open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Charlie Chaplin

Charles Spencer Chaplin, pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Charlie Chaplin kɛ Krandɩ-Pretaanɩ-tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ Lɔndrɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1889 nɛ ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1977. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ mʊsɩ laɖu nɛ ɛlakɩ tanaʊ nɛ ɛɖʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmwaa yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ se sinimaɣ nɛ eluki wondʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Charlie Chaplin kɛ sinimaɣ taa sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ pɩlɩɩna e-sinimaɣ taa weyi ɛyaa se Charlot yɔ. Charlie Chaplin paɣzɩɣ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ pɩdɛɖɛ pɩnzɩ 65 ɛlɛ ɛwɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa sakɩyɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 80 yɔ nɛ ɛ-ɖonɛ nɛ e-wezu caɣʊ nɛ taa yeba nɛ nabayɩ tɔŋ se ɛkɩlaɣ ɖɛlɛzɩɣ ɖɔm. 

Palʊla  chaplin kɛ Lɔndrɩ nɛ ɛ-caa tawɛɛ ɛnɛ e-ɖoo pɔ-cɔlɔ. Paawɛ kʊñɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ e-ɖoo kaawɛ tanɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pasɩ-ɩ ɖakʊtaa ŋgʊ kʊcɔŋna mba pa-ñʊntaa sɩda pazɩ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩlakaɣ mbʊ lɛ, Chaplin kaawɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naanza. Chaplin ɛnʊ ɛpaaza ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Charlie Chaplin paɣza ɛ-tanaʊ ɖooo pɩcatʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩna tanaŋ ndɩ ndɩ yem. Chaplin wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ, ɛ-tɔm kɛdɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Fred Karno. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ weyi ɛsɔɔla se lɛlʊ ɛlakɩ nabʊyʊ nɛ eɖeke ɛɛpɩzɩʊ, ɛsɩna-ɩ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, Fred Karno nɛ Chaplin pɔcɔɔ Etaazuuni tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔcɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛ-tɛ kacalɣ se ɛlaba amʊʊza nɛ pɩna-ɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 1914. 

Ɛ-tɛ sinimaɣ ŋgʊ ɛya-kʊ se: Pɩsa nɛ ɛyʊ hiu ɛ-tɩ nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ  weyi ɛyaɣ-ɩ se Charlot. Pitasɩɩna-ɩ nɛ sinimaɣ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeke, ɛlaba hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1918 taa lɛ, Chaplin kaakɛ keteŋna kpeekpe taa sɔdʊŋ taa sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛyaa kaasɩma pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋŋ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919 taa Chaplin nɛ ɛ-taabalaa palɩzɩ sinimaɣ takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ: *Kid* (1921), *Samaɣ lɩmaazɩyɛ* (1923), *Ɔɔrɩ wayɩ cɛɛndɩɣ* (1925), *Sirki* (1928). Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɛlɩzɩ *Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa mʊntʊzʊʊ* (1931) nɛ *Alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ tɔm* (1936).
Claude Ptolémée

Palʋla Claude Ptolémée Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 90 waa taa. Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ e-wezuu Alexandrie tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 168 n̄ɩŋga taa. Paa pɩɩla we ɛkɛɣ Room tʋ. Ɛlaba mbʋ payaɣ se "Asitronomii" yɔ, ɛla mbʋ payaɣ se "maatematiki" yɔ, ɛla mbʋ payaɣ se  "jeyografii" yɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛla ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ payaɣ se "asitroloogii" yɔ. Toovenum lɛ, patapazɩ patɩlɩ e-wezuu caɣʋ siŋŋ.

Claude Ptolémée ma "siyansɩ" takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ. Anasaayɩnaa tɩŋna ɛ-takayɩsɩ naalɛ nasɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ pa-"sɩyansɩ" naa sakɩyɛ. Ɛma lɛɛka nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ka-taa "asitronomii" tɔm nɛ lɛɛka taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ kaka taa "matematiki" tɔm. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ lɛɛka nɛ ɛtazɩ kaka taa Grɛɛkɩ nɛ Room pɛ-tɛtʋ wɛ wɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.
Cléopatre

Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ kɛlɛ Théa Philopator. Hɩɖɛ Cléopatre tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-caa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ. Patasa-ɩ hɩɖɛ haʋ se Théa Néôteria Philopatris. Ɖɩɖɩ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se ɛsɔ halɩñɩnʋ kɩfalʋ weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Awiya pɛlaa payaɣ Cléopatre waa Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa. Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɔnaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ.  

Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ ɛkɛ caanaʋ Egipiti tɛ Abiɖe. Ɛkɛ samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Ptoleme waa yɔ, ke-liɖe taa tʋ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ nɩnʋwa nɛ hiu nɛ pɩnzɩ nakʋ (69) nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖa-Ñʋʋyaɖʋ Yeesuu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ niidozo (30) nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ kedeŋa Ñʋʋyaɖʋ Yeesuu-Krɩstʋ.  

Alexandre tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɛ-caa kɛlɛ Ptolémé naalɛ tʋ. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Cléopatre loɖo tʋ. Ɛlɛ kɛ Tiriphème tɛtʋ taa tʊ halʋ. Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ keɖiyi Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ nɩɩnʋwa (51) nɛ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ niidozo (30) nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ ɖa-Ñʋʋyaɖʋ Yeesuu-Krɩstʋ. Ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa nɛ ɛ-walʋ Ɖajaa Ptolémé hiu nɛ naanza tʋ peɖiyaɣna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa.  

Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ kaɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ Ɖajaa Jules César nɛ Ɖajaa Marc Antoine. Ɖajaa Marc Antoine kɛkɛ Room ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ nɛ ɖajaanaa panɛ pa-naalɛ pa-taabalɩyɛ yebina nɛ patɩlɩ-ɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Abiɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩlʋlɩna ɛyaa sɔsaa naalɛ panɛ nɛ piya sakɩyɛ.  

You cikpeluu nakʋyʋ kalɩ Ɖajaa Marc Antoine nɛ Ɖajaa Octave pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Abiɖe Cléopatre lʋbɛ tʋ kaɖʋ nɔɔ you ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Ɛlɛ, pawaba-ɩ you ŋgʋ kɩlaba pɩnaɣ 31 ñɩŋga taa Actium tɛtʋ taa yɔ.
Christophe Colomb

Palʊla Christophe Colombe kɛ kpaɣ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 25 nɛ aloma fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1451 kɛ Zɛɛnɛsɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ agoza fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1506 kɛ Faladolidi, Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Christophe Colombe kɛ kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ takʊʊ woɖu. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlakaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ tɩnaa Isabelle Castille nɛ Ferdinand Aragon.

Christophe Colombe kɛna ɖooo canaɣ taa weyi ɛlɛɣa tɛzɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛñɩnaɣ nʊmɔʊ kɩfalʊʊ se kɩɖɛɛna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛñɩnaɣ se kiwolo tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Sipaŋgoo nɛ Sapɔŋ yɔ tɩ-taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, ɛlɩɩ nʊmɔʊ nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛ Amerika nɛ Eerɔpʋ. Christophe Colomb kpaɣ pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ awiya nɛ paba ñayaa-ɩ se amiralɩ, Ɛndɩ wiyao tɛɛ-tʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ ɛkaɣ lɩɣʊ--tʊ yɔɔ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ. 

Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Christophe Colombe lɩ Karayiibɩ tetʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩkpaaɣna mbʊ lɛ Eerɔpɩ tɛtʊ paɣzɩ Ameriki tɛtʊ kpacayʊʊ. Piyebina nɛ Christophe Kolomb pɩsɩ ñɩnɩyaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ hiu nɛ looɖo pa-taa. Paa ɛzɩ paañɩnaa nɛ pɔkɔɔ pana se ɖooo Eerɔpʋ taa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Fikiiŋsɩ waa yaa kpakpasɩ kpayaa kaatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe kɔyɔ, Christophe Kolomb kɛ paa anɩ ɛsɩma sɔnɔ se ɛnʊ lɛ Eerɔpʋ taa kacalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ Ameriki taa aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɖoo taa pɩnaɣ 1492.

Christophe Colombe nana ɛ-ɛsɛ maɣmaɣ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛsɩkɩ se ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ feyɩ kamaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tamaɣŋga ɛɛɖʊwa se ɛtalɩɣ-kɛ yɔ, ɛtalɩ-kɛ: ɛlɩ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm se ɛkɛna kpɩyɩŋ sayaa taa sɔdʊʊ sɔsɔ nakʊyʊ halɩ se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna. Ɛkɛ weyi ɛwɛna Krɩstʊ yɔɔ tɩsɩm sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ politiki taa lɛ ɛɛkpakɩɣ nabʊyʊ. Esusaɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm paale nɛ ɖenɖe pakʊʊ ɛ-tɔm yɔ lɛ se ɛtɔyɩtaɣ Amerika taa ɛyaa mba palɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ nɛ halɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-wɛ yoma.
Cukudu

Mɩla sʊlʊm, mbʊ payaɣ cukudu. Popuu-pʊ kañɩpusuu ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ yɔ ajɛya wenaa awɛ Afrika kedeŋga yɔɔ kpɛɛ yɔ a-taa. Pʊwɛna hɩla sakɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩkaɣ-yɛ naʊ ɖɔɖɔ cɩnɛ. Cukudu naa wɛ pʊɖɔɔ, kabɩyɛ cukudu, losomasini, cakpalo ɛlɛ ɖʊtʊzʊʊ cukudu maɣmaɣ tɛ labʊ. Cukudu tɛ puu pɔzʊʊ kɩyakɩŋ loɖo. Pɩmaɣmaɣ yɔ yɔ sɔnzɩ tɛ kpɩtaʊ wɛna kɩyakɩŋ loɖo. Nɛ paa kɩyakʊ ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩyakaɣ kɩ-evemiye wiye. Pɩtaa pɩtaa yɔ pɔzɔza evemiye lʊbɛ ndɛ.

Kajalaɣ evemiye lɛ, papɩyʊʊ mɩlaa lɩm nɛ awɛ pɩtaa peɖe pɩtalɩ nɩɣtʊ hiu nɛ kɩgbanzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Teefeŋ lɛ, palɩsɩ-yɛ ɖɔkʊ taa nɛ kabaɣ nɩɣtʊ lutozo mbʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ mbʊ yɔ mɩlaa ɖɩna ñɔʊ ho. Pʊwayɩ lɛ mbʊ yɔ lɛ pɩpɩsɩ kpamla nɛ pañalɩ-yɛ niikaɣ lɩm taa. Evemiye tozo ndɛ lɛ, pɔpɔʊ tɛtaa kabaɣ yaa ɛyabɩyɛ hatʊ yaa taŋtʊna hatʊ nɛ pohuti kpamla pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɔtɔŋ se pohu kpamla lɛ. Pɩtɛŋ mbʊ lɛ pohuuzi ɛyabɩyɛ yaa kabaɣ kɩbaŋga nakɛyɛ pʊyɔɔ nɛ peyele pɩcaɣ mbʊ kɩyakɩŋ nɩɩlɛ. kɩyakʊ naanza ŋgʊ kɛna yem ŋgʊ, ho ñɔʊ alɩwaatʊ.

Kɩyaakʊ kɩgbanzɩ ŋgʊ kɛna kɩyaakʊ sɔsɔʊ. kʊ-wiye pokuu kpamla a-ɖɩhuye taa nɛ powona-yɛ mooti. Panaŋgʊ-yɛ nɛe pɔkɔna lɛ, paɖʊ-yɛ ɖeɣa taa nɛ papɩɩ lɩm pʊɖɔɔ nɛ pesidi. Pɛtɛŋ siduu mbʊ lɛ, peyele pɩcaɣ ɛzɩ ñɩɣtʊʊ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ pɛcɛyɩ tɛɣlɩm, kʊkʊ ñɛwɛʊ kele kele nɛ pɩyɔɔ kiŋ. 
Pʊwayɩ lɛ paɖʊʊ mɩŋ ɖeɣa tɛ nɛ papaɣzɩ ciiduu nɛ paayʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ cɛcɛsɩ 45 pɩkɔɔ pɩwasɩ.

Pɩtɛŋ mbʊ lɛ, palɩzɩɣ ɖasɩ mɩŋ taa kɛ ɖeɣa tɛ nɛ pakpaɣ tɛɛlɩm nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pɩcaɣ. Alɩwaatʊ ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ kʊyʊm mbʊ yɔ lɛ, pɛcɛyɩ ejenɖe nɛ polulisi tɛɛtʊ ɖɔkʊ taa nɛ pakpaɣ tɛɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ paɖʊ afanaa. Kɛlɛ pakpaɣ pɩtɩŋga nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɖeɣa nɛ posuli kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ paɖaŋ pɩ-tɛ lɩɣʊ. Pɩ-tɛ lɩɣʊ alɩwaatʊ ɖaɣlɩɣ ɛzɩ ñɣtʊʊ lutozo mbʊ yɔ.

Kɩyaakʊ loɖo ŋgʊ wiye lɛ, huluu kʊlʊmʊ nakʊyʊ kpaɣ sʊlʊm yɔ nɛ nɖɩkaa kɔyɔ pɩcaɣ ñɩmɩŋ kpaŋ. Mbʊ wɩlɩna se pɩlɩwa. Patasɩɣ pɩtɛɛ ɖʊ mɩŋ nɛ patɩzɩɣ-pʊ ɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ, payaɣ se ajata, patɩzɩɣ-pʊ lɩm kɔɔ pɩsɔɔ sʊlʊm taa nɛ palɩzɩɣ ɖasɩ pɩtɛɛ nɛ peyele pɩhɛɛ nɛ posuu-pʊ pɛʊ taa nɛ paɖɑŋ nɛ pɩpɩɩ ɛlɛ pɩtalaɣ se payaɣ se cukudu nɛ pɔñɔɔ.

Ɖɩtaasɔɔ se pɩkpeekpe pɩtaa tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɛ halaa tʊmɩyɛ paa pɩhaɣ abalʊ nɛ ɖɩlabʊ kɔyɔ pɩtamʊna-ɩ se ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ. Pɔɖɔkʊʊ caɖaɣ nesɩ kɩbanzɩ tɛ. Pʊcɔ nɛ ŋñɔɔ lɛ, ndosuu tataa toyi nɛ ndɛyɩ ñahaɖɛ tɩna. Pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ kɩbandʊ ndʊ ɛyaa katʊʊ ɖama nɛ pɛlɛzʊʊ ɖama lɩmaɣza yɔ. Peeɖe lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ ɖɩtɔyɛ ɖende pɩpɔzʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛ-taa la kɔkɔɖɛ yɔ, sʊlʊm ɖɩñɔyɛ taa lɛ,pɔkɔtɔyʊʊ yem.

Nɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ camɩyɛ yɔ ɖanaɣ ñɩɣtʊʊ kɩgbanzɩ yɔ lɩɩ cukudu ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wɩsɩ hʊwa camɩyɛ. Ndɛŋ ñɔʊ ñacaɖaɣ lɛ, ŋlɔ tɛɛtʊ pʊtʊzɩɣ camɩyɛ tɩɖɩɖɩ ɛlɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ŋkɛ abalʊ ñɛtɛ. Ɖɩtɔzɩ ɖɔɖɔ se sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩkɛ tadɩyɛ kɛ ɖesɩ taa nɛ kɩyaakɩŋ taa nɛ agbeelaa ndɩ ndɩ taa.

Kazandʊ kɩyaakɩŋ wiye mbʊ yɔ sʊlʊm wɛ paa ɖɩɣa ŋgʊ lɛ, ka-taa. Ɛyʊ ɛɖɔ wɛ nɛ ekoobu kɔyɔ pacakɩ nɛ pɔñɔzɩ tɔm pɛtɛ lɛ sʊlʊm peniidinaa ɖama laŋga nɛ paya ɖama.  Paa ɛgɔm ɛsʊna ñɛyɔɔ sʊlʊm ŋcɛkɩ nɛ ŋmʊna-ɩ. Pʊwɛ ɖeu kamafɛyɩ ɛlɛ pʊcɔzʊʊ ɛyaa ñʊŋ taa. Nkɩlɩ-pʊ ñɔʊ pʊɖɔ kɔyɔ ŋtala ŋtalɩɣ ñɛtɛ camɩyɛ. Pɩpɩzʊʊ puholi ñañʊʊ yaa pɩwɩ ñolotu.
Cuuba

Cuuba kɛna Sʊdani nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ Nili Kʊlʊmʊʊ kitiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ nimɩyɛ yɔɔ.Tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ Ugandaa pazɩma ɖɑma kamaɣ nɛ pɩmakɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 110 yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, pɩnaɣ 1973 taa pakalɩ kɩkalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kpɛndakutokiŋ 56 737. Pɩnzɩ hiu wayi patasa-wɛ kalʊ lɛ palɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 83 787; piyele pɩnaɣ 1993 taa kɩgalʊ ŋgʊ pakalaa yɔ pana ɛyaa 114 980. 

Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ palɩ 163 442 nɛ pʊcɔ patalɩ 250 000 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2008. Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɩkalʊ ŋgʊ yɔ pana ɛya mba pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa kutokiŋ 350 000 mbʊ yɔ.
Cunaami

Cunaami kɛna lɩm nɛ heelim sʊsɔm mbʊ pɩmakɩ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Sapoŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se   « pɔɔrɩ lɩm ». Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩ-lɩm hola wɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ, teŋgu yaa oseyaŋwaa yɔɔ kɛ pɩmakɩ. Cunamɩ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩɣ mabʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna ɛzɩma lɩm caŋgʊ piciidi yem tuda yɔ pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɣlɩɣna ɛzɩ nabʊyʊ taa tɛtʊ seliɣ yaa tɩñamsʊʊ yɔ, nabʊyʊ lɛ tɛtʊ ciidiɣna lɩm tɛɛ pazɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɛtɛɛmɩŋ. Cunami ŋgʊ kɩkɛna asɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩlɩɣ pɔɔrɩnaa yɔɔ kpa lɛ, asɛyʊʊ mankaazɩ kɩkɔŋna. 

Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza lɩŋgamɩŋ tɛɛ yaa teŋgʊnaa tɛɛ pɩɩlakɩ ñɩɩtʊ pazɩ yem mbʊ yɔ kɩtalɩ pɔɔrɩ nɔɔ yɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩ-alɩwaatʊ ndʊ piseɣna yɔ pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 800 kɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Cunaami ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩɣ lɩm tɛɛ mbʊ lɛ kiseɣ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ kɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kʊkʊyʊʊ ɛsɔtaa sɩŋŋŋ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩlɩɣna pɔɔirɩ yɔɔ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ seɣa pasɩɣ ɛlɛ kɩ-tɛ ɛsɔtaa kʊyʊʊ; kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ mɛtanaa ɛzɩ hiŋ niitozo. Mbʊ yebina nɛ cunaami ŋgʊ kɩlɩɣ kpa ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ se pakpa-kʊ. Kɩwɛɛkɩɣ mbʊ mbʊ kɩnaɣ kʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɔŋna asɛyʊʊ sɔsɔʊ sɩŋŋŋ.  

Cunaaminaa wɛɛ keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ mbʊ pɩkɔŋna asɛyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ ɛ-taa. Pakalɩ kɛkpɛdasɩ yaa asɛyɩŋ weyi cunaami kʊnɛ kɩlaba kɔyɔ, ɛyaa mba pasɩba yɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnɩŋ looɖo yɔ (600 000); nɛ kɛkpɛasɩ maɣmaɣ ñɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 279 yɔ. Cunaami nakʊyʊ kaalaba pɩnaɣ 2004 kɛ Ɛndɩ teŋgu taa nɛ mba pehiɣ sɩm yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ 250 000 yɔ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 kɔyɔ patana asɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ se kɩtala kʊnɛ kɛ wɛkɩyʊ.
César Auguste

**Auguste**, palʊla-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-nɛyɔ Caius Octavius, salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 63 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Room tɛtʊ taa. Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se Octave nɛ pʊwayɩ patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se Octavien. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 14 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ Nola tɛtʊ taa. Ɛnʊ kaakɛna Room ɛyaa tɛ kajalaɣ wiyaʊ kpaɣ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 27 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesuu Krɩstʊ ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 14 Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayi.

E-ekpeɣle Jules César pɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-pɩɣa, e-ekpeɣle ɛnʊ e-ɖoo lʊlʊʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛkɛna, pɩlakʊʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 44 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ, alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem nɛ pakʊ e-ekpeɣle ɛnʊ. Ɛnɛ Marc Antoine nɛ Lépide, paɖʊ naatozo tɔm hʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ naalɛ nɖɛ se pɩsa nɛ palʊbɩna César ɛyaa kʊyaa. 

Pawaba philipes wayi lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ Room ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pañazɩɣ nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ ɖoŋ. Pa-naatozo pɔtɔla pɩlɩna pa-taa paa weyi tɛ cɛjɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɛwɛna yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Lépide ñeseɣa ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Marc Antoine ñakʊ ɛ-tɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ August wabɩ-ɩ Actium yɔ nɛ piyele ɛnɛ yɔ eyeke Roma Ampiiri yɔɔ yɔ. 

Auguste lɛɣzɩ liidiye ɖʊ, ɛñɔɔzɩ haba, ɛmʊ sɔɔjɔnaa sakɩyɛ nɛ pɛwɛ paaɖoye nɛ paale. Ɛtʊlɩ fulisi naa tʊma Room ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pama yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ komola tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Auguste sɩ pɩnaɣ 14 Yeesu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ wayi ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 75. Pɩtɛkɛ nɔyʊ kʊnɛ-ɩ ɛlɛ nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se kɔyɛ paɖʊ-ɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ Tibère mʊ e-kewiyaɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ Ampiiri ñʊʊ yɔɔ.

Palʊla Octave kɛ Room ñɩm nabʊyʊ taa, pɩwɛ Palatin tɛtʊ taa kɛnɛ (ad Capita Bubula) pɩfɛyɩ poliŋ nɛ Via Sacra kɛ pɩnaɣ 63 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 alɩwaatʊ taa. Octave kpaɣ ɛ-caa maɣmaɣ hɩɖɛ Caius Octavius.
Cɔtʊʊ

Ɛyʊ lɩzɩɣʊ asuluma naayɛ wonuu nakʊyʊ yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ se cɔtʊʊ. Lɩm nɛ fɔɔfɔɔ palɩzɩɣna asuluma ana. Ɖooo lɛ atɛya pɔcɔtaɣna.   

Ɛbɛ payaɣ se atɛya ? Kpɩzɩyɛ yaɣ lɛ, palɩzɩ ɖɩ-taa kpiziwe nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pɔlɔ kɔtɔŋ pɔɔyasɩ. Mbʊ puhuzi kpiziwe yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ se atɛya.   

Ɛzɩma pɔcɔtʊʊna atɛya ? Pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ sɔɔyɛ taa yɔbɩ yɔbɩ yaa pakpatɩɣ-yɛ kɩkpatʊ kaaʊ yɔɔ kpɔyɩ kpɔyɩ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pokuu mbʊ pakpataa yɔ nɛ paɖʊ ñanaɣ taa. Paɖʊ lɩm pʊ-yɔɔ pɩmaɣna nɛ pakpaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ pacaɣ cɔtʊʊ yɔ nɛ paɖʊ atɛya lɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa. Paa asuluma ɛɛwɛ ɛzɩma wonuu ŋgʊ kʊ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ, alɩɣ a-tɩŋa payɩ. Sɔnɔ piya ɛɛsɩŋ se atɛya kɛ fɔɔfɔɔ kɩbaŋgʊ siŋŋ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, anasaayɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa lɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɔcɔtʊʊna wondu. Kabɩyɛ tʊ sɩma ɖɔɖɔ fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabɛyɛ labʊ. Ɛsa nakʊyʊ nɛ payaa-kʊ se kabɩyɛ fɔɔfɔɔ. Kɩwɛ ɖeu pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ lɩm sɔʊ taa. Kɩlɩzɩɣ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ yɔɔ kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ. Kɩlɛzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ yɔɔ lɛzɛ lɛzɛ. Ɖooo lɛ pɔɔ taa ɛyʊ tiki nɛ ɛcɔtɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ yolim taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʊ kɔma ɛtɩlɩ se fɔɔfɔɔ huluu yeki nɛ lɩm sɔʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lɛɛlɛyɔ hila taa lɩm fɛyɩ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, poyuyi lɔkɔnaa cikpeme nɛ sɔsaa. Lɔkɔnaa sɔsaa payaɣ se fɔɔraazɩ waa. Paatazɩɣ cɔtʊʊ lɔkɔnaa mba pɔ-cɔlɔ. Weyi ɛcaɣ cɔtʊʊ yɔ, elu lɩm nɛ ekpena ɛ-saʊ taa nɛ ɛcɔtɩ.  

Ɖooo lɛ, nesi ɖeke pɔcɔtʊʊna. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lɩwa nɛ tɩcɔtʊʊ wondu ɖɔɖɔ. Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ cɔtʊʊ paaɖʊʊ lɩm. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩtɛŋ cɔtʊʊ kpa mbʊ yɔ, ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ esuu wonuu ŋgʊ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ cɔtaa yɔ kpaakpaa, ɛɛɖaŋɩɣ se pɩwɩlɩ nɛ pʊcɔ mbʊ yɔ lɩm fɛyɩ kʊ-yɔɔ.
Cɔjɔ

Cɔjɔ kɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ ɖooo kiɖe tɛ tʊmɩyɛ kabɩyɛ sɔnzɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ. Paa Cɔjɔ weyi lɛ, fezuu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ payaa-kʊ se Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ lɩzɩna ɛyʊ ɛnʊ se ɛ-kɛ ɛdɛ lɩm ɖʊyʊ. Fezuu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ wɩlɩʊ kɩ-tɩ ɛyaa mɛɛsaɣ tɛ ɛzɩ kpansʊyʊ  yaa ham mɔndɔɣ nɔyʊ. Ɛwɩlɩʊ ɛ-tɩ cejewiye ndɩ yɔ yee ɖɩmʊ-ɩ camɩƴɛ yɔ Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩcakɩ cejewiye taa peeɖe nɛ ɖɩlɩzɩ ɖɩ-lɩm ɖʊyʊ nɛ ɖɩlakɩ ɛ-taa tʊmɩyɛ ɖoziye taa. Mbʊ lɛ, powoki pɔbɔzɩ piye tɩʊ nɛ peɖe lɛ, ɛlɛ kɛtɩwɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnʊ piliza-ɩ se ɛkɛ Ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ ɖɩ-tɛ layʊ.

Cɔjɔ wonduu kɩsusutu wɛ ndɩ, ɛ-suu tɔnɛ cokodo nɛ ɛ-ɖɔkʊʊ cɔjɔtʊ ɖaʊ. Cɔjɔ wɛna sʊʊtʊ yuŋ ŋdʊ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Ɛkɛ ɛsɔ lɛzɩʊ ɛyaa cɔlɔ nɛ ɛ-lɔʊ nɔɔ cɛyɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ ɛzɩ tɛʊ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ wazɩ nɛ lʊlʊʊkʊ.  Cɔjɔ yeke koŋ wɛna ɖoŋ agɔlɔmaa kpɛyʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Eyeke ɛkɛna feŋguyu agɔlɔmaa lonaa taa.

Alʊwaatʊ ndʊ palakɩ sɔnzɩ evebiyaa yaa pɛlaa lɛ, ɛnʊ ñɔzɩna paa cejewiye nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɛ puwa evelo ɖɩcɑɣyɛ mbʊ sɔnzɩ pɔzʊ yɔ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa lɛ, cɔjɔ tiki kɩyakʊ taa nɛ ɛla sɔnzɩ nɛ pʊwɩlɩ evemiye ndɩ lʊbɩyɛ pazɩʊ yɔ yaa lakɩŋ pazɩʊ yɔ.

Pagba ɛyʊ cɔjɔtʊ palɛzɩ kaʊ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-sɩm, yaa natʊyʊ ɛ-talɛyɩ ɛzɩ kpaŋ yaa yʊlʊnzɩ. Ɛlɛ agɔlɔmaa maɣmaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ a-ɖaŋgʊ ɛyɔ nɛ kɩtɛkɛtɛtʊ natʊyʊ ɛ-talɩ-ɩ kaʊ nɛ ɛ-cɛyɩʊ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛla fezuu caɣʊ kɩbaŋgʊ. Ɛ-lɛzɩʊ kɛʊ ɛ-ɖɩya taa ɛyʊ koŋ. Pɛlɛzɩʊ kewiyaɣ ɖɩya ɛlɛ palɛzɩʊ cɔjɔtʊ ɖɩya kaʊ.

Cɔjɔ ɛ-sɩba ɛ-ɖɩya taa ɛyʊ lɛzɩna-ɩ, ɛlɛ nɔyʊ pɩzɩʊ ɛmʊ cɔjɔtʊ nɛ awayi yee palʊʊla pʊwa nakɛyɩ nɛ kɔɖɔka pɩzaacɩnzɩ yɔ pɩwɩlʊ se kaɣkaɣ kɛʊ cɔjɔ.
Claude Monet

**Claude Monet** kɛ Fransɩɩ tʋ. Ɛyaa sɩma-ɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ : Oscar-Claude Monet. Palʋlɩ-ɩ Parii tɛtʋ taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛŋna Fransɩ  ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1840 taa. Ɛsɩba kamɩŋ fenaɣkɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1926 taa Giverny tɛtʋ taa.  

Ɖajaa Claude Monet lakaɣ tʋma sakɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa size nʋmɔʋ laffɩttɛ yɔ, ɖɩ-taa paacalaɣ-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛsɛwaɣ se Oscar-Claude Monet yɔ sɛʋ, pacalaɣɩ yaʋ ɖɩ. Nɛ ɛ-palaɣ egeetiyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ size Havɩɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.

Ɛkɛkɛ piɣa ŋgaɣ kaasɔlaɣ anjaʋ waa lɩzʋʋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛpaɣzɩ anjaʋ waa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ sukili ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ size Fransɩɩ keɖeyaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ yɔ kɩ-taa. Ɛ-wɩlɩyaa napayɛ hɩla yɔ: Jacques-Farnçois Ochard, Charles Glevre nɛ Eugène Boudin. Ɛyaa sɔsaa panɛ paɖʋna-ɩ nesi siŋŋ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.Mba ɖɩyaɣ pahɩlaɣ cɩnɛ yɔ, mba ɖʋnɛɣɩ nesi ɛtʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa.
Cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya

Cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya kpeɣli a-taa lɩmaɣzɛɛ sakɩyɛ : Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, saʋ pʋnɛ pɩkɛ paa ɖooye tɛ tʋmɩyɛ cabɩ weziŋ caɣʋ taa. Pɩkɛna lɛlaa kɛ aleɣya pʋyʋ. Nɛ lɛlaa n̄akpa-pʋ ɛzɩ sɩpɔɔrɩ ŋgʋ pasaɣ cɛɛcɛ nɛ peseɣna-kʋ nɛ pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ.

Pilinzi nasɩ kɔyɔ: cɛɛcɛ saʋ sukuli nɛ cɛɛcɛ saʋ habɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ cɛɛcɛ saʋ nʋmɔsɔkasɩ taa nɛ kadaɣ kaɖɛ n̄ɩŋga yɔɔ cɛɛcɛ saʋ nɛ cɛɛcɛ ŋgʋ pasaɣ-kʋ paa kadaɣ ŋga ka-taa yɔ (VTT), nɛ BMX, nɛ ɖaŋ taa cɛɛcɛ saʋ nɛ pɩtasɩna cɛɛcɛ saʋ sɔɔndʋ n̄ɩndʋ.

Cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya sɩpɔɔrɩ kʋnɛ, kɩ-paɣtʋ tɩŋɛ lɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ palɩza nɛ paya-ɖɩ se UCI (Kedeŋa kpeekpe cɛɛcɛ saʋ aleɣya ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ).

Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa sɩʋ Karl Von Drai, lɩzɩna pɩnaɣ 1816 ñɩŋga taa aleɣya saʋ wonuu ŋgʋ payaɣ se tɩrɛzɩyɛɛnɩ (draisienne) yɔ, nɛ pakpaɣ-kʋ ɛzɩ kɩpaɣlaa wonuu yɔ.

Abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛlɩza mbʋ yɔ, pɩsɩɣna ɛyʋ se piwoa-ɩ ɖoli. Tɩrɛzɩyɛɛnɩ kɛwɛna pɔbɔla naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ cɛɛcɛ yɔ. Ɛyʋ sɩɣ ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ tɛtʋ yɔɔ nɛ etuyuu cɛɛcɛ kʋnɛ kutuyu.

Parii tɛtʋ taa pacalɩ lubu tɩrɛzɩyɛɛnɩ. Puluba-kʋ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1818 taa. Pɩnaɣ 1869 taa lɛ, cɛɛcɛnaa mba potusuu ɛyaa nɔmɔŋ yaa pakpakɩɣ wondu yɔ pɔ-n̄ɔɔzɩyʋ Pierre Michaux nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʋ Ernest papasɩ lubu kajalaɣ cɛɛcɛnaa mba pɛwɛna fɛyɩ nɛ ŋcɔzɩ yɔ. Pierre Michaux ya-wɛ size *pédivelles* waa.
Cɩnjɩnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ (Age du bronze)

Cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ yaa Pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ yaa pɩnzɩ pɩkɛ pʊcɔ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ kɩbɩŋjaazɩ tɔm nɛ canaʊ tɔm pɛ-hɛkʊ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pasɩma-tʊ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tʊma sakɩyɛ tɛ laɣsɩpɩtɩŋna cɩnjŋnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʊrɔnzɩ kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa yatʊ ndʊ ɖɩsɩma se pɩkɛ kuwiviɖi nɛ ɛtɛŋ pɛtɛ ɖama taa siduu yɔ.
 
Sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩsɩma se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tʊmʊna yaa tɩlɛzɩna kuwiviɖi wɛɛ yaa kalikolitiki wɛɛ ɛlɛ, tɩɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ nɩɣtʊ alɩwaatʊ talɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa a-tʊma tɔm kaakɩlɩ cɛyʊʊ yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ lɛɛna pɩlɩna Pʊrɔzɩ yɔ yɔ takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa tɔm taa wɩlɩɣ wɛna ɖɔɖɔ kamasɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ lɛzɩtʊ lɩ sakɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ tɩcɔlɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɩm cɔlɔ.
 
Sakɩyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ajɛyɛ wena a-taa kʊ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ nɛ pɛkpɛka kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋ yɔ (ajɛyɛ wena añɔtɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kpam yɔ nɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ [Azii[[) Pʊrɔnzɩ alɩwaatʊ kaatalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ, kpaɣ 3000 ŋtalɩ 1000 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ ɛlɛ, paa lɛzɩtʊ ɛkɔma sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋna alɩwaatʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ kɔyɔ yɔ. Pɩɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa ɛzɩ Ameriki latini nɛ ɖenɖe pʊcɔ kolombii ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ lɛ, paasɩma [sika nɛ kuwiviɖi ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ, patatɩlɩ Pʊrɔnzɩ.

Kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm mayʊ Nicolas Mahudel pɩlɩna ɛtʊma kɩbɩnjaazɩ ñɩnaa pɩlʊʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛtasɩ walanzɩ Antoine Jussieu lɩmaɣza wena ɛlɛ kaalaba yɔ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1734 taa, ɛkalɩ  ɛ-tɛ ñɩnʊʊ lɩmaɣza takayaɣ nakayɛ kɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda kɛ Keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩmayɛ taa nɛ takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ŋga ka-taa ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛkɛtɩ se alɩwaatʊ wɛna wɛɛ natozo.
 
Wɛɛ ana yɔ kaʊ wɛɛ nɛ pʊrɔnzɩ yaa cɩnjɩŋnɔɔ wɛɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wɛɛ pɩlʊʊ yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛwɛ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ yaa ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛlɛ, pɔlɔtʊ pɩtalɩ halɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa ɖenɖe pɔkɔma pɛtɛzɩ-tɩyɔɔ tisuu nɛ posusi tɩ-tɔm pɩtɩŋna keɖeɣa tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1740 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pasɩmtʊ-tʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛyaa tʊma sɔsɔnaa kumolaa nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma wena pasɩma-yɛ nazɩyɛ kaŋ taa yɔ.
Cʊcʊɖɛ

Cʊcʊɖɛ kɛ sʊŋga taa tɩŋ piye ndɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Cʊcʊɖɛ tɩŋ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋ weyɩ ɛ-hatʊ wɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ ɛlɛ ɛlʊlʊʊ hɛtʊ kʊlʊmʊtʊ (Myrtacée) nɛ ɛñɔʊ Amerika nɛ Afrika sʊŋga ageetaa taa. Papazɩɣ kɩhayʊʊ yɔ pɩtalɩɣ pɩnzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ. Tɔm piye Cʊcʊɖɛ lɩnɛ arawak guaiaba kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ piye.

 
Cʊcʊɖɛ kɛ sʊŋga ageetaa taa tɩŋ piye ɖɩ-tɛ nɛ Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ taa Piresiili nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Antalɛzɩ, ɖɩwɛ kulukuluu nɛ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ ɖɩpalɩka talɩɣ sɛntɩmɛta naa 3 ntalɩɣ 10 hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa hayɩm naa nabɛyɛ taa ɖɩtalɩɣ 12.
  
Cʊcʊɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna tɔmnaɣ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ nɛ kɛ-fɛyɩ kpɩzɩŋ, ɖɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩɣ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛ takɩŋ toyi toyi ɛlɛ nayɛɛ yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩpɩɣ yɔ, lɛɛnɛ yɔ lɛ pɩwɛʊ caʊʊ nɛ ɖɩ-sɛɛ kpaŋ. Ɖɩ-mʊtʊ wɛ num tɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa wɛ pee wili wili nayɛɛ nɛ awɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɖɩ-taa sɔzɩŋ nɛ sɔzɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ndɩ. Cʊcʊɖɛ taa wɛ fitamini A nɛ B nɛ C ɛlɛ ɖɩ-tɛ fitamini C kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊʊ tɩŋ pee lɛɛna. Cʊcʊɖɛ kɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-maɣna ɖalakɩŋ tɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ mɛta naa 8 nɛ kɩñɔʊ Amerika nɛ Afrika sʊŋga ajɛyaa taa.
Cʊʊ ñanzɩ tʊmɩyɛ

Cʋʋ n̄anzɩ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ n̄anzɩ. Papɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ paya cʋʋ n̄anzɩ nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ size Cʋʋ tɛ tɔɔnaɣ yaa mɩzaɣ yɔɔ wonuu. N̄anaɣ yaa yaa wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ mbʋ pamana tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ yɔ. Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ n̄anzɩ mayʋ kɛ payaɣ yaa pɛcɛlɛ hɩɖɛ size cʋʋ wondu mayʋ yaa tɛtʋ wondu mayʋ. Mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkpakʋ tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ nɛ ɛma pɛŋ weyi ɛ-taa paɖʋ sʋlʋm yaa lɩm nɛ pɔn̄ɔʋ yɔ.

Mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛpɩzʋʋ ɛma ɖɔɖɔ peɣsi nzɩ palakɩna cotu yaa anasayɩ ɖɔm leleŋ n̄ɩmbʋ yɔ. Pama tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ ɖoozi yaa mʋtʋ n̄anzɩ cikpesi. Cʋʋ n̄anzɩ kɛna lɛɣtʋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ. Cʋʋmayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛlakɩ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ wena nɛ tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ yɔ, pɩkɛna mbʋ pʋwazʋʋ siŋŋ kɛ mɩzaɣ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɛ ɖɩɣa taa yɔ.

Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ matʋ tʋma kpeekpe payɩ kɛ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "céramique". Tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ kɛ, pɔlɔkɩna kolonzɩ yaa kuduyuŋ. Palakɩna cʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ mbʋ payaɣna anasayɩ taa size "carreau" waa yɔ. Pawazʋ nɛ pɔpɔʋ kuduyuŋ tɛɛ. Cʋʋmayʋ maɣ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm n̄ɔʋ kɔbɩnaa yaa sʋlʋm caɖasɩ. Yee palaba haɖaa ɖoli kɔyɔ, caɖasɩ kɛ pɛdɛyʋna sʋlʋm. Afrika ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ wɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Togo. Togo kɛna Afrika ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paa sɔnzɩ nzɩ pa-caɣ labʋ kɔyɔ, pʋpɔzʋ caɖa yɔ yaa cʋʋ wonuu.

Tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ wazʋʋ nɛ pama mbʋ payaɣna anasayɩ taa size "tuyaux" waa yɔ. Cʋʋ yaa tɛtʋ kɩmanatʋ tʋnɛ, tɩlɩwa pɩlaba alɩwaatʋ cabɩ. Pɩkɛna ɖoo lɔndaa canaʋ tɔm  wɛɛ taa. Pacalɩna tɛtʋ yaa cʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩmatʋ taŋ nɩʋ kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛna pɩnaɣ kudokiŋ nɛɛlɛ n̄ɩŋ taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Pɩkɔma pazɩ-ɩ lɛ, palɩɩ matʋ ndʋ tɩtaŋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋm n̄ɩŋgʋ taa.
Dalai Lama

Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ se Dalai Lama ñɩma.  Samaɣ ŋga ka-ñʋʋdʋ payaɣ se Dalai Lama. Ɛnʋ lɩzɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se 'Puudizim'. Payaʋ kabɩyɛ taa se kɩlɩʋ lɩʋ yɔ, Dalai Lama liɖe taa ñɩma kɩlɩna pʋ-yɔɔ tisuu.

Dalai Lama lʋlʋkʋ taa ɛyaa panɛ, mba, pakɩlɩna wɛʋ feveɖe kɛ lʋlʋkʋ kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ yaa tomnasɩ tasʋʋ kpaɣʋ kɛ Tibet ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Puuda Ɛsɔ tɔm tisiuu nʋmɔʋ taa. Tibet ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-caanaʋ tɔm taa lɛ, ɖɩ-taa pana kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.

Ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma mba pɔcɔ-ɩ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pata yɔ, patɩlaa size pɩkɛna lalaa kʋn̄ɔmɩŋ naʋ yaa pʋdɔdɩyɛ nayaa kɩlɩŋ lɩʋ. Dalaï-lama liɖe taa ñɩma panɛ, pɛwɛna ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ siŋŋ kalɩzasɩ tɩlɩʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.

Pɩnaɣ 1952 n̄ɩŋga taa lɛ, Dalaï-lama liɖe taa ñɩma taa hiu nɛ naanza (14) tʋ n̄ɩnʋ kpaɣ lɩmaɣza size ɛlɩzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size samaɣ yɔɔ waɖɛ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ kandɛyʋ yaa samaɣ lɩmaɣza mʋnaʋ. Pɩ-taa peeɖe palɩza ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ cɔŋnana takayɩsɩ maʋ tʋma kpeekpe yɔɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1959 ñɩŋga taa Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa sakɩyɛ paɣzɩ kʋyʋʋ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɛɖɛɣ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ñɩnʋʋ. Sɔnɔdaa Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa mba palɩ Tiibeti ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 100 000 mbʋ yɔ.

Toovenum lɛ, paaɖɔɔnɩ Dalai-Lama liɖe taa ñɩma nɛ powolo paɖʋ kʋyʋʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ sɔnɔ Dalai-Lama liɖe taa ñɩma wɛnɩ pe-kewiyaɣ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Cɛɛcɛ

Cɛɛcɛ yaa kpayaɣ, pɩkɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kʋɖɔŋ tataa ɛzɩ lɔɔɖɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, cɛɛcɛ n̄ɛwɛna pɔbɔla naalɛ.  Kɩseɣ seu mbʋ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna weyi ɛsaɣ-kʋ yɔ, ɛ-cɔlɔ. Weyi ɛsaɣ cɛɛcɛ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se cɛɛcɛ sayʋ. Ɛcakɩ ki-kpeɖe yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-nɩŋgbanzɩ peedaalɩ waa yɔɔ. Ɛsaɣ lɛ, kpasɩ hɔŋna wayɩ pɔbɔɖɛ nɛ Cɛɛcɛ seɣ.

Ɛsɩndaa pɔbɔɖɛ tɩna tɔm, nɖɩ yekina nɛ cɛɛcɛ sɩŋɩɣ yiɣyiɣ, kiikpiliɣ. Cɛɛcɛ n̄ʋʋ sayʋ tʋʋzʋʋ nɛ ɛsaɣ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛɖɔkɩ cɛɛcɛ n̄ʋʋ nɛ e-nesi naalɛ kpam nɛ ɛtʋʋzʋʋ camɩyɛ. Mbʋ yaɣna-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛhɛtɩ yaa ese lɔŋ.

Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, cɛɛcɛnaa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ caɣʋ.  Ɛyaa cakɩ cɛɛcɛnaa paa ɖooye. Nabʋyʋ taa yɔ, pɩkɛ-wɛ aleɣya pʋyʋ yaa tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʋʋ pʋyʋ. Tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa cɛɛcɛ pɩzɩɣ kise kilomɛtɛwaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Yee habɩyɛ ɛwalɩ camɩyɛ yamm nɛ nabʋyʋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzʋtʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ cɛɛcɛ ese ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛwaa hiu nɛ loɖo yaa niidozo n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Cɛɛcɛnaa mba palaba se pesena-wɛ yɔ, cɛɛcɛ sayʋ weyi pahayɩsa-ɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ esena-kʋ pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛwaa 70 n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɖenɖe pɩwalɩ camɩyɛ landamm nabʋyʋ ɛɛcɛyɩɣ yɔ. Cɛɛcɛ sayʋ weyi ɛkakɩla senaʋ nɛ-kʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzaa ese kilomɛtɛwaa 133,28 n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2009 n̄ɩŋga taa weyi payaɣ-ɩ se, Sam Whittingham yɔ ese ḿbʋ.

Pɩɩnɩɣ ɛyʋ cɛɛcɛ saɣʋ taa pɩtalɩ ɖɔnɛ taa. Ŋgʋ cɛɛcɛ sayʋ kɩla ɖeu tam naalɛ yaa naadozo mbʋ yɔ ɖɔnɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛlɛɛ tam naalɛ yaa naanza mbʋ yɔ ɖɔnɛ. Ɛyʋ lesiɣ ɖoŋ weyi ɖɔnɛ taa yɔ, pɩtatalɩ weyi elesiɣ cɛɛcɛ sayʋ taa yɔ.
Dante Alighieri

**Ɖajaa Dante Alighieri** payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Durante degli Alighieri. Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ florentin tɛtʋ taa agoza fenaɣ nɛ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, pɩnaɣ 1265 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣkɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1321 n̄ɩŋga taa Ravenne tɛtʋ taa Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa peeye.

**Ɖajaa Dante** Durante degli Alighieri kɛ keɣa maɖʋ nɛ takayɩsɩ mayʋ. Ɛ-takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmawa yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ : Divine Comédie nɛ Idiome. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ politiki laɖɔ. 

Ɛkɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ,

Ɖajaa Alighieri yaa Allighieri kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ tʋmɩyɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔ.

Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Alighiero di Bellincione. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Bella degli Abati. E-ɖoo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1278 n̄ɩŋga taa. **Ɖajaa Dante Alighieri** Durante  kɛwɛna hiu nɛ naadozo (13) lɛ, ɛ-caa sɩba. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1282 n̄ɩŋga taa.
David Ricardo

Richard David, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1772 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1823 alɩwaatʊ taa Gatcombe Park tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɛzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊ weyi ɛmaɣzaɣ lalaa yɔɔ yɔ yaa ɛwɛna lalaa yɔɔ sɔlɩm yɔ kɛ cɔlɩɩ sukuli alɩwaatʊ pɩkɩlɩ Adam Smith nɛ Thomas Malthus.

David Ricardo kɛ pɩɣa natozo ŋga kɛ piyaa hiu nɛ lʊbɛ cejewiye weewe ñɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa. Cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ Yuda mba (ɖɩlɩna Pɔrtigaali ɛjaɖɛ taa), ɖɩ-tɛ Peyibaa ŋɖɛʊna Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ kiŋ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ. Ɛtalɩ pɩnzɩ 14 lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-caa cɔlɔ Lɔndrɩ ɖenɖe ɛpazɩɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɛzɩma liidiye tɔm kɛna yɔ. 

Ricardo lɔ Yuda ɛyaa tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ e-liɖe taa nɛ ese nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛ-nɛ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ halɩpɩɣa nakɛyɛ, mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 21, halɩpɩɣa ŋga payaɣ se Priscilla Anne Wilkinson, ŋga ɛkpaɣ halʊ ɖɔɖɔ pitileɖi. E-ɖoo taa wɛ akoza pana mbʊ lɛ, ekizi ɛtasɩ-ɩ yɔɔdɩnaʊ. Wɛɛ ana a-taa Ricardo pɩsɩ kʊyʊm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊ. 

Ɛzɩma ekiza e-cejewiye yɔ pɩsɩ-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ kɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Ɛ-kajalaɣ takayasɩ nzɩ ɛma pɩlɩna cenjinaa tɔm yɔ Napoléon yoŋ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, wɛ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ takayasɩ nzɩ posusa sɩ-tɔm *Morning Chronicle* taa yɔ kɛ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1809 nɛ 1810 hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ. 

Ɛ-tɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩsɩ- ñɩm tʊ sɔsɔ pʊcɔ ɛmʊ ɛ-tɛ hɛzʊʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1814 taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 42. Ɛpɩsɩ Gatcombe Park taa nɛ ɛtayɩ e-fezuu caɣʊ politiki taa nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Ɛsʊʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1819 taa nɛ ɛcaɣ peeɖe pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1823, pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛsɩba. Ɛkɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ lɛ, ɛkandɩ paale tadɩyɛ labʊ yɔ nɛ ɛdʊ kaʊ Corn Laws (pʊtɔbʊʊ se pilee paɣtʊ yɔ) ndʊ palɩzɩ pɩnaɣ 1815 taa yɔ.
Desmond Tutu

Ɛsɔ tɛ layʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se **Desmond Mpilo Tutu** yɔ, ɛkɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1931 - 2021. n̄ɩŋga taa Klerksdorp tɛtʋ taa. 

Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ tɛ Cejewiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Aŋglikan yɔ, ɖɩ-taa Fata Desmond Tutu lakɩ Ɛsɔ tʋm;yɛ. Fada ɛnɛ ɛkɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋɖʋ siŋŋ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ekizɩ yoŋ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛ nɛ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ Ñʋʋdʋ kɩbɩnʋ, Neelson Mandela palʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ yele wɛʋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. 

Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo lɛ, Anasaayɩnaa tetisiɣ se pa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pakaa nabʋyʋ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.
Fada ɛnɛ, pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1984 n̄ɩŋga taa lɛ, pɔcɔna ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa nɛ paha-ɩ samtʋ nimiye takayaɣ. 

Fada Desmond Tutu kɛŋna ubuntu Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ n̄ʋʋdʋ. Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩlʋkɩn samaɣ yaa ajɛɛ ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ kpaɣʋ nɛ kpeyuu nɛ ceyuu pa-paɣtʋ n̄am yɔɔ. Ɛsɔɔla Ɛsɔ sam paa alɩwaayʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa.

Fada ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna toovenum ɖɔm nʋmɔʋ tʋma yɔɔ nɛ kpeyuu nʋmɔʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sɔsɔ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛnʋ palɩza size ɛn̄ɩnɩ nɛ ɛtazɩ camɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzaɣtʋ ndʋ tɩɩlaba ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Anasaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa yɔ. Ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛcɔŋnana Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩnɩɣ se ɖɩkpa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñɩm mɩlɩyaa yɔ, ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ tʋ. nɛ pɔhɔ panɩŋg.
Didier Drogba

Palʋla pombo maɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se, Didier Drogba yɔ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (11) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1978 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Kootidiivʊwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Abijan tɛtʋ taa. Didier Drogba makɩ pombo kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɩŋa taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛkɛ pombo maɖʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩñɩnɩɣ se ɛwɛɛ ɖi-pombo maɖaa taa. 

Didier Drogba paɣzɩ pombo mabʋ tʋmɩyɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Mans Union Club 72 » yɔ, ka-taa maɖaa taa Didier Drogba paɣzɩ e-pombo mabʋ. 

Paɖʋ Didier Drogba pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Chelsea FC » yɔ ka-taa maɖaa taa pɩnaɣ 2004 ñɩŋa taa. Ɛkɔma ɛkɛ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa maɖaa mankpaɖaa waa taa nɔɔyʋ. 

Didier Drogba mʋ pombo mabʋ nimiye kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2011 nɛ puwolo pɩnaɣ 2012 ñɩŋa taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, Didier Drogba makaɣ pombo kɛ Ɛŋglisi ɛjaɖɛ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ taa. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛɖɛɛ lɛ, mba peseɣtiɣ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖaa yɔ, pakpaɣ-ɩ se, ɛnʋ kɛŋna pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖaa tɩŋa taa. Pakpaɣ pombo maɖʋ sɔsɔ Didier Drogba se ɛkɛ Afrɩka ajɛya tɩŋa payɩ taa pombo maɖaa kɩkpaɖaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ. 

Didier Drogba wɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2002 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2014. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa, mba pɔcɔŋna nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ nɛ palɩzɩɣ pombo maɖaa yɔ, pakpaɣ Didier Drogba se ɛkɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ pombo maɖaa ñʋʋdʋ. Toovenum lɛ, Didier Drogba kɩlaɣna kpaɣla ɖʋzʋʋ pombo maɖaa tikaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pombo maɖaa tɩŋa payɩ taa
Cɛjɛsɩ

Cɛjɛsɩ wɛ tɔm naadozo taa. Yʋsʋʋ cɛjɛsɩ wɛɛ, kɔyɛ cɛjɛsɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ sɔnzɩ n̄ɩnzɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pasɩŋ kabɩyɛ tʋ nɛ ɛ-cɛjɛsɩ. Ɖooo lɛ, palʋla kabɩyɛ tʋ nɛ pɛtɛhɛdɩ-ɩ hʋsʋʋ cɛjɛsɩ yɔ, patʋʋ-ɩ se njɔndʋ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, kabɩyɛ n̄ɩma nabɛyɛ eetisi se pɛhɛdɩ piya. Pɔtɔŋ se cɛjɛsɩ wɛɛkɩɣ piya ɛsɩndaa. Toovenum lɛ, cɛjɛsɩ nasɩyɛ mʋʋna piya nɛsɩyɛ ɛlɛ, cɛjɛsɩ lɛɛsɩ n̄ɛwɛɛkɩ-sɩ kɛwɛɛkʋʋ. Hʋsʋʋ cɛjɛsɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛzɩtɛɣlɩm cɛjɛsɩ wɛɛ, halɩpiya pɛhɛdɩɣ sɩsɩ, cɛjɛsɩ kitibisi n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ cɛjɛsɩ kɩwɛlɩsɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Abalɩcɛjɛsɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ, sɩsɩ walʋʋ takalam. Abalʋ yaa halʋ weyi e-nesi ɛɛpaɣ yɔ ɛhɛdɩɣna piya cɛjɛsɩ.

Kɔyɛ cɛjɛsɩ wɛ tɔm naadozo taa. Kʋkʋ cɛjɛsɩ wɛɛ, sumaka n̄ɩnzɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ piya nzɩ pan̄ɩnɩɣ-sɩ kɩn̄ɩnʋ yɔ sɩsɩ cɛjɛsɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩɣa lotu ɛkpa kezeluu nɛ piitiki yɔ, pɛhɛdɩɣ-kɛ kʋkʋ cɛjɛsɩ. Halʋ weyi ɛlakɩ kʋkʋ kʋdɔŋ yɔ ɛhɛdɩɣna cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ. Pɩɣa hʋyɩŋ naalɛ yɔɔ pɛhɛdɩɣ cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pɛhɛdɩ hʋyʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ yɔɔ cɛjɛsɩ sɩtalɩ nɛɛlɛ mbʋ yɔ. Pɛhɛdɩɣ-sɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, halʋ kɔyɛ laɖʋ naŋ kʋkʋ kɔyɛ nɛ ɛtaa cɛjɛsɩ taa peeye.

=Cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ payaɣ se sumaka cɛjɛsɩ?=
Kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ payaɣ sumaka. Kɩkpa pɩɣa kɔyɔ, kan̄aŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Pɩɣa ɛn̄aŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ mbʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ se pɛhɛdɩ-kɛ sumaka. Weyi ɛlakɩ sumaka kʋdɔŋ yɔ ɛhɛdɩɣna pɩɣa sumaka cɛjɛsɩ nɛ ɛtaa-kɛ pʋ-kɔyɛ.
Cɛjɛsɩ nasɩyɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ pɛhɛdɩɣ-sɩ piya nzɩ pan̄ɩnɩ-sɩ kɩn̄ɩnʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee halʋ ɛɛɖɔkʋʋ yɔ, ɛ nɛ ɛ-walʋ papɩzɩɣ powolo pasʋlʋmɩ ɛgɔlɔmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩɣa. Pasʋlʋmaa nɛ pɩha-wɛ pɩɣa ŋgaa yɔ, pɛhɛdɩɣ-kɛ cɛjɛyaɣ nakɛyɛ kpayɩ nɛ kataapɩsɩ ɖenɖe kalɩnaa nɛ palʋlʋʋ-kɛ yɔ.

=Sɔnzɩ cɛjɛsɩ=
Evebu ɛtalɩ tɔɔzʋʋ yɔ, cɛja lakɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ eheyi pɩɣa egbele se e-koowu talɩ sɔnzɩ labʋ. Se ɛkɔɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ-ɩ hʋnʋʋ. Peeye neŋ wokina hʋnʋʋ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ e-koowu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛhɛdɩɣ-ɩ cɛjɛsɩ. Kiɖe taa pɛhɛdɩɣ cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ. Paahɛdɩɣ-sɩ sɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ. Pileɖiɣ lɛ, sɩpɩzɩɣ sɩmʋʋ. Yee pɩɣa peleɣ yɔ, ɛ-nɩŋgbakutola pɛhɛdɩɣ sɔnzɩ cɛjɛsɩ nzɩ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se akpendu cɛjɛsɩ.
David Hilbert

David Hilbert, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1862 kɛ Königsberg nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1943 kɛ Göttingen. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊ yaa lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pamaɣzʊʊ nabɩyʊ taa se ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa taa kajalaɣ tʊ nɔyʊ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Henri Poincaré yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɩza lɛɣtʊ lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna siŋ lɩzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ.

Mbʊ pɩwɩla se ɛkɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛ-tʊma taa yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1900, kpaɣ ehiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩcamɩ ɛ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Hilbert nɛ e-sukuli piyaa tɩlɩtʊ siŋ sukuli hɔɔlʊʊ taa yaa sukuli tɛ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ yɔ pɩlɩna koŋ lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpɛdɛ naa tɔm taa nɛ ɖama maɣzɩnaʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. 

Ɛmʊwa nɛ ɛɖaŋ piŋ Georg Cantor maɣzɩm pɩlɩna kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ nɛ kamaɣ fɛyɩ ñʊʊ yɔɔ. Pasɩma-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛ-tɛ siŋ wɩlɩtʊ lɩmaɣza nɛ cɔlɩɩ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tʊma nɛ helim taa lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyɛ.  

Hilbert laba sukuli kɛ hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa nɛ Königsberg sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palʊla-ɩ. Peeɖe ɛmʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa sɔsaa takayaɣ ɛlɛ, Ferdinand von Lindemann cɔŋa ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1885 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛma yɔ nɛ payaɣ se Über invariante Eigenschaften specieller binärer Formen, insbesondere der Kugelfunctionen. Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Hermann Minkowski laakɣ ɖɔɖɔ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa. Papɩsɩ tabala siŋ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peeɖe mbʊ yɔ pa-taa paweyi lɛ, ɛ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeu ɛzɩ pɩkpaɖɩ lɛlʊ yɔ. 
 
Pɩnaɣ 1886 ŋtalɩ 1895 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ yɔ Hilbert pɩsɩ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Königsberg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1892 taa ɛkpaɣ halʊ, paya-ɩ se Käthe Jerosch (1864-1945), nɛ pɩsɩŋa lɛ, pɛwɛna pɩɣa eveleɣ paya kaka se Franz. Pɩnaɣ 1895 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pɩtɩŋna Felix Klein tɔm yɔɔ lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ Göttingen sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ lɛ, Göttingen pɩsɩ lone ndɩ ɖɩmʊ niye lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ. Hilbert wɛ peeɖe pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-tɛ hɛzɩɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 1930 taa. 

Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛtɔ se pʊtʊmʊna halʊ se ɛwɩlɩ sukulɩ kɛ Prusse sukuli kɛtɛzʊʊ taa. Pʊkɔma ɛzɩ 1910 mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Hilbert seɣti Emmy Noether pana ñaɣʊ, ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ kajalaɣ tʊ, weyi ɛpɔzaɣ se ɛwɩlɩ Göttingen sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa. Pɩsa koyondina tisi lɛ, ɛpɩsɩna se sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛkɛ Turiki ɛyaa tɛ ŋgʊ.
Eelɛkɩtroniiki

Eelɛkɩtroniiki kɛna tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ. Pɩ-tɛ piliŋa ŋga kalakɩna nɛ nabʋyʋ wɛɣna tomnaɣ wɛtʋ nɛ camɩyɛ labɩnaʋ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ taa. Pɩwazɩɣ siŋŋ kɛ tɔm kususutu nɛ tɔm kʋmʋmʋtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Eelɛkɩtroniiki yekina nɛ pɩ-tɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩtalɩ camɩyɛ ti-woɖe nɛ tɩ-mʋyaa wʋʋ-tʋ camɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size, nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pakpakɩɣ eelɛkɩtroniiki nɛ palakɩna tomnasɩ kekeɖii kʋdɔmɩŋ kpeekpe. Pɩtɛkɛ pi-ɖeke ɛlɛ, eelɛkɩtroniiki ŋgʋ, palakɩna-kʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ lɛdɩmɛlɛdɩ nazɩyʋ tʋma sakɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Eelɛkɩtroniiki ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɩla kʋ-tʋmɩyɛ ɖeu yee lɛdɩmɛlɛdɩ nazɩyʋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ.

Nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, nazɩyʋ wɛna walanzɩ nzɩ sɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, nazɩyʋ walanzɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ mɛnfɛyɩ ɖoŋ n̄ɩnzɩ siŋŋ yɔ, sɩwɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ eelɛkɩtroniiki taa. Pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ mbʋ yɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ lɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ yee tɔm kususutu natʋyʋ ɛcaɣ se tɩtalɩ ɖoli nɛ ɖoŋ n̄ɩɩɩ nɛ tɩ-wazaɣ tɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ.

Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa naalɛ n̄ɩnɩɣ size pala ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna tɔm natʋyʋ yɔɔ lɛ, pʋwɛna-wɛ size pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖoŋ.

Ɖɩɖɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se eelɛkɩtroniiki ɖoŋ kɩkpaɖɩŋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ. Kɩkɛ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ piliŋa nakɛyɛ. Kɩwɛ wazaɣ siŋŋ nazɩyʋ labɩnaʋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋma piliŋa taa.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ

Palaba ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ kedizaɣ slosaɣ nakɛyɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa, agoza fenaɣ, kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ (5) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa. Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ wɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa. Palɩza paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Lɩmaɣzɛ sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ se, pʋwɛɛ se Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya ɩwɛɛna kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩnaɣ taa. Kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se « Conseil de l’Europe ».

Ajɛya nɩɩnaza nɛ lʋbɛ (47) wɛna « Conseil de l’Europe » taa. Ajɛya ana, a-taa samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa 820.

Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya nɩna ɖama se akandɩyɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ɛyʋ weyi ɛnaɣ se pomuluu-ŋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo nɛ ɛlʋ ɛ-waɖɛ yɔɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ lʋkɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ taa.

Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa, Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ. Paɖʋ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga ka-taa : minisii waa tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ wɛɛ. Paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ajɛya akpeɣla ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ, a-tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ana, a-ɖɩlaɖɛ taa pɔyɔɔdʋʋ caama kʋnɩŋ, pɔyɔɔdɩ, pɔyɔɔdɩ Itaalii kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɛtɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ Rusɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ

Ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ wɛna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa. Potoboyi ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yem tobi se «CEDH». «CEDH» ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga palaba-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1959 taa yɔ, keyebina nɛ CEDH ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔ. «CEDH» ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ siŋŋ nɛ ajɛya wena Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ taɣna-yɛ yɔ, aɖɔ ɖeu ɛyʋ waɖɛ kandɩyʋʋ yɔɔ paɣtʋ yɔɔ.
Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ taɣna-ɖɩ yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩyaa tɔm, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩnaɣ se ajɛya lɛɛna ɖɔŋ ɖɩ-ɛyaa waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Yee pɩtɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa tɩŋa waɖɛ yɔɔ ajɛya lɛɛna yaa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩɣ, nɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm nɔɔyʋ naɣna se pɛfɛyɩɣ ɛ-waɖɛ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyaa tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ pɩzɩɣ ɖɩyaa tɔm nɛ ɛ-nɔɔ.
Strasbourg tɛtʋ taa «CEDH» ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛɛ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa Strasbourg tɛtʋ wɛɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1998 ñɩŋa taa pasɩ CEDH tʋma ñʋʋ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Kuduyiŋ maʋ lɔŋsɩnɖʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Richard Rogers mana kuduyu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ palakɩ «CEDH» ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma yɔ.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm

**Eerɔpʋ** tɛtʋ tɔm, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Eerɔpʋ "méridionale" yɔ tɩ-tɔm pakɩlɩ maʋ takayɩsɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ pakɩlɩ-tʋ maʋ takayɩsɩ taa. Tɔm sɔsɔtʋ naanza natʋyʋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ pɩla se Eerɔpʋ "méridionale" tɔm pakɩlɩ maʋ takayɩsɩ taa:
* Kajalaɣ lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa pacalɩ maʋ kuduyiŋ nɛ pɛ.
* Nabʋlɛ lɛ, peeye tɛ niɣkaɣ nɛ soŋaɣ pɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ wɛɖʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, piyeki se caanaʋ wondu ɛtaapʋʋ yem. 
* Tozo ɖeɖe lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa papaɣzɩ kʋnʋmɩŋ maʋ. Yee mbʋ, tɔm ndʋ pama-tʋ payɩ takayɩsɩ taa yɔ, petelesi tɔm ndʋ tɩ-taa takayaɣ nakɛyɛ.
* Kpaakpaa ɖeɖe lɛ, Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa ɛyaa calɩna labʋ lɩmaɣzɛ se pama pa-caanaʋ tɔm takayɩsɩ taa nɛ pasɩɩ pa-wayɩ n̄ɩma. (Pama Homère tɔm, pama Hérodote n̄ɩndʋ nɛ pɛtɛ pama Strabon tɔm. Pama ɖɔɖɔ pɔ-cɔzɔnaa sakɩyɛ tɔm lɛɛtʋ.

Samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se "sami" yaa "lapon" yɔ kɔ-hɔʋ waasɩ nɛɛlɛ kiɖe tɛɛ.
Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa caanaʋ tɔm n̄ɩnɩyaa nɛ tɩ-mayaa pɛtɛyɩ caanaʋ tɔm alɩwaatʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kajalaɣ lɛ, tɔm ndʋ tɩɩwɛɛ nɛ pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm paɣzɩ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ payaɣ se "préhistoire". Alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, "Antiquité" alɩwaatʋ n̄atɩŋɩ nɛ "Antiquité" alɩwaatʋ wayɩ lɛ, "Moyen Âge alɩwaatʋ tɩŋɩ. "Afrɩka ajɛɛ wena awɛna Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ a-alɩwaatʋ nɛ amérindienne précolombienne alïwaatʋ nɛ Siini alɩwaatʋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩndʋ pɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa caanaʋ tɔm n̄ɩndʋ. 

Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ natʊyʊ naadozo lɛɣzɩna Eerɔpʊ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ ajɛya sɔsɔna lɛɛna yɔ.  
* Kajalaɣ lɛ, polubu miŋ yɔ, pɩlɛɣzɩ Eerɔɔpʊ tɛtʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Polubu miŋ yɔ, pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 400 000 yaa 800 000 yɔ mbʊ yɔ. Pɩkpaɣʊnɛ mbʊ yɔ, patɩzɩɣ tɔɔnasɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔtɔkɩ.
* Miŋ lubu wayɩ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se « révolution néolithique» yɔ, pʊbʊ n̄alɩɩ. Pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 2 000 yaa 8000 yɔ lɛɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩʊ yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ńdʊ tɩ-taa haɖaʊ tʊma pazɩ pɩkpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ.
* Nabudozo ɖeɖe lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se «< révolution industrielle » yɔ, pʊbʊ n̄alɩɩ nɛ pɩtɛzɩ Eerɔɔpʊ tɛtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ kpem. Anansaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu alɩwaatʊ taa kɛlɛ. Pɩlaba kpaɖɩŋ naalɛ yɔ Anansaayɩ wondu ndɩ ndɩ lubu lɩʊ yɔ. Mbʊ hanɛ waɖɛ nɛ ɛyʊ wɛɛna ɖoŋ mbʊ payaɣ se « énergie électrique» yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ.
Egbele

Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, tʋkaɣ nakayɩ wɛ pazɩ: egbele yaa neŋ kɛna halʋ yaa ɖoyo liɖe taa mba ɛkɩlɩ-wɛ yɔ. Halʋ ɖala yaa ɛ-kɔɔnaa lɛ payaɣ-ɛ se cɔzɔnaa yaa nezenaa. Pɔdɔŋ Kabɩyɛ taa se hɩnɛ cɩyʋ kodiye ɛɛcɩyʋ yaa pʋtɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se caanaa hiu, egbele kʋɖʋm. Pɔyɔɔda mbʋ yɔ, pɩkɛna se paa halʋ ɛɛwɛna walaa ɛzɩma nɛ piya ɛzɩma yɔ, piyaa tɩŋa kʋyʋʋ lɛ, egele kʋɖʋm yaa neŋ kʋɖʋm tɛ kɛ sɩwoki. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, kooʋ ñʋʋ nɛ kɩ-ñɔsɩ wɛ egbele yaa neŋ nesi tɛɛ. 

Egbele nɛ neŋ pɛwɛna ɖoŋ tɩŋa kɛ koou yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɛna-wɛ kɩjɛyʋ se pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ po-koowiya hiu pa-tɩ camɩyɛ. Piyebina nɛ pɔtɔŋ kʋtɔmɩyɛ se: egbele tɔkɩna koou. Pɩwɛɛ mbʋlɛ, kabɩyɛtʋ sɩma; mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, pɩtaawɛɛ mbʋ kɔyɔ halʋ taakɛ pʋyʋ nɔɔyʋ. Mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ halʋ walʋʋ  lɛ, ɛlɛɣzɩɣ hɔʋ nɛ hɩɖɛ. Ɛlɛ yee wiɖii nabʋyʋ ɛlaba nɛ walʋ wɛɛ kʋñɔŋ taa yaa ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, abalʋ hɔʋ taa mba pɔcɔŋna piya yaa sulaa yɔɔ camɩyɛ se pɩtaakɛdɩ nɛ egbele yaa neŋ taa wɩɩ yaa ɛñɩŋɩ. 
	
Egbele ɛfɛyɩ, paalakɩ koou kɛ sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ. Sɔnzɩ ɖeɖe egbele cɛlɩɣna sɩɣa kɛ weyi ɛkɔ kpɩnɛ yɔ nɛ pehiziɣ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ pɛcɛlɩ-ɩ hamʋʋ. Paalakɩ koou kɛ sɔnzɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ neŋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Peeɖe panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se halʋ ɛfɛyɩ nabʋyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pɩla nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɖeu. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnzɩ ɖeɖe yeke kɛ egbelinaa nɛ neŋnaa ɖʋʋ pɔnɔsɩ. Yee palakɩ koou kɛ ñaŋ kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna egbele yaa neŋ se ɛmʋ e-koou nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛcɔlɔ aliwaatʋ cabɩ. Yee pɩwɩɣ koou nɔɔyʋ kɔyɔ, egbele yɛlɩɣna tɩwa nɛ ɛna se ɛbɛ lakɩ-ɩ nɛ yee pɩkɛ sɩm ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ, ɛñɩnɩɣ pazɩyʋ se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ pʋkʋ e-koou yɔ.
Dominique Guzmán tʋ

Dominique de Guzmán kɛna ɛsɔ pʊɣa ŋga kɛcɛla ka-tɩ kɛ ɛsɔ sɩŋŋŋ ɖooo ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa yɔ. palʊla-ɩ hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ leleŋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1170 kɛ palʊla-ɩ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Poloñɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1221.

Ɛkɛ layʊ kɛ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛnʊ lɩzɩna layaa mba palaɣ paa kujuka ŋga nɛ pakpakɩɣ pa-tɩ nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ ɛsɔ kɛ ɛ-kɩy ŋgʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ posuzuu ɛ-tɔm ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pakpayɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1234. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, hɩɖɛ nɖɛ nɖɩ paa anɩ ɛsɩmna-ɩ yɔ, nɖɩ lɛ se Dominiki kiɖeɖeu.  

Dominique de Guzmán kiɖeɖeu ɛnɛ, pɔtɔkɩ ɛ-kasandʊ kɛ tɔm naputozo taa: kacalaɣ taa lɛ, kɩyɛna fenaɣ naanza wiye pɩwayɩ lɛ, fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-kɩyakʊ looɖo wiye nɛ kpaagbaa efemiye wiye kɛlɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ ŋga ka-kɩyakʊ litoozo wiye.

Dominique tɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ yɔɔ panaɣ-ɩ ɛɖɔka kamaŋgaɣ mayaɣ, takayaɣ ( kogulaa ) nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe pombo. E-kiɖe taa nɛ tɩŋga nɛ palɩzɩ haɣ nakayɩ (hʊlɩmɩŋ nɛ kpɛdɩŋ) tʊ tɔsɩ nɛ kɔ-nɔɔ nɛ katɩŋgʊ-ɩ. Haɣ ŋga kɔtɔbʊʊ se paahaɣ ɛ-hɔɔ lɛ e-ɖoo kaaɖoza pɩtɛ ɖoziye. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ palʊla Dominique nɛ pehe-i mbʊ lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛnʊ lɛ haɣ ŋga kɔɖɔka tɔsɩ yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛtɔma se ɛnʊ wɩlɩɣ ɛyaa kɛ toovenim nɔmɔʊ.
Diego Vélasquez

Ɖajaa Diego Velázquez payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Diego Rodríguez. Palʋla-ɩ Silva tɛtʋ taa Ɛsɩpaan̄ɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Palʋla-ɩ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ loɖo (6) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1599 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛsɩba Séville tɛtʋ taa . Ɖajaa Diego Velázquez kɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ tayʋ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ anjaʋnaa lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. 

Pɔsɔ Ɖajaa Diego Velázquez Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm Séville tɛtʋ taa. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ Cejewiye nɖɩ payaɣ se Pierre kiɖeɖeu yɔ, ɖɩ-kpaaŋ taa pɔsɔ-ɩ-pʋ Séville tɛtʋ taa peeɖe. Séville tɛtʋ taa peeɖe ɛcaɣ ɛkɔɔ ɛpaɣlɩ. Ɛkʋyɩnɩ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ewolo ɛcaɣ Madride ñɩndʋ taa. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa wiyaʋ Philippe IV, lɛɣza-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ yem se tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ tayʋ.

Payaɣ ɛ-caa size João Rodrigues da Silva. E-ɖoo hɩɖɛ lɛ Jerónima Velázquez.
Egipiti

**Egipiti** kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsi ɖɩlɩye hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩwɛɛ Mediiteranee nɛ kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Egipiti wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ Asii keteŋa taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ɖenɖe payaɣ se Leevantɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɩtɩŋgʊna Siinayi pɔɔ.

Naajeeriya nɛ Etiyoopii pa-wayɩ lɛ Egipiti taa kɛ eyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ pɛwɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 kɛ miliyɔɔnaa 89. Peeɖe ɛyaa hukuu lɛɛɛ lɛɛɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ 60 taa lɛ samaɣ huu ɛzɩ tam naanaza mbʊ yɔ. Egipiti tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Kɛɛrɩ nɛ Araabɩ kɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ peeɖe ɛlɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Egipiti. 

Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Siiwii yaa Bɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩ kɛ Siiwa hɔɔlʋʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Egipiti krɩstʊ mba tɛɛlɛɣzɩ pa-kʊnʊŋ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ paɖɩɣna yɔɔdɩɣ Kɔpɩtɩ pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ taa. Egipiti nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Nuubiyɛŋ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɩnɛ pɩkɩlɩna samaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Asʊwaŋ yɔ. 

Pe-liidiya yɔ Egipiti liivri. Kaŋgalafʊʊ nimaɣ paɣzɩɩna +20.

Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1981, Mohammed Hosni Moubarak kaawɛna kpelaɣ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna se lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 wiey  pɩnaɣ 2011 samaɣ kpeekpe kʊyɩ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩla ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Peeɖe komina taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ 264 nɛ naatozo yɔɔ lɛ, samaɣ lɩzɩɣ naalɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ñayaa kʊɖʊm. Egipiti ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ kɔyɔ Maresaalɩ Abdel Fattah al-Sissi nɛ ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ kɛ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ liitoozo wiye.
Elvis Presley

**Elvis Aaron Presley** kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Amarika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ nutozo (8) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1935 ñɩŋa taa. Palʋla-ɩ Tupelo tɛtʋ taa Mississippi egeetiye taa.

Ɛsɩba kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1977 ñɩŋa taa. Ɖajaa Elvis AAaron Presley pakʋma hɩɖɛ se «The King». Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ Wiyaʋ. Ɛmʋ samtʋ nima ndɩ ndɩ minziki mabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa.

Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Rock and roll sɩŋna-ɩ nɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ tɩlɩ ɛ-tɛ minzikinaa. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛsɩŋna-ɩ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɩlɩ ɛ-tɛ minzikinaa tɩŋa. Kpaɖʋʋ hiu (10) ñɩŋgʋ taa Ɖajaa Elvis kɛkɛŋna hendu teyu kɩkpaɖʋ. Ɖajaa hendu teu Elvis Presley ɛnɛ, pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ lɛ, ɛpɛdɩ hendu tatasɩ sɩtalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ.

Ɛkɛ maɣzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛlaba tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa mba pa-taa yɔ, patalɩɣ hiŋ nadazo nɛ kʋɖʋm (31).

Ɛlaba ɖama nɩnaʋ kedizasi nzɩ yɔ, sɩɖɔ siŋŋ. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛlaba nzɩ yɔ sɩtalɩɣ 1156 mbʋ yɔ. Ɛlaba-sɩ egeetiye 525 ñɩnɖɛ taa. Egeetiye nɖɩɩ payaɣ size Las Vegas. Hendu teyu ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ hendu teu maɣzɩyʋ sɔsɔ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ weyi ɛlɛyɩ labʋ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pana-ɖɩ poliŋ taa yɔ.

Pɩɩkɛ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nanaaza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1973 ñɩŋga taa Hawaï egeetiye taa.

Hendu teyu sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛɛkɛ ñɩm tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ kpem. Ɛsɩba nɛ pewili e-liidiye kozaɣ taa lɛ, e-liidiye kpɛndɩ tɔɔlaarɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa 150 mbʋ yɔ.
Emeroodi

Mbʊ payaɣ se emeroodi yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se silikatɩ yɔ a-taa naɖɩyɛ. Pɛtɛyɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ naayɛ se siklosiliikate waa. Pɛ ana awɛ ɛzɩ pɛ wena payaɣ se peerili waa yɔ. Mbʊ payaɣ se kromi nɛ fanadiyɔɔm yɔ peyebina nɛ emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛɛna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se fɛɛrɩ yɔ kiyekina nɛ emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛɣna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ kpɛndɩ naanza. Emeroodi kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ana a-taa lɛɛɖɛ.

Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se emeroodi yɔ, ɖɩ-tɔm 

Weyi ɛya pɩyɛ nɖɩ hɩɖɛ se «emeroodi » yɔ nɛ tɔmpiye emeroodi ɖɩlɩyɛ

Tɔmpiye emeroodi lɩna tɔmpiye smaragdus cɔlɔ. Tɔmpiye smaragdus kɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye. Ɛlɛ, toovenum  lɛ, laatɛɛ ñɩma taayaana Pɛrɩsɩ ñɩma tɔmpiye tɔmpiye zamarat camɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ se smaragdus. Pɛɛrɩsɩ ñɩma ya pɩyɛ nɖɩ se zamarat, pʊ-tɔbʊ se «pɩyɛ ñamɩyɛ». Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna yɔ, mbʊ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ payaa se «emeroodi» yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pana pɩyɛ nɖɩ Babylone tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ kudoku nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ. Pakpaɣ emeeroodo ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩɩ Babylone tɛtʊ taa peeɖe nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩma tadɩyɛ liidiye pɔɔyɛ. Ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wuluwuluwaa naayɛ kɛwɛ Egipitii ɛjaɖɛ taa, teŋgu kɩsɛɛmʊʊ cɔlɔ kpam. Emeroodi ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wuluwuluwaa mba pakpakaɣ nɛ polukina Egipiti kewiyaɣ taa sɔsaa ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndɩ ndɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ payaɣ se piijuu waa (bijoux).
Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii

Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii kɛna ajɛya cɩkpena nayɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1971 taa. 

Ɖɩwɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa kɛ Kɔlɩfɩ-Pɛrɩsikɩ nɛ Omanɩ-Kɔlɩfɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Ajɛya cikpena wena akpɛnda nbɛ payaɣ se Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii yɔ, ana ya: 

* Abuu Dabi
* Ajimanii
* Sarija
* Dubayɩ
* Fujayira
* Ras ɛl Kayima Uumm al Qayiwayɩŋ.

Ajɛya anɛ cikpena kɩkpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ payaɣ se Abuu Dabi.

Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii tɛ kɩgaʊ aŋgba ɛnɛ awɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖɩzɩm wɛɛ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ-pʊ nɛe ajɛya lɛɛna yɔ a-taa.

Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ payaɣ se kaɖɩzɩm yɔ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OPEP yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Abuu Dabi yɔ, ɖɩɖɩ ñaatɛma OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa wɛʊ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se Emiraatɩ-Araabʊ Unii yɔ ɖɩñɔʊ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ yaa ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe nɖɩ payaɣ se Dubayɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ñɩm pakɩlaa.