Magna commutatio biotorum Americana

thumb|upright=1.5|Animalia australia boreae versus (colore oliveo), borealia austro versus (colore caeruleo) migrata
**Magna commutatio biotorum Americana**, Anglice *Great American biotic interchange*, Hispanice *Gran intercambio biótico americano*, ex illis migrationibus orta est quae post constitutionem pontis terrestris Panamensis inter continentes Americanas evenerunt. Ita species animalium olim australes septentrioni versus speciesque boreales austro versus propagatae sunt.

Corollarium est **magnum schisma Americanum** (*Great American schism*): subito enim, motu eodem, divisio facta est inter biota marina tropicalia maris Caribaei oceanique Pacifici, usque id aevum coniuncta, quae deinde separatim evolvere coeperunt.

Tempus commutationis et schismatis incerte datur: eruditi plures epocha Pliocaena exeunte, abhinc annorum circiter 2&nbsp;700&nbsp;000, statuunt.

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
; Generalia et geologica
* C. D. Bacon et al., "Biological evidence supports an early and complex emergence of the Isthmus of Panama" in *PNAS* vol. 112 (2015) pp. 6110–6115 DOI
* S. Cody et al., "The Great American Biotic Interchange revisited" in *Ecography* vol. 33 pp. 326-332
* Egbert G. Leigh, Aaron O'Dea, Geerat J. Vermeij, "Historical biogeography of the Isthmus of Panama" in *Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society* vol. 89 (2014) pp. 148-172 Situs venalis
* Aaron O'Dea et al., "Formation of the Isthmus of Panama" in *Science Advances* vol. 2 (Augusto 2016)
* Francis G. Stehli, S. David Webb, edd., *The Great American Biotic Interchange*. Novi Eboraci: PLenum Press, 1985

; De avibus
* K. P. Johnson, J. D. Weckstein, "The Central American land bridge as an engine of diversification in New World doves" in *Journal of Biogeography* vol. 38 (2011) pp. 1069-1076 DOI
* J. F. McLaughlin et al., "Comparative phylogeography reveals widespread cryptic diversity driven by ecology in Panamanian birds" (2023) apud *BiorXiv*
* B. T. Smith, J. Klicka, "The profound influence of the Late Pliocene Panamanian uplift on the exchange, diversification, and distribution of New World birds" in *Ecography* vol. 33 (2010) pp. 333-342 DOI

; De apibus
* Charles D. Michener, "Bees of Panama" in *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History* vol. 104 (1974) pp. 1-175
* Charles D. Michener, "Biogeography of the bees" in *Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden* vol. 66 (1979)
* Joseph S. Wilson, Olivia Messinger Carril, Sedonia D. Sipes, "Revisiting the Great American biotic interchange through analyses of amphitropical bees" in *Ecography* vol. 37 (2014) pp. 791-796

; De mammalibus
* Alberto Luis Cione et al., *The Great American Biotic Interchange: a South American perspective*. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015

; De plantis
* Alwyn H. Gentry, "Neotropical Floristic Diversity: Phytogeographical Connections Between Central and South America, Pleistocene Climatic Fluctuations, or an Accident of the Andean Orogeny?" in *Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden* vol. 69 (1982) pp. 557-593 JSTOR

; De biotis marinis
* Laurel S. Collins, Ann F. Budd, Anthony G. Coates, "Earliest evolution associated with closure of the Tropical American Seaway" in *PNAS* vol. 93 (1996) pp. 6069-6072

## Nexus externi 
* Leonidas Brikiatis, "Evidence for a Recent Formation of the Isthmus of Panama 0.6 Mya" (2021) apud *ResearchSquare*

Categoria:Palaeontologia
Categoria:Pliocaenum
Categoria:Historia naturalis Americae Meridionalis
Categoria:Historia naturalis Americae Septentrionalis