Impressionismus

[thumb|upright=1.4|[Claudius Monet|Claudii Monet *Impressio sole orto,* 1872, oleum in textili, Musée Marmottan Monet Lutetiae. Ex hac pictura ortum est nomen motus, postquam commentarius "Exhibitio Impressionistarum" Ludovoci Leroy picturam adumbrationem tantum fuisse satirice dixit.]]
[thumb|*[The Fighting Temeraire,* ab I. M. W. Turner anno 1839 picta, opus atmosphaericum dictum, quod ortum impressionismi maxime movit.]]
[thumb|[Petrus Augustus Renoir|Petri Augusti Renoir *Saltatio ad Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette)* (Museum Orsay, 1876), unum ex magnis operibus clarissimis.]]
[thumb|[Bertha Morisot|Berthae Morisot *Portus ad Lorient,* 1869, Pinacotheca Artis Nationalis Vasingtoniae.]]
[thumb|upright|[Iacobus Abbott McNeill Whistler|Iacobi Abbott McNeill Whistler *Nocturnus in nigro et aureo: rocheta cadens,* 1874, Institutum Artium Detroitense]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|*[Puella cum persicis* (1887, Tretyakov Gallery), pictura a Valentino Serov facta]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Arthurus Streeton|Arthuri Streeton *Aetas aurea, Eaglemont,* 1889 (Pinacotheca Nationalis Australiae), exemplum impressionismi Heidelbergensis.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Petrus Severinus Krøyer|Petri Severini Krøyer *Hip, Hip, Hurrah!,* 1888, Gothenburg Museum of Art; socios Pictorum Skagen monstrat.]]
[thumb|upright=0.8|[Claudius Monet|Claudii Monet *Nymphaeaceae,* 1916, National Museum of Western Art, Tocio]]**Impressionismus** fuit motus artis qui saeculo undevicensimo floruit, cui insigniter erant parvi, tenues, sed manifesti penicilli ictus, compositio aperta, exacta lucis mutantis depictio  (saepe effectus temporis transientis attingens), res ordinariae, motio ut magna perceptionis experientiaeque humanae pars, et inusitati oculorum anguli. Impressionismus ortus est inter artifices Lutetiae habitantes qui liberis artis exhibitionibus annis 1870 et 1880 innotuerunt.

Vulgata artis societas in Francia impressionistas acriter petebat. Nomen huius motus ex *Impressione sole orto,* titulo tabulae Claudii Monet, derivatur, unde Ludovicus Leroy, criticus artis, vocabulum divulgavit in "Exhibitio Impressionistarum," recognitione satirica in *Le Charivari* diario Lutetiano edita.

Progressus impressionismis in artibus oculorum modos similes in aliis mediis mox produxit, qui musica impressionistica et litterae impressionisticis appellantur.

## Conspectus
Primi impressionistae, artifices rerum novarum suo tempore cupidi academicas picturae regulas violabant. Picturas ex coloribus libere versis, qui lineamentis formisque antecedebant, construebant, ex exemplo Eugenii Delacroix, Iosephi Mallord Gulielmus Turner, aliorumque pictorum. Etiam realisticas vitae quotidianae scaenas pingebant, saepeque foris laborabant. Naturae mortuae imaginesque hominum, cum picturis topiariis, olim in officina pictae erant. Impressionistae reperierunt se breves transientisque lucis solaris effectus capere posse cum foris, vel ut Francice dicebant *en plein air,* laborarent. Generales contra singulos effectus depingebant, breves fractosque penicilli ictus colorum purorum et non mixtorum adhibentes—colorum non blande adumbratorum, ut mos fuerat—ad acres vibratus colorum effectus creandos.

## Impressionistae maximi momenti
Artifices maximi momenti in progressu impressionismi in Francia, alphabetice perscripti, erant:
*Fridericus Bazille (1841–1870)
*Gustavus Caillebotte (1848–1894)
*Maria Cassatt (in Civitatibus Foederatis nata, quae Lutetiae habitabat et quattuor exhibitionibus impressionisticis interfuit) (1844–1926)
*Paulus Cézanne (qui autem ab impressionistis demum discessit) (1839–1906)
*Edgarus Degas (qui autem vocabulum *impressionistam* spernavit) (1834–1917)
*Armandus Guillaumin (1841–1927)
*Eduardus Manet (qui autem exhibitionibus impressionistarum non interfuit) (1832–1883)
*Claudius Monet (fecundissimus ex impressionistis, qui exemplum eorum sententiae apertissime exponit) (1840–1926)
*Bertha Morisot (quae omnibus exhibitionibus impressionistarum praeter exhibitionem anni 1879 interfuit) (1841–1895)
*Camillus Pissarro (1830–1903)
*Petrus Augustus Renoir (qui exhibitionibus annorum 1874, 1876, 1877, et 1882 interfuit) (1841–1919)
*Alfredus Sisley (1839–1899)

## Pinacotheca

Fasciculus:Frederic Bazille Paysage au bord du Lez.jpg|Friderici Bazille *Paysage au bord du Lez,* 1870, Minneapolis Institute of Art
Fasciculus:Sisley-Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne.jpg|Alfredi Sisley *Pons prope Villeneuve-la-Garenne,* 1872, Museum Artis Metropolitanum
Fasciculus:Berthe Morisot, Le berceau (The Cradle), 1872.jpg|Berthae Morisot *Incunabulum,* 1872, Museum Orsay
Fasciculus:Guillaumin SoleilCouchantAIvry.jpg|Armandi Guillaumin *Solis occasus ad Ivry,* 1873, Museum Orsay
Fasciculus:Edouard Manet Boating.jpg|Eduardi Manet *Navigatio,* 1874, Museum Artis Metropolitanum
Fasciculus:Sisley la seine au point du jour 1877.jpg|Alfredi Sisley *Sequana ad Point du jour,* 1877, Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa, Franciscopoli
Fasciculus:Edouard Manet 039.jpg|Eduardi Manet *Prunus,* 1878, Pinacotheca Artis Nationalis Vasingtoniae
Fasciculus:Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère.jpg|Eduardi Manet *Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère,* 1882, Courtauld Institute of Art
Fasciculus:Edgar_Degas_-_After_the_bath,_woman_drying_herself_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edgari Degas *Post balneum, mulier se siccat,* circa 1884–1886 MuMa, Franciscopoli
Fasciculus:Edgar Degas - In a Café - Google Art Project 2.jpg|Edgari Degas ''L'Absinthe,* 1876, Museum Orsay, Lutetiae
Fasciculus:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 069.jpg|Edgari Degas *Saltatrix cum corollario florum,* 1878
Fasciculus:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 032.jpg|Edgari Degas *Mulier in balneo,* 1886, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmingtoniae Connecticutae
Fasciculus:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 072.jpg|Edgari Degas *Saltatores ad vectem,* 1888, Phillips Collection Vasingtoniae
Fasciculus:Gustave Caillebotte - Paris Street; Rainy Day - Google Art Project.jpg|Gustavi Caillebotte, *Via Parisiensis Die Pluvio,* 1877, Institutum Artis Sicaginiense
Fasciculus:Renoir - The Two Sisters, On the Terrace.jpg|Petri Augusti Renoir *In xysto,* 1881, Institutum Artis Sicaginiense
Fasciculus:Girl with a Hoop.JPG|Petri Augusti Renoir *Puella cum trocho,* 1885
Fasciculus:Claude Monet The Cliffs at Etretat.jpg|Claudii Monet *Rupes ad Étretat post tempestatem,'' 1885, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown Massachusettae
Fasciculus:The Child's Bath by Mary Cassatt 1893.jpg|Mariae Cassatt, *Balneum,* 1893, oleum in textili, Institutum Artis Sicaginiense
Fasciculus:Brooklyn Museum - Portrait of Mme Boursier and Her Daughter (Portrait de Mme Boursier et de sa fille) - Berthe Morisot.jpg|Berthae Morisot *Effigies dominae Boursier et filiae,* circa 1873, Museum Brooklynense

## Praeter Franciam
Inter impressionistas maximi momenti sunt:
*Impressionistae Americani, inter quos Maria Cassatt, Gulielmus Merritt Chase, Fridericus Carolus Frieseke, Childe Hassam, Willardus Metcalf, Lilla Cabot Perry, Theodorus Robinson, Edmundus Carolus Tarbell, Ioannes Henricus Twachtman, Catherina Wiley, et J. Alden Weir.
*Impressionistae Australiani, inter quos Thomas Roberts, Arthurus Streeton, Gualterius Withers, Carolus Conder, et Fridericus McCubbin (omnes socii magni momenti Scholae Heidelbergensis), et Ioannes Petrus Russell, amicus Van Gogh, Rodin, Monet, et Matisse.
*Impressionistae Amstelodami in Nederlandia, inter quos Georgius Hendricus Breitner, Isaacus Israëls, Gulielmus Bastiaan Tholen, Gulielmus de Zwart, Gulielmus Witsen, et Ioannes Toorop.
*Anna Boch, Eugenius Boch (amicus Vincentii van Gogh), Georgius Lemmen, et Theodorus van Rysselberghe, impressionistae e Belgio.
*Ioannes Grohar, Ricardus Jakopič, Matija Jama, et Mataeus Sternen, impressionistae e Slovenia.
*Wynford Dewhurst, Gualterius Ricardus Sickert, et Philippus Wilson Steer, pictores Impressionistici e Britanniarum Regno. Petrus Adolphus Valette, in Francia natus sed Mancuniae laborans, fuit tutor L. S. Lowry.
*Impressionistae Germanici, inter quos Lovis Corinth, Maximus Liebermann, Ernestus Oppler, Maximus Slevogt, et Augustus von Brandis.
*László Mednyánszky in Hungaria.
*Theodorus von Ehrmanns et Hugo Charlemont, pictores impressionistici inter praevalentes pictores secessionisticos in Austria
*Gulielmus Ioannes Leech, Rodericus O'Conor, et Gualterius Osborne in Hibernia
*Constantinus Korovin et Valentinus Serov in Russia; propinqui Abraham Archipov, Philippus Maljavin, Constantinus Juon
*Franciscus Oller y Cestero, indigena Portus Divitis et amicus Pissarro et Cézanne
*Iacobus Nairn in Nova Zelandia.
*Gulielmus McTaggart in Scotia.
*Laura Muntz Lyall, in Canada.
*Władysław Podkowiński, impressionista et symbolista Polonicus
*Nicolaus Grigorescu in Romania
*Nazmi Ziya Güran, qui impressionismum ad Turciam tulit
*Chafik Charobim in Aegypto
*Eliseu Visconti in Brasilia
*Joaquín Sorolla in Hispania
*Faustinus Brughetti, Fernandus Fader, Candidus Lopez, Martinus Malharro, Gualterius de Navazio, Ramón Silva in Argentina
*Pictores Skagen, grex artificum Scandinavianorum qui in parvo Danico piscatorum vico laborabant
*Nadežda Petrović in Serbia
*Ásgrímur Jónsson in Islandia
*Fujishima Takeji in Iaponia
*Frits Thaulow in Norvegia et deinde Francia

* Expressionismus
* Impressionismus syntheticus
* Luminismus
* Macchiaioli
* Neoimpressionismus
* Pictorialismus 
* Postimpressionismus
* Synthetismus
* Vigintiviri (*Les XX*)

## Notae
## Bibliographia
*Baumann, Felix Andreas, Marianne Karabelnik-Matta, Jean Sutherland Boggs, et Tobia Bezzola. 1994. *Degas Portraits.* Londinii: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1858940141.
*Bomford, David, Jo Kirby, John Leighton, Ashok Roy, et Raymond White. 1990. *Impressionism.* Londinii: National Gallery. ISBN 0300050356.
*Cole, Bruce. 1991. *Art of the Western World: From Ancient Greece to Post Modernism.* Novi Eboraci: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671747282.
*Denvir, Bernard. 1990. *The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism.* Londinii: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500202397.
*Distel, Anne, Michel Hoog, et Charles S. Moffett. 1974. *Impressionism; a centenary exhibition, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, December 12, 1974-February 10, 1975.* Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870990977.
*Eisenman, Stephen F. 2011. *From Corot to Monet: The Ecology of Impressionism.* Mediolani: Skira. ISBN 8857207064.
*Gordon, Robert, et Andrew Forge. 1988. *Degas.* Novi Eboraci: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0810911426.
*Gowing, Lawrence, cum Götz Adriani, Mary Louise Krumrine, Mary Tompkins Lewis, Sylvie Patin, et John Rewald. 1988. *Cézanne: The Early Years 1859-1872.* Novi Eboraci: Harry N. Abrams.
*Jensen, Robert. 1994. *Marketing modernism in fin-de-siècle Europe.* Princetoniae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691033331.
*Moffett, Charles S. 1986. *The New Painting, Impressionism 1874–1886.* Genavae: Richard Burton SA.
*Moskowitz, Ira, et Maurice Sérullaz. 1962. *French Impressionists: A Selection of Drawings of the French 19th Century.* Bostoniae et Toronti: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316585602.
*Rewald, John. 1973. *The History of Impressionism.* Ed. quarta. Novi Eboraci: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0870703609.
*Richardson, John. 1976. *Manet.* Ed. tertia. Oxoniae: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0714817430.
*Rosenblum, Robert. 1989. ''Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay.* Novi Eboraci: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 1556700997.

## Mexus externi
*Hecht Museum
*Mauclair, Camille. 1903. 
*Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
*Suburban Pastoral, *The Guardian,* 24 Februarii 2007
**Impressionism: Paintings collected by European Museums* (1999) Online guided tour.
**Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism.* Catalogus exhibitionis. Museum Artis Metropolitanum
**Degas: The Artist's Mind.* Catalogus exhibitionis. Museum Artis Metropolitanum
*Definitio impressionismi. *Tate Art Glossary.''

Categoria:Cultura Franciae

Categoria:Motus artis