Enzymum

[thumb|Enzymum [nomen proprium|nomine purino-nucleoside-phosphorylasis (*PNP*)]]
**Enzymum** (Graece *ἔνζυμον*) est molecula proteini, quae reactionem chemicam et biologicam catalyzat activando aut reprimendo. Enzyma, cum proteina sunt (nam nonnumquam ARN quoque enzymatica opera funguntur et ribozyma appellantur), ex acidis aminicis componuntur. Funguntur ut sequitur: substratum (eductum / educta) + enzymum → complexus enzymi et substrati → producta + enzymum.

De consuetudine enzymi nomen functionem suam vel substratum suum ac cofactorem describit.

## Reactio chemica 
Omnibus organismis perncesse sunt substantiae chemiciae, quae eis structura, functio, vita dant. Imprimis vitae virtutes mutationibus perpetuis pendent. Tamen tales mutationes gubernationes requirunt, in parte per gubernationem celeritatem reactionum chemicorum.

## Catalysis 
Enzymorum functio cum *catalysis* notione coniuncta videtur. *Catalysis* decursum reactionis chemicae celeritate aucta currere significat. Enyzum ipsum, hic *catalysta* dictum in reactione neque mutatur neque consumitur. Eo modo quodque enzymum catalysis multorum reactionum suorum perficere solet.

## Aminoacida, proteina, enzyma 
Unitates enzymorum basales sunt *aminoacida*, quorum in organismis vivis viginti nota sunt. Gubernatione ADN aminoacida ad catenas coniunguntur, ita *proteina* formantes. Haec proteina, oneris electricis singularum aminoacidorum ordinem specialem accipiunt. Si ordo haec functionem certam ostendat, quae celeritatem kinasis et aliarum reactionum chemicarum augeat, proteinum *enzymum* nominatur.

## Nominum conventiones 
Saepe enzymi nomen de substrato eius vel reactione catalysata derivatur, ut lactasis (catalysis reactionis lactosi (*substrati* ex saccaridis galactoso et glucoso composito) disccessionis). Ab anno 1955 Internationalis Unio Biochemiae Molecularisque Biologiae (IUBMB) nomenclatura enzymorum numeris EC (enzymorum commissionis) excogitabat amplificabatque. Exempla sunt: 
* EC 1 - Oxidoreductases = Catalysis reactionum cum oxidatione/reductione chemica (dehydrogenases, oxidases)
* EC 2 - Transferases = Translatio gregrum chemicorum ab altera substantia ad alteram (transaminases, kinases)
* EC 3 - Hydrolases = Formatio productorum duorum hydrolysis ope (cum aqua) (lipases, amylases, peptidases, phosphatases)
* EC 4 - Lyases = Additio seu retractio gregis chemici extra hydrolysem (decarboxylases)
* EC 5 - Isomerases = Reordinatio intra moleculam (isomerases, mutases)
* EC 6 - Ligases = Coniunctio ex duabus moleculis (synthetases)
* EC 7 - Translocases = Catalysis motuum moleculae transmembranaceorum (transportatores)

## Bibliographia 
### Etymologia et historia 
* , A history of early enzymology.
* Williams, Henry Smith, 1863–1943. *A History of Science: in Five Volumes*. *Volume IV: Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences*, A textbook from the 19th century.
* 

### Structura et mechanismus 
* 
* 
*Alex Gutteridge, Janet M Thornton (2005). "Understanding Nature's catalytic toolkit", *Trends in Biochemical Science*ː 622-9 Pubmed
* Page, M. I., et Williams, A., eds. 1987. *Enzyme Mechanisms*. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0851869475.
* Bugg, T. *Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry*. (2nd edition), Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2004. ISBN 1405114525.
*Dagmar Ringe et Gregory Petsko (2008), "How Enzymes Work", *Science*ː 1428-9 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1159747
* Warshel, A. *Computer Modeling of Chemical Reactions in enzymes and Solutions*. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1991. ISBN 0471184403.

### Thermodynamica 
* "Reactions and Enzymes" Chapter 10 of on-line biology book at Estrella Mountain Community College.

### Cinetica et inhibitio 
* Baynes, John W. 2005. *Medical Biochemistry*. Ed. 2a. Elsevier-Mosby. ISBN 0723433410, p. 57.
* Cornish-Bowden, Athel. 2012. *Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics*. (4th edition), Wiley-Blackwell. Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum versio Francogallica 2005
* Segel Irwin H. 1993. *Enzyme Kinetics: Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems*. Ed. nova., Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0471303097.

### Functio et regulatio enzymorum 
* Price, N., et L. Stevens. 1999. *Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019850229X.
* "Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases". Capitulum libri interretialis *Introduction to Genes and Disease* apud NCBI.

### Nomenclatura enzymorum 
* Enzyme Nomenclature, Recommendations for enzyme names from the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
* Koshland, D. *The Enzymes*, v. I, ch. 7. Acad. Press, Novi Eboraci, 1959.

### Applicationes fabricales 
* "History of industrial enzymes", Article about the history of industrial enzymes from the late 1900s to the present times.

*Coagulum

Categoria:Biomoleculae
Categoria:Metabolismus
Categoria:Biochemia
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