Permutatio Columbiana

[thumb|Titulus operis [Nicolaus Monardes|Nicolai Monardes *Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales que sirven en medicina* ("Simplicium medicamentorum ex novo orbe delatorum historia"), editionis anni 1580.]]
**Permutatio Columbiana** (ab Anglico *Columbian exchange*) est transmissio animalium domesticatorum frugumque et aliorum biotorum, tam utilium quam nefastorum, ad Americam ab Eurasia et Africa atque in has continentes ab America. Quae permutatio a navigationibus explorationis Christophori Columbi coepit.

## Species ab America in Eurasiam Africamque transmissae 
* Animalia utilia: *Cairina moschata*, *Cavia porcellus*, *Meleagris gallopavo*
* Animalia nefasta: *Dactylosphaera vitifoliae*
* Plantae utiles: *Acca sellowiana*, *Agave americana*, *Anacardium occidentale*, *Ananas comosus*, *Annona cherimola*, *Annona muricata*, *Annona reticulata*, *Annona squamosa*, *Arachis hypogaea*, *Canna indica*, *Capsicum annuum*, *Capsicum chinense*, *Capsicum frutescens*, *Carica papaya*, *Carya illinoinensis*, *Chenopodium quinoa*, *Cinchona calisaya*, *Cinchona pubescens*, *Cucurbita maxima*, *Cucurbita moschata*, *Cucurbita pepo*, *Dipteryx odorata*, *Eryngium foetidum*, *Fragaria × ananassa*, *Goeppertia allouia*, *Gossypium hirsutum*, *Helianthus annuus*, *Helianthus tuberosus*, *Hevea brasiliensis*, *Ipomoea batatas*, *Manihot esculenta*, *Manilkara zapota*, *Maranta arundinacea*, *Nicotiana rustica*, *Nicotiana tabacum*, *Opuntia ficus-indica*, *Pachyrhizus erosus*, *Passiflora edulis*, *Persea americana*, *Phaseolus vulgaris*, *Psidium guajava*, *Schinus molle*, *Schinus terebinthifolia*, *Solanum lycopersicum*, *Solanum tuberosum*, *Stevia rebaudiana*, *Theobroma cacao*, *Vaccinium macrocarpon*, *Vanilla planifolia*, *Vitis berlandieri*, *Vitis riparia*, *Vitis rupestris*, *Zea mays*
* Microbia nefasta: *Treponema pallidum endemicum*, *Trypanosoma cruzi*

## Species ab Eurasia et Africa in Americam transmissae 
* Animalia utilia: *Apis mellifera*, *Bos taurus*, *Bubalus bubalis*, *Capra aegagrus hircus*, *Equus africanus asinus*, *Equus ferus caballus*, *Felis catus*, *Gallus gallus domesticus*, *Numida meleagris*, *Oryctolagus cuniculus*, *Ovis aries*, *Sus scrofa*
* Plantae utiles: *Abelmoschus esculentus*, *Allium ampeloprasum*, *Allium cepa*, *Allium sativum*, *Apium graveolens*, *Asparagus officinalis*, *Avena sativa*, *Beta vulgaris*, *Brassica oleracea*, *Brassica rapa*, *Cannabis sativa*, *Cicer arietinum*, *Citrullus lanatus*, *Citrus maxima*, *Citrus reticulata*, *Citrus × aurantiifolia*, *Citrus × aurantium*, *Citrus × limon*, *Citrus × sinensis*, *Citrus × paradisi*, *Coffea arabica*, *Coffea canephora*, *Coriandrum sativum*, *Cucumis melo*, *Cucumis sativus*, *Cuminum cyminum*, *Curcuma longa*, *Daucus carota*, *Dioscorea alata*, *Elaeis guineensis*, *Ficus carica*, *Foeniculum vulgare*, *Glycine max*, *Hordeum vulgare*, *Lactuca sativa*, *Lens culinaris*, *Linum usitatissimum*, *Malus pumila*, *Mangifera indica*, *Momordica charantia*, *Musa × paradisiaca*, *Ocimum basilicum*, *Olea europaea*, *Origanum vulgare*, *Oryza glaberrima*, *Oryza sativa*, *Papaver somniferum*, *Pennisetum glaucum*, *Pistacia vera*, *Pisum sativum*, *Prunus armeniaca*, *Prunus dulcis*, *Prunus persica*, *Punica granatum*, *Pyrus communis*, *Raphanus raphanistrum*, *Saccharum officinarum*, *Secale cereale*, *Sesamum indicum*, *Solanum melongena*, *Sorghum bicolor*, *Spinacia oleracea*, *Triticum aestivum*, *Triticum turgidum ssp. durum*, *Zingiber officinale*
* Microbia nefasta: *Mycobacterium leprae*, *Rickettsia prowazekii*, *Salmonella enterica*, *Treponema pallidum pertenue*, *Influenza virus*, *Measles virus*, *Varicella zoster virus*, *Variola virus*, *Yellow fever virus*

## Species ante Columbum in ambobus mundis endemicae 
* *Homo sapiens*
* Plantae utiles: *Portulaca oleracea*, *Lagenaria siceraria*, *Cocos nucifera*

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
[thumb|upright=1.5|[Aloisius Meléndez, "Natura mortua cum pomis aureis, melongenis, cepis" (ante 1780. Collectio privata).]]
; Fontes antiquiores de speciebus in Americam translatis
* 1493 : Didacus Álvarez Chanca, "Epistula" vide iuxta notam 106
* 1493 : Christophorus Columbus, "Epistulae secundae fragmentum" ad initium
* ante 1526 : Ferdinandus Cortesius, *Cartas de relación* pp. 309, 322 
* 1530 : Petrus Martyr ab Angleria, *De orbe novo decades* lib. 8 cap. 4 f. 107v
* 1571 : Ferdinandus Columbus; Alphonsus Ulloa, interpr., *Historie* ff. 106v-107r apud *Internet Archive*
* ante 1584 : 
* 1590 : 
* 1609 : Garcias Lasus Inca, *Comentarios Reales de los Incas* pars 1 lib. 9 cap. 16-30 (pp. 242-255 editionis 1609; pp. 481-504 recensionis interretialis)
* 1646 : Alphonsus de Ovalle, *Historica relacion del Reyno de Chile* pp. 4-8, 51-58 editionis 1646
* ante 1654 : Bernabé Cobo, *Historia del Nuevo Mundo* lib.10 (vol. 2 pp. 341-456 editionis 1891; pp. 1012-1164 libri manu scripti)

; Fontes antiquiores de speciebus ex America translatis
* 1493 : Christophorus Columbus, Epistulae secundae fragmentum medio textu
* 1493 : Bartholomaeus Casaus, ed., Christophori Columbi prima navigatio vol. 1 p. 286 Navarrete
* ante 1539 : Ferdinandus Columbus, *Historia del almirante Don Cristóbal Colón* cap. 28/27, 37/35
* 1544 : Petrus Andreas Matthiolus, *Commentarii ... di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo libri cinque della historia & materia medicinale* (1544-1573) sive et *Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Materia Medica* (1554-1574)
* 1574 : Nicolaus Monardes, *Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales que sirven en medicina* (1574) Textus
* 1604 : 
* 1605 : Carolus Clusius, *Exoticorum libri decem*
* 1615 : Franciscus Hernandez, *Quatro libros de la naturaleza y virtudes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de medicina en la Nueva Espana* (1615) sive et *Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus* (1628)

; Eruditio recentior
* Alfred W. Crosby, *The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492*. Westport Connecticutae: Greenwood Press, 1972
* Alfred W. Crosby, *The Columbian Voyages, the Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians*. Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1987
* Christopher Cumo, *The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History*. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 2015 
* Victoria Dickenson, "Cartier, Champlain, and the Fruits of the New World: Botanical Exchange in the 16th and 17th Centuries" in *Scientia Canadensis* vol. 31 (2008) pp. 27-47
* Henry F. Dobyns, "Disease Transfer at Contact" in *Annual Review of Anthropology* vol. 22 (1993) pp. 273–291 JSTOR
* Nelson Foster, Linda S. Cordell, edd., *Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World*. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992 
* George W. Hendry, "The Source Literature of Early Plant Introduction into Spanish America" in *Agricultural History* vol. 8 (1934) pp. 64-71 JSTOR
* Jonathan Hersh, Hans-Joachim Voth, "Sweet diversity: Colonial goods and the rise of European living standards after 1492" (2009/2011) apud *Ideas*
* I. King Jordan, "The Columbian Exchange as a source of adaptive introgression in human populations" in *Biology Direct* vol. 11 (2016)
* Alexander Koch et al., "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492" in *Quaternary Science Reviews* vol. 207 (2019) pp. 13-36
* Stuart McCook, "The Neo-Columbian Exchange: The Second Conquest of the Greater Caribbean, 1720-1930" in *Latin American Research Review* vol. 46S (2011) pp. 11-31
* Nathan Nunn, Nancy Qian, "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" in *Journal of Economic Perspectives* vol. 24 (2010) pp. 163–188
* José Pardo-Tomás, María Luz López Terrada, *Las primeras noticias sobre plantas americanas en las relaciones de viajes y crónicas de Indias (1493-1553)*. Valencia : Instituto de Estudios Documentales e Históricos sobre la Ciencia, 1993 alibi
* Sokolov, Raymond. 1991. *Why We Eat What We Eat: How Columbus Changed the Way the World Eats.* Novi Eboraci: Simon & Schuster. 

Categoria:Christophorus Columbus
Categoria:Historia agriculturae
Categoria:Historia morborum
!
Categoria:Renascentia