Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegel

[thumb|Hegel, a [Lazarus Sichling|Lazaro Sichling post 1828 pictus.]]
**Georgius Gulielmus Fridericus Hegel** seu **Hegelus** seu **Hegelius**, Germanice **Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** Stutgardiae natus die 27 Augusti 1770. Parentes Hegelii maximi natu filii erant Georgius Ludovicus Hegel et Maria Magdalena nata nomine Fromme. Mater mortua est anno 1783, pater mortuus 1799. Nomen sororis erat Christiana (Christiane).

Parentes filium quinque annos natum ad "scholam Latinam" (Lateinschule) scilicet scholam primariam miserunt. Cum Hegelius septem annos natus erat ad Gymnasium Illustre ibat. Hegelius diaria scripsit et ea a die 29 Iulii 1785 Latine "exercendi styli et roboris acquirendi causa", ut scripsit.    

## De nomine Latino 
Hegelius *Dissertationem Philosophicam de Orbitis Planetarum* Latine scripsit, cuius autem nomen ibi Theodisce reditum esse videtur: "GE. FRID. WILH. HEGEL"

## Doctrina 
Hegelius maximus a multis habetur philosophorum Germanorum, qui dicitur totam historiam, logicam, aestheticam totamque philosophiam novisse, et successor Immanuelis Kantii erat, qui, sicut Kantius, maiorem partem vitae magister philosophiae in academia degebat.

Hegelius "idealismum" a Kantio statutum et philosophiam naturalem, philosophiam historiae et philosophiam religiosam, quam Christiani habent, cum philosophia phaenomenologiae spiritus iunxit. Ergo ita monstrat systema suum triangularis formae esse. Kantianum statutum "rem ipsam" cognosci non posse a seipso dissentire ab Hegelio monstratum est. 

Kantius docuit nos res cognosci non posse, nisi earum apparitiones. Res autem ipsa illum celebre *Ding an sich* ('res in se') ut Theodisce appellatur numquam cognosci posse. E contrario, Hegelius exposuit, si res est, etiam cognosci potest, sin autem non est cognosci non potest. Phaenomena rerum et ipsae res non dividenda sunt; phaenomena partes rerum sunt. Eo quod autem phaenomena semper mutantur, etiam res non stabiles et constantes sunt, sed res sunt processus illas ipsas cognoscendi.

De opinione autem Aristotelis, qui dicit mundum in multas partes divisum esse, Hegelius dubitabat, atque omnia omnibus coniuncta esse arbitrabatur. Mundus totalitas est. Hoc nunc a nobis cognito noscimus clarissime id iam a Hegelio dictum, etiam duabus rebus inter se repugnantes ad unam rem ampliorem iungi posse.

Haec forma, quae autem non ab ipso Hegelio orta est, celebris est:
* Thesis
* Antithesis
* Synthesis

Hegelius ipse dixit:
* Adfirmatio
* Negatio
* Negatio negationis

Magni momenti est, quod negatio negationis secundum Hegelium non idem est quam prima affirmatio. Hegelius sua logica dialectica ita contradicit logicae classicae vel analyticae, quae dicit non-(non-A) iterum A esse. Logica dialectica Hegeliana ergo ad mutationes, ad processus, ad saltus subitaneos, ut ita dicam, naturae societatisque spectat. 

Propter hoc, Hegelius valde movit Carolum Marx, qui putabat placita Hegeliana, mutatis mutandis, ad res novas studendas spectare. In Hegelium ipsum (et in Kantium) res novae, quae in Francia anno 1789 agebantur, magnam vim habebant.

Filius eius fuit Carolus Hegel, historicus.

## Notae 
## Opera selecta 
### Opera Hegelio vivo vulgata 
* *Vita Iesus*
* 1801. *Dissertatio Philosophica de Orbitis Planetarum*, Ienae 1801; de novo editum: *Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel*, Disseratio Philosophica de Orbitis planetarum — *Philosophische Erörterung über die Planetenbahenen. Übersetzt, eingeleitet und kommentiert von Wolfgang Neuser* — In Germanicum convertit, introduxit et commentarium addidit Wolfgangus Neuser. Acta humaniora VCH. 1986.
* 1801. *Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie.*
: 1977. ''The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy*, conv. H. S. Harris and Walter Cerf.
* 1802. *The German Constitution.*
* 1807. *Phänomenologie des Geistes.*
: 1910. *Phenomenology of Mind,* conv. J. B. Baillie. Ed. 2a., 1931.
: 1977. *Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit*, conv. A. V. Miller.
: 2010. Phenomenology of Spirit, conversus a Terry Pinkard
* 1812, 1813, 1816. *Wissenschaft der Logik.*
: 1929. *Science of Logic*, conv. W. H. Johnston et L. G. Struthers. 2 vols.
: 1969. *Science of Logic*, conv. A. V. Miller.
: 2010. *Science of Logic*, conv. George di Giovanni.
* 1817, 1827, 1830. *Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften.
: 1874, 1892. (Pars I:) *The Logic of Hegel*, conv. William Wallace; conv. T. F. Geraets, W. A. Suchting, et H. S. Harris, 1991; conv. Klaus Brinkmann and Daniel O. Dahlstrom 2010.
: 1970. (Pt. II:) ''Hegel's Philosophy of Nature.* conv. A. V. Miller.
: 1894. (Pars III:) *Hegel's Philosophy of Mind*, conv. William Wallace.
: 1971. (Pars III:) *Hegel's Philosophy of Mind* conv. A. V. Miller.
* 1821. *Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts.*
: 1942. *Elements of the Philosophy of Right*, conv. T. M. Knox.
: 1991. *Elements of the Philosophy of Right*, conv. H. B. Nisbet, ed. Allen W. Wood.

### Opera post mortem vulgata 
* *Lectures on Aesthetics*
* 1837. *Lectures on the Philosophy of History* (etiam *Lectures on the Philosophy of World History*).
* *Lectures on Philosophy of Religion*
* *Lectures on the History of Philosophy*

## Litterae secundariae 
### Generalia 
* Beiser, Frederick C.. 2005. *Hegel*. Routledge.
* Francke, Kuno, William Guild Howard, Friedrich Schiller. 1913–1914 
* Findlay, J. N. 1958. *Hegel: A Re-examination*. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-519879-4.
* Gouin, Jean-Luc. 2000. *Hegel ou de la Raison intégrale*, suivi de : « Aimer Penser Mourir : Hegel, Nietzsche, Freud en miroirs », Montréal (Québec), Éditions Bellarmin. ISBN 2-89007-883-3.
* Houlgate, Stephen. 2005. *An Introduction to Hegel. Freedom, Truth and History*. Oxoniae: Blackwell.
* Kainz, Howard P. 1996. *G. W. F. Hegel*. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1231-0.
* Kaufmann, Walter. 1965. *Hegel: A Reinterpretation*. Novi Eboraci: Doubleday (iterum impressus Notre Dame Indianae: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978).
* Plant, Raymond. 1983. *Hegel: An Introduction.* Oxoniae: Blackwell.
* Singer, Peter. 2001. *Hegel: A Very Short Introduction*. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press ( OUP *Past Masters* series, 1983).
* Stirling, James Hutchison. *"The Secret of Hegel": Being the Hegelian System in Origin Principle, Form and Matter.*
* Scruton, Roger.1990. "Understanding Hegel." In *The Philosopher on Dover Beach.* Mancuniae: Carcanet Press. ISBN 0-85635-857-6.
* Taylor, Charles. 1975. *Hegel*. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29199-2.

### Commentarii 
* Adorno, Theodor W. 1994. *Hegel: Three Studies*. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. Conversus Shierry M. Nicholsen, praefatione Nicholsen et Jeremy J. Shapiro, ISBN 0-262-51080-4.
* Beiser, Frederick C., ed. 1993. *The Cambridge Companion to Hegel*. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38711-6.
* Stewart, Jon, ed. 1996. *The Hegel Myths and Legends*. Northwestern University Press.

### Biographia 
* Althaus, Horst. 1992. *Hegel und die heroischen Jahre der Philosophie*. Monaci: Carl Hanser Verlag. Anglice conv.: *Hegel: An Intellectual Biography.'' Cantabrigiae: Polity Press, 2000.
* Hondt, Jacques d'. 1998. *Hegel: Biographie*. Calmann-Lévy /// Recension (2009) de cette biographie en tandem avec celle de Horst Althaus (1999), parue dans la revue *Nuit Blanche* : Le Commissaire et le Détective.
* Pinkard, Terry P. 2000. *Hegel: A Biography*. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49679-9.
* Rosenkranz, Karl. 1844. *Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels Leben*.
* Thrams, Petrus. 2006. De Georgio Willelmo Friderico Hegel. , tomus 42, fasciculum 165.

### Res historica 
* Löwith, Karl. 1964. *From Hegel to Nietzsche: The Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Thought.* Conv. David E. Green. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
* Rockmore, Tom. 1993. ''Before and After Hegel: A Historical Introduction to Hegel's Thought*. Indianapoli: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-648-3.

### Evolutio cogitationis Hegelianae 
* Dilthey, Wilhelm. 1906. *Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels.* Reimpr. in *Gesammelte Schriften,* 1959, vol. 4.
* Lukács, Georg. 1948. *Der junge Hegel*. Zürich and Vienna (2nd ed. Berlin, 1954). Conv. Rodney Livingstone ut *The Young Hegel*, Londinii: Merlin Press, 1975. ISBN 0-262-12070-4.
* Haering, Theodor L. 1929, 1938. *Hegel: sein Wollen und sein Werk*, 2 vols. Lipsiae (reimpr. Aalen: Scientia Verlag, 1963).
* Harris, H. S. 1972. *Hegel's Development: Towards the Sunlight 1770-1801*. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press.
* Harris, H. S. 1983. *Hegel's Development: Night Thoughts (Jena 1801-1806)*. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press

### Litterae recentiores 
* Forster, Michael N. 1989. *Hegel and Skepticism*. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-38707-4.
* Hoffmann, Thomas Sören (2020): *Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - eine Propädeutik.* Quarta editio, Aquis Mattiacis 2020
* Inwood, Michael. 1983. *Hegel*. Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
* Laitinen, Arto, et Constantine Sandis, eds. 2010. *Hegel on Action*. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Maker, William. 1994. *Philosophy Without Foundations: Rethinking Hegel*. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2100-7.
* Pinkard, Terry P. 1988. *Hegel's Dialectic: The Explanation of Possibility*. Temple University Press.
* Pippin, Robert B. 1989. *Hegel's Idealism: the Satisfactions of Self-Consciousness*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37923-7.
* Rockmore, Tom. 1986. *Hegel's Circular Epistemology*. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press.
* Westphal, Kenneth. 1989. *Hegel's Epistemological Realism*. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
* Winfield, Richard Dien. 1989. *Overcoming Foundations: Studies in Systematic Philosophy*. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07008-X.

### Phaenomenologia spiritus 
* Braver, Lee. *A Thing of This World: a History of Continental Anti-Realism*. Northwestern University Press: 2007. ISBN 978-0-8101-2380-9.
* Bristow, William. 2007. *Hegel and the Transformation of Philosophical Critique*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-929064-4.
* Cohen, Joseph. 2007. *Le sacrifice de Hegel*. (In French language). Paris, Galilée.
* Davis, Walter A. 1989. *Inwardness and Existence: Subjectivity in/and Hegel, Heidegger, Marx and Freud*. Madisoniae: University of Wisconsin Press.
* 
* 
* Harris, H. S. 1995. *Hegel: Phenomenology and System*. Indianapoli: Hackett.
* Hyppolite, Jean. 1946. *Genèse et structure de la Phénoménologie de l'esprit*. Paris: Aubier. Conv. Samuel Cherniak and John Heckman as *Genesis and Structure of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit"*, Evanstoniae: Northwestern University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-8101-0594-2.
* Kalkavage, Peter. 2007. *The Logic of Desire: An Introduction to Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit*. Philadelphiae: Paul Dry Books. ISBN 978-1-58988-037-5.
* Kojève, Alexandre. 1947. *Introduction à la lecture de Hegel*. Paris: Gallimard. Eng. tr. James H. Nichols, Jr., as *Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit*, Basic Books, 1969. ISBN 0-8014-9203-3.
* Russon, John. 2004. *Reading Hegel's Phenomenology*. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21692-3.
* Scruton, Roger. 1990. "Understanding Hegel" in *The Philosopher on Dover Beach*, Mancuniae: Carcanet Press. ISBN 0-85635-857-6.
* Stern, Robert. 2002. *Hegel and the Phenomenology of Spirit*. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21788-1.
* Solomon, Robert C. 1983. *In the Spirit of Hegel*. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Westphal, Kenneth R. 2003. *Hegel's Epistemology: A Philosophical Introduction to the* Phenomenology of Spirit. Indianapoli: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-645-9.

### Logica 
* Burbidge, John. 2006. *The Logic of Hegel's Logic: An Introduction*. Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-633-2.
* De Boer, Karin. 2010. *On Hegel: The Sway of the Negative*. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-230-24754-7
* Hartnack, Justus, 1998. *An Introduction to Hegel's Logic*. Indianapoli: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-424-3.
* Houlgate, Stephen. 2005. *The Opening of Hegel's Logic: From Being to Infinity*. Purdue University Press. ISBN 1-55753-257-5.
* Rinaldi, Giacomo. 1992. *A History and Interpretation of the Logic of Hegel* Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-9509-6.
* Schäfer, Rainer. 2001. *Die Dialektik und ihre besonderen Formen in Hegels Logik*. Hamburgi: Meiner. ISBN 3-7873-1585-3.
* Wallace, Robert M. 2005. *Hegel's Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God*. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84484-3.
* Winfield, Richard Dien. 2006. *From Concept to Objectivity: Thinking Through Hegel's Subjective Logic*. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5536-9.

### Res politicae 
* Avineri, Shlomo. 1974. *Hegel's Theory of the Modern State*. Cambridge University Press.
* Azurmendi, Joxe: "Hegel: Volksgeist historia unibertsalean" (Hegel: Volksgeist in universal history) In: *Volksgeist. Herri gogoa*, Donostia: Elkar, 2007. ISBN 978-84-9783-404-9.
* 
* Marcuse, Herbert. 1941. *Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory*.
* Moggach, Douglas. 2006. "Introduction: Hegelianism, Republicanism and Modernity", *The New Hegelians* ed. Douglas Moggach, Cambridge University Press.
* Popper, Karl. *The Open Society and Its Enemies*, vol. 2: *Hegel and Marx*.
* Riedel, Manfred. 1984. *Between Tradition and Revolution: The Hegelian Transformation of Political Philosophy.* Cantabrigiae.
* Ritter, Joachim. 1984. *Hegel and the French Revolution*. Cantabrigiae Massachusettiae: MIT Press.
* Rose, Gillian. 1981. *Hegel Contra Sociology*. Athlone Press. ISBN 0-485-12036-4.
* Scruton, Roger. 1990. "Hegel as a conservative thinker." In *The Philosopher on Dover Beach.* Mancuniae: Carcanet Press. ISBN 0-85635-857-6.

### Aesthetica 
* Bungay, Stephen. 1987. *Beauty and Truth. A Study of Hegel's Aesthetics*. Novi Eboraci.
* Danto, Arthur Coleman. 1986. *The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art*. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
* Desmond, William. 1986. *Art and the Absolute*. Albany (Novi Eboraci).
* Gethmann-Siefert, Annemarie. *Einführung in Hegel's Ästhetik'', Wilhelm Fink (German).
* Jarzombek, Marcus. 2007. "The Cunning of Architecture's Reason," *Footprint* 1: 31–46.
* Maker, W., ed. 2000. *Hegel and Aesthetics*. Novi Eboraci.
* Olivier, Alain P. 2003. *Hegel et la Musique*. Lutetiae.
* Roche, Mark-William. 1998. *Tragedy and Comedy. A Systematic Study and a Critique of Hegel*. Albaniae Novi Eboraci.
* Winfield, Richard Dien. 1996. *Stylistics. Rethinking the Artforms after Hegel*. Albaniae: State University of New York Press.

### Religio 
* Cohen, Joseph. 2005. *Le spectre juif de Hegel* (Francice). Praefatio a Jean-Luc Nancy. Lutetiae: Galilée.
* Desmond, William. 2003. ''Hegel's God: A Counterfeit Double?*. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0565-5.
* Dickey, Laurence. 1987. *Hegel: Religion, Economics, and the Politics of Spirit, 1770–1807*. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33035-1.
* Fackenheim, E. *The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-23350-2.
* O'Regan, Cyril. 1994. *The Heterodox Hegel*. Albaniae: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2006-X.
* Rocker, Stephen. 1995. ''Hegel's Rational Religion: The Validity of Hegel's Argument for the Identity in Content of Absolute Religion and Absolute Philosophy.* Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
* Shanks, Andrew. 2011. *Hegel and Religious Faith: Divided brain, atoning spirit.'' Londinii: T & T Clark.

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