Murus

[thumb|Murus [laterum.]]
[thumb|Murus mixtus, [Cantuariae, Anglia]]
[thumb|Murus loci Cairn de Barnenez [Franciae.]]
[thumb|Murus portae Maximiliani [Norimbergae.]]
[thumb|Ornatus murus externus, [Mexicopolis|Mexicopoli Mexici (2008).]]
**Murus**, sive **paries**, est structura alta planaque quae aream definit, onus fert, vel refugio vel securitati prodest. Stricto sensu, ut dicit Forcellini, "murus est lapideus ambitus circa urbem, munimenti causa; atque hinc differt a pariete, qui est privatarum aedium".

Structura similis est **maceria**, "paries sub dio positus, ad saepiendos hortos, villas, silvas, vineta, sepulcra et huiusmodi, ex sicco lapide constructus".

## Historia 
### Aevum praehistoricum 
Aedificia epochae praehistoricae saxis sine lithocolla positis vel opere fictili facta fuerunt.

Nurage1rp.jpg|Nuraghe Succuronis, turris saxosus Sardiniae.
Mušḫuššu (sirrush) and aurochs on either side of the processional street. Ancient Babylon, Mesopotamia, Iraq.jpg|Murus Babyloniae, urbis antiquae.

### Aevum antiquum 
Romani multas species murorum, opera vocatae, cognoscebant:
* opus quadratum
* opus caementicium
* opus incertum
* opus reticulatum
* opus mixtum
* opus testaceum aut *latericium* (lateribus factum)
* opus africanum

PhilaeEastWall.jpg|Murus orientalis templi Isidis urbis Philae Agypti.
Celio - le mura tra porta san Sebastiano e porta Ardeatina 1974.JPG|Murus Aurelianus urbis Romae.
Servian at Termini.JPG|Murus Servianus ad stationem ferriviariam *Termini* Romae.
2005-08-24-Carcassonne-Tours gallo-romaines.jpg|Murus et turris Carcassonnae urbis Romanae in Francia epocha mediaevali aucti.

### Medium Aevum 
* Muri architecturae Romanicae
* Opus more gothico constructum

Schweppermannsburg Pfaffenhofen 005.JPG| Schweppermannsburgum, castellum mediaevale, ad urbem Pfaffenhofen Bavariae.
Dunstaffnage Castle 20080428 from northwest.jpg|Dunstaffnage, castellum in Scotia.
The Keep, Carlisle Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1087564.jpg|Turris castelli Carlisle Britanniae.
Hervormde kerk Winschoten oostgevel.JPG|Murus laterum ecclesiae urbis Winschoten Nederlandiae.
Castell de l'Areny - Sant Romà de la Clusa.jpg|Murus ecclesiae Sancto Romano Antiocheno dicata, vico Castell de l'Areny Catalauniae
Arg-e Karimkhan 05.JPG|Murus castelli Arg of Karim Khan apud urbem Tirazis Iraniae anno 1767 constructi

### Aevum novum 
Murus Berolini a die 13 Augusti 1961 usque ad diem 9 Novembris 1989 urbem in duas partes dividebat (vide murum Berolinensem).

## Muri functione digesti 
### Limites 

Hadrian's wall at Greenhead Lough.jpg|Murus Valli Aelii.
20090529 Great Wall 8185.jpg|Murus Sinicus.
Mutianyu southern wall section 2.JPG|Muri Sinici opus saxis et lateribus mixtum.
Israeli West Bank Barrier.jpg|Vallum Cisiordania ab Israël constitutum.

### Moenia urbium 

Ávila 24-8-2002.jpg|Murus Abulae in Hispania.
XiAn CityWall DiLou.jpg|Moenia urbis Sigani, Sinae.
2011 Dubrownik, Mury miejskie.jpg|Moenia urbis Ragusii, Croatia.

### Muri ad usum agriculturae 

A distant Bavelaw Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1468786.jpg|Murus inter prata Scotiae.
Inisheer Gardens 2002 dry-stone walls.jpg|Muri pratorum apud Inisheer insulae *Aran* Hibernicae.
Weinberge Montreux Genfer See01-a.jpg|Muri vinearum super Lacum Lemanum Helvetiae.
Batad Rice Terraces.jpg|Cultura oryzae, Batad (Ifugao), Philippinae.

### Structurae viarum 

Gotthard Tremola01.JPG|Muri viae super transitum Sancti Godehardi pago Ticino.
Ardley Railway Tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1612527.jpg|Murus cuniculi anno 1909 constructi Ferriviae occidentalis magnae, Anglia.

### Munitiones 

Forte di Fortezza 06.JPG|Murus fortificationis Austriacae *Franzensfeste* circa annum 1835 in vico Francisci Oppidum apud viam transitus Brenneri constructae.
Fort8 (5)~2.jpg|Muri Antverpiae, Belgia.
Krakau - Barbakan.jpg|Barbecana Cracoviae, Polonia.

### Aedificia contra inundationes 

Lebanon - 20150614 - Batroun - The phoenician wall 7.jpg|Rudera muri contra aestum magnum maris prope urbem Bothrydem (*Botrus* vel *Theoprosopon*) Phoenicum.
Riedbach in Ried im Zillertal.jpg|Murus in valle fluvii in Austria.
Venezia - Murazzi Pellestrina.jpg|Murus apud insulam Ferentinam ante Venetiam, Italia.
New Orleans USACE-Blackhawk-A-09-04-05 0072.jpg|Calamitas muri inundatione anno 2005 Novae Aureliae.

## Nexus interni
* Fenestra militaris
*Ha-ha
*Iericho
*Limes Romanus
*Moenia
*Murus Berolinensis
*Murus Sinicus
*Murus Precum Hierosolymae
*Machu Pikchu
*Anasazi
*Cultura Maya
*Chichén Itzá
*Angkor Wat
*Vallum

Jericho Herodian bath.JPG|Muri palatii antiqui in urbe Iericho.
The Great Wall pic 1.jpg|Murus Sinicus.
Tarahuasi Archaeological site - stones.jpg|Murus *Tarahuasi* loci habitati Incarum civitatis Peruviae.
Windows and Doors (4335087786).jpg|Rudera aedificiorum *Pueblo Bonito* Culturae Chaco Canyon populi Anasaziorum.
Palenque 2b.JPG|Murus templi urbis *Palenque* Culturae Maya.
Bayon Angkor frontal.jpg|Templum Bayon Angkor in Cambosia.
Jews at Western Wall by Felix Bonfils, 1870s.jpg|Murus Precum Hierosolymae saeculo 19.

## Notae 

## Bibliographia 
* Evelyne Péré-Christin, *Le mur: un itinéraire architectural*. 2001.
* Claudius Quétel: *Histoire des murs*. 2012. ISBN 978-2-262-04342-1.
* William Dietrich: ''Hadrian's Wall*. 2004.
* E.J. Haslinghuis, H. Janse, H. *Bouwkundige termen*. Leiden: Primavera Pers 2005. ISBN 90-5997-033-0.
* Josef Maier: *Handbuch Historisches Mauerwerk: Untersuchungsmethoden und Instandsetzungsverfahren* (Berolini 2012). ISBN 978-3-642-25467-3.
* Horst Wolfgang Böhme, Reinhard Friedrich, Barbara Schock-Werner (ed.): *Wörterbuch der Burgen, Schlösser und Festungen*. Reclam, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-15-010547-1.
* Martin Brice: *Burgen und Wehranlagen.* Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1999, ISBN 3-8289-0730-X.
* Christopher Duffy: *Fire & Stone. The Science of Fortress Warfare. 1660-1860*. 2. Auflage. Greenhill Books, London 1996. ISBN 1-85367-247-5.
* Hartwig Neumann: *Festungsbau-Kunst und -Technik*. Civitate ad Arphtam 2004. ISBN 3-89996-268-0.
* Ernst Seidl (ed.): *Lexikon der Bautypen. Funktionen und Formen der Architektur*. Stuttgart 2006. ISBN 3-15-010572-2.
* Valentina Gontscharenko: *Mauern und Türme*. Moskau 2001.
* Guy le Hallé: *Précis de la fortification*. 1983.
* Guy de la Bédoyère: *Hadrian's Wall: A History and Guide*. Stroud: Tempus, 1998. ISBN 0-7524-1407-0.
* *England's Roman Frontier: Discovering Carlisle and Hadrian's Wall Country''. Hadrian's Wall Heritage Ltd and Carlisle Tourism Partnership. 2010.
* James L. Forde-Johnston: ''Hadrian's Wall*. London: Michael Joseph, 1978. ISBN 0-7181-1652-6.
* Alistair Moffat: *The Wall*. Birlinn Limited Press 2008. ISBN 1-84158-675-7.
* Julia Lovell: *The Great Wall: China against the World: 1000 BC – 2000 AD.* Londinii 2006. Atlantic Books; Sydney, Australia: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-42241-3; ISBN 0-330-42241-3.
* Zewen Luo et David Baker, ed.. *The Great Wall.* Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Book Company 1981. ISBN 0070707456.
*  John Man: *The Great Wall*. London 2008. ISBN 978-0-593-05574-8.
* Roland Michaud et al.: *The Great Wall of China.* Abbeville Press 2001. ISBN 0-7892-0736-2.
* Carlos Rojas: *The Great Wall: A Cultural History.'' Harvard University Press 2010.

## Nexus externi 
* Murus Romae.

Categoria:Architectura