New Deal

[thumb|upright=1.4|Laeva summa: lex [Auctoritas Vallis Tennesianae|Auctoritatem Vallis Tennesianae, pars Negotii Novi, anno 1933 signata. Dextra summa: Praeses Roosevelt rationes et vires Negotii Novi praestitit. Infima pars: folium murale ab uno ex artificibus a Ministerio Progressus Operum conductis, parte Negotii Novi.]]

**New Deal**, sive **negotium novum**, fuit corpus institutorum domesticorum in Civitatibus Foederatis inter 1933 et 1938 sanctorum, cum paucis rationibus quae postea promulgatae sunt. Omne institutum leges a Congressu iussas et exsecutiva mandata praesidentiales per primum spatium magistratus (1933–1937) Praesidis Franklini D. Roosevelt comprehendit. Haec instituta Magnae Depressioni Oeconomicae in Civitatibus Foederatis responderunt, resque praecipue tractaverunt quas scriptores rerum gestarum *tres R* Anglice appellant: *relief* ('levatio'), *recovery* ('recuperatio'), et *reform* ('correctio'): levatio hominibus quaestu carentibus et pauperiibus, recuperatio oeconomiae ad gradus solitos, et correctio rationis pecuniariae ut alia depressio prohiberetur.

Negotium Novum magnam commutationem civilem effecit, qua Factio Democratica factio maioris partis facta est (et factio quae Aedes Albas septem ex novem spatiis magistratus ab 1933 ad 1969 tenuit), in notionibus liberalibus, Meridie albo, Democratistis traditionalibus, apparatibus urbium magnarum, ac collegiis opificis nuper potentibus et minoribus partibus ethnicis condita. Republicani inter se dissenserunt, conservativis omni Negotio Novo ut hostis commercii et incrementi adversantibus, liberalesque partem accipentibus et ut id habilius esset facere pollicentibus. Commutatio in Coniunctionem Negotii Novi crevit, quae in plurima comitia praesidentialibus usque ad annos 1960, cum Coniunctio Conservativa Congressum ab 1937 ad 1963 plerumque dominata est. Ante 1936, nomen *liberalis* fautoribus Negotii Novi, et nomen *conservativa* eius adversariis usitate adhibitum est. Ab 1934 ad 1938, maior pars in Congressu facile impendentis (ex districtibus duarum partium, aequis, non ab apparatibus rectis, progressivis, et laevis electa) Roosevelt magnopere adiuvit. In comitiis autem anni 1938 habitis, medio spatio magistratus praesidentiali, Roosevelt et eius fautores liberales Congressum Coniunctioni Conservativae tradere debuerunt. Maxima opera Negotii Novi fuit Procuratio Progressus Operum.
[thumb|left|200px|Realis [proventus domesticus grossus Civitatum Foederatarum ab 1910 ad 1960, annibus Depressionis Magnae (1929–1939) coloratis.]]
[thumb|200px|Proportio cessationis in Civitatibus Foederatis, 1910–1960, annis Magnae Depressionis (1929–1939) [coloratis; data accurata anno 1939 incipiunt.]]

Multi scriptores rerum gestarum Negotium Novum Primum (1933–1934) et Negotium Novum Alterum (1935–1938) discernunt, quorum alterum liberalius et controversius fuit. Negotium Novum Primum urgentia argentariae negotiationis discrimina per Actum Argentariae Negotationis Subitarium et Actum Argentariae Negotationis 1933 tractavit. Federal Emergency Relief Administration $500 milliones effectionibus levationis per civitates et urbes suppeditavit, cum Civil Works Administration pecuniam locis ad proposita operum factorum exercenda annis 1933 et 1934 dedit. 

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
[thumb|Turba ante Argentariam Unionis Novi Eboraci per *[bank run,* Magna Depressione ineunte.]]
[thumb|[Moles Bonnevillana, propositum Procurationis Progressus Operum.]]
[thumb|[Aquila Caerulea NRA.]]
[thumb|Folium murale propositum [Aeroportus LaGuardia|Aeroportum LaGuardiam promovet (1937).]]
[thumb|180px|Scaena in [Urbs Oclahomae (Oclahoma)|Urbe Oclahomae Oclahomae, in sordido operariorum agriculturalium oppido, mense Iulio 1939.]]
[thumb|Operarii [mulier|muliebres in officina in Litore Longo Californiae (1942).]]
[thumb|Negotium Novum [Magna Societas|Magnam Societatem Praesidis Lyndon B. Johnson annis 1960 inspiravit. Johnson (dextra) NYA Texanam caput fuit et legatus Congressionalis anno 1938 creatus est.]]

[thumb|[Francisca Perkins observat cum Praeses Roosevelt Actum Coniunctionum Laboris Nationalis subscribit.]]

### Prospectus 
* Badger, Anthony J. 2002. *The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933–1940.*
* Chafe, William H. ed. 2003. *The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and its Legacies.*
* Collins, Sheila, et Gertrude Goldberg. 2014. *When Government Helped: Learning from the Successes and Failures of the New Deal.* Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999069-6.
* Conkin, Paul K. 1967. *The New Deal.*
* Dubofsky, Melvyn, ed. 1992. *The New Deal: Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives.*
* Eden, Robert, ed. 1989. *New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal.*
* Hiltzik, Michael. 2011. *The New Deal: A Modern History.*
* Kennedy, David M. 2009. What the New Deal Did. *Political Science Quarterly* 124:251–268. online
* Kennedy, David M. 1999. *Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945.*
* Kirkendall, Richard S. 1968. The New Deal As Watershed: The Recent Literature. *The Journal of American History* 54(4):839–852. Textus in JSTOR.
* Leuchtenburg, William E. 1963.*Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940.*
* McElvaine Robert S. 1993. *The Great Depression.* Ed. 2a.
* Polenberg, Richard. *The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945: A Brief History with Documents.* ISBN 0-312-13310-3.
* Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 1957–1960. *The Age of Roosevelt.* 3 vol.
* Sitkoff, Harvard, ed. 1984. *Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated.*
* Smith, Jason Scott. 2014. *A Concise History of the New Deal.*

### Biographiae 
* Beasley, Maurine H., Holly C. Shulman, et Henry R. Beasley. 2001. *The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia.*
* Brands, H. W. 2008. *Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.*
* Charles, Searle F. 1963. *Minister of Relief: Harry Hopkins and the Depression.*
* Cohen, Adam. 2009. ''Nothing to Fear: FDR's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America.*
* Graham, Otis L., et Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. 1985. *Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times.*
* Ingalls, Robert P. 1975. *Herbert H. Lehman and New York's Little New Deal.*
* Pederson, William D., ed. 2011. *A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt.* Blackwell Companions to American History.

### Oeconomia, fundi, labor, levatio 
* Bernstein, Irving. 1970. *Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941.*
* Best, Gary Dean. 1990. *Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt versus Recovery, 1933–1938.* ISBN 0-275-93524-8.
* Blumberg Barbara. 1977. *The New Deal and the Unemployed: The View from New York City.''
* Bremer William W. 1975. Along the American Way: The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed. *Journal of American History* 62:636–652. Textus in JSTOR.
* Brock William R. 1988. *Welfare, Democracy and the New Deal.*
* Burns, Helen M. 1974. *The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms, 1933–1935.*
* Folsom, Burton. 2008. ''New Deal or Raw Deal? How FDR's Economic Legacy has Damaged America.* ISBN 1-4165-9222-9.
* Fox, Cybelle. 2012. *Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal.*
* Gordon, Colin. 1994. *New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics, 1920–1935.*
* Grant, Michael Johnston. 2002. *Down and Out on the Family Farm: Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains, 1929–1945.*
* Hawley, Ellis W. 1966. *The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly.*
* Howard, Donald S. 1943. *The WPA and Federal Relief Policy.*
* Huibregtse, Jon R. 2010. *American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919–1935.* University Press of Florida.
* Jensen, Richard J. 1989. The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression. *Journal of Interdisciplinary History* 19:553–583. Textus in JSTOR.
* Leff, Mark H. 1984. *The Limits of Symbolic Reform: The New Deal and Taxation.*
* Lindley, Betty Grimes, et Ernest K. Lindley. 1938. *A New Deal for Youth: The Story of the National Youth Administration.''
* Malamud, Deborah C. 2003. 'Who They Are—or Were': Middle-Class Welfare in the Early New Deal. *University of Pennsylvania Law Review* 151(6)P:2019+.
* Meriam; Lewis. 1946. *Relief and Social Security.* Vasingtoniae: The Brookings Institution.
* Mitchell, Broadus. 1947. *Depression Decade: From New Era through New Deal, 1929–1941.*
* Parker, Randall E. 2002. *Reflections on the Great Depression.*
* Powell, Jim. 2003. ''FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression.* ISBN 0-7615-0165-7.
* Rosenof, Theodore. 1997. *Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933–1993.*
* Rosen, Elliot A. 2005. *Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery.* ISBN 0-8139-2368-9.
* Rothbard, Murray. 1963. *America's Great Depression.*
* Saloutos, Theodore. 1982. *The American Farmer and the New Deal.*
* Schwartz, Bonnie Fox. 2014. *The Civil works administration, 1933–1934: the business of emergency employment in the New Deal.* Princeton University Press.
* Singleton, Jeff. 2000. *The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression.*
* Skocpol, Theda, et Kenneth Finegold. 1977. Explaining New Deal Labor Policy. *American Political Science Review* (1977) 84:1297–1304. Textus in JSTOR.
* Skocpol, Theda, et Kenneth Finegold. 1982. State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal. *Political Science Quarterly* 97:255–78. Textus in JSTOR.
* Zelizer; Julian E. 2000. The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938. *Presidential Studies Quarterly* 30(2):331+.

### Historia socialis et culturalis 
* Best, Gary Dean. 1993. *The Nickel and Dime Decade: American Popular Culture during the 1930s.*
* Cooney, Terry A. 1995. *Balancing Acts: American Thought and Culture in the 1930s.* Twayne.
* Dickstein, Morris. 2009. *Dancing in the Dark: A Cultural History of the Great Depression.*
* Eldridge, David Nicholas. 2008. *American Culture in the 1930s.* Edinburgh University Press. Textus interretialis.
* Kelly, Andrew. 2015. *Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Culture, and the Federal Art Project's Index of American Design.* University Press of Kentucky.
* McKinzie, Richard. 1984. *The New Deal for Artists.*
* Mathews, Jane De Hart. 1975. Arts and the People: The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy. *Journal of American History* 62:316–339. Textus in JSTOR.
* Pells, Richard. 1973. *Radical Visions and American Dreams: Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years.*
* Roddick, Nick. 1983. *A New Deal in Entertainment: Warner Brothers in the 1930s.* Londinii: BFI.
* Shlaes, Amity. 2007. *The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression.*
* Shindler, Colin. 1996. *Hollywood in Crisis: Cinema and American Society, 1929–1939.* Routledge.
* Stott, William. 1973. *Documentary Expression and Thirties America.* University of Chicago Press.
* Wecter, Dixon. 1948. *The Age of the Great Depression, 1929–1941.*

### Civilitas 
* Alswang, John. 1978. *The New Deal and American Politics.*
* Alter, Jonathan. 2006. *The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope.*
* Badger, Anthony J. 2007. *New Deal / New South: An Anthony J. Badger Reader.*
* Badger, Anthony J. 2008. *FDR: The First Hundred Days.*
* Bernstein, Barton J. 1968. The New Deal: The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform. In *Towards a New Past: Dissenting Essays in American History,* ed. Barton J. Bernstein, 263–288.
* Best, Gary Dean. 1993. *The Critical Press and the New Deal: The Press Versus Presidential Power, 1933–1938.* ISBN 0-275-94350-X.
* Best, Gary Dean. 2002. *Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years.* ISBN 0-275-94656-8.
* Brinkley, Alan. 1995. *The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War.*
* Cobb, James and Michael Namaroto, eds. 1984. *The New Deal and the South.*
* Conklin, Paul K. 1997. The Myth of New Deal Radicalism. In *Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II,* ed. Patrick Gerster et Nicholas Cords. Brandywine Press. ISBN 1-881089-97-5.
* Domhoff, G. William, et Michael J. Webber. 2011. *Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats, and the Liberal-Labor Coalition.* Stanford University Press
* Ekirch Jr., Arthur A. 1971. *Ideologies and Utopias: The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought.*
* Fraser, Steve, et Gary Gerstle, eds. 1989. *The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order.* Princetoniae Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04761-8. ISBN 0-691-00607-5.
* Garraty, John A. 1973. The New Deal, National Socialism, and the Great Depression. *American Historical Review* 78(4):907–944. JSTOR.
* Higgs, Robert. 1987. *Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government.*
* Ladd, Everett Carll, et Charles D. Hadley. 1975. *Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s.*
* Lowitt, Richard. 1984. *The New Deal and the West.*
* Manza, Jeff. 2000. Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal. *Annual Review of Sociology* 26:297–322.
* Milkis, Sidney M., et Jerome M. Mileur, eds. 2002. *The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism.*
* Patterson, James T. 1969. *The New Deal and the States: Federalism in Transition.* Princeton University Press.
* Rosen, Eliot A. 2014. *The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt: Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States.*
* Sitkoff, Harvard. 2008. *A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade.*
* Smith, Jason Scott. 2005. *Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956.*
* Sternsher, Bernard ed. 1970. *Hitting Home: The Great Depression in Town and Country.*
* Szalay, Michael. 2000. *New Deal Modernism: American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State.*
* Tindall George B. 1967. *The Emergence of the New South, 1915–1945.*
* Trout Charles H. 1977. *Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal.*
* Venn, Fiona. 1998. *The New Deal.* Edimburgi: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-57958-145-5.
* Ware, Susan. 1981. *Beyond Suffrage: Women and the New Deal.*
* Williams, Gloria-Yvonne. 2014. African-Americans and the Politics of Race During the New Deal. In *The New Deal and the Great Depression,* 131-144. Kent Ohii:Kent State University Press.
* Williams, Mason B. 2013. *City of Ambition: FDR, La Guardia, and the Making of Modern New York.*

### Fontes primarii 
* Bureau of the Census. 1951. *Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951.* PDF.
* Bureau of the Census. 1976. *Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.* Pars 1. Pars 2.
* Cantril, Hadley, et Mildred Strunk, eds. 1951. *Public Opinion, 1935–1946.* 
* Carter, Susan B., et al., eds. 2006. *The Historical Statistics of the United States.* 6 vol. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Gallup, George Horace, ed. 1972. *The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971.* 3 vol. 
* Lowitt, Richard, et Beardsley Maurice, eds. 1981. *One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression.*
* Moley, Raymond. 1939. *After Seven Years.*
* Nixon, Edgar B., ed. 1969. *Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs.'' 3 vol.
* Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1938, 1945. 'The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,* ed. Samuel Irving Rosenman, ed. 13 vol.
* Zinn, Howard, ed. 1966. *New Deal Thought.* (Corpus fontium primariorum.)

## Nexus externi 
* *The Living New Deal Project. livingnewdeal.berkeley.edu. Repositorium datorum.
* *1934: A New Deal for Artists.* americanart.si.edu. Exhibitio Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Categoria:Historia Civitatum Foederatarum

Categoria:Franklinus Delano Roosevelt