open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maya

Maya ɛsakuliye, pɩkɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ ɛsakuliye nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ Amerika nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖenɖe pʊcɔ Kolombii ɛyaa kaawɛ yɔ nɛ pasɩma-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobunau yɔɔ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-taa, matʊ, nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa tʊma, kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ matʊ tʊma, haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, tʊʊzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pɩkɛ pʊcɔ Kolombii waa wɛɛ taa ɛsakuliye taa naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ pakɩlɩ-ɖɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛkpɛlɛka ɖɩ-yɔɔ siŋ yɔ pɩtasɩna Azɩtɛkɩ waa nɛ Inka waa pa-ñɩna. Paawɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa kɛ lonaa wena sɔnɔ akɛ Mekɩsiki nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ Peliizi nɛ Guatemela nɛ Honduras nɛ Salvador yɔ.

Pɩkɛ Amerika tɛ ɛsakuliye kɩbɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. ɖɩlɩna ɖooo pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ taa. Lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa caɣyɛ paasɩma, maya taa, wɛɛ kɩbɩna, kpaɣ 7 nɛ 3 pɩnzɩ kudoku pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ wɛɛ, ɛyaa kɩbɩma mba paana-wɛ Karayibi teŋgu nɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɔɔ kpɛɣɛ.
 
Maya ajɛyɛ tɛtʊ kɛ hadɛ yɔɔ tɛtʊ cikpetu taa ɛzɩ Kopan, Tikal yaa Palenk, hiɣ sooci wɛtʊ cɔlɩɩ kpaɣɖʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 6 nɛ ŋtalɩ 9 ŋgʊ ɖa-kpaɣɖʊ taa, nɛ pʊcɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔɔ lɛ, peyebu-kʊ Kpaɣɖʊ 8 nɛ 9 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛyaa tasɩna-wɛ haʊ sooci tɛ ɖoŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ powoba you nɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Maya ɛsakuliye wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩ siŋ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ caɣyɛ pɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yɔ.   

Kedeŋga taatɩlɩ natʊyʊ paa ŋñɩɩ pɩlɩna mayaa waa yɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnʊʊ. Lakʊ kaakpaɣ kɩ-paɣtʊ pɩtɩŋna lonaa kɩbɩna yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩ pazɩ ɛzɩ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ you wayi lɛ, kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 16 ŋtalɩ 17 taa lɛ, Erɔpʊ taa layaa ñɔtɩ mɩŋ keŋkeŋ ekɔrɩsɩ takayasɩ nzɩ mayaa waa kaama yɔ. Nanza yeke koŋ pɩpɩza pana yaa pehiɣ sɩ-taa.
Maŋgʊ

Maŋgʊʊ tɩŋ lʊʊlʊna maŋgʊʊ piye pɩkɛ tɩŋ sɔsɔɔ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Anacardiaceae cejewiye taa. Kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Pirimanii laaŋ taa ɖeeɖe kʊñɔʊ yem yem yɔ. Tɩŋ ŋgʊ Mangifera indica wɛna kɩ-hatʊ nɛ ndɩ nɛ tɩwɛ Kpɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ pɩndɩɩm. Kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖeede paya-kʊ se manga nɛ Malayalam ɖanɩɣ yaʊ se മാങ്ങ, māṅga tʊtʊ ñalɩna tamuuli மாங்காய், māṅgāy .

Payaɣ-kʊ se maŋgʊʊ yem tɩŋ lɛɛŋ pee Irvingia tɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ kpɛɛdɩŋ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɛ takɩŋ kɩkpɛɛdɩŋ nɛ ɛ-daa mʊtʊ wɛ lemuu sɛmɩŋ nɛ sɔzɩŋ yɔ ɛtamsɩna Irvingiaceae tɩmʊʊ liɖe. Maŋgʊʊ wɛna mʊtʊ nɛ tɩhɛkʊʊ taa wɛ piye naɖɩyɛ ɖɩwɛ tayi nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ tuu. Ɖɩwɛ kulukulu ɛzɩ yaɖɛ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛna sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tɔnʊʊ yaa kpɛɛdɩŋ yaa sɛmɩŋ nɛ pɩcɛyʊʊ se ŋkuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtɛ lɩm kpɛɛdʊʊ ɛyʊ taa nɛ mbʊ lɛ, pɩsaŋ tɔʊʊ. 
 
Kɩ-mʊtʊ wɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pʊwɛ num pʊɖɔkʊʊ pʊwɛ leleeŋ nɛ pɩlɩɣ sɔzɩŋ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩlɩna maŋgʊʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ, yaa yee maŋgʊʊ piye ɛkɩlɩɣ sɛʊ kɔyɔ kɩyɔɔ cɔntʊlʊʊ nɛ pɩhɛ cɛɛnzɩ. Pɩtɩŋna Puda ɛsɔ tɔm yɔ lɛ maŋgʊʊ yɛla pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ kikpanzɩ ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ Malɛzii nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpagba ɛjaɖɛ taa. Siini nɔmɔŋ woɖa nɛ lonaa cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ taa woɖa talɩna-ɖɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Ɛndɩ. Arabɩ mba ñataŋna-ɖɩ Orient nɛ Afrika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ pɔrɩtɩkɛ waa wona-ɖɩ Preezili nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ taa. Sɔnɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛyɔ tɩ-taa yɔ pahayʊʊ maŋgʊʊ sɔŋgɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ a-hadɛ kiŋ taa ajɛyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa nɛ maŋgɩŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-talɩɣ mɩnɩŋ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɛpɛɖɩ-ɩ sakɩyɛ.
Maɣzɩm (conscience)

Pɔtɔŋʊʊ yaa payaʊ se **maɣzɩm** yɔ, ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se pɩkɛ we. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se filozofii. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ se hɔɔlɩŋ naanza taa ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ  maɣzɩm tɔbʊʊ. Hɔɔlɩŋ naanza ɛnʊʊ yɔ :

Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sikoloziiki yɔ. Sikolozii hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ nɛ lakɩ ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm taa se pɩtamsɩ ɛ nɛ kedeŋa yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna nɛ ɛlakɩ se ɛ-fɩtɩyɩm nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ patamsɩna ɖama yɔ. Sikolozii hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, maɣzɩm nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se sɩmtʊ (connaissance) yɔ patamsɩna ɖama. Maɣzɩm nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se hɔyɛ pɩsɩʊ yaa taa leleŋ labʊ yaa ɖɩɣzɩʊ (émotion) yɔ patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ. Maɣzɩm nɛ wɛʊ (existence) nɛ mbʊ ɛyʊ sɩma kpayɩ kpayɩ yaa mbʊ pɩtɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa yɔ patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ. Maɣzɩm nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (pensée) patamsɩna ɖama ɖɔɖɔ.

Hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «moral» yɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ yaa ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛna ɖoŋ weyi ɛyʊ wɛna se ɛpɩzɩ ɛhʊʊ lɩmaɣza kɩbana tɔm yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-lɩmaɣza yaa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ lɛlʊ tɛ lɩmaɣza.

Hɔɔlʊʊ naadozo ñɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, maɣzɩm kɛ mbʊ payaɣna ɛyʊtʊ (humanité) yɔ.

Hɔɔlʊʊ naanza ñɩŋgʊ ɖeɖe lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ maɣzɩm se pɩkɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa payɩ.

Ɖajaa André Comte-Sponville tɔ se toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye maɣzɩm caɣ kaɖɛ siŋŋ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ taa. Tɔmbiye nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ caɣ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛyʊ maɣzɩm kʊɖʊmbʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ lakɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ maɣzɩm tɔbʊʊ. Pɩlaba se maɣzɩm lɩzɩɣna  tɔmbiye «maɣzɩm» tɔbʊʊ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ siŋŋ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ sɛyaa mba payaɣ se «bouddhistes» waa yɔ, potuu eduye se « saɣ nakɛyɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɛsɛtɩ ka-tɩ». Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖajaa Auguste Comte yɔɔdaa se «ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛsɩŋ nɛ mundoɖe pɔʊ nɛ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-tɩ habɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛɖɔŋ ɖɔm».
Maɣzɩyɛ tɔm

Maɣzɩyɛ tɔm kɛna ɖeyi ɖeyi laɣsɩ. Tʋmɩyɛ yaa ɖeyi ɖeyi laɣsɩ labʋ  sɩnɛ, sɩzɩɣnana nɛ pawɩlʋʋ tanaʋ, amʋʋza maɣzɩm laɣsɩ kpeekpe. Amʋʋza maɣzɩm laɣsɩ nzɩ, palabɩzɩ sakɩyɛ kpem nɛ matʋ taa kɛnɛ payɩ.

Ɛlɛ, sɩtɛma sɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛtɛɛ palakɩ maɣzɩm tɔm tanaŋ ɛnʋ yɔ. Krɛsɩ mba kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, tɔm biye maɣzm tʋmɩyɛ tɔbʋʋ tobi kɛlɛ yem size ɖɩmaɣzɩyɛ.

N̄ʋʋ maɣzʋʋ taa keɣkeɣ lɛ, maɣzɩm tɔm tʋmɩyɛ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ size, lone nɖɩ palakɩ ɖɩ-taa lɩmaɣza sɔsɔna sɔsɔna yɔ. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ, sɔjanaa yoŋ lɩmaɣza ɖɩgbɛlɛkɩyɛ.
Mediteranee Teŋgu

Mediteraniya kɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ ketenzi cɔ; kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɛlɛ kɩyɔɔlʈaɖɩɣ kpɩɖɩ kpɩɖɩ. Pɩtʊlɩna ɖoli pazɩ. Teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Eerɔpɩ, Afrika nɛ Azia pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pamaazɩ-kʊ nɛ pɔcɔɔ pɩtaa yɔ, pɩlakɩ ɛzɩ 2,5 millions km2 mbʊ yɔ. Kɩna Atlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ ɖoli nɛ ɖɩnɛ walanzɩ taa maɣnɩ ɛzɩ 14km2 yɔ.

Hɩɖɛ nɖ paya teŋgu ŋgʊ mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩlɩna latin kʊnʊŋ taa; nɛ ɖɩtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se lɩm mbʊ tɛtʊ cɔɔ-pʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ, Mediterrania kaakɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ palakaɣ tadɩyɛ yɔ. Lɔŋsɩnɖaa nɛ tɩlɩya ndɩ ndɩ pakataɣ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe. Ɖɩnaɣ Mezopotania tɩlɩtʊ, Egypti nɛ Persia nɛ Fenecia nɛ Kartyagen nɛ Berbernaa nɛ Grecia nɛ Romaa mba patɩlɩtʊ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ mbʊ mbʊ pɩɖɔma peeɖe yɔ pɩwɛna wazaɣ sɩŋŋŋ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛsa-kuliye taa pɩlɩna kapaɣlɩka yɔɔ.   

Mediteraniya teŋgu nɛ Atlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ Gibraltar lɩɩyɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Marmara Teŋgu nɛ Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʋʋ patamsɩ ɖama nɛ Dardanelles nɛ Bosphore. Suez Teŋgu nɛ Mediteraniya teŋgu patamsɩ ɖama nɛ Teŋgu Kɩsɛɛmʋʋ. Pɩkɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ kɩɖɩɣ hɔɔlʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yɔ nɛ ajɛya 23 nɔnɔsɩ tʊlɩ nɛ kʊyɔɔ. Ɛlɛ ajɛya nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ acɔʊ a-taa kikiii nɛ Mediteraniya Teŋgu tɔm. Rusii ajɛya kɩgaʊ ŋgba tɔŋ se Mediteraniya Teŋgu kɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ paapɩzɩɣ payaa-kʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ kpayɩ yɔ. Size teŋgunaa sakɩyɛ tɩŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-taa nɛ pɛɖɛʊ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa. Adriyatiki Teŋgu tɔm pakpakɩɣna nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ tɔm ndʊ.

Mediteraniya teŋgu hɔɔlʊ taa nikaɣ nɛ sʊŋga pɔ-tɔm wɛ hɛɛɛ. Ɛlɛ wɩlɩŋ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ sʊŋga pɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, yolim taa ɛsɔtaa wɛ kaɖɛ. Tɛʊ ɛtɔmaa kɩnɩɣ, kɩnɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ kadadayaɣ nɛ tɛtʊ ɖɛɛ lɩm ɖɔɖɔ. Alɩwaatʋ natʊyʊ taa tɛʊ pɩzɩɣ kɩnɩɩ ɛzɩ fenasɩ naadozo yaa pɩɖɛɛ pɩyɔɔ. Pʋyɔɔ yɔɔ yolim tɩkɩ lɛ, lim kɩlɩʊ nɛ pɩsʊʊ ɛyaa yɔɔ yem yem. Mbʊ pɩlaba Vaison-la-Romaine taa pɩnaɣ 1992 nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Aude taa pɩnaɣ 2000 taa. Mediteraniya Teŋgu taa lɩm sɔʊ nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ Atlantiki Teŋgu taa lɩm mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɩkpeŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Mejii wɛɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ

Mejii wɛɛ (明治時代, meijijidai) pɩkɛ Japɔŋ tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ pɩnaɣ 1868 nɛ 1912 hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Pɩpaɣzɩna Mejii tɛ ɖaɣnɩɣ kɔm, tɩwɛ Keiō wɛɛ (Edo wɛɛ tɛmtʊ) nɛ Taishō wɛɛ hɛkʊ taa. Pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlɩɣ tɩ-yeke caɣɛ ndʊ payaɣ se sakoku nɛ Japɔŋ tɛ politiki lɛzɩtʊ paɣzʊʊ.
 

Japɔŋ Mejii alɩwaatʊ taa kaawɛ kʊñɔŋ taa siŋ, nɛ kɩñɩnaɣ se kɩhiɣ kɩ-tɩ ɛlɛ, pɩɩwɛ-kʊ kaɖɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna pɩtɩŋga pɩwɛnaʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ pe-kpiɖi Japɔŋ kɩbɩnɩɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-tɛ maɣzɩm ɛzɩma se kɩlɛzɩɣ kɩ-tɩ yeba nɛ kɩ-taa wɩɣna kɩ-canaʊ tɔm. Mbʊ tɩna kɩ-tɛ lʊbɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ tɔm kɔma pʊsʊʊ ɛyaa taa nɛ politiki nɛ ɛsakuliye tɔm taa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋga lʊbɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩ ŋgbɛɣɛ nɛ poɖozuu nɛ patʊlʊʊ tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ pala lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ wena akaɣ awazɩ-wɛ tʊma sɔsɔna hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tadɩyɛ ɖɔnɛ nɔmɔʊ taa.

Pɩnaɣ 1853, Etaazuunii komina tiyi commodore Perry nɛ aɖɔka takayaɣ nakayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ Millard Fillmore cɔlɔ kalɩna nɛ ka-taa tɔm kɛlɛ se patʊlɩ tadɩyɛ nɔmɔŋ yaa haba. Palaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛkɔna mɛlɛ naa kɩkpɛda Uraga yɔɔ kpɛɣɛ kɛ Tokyo tɛtʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa. Shogun kizaa se ɛɛtʊlʊʊ-wɛ ɛ-tɛtʊ nɔnɔsɩ lɛ, Commodore ñaŋgasʊʊ se ɛkpazɩɣ hɔzʊʊ sɔsɔʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa pɩtɩŋna hɔzɩŋ weyi ɛ-tɛ mɛlɛna kɔna yɔ.  

Pɩkɛda lɛ, pɩnɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩna ñaŋgasʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ tʊlʊʊ nɔnɔsɩ. Pɩtɩŋna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ tɛ sɔɔjɔɔna anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ɖoŋ yɔ lɛ, bakufu cɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna Amerika cɛyɩtʊ yɔ nɛ ɛñɩɣ nesi Kanagawa nɩnaʊ takayasɩ ɛlɛ, nɩnaʊ mbʊ pɩtafɛyɩ kɩmaŋ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛñɩɣ Japɔŋ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ tabalɩyɛ nɩnaʊ takayaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1854 alɩwaatʊ taa.

Kamɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1867, Shogun Tokugawa 15 tʊ weyi ɛɛwɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ Yoshinobu Tokugawa taa yɔ kizi kewiyaɣ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlɛ, ekizi ɖɔɖɔ se ɛɛkpaɣ nɔyʊ e-loniye taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛtʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ ɛkʊlɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛsa nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɖɩɖɛna ɛsɩnda. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Kōmei kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga kadaa ha ñʊʊ leleŋ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Mutsuhito se ɛlɛzɩ ɛ-caa lone taa, nɛ ɛɖɩzɩ shogunat wayi tɩŋyaa tɩŋga (Boshin you sɔsɔʊ) nɛ pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ lɛzɩtʊ ndʊ tʊ-ñʊʊ tʊ.
Mesopotami

Mesopotami (Krɛkɩ tɛ lɛ, Μεσοποταμία / Mesopotamíos, μεσο / meso hɛkʊ nɛ ποταμός / potamós lɩm pɔɔ matʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛ pɔsɩ hɛkʊ taa yɔ nɛ Hɛkʊ taa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ tɛ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ tɛ tɔm, egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩwɛ mʊzʊŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ kɛ Tigre nɛ Euphrate pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kɛna nɔnɔ tɛ Irak.
 
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ mazɩtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔyɔ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ pɛtɛyɩ-ɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ hayi yɔ kiŋ (hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Siiri nɛ nɔnɔ Irak nɛ hayi). Egeetiye lɛɛɖɛ kɛ pʊŋ kɩmaɣnɩŋ, weyi ɛ-taa tɛʊ nɩɣ nɛ pahayʊ yɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ hadɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ nɛ pɔhɔ lɩm nɛ pɩtalɩ peeɖe nɛ pahayɩna yɔ.

Mesopotami tɔmpiye tɛ nɩɣ paɣlʊʊ ɛzɩ alɩwaatʊ wɛʊ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Krɛkɩ cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ tɛ nɩɣ nɛ Room ɛyaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, Mesopotami kɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Djézireh kɛ ɖooo arabɩ ɛyaa tɛ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 637 kɛ Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayi), ŋgʊ haɖɛ yɔɔ niikaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se Sawâd kɛ arabɩ tɔm takayaasɩ taa.

Sɔnɔ tɛ kpaɣɖʊ taa tɔm kɩbɩndʊʊ kɛdɩyaa nɛ canaʊ taa wonduu taa wiliyaa tisiɣ nɛ ɖama se Mesopotami ɛyaa tɩna matʊ kiɖe. Palakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ kpezelasɩ yɔɔ matʊ nzɩ sɩkɛ kɩwɩlɩsɩ nzɩ payaɣnɛ anasaayɩ taa se pictogramme waa nɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ yɔɔ lɛ, pʊkɔma ɛzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 4 ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Y-C lɛ, ɛya mba papɩsɩ Suma ɛyaa nɛ Akkad ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ mɛsaɣ tɛ wɩlɩɣ yɔ latɛŋ taa lɛ, cuneus pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɖɩcɔsɩyɛ.
 
Nɔnɔ avema a-nɛ a-taa yɔ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye Mesopotami nɛ pamazɩna ɖooo egeetiye kɩbɩndɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛsakuliye tɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ yaa pacaɣ peeɖe tɛtʊ taa yɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ wayɩ wayɩ kpaɖɩŋ alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa kpaɣɖʊ 7 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ pɩnaɣ 637 Yeesu Krɩstʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ kɛɛkɛ pɩkpɛndɩna malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɛ yoŋ wabɩtʊ.
Metafiiziki (métaphysique)

Filozofii (philosophie) hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se metafiiziki (métaphysique) yɔ, pɩkɛ kedeŋa tɩlɩtʊ yaa kedeŋa sɩm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ tɩlɩ ɛzɩma kedeŋa wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ sɩma mbʊ se nabʊyʊ wɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm eehikiɣ-pʊ. Mbʊ pʊwɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ pɩ-tɩ yɔɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩlɩzɩ pɩ-tɩ. Yee mbʊ, pʊyʊ kɩlɩzɩm ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pihiɣ-pʊ. Pɩcɛzɩ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm. Takayɩsɩ mayaa ɛɛkɛdɩ pʊ-tɔ kʊyʊmʊm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paayɔɔdʊʊ tɔm kʊɖʊmtʊ pɩlɩɩna pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ kedeŋa ñʊʊ yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, caanaʊ taa ñɩma kɔyɔɔda ndʊ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʊ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa ñɔyɔɔdaa. Ndʊ ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa ñɔyɔɔdaa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʊ ɖa-caanaa ñɔyɔɔdaa. Ndʊ sɔnɔ takayɩsɩ mayaa ñɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, tʊtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ ɖa-caanaa yɔɔdaa yɔ.
Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ se «science normative». Metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa wɛ ndʊ nɛ kaka. Metafiiziki kɛ filozofii lɛɣtʊ piliŋa. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se kañɩnɩ nɛ katɩlɩ ɛzɩma wondu wɛɛ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋaa nɛ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ cakɩ wezuu. 

Metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa taatɩɩwɛnda hɩɖɛ. Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ ɛcalɩna lɩzʊʊ lɛɣtʊ pilŋa ŋga payaɣ se metafiiziki yɔ kɔ-tɔbʊʊ. Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ ɛnɛ ɛtɔma se metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kɛ filozofii kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ. Ɛtɔŋ se lɛɣtʊ pilinzi tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, filozofii kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna wazaɣ kpem. Ɛkaɖaa se ɛyʊtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ɖɛna ɛsɩndaa. Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ Aristote yɔɔda se metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ kpeekpe taa ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ keɖewa nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kana tokaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ kpeekpe hɛkʊ taa yɔ.

Filozɔfʊ sɔsɔ lɛlʊ weyi payaɣ se Emmanuel Kant yɔ, ɛlɛ tɔŋ se metafiiziki lɛɣtʊ piliŋa kɛŋna lɛɣtʊ pilinzi taa piliŋa ŋga kasɩma ɛyʊ lɔŋ yaa ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ yɔ.
Michel-Ange

Ɖajaa Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se Michel-Ange. 

Abalʋ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛkɛ Florɛntiini (Florentine) ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Room tɛtʊ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʊ loɖo (6) ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1475 taa. Rooma kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Ɖajaa Michel-Ange sɩba lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ lutozo (18) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1564 taa. Rooma tɛtʊ taa ɛsɩba. 

Ɖajaa Michel-Ange cɛyaɣ ɛ-tɩ siŋŋ se ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɛsɛɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Ɛlʊba siŋŋ se ɛsɩbaa lɛ, pataasɔɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kaʊ. Ɛlakaɣ tʋma wena yɔ, a-taa naayɩ kɔyɔ: sɩʋkpelasɩ saɣʊ, nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ tʊmɩyɛ, nɛ keɣsi maʊ nɛ matʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ lɛɣzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Michel-Ange caa payaɣ se Lodovica di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni. E-ɖoo kɛlɛ Franesca di neri del Miniato di Siena. Ɛ-caa kɛkɛ tɔmhʋyʋ. Pɩɖɩɩzaɣ mba pa-tɩŋɛ paawɛ ɖajaa Michel-Ange cɔlɔ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tʊma kpeekpe labʊ. Ɛkɛwɛ kpekpeka pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ siŋŋ.
Miguel de Cervantes

**Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra** kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Ɛsɩpan̄ɔlɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa tʋ. Abalʋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ abalʋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ felendu kaʋ yɔ. Palʋla ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnʋ salaŋ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1547 n̄ɩŋga taa.

Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa palʋla ɖajaa Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnʋ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size Alcalá de Henares tɛtʋ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛkɛ n̄amtʋ pɩɣa ɛ-taabalaa nɛ ɛ-samaɣ ŋga ɛwɛ ka-taa yɔ kɛ-sɩnda. Ɛkɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛ lɛɣtʋ siŋŋ yɔ.

Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra sɩba ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiŋ naalɛ (28) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1616 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ Japɔŋ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa.

Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɩba yɔ nɖɩ-ɩ payaɣ size Maadiriidi. Sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ siŋŋ nɛ ɛ-tʋma sakɩyɛ sɔsɔna kɩlaba. Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra kɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ koowa maɖʋ siŋŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ ta peeɖe. Ɛkɛ maɣzɩm takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʋ kpim kpim.

Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ɛnɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʋyɩ siŋŋ pɩlɩɩna ɛmaɣzɩm takayaɣsɩ kɩkalaɣsɩ yɔɔ. Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga patɩla sɩze, kɛkɛ kɔɔnɔɔ maɣzɩm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ wɛɛ kɩfaɖɛ alɩwaatʋ taa.

Ɖajaa sɔsɔ Cervantes kaasɔɔla n̄ɛlʋʋ siŋŋ. Ɛsʋʋwaa n̄ɩtʋ pɩtatɩ-ɩ fɛyɩ naʋ. Ɛlaba sɔɔjɛtʋ tʋmɩyɛ, nɛ ɛla you ŋgʋ payaɣ size Lépante tɛ you yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1571 n̄ɩŋga taa. You ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɖajaa sɔsɔ Cervantes lɩmɩyɛ nesi camaɣ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛ-lɩmɩyɛ nesi yeba tʋmɩyɛ labʋʋ.

Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1575 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛpɩsaɣ ɛ-jaɖɛ Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ taa mbɩ yɔ lɛ pakpa-ɩ nʋmɔʋ taa ɛna ɛ-ɖalʋ Rodrigo.

Mba pakpa wɛ yɔ, mba payaɣ size mɛzadokuli waa tɩnaa nabɛyɛ. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛna ɛ-ɖalʋ pɛcɛya pa-tɩ tam naanaza se peseu, ɛlɛ, patapɩzɩ nɛ pɛtɛzɩ caɣʋ Alger peeɖe mbʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1580 n̄ɩŋga taa peyeba ɛna salaka tɩnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-jaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa Ɛsɩpan̄ɩ.
Millau tɛ Fiyatiki

Millau tɛ Fiyatiki kɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ñɩɣtʋ nimaɣ (haubans) yɔ. Tarn kɛdɛɛŋga yaa kɩ-fɛɛʋ lɩm kpeŋna kɩ-tɛɛ. Kɩ-wɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Aveyron egeetiye hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Habɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ yaa lɔɔɖa habɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ paya-ɖɩ size A75. Lɔɔŋ ɛnɛ: Causse Rouge nɛ Larzac parɩkpɛndɩ kɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ.

Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩ-ɖalakɩŋ yaa kɩ-kʋkɩyɩmɩŋ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛwaa 2460 mbɩ yɔ. Nɛ kilingiŋ yaa kʋjʋkazŋ taa ma-kʋʋna ɛzɩ mɛtɛwaa 343 mbɩ yɔ. kɩ-wɛna Panorama ŋgʋ yɔ, kɩ-paɣla siŋŋ nɛ kɩwɛ camɩyɛ pɩdɩ fɛyɩ. Helim mbʋ pɩmakɩ yaa pɩfɛtʋ peɖe yɔ, pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛwaa kudokiŋ ɛzɩ 200 mbɩ yɔ.

Habɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ tɛ kondoloko ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ajɛɛ lɛɣna lakɩ tadɩyɛ yaa ɖɔŋna tadɩyɛ wonduu kondoloko habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔ. Habɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ A75 ɖɩnɛ, nɖɩ yekina nɛ Clermont-Ferrand kpɩtɩna Béziers. Tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩlɩmazaɣ lɛɣtʋ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɩɩpɔzʋ yɔ kpaɣʋ kpɛlɩkɩtʋ pɔza Pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ naadozo (13) mbʋ yɔ.

Pabazaɣ kɩmaʋ kpɛlɩkɩtʋ lɩmaza pɩnaɣ 1987 taa. Nɛ pɩcaɣ size pabazɩ tʋmɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 2004 taa kɛ evemiye hiu loɖo n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa mbɩ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ naadozo wayɩ ɖeke koŋ mbɩ yɔ nɛ pasɩɩ kɔɔnɔɔ kaaʋ.

Liidiye n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ pagba-kʋ nɛ palabɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ yɔ, ɖɩtala ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔwaa mɩnɩŋ naadozo nɛ hiŋ naalɛ (320) mbɩ yɔ ɛzɩ payaʋ anaasayɩwaa tɛ size euro yɔ. Ŋgbɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ size Eiffage yɔ, nɖɩ cɛlɩna liidiye n̄ʋʋ kʋnɛ nɛ pɩbɩzɩ pɩsɩna tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖiɖeɖe.
Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman, ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛkɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɔɔyʊ. Palʊla-ɩ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1912 kɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ San Francisco. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ ɛ-tɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa kpaɣɖʊ 20 wɛɛ taa yɔ. Ɛmʊ Sʊyɛdɩ liidiye koozaɣ pɩtɩŋna tɔsʊʊ tɩlɩyɛ yɔ tɛ kɩhɛyʊʊ pɩlɩna Alfred Nobel cɔlɔ pɩnaɣ 1976 pɩlɩna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba nɛ ɛwɩlɩ ɛzɩma tɔʊ pɔza yɔ nɛ liidiye tɔm yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ. Ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Chicagot sukuli.
  
Ɛ-tʊma naalɛ naayɛ paza pɩkɛdɩna ɛyaa siŋ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, yeke koŋ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ posusa ɖɩ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɛ-tʊma lɛɛna wena paawɩlɩ-yɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ ɛɛlabɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1980 nɛ paya-yɛ se *Free to Choose* (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ŋsɔɔla ŋlɩzɩ). Yeke ñɩm lɩmaɣza nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɩmaɣza  takayaɣ taa lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ se ɛzɩma paɖaŋga komina se kɩtaa ɖʊ kʊ-nɔɔ taɖɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ, yeke koŋ pɩzɩɣna nɛ pɩsɩna patalɩ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ politiki lɩmaɣza nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu tɛ lɩmaɣza. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, nsɔɔla ŋlɩzɩ takayaɣ taa lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ ɛzɩma tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔsʊʊ huu wiza tɔsɩŋ huu lɛɛŋ wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.  

Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ana awalɩ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ nɛ pɔkɔɔ palakɩ-yɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ politiki ageeta ndɩ ndɩ taa kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1980 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ putukina hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna liidiye yɔɔ, kɩhɛyʊʊ paɣtʊ, ɛyʊ tɛ ñɩm tɛ pɩsʊʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɛzʊʊ yaa pɩsʊʊ kɔna maɣzɩm kpaagba kɛ politiki tɔsɩŋ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Ronald Reagan Etazuunii, Margaret Thatcher Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ taa, Augusto Pinochet kɛ Silii ɛjaɖɛ taa, Mart Laar Estonie ɛjaɖɛ taa, Davíð Oddsson Isilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Brian Mulroney Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. 
   
Milton Friedman, palʊla-ɩ Brooklyn (New York) Yuda caɣyaa liɖe naɖɩyɛ taa, palɩna Transcarpathie taa, Hɔŋirii hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ (nɔɔnɔɔ Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛkɛ kɔɔnaɣ pɩɣa kɛ Sarah Ethel Landau nɛ Jenő Saul Friedman, patɩŋɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa yeke. Friedman kaawɛna pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ lɛ, ɛ-hɔʊ kʊya nɛ kiwolo Rahway, New Jersey taa, ɖenɖe ɛpaɣlʊʊ yɔ. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15. Ɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa lɔŋ ŋga mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli labʊ Rahway sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1928, mbʊ lɛ ɛtɔkaɣ ɛ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ tɔzʊʊ kazandʊ 16 ndʊ kɛlɛ.
Minziiki

Minziiki kɛ taŋ nɩʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ sum, ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋʋʋ size tamɩyɛ tʋmɩyɛ lakasɩ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Tisitu kɛnɛ, kɩtɩlɩsɩnaɣ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ size katɩlaɣ yɔ.

Kɩtɩlɩsɩnaɣ ŋga keyekina nɛ pɩtɩnɩ camɩyɛ kpaʋ tibu taa sakɩyɛ talʋʋ taa. Minziiki kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ kɔɔnɔɔ yaa kajalaɣ taa mbɩ yɔ kɛ, keɖeɣaɣ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ lɩzʋʋ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ kawɩlaɣ nɛ wɩlɩtʋ wonu.

Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɩŋgʋʋna minziiki wonu kʋnɛ kɩ yɔ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʋna samaɣ. Kɔɔnɔɔ lɛ, paɖʋʋ tɔm ndʋ kajaa kɔ yɔdɩ yɔ hendu taa nɛ pɩkpɛmdɩ pɩwɛ minziiki taa. Samaɣ yɔɔdɩnaʋ pɩtɩŋgɩna minziiki yɔ kɛna nʋmɔʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ hendu teyaa kɩlɩʋ tɩŋgɩnaʋ yɔ.

Minziiki wendu natʋyʋ natʋyʋ kɔ yɔ : nɔɔ ŋga ɖɩyɔɔdʋna yɔ, tomnaɣ ŋga ɖɩwɛna yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna wendu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ.
         
Minziiki wɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ egeetiye nɖɩ-ɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa. Nɛ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ-ɩ lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ taa minziiki nɛ hendu. Minziiki wɛ nɛ pɩcɔ caanaʋ mamaɣ tɔm talɩʋ. Kɩhaɣ taa leleŋ kazandʋ hendu teu taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Misisipii Pɔɔ

Misisipii kɛ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga kɛwɛ Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɛtɛzɩɣ Etaazuunii hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ. Kekpeŋna Minnesota nɛ hayi kiŋ Mɛkɩsɩkɩ teŋguu lɩm kɩsʊsʊm nɛ kɛ-tɛ kpem ɖɛnɩɣ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ. Misisipii ɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛta waa 3780 nɛ kɛ-tɛ pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Misuuri kɩlɩna ɖalɩɩɣ Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ. Pɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-naalɛ sɩ-tɛ kpɛndɩɣ ɖalakɩŋ cɛzɩɣ kilomɛta waa 6800 nɛ kɛ-tɛ fɛɛʊ kitibuu walanzɩ yeba se Misipii pɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa pɔɔ sɔsɔ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa nɛ Misuuri-Misisipii fɛɛʊ pɩsɩ kɩkɩlʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ cɩnɛ.

Pɔcɔ Christophe Colomb alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Misisipii kɛtɛma kɛʊ mɛlɛna nɔmɔʊ sɔsɔʊ nɛ ka-hayi kiŋ Ojibwés waa yawaɣ se Misi-ziibi, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɔɔ sɔsɔ nɛ paɖanɩ kpaʊ nɛ anasaayi taa pɩnaɣ 1666 nɛ paya se Mesipi. Misisipi kɛdɛŋga kɩtɛyʊʊ cɔnɩna pʊyɔ mbʊ lɛ, kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1879 yɔ pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛ sɔnɔ pɔyʊ siŋ tɔsʊʊ huuu nɛ ɛsakuliye ñɩnɩɣnɔmɔʊ taa Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa.
      
Misisipii lɩna Itaska teŋguu nɛ hayi kiɖe tɛ (Minnesota nɛ hayi kiŋ) pʊposa ɛzɩ mɛt waa 450 yɔ nɛ teŋguu nɛ kɩ-hayi kiŋ. Pɔɔ talɩ kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ mɛta waa 220 Anthony kiɖeɖeʊ lɩm ɖɩfalɩyɛ wayi pʊñɔtɩna kpam Minneapoli. Illinois nɛ Misuuri pɛkpɛndʊʊ ka-ta Louis kiɖeɖeʊ nɛ Ohio nɛ Kairo.
 
Misisipii ɛwadɩyɛ fɛɛʊ lɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛnɛ sɔsɔʊ Amerika nɛ hayi taa nɛ kɩ-kɛ natozo ŋgʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa ɛlɛ Amazonii nɛ Koŋgo pakɩlɩɣ-kʊ. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ kpeekpe maɣna kilomɛta waa 3238000 kpɛɛ ko. Misisipii fɛɛʊ kitibuu kpaɣ mbilim Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ 31 nɛ Kanadaa kewiyaɣ tɛ ajɛyɛ naalɛ. Pɛtɛyi fɛɛʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ fɛɛʊ cɩkpeŋ loɖo weyi ɛmʊna pɔsɔ cɩkpesɩ nɛ pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ nzɩ sɩ-kɩlɩɣ ɖalɩɣ yɔ Misuuri (kilomɛta waa 4370) Arkansas nɛ Ohio… Tɛzʊʊ taa lɛ, pɔɔ fɛɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩwadɩɩ walanzɩ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 90000 kpɛɛ ko. Ɛyaa miilliyɔɔ waa 72 wɛ Misisipii kɛdɛŋga taa yaa Amerika tʊ kʊyʊm naanza yɔɔ.
   
Misisipii faɣzɩɣ hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kaŋ pʊʊ yɔ nɛ apalasɩ waa pɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɛlɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩñɔtɩna kujomɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ fɛyi pɩta. Kɛtɛzɩɣ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ Minnesota nɛ Wisconsin nɛ Iowa nɛ Illinois nɛ Misouri nɛ Kentucky nɛ Arkansas nɛ Tennessee nɛ Mississipi nɛ Luwiiziyaana pʊcɔ kɛkpɛndɩ Mɛkisiki kɩdaŋgʊʊ lɩm taa, kilomɛta waa 160 kɛ lɩm ɖɩgbende tɛ nɛ Orléans Kɩfalʊʊ. Tɛʊ lɩm ɛtosa toyi Itaska teŋguu taa kɔyɔ pɩkpakʊʊ kɩyakɩŋ 90 pʊcɔ pɩkpɛndɩɣ Mɛkisiki kɩdaŋgʊʊ lɩm taa.
Miŋ

Miŋ kɛ wazaɣ pʊyʊ siŋŋ. Ɛwazɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɛ. Miŋ patɩzɩɣna tɔɔnasɩ tɩŋa. Ɛlɛ, ɛkɛ sɩm ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ eyele nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe wɛɛkɩ. Miŋ haɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ, wɩsɩ ha ñalɩmɩyɛ, fenaɣ ha ñalɩmɩyɛ, tɩnzɩ ha ɖɔɖɔ ñalɩmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, mbʊ pɩhaɣ yaa pɩkɔŋna ñalɩmɩyɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, miŋ kɩlɩna ɖoŋ. Pʊcɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ wɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ lɛɣtʊ ndʊ ɛkpaɣna nɛ ɛlɩzɩ miŋ yɔɔ lɛ, ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa tatɩzɩɣ tɔɔnasɩ. Pɔtɔkaɣ tɩŋ pe nɛ hayɩm taa tɔɔnasɩ kɩtatɩzʊʊ. Halɩ pɔtɔkaɣ nandʊ maɣmaɣ kɩtatɩzʊʊ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, Ɛsɔ ha ɛyʊ lɛɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ elu miŋ. 

Ɖɔ-cɔzɔnaa cɔnaa se pɛkɛtɩɣ pɩjakpalɩma naalɛ nɛ ɖama lɛ, mamatʊsɩ lɩɣ yʊbʊlɛɛ. Pʊ-yɔɔ patɩŋnaa nɛ pala lɩmaɣzɛ se yee pasɩ kpootu nɛ pɛkɛtɩ pɩjakpalɩma nɛ ɖama nɛ mamatʊsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ yɔ, sɩtɔlɩ kpootu ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, kpootu mʊʊ. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, pakpakɩɣ pɩjakpalɩmɩyɛ nɛ pɛkɛtɩna nɛ hakuu ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ mamatʊsɩ lɩɩ nɛ pʊtɔlɩ kpootu yɔɔ nɛ tʊtʊ mʊ miŋ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se soŋaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ yekina nɛ miŋ mʊʊ. Soŋaɣ ŋga ka-taa wɛ hakuu.


File:FIRE 01.JPG|thumb|Miŋ
File:Lightmatter firebreath.jpg|thumb|Fire breather
File:Streichholz.jpg|thumb|Allumettes
File:Fire inside an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada.jpg|thumb|Des pompiers luttent contre un gros incendie survenu dans un couvent abandonné à Massueville, au Québec (Canada).
File:Tree on fire in active lava flow, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, USA.jpg|thumb|Tree on fire in active lava flow, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, USA
Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ

Miŋgi kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɩkɛ liɖe taa ɛyaa awiyaa mba pɔtɔɔ kewiɣtu Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1368 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1644 taa yɔ. Ɖɩyaɣ se kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kɛwɛʊ ɖɩɣa taa ɛyaa kʊɖʊma tɛ tɩmʊʊ taa nɛ pamʊʊ-kɛ ɖama alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ weyi ɛɖɔka-kɛ yɔ ɛsɩkɩ yɔ. Miŋ kewiyaɣ pɩɖɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Han tɛ. 

Kamʊ kewitu alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Yuan kewiyaɣ tɔla Mɔŋgɔlɩ ɛyaa nesi tɛ yɔ nɛ keleɖi kakaa pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamʊ Peekɛɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1644 taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Li Zicheng ñaŋgasaɣ kewiyaɣ yɔ ɛlɛ, kpɛdɛɣɛ mbʊ lɛ, Kiŋgi mandchoue kewiyaɣ ɖɩzɩɣ-ɩ yaa lɛɣzɩ-ɩ. Miŋ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ (pɛkpɛndaɣ payaɣ se Hadɛ Miŋ) kaawɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1662, pɩnaɣ ŋga poluuzi pa-tɩ Kiŋ kewiyaɣ tɛɛ.

  
 
Kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩɣ kɩɖe ɖʊyʊ, ɛnʊ yɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Hongwu (pɩnzɩ 1368-1398) taka se ɛla ɛ-samaɣ nɛ kɛwɛ ke-yeke ɖoli kʊyʊm haɖaa tɩyɛ nɛ katuu lone kaʊ se kowoki ɖoli nɛ ka-maɣmaɣ kamakʊna ka-tɩ ko-ɖoŋ taa yeke nɛ nabʊyʊ ɛkaɣ pɩtɛɖɩ-kɛ se kaakpɛndɩ ka-tɩ nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa ɛyaa tɛ tadɩyɛ wezuu labʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ ɖanɩɣ maʊ Siini haɖaʊ kiɖe yɔ nɛ haba nɔmɔŋ ɖʊʊ sɩna sakɩyɛ nɛ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpa ɖoŋ Ampiiri taa ŋgʊ kɩpaɣzɩna tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɔnaʊ mbʊ papɩzaɣ se pɛpɛdɩ kɩyakɩŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ kpɛɛ haba nɔsɩ yɔɔ yɔ ɛ-taa.

Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa pɩŋ nɛ tadɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ cɛyɩ siŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ nesi tɛ tʊma ɖɔɔ kɛlɛ pɩsɩna nɛ patʊlɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ pamʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa kpanɖaŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛyaa taa pɩlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi pekpele-i weewe tɩnaa taa yɔ ɖɔɖɔ sɩma ɛsakuliye kɩfaɖɛ ndɩ, ndɩ ɖɩ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keeke kɛ kʊtɔm nɔmɔʊ yɔ. Papazɩ pa-tɩ posunau canaʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, wonduu pɛdɩyaa paɣzɩ pa-tɩ sʊzʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ tʊma taa nɛ kpeɣlasi taa caɣyaa tʊma taa, kɛlɛ pakpaɣ ɛsakuliye tɛ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛyaa sɔsaa tɛ laɣsɩ. 

Kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa Miŋ tɔsʊʊ tasɩ huu pɩtɩŋna polinda ajɛyɛ naayɛ tadɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Pɔrɩtɩkalɩ, Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ Peyibaa. Siini kaawɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩ-taa kolombii kɩlɛzɩɣ taa, pɛlɛzaɣ ɖama pa-ñɩm, tɩŋ nɛ kpɩnaa kɛ kɩbɩndɛ nɛ kɩfaɖɛ ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa. Tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ nɛ Sapɔŋ ñɩndɛ kɔna liidiye sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kɩlɛzʊʊ kɩbaŋgʊʊ nakʊyʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
 
Wayi wayi kpaɣɖʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ, niikaɣ pɩnaɣ cikpeɣla wɛtʊ caɣa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa azɛyʊʊ naa nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ, ŋgʊ politiki fezuu caɣʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa nɛ Ampiiri taa taawɛ ɖiɣɖɩɣ. Tʊma yɔɔ cɔnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔlɩtʊ tɩna kewiyaɣ ɖɛzɩtʊ tɛ ɖɩzɩɣ mbilim.
Mogaadisiyo

Mogaadisiyo kɛŋna Soomalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna walanzɩ tɛtʊ lɛetʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩñɔtɩna Ɛndɩ teŋgu kpam. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 63 700 yaa kilomɛtanaa 637.
 

Pɩnaɣ 2001 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 1 212 000. Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa patasɩ kɩgalʊʊ kalʊʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ paakpɛnda 1 353 000 nɛ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ, patasɩ ɛyaa kalʊʊ lɛ, palɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 120 000.

Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ you nakʊyʊ lɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ kɩfɛyɩ tɛm, kɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ.
Molière

Payaɣ Molière hɩɖɛ maɣmaɣ se Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, palʊla-ɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15) wiye pɩnaɣ 1622 Saint-Eustache cɔɔcɩ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1673 taa Paarii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛ dramatiiɖizinɛ tanaʊ tʊ. Ɛkɛ mba palakɩ teyatiɖi fransɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ, pɩɩkɛna wiyau Louis 14 alɩwaatʊ taa. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin ñɩma kɛ tadɩyɛ laɖaa nɛ ɛ-caa kɛ naataŋgbala ñɛyɩyʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 21 lɛ ɛna Madeleine nɛ Joseph Béjart ɛpaɣza teyatiɖi labʊ. Ɛma takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa wɛ hoŋga yɔ. ɛlɛ, pala amʊʊza ndɩ ndɩ ɛyaa ɛsɩnda. Palaba: Scarron nɛ Thomas Corneille, pamaɣza Pierre Corneille pɩkɩlɩna ɛ-tayaɣ Nicomède nɛ Cinna, palaba ɖɔɖɔ Rotrou nɛ Tristan L'Hermite. Mɩnzɛma fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1659 taa, ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ kɛkɛdɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ: *Les Précieuses ridicules*. *Le médecin malgré lui* (1666) yaa *Les Fourberies de Scapin* (1671), *L'École des femmes* (1662) yaa *L'Avare* (1668), *Le Bourgeois gentilhomme* kɛ 1670 (ɛna  Lully pamana-kɛ), *Le malade imaginaire* Charpentier) kɛ pɩnaɣ 1673, *Le Misanthrope* (1665), *Tartuffe* (1664-1669), *Les Femmes savantes* (1672), Ɛnʊ ɛmana ɖɔɖɔ *Dom Juan* kɛ pɩnaɣ1665.

Wiyau sɔsɔ Louis 14 teɣma-ɩ ɛ-tʊma taa cabɩ.

Ɛmaʊ taa lɛ, ɛtʊlaɣ mbʊ mbʊ ɛyaa lakaɣ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ ɛlɛ ɛyɔɔdaɣ nɛ ɛyaa mba ɛ-maɣmaɣ eluba hɩla yem yɔ. Ɛyɔɔda walɩtʊ yaa halɩkpaɣyɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna ñɩm yɔɔ yaa nabʊyʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩ-tɔm, ɛzɩma nabɛyɛ waɣna kewiyaɣ yaa po-lona nɛ pomuluu lalaa yɔ, halaa ɖɩcaɣyɛ yaa tɔm ndɩ ndɩ. Mba ɛyɔɔdɩna pɔ-nɔsɩ yɔ, pa-taa kɛlɛ: Monsieur Jourdain, Harpagon, Alceste nɛ Célimène, Tartuffe  nɛ Orgon, Dom Juan, Sganarelle, Argan weyi ɛkpaɣ ɛzɩ kʊtɔndʊ yɔ.  

=Ɛ-hɔʊ=
Palʊla Jean-Baptiste Poquelin kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1622 kɛ Saint-Eustache, Paris tɛtʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jean Poquelin; ɛkɛ tadɩyɛ laɖʊ nɛ naataŋgbala ñɛɛyʊ; e-ɖoo payaɣ se Marie Creusé. Ɛ-cɔzɔnaa tɩŋga kɛ tada laɖaa nɛ naataŋgbala ñɛyɩyaa. Payaɣ ɛ-halʊ se Armande Béjart nɛ ɛ-ɖɛdʊ yɔ Jean Poquelin. Molière ñɩma tɩnga kɛna mb ape-nesi tɛɛ wɛɛ yɔ nɛ pɩha-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ wondu teu nɛ cɩmɩŋ mabʊ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋŋ.

Palʊla Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, weyi pɛɖɛyɩɣ-ɩ se Molière yɔ, ɛwɛna ɖalaa naatozo nɛ kɔɔnaa naalɛ. E-ɖoo sɩba lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu ɖeke nɛ ɛ-caa ɖaɣnɩ halʊ kpaɣʊ ɛlɛ lɛ Catherine Fleurette. ƐLɛ wɛna-ɩ pɩyaa naatozo ɛlɛ e-ɖoo cikpelu ɛnʊ ɛɖɛɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1636. Pɩlaba mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-caa tatasɩ halʊ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣʊ.


File:LeMaladeImaginaire.jpg|thumb|Le malade imaginaire
File:LeBourgeoisGentilhomme.jpg|thumb|Le bourgeois gentilhomme
File:LesFemmesSavantes.jpg|thumb|Les femmes savantes
File:LeMedecinMalgreLui.jpg|thumb|Le médecin malgré lui
File:LesPrecieusesRidicules.jpg|thumb|Les précieuses ridicules
Monrooviya

Monrooviya kɛna Liiberiya nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Atlantique teŋgu cɔlɔ; pɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Paulo kiɖeɖeu yɔ ka-lɩm ɖi-kpɛndɩyɛ. Pɩnaɣ 2008 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ mɩlɩyɔɔ yɔ.

Monrooviya wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Pusiroodi yɔ nɛ Mesiiraado yɔ pɩcɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna Liiberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɔsʊʊ tiŋga wɛɛ : ñɩɩtʊ pɛdʊʊ nɛ ajɛya leɛna, tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɛdʊʊ, kaɖazɩm, ɖakʊta kɔ nɛ kutuyiŋmaʊ wondu ndɩ ndɩ. 

Payaɣ Liiberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ se Ellen Sirleaf Johnson, ɛwɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2006.
Mooti

Mooti kɛ anɩsaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaŋʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ pe ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ mʊlʊm yɔ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se pɛñɛyɩ kɩñɛyʊ, mooti naŋɩyʊ ñɛyɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ kɩñɛʊ. Mootinaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mootinaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ lɛ Laatriki miŋ panaŋʊʊna. Lɛlaa lɛ, lɩm paɖʊʊ toonoonaa taa nɛ pɩñɔʊ nɛ panaŋʊʊ. Lɛlaa ñɛcɛyɩɣ num kɩcɛyʊʊ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se panaŋɩɣ tɩŋ pe naayɛ nɛ palɩzɩ num nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ. Mootinaa nabɛyɛ lɛ, ɖozi paba naŋʊʊ. Mba ɖɔɖɔ naŋʊʊna soojaa pe nɛ palakɩ waagasɩ.

Ɖooo caanaʊ taa lɛ, ɛyʊ doŋ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ ɖoŋ mooti naŋʊʊna. Payawaɣ mootinaa mba se « calɩm mootyinaa». Pʊwayɩ lɛ, polu mootinaa mba pɔñɔʊ lɩm nɛ panaʊʊ yɔ. Pʊpʊ wayɩ lɛ polu mootinaa mba heelim cɔzʊnaa pe-keŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ panaŋʊʊ yɔ. Mootinaa panɛ papa wayɩ poluba mba panaŋʊʊna laatriki miŋ yɔ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ, caanaʊ mootinaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ. Pasɩ mootinaa mba nɛ palakɩna-wɛ nɛ tʊma lɛɛna. Pakpakɩɣ mootinaa mba po-wondu natʊyʊ nɛ lalakɩna laatriki miŋ.
Moozambiki

**Moozambiki** kɛna Afrika wɩsɩ rɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ Moozambiki nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ, Suwaaziilandɩ, Madakasɩkarɩ, Sɩmbaabuwe, Sambii, Malawii nɛ Tanzaanii.

Ɖooo lɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ pɔrɩtiigaalɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛɛ taa nɛ wena anɩɣ nɛ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna wena alɛ ñanɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ angilisi  ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
 
Pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ Muwaayɛnaazɩ taa kɛ tada laɖaa ndɩ ndɩ kataɣ peeɖe nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ po-wondu. Kpɩyʊʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ, Ibn Shahriyar, ñeɖiu aseɖe se Aarabɩ tadɩyɛ-tʊ nɔɔyʊ, Lakis, na pɩnaɣ 945 taa kɛ kpɩyʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɩsa ɛyaa kutokiŋ kutokiŋ kɛ Moozambiki kidiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ pɛkɛ Waa-Waa mba nɛ palɩna Siini hɔɔlɩʊ. Ɛyaa mba pañɩnaɣ kɔ nɛ Afrika taa yomaa.
 
Pɩkɔma nɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1498 ɛlɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ-tʊ weyi payaɣ-se Vasco da Gama yɔ ɛtalɩ peeɖe. Nɛ pɩpaazɩ mbʊ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ Pɔrɩtiigaalɩ mba tɔyɩ pɛeɖe. Pakpacaya Moozambiki pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ kagbaanzɩmbilim yɔ.

Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1976 nɛ 1992 taa yoŋ ɖeke wɛna nɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔ yɔ sɩ. Pʊwayɩ yɔ laŋhɛzɩyɛ paazɩ kɔm pazɩ pazɩ.
Moritaanii

**Moritaanii** kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ  ɖɩwɛ Afrika ajɛyaa kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrika malɩŋ kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa. 

Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena anɩɣ nɛ ayɔɔdɩɣ fransɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa. Moritaanii wɛ Atilantiki kitiiliŋ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 600 yɔ kpaɣna ɖooo hadɛ kiŋ Ndiyaagoo nɛ pɩsɩɩna haʊ kiŋ Nuwatibuu. Kɩzɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɛ Alizeerii, SaharaWisiɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ Malii, pɩkazɩ Senegalɩ ñɛna hadɛ kiŋ. 

Moritaanii wɛ Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Afrika-Subusahara pa-nʊmɔɔyasa taa. Mbʊ yebina peeɖe ɛtiniiwaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Afrika taa ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa wɛɛ, Fɩlandɩnaa, Sonikewaa, Wolɔfʊwaa (mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ patalɩɣ 30), Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ mba mba payaɣ-wɛ se Arabo-Bɛrɩbɛrɩ yɔ (mɩniʊ yɔɔ patalɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ 30) nɛ Haratɩŋwaa.

Moritaanii tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Nuwakɩcɔtɩ.
Mostafa Terrab

Palʋla ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1955 taa. Palʋla-ɩ Marɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Fès tɛtʋ taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2006 ñɩŋa taa sɔsɔ Mostafa Terrab kɛ OCP ŋgbɛyɛ ñʋʋdʋ.

Sɔsɔ Mostafa Terrab laba haba hɛʋ nɛ kondolokonaa paɖʋʋ sukuli sɔsɔʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1979 taa ɛlaba e-sukuli ŋ́gʋ. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ maʋ sukuli. Pɩnaɣ 1982 taa ɛlaba kʋkʋ. Mostafa Terrab tɛma ɛla ɖɔɖɔ ñɩnʋʋ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ kʋkʋ takayaɣ kɩtɛzaɣ pɩnaɣ 1990 taa. Sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se *Massachusetts Institute of Technology* (MIT) yɔ, kɩ-taa ɛlaba e-sukuli kʋkʋ. 

Ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab tɛma e-sukulinaa sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ mbaa labʋ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɛ ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ MIT sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa. Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1986 taa ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa sukuli wɩlʋʋ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1989 ñɩŋa taa. 

Ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab wɩla ɖɔɖɔ sukuli, ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se *Institut Polytechnique Rensselaer* yɔ kɩ-taa. Ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋ́gʋ, kɩwɛ New York tɛtʋ taa. New York tɛtʋ wɛ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, New York tɛtʋ kɩlɩna paɣlʋʋ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1990 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1992 ñɩŋa taa ɖajaa Mostafa Terrab wɩla ñɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu sukuli sɔsɔʋ ŋ́gʋ New York tɛtʋ taa peeɖe.
Muzulee tɔlɩm

Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ yɔ, pʊwɛ muzulee. Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, pɩ-taa wɛ tɔlɩm hakuu ñɩmbʊ sakɩyɛ.

Nesi tɛɛ tʊma wondu sakɩyɛ wɛna kɛdaɣ lɩm tɔlɩm. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmlaɖʊ weyi payaɣ se Van Dyck yɔ, ɛsaɣ sumaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga payaɣ se Urisi (Ours) yɔ ka-sɩʊkpelaɣ nɛ kɔ-tɔlɩm wɛɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ. 

Tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem. Ñɔsɩ hʊm yaa ñɔsɩ hɔkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔlɩm mbʊ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ, payaɣ-pʊ se «châtain» nɛ pɩla se tɔlɩm mbʊ, pɩfɛyɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ kɛdaɣ lɩm yɔ. Tɔlɩm mbʊ payaɣ se «châtain», nabʊyʊ wɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ nabʊyʊ ñɛwɛɛ yulee. Ɛlɛ, ñɔsɩ nzɩ sipiyi kini kini yɔ, nzɩɩ pɔtɔŋ se sɩwɛ «brun».

Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ nɛ katazɩɣ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ yɔ, ka-taa ñɩnɩyaa yɔɔdʊʊ se tɔlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ pʊwɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Nabʊyʊ ñɛwɛ mbʊ payaɣ se kaakii (kaki) yɔ pɩ-pɩlɩʊ taa. Tɔlɩm mbʊ, pʊwɛ sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm nɛ kɛdaɣ lɩm . Tɔlɩm lɛɛbʊ ñɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ pɩ-taa wɛɛ ɛzɩ leemuu yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩ-taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ calʊlʊ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa tɔŋ se tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ, pɩkɛ mbʊ payaɣ se «brun» yɔ. Ɖajaa panɛ, Berlin nɛ Kaɣ pañɩnɩna nɛ pana mbʊ pɩlakɩ nɛ pɩkɛɣ tɔlɩm.


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Mɔndɔnʋʋ kulubuu (Fibre synthétique)

Pɩsatʋ lʋnaʋ wɛɖʋʋ payaɣ size mɔndɔnʋʋ kulubu. lalaa yaa-kʋ size nimaɣ. Nimaɣ ŋga, palaba kɛ pɩlɩɩna wonu kulubuu n̄ɩŋga nakɛyɛ.

Pɩkɛ mɔndɔnʋʋ ŋgʋ palaba kʋ nɛ wondu kulubutu ndɩ ndɩ kazʋwa wayɩ yɔ. Wonu kulubuu kɛna wonu ŋgʋ pehiu kʋ n̄ɩnɩtʋ sakɩyɛ kazʋwa wayɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna wonu ŋgʋ pehiu kʋ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ wondu ndʋ, tiliɖe lɩna keekee nɛ, ɩɖɩɖɔgɛnɩ nɛ kaɖɩbɔnɩ tomnaɣsɩ taa. Papɩzɩʋ pehiu pɩ-tɛ tomnaɣ ŋga ɖɔɖɔ cɛŋgbɛ mʋlʋm taa ɖɔɖɔ yem kɛlɛʋ. Kajalaɣ nimaɣ tanɩɩ wɛɖʋ n̄ɩŋga kɛlɛ nɩlɔŋ.

Nɩlɔŋ nimaɣ yaa pɩsaɖʋ ŋgʋ n̄ɩnɩyaa sɔsaɣ lɩ kɩ yɔ yaa lɩzɩ kʋ pɩnaɣ 1938 n̄ɩŋga taa. Nimaɣ tanɩɩ wɛɖʋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ, kawazaɣ ɖɔɔ siŋŋ kɛ kɩyakʋ pɛdʋ taa yaa tadɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.

Ɖoo lɔŋ taa mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, pɩsatʋ yaa ɖama taa lɛɣtʋʋ wondu kulubutu sakɩyɛ kaatɛma lɩɩ. Natʋyʋ natʋyʋ hɩla kɔ yɔ nɛ Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa : fibres acryliques, nɛ aramide, nɛ oléfine ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna polyester.
Mɔsɩkʊʊ

**Mɔsɩkʊʊ** kɛna Ruusii ɛjadɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Mɔsɩkoova yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ payaa tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Mɔsɩkʊʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ nikaɣ yɔ. 

Mɔsɩkʊʊ tɛtʊ wɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ mpilim yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ Eerɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 251 100 yaa kilomɛtanaa 2 511. Pɩnaɣ 2014 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ (12 000 000) ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena awɛ pɩcɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ yɔ (15 000 000). 

Ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa kutoku yɔ (1 000). Peeɖe kɛ Ruusii tɔsʊʊ ñʊʊ wɛɛ, politiki kpelasɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩna sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ wɛɛɖɔɖɔ. Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Mɔsikuu tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa 36 naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa. 

Payaɣ Mɔsɩkʊʊ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Sergueï Sobianine.
Mɔɔ sʊndʊ

Mɔɔ sɔʊndʊ kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩwɛ nɛ pɩɖɔkʊ tomnaɣ yɔ. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ kpeekpe kpɛndʊ kɛ tomnaɣ taa. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: sʊndʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛna pʊ-yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ naalɛ ñɩndʊ ñɛwɛna pɩ-taa kiŋ. Mɔɔsʊndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna pʊ-yɔɔ kiŋ yɔ panaɣ-tʊ tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ mukuuliŋ, caafela yaa lɩm taa kamayɩŋ yɔ. Pɩkzɩ mɔɔ sʊndʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna pɩ-taa yɔ, pakatʊ-tʊ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Mɔɔ sʊndʊ nɛ nimvela mba yekina nɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩɖɔ camɩyɛ. Mɔɔ sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩpɩsɩ mɔɔ sʊndʊ. 

Mɔɔyɛ kɛna ɛyʊ pilinzi taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔ sʊndʊ kɔyɔ, ɛwɛna mɔɔ mɩnɩŋ naalɛ nɛ looɖo (206). Ɛlɛ ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɔ-mɔɔ tatalɩ mbʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ naayɛ ɔɔ kɛ nandʊ naayɛ kpagba. Mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ kɛ nandʊ wɛɛ nɛ hokazi yaa lila naayɛ ɖɔkɩna nanzɛmɩyɛ kɛ mɔɔ ana a-yɔɔ.  Hokazi nzɩ ɖɔɖɔ tamna mɔɔ ana nɛ ɖama. Piya afolomwaa mɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛakpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ akpaɣ ɛɖɩɣna paɣlʊʊ lɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩɣa ɛcam mɔɔyɛ ɛpɛlaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩɩlaazɩɣ tam. 

Mɔɔ wɛna wazasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ mɔɔ sʊndʊ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, mɔɔ yebina nɛ ɛyʊ nandʊ ɖɔkɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩŋgʊ ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ nɛ etiki nɛ ekotuu nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, mɔɔ kʊɖʊma ana ahʊʊzʊʊna ɛyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ: ɛyʊ taa hɔ, lotu, hʊzʊŋ, ñalamɩyɛ, hosaɣ lawubu. Ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa lɛ, nakpaɖaɣ taa mɔɔyɛ kɩlɩna ɖaalʊʊ. Mɔɔ taa payɩ lɛ, mɔɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla ɖoŋ yɔ, nɖɩɩlɛ keɖe.

Pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ se paa ɛtɔkɩ nandʊ ndʊ ndʊ nɛ ɛsalɩɣ tɩ-mɔɔ se a-taa anaɣam wɛɛ nɛ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ leleŋ kɔyɔ, pɩfɛyɩ se ɛtamna anasayɩ kpɩna ñɩna. Payaʊ se anasayɩ kpɩna yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ se pɩkɛna kpɩna wena pɔɖɔʊ-yɛ nɛ avema naalɛ yaa naatozo nɛ atɛma talʊʊ tɔɔʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ pɩtɛ kpɩna ana atɔkɩ yɔ, poluki-sɩ kulubu nɛ ñɩma wena pɔsɔkɩ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ se apaɣlɩ lɔŋ lɔŋ yɔ, nabʊ yʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛyʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ.
Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ

Ajɛyɛ pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ waa naayɛ kpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ payaa a-kewiyaɣ se Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ. Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ ŋga, kapaɣlɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajayɛ pacaɣ ma-ñʊʊ yɔɔ waa kewiyaɣ nakɛyɛ tapaɣlɩ nɛ pɩtalɩ moŋgooli ñɩŋga. Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naadozo ñɩŋgʊ taa paɖʊ moŋgooli kewiyaɣ. Sʊsɔ Gengis Khan nɛ e-piya nɛ ɛ-sɛyɩnaa nɛ ɛ-sɔɔjanaa pasɩna kewiyaɣ ŋga. Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ walaa pɩtalɩ kilomɛtanaa miiliyɔɔwaa niidozo nɛ naadozo.

Kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ naadozo ɖɩtɛnɖɛ Gengis Khan kewiyaɣ kpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, moŋgooli kewiyaɣ walanzɩ kpaɣna Meditɛɛraanee, Pasifiiki lɩŋgamʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ powolo Siiberii tɛtʊ taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ Ɛndoziini ñɩnɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkpɛndɩna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ kɩpɩnɖɛ nɛ Ɛɛndoziini ɛjaɖɛ maɣmaɣ.

Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1260 taa lɛ, moŋgooli kewiyaɣ tɛyɩ hɔɔlɩŋ naanza. Hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se «steppes russes» yɔ tɩwɛɛ. Tɩkɛ «Horde d’or» ɛjaɖɛ. Sʊsɔ Djötchi liɖe taa ñɩma ɖiyiɣna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ñɩma. Djötchi liɖe taa ñɩma mba, pɛkɛ Gengis Khan kajalaɣ piya. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mba payaɣ se Ilkhans waa yɔ, paba ñɛwɛna. Pɛkɛ Pɛɛrɩsɩ (Perse) ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Pɛkɛ Hülegü liɖe taa ñɩma. Hülegü kɛ Tolui pɩyalʊ. Tolui ñɛkɛ Gengis Khan pɩyalʊ tɩnʊʊ. 

Hɛkʊ taa lɛ, sɔzɔ weyi payaɣ se Djaghataï yɔ, e-liɖe taa ñɩma ñɛwɛna. Djaghataï kɛ Gengis Khan pɩyalʊ naalɛ tʊ. Piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ Moŋgooli nɛ Siini pa-ajɛya. Mba payaɣ se Yuan waa yɔ, mba wɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Kubilai Khan yɔ, ɛnʊ tɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ tikiɖe yaa ɛnʊ yebina nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛɛ. Kubilai Khan kɛ Hülegü ɖalʊ. Ɛkɛ weyi payaɣ se Tolui yɔ ɛ-pɩyalʊ. Tolui ñɛkɛ Gengis Khan pɩyalʊ. Kubilai Khan cɔŋnana Marco Polo tɛtʊ yɔɔ.

Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ kɔma kɔyɔkɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ sɔsɔ Kubilai Khan nɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɖeke cɔnaʊ yɔ. Peeye e-koyindinaa paɣzɩ ɖʊ kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ. Moŋgooli kewiisi ndɩ ndɩ ñʊŋ tɩnaa lʊba kpem se paɖaɣnɩ Moŋgooli kewiyaɣ kpɛndʊʊ kpɛm, ɛlɛ pawɩɩ tɔnʊʊ.

Sɔsɔ Gengis Khan tɔɔ kewiyaɣ Moŋgooli ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1187 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1196 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛ nɛ Tayitchi'out ñɩma palaba you nɛ ɛwabɩ-wɛ. Tayitchi'out ñɩma wɛ Bouriatie tɛtʊ taa. Bouriatie tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩna Siberii ɛjaɖɛ lɛlɛɛyɔ. Wiyaʊ Gengis khan laba you ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Tatars ñɩma nɛ ɛwabɩ-wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ nɛ eɖiyiɣ Moŋgooli ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.
Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ wandamm

Tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Moyen-Orient yɔ, tɩwɛ kpaɣna Mediteranee teŋgu pɔɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ tiwolo Iiran ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ tɩɖɛɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Afganistani ɛjaɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.

Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ sɔsɔʋ wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɛlɛ, tɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ cikpeluu nakʋyʋ sʋ Afrɩka nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.

Ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa yɔ, a-hɩla yɔ : 
* Iranɩ
* Izrɛɛlɩ
* Palɛsɩtiini
* Yɔrdaanii
* Irakɩ
* Siirii
* Liibaŋ
* Arabii-Sahʊditi
* Yemɛnɩ
* Omaɣ
* Emiratɩ arabʋ aaa kɩkpɛndʋ
* Kataarɩ (Qatar)
* Pareyɩnɩ (Bahreïn)
* Kowɛɛtɩ
* Egipiti
* Turikii
* Pakisitaanɩ
* Afganistani

Halɩ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ñɔtɔŋ se Moritaanii nɛ Marɔkɩ nɛ Alizeerii nɛ Tuniizii nɛ Liibii pa-ajɛya wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa.

Ajɛya wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa awɛna sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Ajɛya ana, alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ Pɛɛrɩsɩ (Perse) nɛ Turikii nɛ Aarabʋ nɛ Kuridi (Kurde) nɛ Juwifu (Juives) pa-ajɛya taa sɔnzɩ.

Kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʋʋ ajɛya wena awɛ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ taa yɔ ɛnʋʋ yɔ Iiraɣ ɛjaɖɛ kʋnʋŋ nɛ Turikii ɛjaɖɛ taa kʋnʋŋ nɛ Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ  nɛ Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ.

Pɩnaɣ 1902 taa pacalɩ Moyen-Orient tɛtʋ hɩɖɛ haʋ. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ Alfred Mahan hana tɛtʋ ndʋʋ hɩɖɛ ńɖɩ. Sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛnʋ, ɛkɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa tʋ.
Mɔɔʊ

Mɔɔʊ kɛna ɛyʊ ɛsɩndaa taŋgɩyɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɛsa nɛ hayʊ ndomiye nɛ lɩkpaɣzasɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Mɔɔʊ wɛna pɔŋ naalɛ nɛ peeɖe kɛ ɛyʊ feziɣna. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛkpakʊ heelim nɛ awayɩ nɛ ɛsʊzʊ ɛ-taa nɛ pɩcalɩɣ tomnaɣ nɛ pɩtaa anaɣam tɛŋ nɛ pɩkazɩ azulima lɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ heelim mbʊ yaa azulima ana aɖaanɩɣna lɩʊ. 

Mɔɔʊ wazaɣ tasɩɩna se efezɩ ɛlɛ, ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊy pɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdʊ nɛ pɩwɛʊ leleŋ. Ɛyaa nabayɩ mɔɔŋ wɛɛ kpatayaa kpatayaa nɛ laala ñɩŋ wɛɛ sɛŋŋ sɛŋŋ. Mɔɔŋ wɛ mɔɔŋ taa nɛ pɛkɛdɩɣ se, weyi ɛ-mɔɔʊ kaakɩla yɔ, ɛnʊ payawaɣ se Cléopâtre. Sɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ payawaɣ se Blaise Pascal, ɛɖɛyɩ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛmɔɔʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se: Yee Cléopatre mɔɔʊ kaatasa wɛʊ tobi kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ kpeekpe kaalɛɛzaa.

Ɛyʊ sʊtʊyʊʊ lɛ, ɛ-mɔɔŋtɛɛ nɔʊ hundʊ. Tʊʊtʊ kpaɣ ɛyʊ lɛ  tɩlɩɣna ɛ-mɔɔŋ tɛɛ.
Mɔʋ

**Mɔʋ** kɛna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ pe yɔ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ. Pahayɩɣ-kʋ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa soŋgaɣ nɛ niikaɣ pɛwɛɛ yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pahayɩ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa niikaɣ nɛ wɩsɩ pɛwɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ. Pahayɩɣ mɔʋ fɛɛŋ taa, pɩkɩlɩna ɖenɖe lɩm wɛ fɛndɛlɛɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ pɩ-tɛ hayɩm se mɔʋ ɛjɛŋ. Pahayɩɣ-kʋ ki-pe yɔɔ. Kɩ-taa n̄ɩm ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.

 
Mɔʋ wɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ. Payaɣ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa mɔʋ se "*Oryza sativa*", payaa Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa mɔʋ se "*Oryza glaberrima*" yaa "Casamance" mɔʋ. 

Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ sɔɔlɩ mɔʋ pɩkɩlɩ tɔɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma nɛ Afrika nɛ Aasii pɛ-tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma. Mɔʋ kɛna kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ tɔɔʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pakɩlɩɣ-kʋ hayʋʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Huŋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, saamɩla wayɩ lɛ, mɔʋ tɩŋɩɣna tɔɔnasɩ pe n̄ɩnzɩ ɛsɩndaa. Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Sapɔŋ pa-ajɛya taa pakɩlɩɣ mɔʋ tɔɔʋ.
Mɛkisiikoo (Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ)

Mɛkisiikoo kɛna Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ajɛya cikpena ɖɔɔ nɛ ana akpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla ɛjaɖɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ kpayɩ nɛ ajɛya ana a-taa kɔyɔ Mɛkisiko, ŋgʊ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ 32 ñɩnɖɛ yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pʊŋ nɩƴɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ ɩ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa ɛzɩ 2 400 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pamaazɩɣna teŋu yɔ pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 5 000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Mɛkisiiki ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖɛyi ɖeyi nɛ ndʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ natutozo ñɩndʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. 

Tɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa mɩnɩʊ (100)  yɔ nɛ ɖaalakɩŋ topoyuu taa  lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtranaa hiuwaa looɖo (60). Pɩnaɣ 2015 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda 8 918 653. 

Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Mɛkisiiki tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ anaa yɔ: Pɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Sikaagoo (Etaazuuni), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Nagoya (Japɔŋ)), Paarii (Fransɩɩ), Peekɛɛ (Siini), Sewuuli (Koree nɛ Hadɛ Kiŋ).  

Payaɣ Mɛkisiikoo maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Miguel Ángel Mancera.
Mɛkɩsiiki (Ɛjaɖɛ)

**Mɛkɩsiiki** kɛna Amerika nɛ hayʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩsɩna kamaɣ kɛ Kuwatemala nɛ Peelizi, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Etaazuunii, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Mɛkɩsiiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Karayiibi teŋgu piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Pasɩfiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ hiu nɛ naanza ñɩnɖɛ kɛ walanzɩ taa. Ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 2 000 000 km2 yɔ nɛ ɖɩkɛ 11 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa.

Keteŋa kpeekpe liidiye koozaɣ sɔsɔwa tɔŋ se pɩnaɣ 2014 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔna 123,8 nɛ pa-taa lɛ sakɩyɛ yɔɔdɩɣ ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ. Mɛkɩsiiki taa ajɛya cɩkpena wɛ hiuwaa naatozo nɛ kʊɖʊm nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖenɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ Mɛkɩsiikoo wɛɛ yɔ. 

Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1521 taa kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ paɣzɩ Mɛkɩsiiki kpacayʊʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 300 yɔ nɛ pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1810 ɛlɛ Mɛkɩsiiki ñɩnɩʊ kpem se kɩwɛɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1813 taa lɛ, M;kɩsiiki se kɩwɛ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa kɛ pɔkɔma papɩzɩ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔlɔ yelie.

Kpana mbʊ yɔ, yoŋ ɖeke wɛna nɛ ɖiuɖiu caaʊ fɛyɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩla se Porfirio Diaz kpaɣ kpelaɣ lɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ nɛ ɖiuɖiu caaʊ wɛɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa kɛ pakʊ Porfirio Diaz.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kacalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ Ameriki-latiini taa se ɖɩsʊʊ OCDE taa. Mɛkɩsiiki wɛ ONU taa, OMC taa, G20 taa nɛ keteŋa yɔɔ aŋgba sɔsɔna taa. Ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛna hiu nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ wena a-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ wobu yɔ.
Mɛlɛ

Mɛlɛ kɛna n̄ɩɣʋ ŋgʋ ɛyʋ maamaa lɩza nɛ kɩwɛ lɩm yɔɔ nɛ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ size kɩcaɣ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Mɛlɛ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ lɩm yɔɔ yem nɛ kɩɩpɩzʋʋ kɩɖɛ lɩm tɛɛ yem nɛ pɩtɛkɛ kɛgbɛdɛsaɣ nakɛyɛ laba kʋ.

Mɛlɛ, lɩm yɔɔ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, mba pazaɣ-kʋ yɔ, pɛwɛna ɖoŋ siŋŋ. Kʋɖɔŋ lɩm hɔɔlɩŋ kpeekpe. Wondu ndʋ payɩ pʋwɛ size pɛɖɛzɩna lɩm yɔɔ yɔ, mɛlɛ kʋnɛ kɩpɩzʋʋna nɛ kɩla tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ.

Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size lɩm yɔɔ mɛlɛ kʋnɛ, palakɩ kʋnɛ tʋma sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mɛlɛ kʋnɛ, palakɩ-kʋ nɛ you, ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ palakɩna kpakpasɩ lakʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size pagbaɣ yaa pɔlɔʋʋ kʋnɛ lɩm taa kpɩna nandʋ n̄ɩna kpeekpe pɩkɩlɩna kpakpasɩ.

Sakɩyɛ kpakʋʋ mɛlɛ ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ pakpakʋ ɛyaa nɛ pɛɖɛzɩʋ nɛ kideŋ. Mɛlɛ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa sakɩyɛ sʋʋ nɛ powoki ajɛɛ sakɩyɛ lɛɣna taa. Mɛlɛ ŋgʋ, sakɩyɛ sʋʋ kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ palakɩ aleeya yaa tanaŋ ndɩ ndɩ.

Pakpakʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ mɛlɛ ŋgʋ nɛ paɖaŋgʋna mɛlɛ waa sakɩyɛ lalaɣ yɔɔ. Mɛlɛ waa ɖʋʋ nesi siŋŋ kɛ ɛyʋ kɛ e-wezuu kpeekpe caɣʋ taa. Kɩzɩna ɛyʋ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩna kɛ tadɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2007 n̄ɩŋga taa mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, mɛlɛ waa ɛzɩ kudokiŋ niidozo nɛ kagbanzɩ (35 000) kaakɛ tadɩyɛ tɛ mɛlɛ waa. Pɛkɛya ɛzɩ ɛyaa 7,4 tɔnɩɩ mbɩ yɔɔ.