Capsicum (genus)

***Capsicum*** (nomen a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est genus plantarum florentium familiae Solanacearum. Generi sunt quinque fere species, cuius fructibus (Latine "capsicis" appellatis), capsaicinum continentibus, homines pro cibo et medicamentis uti solent. Species utiliores quinque, *Capsicum annuum*, *Capsicum baccatum*, *Capsicum chinense*, *Capsicum frutescens*, *Capsicum pubescens* pluresque cultivarietates recognoscuntur.

## Subdivisiones 
Species per clados hic digeruntur post schema a Carrizo García collegisque anno 2016 statutum, novis speciebus ex opere Gloriae Barboza collegarumque anno 2022 divulgato auctum.

* Incertae sedis
** *Capsicum benoistii*
** *Capsicum lycianthoides*
** *Capsicum piuranum*
** *Capsicum rhomboideum* 
* Cladi monotypi
** *Capsicum tovarii* 
** *Capsicum ceratocalyx*
** *Capsicum neei*
* Cladus Bolivianus
** *Capsicum caballeroi*
** *Capsicum coccineum* 
** *Capsicum minutiflorum*
* Cladus pubescens
** *Capsicum pubescens*
** *Capsicum cardenasii* 
** *Capsicum eshbaughii* 
** *Capsicum eximium* 
* Cladus baccatus
** *Capsicum baccatum* var. *baccatum*, var. *pendulum*, var. *umbilicatum*
** *Capsicum chacoense* 
** *Capsicum rabenii* (recenter *C. praetermissum*) 
* Cladus annuus
** *Capsicum annuum* var. *glabriusculum*, var. *annuum*
** *Capsicum chinense*
** *Capsicum frutescens*
** *Capsicum galapagoense*
* Cladus flexuosus
** *Capsicum flexuosum* 
* Cladus silvae Atlanticae
** *Capsicum campylopodium*
** *Capsicum carassense*
** *Capsicum cornutum*
** *Capsicum friburgense*
** *Capsicum mirabile*
** *Capsicum mirum*
** *Capsicum muticum*
** *Capsicum pereirae*
** *Capsicum recurvatum*
** *Capsicum schottianum*
** *Capsicum villosum*
* Cladus Caatingae
** *Capsicum caatingae*
** *Capsicum parvifolium*
** *Capsicum longidentatum*

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
; Bibliographica
*  Jean-Patrick Ferrari, Georges Aillaud, "Bibliographie du genre Capsicum" in ''Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée* vol. 18 (1971) pp. 385-480

; Opera antiquiora
* 1554 : 
* 1561 : 
* 1573 : Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, *I discorsi ... nelle sei libri di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo della materia medicinale* (editio 1573) lib. 2 cap. 148 ; idem, *Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Materia Medica* (editio 1574) lib. 2 cap. 153 pp. 434-437
* 1582 : Ulysses Aldrovandus, *Elenchus plantarum omnium quae in studiosorum horto publico, cui ipse praeest, terrae gremio fuere commissa ab anno 1568, quo primum fuit extructus, usque ad 1582* (manuscriptum) ("Capsicum brasilianum") (fide Federica Rotelli, "Exotic plants in Italian pharmacopoeia" in *Medicina nei secoli* vol. 30 (2018) pp. 827-880 ad p. 836; cf. enumerationem manuscriptorum)
* 1590 : 
* ante 1595 : 
* 1596 : 
* 1608 : Rembertus Dodonaeus, *Cruydt-boeck* (nova editio). Lugduni Batavorum: Ravelingen, 1608 ; eiusdem *Cruydt boeck volgens sijne laetzte verbeteringhe*. Balthasar Moretus, 1644 
* 1611 : 
* 1615 : 
* 1640 : Ioannes Parkinsonus, *Theatrum botanicum* pp. 355-359 
* 1640 : Basilius Besler, *Hortus Eystettensis*. 2a ed. Norimbergae classis autumnalis tabb. 6-13
* 1648 : Gulielmus Piso, Georgius Marcgravius, *Historia naturalis Brasiliae*. Lugduni Batavorum: apud Franciscum Hackium pars i (Piso) pp. 107-108, pars ii (Marcgravius) pp. 39-41
* 1678-1703 : Henricus van Rhede tot Draakestein, *Horti Malabarici pars prima [... duodecima]*. Amstelaedami: sumptibus Johannis van Someren, et Joannis van Dyck pars 2 tab. 56, p. 109; pars 9 tab. 35
* 1694 : "Piment" in Thomas Corneille, *Dictionnaire des arts et des sciences* vol. 4. Lutetiae: Coignard  
* 1695 :  vol. 5 p. 247 et tab. 88; cf.  p. 462
* 1696 : Hans Sloane, *Catalogus plantarum quae in insula Iamaica sponte proveniunt, vel vulgo coluntur*. Londinii: Brown 
* 1699 : Robertus Morison, *Plantarum historiae universalis Oxoniensis*. Oxoniae  ("Solanum urens Capsicum dictum")
* 1700 : Iosephus Pitton Tournefort, *Institutiones rei herbariae* pp. 152-153, tabula 66
* ante 1725 : Henry Barham, *Hortus Americanus* (Kingston Iamaicae, 1794) pp. 30-31
* 1737 : Ioannes Burmannus, *Thesaurus Zeylanicus*. Amstelaedami: apud Janssonio-Waesbergios & Salomonem Schouten p. 53
* 1737 : Carolus Linnaeus, *Hortus Cliffortianus*. Amstelodami pp. 59-60
* 1753 : 
* 1768 : Philip Miller, *The Gardener's Dictionary''. 8a ed. Londinii s.v. "Capsicum"
* 1772 : "Piment, ou Poivre d'Inde, ou Poivre de Guinée" in *Le grand vocabulaire françois*. Lutetiae: Panckouck  ("On la cultive beaucoup dans les pays chauds, comme en Espagne, au Portugal et dans les provinces méridionales du Royaume [de France]")
* 1791 : "Piment" in Jacques C. Valmont de Bomare, ''Dictionnaire raisonné universel d'histoire naturelle* 
* 1798 : Nicolas Jolyclerc, *Phytologie universelle, ou, Histoire naturelle et méthodique des plantes*. Lutetiae: Gueffier jeune  ("Piment, Poivre long ou Corail des jardins")
* 1804 : J. L. M. Poiret, "Piment: Capsicum" in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, *Botanique* vol. 5 (*Encyclopédie méthodique*. Lutetiae, 1804) 
* 1813 : Michel Félix Dunal, *Histoire naturelle, médicale et économique des Solanum*. Lutetiae: Koenig, 1813 
* 1832 : Antonius Fingerhuth, *Monographia generis Capsici*. Düsseldorpii  apud *Internet Archive*
* 1852 : M. F. Dunal, "Solanaceae" in A. de Candolle, *Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis* vol. 13 fasc. 1 (Lutetiae: Masson, 1852) p. 428
* 1898 : , "A revision of the genus Capsicum, with especial reference to garden varieties" in *Missouri Botanical Garden Annual Report* (1898) pp. 53-110 JSTOR

; Eruditio recentior
* Jean Andrews, *Peppers: the domesticated capsicums*. 2a ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995
* Jean Andrews, "The Peripatetic Chilli Pepper: diffusion of the domesticated capsicums since Columbus" in Nelson Foster, Linda S. Cordell, edd., *Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World* (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992) pp. 81-94 
* 
* 
* 
* Carolina Carrizo García et al., "Diversification of chiles (Capsicum, Solanaceae) through time and space: New insights from genome-wide RAD-seq data" in *Frontiers in Genetics* vol. 13 (2022) 1030536
* Charles R. Clement, Michelly de Cristo-Araújo, Geo Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, Alessandro Alves Pereira, Doriane Picanço-Rodrigues, "Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops" in *Diversity* vol. 2 (2010) pp. 72-106
* Diana Nataly Duque-Gamboa et al., "[Mutualistic interaction of aphids and ants in pepper, Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutenscens sic (Solanaceae)]" in *Revista de Biología Tropical* vol. 69 (2021) pp. 626-639
* Eva M. Filippa, Luis M. Bernardello, "Estructura y desarollo de fruto y semilla en especies de Athenaea, Aureliana y Capsicum (Solaneae, Solanaceae)" in *Darwiniana* vol. 31 (1992) pp. 137-150 JSTOR
* Evan C. Fricke et al., "When condition trumps location: seed consumption by fruit-eating birds removes pathogens and predator attractants" in *Ecology Letters* vol. 16 (2013) pp. 1031–1036
* Evan C. Fricke et al., "Gut passage and secondary metabolites alter the source of post‑dispersal predation for bird‑dispersed chili seeds" in *Oecologia* vol. 181 (2016) pp. 905–910
* David C. Haak et al., "Why are not all chilies hot? A trade-off limits pungency" in *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* vol. 279 (2011/2012)
* Amit Krishna De, ed., *Capsicum: The genus Capsicum*. Londinii: Taylor & Francis, 2003 
* A. T. Erwin, "The peppers of America" in *Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin* no. 293 (1932) pp. 121–152
* Susana González-Pérez et al., "New Insights into Capsicum spp Relatedness and the Diversification Process of Capsicum annuum in Spain" in *PLoS One* (24 Decembris 2014)
* Charles B. Heiser, *Of Plants and People* (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985) pp. 142-154 Exemplar mutuabile 
* Seungill Kim et al., "Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species" in *Nature Genetics* vol. 46 (2014) pp. 270–278
* Fernando Loaiza-Figueroa et al., "Patterns of genetic variation of the genus Capsicum (Solanaceae) in Mexico" in *Plant Systematics and Evolution* vol. 165 (1989) pp. 159-188
* M. J. McLeod, Sheldon I. Guttman, W. Hardy Eshbaugh, "Early Evolution of Chili Peppers (Capsicum)" in *Economic Botany* vol. 36 (1982) pp. 361-368 JSTOR
* Eduardo A. Moscone et al., "The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum–Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective" in *Acta Horticulturae* vol. 745 (2007) pp. 137–169
* Catherine Parry et al., "Reproductive compatibility in Capsicum is not necessarily reflected in genetic or phenotypic similarity between species complexes" in *PLoS One* (24 Martii 2021)
* Vincent M. Russo, ed., *Peppers: Botany, Production and Uses*. Wallingford: CABI, 2008
* Kumpei Shiragaki, Shuji Yokoi, Takahiro Tezuka, "Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Diversity of Capsicum Based on rDNA-ITS Region" in *Horticulturae* vol. 6 (2020) no. 87; alibi
* A. Terpó, "Kritische Revision der wildwachsenden Arten und der kultivierten Sorten der Gattung Capsicum L." in *Feddes repertorium* vol. 72 (1966) pp. 155-191
* Brian M. Walsh, Sara B. Hoot, "Phylogenetic Relationships of Capsicum (Solanaceae) using DNA sequences from two noncoding regions" in *International Journal of Plant Sciences* vol. 162 (2001) pp. 1409–1418

; De speciebus cultis tantum
* Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa et al., "Pimentas do gênero Capsicum cultivadas em Roraima, Amazônia brasileira. I. Espécies domesticadas" in *Acta Amazônica* vol. 32 (2002) pp. 177-132 
* Sarah M. Bharath, Christian Cilas, Pathmanathan Umaharan, "Plant and fruit trait variations among four Capsicum species in a Caribbean germplasm collection" in *Plant Genetic Resources* vol. 12 (2014) pp. 48–57
* Charles B. Heiser, Jr., Barbara Pickersgill, "Names for the Cultivated Capsicum Species (Solanaceae)" in *Taxon* vol. 18 (1969) pp. 277-283 JSTOR
* Charles B. Heiser, Jr., Paul G. Smith, "The Cultivated Capsicum Peppers" in *Economic Botany* vol. 7 (1953) pp. 214-227 JSTOR
* V. P. Ibiza et al., "Taxonomy and genetic diversity of domesticated Capsicum species in the Andean region" in *Genetics Resources and Crop Evolution* vol. 59 (2011) pp. 1077–1088
* L. F. Lippert, P. G. Smith, B. O. Bergh, "Cytogenetics of the Vegetable Crops. Garden Pepper, Capsicum Sp." in *Botanical Review* vol. 32 (1966) pp. 24-55 JSTOR
* Jose de Jesus Luna-Ruiz, "Shifts in Plant Chemical Defenses of Chile Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Due to Domestication in Mesoamerica" in *Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution* vol. 6 (2018) no. 45; alibi
* Marissa Moses, Pathmanathan Umaharan, "Building a quality niche for Caribbean hot peppers" in *Acta horticulturae* vol. 1047 (2014) pp. 108-118
* Herundino Ribeiro do Nascimento Filho, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Francisco Joaci de Freitas Luz, "Pimentas do gênero Capsicum cultivadas em Roraima, Amazônia brasileira. II. Hábitos e formas de uso" in *Acta Amazônica* vol. 37 (2007) pp. 561-568
* Barbara Pickersgill, "Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus capsicum)" in *Evolution* vol. 25 (1971) pp. 683-691 JSTOR

; De speciebus silvaticis tantum
* Gloria E. Barboza, "Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae)" in *PhytoKeys* vol. 2 (2011) pp. 23–38
* Gloria E. Barboza, Luciano De Bem Bianchetti, "Three New Species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) and a Key to the Wild Species from Brazil" in *Systematic Botany* vol. 30 (2005) pp. 863-871 JSTOR
* Gloria E. Barboza et al., "New Endemic Species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the Brazilian Caatinga: Comparison with the Re-circumscribed C. parvifolium" in *Systematic Botany* vol. 36 (2011) pp. 768-781 JSTOR
* 
* 
* 
* Charles B. Heiser, Jr., Paul G. Smith, "New Species of Capsicum from South America" in *Brittonia* vol. 10 (1958) pp. 194-201 JSTOR
* Armando T. Hunziker, "Estudios sobre Solanaceae. I. Sinopsis de las especies silvestres de Capsicum: de Agrentina y Paraguay" in *Darwiniana* vol. 9 (1950) pp. 225-247 JSTOR
* Armando T. Hunziker, "Estudios sobre Solanaceae. XLVI. Los ajíes silvestres de Argentina (Capsicum)" in *Darwiniana* vol. 36 (1998) pp. 201-203 JSTOR
* Colin K. Khoury et al., "Modelled distributions and conservation status of the wild relatives of chile peppers (Capsicum L.)" in *Diversity and Distributions* vol. 26 (2020) pp. 209-225 JSTOR
* Michael Nee, Lynn Bohs, Sandra Knapp, "New Species of Solanum and Capsicum (Solanaceae) from Bolivia, with Clarification of Nomenclature in Some Bolivian Solanum" in *Brittonia* vol. 58 (2006) pp. 322-356 JSTOR

## Nexus externi 
* "Descriptors for Capsicum (Capsicum spp.)" apud *Bioversity International''
* "Pepperfriends"

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Categoria:Genera plantarum
Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Taxa 1753