Baa

**Baa** anɛ (Canis buudi ni bɛɛ Canis lupus buudi ni) ka an kunduŋ, wolf yaaŋ onɛ ka ba da gbane liebʋ yin bʋnkɔnbʋg, domesticated. Ka ba lɛn buon ye **yin baa,** Ba da gbanae o yinɛ extinct pleistocene wolves, kunduna ni yʋʋma 14,000 kanɛ gaad la ni. Baa anɛ yin bʋnkɔnbʋg, ka yi kunduna buudi la ni. Baa la anɛ bʋnkɔnbʋg buudi, species kanɛ an yiiga Ka saalib, humans da liebʋ yin bʋnkɔnbʋg. Baŋidib maki paal ye tɔn'ɔsnam da gbanae baasi kɛ ka ba lieb yaan bʋnkɔnbid nɛ, wʋʋ yʋʋma tusa piinɛ anu nɛ nyaaŋ ka kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋl naam da pin'il. Ban da bɛ nɛ saalibi yʋʋg la zugɔ, baas  da widigi kpɛn' nidib bɛdigʋ yaan, ka paami baŋ a na niŋ siem di starch diib kanɛ ka  canids bʋnkɔnb sieba kʋ tunoe di ka li an sʋʋm tisi baa.

Ba gaŋ nɛ baa la ka di yitnɛ o itima bɛdigʋ zug,  yaam tʋʋma yɛla ni, nɛ paŋ tʋʋma yɛla ni,  ka lɛɛ zanas  millennia buudi la. Dog breeds, baas buudi bɛdigʋ bɛ, ba ziesim ni, ba zɛmisim ni, nɛ ba siim in. Ba tʋm tʋʋma bɛdegʋ tisid ninsaalib nwɛnnɛ tɔn'ɔsʋg-hunting, ba ku'on ka kim-heading, ba vɛɛd laad-pulling loads, ka gur nidib nɛ yin kɔnbid-protection, ba sʋŋid laŋima nɛ fuud dim la ba tʋʋma namin-assisting police nɛ military, ba gbanad zuod nɛ saalib-companionship, ba tiebid-therapy, ka Sʋŋid saalib ba tadimis pʋʋgin-aiding disabled people. Nɛŋa ka millennia buudi kʋ nyaŋi maal la, baas nyaŋi tiaki bɛ wʋʋ saalib nɛ, ba human-canine bond la anɛ yɛl kpan kanɛ ka ba zamisi li yɛla yakkʋ yakkʋ ni. Ban tunoe bɛ nɛ nidib la kɛ ya ka ba lieb, sobriquet, ninsaal zua-sunf “man's best friend”.

## <big>Buudi-buudi wɛligir yɛla</big>
Yʋma 1758 ni la, Swedish dim daʋ kanɛ ka o yʋ'ʋr buon ye Carl Linnaeus ka zamis tiis nɛ bʋnkɔnbid (binomial nomenclature) yɛla la da sɔbi niŋ bʋnkɔnbid nɛ tiis gbana, Systema Naturae ni n pa'ali li yɛla sʋ'ʋŋa ( Bʋnkɔnbid nɛ tiis buudi-buudi  vɛɛnsʋg) Canis anɛ Latin pian'ʋk ka li  gbin pa'al ye, baa, dog. ka on wɛlig bʋnkɔnbid buudi-buudi bɛɛ ba dɔɔg-dɔɔg la, genus, o gaŋ yin baa nɛ kunduŋ, wolf nɛ wɛbaa, golden jackal niŋ yiiga. O wɛlig yin baa niŋi baas buudi dɔɔgin, ka lɛn laki keŋ tuonnɛ wɛlig kuduŋ pʋpɔnra, canis lupus niŋ kunduna buudi dɔɔgin. Linnaeus wɛlig baa la nɛ o kɔn', on mɔr zʋʋr ka li nyaŋidi ziankid agɔl ka sigisid la zug ( Latin pian'adin ka ba buonnɛ li ye *cauda recurvata* la) ka pʋ bɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dit bɛɛ ɔnbid ni'im, canid  buudi si'a nii.

1999 yʋʋm la ni, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) zamisʋg da paal ye yin baa la tunoe da yinɛ gbigim puk dɔɔgin buudi ni, ka dingo nɛ New Guinea singing dog buudi la yʋʋn naam saŋa kanɛ ka nidib nɛ teens dada lal nɛ taaba, others la. *[[Mammal species of the world]]* gbaʋŋa atan daan kanɛ da yi 2005 yʋʋm la ni la, mammalogist W. Chritopher Wozencraft da yina paal  wolf canis lupus nɛ li buudi sieba bɛllim, ka yɛl ye buudi sieba ayi lɛm bɛ yaas banɛ an yin baa la buudi, wʋʋ Linnaeus da pʋdi ba yʋʋr ye *familiaris* 1958 yʋʋm la ni la Mayer mɛ da pʋd ye dingo 1993 yʋʋm la ni. Wozencraft da yina nɛ *hallstromi* ( New Guinae baa kanɛ yʋʋm) ka li mɛ yʋʋr sia. (junior synonym) n tis dingo la. Wozencraft da paal ye mtDNA vɛɛnsʋg la da paali o gbanar, decision la. Banɛ zamisid bʋnkɔnbid yɛla ye li nie paal ye *familiaris* nɛ *dingo* anɛ “yin baa” clade la dɔɔg buudi la, ka ninsieba nan nwaasidi li, it. 

Yʋʋm2019 la ni, IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Specialist group da yina nɛ zamisʋg kanɛ da siak ye dingo la nɛ New Guinea baa kanɛ yʋʋm la anɛ feral *Canis* *familiaris* ka dinzug da kɛ ka ba da pʋ vɛɛnsi ba yɛla Threatened Species IUCN Red List.

## Ban naamid siem
  Gbaʋŋa mɛŋ: Evolution of the wolf, kunduŋ la naamid siem.

## A kɛt ka ba liebid yin bʋnam siem.
  Gbaʋŋa mɛŋ: Domestication of the dog, baa liebid yin bʋn siem

Yiiga vɛɛnsʋg dim da siak ye bakpiilʋŋ niŋgbina kanɛɛ ka ba da nyɛ Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany teŋgbaʋŋʋn la da anɛ yin baa din. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, nɛ morphological vɛɛnsʋg tʋʋma paal ye baa nwa da ka yin baa,. Vɛɛnsʋg la da paal ye 14,223 yʋma banɛ da gaad la sa, baa la da  pʋn bɛnɛ, ka ba da laam mum o niŋgbiŋ la nɛ dau nɛ pua niŋgbina mɛn, ka ba da puuns atan nwa wʋsa nɛ hematite zina ti-zɔɔm, ka mumi ba kug-lam bɛda lɛŋʋn. canine distemper wiim da kʋ baa la. 

Yʋma 30,000 banɛ da gaad la sa, vɛɛnsʋg tʋʋma gbana da paal ye ba da anɛ Paleolithic dogs, amaa, ban na an baas bɛɛ kunduna anɛ linɛ nam bɛ vɛɛnsʋgʋn, bɔzugɔ bʋnkɔnbid nɛ tiis zamisʋg yɛla kɔnɔb-kɔnɔd banɛ da vɛɛnsid kunduna yɛla bɛdigʋ da pʋn bɛ Late Pleistocene kʋdʋg saŋa la.

Saŋa kaŋa pa'al ye baa da an yiiga bʋnkɔnbʋg ka tɔn'ɔsnam da mɔri kul yin na milis o, ka nwa' dɛŋim pa'al gʋ'ʋlʋg saŋa. Ban vɛɛns DNA yɛla la, li pa'al ye kʋdʋmin nɛ zina baas mɔr kʋdʋmin kpinnim yinnɛ ka yi yaab bɛɛ kunduŋ buudir tuŋ linɛ da aan li kɔn' nɛ zina kunduŋ tuŋ si'a wʋsa ni. Gbana zamisʋg dim sieba yɛl ye kunduna buudi wʋsa mɔr kpinnim nɛ taaba gat baasi kpin taaba si'em, ala mɛn ka sieba mɛ yɛl ye baas mɔr kpinnim bɛdegʋ nɛ zina kunduna banɛ bɛ Eurasian sʋ'ʋlʋm la gat kunduna banɛ bɛ American sʋ'ʋlʋm.

Baa la anɛ tituunli linɛ pa'an yin bʋnkɔnbʋg kanɛ dɔl diib suori kpɛn' na lieb yin bʋn. Bu'osʋg kanɛ ka banɛ zamis labakʋda banɛ pa'an ninsaalib yɛla nɛ banɛ zamis ziim tuŋ linɛ bɛ du'am ni ka ba vɛɛnsi li yɛla yʋma bɛdegʋ nwa' la anɛ ye, saŋkanɛ nɛ zin'ikanɛ ka baas da lieb yin bʋnkɔnbidɛ. Ninbanɛ zamis du'am tuŋ yɛla la yina nɛ vɛɛnsʋg suoya banɛ pa'an bʋnkɔnbidi liebid yin bʋn si'em yʋma 25,000 banɛ gaad la,  ye ba vɛɛns kunduna buudi bɛ  Europe kanɛ an Arctic bɛɛ Asia ya-dagɔbʋg sʋ'ʋlʋm. 2021 yʋʋm la ni la, vɛɛnsʋg kanɛ ka ba maligim vɛɛns nannana la pa'al ye Siberia ya-nya'aŋ dim nidib da yɛl ye baa da lieb yin bʋn bɛnɛ Siberia teŋin nɛ yʋma tusa pisi nɛ atan' (23,000) banɛ gaad la ni, ka nya'aŋ ka ba widigi kpɛn' America sʋ'ʋlʋm keŋi lɔ'ɔŋ Eurasia sʋ'ʋlʋm mɛn.Ani ka baas pin'il yiiga dɔl ninsaalibi keŋ ye ba sʋ'ʋg America dim la. Gbana zamisʋg dim sieba yɛl ye kunduna banɛ bɛ Japanese sʋ'ʋlʋm la mɔr kpinnim nɛ yin baas nɛ yi yaab si'a ni na.

## <big>Ba buudi wiakir</big>
Baasi an bʋnkɔnb banɛ zu'oe dunia ni, ka dunia la ni ba gʋ'ʋn baas wʋʋ 450 gilig wʋsa. Victoria paŋ saŋa la, nimbanɛ da mɔr kpi'euŋ la da ugus bɛɛ gʋ'ʋl zina baas la, ka linzug ka baas yʋ'ʋn zu'oe nɔbigi tiing zin'is bɛdegʋ la. Yʋma 200 banɛ gaad la,tita'am bɛɛ ba bɛdegʋ banɛ da wiak la da yinɛ ninkpi'ema ayi' san'an na. Ka lin yi saŋkan la sa, nidib bɛdegʋ yʋ'ʋn gʋ'ʋn baas bɛdegʋ ka ba buudi yʋ'ʋn zu'oe tiing zin'is pamm. Zugnwaŋ la, niŋgbiʋŋ la nɛ nuus la, baa buudi kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb la ni bɛnɛ gʋn gʋn, amaa carnivores la wʋsa nii, li ka alaa. Buudi bama yɛla bɛnɛ li kɔn tiis nɛ kɔnbid zamisʋg yɛɛɛla ni, kanɛ aan ba niŋgbiʋŋʋ zɛm siem, zugnwaŋ la an siem, zʋʋr la buudi, kɔnbʋlʋg la buudi, nɛ siim, color. Ban bɛ nɛ ba taaba siem, ka lin anɛ gurum zinigin, laasʋg ni nɛ tɔnɔsʋg ni, hunting,dɛŋ saŋa ni, nɛ ban tunoe baŋid nyuug siem. Ba mɛŋ tʋʋma kanɛ an ban tunoe laasid nɛ ba taaba siem, sunkpiem nɛ ba paŋi an siem aggression zaba ni.Dʋn bama nwa ni baas widig nɛ gilig dunia, world la wʋsa. Ka ti na nyɛ widigir nwa nɛ Europe teŋgbaʋŋ baas bdigʋ Victorian saŋa, era la.

## [[Bʋnkɔnbʋg]] bɛllim yɛla zamisʋg nɛ on tʋm siem
*Gbaʋŋ la mɛŋ:* Dog anatomy

## Ba zɛmisim nɛ ba kɔnba an si'em
Baas zɛmisim bɛ gʋn gʋn bɛdigʋ sa, lin zaŋi ba buudi titada hali la ni, great dane la, ka ba tɛbisim an 50 paae 79 kg (110 paae 174 lb) nɛ 71 paae 81 cm (28 paae 32 in), ka banɛ pɔɔd la yinne nii, chihuahua la an 0.5 paae 3 kg (1.1 paae 6.6 lb) nɛ 13 paae 20 cm (5.1 paae 7.9 in). Baas banɛ mɔri laafi wʋsa, li anɛ ban zɛm siem bɛɛ ban an siem nii, ba kɔnba, skeleton la an siem la mɔr nwɛnnim, amaa ka ba zʋʋrin kɔnba kal on ka alaa, amaa kɔɔnba bdigʋ gʋn gʋn baas buudi naming, different types. Baa la kɔnba la miilim nɛ zua: vertebrate, ningɔɔnr nɛ nyaaŋ la mɔri nyaaŋ giinla yaas, ka ban an epaxial muscles nɛ hypaxial muscles, ka nɛ tɔɔŋ; sapiri waama la lus ka zanl susunf, heart la nɛ sɔnfulunfuud, lungs la; ka bankimpiind la kpen  tɔɔŋ nɛ kɔnba la, kɛt ka niŋgbiʋŋ la tunoe ken, flexibility. 

Baa la yaabi da nwɛn nɛ kunduŋ laa, baa buudi gaŋir, hali baa yin milisʋg saŋa sa, baa mɔri kɔnb bɛda wʋʋ mastiffs kɔnba bɛdim siem la nɛ terries mɔri kɔnb bibis siem, wʋʋ terriers; dwarfism, badiga gaŋir wʋʋ nɔbgima nɛ ba sʋm zug wʋʋ dachshunds nɛ corgis. Baa bɛdugʋ mɔri kɔnba 26 ba zʋya ni, amma sieba mɔri zʋgima, naturally short tails ka ba aan atan maaa, three. 

Baa buudi wʋsa zugnwaŋ laad mɔri nwɛnim, amaa bakir bɛdigʋ sa bɛ, divergene in terms of skull shape zugnwana la an siem la ni between types. Zugnwana zin;is buudi atan la anɛ zugnwaŋ wɔk buudi la, wʋʋ sighthounds la, zugnwaŋ kanɛ zɛmis la, nɛ zugnwaŋ kanɛ gim ka yalim la, ka an wʋʋ mastiff zugnwaŋ, skull buudi nɛ. yiebaŋ la mɔri nyina wʋʋ 42 nɛ, ka ba maalʋg la zɛmis nɛ ban na ɔnbid niim. Baas mɔri ba nyina, carnassial teeth la pʋdigid di muma biel bieli zɛmisidi ba vɔlib, kas kas niim, meat. 

## Ba yaam baŋir mɔrim yɛla
*    Labaar kanɛ paas ya'as: [[Dog anatomy & senses]]* 

*Baas yaam baŋir bɛɛ ba nini la nyɛt la, ba kɛlisʋg, ba wʋm nyuug, ba baŋid malisim, siisʋg nɛ  gɔɔndim zinig yaam baŋir [[magnetoreception]]. Zamisʋg sia paal ya ye baas nyaŋi baŋid teŋgbaʋg la tiasʋg [[Earth's magnetic field]] zinigin. Baas bɔɔd ye ba ya ye ba nyɛn, ba nyaaŋ kɔnbir la on kpa ya- dagɔbʋg nɛ ya- datiʋŋ zɛmisim linɛ ka [[magntic field]] condition la digi baanlimm.*

 Baas nɛ mɔr baŋir sieba nwa; ba nini nyɛt, ka tʋba wʋm, ka wʋm nyuuŋ, ka nɔɔr mɔr mimilʋŋ, ka niŋgbiŋ si'isid ka nyuuŋ baŋir si'elnam ya'a bɛ teŋin teŋir. Zamisʋg ayinne yɛl ye baas na nyaŋi nyuusi baŋsi'elnam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb nyuuŋ bɛ teŋin. Baas kennɛ zin'ikanɛ an sʋ'ʋŋa n sɛbin nɛ nyɔ'ɔ nyɛ'ɛd ka kɔnbʋlʋg dɔlli yit. Baas nini nyɛɛnnɛ bugum ti'asidi ayi'-yi; baa la nini gɔsʋg mɔri dɔnbʋʋlʋm nɛ pipɛlʋg nɛ piel-pʋpɔnra. Li tɔi nɛ tis baas na nyaŋi bak zɛn'ɛʋg nɛ dɛn'ɛn kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb. Nif la nɛɛsim kpa'adi gɔsid si'em la pʋrigi si'iŋ 12–25°, ka li bɛnɛ du'am la tuŋin. Baas banɛ ka ba nini an kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ka li yinɛ ba buudir du'amin na la, mɔr nif bielif kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb. Baas nini pʋʋgin zin'ikanɛ tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ nerve fiber la, an linɛ nyaŋid nɔkid nɛɛsim bɛdegʋ gat banɛ bɛ la wʋsa.

Ninsaal zupʋt la ka nini mɔri li tʋmma, nyuuŋi mɔr baa zupʋt  tʋm. Baas mɔr nyuuŋ ya'am bɛɛ nyuuŋ baŋir zin'is ka li zu'oe wʋʋ pisnaasi gat ninsaal, ka li tɛbisim makir si'iŋi yi wʋʋ125 million keŋi li'el 300 million basieba tuŋin, nwɛnnɛ ba bloodhounds. Nyuuŋ baŋir kaŋa an ba buudir la baŋir kanɛ gaad wʋsa; li baŋid si'elnam nyuuŋ ya'a tiak bɛ sʋ'ʋlʋmin la, nɛ'ɛŋa kɛt ka badaad nɛ banya'as nyaŋid baŋidi ba taaba nyuuŋi bɛ lɔsi'a ka wa'ae, nɛ ba diibi bɛ zin'isi'a nɛ zin'ikanɛ ka' sʋm nɛ banɛ bɛ wʋsa. Baas mɛ lɛn mɔr a-tʋba wʋm baŋir kanɛ ka ba nyaŋid wʋm vuud bɛdegʋ ka li zu'oe wʋʋ zin'is anaasi gat saalib.  Ba tʋn'e wʋm linɛ dam fiin bɛɛ vuud ya'a dam anwa karʋ ka li nɔba wa'alim an wʋʋ 400 m (1,300 ft) ka li gat saalibi na wʋmi li wʋʋ nɔba wa'alim 90 m (300 ft).

Baa nɔŋgban-gbɛɛnd bɛnɛ, whiskers li kɔn ka li yʋʋr buon vibrissae, niŋgbiʋŋ lua linɛ yɛt o bʋn linɛ naamin bɛ nɛ o nikʋgʋrin la sa, ka bɛɛ ba yiebaŋ la lɛŋin, nɛ ba nɔŋgbana  ni. Vibrissae an kɔnbʋlʋg sia buudi la kpɛn ba nɛ bɛ, li firɛ sʋʋŋa bɛ gbaʋŋ la pʋʋgin n gaad kɔnbʋlʋg sieba ka mɔri lua kanɛ baŋid linɛ naamid la bɛdigʋ. Ba tunoe baŋid pɛbisim na dae siem nɛ bʋnam banɛ bɛ likin. Ba sʋŋid ka nindaa nɛ nini baŋid bɛɛd kanɛ na naam tisi ba, ka kɛt ka diib ken nɔɔr, mouth sanan.

Yin baas mɔri niŋbiʋŋ kɔnbid gbana ayi: “gban-taala” linɛ taa bɛ baas ni (nɛ bʋnvʋl banɛ wʋsa nwɛn wʋʋ baas la) ka li kas-kas anɛ banɛ nɔbig maasʋg ziig la, ba mɔr kɔbʋlʋg linɛ gʋʋdi ba niŋgbina ka mɛ mɔr kɔbilʋg bʋgʋsʋg linɛ bɛ pʋʋgin, bɛɛ “yinnɛ” ka li mɔr zugin gbaʋŋ maaa. Ba duam tune an saŋ-yinnɛ sia, linɛ an nyain, gʋʋd, ka kɔnbʋlʋg piela mɛ bɛ ba lɛŋʋn. (39) Zua-pielim mɛ tune yi baag wʋʋ yʋʋm yinne pʋʋginɛ ; nɛ yitnɛ itʋma sieba nii kɛ ka li naamid, wʋʋ bɔɔdimma itʋma, nɛ ba yaa zɔt dabiem nɛ tʋkpɛɛd yaalis, saalib, bɛɛ bʋnkɔnbid nam li tune taas ka linɛ naam. (40) Ba sieba mɛ bɛ dua ka kɔnbʋlʋg kae, hali ka sieba mɛ lɛɛ mɔr niŋgbiʋŋ gbɛribiri. Ka sieba gbana mɛ maae bɛ li kɔnɔ, tit groomed to groomed titʋʋnli Yorkshire (31).

## Nɔb-ɛɛns
Baa nɔb-ɛɛnsi an banɛ aan anu bɛ tuon nɛ nya'aŋ nɔba ni la. Nɔb-ɛɛns banɛ bɛ tuon la tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ kɔnbir nɛ ni'im, ala mɛn ka banɛ bɛ nya'aŋ la mɛ tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ niŋgbiŋ ma'aa. Baas bɛdegʋ ka ba du'a ba ka ba pʋ mɔr nɔb-ɛɛnsi ba nya'aŋ nɔba nii, ka sieba mɛ pʋ mɔri baa ba tuon nɔba nii. Baas nya'aŋ nɔb-ɛɛns anɛ proximal phalanges nɛ distal phalanges. Ninsieba tɛn'ɛs ye kunduna nɛ pʋ taan mɔr nya'aŋ nɔb-ɛɛn ka mɔr la, daa anɛ hybridization nɛ baas.

## Zʋʋr la yɛla
Baa zʋʋr la anɛ linɛ tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ nya'aŋ kɔnbdaʋg la, ka li wa'alim an wʋʋ 5 ti paae 23 la, ka na nyaŋi yuulum gilig nya'aŋ la wʋsa. Zʋʋr la tʋʋma yinnɛ anɛ ye o mɔri pian'ad pa'an o suunri malis si'em. Zʋʋr la mɛ lɛn sʋŋid baa la ka o ya'a gbɛligi o mɛŋ lɛbis o tilt la baba, gɛɛnlis kʋ bɛ zin'ig yinnɛ nii. Zʋʋr la mɛ lɛn sʋŋid baa la ka o tiɛnri o anal gland's scent dɔlisidi zʋʋr la bɛ lɔsi'a nɛ lin ken si'em. Baas tʋn'e mɔr violet gland (or supracaudal gland) ka li anɛ sebaceous glands banɛ bɛɛ ba zʋya la ni la; baas buud sieba ni li tʋn'ʋn an vestigial bɛɛ absent. Violet gland la zu'oe bɛ zʋʋr la ni ka na tʋn'e nyaŋi naam bald spot ka li yi zin'ikanɛ ka kɔnbʋlʋg kae la ni, anɛ Cushing ban'a bɛɛ sebum galisʋg linɛ yi androgens nam banɛ bɛ sebaceous glands ni.

Zamisʋg pa'al ya ye, baas mɛnnɛ ba zʋʋr ka li pa'annɛ ba suunr bɔɔdim an si'em. Bʋn linɛ niŋid ka li narin ye ba li'eli lɛbis niŋ ka li pa'ali ba suunr bɔɔdim la, lɛɛ nwɛnnɛ zʋʋr la mɛnnɛ bɛdegʋ lɛbid datiʋŋ pa'an.

Baas tʋn'e pu'alimi ba mɛŋ ba ya'a mɛnnɛ ba zʋʋr nɛ mugusʋg.; ba buon nɛ'ɛŋa nɛ ye *kennel zʋʋr*, sumalisim *zʋʋr,* ziim-tuub zʋʋr, bɛɛ *splitting zʋʋr*. Babanɛ gɔɔnd mɔɔgin la, sieba zʋʋr la kʋ'ʋg nɛ sʋ'ʋŋa ka sapu'ad kʋ nyaŋ naam. Basieba bɛ du'a ka zʋʋr kae ka li anɛ T gene la mɔr DNA kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la zug, ka mɛ tʋn'e lɛn ta'as bɛɛ kɛ ka li lieb zʋgiŋgiŋ. La'aʋŋ nam banɛ gɔsid kɔnbid laafi yɛla wʋʋ American lʋgʋr kanɛ gɔsid bʋnkɔnbid bɛllim nɛ laafi yɛla la, nɛ British lʋgʋr kanɛ mɛ gɔsid bʋnkɔnbid bɛllim nɛ ba laafi yɛla la pʋ siak baa zʋʋr docking nɛ. Kasɛtta linɛ yi kɔnbid laafi nɛ ba bɛllim yɛla lʋgʋr dim vɛɛnsʋgʋn pa'al ye baas 500 nar ye ba kʋ'ʋgi ba zʋya ka li gu' sapu'ad.

## Laafi yɛla
Baas buudi sieba bɛ ka ban'as nwɛnnɛ, dunma nɛ kpiila nɛ zu'omis nɛ tʋbkpida nɛ sunfulunfuk nɛ nɔŋgbana nɛ duma tʋn'e ba tɔ'ɔtɔ. Ban'abɛ'ɛdnam ayi' banɛ daamid baas tita'am anɛ nyɔɔrin ban'a linɛ san'an banya'as buudi wʋsa du'alim, nɛ lʋgʋr ban'a linɛ mɛ daamid baas bɛdegʋ. Ban'abama ayi' nwa anɛ Ban'abɛ'ɛdnam banɛ kʋʋd tɔ'ɔtɔ. Baas bɛdegʋ mɛ bɛ ka bʋnvʋlnam banɛ ta'asid wiim gban'adi ba, nwɛnnɛ flea nɛ bakɔn nɛ bakanbʋg nɛ nyɔɔrin sinwɛɛs tapeworm nɛ heartworm banɛ bɛɛ ba sunya ni. Linɛ lɛm paas anɛ ye, canine distemper virus ban'a la mɛ daamid baas mɛn. Pʋʋgin bʋnvʋlnam wiim la daamid baas nɛ bʋnkɔnbid buudi banɛ mɔr nɔba anaasi nwɛnnɛ baa nɛ, nɛ bʋnkɔnbid buudi banɛ nwɛnnɛ dɔɔbiig nɛ, nwɛnnɛ canines nɛ felines nɛ bears. Baas ya'a nɔbigi yadigid zin'is bɛdegʋ ala mɛn ka CDV ban'a la mɛ na yadigɛ. Rabies mɛ anɛ ban'a yinnɛ kanɛ ka bʋnvʋlnam ta'asid ka baas tʋn'e paami li, kas-kas anɛ babanɛ ka ba nam pʋ kunsi ba nɛ tiim la.

Ninsaalib diib nam sieba bɛdigʋ nɛ yin laasieba nam anɛ yabid hali n tis baas laafi bɛllimin, wʋʋ chocolate, taasidi wiim linɛ theobromine linɛ an yabid amɛŋa, kabʋ nam mɛ taasid thiosulfate wiim tisidi ba nɔbigir pʋʋgin, ti-sieba biili mɛ taasid wiim hali amɛŋa baas bɛllimin ti yaan. (56) Sieba banɛ bɛ taba ni mɛ daʋŋ hali tis baas bɛllim. Baag yaa tiind, li anɛ zanbin n paan ye o dinɛ dikanɛ pʋ biigi (titʋʋnli, o yaa ɔnb niim kasa) bɛɛ sand. Fʋ mɛ yaa nyɛ zanbin linɛ ka bin gɛndig nɛ kuom li paali ye o mɔri nyuug Zabir, li tune taas, sunsuya wiim, pʋʋg wiim, tiind bɛɛ kʋm.(57) Kʋm buudi kanɛ taa kʋʋd baas anɛ neoplasia wiim nɛ sunsuya taa kʋʋdi ba hali, ka linɛ lɛm paas anɛ yaam wiim nɛ gastrointestinal wiim. (59)(60)(61) Vɛɛnsʋg sia da maal wʋʋ yʋma pisi 20, da paal ye sunfulinfuud bana da anɛ linɛ da taa kʋʋd ba-daad hali saŋkan win. (62) Ka babibis on da kpiidnɛ dɔlnɛ wiim linɛ ka ba mɔri yii ba ma pʋʋgin la. (63)

Wiim banɛ gbanad ninsaalib la mɛ tune gbane baas mɛn, wi-sieba wʋʋ siigir wiim, nyina, nɛ sunsuya banas, kpisiŋkpir, binisa wiim, zi-dɔtim, nɛ kʋkɔya wiim nam. Sigir wiim yinne linɛ daamid ninsaalib hali anɛ wiim la yinne linɛ taa bɛ baas ni hali pamm. (64) Baas wimanam mɛ nwɛnnɛ saalib mɛnnɛ, wʋʋ ban died tiebʋg siem ken naae siem la. Bʋnvʋya anaasi sieba banɛ taasid daʋŋ saalib bɛllim ni la sieba mɛn bɛ b ani mɛn. (220).

Baas lɛbigidii ba vʋʋsim pɛbisim tituaa ka li yinɛ ba mɛŋ nintʋʋndin linɛ ka ba ɛɛnti mɔri bʋʋdi ba mɛŋ ka ba niŋgbiʋŋ bʋgʋn la. (65) Baas titaam zii wimanam sieba linɛ buon zoonotic wiim ka ba mɛ taasid wimanam kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb hali tisid saalib n dɔli ba nintʋʋndin, bʋnvʋl baanlʋg, ba binnin, nɛ ba yaa siisif li tune taas ka wi-sieba lɔŋ saalib. (66) COVID-19 mɛ tune gbane bʋnkɔnbid wʋʋ baas. Wʋʋ lin tune gbane saalib siem la, bʋnkɔnb kanɛ ka li gbana o wʋsa, wiim la zanbina kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb tune nɛɛli paal. (67)  

## Nyɔvʋm bɛɛn yɛla
Baas nyɔvʋm linɛ si'iŋi ba du'am saŋa ti paae ba kum saŋa bɛɛn anɛ kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb tis baas buudi ni, amaa yʋʋm pʋsʋk pʋʋgin, ( Yʋma banɛ ni ka baas pʋsʋk kpi ka pʋsʋk nam vʋe) anɛ 12.7 yʋma banɛ gaad la ni sa. Zamisʋg yinnɛ linɛ pa'al babanɛ buudi ka kpaam zu'oe ba niŋgbiŋin ka ta'asid wiim tɔ'ɔtɔ la n yuugid paad si'em bɛɛn, ka ba vʋm yuugid wʋʋ yʋʋm yinne nɛ, ka mɛ vʋe wʋʋ yʋʋm pʋsʋk la ka pʋ paae baas banɛ mɔr laafi sʋ'ʋŋa laa.

## Du'am yɛla
Yin baas la ni, Saŋkanɛ ka ba banya'as nɛ badaad gun' bɛɛ bi siak dʋʋb nɛ du'am naamid wʋʋ nwadis ayuobʋ ti paad yʋʋm yinne, amaa baas buudi bɛdegʋ sieba tʋn'e yuug paae yʋma ayi' saŋa. Nɛ'ɛŋa an Saŋkanɛ ka banya'as du'alʋŋ pin'il, ka pɛn la zu'oe ka si'elnam yit, saŋa pamm li yit ka yuugid wʋʋ daba anaasi ti paae dapisi daar. Ba du'am lous na ti'asid nɔɔr ayi' yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka saŋkan la pa'al ye ba ti'ebid pʋʋd gban'ad bɛɛ du'am. Saŋkanɛ ka ba du'am lous ti pin'ili nɔbigid la ka si'elnam yiti ba tuon pa'an pʋʋd gban'ad la, saŋkan la banya'as la yʋ'ʋn mɔr nyɛlʋg bɛɛ nyi'asim nɛ badaad yʋ'ʋs. Ka du'am gɛl la vʋe ka na nyaŋi di'e yu'oku'om kilim bɛ naam biig paae bakɔi lin ti digin du'alʋŋʋn la zug, badaad babiga tʋn'e dʋ. Baas ya'a dʋ naae, li nɔkidi daba ayi' ti paad daba anu ka biig naamid, gɛl la ti punsug bɛɛ nwa'ae du'alʋŋ la ni la nya'aŋ la. Badaʋg yu'or ya'a duoe ka ba dʋ taaba mit anu ti paae mit pistan' la ka ba gban'e mug taaba nɛ, badaʋg la yu'or la kpɛn' pʋʋgin ka yadig ka banya'aŋ la pɛn nɔɔr la mɛ gban'e li kiŋ-kiŋ la zug; badaʋg la yu'or na kpɛn iank ka o ken tuon dɔn'ɔnid yu'oku'om hali ti paae Saŋkanɛ ka ba wʋsa ma'ae ka fuoe ba mɛŋ. Ka dabisim 14 ti paae dabisim 16 nya'aŋ la, biig la nam an zipɛl na ta'al bɛɛ gban'e du'alim gbaʋŋ la, ka daba ayɔpɔi ti paae daba anii nya'aŋ la ka sunf la pin'ili nwɛ'ɛd. Baas du'adi ba ku'odian'ad linɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la basid dabisim pisnu nɛ anii ti paae dabisim pisyuobʋ nɛ anii nya'aŋ sa,biig la ti naam naae.

## Fʋob bɛɛ dualʋŋ yiisib
Fʋob bɛɛ dualʋŋ yiisib anɛ linɛ bʋnkɔnbid niŋgbina sʋm, li kas-kas anɛ afʋo baag lana bɛɛ yis ba-nyaaʋŋ dualis, linɛ na kɛ ka ba kʋ nyaŋi duaa ka mɛ sʋŋ ka ba da nyaŋi dɔt taaba. Bɔzugɔ baas zuagir pamm tɛnsieba ni, kɛ ka lʋgʋr nam pamm banɛ gɔsid baas yɛla la, ba sieba wʋʋ American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) la, saal ye baas banɛ ka ti pʋ lɛn gʋʋn duam yɛla la sum ka ti fʋo ba, ka li da kɛ ka ba ti dua ba-bibis banɛ pʋ nara ka li ti an ye ba kʋʋ mɛ ba. (76) Humane Society of the United States dim kɛ ka ti baŋ ye, baas nɛ amus nam bam million nama anaasi ka ba ɛɛnti kʋ ba yʋʋm pʋʋgin wʋsa. (77) Sieba ba mɛnɛ, ba laasi ba nɛ yɔ yin. Baas fʋob anɛ linɛ an sʋŋʋd hali siegid baas galisʋg tɛŋ la ni.(78)

Fʋob sʋŋʋdi siegid daʋŋ linɛ an dɔt galisʋg, ka li kas-kas anɛ ba-daad. (79) Ba-nyaas banɛ ka ba yiisi dualis la tune paam binisa wiim linɛ tune zi daʋŋ ken ba niŋgbina ni, dualʋŋ nɛ luos sieba ba niŋgbina ni. (80) Yaasɛ, fʋob tune zi daʋŋ hali kɛn ba-nyaas dʋʋrim pʋʋgin na, (81) ka mɛ wiim linɛ sunsuya banas n tisid ba-daad (82)

## Itima yɛla
Baa itʋŋ anɛ suunrin itima banɛ ka yin baas niŋid (baa yinne-yinne bɛɛ babiga) ka li yinɛ linɛ niŋ o niŋgbiŋin bɛɛ suunrin daʋŋ [90]. Baas pʋtɛnda tɔ'ɔŋ nɛ saalib bɛdegʋ. Ba mɔr ya'a kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi baŋ ka pian' nɛ saalib ka niŋid wʋʋ saalibi pian'adi ba si'em la.[901] Banɛ vɛɛnsid itima yɛla la n tɛn'ɛs nɛ ye baas banɛ mɔr baŋir kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi bɛ nɛ nidibin ka li pʋ bɛɛ ba canine buudi nii bɛɛ banɛ mɔr baŋir bɛdegʋ nwɛnnɛ apes tita'ar la ni la, anɛ ba kɔn' biis banɛ mɔr a-la'am bɛɛ naalim nɛ nidib baŋir la.[92]

Ba da pʋn dɛŋim gaŋ baas nɛ pin'ilʋgʋn sa ba itima zug, ka ka' nwɛnnɛ yin bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ka ba gʋ'ʋn ka ba wiakidi ba buudi si'em laa. Yʋʋm 2016 la ni la, vɛɛnsʋg yinne da vɛɛnsi baŋ ye bʋn linɛ dɔl du'am ziimin pa'an nwaasim la bam pii nɛ yinnɛ ma'a pa'al kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb linɛ bɛ kunduna nɛ baas sʋʋgin. Ka gens kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bama li da kpɛlim bi'ela ka ba pʋ gaansi ba paas bʋnkɔnb banɛ ka ba nɔki ba lieb yin kɔnbid ba yʋda naam si'em nɛ ba itima zug, Saŋkanɛ ka ba da nɔk baa lieb yin bʋnna. Genes bama daamidi catecholamine synthesis suor la, ka ba bɛdegʋ zabidnɛ(zabidi yɔɔmʋg yɛla) nɛ suunr la ye li an si'em. Baas wʋsa pʋ mɔr dabiem zɔɔ nɛ sunpɛɛn nwɛnnɛ kunduna an si'em laa, la'am nɛ ala genes sieba mɔr sunduor bɛ ba-sieba buudi ni. Itima nwaasim nɛ dabiem ka'alim linɛ bɛ baas ni la anɛ nwaasim tiakir linɛ nwɛnnɛ Williams-Beuren syndrome linɛ bɛ Ninsaalibin ka ta'asid hypersociability hali nɛ yɛla maalʋg paŋ. Baas 58 zamisʋg linɛ da naam yʋʋm 2023 ni la, ba sʋk bɛɛ gaans ba-sieba ye ba anɛ banɛ mɔr pʋtɛn'ɛr daʋŋ ka pʋ nyaŋidi kɛlisid sʋ'ʋŋa. Ala mɛn zamisʋg yinnɛ mɛ pa'al ye tʋʋm galisʋg taan bɛnɛ badaad nɛ ba-paala bɛɛ babibis ni. Baa suunr tʋn'e duoe ka li anɛ trauma bɛɛ tiim nuub, nɛ zɔtim bɛɛ dabiem yɛla, nɛ a-gur teŋ yɛla, bɛɛ on gur laʋk kanɛ an nimmua hali la zug.

Baas mɔr bʋn linɛ ka ba du'a nɛ li ka li yʋ'ʋr buon ye a-zɔɔ-gban'e ya'am la ba san'an (pian'ʋk kaŋa pa'annɛ bʋnkɔnb banɛ zamisid la tʋʋm) ka li dɔli du'am pʋʋgin na. Ya'am itima bama tʋn'e kɛ ka baas nyaŋ baŋ gban'e la'ad bɛɛ bʋnkɔnb sieba. Itima bama mɔr kpɛ'ɛŋir bɛ bʋnkɔnb sieba ni ka ala ka li na sʋŋi ba ka ba nyaŋi ie ka kʋ bʋnkɔnb bɛ'og bɛɛ bʋnvʋl bɛ'ɛdnam banɛ san'am la'ad. Saŋa sieba bɛ ka babibis bɛɛ baas mum diib teŋin. Zamisʋg vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka kunduna mɔɔdi gat baas li ya'a ti ke diib ieebin na, ka li anɛ kpɛmisʋg kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb linɛ bɛ kunduna nɛ baas sʋʋgin. Babibis bɛɛ baas sieba ditti bin ka li yinɛ ban malim si'em ni na, nɛ gɛɛnlis ni, ye li kɛ ka ba pʋtɛn'ɛr bɛ; amaa nya'aŋ bɛdegʋ kʋ ti lɛn niŋi lii vʋmin ya'asa. Zamisʋg pa'al ye itʋŋ la da yinɛ kunduna ni na, itʋŋ linɛ nɔbig ye li sie wiim bʋnvʋlnam banɛ san'am pʋʋgin nyɔya la.

Baas bɛdegʋ tʋn'e lugud Ku'om. Baas 412 zamisʋg ni, baas 36.5% kɔbʋg pʋʋgin kʋ nyaŋi lugu Ku'om; ka 63.5% banɛ kpɛlim la tʋn'ʋn lugud ka sɔ' pʋ ti'ennɛ ba bɛ ku'oluguruŋ nii.

## '''[[Binisim]] muasʋg'''
Ba-nyaas muasidi ba-bibis paala banɛ ka ba dua la.

Ba-nyaas biniskuom ɛɛnti pʋn dɛŋim siignɛ wʋʋ dabisa 1—7 la ka duam daar nyaan paae, ka binisim nwa mɛŋim na kpɛlim bɛ ala hali ti paae nwadis atan pʋʋgin.[109][110] Biniskuom siigib naamʋg da ɛɛnti wʋʋ bakɔi 3 pʋʋgin duam nyaaŋ ka nɔbigi yalig.[110] Saŋsieba baag la tune tiind ka zanas diib saŋkanɛ biig la daamidi o pʋʋgin la. (111] Ziis bɛdigʋ ni, baag pʋʋg nɔkir ni, itʋma yalis sieba tune naam.[112] Baag yaa dua ba-bibis bʋnlinɛ an paalʋŋ ɛɛnti sʋŋi libil ba-bibis la ka ba da pualimm, lin ka duam la nyaaŋ ka ba-nyaaŋ la mɛŋ na fuligi li bɛɛ yisi li. Baas mɔr linɛ an ye ma nɛ o biis nyɔɔg linɛ ka o mɔri gʋr ba-bibis la, ba-bibisi la yaa nyɛ ba ma la na di bin la ka babir la an nyain ka gʋri o biis la, hali ti paae ban na bii kʋda-kʋda.[113][114] Amaa ka ba-daad lɛɛ yaagi ba biis banɛ anɛ ba-bibis la ka pʋ nyɛti ba nɛ nifo laamnɛ ban aan ba mɛŋ biis la,[115] saŋa pamm ni ba sieba mɛ ɛɛnti diemid ba-bibis la nɛ ba bataaba wʋʋ ban ɛɛnti diemid nɛ saalib siem.[116] Saŋsieba mɛnɛ, ba-nyaaʋŋ tune bas o biis bɛɛ duoe tɔɔg nɛ o biis bɛɛ badaarʋg kanɛ ka o dɔl la ka li dɔlnɛ on na bɛ tɔɔg bɛɛ zabir pʋʋgin.[117]

## '''Baas N Mɔr Yaam Siem'''
Vɛɛnsʋg kɛ ka ti baŋ nyain ye baas mɔr tɔnɔg kanɛ na tune die bɛɛ wʋm labaar, ka nyaaŋi zanli li nɛ ba miilim, ka nyaŋi nɔki li maal yɛl. Baas ayi vɛɛnsʋg paali ya zanmisid dɔl nɛ fʋn na nɔk siel bɛɛ mɔr siel n paanɛ ba. Vɛɛnsʋg linɛ da maal Rico, linɛ an Border n bɛ Collie la, paal ye baas la da miinɛ laad kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb bam 200 n bɛ ziikin la. O paali ba laad la yʋda wʋsa nɛ ban zanmisi li siem la ka li mɔr pakir hali bɛdigʋ ka li kɛ ka ba nyaŋi baŋ laad la hali sʋŋa ka ba sua laad la ka bakɔi anaasi nyaaŋ ka ba nyaŋi ia laad nyɛɛ li. Vɛɛnsʋg yinne yaas linɛ da maal Border Collie, Chaser, paal ye baas la nyaaŋi zanmisi baŋ laad nam yʋda ka ba yaa yaae nɔɔri buol laad la yʋʋr, ba na nyaŋi baŋi li ka nyaŋi baŋ pianad bam 1,000 sa.118]

Vɛɛnsʋg kati waae pʋtɛnɛr yɛla bigis ye baas yaam nɛ ba miilim mɛ nwɛn wʋʋ widi, naasaa widi nɛ amus nam, yaam nɛ ba miilim an siem la.[119] Vɛɛnsʋg linɛ da maal ya-piina nii n kati waae yin baas yɛla la bigis ye yin baas la kʋ nyaŋi baŋi buak linɛ an diib laa bɛɛ ziis kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb ka li yaa kaanɛ ba paali banɛ zanbina ba kʋ baŋi; vɛɛnsʋg nwa paal ye baas pʋ mɔr pʋtɛnɛrɛ amaa ba mɔri kpasib nɛ nyuug yaam.[120] Vɛɛnsʋg bigis nyain ye baas mɔri nini banɛ baŋid kanl.

Baas paanɛ ba pʋtɛnda yɛlsida ka li yinɛ banasig pʋʋgin.[122] Vɛɛnsiga ayinne yaas lɛn paal ye Australian dingos na nyaŋi tʋm yin baas tʋʋma yɛla maalʋg pʋʋgin, nɛ gbin paal ye baas yaam linɛ ka ba mɔri maan yɛla tune bɔdig ka li yinɛ ba yaa laasi ba mɛŋ nɛ saalib.[123]

Vɛɛnsʋg lɛn paal ye baas zanmisʋg linɛ an ye ba baŋ ka nyaŋi maal yɛl giŋa la, ye saŋa pamm ni baas mɛ paamid yɛla linɛ tune tuoe ba paŋ wʋʋ ninsaalibi an siem la, amaa bʋnkɔnb banɛ kpɛlim on kaa alaa.[124]

## '''Baŋir yɛla'''
Vɛɛnsʋg dim vɛɛnsi baŋ baasi mɔr ya'a kanɛ kɛt ka ba baŋid pian'ad, ka li bɛɛ ba pʋtɛn'ɛrin,  ka li sʋŋid ka ba nyaŋid nɔkid maan yɛla ba vʋm pʋʋgin. Ba vɛɛns baas ayi' ka yɛl ye baas zamisid nɛ ba ya'a la'as nɛ nidib. Ka ala mɛn ka Rico nɛ Collie banɛ zamis ka vɛɛns la pa'al ye o mi' si'elnam kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb yʋda ka li tʋʋg 200. O vɛɛnsi baŋ si'elnam banɛ pʋ bɛ bɛɛ nyɛt tat-tat la yʋda ka li pʋ dɔl zamisʋg si'a nii, ka lɛɛ gɔɔn gilig vɛɛns sʋ'ʋŋa ka baŋi ba bʋnban yɛla bakɔi anaasi vɛɛnsʋg la nya'aŋ. Ka Zamisʋg daan si'a kanɛ ka yʋ'ʋr buon Chaser la mɛ pa'al ye o zamis yʋda la nɛ ka na nyaŋi pian' nɛ ba nɛ nɔɔr bɛɛ nu'us ka li tʋʋg wʋʋ pian'ad 1,000 la.

Zamisʋg yinnɛ kanɛ zamis bɛɛ vɛɛns baas buudi wʋsa pʋtɛn'ɛr n an si'em la, pa'al ye baas nyaŋid niŋid wʋʋ wiidi nɛ, nɛ chimpanzees bɛɛ dɔɔg biis nɛ. Ala ka zamisʋg yinnɛ kanɛ vɛɛns yin baas 18 yɛla la nyaŋi baŋ ye baas kʋ nyaŋi bak diib laas ba kɔn' ka ya'a ka' nɛ ba baŋi pian'adɛ; zamis kaŋa kɛ ka ti baŋid ye buakir pʋtɛn'ɛr kae. Zamisʋg yinnɛ mɛ yɛl ye baas nini nyɛɛb baŋir ka ba na nyaŋi baŋ kal. Baas pa'al nɛ ban kʋ nyaŋi baŋ bɛɛ mi' si'el wʋsa ba mɛŋ la, kat wa'ae nɛ kal pʋʋgin linɛ si'iŋ 1-3 ti tʋʋg anaasi. 

Baas zaŋidi ba mɛŋ gɛndigid di'ema nam ni ka li pa'an ban mɔr pʋtɛn'ɛr si'em. Vɛɛnsʋg yinnɛ mɛ mɔr kasɛtta linɛ pa'al ye Austrailian dingos nam tʋn'e tʋm ka li gaŋ uin baas nɛ, ka li anɛ baŋir kae nidibin bʋnɛ, ka dinna sid pa'al ye yin baas kɔ'ɔŋi ba baŋir nɛ ya'ag kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi baŋ ka maal si'el la ba ya'a la'as nɛ nidib. 

## '''Pianad'''
Baag pianad siem anɛ ban died labaar siem tisidi ba ba-taaba, ba gbanad pianad gbin yit saalib sanan, ka nyaŋi lɛbig labaar la wʋʋ baas lɛbigiri la ka li nie nyain tisi ba.[125] Baas itʋma linɛ bigis ye ba pianad la sieba anɛ nini gɔsʋg, nini anmisʋg,[126][127] Vʋʋd, niŋgbina pianad (li sieba anɛ niŋgbina nɛ nɔba anmisʋg), ba mɛ mɔr linɛ an (nyuug, nɛ malisim baŋir). Baas kpansi ba sʋʋlʋm ka yinɛ ban ɛɛnti dʋʋni niŋ zanguoma nii kpans la, nɛ sʋŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋi baŋid ba yaa ti kpɛnɛd bɛɛ lɔŋid ziig paaliŋ.[128][129] Ba-daad nɛ ba-nyaas wʋsa tune ɛɛnti dʋʋn niŋ bʋnsieba ka paal bɔɔdim, tɔɔg, mɛsiegir, sumalisim bɛɛ vʋʋsim bɛllim.[130] Baas anɛ nyɛɛnd ka zabid anɛ baas banɛ ka ba cortisol zuoe hali la. (131] Li yaa ti paae wʋʋ bakɔi nam 3 nɛ 8 ba duam nyaaŋ, baas na ia ba ye ba laasi sɔns, ka ba yaa ti paae wʋʋ bakɔi nam bam 5 nɛ 12 saŋa la, ka ba yuun fɛndigi ba pʋtɛnɛr n lɛb saalib sanan.[132] Baas pʋʋr nɔɔb tune kɛ ka baag dʋmif bɛɛ o mɔ ye o gʋ o mɛŋ niŋ maasim.[133]

Nidib sɔnsid nɛ baas ka li dɔlnɛ vʋʋdnam ni nɛ zanbina nɛ nuus yimisʋg nam ni, nɛ niŋgbina itʋma ni. Bʋnlinɛ sʋŋid baas ka ba wʋm anɛ, ʋʋdnam ni nɛ zanbina nam ni ka ba dɔl anina gbanad pianad gbin ka nyaŋidi baŋidi lɛbis pianad wʋsa ka li yinɛ zanbina banɛ ka ba zanmis la ni, ba sieba anɛ wɛsʋg linɛ zii labaya kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb. Zanmisʋg paali ya ye baas na nyaŋi n pianad lɛbis ka li dɔlnɛ vʋʋdnam nɛ linɛ kaa vʋʋdnam ni ka li dɔlnɛ ba zuput linɛ ba zugin pole giŋiʋŋ la baba, ala mɛ aan tis saalib zuput mɛn. Baas mɛ tune ɛɛnti gɔs laali ka nyaŋi baŋ vʋʋd la ken siem la nɛ li gbin.[134][135][136] zanmisʋg lɛn paal ye fʋ yaa maan baag sʋm o siakidi fʋ buolʋg tɔɔtɔ n gaad fʋn tisidi o diib.[137] 

## Ba kpinnim yɛla

### Ba kal bɛɛ ba nɔbigir yɛla
Baa an bʋnkɔnb kanɛ ka o buudi zu'oe gat bʋnkɔnb buudi banɛ dit ni'im wʋsa n bɛ ninsaalib sʋ'ʋlʋmin. Yʋʋm 2023 kanɛ gaad la ni la, ban da maal baas kaalʋg dunia la ni wʋsa la, ba kal da bɛ wʋʋ 700 million nɛ 987 million pʋsʋkin. Kɔbʋg pʋʋgin baas wʋʋ 20 la'am bɛ an linɛ ka ba yɔɔm o ka o bɛ nɛ nidib tentitada banɛ nɔbig la ni. Dunia kanɛ nɔbigid nwa la, baas kal ni, baas pʋsʋk zin'is atan' bɛnɛ tɛɛns banɛ nɔbigid la ni wʋʋ sian'arin bʋn, nɛ teŋkpɛŋ bɛɛ tɛɛns baas nɛ. Baas bɛdegʋ bɛnɛ nwɛnnɛ bʋnkɔnb banɛ dit bʋnvʋlnam bɛɛ banɛ bʋnkpiilʋŋ nɛ ka ninsaal pʋ sʋ'oe ba kʋdʋm, ka zamisʋg yinnɛ mɛ pa'al ye tenkɛŋ baas bɛdegʋ ya'a nyɛ saan zɔti 52%) bɛɛ  wɛsid nɛ (11%). 

## Mɔɔr
Mɔɔgin bʋnkɔnb bɛda nɛ baas banɛ gɔɔnd yɔɔ-yɔɔg la tune mɔɔd nɛ bʋnkɔnb bɛda sieba ka dɔlnɛ kpieʋŋ linɛ ka ba paamɛ yi saalib sanan la**.**138] Laamnɛ bʋnyɔɔs sieba kʋʋd baas la, ba ɛɛnti laasnɛ dɔl taaba  ayi-ayi babir kanɛ ni wʋsa ka daʋŋ bɛ la, ka li tisidi daʋŋ ba yaa siel baas bɛdigʋ laasi dɔl taaba.[145][146] saŋa sieba nii, bʋnyɔɔs la itʋma sieba ɛɛnti paal nyain ye ba pʋ zɔt nidiba saŋkanɛ wʋsa ka ba zigid ba gbanae baas la, hali linɛ yaa anɛ ba bʋ ba bɛɛ kʋʋ ba.[147] Alaamnɛ baas banɛ ɛɛnti kpi yʋʋm pʋʋgin la pʋ zuogida, nɛ kɛ ka kʋndʋna pʋ zɔt dabiem nɛ ban na kpɛn tɛŋkpɛmis la ni nɛ pɔɔdinɛ gbanae baasɛ, ka kʋndʋna baas gbanab la zug kɛ ka li an nimua ye eendib nɛ tɔnɔs nam ia kʋndʋna la kʋʋ ba..[145]

Ba-daad sieba nɛ zuombir titada sieba anɛ banɛ ka nidib gɔs ka ba an baas banɛ daamid hali pamm. Ka li kas-kas anɛ, mɔɔgin mus nam banɛ bɔɔd baas niim ye ba di la, vɛɛnsʋg bigis ye ba nyaŋi kʋ baas hali, ka li baa kae nɛ ban zɛm siemm.[148] Gbigim banɛ bɛ Amur Muar sʋʋlʋm la kʋ baas hali linɛ ka bɛnɛ n bɛ tɛŋkpɛmis banɛ kpie anina la. Gbigima banɛ Amur la pʋ zɔt mɔɔgin bʋnkɔnb sia onɛ na kena ye o nyaa nɛ ba n bɛ ba sʋʋlʋm kanɛ ka ba bɛ la ni ka ba bas oo, ka gbigima mɛ bɔɔdnɛ baas anɛ mɔr niŋgbiʋŋ yinne.[149] Bʋnkɔnb kanɛ ka ba buon ye Striped tune kʋ baas hali n bɛ ba sʋʋlʋm la ni ka li ka zaka.[150]

Baas banɛ an banɛ kʋʋdi ba taaba bɛɛ bʋnkɔnbid kɛnɛ ka tɔɔg bɛdigʋ bɛdigʋ paae bʋnkɔnbid tam sʋʋlʋm ni, linɛ bɔɔd tam kʋdʋr n dɔlnɛ bʋnkɔnbid bɔɔdim yɛla yiiga ka saalib nyaan ziin anina .[151] Baas anɛ wʋʋ ban kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb piinɛ yinne 11ka ba anɛ linɛ ka naasaanam buon ye 'potential threat' n ken paae wʋʋ 188 bʋnkɔnb banɛ daamid dunia wʋsa ni;[152] linɛ lɛn paas anɛ baas mɛ lɛn mɔr kpinim nɛ bʋnkɔnb sieba hali ka ba kanl na an wʋʋ  bʋnkɔnbid bam156 nɛ.[153] Vɛɛnsʋg bigis ye baas kʋ bʋn-ianadanam hali bɛdigʋ, n bɛ kagu, New Caledonia ni.[154]

## '''Diib'''
Baas mɛn nwɛn wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ɔnbid ni'im ka dit sa'ab la nɛ.(5)(155)(156)Ti ya'a mak baas nɛ kʋndʋma, baas banɛ ka gʋ'ʋli ba mɔr tɔn'ɔg linɛ ka ba na nyaŋi di diib nɛ li buudi ka li kʋ mɔr dauŋʋ tisi baa ka lɛɛ sʋŋi maali ba niŋgbina tituaa.(4) ala mɛnɛ mɛn tis saalib, ba-sieba nintɔɔnd sʋŋidi gɛndigid diib n maanɛ ba niŋgbina tituaa.(157) Ala'amnɛ wala, ba pʋ paae bɛɛ nwɛn wʋʋ amus nam bɛɛ   bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dit ni'im ma'aa laa, baas mɔr yam linɛ bɛ ba pʋʋgin sʋŋidi  widigid linɛ tɔɔg bɛɛ yarim bʋn wʋsa, bɛɛ taurine, amaa ba lɛɛ pʋ mɔr vitamin D, linɛ ka ba paamɛ yit bʋnkɔnbid ni'imin la.

Amino acid linɛ an piisi nɛ yinne anɛ linɛ bɛ bʋnkɔnbid wʋsa ni (Hali la'am paas nɛ selenocysteine), baas kʋ nyaŋi baŋ linɛ an piiga: arginine, histidine, methioine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, nɛ valine.(158)(159)(160) Nwɛn wʋʋ amus nam, baas mɛ bɔɔd arginine ka li sʋŋi maali ba niŋgbina. Nɛ' anɛ di-sʋma ka baas bɔɔd n bɛ ni'imin bɛɛ diib bɛɛ sa'ab ni.

Ya'a kpɛlimnɛ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ an yin bʋnkɔnbid nɛ banɛ ka' yin bʋnkɔnbid tituaanɛ,   baag bɛllim yin bɛ li kɔn'ɔ hali n gaad bʋnkɔnb banɛ kpɛlim la:

Aboriginal Tasmanians la, banɛ ka ba da baki ba yis Australia ka dingos naan paae na tɛŋ la ni na la. Andamanese nidib, banɛ ka ba da baki yis bɛ mu'ar gbɛʋg ti paae Myanmar, Fuegians la, banɛ da gʋ'ʋn baag onɛ an Fuegian la, li da anɛ linɛ bɛ li kɔn'. Nimbanɛ da yi Islands n kena la ba nid yinne da pʋ mɔr baas bɛɛ zi'ikanɛ ka baas kpiida zi'ikanɛ ka ba da dɛŋim bɛ laa,   linɛ an zanbin anɛ Mariana Islands, (162) Palau(163) Ka banɛ mɛ yi Caroline Islands bɛ ba kɔn'ɔ hali kati wa'ae ba kɔnbʋlʋg linɛ pa'an Island nɛ Nukuoro, (164) Ka Marshall Islands mɛn, (165) Gibert Islands, (165) New Caledonia, (166) Vanuatu, (166)(167) Tonga,(167) Marquesas, (167) Mangaia n bɛ Cook Islands, Rapa Itin n bɛ French Polynesia, Easter Islands, (168) nɛ Pitcairn Islands banɛ da kʋ ba baas la wʋsa ye ba da kɛ ka aanrʋŋ linɛ da gat la da baŋ la. Baas da bɛ Antarctica teŋinɛ gʋrim yɛla. Ba da ai'iŋidi ba nwadis piina ayi la ni 1993, lin nya'aŋ ka ba yu'un gʋ'ʋn baas tɛkpɛmisin nɛ mɔɔgin ka dabiem da bɛ hali kati wa'ae wima lɔmisʋg yɛla.(170)

## '''Baasi an diib la yɛla'''
Baas niim anɛ linɛ ka tɛmis titaam banɛ bɛ East Asian sʋʋlʋm dit hali amɛŋa, laam China dim mɛn,[176] nɛ Vietnam,[177] Korea,[199] Indonesia,[200] nɛ Philippines;[201] Hali lin da yi kʋdʋmin sa la.[202] Vɛɛnsʋg kɛ ka ti baŋ ye baas bam million 30 ka ba kʋʋdi n dit bɛ Asia tɛŋin yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin. Han onɛ an Chinese la ɔnbid baag niim .[203] Dunia ni wʋsa China dimi an banɛ ɔnbid baasi gaad sɔ wʋsa, vɛɛnsʋg paali ye ba kʋʋ baas lin yi million 10 ti paae million 20 yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin ɔnbid, labakaŋa yinɛ  banɛ gɔsid niim nam yɛla la ni.[204] Switzerland, Polynesia, nɛ pre-Columbian Mexico Tɛmis bama wʋsa, labakʋdʋg bigis ye ba da ɔnbid baas tituaa.[205][206][207] nɛ Poland tɛnsieba mɛ[208][209] nɛ Central Asia,[210][211] Baag kpaam anɛ linɛ diebid sɔnfulinfuud bana.[212]

A-ɔnb baag niim anɛ linɛ an kisʋg bʋn n tis temisiba banɛ bɛ dunia nwa ni; nwanasʋg pianad pʋn yina paan ye li sum ka ti bas baag niim ɔnbir.[213] Emperors dim banɛ Sui dynasty (581–618) China dim, maal nɛ asida ye ba piana baag niim ɔnbir yɛla nɛ Tang dynasty (618–907) ka ba bɔɔdi paal ye ba da ɔnb baag niim n bɛ laasʋg ziikin.[214]

Sieba mɛ bigis ye baas diib bɛɛ niim ɔnbir mɛ anɛ ala wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ ka ti ɔnbid la linzug li pʋ sum ka sɔ yɛl ye ba bas baas ɔnbir la pʋ di bɛɛ ɔnb baag niim.[215][216][217][218] Tɛŋsieba ni, baas kuosʋg bɛɛ ba kʋʋb anɛ kisʋg, amaa nannanna ziibanna nidib yuun dit baas.[219][220]

### Yin bʋn
Ban mɔr baas ka ba la'am bɛnɛ ka kɔligidi ba la kas-kas anɛ elite mɔr labatita'ar hali. Baa kanɛ ka ba bɛlis o ka o naalim nɛ saalib la kal zu'oe ya dunia zaba linɛ paas ayi' la n da gaad la. Yʋʋm 1980 la ni la, tiakir bɛ yin baas tʋʋma ni, wʋʋ baasi mɔr sunsʋŋ sʋŋid nidib bɛllim ka guri ba si'em la. 20th century pʋsʋk linɛ paas ayi' ni la, yiiga baa kanɛ ka o  nidib bɛllim  tiak ya ka kɛ ka o nyaŋi la'asid tigirin n nyɛt o bɔɔdim. Linɛ paas ayi' anɛ ye ba sʋŋi zami baas ka ba baŋir nɔbig daar wʋsa.

La'ad buudi bɛdegʋ maal ya ye li sʋŋ ka baas da an yin bʋn kanɛ miilim nidib ma'aanɛ, amaa ka lɛɛ kɔligid sʋ'ʋŋa. La'ad nɛ tʋʋma yʋda linɛ ka ba ye sʋŋ baas la anɛ baas zamisʋg gbana, zamisʋg nɛ TV nam ni zamisg zu'oe ya. Banɛ gʋ'ʋn la bɛdegʋ pa'al ye yin bʋn ka o paas buudi la ni, ala ka sieba m yɛl ye li anɛ kpinnim kanɛ gɛndig nɛ taaba. Ba-zamisidib sieba naam linɛ ye li sʋŋ baas nɛ ninsaalib kpinnim. La'am nɛ la, pʋtɛn'ɛr kanɛ ka ba mɔr kat wa'ae nɛ "alpha baa" yɛla la bɛnɛ nwa'asʋg pian'adin kunduna n ɔnbid bɛɛ dit bʋnkɔnbʋg ni'im la yɛla. Ba nwɛ' nɔgbannwa'asʋg ye ban na paam nɛ'ɛŋa anɛ baas nɛ ninsaalibi na maan bɛɛ ɛnd taaba si'em. Ninsaalib buudi yʋ'ʋn paas tʋʋma kɔn'ɔbkɔn'ɔb banɛ ni ka baas la'am paas tʋm nwɛnnɛ baa wa'a nɛ baa yoga.

Kat wa'ae nɛ labaya banɛ yi American Pet Products Manufacturers Association dim vɛɛnsʋg linɛ da naam bɛ National Pet Owner Survey yʋʋm 2009 ti paae 2010 ni la, ba da gɛlig nidib 77.5 million banɛ bɛ United States la mɔr yin baas. Ka vɛɛnsʋg la pa'al ye America dim ya wʋʋ 40% la mɔr baa, ka lin ni ka 67% mɔr baa yinne ma'a, ka 25% mɔr baas ayi', ka 9% mɔr baas ka li gaad ayi'. Ka vɛɛnsʋg labaar la mɛ lɛm pa'al ye yin badaad nɛ banya'as kal n aan azinzima si'em; banɛ ka ba sʋ'oe ba ka ba pʋ paae anu pʋsʋk la yinɛ yaan na.

Tʋmtʋmnib

Linɛ lɛm paas baasi dɔli kɔligid nidib si'em la anɛ, babanɛ an collies nɛ pɛbaas la gban'ad ka kʋʋd bʋnkɔnb sieba ɔnbid; tɔn'ɔsʋg ka sʋ'oe.

## O Tʋʋma

# Baa gʋri ti ya'

2. Baas kɛt ka yir an wamm.

## Gbanvɛɛnsa