Pseudoscorpiones

**Pseudoscorpiones** sunt ordo arthropodum classis Arachnidorum. Homines magnopere adiuvant, quia larvas *Tineolae bisselliellae* et dermestidarum, psocoptera, formicidas, acaros, et parva diptera praedantur. Minuti sunt, et raro videntur propter eorum magnitudinem, quamquam in multis circumiectis abundant. Cum homines eos videantur, praecipue intus, saepe ixodida parvaeque araneae false putantur. Pseudoscorpiones phoresiam saepe faciunt, genus commensalismi, cum unus organismus alio ad se transvehendum utatur.

## Proprietates 
Pseudoscorpiones sunt parva arachnida, corpore complanato et pyriformi, pedipalpisque qui pedipalporum scorpionum similes sunt. A duobus ad octo millimetra longi plerumque sunt. Maxima species descripta est *Garypus titanius* Insulae Ascensionis usque ad 12 mm longi. Magnitudo media est 3 fere millimetra.

Pseudoscorpionis sunt octo crura, quoque in quinis ad septenis segmentis consistens; numero segmentorum fusorum familiae et genera distinguuntur. Eis sunt bini pedipalpi longissimi, chelis palpalibus (forcipibus) praediti, qui forficum scorpionis admodum similes sunt.
[thumb|upright=0.7|left|*[Chelifer cancroides.*]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Chelifer cancroides.*]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|Pseudoscorpio in [Civitates Foederatae|Civitatibus Foederatis.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|Pseudoscorpio [phoresis|phoreticus super dipterum in Germania.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Chelifer cancroides* ("scorpio librorum") super librum apertum.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Coloratae pseudoscorpionis adumbrationes.]]
 
Pedipalpi plerumque in manibus immobilibus digitisque mobilibus consistunt, quorum hic a musculo adductionis continetur. Glandula ductusque veneni plerumque in digito mobili inveniuntur, unde veneno praedam immobilem faciunt. Per digestionem super praedam fluidum aliquantulum corrosivum exudant, tum liquefacta corporis reliquia ingerunt.
 
Abdomen, opisthosoma rite in zoologia appellatum, in duodecim segmentis consistit, quorum quodque a lamina sclerotizata (tergites supra, sternites infra appellata) protegitur. Abdomen est breve et in parte posteriori rotundum, potius quam in caudam segmentatam et aculeum extendens, ut in scorpionibus veris. Color corporis ab adusto flavo tincto ad atrofuscum est, unguibus autem saepe aliter coloratis. Eis sunt bini, quattuor, aut nulli oculi.

## Distributio geographica 
Plus quam 3300 specierum pseudoscorpionum in plus quam 430 genera digeruntur, et exempla nova saepe inveniuntur. Omnem per orbem terrarum extenduntur, etiam in regionibus a temperatis ad frigidas sicut Ontario septentrionalis, et super lineam materiae in Montibus Saxosis Vyominae in Civitatibus Foederatis et Cavernis Jenolan Australiae, sed multitudines densissimae et pervariae in regionibus tropicis et subtropicis habitant, ubi etiam ad insulas sicut Canarias Insulas extenduntur, ubi circiter viginti quinque species endemicae inveniuntur. Etiam in insulis Melitensibus sunt duae species endemicae. Species sub cortice arborum, in detritu foliorum et pinorum, in solo, in foraminibus in arboribus, sub lapidibus, in cavernis sicut Caverna Movile, ad litus in zona interaestuaria, intra saxa fissa inveniuntur.

## Commemorationes historicae 
Pseudoscorpiones primum ab Aristotele descripti sunt, qui eos fortasse inter volumina in bibliotheca invenit, ubi psocopteris vescissentur. Robertus Hooke hoc animal *Land-Crab* ('brachyurum terrestre') in libro *Micrographia* (1665) appellavit. Annis 1780, Georgius Adams "insectum-nephropidum, quod nonnulli operarii, cerevisiam bibentes, conspecti sunt, et quod ab ingenioso viro honesto ad meum hospitium tulit" commemoravit.

## Classificatio 
Numeri taxorum anno 2012 exeunte aestimabantur.
* **Ordo Pseudoscorpiones** de Geer, 1778 (2 subordines)
:::* † Familia Dracochelidae Schawaller, Shear, et Bonamo, 1991 (1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis)
:* Subordo Epiocheirata Harvey, 1992 (2 superfamiliae)
::* Superfamilia Chthonioidea Daday, 1888 (4 familiae)
:::* Familia Chthoniidae Daday, 1888 (28 genera, 650 species [3 fossiles])
:::* Familia Lechytiidae Chamberlin, 1929 (1 genus, 23 species [1 fossiles])
:::* Familia Pseudotyrannochthoniidae Beier, 1932 (5 genera, 49 species)
:::* Familia Tridenchthoniidae Balzan, 1892 (15 genera, 71 species [1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis])
::* Superfamilia Feaelloidea Ellingsen, 1906 (2 familiae)
:::* Familia Feaellidae Ellingsen, 1906 (1 genus, 12 species)
:::* Familia Pseudogarypidae Chamberlin, 1923 (2 genera, 7 species [5 species fossiles])
:* Subordo Iocheirata Harvey, 1992 (5 superfamiliae)
::* Superfamilia Neobisioidea Chamberlin, 1930 (7 familiae)
:::* Familia Bochicidae Chamberlin, 1930 (12 genera, 42 species)
:::* Familia Gymnobisiidae Beier, 1947 (4 genera, 11 species)
:::* Familia Hyidae Chamberlin, 1930 (2 genera, 14 species)
:::* Familia Ideoroncidae Chamberlin, 1930 (11 genera, 59 species)
:::* FamiliaNeobisiidae Chamberlin, 1930 (33 genera, 595 species [4 species fossiles])
:::* Familia Parahyidae Harvey, 1992 (1 genus, 1 species)
:::* Familia Syarinidae Chamberlin, 1930 (18 genera, 111 species)
::* Superfamilia Garypoidea Simon, 1879 (6 familiae)
:::* Familia Garypidae Simon, 1879 (10 genera, 80 species)
:::* Familia Garypinidae Daday, 1888 (21 genera, 76 species [2 species fossiles])
:::* Familia Geogarypidae Chamberlin, 1930 (3 genera, 60 species [3 species fossiles])
:::* Familia Larcidae Harvey, 1992 (2 genera, 15 species)
:::* Familia Menthidae Chamberlin, 1930 (5 genera, 12 species)
:::* Familia Olpiidae Banks, 1895 (36 genera, 268 species)
::* Superfamilia Cheiridioidea Hansen, 1894 (2 familiae)
:::* Familia Cheiridiidae Hansen, 1894 (7 genera, 73 species [1 genus fossile, 3 species fossiles])
:::* Familia Pseudochiridiidae Chamberlin, 1923 (2 genera, 12 species [1 species fossilis])
::* Superfamilia Sternophoroidea Chamberlin, 1923 (1 familae)
:::* Familia Sternophoridae Chamberlin, 1923 (3 genera, 20 species)
::* Superfamilia Cheliferoidea Risso, 1827 (4 familiae)
:::* Familia Atemnidae Kishida, 1929 (21 genera, 178 species [1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis])
:::* Familia Cheliferidae Risso, 1827 (58 genera, 273 species [5 genus fossile, 12 species fossiles])
:::* Familia Chernetidae Menge, 1855 (117 genera, 663 species [1 genus fossile, 3 species fossiles])
:::* Familia Withiidae Chamberlin, 1931 (36 genera, 158 species [1 genus fossile, 1 species fossilis])

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
* Adams, George. 1787. *Essays on the Microscope.* Londinii: Robert Hindmarsh.
* Beier, Max. 1951. "Der Bücherskorpion, ein willkommener Gast der Bienenvölker." *Österr. Imker* 1: 209–211.
* Beier, Max. 1967. "Pseudoscorpione vom kontinentalen Südost-Asien." *Pacific Insects* 9 (2): 341–69. [PDF.](https://web.archive.org/web/20201022202503/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pi/pdf/9(2)-341.pdf)
* Blick, Theo, Christoph Muster, et al. 2003. "Rote Liste gefährdeter Pseudoskorpione (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones) Bayerns, BayLfU/166/2003.* PDF.
* Chamberlin, Joseph C. 1931. "The Arachnid Order Chelonethida." *Stanford University Publications in Biological Science* 7 (1): 1–284.
* Coddington, J. A., S. F. Larcher, et J. C. Cokendolpher. 1990. *The Systematic Status of Arachnida, Exclusive of Acari, in North America North of Mexico.* In "Systematics of the North American Insects and Arachnids: Status and Needs.* National Biological Survey, 3. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
* Drogla, Reiner, et Klaus Lippold. 2004. *Zur Kenntnis der Pseudoskorpion-Fauna von Ostdeutschland (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones).* *Arachnol. Mitt.* 27/28 (November): 1–54 PDF.
* Dunlop et Penney. 2012 *Fossil Arachnids.* Mancuniae. ISBN 978-0-9567795-4-0.
* Gabbutt, P. D. 1970. "Validity of Life History Analyses of Pseudoscorpions." *Journal of Natural History* 4: 1–15.
* Gröhn, C. 2015. *Einschlüsse im Baltischen Bernstein.* Kieliae et Hamburgi. ISBN 978-3-529-05457-0.
* Harvey, Mark S. 1991. *Catalogue of the Pseudoscorpionida,* ed. V . Mahnert. Mancuniae: Manchester University Press.
* Harvey, Mark. 2011. "Pseudoscorpions of the World."
* Harvey, Mark S. 2013. "Order Pseudoscorpiones." In *Zootaxa: Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013),* ed. Z.-Q. Zhang.
* Hoff, C. Clayton. 1947. *The species of the pseudoscorpion genus *Chelanops* described by Banks.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: The Museum.
* Hoff, Clarence Clayton. 1958. "List of the Pseudoscorpions of North America North of Mexico." *American Museum Novitates* 1875. PDF.
* Muchmore, W. B. 1982. "Pseudoscorpionida." "Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms," vol. 2. S. P. Parker.
* Schawaller, Wolfgang, William A. Shear, et Patricia M. Bonamo. 1991. "The first Paleozoic pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpionida)." *American Museum Novitates* 3009. HDL 2246/5041.
* Schembri, Patrick J., et ALfred E. Baldacchino. 2011. *Ilma, Blat u Hajja: Is-Sisien tal-Ambjent Naturali Malti.* ISBN 978-99909-44-48-8.
* Shear, William A., Wolfgang Schawaller, et Patricia M. Bonamo. 1989. "Record of Palaeozoic pseudoscorpions." *Nature* 342 (6242): 527–29. doi:10.1038/341527a0. Bibcode 1989Natur.341..527S.
* Weygoldt, Peter. 1969. *The biology of pseudoscorpions.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harard University Press. ISBN 0674074254, ISBN 9780674074255.

## Nexus externi 
* "Biologische Untersuchungen an mit Honigbienen assoziierten Pseudoskorpionen."
* Deutsche Arachnologische Gesellschaft e. V. (DeArGe). Societas Germanica quae periodicum *Arachne* profert. ISSN 1613-2688.
* Index pseudoscorpionum Europae Mediae. PDF.
* Pellicula Pseudoscorpionum in Hibernia.
* "Pseudoskorpion - Herrscher der Höhlen." *Focus online,* 9 Februarii 2011.


Categoria:Devonio nata
Categoria:Taxa Haeckel
Categoria:Taxa 1866