Bison bison

thumb|upright=0.8|*Bison bison athabascae.*
[thumb|[Animalium soni|Vocatio bisontis.]]
[thumb|[Mas adultus (ultra) et femina adulta (citra), in Yellowstone National Park.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|Bison [mas in Montibus Wichita Oclahomae.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Sceletus bisontis.]]
[thumb|Bison currere videtur. Series [photographematum ab Eduardo Muybridge factorum, primum anno 1887 in *Animal Locomotion* edita.]]
 

 est species bisontis cuius vasti greges in America Septentrionali olim vagabantur. Eius spatium historicum ante annum 9000 a.C.n., magna bisontum zona appellatur, tractus vigentium terrarum graminearum qui ab Alasca ad Sinum Mexici, ad orientem usque ad litus Atlanticum (in nonnullis regionibus paene ad *tidewater* Atlanticum) ad Novum Eboracum, et ad meridiem usque ad Georgiam, et, secundum nonnullos fontes, usque ad Floridam extendebatur, atque in Carolina Septentrionali prope Buffalo Ford in Catawba Flumine anno 1750 videbatur. Paene exstinctus factus est propter venationem mercatoriam saeculo undevicensimo effectam morbosque bovinos ex bobus domesticis introductis. Species saeculo duodevicensimo exeunte plus quam 60 milliones animalium numerari putatur, sed ante annum 1889 solum 541 animalia enumerabantur. Medio saeculo vicensimo, rationes gregum augendorum prospere eveniebant, et 31&thinsp;000 animalium ferorum hodie in vita sunt, plerumque in aliquot saeptis nationalibus aliisque saeptis hodie inclusi. Animalia huius species praeterea post nonnullas reintroductiones etiam in variis Iacutiae et Mexici regionibus libere vagantur.

Describuntur duae subspecies vel oecotypi: *Bison bison bison* ("bison planitiei"), magnitudine minor, gibbere rotundiori, et *Bison bison athabascae* ("bison silvestris"), maior, gibbere quadrato. Praeterea, *Bison bison bison* in *B. b. montanae* planitiei septentrionalis et *B. b. bison* planitiei meridianae fortasse consistit, ut summa sit tres. Inter animalia terrestria in America Septentrionali exstantia, bison est gravissimum et longissimum, secundumque ab altissimo, post *Alcem alcem.*

Indi Americani qui in Magnis Planitiebus nonnulla millennia habitabant religione aliisque culturae proprietatibus cum bisonte Americano artissime coniungebantur. Quod animal est mammal nationale Civitatum Foederatarum Americae.

## Descriptio 
Bisonti hieme saetae longae, villosae, atrofuscae, atque aestate saetae leves fuscaeque pallidae sunt. Bisontes mares feminis multo maiores gravioresque sunt. Phenotypus bisontis silvestris phenotypo bisontis planitiei fortasse est primitivior, cum hic ut videtur se ex mixtura *Bisontis occidentalis* et *Bisontis antiqui* evolveret. Pondera a 318 ad 1179 chiliogrammata variare possunt, a 460 ad 988 chiliogrammata, medianis a 730 ad 792.5 chiliogrammata (*B.b. bison*), et 943.6 chiliogrammata (*B.b.athabascae*) in maribus, et a 360 ad 640 chiliogrammata, medianis a 450 ad 497.6 chiliogrammata, in feminis, sed mares usque ad 1360 chiliogrammata aestimati sunt. Bison captivus pro carne alitus gravis praeter natura esse potest, et maximus bison sic semidomesticus 1724 chiliogrammata ponderis fuit. et quibus pugnandi causa intra gregem et pro defensione utuntur.

Bisontes sunt herbivora, quae graminibus cyperaceisque planitierum Americae Septentrionalis vescuntur. Quotidie duas horas pascuntur, duas horas quiescunt, duas horas ruminant, et tum ut iterum pascantur ad novum locum migrant.

## Pinacotheca: bison in cultura latiore 

Fasciculus:Flag of Wyoming.svg|Bison vexillum civicumVyominae adornat.
Fasciculus:Bison effigy.jpg|Effigies cutis bisontis Americani in saltatione solaris indigenarum Lakotae adhibetur.
Fasciculus:Flag of Manitoba.svg|Bison in vexillo Manitobae apparet.
Fasciculus:1935 Indian Head Buffalo Nickel.jpg|Buffalo nickel anni 1935. Haec designatio, bisontem Americanum depingens, ab anno 1913 ad annum 1938 edebatur.
Fasciculus:US-$10-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg|Syngrapha $10 seriei 1901 Meriwether Lewis et Gulielmum Clark, exploratores militarios, cum bisonte Americano depingit.
Fasciculus:US stamp 1898 4c Indian Hunting Buffalo.jpg|Primum pittacium cursuale imaginem bisontis ferens anno 1898 in Civitatibus Foederatis editum est: 4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo," pars seriei commemorativae de Expositione Trans-Mississippiana

*Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
*Berger, Joel, et Carol Cunningham. 1994. *Bison: mating and conservation in small populations.* Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08456-7.
*Berger, Joel, et M. Peacock. 1988. "ariability in size-weight relationships of Bison bison." *Journal of Mammalogy* 69 (3), 618–24.
*Boeskorov, Gennady G., Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov, et Johannes van der Plicht. 2016. "The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, *Bison priscus* from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia." *Quaternary International* 406 (25 Iunii): pars B,, 94–110.
*Branch, E. Douglas. (1929) 1997. *The Hunting of the Buffalo.* Ed. nova. Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. Google Books.
*Burt, William Henry. 1976. *A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico.* Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
*Castelló, J. R. 2016. *Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives.* Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
*Dary, David A. 1974. *The Buffalo Book.* Sicagi: Swallow Press.
*de Jong, C. G. Van Zyll. 1986. "A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (*Bison bison athabascae* Rhoads 1898)." National Museum of Natural Sciences.
*Gard, Wayne. 1954. *The Great Buffalo Hunt.* Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press.
*Halloran F. A. 1960. "American Bison Weights and Measurements from the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge." *Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science,* 212–218.
*Isenberg, Andrew C. 2000. *The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920.* Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. Google Books.
*Lott, Dale F. 2002. *American Bison: A Natural History.* Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9, ISBN 0520233387. Google Books.
*Louie, Flores Dan. 1991. "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850." *Journal of American History* 78 (2): 465–85. doi:10.2307/2079530. JSTOR 2079530.
*McDonald, J. 1981. *North American Bison: Their classification and Evolution.* Berkeleiae, Angelopoli, Londinii: University of California Press.
*McHugh, Tom. 1972. *The Time of the Buffalo.* Lincolniae: University of Nebraska Press. Google Books.
*Meagher, Margaret Mary. 1973. *The Bison of Yellowstone National Park.* Vasingtoniae: Government Printing Office. Archivum.]
*Coke, Rister Carl. 1929. "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest." *Southwestern Historical Quarterly* 33: 34–49.
*Roden, C., H. Vervaecke, et L. Van Elsacker. 2005. "Dominance, age and weight in American bison males (Bison bison) during non-rut in semi-natural conditions." *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* 92 (1), 169–77.
*Roe, Frank Gilbert. 1951. *The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State.* Toronti: University of Toronto Press. JSTOR.
*Rutberg, A. T. 1984. "Birth synchrony in American bison (Bison bison): response to predation or season?" *Journal of Mammalogy* 65 (3), 418–23.
*Rutberg, A. T. 1986. "Dominance and its fitness consequences in American bison cows." *Behaviour* 96 (1), 62–91.
*Shaw, James H. 1995. "How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?" *Rangelands* 17, no. 5 (October): 148–50. JSTOR.
*Smits, David D. 1994, 1995. "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883]." *Western Historical Quarterly* 25: 313–38 et 26: 203-208. PDF.
*Zontek, Ken. 1995. "Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison." *Great Plains Quarterly* 15: 133–49. Editio interrelialis.

## Nexus externi 
*Hornaday, William T. *The Extermination of the American Bison.* Project Gutenberg.
*Mooar, John Wesley. Chartae, 1871–1917 et sine die. Southwest Collection, Special Collections Libraries, Texas Tech University.
* 
* American Bison.
* American Prairie Foundation.
* *Bison bison.* North American Mammals, Smithsonian Institution.
* Buffalo Field Campaign.
* National Bison Association.
* Species profile: American bison. The Nature Conservancy.
* De salute in Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service.
* Wild Bison Reference Project. Collaborative Bibliography for the Conservation, Management and Advocacy of Wild Bison.
* *The Great Buffalo Saga.* Documentarium NFB.
* Traditionalis bisontis usus.
* Structura sceleti et ossium bisontis.
* De bisonte Americano. PBS.

Categoria:Bison
Categoria:Magnae Planities
Categoria:Mammalia Canadae
Categoria:Mammalia Civitatum Foederatarum
Categoria:Mammalia herbivora
Categoria:Species animalium
Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Taxa 1758