Iecur

thumb|300px|Iecur hominis (tabula Anglice signata).
thumb|Iecur humanum et eius segmenta per classificationem Couinaudianam.
[thumb|upright=1.5|Segmenta iecoris ([Anglice signata).]]
[thumb|upright=1.2|[Cellulae, ductus, et vasa sanguinea.]]
[thumb|upright=1.2|[Microscopium|Microscopica iecoris anatomia.]]
[thumb|upright=1.2|Genera [capillare|capillarium: (dextra) sinusoidum.]]
**Iecur** sive **hepar** est organum vitale in vertebratis nonnullisque animalibus aliis praesens. Cui sunt variae functiones, inter quas detoxificatio, synthesis proteini, et generatio biochemicarum digestioni necessarum. Iecur est ad vivendum necessarium: continenter superesse iecore absente non fieri potest, quamquam dialysis iecoris breviter ad vitam sustinendam adhiberi potest.

Hoc organum partes maiores in metabolismo agit, et nonnullas habet functiones in corpore, inter quas conservatio glycogeni, decompositio cellularum sanguinis rubri, synthesis proteini plasmatici, generatio hormonum, et detoxificatio. Iacet sub praecordiis in abdomino-pelvica abdominis dextri regione. Bilem effert, alkali in vesica biliari servata compositum quod digestionem in lipidis emulsificatis adiuvat. Magnopere propria texta biologica pervarias reactiones biochemicas voluminis magni temperat, inter quas synthesis et analysis molecularum parvarum et multiplicum, quarum multae in vita quotidiana necessariae sunt.

Termini medici quae ad iecur spectant saepe in *hepato-* vel *hepatico-* sonant, ex verbo Graeco ἡπαρ 'iecur' deducti.

## Anatomia macroscopica 
Intra cavitatem abdominis et immediate infra diaphragmatem invenitur iecur dextrorsum, eo modo dodrans eius in hypochondrio (parte superiore abdominis utriusque lateris) dextro situm est, quadrans in epigastrio (inter ambos hypochondria). Circumiectum 50% de *peritonaeo viscerali* hepar cum superficie anteriore eius convexa costas VI-XI et arcum costalem contigit. Infra iecur vesica biliaris, gaster, duodenum, colon, ren dexter iacent. Retro aorta, vena cava inferior, columna vertebralis, oesophagus, etiam gaster renque dexter locata sunt. Inter *facies diaphragmatica* hepatis (diaphragmatem versum) convexa atque *visceralis* (plane, intestinum versum) distinguenda sunt.

Nonnulla ligamenta hepar cum circumiecto connectunt: 
* *Ligamentum coronarium* inter marginem posteriorem superiorem et diaphramatem locatum,
* *Ligamentum falciforme* (simul lobos dextrum et sinistrum separans) in latus anterius,
* *Ligamentum teres* inter iecur et umbilicum,
* *Ligamentum hepatoduodenale* (cum arteria hepatica propria, vena portae, ducto choledocho) inter portam hepatis et duodenum,
* *Ligamentum hepatorenale* inter superficiem posteriorem inferiorem et renem dextrum,
* *ligamentum triangulare dextrum* inter lobum iecoris dextrum et diaphragmatem,
* *Ligamentum triangulare sinistrum* inter lobum iecoris sinistrum et diaphragmatem.

Superficies hepatis signa circumiectorum *impressiones* ostendit: impressiones colica, duodenalis, gastrica, renalis, suprarenalis.

## Anatomia microscopica 
Cellula iecoris principalis est hepatocytis. Est locus, quo reactiones biochemicae et anabolicae et catabolicae fiunt.

## Morbi iecoris 
Praecipui morbi iecoris sunt:
* Hepatitis
* Steatosis hepatis — Acccumulatio pinguedonis
* Cirrhosis
* Cancer iecoris, aut accurate carcinoma hepatocellulare

Notum morbi iecoris indicium saepe est icterus.

## Cultura 
### In litteris 
Iecur partes magni momenti in fabula Promethei agit.

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
*Abdel-Misih, Sherif R. Z., et Mark Bloomston. 2010. "Liver Anatomy." *Surgical Clinics of North America* 90 (4): 643–53. PMC 4038911. PMID 20637938. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.04.017.
*Caspary, Wolfgang F., et al., eds. 2000. *Therapie von Leber- und Gallekrankheiten.* Berolini: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-67390-3.
*Chen, T. S., et P. S. Chen. 1994. "The myth of Prometheus and the liver." *Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine* 87 (12): 754–55. PMC 1294986. PMID 7853302.
*Denk, Helmut, et al. 2000. *Pathologie der Leber und Gallenwege.* Spezielle pathologische Anatomie, 10. Berolini: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-65511-5.
*''Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary.* 2012. Ed. tricensima secunda. Philadelphiae: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4557-0985-4.
*Elias, H., et H. Bengelsdorf. 1952. "The Structure of the Liver in Vertebrates." *Cells Tissues Organs* 14, no. 4 (1 Iulii): 297–337. 
*Hagen, Hansludwig. 1961. *Die physiologische und psychologische Bedeutung der Leber in der Antike,* Bonnae: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität.
*Kuntz, Erwin, et Hans-Dieter Kuntz. 1998. *Praktische Hepatologie: Historie, Morphologie, Biochemie, Diagnostik, Klinik, Therapie.* Heidelbergae: Barth. ISBN 3-335-00568-6.
*Lüllmann-Rauch, Renate. 2006. *Taschenlehrbuch Histologie.* Stutgardiae: Georg Thieme Verlag.
*Mani, Nikolaus. 1959. *Die Vorstellungen über Anatomie, Physiologie und Pathologie der Leber in der Antike.* Die historischen Grundlagen der Leberforschung, 1. Basler Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Biologie, 9. Basiliae et Stutgardiae.
*Mani, Nikolaus. 1967. *Die Geschichte der Leberforschung von Galen bis Claude Bernard.'' Die historischen Grundlagen der Leberforschung, 2. Basler Veröffentlichungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Biologie, 21. Basiliae et Stutgardiae.
*Power, C., et J. E. Rasko. 2008. "Whither prometheus' liver? Greek myth and the science of regeneration." *Annals of Internal Medicine* 149 (6): 421–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.689.8218. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-6-200809160-00009. PMID 18794562.
*Renz, John F., et Milan Kinkhabwala. 2014. "Surgical Anatomy of the Liver". In *Transplantation of the Liver,* ed. Ronald W. Busuttil et Göran B. Klintmalm, 23–39. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4557-5383-3.
*Schmidt, Ellen, et al., eds. 2000. *Lebererkrankungen: Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik, Therapie.* Stutgardiae: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 3-8047-1640-7.
*Tiniakos, D. G., A. Kandilis, et S. A. Geller. 2010. "Tityus: A forgotten myth of liver regeneration." *Journal of Hepatology* 53 (2): 357–61. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.032. PMID 20472318. 
*Verheyen P. 1706. "Caput 15: De hepate, vesicula, et ductibus biliariis." *Corporis humani anatomia,* pp. 65–76. Editio interretialis.
*Young, Barbara, Geraldine O'Dowd, et Phillip Woodford. 2014. ''Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas.* Ed. sexta. Philadelphiae: Churchill Livingston / Elsevier. ISBN 9780702047473.
*Zakim, David, et Thomas D. Boyer. 2002. *Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease.* Ed. quarta. ISBN 9780721690513.

*Bilis
**Fasciola''
*Hepatocytus
*Hepatologia
*Truncus coeliacus
*Vena portae

## Nexus externi 
*Enzyma iecoris, liverenzymes.net
*Iecur in search.dmoc.org (Open Directory Project)
*"VIRTUAL Liver: online learning resource," pie.med.utoronto.ca

Categoria:Abdomen
Categoria:Apparatus digestorius
Categoria:Iecur
Categoria:Organa