Symbolismus (artes)

[thumb|[Petrus Puvis de Chavannes, *Jeunes Filles au Bord de la Mer* ('Puellae ad marginem maris'), 1879, Museum Orsay, Lutetiae.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Victor Vasnetsov, *Eques ad quadrivium,* 1878.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Ioannes Gulielmus Waterhouse, *Caecilia,* 1895.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Henricus Fantin-Latour, *Ad Mensam*: sedentes, Paulus Verlaine, Arthurus Rimbaud, Leo Valade, Ernestus d'Hervilly, Camilla Pelletan; stantes, Petrus Elzéar, Aemilius Blémont, Ioannes Aicard.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Carolus Baudelaire, praecursor symbolismi, circa 1862.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Alexander Benois, scaena pro Inguari Stravinskij *Petrushka,* 1911.]]
**Symbolismus** fuit motus artis qui saeculi undevicensimi exeunte ex fontibus Francicis, Russicis, et Belgicis in poesi et aliis artibus ortus est, imprimis in litteris, praecipue in Caroli Baudelaire *Les Fleurs du mal,* libro poematum anno 1857 divulgato. Opera Edgari Allan Poe, quae Baudelaire, magnopere admirans, in Francicum convertit, magnam auctoritatem hoc in motu habebant, fonsque multorum quotidianorum troporum, allegoriarum et imaginum erant. Fundamenta huius aesthetica a Stephano Mallarmé et Paulo Verlaine decennia annis 1860 et 1870 diligenter iacta est. Annis 1880, haec aesthetica, in serie edictorum articulatim dicta, aetatem artificum et scriptorum attraxit. Nomen *symbolista* ipsum primum ab Ioanne Moréas iudice litterario adhibitum est, qui vocabulum excogitavit ad symbolistas a cognatis degeneris litterarum et artis oculorum distinguendos. Symbolismus artis, ad modum litterarum cognatus cum autem ab illo distinctus sit, ad quoddam hermetismum et gothicum Romanticismi elementum pertinet.

## Symbolistae
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Gaston Bussière, *Salammbô* (1907).]]

### Praecursores
*Gulielmus Blake (1757–1827), scriptor Anglicus (*Songs of Innocence*)
*Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), pictor Germanicus (*Wanderer above the Sea of Fog*)
*Alexander Puškin (1799–1837), poeta et scriptor Russicus (*Евгений Онегин*)
*Đorđe Marković Koder (1806–1891), poeta Serbicus (*Romoranka*)
*Gerardus de Nerval (1808–1855), poeta Francicus
*Iulius Amadeus Barbey d'Aurevilly (1808–1889), scriptor Francicus
*Edgarus Allan Poe (1809–1849), poeta et scriptor Americanus (*The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket*)
*Michael Lermontov (1814–1841), poeta et scriptor Russicus (*Герой нашего времени*)
*Carolus Baudelaire (1821–1867), poeta Francicus (*Les Fleurs du mal*)
*Gustavus Flaubert (1821–1880), scriptor Francicus (*Madame Bovary*)
*Dantes Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882), poeta et pictor Anglicus (*Beata Beatrix*)
*Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), poeta Anglica

### Auctores
;Francici
*Augustus Villiers de l'Isle-Adam (1838–1889)
*Stephanus Mallarmé (1842–1898)
*Paulus Verlaine (1844–1896)
*Arthurus Rimbaud (1854–1891)
*Albertus Samain (1858–1900)
*Rémy de Gourmont (1858–1915)
*Gustavus Kahn (1859–1936)
*Iulius Laforgue (1860–1887)
*Rachilde (1860–1953)
*Paulus Adam (1862–1920)
*Franciscus Vielé-Griffin (1863–1937)
*Henricus de Régnier (1864–1936)
*Albertus Aurier (1865–1892)
*Marcellus Schwob (1867–1905)
*Paulus Valéry (1871–1945)
*Paulus Fort (1872–1960)
*Alfredus Jarry (1873–1907)
*Carolus Vildrac (1882–1971)
*Georgius Duhamel (1884–1966)
*Alexander Mercereau (1884–1945)
*Iulius Romains (1885–1972)

;Russici
*Innocentius Annenskij (1855–1909)
*Theodorus Sologub (1863–1927)
*Demetrius Merežkovskij (1865–1941)
*Venceslaus Ivanov (1866–1949)
*Constantinus Bal'mont (1867–1942)
*Zinaida Gippius (1869–1945)
*Valerius Brjusov (1873–1924)
*Ioannes Konevskoj (1877–1901)
*Maximilianus Vološin (1877–1932)
*Alexander Blok (1880–1921)
*Andreas Belyj (1880–1934)

;Belgici
*Aemilius Verhaeren (1855–1916)
*Georgius Rodenbach (1855–1898)
*Albertus Giraud (1860–1929)
*Mauritius Maeterlinck (1862–1949)
*Leo Frédéric (1865–1940)
*Albertus Mockel (1866–1945)

;Georgici
*Gregorius Robakidze (1880–1962)
*Valerianus Gaprindashvili (1888–1941)
*Sergius Kldiashvili (1893–1986)
*Paulus Iashvili (1894–1937)
*Alexander Tsirekidze (1894–1923)
*Kolau Nadiradze (1895–1991)
*Titianus Tabidze (1895–1937)
*Georgius Leonidze (1899–1966)

;Armenici
*Levon Shant (1869–1951)
*Siamanto (1878–1915)
*Daniel Varujan (1884–1915)
*[alt="Summitatem", 1912, Cesare Saccaggi.|thumb|*Summitatem.* [Pictura a Caesare Saccaggi facta (1912).]]
*Gostan Zarian ( 1885–1969)
*Misak Metsarents (1886–1908)

;Serbici
*Aleksa Šantić (1868–1924)
*Jovan Dučić (1871–1943)
*Svetozar Ćorović (1875–1919)
*Milan Rakić (1876–1938)
*Borisav Stanković (1876–1927)
*Jovan Skerlić (1877–1914)
*Isidora Sekulić (1877–1958)
*Petrus Kočić (1877–1916)
*Vladislaus Petković Dis (1880–1917)
*Sima Pandurović (1883–1960)
*Veljko Petrović (poet) (1884–1967)

;Alii
*Antonius Lange (1861–1929), Polonicus
*Thaddeus Miciński (1873–1918), Polonicus
*Stanislaus Korab-Brzozowski (1876–1901), Polonicus
*Ioannes Moréas (1856–1910), Graecus
*Ioannes da Cruz e Sousa (1861–1898), Brasilianus
*Stuartus Merrill (1863–1915), Americanus
*Sophus Claussen (1865-1935), Danus
*Camilus Pessanha (1867–1926), Lusitanus
*Otokar Březina (1868–1929), Cechicus
*Jurgis Baltrušaitis (1873–1944), Lithuanicus
*Ioannes Krasko (1876–1958), Slovacicus
*Renatus Vivien (1877–1909), Anglicus
*Iosephus Murn Aleksandrov (1879–1901), Slovenivus
*Aemilius Nelligan (1879–1941), Canadianus
*Ady Endre (1877–1919), Hungaricus
*Georgius Bacovia (1881–1957), Romanianus
*Mathaeus Caragiale (1885–1936), Romanianus
*Dimcho Debelyanov (1887–1916), Bulgarianus
*Caesar Saccaggi (1868–1934) Italicus

### Auctoritas in litteris Anglicis
*Georgius MacDonald (1824–1905)
*Algernon Carolus Swinburne (1837–1909)
*Anscharius Wilde (1854–1900)
*Franciscus Thompson (1859–1907)
*Rosamunda Marriott Watson (1860–1911)
*Gulielmus Butler Yeats (1865–1939)
*Arthurus Symons (1865–1945)
*Ioannes Gray (1866–1934)
*Ernestus Dowson (1867–1900)
*Georgius Sterling (1869–1926)
*Olive Custance (1874–1944)
*Wallace Stevens (1879–1955)
*Iacobus Elroy Flecker (1884–1915)
*Editha Sitwell (1887–1964)
*T. S. Eliot (1888–1965)
*Conradus Aiken (1889–1973)
*Clark Ashton Smith (1893–1961)
*Hart Crane (1899–1932)
*Catherina Mansfield (1888–1923)

### Symbolistici oculorum artifices
;Russici
*Victor Vasnetsov (1848–1926)
*Michael Vrubel (1856–1910)
*Michael Nesterov (1862–1942)
*Leo Bakst (1866–1924)
*Basilius Kandinsky (prima opera) (1866–1944)
*Constantinus Somov (1869–1939)
*Alexander Benois (1870–1960)
*Victor Borisov-Musatov (1870–1905)
*Constantinus Bogaevsky (1872–1943)
*Nicolaus Roerich (1874–1947)
*Ioannes Bilibin (1876–1942)

;Francici
*Petrus Puvis de Chavannes (1824–1898)
*Gustavus Moreau (1826–1898)
*Henricus Fantin-Latour (1836–1904)
*Odilon Redon (1840–1916)
*Paulus Gauguin (1848–1903)
*Gaston Bussière (1862–1929)
*Carolus Filiger (1863–1928)
*Lucianus Lévy-Dhurmer (1865–1953)
*Aemilius Bernard (1868–1941)

;Belgici
*Felicianus Rops (1855–1898)
*Ferdinandus Khnopff (1858–1921)
*Ioannes Delville (1867–1953)
*Leo Spilliaert (1882–1946)
*Gulielmus Degouve de Nuncques(1867–1935)

;Alii
*Arnoldus Boecklin (1827–1901), Helveticus
*Georgius Fridericus Watts (1817–1904), Anglicus
*Ioannes Gulielmus Waterhouse (1849–1917), Anglicus
*Arthurus Bowen Davies (1863–1928), Americanus
*Ioannes Toorop (1858–1928), Nederlandicus
*Jacek Malczewski (1854–1929), Polonicus
*Ioannes Segantini (1858–1899), Italicus
*Franciscus Stuck (1863–1928), Germanus
*Ferdinandus Hodler (1853–1918), Helveticus
*Gustavus Klimt (1862–1918), Austrianus
*Eduardus Munch (1863–1944), Norvegicus
*Hugo Simberg (1873–1917), Finnicus
*Ioannes Duncan (1866–1945), Scotus
*Nicolaus Čiurlionis (1875–1911), Lithuanicus
*Eliseu Visconti (1866–1944), Brasilianus
*Felix Casorati (1883–1963), Italicus
*Ze'ev Raban (1890–1970), Polonicus-Israeliticus

### Compositores symbolistici
*Ricardus Wagner (1813–1883), Germanus
*Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924), Francicus
*Carolus Loeffler (1861–1935), Americanus
*Claudius Debussy (1862–1918), Francicus
*Ericus Satie (1866–1925), Francicus
*Mieczysław Karłowicz (1876–1909), Polonicus
*Alexander Skrjabin (1872–1912), Russicus
*Mauritius Ravel (1875–1937), Francicus
*Nicolaus Čiurlionis (1875–1911), Lithuanicus
*Cyril Scott (1879–1970), Anglicus
*Carolus Szymanowski (1882–1937), Polonicus

## Pinacotheca

Fasciculus:Gustav Klimt - Allegory of Sculpture - 1889.jpg|Gustavus Klimt, *Allegoria Sculpturae.*
Fasciculus:Toorop, De drie bruiden, 78x98 non bruid helbruid.jpg|Ioannes Toorop (1858–1928), *Tres Nuptae.*
Fasciculus:Fernand Khnopff - Incense - Google Art Project.jpg|Ferdinandus Khnopff, *Tus.*
Fasciculus:The Death of the Grave Digger.jpg|Carolus Schwabe, *Mors Fossoris Sepulcrorum,* compendium signorum symbolisticorum.
Fasciculus:Stuck Susanna.jpg|Franciscus von Stuck, *Susanna.*
Fasciculus:Bloktheatre.jpg|Tegmen libri *Theatri* Alexandri Blok (1909).

*Synthetismus

## Notae
## Bibliographia
*Balakian, Anna. 1967. *The Symbolist Movement: A Critical Appraisal.* Novi Eboraci: Random House.
*Delvaille, Bernard. 1971. *La poésie symboliste: anthologie.* Lutetiae: Seghers. ISBN 2221501616.
*Facos, Michelle. 2009. *Symbolist Art in Context.* Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520254992, ISBN 9780520255821.
*Harvey, Paul, et J. E. Heseltine, eds. 1959. *The Oxford Companion to French Literature.* Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198661045.
*Houston, John Porter, et Mona Tobin Houston. 1980. *French Symbolist Poetry: An Anthology.* Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253202507.
*Jullian, Philippe. 1973. *The Symbolists.* Oxoniae: Phaidon; Novi Eboraci: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0714817392.
*Lehmann, Andrew George. (1950), 1968. *The Symbolist Aesthetic in France 1885–1895.* Oxoniae: Basil Blackwell.
*Praz, Mario. 1930. *The Romantic Agony* Londinii: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192810618.
*Symons, Arthur. (1899), 1919. *The Symbolist Movement in Literature.*.
*Wilson, Edmond. ''Axel's Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870–1930.* Library of America. Internet Archive. ISBN 9781598530131.

## Nexus externi
*Corpus artis symbolisticae Germanicae, www.symbolismus.com
**Les Poètes maudits* Pauli Verlaine, www.poetes.com
*Pinacotheca symbolistarum, www.artmagick.com (ArtMagick)
*Quid est symbolismus in arte, www.tendreams.org (Ten Dreams Galleries)
*Symbolismus, serdar.hizli-art.com (de Gustavo Moreau, Petrus Puvis de Chavannes, Odilon Redon)
*Symbolismus literarius, digitalcommons.unl.edu (in *A Companion to Modernist Literature and Culture,'' 2006)

Categoria:Ars moderna
Categoria:Modernismus
Categoria:Motus artis
Categoria:Motus litterarii
Categoria:Poesis
Categoria:Poesis Franciae