Ornithoptera

**Ornithopterae** sunt papiliones familiae Papilionidarum qui in subcontinente Indico, Asia Orientali continentali et archipelagici sunt, et Australasia endemici, usitate ad terna genera pertinentes habiti: ***Ornithopteram, Trogonopteram,*** et ***Troidem.*** Nonnulli auctoritates alia genera addunt. Numerus specierum disputatur, sed plurimi auctoritates recentiores inter 30 et 40 agnoscunt. Ornithoperae ex magnitudine eximia, alis angularibus, et volatu avium simili appellatur.

Inter hos papiliones sunt nonnulla ex maximis in orbe terrarum papilionibus repertis: maximus, *Ornithoptera alexandrae*&thinsp;; secundus, *Ornithopera goliath*&thinsp;; et maximus in Australia endemicus, *Ornithoptera euphorion.* Alia species bene nota est *Trogonoptera brookiana,* praecipue pulchra species, ex Iacobo Brooke Equite, primo Rajah Albo Saravaciae saeculo undevicensimo, appellata.

Ob magnitudinem et colores claros, eae sunt conlectoribus papilionum gratissimae, sed omnibus ornithopteris a CITES nunc descriptis, mercatus internationale circumscribitur, et mercatus *Ornithopterae alexandrae* omnino prohibetur.

*Troides darsius,* vulgo ornithoptera Taprobanes appellatur, est papilio civitatis Taprobanes.
[thumb|Par *[Ornithoptera euphorion|Ornithopterarum euphorion* (femina supra, mare infra) coniunguntur.]] 

*Ornithopera richmondia* ex planta *Aristolochia praevenosa* dependet, quibus larvae vescuntur; simillissima autem *Aristolochia elegans,* in multis hortis Australianis reperta, larvas interficit.

## Taxinomia et systematica 
### Genus: *Trogonoptera* 
::* *Trogonoptera brookiana*
::* *Trogonoptera trojana*

### Genus: *Troides* 
[thumb|*[Troides helena* (laeva) et *Trogonoptera brookiana* mas (dextra) in conservatorio papilionum in Kuala Lumpur; quisque papilio usitatem ex eorum genere speciem exprimit.]]
:**subgenus:** *Ripponia*
::* *Troides hypolitus*
:**subgenus:** *Troides*
::* *Troides aeacus*
::* *Troides amphrysus*
::* *Troides andromache*
::* *Troides criton*
::* *Troides cuneifera*
::* *Troides darsius*
::* *Troides dohertyi*
::* *Troides haliphron*
::* *Troides helena*
::* *Troides magellanus*
::* *Troides minos*
::* *Troides miranda*
::* *Troides oblongomaculatus*
::* *Troides plateni*
::* *Troides plato*
::* *Troides prattorum*
::* *Troides rhadamantus*
::* *Troides riedeli*
::* *Troides staudingeri*
::* *Troides vandepolli*

### Genus: *Ornithoptera* 
[thumb|Mares *[Ornithoptera priamus|O. p. poseidon* viridis (infra) et *O. p. urvillianus* caerulei (supra) distinctas huius speciei variationes monstrant.]]
:**subgenus:** *Aetheoptera*
::* *Ornithoptera victoriae*
:**subgenus:** *Ornithoptera*
::* *Ornithoptera aesacus* 
::* *Ornithoptera croesus*
::* *Ornithoptera priamus* 
:**subgenus:** *Schoenbergia*
::* *Ornithoptera chimaera*
::* *Ornithoptera goliath* 
::* *Ornithoptera meridionalis*
::* *Ornithoptera paradisea*
::* *Ornithoptera rothschildi*
::* *Ornithoptera tithonus*
:**subgenus:** *Straatmana*
::* *Ornithoptera alexandrae* 
:**subgenus unassigned**:
::* *Ornithoptera euphorion* 
::* *Ornithoptera richmondia* (Minima *Ornithopterae* species; aliquando subspecies *O. priamus* habita) 

## Notae 

## Bibliographia 
*American Museum of Natural History. BioBulletin: Birdwing butterflies Retrieved June 28, 2005 from 
*Campbell, A. L., R. R. Naik, L. Sowards, et M. O. Stone 2002 Biological infrared imaging and sensing. *Micron 33*, 211–225.
*Monteith, G. 2000. Queensland Museum: Birdwing butterflies. Retrieved June 28, 2005.
*Reed, R. D., et F. A. H. Sperling. 2001. Tree of Life: Papilionidae Retrieved June 28, 2005 
*Savela, M. 2005. Troides.
*Vukusic, P., J. R. Sambles, et H. Ghiradella. 2000. Optical classification of microstructure in butterfly wing-scales. *Photonics Science News*, 6, 66–66.
*Nagypal, Tony, The World of Birdwing Butterflies. 
*Haugum, J., et A. M. Low. 1982. A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. The systematics of Ornithoptera, Troides and related genera. Vol. 2, Part 1. Trogonoptera and Ripponia. Klampenborg, Denmark : Scandinavian Science Press pp.&nbsp;9–104 
*Haugum, J., et A. M. Low. 1983 [1978–1983] *A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. The systematics of Ornithoptera, Troides and related genera*. Vols 1 & 2. Klampenborg : Scandinavian Science Press 356 pp. 
*Haugum, J., et A. M. Low. 1984. *A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. The systematics of Ornithoptera, Troides and related genera*. Vol. 2, Part 2. *Troides; amphrysus and haliphron groups*. Klampenborg, Denmark : Scandinavian Science Press pp.&nbsp;105–204 
*Haugum, J., et A. M. Low. 1985. *A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. The systematics of Ornithoptera, Troides and related genera*. Vol. 2, Part 3. *Troides; helena and aeacus groups*. Klampenborg, Denmark : Scandinavian Science Press pp. [1-8], 241–356

## Nexus externi 
* De genere apud situm butterflycorner.net
* Genus Troides at Lepidoptera.pro
* Ornithoperae in pittaciis cursualibus monstratae apud situm asahi-net.or.jp
* De Troidinis apud pteron-world.com (Birdwing Gallery, Iaponice cum binominibus)

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Categoria:Papilionidae
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