open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nizɛɛrɩ

Nizɛɛrɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa: Alizeerii, Peenɛɛ, Purkina Fasoo, Caadɩ, Liibii, Malii nɛ Niizeriya. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Ñamɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɛ nɖɩ wɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Afrika kañɩmbusaɣ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.

Ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ liidiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ tɔɔʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se CEDEAO yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛɛ tɛtɛɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ mbʊlɛ: N̄ɩɣlɩm sika, ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ, saarɩbɔŋ, iiraaniyɔm nɛ karasɩm. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩcɔnaa lɛ ɖɩna se Nizɛɛrɩ wɛɛ ajɛya wena a-taa kʊñɔntɩtʊ wɛɛ kpem yɔ.

Ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ wɛʊ peeɖe yɔ  paakɛ Pɛɛrɩbɛɛrɩwaa nɛ pesidi mba paawɛ peeɖe cabɩ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Sɔŋgayɩ kewiyaɣ ñɔ nɛ kɛ-tɛtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ yɔ Kaao. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊm mbʊ yɔ lɛ, Muka awiya pɩsɩ palaŋga nɛ pa-anɩ ɛbɩsɩ malʊʊ. Pɩlakaɣ pɩnaɣ 1591 lɛ, kewiyaɣ ŋga Saadɩwaa yɔkɩ-kɛ. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ nɛ hiu nɛ nakʊ lɛ Kpankurumwaa nɛ Fɩlandɩnaa kɩlɩna wɛʊ peeɖe.
Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ

Ɛyʊ wɛʊ yɔ, ɛwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩna kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ kɩ-wazaɣ. Ñʊʊ wɛɛ, nesi wɛɛ, (pɩkpaɣ pɩɖɛɛ) nɛ naŋgbanzɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Nɩgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ kɛ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnɛ ɩwɛɛ: nɩŋgbaŋaɣ, ɛsɩyɛ, naatalʊʊ, naakiɖe, nɩŋgbaŋaɣ hoɖe nɛ nimba pɛwɛɛ. 

Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ taa mɔɔ wena awɛ yɔ akpɛnda 26. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se yee pɛtɩyɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ mɔɔ kpeekpe kɛ tom naanza  taa kɔyɔ, nɛ yee pɛkpɛnda nɩŋgbanzɩ nzɩ sɩ-naalɛɛ yɔ, sɩ-taa mɔɔ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kɛ naanza yɔɔ. Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ taa ɖenɖewaa pʊcɔʊ yɔ, pɩkpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ 16; nɛ hola kpɛnda 107 piyele nimvela ñɛkpɛnda nɛɛlɛ (20).

Nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ fɛyʊ nɛ ɛsɩŋʊ yiu yiu, kɔ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛfɛyʊ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ nɛ nimbee kagbanzɩ nɛ nimbiye sɔsɔyɛ kɛ payaɣ se nimbiye abalʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ cikpeɖe payaɣ se ccuculibaŋa. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɖɔlɛ, ɛzɩ nandaka yɔɔ nee yɔ, nɩŋgbaŋaɣ yɔɔ nimbe wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛna nimbe looɖo nɛ lalaa ñɛɛna pɩɖɛ mbʊ.
Nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ (Sanction)

Wɛɖɔyɛ tɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊʊ ɛyʊ weyi ɛɖɔwɛɛ tɔm natʊyʊ ɖeɖe yɔ. Wɛɖɔyɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ samaɣ cɔlɔ yaa namtʊ tɛ yee tɩwɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa nɛ tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ-tʊ yɔ.Nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩɣ ɖoŋ ndʊ lɛ, maatɛŋ maatɛŋ nɩŋgbaŋgʊ hɔm.
  
Ɖɩnaɣ wɛɖɔyɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ ndʊ palaba pɩlɩna mbʊ ɛyʊ laba yɔ pɩcɔlɔ nɛ tɔm hʊyʊ yɔɔdɩ hɔm mbʊ keekee pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ yɔ pɩcɔlɔ. Paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ tɛ wɛtʊ ɖʊna-ɩ se ɛlɩzɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm mbʊ paɣtʊ ɖʊwa yɔ.
 
Nɩŋgbaŋgʊ hɔm paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊ-tʊ pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ. Kɔɔnaɣ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ wɛ nɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ kɩsɔzɩtʊ nɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ kɩ-malɩsɩnatʊ nɛ pɩkpaɣ mbʊ puwolo. Paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ tɛ wɛtʊ ɛɛhaɣ tɔm hʊyʊ waɖɛ se ɛcɛzɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Paɣtʊ ha waaɖɛ pɩsɩna ɖenɖe ɛcɛzɩɣ yɔ ɛlɛ, ewelesi nɛ yee natʊyʊ ɛkɔma tɩkpaɖɩ kɔyɔ.
 
Yee ɛyʊ ɛtasa labʊ kʊwɛkɩm sɔsɔm kɔyɔ, tɔm hʊyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛkpaɣ paɣtʊ tɩmaɣna yaa tɩkpaɖɩ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa hɔɔlaɣ 132-18-1 tɛ maɣzɩm yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ tɔm hʊyaa mba pahʊʊ tɔm ndʊ palaba yɔ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa lɔŋ tasɩyaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ paayɔɔda pʊ-tɔm yɔ.
 
Wɛɖɔyɛ wenaa amʊna se pɔtɔ ɛyʊ salaka pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ hiu mbʊ yɔ lɩna paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa hɔɔlaɣ 131-1 tɛ tɔm yɔɔ, kɔɔnaɣ wɛɖɔyɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ (pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ maatɛŋ maatɛŋ). Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa tɔm hʊyaa pɩzɩɣ palɩzɩɣ pamaɣmaɣ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm paɣtʊ. Tɔm hʊyaa kedizaɣ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm paɣtʊ kɩsɔzɩtʊ ndʊ paasɩma yɔ. Pakakɩŋ kaʊ waɖɛ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ pamʊʊ ñañɩm nɛ pahaŋ paɣtʊ kɩ-haʊ.
  
Tɔm hʊyʊ maɣmaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ wala sakɩyɛ yee pɩpɔzɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ ñaŋ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yee wɛɖɔyɛ tʊ ɛɛpɩsɩna ɛ-tɩ kɔyɔ. Yee wɛɖɔyɛ tʊ ɛpɩsɩna ɛ-tɩ kɔyɔ tɔm hʊyʊ pɩzzɩɣ eyele pʊtɔlɩ pɩtɩŋga nɛ ɛkpayɩ salaka pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ.
N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (Métallurgie)

N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ kɛna tɩlɩtʋ yaa ɛzakuliye lɔŋ n̄ɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu yaa n̄ɩɣtʋ (métaux). N̄ɩɣlɩm wondu yaa n̄ɩɣtʋ ndʋ, ɛzakuliye n̄ɩnɩtʋ yeki nɛ patɩlɩ tɩwaza siŋŋ kɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ pɩlɩʋ yaa hɔʋ taa.

Peeɖe patɩlɩʋ, ŋna palabɩna n̄ɩɣtʋ yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu ndʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ, nɛ patɩlɩ tiɖoŋ nɛ tɩwazaɣ yɔ. Tʋma ndɩ ndɩ tɩlaɖɛ yaa hɔʋ taa peeɖe papɩsɩʋ n̄ɩɣlɩm yaa n̄ɩɣtʋ wondu (métaux) tʋnɛ kɛ mbʋ pɔsɔɔla yɔ nɛ pɩwɛna wazaɣ.

Ɖakpaɣ nɩtʋ yaa welesitu sakɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnɩʋ size, payaɣ tʋma ndɩ nɖɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa poluki n̄ɩɣtʋ yaa n̄ɩɣlɩm wondu ndɩ ndɩ wazaɣ n̄ɩndʋ yɔ size kpabʋ hɔʋ. Mbʋ yɔ, ɛzakuliye yaa tɩlɩtʋ ɖoŋ sɩɩʋnana tʋma ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩʋ yaa hɔʋ ŋgʋ.

  
N̄ɩɣlɩm tʋmɩyɛ laɣsɩ (métallurgie) tɔbʋʋ paza wɛʋ ɖɔŋ yaa hukaɣ pɩgbaʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Pɩpazɩna lubiyaa. Ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋʋ size hakiŋ yaa loozana lubu kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɖɛfɛɛ ɖɛfɛɛ nɛ pɩkɔ pɩn̄ɔ siŋŋ kɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩʋ taa.
N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu (Temple d'Or)

N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu kɛna matʋ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩ yɔ tɩmatʋ kɛ Harmandir Sahib. Pʋtɔbʋʋ tobi kɛlɛ size «Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu hɩɖɛ sɛwa yaa hɩɖɛ kʋya». N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ Sikhs nɩma kaɖɛ kuduyuu. Kuduyuu kʋnɛ, kɩwɛna Amritsar tɛtʋ hɛkʋ taa kiŋ kɛ Pɛnjab ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩɖɩ wɛna nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ hayuu kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.

Pɩcɔ nɛ payaɣ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ size, N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu lɛ, pɔjɔna ɛzɩ ɛnʋ ɛzɩ, pata kuduyuu kʋnɛ kɩtɩŋgɛ payɩ kɛ sika sɛmɩŋ tɔlɩm nɛ puhuzi katɩŋgɛ payɩ kɔyɔɔ yɔ. Pɩcɔ nɛ paɣtʋ lɩʋ yaa lɩmaɣza lɩʋ size pama n̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ lɛ,ɖajaa sɔsɔ Gurû Arjan ka-hana nɔɔ yaa nʋmɔʋ nɛ matʋ tʋnɛ tɩpaɣzɩ pɩnaɣ 1601 tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa.

Sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛkɛ kɛna Sikhwaa tɛ ciyam yaa kalaza tɔm wɩlɩyʋ kagbanzɩ n̄ɩnʋ.

N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-tɛɛ peeɖe kɛ padaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ tʋ ɖajaa sɔsɔ Gurû Nanak wokaɣ nɛ ɛ-tɩmʋʋ yaa ɛ-lakɩ ɛ-kɩlaŋ a-tɩma. Ɖɩnɩ size N̄ɩɣlɩm Ɛsɔ Kuduyuu kʋnɛ, Afganistani ɛjaɖɛ taa mba tʋlaɣ youu kɩ-tɛ peɖe kɛ pɩnaɣ 1757 alɩwaatʋ taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɔyɔka kʋ naŋga naŋga. Ɛlɛ paɖanɩ kʋ maʋʋ pɩnzɩ nutozo wayɩ.
N̄ʋʋ

N̄ʋʋ kɛ sakɩyɛ yaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size kalɩyaɣ. N̄ʋʋ yaa kalɩyaɣ kɛna mayaɣ yaa yʋsaɣ ŋga kasɩɣna yaa pakpakʋ kɛ nɛ pamana matʋ paa ndʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋ yaa kalɩyaɣ wasɩɣ nɛ pama tem n̄ʋʋ yaa pilim n̄ʋʋ. Pilim n̄ʋʋ yaa tem n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɛ n̄ʋʋ sɔsɔʋ. Pɩkɛ mɩnaɣ n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ paɖaɣna kʋ yaʋ ɖɔɖɔ size pɩlʋʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ yaa cɔlʋʋ tɛ n̄ʋʋ kɛ laɣsɩ pɩlɩtʋ ɖʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hiu hiu laɣsɩ yaa hiu hiu ɖɔnɛ kɛna lakayaɣ ŋga pakɩla tɩlɩʋ siŋŋ kɛ matʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.

Hiu hiu laɣsɩ sɩnɛ, sɩwɛnɛ n̄ʋŋ matʋ mayasɩ hiu nɛ nzɩ lɛɣzʋna n̄ʋŋ masɩ yee ŋgba kpɛɖɛ (0) ŋgɔ nzɩna nakʋ (9) kɔyɔ. Ɖakpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ hiu hiu laɣsɩ taa yaa hiu hiu ɖɔnɛ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩma n̄ʋʋ nɩyɛ : ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ, pamaʋ size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ (27) kɛ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size pɩkɛna n̄ʋŋ naalɛ matʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɖɩmaɣ naalɛ (2) nɛ pɩkɔɔ lɛ ɖɩtasɩ maʋ lʋbɛ nɛ pakpɩtɩna ɖama.

Pɩtɛ matʋ ndʋ tɩ-naalɛ pɛkpɛm kɛ pakalɩʋ size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ. Hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ n̄ʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ wondu cɛŋga nakayɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pakalɩʋ nɛ pama size hiŋ naalɛ nɛ lʋbɛ kɛ mbɩ yɔ, mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖɩnaɣ n̄ʋʋ naalɛ wɛ matʋ natʋlɛ taa. N̄ʋʋ naalɛ ɖeke ɛzɩ pamaʋ size naalɛ (2) yɔ, wɛ wɛtʋ natʋlɛ taa.

Papɩzʋʋ pama naalɛ (2) ɖeke kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ taa, pama ɖɔɖɔ naalɛ nɛ n̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ-ɩ pamaʋ size naalɛ nɛ pakpɩtɩ-ɩ nɛ n̄ʋʋ lʋbɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ size naalɛ kɛ hiu ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ naalɛ yɔ. Paa n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ, kɩkɛ manaʋ yaa tɔm kɩmamatʋ mayaɣ. Yee ɛyʋ ɛcaɣ size ɛyɔɔdɩ n̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ tɔm yaa ɛzɩ-ɩ ɛyaɣ kʋ kɔyɔ, pɩtɛkɛ size ɛmaɣ kʋ nɛ panɩ kʋ-tɔm ndʋ ɛcaɣ size ɛyɔɔdɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ, ɛyaɣ kɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛyʋ nɩɩ lɛ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛma-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩ-tɛ masɩ tɩŋgɛ.

N̄ʋʋ nakʋyʋ hɩɖɛ pɩsɩɣ pʋwɛ kɛlɛʋ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size hiu nɛ loɖo (16) nɛ pamaɣ kɛlɛʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa "seize" yɔ. N̄ʋʋ kʋyʋ masɩ pɩsɩɣ pʋwɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩ payaɣ size hiu nɛ lʋbɛ nɛ pamaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "dix-sept" yɔ. N̄ʋʋ matʋ sɔsɔtʋ kaɖɛ n̄ɩndʋ natʋyʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ, tɩɖɔɖɔkʋ ɛzɩ-ɩ n̄ʋŋ nanza yaa pɩɖɛ mbʋ yɔ. N̄ʋʋ naaza n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ kɔyɔ : kudoku nɛ taŋga nɛ canta (1525).
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ

Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya kpeekpe wena a-taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, awɛna ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ potobi yaʊ taa nɛ payaa se OIF. Ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo (80) pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ paɖʊ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. Ajɛya ana a-taa lɛ, ajɛya nɩɩnʊwa nɛ lʊbɛ (57) kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩma siŋŋ. Piyele ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) ñɛkɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya yɔɔ feŋiyaa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se feŋiyaa ajɛya ana acɔŋnana nɛ ana se OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya ñaŋ yaa ɖɔŋ paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊ pa-tɩ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ yaa paaɖɔŋ.

OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya kpeekpe wena ayɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛyɛ wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-tɔzʊʊ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. 
OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa paa nɖɩ ɖɩcɛyɛ ɖɩ-tɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔzʊʊ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa ɛyaa tɩŋa ehiɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pɔñɔɔ ɛzɩ pe-liu wɛʋ yɔ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ siŋŋ se ɖama nɩnaʋ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ a-hɛkʋ taa. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ajɛya kpeɣlaa nɛ pala kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ tʋma. Tʋma naanza paɖʋwa se pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ɛlʋ yaa aɖʋ nesi siŋŋ a-labʋ taa. Tʋma naanza ana, anaa yɔ :

* Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ yɔɔ kandɩylʋʋ yaa kʋ-yɔɔ lʋbʋ se kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa.
* Ɛyʋ yɔɔ waɖɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ temokrasii pɔ-yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ.
* Sukuli labʋ nɛ ɛsakuliye nʋnɔʋ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ lʋbʋ.
* Ajɛya wena awɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, a-ɖama sɩnnaʋ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ tʋmɩyɛ. 

OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa ñʋʋ wɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋʋ payaɣ se Paarii. Ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ payaɣ se ACCT. ACCT ŋgbɛyɛ lʋkɩ se sɔnzɩ nɛ ɛsakuliye nɛ lɛɣtʋ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ (20) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1970 taa paɖʋ ACCT ŋgbɛyɛ. Nizɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa palaba kedizaɣ sɔsɔɣ nɛ palɩzɩ ACCT ŋgbɛyɛ. Nizɛɛrɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palaba kedizaɣ ŋga yɔ payaɣ se Ñamɛɛ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ kɛŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖʋ-tʋma tɩŋa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ. Ajɛya wena awɛ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, akpeɣli Senegaalɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa pɩnaɣ 2014 taa nɛ palɩzɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-takayaɣ taa mayʋ weyi palɩzaa yɔ, ɛnʋʋ lɛ ɖajaa Michaëlle Jean.

OIF ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ lɩzɩɣna weyi ɛcɔŋna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖajaa Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2015 nɛ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ yɔ, Adama Ouane cɔŋnana OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ wayɩ OIF ŋgbɛyɛ taa ñɩma lakɩ pe-kedizaɣ sɔsaa.

OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se kalʋ nɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, a-taa ɛyaa tɔɔ nɛ kahaɣ cmɩyɛ. Ɛzɩma ɛyaa tɩŋa pɩzɩɣ pehiɣ nɛ pɔtɔɔ nɛ pahaɣ camɩyɛ? OIF ŋgbɛyɛ sɩŋna paa weyi se ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ ɛla nɛ ehiɣ ɛ-mamaɣ e-nesi yɔɔ yɔ. OIF ŋgbɛyɛ tɩŋɩɣna lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna naanza yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩsɩnna ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ.
OMS ŋgbɛyɛ

Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se ONU. Ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩlabɩna tamaɣ nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se OMS yɔ, ɖɩñɔ. OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tɔbʋʋ kɔyɔ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1948 ñɩŋa taa OMS ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ.

Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) koozaɣ cɔŋnana OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ koozaɣ taa palɩzɩ liidiye nɛ palakɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma tɩŋa.

Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛɛ Genève tɛtʋ taa. Genève tɛtʋ kɛŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.
Kedeŋa kpeekpe ɛyʋ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ kandɩyʋ ŋgbɛyɛ kajalaɣ tamaɣ kɔyɔ se ɖɩlʋ siŋŋ se kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya tɩŋa taa ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya ɖeu nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ kɩɩhɩnʋʋ ɖeke pɔtɔŋna se ɛyʋ wɛ alaafɩya. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛwɛɛ alaafɩya ɛ-tɩŋa mpilim, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ ɛtaawɛɛ ɛ-calɩm taa. Ɛ-maɣzɩm tɩŋa ɛcaɣ pi-ɖeɖe camɩyɛ. Pʋwɛɛ se ɛwɛɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pa-taa ɛ-samaɣ taa.

Yee ḿbʋ, ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩfa yɔɔ kandɩyʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ yɔ, Ɖoɖoo  ɖakʋta sɔsɔ Margeret Chan. Ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2007 palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OMS ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ sɔnɔ.
ONU ŋgbɛyɛ

Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU). Pɩtakazɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩnɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tamaɣ yaa ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɛ lɛ se ɖɩkandɩ kadeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kandɩɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ siŋŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʊkɩ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ ɛɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩnaɣ 1945 taa ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔwa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ hɛwa lɛ paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lɛɣzɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payawaɣ se «SN» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ajɛya kpeekpe kpɛndʊʊ.  Paɖʊ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ se ɖɩlʊ nɛ yoŋ ɛtaatasɩ wɛʊ ajɛya hɛkʊ taa. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ lʊkɩ se ajɛya kpeekpe ɛcaɣ ayɔɔdɩ nɛ anɩna ɖama. ONU ŋgbɛyɛ wɛna pilinzi yʊʊʊ nzɩ sɩlʊkɩ kedeŋa jkpeekpe laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ.
OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ

Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya naayɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ aɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OPEP. Ajɛya wena awɛ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, añɩnɩɣ se a nɛ ajɛye wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ, paɖʋ taabalɩyɛ kaɖazɩm pɛdʋʋ nɛ pɩ-lɩzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. 

OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ kɛlɛ ɖajaa Mohammed Barkindo. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛkɛ OPEP takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ. Ɖajaa Mohammed Barkindo kɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se NNPC ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. NNPC ŋgbɛyɛ kɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʋ payaɣ se Hidrokaarɩbiiri yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ.

Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naanza (14) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1960 taa OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋwa. Kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ palaba Bagdad tɛtʋ taa nɛ ɖajaa Abdullah Tariki nɛ ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se pʋwɛɛ se paɖʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖajaa Abdullah Tariki kɛ Arabii-Sahʊditi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. 

Piyele ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso ñɛkɛ Fenezuyeelaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Ɖajaa Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonse kɛkɛ Fenezuwelaa ɛjaɖɛ taa Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʋma yɔɔ yɔ. Dajaanaa panɛ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ se ajɛya wena a-taa kaɖazɩm wɛɛ yɔ, alʋ siŋŋ nɛ kaɖazɩm toonoo liidiye ɛtaatii tibu yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, pɩkpa kpaʋ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ palakaɣ kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga se paɖʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ lɛ, kaɖazɩm toonoo liidiye taatalɩ dollars waa kagbaanzɩ. Amerika ñɩma liidiye payaɣ se dollar.

Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ajɛya kagbaanzɩ ɖeke kɛwɛna OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, a-hɩla yɔ : Arabii sawudiiti nɛ Iiranɩ nɛ Irakɩ nɛ Kowɛɛtɩ nɛ Fenezuwelaa.

Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, ajɛya sakɩyɛ sʋʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, alɛ hɩla yɔ :
Qatar ɛjaɖɛ sʋ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1961 piyele Ɛndoneezii nɛ Liibii paba ajɛya ñasʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Ɛndoneezii ɛjaɖɛ lɩ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 taa, ɛlɛ, kɩɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-taa sʋʋ pɩnaɣ 2016 ñɩŋa taa. Abu Dabi ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1967 taa.

Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1969 taa nɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ ñasʋʋ pɩnaɣ 1971 ñɩŋa taa. Ekuwatɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ pɩnaɣ 1973 taa, ɛlɛ, ɖɩlɩɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 1992 taa nɛ ɖɩɖaɣnɩ pɩsɩʋ ɖɩsʋʋ ɖɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 2007 ñɩŋa taa. Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ sʋ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1975, ɛlɛ, ɖɩlɩɩ pɩnaɣ 1996 taa nɛ ɖikiti ɖɩɖaɣnɩ sʋʋ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 2016 taa. Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ sʋ pɩnaɣ 2007 taa. 

Ɖooo ɛzɩ OPEP ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔʋ yɔ, ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Jenɛɛvʋ (Genève) ɛjaɖɛ taa Suwiisi tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ salaŋ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye nɛ pasɩɩ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa Fiyɛɛnɩ (Vienne) tɛtʋ taa.
OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ

Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya sakɩyɛ naayɛ taa sɔɔjanaa ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ se **OTAN**. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Atlantiki (Atlantique) pʋʋ nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ paɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ. Payaɣ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se « Atlantiki Nɔɔ haʋ ». 

OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tamaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩŋa kɔyɔ se ɖɩkandɩ ajɛya wena awɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʋ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ pɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya ana, a-taa sɔɔjanaa laba nɔɔ kʋɖʋmaɣ nɛ palʋkɩ siŋŋ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ ajɛya ana a-taa.

Pajala ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋʋ lɛ, pasɩɩ ɖɩ-tʋma ñʋʋ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, pɛkɛzɩ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Paarii tɛtʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1966 taa nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ, OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ tʋma ñʋʋ wɛ Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa. 

OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ payaɣ se SHAPE. Pɩlɩʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ kajalɩ wɛʋ Rocquencout tɛtʋ taa, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ, pɛkɛza kʋ-tʋma ñʋʋ Mons tɛtʋ taa. Mons tɛtʋ wɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ naanza (4) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1949 taa OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ. Anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya naayɛ calɩna ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ pâla kedizaɣ nakɛyɛ Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ taa Prukisɛɛkɩ tɛtʋ taa. Ajɛya wena anɩna ɖama nɛ ala kedizaɣ ŋ́ga yɔ, anaa yɔ : Pɛlɩziiki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Lukisambuuri ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya ana, alakaɣ a-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga lɛ, ayaa ajɛya naayɛ se alɛ iwolo pe-kedizaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa nɛ anɩɩ ndʋ pɔcɔɔlʋʋ yɔ. Ajɛya wena payaa yɔ, alɛ yɔ : Kanadaa nɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ Italii nɛ Isɩlandɩ nɛ Nɔrɩvɛɛzɩ nɛ Pɔrɩtigaalɩ.

Pʋwayɩ lɛ, anasaayɩnaa tɛtʋ taa ajɛya sakɩyɛ lɛɛna sʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya naayɛ tɔsɔɔlɩ se aɖʋ a-nɔsɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa, pʋ-yɔɔ akezaa nɛ atɔsʋʋ OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya ana, anaa yɔ : Otrisi, nɛ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Irilandɩ nɛ Suyɛɛdɩ nɛ Suwiisi.
Olimpiiki aleɣya

Payaɣ Olimpiiki aleɣya ɖɔɖɔ se « Olympiades». Akɛ aleɣya sɔsɔna wena a-taa ajɛya tɩŋa ɖʊʊ nesi yɔ. Ajɛya tɩŋa tiyina pa-aleɣya laɖaa. Hayɩsʊʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ aleɣya ana a-taa. Aleɣya wena palakɩ lʊŋʊyɛ taa nɛ wena palakɩ yolim taa yɔ, pɛkpɛndɩɣ a-tɩŋa. Palakɩ aleɣya sɔsɔna ana pɩnzɩ naanza wayɩ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩnzɩ naanza ɖɛʊ lɛ, palakɩ-yɛ, pɩnzɩ naanza ɖɛɛ lɛ pala-yɛ. Palakɩ lʊŋʊyɛ aleɣya nɛ yolim ñɩna nɛ pɛlɛdɩɣ. Krɛɛsɩ caanaʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa palakɩ aleɣya sɔsɔna ana. Palakɩ-yɛ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Olimpii yɔ kɩ-taa. Pacalɩ-yɛ labʊ kpaɖʊʊ lutozo ñɩŋgʊ taa nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Ɖajaa Pierre Coubertin ɖaɣnɩna aleɣya ana a-tʊma ñɔɔzʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1894 taa.  Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna kedeŋa kpeekpe aleɣya ŋgbɛyɛ; nɖɩ payaɣ se *Comité International Olympique* (CIO). Pɩnaɣ 1896 taa pacalɩ aleɣya sɔsɔna ana labʊ. Kpaɣna mbʊ yɔ, kedeŋa kpeekpe aleɣya ŋgbɛyɛ cɔŋnana olimpiiki aleɣya yɔɔ. Mbʊ payaɣ se *charte olympique* yɔ, mbʊ lɩzɩɣna olimpiiki aleɣya paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ.

Kpaɣna kpaɖʊʊ nɛɛlɩ ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ mbʊ pɩlakɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ patɩŋɩɣna nɛ palakɩ olimpiiki aleɣya sɔsɔna ana. Pʊ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ evebiya olimpiiki aleɣya nɛ aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛna ñalɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Olimpiiki aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ ana a-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kedeŋa tɔsʊʊ nɛ politiiki nʊmɔʊ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu lɛɣtʊ lɛɣzɩ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kpaɖʊʊ nɛɛlɛ ñɩŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa. Ɖajaa Pierre Coubertin weyi eyeba nɛ olimpiiki aleɣya ñɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ lɩmaɣzɛ kɛkɛ se pɩkɛ aleɣya yem. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ yɔ olimpiiki aleɣya tɛkɛ aleɣya yem, akɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ kedeŋa ɛsɩndaa wobu nʊmɔʊ siŋŋ.
N̄ɩɣlɩm sika

Ñɣlɩm sika kɛna élément chimique nɛ kɩ-mayaɣ kɛna 79 ŋga. Mayɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ hɛkʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ-kɛ tobi taa yem se Au. Ñɩɣlɩm sika kɛna kɛwɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ paa anɩ ɛsɔɔla se ɛwɛna-kɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ŋga palakɩn a liidiya nɛ kɛkɛna acana pʊyʊ ɖooo lɔŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ. 

Pʊcɔ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm sika kɛna pamakɩ-kɛ nɛ kañɩlɩzɩʊ pɛlɛ pɛlɛ lɛ kaawɛ ɛzɩ putoo yaa kesi tɩyɛ yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊʊɖɛ yɔ. Ñɩlɩm sika ŋga kalɩna kaaŋ weyi tɛʊ tɔɔ-ɩ nɛ ɛ-taa kaawɛ ñɩɩtʊ ndʊ yɔ. Ñɩlɩm sika kanɛ kɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɛwɛ caaɣ yɔ: kapɩzɩɣ kɛkɛ filon, ñɩɣlɩm pʊnɛ pʊbʊ ñalɩɣna kaaŋ ultrabasique taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm ɖɔŋna ñɩzɩɣ kaaŋ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ pikpeɣli nɛ pɩpɩsɩ sika. 

Ñɩlɩm sika ŋga patatɩɩlubita-yɔ, kɛwɛ ɖeu nɛ papɩzɩɣ pamɩlɩtɩ-kɛ yaa polubi-kɛ mbʊ pɔsɔɔlaa yɔ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩkɛna ñɩɣñɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩsa miŋsiŋŋŋ kuhukuu yɔ. Pɩkɛna ñɩɣʊyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm yɔ nɛ kɩɩmʊʊkalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ, paa kɩɩwɛ lɩm taa yaa awayɩ yem kɔyɔ. Mbʊ yebina kpem nɛ ñɩɣlɩm sika ŋga paa anɩ ɛsɔɔlɩ kɔ-tɔm ɛzɩ pʊyʊ yɔ.

Ɖooo ɛzɩ pɩlɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm sika kanɛ kɔyɔɔ nɛ papaɣzɩ-kɛ huyuu yɔ, pakpaɣ nɛ pamaɣzɩ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2010 kɔyɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩwaa 166 000 yɔ. Pɔtɔma se pamaɣzɩɣna sikiɖi pɔɔyʊʊ kɔyɔ, ɖaalakɩŋ hɔɔlʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ɖɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa nɛɛlɛ yɔ. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kaakɛŋna ɖenɖe ñɩɣlɩm sika kanɛ kaakɩla wɛʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɔnɔ taa yɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɛ-ɖɩ  nɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩna ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ filon pʊɖɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Pɩtɛkɛ Siini ɖeke, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ajɛya cabɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Ñɩɣlɩm sɩka kanɛ maawʊʊ yaa ñɩɣlɩm momoɖe taa kɛ palakɩ ka-tʊmɩyɛ.
Olofʊ kʊnʊŋ

Olofʊ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ Senegaalɩ nɛ Kambii nɛ Moritaanii ajɛyɛ taa yɔ. Kɩ-kɛ Senekambɩyɛnɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Atlantiiki kʊnʊmɩŋ piliŋga taa yɔ, kɩ-kɛ Nɩzɛɛro-Koŋgolɛzɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye cɩkpeɖe taa yɔ.
   
Olofʊ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ Seneegaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, nɛ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ kɔyɔ ɛyaa hɩŋ nɩnza nɛ kɩgbanzɩ yɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Seneegaalɩ ñɩma mba pɛtɛkɛ Olofʊ mba pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ.
  
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ, ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Kambii nɛ Moriitaanii yɔ yɛla pɩlɩna ɛzakuuliye yɔ pɩlɩna kɩyeke kɩ-wɛʊ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Kɩnɩɩyaa ageeta ndɩ ndɩ taa nɩɣ ɖama tɔm camɩyɛ yem nɛ tʊkaɣ wɛ pɩlɩna tɔmpe yɔ ñɩɣʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔmpe wena pa-kɩntayɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi ɛ-ñɔtɩna ɖama kpam yɔ ɛ-ta ɛzɩ Lébou tɔmpe yɔ ñɩɣʊ nɛ Louisien kiɖeɖeʊ tɔmpe yɔ ñɩɣʊ.

Ɖooo pitiihi pama Olofʊ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Arabɩ masɩ kɩsɔzɔsɩ nzɩ payaɣ se Olofalɩ. Matʊ ndʊ palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɔm takayaɣsɩ taa. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ Olofʊ matʊ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Latɛŋ masɩ kɛnɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ mbʊ kɛɛkɛ papɩzɩ nɛ patɩlɩ nɛ paña Olofʊ tɔmpe tɛ nɔsɩ tiliuu yɔ.
Orson Welles

Orson Welles kɛ hendu teyu Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa, hendu lɩzɩyʊ, tanaŋ nɛ amʊza laɖʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tanaŋ cɔlɩyʊ, anjaʊ naa lɩzɩyʊ, takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊzaɣ maɣzɩm naa ndɩ ndɩ yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩya-ɩ se elebu. Pʊwayi lɛ, ɛ-laɣsɩ nzɩ ɛzɩ ɛlakɩ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ ɛ-tɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa sɩnɩma yɔɔ yɔ kaawɛna ɖoŋ yaa kaacaɣ lɛla mba paalaba pɩnzɩ 1950-1970 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Stanley Kubrick yɔɔ. Palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1915 kɛ Kenosha, Wisconsin, nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1985 Hollywood.  

Ɛ-caa Richard Heard Welles, ɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɔmɔŋ woɖu sɔsɔ, e-ɖoo kɔyɔ Béatrice Welles, palʊla-ɩ Ives liɖe taa kɛnɛ, ɛkɛ piano maɖʊ. Pa-pɩyalʊ tɔŋ pɔ-tɔm se man-caa kaakɛ ɛyʊ keeke edouard alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ ɛ-tɩ se ɛkɛ luɖu. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ hɛɛ tʊ nɛ suɖu tʊ, ɛ-tabala kpeekpe kaasɔla-ɩ camɩyɛ. 

Pʊmʊna-m se mala ñʊʊ leleŋ kɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ mɔsɔɔlɩ nɔmɔŋ wobu tɔm. Mon-ɖoo ñaakɛ keɖeɣa halʊ nɔyʊ kpem ɛyaa ɛsɩnda nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ politiki tɔm nɛ ɛtɔɣa malɩfa ɖeu, kediizasi taa piyano maɖaa taa niye mʊyʊ. Mɔɖɔkɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ miiziki tɛ sɔɔlɩm nɛ tɩ cɛyʊʊ sɔɔlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ kaʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1919, ɛ-ñɩma ya ɖama nɛ Orson tɩŋɩ e-ɖoo Chicago tɛtʊ taa. 

Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu lɛ ɛɖɛzɩ Peter Rabbit kɛ Marshall Field’s lona ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ taa Chicago. Sukuli hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛsʊ Madison (Wisconsin) sukuli nakʊyʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu, ɖenɖe ɛlaba amʊza nayɛ ana yɔ *Étrange Cas du Docteur Jekyll et de M. Hyde.* Pɩnaɣ 1926 lɛ, ɛsʊ Todd School for Boys sukuli taa, pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ patʊlʊ-kʊ nesi tɛɛ tʊma laɖa kɩwɛ Woodstoch (Illinois) nɛ Roger Hill cɔŋa kʊ-yɔɔ. 
 
Wɛtʊ natʊyʊ naalɛ kɔmna pɩcaazɩ Orson pɩcatʊ. E-neze sɩba lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 40, *agoza fenaɣ* kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 1924, sɩm mbʊ pʊwayi ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ loɖo wayi lɛ, ɛ-caa sɩ. Ɛpɩsɩ sulam mbʊ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 yeke, kɛlɛ piya yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ Maurice Bernstein cɔŋna ɛ-cɛyɩtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ ɖooo ɛ-caa tabalʊ nɔyʊ ɖɔɖɔ ñasɩna cɔnaʊ e-sukuli yɔɔ.
Orɩgɩ

Orɩkɛ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ, kɛ wɛtʋ sakɩyɛ taa. Patɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛyʋsaɣ knɛyɔ, kaka yɔ size patɩlɩɣ ewilitu yaa etilitu nɛ pɩlɩɩna ɛ-kɔɔkasɩ kpɛndʋ ɖeɖe. Ewilitu yaa etilitu camɩyɛ lɩɣna ɛ-nimasɩ ɖɩhɔnɖɛ ɖeɖe nɛ e-heɣlim ɖi-hasiye cɔlɔ.

Orɩkɛ kʋnɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ hɔɔlʋʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɩkpaɖʋ kɛ nimasi yɔ kɛ tɛlɛŋga nakɛyɛ yɔ. Nɛ nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ tɛ sɩm wilitu yaa tilitu natʋyʋ yɔ kɛnɛ. Minziiki wonuu orɩkɛ kʋnɛ yɔ kʋwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩlɩɣ wondu lɛɣtʋ kɩsɩmtʋ sakɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ paya tʋ se orɩkɛwaa ɖɔɖɔ.

Mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, kɔɔka yaa hɩlaɣ ɖɔɖɔ yekina nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɣ camɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, pʋwɛ se ɖɩtɩlɩ size wilitu yaa tilitu tʋnɛ tʋ-wɛ ɖoŋ kpem. Nɛ tɩ-ɖoŋ kpaʋ wɛna wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-lɩɣna (tilimiye, yaa kpɛzɛlɛɛɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, yaa kaɖɩtɩ tɔm ɖɔkʋʋ taŋayɩ) pɔcɔlɔ kɛnɛ.

Orɩkɛwaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛwɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ ɛzɩ lɛɛba yɔ. Ɛlɛ sɩsɩ wɛna tɛlɛŋgasɩ pɩkɩlɩ walɩɣ yaa pɩtatalɩ lɛɛsɩ. Tɔm biye orɩkɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ calɩna lɩɣ pomm bo kɛ krɛsɩ taa kɛnɛ size (organon) nɛ latɛɛŋ taa lɛ paya se (organum). Pɩtɩŋa pʋtɔbʋ lɩ ,kamm size wonuu.
Oobuwaa

Oobuwaa kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋ. Kʋ-wɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa. Palakɩ-kʋ kɛlɛʋ nɛ ɖeɣa taa pɔʋ hʋyʋʋ. Nɛ kʋhʋlʋyʋ pazɩɣ hosuu heɣlim kɩ-taa lɛ, pɩn̄amasʋʋ kʋ nɛ kitilitu yaa kiwilitu lɩɩ. Pɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ nimaɣ kiwilaɣ yaa kitilitu nabʋlɛ n̄ɩm yɔ heɣlim hosuu taa. Ki-wiliuu tʋkaɣ pɩsɩɣ kɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ nɛ wiluu yaa tiliuu kɩbam nɛ pɩhɛzʋʋ hɔɣ yaa lɑŋgaɣ.

Pɩlɩʋ wɛ camɩyɛ kelekele yaa kuluŋgulu wɛtʋ. Nɛ pɩhaɣ soŋgaɣ kɩbaŋga. Cɩmʋʋ wonuu kʋnɛ, kɩhʋlʋyʋ payaɣ size oobuwaa tʋ. Pasɩma kʋ yaa patɩlɩ kʋ ɖoo kɩbɩnjaazɩ taa. Minziiki wonu kʋnɛ, kɩ-huwaa yaa kɩtɩlɩtʋ tɔyɩ alɩwaatʋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ pɩlʋʋ taa. Nɛ lɩmazɩyɛ mpilim kɔyɔ size kɩla nɛ ɛzakuliye nɛ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩ-tʋ ɛ-tɔyɩ, pɩɩlɩna cɩmɩŋ wondu yɔ.

Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size minziiki wondu tʋnɛ, pɔɖɔna tʋ labɩnaʋ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ. Oobuwaa waa mba palakaana yɔ yaa kɩbɩnjaazɩ sɔnzɩ n̄ɩŋ taa nabayɩ kɔyɔ: bombarde, cornemuse, duduk, gaïta, hichiriki nɛ lalaɣ ɛzɩ zurna waa yɔ.

Nɛ oobuwaa  waa lɛɛlɛ yɔ yaa sɔnɔ mba nabɛyɩ kɔyɔ: hɩlaɣ, nɛ oobuwaa  kɩsɔɔlasɩ, nɛ cor anglais, nɛ pɩtasɩna oobuwaa  baryton, nɛ oobuwaa barɔkɩ, nɛ oobuwaa kʋcɔlʋ. Pɛkpɛndʋ paɣɩ lɛ, pala hɔʋ sʋsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɖɩna hɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Palakɩna kʋ nɛ solo, nɛ minziiki ɖama taa sʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ, nɛ minziiki nʋmʋʋ tɛ n̄ɩŋgʋ, nɛ mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ symphonique n̄ɩŋgʋ.
Oseyanii tɛtʋ wandamm

Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm pɩkpɩlɩna paɣlaka nɛ walanzɩ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm wɛ Pasifiiki lɩŋamʋʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ walanzɩ kɛ km2 waa 8 525 989. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm samaɣ ñʋʋ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38).

Ajɛya hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Kewiisi hiu nɛ loɖo (16) wɛna tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm nɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se archipel malais yɔ. 
Ageeta sɔsɔna naanza wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ taa. Ageeta ana, a-hɩla yɔ : Ositraalii egeetiye nɛ Mikroneezii egeetiye nɛ Melaneezii egeetiye nɛ Polineezii egeetiye.

Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm tɛ ageeta naanza ana a-taa lɛ, Ositraalii egeetiye kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Piyele lɩm ñɔcɔ ageeta lɛɛna nɛ pɩta. Ositraalii egeetiye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ mʋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa. Ositraalii egeetiye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Seelandɩ Kɩfalʊʊ tɛtʋ nɛ Papuwasii-Nuvɛɛlɩ-Kinee tɛtʋ.

Ositraalii egeetiye wɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʋ cikpetu ndɩ ndɩ natʋyʋ. Tʋtʋ hɩla yɔ : Fiiji nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ lɩm cɔ-tʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tʋtʋ yɔ : 

* Salomɔɔ
* Samao
* Toŋga
* Polineezii
* Nuvɛɛlɩ-Kaledonii
* Walisi-e-Futuna
* Hawayi
* Kuam
* hayi Mariyanɩ

Lɩm cɔ hayi Mariyanɩ nɛ pɩta.

Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɖooo caanaʋ. Samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ tɩ-taa yɔ, ŋgaa yɔ, Ositraalii samaɣ nɛ Papuu (Papous) samaɣ. Englɩsɩɩ nɛ fransɩɩ pa-kʋnʋmɩŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Kʋnʋmɩŋ naalɛ ɛnʋ, ɛ-wayɩ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ papuu kʋnʋŋ nɛ Ositraalii kʋnʋŋ.

Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ hiu wɛna Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Tɛtʋ hiu ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, tɛtʋ lutozo wɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Sidinee tɛtʋ nɛ Melbourne ñɩndʋ. Oseyaanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa ɛyaa naanza yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm wɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋlɛ ńdʋ tɩ-taa.

Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ natʋlɛ ńdʋ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Brɩsbɛŋ tɛtʋ nɛ Perth tɛtʋ nɛ Oklandɩ tɛtʋ nɛ Adelayɩdɩ tɛtʋ nɛ Honolulu tɛtʋ. Tɛtʋ kagbaanzɩ tʋnɛ, tɩ-taa samaɣ ñʋʋ ɖɛ miiliyɔɔ yɔɔ.
Ositraalii

**Ositraalii** ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Oseyaanii keteŋa taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla walɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Ositraalii kɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, lɩm ɖɔna tɛtʊ ñabɩ ñabɩ ndʊ ndʊ yebu yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Tasimaanii, Lɩŋamʊʊ nŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ, Pasifiki teŋgu nɛ Ɛɛndɩ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ataa yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: hayʊ  kɩŋ lɛ, Ɛndonezii, Timɔɔrɩ nɛ Papʊwaasi-Kiinee kɩfalʊʊ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ lɛ, îles Salomon, Vanuatu nɛ Kaledoonii kɩfalʋʋ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Seelandɩ-Kɩfalʊʊ piyele nɛ îles Kerguelen (TAAF), Heard nɛ McDonald tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa.

Ɛyaa paaziɣ Ositraalii tɛtʊ taa caɣʊ yɔ, pɩlakɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 50 000 kɔyɔ nɛ mba pakɩlɩɣ wobo peede ɛsɩyɛ egbena yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: kpakpasɩ kpaya nɛ Néerlandi lɩm yaya. Dooo pɩnzɩ  XVII taa kɛ Eerɔpʋ yɛlɩya nɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa katɛma nɑʊ se Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛɛ ɛlɛ, pɩnzɩ 1770 taa kɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ taa ñɩma nɛ pɩkɩlɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1788 kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ Nouvelle-Galles kaɣ ñɔʊ camɩyɛ kaɣlaa.  Efemiye nɖɩ kɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa tɔkɩ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɛ kazandʊ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ efemiye wiye pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛ ajɛya cikpena looɖo nayɛ ñɔñɔ peeɖe nɛ akpaɣ hɩɖɛ se Commonwealth d'Australie.

Ositraalii taa mba ñyɔɔdɩɣ anglisi tɔm nɛ pe-lidiya kɔyɔ Ositraalii dollar. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sosɔtʊ kɔyɔ, Kambeera nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Ositraalii hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, peeɖe samɣ wɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23 yɔ nɛ ɛyaa panɛ pɔɖɔ kpem kɛ Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth nɛ Adelaide hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Ositraalii kɛ hiu nɛ naalɛ tʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa nɛ pɛ-tɛ PIB talɩ ɛzɩ milliard waa 1542 mbʊ yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛɛ kɩkpɛndɩɣ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊʊ nɖɩ payaɣ se PNUD yɔ, ɖɩsɩ Ositraalii ɛzɩ keteŋa kpeekpe ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩŋʊ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ wayɩ kɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobʊ nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ.
Otirisi

**Otirisi** ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ akeɣta sakɩyɛ kpɛnda nɛ awɛɛna kehiyaɣ kʊɖʊma kpayɩ yɔ. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Eerɔpɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩtɩñɔtɩna teŋʊ nakʊyʊ kaʊ.

Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kpɛndɩɣ yɔ ɖɩ-taa pɩna ajɛya wena a-liidiya kɛ eeroo yɔ a-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kpaɣna  nɛ ɖɩhayɩ kɩŋ lɛ, ɖɩsɩna Caama nɛ Cɛɛkɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Sloovakii nɛ Hɔŋgrii kɛ kamaɣ sɩnaa; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Siloveni kɛ kamaɣ wɛɛ. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ Itaali kɛ ɖɩsɩnaa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Suwiisi nɛ Liechtenstein kɛ kamaɣ ñɛwɛɛ. 

Otirisi wɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1995 nɛ pɩna ajɛya wena a-liidiya kɛ Eeroo yɔ a-taa kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1999. Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa mba yɔɔdɩɣ caama kʊnʊŋ. Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ Krowasii, Hɔŋirii nɛ Siloveni. Vɩyɛnɩ kɛŋna peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Otto von Bismarck

Otto Eduard Leopold, sɔsɔ von Bismarck, palʊla-ɩ Schönhausen tɛtʊ taa ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 nɛ ɛsɩ  hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1898 Friedrichsruh, ɛkɛ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ nɛ Caama. Peyeba se ɛkɛ cɛjɛ Bismark pɩnaɣ 1865, nɛ pʊwayɩ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Bismark-Schönhausen awimpɩɣa pɩnaɣ 1871 nɛ wiyaʊ kɛ Lauenburg pɩnaɣ 1890.
 
Ɛkɛ cenje taa Prusse Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ pɩnaɣ 1862 ŋtalɩ 1890, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Caama nɛ Hayi ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɔm hʊya ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1867 ŋtalɩ 1871, pʊcɔ ɛsʊ kajalaɣ tɔm hʊya tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe Caama Ampiiri kɩfalʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1871, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛwɛɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛɖɔka ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ tʊmɩyɛ mbʊ Prusse tɛtʊ taa. Ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ Caama ɛjaɖɛ kpɛndʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa.

Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Bismarck la ɛ-tɩ hɩɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛkandɩɣ Junkers waa ñɩm yɔɔ, pɩkɛ Prusse tɛtʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛwɛ tɩ-taa yɔ ɖooo politiki labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pakpa-ɩ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊyʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ñʊʊ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1862. Prusse ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ maʊ taa lɛ ɛlʊbɩna tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɩna se ɛha ɖoŋ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu lɩmaɣza.  

Palʊla Otto von Bismarck ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1 pɩnaɣ 1815 Schönhausen. Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Ferdinand von Bismarck, ɛlɛ kaakɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ nɛ ɛwɛna tɛtʊ Prusse ɛjaɖɛ taa. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Wilhelmine Mencken ɛlɛ kaakɛ politiki abalʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɔ. Ɛ-cɔzɔ kaakɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau tɔm yɔɔ tisiyu yaa ɛgbaɣtʊ. Otto kaawɛna ɖalʊ kʊyʊm Bernhard (pɩnzɩ 1810-1893) nɛ kɔʊ kʊyʊm Malwina (pɩnzɩ 1827-1908).

Pɩnaɣ 1816, ɛ-ñɩma kʊyɩ pɛɖɛɛ nɛ Kniephof Poméranie nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ, ɛlɛ petikizi pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paawɛna-tʊ Schönhausen yɔ. Otto la ɛ-pɩjatʊ peeɖe. E-ɖoo sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1839 lɛ, Bismarck kpaɣ ɛ-ñɩma tɛtʊ Kniephof. Ɛpɩsɩ haɖʊ, ɛ-nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ Bernhard weyi ɛkɩlɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ kagbanzɩ yɔ pahayɩ Kniephof, Külz nɛ Jarchlin tɛtʊ Poméranie wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa, Naugard kantɔɔ taa. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1841 lɛ palɩzɩ Berbhard se ɛkɛ Nauguard egeetiye lɔŋ tasɩya ñʊʊ tʊ, mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɛtɛyɩ pazɩ tɛtʊ, Bernhard cɔŋnɩna Jarchlin tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ Otto cɔŋna Külz nɛ Kniephof tɛtʊ yɔɔ. Pa-caa sɩba pɩnaɣ 1845 taa lɛ, Otto ɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ cɛjɛtʊ ɖɩɣa taa Schönhaussen, Stendal kantɔɔ taa.     

Pɩtɩŋna Moritz von Blanchenburg yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ɛtabalʊ nɔyʊ weyi ɛkatɩ-ɩ Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, Bismarck ɖʊ tabalɩyɛ ɛ-nɛ pɔtɔdɩyɛ tʊ Adolf von Thadden-Trieglaff. Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖaŋ kɛlɛ Marie Blanckenburg, Moritz pɛlɔ. Paa Marie nɛ Otto pɔsɔɔlɩ ɖama kɔyɔ, Marie tɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛyɔdɩ ɛ-tɛ nesi ɖɔkʊ ɖʊnaʊ tɔm. Kɛlɛ ɛwalɩ Trieglaff aloma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1844. Nesi ɖɔkʊʊ sɔnzɩ wiye lɛ ɛsɩɩ ɛtabalʊ Johanna von Puttkamer Bismarck cɔlɔ. 
Otto nɛ Johanna pakpaɣ pawalɩ ɖama nɛ palʊlɩ piyaa naatozo. Marie (1848-1926), ɛlɛ walɩ Kuno zu Rantzau, Herbert (1849-1904), ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Marguerite von Hoyos nɛ Wilhelm (1852-1901) ɛlɛ kpaɣ halʊ Sibylle von Arnim-Kröchlendorff.
Paarii

**Paarii** kɛna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Paarii yɔ ka-lɩm ɖivalɩyɛ nɛ pɔsɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se maarnɩ nɛ ʊwaazi yɔ sɩ-lɩm ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ. Paarii kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Fransɩɩ yɔ, tɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ tam nɛɛlɛ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ Liiyɔɔ nɛ Maarisɛɛyɩ. 

Paarii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 12 475 808 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa; piyele tɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊlmaɣ, nga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 2 229 621. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ eɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ pɩkɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa; pʊtɔbʊʊ se kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ lɛ Mɔsɩkʊʊ nɛ naalɛ ñɩndʊ lɛ Isitambuli. 

Yee pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ lɛ 29 ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Paarii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 105,40. Payaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Anne Hidalgo (PS). Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ  2014 nɛ pɩnaɣ 2020 taa ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ tɛŋ.    

Paanɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛñɩnɩʊ se tɩna Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma kɔyɔ, Paarii maɣmaɣ ɛɛtɛŋ kɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ nɛ paɖʊʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ kɛ yem. Paarii tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩna tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ yeke pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ndʊ yɔ Room. Papaaza tʊma ana alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1956 nɛ pɔ-tɔm piye kɔyɔ se: Paarii yeke mʊŋna Room nɛ Room yeke mʊŋna Paarii.

Paris - Eiffelturm und Marsfeld2.jpg|Tour Eiffel
Paris-von Montmartre-104-suedost-2017-gje.jpg|Paarii
Paris-Notre Dame-182-vom Institut du monde arabe-2017-gje.jpg|Notre Dame
Paris-Moschee-Place du Puits de l'Ermite-104-2017-gje.jpg|Mosque
Paris-Grand Palais-104-2017-gje.jpg|Grand Palais
Paris-Place des Vosges-114-Louis XIII-2017-gje.jpg|Place de Vosges
Paris-St Etienne du Mont-112-zum Chor-2017-gje.jpg|St. Etienne du Mont
Paris-Tuileries-110-2017-gje.jpg|Tuileries
Pagidaadɩ

**Pakidaadɩ** kɛna Irakɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwalanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kɩlomɛmetanaa agbapa 1 134 yɔ. Pakalɩo ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩnaɣ 2012 lɛ, pɛwɛ ɛzɩ 10 710 350 yɔ nɛ kilomɛta kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 445 yɔ papɩzʊʊ nɛ pana. 

Payaɣ Pakidaadɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se Zekra Alwach. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Iirakɩɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tiiri yɔ kalɩɣna Turki lɛ, peeɖe kɛtɛzʊʊ  na nɛ pʊcɔ kɩtalɩ kɩkpɛndɩ Efirati pɔɔ taa. Yeee pakpaɣ pakidaadi tɛtʊ tɩŋga payɩ kɔyɔ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɛ ɛzɩ miloyɔɔnaa lʊbɛ yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩkɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Araabʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa nɛ Mʊwayɛŋ-Oriyaŋ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛsɔtaa looɖaa, tataa ñɩna yaa sulukiŋ kpayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋʊna. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008 nɛ sɔnɔɔ mbʊ yɔ Pagidaadɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa you sʊsɔʊ nakƴʊ wɛɛ nɛkɩñamsʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ pɩlɩɩna you ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñɛwɛ Iirakɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa yɔ kʊ yɔɔ.
Pakisitaanɩ

**Pakisitaanɩ** kɛna Ɛndɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ malɩŋ ɖɩwɛ malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Ajɛya wena acɔ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ ata yɔ ana lɛ: Iranɩ, Afganistani, Siini, Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Arabii teŋgu.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-tikiɖe paɣza pkɩyɛna fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ ɖɩnɛ Ɛɛndɩ panɩɣna-ɖama camɩyɛ pɩlɩɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Kazemiiri yɔ tɩ-tɛyɩtʊ taa. Ɛlɛ ajɛya ana aatɛma you pɩnzɩ naatozo mbilim. Ɖɩnɛ Afganistani paaniɣna-ɖama kamaɣ tɔm taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Etaazuni nɛ Siini ajɛya panɩɣna-ɖama camɩyɛ.

Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Pakisitaanɩ yɔ palɩna Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Eerɔpʋ ajɛya taa. Pɩkɩlna Ɛndo-Arɩyɛŋwaa nɛ Iranɩ taa ɛyaa. Ɛndo-Arɩyɛŋwaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 80 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ lalaa le pamaɣna 20 kɛ mɩʊ yɔɔ.

Peeɖe pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa 188; pʊtɔbʊʊ se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ looɖo ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ Ɛndonezi wayi lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ tɩŋgʊʊna malɩŋ ɖɔʊ taa. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa.
 
Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ komina tʊma taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Urduu nɛ Englɩsɩɩ. Ɛlɛ mba pɔyɔɔdɩɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ yɔ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ hiu kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ kɔyɔ: Pɛnjabi, Pasitoo, Sɛndi nɛ Serayiki.
Paasɔŋ

Paasɔŋ kɛ minziiki wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa yɔ. Kɩ-lɩ kpaɖʋ 14 taa Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Nɛ paya-kʋ hɩɖɛ size fagotto. Palaba-kʋ nɛ kɔɔka kɩɖala nakɛyɛ. Pa-hʋyɩ ka-taa pɔʋ, nɛ ɖeɣa ŋga keɖewa nɛ ka-ɖalakɩŋ taa makʋna ɛzɩ mɛtana 2,50 yɔ ka-saɣtʋ taa (pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛrapɩlɩ tɩʋ yaa palɩssandrɩ tɩʋ).

E-kpiya ɛ-tɩ yɔ, nɛ soo wonuu kʋnɛ kʋ-hʋlʋyʋ weyi payayɩ size paasɔŋnɩsɩ yɔ, ɛɖɔkɩ kʋ enesi kɩpanzɩ tɛɛ. Pɔnɛ loɖo wɛna hayi kiŋ, nɛ kagbanzɩ piliŋa sʋsa nɛ cikpeɣla naadozo ŋga pa-kpɩtɩna ɖama kpam nɛ sulam naanaza ŋgʋ. Nɛ pɩkpɛndɩ pɩtɩŋa pʋwɛ ɛzɩ U yɔ, pɩkpɩtɩna ɖama cɩncɩn.

Nimaɣ nabʋlɛ kiwilaɣ pɔzɩɣ kɔsɔŋ, nɛ paya se bokali naalɛ ŋgʋ. Ɛ-pɔʋ taa maana fɩɣɩ nɛ ɛ-hʋlʋʋ pɔzɩɣ fezɩŋ siŋŋ ɛzɩ kpaɣʋ pɩsɩna 3 nɛ nɔɔ tiluu wɛɛ mudulee. Paassɔŋ ɛnʋ, etilitu wɛ ndɩ ndɩ hʋlʋʋ taa; do wɛ, re wɛ, mi nɛ fa nɛ sol nɛ la paba wɛ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ si n̄atɩŋɩ. Ɛ-mabɩnaɣʋ minziiki yaa ɛ-hʋlʋtʋ tɛ matʋ wɛ naalɛ nɛ paya-tʋ size n̄ɩmɩyɛ fa 4, nɛ ut 4 yaa sol.
Laŋhɩzɩyɛ

Laŋhɩzɩyɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ paya kɩ-hɩɖɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɖiɣɖiɣ caɣʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñaŋga ñaŋga fɛyɩ, ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ fɛyɩ, you fɛyɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm fɛyɩ. Pɩwɩlɩɣ se samaɣ hɛkʊ taa nɩnaʊ wɛɛ nɛ politiki wɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Ehoye ɖɔkʊ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ Olivier piliŋga mbʊ wɩlɩɣna se laŋhɩzɩyɛ wɛɛ.

 
Samaɣ ɛsɩnda nɛ kɛ-tɛ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, laŋhɩzɩyɛ tɔmpiye wɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma nɩnaʊ wɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa yaa samaɣ hɛkʊ taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩɩcoɖuu se paayou, ɛlɛ panɩna ɖama camɩyɛ  ɖiɣɖiɣ nɛ paayeki se natʊyʊ ɛkɔɔ pɩcaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ ɖama hɛkɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna kajalaɣ taa lɛ, ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ. Pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɛ ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣza nɛ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ ŋgʊ kɩlʊkɩ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ paale ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩ-taa.
 
Ɛyʊ fetenum taa lɛ, laŋhɛzɩyɛ kɛ maɣzɩm taa mbʊ pɩwɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ pɩkɛ tɩ ɖɔkʊ pɩyʊ nɛ pɩtasɩ lɛ, leleŋ wɛtʊ nɛ camɩyɛ hɛɛɛ wɛtʊ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛyʊ taa yɔ nɛ lɛlʊ yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ ñʊʊ yabɩtʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩha ɖoŋ se ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩsɛʊ ɖama *Pax vobis* Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa, tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ, Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, *salaam,* *shalom* Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ taa) yaa fezuu caɣʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔdɩtʊ nɛ ɛpaɖaɣ (you, ñaŋga ñaŋga laɣsɩ, tɔm, pana ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ) kɛnɛ kɔɔnaɣ laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩtɩna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ nɛ politiki naa sakɩyɛ lɩmaɣza.  

Wayi wayi pɩnzɩ sɩ-nɛ sɩ-taa, patʊlɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ ɛzɩ ONU laŋhɛzɩyɛ sukuli Costa Rica (UPEACE), Brasilia sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ (UNIPAZ) yaa  Namur sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ, kedeŋga kpeekpe samaɣ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ Verdun.

Aŋgba sakɩyɛ ñɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa paale. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ mbʊ yɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ ñɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1948 lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 taa. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ ONG Fransɩɩ taa, nɖɩ ɖɩhɛzɩɣ tɔm naa yɔ nɛ ɖiwiziɣ naa evebiyaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Hendu teyaa sakɩyɛ kpaɣ patɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ tɔmʊʊ pɩlɩna pa-laɣsɩ nɛ pa-tʊma ɛzɩ Pablo Picasso nɛ ɛ-laŋhɛzɩyɛ ehoye, John Lennon nɛ ɛ-hendu ndʊ lɛ, maɣzɩ, yaa Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd nɛ ɛ-tɛ sɩɣkpeɣleɣ ŋga pasɩ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ ONU kuduyuu nɔnɔɔ taa mbʊ yɔ.
Pamakoo

Pamakoo kɛŋna Maalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ komina nɛ politiki tʊma sɔsɔna wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Nizɛɛrɩ Pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Joliba pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se *Calɩm pɔɔ*. Pamakoo tɛtʊ wɛ piyisi nasɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ tɩɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 22 nɛ topoyuu taa lɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 12 piyele kɩ-walanzɩ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba 267. 

Pamakoo tɛtʊ taa lakʊ sʊsɔʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Kuluba. Pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ 2 009 109. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 3 007 122. Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa payɩ lɛ, Pamakoo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlʊʊ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ndʊ lɛ looɖo ñɩndʊ. 

Pamakoo tɛtʊ wɛna ageeta ndɩ ndɩ  nɛ tɛtʊ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Adama Sangaré.
Pampelimuusi

Pampelimuusi kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa hɩla nɩɩlɛ tɛ nɩʊ weyi anasaayɩ taa lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɩŋ pee naalɛ yɔ, ɛlɛ, a-hɩla pɩzɩɣ alɩɣ ɖama nɛ alɩnɛ Citrus tɩŋ naalɛ taa Rutaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Aziyatiki Citrus maxima nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa siduu piliŋga Citrus-paradisi. Taɖɩyɛ labʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, payaɣ tɩŋ pee a-naa hɩɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ se leemɩŋ.

  
Citrus maxima (ɖɔɖɔ Citrus kɩ-paɣlʊʊ yaa Citrus decumana ) kɛ tɩŋ pee tɛ ŋgʊ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se pampelimuusi tɩŋ. Kɩlɩna Azii nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ (Ɛndonezi nɛ Malɛɛzɩi). Tɩŋ ŋgʊ k i-piye ndɩ ɖɩyaɣ se pampelimuusi yɔ, ɖɩ-yɔɔ wɛ leemuu hʊndʊʊ kpɛdɩŋ nɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa pɩwɛʊ caʊʊ, pɩkɛ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ yɔ, kɩ-taa pɩlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-taa wɛ pee cikpenaa sakɩyɛ. Kɩ-taa wɛ leleŋ lɩm pazɩ, kɩ-ñaŋ nɛ kɩ-ñɩmɩŋ pɩsa-kʊ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga palakɩ-kɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔɔnasɩ ɖɩ-tɩzɩyɛ yɔ. Azii tɩŋ piye paɣlaka talɩ sɛntɩmɛtanaa hiŋ naatozo nɛ papaazɩɣ-kʊ pɛdʊʊ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa.

     
Citrus-paradisi kɛ pampelimuusi nɛ leleŋ leemuu nɛ ɖama taa siduu (Citrus maxima × Citrus sinensis). Kɩ-tɛ piye huduu fɛyɩ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ kɩwɛnɛ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yaa pɩwɛ caaʊ pɩyʊʊ mbʊ pɔtɔkɩ yɔ, pɩwɛ leleŋ pazɩ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛ pɩlɩŋ pɩtalɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kɩlʊlʊʊ com-com, mbʊ yebinɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se grapefruit. Kɩ-leleŋ yeba se pasaɣ kɩwɛtʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ tadɩyɛ wabʊtʊ pazɩnɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1940 taa.
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Panzuli

**Panzuli** kɛŋna Kambii ɛjaɖe taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda 34 828 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2003 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛwɛ 523 589. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Marib Kelekeletʊ yɔ, peeɖe ñɔtɩna Kambii pɔɔ cɔlɔ kpam. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 93. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ Piritaniki mba ñɔzɩna-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1816 nɛ pɩɩkɛnaa se palʊkɩ nɛ pakandʊʊ mba pakpakaɣ ɛyaa nɛ palakɩ-wɛyoma nɛ pɛpɛdʊ-wɛ nɛ tuuɖe taa ɛyaa yɔ. 

Paalɩza tɛtʊ ndʊ lɛ, payawaɣ-tʊ se Paturist nɛ paɖʊwaɣ hɩɖɛ kɛ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ payawaɣ-kʊ se Henri Bathurst yɔ. ƐLɛ pɩnaɣ 1973 taa kɛ pɛlɛɣza-tʊ hɩɖɛ kpɛlɩ se Panzuli. Payaɣ Panzuli maliki yɔɔcɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Samba Faal.
Papa François

Payaɣ **Papa François** ɖɔɖɔ se, Jorge Mario Bergoglio. Palʋla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1936 taa Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa Arzantiini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe Katolika Ƞgbɛyɛ nɔɔyɔɔdʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛnʋ ɖiyiɣna kedeŋga kpeekpe Katolika Ƞgbɛyɛ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2013 taa, palɩza-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Papa 266 ñɩnʋ. Ɛkɛkɛ Episikɔɔpʋ'ʋ Puyenezɛrɩ tɛtʋ taa.

Ɛkɛkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se "Compagnie de Jésus" yɔ ɖɩ-taadʋ nɔɔyʋ nɛ ɛnʋ'ʋ lɛ kajalaɣdʋ weyi ɛpɩsɩ Papa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ Amerika tɛtʋ taa tʋ weyi ɛpɩsɩ Papa yɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kajalaɣ Papa weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se François yɔ. Ɛsɛ-ɖɩ se ɛtɔzɩna François d'Assise yɔɔ. Ɛsɛ-ɖɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛcaɣ wezuu ɛzɩ François kiɖeɖeu ɛnʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ taasɔɔlɩ se ɛtɔɔ leleŋ leleŋ ɛzɩ ñɩmdɩnaa yɔ. Ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-tɩ kpazʋʋ. Ɛsɔɔla mbʋ pɩ-tɩŋga payɩ Ɛsɔ lɩzaa yɔ nɛ sɔɔlɩm sɔsɔm. Papa François yɔɔdaa se ɛnʋ pɩzɩɣ ekizi kɛʋ Papa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ weyi ɛlɛɣza-ɩ yɔ; ɛlɛ'ɛ lɛ Papa Bénoît XVI. Toovenum lɛ, Papa Bénoît 16 lɔ kʋlɔʋ ese nɛ pʋcɔ palɩzɩɣ Jorge Mario Bergoglio nɛ ɛlɛ pɩsɩ Papa.
Paraamiini

Paraamiini kɛ wonuu wazaɣ ñɩŋgʊ siŋŋ. Ŋgʊʊ pesekɩɣna kaaŋ weyi ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ se eseɣna e-nesi ɖoŋ yɔ. Paa ɛyaa ɛtalɩ naanza yaa kagbaanzɩ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ se peseɣ kaaʊ yuŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ yɔ, ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm yaa ɛyaa naalɛ pɩzɩɣ peseɣ-kʊ nɛ paraamiini. 

Ɛzɩma pesekiɣ kaaʊ yuŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ paraamiini ? Pataɣ lone kaaʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛɛ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ paraamiini nɛ pasʊzɩ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛɛ nɛ kɩmalɩna kaaʊ ŋgʊ kpam. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ paraamiini wayɩ. Pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩŋna paraamiini ɖoŋ. Pañɩkɩɣ paraamiini yɔɔ lɛ, pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtɩlɩɣna paraamiini nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ nɛ piyele paraamiini nɔɔ seɣ kaaʊ. Ɖenɖe pɩyɛ teliɣ paraamiini nɛ ŋwolo ŋtalɩ ɖenɖe pañɩkɩɣ kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ peseɣ kaaʊ yɔ payaɣ se paramiini nesi.

Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ *barre à mine*.


File:Toggle-clamp manual horizontal 3D animated.gif|thumb|"Toggle-clamp" nesi tɛɛ ñɩŋgʋ tɛ kɩkaʋʋ paraamiini
File:Toggle-clamp manual vertical 3D animated.gif|thumb|"Toggle-clamp" nesi tɛɛ ñɩŋgʋ tɛ kisiɣu paraamiini
File:Toggle-clamp manual push-pull 3D animated.gif|thumb|"Toggle-clamp" nesi tɛɛ ñɩŋgʋ tɛ kʋhɔmʋʋ paraamiini
Paraguwee

Paraguwee kɛna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ lɩm teŋu nakʊyʊ lɩm ɛɛwadɩɣ kɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna hɔpɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ Paraguwee pɔɔ tɛyɩna ɛ-nɩɩlɛ ɛhɛkʊ taa: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa (peeɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ) nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. 

Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa lɛ Pireeziili, Poliivii nɛ Arizantini. Paraguwee walanzɩ taa wɛ 406 752 km2 nɛ ɛyaa 6 459 058 pɩnaɣ 2011 taa. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Asunsiyɔɔ. Paraguwee ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Horacio Cartes nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊʊ yɔ Juan Afara.
Panama Hɛŋa

Panama hɛŋa kɛna teŋgʊ taa hɛŋa ŋga katɩŋgʊna Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ Panama nɛ kɩtɩŋgʊna Pasifiki Lɩŋgɑmʊʊ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ Atilantiki lɩŋamʋʋ. Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ lɩm pʊnɛ pɩ-hɛkʊ taa kpem yɔ pɩkɛna ñʊʊtaa lɔŋ weyi wiɖii nɔɔyʊ tapɩzɩ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩla yɔ. Lɩm hɛkʊ taa hɛŋga ŋga pɛhɛ mbʊ yɔ, piyeba nɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ piwobina ɛsɩndaa siŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kpɩyɩŋŋ ɛɛtasɩɣ ɛ-tɩ kʊñɔmɩŋ ɖʊʊ se ɛtɩŋgʊna Hɔrnɩ nɛ Draki nɔmɔŋ se pʊcɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ ɛsɩŋ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. 

Ɖooo lɛ, kpɩyʊ kʊyʊʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋna Hɔrnɩ lɛ kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa 22 500 ɛlɛ lɛlɛɛ yɔ, kɩkʊyʊʊ nɛ kɩtɩŋna Panama hɛŋga lɛ kɩlakɩ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 9 500 ɖeɖe. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se nɔmɔʊ toboyaa ɛzɩ nabʊlɛ taa kpem yɔ. Panama hɛŋga kanɛ ka-tamaɣ kaatɛma wɛʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ looɖo taa. Weyi ɛcala lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ lɩzɩɣ yɔ, ɛkɛna Krandɩ-Pretaañɩ taa ɛyʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Michel Le Nobletz. Ɛɖʊ tamɣ ŋga se ɛyaa ɛwɛɛna tɔsʊʊ pɩlɩɩna nʊmɔʊ tobi yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1630 taa kɛ ɛpaɣzɩ-ɖɩ maɣzɩʊ. 

Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ pʊsɩma yɔ, nɛ pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1880 lɛ, Fransɩɩ tʊ nɔɔyʊ, Ferdinand de Lesseps, paɣzɩ lɩm taa habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Paarii tɛ tɔsʊʊ koozaɣ taa liidiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Ɛpaɣ mbʊ lɛ, putuyi-I pazɩ nɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛtɛm-ɖɩ. Etaazuunii waa tɛzɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ weyi ɛcalɩ-tʊ yɔ ɛnʊ payaɣ se G.W. Goethals. Pɩnaɣ 1914 taa kɛ paha nʊmɔʊ se paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɩŋna Panama peeɖe.

Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ kʊɖʊʊ tɔm taa tʊmlaɖaa ɛzɩ 25 000 hiu sɩm pɩlɩɩna pɔtʊ kʊdʊŋ yɔɔ, kɩnamɩyɛ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ñamsʊ n;pɩcɛkɩ pɩɖakɩ ɛyaa. Ɖooo ɛzɩ Panama nʊmɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛʊ yɔ kpɩyɩŋ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 14 yɔ tɩŋna peeɖe nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miloyɔɔnaa 203 yɔ. Pinaɣ 2002 taa mbʊ yɔ kpɩyɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋna peeɖe yɔ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ 800 yɔ nɛ paɖʊ pɩnaɣ 2007 taa se patazɩɣ lɩm taa habɩyɛ nɖɩ walanzɩɣ. Pañɩnɩɣ se kpɩyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ yʊŋ ñɩŋ ɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɩtɩŋna peeɖe. Pʊwɛɛ se pɩɩtalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 2017 lɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩtɛma nɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena alakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ añʊʊtʊ yɔ Itaalii tʊ Impregilo.
Paŋkɔkɩ

Pankɔkɩ kɛna Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊsɔtʊ nɛ pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ kpɛjɛ kpɛjɛ yɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa agbaba 1 568 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa litoozo yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa maɣmaɣ lɛ, ɛyaa kɩla ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 14 yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩñɔʊ yɔ pɩlɩna sɔdʊʊ sʊsɔʊ ŋgʊ payawaɣ se Ayutthaya yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ  pɩɩkɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ looɖo wiye pɩnaɣ1782. Ɖooo lɛ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba kpacayaɣna tɛtʊ ndʊ.


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