Imperium Ottomanicum

thumb|300px|Imperium Ottomanicum, 1683
**Imperium Ottomanicum** (Ottomanice: دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه, Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye) plus quam sescentos annos fuit una ex maximis potentissimisque maris Mediterranei civitatibus.

## Historia 
thumb|200px|left|Sykes-Picot.
Anno 1299 fundatum et anno 1923 dissolutum, tempore maximae potestatis in finibus suis terras Asiam Minorem, Illyriam, Arabiam, et Africam Septentrionalem tenebat.

Imperium a gente Turcicorum Oguzorum in Anatolia occidentali conditum est, et a progenie eorundem Turcorum regnatum. Imperator primus erat Ottomanus I, conditor imperii de cuius nomine (Arabice عُثمَان Uthmān) appellatio Ottomanorum venit. Constantinopolis, anno 1453 capta, deinde caput novum imperii fuit. Saeculo decimo sexto Suleimanus Magnificus, unus e ducibus maximis Ottomanicis, Bagdatum partemque magnam Hungariae cepit, et anno 1529 etiam Vindobonam obsedit, sed quia prae hieme urbem capere non potuit, mense Octobri regressus est. 
[thumb|[Meschita Selimiye (Edirne)|Meschita Selimiye fuit magnum opus Mimar Sinan, principalis Sultanorum Selimi I, Suleimani I, Selimi II et Muradi III architecti.]]
[thumb|[Safranbolu Situs Hereditatis Mundi UNESCO ob architecturam domiciliariam Ottomannicam bene conservatuam anno 1994 inscriptum est.]]
[thumb|[Proelium Agri Merulensis|Proelium Agri Merulensis (1389).]]
[thumb|[Proelium Nicopolis|Proelium Nicopolis (1396).]]
[thumb|[Proelium ad Varnam|Proelium ad Varnam (1444).]]

Ottomani anno 1453 Constantinopolim, caput Imperii Romani Orientalis, ceperunt, et interdum in Europam Mediam progressi sunt, bis Vindobonam obsidentes, sicut anno 1529 et anno 1683 a die 17 Iulii usque ad diem 12 Septembris, cum foedus plurium civitatum Germanicarum et Poloniae Turcos vicit. 

Saeculis decimo quinto et decimo sexto Ottomani Reipublicae Venetae multas colonias ceperunt sicut anno 1571 Cyprum, quam anno 1489 Catharina Cornaro, postrema regina Cypri, Reipublicae vendiderat et Marcus Antonius Bragadin frustra defendit, et anno 1669 Cretam .

Die 7 Octobris 1571 tamen in Proelio Lepanthino clara pugna navali iuxta Graecam urbem Naupactum, quam Italiani *Lepanto* vocant, civitates christianae Ottomanicos vicerunt.

Et in Asia et in Europa situm (exempli gratia Graecia, Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, et Hungariae magna pars ad id pertinebant), imperium per totam suam historiam necessitudines et cum Orienti et cum Occidenti habebat. A saeculo decimo sexto imperium Ottomanicum etiam principatus Moldaviae, Valachiae et Transilvaniam Tartariamque Minorem in sua potestate habebat, quamquam hae civitates de iure liberae manebant.

Postea, sultani fines extendere non potuerunt, et imperium bella cum Persia, regno Poloniae et Lithuaniae, Ruthenia, imperio Austro-Hungarico gerens hebescebat.

Saeculo vicensimo ineunte imperium primo bello mundano a copiis foederatis, quibuscum et Arabi pugnabant, victum erat. Bello composito gubernatio collapsa est et victores terras imperii inter se dividerunt. Multae partes imperii secederunt; una ex quibus erat pars media imperii Ottomanici nomine res publica Turciae. Familia sultanorum e finibus Anatoliae exterminata est, imperioque maximo potentissimoque terminato, Kemal Ataturk hodiernam civitatem condidit.

## Fundamentum 
Ante Imperium Ottomanicum vixit, Anatolia multos principes turcos habet et reliquum Byzantiis. (exempli gratia: Karamanicos, Ramazanicos Trebizonque)

*Bassa
*Collectio puerorum (Devsirme)
*Ianizari
*Ottomanidae

### Expositiones generales
*Barkey, Karen. 2008. *Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.* Amazon.com.
*Creasy, Edward Shepherd. 1877. *History of the Ottoman Turks: From the beginning of their empire to the present time*. R. Bentley and Son.
*Finkel, Caroline. 2005. ''Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923.* John Murray. ISBN 0719555132. Amazon.com, excerpt and text search
*Goodwin, Jason. 2003. *Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire.* Amazon.com.
* Imber, Colin. 2002. *The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power.* Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61386-4.
* Inalcik, Halil, et Donald Quataert, eds. 1995. *An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914.*
* Kitsikis, Dimitri. 1994.*L'Empire ottoman.* Ed. 3a. Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 2-13-043459-2.
* McCarthy, Justin. 1997. *The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923.* Editio interretialis, apud www.questia.com. 
* Pamuk, Sevket. 1999. *A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire.*
* Quataert, Donald. 2005. *The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922.* Amazon.com. ISBN 0521547822.
* Shaw, Stanford J., et Ezel Kural Shaw. 1977. *History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1.*
*Somel, Selcuk Aksin. 2003. *Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.*
*Stone, Norman. 2004. "Turkey in the Russian Mirror." In *Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy,* ed. Mark Erickson et Ljubica Erickson, 86–100. Londinii: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297849131.
*Uyar, Mesut, et Edward Erickson. 2009. *A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk.* ISBN 9780275988760.

### Historia usque ad 1830 
* Braude, Benjamin, et Bernard Lewis, eds. 1982. *Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society.* Questia.com.
*Clot, André. 1993. *Suleiman the Magnificent.*
* Goffman, Daniel. 2002. *The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe.* Questia.com.
* Guilmartin, John F., Jr. 1988. Ideology and Conflict: The Wars of the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1606. *Journal of Interdisciplinary History* 18(4):721–747.
* Koller, Markus. 2012. *Ottoman History of South-East Europe*, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History.
* Kunt, Metin, et Christine Woodhead, eds. 1995. *Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World.*
* Lybyer, Albert Howe. 1913. *The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent*. Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: Harvard University Press Textus apud archive.org
* Murphy, Rhoads. 1999. *Ottoman Warfare 1500–1700.*
* Parry, V. J. 1976. *A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730.*
* Pierce, Leslie P. 1993. *The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire.*
* Shaw, Stanford J. 1976. *History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol I; Empire of Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1290–1808.* Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521212809.
* Turnbull, Stephen. 2003. *The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699.* Questia.com.

### Historia post 1830 
* Ahmad, Feroz. 1969. *The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914.*
* Bein, Amit. 2011. *Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition.* Amazon.com.
* Black, Cyril E., et L. Carl Brown. 1992. *Modernization in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire and Its Afro-Asian Successors.*
* Erickson, Edward J. 2000. *Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War.* Amazon.com.
* Gürkan, Emrah Safa. 2011. Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire, European History Online. Mainz: Institute of European History.
* Faroqhi, Suraiya. 2000. *Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire.*
* Findley, Carter. 1980. *Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire.*
* Fortna, Benjamin C. 2002. *Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire.*
* Fromkin, David. 2001. *A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East.* www.amazon.com.
* Göçek, Fatma Müge. 1996. *Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change.*
* Hanioglu, M. Sukru. 2008. *A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire.* www.amazon.com.
* Lybyer, Albert Howe. 1913. *The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent.* Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. Anno 1978 ab AMS Press reimpressum: ISBN 0-404-14681-3.
* Karpat, Kemal H. 2001. *The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State.*
* Kayali, Hasan. 1997. *Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918.* Commentarius totus, apud content.cdlib.org.
* Kushner, David. 1977. *The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908.*
* McCarthy, Justin. 2001. *The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire.* Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-70657-0.
* Miller, William. 1913. *The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913.* Commentarius totus, books.google.com.
* Overy, Richard. 2010. *The Times Complete History of the World.* HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780007315697.
* Quataert, Donald. 1983. *Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908.*
* Rodogno, Davide. 2011. *Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914.*
* Shaw, Stanford J., et Ezel Kural Shaw. 1977. *History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975.* www.amazon.com.
* Toledano, Ehud R. 1982.*The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, 1840–1890.''
* Hussain, Ishtiaq. 2011. "The Tanzimat: Secular Reforms in the Ottoman Empire", Faith Matters.

Categoria:Antiquae civitates
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