Bugum

**Bugum** anɛ dinɛ yiti naamid fʋ yaa nɔk kutnam bɛɛ kuga nwɛ taaba, di anɛ bʋnsienam dammʋg ka bugum la'aŋid. Di naamʋg anɛ pɛbisim dinɛ bɛ agɔla nɛ tʋʋlʋg kanɛ naamid bʋntʋguda ni.

Buntʋgʋda la yiti tʋlʋgnɛ ka bugum naam laaŋ. Yʋʋm pʋkʋdʋgin la, ba da yiti nɔknɛ kugpiel nɛ kɛbir ka gungum taba di ni nwɛ taaba ka bugum laaŋ ka ba nɔki nyuoe naan maal diib bɛɛ sɛn niim bɛɛ bʋnsɛn'ɛda.

ka bugum an si'em la zug, li tʋn'e nyaŋi la'aŋ bɛdegʋ ka nidib nɛ bʋnkɔnbid kɔ'ɔŋi ba nyɔɔr, ka li ya'a la'aŋi dit li tʋn'e ta'as ka la'ad bɛdegʋ san'am saŋa wʋsa. Bugum anɛ nimmua bʋn linɛ mɔr yɛla bɛdegʋ ken bʋnvʋlnam vʋm bɛllim dunia ni na. Yɛlsʋm linɛ ka bugum mɔr anɛ ye, li sʋŋid ka bʋnkɔnbid nɔbigid ka wɛkidi ba buudi sʋ'ʋŋa. Li yɛlbɛ'ɛd mɛ anɛ ye, li mɔr daʋŋ kennɛ ti vʋmin nɛ la'ad ni na, ka miligid pɛbisim, ka dian'ad Ku'om. Bugum ya'a la'aŋ kanb tiis, satita'ar tʋn'e ni ka ka ku'om di'e ka teŋ la kɔn ka gbɛsim-gbɛsim. Linɛ lɛn paas anɛ ye, tiis ya'a la'aŋ kanbid li mɔri  nitrogen ken pɛbisʋgʋn na, amaa ka ka' wʋʋ potassium nɛ phosphorus banɛ nwɔdigi kpɛlim tampɛgilim ni ka kilim titan tɔ'ɔtɔ laa. Nitrogen linɛ ka bugum naamid pɛbisʋgʋn la, sied titan pɔn'ɔsʋm bɛɛ kʋ'ʋlʋm ka li yuugid, ka teŋ la pɔn'ɔsʋm na nyaŋi lɛb na nitrogen ya'a bɛɛ li zin'igin ka bʋn linɛ nwɛn wʋʋ satansʋg nɛɛsim bɛɛ tiis banɛ wan biili wʋʋ clover nɛ peas bɛŋa banɛ an kansa kɛ ka li lieb ammonia.

Bugum anɛ yɛlkpan bʋnam anaasi la yinnɛ ka ninsaalib mɔri li tʋm ba'ar kaanbʋg tʋʋma, ka mɔr nyu'od mɔɔd kuob yɛla, ka mɔr dʋgʋt, ka mɔr maan tʋʋlʋg nɛ nɛɛsim, ka mɔr zanbin si'elnam, ka li mɛ tisid paŋ, ka mɔri nyɛɛn si'elnam, ka mɔr maan la'ad, ka mɔr nyu'od la'ayɔɔd, ka mɛ mɔr nyu'od bʋnkpiilʋŋ ka mɛ lɛn an zaba laʋk. 

## Di Pin'ilʋg
Linɛ ka ti buon ye, "Bugum" la yinɛ kʋdʋmin na'asaal pian'ʋk kanɛ buon *Fyr* la ni na, ka ba na tʋn'e nyaŋi tuunli di nya'ar yi German dim pian'ʋk kanɛ ka ba buon ye *fur* ka li mɛ yi proto-indo-European pian'ʋk kanɛ buon *perjos* ka li nya'ar an *paewr* la ni na. Ban sɔbid bugum si'em nannana la da anɛ ala hali yʋma tusir nɛ kɔbisyi (1200) sa, amaa ba da pʋ sɔbidi li alaa ka li paae yʋma tusir nɛ kɔbisyuobu (1600) saŋa sa ka ba yʋ'ʋn sɔbidi li ye fier wʋʋ na'asaal kanɛ da ken sʋʋgin saŋa na la ( li nam kpɛlim bɛ ka sɔb ye fiery).

## Kʋdʋmin labaar

### yɛlkʋda banɛ naam
Bugum yɛlkʋda banɛ naam gaad la da naam nɛ, ka tiis buudi bɛdegʋ yi Middle Ordovician saŋa linɛ an yʋma 470 million banɛ gaad la ni, ka li kɛt ka ninsaal vʋm pɛbisim yʋ'ʋn naam agɔl wʋʋ li buudi nan zi' naam la, ka tiis banɛ yi teŋ paala ni la lieb bʋn bɛ'ɛdnam. Ka tʋʋm kaŋa ya'a duoe tʋʋg piinɛ atan' kɔbiga pʋʋgin (13%), li tʋn'e ta'as ka bugum tita'ar la'aŋ mɔɔd nɛ tiis. Mɔɔgin bugum pin'il yiiga nɛ Late Silurian yɛlkʋda banɛ naam ni yʋma  milliyɔnnam kɔbisnaasi nɛ pisi (420) banɛ gaad sa, ka li da anɛ saana tiis. Nɔgbannwa'asim linɛ da naam Late Devonian ya'a yi, bugum saana da pʋn dɛŋim bɛ nɛ. Ninsaal vʋm pɛbisim linɛ laan giligid la, saŋa pamm linɛ sʋŋid ka bugum saana naam: ninsaal vʋm pɛbisim an yɛlkpan mɔɔgin bugum la'aŋir ni. Saŋkanɛ ka mɔɔd ti tʋlʋg ka an bʋn linɛ tʋn'e bʋnkɔnbid bɛdegʋ la, bugum yʋ'ʋn da lieb bɛdegʋ yʋma ayuobʋ (6) ti paae yuma ayɔpɔi (7) million banɛ gaad sa; nɛ'ɛŋa buudi kɛnɛ ka bugum yʋ'ʋn yadigid zin'is bɛdegʋ ni tɔ'ɔtɔ. Bugum nɛ yʋ'ʋn tiing zin'is nwa, li tʋn'ʋn naamid suosʋma banɛ kɛt ka zin'ig kʋdigid, ka tʋʋlʋg bɛ ka li an sʋm tis bugum. 

### '''Ninsaali nyaŋid mɔr bugum si'em'''
**Yiiga nidib mɔrim**   

Ya'ag kanɛ na nyaŋi zanl bɛɛ mɔr bugum da anɛ bʋn linɛ ka kʋdʋmin nidib da mɔri li di'em ka li tiak. Bugum ya'a mɔr tʋʋlʋg nɛ nɛɛsim, li sʋŋid nɛ ka nidib nyaŋid dʋgʋdi ba diib, ala mɛn nɔɔ ka li sʋŋid ka kɛt ka diib sʋŋid niŋgbiŋ ka kʋʋd bʋnvʋl bɛ'ɛdnam banɛ bɛ diib ni ka ban'as sied. Ka bugum walim bɛɛ tʋʋlʋg kanɛ bɛ la na sʋŋ ka nidib uos waad saŋa, ka li sʋŋidi ba ka ba nyaŋid bɛ zin'ibanɛ ma'ae bɛɛ ka waad bɛ. Bugum mɛ lɛn sʋŋid ka bʋnvʋlnam nyaŋidi bɛ ku'om zin'ig baba. Vɛɛnsʋg kasɛt linɛ kɛ ka ba baŋ ban mɔr bugum dʋgʋt diib la da anɛ yʋma 1 million linɛ gaad sa. Ka kasɛta kaŋa pa'al ye ba da mɔr bugum maal si'elnam hali yʋma 1 million linɛ gaad sa la. Ka vɛɛnsʋg zin'isieba mɛ pa'al ye ba da mɔr tʋm nɛ yʋma tusa kɔbisnaasi banɛ gaad la sa (400,000). Ka kasɛta linɛ tiing paae zin'is bɛdegʋ yʋma pisnu ti paae yʋma tusir kɔbʋg la (50 ti paae 100,000) pa'al ye, ba da pʋn mɔri li tʋm nɛ saŋkan la sa; ka linɛ an bʋn sʋŋ la anɛ ye pɛbisim da pu san'am nidibi bɛ zin'isi'a wʋsa saŋkan laa. Ka bugum tʋʋma kpɛn ken tuon yim hali ka an sʋm, ka ba mɔri li maan bugum saana, ka mɔr tɔn'ɔsid mɔɔgin kɔnbid din yi yʋma tusir kɔbis banɛ gaad la sa. Teŋ sieba ni ba da mɔr bugum ka li an bʋn linɛ ka ba mɔri tɛɛgid nidib tʋbir ka namisdi ba, ba tʋʋmbɛ'ɛd zug, ka li kasɛt linɛ pa'an sida anɛ ye ba tʋn'e nɔki li kʋ, ba mɛ lɛn tʋn'e zaŋ tʋbtɛɛgir la'ad wʋʋ kut sa'alaas ka kabig ku'om niŋi li pʋʋgin, ka kpa'ae kpaam niŋi li ni, ka nɔki li zuol bugumin ka li dʋg tʋlʋg hali ka zaŋ tʋbzian'asim sɔb la lɔs sa'alaa la pʋʋgin ka li wʋm o ka o namis o tʋʋmbɛ'ɛd la yɛla.   

**Ninsaalib nya'aŋ mɔrim yɛla**   

Bugum tʋʋm zuoe zina nwa. Ti yaa ye ti gɔs titʋa ninsaal kanɛ bɛ duniya wʋsa mɔr bugum maan siel daar wʋsa, ka nyaŋi tɔnɔe li. Banɛ banad lɔɔm banɛ tʋlʋgit la mɔr nɛ bʋgʋm tʋm saŋa wʋsaa la, ban mɔri ba lɔɔm la kɛn la. Thermal power stations mɔr bugum ka li kilimit naasaa bugum tis nɛ ninsaalib bɛdigʋ ka li yinɛ ban na laaŋ bugum saana bɛɛ pɛbis mɛŋir bɛɛ kpaam, ka li tʋʋlik la na nyaŋi dʋk kuom ka li lɛɛgi kilim walim ka dɔlis laa sieba nii na nyaŋi tʋm tʋʋma bɛdigʋ.

**Bugum tʋʋma zaba ni**

Ban mɔr bʋgʋm zaba zinisin la da pinil ka li yʋʋg hali. Bugum da kɛ ka ba nyaŋi maal kunt zaba laad la wʋsa. Byzantine kuomin pʋlʋs la da mɔr bugum zabid nɛ ba taaba nɛ anriŋ titada.

Malifʋ zɔɔm da pinili bɛ China la da ka ba maal zaba laad banɛ  yit bugum pielim yʋʋm tusir (1000 CE) saŋa ka li kɛ ka ba maal zaba laad banɛ yinɛ malifʋ zɔɔm la ni na.

Kʋdʋmin banɛ da lɔbid bugum pielim la da paas soogia namin zab First World War, German zabzabidib la da nɔkili tʋm yiiga zabi gɛɛs nɛ French zabzabidib bɛ Verdun baba yʋʋm tusir, kɔbʋswai nɛ piinɛ anu, nwadis ayi (February 1915) la ni. li yaaŋ ka ba nyaŋi nɔkili tabil zaba lɔnamin duniya zab kanɛ da paas ayi la ni.

Nʋʋgin bombs linɛ laaŋid da kɛna die gilaas kɔliba, ka li nyaaŋ ka ba da buon ye Molotov cocktails, ka li da anɛ Spanish Civil War saŋa yʋʋm tusir, kɔbʋswai nɛ pistan (1930s) la ni. Zaba kan la ni ba da yiya nɛ nʋʋgin bombs la zab nɛ Guernica by Fascist Italian nɛ Nazi German pɛbisimin sɔɔgia banɛ kɛna ye ba sʋŋ nɛ Franco's  tɛŋ nidib.

Axis nɛ Allies da lɔb bomb gbila nwa dunia wʋsa zab kanɛ da paas ayi la (Second World War), ba da lɔb nɛ Coventry, Tokyo, Rotterdam, London, Hamburg nɛ Dresden; tɛnɛs ayi banɛ bɛ gbinnin la, ba da nyʋɔe nɛ bʋgʋm gilig tɛŋ ban gbiligʋ tɛnsʋk ka nyaŋ teŋ bama, ban da mɔr bugum la zug. United States pɛbisimin sɔɔgianam la mɛ da kɔk bomb la zab nɛ Japanese zabzabidib, nwadis biela zab titaar la nyaaŋ, ka da saam tɛnpʋʋg la wʋsa,  ka ba da nɔk daad nɛ paper mɛɛ ba Yanam la. Bomb kanɛ an kuom ka ba bʋon napalm ka ba da noki zab zaba yʋʋm tusir, kɔbʋswai, nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anaasi, nwadis ayɔpɔi ni (July 1944), Second World War nyaaŋ la, ka li lɛɛ nan pʋ yi paalʋ na nɛ Vietnam zaba la ni da kɛna ka ba nyaan baŋi li.

**Bugum zanllim**

Tinamɛ na nɔk bugum maal ka li an biela, tinamɛ bɔɔd ye li zɛm siem bɛn ka pʋ dit nɛ bugum pielimm amaa, sieba nan mɔr bugum pielim tʋmmi ba tʋʋma. Ban anɛ banɛ nyɛligid kʋnt nam la nɛ. Sieba mii bugum dʋgʋb titʋa, ka mɔr baŋir kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi baŋ ban na nyʋʋeli siem, nyaŋi sie tʋʋlig la , bugum pielim la nɛ nyɔnɔs linɛ dɔl bugum la; ba mi ban na niŋ siem lʋs bugum la ka pɛbisim da kpiisi li, ka li bɛi paae ban ti bɔɔdi li saŋa sia wʋsa; ba gaŋid ban na dɔlis siem lus bugum la, ka mɛ zanguom gbiligi lus bugum la tɛnsʋk ka di an bugum la dɔɔg, ka maan dɔɔd la sɛnɛd diib, bɛɛ ban maan laad zinis sieba kuosid la ka ba mɔr bugum tʋʋlig la nyɛligid laadi maan. Yɛlbama vɛnligi paal gbana bɛdigʋ banɛ ka ba sɔbi kati waae banɛ kunt kuntnam tʋʋma yela la ni, ka li paan ban mɔri li gbɛɛd mɔɔgin tʋm siem, bɛɛ soogianam mɔri li ba sʋak zinis nɛ ba yaan bugun tʋʋma. 

**Li paŋ la nyaŋidi tʋm tʋʋm banɛ mɔr nyɔɔd**

Ba yaa nyʋɔ bugum bɛɛ bʋntʋʋlig, li zaŋid lak kanɛ nyʋɔ la tiaki li ka li kilim tʋʋligi mɔr paŋ; ba da pinili mɔr daadi laaŋid bugum hali ka gbana da nan kae na sɔb yɛlkʋda digilɛ. International Energy Agency paal ye dunia laad banɛ mɔr paŋ la, kɔbiga pʋʋgin, pisnii (80%) yinɛ laad banɛ na nyaŋi nɔki nyʋɔ bugum ni ka ba sieba an petroleum, winaam pɛbisim nɛ bugum saana, yʋʋma bɛdigʋ pʋʋgin. bugum tʋʋligi laas ka ba buon power station la, ba mɔri li tʋligit kuom, ka li walim la kɛŋ kpɛɛ kʋnt sia ni. Li na kɛ ka kʋnt ka giligi dɔlis bugum wiing ni, ka li tis nidib naasaa bugum. ba mɛ mɔr bugum tɔmisid kʋnt nam, li tʋʋlig la zug, ka mɛ lɛn mɔri li ka li tʋm tʋʋma bɛ kʋnt banɛ siisid taaba ni pʋʋgin bɛɛ yiŋ, ka li kɛt ka ba tʋligid.

Kʋnt nam yaa nɛɛm taaba, nɛ tʋʋlig pʋʋgin, li na pigis. Ka ba buon dinɛ pigis la ye *[[clinke]]<nowiki/>r*, di yaa nan pʋ nyɛligɛ, amaa di yaa nyɛlig di kilimid nɛ tampɛligim.

## La'abanɛ la'asi an bugum
**Dinɛ laas**

Bugum naamid siem anɛ bʋn dinɛ laaŋid yaa laas nɛ bʋnlinɛ na nyaŋi bʋasi-bʋas li, ka ba laas taaba tiaki ba mɛŋi tʋlig, ka pɛbisim (carbon dioxide) nɛ kuom yina. ba buon tiakir kaŋa ye combustion reaction, ka di ka nɛ bʋn yinne kɛt ka bugum laaŋida, ka lɛɛ anɛ laa sia ɛɛnti gɛndig o tiraan. baa bʋn linɛ bʋasid dinɛ laaŋid la ka li nyaan laaŋid la an pɛbis kanɛ ka ti vʋʋsid (oxygen) la, bʋnsieba mɛ bɛ na nyaŋi tʋm tʋʋm kan mɛn. Ba yinne anɛ chlorine trifluoride dinɛ na nyaŋi laas titan ka bugum laaŋ.

Bugum na laaŋ, fʋ yaa nɔk lak kanɛ laaŋid bugum laas nɛ dinɛ na nyaŋi bʋasi li, wʋʋ pɛbis kanɛ ka ti vʋʋsid la bɛɛ o taaba, yaa laas ka tʋʋlig biela bɛi anina, ka tʋʋlig la mɔr paŋ biela gat pɛbisim la bɛɛ laaŋir lauk la, ka tiakir nyaŋi naam ba pʋʋgin. Ba buoni nwa ye bugum laaŋir suor bɛɛ fire tetrahedron. Bugum ku nyaŋi laaŋɛ, yɛlbama yaa pʋ laas taaba ka li zɛnmisɛ. Bugum na laaŋ, fʋ yaa laas kuokanɛ laaŋid bugum wʋʋ petrol la nɛ pɛbisim kanɛ  kati vʋʋsid la (oxygen) ka ba zɛm taaba, ba yaa pʋ zɛm taaba, bugum la kʋ laaŋɛ. Laad banɛ laŋid bugum nɛ pɛbis kanɛ vʋʋsid la yaa laas taaba, saŋa sieba, bɔɔd yɛ fʋ paas dinɛ na kɛ ka bugum la laaŋ tɔɔtɔɔ ka ba buon catalyst, din pʋ dit bugumin  la, ka lɛɛ paasid nɛ laad banɛ kɛt ka bugum laaŋid la ni, ka di kɛt ka bugum la laaŋ tɔɔtɔɔ.

Bugum yaa laaŋ, bugum la laasid taaba ka nyaŋidi mɔri di mɛŋ tʋʋlig, dɔlisid nɛ din na kpɛn kɛn tuoni yisid tʋʋlig la. Bugum la tɔnɛ nobig, pɛbisim yaa b anina ka dinɛ laaŋid la mɛ bɛ.

Dinɛ laasid nɛ bugum laad ka li laaŋid la yaa an pɛbis kanɛ ka ti vʋʋsid la, ka o pɛbis taaba mɛ gilig, ka mɔr tɛbisim paŋ bɛɛ paŋ kan paŋ bɛɛ paŋ kanɛ giligid la buudi bɛi li pʋʋgin, li na maal pɛbis tʋʋlig, ka yis bun linɛ laaŋid nam, ka vɛɛg pɛbisim kɛn bugum la ni na. Paŋ kanɛ vɛɛgid laad tɛbisa sigisid tɛŋin la yaa kae, bugum la mɛŋ na yis laa sieba banɛ laaŋid nɛ pɛbisim banɛ pʋ laaŋid bugum li pʋʋgin na, ka pɛbis kanɛ ka ti vʋʋsid la pʋ paasɛ, linzug, bugum la na kpiis. Nwa yela, li tɔi nɛ bugum na nyaŋi laaŋ naasaa silig kanɛ kɛn biel-biel.Amaa, pɛbisim la yaa dɔl nɛ suor sia kpɛɛ ka kaa li yinɛ naasaa silig la mɛŋ tʋʋlig nii, li tɔne laaŋ.

Ti tɔne kpiis bugus ka li yinɛ tinamɛ na widig bɛɛ yis bugum laad la ka ba da siis taaba. Ti yaa gɔs bugum pielim dinɛ yit gas dug la nina, dinɛ ka ba tɔɔŋ stove-top burner. Ti na dɔlis nɛ suor bama kpiis bugum nwa:

·        Yɔɔg gas dʋg la ka di da yis bʋn dinɛ laŋid la naa;

·        Lusim bugum pielim la nyain, li na widig pɛbisim banɛ laaŋid bugum la;

·        buom inert gas wʋʋ carbon dioxide, ka li na widig pɛbis kanɛ mɔr bugum la;

·        Niŋim kuom, ka li na maae ka tʋʋlig linɛ kɛt ka bugum la dit la gaad (fʋ tɔne limis bɛɛ fʋʋs pɛbisim bɛdigʋ kpa bugum pielim la, ka tʋʋlig kanɛ laas nɛ gas la laaŋ la na widig); bɛɛ

·        Fʋ yaa niŋ tiim ka bugum la kʋ zɛɛlim yaasa ka na kpiŋ wʋʋ Halon (tɛŋ sieba kadi li kuosug yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ pisi nɛ atan, 2023). Fʋ yaa niŋ bugum la tiim nwa di sied bugum la diib nɛ ka li kpiŋid.

Fʋ yaa bɔɔd ye fʋ paas bugum paŋ, fʋ on paasi li tʋʋlig la. Fʋ na dɔl suor sia maal nwa anɛ fʋ na nɔk dinɛ laaŋid bugum, nɛ dinɛ gɛndigid ka di laaŋid la laas taaba ka ba zɛm taaba. Fʋ yaa paasid nɛ dinɛ laaŋid bugum la, fʋ on kɛ ka ba zɛm ka mɛ paas bugum la tʋʋlig ka bugum la mɛŋ tʋʋlig zalli li ka li dit bɛɛ fʋ na paas bʋn linɛ na kɛ ka dinɛ laaŋid bugum la nɛ dinɛ gɛndigid ka bugun nyaan laaŋid la ka ba laas taaba laaŋ tɔɔtɔɔ.

**Bugum pielim**

## Gbanvɛɛnsa

       **Labaya la yi zin'isieba**

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* Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C (2006). "Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects". *International Journal of Wildland Fire*. **3** (15): 319–345. doi:. S2CID 724358. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
*

## Tuon kariŋ

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* Safford, Hugh D., et al. "Fire ecology of the North American Mediterranean-climate zone." in *Fire ecology and management: Past, present, and future of US forested ecosystems* (2021): 337–392. re California and its neighbors online