Kawɛnna

**Kawεnna** anε diib buudi kani  zuoe duniya nwa ni. Ba kuod di zinig wʋsa ase Antarcia teŋin ma'a ka ba pʋ kuoda. Kawεnna mɔr buudi kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb pisnu (50) ka mɔr si'im nam, nwɛnnim, bεllim, nε ban zεm si'em buudi bεdigʋ. Piel, dɔnbʋʋlim, nε wiiʋg buudi la titaam ka ba taa kuod. Teŋ sieba mε nɔŋ pielug nε dɔnbʋʋlim buudi la ka li bεnε teŋ la nidibi bɔɔd si'el. Ba da dεŋi pinil Kawεnna kuobnε Mexico yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisnu1500 BC la ni, mɔri paae Africa nwεnnɛ yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisnu 1500 AD la ni, ka ba naam baŋi li ka li pʋ yʋʋgε ka paae Africa na ka yʋʋm an Africa dim dikpɛŋ.

## Sʋʋm
Kawεnna anε kief kanɛ an yεlkpani bε Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) ka mε lεn an kief kanɛ an yɛlkpan diib ka nidib gad wʋʋ 1.2 million m bε SSA nε Lati America nidib gat wʋʋ 300 million kpεn ti'a nε kawεnna mɔri dit. Kief kaŋa zinig sieba na tɔnɔm nɔki mal diib nε bɔmbani kaa diibɔ. Africa  Kɔbiga pʋʋgin di anε pistan kεŋi paae pisnu ka kawenna ligidi εɛnti sie Kɔbiga pʋʋgin an pistan bɛɛ pisnu (30%-50%). Di gat wʋʋ pistan,  kɔbiga pʋʋgiŋ ka Sub-Saharan Africa nidib diib yit kawεnna ni na. Nεεŋa zugɔɔ Africa tεmbibis la wʋsa ditnε kawεnna ka li aan ba dikpεʋŋ. Diŋzuk ka kpaadib yʋʋm nɔk suosieba dinε na nyaŋi kε ka ba paamid diib bεdigʋ yi kawεnna ni. Fʋ mε tɔnɔm lεm di bεε ɔnb Kawεmmaasa la ka li an dinε na tɔnɔm sʋŋ niŋgbin la.

**Kawɛnna** (**zea mays**) ka North American English buon nɛ li **corn** la, anɛ mɔɔg kanɛ mɔr wa'alim ka an gbimiri ka wɛn bielim. Southern Mexico teŋ dimi da keŋ ka o lieb diib bʋnbʋtir, wʋʋ yʋʋma 9,000 babɛ da gaad la sa, yi mɔɔgin teosinte mɔɔg buudi ni. America dim da bʋdi linɛ la'as nɛ bɛŋa nɛ squashes pu'asada atan'  pɔɔg kanɛ ka ba kuod sʋʋd kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la ni. Li til la mɔr vaand bɛdegʋ la ni ka inflorescences daʋg naamid bɛɛ tassels linɛ tisid puum, nɛ inflorescences nya'aŋi buon tʋba. Tʋba la wɛn bielim la buon kernels bɛɛ biili. Dʋnbama nwa ni, li buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la ɛɛnti anɛ dɔnbʋʋlʋm bɛɛ pielig; li buudi sieba tun'e mɔri si'im bɛdegʋ.

Kawɛnna sʋm ye nidib zaŋi li kuob. Sankanɛ ni sa ka Columbia dim da ti'as sa, li lieb nɛ dunia la zin'is bɛdegʋ dikpɛŋ, ka li zʋʋd zɛmisim zu'oe gaad wbeat nɛ mwi. Kawɛnna tita'am mɔri maan bʋnkɔnbid diib, li zʋʋd la bɛɛ bʋnbʋtir la mɛŋ wʋsa, kanɛ ka ba tun'e kie bɔbig bɛɛ ba kie li vi

ka li paasi li malisim. Ba kuodɛ buudi kanɛ mɔr sikir bɛdegʋ la buon kawɛnna malisiŋ la nɛ nidib diib yɛla, ka lɛɛ kuod mɔɔgin din la bʋnkɔnbid diib yɛla, nɛ tʋʋm sieba wʋʋ commeal bɛɛ mass,corn starch,corn syrup nwiaki yis corn oil, daam wʋʋ bourbon whiskey, nɛ mɔri maan bʋnkɔbid diib la'am nɛ ethanol nɛ biofuel sieba.

Ba kuod kawɛnna dunia nwa ni zin'is wʋsa; yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin, kawɛnna zʋʋd zuodi gat zʋʋd banɛ wʋsa bɛ. Yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ pisi (2020) la ni, dunia nwa kawɛnna zʋʋd kanl da anɛ billion tonnes nam 1.1. Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban'as bɛdegʋ daamidi li; bʋnvʋya buudi ayi, Europe bʋnvʋr kanɛ vʋt kawɛnna vɔnya nɛ kawɛnna nya'ar bʋnvʋya, kɛ ka ba nwɛn'ɛd samm US dollars billion yinne  yʋʋm wʋsa. Dʋnna nwa bʋnbʋt sʋma sʋŋi kɛ ka zʋʋd paas ka malisim mɛ paas, buudbanɛ pʋ zɔt sawak, nɛ banɛ pʋ zɔt bʋnvʋya bɛ ban'asɛ. Ba yʋʋn naalimɛ kawɛnna tita'am ka ba lieb buudbanɛ sʋŋid.

Lin an diib la, ba mɔr kawɛnna maan diib buudi bɛdegʋ, diban sieba anɛ, Mexican tortalis nɛ tamales, Italian polenta, nɛ American hominy grits. Essential amino acid sieba ni kawɛnna malisim pɔɔdnɛ, ka niacin kanɛ ka li mɔr la ye bɛnɛ ba ya' maali li nɛ alkali. Mesoamerica teŋin, kawɛnna anɛ wʋʋ win nɛ ka ba kpi'a li zanbina.

## Lin sin'iŋ si'em

### Columbia da dɛŋi tʋm si'em
Kawɛnna bɔɔd ninsaal sʋŋir ye li vʋ'ʋg. Biilif la tansidnɛ li mɛŋ ka bʋnbʋtir la bul na, ka pak la yii li, li mɛŋ, ka yin kawɛnna lɛɛ pʋ aan ala. Kawɛnna wʋsa yinɛ kawɛnnir yinne ni man ka Mexico ya-dagɔbʋg dim da zaŋ o lieb yin bʋnbʋttir lin zaŋ wʋʋ yʋma tusa awai (9,000)  kanɛ gaad la sa. Kawɛnna buudi kanɛ yuug hali ka nan bɛi anɛ Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna da naam nɛ ani widigi kpɛn lowlands ti paae  America ka widig dɔlis nɛ suoya ayi. Zin'ig kanɛ kimm ka ba da mɔr kawɛnna yi mɔɔgini keŋ ka li kpɛlim yin da anɛ Balsas River, South Central Mexico bɔn'ɔgin. Kawɛnna da ti paae highland Ecuador nɛ wʋʋ yʋma Tusa anii (8,000) kanɛ da gaad la sa. Li da paae lower Central America nɛ yʋma Tusa ayɔpɔi nɛ kɔbisyuobʋ (7,600) kanɛ da gaad la, ka paae Columbia Andes bɔn'ɔdin nɛ yʋma Tusa ayɔpɔi (7,000) nɛ Yʋma Tusa ayuobʋ (6,000) banɛ da gaad la tensʋk. 

Yiiga kawɛnna la da yinɛ tʋbbil yinne bʋnbʋttir yinne wʋsa ni. Olmec nɛ Maya dim da bʋd Kawɛnna buudi bɛdigʋ Mesoamerica teŋ la wʋsa ni; ba da dʋgʋd, nɛ'ɛm, ka mɔr nixtamalization maanɛ li. Yʋma Tusa atan (3,000) kanɛ da gaada ni, Kawɛnna da an Olmec malima, la'am nɛ ba saansa nam, pian'ad nɛ ba sɔlima. 

Mapuche nidib la bɛ South-Central Chile da kuodi Kawɛnna la'am nɛ quinoa nɛ dankala ka pre-Hispanic saŋa nyaan paae. Ka Inca Sʋ'ʋlim ma'am la nyaan da ti yalig la, ba da kpiŋid kawɛnna ka da mɔri lɔ'ɔmsid lateens hali, da paad ya-dagɔbʋg 40 S Melinquina teŋin, Lacar Department,  Argentina, da na tun'e da'adi paad Andes yi Chile la. 

### Columbia dim tia'sik
Europe dimi da ti kena, 1492 yʋʋm la ni la, Spanish dim banɛ da zin'in ani la da dit Kawɛnna nɛ, ka banɛ gɔɔndi vɛɛnsid nɛ kpikpinib da zii li lɛb Europe. Spanish dim banɛ da bɛɛ ani la da bɔɔdɛ wheat diibi gat Kawɛnna  diib. Kawɛnna zɔ'ɔm da pʋ tun'e mɔri maan siis diib, wheat ya'a kae, Krista biis yadda zin'igin sankan la, wheat ma'aa da na nyaŋi zaŋi dɔlis transubstantiation ka tiaki lieb Krista niŋgbin la.

Kawɛnna da widigi kpɛn' dunia nwa zin'is banɛ kpɛlim la ni, ka li anɛ lin nyaŋi zi'en zin'ig kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni la zug. 17th century la nii, di da lieb dikanɛ ka banɛ bɛ Southern Europe la wʋsa dit. 18th century la saŋa, dinɛ da an dikpɛŋ tis southern French nɛ Italian dim, di kas-kas anɛ polenta dinɛ Italy la.

Ban da mɔr kawɛnna ken Western kuob suoya ni na la, ba da siaki di din dʋad bɛdigʋ siem la zug. Nɛ wala, kɔm titada da li zinibanɛ ka ba dikpɛŋ an kawɛnna la. Banɛ aan America teŋ dim la zamis ye ba wʋʋl kawɛnna alkali-kuom ni — dinɛ ka ba nɔk tampɛligim nɛ leemu maal — din yi nwɛnɛ yʋʋm tusir, nɛ kɔbisyi (1200) la ni kem paae yʋʋm tusir yinne nɛ kɔbisnu (1500) BC la ni, ba maanɛ nixtamalization suor. Ba maal nɛɛŋa ye ba nyaŋi yis kawɛnna paad la,amaa di mɛ yisid B-vitamin niacin, dinɛ yaa kae ka pellagra naamid. Ba gbane Alkali maalʋg nɛ diid kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb maalʋg suor ka tʋmi di, ka pellagra bɔdig tembanɛ paam temmaalʋg dunia ni. Kawɛnbanɛ mɔr Lysine bɛdigʋ nɛ dikanɛ na mɔr biim ka di zɛmis mɛ paasi sʋŋi yisi di. Pellagra nan kpɛlim bɛ zinibanɛ ka diib pʋ zuoe nɛ zinibanɛ ka saam nɛ zɔɔma laasi bɛ ka ba vʋm wʋsa tie kawɛmbanɛ ka nidib piinli ba.

## Yʋda
*Kawɛnna* yʋ'ʋr la da yinɛ Spanish pian'ad kanɛ an maiz yi Taino *mahiz* ni. Swedish nid Carl Linnaeus onɛ da gɔsid bʋnbʋtta bɛllim  yɛla da zaŋ yʋ'ʋr la Kawɛnna, ka li an epithel Kawɛnna buudi la *Zea mays* ni. Baŋir zamisʋg zin'is nɛ sʋ'ʋlim nam bɛdegʋ gaŋ yʋ'ʋkpɛŋ nwa, *Kawɛnna* n gat *corn* kanɛ mɛ an Kawɛnna yʋ'ʋr ya'as la, bɔzugɔ yʋ'ʋkanɛ sʋm nɛ bielif la,  ka li mɔr gbin kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bɛdegʋ zaŋi ken lin pian' tʋʋm si'a ni, nɛ teŋkanɛ ni ka li pian'. Tens bɛdigʋ yɛt ye *maize*,  ka yʋ'ʋr *corn* la anɛ United States nɛ tens banɛ pian'ad naasaal bi'ela nwa buon ye corn. Tens banɛ buon ye *maize* la, ba buon *corn* la ka li pa'an nɛ cereal bʋnbʋtta, ka li an teŋ la dikpɛŋ, wʋʋ wheat England teŋin nɛ oats Scotland bɛɛ Ireland tensing. Yʋ'ʋr la corn pa'an ye maize la da naam nɛ ye li kʋ'ʋg "India corn" giŋa 18th century la saŋa North America teŋin.    

Betty Fussell onɛ da an diibi sin'iŋ si'em mit la sɔbi gbaʋŋʋn pian'ak la corn, North America teŋin ye  "pian'ak la corn anɛ li li tragi-farcical pian'ad lɛbigirin nɛ sin'iŋir yɛla". Li nwɛni nɛ British buon si'em, Spanish dim la buon Kawɛnna ye *panizo* yʋ'ʋr kanɛ ka ba mɔri tisid biella zʋʋd, wʋʋ Italian dim buon ye *polenta* la. British dim da yuolʋm buon Kawɛnna ye wheat,  ka Turkey ye corn, bɛɛ Indian corn; Fussell da yɛl ye "ba da pʋ pa'an nɛ lin da an si'emm, ka lɛɛ da anɛ gɔɔgin bʋn ka ka' linɛ da maali an sʋ'ʋŋaa.        

Dunia la'asig nam wʋʋ centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International da siak di'e *maize* ye li an Kawɛnna yʋ'ʋr. Pian'ak la *maize*, UN Food and Agriculture Organization buon nɛ yʋ'ʋkan nɛ Mexico dim International Maize and Wheat Improvement  Centre buon yʋ'ʋsieba la. Indian Institude of maize Research, Maize Association of Australia la, Nigeria National Maize Association la, National Maize Association of Ghana la, South Africa Maize Trust la, nɛ Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association la.         

## Bʋnbʋttir la an si'em
Kawɛnna anɛ mɔwɔk kanɛ ka ba kuodi li yʋʋm-yʋʋm ka di mɔr til yimmir, ka li wa'alim an wʋʋ lin yi 1.2 m (4ft) paae 4 m (13 ft). Vaand la wa'am ka banl la naamidi gbida la nii tɔɔndi yit, li yitnɛ kawɛndaag la zin'is ayi la wʋsa. Kawɛnna anɛ monoecious, ka mɔr puum la bʋnnya'aŋ nɛ bʋndaʋg bʋnbʋttir wʋsa ni. Kawɛndaag la zʋgʋn sa ka gɛɛns la bɛ, pudaʋg la zin'ig; gɛɛns la ni ka zʋʋm la bɛ, ka pɛbisim da'ae ba widig. Wʋʋ zʋʋm sieba nɛ, li anɛ allergen amaa li bɛdegʋ liib zin'ig pʋ lal nɛ gɛɛns laa ka banɛ tʋm pɔɔgin la di'ed dɛŋ la bɛdegʋ. Punya'aŋ la, lin yi gɛɛns la ni sigid tillin la,  fʋ nyɛt ka li anɛ (silk), nɛ tubular hairs bɔbir kanɛ bʋgʋs, ka yinne an carpel kanɛ bɛ punya'aŋin la din, linɛ nɔbigidi liebid bielif ( ka ba buonni li bielif, ka anɛ al nɛ mɔɔd buudi wʋsa, li anɛ wɛl ka bielif la lusi li ka li bɛɛ pʋʋgin ye li lieb caryopsis) ba ya'a la'asi naae. Pu nya'aŋ la wʋsa nɔbigid nɛ liebid tʋbʋr bɛɛ corncob, pɔnbil nɛ vaand bɛdegʋ. Tʋbʋra vaang la an vankanɛ kpɛn bɛnɛ tʋbʋr kanɛ nɔbigidi yitna. Vankaŋa nwa nɛ banɛ bɛɛ li zugun la tisid nɛ (carbohydrate), starch pʋdigir zin'is atan' linɛ bɛ bielif la ni.            

Dʋnbama Kawɛnna buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb  biela la si'im anɛ dɔnbʋʋlim bɛɛ pielig; buud sieba anɛ (orange), zuanam, (brown), saa-sangbaʋŋ, (purple) bɛɛ sabilig. Ba maali anɛ bɔɔnlʋ nam 8 ti paae 32 kawɛndibir zugʋn. Kawɛn dɔnbʋʋlim nyɛtti li si'im yitnɛ carotenoids ni; anthocyanins nɛ phlobaphenes tisid si'im zian, ka si'im bama la'asidi tit (orange ) nɛ dɛn'ɛm si'im.            

Kawɛnna mɔr dabis gim photoperiodism,  li gbin anɛ li maan puum nɛ yʋ'ʋŋ. Puum maalig bɔɔdɛ tʋʋlʋg bɛdegʋ kanɛ gaad 10 °C (50 °F) dabisir saŋa pʋʋgin. Puum  maalig la naamid nɛ li mɛŋ; saa-sangbauŋ nɛ dɛn'ɛm si'im la kɛt ka bʋnbʋtira an wala. Budbanɛ ka ba kuod tʋʋlʋg zin'is la tun'e pʋ mɔr daamʋg zin'is banɛ dʋ agɔla, kanɛ ka dabisa zu'oe bɛdegʋ la tun'e kɛ ka bʋnbʋtira duoe nɛ wa'alin ka kʋ nyaŋi pian'ak bielaka waad saŋa nyaan paae. Li mɛ tun'e an ye, ba duod nɛ wa'alim la anɛ bugum yɛla.             

Kawɛnzɛba mɔrɛ ka kanɛ san'am bʋnvʋya, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), linɛ sʋŋidi gʋ'ʋd bʋnvʋya buudi bɛdegʋ. Li nya'a la pʋ laligid la zugɔɔ, li kʋ tun'e mɔr vʋm sawak ya'a zi'enɛ, ka kʋ zi'en tan kanɛ ni ka kʋ'ʋlʋm pɔɔda, ka pɛbis tita'ar tun'e vuoe li.             

## Lin naamid si'em
Kawɛnna anɛ dipoid, li mɔrɛ chromosomes nam ban pisi (20). Mɔrnɛ allelic pisnii nɛ atan kɔbiga puugin (83%) kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ka li bɛ genome kanɛ yinɛ li teosinte yaab la san'an, ka li anɛ lin mɔr nyadi nɛ *Zea* buudi la ti paae buudi gɛnda la. Barbara McClintock da zaŋi Kawɛnna ka li an kasɛt o transposon tʋʋma kanɛ an "jumping genes" la, kanɛ ni k'o da di ya'an piini 1983 Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Kawɛnna nan kpɛn anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ ka ba na gɔsid lin an si'em la ma mɔri tʋmmi dɔlisid  bʋnbʋt sieba ni, nɛ developmental biology. MADS-box motif la kɛ ka Kawɛnna maan puum.              

Kawɛnna la naamid si'em nɛ lin an  si'em wʋsa, (Genetics and Genomics Database) paamid ligidi yitnɛ US Department of Agriculture, ka li mɔri gɔsid Kawɛnna vɛɛnsʋg tʋʋma. International Maize  and Wheat Improvement Center keŋ tuonɛ mɔr Kawɛnna buudi bɛdegʋ banɛ ka bʋn-ianda pʋ tɔn'ɔ baa. Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ anu (2005) la ni, US Science Foundation, Department of Agriculture nɛ Department of Energy la da la'as nɛ taaba gɔs naamʋg la ken ka tit taaba si'em. DNA la kennɛ tit taaba si'em la, da zaŋi digil nɛ GenBank ban da kpɛn naae la, zin'ikanɛ ka ba su'ad naamʋg la yɛla ken si'em. Ba da tʋm naae nɛ Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ anii (2008) la ni. Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ awai (2009) la ni, la'asʋg la da yisi ba tʋʋma la da nyɛ li si'em ban da naae la. Genome la, pisnii nɛ anu kɔbiga pʋʋgin (85%) anɛ transposons la, mɔrnɛ gene nam Tusa pistan nɛ ayi, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi (32,540). Bɛdegʋ ni, ba lɛn maali ba buudi paas ka ti'asi ba nɛ helitrons, ban anɛ transposable elements banɛ bɛ Kawɛnna DNA la ni.              

## Buudi  kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb

### Buudi banɛ da pʋn bɛ
Kawɛnna buudi banɛ da dɛŋi bɛ la da kɛ ka bʋnbʋtta la da mɔr bɛdim ka yit tʋblamma. Dʋnbama Kawɛnna buudi banɛ yʋʋn bɛla la da anɛ ninsieba da gaans Kawɛn buudi banɛ du'ad sʋ'ʋŋa ba pɔɔdinɛ kuosi tis kpaadib. James L. Reid anɛ banɛ da dɛŋ yiiga maki li nyaŋ la nid yinne, onɛ da maal Reid's Yellow Dent 1860 yʋʋma la saŋa. Tʋʋm bama da naam nɛ zin'is wʋsa, mass selection (ba da bʋdɛ kawɛnbuudi yimmir vuk yinne zug) ka yʋʋn gaŋ bʋnbʋttira li ya'a niŋ puum naae la, (ka lin gbin pa'al ye bʋnnya'aŋ la ka ba na baŋ). Ka lin nya'aŋ ka ba gaans tʋba la vugusin la (C. G. Hopkins c 1896), ka gaŋ buudi ayi la du'a buudi si'a la an inbred la (G. H. Shull, 1909), nɛ double cross hybrid kanɛ yi sʋ'ʋŋa la niŋ inbred nam anaasi (D. F. Jones c 1918, 1922). University nam sʋŋir bʋmbuudi la'asʋg tʋʋma la da an sʋm hali, kas kas bʋmbuudi paala maalʋg la zin'igin.                

Yʋʋm tusir kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi (1940) la saŋa ni sa ti paae zina, kawɛn sʋma buudi la anɛ yiiga la'asʋg buudi la ka ba gaŋ ye li an sʋm li yɛlsieba  ni wʋʋ du'a bɛdʋg yɛla, malisim yɛla, sawaki pʋ tɔn'ɔe ba si'em la yɛla, bʋnvʋya nɛ ban'asi pʋ tɔn'ɔ ba si'em yɛla n.                 

Kawɛn buudi kanɛ ka ba da la'as la, nɛ banɛ ka ba tiak ban na an si'em la nyaŋi kɛ ka zʋʋd paas, ka pɔɔg lɛɛ sie, pɔɔg tima, ku'om nɛ bugulum bɛ Asian cuisine ni. Kasɛt kanɛ bɛ la pʋ dɔl nɛ ban yɛt ye Kawɛnna yʋʋn du'ad zʋʋd bɛdegʋ yʋʋma bi'ela banɛ la ni. Nɛ' pa'al yɛ Kawɛnna zʋʋd du'am yitnɛ vaank la na bɛ zin'isia bʋnbʋttir la zug, ban nyaŋi bɛi ba zin'igin la si'em, ba kpieʋŋi zɛm si'em, ban tɔn'ɔ ban'as si'em, nɛ pɔɔg maalʋg nɛ kuob yɛlsieba ni, ka li ka'a nɛ zʋʋd bɛdegʋ paamʋg bʋnbʋttir yinne ni yɛllɛ.                

Zin'is banɛ tʋl la nan kpɛn an sʋm, ka ba pʋ kuodi li ni bɛdegʋ wʋʋ lin nar si'em la, ka alleles la wɛɛli digi-banɛ ban'as din nɛ banɛ ɔnbid vaand ma'aa. Ba na nyaŋi yis alleles bama yinne san'anɛ tɔlisi tis yinne ka li lieb buudsʋŋ kanɛ du'ad buudisʋma. Dao nɛ Sood da ieya, paam alleles la buudi si'a tʋʋm kaŋa yɛla 2014 yʋʋm la ni. Yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ anii (2018) la ni, Zerka Rashid, CMMYT da dɔlis association mapping la'asʋg la maal buudi banɛ pʋ zɔt sawak kɔ, ye ba paam genemic zin'is paala, ka tisid sorghum downy mildew resistance, ka li na an differentially methylated regions.                                

**Ban ti'asi li si'em**

Kawɛnna da paas bielim nɛ bʋnbʋʋta pisi nɛ ayʋobʋ (26) banɛ ka ninsaalib da tiak ban an siem  ka kuosidiba yʋʋm tusayi, piinɛ ayʋobʋ (2016) lan pʋʋgin. bʋʋd kanɛ da zuoe gat anɛ Bt maize. Kawɛnna ka ba da nyaŋi tiak la, ba bʋdi ba bʋnpaala hali lin yi yʋʋm tusir, kɔbʋswai nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi (1997) bɛ United States nɛ Canada; lin da yi yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ (2016), piswai nɛ ayi kɔbiga pʋʋgin (92%) kawɛn banɛ da bɛ US la wʋsa, ba da tiak bʋnbʋtta nwa da an siem nɛ. yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ piine yinne (2011) saŋa, kawɛn banɛ ka tikanɛ puusidi kʋʋd mɔɔd kʋ nyaŋi kʋʋ ba nɛ kawɛn banɛ ka bʋn-ianada pʋ tɔne ba da yina ka li paae wʋʋ tɛns pisi (20) yelli bʋdi li. yʋʋm tusayi la, nwadis awai (September 2000) la ni, naasaatɛŋ ligidi wʋʋ million pisnu ($50 million) diib buudi-buudi ka ba da yi paalʋ na, dɔlisnɛ Starlink kawɛnna bʋʋdi kanɛ ka ba tiak la, ka ba da nam bas nɛ suor ye bʋnkɔbit maa dim.

## '''Lin yi zin'isi'a na'''
**Lin ti'as buudi-buudi siem**

Kawɛn bielif tʋŋ linɛ an *Zea* bɔɔdi keŋ wɛn wʋʋ sorghum nɛ , ayi la wʋsa yinɛ duniya mɔkʋda bʋʋdi banɛ buon PACMAD clade la nina, ka lɛɛ bɛi ba kɔn nɛ mui nɛ wheat, banɛ mɛ anɛ mɔɔd banɛ bɛi ba kɔn ka yinɛ BOP clade bʋʋdi la nina. Ka lin wɛn *Tripsacum*, nɛ gamagrass paa.

**Kawɛnna nɛ li tuŋ la**

Kawɛnna anɛ bʋnbʋttir buudi kanɛ ka ba da zaŋi kul yinni maal ka li lieb lin an si'em nwa la, ka li yinɛ li tuŋ buudi anaasi la ni, banɛ an Kawɛnna buudi banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin. Russia nid onɛ da gɔsid bʋnbʋtta yɛla, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov da yina nɛ Kawɛnna tuŋ la da si'iŋ si'em na 1931 yʋʋm la ni, nɛ America nid George Beadie, onɛ da di ya'an piini, 1932 yʋʋm la ni la. Buudi  ayi la pʋ nwɛn taabaa, Kawɛnna mɔrɛ da-yimmir kanɛ wa'am ka mɔr vaand bɛdegʋ, ka mɔɔgin din la daag la gim, ka vaand la zu'oe gilig o.

Yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ anaasi (2004) ni la, John Doebley da vɛnɛsi nyɛ ka Balsas teosinte, *Zea mays* subsp. *parviglumis*, yine Balsas River valley ni Mexico yadagɔbʋg-tuona kʋkʋna ni na, bɔzugɔ mɔɔgin kawɛnna banɛ bɛi anina la bʋʋdi nɛ kawɛnna banɛ bɛ zina wɛn bɛdigʋ. Balsas River kʋkʋna ni la tɛnsʋk mɛ tɔne an anina ka kawɛnna kpɛɛ yaan kʋdimin la. Nɛɛr nɛ li kuga, nɛ kawɛnzɔm nɛ kawɛng bʋama ka ba  nyɛ tampilɛŋ kʋdʋg kanɛ bɛɛ paae yʋʋma tusanii, nɛ kɔbisyɔpɔi (8,700) linɛ pʋ lal nɛ Iguala, Guerrero sʋʋlim. Doebley nɛ o taaba da paal yʋʋm tʋsayi, nɛ ayi (2002) ye kawɛnna da kpɛɛ yin nɛ nɔɔr abʋyinne, ka li an wʋʋ yʋʋma tusawai (9,000)  banɛ gaad la ni, ka yadig biel-bieli paae America. 

Kawɛnlɔm da pinil nɛ yʋʋma tusayɔpɔi, ne kɔbistan banɛ gaad la, bɛnɛ  San Andres, Tabasco ka ba nyɛ li Caribbean coast. Ba da bʋd kawɛn kʋda bɛnɛ southern Mexico, Central America, nɛ northern South America yʋʋm tusayɔpɔi (7,000) banɛ gaad la. Ba da nyɛ kawɛnkʋda ka ba bɛ paadin bɛ Guila Naquitz Cave linɛ bɛ Oaxaca Valley sʋʋlim, ka li na yʋʋgi paae yʋʋm tusayʋobʋ, kɔbisyi nɛ pisi (6,250); nɛ sieba ka ba bɛi Tehuacan tampilɛma baba, Puebla sʋʋlim, ka ba na paae yʋʋma tusanu, kɔbisnaasi nɛ pisnu (5,450) kawɛnna.

### Lin da widigi kpɛn' Ya-datiuŋ la
Yʋʋma tusa naasi nɛ kɔbis nu la saŋa ni, ka Kawɛnna  da pin'ili widigi kpɛn ya-datiuŋ. United States teŋin nɛ, ba da dɛŋi kuo Kawɛnna zin'is bɛdegʋ Mexico Paal teŋin, nɛ Arizona teŋin wʋʋ yʋʋma tusa naasi nɛ kɔbiga, (4,100) banɛ gaad la sa. Yiiga yʋʋma kɔbiga AD la saŋa ni, Kawɛnna  kuob da widig ya bɛdegʋ ya-datiuŋ tensin la. Kas kas, ba da zamis a kuo bɛdegʋ diib yɛla nɛ eastern North America yɛla, ka li da naam nɛ wʋʋ yʋʋma kɔbis wai, AD 900 kanɛ da gaad la. America nidib da maal sin'ar paalʋ bɛdegʋ nɛ mɔɔg zin'is bɛdegʋ ba kuo paal la yɛla. Kawɛnna kuob da nɔbig ya, lin da zaŋ yʋʋma kɔbis nu la ni, ti paae yʋʋm tusir yinne kanɛ gaad la, yʋʋn an southeast United States freshwater mussels da sie nɛ, kanɛ anɛ dɛŋ teŋgbaʋŋ la tiasig zin'igin.  

## Teŋ kʋ'ʋlʋm zanlim nɛ kuob

### Nɔbigir
Kawɛnna zɔt ma'asʋg la zugɔ, zin'is banɛ an waam la ni, Kawɛnna sʋm ka li bʋd (spring) saŋa, saŋkanɛ ka mɔɔg pin'ilj busud la. Li nya'a la pʋ sigidi laligida, linzugɔ titan la mɔri li. Li anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ di'ed C carbon fixation, Kawɛnna anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ ka li ku'om zɛmisi li, gat bʋnbʋtta banɛ di'ed C carbon fixation wʋʋ alfalfa nɛ soybeans. Kawɛnna zɔt sawak, kawɛnlɔm la yiib saŋa, saŋkanɛ ka puum la liebid wɛla la. United States teŋin, bunub zʋʋd bɛdegʋ da ye dɛŋi baŋ nɛ ka bʋnbʋttir la nan zi'e "duma bɛn Mɔraug/nwadisanii daba naasi daar la ni",  nanannna Kawɛnna buudi, modern hybrids nam la lɛɛ nɔbigidi gat ala. Li ya' anɛ yaama yɛla, ba zaŋid bʋnbʋttir la nɛ ka li nan an dɛn'ɛm ka wɛl la nan an pɛbir la. Ba bun kawɛn malisiŋ nɛ ka li nam mɔr bin'isim la ("milk stage"), li ya'a pin'aki naae ka lɛɛ nam pʋ maal bielim la, tʋʋlʋg (summer) la naar saŋa nɛ tiis vaand sʋʋgʋr (autumn) saŋa la pin'iligi ti paae li pʋsʋk. Pɔɔgin Kawɛnna ye bas nɛ pɔɔgin la ka gur vaand sʋʋgʋr la naar saŋa la ye li bielim la kʋdʋg sʋ'ʋŋa, ka ba tun'e pʋ bɛnɛ ka gurɛ saŋkanɛ ka nintaŋ la nɔɔr bʋgʋs (winter), bɛɛ saŋkanɛ ka tʋʋlʋg bɛ ka bʋnbʋtta pin'ili bun (spring) la naar saŋa. Teŋ ma'asʋg yɛla an sʋm si'em nie pa'al paalʋ zin'is bɛdegʋ Africa teŋgbaʋŋʋn, zin'ikanɛ ka sawak saŋa ni ka Kawɛnna  gʋ'ʋŋʋd maalʋg kɛt ka li ta'asid kɔ'ɔm. Li lɛɛ kuodɛ teŋ ma'asir zin'is, tʋʋlʋg zin'is, li na nyaŋi bɛi waad zin'isin, tʋʋlʋg zin'is,  zin'is banɛ an kpi'emis, bɛɛ ma'asir zin'is, ka lin pa'al ye li anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ na nyaŋi bɛi zin'is wʋsa ka maal sʋ'ʋŋa.    

America dim da kuod Kawɛnna nɛ kʋkʋn bibisin, kuokanɛ buudi ka ba kpɛn'ɛsid bʋnbʋtta kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb, polyculture da buon Three Sisters la. Kawɛnna sʋŋid bɛŋa pɔɔgin la; bɛŋala da tisid nitrogen kanɛ yitnɛ nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bʋnvʋr kanɛ bɛ Nɛŋa la nya'a ni, nɛ legumes sieba ni; ka squashes lusud titan la ka li gu'ud mɔɔg yiiga ka sʋŋidi gu'ud ka teŋ la ku'om da lieb walim dʋ agɔla ka bas teŋ la titan la.     

### Kawɛnna bunub
Kawɛn malisiŋ dɛŋidi bun ka li nyaan maal bielim, ka nɔbigi kpɛ'ɛŋ saŋkanɛ an wʋʋ dabisa 60 ti paad dabisa 100 pʋʋgin ka lin an buudsi'a la paas ya. Kawɛn malisiŋ saŋa ya'a tɔlis, zaŋ ka li nan mɔr bin'isim la na nyaŋi maal li ya'a anɛ li gaans buudi sieba banɛ dɛŋid ka yuolim bi'igid  bʋd, bɛɛ li bʋd zin'is gʋn gʋn nɛ dabisa kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb. Kawɛnna ya'a bʋn li bielim la yɛla, li na nyaŋi digin pɔɔgin la yʋʋg, hali nwadis pʋʋgin, li ya'a ti siak bunub naae la; li na nyaŋi bʋnɛ digil nɛ li pa'ad la li ya'a kʋdʋg nɛ.        

Ka dunia wʋsa zaba ayi daan la nyaan da naam la, North America teŋin da bun Kawɛnna nɛ nu'us tita'am. Nɛŋa da ye bɔɔdɛ tʋmtʋmnib bɛdegʋ ka la'asʋg malima nam naamid, pia'ad la piinb (husking or shucking bees). Lin yi 1890 la ni Kenna, tʋʋma la'asieba yʋʋn da bɛ, kanɛ da na tʋm tʋʋma la sieba, tʋʋm ban da anɛ, zaŋid Kawɛnna vʋk yinne nɛ vʋgʋs ayi ni (picking the ear, leaving the stover). Nɛ corn binders banɛ an reaper binders ka ba maalɛ Kawɛnna  yɛla. Yuolʋŋ la maan nɛ bɔba banɛ na nyaŋi ti'il. Ba bun Kawɛnna la wʋsa nɛ nu'us bɛɛ machine kanɛ ka Kawɛnna sheller la,  tʋʋma bɛɛ li kɔn' ka li na yis bielim la tʋbʋrin la. Kawɛn tʋba da ye su'ad nɛ corn crib ni, linɛ na zɛmis bʋnkɔnbid diib. Zina nwa Kawɛnna nɛ li diba la wʋsa nɛ binders la lɛn kae, bɔzugɔ pɔɔd bɛdegʋ nii, ba bun Kawɛnna la nɛ combine harvester ka suu li bʋya ni. Ba la'asidi nɛ kawɛn zug (nɛ points nɛ snap rolls ka ka'a nɛ reel) ka pʋ kʋ'ʋgʋd daag laa. Li kʋrʋm vɛ'ɛgidi daag la sigis. Daag la dɔlisid nɛ ala sigi tʋ'ʋs nwiak dʋʋra dig trial, ani ka li na kpɛlim ka lɛbig bugulum tis tan la. Kawɛnna la tʋbʋr la yalim nɛ galis nɛ lin na nyaŋi dɔlisi gaad slot nam tensʋk plate la ya'a bilimi li vɛ'ɛgi gaad, ka li kpɛlim nɛ tʋbʋr la nɛ pia'ad la ka li kpɛn machine la pʋʋg. Linɛ bun la, (combine) bakid nɛ pia'ad nɛ cob ka kɛt bielim la.         

### Zʋʋd su'ab
Li sʋm ye Kawɛnna dɛligi kʋdʋg ka li sʋŋi sie mould fungi na san'am, li san'amid nɛ bielif la nɛ mycotoxins *[[Aspergillus]]* nɛ *[[Fusarium]]* spp, bama ni ka mycotoxin banɛ ka ti mi' la yit na, ka an sʋm kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋlʋg zin'igin. Kawɛn bielim la ya'a ma'as nɛ galis, grain dryers ka ba zaŋidi da'ad pɛbis tʋʋl li niŋid zʋʋd la ni ka li sied ma'asira. Nɛ' bɔɔdi paŋ bɛdegʋ ka li na tis pɛbisim (propane bɛɛ natural gas) nɛ bugun ka li tis linɛ pɛbisid la paŋ.         

## Kuob
Ba kuod kawɛnna zinig wʋsa dunia ni, ka kawɛnbanɛ ka ba kuod yʋʋm pʋʋgin wʋsa mɔr tɛbisim gaad zʋbanɛ kpɛlim la. Yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ pisi (2020) la ni, kawɛnbanɛ ka ba da kua dunia ni wʋsa da anɛ biliyɔnnam 1.16 tonnes, ka banɛ da di yaan yiiga anɛ United States ba da paamnɛ pistan nɛ yinne kɔbʋga pʋʋgin (31.0%). China da paamnɛ pisi nɛ ayi dual anaasi kɔbiga pʋʋgin (22.4%) yi dunia wʋsa da paam siem la ni.

* Kawɛnna an zʋkanɛ paasi ayi dunia wʋsa zʋʋd nam ni, Kikanasiind dinɛ an yiiga la yaa yi dinɛ tiaal.

## Bʋn-ianada
Bʋn-ianada bɛdigʋ na nyaŋi daam kawɛnna nɔbʋgir nɛ maalʋg, laanɛ bʋnvuuda, mɔɔd, nɛ banɛ tisid banas.

Kawɛnna anɛ dinɛ ka fungal, bacterial, nɛ viral banɛ kpɛnɛsid zʋʋd banas. Banɛ nar ye ti baŋi ba yɛla anɛ banabanɛ gbanad viand la, smut nam nwɛnɛ kawɛnna smut, kawɛnna punor nɛ ba daad la na punoe. Northern corn leaf blight sanamid kawɛnna kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb, banded leaf and sheath blighti an daaʋŋʋ bɛ Asia la. bʋnvʋlbanɛ tisid kawɛnna banas sieba ka mɔr dɛmis anɛ mycotoxins nwɛnɛ aflatoxin. United States nii, kawɛnna banas sieba anɛ tar spot, bacterial leaf streak, gray leaf spot, northern corn leaf blight, nɛ Goss's wilt; yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ pisi nɛ ayi (2022) la ni, banakanɛ da mɔr daʋŋ hali da anɛ tar spot, dinɛ da kɛ ka ka ba kɔɔŋ kawɛnna nwɛnɛ miliyɔnnam kɔbiga nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ dʋali anii (116.8) bushels.

Kawɛnna da widigi keŋ ya-tuona din san'an, ba da di'e li, lin du'ad si'em la yɛla. Amaa, dauŋ zaŋi keŋ nidib la laafi yɛla da naam zin'ig kanɛ wʋsa ka ba zaŋi li ka li liebi ba dikpɛŋ. America dim da zamisi wʋ'ʋn Kawɛnna zɛnku'om-kanɛ ka ba zaŋ zɛɛm nɛ mi'isʋgʋ maal-lin zaŋ wʋʋ 1200-1500 BC saŋa kanɛ gaad la sa, kɛ ka nixtamalization naamid. Ba da niŋ nwa nɛ ye li kɛ ka kawɛn bielif la bɛdim paas, ka li lɛɛ da niŋ si'alʋg ka B-vitamin niacin la paŋ paas, lin ya'a kae diibinɛ, li kɛt ka pellagra ban'as naamid. Ban da yʋʋn baŋ zɛɛm la tʋʋma nɛ diib  buudi nam la yɛla naae la, pellagra  wiim la da lɛn kae teŋ banɛ nɔbig hali  la nii. High-lysine Kawɛnna da kena ka ba yʋʋn da maan disʋma la da mɛ ka li bɔdig. Pellagra nan kpɛn bɛ zin'ibanɛ ka ba pʋ maan disʋmaa nɛ zin'ibanɛ ka nidib zɔ yi zaba tensi nɛ la'as zin'isi'a kanɛ ka nidib la dittɛ Kawɛnna kanɛ ka ba piini ba.

## Tʋʋma
**Diib**

Kawɛnna nɛ kawɛnzɔm anɛ dikpɛŋi sʋʋlim bɛdigʋ dunia ni. Kawɛnna anɛ dinɛ ka ba mɔri maan kawɛnsaalim. Kawɛnna saalim tʋne gɛndig kuom bɛɛ ba gɛndig tisieba ka di tis high fructose corn syrup, dinɛ paasid malisim. Ba tune kɛ ka kawɛnna miig ka ba silig ka di tis Bourbon whiskey. Ba ɛɛnti yis kawɛnna kpaam yinɛ daʋg la ni.

Kʋdʋmin saŋa, Mesoamerican pʋab da mɔrnɛ *[[:en:Metate|metate]]* nɛɛri kawɛnna ka di liebid zɔm. Ban da maal tan laas la nyaaŋ ka Olmec nidib da pinili laasid kawɛnna nɛ bɛŋa dʋgʋd, ka maligim paasid diib la biim. Laanɛ kawɛnna mɛŋi mɔr niacin, dinɛ an biim kanɛ yɛla pak la, di pʋ nyaŋidi maan ka pʋ paas nixtamalization. Maya la da ɛɛnti nɔknɛ nixtamal diibi maal kooko nɛ kawɛnna digɛnda kanɛ ka ba buon ye tamales. Kawɛnna an dikpɛŋ tis Mexican cuisine dim. Masa (*nixtamal*) an biim kpɛŋ tis tortillas, atole nɛ diib nam bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Central America. Dinɛ an biimkpɛŋi bɛ corn tortilla, tamales, atole nɛ dibanɛ dɔlisidi ba. kawɛnna bʋnianada kanɛ yʋʋri buon ye *[[:en:Huitlacoche|huitlacoche]]*, ka di nɔbʋgʋd kawɛnna zug, anɛ dimalisiŋ bɛ Mexico.

Ba mɔrnɛ kawɛnzɔm maan kooko buudi bɛdigʋ ni: din yi polenta dinɛ bɛ Italy, *angu* dinɛ bɛ Brazil, *[[:en:Mămăligă|mămăligă]]* dinɛ bɛ Romania, paae cornmeal mush dinɛ bɛ US (bɛɛ hominy grits dinɛ bɛ Southern US) bɛɛ dikanɛ yʋʋri an mieliepap ka di bɛ South Africa la nɛ sadza, nshima, ugali nɛ yʋʋsieba banɛ bɛ Africa lʋgsieba. Portuguese la da mɔri ken Africa na 16th century la ni, ka di yʋʋn lieb Africa zʋkanɛ aan ba dikpɛŋ.

Kawɛnmalisa, dinɛ an kawɛnna buudi ka mɔr sikir bɛdigʋ ka mɔr titabid biela la, anɛ dinɛ ka ba ɔnbid kansa ka kawɛnna la nam bɛ daʋg la zug.

**Biim tɛbisim**

Kawɛnkansa, banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlʋm, bʋmmalisa mɔrnɛ kuom pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayuobʋ kɔbiga pʋʋgin (76%), carbohydrates anɛ piinɛ awai kɔbiga pʋʋgin (19% ), protein aan atan kɔbiga pʋʋgin (3% ), ka Kpaam an yinne kɔbiga pʋʋgin (1%). 100-gram wʋsa ni, kawɛnmalisa tisidnɛ paŋ nwɛnɛ pisnii nɛ ayuobʋ (86) ka an sʋm tisid biimbanɛ digi teŋir la piiga ti paae piinɛ awai kɔbiga pʋʋgin daar wʋsa (10–19%); B vitamins, thiamin, niacin , pantothenic acid (B5) nɛ folate. Kawɛnna mɛ lɛm mɔr bibama biel-biel amino acids tryptophan nɛ lysine, dinɛ taas ka di protein an biela. Protein banɛ bɛ bɛŋa nɛ zʋbanɛ bɛ ba dɔɔgʋn la sʋŋid kawɛnnna din la.

### Bʋnkɔnbid diib
Kawɛnna anɛ bʋnkɔnbid dikpɛŋ. Lin an bielif bʋnbʋttir la, biel kpi'ema la anɛ diib. Ba diginɛ li nɛ cob la ni ka na su'a li com crib la pʋʋgin, bɛɛ li piri su'a bielim la. Bielim la ya'a niŋ nɛ diib, bʋnbʋttir la mɛŋi (corn stover) kpɛlim la niŋid nɛ yaama, digisig (litter) bɛɛ soil conditioner. Bʋnbʋttir la wʋsa (bielim la, daad la, nɛ vaand la) ya' anɛ diib, ba ɛɛnti nwaansi li nɛ ka li lieb yaama, ka nɛŋa ka ruminants pʋʋr tun'e nɛɛmid ka  malisi tisi ba gaadi li bʋn kpi'emis la. Ba da ye ku'ol Kawɛnna niŋi shocks, ba ya' bunɛ naae la, kɛ ka li kʋdigi paas. Li da na tun'e bɛ suakinɛ paae nwadis si'em ka ba nyaan zaŋi tis bʋnkɔnbid. Yaama la maanɛ silos pʋʋgin, bɛɛ ba vilig nɛ fʋn. Zin'ibanɛ ka tʋʋlʋg bɛ la, Kawɛnna bʋnnɛ yʋʋm la wʋsa pʋʋginɛ mɔri tit bʋnkɔnbid. Kawɛn daad kan ka ba vil la anɛ hay yaama ka ba mɔri tit bʋnkɔnbid, ka ba lɛn ɔnbid kawɛnna kanɛ ka ba kuo li yaama yɛla.   

### Tiima
Starch kanɛ yi Kawɛnna ni, na nyaŋi zaŋi maal plastics,  fabrics, adhesive, nɛ tiima la'ad sieba bɛdegʋ. Corn steep liquor, kanɛ an dikanɛ buudi ka ba zaŋ Kawɛnna nɛɛm, maal wet milling ka li an ku'om-ku'om la, ba mɔrɛ vɛɛnsid ka gʋ'ʋn microorganisms biochemical industry la ni.    

### Bugum
Kawɛnna yaama anɛ bugum;  specialized, Kawɛnna dan'amis, corn stoves, (ka li an daad dan'amis la buudi ni, wood stoves, ka mɔrɛ yaama bɛɛ pellets ka li tisid bugum. Kawɛn diba na nyaŋi tis bugum, biomass. Zin'ibanɛ bɔɔd bugum yaan mɔrɛ Kawɛn daadi niŋid hopper bɛda la pʋʋgin ka li di daad la kilim bugum. Kawɛn kanɛ an bʋnkɔnbid diib, ka ba mɔri maan ethanol fuel. Kawɛnna diib ligidi tiak nɛ ban zaŋ Kawɛnna ka li an bugum la yɛla: Kawɛnna tisid bugum la yɛla ka li bɔɔdim paas, linɛ kɛ ka Kawɛnna ligidi dʋ la. Ba pin'il biomass gasification bugum Strem, Burgenland, Austria tensin yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ anu, 2005 la ni. Ba na nyaŋi  dɔlis Fischer Tropsch suori yis diesel biogas ni.   

## Nidib buudi malima
Mesoamerica teŋin, Kawɛnna anɛ linɛ sʋm ye li bɛ, ka ba zaŋi li ka li an win, maize god,  ka an bʋnnya'aŋ. United States teŋin, ba mɔr Kawɛn tʋba kpi'edɛ column capitals United States Capitol teŋ mɛɛb namin. Corn Palace la bɛ Mitchell, South Dakota la mɔrɛ Kawɛnna banɛ mɔr si'im la diba nɛ tʋba la ʋgʋd, ka li maan nɛ yʋʋm wʋsa. Concrete *[[field]]* *[[of corn]]* kpi'eb Dublin teŋin, Ohio pa'an Kawɛn tʋba kɔbis bɛdegʋ pɔɔdin. Kawɛn daag kanɛ mɔr tʋba ayi lɛbi pa'an Crotian 1 lipa ligid kugʋr minted yʋʋm tusir yinne, kɔbis wai nɛ piswai nɛ atan', 1993 yʋʋm la ni sa.   

## Kudumin labaar

## Pre-Columbian development
Kawɛnna nɔbigi bɔɔdi ninsaalib nɛ na nyaŋi gɔsi li ka li an sum .ba sieba nɔbigi ba mɛŋ dɔlisid ba bʋnkuda banɛ yiti ba mɛŋ la , amaa ka banɛ ka ba kuod la ka' alaa . Kawɛnna wʋsa yi nɛ tʋŋ yine ni na bɛ southern Mexico wʋʋ 9,000 yʋma banɛ  gaad . Kawɛnna banɛ an bʋnkuda ba ni anɛ kawɛnn buud banɛ yi Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna yi nɛ sʋ'olim kaŋa ni widig paa su'olim bibis nɛ Americas dɔl suoya ayi pʋʋgʋn .ba kuob susʋŋ  pamm daa bɛ nɛ Balsas River valley bɛ south-central Mexico. Kawɛnna da paae highland Ecuador saŋkanɛ an  8000 yʋma kanɛ gaad la. Li da paae lower Central America li yʋma  7600 kanɛ gaad , nɛ zulʋg kanɛ bɛ Colombian Andes bɛ yʋma banɛ an 7000 nɛ 6000 la pʋsʋŋ ni .kawɛnn butt banɛ da dɛgim bɛ la da pia'ɛlim nɛ alakɔ'-alakɔ' ka ba tiis la mɔr vaad yine -yine tiig wʋsa ni. Ka Olmec nɛ  Maya kuod kawɛnna nɛ di buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb din yit Mesoamerica sʋ'olim wʋsa ; ba dukid, nɛɛm, maan ni la yit nɛ nixtamalization. Yʋma 3000 kanɛ gaad la, kawɛnna da anɛ nimoa tis Olmec malʋgin , pa'as nɛ wakat, tɔ'am ,nɛ kisʋŋ nam ni . Mapuche nidib banɛ bɛ south-central Chile kuod kawɛnna nɛ quinoa nɛ da'aŋkala bɛ pre-Hispanic saŋa . Yiiga ka  Inca Empire naan yalik , kawɛnna da anɛ kpikpiʋŋ,hali ka ba ta'asidi ba kɛn lal li ya-tuon 40° S bɛ Melinquina, Lácar lʋgʋr ni , Argentina, da tun'e mɔri li loŋ Andes yit Chile.

## Gbanvεεnsa