Leo Festinger

**Leo** (vulgo *Leon*) **Festinger** (Brooklinii in Urbe Novi Eboraci 8 Maii 1919; ibidem 11 Februarii 1989) fuit psychologus socialis Americanus, qui rationibus dissonantiae cognitivae et comparationis socialis plerumque innotuit.

## Opera 
* Allyn, J., et L. Festinger. 1961. Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications. *Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 62(1): 35–40. 
* Back, K., L. Festinger, B. Hymovitch, H. Kelley, S. Schachter, et J. Thibaut. 1950. The methodology of studying rumor transmission. *Human Relations* 3(3): 307–312.
* Brehm, J., et Leon Festinger. 1957. Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. *Human Relations* 10(1): 85–91.
* Cartwright, D., et Leon Festinger. 1943. A quantitative theory of decision. *Psychological Review* 50: 595–621.
* Coren, S., et Leon Festinger. 1967. Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect". *Perception & Psychophysics* 2(12): 621–26.
* Festinger, Leon. 1942a. A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. *Psychological Review* 49: 235–250.
* Festinger, Leon. 1942b. Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration. *Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 37: 184–200.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943a. Development of differential appetite in the rat. *Journal of Experimental Psychology* 32(3): 226–34.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943b. An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. *Psychometrika* 8: 153–60.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943c. A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. *Psychometrika* 8: 205–10.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943d. Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. *Journal of Experimental Psychology* 32(4): 291–306.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943e. Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision. *Journal of Experimental Psychology* 32(5): 411–23.
* Festinger, Leon. 1946. The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function. *Psychometrika* 11(2): 97–105.
* Festinger, Leon. 1947a. The role of group belongingness in a voting situation. *Human Relations* 1(2): 154–80.
* Festinger, Leon. 1947b. The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis. *Psychological Bulletin* 44(2): 149–61.
* Festinger, Leon. 1949. The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra. *Human Relations* 2(2): 153–58.
* Festinger, Leon. 1950. Informal social communication. *Psychological Review* 57(5): 271–82.
* Festinger, Leon. 1950b. Psychological Statistics. *Psychometrika* 15(2): 209–13.
* Festinger, Leon. 1951. Architecture and group membership. *Journal of Social Issues* 7(1–2): 152–63. 
* Festinger, Leon. 1952. Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. *Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 47(2): 382–89.
* Festinger, Leon. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. *Human Relations* 7: 117–40.
* Festinger, Leon. 1955a. Handbook of social psychology, vol. 1, Theory and method, vol. 2, Special fields and applications. *Journal of Applied Psychology* 39(5): 384–85. 
* Festinger, Leon. 1955b. Social psychology and group processes. *Annual Review of Psychology* 6: 187–216.
* Festinger, Leon. 1957. *A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.* Stanfordiae Californiae: Stanford University Press.
* Festinger, Leon. 1959a. Sampling and related problems in research methodology. *American Journal of Mental Deficiency* 64(2): 358–69. 
* Festinger, Leon. 1959b. Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions. *Acta Psychologica* 15: 389–90.
* Festinger, Leon. 1961. The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. *American Psychologist* 16(1): 1–11. 
* Festinger, Leon. 1962. Cognitive dissonance. *Scientific American* 207(4): 93–107. 
* Festinger, Leon. 1964. Behavioral support for opinion change. *Public Opinion Quarterly* 28(3): 404–17.
* Festinger, Leon, ed. 1980. *Retrospections on Social Psychology.* Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Festinger, Leon. 1983. *The Human Legacy.* Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
* Festinger, Leon. 1981. *Human nature and human competence. Social Research* 48(2): 306–21.
* Festinger, Leon, et L. K. Canon. 1965. Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. *Psychological Review* 72(5): 373–84.
* Festinger, Leon, et J. M. Carlsmith, J. M. 1959. Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. *The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 58(2): 203–10.
* Festinger, Leon, D. Cartwright, K. Barber, J. Fleischl, J. Gottsdanker, A. Keysen, et G. Leavitt. 1948. A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread. *Human Relations* 1(4): 464–86.
* Festinger, Leon, H. Gerard, B. Hymovitch, H. H. Kelley, et B. Raven. 1952. The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates. *Human Relations* 5(4): 327–46.
* Festinger, Leon, et J. D. Holtzman, J. D. 1978 Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement. *Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance* 4(4), 573–85.
* Festinger, Leon, et H. A. Hutte. 1954. An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group. *Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 49(4): 513–22. 
* Festinger, Leon, et D. Katz, eds. 1953. *Research methods in the behavioral sciences.* Novi Eboraci: Dryden.
* Festinger, Leon, et N. Maccoby. 1964. On resistance to persuasive communications. *Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 68(4): 359–66.
* Festinger, Leon, H. W. Riecken, et Stanley Schachter. 1956. *When Prophecy Fails.* Minneapoli Minnesotae: University of Minnesota Press.
* Festinger, Leon, Stanley Schachter, S., et K. Back, K. 1950. *Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing.* Stanfordiae Californiae: Stanford University Press.
* Festinger, Leon, H. A. Sedgwick, et J. D. Holtzman. 1976. Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements. *Vision Research* 16(12): 1377–86.
* Festinger, Leon, et J. Thibaut, J. 1951. Interpersonal communication in small groups. *Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 46(1): 92–9. 
* Festinger, Leon, J. Torrey, et B. Willerman, B. 1954. Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group. *Human Relations* 7(2): 161–74. 
* Hertzman, M., et Leon Festinger. 1940. Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment. *Journal of Experimental Psychology* 27(4): 439–52. 
* Hochberg, J., et Leon Festinger. 1979. Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena. *Behavioral and Brain Sciences* 2(1): 71–ff. 
* Hoffman, P. J., Leon Festinger, et D. H Lawrence. 1954. Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining. *Human Relations* 7(2): 141–59.
* Holtzman, J. D., H. A. Sedgwick, et Leon Festinger. 1978. Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements. *Vision Research* 18(11): 1545–55.
* Komoda, M. K., Leon Festinger, et J. Sherry. 1977. The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation. *Vision Research* 17(10): 1231–1232. 
* Miller, J., et Leon Festinger. 1977. Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature. *Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance* 3(2): 187–200. 
* Schachter, S., Leon Festinger, B. Willerman, et R. Hyman. 1961. Emotional disruption and industrial productivity. *Journal of Applied Psychology* 45(4): 201–213.

* Elliot Aronson
* Cognitio
* Dissonantia cognitiva
* Identitas
* Curtius Lewin
* Propinquitas (effectus propinquitatis)
* Psychologia cognitiva
* Psychologia socialis
* Ratio comparationis socialis
* Stanleius Schachter

## Bibliographia 
* American Psychological Association. 1959. Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awards. *The American Psychologist* 14(12): 784–793.
* Aronson, E. 1980. [Res.] In *Retrospections on Social Psychology,* ed. Leon Festinger, 236–254. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Aronson, E. 1991. Leon Festinger and the art of audacity. *Psychological Science* 2(4): 213–217.
* Cartwright, D., et Leon Festinger. 1943. A quantitative theory of decision. *Psychological Review* 50: 595–621.
* Deutsch, M. 1999. A personal perspective on the development of social psychology in the twentieth century. In *Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology,* ed. A. Rodriguez et R. V. Levine, 1–34. Novi Eboraci: Basic Books.
* Greenwald, A. G., et D. L. Ronis. 1978. Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. *Psychological Review* 85(1): 53–57.
* Festinger, Leon. 1942. A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. *Psychological Review* 49: 235–50.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943a. A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. *Psychometrika* 8: 205–10.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943b. An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. *Psychometrika* 8: 153–60.
* Festinger, Leon. 1943c. Development of differential appetite in the rat. *Journal of Experimental Psychology* 32(3): 226–34.
* Festinger, Leon. 1950. Informal social communication. *Psychological Review* 57(5): 271–82. 
* Festinger, Leon. 1953. Laboratory Experiments. In *Research methods in the behavioral sciences,* ed. Leon Festinger et D. Katz, 137–72. Novi Eboraci: Dryden.
* Festinger, Leon. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. *Human Relations* 7: 117–40.
* Festinger, Leon. 1957. *A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.* Stanfordiae Californiae: Stanford University Press.
* Festinger, Leon. 1980. Looking Backward. In *Retrospections on Social Psychology,* ed. Leon Festinger, 236–54). Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
* Festinger, Leon. 1983. *The Human Legacy.* Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
* Festinger, Leon, et J. M. Carlsmith. 1959. Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. *The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology* 58(2): 203–10.
* Festinger, Leon, Stanley Schachter, et K. Back. 1950. *Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing.* Stanfordiae Californiae: Stanford University Press.
* Gazzaniga, M. S. 2006. Leon Festinger: Lunch With Leon. *Perspectives on Psychological Science* 1(1): 88–94.
* Mooney, Chris, 2011. The Science of Why We Don't Believe Science. *Mother Jones,* Maius–Iunius.
* Schachter, Stanley. 1994. Leon Festinger. In *Biographical Memoirs* 64: 97–110. Vasingtoniae: The National Academies Press.
* Schachter, Stanley, M. S. Gazzaniga, eds. 1989. *Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger.* Novi Eboraci: Russell Sage Foundation.
* Zanjonc, R. B. 1991. Obituaries: Leon Festinger (1919–1989). *The American Psychologist* 45(5): 661–662.
* Zukier, H. 1989. https://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/schachter_intro.pdfIntroduction. In *Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger,* ed. Stanley Schachter et M. S. Gazzaniga, xi–xxiv. Novi Eboraci: Russell Sage Foundation.

## Nexus externi 
* Biographia. National Academy of Sciences.
* Faculty Profile: Trudy B. Festinger MSW, DSW. New York University.

Categoria:Alumni Collegii Urbani Neo-Eboracensis
Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Iovensis
Categoria:Atheistae Civitatum Foederatarum
Categoria:Auctores Anglici
Categoria:Professores Instituti Technologiae Massachusettensis
Categoria:Professores Novae Scholae
Categoria:Professores Universitatis Michiganensis
Categoria:Professores Universitatis Minnesotensis
Categoria:Psychologi Civitatum Foederatarum
Categoria:Psychologia socialis
Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum