Pleuronectiformes

**Pleuronectiformes** sunt ordo piscium demersalium classis Actinopterygiorum. In multis speciebus, ambo oculi in uno capitis latere iacent, uno aut alio per aut circa caput migrante cum piscis crescat. Aliarum specierum laeva, aliarum specierum dextra, aliarumque specierum alterautra latera sursum versus sunt.

Multi pisces cibarii magni momenti ad hunc ordinem pertinent, inter quos Pleuronectoidei, Soleidae, *Scophthalmus maximus,* Pleuronectidae, *Hippoglossus.* Nonnulli pleuronectiformes sese dissimulatione in imo oceano celant.

## Taxonimia
Plus quam octingentae species descriptae in sedecim familias digeruntur, plerumque in subordines Psettodoideorum et Pleuronectoideos digestae, 99 autem centesimis diversitatis specierum inter Pleuronectoideos inventis. Maximae familiae sunt Soleidae, Bothidae, et Cynoglossidae, cuique plus quam 150 species.

## Pinacotheca

Fasciculus:Pleuronectes platessa.jpg|*Pleuronectes platessa* est principalis commercii pleuronectiformis in Europa.
Fasciculus:Lined sole.jpg|Achiridae in circumiectis aquae dulcis et salsae in America inveniuntur.
Fasciculus:Alaska 2007 071.jpg|*Hippoglossi,* maximi pleuronectiformes, lucro piscatorio prosunt.
Fasciculus:Psetta maxima Luc Viatour.jpg|*Scophthalmus maximus* est magnus oculi laevi pleuronectiformis, qui in litoralibus aquis arenosis humilibusque circa Europam invenitur.
Fasciculus:Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg|Unus ex pleuronectoideis oculi laevi.

## Tempora generum

ImageSize  = width:600px height:auto barincrement:15px
PlotArea   = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period      = from:-65.5 till:15
TimeAxis    = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor  = unit:year increment:5 start:-65.5
ScaleMinor  = unit:year increment:1 start:-65.5
TimeAxis    = orientation:hor
AlignBars   = justify

Colors =
 #legends
  id:CAR	  value:claret
  id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
  id:HER	  value:teal
  id:HAD	  value:green
  id:OMN	  value:blue
  id:black        value:black
  id:white        value:white
  id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
  id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32)
  id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37)
  id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42)
  id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48)
  id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1)
  id:miocene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0)
  id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)
  id:quaternary   value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
  id:pleistocene   value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
  id:holocene   value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData=
 bar:eratop
 bar:space
 bar:periodtop
 bar:space
 bar:NAM1
 bar:NAM2
 bar:NAM3
 bar:NAM4
 bar:NAM5
 bar:NAM6
 bar:NAM7
 bar:NAM8
 bar:NAM9
 bar:NAM10
 bar:NAM11
 bar:NAM12
 bar:NAM13
 bar:NAM14
 bar:NAM15
 bar:NAM16
 bar:NAM17
 bar:NAM18
 bar:NAM19
 bar:NAM20
 bar:NAM21
 bar:NAM22
 bar:NAM23
 bar:NAM24
 bar:NAM25
 bar:NAM26
 bar:NAM27
 bar:NAM28
 bar:NAM29
 bar:NAM30
 bar:NAM31
 bar:NAM32
 bar:NAM33
 bar:NAM34
 bar:NAM35
 bar:NAM36
 bar:NAM37
 bar:NAM38

 bar:space
 bar:period
 bar:space
 bar:era

PlotData=
 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25
 shift:(7,-4)

 bar:periodtop
 from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Palaeocaenum
 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocaenum
 from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocaenum
 from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocaenum
 from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Plio.
 from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.
 from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.

 bar:eratop
 from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Palaeogenum
 from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogenum
 from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

PlotData=
 align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

 color:eocene bar:NAM1 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Amphistium
 color:eocene bar:NAM2 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Eobothus
 color:eocene bar:NAM3 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Eobuglossus
 color:eocene bar:NAM4 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Imhoffius
 color:eocene bar:NAM5 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Joleaudichthys
 color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Turahbuglossus
 color:eocene bar:NAM7 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Scophthalmus
 color:eocene bar:NAM8 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Citharus
 color:eocene bar:NAM9 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Psettodes
 color:eocene bar:NAM10 from:-37.2 till:0 text:Arnoglossus
 color:oligocene bar:NAM11 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Bothus
 color:oligocene bar:NAM12 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Monolene
 color:oligocene bar:NAM13 from:-33.9 till:0 text:Solea
 color:oligocene bar:NAM14 from:-28.4 till:0 text:Buglossidium
 color:oligocene bar:NAM15 from:-28.4 till:0 text:Hippoglossoides
 color:oligocene bar:NAM16 from:-28.4 till:0 text:Lepidorhombus
 color:miocene bar:NAM17 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Dicologoglossa
 color:miocene bar:NAM18 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Paraplagusia
 color:miocene bar:NAM19 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Platichthys 
 color:miocene bar:NAM20 from:-15.97 till:0 text:Achiurus
 color:miocene bar:NAM21 from:-15.97 till:0 text:Microchirus
 color:miocene bar:NAM22 from:-15.97 till:0 text:Microstomus
 color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-11.608 till:-5.332 text:Evesthes
 color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Citharichthys
 color:miocene bar:NAM25 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Monochirus
 color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Paralichthys
 color:miocene bar:NAM27 from:-11.608 till:0 text:Pleuronichthys
 color:pliocene bar:NAM28 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Atheresthes
 color:pliocene bar:NAM29 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Clidoderma
 color:pliocene bar:NAM30 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Glyptocephalus
 color:pliocene bar:NAM31 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Limanda
 color:pliocene bar:NAM32 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Lyopsetta
 color:pliocene bar:NAM33 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Pegusa 
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM34 from:-2.588 till:-0.0117 text:Chibapsetta
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM35 from:-2.588 till:0 text:Eopsetta
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM36 from:-2.588 till:0 text:Isopsetta
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM37 from:-2.588 till:0 text:Parophrys
 color:pleistocene bar:NAM38 from:-2.588 till:0 text:Symphurus

PlotData=
 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

 bar:period
 from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Palaeocaenum
 from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eocaenum
 from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligocaenum
 from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Miocaenum
 from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Plio.
 from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pleist.
 from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.

 bar:era
 from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Palaeogenum
 from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogenum
 from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

## Notae
[thumb|Pleuronectiformes sunt [symmetria|asymmetrici, ambobus oculis in eadem capitis latere iacentibus]]
[thumb|*[Amphistium* fossile.]]

## Bibliographia
*Campbell, Matthew A., Bruno Chanet, Jhen‐Nien Chen, Mao‐Ying Lee, et Wei‐Jen Chen. 2019. "Origins and relationships of the Pleuronectoidei: Molecular and morphological analysis of living and fossil taxa." *Zoologica Scripta* 48 (5): 640–56. doi:10.1111/zsc.12372|issn=0300-3256.
*Chapleau, Francois, et Kunio Amaoka. 1998. In *Encyclopedia of Fishes,* ed. J. R. Paxton et W. N. Eschmeyer. Didacopoli: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
*Gibson, Robin N., Mark Corner, Richard D. M. Nash, Audrey J. Geffen, Henk W. Van der Veer, eds. 2015. *Flatfishes: biology and exploitation.* Ed. secunda. Chichester, West Sussex, et Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118501191, ISBN 1118501195.
*Munroe, Thomas A. 2005 "Distributions and biogeography." In *Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation,* ed.Robin N. Gibson et al., 42–67. Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118501191, ISBN 1118501195.
*Nelson, Joseph S. 2006. *Fishes of the World.* Ed. quarta. Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
*Nelson, Joseph S., Terry C. Grande, et Mark V. H. Wilson. 2016. *Fishes of the world.* Ed. quinta. Hoboken Novae Caesareae: John Wiley & Sons. OCLC 958002567. ISBN 9781119220817 (Adobe PDF), ISBN 9781119220824 (ePub). Google Books.
*Sepkoski, Jack. 2002. "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera." *Bulletins of American Paleontology* 364: 560. Archivum interretiale.

## Nexus externi
*De piscatione pleuronectidarum in Canada.

Categoria:Ordines animalium
Categoria:Pisces commercii