ការ​ផ្តួល​រំលំ​គុក​បាស្ទីល

ការ​ផ្តួល​រំលំ​គុក​បាស្ទីល​បាន​កើត​ឡើង​នៅ​ទីក្រុង​ប៉ារីស​នៃ​ប្រទេ​ស​បារាំង​នា​ព្រឹក​ថ្ងៃ​១៤​ខែ​កក្កដា​ឆ្នាំ​១៧៨៩។ បាស្ទីល​​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​ទទួល​ស្គាល់​ថា​ជា​បន្ទាយ​​ដ៏​សំខាន់​មួយ​នៃ​យុគសម័យ​កណ្តាល​ និង​ជា​ពន្ធនាគារ​ដែល​​រំលេច​ចេញ​នូវ​ការ​គ្រប់គ្រង​ពី​សំណាក់​ព្រះរាជវាំង​នៅ​ឯ​មជ្ឈមណ្ឌល​នៃ​ទីក្រុង​ប៉ារីស។​ ពិត​មែន​នៅ​កំឡុង​ពេល​ផ្តួល​រំលំ​គុក​នេះ គឺ​មាន​អ្នក​ជាប់​ឃុំ​ឃាំង​តែ​៧​នាក់​ប៉ុណ្ណោះ ប៉ុន្តែ​ការណ៍​នោះ​គឺ​ជា​សញ្ញាណ​នៃ​ការ​​រំលោភ​បំពាន​ពី​សំណាក់​ពួក​រាជានិយម។ ការ​ដួល​រលំ​គុក​នេះ​ហើយ​ជា​ចំណុច​ចាប់ផ្តើម​នៃ​បដិវត្តន៍​បារាំង។  

នៅ​ក្នុង​រជ្ជកាល​នៃ​ស្តេច​​ល្វីសស៊ៃ (ល្វីស​ទី១៦)បារាំង​បាន​ពើប​ប្រទះ​នៃ​វិបត្តិ​សេដ្ឋកិច្ច​គឺ​​អតិផរណា​ដែល​​មួយ​ផ្នែក​កើត​ពី​ការ​ចំណាយ​លើ​​ការ​អន្តរាគមន៍​​ក្នុង​សង្គ្រាម​បដិវត្តន័​អាមេរិក និង​មួយ​ផ្នែក​ជា​ផ្នែក​ដែល​ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ​នោះ​គឺ​​ការ​ប្រមូល​ពន្ធ​ដ៏​លើស​លប់​។​នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​០៥​ឧសភាឆ្នាំ​១៧៨៩​ សភា​ទូទៅ? (Estates-General/États généraux)​ត្រូវ​បាន​កោះប្រជុំ​​ដើម្បី​ដោះ​ស្រាយ​បញ្ហា​​ខាង​លើ​​ ប៉ុន្តែ​ត្រូវ​បាន​ផ្អាក​ដោយ​សារ​​តែ​ពិធីការ​ដ៏​ហួសសម័យ និង​ការ​អភិរក្សនិយម​នៃ​សភាទី២​(Second Estate)ដែល​រួម​មាន​ពួក​អភិជន​ដែល​ស្មើ​នឹង​២ភាគរយ​ប៉ុណ្ណោះ​នៃ​ចំនួន​ប្រជាជន​បារាំង​នា​សម័យ​នោះ។ នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​១៧​​មិថុនា​ឆ្នាំ​១៧៨៩​ សភា​ទី​៣​ដែល​ក្នុង​នោះ​អ្នក​តំណាង( representatives) ត្រូវ​បាន​ជ្រើស​រើស​ចេញ​ពី​ជន​សាមញ្ញ​​បាន​ប្រកាស​រៀប​ចំ​សមាសភាព​ខ្លួន​អោយ​ទៅ​ជា​រដ្ឋសភា​ឬ​សភា​ជាតិ​​ថ្មី ដែល​គោល​បំណង​ចម្បង​គឺ​ការ​បង្កើត​រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ​បារាំង។ ព្រះរាជា​បាន​ជំទាស់​​ចំពោះ​សកម្មភាព​នេះ​ ប៉ុន្តែ​បាន​បង្ខំ​ចិត្ត​ទទួល​ស្គាល់​ចំពោះ​សមត្ថកិច្ច​នៃ​សភា​នេះ​ដែលក្រោយ​មក​បាន​រក្សា​ឈ្មោះ​ជា​សភា​ធម្មនុញ្ញ​ជាតិ(National Constituent Assembly)នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​០៩​កក្កដា។

ជន​សាមញ្ញ​ជា​ច្រើន​បាន​រួបរួម​គ្នា​បង្កើត​​ជា​ឆ្មាំ​ជាតិ​បារាំង ដែល​សម្គាល់​ដោយ​សញ្ញា​ដែល​ពណ៌​បី​គឺ​ខៀវ ក្រហម​ដែល​ជា​តំណាង​អោយ​បដិវត្តន៍​បារាំង និង​ស​បាន​មក​ពី​សញ្ញា​របស់​ព្រះរាជា។ ក្រោយ​មក​ពណ៌​ទាំង​បី​នេះ​​បាន​ក្លាយ​ជា​សញ្ញា​នៃ​បដិវត្តន៍​បារាំង​ និង​ក្រោយ​មក​ជា​ពណ៌​នៃ​សញ្ញា​ជាតិ​របស់​បារាំង។

តាម​រយៈ​ ហ្វ្រង់ស្វ័រ មីគនេ (François Mignet)លោក​បាន​ពណ៌នា​ថា​ប៉ារីស​បាន​វិលវល់​នឹង​សេរីភាពនិង​សេចក្តី​សាទរ។ " showed wide support for the Assembly. សារព័ត៌មាន​បាន​ចេញ​ផ្សាយ​អំពី​ការ​ពិភាក្សា​តទល់​ក្នុង​សភា ខណៈ​ការពិភាក្សា​តទល់​ផ្នែក​នយោបាយ​កំពុង​ត្រូវ​បាន​រាលដាល​​ដល់​ទី​សាធារណៈ និង​សាល​នានា​នៃ​រាជធានី។ ព្រះបរមរាជវាំង​ និង​ធ្លា​សំខាន់​ៗ​បាន​ប្រែ​ក្លាយ​ជា​ទី​ប្រជុំ​មិន​ចេះ​ចប់​មិន​ចេះ​ហើយ​។ ហ្វូង​ប្រជាជន​​បាន​សំរុក​ចូល​គុក​អាប៊ៃយ៍ (Abbaye Prison/ Prison de l'Abbaye) ដើម្បី​រំដោះ​​ឆ្មាំ​បារាំង​មួ​យ​ចំនួន​ដែល​កំពុង​ជាប់​ឃុំ​ឃាំង​ពី​បទ​​ដែល​បាន​បដិសេធ​ក្នុង​ការ​បង្ក្រាប​ទៅ​លើ​ប្រជាជន។ សភា​បាន​ណែនាំ​អោយ​ពួក​ឆ្មាំ​​ទាំង​នោះ​ទៅ​សុំ​ការ​អត់ឱន​ទោស​ពី​សំណាក់​ព្រះរាជា។​ ពួក​គេ​បាន​ត្រឡប់​ចូល​ពន្ធនាគារ​ និង​ទទួល​បាន​ការ​អត់ឱន​ទោស។​ The rank and file of the regiment, previously considered reliable, now leaned toward the popular cause.

នៅ​ប្រទេស​បារាំង​ ថ្ងៃ​១៤​កក្កដា​ត្រូវ​បាន​ចាត់​ទុក​​ជា​ថ្ងៃ​ឈប់​សម្រាក​។ 

## ការ​បណ្តេញ​លោក​នេគគែរ (Neckel)
នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​១១​កក្កដា​ឆ្នាំ​១៧៨៩ ស្តេច​ល្វីស​ទី១៦​ ជាមួយ​នឹង​ទ័ព​នៃ​ព្រះរាជវាំង​វែគសៃយ៍ (Palace of Versailles)ស៊ែវរ៍ (Sèvres)សម​ដឺ​ម៉ាស៍(Champ de Mars) និង​សាំង​ដឺនីស (Saint-Denis)និង​ក្រោម​ឥទ្ធិពល​ពួក​អភិរក្ស​និយម​នៃ​ក្រុម​ប្រឹក្សា​ជាន់​ខ្ពស់​(privy council)របស់​ខ្លួន​ផង​នោះ បាន​បណ្តេញ​លោក​រដ្ឋមន្ត្រី​ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ ហ្សាគ នេគគែរ (Jacques Necker)ពី​តំណែង​ដោយ​សារ​ភាព​ស្មោះ​ស្ម័គ្រ​នឹង​ពួក​សភា​ទី៣ និងដោយ​សារ​ទង្វើ​របស់គាត់ក្នុង​ការ​ធ្វើកំណែទម្រង់​ក្រសួង​នោះ​គ​កា​រការ​ជំនួស​តំណែង​ Puységur, Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin, La Luzerne, Saint-Priest, និង​ Necker  ពីសំណាក់លោក​ឧត្តមសេនីយ៍​វីគទ័រ ហ្វ្រង់ស្វ័រ (Victor-François) duc de Broglie, La Galissonnière, duc de la Vauguyon, Louis de Breteuil​និងFoulon។
 (1732–1804), French minister of finance]]
ព័ត៌មាន​ស្តី​ពី​ការ​បណ្តេញ​លោក​នេគែរ​ចេញ​ពី​​តំណែង​បាន​ទៅ​ទីក្រុង​ប៉ារីស​នៅ​រសៀល​នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​អាទិត្យ​ទី​១២​កក្កដា។ ជនានុជន​ក្រុង​ប៉ារីស​បាន​សន្និដ្ឋាន​ជា​ទូទៅ​​ការ​បណ្តេញ​ចេញ​​គឺ​រំលេច​ឡើង​ពី​​ការ​ធ្វើ​រដ្ឋប្រហារ​នៃ​ពួក​អភិរក្ស​និយម​។ ជនានុជន​ក្រុង​ប៉ារីស​ដែល​ជា​ពួក​សេរីនិយម​បានផ្ទុះ​កំហឹង​ជាបន្ត​ជា​បន្ទាប់​ដោយ​សារ​តែ​ភាព​ភ័យ​ខ្លាច​​នៃ​ការ​ព្យាយាម​បិទ​បញ្ឃប់​សភា​ធម្មនុញ្ញ​ជាតិ​ពី​សំណាក់​ទាហាន​របស់​ព្រះរាជា​ដែល​បាន​នាំ​ទៅ​ពី​ទ័ព​ជួរ​មុខ​ទៅតាំង​ទី​នៅ​ឯព្រះរាជវាំង​វែគសៃយ៍​។ ការ​ប្រមូល​ផ្តុំ​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេមើល​ឃើញ​នៅ​ទូទាំង​ក្រុង​ប៉ារីស ដែល​ក្នុង​នោះ​ប្រជាជន​ប្រមាណ​១ម៉ឺន​នាក់​នៅ​ឯ​មុខ​ព្រះបរមរាជវាំង។ លោក​កាមីល ដេមូឡាំង (Camille Desmoulins)​បាន​ទទួល​ជោគជ័យ​ក្នុង​ការ​ដឹក​នាំ​ហ្វូង​មនុស្ស​​តាម​ការ​ឈរ​លើ​តុ​និង​ក្នុង​ដៃ​មាន​កាំភ្លើង​បាន​ប្រកាស​ឡើង​ថា«​ប្រជាជន​ យើង​គ្មាន​ពេល​ច្រើន​សម្រាប់​បាត់​បង់​នោះ​ទេ ការ​បណ្តេញ​លោក​នេគែរ (Necker)គឺ​ការ​គោះ​រគាំង​នៃ​ថ្ងៃ​សម្លាប់​រង្គាល​នៃ​សាំង​បាតូឡូមឺវ​(Saint Bartholomew)សម្រាប់​បណ្តា​ជនអ្នក​ស្នេហាជាតិ!ប្រាកដ​ណាស់​យប់នេះ​បណ្តា​កងពល​កងទ័ព​ស្វីស និង​អាល្លឺម៉ង់​នឹង​ចាកចេញ​ពី​សមដឹម៉ាស៍​ដើម្បី​សម្លាប់​ពួក​យើង​ទាំង​អស់​គ្នា​ ដូច្នេះ​ដំណោះ​ស្រាយ​ចុងក្រោយ​គឺ​ការ​កាន់​អាវុធ​ប្រឆាំង!»"

## វិវាទផ្នែក​កង​ប្រដាប់​អាវុធ
 before the Revolution.]]
The regiment of Gardes Françaises (French Guards) formed the permanent garrison of Paris and with many local ties was favourably disposed towards the popular cause. This regiment had remained confined to its barracks during the initial stages of the mid-July disturbances. With Paris becoming the scene of a general riot, Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (Marshal of the Camp, Proprietor of the Royal Allemand-Dragoons), not trusting the regiment to obey his order, posted sixty dragoons to station themselves before its dépôt in the Chaussée d'Antin. Once again, a measure intended to restrain only served to provoke. The officers of the French Guards made ineffectual attempts to rally their men. The rebellious citizenry had now acquired a trained military contingent. As word of this spread, the commanders of the royal forces encamped on the Champ de Mars became doubtful of the dependability of even the foreign regiments. The future "Citizen King", Louis-Phillipe, duc d'Orléans, witnessed these events as a young officer and was of the opinion that the soldiers would have obeyed orders if put to the test. He also commented in retrospect that the officers of the French Guards had neglected their responsibilities in the period before the uprising, leaving the regiment too much to the control of its non-commissioned officers. However, the uncertain leadership of Besenval led to a virtual abdication of royal authority in central Paris. A "bourgeois militia" arose through the sixty voting districts of Paris to take control over the insurrection.

## Storming the Bastille
On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. The partisans of the Third Estate in France, now under the control of the Bourgeois Militia of Paris (soon to become Revolutionary France's National Guard), had earlier stormed the Hôtel des Invalides to gather arms (29,000 to 32,000 muskets, but without powder or shot), and were mainly seeking to acquire the large quantities of arms and ammunition stored at the Bastille. On the 14th there were over  of gunpowder stored there.

At this point, the Bastille was nearly empty of prisoners, housing only seven old men annoyed by all the disturbance: four forgers, two "lunatics" and one "deviant" aristocrat, the Comte de Solages (the Marquis de Sade had been transferred out ten days earlier). The cost of maintaining a medieval fortress and garrison for so limited a purpose had led to a decision being taken to close it, shortly before the disturbances began. It was, however, a symbol of royal tyranny.

The regular garrison consisted of 82 *invalides* (veteran soldiers no longer suitable for service in the field).  It had however been reinforced on 7 July by 32 grenadiers of the Swiss Salis-Samade Regiment from the troops on the Champ de Mars. The walls mounted eighteen eight-pound guns and twelve smaller pieces. The governor was Bernard-René de Launay, son of the previous governor and actually born within the Bastille.

The list of *vainqueurs de la Bastille* has 954 names, and the total of the crowd was probably fewer than one thousand. The crowd gathered outside around mid-morning, calling for the surrender of the prison, the removal of the guns and the release of the arms and gunpowder. Two representatives of the crowd outside were invited into the fortress and negotiations began, and another was admitted around noon with definite demands. The negotiations dragged on while the crowd grew and became impatient. Around 13:30 the crowd surged into the undefended outer courtyard, and the chains on the drawbridge to the inner courtyard were cut, crushing one unfortunate *vainqueur*. About this time gunfire began, though some stories state that the Governor had a cannon fire into the crowd killing several women, children, and men turning the crowd into a mob. The crowd seemed to have felt it had been drawn into a trap and the fighting became more violent and intense, while attempts by deputies to organise a cease-fire were ignored by the attackers.

The firing continued, and at 15:00 the attackers were reinforced by mutinous *gardes françaises* and other deserters from among the regular troops, along with two cannons. A substantial force of Royal Army troops encamped on the nearby Champs de Mars did not intervene. With the possibility of a mutual massacre suddenly apparent Governor de Launay ordered a cease fire at 17:00. A letter offering his terms was handed out to the besiegers through a gap in the inner gate. His demands were refused, but de Launay nonetheless capitulated, as he realised that his troops could not hold out much longer; he opened the gates to the inner courtyard, and the *vainqueurs* swept in to liberate the fortress at 17:30.

Ninety-eight attackers and one defender had died in the actual fighting. De Launay was seized and dragged towards the Hôtel de Ville in a storm of abuse. Outside the Hôtel a discussion as to his fate began. The badly beaten de Launay shouted "Enough! Let me die!" and kicked a pastry cook named Dulait in the groin. De Launay was then stabbed repeatedly and fell, and his head was sawn off and fixed on a pike to be carried through the streets. The three officers of the permanent Bastille garrison were also killed by the crowd; surviving police reports detail their wounds and clothing. Two of the *invalides* of the garrison were lynched, but all but two of the Swiss regulars of the Salis-Samade Regiment were protected by the French Guards and eventually released to return to their regiment. Their officer, Lieutenant Louis de Flue, wrote a detailed report on the defense of the Bastille which was incorporated in the logbook of the Salis-Samade and has survived. It is (perhaps unfairly) critical of the dead Marquis de Launay, whom de Flue accuses of weak and indecisive leadership. The blame for the fall of the Bastille would rather appear to lie with the inertia of the commanders of the substantial force of Royal Army troops encamped on the Champs de Mars, who made no effort to intervene when the nearby Hôtel des Invalides or the Bastille were attacked.

Returning to the Hôtel de Ville, the mob accused the *prévôt ès marchands* (roughly, mayor) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery, and he was assassinated en route to an ostensible trial at the Palais-Royal.

## Aftermath
*, wearing iconic Phrygian caps and *tricolor'' cockades.]]
 and the July Column where the Bastille once stood.]]

The king was only informed of the storming the next morning by the Duke of La Rochefoucauld. "Is it a revolt?" asked Louis XVI. The duke replied: "No sire, it is a revolution."

The citizenry of Paris, expecting a counterattack, entrenched the streets, built barricades of paving stones, and armed themselves as well as they could, especially with improvised pikes. Meanwhile, at Versailles, the Assembly remained ignorant of most of the Paris events, but eminently aware that Marshal de Broglie stood on the brink of unleashing a pro-Royalist coup to force the Assembly to adopt the order of 23 June and then to dissolve. The viscomte de Noailles apparently first brought reasonably accurate news of the Paris events to Versailles. M. Ganilh and Bancal-des-Issarts, dispatched to the Hôtel de Ville, confirmed his report.

By the morning of 15 July the outcome appeared clear to the king as well, and he and his military commanders backed down. The Royal troops concentrated around Paris were dispersed to their frontier garrisons. The Marquis de la Fayette took up command of the National Guard at Paris; Jean-Sylvain Bailly – leader of the Third Estate and instigator of the Tennis Court Oath – became the city's mayor under a new governmental structure known as the *Commune de Paris*. The king announced that he would recall Necker and return from Versailles to Paris; on 17 July, in Paris, he accepted a tricolour cockade from Bailly and entered the Hôtel de Ville, with cries of "Long live the King" and "Long live the Nation".

Nonetheless, after this violence, nobles – little assured by the apparent and, as it was to prove, temporary reconciliation of king and people – started to flee the country as *émigrés*. Early émigrés included the comte d'Artois (the future Charles X of France) and his two sons, the prince de Condé, the prince de Conti, the Polignac family, and (slightly later) Charles Alexandre de Calonne, the former finance minister. They settled at Turin, where Calonne, as agent for the count d'Artois and the prince de Condé, began plotting civil war within the kingdom and agitating for a European coalition against France.

The successful insurrection at Paris spread throughout France. In accord with principles of popular sovereignty and with complete disregard for claims of royal authority, the people created a parallel structure of municipalities for civic government and militia for civic protection. In rural areas, many went beyond this: some burned title-deeds and no small number of châteaux, as the "Great Fear" spread across the countryside during the weeks of 20 July to 5 August, with attacks on wealthy landlords impelled by the belief that the aristocracy was trying to put down the revolution.

Pierre-François Palloy was given the commission of disassembling the building and commenced work immediately.

Austrian composer Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf wrote his *Symphony in C Major* as a tribute to the event. The first movement of the piece is known as *La Prise De La Bastille*.

In Charles Dickens' *A Tale of Two Cities*, the Defarges help lead the assault on the Bastille, during the second book.

As an interesting historical footnote, the key to the Bastille now resides in George Washington's residence of Mount Vernon. It was sent to him by Lafayette in 1790 as a peace offering.