Epistemologia

[thumb|Secundum [Platonem, omnis scientia (circulus flavus) est propositio vera (circulus ruber) et credita (circulus caeruleus). Tabula Anglice signata.]]
**Epistemologia** (ab Anglico *epistemology* a verbis Graecis  'scientia' +  'sermo; ratio' deductum) est pars philosophiae quae de natura et finibus scientiae et perceptionis tractat. Quaestiones magni momenti in epistemologia sunt:
* Quid sit scientia
* Quomodo adsumatur scientia
* Quot res sciri possint.

Disceptationes in hac disciplina ortae plerumque ad ingenium scientiae explicandum contulerunt, et quidem ad id pertinuerunt, quomodo haec disputationes ad notiones propinquas (veritatem, fidem, iustificationem) referantur. Sceptici autem docent nullam scientiam certam esse. Omnia haec aliquando *doctrina scientiae* appellantur.

Nomen *epistemology* a Iacobo Friderico Ferrier (1808–1864) philosopho Scotico Anglice excogitatum est.

## Scientia quod, scientia quomodo, scientia per familiaritatem 
Hoc in commentario, et latissime in epistemologia, genus scientiae usitate disceptum est logica propositionalis, etiam "scientia quod" appellatum, notio quae a "scientia quomodo" et "scientia per familiaritatem" distinguenda est. Exempli gratia: in mathematica, scitur *quod* 2 + 2 = 4, sed est scientia *quomodo* addere duos numeros et scire *personam* (e.g., se), *locum* (e.g., sui locus natalis), *rem* (e.g., automobilia), vel *industriam* (e.g., additio). Nonnulli philosophi putant esse distinctionem magni momenti inter "scientiam quod," "scientiam quomodo," et "scientiam per familiaritatem," quarum epistemologia praecipue primam curat.

Bertrandus Russell in libro *Problems of Philosophy* scientiam per descriptionem (genus scientiae quod) et scientiam per familiaritatem insigniter distinguit. Gilbertus Ryle saepe habetur in *The Concept of Mind* ('Notio mentis') distinctionem "scientiae quomodo" et "scientiae quod" vehementius dixisse. In *Personal Knowledge,* Michael Polanyi arguit "scientiam quomodo" et "scientiam quod" ad epistemologicam attingunt; per exemplum actionis hominis qui se librat cum birotam vehitur, subicit theoreticam physicae scientiam usum quomodo vehi substituere non posse, et scire quomodo ambo instituuntur et conduntur esse magni momenti. Haec positio necessario est positio Ryle, qui arguit non confiteri distinctionem "scientiae quod" et "scientiae quomodo" ad regressus vitiosos ducere.

Temporibus recentioribus, nonnulli epistemologi (Greco, Kvanvig, Sosa, Zagzebski) arguerunt epistemologiam proprietates hominum (h.e., virtutes intellectus) et non solum proprietates propositionum vel animorum propositionalium aestimandam esse.

## Scholae Epistemologiae 
*Empirismus
*Gnosologia
*Ontologia
*Paradigma
*Phaenomenologia
*Philosophia mentis
*Philosophia scientiae
*Philosophia spatii et temporis
*Rationalismus
*Scientia cognitiva
*Scepticismus

## Epistemologi clarissimi 
*Aristoteles
*Renatus Cartesius
*David Hume
*Iohannes Locke
*Immanuel Kantius
*Benedictus de Spinoza

*Agnotologia
*Doctrina incertitudinis
*Editologia
*Epistemologia cybernetica
*Epistemologia evolutionaris
*Epistemologia formalis
*Epistemologia Orientalis
*Epistemologia reformata
*Epistemologia socialis
*Epistemologia virtutis
*Evidentialismus
*Evidentialitas
*Metaepistemologia
*Methodologia
*Noologia
*Nyaya
*Ontologia physica
*Phaneron
*Probabilitas Bayesiana
*Ratio scientifica
*Sociologia scientiae
*Transcendentia
*Trilemma Agrippae

## Notae 

### Bibliographia
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*Ayer, Alfred Jules. 1936. *Language, Truth, and Logic.*
*BonJour, Laurence. 2002. *Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses.* Lanham, Terrae Mariae: Rowman & Littlefield.
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*Bovens, Luc, et Stephan Hartmann. 2003. *Bayesian Epistemology.* Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
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*Cohen, Stewart.1998. Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery. *Australasian Journal of Philosophy* 76(2):289–306. doi 10.1080/00048409812348411.
*Cohen, Stewart. 1999. Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons. In *Epistemology,* ed. James Tomberlin. Blackwell Publishing.
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*DeRose, Keith. 1999. Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense. In *Blackwell Guide to Epistemology,* ed. J. Greco et E. Sosa. Blackwell Publishing.
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*Schiffer, Stephen. 1996. Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism. *Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society* 96:317–333.
*Steup, Matthias. 2005. Knowledge and Skepticism. *Contemporary Debates in Epistemology,* ed. Peter Sosa et Matthias Steup, 1–13.
*Tomberlin, James, ed. 1999. *Epistemology.* Philosophical Perspectives, 13. Blackwell Publishing.
*Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. *Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.* Conv. C. K. Ogden. Dover. Liber interretialis.

Categoria:Epistemologia
Categoria:Philosophia
Categoria:Verba Graeca