales Hispanicae
*Proelia La Naval de Manila

## Notae
## Bibliographia
* Bjork, Katharine. 1998. "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815." *Journal of World History* 9 (1): 25–50.
* Carrera Stampa, Manuel. 1959. "La Nao de la China." *Historia Mexicana* 9 (33): 97-118.
* Fish, Shirley. 2011. *The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific, with an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815.* Central Milton Keynes in Anglia: Authorhouse.
*Flynn, Dennis Owen, Arturo Giráldez, et James Sobredo, eds. 2001. *European Entry into the Pacific: Spain and the Acapulco-Manila Galleons.* Aldershot Angliae et Burlington Montis Viridis: Ashgate. ISBN 0754601528.
* Gasch-Tomás, José Luis. 2018. *The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleon: Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empires, 1565-1650.* Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.
* Giraldez, Arturo. 2015. *The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy.* Lanhamiae in Terra Maria: Rowman & Littlefield.
* Luengo, Josemaria Salutan. 1996. *A History of the Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade, 1565–1815.* Tubigon, Bohol: Mater Dei Publications.
* McCarthy, William J. 1993. "Between Policy and Prerogative: Malfeasance in the Inspection of the Manila Galleons at Acapulco, 1637." *Colonial Latin American Historical Review* 2 (2): 163–83.
* Oropeza Keresey, Deborah. 2007. "Los 'indios chinos' en la Nueva España: la inmigración de la Nao de China, 1565–1700." Dissertatio PhD, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos.
* Osborne, Thomas J. 2013. *Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California.* Novi Eboraci: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9454-9. Google Books.
* Rogers, R. 1999. ''Shipwreck of Hawai'i: A Maritime History of the Big Island.* Haleiwa Hawaiorum: Pilialoha Publishing. ISBN 0967346703.
* Schurz, William Lytle. 1917. The Manila Galleon and California. *Southwestern Historical Quarterly* 21 (2): 107–26.
* Schurz, William Lytle. 1939. *The Manila Galleon.* Novi Eboraci: E. P. Dutton & Co.

## Nexus externi
*"Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila," apud http://www.galeondemanila.org/
*"Findings from the wreck of *Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion'' in the Marianas, 1638," apud ns.gov.gu
*"Manila Galleons along the Californian coasts," apud https://web.archive.org/web/20051126001158/http://www.mms.gov/
*"Metropolitan Museum: Manila Galleon," apud http://www.metmuseum.org/

Categoria:Hispania apud Philippinas
Categoria:Historia Oceaniae
Categoria:Imperium Hispanicum
Categoria:Itinera mercatoria
Categoria:Historia Mexici
Categoria:Naves
Categoria:Oceanus Pacificus