Symbiosis purgatoria

**Symbiosis purgatoria** est consociatio mutuo salutaris inter singula animalia binarum specierum, ubi unum, *purgator*, parasitos aliasque res a superficie alterius, *clientis*, aufert atque edit. Notissimum exemplum est symbiosis purgatoria piscium Labroidium, qui tantum fere maioribus piscibus purgandis nutriuntur. Haec symbiosis etiam apud aliis piscibus, avibus, ac mammalibus reperitur.

Primum Herodotus in *Historiis* circa annum 440 a.C.n. hanc purgationem prodidit, sed exemplum eius, in quo aves crocodilis serviunt, raro tantum fieri videtur. Propositum symbioseon purgatoriarum a biologis plus triginta annos disputatum est. Alii credunt purgationem esse laborem ab utraque parte sui utilitatis immemori actum, mutualismum qui valetudinem amborum animalium augeat; alii, ut Robertus Trivers, putant purgationem esse altruismum mutuum, in quo utraque pars sua et non alterius causa facit; alii credunt purgationem esse nihil nisi quaestum unius partis, formam parasitismi.

Etiam fraudatio fit, ubi purgator clientem nocet aut species praedatoria purgatorem imitatur. Fraudatio praedatoria est contrarium imitationis Batesianae, ut cum syrphus innocens vespam aculeatam imitatur. Aliqui pisces vero purgatorii, ut elacatini et labroides, eorumdem colorum sunt, propter evolutionem convergentem. Similitudo mutua inter pisces purgatorios comparanda est cum imitatione Mülleriana, qua apes aculei et vespae inter se imitantur.

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
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* Davenport, John (1994). "A cleaning association between the oceanic crab Planes minutus and the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 74 (3): 735–737. doi:10.1017/S0025315400047780.
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* Grutter, Alexandra S. (2002). "Cleaning symbioses from the parasites' perspective". Parasitology. 124: S65–S81. doi:10.1017/S0031182002001488.
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* Sazima, Ivan; Sazima, Cristina (2010). "Brazilian cleaner birds: update and brief reappraisal". Biota Neotropica. 10 (1): 327–331. doi:10.1590/s1676-06032010000100028.
* Stummer, Laura E.; Weller, Jennifer A.; Johnson, Magnus L.; Côté, Isabelle M. (2004). "Size and stripes: how fish clients recognize cleaners" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 68 (1): 145–150. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.10.018.
* Weeks, Paul (2000). "Red-billed oxpeckers: vampires or tickbirds?". Behavioral Ecology. 11 (2): 154–160. doi:10.1093/beheco/11.2.154.
* Wyman, Richard L.; Ward, Jack A. (1972). "A cleaning symbiosis between the cichlid fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis. I. Description and possible evolution". Copeia. 1972 (4): 834–838. doi:10.2307/1442742. JSTOR 1442742.

## Nexus externi 
Categoria:Ethologia