Citrus

[thumb|242px|[Malum paradisi]]
***Citrus*** (-i, *f.*) (a nomine Graeco , i.e. "cedrus") est genus arborum fructiferarum in familia Rutacearum. Genus a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum est.

## De nomine 
Apud antiquos "citrus" designabat duas species plantarum satis inter se dissimilium: arborem Africam, nomine scientifico *Tetraclinis articulata*, cuius lignum fragrans, *citrum* nominatum, multi aestimabatur ad supellectilem faciendam; arboremque fructiferam quae etiam *malus Medica* appellabatur, cuique nunc binomen *Citrus medica* imponitur. A saeculo fere tertio decimo, postquam aliae quoque plantae cognatae in Europa cognitae sunt, nomen *citrus* ad eas omnibus nonnumquam translatum est. Dehinc id nomen Carolus Linnaeus anno 1753 omni huic generi adiudicavit. Genus *Papeda* Hassk. Swingle in subgenus *Citri* convertit. Quae subdivisiones, suadentibus iam diu Burkill recenterque Mabberley, in *Citrum* coniungendae sunt.

## Index specierum et hybridarum 
[thumb|242px|Taberna citrorum [Pompeii|Pompeiana]]

; Species (cum synonymis selectis)
* *Citrus cavaleriei* (*C. ichangensis*)
* *Citrus hystrix* sive papeda (*C. kerrii*, *C. macroptera*)
* *Citrus maxima* (*C. decumana*, *C. grandis*)
* *Citrus medica* sive malum Medicum
* *Citrus micrantha*
* *Citrus reticulata* sive tangerina (*C. tachibana*)
* *Citrus trifoliata* (*Poncirus trifoliata*)
* *Citrus japonica* sive fortunella (*Fortunella* spp.)
* *Citrus swinglei* (*F. polyandra*, *C. polyandra*)
* *Citrus halimii*
* *Citrus glauca* (*Eremocitrus glauca*, *Atalantia glauca*)
* *Citrus australasica* (*Microcitrus australasica*)
* *Citrus australis* (*Microcitrus australis*)
* *Citrus garrawayi* (*C. garrawayae*, *M. garrawayi*)
* *Citrus gracilis*
* *Citrus inodora* (*M. inodora*)
* *Citrus warburgiana* (*M. warburgiana*)
* *Citrus wintersii* (*M. papuana*)

; Hybridae (cum origine)
* *Citrus × aurantium (Sour Orange Group)*, Latine "Aurantium" (hybrida *C. maxima* × *C. reticulata*)
** *(Sweet Orange Group)*, Latine "Malum Sinense", apud nonnullos *C. × sinensis* (hybrida *C. × aurantium* × *C. reticulata*)
** *(Grapefruit Group)*, Latine "Malum paradisi", apud nonnullos *C. × paradisi* (hybrida *C. × sinensis* × *C. maxima*)
** *(Bergamot Group)*, Latine "Bergamia" (hybrida *C. × aurantium* × *C. limon* (?))
* *Citrus × limon*, Latine "Limon" (hybrida *C. medica* × *C. × aurantium*)
* ''* (hybrida *C. reticulata* × *C. medica*)
* *Citrus × aurantiifolia*, Latine "Lumia" (hybrida *C. medica* × *C. hystrix* (?))
** *Citrus × latifolia* (hybrida *C. × aurantiifolia* × *C. × limon* (?))
** *(Limetta Group)* (hybrida *C. × aurantiifolia* × *C. maxima* (?))
* *Citrus × microcarpa* vel *C. × mitis* sive *calamondin* (hybrida *C. japonica* × *C. reticulata*)
* *Citrus × jambhiri* vel *C. otaitensis* vel *C. taitensis* sive *rough lemon* (hybrida *C. medica* × *C. reticulata* et fortasse × *C. × limon*)
* *Citrus × junos* sive *yuzu* (hybrida *C. cavaleriei* × *C. maxima* (?))
* *Citrus × webberi* (hybrida *C. cavaleriei* × *C. × aurantium* (?))
* *Citrus × insitorum* sive *citrange* (hybrida *C. trifoliata* × *C. × aurantium*)
* *Citrus × georgiana* sive *citrangequat* (hybrida *C. × insitorum* × *C. japonica*)
* *Citrus × floridana* sive *limequat* (hybrida *C. × aurantiifolia* × *C. japonica*)
* *Citrus × clementina* (hybrida *C. × sinensis* × *C. reticulata*)
* *Citrus × tangelo* (hybrida *C. × paradisi* × *C. reticulata*)

## Notae 
## Bibliographia 
; Fontes antiquiores
* 1178 : Han Yanzhi, *Julu'' (Michael J. Hagerty, interpr.; Paul Pelliot, ed., "Han Yen-chih's Chü lu: monograph on the oranges of Wên-chou, Chekiang" in ''T'oung Pao* 2a ser. vol. 22 [1923] pp. 63-96  JSTOR)
* 1551 : Nicolaus Monardes; Carolus Clusius, interpr., "De aurantiis", aliter "De citriis, aurantiis, ac limoniis". Editio 1551 apud MDZ Editio 1605 apud GDZ
* 1561 : 
* 1646 : Ioannes Baptista Ferrarius, *Hesperides, sive, De malorum aureorum cultura et usu libri quatuor*. Romae: Scheus, 1646  Textus apud archive.org
* 1708 : Johann Christoph Volkamer, *Nürnbergische Hesperides*. Norimbergae: Endter, 1708  Textus
* 1714 : Johann Christoph Volkamer, *Continuation der Nürnbergischen Hesperidum*. Norimbergae, 1714  
* 1741 :  vol. 2 tabb. 24-35 et pp. 95-116 Textus
* 1811 : Giorgio Gallesio, *Traité du citrus*. 1811  Textus apud archive.org

; Generalia
* Giovanni Dugo, Angelo Di Giacomo, edd., *Citrus: the genus Citrus*. Londinii: Taylor & Francis, 2002  
* Peter Hanelt, ed, *Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops'' (Springer, 2001) pp. 1014-1035 
* Michael J. Hagerty, interpr.; Paul Pelliot, ed., "Han Yen-chih's Chü lu: monograph on the oranges of Wên-chou, Chekiang" in ''T'oung Pao* 2a ser. vol. 22 (1923) pp. 63-96  JSTOR
* I. A. Khan, ed., *Citrus genetics, breeding, and biotechnology*. Wallingford: CAB International, 2007 
* David J. Mabberley, *Citrus (Rutaceae): a review of recent advances in etymology, systematics and medical applications* in *Blumea* vol. 49 (2004) pp. 486-498
* Walter Reuther, Herbert John Webber, Leon Dexter Batchelor, edd., *The Citrus Industry, vol. 1: History, World Distribution, Botany, and Varieties*. 2a ed. Riverside: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1967  Versio interretialis
* Walter Reuther, Leon Dexter Batchelor, Herbert John Webber, edd., *The Citrus Industry, vol. 2: Anatomy, Physiology, Genetics, and Reproduction*. 2a ed. Riverside: University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, 1968  Versio interretialis
* Joseph Antoine Risso, Pierre Antoine Poiteau, *Histoire naturelle des orangers*. Lutetiae: Audot, 1818-1822  
* J. Saunt, *Citrus varieties of the world. An illustrated guide*. Norvici: Sinclair International, 1990. ISBN 1-872960-00-6  Recensio
* Tong Kwee Lim, *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. Vol. 4: *Fruits* (Berolini: Springer, 2012) pp. 619-870  

; De origine et natura specierum hybridarumque
* 
* H. C. Barrett, A. M. Rhodes, "A Numerical Taxonomic Study of Affinity Relationships in Cultivated Citrus and Its Close Relatives" in *Systematic Botany* vol. 1 (1976) pp. 105-136  JSTOR
* Randall J. Bayer, David J. Mabberley, Cynthia Morton, Cathy H. Miller, Ish K. Sharma, Bernard E. Pfeil, Sarah Rich, Roberta Hitchcock, Steve Sykes, "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences" in *American Journal of Botany* vol. 96 (2009) pp. 668-685 
* 
* C. T. Federici, D. Q. Fang, R. W. Scora, M. L. Roose, "Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and related genera as revealed by RFLP and RAPD analysis" in *Theoretical and Applied Genetics* vol. 96 (1998) pp. 812-822  Epitome
* C.T. Federici, M. L. Roose, R. W. Scora, "RFLP analysis of the origin of Citrus bergamia, Citrus jambhiri, and Citrus limonia" in *Acta Hort.* (ISHS) no. 535 (2000) pp. 55-64 
* Andres Garcia-Lor, Franck Curk, Hager Snoussi-Trifa, Raphael Morillon, Gema Ancillo, François Luro, Luis Navarro, Patrick Ollitrault, "A nuclear phylogenetic analysis: SNPs, indels and SSRs deliver new insights into the relationships in the ‘true citrus fruit trees’ group (Citrinae, Rutaceae) and the origin of cultivated species" in *Annals of Botany* vol. 111 (2013) pp. 1-19 
* Xiaomeng Li, Rangjin Xie, Zhenhua Lu, Zhiqin Zhou, "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints" in *Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science'' vol. 135 (2010) pp. 341-350 
* A. I. Luss, "Pomerantsevje Japonii i sosednikh stran jugovostochnoi Azii' in *Bulletin of applied botany, genetics and plant breeding* vol. 26 (1931) pp. 141-240 
* 
* 
* E. Nicolosi, Z. N. Deng, A. Gentile, S. La Malfa, G. Continella, E. Tribulato, "Citrus phylogeny and genetic origin of important species as investigated by molecular markers" in *Theoretical and Applied Genetics* vol. 100 (2000) pp. 1155-1166  Epitome
* X. Pang, C. Hu, X. Deng, "Phylogenetic relationships within Citrus and its related genera as inferred from AFLP markers" in *Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution* vol. 54 (2007) pp. 429-436  Epitome
* T. Penjor, T. Anai, Y. Nagano, R. Matsumoto, M. Yamamoto, "Phylogenetic relationships of Citrus and its relatives based on rbcL gene sequences" in *Tree Genetics and Genomes* vol. 6 (2010) pp. 931-939  Epitome
* Zoey Poll, "Where the Rare Citrus Grows: for French chefs and perfumers, a government-run grove on Corsica — home to some 900 varieties — has become a place of pilgrimage" in *New York Times* (18/24 Februarii 2021)
* Rainer W. Scora, "On the History and Origin of Citrus" in *Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club* vol. 102 (1975) pp. 369-375  JSTOR
* Rainer W. Scora, "Biochemistry, taxonomy and evolution of modern cultivated Citrus" in R. Goren. K. Mendel, edd., *Proceedings of the 6th International Citrus Congress* (Rehovot: Balaban Publishers, 1988) pp. 277-289 
* Guohong Albert Wu et al., "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus" in *Nature* (7 Februarii 2018)
* 

; De historia
* A. C. Andrews, "Acclimatization of citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region" in *Agricultural history* vol. 35 (1961) pp. 35-46  JSTOR
* Dorian Q Fuller et al., "Charred pummelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia" in Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Fiorentino, edd., *AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean* (Neapoli: Centre Jean Bérard, 2018) alibi
* Dafna Langgut, "The Citrus Route Revealed: From Southeast Asia into the Mediterranean" in *HortScience* vol. 52 (2017) pp. 814-822 Epitome
* A. Weisskopf, D. Q. Fuller, "Citrus fruits: origins and development" in C. Smith, ed., *Encyclopedia of global archaeology* (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 2013) pp. 1479–1483
* Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Florentino, edd., *AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean*. Neapoli, 2017; OpenEdition Books, 2018 Textus

; De usu
* Giovanni Dugo, Luigi Mondello, edd., *Citrus Oils*. CRC Press, 2010 
* A. A. Farooqi, Z. Wang, S. Hasnain, R. Attar, A. Aslam, Q. Mansoor, M. Ismail, "Citrus fruits and their bioactive ingredients: leading four horsemen from front" in *Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention* vol. 16 (2015) pp. 2575-2580.
* Xinmiao Lv, Siyu Zhao, Zhangchi Ning, Honglian Zeng, Yisong Shu, Ou Tao, Cheng Xiao, Cheng Lu, Yuanyan Liu, "Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health" in *Chemistry Central Journal* vol. 9 (2015) no. 68
* N. E. Mustafa, "Citrus Essential Oils: Current and Prospective Uses in the Food Industry" in *Recent Patents in Food, Nutrition and Agriculture* vol. 7 (2015) pp. 115-127. Epitome
* Z. Zou, W. Xi, Y. Hu, C. Nie, Z. Zhou, "Antioxidant activity of Citrus fruits" in *Food Chemistry* vol. 196 (2016) pp. 885-896. Epitome

## Nexus externi 
* *Citrus Pages* 
* *Citrus Variety Collection* (Universitas Californiensis apud Riverside)
* "The Origins of Citrus Research in California" e libro *The Citrus Industry* vol. 5 (1989) 
* "Retracing early cultivation steps: Lessons from comparing citrus genomes" apud phys.org
* "The citrus in the old pharmacopoeias" apud *Medicinal Plants*


Categoria:Taxa Linnaei
Categoria:Taxa 1753