Vipera berus

[thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Shows the front parts of two common adders. One snake has the normal colour while the other has melanistic colour/pattern form. The head of the normal snake is enclosed in a half-coil of the melanistic form.|Usitatum et melanisticum [coloris exemplaria.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|alt=An adult female adder found basking in the sun by Loch Shin, Sutherland in Scotland. She preferred to pose for a photograph rather than slither away.|*Vipera berus* [femina (sexus)|femina.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|alt=A slender adder lies in a half circle on the bare soil which has a few dried leaves. The black zig-zag pattern along the dorsal spine of the snake contrasts against the white borders forming a pattern resembling the teeth of an open zip. |*Vipera berus* [mas.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Closeup of snake coils with head resting on coil looking front and left. The gray dorsal scales on the thick coils are clearly seen as having prominent keels.|*Vipera berus,* [squama lineatas in regione dorsali monstrans.]]

***Vipera berus*** (vulgo fortasse *coluber communis Europaeus* et *vipera communis Europaeus,*) est anguis venenosus cuius distributio geographica latissime extenditur et qui per plurimum Europae Occidentalis etiam usque ad Asiam Orientalem inveni potest. *Vipera* est res gentiliciorum morum in Britannia aliisque civitatibus Europaeis. Non periculosus habetur, Nomen *berus,* exemplum Latinae Novae, quendam anguem olim attingebat, fortasse *Natricem natricem.*

*Vipera berus* in variis circumiectis naturalibus invenitur, et multiplicitas habitationis maximi momenti in eius moribus est. Parvis mammalibus, avibus, lacertis, amphibiis, et aliquando araneis, vermibus, insectisque vescitur. Sicut alii viperae, ovoviviparus est. Feminae semel in biennio vel triennio iuvenes gignunt, fetibus plerumque ab aestate exacta ad autumnum ineuntem in hemisphaerio septentrionali natis. Fetus magnitudine a tribus ad viginti variant, et iuvenes cum matre aliquot dies manent. Adulti (cum cauda) a 60 ad 90 centimetra longi sunt, et massam a 50 ad 180 grammatum habent. Tres subspecies agnoscuntur, inter quas *Vipera berus berus,* subspecies nominata. Hic anguis in periculum addictus non habetur, quamquam in nonnullis civitatibus legitime protegitur.

## Notae
## Bibliographia
* Ananjeva, N. B., L. J. Borkin, Ilya Darevsky, et Nikolaï Orlov. 1998. [*Amphibia et Reptilia: Encyclopedia Naturae Russiae*]. Moscuae: ABF. (Russice). 
*Arnold, E. Nicholas, et J. A. Burton. 1978. *A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe.* Londinii: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219318-3.
*Boulenger, George Albert. 1896. *Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the . . . Viperidæ.* Londinii: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
*Bruno, Silvio. 1985. ''Le vipere d'Italia e d'Europa.* Bononiae: Edagricole. ISBN 8820625008.
*Goin, Coleman Jett,O. B. Goin, et G. R. Zug. 1978. *Introduction to Herpetology.* Ed. tertia. Franciscopoli: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4.
*Gruber, Ulrich. 1989. *Die Schlangen Europas und rund ums Mittelmeer.'' Stutgardiae: Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 3-440-05753-4.
*Jan, Giorgio, et Ferdinando Sordelli. 1874. *Iconographie générale des Ophidiens: Quarante-cinquième Livraison.* Lutetiae: Baillière.
*Joger, Ulrich, P. Lenk, İbrahim Baran, W. Böhme, T. Ziegler, P. Heidrich, et M. Wink. 1997. "The phylogenetic position of *Vipera barani* and of *Vipera nikolskii* within the *Vipera berus* complex." *Herpetologica Bonnensis* 185–94.
*Joger, Ulrich, et Ralf Wollesen, eds. 2004. *Verbreitung, Ökologie und Schutz der Kreuzotter (*Vipera berus*).* Mertensiella 15. ISBN 3-9806577-6-0.
*Linnaeus, Carolus. 1758. *Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata.* Holmiae: L. Salvius.
*Mallow, David, David Ludwig, et Göran Nilson. 2003. *True Vipers: Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers.* Malabar Floridae: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
*McDiarmid, R. W., J. A. Campbell, et T. Touré. 1999. *Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1.* Vasingtoniae: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volumen).
*Minton, Sherman A., Jr. 1974. *Venom Diseases.* Campifonte Illinoesiae: CC Thomas Publishing. ISBN 978-0-398-03051-3.
*Morris, P. A. 1948. "The common viper, *Vipera berus.*" In ''Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them, a volume of the Humanizing Science Series,* ed. Jacques Cattell, 154–55, 182. Novi Eboraci: Ronald Press.
*Schiemenz, Hans. 1995. *Die Kreuzotter.* Neue Brehm-Bücherei Band 332, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben. ISBN 3-89432-151-2.
*Wüster, W., C. S. E. Allum, I. B. Bjargardottir, K. L. Bailey, K. J. Dawson, J. Guenioui, J. Lewis, J. McGurk, A. G. Moore, M. Niskanen, et C. P. Pollard. 2004. "Do aposematism and Batesian mimicry require bright colours? A test, using European viper markings." *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London'' B 271: 2495–99. PDF.. Archivum, Wolfgang Wüster, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor.

## Nexus externi
Categoria:Biota Siberiae
Categoria:Fauna Russiae
Categoria:Reptilia Asiae
Categoria:Reptilia Europae
Categoria:Species animalium
Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Taxa 1758
berus