Danaus (genus)

[thumb|left|200px|[Larva *Danaus chrysippus* super speciem *Calotropis* in Hyderabad Indiae repit.]]
***Danaus*** (Anglice *tiger, milkweed, monarch, queen*) est genus papilionum subfamiliae Danainarum familiae Nymphalidarum, omnem per orbem terrarum, praecipue in America Septentrionali, America Australi, Africa, Asia, Indonesia, et Australia endemicus.

## Taxinomia
Post recognitionem commentarii Smith et al. (2005), duodecim species late accipiuntur secundum morphologicam mtDNA 12S rRNA, et cytochrome *c* oxidase subunit I, et DNA nuclearis 18S rRNA et *EF1* subunitas α sequentia:
* *Danaus affinis* (Fabricius, 1775)
* *Danaus chrysippus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
* *Danaus cleophile* (Godart, 1819)
* *Danaus dorippus* (Klug, 1845) (olim in *D. chrysippus*)
* *Danaus eresimus* (Cramer, 1777) (comprehendit *D. plexaure*)
* *Danaus erippus* (Cramer, 1775)
* *Danaus genutia* (Cramer, 1779)
* *Danaus gilippus* (Cramer, 1775)
* *Danaus ismare* (Cramer, 1780)
* *Danaus melanippus* (Cramer, 1777)
* *Danaus petilia* (Stoll, 1790)
* *Danaus plexippus* (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hoc genus olim in subgenera *Danaum, Salaturam,* et *Anosiam* diffissum est, sed haec dispositio abolita est.

Hybridizatio quae progenies fertiles gignit inter nonnullas species fieri agnoscitur, res mtDNA confundens; hoc videtur praecipue verum in *D. dorippo* (Smith et al. 2005). Praeterea, *Spiroplasma,* contagio quae mares inferficit, in *D. chrysippo* monstrata est, et probabiliter in aliis speciebus fit (Jiggins et al. 2000); consequentiae pro speciatione et evolutione probabiliter sunt similes illorum in contagione ex bene investigatis generis *Wolbachiae* varietatibus, quae etiam mares interficiunt.

## Phylogenia
Phylogenis generis (sine *Danaus cleophile*).

## Synonyma specierum et subspecierum
* Fons: "The higher classification of Nymphalidae," apud situm nymphalidae.net.
* Nota bene: Nomina post signum aequationis ( = ) sunt synonyma, homonyma, nomina reiecta, vel nomina invalida. Synonymia, infra abbreviata data, est ex Ackery & Vane-Wright (1984).

Tribus Danaini Boisduval, 1833
* ***Danaus*** Kluk, 1802 ( = *Danaida* Latreille, 1804; = *Limnas* Hübner, 1806; = *Danais* Latreille, 1807; = *Danaus* Latreille, 1809; = *Anosia* Hübner, 1816; = *Festivus* Crotch, 1872; = *Salatura* Moore, 1880; = *Nasuma* Moore, 1883; = *Tasitia* Moore, 1883; = *Danaomorpha* Kremky, 1925; = *Panlymnas* Bryk, 1937; = *Diogas* d'Almeida, 1938)
** *Danaus cleophile* (Godart, 1819) (primum nomen = *Danais cleophile* Godart, 1819)
** *Danaus plexippus* (Linnaeus, 1758) (primum nomen = *Papilio plexippus* Linnaeus, 1758; = *misippiformis* Meuschen, 1781; = *archippus* Fabricius, 1793; = *menippe* Hübner, 1816; = *megalippe* Hübner, 1826; = *leucogyne* Butler, 1884; = *fumosus* Hulstaert, 1886; = *pulchra* Strecker, 1900; = *nigrippus* Haensch, 1909; = *americanus* Gunder, 1927; = *nivosus* Gunder, 1927; = *curassavicae* Fabricius, 1938; = *portoriciensis* Clark, 1941; = *tobagi* Clark, 1941; = *disjuncta* Dufrane, 1948; = *bipunctata* Dufrane, 1948; = *obliterata* Dufrane, 1948)
** *Danaus erippus* (Cramer, 1775) (primum nomen = *Papilio erippus* Cramer, 1775 ( = *larensis* Köhler, 1929; = *asclepiadis* Fabricius, 1938)
** *Danaus ismare* (Cramer, 1780) (primum nomen = *Papilio ismare* Cramer, 1780; = *ismareola* Butler, 1866; = *fulvus* Ribbe, 1890; = *celebensis* Rothschild, 1892; = *felicia* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *goramica* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *alba* Morishita, 1981)
** *Danaus genutia* (Cramer, 1779) (primum nomen = *Papilio genutia* Cramer, 1779; = *adnana* Swinhoe, 1917; = *albipars* Talbot, 1943; = *alexis* Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = *bandjira* Martin, 1911; = *bimana* Martin, 1911; = *connectens* Moulton, 1921; = *conspicua* Butler, 1866; = *grynion* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *intensa* Moore, 1883; = *intermedia* Moore, 1883; = *kyllene* Fruhstorfer, 1910; = *laratensis* Butler, 1883; = *leucoglene* Felder & Felder, 1865; = *niasicus* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *nipalensis* Moore, 1877; = *partita* Fruhstorfer, 1897; = *plexippus* auctt. nec Linnaeus, 1758; = *sumatrana* Moore, 1883; = *sumbana* Talbot, 1943; = *telmissus* Fruhstorfer, 1910; = *tuak* Pryer & Cator, 1894; = *tychius* Fruhstorfer, 1910; = *uniens* Martin, 1911; = *wetterensis* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *yuchingkini* Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid *chrysippus* x *genutia*, Kurosawa, 1973)
** *Danaus affinis* (Fabricius, 1775) (primum nomen = *Papilio affinis* Fabricius, 1775; = *abigar* Eschscholtz, 1821; = *adustus* Godman & Salvin, 1882; = *affinoides* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *albistriga* Talbot, 1943; = *albonotata* Howarth, 1962; = *artenice* Cramer, 1781; = *aruana* Moore, 1883; = *astakos* Fruhstorfer, 1906; = *batjana* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *bipuncta* Talbot, 1943; = *biseriata* Butler, 1882; = *bonguensis* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *cecilia* Bouganville, 1837; = *chionippe* Hübner, 1823; = *cometho* Godman & Salvin, 1888; = *coriacea* Fruhstorfer, 1906; = *decentralis* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *decipiens* Butler, 1882; = *decipientis* Strand, 1914; = *djampeana* Van Eecke, 1915; = *fergussonia* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *ferruginea* Butler, 1876; = *fuliginosa* Hagen, 1894; = *fulgurata* Butler, 1866; = *fuscata* Talbot, 1943; = *galacterion* Fruhstorfer, 1906; = *gelanor* Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914; = *hegesippinus* Röber, 1891; = *insolata* Butler, 1870; = *jimiensis* Miller & Miller, 1978; = *jobiensis* Grose-Smith, 1894; = *kapaura* Talbot, 1943; = *kawiensis* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *kiriwina* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *leucippis* Röber, 1891; = *litoralis* Doherty, 1891; = *luxurians* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *malayana* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *molyssa* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *mysolica* Moore, 1883; = *mytilene* Felder & Felder, 1860; = *nigrita* Moore, 1883; = *nore* Swinhoe, 1917; = *nubila* Butler, 1866; = *obscura* Capronnier, 1886; = *oesypera* Talbot, 1943; = *olga* Swinhoe, 1917; = *oros* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *paradoxa* Röber, 1939; = *philene* Stoll 1782; = *piepersi* Kalis, 1933; = *pittakus* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *pleistarchus* Fruhstorfer, 1912; = *pseudophilene* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *pullata* Butler, 1866; = *rubrica* Fruhstorfer, 1906; = *sabrona* Talbot, 1943; = *sangira* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *signata* Talbot, 1943; = *snelleni* Kalis, 1933; = *strephon* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *subnigra* Joicey & Talbot, 1922; = *subnubila* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *tambora* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *taroena* Van Eecke, 1915; = *taruna* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *transfuga* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *tualana* Talbot, 1943; = *vandeldeni* Kalis, 1933; = *vorkeinus* Röber, 1866; = *wentholti* Martin, 1914; = *woodlarkiana* Fruhstorfer, 1907)
** *Danaus melanippus* (Cramer, 1777) (primum nomen = *Papilio melanippus* Cramer, 1777; = *hegesippus* Cramer, 1777; = *lotis* Cramer, 1779; = *thoe* Hübner, 1816; = *edmondii* Bougainville, 1837; = *nesippus* C. Felder, 1862; = *eurydice* Butler, 1884; = *celebensis* Staudinger, 1889; = *erebus*, Röber, 1891 ; = *haruhasa* Doherty, 1891; = *pietersii* Doherty, 1891; = *taimanu* Doherty, 1891; = *fruhstorferi* Röber, 1897; = *keteus* Hagen, 1898; = *indicus* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *malossona* Fruhstorfer, 1899; = *lotina* Fruhstorfer, 1904; = *umbrosus* Fruhstorfer, 1906; = *philozigetes* Fruhstorfer, 1907; = *mezentius* Fruhstorfer, 1910; = *meridionigra* Martin, 1913; = *edwardi* Van Eecke, 1914; = *insularis* Moulton, 1921; = *albescens* Röber, 1927; = *kotoshonis* Matsumara, 1929; = *camorta* Evans, 1932)
** *Danaus eresimus* (Cramer, 1777) (primum nomen = *Papilio eresimus* Cramer, 1777; = *ares* d'Almeida, 1944; = *asclepidea* Fabricius, 1938; = *dilucida* Forbes, 1939; = *erginus* Godman & Salvin, 1897; = *estevana* Talbot, 1943; = *icensis* Fuchs, 1954; = *montezuma* Talbot, 1943; = *tethys* Forbes, 1943)
** *Danaus plexaure* (Godart, 1819) (primum nomen = *Danais plexaure* Godart, 1819; = *brasiliensis* Capronnier, 1874)
** *Danaus gilippus* (Cramer, 1775) (primum nomen = *Papilio gilippus* Cramer, 1775; = *berenice* Cramer, 1779; = *vincedoxici* Hübner, 1816; = *vincetoxici* Hübner, 1816; = *cleothera* Godart, 1819; = *manuja* Eschscholtz, 1821; = *xanthippus* Felder & Felder, 1860; = *thersippus* Bates, 1863; = *jamaicensis* Bates, 1864; = *strigosa* Bates, 1864; = *hermippus* Felder & Felder, 1865; = *nivosus* Godman & Salvin, 1897; = *esperanza* Hoffman, 1924; = *centralis* Joicey & Talbot, 1925; = *kempfferi* Hall, 1925; = *kerri* Comstock, 1925; = *vincetoxici* Fabricius, 1938; = *candidus* Clark, 1941; = *gilippina* Hoffman, 1940; = *wheeleri* Talbot, 1943; = *roedingeri* Fuchs, 1954)
** *Danaus chrysippus* (Linnaeus, 1758) (primum nomen = *Papilio chrysippus* Linnaeus, 1758; = *albinus* Lanz, 1896; = *amplifascia* Talbot, 1943; = *anomala* Dufrane, 1948; = *asclepiadis* Gagliardi, 1811; = *auriflava* Van Eecke, 1914; = *axantha* Hayward, 1922; = *bataviana* Moore, 1883; = *bipunctata* Dufrane, 1948; = *bowringi* Moore, 1883; = *candidata* Hayward, 1922; = *chrysipellus* Strand, 1910; = *clarippus* Weymer, 1884; = *completa* Dufrane, 1948; = *cratippus* Felder, 1860; = *deficiens* Dufrane, 1948; = *duplicata* Dufrane, 1948; = *duponti* Dufrane, 1948; = *evanescens* Storace, 1949; = *fuscippus* Van Eecke, 1915; = *gelderi* Snellen, 1891; = *hanoiensis* Dufrane, 1948; = *hypermnestra* Stoneham, 1958; = *impunctata* Dufrane, 1948; = *infumata* Aurivillius, 1898; = *joannisi* Dufrane, 1948; = *kanariensis* Fruhstorfer, 1898; = *lemeemagdalenae* Lemeé, 1950; = *limbata* Matsumura, 1929; = *luxurians* Dufrane, 1948; = *margarita* Röber, 1926; = *orientis* Aurivillius, 1909; = *ornata* Dufrane, 1948; = *petilia* Stoll, 1790; = *praealbata* Froreich, 1928; = *pseudopetilea* Kalis, 1933; = *radiata* Dufrane, 1948; = *reducta* Dufrane, 1948; = *rubra* Van Eecke, 1915; = *semialbinus* Strand, 1910; = *subpurpurea* Matsumura, 1929; = *subreducta* Dufrane, 1948; = *vigelii* Heylaerts, 1884; = *witteellus* Overlaet, 1955; = *yuchingkini* Murayama & Shimonoya, 1960 (hybrid *D. chrysippus* x *D. genutia*)
*** *Danaus chrysippus chrysippus* (Linnaeus, 1758)
*** *Danaus chrysippus aegyptius* (Schreber, 1759) (primum nomen = *Papilio aegyptius* Schreber, 1759; = *Danaus chrysippus klugii* Butler, 1886; = *Papilio alcippus* Cramer, 1777; = *Danaus chrysippus liboria* Hulstaert, 1931; = *Danaus chrysippus alcippoides* Moore, 1883; = *Danaus chrysippus dorippus* Klug, 1845; = *Danaus chrysippus transiens* Suffert, 1900)

## Bibliographia
* Ackery, P., et R. Vane-Wright. 1984. *Milkweed Butterflies: Their Cladistics and Biology.* Londinii: British Museum (Natural History).
* Jiggins, F. M., G. D. D. Hurst, C. D. Jiggins, J. H. G. v. D. Schulenburg, et M. E. N. Majerus. 2000. The butterfly *Danaus chrysippus* is infected by a male-killing *Spiroplasma* bacterium. *Parasitology* 120(5): 439–446.  (HTML abstractum)
* Lushai, G., D. Goulson, J. A. Allen, N. Maclean, D. A. S. Smith, et I. J. Gordon. 2003. Incomplete sexual isolation in sympatry between subspecies of the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) and the creation of a hybrid zone. *Heredity* 90(3), 236-246.
* Smith, D. A. S., I. J. Gordon, G. Lushai, D. Goulson, J. A. Allen, et N. Maclean. 2002. Hybrid queen butterflies from the cross Danaus chrysippus (L.) x D. gilippus (Cramer): Confirmation of species status for the parents and further support for Haldane's Rule. *Biological Journal of the Linnean Society* 76(4), 535-544.
* Smith, D. A. S., G. Lushai, et J. A. A. Allen. 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144*(2), 191-212.

## Notae

## Nexus externus
Categoria:Danaini
Danaus
Categoria:Lepidoptera Africae
Categoria:Lepidoptera Americae Australis
Categoria:Lepidoptera Americae Septentrionalis
Categoria:Lepidoptera Asiae
Categoria:Lepidoptera Australiae
Categoria:Lepidoptera Indonesiae
Categoria:Taxa Kluk
Categoria:Taxa 1780