Alcidae

[thumb|upright|Alcidae ab [Archibaldus Thorburn|Archibaldo Thorburn pictae.]]
[thumb|*[Alca torda* solum in Oceano Atlantico inveniuntur.]]
**Alcidae** (a Protogermanico **alkǭ* 'avis maritima') sunt familia avium ordinis Charadriiformium, quae genera *Uriam,* *Cepphum,* *Aethiatis,* *Fraterculam,* *Brachyramphum* comprehendit.
Praeter *Pinguinum impennem,* omnes alcidae "volare" tam bene in aqua quam in aere insigniter possunt. Egregie natant et urinantur, sed ambulantes inscitae videntur.
Nonnullis speciebus sunt varia nomina vulgaria in Europa et America Septentrionali: *Uria* et *Cepphus,* Anglice *guillemots* in Europa, sed *murres* in America Septentrionali, et *Alle* ('little auk') *dovekie* appellatur.

## Systematica
* **Formae basales et incertae sedis**
** *Miocepphus* (fossile: Miocaenum media
*** *Miocepphus mcclungi* Wetmore, 1940
*** *Miocepphus bohaskai* Wijnker and Olson, 2009
*** *Miocepphus blowi* Wijnker and Olson, 2009
*** *Miocepphus mergulellus* Wijnker and Olson, 2009
* **Subfamilia Alcinae**
** *Tribus Alcini* [thumb|*[Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* admodum distinctus a brachyramphinis est.]]
*** *Uria*
**** *Uria aalge*
**** *Uria lomvia*
*** *Alle*
**** *Alle alle*
*** *Pinguinus*
**** *Pinguinus impennis* (exstinctus, circa 1844)
*** *Alca*
**** *Alca torda*
** **Tribus Synthliboramphini** [thumb|*[Cepphus grylle* in plumis aestivis (frons) et hiemalis.]]
*** *Synthliboramphus*
**** *Synthliboramphus scrippsi* – olim in *S. hypoleucus*
**** *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* – aliquando in *Endomychura* separatus
**** *Synthliboramphus craveri* – aliquando in *Endomychura* separatus
**** *Synthliboramphus antiquus*
**** *Synthliboramphus wumizusume*
** **Tribus Cepphini** [thumb|*[Brachyramphus marmoratus* in plumis temporis feturae.]]
*** *Cepphus*
**** *Cepphus grylle*
**** *Cepphus columba*
***** *Cepphus columba snowi*
**** *Cepphus carbo*
** *Tribus Brachyramphini*
*** *Brachyramphus*
**** *Brachyramphus marmoratus*
**** *Brachyramphus perdix*
**** *Brachyramphus brevirostris*
* **Subfamilia Fraterculinae**
** **Tribus Aethiini** [thumb|*[Fratercula cirrhata.*]]
*** *Ptychoramphus*
**** *Ptychoramphus aleuticus*
*** *Aethia*
**** *Aethia psittacula*
**** *Aethia cristatella*
**** *Aethia pygmaea*
**** *Aethia pusilla*
** **Tribus Fraterculini**
*** *Cerorhinca*
**** *Cerorhinca monocerata*
*** *Fratercula*
**** *Fratercula arctica*
**** *Fratercula corniculata*
**** *Fratercula cirrhata*

*Kiviak, cibus traditionalis Inuit in Groenlandia, ex alcidis in cute pinnipediorum conditus

## Notae
## Bibliographia
*Collinson, Martin. 2006. "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists." *British Birds* 99 (6): 306–23. Editio interretialis.
*Friesen, V. L., A. J. Baker, et J. F. Piatt. 1996. "Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Total Molecular Evidence." *Molecular Biology and Evolution* 13 (2): 359–67. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595. PMID 8587501.
*Gaston, Anthony J., et Ian L. Jones. 1998. *The Auks: Alcidae.* Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854032-9.
*Johnsgard, Paul. *Diving Birds of North America.*
*Konyukhov, N. B. 2002. "Possible Ways of Spreading and Evolution of Alcids." *Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences* 29 (5): 447–54. Russice scriptus. doi:10.1023/A:1020457508769.
*Moum, Truls, Ulfur Arnason, et Einar Árnason. 2002 "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evolution and Phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, Including the Extinct Great Auk (*Pinguinus impennis*)." *Molecular Biology and Evolution* 19 (9): 1434–39. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004206. PMID 12200471.
*Paton, T. A., A. J. Baker, J. G. Groth, et G. F. Barrowclough. 2003. "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds." *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution* 29 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.
*Smith, N. A. 2011. "Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)." *ZooKeys* 91: 1–116. doi:10.3897/zookeys.91.709. PMID 21594108. PMC 3084493.
*Strauch J. G., Jr. 1985. "The phylogeny of the Alcidae." *The Auk* 102 (3): 520–539. JSTOR 4086647. doi:10.1093/auk/102.3.520. PDF.
*Thomas, Gavin H., Matthew A. Wills, et Tamás Székely. 2004. "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny." *BMC Evolutionary Biology* 4 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMID 15329156. PMC 515296. Materia supplementaria.

## Nexus externi

Categoria:Familiae animalium
Categoria:Taxa Leach
Categoria:Taxa 1820