ស៊ីទ្រុងជ្រូក

**C#** (បញ្ចេញសំឡេង *ស៊ីឝាប*)គឺជាភាសាកម្មវិធីពហុគំរូមួយដែលដាក់បញ្ចូលក្បួនកម្មវិធីកិច្ចការដាក់ប្រភេទខ្លាំង អាជ្ញាបញ្ជា ប្រតិវេទ មុខងារ ប្រភេទ តម្រង់កម្មវត្ថុ ពឹងផ្អែកថ្នាក់ និងតម្រង់ទៅសមាសភាគ។ វាត្រូវបានអភិវឌ្ឍដោយម៉ៃក្រូសបក្នុង.NET (ដតណិត)ដែលផ្ដើមនិងក្រោយមកបានយល់ស្របថាជាមាត្រដ្ឋានដោយស.ស.គ.អ. រឺ Ecma (ECMA-៣៣៤) និងអ.ម.អ. រឺ ISO (ISO/IEC 23270:2006)។ C# គឺជាមួយក្នុងចំណោមភាសាកម្មវិធីដេលបានរចនាសម្រាប់ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធភាសាសាមញ្ញ។ 

C# ត្រូវបានទុកបម្រុងជាភាសាកម្មវិធីធម្មតា ទំនើប គោលបំណងទូទៅ តម្រែតម្រង់កម្មវត្ថុមួយ។

* ភាសាC#ត្រូវទុកសម្រាប់ជាភាសាកម្មវិធីធម្មតា ទំនើប គោលបំណងទូទៅ តម្រែតម្រង់កម្មវត្ថុ។ 
* ភាសានេះ និងប្រតិបត្តិកម្មក្នុងនោះ គួរតែផ្ដល់ជំនួយសម្រាប់បថបវិធានវិស្វកម្មវាំរទន់ដូចជា ការពិនិត្យប្រភេទខ្លាំង ការពិនិត្យព្រំលំដាប់ជួរ អង្កេតកម្មនៃការព្យាយាមដើម្បីប្រើអថេរអនាទិនីយកម្ម និងសមូហកម្មសំណល់។ ភាពមាំមួនវាំរទន់ ថេរភាព និងផលិតភាពអ្នកកម្មវិធីគឺសំខាន់។
* ភាសានេះត្រូវបានគេបម្រុងសម្រាប់ប្រើក្នុងការអភិវឌ្ឍសមាសភាពវាំរទន់ដែលសាកសមសម្រាប់ការពន្លាតទៅក្នុងបរិស្ថានដែលបានចែកចាយហើយ។
* ភាពអាចយកតាមបានក្រមប្រភពគឺសំខាន់ណាស់ ក៏ដូចជាភាពអាចយកតាមបានរបស់អ្នកកម្មវិធី ជាពិសេសចំពោះពួកអ្នកកម្មវិធីទាំងនោះដែលថ្នឹករួចហើយជាមួយស៊ី (C) និង ស៊ីបូកបូក (C++)។
*ទ្រទ្រង់ដល់អន្តរជាតូបនីយកម្មគឺមានសារៈសំខាន់ណាស់។
* C# is intended to be suitable for writing applications for both hosted and embedded systems, ranging from the very large that use sophisticated operating systems, down to the very small having dedicated functions.
* Although C# applications are intended to be economical with regard to memory and processing power requirements, the language was not intended to compete directly on performance and size with C or assembly language.

## ឈ្មោះ 
[រូបភាពតូច|100px|ស្តាំ|[C♯ (musical note)|C-sharp musical note (left)]]
The name "C sharp" was inspired by musical notation where a sharp indicates that the written note should be made a semitone higher in pitch.
This is similar to the language name of C++, where "++" indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1.

Due to technical limitations of display (standard fonts, browsers, etc.) and the fact that the sharp symbol () is not present on the standard keyboard, the number sign () was chosen to represent the sharp symbol in the written name of the programming language.
This convention is reflected in the ECMA-334 C# Language Specification.), Microsoft uses the intended musical symbol.

The "sharp" suffix has been used by a number of other .NET languages that are variants of existing languages, including J# (a .NET language also designed by Microsoft that is derived from Java 1.1), A# (from Ada), and the functional programming language F#. The original implementation of Eiffel for .NET was called Eiffel#, a name retired since the full Eiffel language is now supported. The suffix has also been used for libraries, such as Gtk# (a .NET wrapper for GTK+ and other GNOME libraries), Cocoa# (a wrapper for Cocoa) and Qt# (a .NET language binding for the Qt toolkit).

## Syntax 
C# មានវាក្យសម្ព័ន្ធដូចខាងក្រោម៖

* Semicolons are used to denote the end of a statement.
* Curly braces are used to group statements.  Statements are commonly grouped into methods (functions), methods into classes, and classes into namespaces.
* Variables are assigned using an equals sign, but compared using two consecutive equals signs.
* Square brackets are used with arrays, both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them.

### Distinguishing features 
:*Note: The following description is based on the language standard and other documents listed in the "External links" section.*

By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure&nbsp;(CLI). Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or Fortran.

Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C and C++ (and Java, where noted) are:

* វាមិនមានអថេរ ឬមុខងារសកលទេ។ All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions.
* Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++.

* C# supports a strict Boolean data type, . Statements that take conditions, such as  and , require an expression of a type that implements the  operator, such as the boolean type. While C++ also has a boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as  require only that  is convertible to bool, allowing  to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly  can prevent certain types of common programming mistakes in C or C++ such as  `(a = b)` (use of assignment `=` instead of equality `==`).
* In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as *unsafe*, and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access is done through safe object references, which always either point to a "live" object or have the well-defined null value; it is impossible to obtain a reference to a "dead" object (one that has been garbage collected), or to a random block of memory. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of a value-type, array, string, or a block of memory allocated on a stack. Code that is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the  type, but it cannot dereference them.
* Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of memory leaks by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory that is no longer needed.
* In addition to the  construct to handle exceptions, C# has a  construct to guarantee execution of the code in the  block, whether an exception occurs or not.
* Multiple inheritance is not supported, although a class can implement any number of interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complication and simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI.
* C#, like C++, but unlike Java, supports operator overloading.

* C# is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those that are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in some cases, at runtime. No implicit conversions occur between booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy constructors and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default. Starting with version 4.0, C# supports a "dynamic" data type that enforces type checking at runtime only.
* Enumeration members are placed in their own scope.
* C# provides properties as syntactic sugar for a common pattern in which a pair of methods, accessor (getter) and mutator (setter) encapsulate operations on a single attribute of a class. No redundant method signatures for the getter/setter implementations need be written, and the property may be accessed using attribute syntax rather than more verbose method calls.
* Checked exceptions are not present in C# (in contrast to Java). This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and versionability.
* Though primarily an imperative language, since C# 3.0 it supports functional programming techniques through first-class function objects and lambda expressions.

## ប្រព័ន្ធប្រភេទសាមញ្ញ 
C# has a *unified type system*. This unified type system is called Common Type System (CTS).

A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the  class. For example, every type inherits a  method.

### ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុមប្រភេទទិន្នន័យ 
CTS separates data types into two categories:

Example:

```csharp
int foo = 42;         // Value type.
object bar = foo;     // foo is boxed to bar.
int foo2 = (int)bar;  // Unboxed back to value type.
```

### Generics 
Generics were added to version 2.0 of the C# language. Generics use type parameters, which make it possible to design classes and methods that do not specify the type used until the class or method is instantiated. The main advantage is that one can use generic type parameters to create classes and methods that can be used without incurring the cost of runtime casts or boxing operations, as shown here:

```csharp
// Declare the generic class.

public class GenericList
{
    void Add(T input) { }
}

class TestGenericList
{
    private class ExampleClass { }
    static void Main()
    {
        // Declare a list of type int.
        GenericList list1 = new GenericList();

        // Declare a list of type string.
        GenericList list2 = new GenericList();

        // Declare a list of type ExampleClass.
        GenericList list3 = new GenericList();
    }
}
```

## Preprocessor 
C# features "preprocessor directives" (though it does not have an actual preprocessor) based on the C preprocessor that allow programmers to define symbols, but not macros. Conditionals such as , , and  are also provided. Directives such as  give hints to editors for code folding.

```csharp
public class Foo
{
    #region Constructors
    public Foo() {}
    public Foo(int firstParam) {}
    #endregion

    #region Procedures
    public void IntBar(int firstParam) {}
    public void StrBar(string firstParam) {}
    public void BoolBar(bool firstParam) {}
    #endregion
}
```

## Code comments 
C# utilizes a double slash () to indicate the rest of the line is a comment. This is inherited from C++.

```csharp
public class Foo
{
    // a comment
    public static void Bar(int firstParam) {}  // also a comment
}
```

Multi-line comments can start with slash-asterisk () and end asterisk-slash (). This is inherited from standard C.

```csharp
public class Foo
{
    /* A Multi-Line
       comment  */
    public static void Bar(int firstParam) {}
}
```

## XML documentation system 
C#'s documentation system is similar to Java's Javadoc, but based on XML. Two methods of documentation are currently supported by the C# compiler.

Single-line documentation comments, such as those commonly found in Visual Studio generated code, are indicated on a line beginning with .

```csharp
public class Foo
{
    /// A summary of the method.
    /// A description of the parameter.
    /// Remarks about the method.
    public static void Bar(int firstParam) {}
}
```

Multi-line documentation comments, while defined in the version 1.0 language specification, were not supported until the .NET 1.1 release.  These comments start with slash-asterisk-asterisk () and end asterisk-slash ().

```csharp
public class Foo
{
    /** A summary of the method.
     *  A description of the parameter.
     *  Remarks about the method. */
    public static void Bar(int firstParam) {}
}
```

Note there are some stringent criteria regarding white space and XML documentation when using the slash/asterisk/asterisk () technique.

This code block:

```csharp
/**
 * 
 * A summary of the method.*/
```

produces a different XML comment from this code block: but there is some concern and debate as to whether there are additional aspects patented by Microsoft that are not covered, which may deter independent implementations of the full framework.

Microsoft has agreed not to sue open source developers for violating patents in non-profit projects for the part of the framework that is covered by the OSP. Microsoft has also agreed not to enforce patents relating to Novell products against Novell's paying customers with the exception of a list of products that do not explicitly mention C#, .NET or Novell's implementation of .NET (The Mono Project). However, Novell maintains that Mono does not infringe any Microsoft patents. Microsoft has also made a specific agreement not to enforce patent rights related to the Moonlight browser plugin, which depends on Mono, provided it is obtained through Novell.

In a note posted on the Free Software Foundation's news website in June 2009, Richard Stallman warned that he believes that "Microsoft is probably planning to force all free C# implementations underground some day using software patents", and recommended that developers avoid taking what he described as the "gratuitous risk" associated with "depend[ing] on the free C# implementations". The Free Software Foundation later reiterated its warnings, claiming that the extension of Microsoft Community Promise to the C# and the CLI ECMA specifications would not prevent Microsoft from harming free implementations of C#, because many specific Windows libraries included with .NET or Mono were not covered by this promise.

## Implementations 
The reference C# compiler is Microsoft Visual C#, which is closed-source.

Other C# compilers exist, often including an implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure and the .NET class libraries up to .NET 2.0:
* The Mono project provides an open source C# compiler, a complete open source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification, and a nearly complete implementation of the Microsoft proprietary .NET class libraries up to .NET 3.5. As of Mono 2.6, no plans exist to implement WPF; WF is planned for a later release; and there are only partial implementations of LINQ to SQL and WCF.
* The DotGNU project also provides an open source C# compiler, a nearly complete implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification, and subset of some of the remaining Microsoft proprietary .NET class libraries up to .NET 2.0 (those not documented or included in the ECMA specification, but included in Microsoft's standard .NET Framework distribution).
* Microsoft's Rotor project (currently called Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure) (licensed for educational and research use only) provides a shared source implementation of the CLR runtime and a C# compiler, and a subset of the required Common Language Infrastructure framework libraries in the ECMA specification (up to C# 2.0, and supported on Windows XP only).

## សូមមើលផងដែរ 
;C# topics
* C# syntax
* Comparison of C# and Java
;Implementations
* Microsoft Visual C#
* Oxygene
* Sing#

;IDEs
* Microsoft Visual Studio
* Microsoft Visual Studio Express (freeware)
* MonoDevelop
* Morfik
* SharpDevelop
* Turbo C Sharp

## កំណត់ 
## ឯកសារយោង 
## អំណានបន្ថែម 
* 
* 

## តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ 
* C# Language Specification (from MSDN)
* C# Language Specification (hyperlinked, C# Online.NET) 
* C# Programming Guide (MSDN)
* Download C# Express
* [ISO C# Language Specification](http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c042926_ISO_IEC_23270_2006(E).zip).
* Microsoft Visual C# .NET
* QuiteCode C# Development