Tampiig

Zamis kanɛ gɔsid dunia laad nɛ kuga yɛl la paal ye, **tampiins** (bɛɛ kuga) anɛ dinɛ ka Winaam maal ka li anɛ laabanɛ mɔr tɛbisim ka kpi'em ka ba buon minerals bɛɛ mineraloid la yaa laas taaba. Tampiis bɛ kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb ka li anɛ laad banɛ laasi kilimi di la ka ba nɔkidi baŋi di li, nɛ din gɛndig si'em, nɛ din kilim si'em-si'em. Tampiins paas nɛ teŋgbaŋ laad banɛ ka sɔ na nyaŋi gbane nɛ nuus, ka ba buon crust la, nɛ di pʋʋgin, ka di yiiŋ gbɛɛsim nɛ tampiing kanɛ nyɛligidi bɛ tɛŋ tɛŋir asthenosphere pʋʋgin. Tampiis zamisig yɛla mɔr zamisbibisi di pʋʋgin, ba sieba an petrology nɛ mineralogy. Di tune gɔsidnɛ tampiins banɛ bɛ teŋgbaŋ zug bɛɛ di tune an planetary geology dinɛ ka ba zamisid tampiins nɛ laad banɛ bɛi pɛbisim zug.

Tampiis mɔr kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb atan: igneous tampiis, sedimentary tampiis nɛ metamorphic tampiis. Igneous rock la maan si'em an tampintʋʋla bɛɛ magma yaa maae, bɛɛ teŋ la gbinin ya laaŋ bugum dʋ agɔl na, maae tɛngbaŋ zug bɛɛ kɔlis pʋʋg. Sedimentary rock la maan si'em yit nɛ kugbaanlig yaa laas taaba ka ba buon diagenesis bɛɛ lithification la, din yitnɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn dɛŋi bɛ yaa bʋas biel-biel, laas taaba kilim. Metamorphic rock maani yit nɛ tampiis banɛ pʋn bɛ sa, yaa tʋlig hali ka lɛɛ pʋ nyaŋi nyɛlig wala saa.

Ninsaalib  banɛ da bɛ dunia pin'ilugin nɛ kudumin sa la nɔk tampiinsi maal si'elnam hali. Saŋkaŋa ka ba buon kuga yʋʋm la, ka ba da mɔr kuga maan laad bɛdigʋ. Ba da mɔr kuga mɛɛd ya nɛ mɛɛb banɛ ka ba da mɛɛd wʋsa. Sanlima nɛ kʋnt sieba gaansʋg da pinilya ka ba yisit kʋnt nam la yit tampiins la pʋʋgin. Naasaasɔɔng kɛya ka ba nyaŋi maal laad sieba ka ba nwɛn wʋʋ tampiinsnɛ, ka ba yinne an concrete.

## '''zamisig'''
Geology anɛ zamis kanɛ gɔsid dunia nɛ di laad yela, ka tampiingi maan siem mɛ paas anina. Petrology anɛ zamis kanɛ gɔsid tampiins la yi zinig sia na. Mineralogy anɛ zamis kanɛ gɔsid laad banɛ laasi kilim tampiing la. Ban zamisid tampiing nɛ dinɛ bɛɛ li pʋʋgin la kɛ ka ba baŋ dunia da pinil siem, ninsaali di pinil siem, nɛ laad maalig nɛ naasaasɔɔng dinɛ ka ninsaalib yʋʋn mɔr la.

Dunia laad zamisig yela nii, tampiins zamisig nɛ ban yi zinig sia na, mɛ paas anina, ba da pinil tampiing zamisig nɛ 19th century saŋa sa. Plutonism da an zamis kanɛ ka ba da zamisid sankan la, nɛ ban ti vɛnɛsi nyɛ radioactive decay yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piswai nɛ ayʋobʋ (1896) la ni ka ba yʋʋn pinili kaanl tampiins yʋʋma. Zamis kanɛ an plate tectonics la da pinil nɛ 20th century.

## '''Buudi'''
Tampiins yinɛ laad banɛ buri-bur, an banalig-banalig yaa tʋn fɔɔli laas taaba nɛ paŋ.  Tampiins sieba mɔr mineraloids, dinɛ kpiem, ka wan wʋʋ volcanic glass,  ka lɛɛ pʋ tʋn taaba fɔɔli. Laad banɛ bɛ tampiing ni la zuoe zɛm siem an yine tampiing la maal siem.

Tampiins bɛdigʋ mɔr silicate minerals, dinɛ ka silica tetrahedra paasi di pʋʋgin wan crystal lattice, ka mɛ len mɔr laad la yinne, pʋdigir atan pʋʋgin nɛ earth's crust kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piswai nɛ anu (95%). Dinɛ an silica bɛ tampiing ni la nɛ laad banɛ bɛ di pʋʋgin paan tampiing la yʋʋr nɛ din an siem.

Tampiins mɔr buudi-buudi ka di yinɛ laad banɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la an siem, pɛbisim bɛɛ kuom na nyaŋi kpɛɛ di pʋʋgin, din saalim siem bɛn, nɛ di labisim zɛm siem. Yɛlbama paanɛ tampiing la dɔlis suor sia maal. Yʋʋma zuligid la, tampiins na nyaŋi tiak buudi yinne lɛb buudi yinne dinɛ ka banɛ zamis buon ye rock cycle. Tiasik kaŋa kɛ ka tampiins buudi atan la bɛ: igneous, sedimentary nɛ metamorphic.

Buudi atan bama pʋdig nɛ zinis bɛdigʋ yaas. Tampiins nwa ɛɛnti laas taabaa la anɛ yinne. Laad banɛ maali ba la yaa na paas bɛɛ sie, ba ɛɛnti tiak nɛ yi buudi yinne kilim buudi yinne; tampiing yinne wʋsa bɛ di kɔn ka sɔ na nyaŋi baki li nɛ li taaba, ka laasidi tiasidi kilimid buudi sia. Linzugɔ, tampiing wʋsa nyɛ o yʋʋr siem yinɛ lin maal biel-biel siem kilimi li.

**Igneous rock**

Igneous rock (linɛ yi Latin sɔb *[[igneu]]<nowiki/>s* ni*,* ka di gbin an bugum*,* yit *ignis* ka di gbin an bugum*)* maan siem anɛ dinɛ ka ba buon lava bɛɛ magma, kuga yaa tʋligi nyɛligi laas taaba ka lɛbi kʋdigi gbanae taaba. Magma la yinɛ tampiing kanɛ pʋn bɛ sa yaa nyɛligi bɛ tɛngbaŋ la pʋʋg, ka ba buon mantle bɛɛ crust la. Tampiing nyɛligir yitnɛ yela atan bama yinne nina: tʋʋligi na nɔbigid, laad banɛ muk taaba kugur la pʋʋk la tɛbisim nɛ li paŋ yaa sie, bɛɛ ba vurugnɛ tiak zinig.

Igneous rocks pʋdig nɛ zinis ayi:

·        Plutonic bɛɛ intrusive maanɛ yit magma yaa maae ka laas taaba tɛngbaŋ zug. Di titʋʋli yinne an granite.

·        Volcanic bɛɛ extrusive rocks yitnɛ magma dinɛ laasid taaba la yaa an lava bɛɛ *fragmental ejecta*, ka laasi kilim pumice bɛɛ basalt.

Magma mɔr silica bɛdigʋ, di ya dʋt tɛngbaŋ zug, ka ba buoni li ye *magma differentiation*. Nwa maan ka li yinɛ minerals la yaa pʋ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ ka li yiti di pʋʋgin naa, di yaa ɛɛnti pinili maaed la (Bowen's reaction series), nɛ magma la nyɛligid crustal rock sieba banɛ ka di dɔlli bani gat la (*country rock*), ka crustal rock mɛ mɔr silica bɛdigʋ. Silica anɛ linɛ an yɛlkpan ka ba nɔkidi baŋid igneous rock buudi la. ka dinɛ lɛn paas an alkali metal oxides ka mɛ an nimmua laʋk.

Igneous rocks la faanɛ paalʋ sia Earth's crust pʋʋgin anɛ kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisyʋobʋ nɛ anu (65%). Nwa pʋʋgin, pʋdigir pisyʋobʋ nɛ ayʋobʋ, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (66%) anɛ basalt nɛ gabbro, kɔbiga pʋʋgin, piinɛ ayʋobʋ (16%) anɛ granite, ka piinɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (17%) an granodiorite nɛ diorite. 0.6% maa an syenite ka 0.3% mɛ an ultramafic. Oceanic crust la mɛ mɔr piswai nɛ awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (99%) an basalt, dinɛ an igneous rock, ka mafic bɛɛ li pʋʋgin. Granite nɛ li wannim, ka ba buon granitoids, n faane zinig continental crust ni.

**Sedimentary rock**

Sedimentary rocks la maan siem tɛngbaŋ zug anɛ tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ ya, nɛ minerals, nɛ bʋnvʋlsieba yaa laas taaba naalim ka ba sieba mɛ gbilim ka sieba mɛ laas kɔlis gbina ni. Nwa kɛt ka clastic sediments (kug baanlig) bɛɛ mɔɔd nɛ bʋnvʋlsieba (detritus) laasid taaba ganalim, ka pɛbisim kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin la yi ka basi li. Di na tʋʋns taaba ka tʋʋlig biela mɛ kpɛnɛ li tɛnsʋk ka li laas taaba (diagenesis). 

Tampiins banɛ pʋn bɛ sa ɛɛnti buri-bur, ka di anɛ kuom zii li kɛn ka di nwɛɛd taaba la yela, ka kuom bɛɛ sisiem bɛɛ ice laasiba zii kɛŋ laasi ba taaba zini sieba. Sedimentary rocks  la die paalʋ sia crust la pʋʋgin anɛ ayɔpɔi nɛ li pʋdigir awai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (7.9%), ka pisnii nɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (82%) an shales, ka ayʋobʋ, pʋdigid kɔbiga pʋʋgin (6%) an limestone, ka piinɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (12%) an sandstone nɛ arkoses. Sedimentary rocks mɔr fossils li pʋʋgi. Sedimentary rocks la maan siem yitnɛ diinlig bɛɛ tɛbisim pʋʋgin, ka paae paae nɛ taaba zug nɛ fɔɔli, ka ba lɛn buoni ba ye stratified rocks.

Sedimentary rocks banɛ nwaasi laas taaba mɛ mɔr bʋʋdi-bʋʋdi ka ba gɔsid nɛ ba labisim zɛm siem bɛn. Ban ɛɛnti buri-bur la, dinɛ pɔɔdi gat anɛ yaad bʋʋlig, ka linɛ dɔl an tanbiins baanlig, tintanbiinsig nɛ zigi. Sieba mɔr cobbles nɛ boulders makidi gɔsid.

**Metamorphic rock**

Metamorphic rocks la maan siem anɛ tampiins buudi—sedimentary rock, igneous rock bɛɛ metamorphic rock kʋda banɛ pʋn bɛ sa—yaa mugus taaba ka tʋlig, ka li tʋʋlim la mɔr paŋi gat tʋʋlig kanɛ da maal tampiins ban buudi la. Ba buon nwa ye metamorphism, ka di gbin an "lin na tiaki li aansim". Li kɛt ka kuga nwa nindaa tiakid ka len ka din daa an siem yaasɛ. Tampiing kanɛ tiaki kili o la, ba buon ye protolith, tiakidi kilimid laad sieba kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb bɛɛ dɔlisid din ɛɛnti nyɛlig la ni. Tʋʋlig kanɛ maan nwa la mɔr paŋi gat tʋʋlig kanɛ bɛ tɛngbaŋ zug: tʋʋlig la gat kɔbiga nɛ pisnu kɛŋ paae kɔbisyi (150 paae 200 °C) ka lin mugusid taaba siem mɔr paŋi gat tʋsir nɛ kɔbisnu (1500 bars). nwa maan siem yinne an linɛ buon continental plates yaa tʋʋs taaba.  Metamorphic rocks la die paalʋ sia crust la ni anɛ pisi nɛ ayɔpɔi, nɛ pʋdigir anaasi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (27.4%).

Metamorphic rock mɛ mɔri li buudi zinis atan, ka ba gɔsid nɛ lin maal siem-siem bakidi ba. Magma tʋʋlig yaa nwɛɛ tampiins ka ba tɔɔŋ taaba maan nɛ contact metamorphism—ka lin anɛ tʋʋlig la zuoe. Pressure metamorphism maan siem an kugbaanlig yaa kpɛɛ tɛŋ la pʋʋg sa; tɛbisim paŋi zuoe, ka tʋʋlig tʋʋma lɛɛ pʋ zuoe kpala. Ba buon nwa ye Burial metamorphism, ka lin maan tampiins sieba an jade. Anina ka tʋʋlig nyɛligir nɛ tɛbisim paŋ paasidi sʋŋid, ka ba buon nwa ye Regional metamorphism. Nwa titaam bɛnɛ zuoya zinisin.

Metamorphic rocks pʋdig nɛ zinis ayi, kati waae ba labisim an siem. Banɛ ka saalig la ba buoni ba ye foliated; ka banɛ kpɛlim la mɛ an non-foliated. Tampiing la yʋʋr yitnɛ laad banɛ laasi maal tampiing la ni na. Schists anɛ foliated rocks ka laad banɛ maali ba an lamellar minerals wan wʋʋ micas. Gneiss bʋʋdi la mɔr nindaas kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb, ka li yinne an granite gneiss. Foliated rock la sieba an slates, phyllites, nɛ mylonite. Wala nɔɔ ka non-foliated metamorphic rocks sieba mɛ an marble, soapstone, nɛ serpentine. Bama mɔr quartzite li ni—lin anɛ sandstone—nɛ hornfels yaa kilim metamorphic rock.

## '''Ninsaalib tʋʋma'''
Tampiing tʋʋma da paal nɛ nidib itima nɛ ba malima nɛ yaam zamisig kanɛ ka ninsaalib banɛ da bɛ kʋdimin da paam. Ninsaalib nɛ hominids bɛdigʋ da pinili mɔr tampiins nɛ kuga tʋm ka li yʋʋg hali wʋʋ yʋʋma 2.5 million banɛ gaad la. Lithic technology paal yaam banɛ ka ninsaalib da mɔr kʋdimin sa ka kpɛm mɔri tʋm. Ninsaalib nɔbigir pʋʋgin yinnɛ an ban da bʋarid tampiins la iied kugsieba li pʋʋgin la, ka ba nan kpɛn tʋm tʋʋm kaŋa nwa ka li nɔbig zinis kɔnɔb-kɔnɔ, ka bɔɔd kʋnt nam kɔnɔb-kɔnɔ, bɔzugɔ, tɛŋ wʋsa nɛ ban mɔr kʋnt sia.

**Anthropic rock**

Anthropic rock anɛ tampiing kanɛ ka ninsaalib maal. Concrete anɛ yinne dinɛ ninsaal maali yinɛ kuga ka ba nɔki laas taaba ka di da pinil nɛ Ancient Rome saŋa. Ba tiasid kuga an siem ka di anɛ ba paasidi sielnami li ni, li sieba an epoxy granite. Ninsaali maal kugsieba yʋʋn bɛ, ba yinne an Coade stone. Geologist James R. Underwood yel ye tampiins banɛ ka saalib maal la paasid nɛ bʋʋdi anaasi, igneous, sedimentary, nɛ metamorphic yaa yi.

**Mɛɛb**

Tampiins paŋ pʋ zɛm taaba, lin yi quartzites linɛ kpiɛmi tʋʋg 300 MPa paae sedimentary rock banɛ bʋgis ka fʋ na nyaŋi nwɛdig nɛ nʋʋbibis (di pʋ kpiɛma). (fʋ yaa ye fʋ maki ba, kuga banɛ mɔri maan mɛɛb laad kpiɛŋ bɛn anɛ 350 MPa.) ka li paal ye ba pʋ kpiɛma, ba da pinili waad sedimentary rock la mɛɛd ya nɛ yʋʋma tusa anaasi (4000 BCE) Egypt tɛŋin, ba da mɔr kuga mɛɛd zanguom guuda bɛ Inner Mongolia nɛ yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ kɔbisnii (2800 BCE) la ni. kuga bɛɛ tampiins banɛ bʋgis, ka ba buon tuff, titaam bɛ nɛ Italy, ka Romans dim mɛ mɔri li mɛɛd ya nɛ birig nam. Ba da mɔr Limestone bɛdigʋ tʋm mɛɛb tʋʋma Middle Ages saŋa bɛ Europe  ka li nan nyɛ yʋʋr hali 20th century.

**Tɛŋ tʋʋb**

Tɛŋ tʋʋb anɛ ban na yis minerals bɛɛ kʋnt sieba tɛngbaŋ pʋʋgin, yinɛ ore, vein bɛɛ seam ni. Titanbiisi yisib mɛ paasi li pʋʋgin. Kʋntnam banɛ ka ba bɔɔd la sieba an base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt, potash, construction aggregate nɛ dimension stone. Laad banɛ ka ba kʋ nyaŋi kʋa paam la, ba tuud nɛ tɛŋin paamid, bɛɛ ninsaal mɛŋ maal laad maalig zinig. Ba tʋʋd tɛŋ la yisit laad sieba (wʋʋ petroleum, natural gas, yaarim bɛɛ kuom) yisid tɛŋin la.

Ba da tuud tɛŋ la bɔɔd tampiins nɛ kug sieba hali ka gbana nan kae. Kʋntnam la bɔɔb zina nwa, ba yʋʋn ɛɛnti gɔs nɛ baŋ ban bɛ zinig sieba, ba baŋi li nyɔɔd bɛn, ba yaa ye ba tʋʋ li, ka pinili tʋ tɛŋ la yisi ba, ka li naar an ye ba maal tɛŋ la lɛbis ka ba nyaŋi nɔki tʋm tʋʋm sieba.

Tɛŋ tuub la tɔnoe mɔr yɛlbɛɛd sieba kɛn tɛŋgbaŋ zug na li tuub la saŋa, nɛ yʋʋma banɛ bɛ tuoni kɛnna la. Yɛlbɛɛd bama kɛ ka tɛns bɛdigʋ gbanae wada bɛdigʋ ye ba guoe yɛlbɛɛd banɛ dɔl tɛŋ la tuub la.

**Tʋʋm laad**

Ninsaalib nɛ ba nwɛnnim da mɔr kuga ka li an ba tʋʋma laad yʋʋma million nam banɛ gaad la. Stone Age da anɛ saŋa kanɛ ka ba tʋʋma laad bɛdigʋ da an kuga. Stone Age pinilig la kuga laad la da anɛ bʋn zaada nɛ linɛ ka ba maali mɔri wanad. Stone Age tɛnsʋk la, ba da maal tʋʋma laad banɛ dit ka pʋlim wan wʋʋ kpana nɛ tiraad. Stone Age naar saŋa la, ba da maal tʋʋma laad nam kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb nɛ malima laad kɔnɔb-kɔnɔb. kuga laad da kɛna gaad ka copper nɛ bronze laad kɛna die metallurgy saŋa la.

## '''Gbanvɛɛnsa'''