open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hʊyʊʊ ɖʊʊ (Assurance)

Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ (assurance) kɛnɛ ɛyʋ pɩyʋ fevere n̄ɩm keem sɔsɔm. Pɩkɛ mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ siŋŋ kɛ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ yaa cɛɣtʋʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ taa yɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna mbʋ pɩzɩʋna ɛyʋ size ɛmɛɛsɩ ɛn̄ɩm yaa ɛtɔsʋʋ kɛ ceeɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ liidiye nɖɩ ɛyʋ kpakʋ nɛ ɛsɩɩɖɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size wiɖii yaa kɩyakʋ nakʋyʋ wiye natʋyʋ ɛtalɛyɛ yaa ehuu kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ lɛ pɩɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa tʋmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʋ wezuu kɩpaŋgʋ camɩyɛ caʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.

ʋ kʋyʋʋ ɖoli size cee Ɛyʋ ɖʋpɩɩsɩna-yɔ nɛ eehuu n̄ʋʋ yabɩtʋʋ kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛ-taalɛyɛ kɔyɔ. Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna liidiye yaa n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ ɖʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yaa ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa size ɛɛmʋʋɖɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛwɛʋ kɛdɛɖaɣ taa yɔ. Pɩkɛ kɩyakʋ labʋ, yaa kɛzaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ n̄ɩm.
       
Hʋyʋʋ ɖʋʋ kɛna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa liidiye cɔʋʋ ɖʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ pɔcɔʋʋ ɖɩ-taa liidiye nɛ pɛcɛlʋʋ cɔyaa takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩʋ size, yee wiɖiye nabɩyʋ yaa tɔm natʋyʋ ɛtala pa-taa nɔyʋʋ kɔyɔ paɖʋyɛ nesi yɔ. Paayeki ɛyʋ yeɣyeɣ nesi kpɛɖɛ kɛ ɛcɛyɩtʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.

Liidiye cɔʋʋ tamaɣ yaa lɩmaɣza kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ size, paaɖʋyɩ nesi alɩwaatʋ ndʋ kaɖɛ tɔm yaa kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ talɩ-ɩ lɛ yɔ. Yee ɖɩkpakʋʋ tɔm piye nɖɩ-ɩ ɖɩnɩʋ walanzɩ kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size ɖɩkɛ n̄ɩm yaa tɔsʋʋ ɖɔkʋʋ camɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ; nakʋyʋ kɩkɛwa.
Igbo kʊnʊŋ

Igbo kʊnʊŋ, Igbo taa lɛ, Asusu Igbo, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Naajeeriya keeke yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ yɔ patala ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ pɩtalɩ hɩŋ naatozo nɛ kɩgbanzɩ. Igbo wɛ keeke Naajeeriya nɛ haɖɛ wɩsi ɖʊɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ, Biafra kɩbɩnʊʊ nɛ Naajeeriya Haɖɛ haɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa, kacalaɣ lɛ, Niger pɔɔ handala fɛɛʊ ageeta taa, Pata ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ Agbor handala fɛɛʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Rivers ɛjaɖɛ taa ndɩ payaɣ se Harcourt Teŋgʊ.

     
Pamaɣ Igbo kʊnʊŋ nɛ Latɛŋ maʊ kpata tɛ masɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ nsibidi tɛ masɩ, nzɩ Ekpe ŋgbɛyɛ lakɩna nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Igbo kʊnʊŋ wɛna nɔɔ kʊyʊʊ tɛ keɖeɣa camɩyɛ. Yɔɔdɔɔsɩ talɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ Igbo waa kʊnʊmɩŋ ɖɔɔ coɣ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ɖama tɛ nɩʊ wɛ ɖama taa nɛ Igbo kʊnʊŋ ɛzɩ Ikwere nɛ Enuani yaa Ekpeye yɔɔdɔɣ.

Pama Igbo kʊnʊŋ nɛ Latɛnɩ masɩ nɛ pɔsɔzɩ masɩ lɛɛsɩ kɩsɔzʊʊ. Palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ matʊ sakɩyɛ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1961 pagbaɣ wayi wayi matʊ kɩkɛdɩnatʊ nɛ onwu ŋgbɛ pɔza mbʊ nɛ.
Ignace Loyola tʋ

Palʊla Ignace de Loyola kɛ pɩnaɣ 1491 kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Azpeitia yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Peeyiibaskɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa. 5Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛlɛ mbʊyɔ. Ignace de Loyola sɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 1556 kɛ Rooma tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 65. Ignace de Loyola Ignace de Loyola sɩba hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ 1556 kɛ Room tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 65. Ignace de Loyola kɛŋna weyi ɛñɔwa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Yesu wayɩ tɩŋgɩya yɔ nɛ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ-tʊ. Ɛsɔ lɩmɖʊyʊ ɛnɛ ɛɛkɛna lɩmɖʊyʊ weyi ɛsɩŋgaɣna ɛyaa kɛ pɔɖɔnɛ-taa.

Ignace de Loyola tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ ɛsɔ tɔm yɔɔ kɛŋna mbʊ piyeba nɛ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɑɣnɩ ɖɩ-tɩ cɔnaʊ camɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɛñɔza yɔ, ɖɩkɛna tiyu tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Afrika nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlɩɣ taa. Papa Grégoire XV kpana-ɩ kiɖeɖeu kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1622 ɛlɛ kɩlaʊ keliizaɣ taa lɛ, pɔtɔkɩ Ignace de Loyola kiɖeɖeu kazandʊ kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 wiye. 
Ɛzɩmaa Ignace de Loyola pɩsa ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ
Ignace de Loyola kaawɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ  30 lɛ, ɛsʊʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ taa nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ pɩɩkʊ ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋaɣ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɔma nɛ pɩcɛ lɛ, lɛɛka kɩlɩ lɛɛka ñɩɩɩ yem. Pɩlaba mbʊ nɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ pɩzɩɣ se ɛna sɔɔjanaa takayɩsɩ nɛ ɛkalɩ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ ɛsɔ tɔm takayasɩ nɛ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema takayisɩ kɛ kalɩɣ. Ɛkala Ludolphe le Saxon takayaɣ ŋga kɔyɔɔdɩɣ Yesu fezu  caɣʊ tɔm yɔ. Ɛkala takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema fezu caɣʊ yɔ. Takayasɩ nzɩ ɛkalaa nɛ ɛɖaŋɩɣ ɛ-wezu caɣʊ kɛ cɔnaʊ nɛ sɔɔndʊ paɣzɩ-ɩ kpaʊ. Ɖom nabʊyʊ taa kɛ ɛna Pɛlɔ Maria nɛ Pʊwa Yesu. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, eyele ɛ-lakasɩ kɩpɩnzɩ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ fezu caaʊ. 

Ɛ-yɔɔ cɛba wayɩ lɛ, eyele ɛ-ɖɩwa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1522 nɛ ɛɖɛɛ Yerusalɛm. Ɛ-nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ ɛtalɩ Pariseloni, Penedikiti mba ɛsɔ sɛtʊ lone taa nɛ eheyi ɛ-kɩwɛɛkɩm taa kɛ layʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Chanon yɔ ɛcɔlɔ. Ɛcaɣ peeɖe kɛ afema naatozo nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, pɩsa nɛ ɛwɩlɩ kaɣlaa se ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ kɛ ɛsɔ nɛ ɛyeba ɛ-sɔɔjɛtʊ lɛ, ɛhɔzɩ ɛ-sɔɔjɛtʊ wondu nɛ ɛ-malɩfanaa nɛ epuzi Maria  nɛ Yesu pɛ-tɛ anjaʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛlaba mbʊ nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛsuu toko yuulee nakʊyʊ nɛ nimiye naɖɩyɛ yem kɛ ɛtama ɛ-tɩnaɣ taa. Mbʊ eyeba nɛ ɛkpaɣnɔmɔʊ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛcaɣ Manrɛzɩ kɛ kɛ Katalɔnɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛcɛlɛ ɛ-tɩ ɛsɔ yeli.
Uranisi

Uranisi (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga lʊbɛ ŋga wɩsɩ posinau taa nɛ naatozo ñɩŋga paɣlɩka taa nɛ yee yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ taa kɔyɔ tɩyɩŋga ŋga lɛ nanza ŋga. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ka-taa nɛ nikaɣ nɛ ɖombe ɛzɩ Nɛptini taa yɔ. 

Payaʊ se Uranisi pɩlɩna roma mba tɛ sɩʊ nakʊyʊ hɩɖɛ, Uranisi, Satirini caa nɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ cɔzɔ. Weyi ɛcala naʊ kɛ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Iiranisi yɔ ɛnʊ payaɣ se William Herschel nɛ pɩɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1781.  

Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga kɛŋna kacalaɣ tɩyɩŋga ŋga panana ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se telesikɔpi yɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ka-taa nɛ Hidrozɛɛnɩ, Heliyom, ɖombe, amoniyaki, meetani nɛ idrozɛɛnɩ nɛ karbɔɔnɩ tomnaɣ kpɛm ŋga. Peeɖe ɖɔ nɩkaɣ kɩlɩ wɛʊ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ kpeekp taa. 

Pɩnaɣ 1986 taa panaa se Iiranisi tatasɩ lakasɩnasɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ ɖei ɖei ɛzɩ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ nɛ heɣlimasi nzɩ sɩwɛ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊ kɩtakɩnaʊ ŋgʊ pamazɩna yɔ kʊkʊ wɩla se Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pamaza nɛ pana mbʊ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Iiranisi cɔʊ taa lɛ katalɩ kɛ-ɖenɖe wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ yɔ Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 8 pɩnaɣ 2007.
Iizilaam

Kutokoli n̄ɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ payaɣ se, **Izilaam**. Se, ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abrɩham tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ lɛ. Pɛ-Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ payaɣ se, "Kooraɣ". Tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ heyi lɔɔyaɣ tʋ Mahome yɔ pama ka-taa. Kutokoli n̄ɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, Mahomee kɛŋna lɔɔyaɣ tʋ weyi Ɛsɔ tiyi wayɩ nɛ wayɩ  yɔ. Etiyi-i Aarabi tɛtʋ taa kpaɖʋʋ lʋbɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa. Payaɣ weyi ɛwɛ Izilaam ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ se, kutokoli tʋ. Izilaam ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ se, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm ɖeke koŋ wɛna. Mbʋʋ payaɣ se, "tawhid".  Eɖeke koŋ ɛ-tɛɛ pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyʋ eluŋ. 

Kutokoli n̄ɩma sɔɔlaa se, pɛsɛɛ Ɛsɔ na Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Pɔtɔŋ se, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋʋ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa Aɖam nɛ Nowee pɛsɛɣa. Kutokoli n̄ɩma n̄ɔtɔŋ se, Yeesu nazarɛɛtɩ tʋ kɛ lɔɔyasɩ tɩnaa taa nɔɔyʋ. Pɔtɔŋ se, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham sɛɣa. Payaɣ Abraham nɛ aarabɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se, Ibrahim. Pɔyɔɔdɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ, "Kooraɣ" taa hɔɔlasɩ 4 nɛ 5 nɛ 6 n̄ɩnzɩ taa se, Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ kɛŋna Ibrahim nʋmɔʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, "Allah" sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ ɖeke koŋ pʋwɛɛ se, ɛyʋ ɛla. Ɖɩnaɣ tɔm tʋnɛ hɔɔlasɩ 7 nɛ 8 nɛ 9 pa-taa.  

Pama hɔɔlaɣ 10 n̄ɩŋga taa se, Ɛsɔ yɔɔdɩna nɛ pama aŋgba Yuudaayism nɛ Krɩstiyaniism pa-takayasɩ kiɖeɖesi tɩŋa payɩ. Pɔyɔɔdɩ hɔɔlaɣ 11 taa se, pɛlɛɣsɩ kiɖe tɛɛ tɔm ndʋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔdaa nɛ pacalɩ maʋ yɔ. Ndʋʋ payaɣ se, "Suhuf-i-Ibrahim" ( pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tɔm ndʋ ndʋ Ɛsɔ heyi ɛ-lɩmɖʋyʋ Abraham nɛ pama-tʋ takayasɩ taa yɔ. Takayasɩ nzɩ nzɩɩ yɔ, "Tawrat" ( Pentateuque yaa torah payaɣ ḿbʋ), "Zabnur", takayasɩ nzɩ Daaviidi nɛ Salomon pamawa yɔ. Sɩwɛ ɛzɩ Keɣsi takayasɩ yɔ. Payaɣ takayaɣ lɛɛka se, "Injil" (Laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔm).

Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣ ŋga payaɣ se, "Kooraɣ" yɔ, ka-wayɩ lɛ, pama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛtʋ ndʋ lɔɔyaɣ tʋ Mahomee yɔɔdaa yɔ takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ taa. Takayasɩ nzɩɩ payaɣ se, "hadiths". Ɛlɛ, Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ pilinzi lɛɛsɩ takpaɣ takayasɩ ńzɩ nɛ sɩyaa pʋyʋ. "Kooraɣ" nɛ "hadiths" takayasɩ yebina nɛ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. Takayasɩ ńzɩ sɩ-taa paɣtʋ yɔɔ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa n̄ɩma ɖɔŋ. Paɣtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se, "charia". Tʋtʋ wayɩ lɛ, paɣtʋ naalɛ lɛɛtʋ wɛɛ. Tʋtʋ lɛ, "ijma" nɛ "qiyas". 

Pɩnaɣ 2010 n̄ɩŋga taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se, "Pew Research Center" yɔ, ɖɩn̄ɩnaa nɛ ɖɩna se, ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ waa 1,6 wɛna Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ, ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 23,4 wɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba wena an̄ɔ kedeŋa yɔɔ yɔ, Krɩstʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔm ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ, ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ tɩŋɩna nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduuyism n̄ɩnɖɛ tɩŋ. Yuudaayism ŋgbɛyɛ cɩlɩna n̄ɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɖɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Krɩstiyaniism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔn̄ɔ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔɔ. Nabʋyʋ tamsa aŋgba ana a-naadozo, mbʋʋ lɛ se, Ɛsɔ kʋɖʋm deke koŋ tɔm ayɔɔdʋʋ, ɖɔ-cɔzɔ Abraham tɛ Ɛsɔ. 

Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ wɛnɩ pilinz ndɩ ndɩ. Ɖi-piliŋa sɔsɔɔ payaɣ se, "Sunnism". Ɛyaa mɩnʋʋ mba pɛwɛ Iizilam ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 80 yaa 85 wɛ "Sunnism" piliŋa taa. Piliŋa lɛɛka n̄ɛwɛɛ, kaka lɛ, "chiisme". Irakɩ nɛ Iranɩ pa-ajɛɛ taa piliŋa kanɛ kakɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ.
Iranɩ

Iranɩ kɛnɛ Aazii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ patasɩɣ-ɖɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛrɩsɩ. Iranɩ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖama nɛ kamasɩ yɔ ana yɔ: Afganistani, Arimeeni, Azɛribayijani, Irakɩ, Pakisitaani, Turkimenisitanɩ nɛ Tuurikii. Iranɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Teeraŋ nɛ pakalɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe kɛ aloma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2015 ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 80 096 604. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pɛrɩsanɩ nɛ liidiye ŋɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ lɛ riyalɩ. Payaɣ pɛ-tɛ pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ takayaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Pɛrɩsanɩ. 

Papazɩɣ yaʊ se Iranɩ yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ leɖɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1935 taa kɛ papaazɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩɩ yaʊ mbʊ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Pɛrɩsɩ.

Iranɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 1 648 195 km2. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ pinaɣ 2015 taa. Ɛlɛ yee pʊwɛɛ se pɔcɔna ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm ñɩm kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖwɛʊ hiu nɛ litoozo taa kedeŋa kpeekpe taa. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ pɔcɔnaa se ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm ñɩm talɩɣ ɛzɩ tɔɔlarɩna 11 200.

Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Iranɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ ɛjaya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ nɛ aɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP yɔ, Iranɩ kɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kaɖazɩm pɛdɩɣ taa.
Ingmar Bergman

**Ernst Ingmar Bergman** kɛ tanaŋ laɖʊ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɩlaɣ nɔmɔŋ ɛzɩma patɩŋgɩ nɛ tanaʊ yaa amʊza laɣsɩ wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛnʊ labɩna Sʋyɛdɩ sinemaɣ naa, palʊla-ɩ Uppsala tɛtʊ taa hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 14 pɩnaɣ 1918 nɛ ɛsɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 2007 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Fårö lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ taa.

Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ kɩhɛyɩŋ sakɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛwaba nɛ ɛmʊ Ours sika kɛ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa, ɛmʊ sika tɔɔyʊʊ pɩlɩna, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ Venise tɛtʊ taa, jury liidiye nɛ tanaʊ labʊ liidiye kɛ Cannes, Oscar tɛ weewe liidiye kɩhɛyʊʊ nɖɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ taa yɔɔ. Ɛkɛ sinema tʊma laɖʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ palme naa palme alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ Cannes kazandʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.  
 
Ingmar Bergman palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛkɛ piyaa natozo liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa pɩɣa tɩnʊʊ ŋga pɩyalʊ. Ɛ-ɖalʊ kajalaɣ tʊ kɔyɔ Dag, nɛ kɔʊ yaa ɛ-kɔɔ hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Margareta, palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnzɩ nanza wayi. Ingmar tala pɩjatʊ kɩbandʊ yaa tanɩɩ leleŋ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ɖalʊ nɛ e-ɖoo pɛ-hɛkʊ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ yaa padanɩɩna ɖama camɩyɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ pʊpɔzʊʊ yɔ se pɩha-wɛ ɖoŋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ pɩɣa yɔ. 

Ɛ-caa kaakɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm ɖʊyʊ weyi ɛñɩnaɣ kɛzɛɣa piŋ yɔ. Ɖenɖe pasɩtɔɣɔ waa sʊwaɣ yɔ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-halʊ nɛ ɛ-piyaa paawɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paaha waɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa samaɣ tɩŋɛ mba paakɛ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pa-caa ɖʊ-wɛ paɣtʊ ɖɔŋ ndʊ kpem. Piyaa paɣlɩ k apsom laɣsɩ taa kɛnɛ nɛ poluzuu pa-tɩ paa ɛzɩmta. Nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔmtʊ wɛɛ kakama yaa paa ɖoye yaa paa ɛzɩmta nɛ pʊwɛɛ sɔnzɩ tɩyɛ.
  

Pɩtɩŋna ɛ-lɩmaɣza wena ɛzɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ se ɛ-nɛ ɛyaa pɛtɛyɩ ɖama lɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɖɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Thuringe tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1934 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kpɛnɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɛyaa kaacana ɖɩ-ñʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yaa wona-ɩ se ɛna Adolf Hitler haɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔm kɛ Weimar tɛtʊ taa. Pɩɖɩzɩɣ ɛyʊ evebu ɛnɛyɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tɔm ndʊ. Ɛpɩsɩ Sʋyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Caama ɛyaa lɩmaɣza sʊ-ɩ fiŋ fiŋ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-ɖalɩ maɣmaɣ kɛ pɩtɛ ɛyʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ-wɛ seu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ haja haja laɣsɩ yeba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛlɩɩ ɛyaa ɖɩkʊyɛ lona yɔɔ. Ingmar pɩsɩ nɛ ɛlɔ nɛ ese politiki tɔm ɛ-tʊma kpeekpe taa.
Irakɩ

**Irakɩ** kɛna Prɔɔsɩ-oriyaŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna hayi kɩŋ. Irakɩ tɔbʊʊ se pɩdɛɛ pɩdɛɛ tɛtʊ nɛ patasɩɣ-tʊ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se pɔsɩ nasɩlɛ ɛjaɖɛ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pagidaadɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 435 052 km2 yɔ.

Irakɩ wɛna Iranɩ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ Sorɩdanɩ nɛ Arabi-Sawudiiti hayʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɩŋ. Piyele Siiri wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Kowɛtɩ hayʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Tuurkii hadɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Irakɩ taa kɛ karazɩm kɩlɩ wɛʊ keteŋa kpeeekpe taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena a-taa karazɩm wɛɛ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ-pʊ  nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP yɔ ɖɩ-taa .

Papaazɩɣ takayaɣ taa maʊ peedɛ yɔ pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ kagbanzɩ. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you wayɩ kɛ Kewiisi-Kpɛndɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa woba nɛ pacaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pakpacayʊ-ɖɩ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ pakpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ paɖʊzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndɩɣ nɛsi tɛɛ. Pɩkɔma nɛ pɩktalɩ pɩnaɣ 1920 lɛ you nakʊyʊ tuli ajɛya ana a-hɛkʊ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩ ɩna Irakɩ wɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1932. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kewiyaɣ tɔm wɛ kaɖɛ: hɔzɩŋ pakʊna ɖama nɛ pakpakɩɣ-kɛ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pinaɣ 1979 lɛ pɩtalɩna Saddam Hussein kɛlɛ.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩ-taa kristu mba tɔɖɔɔ pɩyɔɔ kɛ nbʊyʊ taa yoŋ nɩyɛ lakɩ lɛ pɩwɛɛ se pɛtɛzɩ seu nɛ pɛɖɛɛ ɖoli. Haïder al-Abadi kɛna Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ  kɩfalʊ yɔ. Peeɖe hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛ niitozo: Kuuridi ùba, Siitɩ mba nɛ Suuniti mba. Pɩsa nɛ ɛjaɖɩ wɛ camɩyɛ lɛ, pakpaɣ paɣtʊ se kiwiyaɣ nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya ɛwɛɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛtɩŋa ɛ-taa. Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ yɔ Fouad Massoum nɛ ɛkɛ Kuridi-tʊ, kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Haïder al-Abadi ñɛkɛ Siiti ñɩnʊ. Piyele paɣtʊ lɩzɩya ñʊʊtʊ tɛ kɛlɛ Suuniti. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ palɩzɩɣ ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa nɛ pɛkɛ pawayɩ tɩŋgɩyaa. Ɛyaa sʊsaa naalɛ nabɛyɩ wɛ nɛ pɛkɛ Siiti mba, mba yɔ: ayatollah Ali al-Sistani nɛ Moqtada al-Sadr.
Irɩlandɩ

Irɩlandɩ kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1973. Irɩlandɩ wɛ Kewiyaɣ Kpɛndɩɣ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩwɛna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo mbʊ yɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se ɖɩwɛ Sɛlɩtɩ ajɛya taa.
 
Irɩlandɩ mayaɣ sɔsɔwa kɔyɔ sɛlɩtɩ cɩmʊ mayaɣ nɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ pe-liidiya eeroo mayaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mayaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɛwɛ kacaɣ xɛʊ ɛzɩ maayʊʊ hayʊʊ yɔ nɛ ŋga peeɖe rugibii maɖa ɖɔkɩɣ.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa lɛ ɖɩɩleeyuu. Pɩnzɩ 1980 taa mbʊ yɔ paya-ɖɩ yɔ ɖɩsɛʊ. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ 2007 nɛ 2010 lɛ, ɖɩtɔlɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa Irɩlandɩ tɔsʊʊ tiba ɛzɩ 32,4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩ  ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mba petehiɣ tʊma yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu nɛ naanza kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa mba ñakɩ pana se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se irilandɛɛ yɔ, kɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.
Isilandɩ

Isilandɩ kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki teŋgu cɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ tɔnɛ tɩwɛ Growelandɩ nɛ Nɔɔrɩwɛzɩ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔtɩna Amerɩka keteŋa ɛlɛ ɖɩt-tɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ ɖɩ-caanɑaʊ tɔm ñɩɩzɩna Eerɔpʋ keteŋa taa tɔm. 

Isilandɩ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 103 000 km2  nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda kutokiŋ 332 529 (2016). Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Reyikiyaviki nɛ kʊnɔŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Isiladɛɛ. Pʊcɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu tɔm lakɩ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ pɩnaɣ 2008 lɛ, Isilandɩ kaakɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ kaakɩla ɖɛnaʊ ɛsɩndaa keteŋa kpeekp taa yɔ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa, Erɔpʊ Lɔŋ tasɩya ŋgbɛyɛ taa, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa, AELE taa, OCBE nɛ EEE aŋgba taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1996 pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna 2016 mbʊ yɔ, sɔsɔ Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson kɛŋna Islandɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ.
Isaac Newton

Palʊla Isaac Newton kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ nanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1643 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1727. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1727 yaa kɛ-tɛ kɩyakɩn nɛɛlɛ, lalaa se saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642. Ɛkɛ britannique tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ philosophe mathématiki tʊ, physiki tʊ, alchimiste, astronome nɛ Anglisɩ théolozɩ tʊ. Sciences taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ-ɩ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛnana mbʊ  payaɣ se mécanique classique yɔ, gravitation universelle. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛna Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz palɩza akɔnta ŋgʊ payaɣ se calcul infinitésimal yɔ. Ɛnʊ ɛnana ɖɔɖɔ se mʊndʊsʊʊ naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ; ɛnʊ lubina télescope de Newton ɖɔɖɔ.

Mekaniki taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛna se mbʊ mbʊ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ yɔ, pɩwɛna paɣtʊ natutozo. Ndʊ payaɣ sɔnɔ se mécanique newtonienne. Pasɩma-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se théorème du binôme nɛ méthode de Newton.

Newton wɩlaa se tɔmnasɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ mbʊb mbʊ piciidiɣ yɔ yaa ɛsɔtaa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ yɔ, pɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ natutozo ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛtɩŋgɩna Kepler tɛ paɣtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se loi universelle de la gravitation yɔ.

Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ kpem pɩnaɣ 1686 nɛ sciences tʊma taa lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica . Ɛma ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ alchimie taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛna ɛnɔɔ. Ka-taa kɛ ɛyɔɔdaa se keteŋga yɔɔ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkpɛnda niitozo nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ  kɛ pɩtɩŋga pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩcɩɩdɩɣ.  

## Isaac Newton kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊla Isaac Newton yɔ, Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taatɩ paɣzɩda gregori fensi takayaɣ kalʊ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ paɖʊ-ɩ se ɛsɩba Saŋgayɩŋ Fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1642 kɛ Woolsthorpe tɛtʊ taa, pɩñɔtɩna Grantham, kɛ Lincolnshire Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛñɩma kɛ haɖaa. Ɛ-caa sɩba pɩla fenasɩ nɛ naatozo nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩlaba pɩnz naatozo ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, e-ɖoo Hannah Ayscough, ɖɛɛ nɛ ɛmalɩ na nɔɔyʊ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, powona-ɩ na-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛɛ e-egbele tɛ. Ɛtɔɔ kʊñɔŋ kpem kɛ ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Powona-ɩ sukuli pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ taa kɛ sukuli cikpelu ŋgʊ payaɣ se Skillington yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩnzɩ 12 taa lɛ powona-ɩ Grantham tɛ kolɛzɩ taa.

Pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ kɛ e-ɖoo yayɩ-ɩ nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ Woolsthorpe nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ ɛ-hayɩm yɔɔ cɔnaʊ. E-ɖoo ɛnʊ ɛcɔnaa se ɛ-pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ɖoŋ kɛ kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kpɩna ɖɩyʊʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩna-ɩ sukuli taa se ɛtasɩ-kʊ labʊ pazɩ nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, wiɖii ɛɛsʊ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ yɔ kɩ-taa. Isaac Newton wɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ lɛ, ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ pazɩ ɖɩsʊʊ halʊ-pɩɣa nakɛyɛ ŋga payaɣ se Storey; ɛlɛ petekizina-ɩ nɛpaha-ɩ nɔɔ se ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛɖanɩ-kɛ nɛ ɛtɛma e-sukuli lɛ, ɛkpa-ke halʊ. Ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʊ ɛla kpɛɖɛŋ kpɛɖɛŋ nɛ ɛtawalɩ-ɩ nɛ Isaac Newton ɛnʊ, ɛcaɣ ɛɖandʊ e-wezu caaʊ tɩŋga.
Itaalii

Itaalii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛcɔnaa kɔyɔ ɛna se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ mediiteranee. Pʊŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Alɩpɩ yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛtamasɩna Itaalii nɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya wena aɖa lɩzʊʊ lɩmazɩyɛ se Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe ɛkpɛndɩ nɛ awɛɛ kpam yɔ a-taa. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena atɔkɩ eeroo yɔ a-taa nɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Room. Itaalii walanzɩ taa makʊɣna 301 340km2 kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔna hiu waa looɖo nɛ taŋga nɛ nasitozo nɛ nɩɩnɩwa nɛ kagbanzɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Sergio Mattarella.

Keteŋa kpeekpe kacalaɣ you paɣzaɣ lɛ, Itaalii kaawɛ ɛjɛya wena akpɛndaa nɛ  payaɣ-yɛ se Aliyansɩ  yɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ yem kpo. Pɩwayɩ lɛ ɖiyele nɛ ɖɩsʊʊ Tiriipili-Antantɩ taa. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1915 wiye lɛ ɖɩtuli you kɛ OOtirisi-Hɔŋgirii. Pɩnaɣ 1917 talaa lɛ, Caama sɔɔjanaa tɛyɩ ɖama nɛ powolo se pasɩna Otirisi-Hɔŋgirii kɛ you. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pawa Itaalii ɛlɛ kɩwɛɛ nɛ kɩcɛcɛyʊʊ nɛ aloma fenaɣ 24 pɩnaɣ 1918 wiye lɛ, Itaalii pazɩ kɩtɔyɩtɩ ki-koyindinaa nɛ paba ñɩʊ nesi se peyele you mbʊ. 

Benito Mussolini kpaɣ kewiyaɣ lɛ, ɛtɔ se you fɛyɩ ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kiiwokina ajɛya tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ taa nɛ pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩtɛkɛ kʊñɔndɩna lʊkɩna se pɛwɛɛ ñɩm.
Pɩkɔma mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ hiu pɩnaɣ1940 wiye lɛ, Mussolini kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ etuli you kɛ Aŋgiletɛɛrɩ nɛ Fransɩ. Ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1939 taa lɛ; ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩnɛ Caama ñɩnɖɛ paañɩʊ nesɩ nɛ ɖɩyɔɔdɩ kaɣlaa se se ɖɩɩtasɩɣ tuluu you nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nanza yɔ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ se ɖɩfɛyɩna malɩfanaa camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ ɛbɛlaba nɛ kutuli you ŋgʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Caama sɔɔjana kɩlaɣ yoŋ wabʊ. Kpaagba ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, patiwabʊ Itaalii sɔɔjanaa. Mbʊ yebina nɛ puwayɩ lɛ Itaalii se Afrika taa nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna tɛyɩ ɖama Itaalii tɛtʊ kɛ Afrika taa.
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ

Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Romanɩɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ agbeelaa taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ kɛ Ɛndɩ Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa. Ɖɩnaɣ se Romanɩɩ nɛ Italii yɔɔdasɩɩ ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Dante kʊma Italii kʊnʊŋ kɛ hɩɖɛ nɛ paya-kʊ se Si kʊnʊŋ nɛ pamaazɩ kʊ nɛ Oc (Occitan) kʊnʊŋ nɛ Oil (Fransɩɩ) kʊnʊŋ, mbʊ yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ na se ɛɛɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ nɩɩdozo ʊnʊ ɛ-daa, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa yɔ.
 
Itaalii kʊnʊŋ kɩfalʊ kɛ yɔɔdaɣ ŋga kehiya nɛ kacaɣa ageeta lɛɛna taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ a-da pɩkɩlɩ kɩmaɣma kɩ-tɛ egeetiye taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩ-kɛ Toskaŋ kʊnʊŋ Florence kʊnʊŋ Pisa nɛ Sienne kʊnʊmɩŋ.

Toskaŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Dante Alighieri nɛ Pétrarque nɛ Boccace pama nɛ pɛ-takayɛsɩ nɛ pamaazɩ se panaadozo pɛkɛna takayɛsɩ mayaa sɔsaa kɛ Italii kɛ hɛkʊ pɩnzɩ alʊwaatʊ taa. Kɩkɛ Florence tɛtʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ kɩwɛna samtʊ kɛ kɩ-tɛ maʊ keɖeya taa. Kɩkɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɛzakuliye nɛ keɖeɣa nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ tɔmpe lɩzɩʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Italii kʊnʊŋ wɛna tɔm sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ʊnʊ ɛ-taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miziiki hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Paɣtʊ taa lɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ lɛɛzɩʊ kɩfam taa kɛ Pietro Bembo lɩzɩna lɩmaɣza sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ.

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## Bibliographie
* Simone, Raffaele (2010). *Enciclopedia dell'italiano*. Treccani.
* Berloco, Fabrizio (2018). *[https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition]*. Lengu. ISBN 9788894034813.
* Palermo, Massimo (2015). *Linguistica italiana*. Il Mulino. ISBN 9788815258847.

## Notes et références
Izrɛɛlɩ

**Izrɛɛlɩ** (; ) kɛna Prɔsɩ-Oriyaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1948. Izrɛɛlɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa wɛɛ yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ lɩzɩɣna kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛnda mɩnɩʊ nɛ nɛɛlɛ yaa mɩnʊʊ nɛ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ palɩzɩɣʊ-wɛ yɔ caca pɔtɔʊ tam kʊɖʊmbʊ nɛ palɩzɩ-wɛɛ. Payaɣ peeɖe paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa se Kinesɛtɩwaa. Tɔm hʊyaa pɩlʊʊ taa lɛ, paba kpɛnda ɛyaa nakʊ.

Izrɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Yeruzalɛm ɛlɛ tɛtʊ nɖʊ ajɛya lɛɛna taa fɛyɩ lelŋ se ndʊ ɛkɛna mbʊ nɛ pakpaɣ Tel Aviivi se tɛtʊ nɖʊ tɩ-taa kɛ palakɩ ketiizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ yaa kewiyaɣ tɛ politiki tɔm yaa tɔsʊʊ nɛ liidiye tɔm ketiisasɩ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa payɩ lɛIzrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖekɛ kɔŋ kɛŋna  ɖenɖe Yuuɖaa mba kɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ. Patalɩɣ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 75 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Araabʊwaa ñamaɣna ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ kɛ mɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ pa-taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 91 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔ kɛ malɩŋ.

Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ naanza kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ tɛkɛ Arabʊ waa yaa Yuuɖa mba. Pɛkɛ krɩstʊ mba mba pɛkɛ Krɛkɩ mba yɔ, Arimeenii mba yaa Siirii mba yɔ. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Izrɛɛlɩ wɛʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1948 yɔ, kɩtɛhɛzɩ: ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ pɛwɛ yoŋ yɔɔ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. 

Egipiti nɛ Sɔɔrdaanii pañiɣ takayasɩ taa nesi se pataatasɩ you ɛlɛ Izrɛɛlɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna ɛzɩ Siirii, Liibaŋ nɛ Palɛstiini pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yoŋ wɛ mbʊ. Keteŋa ajɛya sakɩyɛ wɛ nɛ aatisiɣ se Izrɛɛlɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ yeli nɛ a ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa.

## Références
Jane Austen

**Jane Austen** kɛ halʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Halʋ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Jane Austen ɛnʋ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1775 n̄ɩŋga taa.

Mayaa sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se, ɖoɖoo Jane Austen ɛnɛ, palʋla-ɩ Steventon egeetiye taa. Egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛ Iŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Hampshire yɔ, tɩ-taa. Ɖoɖoo Jane Austen kɛ ñamtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa pɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ.

Ɛkɛ halʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Jane Austen ɛnɛ, ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lutozo (18) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1817 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛsɩba Winchester egeetiye taa Iŋglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ naanza nɛ naalɛ (42).

Ɖoɖoo sɔsɔ Jane Austen ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Iŋglɩsɩ, ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ halʋ sɔsɔ siŋŋ weyi sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se ɛkɛ halʋ masɩma man-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɖoɖoo ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ halʋ takayasɩ sɩnɖʋ siŋŋ. Ɛkɛ halʋ mɛ-ɛsa cɛba siŋŋ nɔɔyʋ.

Ɖoɖoo Jane Austen ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa nɛ ɛ-ɖalaa pasɩŋna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ mbʋ ɛpɩsa sɔnɔ yɔ. Paɖʋ-ɩ hʋnʋm siŋŋ nɛ ɛkalɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ paa ɖoye. Ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ lɛ, pɩmalɩna-ɩ, nɛ pɩlabɩ leleŋ nɛ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpazɩ maʋ nɛ lɛlaa kalʋʋ. Ɛma takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ : *Sense and Sensibility*, pɩnaɣ 1811 taa palɩzɩ-kɛ; *Pride and Prejudice*, pɩnaɣ 1813 n̄ɩŋga taa palɩzɩ kaka; *Mansfield Park*, pɩnaɣ 1814 ñɩŋga taa palɩzɩ kanɛ. Payaɣ ɛ-takayaɣ lɛɛka se *Emma* pɩnaɣ 1816 taa palɩzɩ kaka. Ɛnʋ mana ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se, *Northanger Abbey* yɔ.
Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ

Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ Sapɔŋ samaɣ yɔɔdʊʊ. Pɩtaha- kʊ waɖɛ se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ paa kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pamaɣ kʊ takayasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ sukulɩ takayasɩ taa yɔ. Yuda ñɩma mba pamɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piresiili nɛ Peruu ajɛyɛ taa ɖenɖe aŋgba yuŋ ñɩna wena awɛɛ peɖe yɔ ayɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ lima nɛ sao paulo nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Anguar lɩm taa ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Palaos taa.

Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Sapɔŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩyeke yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɔm pe hiɣ a-tɩ kɛ canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna matʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ ndʊ pɩkɩlɩ naʊ ñaala yɔ kɛ Siinɩya kʊnʊŋ tɔm pe matʊ. Mbʊ yebina se ɖɩnɩɩ tɔɔbʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔ paya kʊ se Sinoxénique kʊnʊŋ yɔ. Hɔlʊ nakʊyʊ taa lɛ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa matʊ sakɩyɛ kpakʊ Ɛrɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ matʊ ndɩ ndɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ.
  
Ɖooo pitihiɣ lɛ paakpaɣ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ paɖʊ Altaïques cejewiye taa kɩ nɛ Mongol nɛ Turc nɛ Toungouze nɛ Kooree kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛlɛ Altaique wɛʊ kɔna ndɛŋkpɛzaɣ kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Yɔɔdasɩ nasɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se Sapɔŋ kɛ cenje kʊnʊŋ, kisidina Altaique kʊnʊŋ nɛ Austronésien waa tɔm pe.
 
Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ kʊnʊŋ cɛŋce kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ wɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ tɩñɔtɩna aïnou, tʊtʊ lɩna Jomon alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ wɛtʊ cɩkpetʊ, tɩñɔtɩna Kooree ŋgʊ tʊtʊ lɩna Yayoi alɩwaatʊ taa. Maɣzɩm taa lɛ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa sɔnɔ nɖeke kʊnʊŋ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩ nɛ nakʊyʊ patata. Ryukyu kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ pɛtɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔnzɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛna kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi ɛnɛ Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ pɛkpɛnda cejewiye keke yɔ.
Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ caanaʋ tɔm

Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm
Tɛtʋ cikpetu cikpetu ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-tɔm wɛ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpaɣ ɖooo Jaapɔɔnɩ egeetiye caanaʋ tɔm nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna se Jaapɔɔnɩ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ pʋ-tɔm.

Pama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa Sinii ɛjaɖɛ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa pajalɩ kɛdʋ; pazɩ Jaapɔɔnɩ tɔm. Takayaɣ ŋgaa paya nɛ anasaayɩ taa se "Les Vingt-quatre Histoires". Pama-kɛ ɖooo kpaɖʋ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu-Krɩstʋ.

Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta Jaapɔɔnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mbʋ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa kacaɣ tɩ-taa ɖooo pʋcɔ caanaʋ tɔm calɩɣ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ payaɣ se "Paléolithique" alɩwaatʋ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sakaɣ pɛ. Mbʋ paya anasaayɩ taa se "le riche écosystème de l'archipel japonais" yɔ piyebina nɛ "Jōmon" sɔnzɩ wɛɛ. Sɩwɛʋ yɔ, pɩtala pɩnzɩ 12 000 nɛ pʋcɔ ɖa-kpaɖʋ alɩwaatʋ paɣzɩ.
Jean-Philippe Rameau

**Jean Philippe Rameau**, palʊla-ɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1683 alɩwaatʊ taa Dijon nɛ ɛsɩba salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 1764 taa Paarii tɛtʊ taa (Eustache Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ layʊ kewitu tɛ). Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛɛkɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ. Ɛtɛ tɩ keɣsɩ mabɩtʊ yaa seɣtʊ hendu teu pɩsa nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ kɛ hendu teyu sɔsɔ nɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ pɩtanɛ Fransɩɩ kɛ cɔlʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ you ɖoŋ ŋgʊ Itaalii minziiki tɩna pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ yɔ.
   
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pamaza piŋ se Rameau kɛnɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa miziiki maɖʊ sɔsɔ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ miziiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩlɩyʊ tɛ cɔlɩyɛ tʊ. Rameau tɛ cɔlɩyɛ nɩnaʊ, paa patatʊzɩ keeke kɔyɔ, papɩzaɣ pɛkɛdɩna-ɖɩ. Walaa taa yaa sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, patatɩlɩ Rameau wezuu caɣʊ keeke, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kajalaɣ hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnzɩ 40 nzɩ sɩwɛɛ pʊcɔ ɛkɔɔ ɛcaɣ mbilim Paarii tɛtʊ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1722 alɩwaatʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛmɛsaɣa ɛtɩ nɛ halɩ ɛ-halʊ maɣmaɣ tatɩlɩ ɛ-tɔm natʊyʊ ɛtɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ wɛɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ patatɩlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm pʊɖɔɔ se pɛkɛdɩ sakɩyɛ. 
  
Rameau kɛ pɩɣa lʊbɛ ŋga cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm yɔ. Ɛwɛnɛ ɖalaa kɩgbanzɩ nɛ kɔɔnaa kɩgbanzɩ. Pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1683. Pɩnaɣ ŋga yaa evemiye nɖɩ palʊla-ɩ. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm mbʊ Dijon Etienne Kiɖeɖeu ŋbɛyɛ taa. E-ɖoo Claudine Martinécourt tɛ ñɩnʊ, kʊjɔŋ sɔsɔʊ taa tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, nɛ ɛkɛ weewe ɛyaa taa ɛyʊ nɔyʊ. 

Ɛ-caa Jean Rameau kɛ Dijon Etienne Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1690 ŋtalɩ 1709 alɩwaatʊ taa Dijon Notre-Dame Ɛsɔ layʊ kewitu tɛ. Pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ miziiki maɖʊ kɛ pe-cejewiye taa, ɛlɛ, ɛ-cɔzɔ Antoine Rameau, kaakɛ Médard kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ tɛ layʊ sɔsɔ kpaŋ taa ŋgbɛyɛ taa tʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna tʊma yɔ kɛ peeɖe nɛ ɛhʊlaɣ ɔrgɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-sʊʊtʊ yaa ɛ-tʊma ɖoŋ paɣtʊ yɔ. 

Ɛ-caa kpɛlɛka-ɩ kpem miziiki tɔm mbʊ lɛ, Philippe kaasɩma ɛtɛ akɔnta masɩ p halɩ pʊcɔ ɛtɩlɩ kalɩtʊ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ yem, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, wɛɛ ana a-taa lɛ, ɛɛwɛ paa ɖoye ɛ-caa mba paasɩma miziiki tɔm yɔ pɛtɛ ɛzɩ Couperin nɛ Bach nɛ Mozart yɔ. Ɛɛke ; sukuli pɩɣa Godrans Yeesu ŋgbɛyɛ tɩna tɛ, ɛlɛ eteleɖi mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ nɛ nabʊyʊ taakɛtɩna-ɩ pɩtasɩna miziiki.

Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1726 ɛkpaɣ halʊ Auxerrois Germain Kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa. Ɛ-halʊ ɛnʊ payaɣa se Marie-Louis Mangot, mbʊ lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 19 ɛlɛ, ɛ-walʊ kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 42. Ɛ-halʊ kaakɛ Lyon miziiki cejewiye taa ɛyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ miziiki maɖʊ nɛ hendu teyu nɛ ewolo ɛ-walʊ hendu natʊyʊ ɖiteye. Paa ɛ-walʊ pɩnzɩ ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ ɖɔʊ ɛzɩma yɔ, papɩza palʊlɩ pɩyaa naalɛ abalaa nɛ halɩ pɩyaa naalɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ hɔʊ camɩyɛ halɩ pɔsɔ pe-piyaa mba Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm.
Jean Renoir

Jean Renoir kɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa laɖʊ nɛ amʊʊza laɖʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, palʊla-ɩ Paarii salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1894 nɛ ɛsɩ Beverly Hills tɛtʊ taa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 pɩnaɣ 1979. Tɔlɩm tayʊ Auguste Renoir pɩɣa naalɛ ŋga lɛ mbʊ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa kɔna lɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1930 ŋtalɩ 1950, nɛ pʊcɔ ɛɖaɣnɩ tʊlʊʊ nɔnɔ kɩfalaɣ lɛɛka tindimiye lɛɛɖɛ taa Fransɩɩ sɩnɩma hɔɔlʊʊ taa. 

Palʊla Jean Renoir pɩnaɣ 1894 kɛ Montmartre kooka taa, pɩkɛ pɩlʊʊ taa kuduyuu 6 ŋgʊ kɛ Girardon habɩyɛ yɔɔ mɩndʊ ɖɩɣa sɔsɔ ɛsɩnda. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Aline Charigot, ɛ-caa lɛzʊʊ, weyi Auguste Renoir kpaɣ halʊ pɩnaɣ 1890 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɔsɔ Ɛsɔ lɩm Jean Renoir pɩnaɣ 1896 kɛ Montmartre Pierre kiɖeɖeu Ɛsɔ kpaŋ taa Paarii tɛtʊ taa. 

Ɛ-halɩ kpaŋgbamʊʊ kɔyɔ Jeanne Baudot nɛ abalɩ kpaŋgbamʊʊ kɔyɔ Georges Durand-Ruel. E-sukuli taaɖɔmna-ɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-tɩ sʊzʊʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1912 wɛɛ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛpɩsɩ sɔɔjaa tɔyʊʊ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1914 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you paɣzʊtʊ alɩwaatʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛkɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔjanaa canɖaʊ naatozo ŋgʊ taa tɔyɩŋ tindimiye kajalaɣ ŋgʊ taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ you ñʊʊ tʊ yɔ Louis Bossut, you ñʊʊ tʊ Boëldieu lɛzʊʊ.

Pɩnaɣ 1915 ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, ɛtɩŋna Alpe naa agbama hɛkʊ taa, Renoir ɛnʊ e-yuye mɔyɛ pɛlɩ pɩtɩŋna malɩfa pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paalɩ ɖoo taa yɛlɩ yɔ kɛ Orbey nɛ Alsace hɛkɩŋ taa yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ kɩjɩkpʊʊ yaa naŋgbaŋa pɛlɩɣ mbʊ pɩtɩyɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ taɖɩyɛ tʊ e-fezuu caɣʊ kɩyakɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Ekizi se pata sɛtɩ ɛ-naŋgbaŋa ŋga ŋgʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ Laroyenne Lyon ñɩnʊ kaakɔma nɛ ɛpɩzaɣ se ɛlabɩ-kɛ tʊmɩyɛ, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ kaakɛ sɔɔjana tɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɛ ɛtawɩɩna ɛ-tɛ kizitu ndʊ. 
Pɩnaɣ 1915 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, paasɩ-ɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɛ Besançon, ɛnɩɩ e-ɖoo sɩm kɛ Nice ɖɔkɔtɔ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtɩ kʊyɩ nɛ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɛ-caa cɔlɔ, Jean paɣzɩ sɩnɩma naa tʊmɩyɛ labʊ, nɛ halɩ ɛlakɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩtalɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ kpɩtaʊ taa.   

Pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ lone taa caɣʊ lɔŋ tasɩɣ yɔɔ lɛ, agoza fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1940, ɛkʊyɩ tuda ɛ-tɛ cɔʊ taa (mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩza ɛla hɔɔlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊ yeke kɛnɛ, mbʊ pɩkaza ɛ-tabalʊ tanaʊ laɖʊ lɛlʊ Carl Koch) nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ, pɩlɩna Robert Flaherty tʊma labʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Renoir takayaɣ ŋga pañɩɣ kɔyɔ niye nɛ kaha-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛla tʊmɩyɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛwɛ mɛlɛ taa lɛ, ɛna ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ Antoine Saint-Exupéry tʊ weyi ɛnɛ-ɩ palaba tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ ŋga yɔɔ yɔ ŋga yɔ Ɛyaa tɛtʊ, ŋga pawɩ kɔ-tɔm yɔ.
Jeanne d'Arc

Jeanne d'Arc kɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ, palʊlɩ pɩnaɣ 1412 taa mbɩ yɔ kɛ Domrémy kɛ duché de Bar haɖa taa kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba ɖasɩ ɖɩbɛdɩyɛ evemiye niidozo wiye agoza fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1431 kɛ Rouen kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɖɩ se Nɔrmandɩɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ susɔ tʊ taa. Pɩwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ sɩse Nɔrmandɩɩ wɛʊ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩkɛ Angletɛrɩ ñɩm. Jeanne d’Arc kɛ halʊʊ sɔdʊʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ kazɩŋga ɖeeɖe tɔm taa kɛ you kewitu hɔlʊ taa nɛ halʊʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ halʊʊ ɛsɔ sɛʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cejewiye. Ɛnʊ ka-sɛnaɣ hɩɖɛ se 'la Pucelle d’Orléans' kɛ waasɩ hiu loɖo waɣ taa mbɩ yɔ, nɛ ɛɖanɩ sɛʊ se Fransɩɩ Ɛjaɖɛ Ɖoo kɛ waasɩ hiu nɛ nakʊ waɣ mbɩ yɔ. 

Ɛ-caa payawaɣ se Jacques d’Arc weyi ɛkɛ kɛ haɖʊ yɔ. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Isabelle Devouton. Pa-kpɛndaɣ piya kagbanzɩ pa-caa cɔlɔ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛ pɩgbaʊ nɛ waasɩ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ waɣ mbɩ yɔ lɛ, pɛlɛ ɛnɛ ɛwɛna pɩnsɩ hiu nɛ lʊbɛ mbɩ yɔ pʊdɔbʊ se ɛwɛ ɛ-pɛlɛtʊ taa. Ɖɩtɔzɩ se kalɩnaɣ haɖaa hɔʊ taa, pʊtʊbʊ se ka-caanaɣ kɛ haɖaa. Ka-yɔdaɣ alʊwatʊ ndʊ tɩtaɣ se Saint Michel, Marguerite nɛ Catherine pahayɩ ɖoŋ nɛ paɖʊyɩ tʊmɩyɛ se oholi Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ you ɖoŋ yɔɔ caɣnaʊ Angletɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ nesi tɛ. Ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ekpeli yoya nimiye fɛyɩ wa nɛ ewona wɛ nɛ po-yona Angletɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Nɛ paɣpaɣ wa you ŋgʊ,nɛ Orléans kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ kʊɣɩ ɛsɔ taa nɛ powona kewiyaɣ ñʊdʊ Sacre á Reims, nɛ ɛɖʊ nesi ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paɖʊʊ kiliŋgili Pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ you. You wayɩ lɛ, Bourguignons waɣ kpayɩ Compiègne kɛ pɩnaɣ 1430 nɛ Jean de Luxembourg pɛdɩnayɩ Anglɩtɛɛrɩ ñɩmaɣ nɛ takayaɣsɩ kudokiŋ hiu. Lɛlɛ yɔ, pʊwɛ se pa-kʊɩ nɛ ɛsɩ. pagbaɣ lɩmaza se pɔ-ñɔtɩ miŋ nɛ ɛsaɣ. Ɛlɛ kɩɖɩsɩtu samaɣ wiyau se paɖanɩ ɛ-tɔm hʊ camɩyɛ pɩcɔ paa-kʊɩ,paɖanɩ hʊ ɛtɔm nɛ pʊwɛ se peyelei.
Jeruzalɛm

Jerualɛm yaa Iyerosolɩm kɛna Prɔsɩ Oriyaŋ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛna tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛna ñamtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɛ Yuɖa mba, Kristʋ mba nɛ Malɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Yeruzalɛm tɛtʋ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 200km² yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʋ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda ɛzɩ 865 700 yɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖenɖe ɛyaa samaɣ agbeɣla kɩla ɛʋ yɔ, ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋbga ndɩ ndɩ wɛ peeɖe, samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ, samaɣ nɛ ɛsɛkuliye nɛ tɔsʋʋ agbela sakɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. 

Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa hɔɔlʋ nakʋyʋ payaɣ se hɔɔlʋ kɩpɩnʋ nɛ kookasɩ sakɩyɛ cɔ-kʋ nɛ pɩta. Kookasɩ naasɩlɛ sɔsɔsɩ wɛna nɛ arabi mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se krɩstʋ mba kooka yaa malɩŋ ñɩŋga. Hɔɔlʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-taa lɛ aramiya kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ nɛ lɛɛkʋ taa lɛ yuɖa mba ñakɩlɩna ɖɔʋ. Yerusalɛm nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋyʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ Niu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etazuni) nɛ Pragɩ (Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ).
Johann Sebastian Bach

**Johann Sebastian Bach** kɛ caama tʋ. Ɛkɛ soo maɖʋ nɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ caama ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wendu teu ñɔɔzɩyʋ soo mabʋ nʋnɔʋ taa.

Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe palʋla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiŋ naadozo nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye (31), pɩnaɣ 1685 n̄ɩŋga taa.

Eisenach egeetiye taa ɖeyi ɖeyi palʋla-ɩ. Ɛsɩba hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1750 n̄ɩŋga taa. Bach hɔʋ taa lɛ, Johann Sebastian Bach kɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛ-ɛsa kɩlɩ cɛbʋ yɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ  siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛ-hɔʋ taa ñɩma lɛlaa.

Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, ɛ-hɔʋ kɛna hɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, caanaʋ tɛ soo nɛ minziiki tʋma laɖaa kɩla wɛʋ yɔ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa ɛcaɣa nɛ ɛla ɛ-mʋsɩ tʋma kpeekpe nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛtɛ.

Tovonum taa lɛ, ɖajaa Denkmal Johann Sebastian Bach Leipzig n̄ʋʋ taa ɖɔŋaɣ siŋŋ. Caama ɛjaɖɛ kɩlɩmwaa nabɛyɩ sakɩyɛ kaatɩla e-ɖoŋ kamaɣ ɖeu, nɛ paɖʋyɩ nesi. Pa-taa nɔɔyʋ hɩɖɛ yɔ : Sɔsɔ Frédéric.

Ɖajaa Johann Sebastian Bach caa nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ sɔsɔ pɛhɛyɩna ɛ-tʋma kpeekpe kpɛlɩkɩtʋ liidiye. Ɛ-caa payaɣ size Johann Ambrosius Bach, nɛ ɛ-ɖalʋ sɔsɔ ɛlɛ lɛ, Johann Christoph Bach. Ɛcɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩma yɔ yebina nɛ pʋɖʋ-wɛ hʋnʋŋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ paɖʋyɩ nesi paa ɛzɩm taa.

Ɖajaa Bach lakɩ minziikinaa mba yɔ, mbaa yɔ fiyoolɔɣ nɛ alto, nɛ pɩkɩlɩna klavɛsɛɛ, nɛ pɩtɛzɩna Orɩgɩ.
Johannes Brahms

Johannes Brahms kɛ soo luɖu nɛ wendu lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Pɩtasɩɩna piɖeke, ɛmakɩ piyano ɖɔɖɔ ɖeu. Ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ caama soo tɩnaa ɖɩjaɣyɛ taa sɔsɔ nɔoyʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛna tandaʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla-ɩ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ (7) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye agoza fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1833 taa. Hambourg egeetiye taa palʋla-ɩ. Ɛsɩba kɩyakʋ naadozo (3) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1897 taa. Fɩyɛɛnɩ egeetiye taa ɛsɩba.

Ɖajaa Johannes Brahms minziiki maɖʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ minziiki tʋmɩyɛ laɖaa tɩnaa taa sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛwɛ yuŋ yaa wazaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ maɣzɩm taa lɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ taa wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖajaa Ludwig van Beethoven yɔ.

Ɛ-kajalaɣ wendu lɩna ɖajaa Hans Guido von Bülow wɩlɩtʋ taa. E-weŋgalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ Beethoven tɛ hiu n̄ɩŋga. Brahms kɛ abalʋ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ alɩwaatʋ tɩŋa payɩ lɛ, lone kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla e-wendu teu tʋmɩyɛ. Lone nɖɩɩ lɛ Vienne egeetiye.

Vienne egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʋ wazaɣ tʋ siŋŋ minziiki mabʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Johannes Brahms ɛnɛ, ɛlɩza wendu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛkpɛndɩ nɛ ɛmabɩna piyano. Ɛlɩza ɖɔɖɔ ɖanda minziiki nɛ pɩtasɩna soo maɖaa ɖɩjaɣyɛ tɛ weŋgalaɣ nɛ nɔɔ wiluu yaa nɔɔ tiluu.

Minziiki labʋ tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ minziiki maɖʋ Johannes Brahms nɛ ɛ-tabalaa lɛlaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, ndʋ lɛ size, Johannes Brahms tatɩɩlabʋ paa wiɖi kɛ minziiki ŋgʋ paya size opera yɔ. Ɛlaba tʋmɩyɛ nɛ piyano maɖʋ sɔsɔ weyi yɔ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ Clara Schumann, nɛ ɛ-taabalʋ fɩyɔlɔnsɛlɩ maɖʋ lɛ ɖajaa Joseph Joachim.
Jean-François Champollion

Jean-François Champollion pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se evebu Champollion (palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1790 Figeac, Lot waa taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1832 Paarii tɛtʊ taa), ɛɛkɛ Egipiti kɩbɩnjaazɩ ŋgʊ tɔm yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Fransɩɩ taa. Ɛnʊ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛpɩza ɛtɩlɩ Egipiti ñɩma tɛ matʊ ɛlɩzɩ tɩ-tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, pamaɣzɩ se ɛnʊ kɛna Egipiti kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm caa. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛtɔma se mɛnkɛ pɩtɩŋɛ payi Egipiti nɛ Egipiti kɛ ma-pʊyʊ. 

E-liɖe nɔnɔʊ taa lɛ, Jean-François, weyi pɛɖɛya-ɩ se evebu yɔ ɛ-tɛ kaakɛ Valbonnais liɖe taa nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Valjouffrey (Isère), pɩkɛ haɖa nabɛyɛ tɛ egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaawɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa tadɩyɛ laɖa ɛyaa yɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ naa Barthélemy Champollion, palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1694 Valjouffrey, ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛtaatɩlɩ takayaɣ taa niye ñɩɣʊ, Marie Géréoud yaa Géroux, palʊla ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1709 Valbonnais, patɩŋa pawalɩ Valbonnais peeɖe.

Pɛwɛɛna piya kɩgbanzɩ pada kɔyɔ Jacque, palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1744 La-Roche-des-Engelas ɖenɖe payaɣ sɔnɔ se Valbonnais yɔ, pɔɖɔnɩ-ɩ peeɖe ɛlɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ politiki tɔm yɔ pakʊyɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛyɛlɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛzɩ tadɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɔɔ ɛtalɩ ɛcaɣ Figeac ɛ-ɖɛtʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛkpaɣ halʊ ñɩm cejewiye naɖɩyɛ taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1773 ɛlɛ payaɣ se Jeanne-Françoise Gualieu.

Ɛpɩzɩ ɛya ɛ-tɩ ɖɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1772 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1779 ɛya takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ faaɖɩ. Ɛlɩlɩ piya lutozo ɛ-nɛ ɛ-halʊ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, Guillaume ɛlɛ ñasɩ palʊla-ɩ kpa lɛ (aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1773), Thèrèse pɩsɩŋaɣ lɛ, Petronille pɩnaɣ 1776, Jacque-Joseph aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1778, Jean-Baptiste ñɛwɛna pɩnzɩ natozo lɛ ɛsɩ nɛ Marie-Jeanne pɩnaɣ 1782 taa. 

Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ kɩgbanzɩ yeke lɛ, eyeke ɛpɩzɩ kalʊʊ cɔɔcɩ takayaɣ nakayɛ eyeke. Ɛ-ɖalʊ cɔlɔ ɛcaɣ kajalaɣ taa, ɛlɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛɖɛ Grenoble hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1798. Ɛsʊ sukuli pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa. Ɛwɛna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ matʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛlɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ pʊñɔɔza. Ɛɛwɛna wɩlɩyʊ ɖɩɣa Abbé Jean-Joseph Carmels weyi ekuli ɛsa nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ canaʊ Latɛŋ nɛ Krɛkɩ tɔm yɔ nɛ paa ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ pɩɩwɛ poliŋ ɛzɩma yɔ ɛlɛ sɩɣana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnʋ mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʋɖʋmʋʋ (21) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1905 n̄ɩŋga taa.

Palʋla-ɩ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Paarii tɛtʋ kɛna  Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ piya lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Ɛkɔma ɛpaɣlɩ mbʋ yɔ, ɛ-lakasɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kpaaŋ tʋ yɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza wɛ cukaŋ lim lim. Ɖajaa Sartre sɩba agoza fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1980 n̄ɩŋga taa.

Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛkawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ kagbaanzɩ (85). Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɩba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre kɛna Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Filozofii tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ payaɣ size filozɔɔfʋ. Filozɔɔfʋ kɛ lɔnsɩnɖɛ tʋ sɔsɔ weyi ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size, ɛn̄ɩnɩ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ filozɔɔfʋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ laɖʋ.
 
Ɖajaa Jean-Paul Sartre kɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ  taa filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛcɛla ɛ-tɛ mbilim e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Filizoofii lɛɣtʋ piliŋ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se, ɛkɩsistansiyaliizism (existentialiste) yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ. Filozɔɔfʋ ɛnɛ, ɛma takayasɩ sakɩyɛ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ kɔyɔ : 
* *L'Être et le Néant* (1943)
* *L'existentialisme est un humanisme* (1946)
* *Critique de la raison dialectique* (1960)

nɛ nouvelles (*Le Mur*), nɛ romans (*La Nausée*, *Les chemins de la liberté*), nɛ lɩmaɣza canaŋ takayasɩ sɩnɛ : *Les Mouches*, nɛ *Huis clos*, nɛ *La putain respectueuse*, nɛ *Le Diable et le Bon Dieu*, nɛ *Les Séquestrés d'Altona*.
Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg kɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pɛsɛtaɣ tobi nɛ payaɣ size Gutenberg yɔ. Takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ taa lɛ, pama-ɖɩ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa sɩze Gutemberg. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pama ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩsɛsɛyɛ nɛ fransɩ taa size Jean. Gutemberg kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.

Palʋla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1400 n̄ɩŋga taa. Mayence tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛ tegeetiye ndɩ paha-ɖɩ hɩɖɛ size ɖomu caama ampiiri kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire romain germanique) yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛsɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ naadozo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1468 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ loɖo nɛ lutozo (66) nɛ pʋcɔ ɛsɩkɩ.

Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa paalʋla-ɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Ɛkɛ abalʋ tandaʋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Eyeba ɛ-tandaʋ ɛzɩ malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa yekiɣ yɔ. Ɖajaa Johannes Gutenberg ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ sɔsɔ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ.

Ɖajaa Caama tʋ ɛnɛ, ɛnʋ kɛŋna kajalaɣ ɛyʋ weyi eluba wondu ndʋ palakɩna n̄ɩɣlɩm yɔ. Sɩ-taa kɛlɛ hɔzɩŋ nɛ malɩfanaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ masɩ kiciɣdasi.

Ŋgʋ toovenum taa siŋŋ lɛ, e-lubutu nɛ ɛ-lɩzɩtʋ pɛkɛ pʋyʋ keem siŋŋ wɩsɩ ɖaɣnʋʋ naʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. E-lubutu tasɩ sɔsʋʋ ɖoŋ lɛlaa lubutu nɛ pʋtʋlɩ nɔnɔɔ wondu kɩfatʋ lubu lɛɣtʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, ɖajaa Jean Gutenberg wondu luɖu ɛnɛ, ɛkata tɩlasɩ siŋŋ e-wezuu caɣʋʋ taa.

Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛna kʋn̄ɔŋ e-wezuu caɣʋʋ kpeekpe. Pɩtala alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋʋ lɛ, ɛ-cɔlɔ tʋ kpam, ɖajaa Johann Fust lɛɣ e-nesi tɛɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ndʋ ɛlakaɣna 
ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛtɛza sʋʋ kʋn̄ɔŋ sɔsɔ kpeɖem taa.

Ɛ-kʋn̄ɔŋ ŋgʋ, kɩtana-ɩ ɛ-akpadɩyɩtʋ nɔɔ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖajaa sɩnɩyʋʋ sɔsɔ Adolphe II de Nassau cɔnaa nɛ ɛkpaɣ-ɩ nɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛ-taɣ yɔɔ. Ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ kem size ɛyʋ kɩpanʋʋ nɛ ɛhɛyɩ ɛ-akpadayɩtʋ liidiye nɛ pɩsɩna anasaayɩ wondu luɖu ɛnɛ nɛ, e-wezuu tasɩ wobinaʋ ɛsɩndaa.
John Ford

John Ford, weyi palʊla-ɩ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ lʊlʊʊ takayaɣ lɛ paya-ɩ se John Martin Feeney. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ hendʊ teu tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ tɩ-lɩzɩyʊ kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1894 Cape Elizabeth pɩcɔtɩna Portland (Maine tɛtʊ taa) nɛ ɛsɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1973 Palm Desert (Califormie). Ɛmʊ niye laɖa ta mbʊ lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩ-tɛ kɩhɛyʊʊ tam nabʊnza.

Pasɩma kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa pɩlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩlakɩ kʊñʊŋ piŋ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa sakɩyɛ leba yaa natozo yɔɔ lɛ, kʊyʊm mbilim fɛyɩ. Pada lɛɛkʊ Upstream (pɩnaɣ 1927) paamaza se kileba ɛlɛ kitele, pʊwayi lɛ, pɔkɔɔ pana-kʊ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ mɩsɩgʊm fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2010.
 
John Feeney, weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ John Ford yɔ palʊla-ɩ Irlandi caɣyaa nabɛyɛ liɖe taa. Ɛ-caa tɛ kaakɛ nɛ An Spidéal kiŋ Galway ajɛyɛ taa. E-ɖoo tɛ Aran lɩm cɔ ajɛyɛ wena nɛ pɩta yɔ ataa kiŋ. John kɛ tɩnʊʊ kɛ piya hiu nɛ kʊyʊm hɛkʊ taa ɛlɛ pada natozo sɩba cɩɩɩ cɩɩɩ, nɛ naalɛ ñasɩ lɛ pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ pazɩ pazɩ yem nɛ piya kʊdɔmɩŋ. Ɛ-caa kaatɛma kɛʊ kpagbasɩ kpayʊ nɛ lakʊ taa ɛyʊ wayi lɛ, ɛkʊyɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɩ Amerika tʊ pɩnaɣ 1878 yaa 1880. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtʊlɩ Portland speakeasy pɩnaɣ 1897 ɖenɖe Irlandi ɛyaa samaɣ kpeɣluu peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ.
 
Pɩnaɣ 1914, John Martin ma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Maine sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ɛlɛ wiɖii etowolo kɩ-taa kpa nɛ ɛna. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-ɖalʊʊ Francis kaawɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊna-ɩ Hollywood tɔm. John Martin kpaɣ maɣzɩm mbʊ se ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ pɩ-taa. Pʊkɔma hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa lɛ, ewolo Hollywood nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɛyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ-ɩ pɩtɩŋa yɔ. Pʊwaza kɛlɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ sɩnɩma tʊma wena ɛ-ɖalʊʊ lakaɣ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa mba ɛ-ɖalʊʊ teɣa nɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ.

Ɛkatɩ pɛlɔ Mary McBryde Smith tʊ ɛ-tɛ Ilandi Ecossais kiŋ, weyi ɛkɔma ɛkpaɣ halʊ pɩnaɣ 1920. Thomas More pɩɣa kɛlɛ ɛlɛ kɛ politiki ɛyʊ. Ɛ-nɛ ɛ-walʊ paya ɖama nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, hɔʊ kʊkɔɔ kɩɖanɩɣ ɖɔkʊʊ nisi cɔɔcɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1941, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ sɩba yɔ. Pɛwɛna piya naalɛ, Patrick Michael palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1921 nɛ Barbara palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1922.
John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, palʊla-ɩ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1883 kɛ Cambridge tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1946 taa kɛ Firle tɛtʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tʊ nɛ takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ tʊ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyɩ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa. 

Ɛɛkɛ pɩɣaevelo yem mbʊ yɔ, ɛtɛm wɛnaʊ pɩzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ, pɩ-nɛ takayaɣ ŋga ɛma pɩlɩna Versaille tɛ nɩnaʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ ŋga paya kɛ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kazʊwa yɔ, ŋga posusa kɔ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1919 taa nɛ saʊlaa tɔm takayasɩ nɛ evemiye taa tɔm takayasɩ. Ɛ-kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kaakɛ cenji nɩnaʊ tɔm takayaɣ. Ɛ-tʊma sakɩyɛ kaakɛ paakpekiɣ tʊma mʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ kɛzɛɣa nɛ cenji tɔm (pɩnaɣ 1936 alɩwaatʊ taa.  

Palʊla John Maynard Keynes kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ liɖe ndɩ ɖɩkɛ ñɩm liɖe. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ John Neville Keynes, ɛnʊ kaakɛna ketiizasi ñʊŋ tʊ kɛ Cambridge sukuli kɛtɛzʊʊ taa ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɛkpɛlɛkɩ tɔsʊʊ labʊ yɔ tɛ mayʊ, takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se *The Scope and Method of Political Economy*, palɩzɩ-kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890 alɩwaatʊ taa. E-ɖoo payaɣ se John Maynard, Florence Ada Brown. 

Pekpeɣkuu se hɩɖɛ Keynes lɩna Cahagnes Normandi taa. Cahagnes ñalɩna latɛŋ pɩtɛɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa casnus. Pɩlɩna hɔʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ mbʊ Keynes laba yɔ lɛ, ɛna se Chagnes tɛ William lʊlɩna-ɩ, ɛɛkɛ Guillaume ɛgbaɣtʊ nɔyʊ. Ɛnglɩsɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-hɔʊ kaakɛ katoliki ɛyaa nɛ kɩ-taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ pɩsɩ Yeesuu ɛgbaɣtɩnaa kɛlɛ pɛcɛtɩ kɩ-yɔɔ tɔm nɛ pamɩlɩ kɩ-ñɩm tɩŋga payi.
Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Luis Borges Arɩzantini (Argentin) ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩŋɛ kpeekpe kɛlɛ kɛlɛʋ kɛlɛ size Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo. Ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kpataa yɔ.

Palʋla ɖajaa ɛnɛ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ naanza (24) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1899 n̄ɩŋga taa. Palʋla-ɩ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ taa ñɩma cɔlɔ.

Ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa ɛɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ɛsɩba mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1986 n̄ɩŋga taa.  Ɛsɩba Senɛɛvɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩkaɣ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ lutozo nɛ lʋbɛ (87).

Ɖajaa Jorge Luis Borges kɛ Arɩzantini ɛjaɖɛ tɛ takayasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ siŋŋ. Ɛma ɛ-takayasɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Ɛma ɖɔɖɔ keɣsi takayɩsɩ sakɩyɛ.

Ɛma ɛ-takayɩsɩ taa takɩm ndɩ ndɩ tɔm nɛ ɛtɛ ɛma aseɣɖe tɔm. Arɩzantini tʋ, ɖajaa Jorge Luis Borges takayasɩ mayʋ ɛnɛ, ɛ-caa payaɣ size Jorge Guillermo Borges. Ɛ-caa kɛ tɔm hʋyʋ sɔsɔ kpimkpi. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sukuli wɩlɩyʋ. Ɛyʋ fɩtɩyɩm taa maɣzɩm ndɩ ndɩ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa sukuli ɛwɩlaɣ.
Jules César

**Jules César** kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Palʊlɩ-ɩ Room tɛtʋ kɛ Itaalii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛnaadozo ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Palʋla-ɩ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ (100) nɛ pʋcɔ palʊlɩ Yesu Krɩstʊ. Ɛkɛkɛ sɔɔjanaa ñʋʋdʋ sɔsɔ (Général) nɛ politiki laɖʊ sɔsɔ nɛ takayɛsɩ mayʊ sɔsɔ  tɛtʋ taa  Room, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kakpaanzɩ ñɩŋgʋ wiye. Ɛsɩba nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 44 nɛ pʋcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ.

Ɛ-ɖoo payaɣ se Aurelia Cotta nɛ ɛ-caa hɩɖɛ lɛ Caius Jules César naatozo tʊ. Ɛ-halʊ kɔɔnɔɔ tʊ lɛ Cossutia, ɛlɛ wayɩ kɛlɛ panɛ paba : Pompeia Sulla nɛ Calpurnia Pisonis. Ɛkawɛna pɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ. Payaɣ-kɛ se Juliya, ɛkɔɔnɔɔ halʊ ɛlʊlɩna-kɛ. Piya sɩnɛ : Ptolémée hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ tʋ nɛ Auguste lɛ, paba yawaɣ-ɩ se pa-caa cikpelu. Ɛsɩba lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, kɩyakʋ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ nɩɩnaza nɛ naanza (44) taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yesu Krɩstʊ, Room tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba.