នាឡិកាខ្សាច់

**នាឡិកាខ្សាច់** ឬនាឡិកាកែវ គឺជាឈ្មោះឧបករណ៍ម្យ៉ាង សម្រាប់វាស់ពេលវេលារយៈពេលខ្លី ទៅតាមតម្រូវការរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់។ នាឡិកាខ្សាច់នេះ មានវាស់ពេលចំនួន៣នាទី ក៏មាន ១ម៉ោងក៏មាន ទៅតាមខ្នាតដែលគេ​ឆ្នៃធ្វើមក។ តាមភាសាបរទេស គេអាច​ហៅថាអេកថែមមើ (eggtimer) ព្រោះជាឧបករណ៍ ដែលគេប្រើសម្រាប់កំណត់ពេលស្ងោរស៊ុត។ នាឡិកាប្រភេទនេះ មានអំពូលពីរធ្វើអំពីកែវ តភ្ជាប់គ្នា ជាទំរង់បញ្ឈរ ដើម្បីឲ្យខ្សាច់ហូរពីអំពូលកែវផ្នែកខាងលើ ចុះមកផ្នែកខាងក្រោម តាមរន្ធដ៏តូចនៅត្រង់ផ្នែកកណ្តាល។ នៅពេលដែលខ្សាច់ហូរអស់ពីអំពូលកែវផ្នែកខាងលើ គេអាចត្រឡប់ឧបករណ៍នេះបញ្ច្រាស់មកវិញ គឺអំពូលដែលនៅផ្នែកខាងក្រោម ដាក់នៅផ្នែកខាងលើវិញ ហើយចាប់គិតរយៈពេល ដែលខ្សាច់ហូរចុះមក​អំពូលខាងក្រោម ឡើងវិញ។ កត្តាដែលធ្វើឲ្យឧបករណ៍នេះ វាស់ពេលបានត្រឹមត្រូវ មិនលំអៀង គឺ គេត្រូវគិតអំពីចំនួនខ្សាច់ ដែលត្រូវដាក់បញ្ចូល ក្នុងអំពូលនោះ ទំហំរបស់អំពូល ទំហំផ្នែកកណ្តាល (ផ្នែក ក) ដែលខ្សាច់ត្រូវហូរចុះ និងគុណភាព​របស់ខ្សាច់។ ក្រៅពីខ្សាច់ប្រភេទនេះ គេអាចប្រើម្សៅសំបកស៊ុត ឬម្សៅម៉ាបក៏បាន។  (sources disagree on the best material). បច្ចុប្បន្ននេះ នាឡិកាខ្សាច់ ត្រូវបានគេប្រើសម្រាប់វាស់រយៈពេលស្ងោរស៊ុត ឬវាស់រយៈពេលគិត របស់ដៃគូ ក្នុងការលេងល្បែងមួយចំនួន ដូចជាល្បែងអុក ត-អក្សរ ឬ រៀបអក្សរ ជាដើម។ 

## ប្រវត្តិ
 bearing an hourglass; detail  Lorenzetti's *Allegory of Good Government*, 1338]]

ដើមកំណើតនៃនាឡិកាខ្សាច់មិនត្រូវបានគេដឹងច្បាស់លាស់ទេ តែវាត្រូវបានណែនាំទៅក្នុងទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុបនៅសតវត្សទី៨ ដោយសង្ឃមួយព្រះអង្គ ព្រះនាម Luitprand ដែលមកពីព្រះវិហារគ្រឹស្គមួយនៅឆាត្រេស ប្រទេសបារាំង។ Fresco "Allegory of good Government" ត្រូវបានបង្កើតដំបូងនៅឆ្នាំ១៣៣៨ ដោយលោកAmbrogio Lorenzetti។ នាឡិកាខ្សាច់ ត្រូវបានគេពេញនិយមប្រើប្រាស់ នៅអំឡុង​ដើម​សតវត្ស៍ទី១៤ Unlike its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, which may have been invented in ancient Egypt, the hourglass is believed to have originated in medieval Europe. This theory is based on the fact that the first written records of it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. 

Hourglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea.  Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not affect the hourglass.  The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was prone to get condensation inside it during temperature changes.  Seamen found that the hourglass was able to help them determine longitude, distance east or west from a certain point, with reasonable accuracy.

## Practical uses
Hourglasses were an early dependable, reusable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather.

From the 15th century onwards, they were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the church, in industry and in cookery.
 
During the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan around the globe, his vessels kept 18 hourglasses per ship. It was the job of a ship's page to turn the hourglasses and thus provide the times for the ship's log. Noon was the reference time for navigation, which did not depend on the glass, as the sun would be at its zenith. More than one hourglass was sometimes fixed in a frame, each with a different running time, for example 1 hour, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, and 15 minutes.

### Modern practical uses
While they are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them.  Both houses of the Australian Parliament use three hourglasses to time certain procedures, such as divisions.

The sandglass is still widely used as the kitchen egg timer; for cooking eggs, a three-minute timer is typical, hence the name "egg timer" for three-minute hourglasses. Egg timers are sold widely as souvenirs.
 in Budapest, Hungary.]]
Sand timers are also sometimes used in games such as Pictionary and Boggle to implement a time constraint on rounds of play, and provide a sense of urgency to the game of Quicksand.

## Symbolic uses
's "Bloody&nbsp;Red" jack, c. 1714]]
Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the past and the future, and this has made it an enduring symbol of time itself.

The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often depicted as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the "" will run out for every human life. It was used thus on pirate flags, to strike fear into the hearts of the pirates' victims. In England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries.  The hourglass was also used in alchemy as a symbol for hour.

The former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich in London used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of GMT. The district's successor, the Royal Borough of Greenwich, uses two hourglasses on its coat of arms.

### Modern symbolic uses
Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as a timekeeper. For example, the American television soap opera *Days of our Lives*, since its first broadcast in 1965, has displayed an hourglass in its opening credits, with the narration, "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives," spoken by Macdonald Carey.

កំព្យូទ័រភាគច្រើន graphical user interfaces នៅពេលដែលកំពុងដំណើរការកម្មវិធីណាមួយ ទស្សន៍ទ្រនិច (cursor) ដែលស្ថិតនៅក្នុងកម្មវិធីនោះ ដូរទៅជារូបនាឡិកាកែវ បញ្ជាក់ថា កម្មវិធីនេះកំពុង​ធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការ ហើយ​មិនមានប្រតិកម្ម (មិន​អនុញ្ញាត) ឲ្យអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់បញ្ចូល ឬបញ្ជាលើកម្មវិធីនេះឡើយ។ សញ្ញានាឡិការកែវនៅក្នុងកម្មវិធីមួយ មិនអាច​មាន​ឥទ្ធិពលលើកម្មវិធីដទៃឡើយ។ ​អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់អាច​ធ្វើ​ការងារលើកម្មវិធីដទៃទៀត កំឡុងពេលដែល​កម្មវិធីនេះ កំពុង​ធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការ។ នៅពេលដែលរូបសញ្ញានាឡិកាកែវនេះរលត់បាត់ បញ្ជាក់ថា កម្មវិធីនេះនៅក្នុងលក្ខណៈរង្វិលជុំ រង់ចាំការបញ្ចប់ពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ ឬធ្វើការងារបន្តទៀត ដូចជា បញ្ចូលCDជាដើម។ នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធយូនីកូដ រូបនាឡិកាកែវនៅ`U+231B` ().

## Hourglass motif
Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in Native American art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example, the body of the Thunderbird or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a Chuncho jungle dweller.  In Zulu textiles they symbolise a married man, as opposed to a pair of triangles joined at the base, which symbolise a married woman.  Neolithic examples can be seen among Spanish cave paintings. Observers have even given the name "hourglass motif" to shapes which have more complex symmetry, such as a repeating circle and cross pattern from the Solomon Islands. Both the members of Project Tic Toc,from television series the Time Tunnel and the Challengers of the Unknown use symbols of the hourglasse representing either time travel or time running out.

## មើលផងដែរ
* Water clock
* Marine sandglass

## ឯកសារយោង
## អានបន្ថែម
**Books**
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**Periodicals**
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