Ziim

**Ziim** anɛ niŋgbiʋŋ kuokanɛ bɛ circulatory system humans ni, nɛ  vertebrates, ninsaalib bɛɛ bʋnvʋ sieba niŋgbiʋŋin pobidi giligid, ka tisid cells la, niŋgbina la nutrients nɛ oxegen, laad woo diib nɛ pɛbsim ka lɛn ziid laabɛɛd nami yisid cells la, niŋgbiʋŋ kan la ni.

Ziim anɛ niŋgbina bɛ blood plasma, ziim kanɛ pʋ mɔr siim la pʋʋgin. Plasma, an ziim kanɛ pʋ mɔr siim la anɛ 55%  zi-kuom, ka li titaam an water, kuom (ka zɛm nɛ 92% volume). Ka mɔri protein, glucose, mineral ions nɛ  hormones niŋgbiŋin la.   Niŋgbina laad la bɛ ziimin la siim anɛ red blood cells, zi-zɛnɛug (erythrocytes), zi-pielig (leukocytes), ka bʋnvʋya banɛ (duadi ba biis) ni an platelets (thrombocyte)

Zi-vʋya piela

zi-zɛnɛug la zuoe hali. Bama mɔr nɛ hemoglobin li pʋʋgin. Ka li sʋŋid nɛ ziid pɛbisim giligid niŋgbiŋ la wʋsa, ka paasidi li solubility, buor sʋŋa. ziim bʋnvʋr banɛ zuoe anɛ  ziim bʋnvʋr zɛn'ug la nɛ ziim  bʋnvʋ pielig, Jawed vertebrates mɔri niŋgbinna bʋn gu'uda, adaptive immune system  Ka white blood cells, ziim bʋnvʋ piela la la mɔri li.  Ziim  bʋnvʋpiela la  sʋŋidi zabid gʋʋd bʋnvʋbanɛ kɛt ka banas gban'ad niŋgbiŋ la yisid. platelets an sʋm hali tis  ziim kɔɔb, ziim gbisib zin'igin.

Ziim giinlia la kɛt ka ziim paad niŋgbiʋŋ la wʋsa, heart, sunsuf la ya pɔm ziim la yis. Bʋnkɔnbid banɛ mɔri lungs, sɔnfulinfuud nii arterial ziim la ziid oxegen, pɛbisim kanɛ vʋʋsi kpɛnɛs la mɔri paad niŋgbiŋin la ka venous ziim ziid carbon dioxide pɛbis bɛɛd kanɛ naam nɛ niŋgbiŋ la metabolism tʋʋma ni, zaŋi  tis sɔnfulinfuud la ka li vʋʋsi yis. Ziim anɛ zian fiim li hemoglobin, zi-zɛnɛug la ya mɔri oxegen ka an sabil-zian oxegen ya ka li ni. Deoxegenated.  

laafi pian zut banɛ dɔlisid nɛ ziim yɛla titaam pinini nɛ *hemo-, hemato-, haemo* or *haemoto-* ka li  yi nɛ Greek pianad kaŋa…(*haima*) ka lin an “ziim”. Anatomy, nɛ histology pian zuti nɛɛ, ziim anɛ woo connective tissue, niŋgbina buudi yiuŋ banɛ tunoe tɔɔŋ taaba ka bɛnɛ kɔnbani n aka nwi- baanlis laam bɛ li ni an woo fibrinogen.  

## '''Ziim''' tʋmmɛ tisid niŋgbiʋŋ la hali zinis kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb ni, lin tʋm siem sieba anɛ:
Li tisid niŋgbina la pɛbisim, oxygen  (ka li anɛ hemoglobin bɛ niŋgbiʋŋ zɛnugin).

Tisid  niŋgbiʋŋ la diib bɔɔg woo glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (linɛ buoe ziimin bɛɛ plasma protein ni (blood lipids)).

Li yisid laabɛɛd nam niŋgbiʋŋin la, woo carbon dioxide, nɛ lactic acid.

Niŋgbiʋŋ bɛ laafi tʋʋma ni, laam nɛ white blood cells, zi-zɛnɛug giligid siem, nɛ antibodies na baŋ bʋn sauŋ niŋgbiʋŋ la zinigin.

Coagulation, li tiebid ziim giinl, li ya paam dɛŋ, li kɛt ka zi-kuod liebid ganalʋg ka li sʋŋi guoe ziim kpaar niŋgbiʋŋin la.

Li diesid tʋʋma tɔlisid, laam nɛ a zaŋ hormones n tɔlis, ka lɛn paan niŋgbiʋŋ la lua bɛɛ zinig ka nɛ mɔri dɛŋ.

Linɛ sʋoe ka body temperature, niŋgbiʋŋ la tʋʋlim zɛmis.

Hydraulic, niŋgbiʋŋ la kuom tisib tʋʋma.

## Bʋnkɔnbid bɛllimin

## Fʋ mɛ tune gɔs: Gbamvɛɛnsa linɛ paan ziimnam kpanasib nam
Ziim tɛbisim niŋgbiʋŋ la ni kanl kɔbiga pʋʋgin na nwɛn wʋʋ 7%, ka li tɛbisim nɛ li paalʋ bɛn niŋgbiʋŋ la na wʋʋ 1060 kg/m3, li lielnɛ hali wʋʋ kuokanɛ an kasi paan tɛbisim nɛ paalʋ bɛn linɛ an 1000kg/m3 . Kpɛɛmnam ziim bɛn tune mɔr w tɛbisim nɛ li paalʋ bɛn wʋʋ 5 litrees (11 us pt) or 1.3 galam nam linɛ an plasma la ka kɛ naamid ziim laad la. Ziim laad banɛ naam la paan ziim gʋn-gʋn bɛɛ li buudi linɛ an zi-pielig (leukocytes), nɛ ziim giinla linɛ an fragments ka ba buon ye platelets la nɛ linɛ an ziim yiib sʋŋʋr. Li paalʋ bɛn, zi-wiig la paalʋ bɛn na an wʋʋ 45% ziim la wʋsa pʋʋgin, ka plasma mɛ an wʋʋ 54.3%, ka ziim pielʋg la paalʋ bɛn mɛ na an wʋʋ 0.7%.

## Ziim wʋsa (plasma nɛ zi-vʋya) pʋ tʋm ku'opaala ti'asʋg tʋʋma
**Zi-vʋya**

**Labaar linɛ bɛ tuon: ziim kanl bɛn**

**Zigal fiin yinnɛ maa tune mɔr wʋʋ:**

·4.7 ti paae 6.1 million (dau). 4.2 ti paae 5.4 million (pua) erythrocytes: Zi-zɛnɛug la mɔri ziim la hemoglobin ka pʋdigid oxegen. Zi-zɛnɛug kanɛ yuug pʋ mɔri nucleus nɛ organelles bʋnvʋ banɛ duadi ba biisɛ. Zi-zɛnɛug la (laam nɛ endothelial giinla nɛ laasieba mɛ paal ye glycoproteins bɛɛ li ni, kanɛ paan blood types, ziim buudi wʋsa. Ziim la makir kanɛ ka zi-zɛnɛug bɛ la buonɛ hematocrit, ka zɛm nɛ 45%. Ninsaal niŋgbiʋŋ makir bɛn kanɛ ka zi-zɛnɛug bɛ la zɛmi nɛ woo mɔɔrim 2,000, li zuoe zɛmi nɛ exterior surface, niŋgbiʋŋ la wʋsa.

.4000-11,000 leukocytes: zi-pielig paas nɛ niŋgbiʋŋ la immune system, laafi bɛllim yɛla. Ba saam mɛ ka yisid niŋgbina banɛ kʋdig la, bɛɛ banɛ pʋ bɛɛ ba bɛllim ziniginɛ, ka saam (pathogens) linɛ na mɔr wiim na tis niŋgbiʋŋ la, nɛ laabanɛ pʋ sʋm ye li bɛ niŋgbiʋŋin la. Leukocytes cancer la buonɛ leukemia.

200,000-500,000 thrombocytes: ka mɛ buon platelets la, ba mɛ paas ziim gbisib, (coagulation) tʋʋma la ni. Fibrin nɛ yi ziim gbisibin la, ni maanɛ mesh ka li lus platelet plug la zugin.

.  

**Zi-vʋya**

## Pianazug la mɛŋ: Ziim banɛ vʋe
Woo 55% ziim anɛ blood plasma, ku'or kanɛ ni ka ziim la bɛ,kanɛ ka li mɛŋ siim an dɔnbʋʋlʋm. Blood plasma la zɛmisim wʋsa anɛ 2.7-3.0 liters (2.8-3.2 quarts) saal wʋsa ni. Li anɛ aqueous kuod kanɛ mɔri kuom 92%, plasma proteins 8% nɛ laasieba mɛn yaas. Plasma ziid diibi giligid niŋgbiʋŋ la ni, diban anɛ glucose, amino acids nɛ fatty acids (kanɛ  buoe ziimin bɛɛ n bɛ plasma protein ni), ka yisid laabɛɛdnamɛ woo carbon dioxide, urea, nɛ lactic acid. 

Laabanɛ lɛn paasi an nimua anɛ:

1.    Serum albumin

2.   Gbisib (li kɛt ka ziim gbisid, coagulation)

3   li guud niŋgbiʋŋ la banasin (antibodies)

4.  . lipoprotein tʋʋma

5.    li mɔr proteins buudi bɛdigʋ

6.    . electrolytes buudi bɛdigʋ ( ba titaam anɛ sodium nɛ chloride)

Pian zug, serum la gbin anɛ plasma kanɛ yi protein gbisib ni. Protein kanɛ kplim la titaam anɛ albumin nɛ immunoglobulins.

**Zɛɛm**

Ziim, blood PH maalɛye li zie 7.35 ken paae 7.45 bɛn, kɛt ka li zɛmis nɛ basic (compensation). Kuod sieba banɛ bɛ ziimin ka mɔri PH ka li pʋ paae 7.35 mɔrɛ miisim, acidic galis, ka ziim PH kanɛ 7.45 mɛ pʋ mɔri paŋa, basic. PH kanɛ pʋ paae 6.9 bɛɛ gaad 7.8 mɔri lethal saŋa wʋsa. Ziim PH, partial pressure of oxegen (pO), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO), nɛ bicarbonate (CHO) maalɛ sʋŋa nɛ homeostatic mechanisms nam, kɛt ka vʋʋsim laad zinigin nɛ dʋʋnim laad zinigin ka li zɛmisid miisim la nɛ vʋʋʋsim la kanɛ buon compensation la. Arterial blood gas test ka ba mɔri makidi ba yɛla. Plasma ziid hormones giligid, kɛt ka ka di paad tissue wʋsa. Ziim buudi wʋsa electrolytes reference ranges maanɛ niŋgbiʋŋ zinig wʋsa.     

**Bʋnvʋya banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid la ni bɛllim**

Ninsaalib ziim mɛ anɛ yinnɛ nɛ bʋnkɔnbid ziim, amaa ka ba ziim-vʋya nam la kanl, bɛdim, protein bɛllim, nɛ linɛ nami kpɛlim lɛɛ bɛ kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb, bʋnkɔnbid la ni. Li yaa anɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid la ni bɛllim, kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb bɛ li pʋʋgin hali

* Zi-vʋya wiid linɛ bɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid la ni la anɛ kpaaa ka pʋ mɔr niŋgbiʋŋ ziesim, ka mɛ pʋ mɔri ba zi-vʋya la ziesimm.

* Banɛ taa anɛ kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb n bɛ gʋn-gʋn ka ka ziimis wʋʋ zi-piela bʋnvʋya la; titʋʋnli, wʋʋ linɛ zɛɛm sianam taa bɛ b ani pamm n gaad ninsaalib ni.
* Bʋnkɔnbid wʋsa nii, platelets anɛ linɛ bɛ li kɔnɔ nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid la; nucleated bʋmbil, zi-vʋya suor linɛ buon ye thrombocytes linɛ tʋm n sʋŋidi gʋʋd ziim kɔɔb. 

## '''Niŋgbiʋŋ paalʋ'''
**Ziim-giligir lua**

Pianazug: Ziim-giligir lua 

Ziim zɔti giligid niŋgbiʋŋ la ka li dɔlnɛ ziim diinla linɛ pɔmpid ziim la n yit sunsunf la ni na. Ninsaalib nii, ziim la ɛɛnti pɔmnɛ yi dagɔbʋg sunsunf la baba n dɔl niŋgbaʋŋ sieba ni yina ka dɔl giinl sieba ni n fɛndigi lɛb sunsunf la datiʋŋ baba. Ani ka li yuun tabili kpɛn datiʋŋ ventricle la ni ka ani ka li yuun pɔmppii dɔl sɔnfulifuud la ni kpɛn sɔnfulifuud la ni ka fɛndigi dɔl sɔnfulifuud giinla la ni n lɛb dagɔbʋg dɔɔg la ni. Din nyaaŋ la ziim na lɛn lɛbi kpɛn dagɔbʋg dɔɔg la baba ka li lɛn siiŋ giligir yaas. Ziim linɛ buon arterial la ziid pɛbisim sʋŋ la yit pɛbisʋŋ linɛ bɛ yiʋŋ n tis niŋgniʋŋ bʋnvʋya wʋsa, ka ziim linɛ buon venous la mɛ ziid pɛbisbɛɛd, laabɛɛdnam banɛ ka bʋnvʋya la naami ba, zii ba kpɛnes sɔnfulifuud la ni ka o vʋʋsi li bas yiʋŋ. Laamnɛ wala, linɛ bɛ li kɔnɔ sunsunf la giinla ni, linɛ mɔr pɛbisbɛɛd-ziim n bɛ niŋgbiʋŋ la ni, amaa ka sɔnfulifuud la giinla lɛɛ mɔr ziim-pɛbisʋŋ. Li mɛ tɔnɔ tuli zɔti lɛbid ka li dɔlnɛ kɔnba ni giinla la ken siem la zug, ba na nyaŋi din giinla la tabil taab ka tus ziim la dɔl linɛ mɔri li tʋm la ni ka li zɔo lɛb datiʋŋ dɔog la baba.

Li anɛ William Harvey Yʋʋma 1628 la ni ka o da piana bigis ziim kaarʋŋ la yɛla.

**Zi-vʋya naamʋg nɛ li sanamʋg**

Li yaa anɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid la nii, ziim vʋya la naamidnɛ n bɛ kɔnba biim la ni ka lin dɔl suo-sia tʋm la buonnɛ ye hematopoiesis, linɛ paasi li ni anɛ erythropoiesis, linɛ naamid zi-vʋya wiid la; nɛ myelopoiesis, linɛ mɛ naamid zi-vʋya piela la nɛ platelets nam. Biilim saŋa nii, ninsaal kɔnba wʋsa naamidnɛ zi-vʋya wiid la; yaa anɛ kpɛɛmnamma,  zi-vʋya wiid la naamʋg pʋ zuogid kɔnba la bɛdigʋ nii: li yaa anɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid la niŋgbina nii, ba binisa kɔnba la (sternum),

as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), sapidi kɔnba baba la, nyuur tɛŋir baba kɔnba, nɛ kɔnba banɛ bɛ kpɛkpama zug nɛ nɔba. Linɛ lɛn paas yaas, biilimin win, thymus gland la, bɛnɛ tɛnsʋg, li anɛ nimua babir ziekanɛ ka ti paamid T lymphocytes. bʋnvʋya banɛ gɔsid nimmalʋg ziim la (laamnɛ nimmalʋg zi-vʋya banɛ gʋʋd ziim kɔɔb la) naamidnɛ hali pamm n bɛ sɔɔnr la ni, ala mɛn ka kpinnim zi-vʋya la naamidnɛ bɛ endocrine bɛ ziisia la, ka linɛ mɛ suoe kuom tʋʋma la anɛ hypothalamus ka ani ka sia-nini la yuun gʋri li.

Erythrocytes nam banɛ mɔr laafi mɔr plasma vʋm linɛ wʋʋ dabisa 120 ka nyaan sanam, nɛ Kupffer zi-vʋya linɛ bɛ sɔɔnr la ni. Sɔɔnr la mɛ sʋŋidi yisid pɔnɔsim, kpaam, nɛ linɛ an zɛɛm. Sia-nini la mɛ sʋgidi yisid laayaalis n ken dʋʋdim ziikin la.Ziim nwasim

## Sɔbi la  Mɛ: Hemoglobin

### Nuubil gil kanɛ ziim yina
Hemoglobin anɛ yɛlkpan , dina  paan ziim la nwasim(hemochrome).  Molecule wʋsa mɔri heme pudigi anaasi, ka ba tʋʋm nɛ  taaba ka di kɛ ka molecules nam tiaki nwasim la. Ziim kanɛ ka pɛbisim bɛ la nɛ zi-gil la an zɛnug, pɛbisim la paasidi zɛnʋg la nwasim paŋ tis  heme pudigi la. Ziim kanɛ ka pɛbisim ka la , anɛ sabil -zɛnug; dina bɛnɛs gilla pʋʋgin, ka di nyɛt saŋa ka ba yisid ziim bɛ ba nɔk ziim ti tɛɛs . Bɔzugɔ bugum kanɛ ka hemoglobin die la bɛ kɔnɔb kɔnɔb dina wɛlig pibisim nɛ zisiela nɛ pɛbisim nɛ ka zisiela.

## Gbanvɛɛnsa