Iura humana

[thumb|Primus [Conventus Genavenses, anno 1864 adoptatus.]]
**Iura humana** vel **iura hominis** sunt "prima iura omnibus hominibus pertinentes," "usitate considerata principalia iura quae abalienari non possunt, quae persona per se commeritur tantum quia ea vel is homo vivit." Iura humana ergo concipiuntur universa (quae ubique adhiberi possunt) et aequalitariana (idem pro omnibus). Haec iura exsistere possunt iura naturalia vel iura legitima, in leges nationales et internationales digesta (Nickel 2010). Doctrina iurum humanorum in facinoribus internationalibus, intra iura internationalia institutionesque orbis terrarum et regionum, in rationibus civitatum suorum iuris gerendis, et in actionibus organizationum non gubernationalium fuit fundamenda rationis publicae omnem per orbem terrarum. Beitz, in libro *The Idea of Human Rights,* docet: "Si sermo publicus de societate orbis terrarum tempore pacis communem morum linguam habere dicitur, haec est lingua iurum humanorum." Contra hoc, postulationes quae a doctrina iurum humanorum vehementer adfirmantur magnum scepticismum gravesque disceptationes de corpore, natura, et excusationibus iurum humanorum iam commovent. Immo, ipsa notionis "iuris" significatio est controversa et res perpetuae disceptationis philosophicae (Shaw 2008:265).
[thumb|"[Foedus non est. . . . In futura, id fortasse vere erit Magna Carta internationalis." Alienora Roosevelt Hispanicum
Universae Iurum Humanorum Declarationis textum anno 1949 tenet.]]

Exempla iurum quae plerumque habentur iura humana sunt: iura civilia et politica; sicut ius vitae, vitae privatae, ius libertatis, libertas sentiendi, libertas religionis, libertas loquendi, libertas imprimendi libertatis informationis, ius exprimendi, et ad aequalitatem ante leges; et iura oeconomica, socialia et culturalia, sicut ius in cultura esse, ius edendi, ius laborandi, et ius discendi.

:Omnes homines dignitate iuribusque nascuntur liberi et aequi. Ratione conscientiaque ornati, debent in animo fraternitatis inter se gerere.—Articulum 1 Consociationis Nationum Universae Iurum Humanorum Declarationis.
[thumb|[Communis Conventus Consociationis Nationum|Communis Consociationis Nationum Conventus]]
[thumb|[Cylindrus Cyri, cylindus primus protectionem iurum humanorum scribere putatur.]]

## Normae inter civitates
### Ius humanitarianum
Humanitarium belli ius
### Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio
### Lex
Internationalis iurum humanorum lex

## Consociatio Nationum
[thumb|[Concilium Salutis|Concilium Incolumitatis Consociationis Nationum]]
### Concilium pro Iuribus Humanis
Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humanorum Consilium
### Concilium Incolumitatis 
### Alia Consociationis Nationum Corpora 
## Regionalia iura humana
### Africa
*Charta Africana de Iuribus Humanis Populisque
*Nelson Mandela
*Desmondus Tutu
### Americae
*Conventio Americana de Iuribus Humanis
### Asia
* Aung San Suu Cii
* Liu Xiaobo
* Schirin Ebadi
### Europa 
*Conventio Europaea ad iura hominis defendenda
*Consilium Europae
*Iura Zingaroroum

### Oceania
## Philosophiae
[right|thumb|Tabula praevalentiae opinabilis *[mutilatio genitalis feminae|sectio genitaliarum feminarum sive vulvae* (FGC) in Africa; data ex aestimationibus incertis.]]
* Ius naturale
* Ius quod alienari non potest
### Iura innata 
### Pactum sociale
### Reciprocitas 
### Aliae iurum humanorum theoriae
*Regnum legis
*Iustitia socialis
### Contraposita contra iura humana 
## Notiones iurum humanorum
### Universalismus contra relativismo culturale
*Conferentia Mundi de Iuribus Humanis - Declaratio et propositum Vindobonae
*Iurum humanorum defensor
*Carolus Popper 
### Iura reproductiva 
## Res legitimae
### Violationes iurum humanorum
Septem regiones diurnaristis clauduntur:
* Chechnya, Russia, *Do journalists have the right to work in Chechnya without accreditation?* www.medialaw.ru
* Jaffna, Sri Lanka, *Sri Lanka Safety Tips* www.newssafety.com
* Birmania
* Corea Septentrionalis
* Papua, Indonesia, *Indonesia: Police Abuse Endemic in Closed Area of Papua | Human Rights Watch,* www.hrw.org
* Peshawar, Pakistania, *Radical Islamists no longer welcome in Pakistani tribal areas | McClatchy,* www.mcclatchydc.com
* Thibetum, Sina, *mobile.wtop.com*, www.wtopnews.com
* Metellinum, Columbia

## Iura nunc disputata 
### Iura circumiecturalia 
### Progenies
### Iura altersexualia (i.e. homosexualium, bisexualium, transgenerorum ac intersexualium)  
* Declaratio Montis Regii
* Yogyakartae Principia

### Commercium 
### Aqua 
## Dicta 
:Legum servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus. -Cicero.

* Amnestia Internationalis
* Consociationis Nationum Iurum Humanorum Consilium
* Confoederatio Varsaviensis
* Distinctio
* Dominae Albae Vestitae
* Humanitarium belli ius
* Internationalis iurum humanorum lex
* Incolumitas humana
* Iura animalium
* Iura mulierium
* Iura humana tertiae generationis
* Iurum humanorum defensor
* Ius naturale
* Ius consuetudinis
* Libertas oeconomica
* Libertas (politica)
* Organizatio re publica vacans
* Repressio civilis
* Universa Iurum Humanorum Declaratio 

## Notae
## Bibliographia
* Amnesty International. 2004. *Amnesty International Report*. Amnesty International Publications. ISBN 0-86210-354-1. ISBN 1-887204-40-7.
* Alexander, Fran, ed. 1998. *Encyclopedia of World History.* Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860223-5.
* Alston, Philip. 2005. "Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals." *Human Rights Quarterly* 27(3):807.
* Arnhart, Larry. 1998. *Darwinian Natural Right: The Biological Ethics of Human Nature.* SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-3693-4.
* Ball, Olivia, et Paul Gready. 2007. *The No-Nonsense Guide to Human Rights.* New Internationalist. ISBN 1-904456-45-6.
* Barzilai, Gad. 2003. *Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.* Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11315-1.
* Blattberg, Charles. 2007. *The Ironic Tragedy of Human Rights.* In *Patriotic Elaborations: Essays in Practical Philosophy.* Montreal et Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3538-1.
* Chauhan, O. P. 2004. *Human Rights: Promotion and Protection.* Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 81-261-2119-X.
* Cook, Rebecca J., et Mahmoud F. Fathalla. 1996. "Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing". *International Family Planning Perspectives* 22(3):115–121.
* Davenport, Christian. 2007a. *State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace.* Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86490-9.
* Davenport, Christian. 2007b. State Repression and Political Order. *Annual Review of Political Science.*
* Dees, Morris. 2001. *A Lawyer’s Journey.* Sicagi: American Bar Association.
* Donnelly, Jack. 2003. *Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice.* Ed. 2a. Ithacae et Londinii: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8776-5
* Ellerman, David. 2005. *Helping People Help Themselves: From the World Bank to an Alternative Philosophy of Development Assistance.* Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-03142-2.
* Esposito, John L. 2004. *The Oxford Dictionary of Islam*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512559-2.
* Esposito, John L. 2005. *Islam: The Staight Path*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518266-9.
* Finnis, John. 1980. *Natural Law and Natural Rights* Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-876110-4.
* Forsythe, David P. 2000. *Human Rights in International Relations.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. International Progress Organization. ISBN 3-900704-08-2.
* Forsythe, David P. 2005. *The Humanitarians: The International Committee of the Red Cross* Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84828-8.
* Freedman, Lynn P., et Stephen L. Isaacs. (Jan-Feb 1993). "Human Rights and Reproductive Choice". *Studies in Family Planning* 24(1):18-30.
* Ignatieff, Michael. 2001 *Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry.* Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08893-4.
* Glendon, Mary Ann. 2001. *A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights*. Random House of Canada Ltd. ISBN 0-375-50692-6.
* Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, et John L. Esposito. 1998. *Islam, Gender, and Social Change*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511357-8.
* Hershock, Peter D, R. T. Ames, et M. Stepaniants, eds. 2003. *Technology and Cultural Values on the Edge of the Third Millennium: Selected papers from the 8th East-West Philosophers Conference.* Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. 
* Hitchens, Christopher. 2002. *The Trial of Henry Kissinger.* Verso. ISBN 1-85984-398-0.
* Houghton Miffin Company. 2006. *The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language*. Houghton Miffin. ISBN 0-618-70173-7.
* Jackson, Kevin. 1994. *Charting Global Responsibilities: Legal Philosophy and Human Rights*. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-9478-6.
* Jaffa, Harry V. 1952, 1979. *Thomism and Aristotelianism; A Study of the Commentary by Thomas Aquinas on the Nicomachean Ethics.* Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-21149-3.
* Jahn, Beate. 2005. "Barbarian thoughts: imperialism in the philosophy of John Stuart Mill." *Review of International Studies* 31:599-618.
* Jones, Lindsay. *Encyclopedia of religion.* Ed. 2a. ISBN 0-02-865742-X. 
* Joseph, Suad, et Afsaneh Najmabadi, eds. 2007. *Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures*. Brill Publishing. ISBN 90-04-12818-2.
* Kennedy, Duncan. 1982. Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy. *Journal of Legal Education* 32(591).
* Khadduri, Majid. 1978. "Marriage in Islamic Law: The Modernist Viewpoints". *American Journal of Comparative Law* 26(2):213–218.  
* Köchler, Hans. 1981. *The Principles of International Law and Human Rights.*
* Köchler, Hans. 1990. "Democracy and Human Rights." Studies in International Relations, 15. Vienna: International Progress Organization.
* Kohen, Ari. 2007. *In Defense of Human Rights: A Non-Religious Grounding in a Pluralistic World*. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-42015-6, ISBN 978-0-415-42015-0.
* Landman, Todd. 2006. *Studying Human Rights.* Oxoniae et Londinii: Routledge ISBN 0-415-32605-2.
* Lewis, Bernard. 1992. *Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry.* Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505326-5.
* Lewis, Bernard. 1998. "Islamic Revolution". *The New York Review of Books* 34(21–22), 21 Ianuarii.
* Light, Donald W. 2002. "A Conservative Call For Universal Access To Health Care," *Penn Bioethics* 9(4):4–6.  
* Littman, David. 1999. "Universal Human Rights and 'Human Rights in Islam.'" *Midstream Magazine* 2(2):2–7.
* Maan, Bashir, et Alastair McIntosh. 1999. "Interview with William Montgomery Watt." *The Coracle* 3(51):8–11. 
* Marshall, Thurgood. 2001. *Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences.* Sicagi: Lawrence Hill Books. 
* Mayer, Henry. 2000. *All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery*. St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25367-2.
* McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. 2005. ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an.* 5 voll. Brill Publishing. ISBN 90-04-14743-8. ISBN 978-90-04-14743-0. 
* McLagan, Meg. 2003/ "Principles, Publicity, and Politics: Notes on Human Rights Media." *American Anthropologist* 105(3):605–612.
* Möller, Hans-Georg. 2003. *How to Distinguish Friends from Enemies: Human Rights Rhetoric and Western Mass Media.*
* Nathwani, Niraj. 2003. *Rethinking Refugee Law*. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-2002-5.
* Paul, Ellen Frankel, Fred Dycus Miller, et Jeffrey Paul, eds. 2001. *Natural Law and Modern Moral Philosophy.* Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79460-9.
* Clayton, Philip, et Jeffrey Schloss. 2004. *Evolution and Ethics: Human Morality in Biological and Religious Perspective.* Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-2695-4.
* Robertson, Arthur Henry, et John Graham Merrills. 1996. *Human Rights in the World: An Introduction to the Study of the International Protection of Human Rights.* Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4923-7.
* Salevao, Lutisone. 2005. *Rule of Law, Legitimate Governance and Develoment in the Pacific.* ANU E Press. ISBN 1-920942-55-6.
* Sciacca, Fabrizio, ed. 2008. *Struttura e senso dei diritti: L'Europa tra identità e giustizia politica.* Milano: Bruno Mondadori. ISBN 9788861591820.
*Scott, C. 1989. "The Interdependence and Permeability of Human Rights Norms: Towards a Partial Fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights." *Osgood Law Journal* 27.  
* Sills, David L. 1968, 1972/ *International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences*. MacMillan. 
* Shellens, Max Salomon. 1959. "Aristotle on Natural Law." *Natural Law Forum* 4(1):72–100.
* Schimmel, Annemarie. 1992. *Islam: An Introduction.* SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-1327-6.
* Sen, Amartya. 1997. *Human Rights and Asian Values.* ISBN 0-87641-151-0. 
* Shute, Stephen, et Susan Hurley, eds. 1993. *On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures.* Novi Eboraci: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-05224-X.
* Steiner, J., et Philip Alston. 1996. *International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals.* Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-825427-X.
* Stone, Irving. 1943. *Clarence Darrow for the Defense*. Garden City, Novi Eboraci: Garden City Publishing Co.
* Sunga, Lyal S. 1992. *Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations.* Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-1453-0.
* Tahir-ul-Qadri, Muhammad. 2005. *Huquq al Insania fil Islam (Human Rights in Islam).* Minhaj Publishers.
* Tierney, Brian. 1997. *The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law.'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-4854-0.
* Tunick, Mark. 2006. "Tolerant Imperialism: John Stuart Mill's Defense of British Rule in India." *The Review of Politics* 68:586-611. 
* Vaughn, Karen I. 1978. "John Locke and the Labor Theory of Value." *Journal of Libertarian Studies* 2(4):311–326.

## Nexus externi
* Chronologicus primorum foederum de iuris humanis inter civitates index
* Declaratio Universalis Iurum Humanorum (textus) (Consociatio Nationum)
* De organizationibus 155 per orbem terrarum (International Federation of Human Rights)
* De iuribus (United Nations–Human Rights)
* Documenta Consociationis Nationum
* "Guide to the Statement of Essential Human Rights at the American Law Institute Archives,"
* Iura Humana in Russia,
* Iura Humana in Sinis,
* Officium Commissionarii Iurum Humanorum
* Pagina publica (Human Rights First)
* "Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project,"

Categoria:Cultura
Categoria:Egalitarianismus
Categoria:Ethica
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