Phthisis

[thumb|[Imago radiorum X pulmonum hominis phthisi continua laborantis.]]
**Phthisis** (a verbo Graeco φθίσις) aut **tuberculosis** est frequens et saepe mortifer morbus infectiosus, mycobacteriis variarum specierum, in hominibus plerumque *Mycobacterio tuberculosis* effectus.
[thumb|left|upright=0.5|[Robertus Koch, inventor bacilli tuberculosis.]]

Symptomata phthisis imprimis contagione pulmonum cum tussi, sputo sanguineo nota sunt, sed phthisis non solum pulmones, sed etiam alias corporis partes appetit, cum indiciis morbi febri, sudore nocturno, deminutione ponderis, fatigatione. Communicatur per aerem, cum homines activa tuberculosi infecti tussiunt, sternuunt, vel alioquin salivam per aerem transmittunt. Plurimae infectiones asymptomaticae et latentes sunt, sed una fere e decem infectionibus latentibus postremo in morbum activum commutatur, qui, nisi curatur, plus centesimas hominum infectorum interficit.

Iam anno 460 a.C.n., Hippocrates de phthise scripsit. Hodie novimus causam huius morbi esse bacterium a Roberto Koch, medico Germano, die 24 Martii anno 1882 inventum.

## Mycobacterium tuberculosis 
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Microgramma electronis inspiciens speciei *Mycobacterii tuberculosis.*]]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ut nomen suum indicat, est bacterium cum structuris fungorum (de Graeco *μύκης*, fungus) similibus, phthisem perficiens. Cum mycobacteria prorsus omnia immobilia tam ab oxygenio pendant, quam ab substantiis organicis, locis destinatis saepius inveniuntur, ut in pulmonibus. Mycobacteria tuberculosis tarde crescunt, a duodecim ad quindecim fere horae ad proximam divisionem necesse sunt, quo fit ut mycobacteria *dormientia* videri possint. Quin etiam in phagocytis bacteria haec perlonge sine detrimentis maneant.

### In aliis animalibus 
Mycobacteria multa animalia varia inficiunt, inter quae aves, rodentia, et reptilia. Subspecies autem *Mycobacterii tuberculosis* raro in feris videtur. Conatus ad exstirpandam tuberculosim bovinam, *Mycobacterio bovis* effectam, ex bubus et gregibus cervorum in Nova Zelandia prosper fuit. Similes autem conatus in Magna Britannia facti minus prosperi fuerunt.

## Tuberculosis 
### Epidemiologia 
[thumb|Anno [2007, praevalentia phthisis per 100&thinsp;000 hominum fuit altissima in Africa sub-Saharana, et fuit aliquantulum alta in Asia..]]
[thumb|Annuus casuum nuper nuntiatorum numerus. Data ex [Consociatio Mundialis Sanitatis|Consociatione Mundiali Sanitatis (tabula Anglice signata).]]
Terrarum orbe contagio fere immense est: hominum per mycobacterium tuberculosis infecta est circiter tertia pars, ex eis centesimo quindecim in cursibus vitarum suarum in tuberculosem activam incidunt. Praevalentia altissmima in Africa sub-Saharana est (vid. imaginem). Incrementum formarum cum resistentiis multa contra medicamenta observatur. Observatur quoque incrementum incidentiae incrementum numerorum casuum nuntiatorum.

### Symptomata et signa 
thumb|Symptomata phtisis non solum systematis bronchopulmonalis, sed vero aliorum organorum sunt.
Symptomata phthisis imprimis contagione pulmonum cum tussi, sputo sanguineo nota sunt, sed phthisis non solum pulmones, sed etiam alias corporis partes appetit, cum indiciis morbi febri, sudore nocturno, deminutione ponderis, fatigatione.

### Tractatio 
Quaeque phthisis activa tractanda est. Tractatio phthisis *dicta generalia* ut hygiene atque *medicamenta* ut Isoniazidum, Rifampizinum, Pyrazinamidum, Ethambutolum, Streptomycinum includit.

## In arte 
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (rubrum coloratum) in sputo.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Experimentum Mantoux|Experimentum cutis tuberculini Mantoux.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Mumia Aegyptia in Museo Britannico conservata. Tabes phthisica in spinis mumiarum Aegyptiarum inventa est.]]
Inter scriptores, artifices, musicosque phthisi mortuos, paene omnes iuvenes, sunt Ioannes Boine (1887–1917), Aemilia Brontë (1818–1848), Fridericus Chopin (1810–1849), Antonius Pauli filius Čechov (1860–1904), Georgius Orwell (1903–1950), Sergius Corazzini (1886–1907), Iosephus Giusti (1809–1850), Guido Gozzano (1883–1916), Ioannes Baptista Grazioli (1746–1820), Ioannes Petrus Jacobsen (1847–1885), Ioannes Keats (1795–1821), et Ioannes Baptista Pergolesi (1710–1736). Inter personas in poesi, mythistoria, et fabulis operaticis phthisi moribundas sunt *Silvia* Iacobi Leopardi, *La Dame aux camélias* Alexandri Dumas, Violetta in *Traviata* Iosephi Verdi, Mimi in *La Bohème* Iacobi Puccini, et Ilju in *Fratres Karamazov* Theodori Dostoevskij.

## Notae 
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