Picidae

**Picidae** sunt familia avium ordinis Piciformium, quae subfamilias Jynginas, Picinas, Picumninasque comprehendit. Species huius familiae in toto orbe terrarum inveniuntur, praeter Australiam, Novam Guineam, Novam Zelandiam, Madagascariam, extremasque regiones polares. Plurimae in silvis vel habitationibus similibus habitant, quamquam nonnullae regiones malunt quae arboribus carent (sicut clivis saxosis et desertis), ac *Melanerpes uropygialis* paene solum cactis utitur.
[thumb|upright=0.6|left|*[Dinopium benghalense se cauda fulcit.]]

Species huius familiae moribus propriis innotuerunt. Plerumque insecta in truncis ramisque arborum praedantur, et saepe ligno rostro feriendo inter se communicant. Nonnullae species fructus, ova avium, parva animalia, sucus arborum, quisquilias humanas, et carnem mortuam petunt.

Picidae sunt una ex novem familiia exstanibus in ordine Piciformium. Aliae sunt Ramphastides (tris familiae comprehendentes), Ramphastidae, et Indicatoridae, quae (cum Picidis) sunt cladus Pici, et Galbulidae et Bucconidae in clado Galbuli. *DNA sequencing* cognationes sororias horum gregum binorum affirmavit. Familiae Picidarum sunt circiter 240 species, quae in 35 genera digeruntur. Detrimentum habitationis exstinctionem paene viginti specibus minatur, una, *Colapte oceanico,* iam exstincta, duobus plus fortasse etiam exstinctis.

## Index generum 
[thumb|upright=0.8|Diagramma [os (ossis)|os hyoidum *Dendrocopi majoris* monstrat.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|Usus [cactus|cactorum causa. nonnullae picidae in desertia sine arboribus habitare possunt, sicut *Dryobates scalaris, qui nidos intra cactos facit.]]
thumb|upright=0.8|Foramina a picidis terebrata.
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Dryocopus martius* mas pullos curat.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Picumnus temminckii.*]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus* femina in Tabaco.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Xiphidiopicus percussus* femina in Cuba.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Colaptes campestris* femina in Brasilia.]]

**Family: Picidae**
* **Subfamilia: Jynginae**
** *Jynx* (2 species)
* **Subfamilia: Picumninae**
** *Picumnus* – (27 species)
** *Sasia* – (3 species)
* **Subfamilia: Picinae**
** **Tribus Nesoctitini**
*** *Nesoctites* – species monotypica: *Nesoctites micromegas*
** **Tribus Hemicircini**
*** *Hemicircus* – 2 species
** **Tribus Picini**
*** *Micropternus* – species monotypica: *Micropternus brachyurus*
*** *Meiglyptes* – 3 species
*** *Gecinulus* – 2 species
*** *Dinopium* – 6 species
*** *Picus* – 13 species
*** *Chrysophlegma* – 3 species
*** *Pardipicus* – 2 species
*** *Geocolaptes* – species monotypica: *Geocolaptes olivaceus*
*** *Campethera* – 10 species
*** *Mulleripicus* – 3 species
*** *Dryocopus* – 6 species
*** *Celeus* – 13 species
*** *Piculus* – 7 species
*** *Colaptes* – 14 species
** **Tribus Campephilini**
*** *Campephilus* – 11 species
*** *Blythipicus* – 2 species
*** *Reinwardtipicus* – species monotypica: *Reinwardtipicus validus*
*** *Chrysocolaptes* – 8 species
** **Tribus Melanerpini**
*** *Sphyrapicus* – 4 species
*** *Melanerpes* – 24 species
*** *Picoides* – 3 species
*** *Yungipicus* – 7 species
*** *Leiopicus* – species monotypica: *Leiopicus mahrattensis*
*** *Dendrocoptes* – 3 species
*** *Chloropicus* – 3 species
*** *Dendropicos* – 12 species
*** *Dendrocopos* – 12 species
*** *Dryobates* – 5 species
*** *Leuconotopicus* – 6 species
*** *Veniliornis* – 14 species
*** *Xiphidiopicus* – species monotypica: *Xiphidiopicus percussus*

* **Fossiliae incertae sedis**
** Genus: †*Palaeopicus* (Oligocaenum exiens Franciae)
** †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Miocaenum Medium Novi Mexici)
** †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Miocaenum exiens Paeninsulae Gargano Peninsula Italiae)
** Genus: †*Palaeonerpes* (Pliocaenum iniens Ogallalae in Comitatu Hitchcock) – fortasse dendropicinum
** Genus: †*Pliopicus* (Pliocaenum iniens Kansiae) – fortasse dendropicinum
** Confer *Colaptes* DMNH 1262 (Pliocaenum iniens Ainsworth in Civitatibus Foederatis) – malarpicinum?

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
* Dufort, M. J. 2016. "An augmented supermatrix phylogeny of the avian family Picidae reveals uncertainty deep in the family tree." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 94 (pars A): 313–26. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.025. PMID 26416706.
* Fuchs, Jérôme, et Jean-Marc Pons. 2015. "A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 88: 28–37 doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016. PMID 25818851.
* Fuchs, Jérôme, Jean-Marc Pons, et Rauri C. K. Bowie. 2017. "Biogeography and diversification dynamics of the African woodpeckers." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 108: 88–100. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.01.007. PMID 28089840.
* Gorman, Gerard. 2004. *Woodpeckers of Europe: A Study of the European Picidae.* Britanniarum Regnum: Bruce Coleman. ISBN 978-1-872842-05-9.
* Gorman, Gerard. 2011. *The Black Woodpecker: A monograph on *Dryocopus martius.* Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-79-8.
* Gorman, Gerard. 2014. *Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide.* Richmond Hill Ontarionis et Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-77085-309-6. ISBN 177085309X.
* Koenig, W. D., et J. Haydock. 1999. "Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers." *Journal of Biogeography* 26 (1): 159–65. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00256.x.
* Lemaitre, J., et M. A. Villard. 2005. "Foraging patterns of pileated woodpeckers in a managed Acadian forest: a resource selection function." *Canadian Journal of Forest Research* 35 (10): 2387–93. doi:10.1139/x05-148.
* Michalek, K. G., et H. Winkler. 2001. "Parental care and parentage in monogamous great spotted woodpeckers (*Picoides major*) and middle spotted woodpeckers (*Picoides medius*)." *Behaviour* 138 (10): 1259–85. doi:10.1163/15685390152822210.
* Shakya, S. B., J. Fuchs, J.-M. Pons, et F. H. Sheldon. 2017. "Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 116: 182–91. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005. PMID 28890006.
* Stark, R. D., D. J. Dodenhoff, et E. V. Johnson. 1998. "A quantitative analysis of woodpecker drumming." *Condor* 100 (2): 350–56. doi:10.2307/1370276. JSTOR 1370276. PDF.
* Webb, Daniel Matthew, et William S. Moore. 2005. "A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt *b*, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order Piciformes)." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 36 (2): 233–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015. pMID 15869887.
* Wiebe, K. L., et T. L. Swift. 2001. "Clutch size relative to tree cavity size in northern flickers." *Journal of Avian Biology* 32 (2): 167–73. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2001.320210.x.
* Yom-Tov, Y., et A. Ar. 1993. "Incubation and fledging durations of woodpeckers." *Condor'' 95 (2): 282–87. doi:10.2307/1369350. JSTOR 1369350. PDF.
 
## Nexus externi 
* Pelliculae, phographemata, soni. Internet Bird Collection.
* Chester, Tim. 2015. "Here's a photo of a weasel riding a woodpecker." *Mashable,* 3 Martii 2015. Phographema.
* Picida vim nido columbae infert. YouTube.
* Picida vim avibus iuvenibus infert. YouTube.


Categoria:Familiae animalium
Categoria:Taxa Leach
Categoria:Taxa 1820