Ratio litteraria

[thumb|[Sigmundus Freud, conditor rationis litterariae psychoanalyticae. Photographema a Maximo Halberstadt factum (1922).]]
**Ratio litteraria,** vel **theoria litterarum,** sensu stricto est ordinatum naturae litterarum et rationum litterarum explicatarum studium. Litteraria autem eruditio ex saeculo undevicensimo saepe comprehendit—cum, vel adeo pro, ratione litteraria sensu stricto—res historiae intellectualis, philosophiae moralis, prophetiae socialis, et aliarum materiarum omnium disciplinarum quae ad modum quo homines significationem interpretantur pertinent. In hodiernis humanitatibus academicis, hic modus eruditionis est fructus rationis criticae, saepe igitur *ratio* vel *theoria* tantum appellatur. Ergo, vocabula *ratio* et *theoria* facta sunt nomina generalia variorum accessuum academicorum textuum legendorum. Multi ex his accessibus a variis philosophiae continentalis et sociologiae traditionibus informantur.

## Scholae rationis litterariae 
Infra perscribuntur nonnullae ex latissime agnotis scholis rationis litterariae, cum earum auctoribus maioribus. Nonnulli autem auctores, inter quos insigniter Michael Foucault, historicus et philosophus, et Claudius Lévi-Strauss anthropologus, plerumque iudices litterarii non erant, sed eorum opera in ratione litteraria auctoritate gravia late fuerunt.

* Aestheticismus, saepe cum Romanticismo consociatus: philosophia quae aestimationem aestheticam definit finem primarium litterarum intellegendarum. Hic comprehenduntur iudices litterarios qui aestimationes aestheticas intellegere vel agnoscere conati sunt at eos qui, sicut Anscharius Wilde, artem artis gratiam expresserunt.
** Anscharius Wilde, Gualterius Pater, Haroldus Bloom
* Criticismus responsorum lectorum: activa lectoris responsa ad textum exprimit
** Ludovica Rosenblatt, Wolfgangus Iser, Normannus Holland, Ioannes Robertus Jauss, Stuart Hall
* Deconstructio: consilium lectionis artae, quod modos elicit quibus verba et notiones magni momenti paradoxicae vel contra se esse possint, faciens ut eorum significatio vere decerni non possit 
** Iacobus Derrida, Paulus de Man, J. Hillis Miller, Philippus Lacoue-Labarthe, Gayatri Spivak, Avital Ronell
* Formalismus: schola iudicii litterarii et rationis litteriae quae plerumque structurales textus dati fines tractat
* Formalismus Russicus
** Victor Shklovsky, Vladimirus Propp
* Genus (vide iudicium litterarium feministicum): quod materias coniunctionum generis imprimit
** Luce Irigaray, Iuditha Butler, Helena Cixous, Elaine Showalter
* Hermeneutica et philosophia Germanica
** Fridericus Schleiermacher, Gulielmus Dilthey, Ioannes Georgius Gadamer, Ericus Auerbach, René Wellek
* Iudicium Novum: opera legit pro rebus quae scribuntur, non pro finibus auctoris vel rebus biographicis
** W. K. Wimsatt, F. R. Leavis, Ioannes Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, Robertus Penn Warren
* Marxismus (vide iudicium litterarium Marxisticum): qui materias certationis classis imprimit
** Georgius Lukács, Valentinus Voloshinov, Raymundus Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fridericus Jameson, Theodorus Adorno, Gualterius Benjamin
* Modernismus
* Novus Historicismus: qui opera per contextum historicum investigat et historiam culturalem et intellectualem solum per litteras intellegere conatur
** Stephanus Greenblatt, Ludovicus Montrose, Ionathan Goldberg, H. Aram Veeser
* Oecocriticismus: coniunctiones culturales et cognationes humanas cum mundo naturali explorat
* Postcolonialismus: vim colonialismi in litteris tractat, praecipue de pugna historica quae fit cum nationes Occidentales civitatibus minus cultis et populis indigenis abutantur
** Eduardus Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi Bhabha, et Declan Kiberd
* Postmodernismus: iudicium condicionum saeculi vicensimi, saepe curam habens exsulum socialium (aliorum) habitorum
** Michael Foucault, Rolandus Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, et Mauritius Blanchot
* Poststructuralismus: variissimae sententiae rationales (sicut deconstructio) qui spes structuralismi ad rationalem scientiam culturae creandam per extentionem exemplaris linguisticae ad alias formationes discursivas et aestheticas iudicant vel praetereunt
** Rolandus Barthes, Michael Foucault, Iulia Kristeva
* Pragmatismus et aliae disciplinae Americanae
** Haroldus Bloom, Stanley Fish, Ricardus Rorty
* Psychoanalysis (vide iudicium litterarium psychoanalyticum): partes a conscientia et non conscientia in litteris acta explorat, inter quas auctor, lector, et personae textuales
** Sigmundus Freud, Iacobus Lacan, Haroldus Bloom, Slavoj Žižek, Victor Tausk
* Ratio queer: partes identitatis generis et sexualitatis in litteris actas investigat, interrogat, et iudicat
** Iuditha Butler, Eva Kosofsky Sedgwick, Michael Foucault
* Structuralismus et semiotica (vide iudicium litterarium semioticum): fundamentales structuras universales in textu, unitates linguisticas in textu, et quomodo auctor significationem per structuras transmittit investigat
** Ferdinandus de Saussure, Romanus Jakobson, Claudius Lévi-Strauss, Rolandus Barthes, Michael Bakhtin, Georgius Lotman, Humbertus Eco, Iacobus Ehrmann, Northrop Frye, et morphologia eruditionis vulgaris
* Studia culturalia cognitiva: investigatio in neuroscientia cognitiva, psychologia et anthropologia evolutionaria cognitiva, et philosophia mentis ad studium litterarum et culturae adhibet
** Fridericus Ludovicus Aldama, Mari Thomas Crane, Nancy Easterlin, Gulielmus Flesch, David Herman, Susanna Keen, Patricius Colm Hogan, Alanus Richardson, Helena Spolsky, Blakey Vermeule, Lisa Zunshine
* Studia culturalia: munus litterarum in vita quotidiana exprimit
** Raymundus Williams, Ricardus Hebdige, et Stuart Hall (Studia culturalia Britannica); Maximus Horkheimer et Theodorus Adorno; Michael de Certeau; etiam Paulus Gilroy, Ioannes Guillory
* Studia litteraria Darwiniana: litteras in contextu evolutionis et selectionis naturalis ponit
* Alii rationes et theoristae: Robertus Graves, Alamgir Hashmi, Ioannes Sutherland, Leslie Fiedler, Kennethus Burke, Paulus Bénichou, Barbara Johnson, Blanca de Lizaur, Dr. Seuss

Notio emergentiae ad rationem litterarum, artium, historiae, linguisticae, et scientiarum cognitivarum adhibita est in doctrinis Ioannis Mariae Grassin et Universitatis Lemovicinis.

* Ars gratia artis
* Critica litterarum
* Philosophia et litterae
* Poetica
* Ratio critica
* Ratio dramatica
* Schola indignationis
* Thema (litterae)
* Textus (ratio litteraria)

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
[thumb|[Terry Eagleton, qui rationi litterariae insigniter studet. Hic unum ex suis libris tenet post acroasim in Instituto Mechanicorum Mancunii anno 2008 habitam.]]
* Barry, Peter. 2002. *Beginning Theory: an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory.* Ed. 2a. ISBN 0-7190-6268-3
* Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. *The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays,* ed. Michael Holquist, conv. Caryl Emerson et Michael Holquist. Austin et Londinii: University of Texas Press.
* Carroll, J. 2007. Evolutionary Approaches to Literature and Drama. In *The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology,* ed. Robin Dunbar et Louise Barrett, capitulum 44. Textum plenum.
* Castle, Gregory. 2007. *Blackwell Guide to Literary Theory.* Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing.
* Culler, Jonathan D. 2011. *Literary theory: a very short introduction.* Ed. 2a. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969134-0, ISBN 0-19-969134-7.
* Eagleton, Terry. 1983. *Literary Theory: an Introduction.* Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1238-2, ISBN 0-8166-1241-2.
* Eagleton, Terry. 2003. *After Theory.* Novi Eboraci: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01773-7, ISBN 0-465-01773-8, ISBN 978-0-465-01774-4, ISBN 0-465-01774-6.
* Fontanille, J. B. Westphal, et J. Vion-Dury, eds. 2011. ''L'Émergence—Poétique de l'Émergence, en réponse aux travaux de Jean-Marie Grassin.* Bernae et Berolini.
* Groden, Michael, Martin Kreiswirth, et Imre Szeman, eds. 2012. *Contemporary literary and cultural theory: the Johns Hopkins guide.* Baltimorae: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0638-1, ISBN 978-1-4214-0639-8, ISBN 978-1-4214-0705-0, ISBN 1-4214-0638-1, ISBN 1-4214-0639-X, ISBN 1-4214-0705-1.
* Lodge, David, et Nigel Wood, eds. 2008. *Modern Criticism and Theory: a Reader.* Ed. 3a. Harlow Angliae et Novi Eboraci: Pearson, Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-78454-3, ISBN 0-582-78454-9.
* Patai, Daphne, et Will H. Corral, eds. 2005. *Theory's Empire: An Anthology of Dissent.* Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13416-9, ISBN 0-231-13417-7, ISBN 0-231-50869-7.
* Rabaté, Jean-Michel. 2002. *The Future of Theory.* Oxoniae et Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-23012-2, ISBN 0-631-23013-0.
* Searle, John. 1990. The Storm Over the University. *The New York Review of Books,* 6 Decembris.
* Wellek, René. 1955-1992. *A history of modern criticism: 1750-1950.* 8 vol. Yale University Press.
** 1: *The later eighteenth century*
** 2: *The romantic age*
** 3: *The age of transition*
** 4: *The later nineteenth century*
** 5: *English criticism, 1900–1950*
** 6: *American criticism, 1900–1950*
** 7: *German, Russian, and Eastern European criticism, 1900–1950*
** 8: *French, Italian and Spanish criticism, 1900–1950*

## Bibliographia addita 
* Culler, Jonathan. 2007. *The Literary in Theory.* Stanfordiae: Stanford University Press.
* Eagleton, Terry. 2008. *Literary Theory.* Ed. 3a. Minneapoli: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-5447-6. ISBN 978-0-8166-5447-5.
* Rivkin, Julie et Michael Ryan. 2004. *Literary Theory: An Anthology.* Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing.
* Zunshine, Lisa, ed. 2010. *Introduction to Cognitive Cultural Studies.* Baltimorae: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

## Nexus externi 
* Brewton, Vince. "Literary Theory," in *Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,* www.iep.utm.edu
* Chandler, David. *Semiotics for Beginners,* www.aber.ac.uk
* García Landa, José Ángel. *A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology,* www.unizar.es
* Love, Tim. *Some Literary Criticism quotes,* www2.eng.cam.ac.uk
* Bibliographia annotata de ratione litteraria, www.literaturtheorie.uni-goettingen.de
* *Defence of Poesie* Philippi Sidney Equitis (1595), darkwing.uoregon.edu
* Dux litterarum Universitatis Ioannis Hopkinsiensis, litguide.press.jhu.edu
* *Encyclopedia Philosophiae,* www.iep.utm.edu
* Introductio Rationis, www.kristisiegel.com
* "The Litcrit Toolkit," www.webcitation.org
* OWL Purduensis, owl.english.purdue.edu
* *Poetica* Aristotelis, www2.cddc.vt.edu
* Ratio litteraria critica, public.wsu.edu
* *De Sublimis'' Longini, classicpersuasion.org

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