open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Apollo tamaɣ

Apollo tamaɣ kɛna tɩnzɩ taa cɔʊ tamaɣ ŋga ŋgbɛyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se NASA yɔ ɖɩɖʊwa yɔ. Tamaɣ ŋga palaba-kɛ pɩnzɩ 1961 nɛ 1972 sɩ-taa. Apollo tamaɣ kɛna kɔyɔɔ kɛ Etazuni mba tɩŋna nɛ petiyina kacalaɣ taa kɛ ɛyaa fenaɣ taa. Tɩnzɩ ilemiye hɛkʊkʊ taa tamaɣ kɛna, Etazuni ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se John F. Kennedy yɔ, ɛ-kadaɣ taa pɔtɔ tɩyɩnzɩ ilemiye hɛkʊtaa mɩtaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ pɩɩkɛna agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1961. Fenaɣ taa mɩtala sɩɣlɩyaa wena pɔtɔɔ yɔ ana yɔ Saturn I, Saturn IB nɛ Saturn V. Pʊtɔɔ-wɛ liidiya nɖi yɔ ɖɩkpɛnda 25 400 000 000 $.

 Pa-lɩmaɣza kaakɛnaa se paɖɑɣnɩ pa-hɩɖɛ ɛtasɩ sɛʊ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ Soviyetiki taa tɩyɩnzɩ taa nʊmɔ woɖu kaalabʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛŋga tɛɛ you kaasa mɩŋ ajɛya naalɛ anɛ a-hɛkʊ taa yɔ.   Tamaɣ sɔsɔɣa kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ ɛfɛyɩ naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ fenaɣ taa pʊcɔ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu tɛ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ. Apollo tamaɣ ŋga, paatii ɛyaa naatozo mba yɔ, pat-taa naalɛ pɩza nɛ patʊlɩ hasɩ yaɖɛ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1969. Mba lɛ: Neil Armstrong nɛ Buzz Aldrin nɛ payawaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ paacɛla-wɛ yɔ                                                                        se Apollo 11. Pɛcɛla tʊma lɛɛna kɛ ɛyaa kagbaanzɩ lalaa nɛ paba kpa fenaɣ taa lɛ, pacaɣ kɩyakɩŋ ɛzɩ naatozo yɔ. 

Tɩyɩŋga kɛnɛ ka-taa kpaɩu yeba nɛ pɔkɔna tataa kaaŋ ɖɔŋ ñɩŋ nɩyɛ ɛzɩ kilogɩɖamɩnaa 382 yɔ nɛ ñɩɩtʊ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tɩzɩnaa se palabɩna tʊma sakɩyɛ wondu yɔ. Ɖooo yɔ, Amerika mba tatɩɩkpada tɩyɩŋga nakayɩ taa pɔcɔ agoza fenaɣ 1961 lɩɣʊ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ pala pa-tambaɣ ŋga paɖʊwa yɔ lɛ, pa-tʊma ñɩnʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se NASA yɔ, ɖɩɖʊ tamasɩ sakɩyɛnzɩ ɖɩkaɣ labʊ yɔ. Nɛ tamasɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: kacalaɣ lɛ, Gemini tamaɣ nɛ tamasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩpɩzɩ nɛ sɩkpazɩ pa-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛsɔ yɔ. Kacalaɣ tamaɣ kanɛ, ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se kɩɖʊ lɔŋ nɛ lɛɣtʊ ndɩndɩ ndɩu papɩzɩ nɛ powoki mɩtala taa yem nɛ patakɩ-yɛ camɩyɛ yɔ. 

Piyele tamasɩ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, patalʊ ilemiye yaa mɩtaɖɛ taa lɛ, polu camɩyɛ peeɖe tɛtʊ tɛlɛnzɩ nɛ patakɩ nɛ pana ɛzɩma peeɖe wɛɛ yɔ.  Nièye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ eekonu ñanaɣ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ Amerika mba nɛ Rusii mba nɩna ɖama nɛ polu tɩyɩnzɩ pɔɔyɩŋ taa lɔɔɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ payaa-ɖɩ se Saturn V. Ɖɩ-yʊŋ taa wɛ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ 3 000 yɔ. Tamaɣ kanɛ kakpaɣ liidiya ɛzɩ Etazuni tɛ tɔɔlaaɖinaa  miliyaɖinaa 153 yɔ nɛ ɖɩpɔza ɛyaa ɛzɩ 400 000 yɔ.
Calɩm

Calɩm kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ tomnaɣ taa lɩm mbʊ pɩhaɣ-wɛ fezu yɔ. Calɩm mbʊ pikpeŋ calɩgonzi nɛ ñamɩyɛ pa-taa. Calɩm mbʊ pɩcɔʊ tomnaɣ  tɩŋga taa pɩlɩɩna ñamɩyɛ pɔŋ nɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɖɩwɛna nɛ ɖɩtɔʊ calɩm mbʊ fɩŋŋ fɩŋŋ yɔ. Calɩm mbʊ, pɩkɛna lɩm nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ pɩtasɩna calɩgonzi kulutasi miliyaɖi miliyaaɖɩnaa sakɩyɛ. Calɩgonzi kulutasi nzɩ sɩhaɣna calɩm kɛ pɩsɛmɩŋ. Calɩm wokɩŋna tiyɔkɩsizɛnɩ (O2) nɛ anɣmna mba pɩpɔzʊ tomnaɣ se kɛwɛɛna wezu yɔ. Calɩm mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ketuuna azʊma nɛ piwokina-pʊ pɔŋ weyi apɩɩzɩ nɛ alɩɩna awayɩ kiŋ yɔ. Ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tɛ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ tɛ lɛ, ɛnɛm ŋgʊ kɩwɛ mɔɔ taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lʊlʊʊna calɩm.

Calɩm kɛna tomn,aɣ kpeekpe kɩhɔkʊ nɛ kɩfɛyɩ tomnaɣ taa kawɩlʊ kpaasɩɩ. Calɩm taa mʊŋdɔndʊ fɛyɩ ɛzɩ tomnaɣ taa hola wena akɛ mʊndɔndʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ ɖɩkɩyaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se pH yɔ ko-̀ɖoŋ wɛ 7,35 nɛ 7,45 pa-taa. Calɩm sɛmɩŋ lɩna pɩ-taa yaɖɛ kɩsɛɛmɩŋ yɔɔ. Calɩm kpeekpe taa lɛ, yala kɩsɛɛma kʊlʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ pɛwɛɛ. Ɛlɛ yala kɛɛma yeke kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, awɛ ɛzɩ 99 yɔ (99%). Calɩm kaɖʊʊzaɣ kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa calɩm yala ndɩ ndɩ yaɣ yɔ. Calɩm kaɖʊʊzaɣ ŋga kakpakʊna calɩm yala nɛ anaɣmnaa nɛ pɩyɛlʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩcalʊ-kɛ. Calɩm kaɖɩuʊzaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ calɩm ageleta. Alɛ lɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ calɩm kiwu lɛ ana kpaɣna pɩ-yɔɔ kele kele ɛzɩ lɩm yɔ. 

Calɩm tʊma ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, calɩm kɛna anaɣm kpaɣyʊ weyi ɛtaŋna tomnaɣ kpeekpe kɛ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pɩwɛna-kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se kɛwɛɛna alafɩya yɔ. Calɩm kʊɖʊmʊm mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ catʊʊna tomnaɣ taa azuuma nɛ apɩlɩzʊ nɛ awayɩ. Azuuma ana, a-taa kɔyɔ pɩndʊ, hɩm, soŋgaɣ, tuutu yaa tiyokidi tɛ karboni (CO2). Calɩm taa yala ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ calɩm taa yɔ ayaɣ nɛ awɛɣna fezu. Calɩm kpakʊna tɔɔnasɩ nɛ lɩm pa-taa anaɣm nɛ pɩcalʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe. Heelim mbʊ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ fezu yɔ, calɩm catʊna-pʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩlɩzʊ okisiizɛni (O2) nɛ pɩcalʊ tomnaɣ.
Fɔɔfɔɔ

Fɔɔfɔɔ kɛna kɔyɛ ŋɖɩ ɖɩlɩʊ hʊlʊʊ yɔ. Fɔɔfɔɔna wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɩm ñɩŋgʊ wɛɛ, pʊʊyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɔtɩɩ Tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ kɛ pakpakʊ nɛ pesidi yaa passa fɔɔfɔɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ, pɩpɔzʊ se pɩpɔzʊ se sɩkɛna nzɩ sɩyɔlʊ lɩm taa yɔ. Sodiyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛna yidirɔkɩsidi kɛ pasaɣna fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ kɛ ɖoŋ yɔ piyele potasɩyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛna idiɖɔkɩsidi yɔ yaa ɖʊʊyʊ kɛ pasaɣna kabɩyɛ fɔɔfɔɔ yaa fɔɔfɔɔ kɩkpɛdʊʊ. Tomnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ pezidu-sɩ ɖama taa nɛ patɩzɩ-sɩ nɛ sɩwasɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pasaa fɔɔfɔɔ. Palakɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ nikaɣ lɩm. Pʊbʊ taa lɛ, kɔ naayɛ kɛ pesidu ɖama taa nɛ pasaa-kʊ. Pɩɩkɛ fɔɔfɔɔ lɩm ñɩŋgʊ, pʊʊyʊʊ yaa ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ kɔyɔ, kɩtɩɩɖʊ lɩm taa lɛ, kɩyɔlʊʊ.

Pɔcɔtʊʊna fɔɔfɔɔnaa, paǹalɩɣna ñanzɩ yaa pɔsɔʊna lɩm. Pʊtɔbʊ se palɩzʊna asuluma nɛ fɔɔfɔɔnaa. Paalɩzʊ nɛ asuluma lɛ, kɩlɩʊ hʊlʊʊ fammm.     Fɔɔfɔɔnaa taa nɛ tomnasi nzɩ yɔ, lɛɛsɩ wɛ leleŋ, ñɩmɩŋ siziŋ nɛ sɩ-taa wɛ nʊm cɔɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna tomnasi yaa kɔ wena pakpaɣ nɛ pasaana-wɛ yɔ sɩ-yɔɔ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa mba pɛwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ yɔ, pɔkɔŋ se pawɩlaa lɛ, papɩzʊ popuuti-wɛ puɖupuɖu. ALɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖʊ-wɛɛ lɩm taa yɔ, potuu feɖe feɖe kɛ ɛyʊ nesi taa yaa nabʊyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, kɩwɛʊ lɔɔbɩɩɩ. Fɔɔfɔɔnaa wɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩcɛlɩɣna-wɛ pɛwɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlʊ se pɛwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ yaa kpandalam yɔ. Kɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena pasaɣna fɔɔfɔɔnaa yɔ, a-yɔɔ lɛ, pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se kɩ-ɖʊ ɛyʊ nɔɔ taa yaa ɛsɛ taa. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊkɔŋna kʊdɔmɩŋ.
Ñɔsɩ ñalʊ fɔɔfɔɔ

Ñɔsɩ ñalʊ fɔɔfɔɔ kɛna cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ wɛʊ tɛ fɔɔfɔɔ lɩm mbʊ pañalɩɣna ñɔsɩ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ taa, ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ lɩm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yaa kɩkɛ pʊʊyʊʊ. Papɩzʊ pasaa-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ naanʊm tɩyɛ. Kɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ se pañalɩna ñɔsɩ yaa paɖaanɩna-sɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ pacanɩna-sɩ. Kɔ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ palakɩna ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, kɔ naayɛ kʊʊ keteŋa yɔɔ mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se ɛyʊ ɛkɩlʊ ñalʊʊ ɛ-ñɔsɩ nɛ fɔɔfɔɔna mba yaa paa ɛna ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ lɛ, ɛkpaɣ se ɛñalɩɣna e-ñɔsɩ. Ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ ñeki ñɔsɩ kpɛzʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ñʊʊ tɔndʊ kpɛzaa yaa pɩlaba yeŋ. 

Kasey Herbert kɛŋna kacalaɣ-tʊ weyi ɛsa ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔ yɔ. Ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa mba ɛɛsaa yɔ, ɛpɛdaɣ-wɛ Lɔndɩɖɩ tɛtʊ taa, ɖenɖe palʊla-ɩ yɔ. Ɛ-fɔɔfɔɔ ñɔsɩ nzɩ, Sake Dean Mahomed kpaɣ nɛ ɛtʊlɩ nɛ faaɖɩ ñɔsɩ faaɖɩ nakʊyʊ kɛ Pirigitoni tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1814. Pɩɩkɛna feveku nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩñalɩɣna ñɔsɩ nɛ ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ ŋgʊ. Sake Dean Mahomed kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɛ palʊla-ɩ Patna tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkpaza ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ ɛsɔ taa nɛ ɛɛkɛ weyi ɛñalaɣ yaa ɛlakaɣ awiya GeorgeIV nɛ Guillaume IV yɔ pɔ-ñɔsɩ. 

Ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ tɔsɔɔlɩ se kɩ-yɔɔ mʊzʊʊ, asuluma yaa kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛcaɣ kɩ-yɔɔ. Pʊyɔɔ paa ɛsɩmtaa kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ nɩkaɣ yaa lɩm wɩzʊ kɔyɔ kɔyɔ.  Ŋ̃ɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔ sɩŋna tɔnʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kɩ-yɔɔ ɛtaawɩlɩ wɔkɔyʊʊ nɛ kɩya sʊ sʊ. Kɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ wɛʊ lɛfɩɩɩ camɩyɛ. Nɖʊ tʊtʊ fɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ lɛ se, tomnaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔ nɛ num kɔɖɩɩɩ yɔ, kɔɖɔkʊʊ asuluma tɩŋga. Tomnasɩ nzɩ, paacɔŋna sɩ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ, sipiyu mbʊ pʊiyɔɔ yɔ, mʊsʊʊ nɛ kɩ-taa kʊdɔmɩŋ sʊ tomnaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Peeɖe lɛ, piyeki pʊkɔna kʊdɔŋ.

Ñɔsɩ yɔɔ cɔnaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, sɩ-fɔɔfɔɔnaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Palɩza fɔɔfɔɔnaa nabayɩ nɛ pɔsɔzʊʊ ñɔsɩ ñalʊʊ fɔɔfɔɔnaa panɛ pɔ-yɔɔ. Ñɔsɩ fɔɔfɔɔnaa pʊ yaɣ ñɩmbʊ wɛɛ nɛ kʊkʊ lɛ pamɩzʊ ñɔsɩ yɔɔ kpʊʊ kpʊʊ nɛ peseɣti-si. Fɔɔfɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩsɩŋna nɛ ñɔsɩ tɛɛ nʊm mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ yɔ, pʊmʊʊ pazɩ. Fɔɔfɔɔ kʊnɛ k iyeki ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɛkɩlʊ ɛ-ñɔsɩ ñalʊ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Kabɩyɛ kɔ naayɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pañalɩɣna ñɔsɩ. A-taa kɔyɔ : finɛgɩɖɩ, ñɔsɩ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ, yala, tʊŋ nʊm nɛ akaŋgaanaa.
Soŋgaɣ

Soŋgaɣ kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɔŋ weyi ɛhaɣ soŋgaɣ ŋga yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ tiŋ songaɣ yɔ, ɛlɩzʊ ɛ-yɔɔ kilokaloɖiiwaa ɛzɩ 580 yɔ (580 Kcal). Ñʊʊ taa lɔnsɩnɖɛ maɣzɩya Platon nɛ Théophraste pama soŋga yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ. Pama takayɩsɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖenɖe kalɩnaa yɔ nɛ mbʊ pɩpɩsʊ soŋga ŋga yɔ. Mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, mbʊ lɛ lɩm. Soŋgaɣ taa nɛ tomnasi cikpesi ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nzɩ paanaɣ nɛ ɛsɛ pee yem yɔ nɛ mʊzʊŋ nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛ soŋgaɣ taa yɔ, ɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ paa ɛyʊ weyi lɛ ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩɩna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ paa anɩ lɛ ɛtɔkɩ yɔ, tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛɖɩɩna labʊ yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ s oŋgaɣ ŋga kakpaɣ nɛ kalɩɣna yɔ. Soŋga ŋga kalɩɣna ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ calɩm catɩ-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ anaɣmnaa nɛ pɩkazɩ asuluma yɔ. 

Soŋgaɣ yekɩna nɛ ɛyʊ tɛ mɩŋ saʊ yaa feveku ɛ taaɖɛ 37 °C yɔɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pɩcamʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ nɛ pɩpʊʊzɩ-kɛ. Ɖakʊtanaa taa, ɛzɩ Ayurveda ɖakʊta taa, pɔyɔɔdʊ camɩyɛ se soŋgaɣ kɛna kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñalʊ ɛyʊ taa yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ pohuyuu lɩm yaʊ lona nɛ lɩŋgamɩŋ nɛ paɖʊ ɩ-taa kɛ ladiɖiki miŋ nemasi se pʊsɔŋ nɛ ɛyaa yaɣ lɩm mbʊ lɛ pʊsɔŋ-wɛ nɛ palɩɩ soŋgaɣ. Mba paapɩzʊ lɩm yaʊ yɔ, lɩm ɖɩsɔyɛ kɛ paɖʊʊ ladiɖiki miŋ ɩnʊ nɛ inɩzʊ lɩm mbʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pɔsɔʊ-pʊ. 

Ɛyaa nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, paa soŋgaɣ ɛvɛyɩ yaa kɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, pa-nɩndasɩ taa nɛ pa-natanda taa lɩʊ soŋgaɣ. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ 63 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ wɛna pɩtɛ wɛtʊ pɩlɩɩna pa-caanaa yaa po-ɖoonaa yɔɔ. Ndʊ ɛyaa maɣzʊ se soŋgaɣ wɛ mʊzʊŋ yɔ, soŋgaɣ fɛyɩ sɔŋ nɩɩyɛ. Soŋgaɣ sɔŋ lɩna wizuu ajɔla wena awɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ. Wizuu ajɔla wena awɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ awɛ nabʊlɛ taa. Naayɛ wɛɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe yɔɔ kalɩɣʊ pɩtasɩna nandasɩ taa, naataŋ taa nɛ hamɩŋ tɛɛ. Lɛɛna ñɛwɛ hamɩŋ tɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, kɔɔŋ taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔɔ kɔŋ se kapaɣzɩ ke-efebutu yaa kɛ-pɛlɛtʊ ɖɔm lɛ wizuu ajɔla ana alɩɣʊ. Wizuu ajɔɔla anɛ, ana haɣna soŋgaɣ mʊzʊŋ kɛ soŋgaɣ.
Taba

Taba kɛna tɩŋ weyi pahayɩɣ-ɩ se palʊbɩna lɩmaaza kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔ. Pakpakʊ tɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-hatʊ lɛ pelem-tʊ nɛ tɩwɩlɩ camɩyɛ. Amerika keteŋa taa kɛ pɛlɛɣ taba hayʊ nɛ alɩwaatʊ Christoph Colombe na keteŋa ŋga yɔ, pɩsɩɩna mbʊ lɛ, taba tɔɔʊ tɔyɩ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Paapɛdʊ taba kɛ yem. Paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ, ɖɩ-taa kewiyaɣ pɛtɩɣna. Tadɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, pɛhɛyʊ ɖɩ-yɔɔ lambuu sɔsɔʊ.Taba ñɔʊ kɛna mbʊ pɩɩlazʊʊ ɛyaa malɩnawʊ yɔ nɛ mba pañɔʊ-kʊ yɔ pa-taa mba pasɩkɩ pɩnaɣ taa yɔ, patalʊ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ ɛgbɔŋ looɖo yɔ nɛ pa-taa lɛ sɩɖa ɛzɩ 600 000 yɔ wɛɛ nɛ sɩkaa ñɔsɩ maɣmaɣ kʊʊna-wɛ. Taba ñɔʊ haɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ pɩcɛɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ nɛ laŋgɩyɛ ñɩŋgʊ. 

Taba sɔɔla labʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ mʊzʊŋ camɩyɛ yɔ tɩ-taa nɛ kɩtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe kusotu kɩlaa yɔ ɛlɛ ɖenɖe wɩsɩ ñakɩ yɔ. pʊyɔɔ kɛ pakɩlʊ-kʊ hayʊ lʊŋgɩyɛ nɔɔ yɔɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛkpaɣ taba. ɩ-taa kɔyɔ : hʊlʊmɩŋ kʊdɔŋ, sonzo naayɛ tʊlʊ hatʊ pɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɛɛna ɖʊʊ hatʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ nim cɔɔɔ nɛ hatʊ kondolu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pʊlaɣ kʊdɔŋ cɛyʊ taba kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Taba pʊʊ nɛ kɩtakɩli caʊ lɛ, kɩ-hatʊ sɛʊ caʊʊ nɛ pɛkpɛzʊ-tʊ lɛ wɩsɩ taa peleŋ-tʊ ɛzɩ kɔzɔɖɔ kʊɖʊmʊ lɛ tɩwɩlaa. 

Taba taa tabakʊyaɣ wɛɛ wɛtʊ. Ñɔsɩ nzɩ pɔñɔʊ nɛ pɔtɔʊ yɔ si-ɖeke si-taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ pɩsʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi yɔ, ɩtalʊ 4 000 yɔ nɛ ɩ-taa lɛ 250 haɣ tɔnʊʊ taa kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ lɛɛŋ ɛzɩ 50 yɔ haɣ pɩcɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ. Taba kabalʊ lɛ, cɩnzɩ tɔʊ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ sʊʊ kɩ-taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ ñɔʊ taba lɛ, ɖoŋ ɛnʊ kɛ wɛ panaɣ ñɔsɩ taa. Cɛnzɩ tɔʊ ɖoŋ weyi ɛwɛ taba taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, etiki ɛyʊ hʊzʊŋ taa lɛ, ɛnʊ tʊlʊna-ɩ pɔŋ nɛ pʊkɔna-ɩ kʊdɔŋ. Pɩtɛkɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊ ɖoŋ ɖeke wena taba taa. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɛrɩyɔm, polomiyɔm nɛ ʊɖanɩyɔm. 

Papɩzʊ pɔnɔɔ taba kɛ hatʊ taa yaa ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔɔ kɩ-hatʊ yem nɛ peli lɩm. Lɛɛlɛɛ pahayʊ-kʊ paale. Pɩnaɣ 1880 pɛpɛta sikaanaa miliyɔɔnaa mɩnɩʊ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1900 lɛ sɩkaanaa miliyaɖi kɛ pɛpɛdaa. Piyele pɩnaɣ 1940 taa lɛ, sɩkaanaa miliyaɖi kudoku nɛ pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ wayɩ lɛ miliyaɖi kudokiŋ naalɛ. Pɩnzɩ 1980 taa lɛ, sɩkaanaa miliyaɖi kudokiŋ kagbanzɩ nɛ 2014 taa lɛ pɩgbamiliyaɖi kudokiŋ loɖo. Tɔm sʊsʊ taa, pɔtɔŋ se sɩkaa kʊʊ kamaɣ fɛyɩ.
Hɩm

Hɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna pahɩʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛna kacalaɣ asuluma wena tomnaɣ lɩzʊ nɛ awayɩ yɔ. Calɩm catʊ tomnaɣ taa lɩm nɛ kʊzɔɔtʊ tɩŋga lɛ, asuluma ana alɩʊ nɛ kɩyaɖɛ yaa abalɩtʊ yaa halɩtʊ pa-taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɛɛtasʊ hɩm hɩʊ camɩyɛ yɔ, paɖʊʊ-ɩ hɩm catɩyɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ. Hɩm tɛkɛna asuluma yaa mbʊ pɩvɛyɩ ɖeu kpem yɔ. Ɛlɛ kʊdʊmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, hɩm waɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, hɩm taa nɛ ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ ɩkʊʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Kɔɔ ndɩ ndɩ wena azʊʊ ɛyʊ taa pɩtɩŋna tomnaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ akɔŋna ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ, hɩm kɛ fɛɖaa maɣzʊ nɛ pana-yɛ. 

Mbʊ pɩwɛ hɩm taa yɔ mbʊ lɩm nɛ hɩm mʊzʊŋ. Hɩm mʊzʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩlɩna calɩm cata tɔɔnasɩ payɩ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ asuluma wena payaɣ-ɛ se azɔtɩ yɔ. Kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛ hɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna nimvila taa, calɩm taan nɛ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga tɛ asuluma taa. Kɔyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se nimviɖe siziŋ pɩndʊ. Weyi ɛ-kɩyaɖɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɖɩcatʊ clɩm taa lɩm ɛzɩ litanaa 180 yɔ nɛ hɩm maɣmamg ɛzɩ mililitanaa ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ. Ɛyaa mba pahɩʊ hɩm nɛ pɩɖɛʊ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛ evemiye taa yɔ, pɩkɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ paizʊ payaa se hɩm kadadayaɣ hɩʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ yaa pɩlɩɩna sikiɖi kʊdɔŋ yɔ. 

Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩtɛkɛ kʊdɔŋ ɛlɛ pɩlɩɣna lɩm mbʊ ɛyʊ wɛɛ ɛñɔʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ nikaɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ yɔ. Nabayɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, po-hola wena awɛɛ nɛ acɔŋna hɩm hɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, ahʊwa kɔyɔ, hɩm pɩzʊ pɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ yem yem. Ñɩnɩya naa se keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa hɩʊ hɩm ɛzɩ miliyaaɖinaa hiu yɔ kɛ evemiye taa. Hɩm hɩʊ lɩɣna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ palɩka yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩʊ ɛzɩ lita kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ yaa litanaa naalɛ kɛ evemiye taa nɛ haɣ lɛ, lita hɔɔlʊ nɛ naatozo pa-taa, piyele afa lɛ, lita kʊɖʊmʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ litanaa litozopa-taa. Kpaŋnʊ hɩm wɛ litanaa 5 nɛ 15 taa kɛ evemiye taa nɛ nɔ lɛ, litanaa 10 nɛ 25 pa-taa nɛ tuu ñahɩʊ litanaa 40 nɛ 80 pa-taa kɛ evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɛɛ taa.
Mʊɖɛ lɩm

Mʊɖɛ lɩm kɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩcatʊna ɖenɖe puhuwa yɔ. Mʊɖɛ lɩm wɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊʊna yɔ nɛ kʊɖɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ kpɛŋgbɛɛsɩ nasɩyɛ haɣna lɩm mbʊ. Mʊɖɛ lɩm wɛ kpʊzʊyɛɛ yaa naalɩm tɩyɛ nɛ naayɛ taa sida calɩm nɛ pee. Pʊcɔ nɛ mʊɖɛ kpa ɛyʊ lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna heŋ nɩɩyɛ labɩna-ɩ, piye naɖɩyɛ lɩna ñɩɩɩ yaa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ ɖɛna-ɩ. Lɩm cakɩ ɖenɖe yɔ, sonzo naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ apʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kʊlʊtasɩ nɛ sɩɖazʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛʊ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊna yɔ. 
 
Mʊɖɛ paazʊʊ lɛ, peeɖe saɣ miŋ nɛ peeɖe wɛɛ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ piyele puhuu pazɩ. Mʊya wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kpa ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔ. Mʊɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa lɩm ɖɔʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ naanim yɔ. Mʊya lɛɛna taa lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɔɖɩɩɩ ɛlɛ pɩ-taa wɛ lila caɖɩɩɩ ɛzɩ mʊindɔndʊ yɔ. Fɩtɩyɩm huɖu ñɩŋganzɩ kʊdɔŋ mʊɖɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Mʊɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖi-lɩm wɛ kele kele nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ lila ɖɔɖɔ. Agbanja mʊya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Hʊzʊŋ ñɩŋganzɩ kʊɖɔŋ mʊya wɛɛ. Mʊya ana a-lɩm caɣa wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Naayɛ lɩm wɛ huluu sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ mʊya ana lɛ, ɖalaa kʊɖɔŋ ñahaɣna-yɛ. 

Pɔcɔna ñɩnʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaɣ kʊlʊdasɩ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ wa yɔ kɩ-taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ se mʊya taa tomnasi sakɩyɛ.  Kʊlʊdasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ mʊya lɩm taa yɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna mʊya ana aɖɩlɩyɛ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩlɩɣna kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sonzo wena ahaɣ mʊya ana yɔ. Pɛkɛdʊ mʊya nɛ ɖama kɔyɔ, awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Mʊya taa kʊlʊtasɩ nasɩyɛ taa nɛ kɩnamɩyɛ ɖalaa, calɩm hokasi kʊhʊlʊmasɩ yaa tomnaɣ taa ajɔɔla ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖenɖe lɩm caɣ mbʊ yɔ, peeɖe ɖazʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋga kɩzɔɔtʊʊ. 

Pɩwɛɛ se mʊɖɛ ɛkpa nɔɔyʊ lɛ, eyele pañazɩ-ɩ ɖɩ yaa patʊlɩ-ɩ ɖɩ nɛ palɩzɩ lɩm mbʊ pɩtɩŋga. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩzʊ pɩwɛɛ ɖazʊ yɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋga kɩɖazɩ yaa piyele pɩpɩsɩ eyʊ taa nɛ pɩcaɣ ɖol i nɛ pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ.
Ndaatʊ

Ndaatʊ klɛna lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛyʊ nɔɔ taa yɔ. Wezu ajɔɔla naayɛ kɔŋnana ndaatʊ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ taa. Ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɔɔ taa ndaatʊ ɛfɛyɩ kɔ yɔ pɩɩsaŋ ɛtɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ. Ɛyʊʊ yɔ, ndaatʊ ɛtaawɛ ɛ-nɔɔ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ ɛɛtaayɔɔdʊ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna naayɛ ndaatʊ ñɛkɛ sim kpem nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se sɔtʊ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna ana a-taa kɔyɔ hasɩ, pɩyaŋ, tɩkpayɩŋ, ahuwa, ɖomaa yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wena awɛna kela nɛ atɔkɩ nandʊ yɔ. 

Ɛyʊ tɛ ndaatʊ taa nɛ kʊlu ʊdasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ sɩlɩna nzʊlʊmɩyɛ taa. Nɔɔ taa mamaɣ wɛna wiɣ lɩm nɛ mbʊ payɣ se ndaalɩm. Ndaatʊ ndʊ papɩzʊ pakpaɣ ɛzɩ cɛbɩyasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ ɛyʊ tɩŋgʊna nɛ ɛtɩlɩ ɛyʊ tɛ mbʊ payaɣ se ADN yɔ. Cɛkasɩ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩ wa, kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ pee nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna sakɩyɛ tɩŋgɩna ndaatʊ yɔɔ nɛ paɖʊʊ ɛyaa taa kɛ pa-kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ fɛɛkɔcɔsɩ yaa pɔtʊ kpakʊɣna kʊdɔmɩŋ ɩnʊ nɛ ɩɖʊ-ɩ ɛyaa taa. 

Ɛyʊ tɛ lɛ, ndaatʊ wazaɣ kɛlɛ se tɩtaa tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ yɔ nɛ pɩsa sitii lotaa. Nɔɔ taa peeɖe ndaalɩm mbʊ pɩtaɣ tɔɔnaasɩ nzɩ yɔ, si-taa nɛ anaɣm mbʊ payaɣ-pʊ se cɛŋgbɛ mʊlʊm yɔ, ndʊ yekina nɛ sɩyɔlʊʊ camɩyɛ. Pɩtɛkɛ tɔɔnasɩ hʊzʊʊ lɩm yeke kɛ ndaatʊ wazʊ. Ndʊ wɩlʊna ɛyʊ se tɔɔnaɣ kɛnɛ yaa kɛnɛ kɛwɛ leleŋyaa ñaŋ. Ndaatʊ libu kɛna mbʊ ɛyʊ pɩzɩu ɛla tataya taa yem yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɔɔnaɣ kɩpaŋga naʊ yaa kɔsɔzɩŋ nɩʊ pɩzʊ pɩhɔ ɛyʊ nɛ eli ndaatʊ. 

Ɛyʊ pɩzʊ ɛcazɩ ndalɩm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛtɔzʊ tɔm kɩpandʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ yaa mbʊ pɩwɛ -ɩ kinaŋ kpem yɔ. Ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊ wɩlʊ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ-ɩ se Pavlov. Ɛkpaɣ haɣ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamakɩ ñɩɩyʊʊ lɛ, paɖʊ-kɛ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ pɩkɛdaa lɛ, pama ñɩɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ padaɖʊ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ panaɣ se haɣ ŋga kɛwɛɛ keliki ndaalɩm. Ndaatʊ yekina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kela pʊʊtʊʊ kʊdɔŋ ɛkpaɣ-yɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ndaatʊ taa wɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ kɔɖɩɩɩ tɩyɛ nɛ tɩɩhaɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ nʊmɔʊ se ɩcaɣ kela yɔɔ.
Kpalahʊwa lʊʊ

Kpalahʊwa lʊʊ kɛna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ lɩzʊ lona naayɛ se ɛma kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ yaa paa cikpelu yɔ ɛlɛ pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛña kudiiyiŋ maʊ mbʊ pɩ-paɣtʊ. Kudiyiŋ maʊ paɣtʊ ndʊ paa pɩɩtɩkɛna lɔnzɩnɖɛ nɖɩ panaɣ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ yem yaa ɛsɛkuliye naɖɩyɛ yaa ɖɔɖɔ keɖeɣa ñɩnɖɛ kɔyɔ, matʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-nɔɔ se ɖɩɖʊʊ. Paɣtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ cɔlɩɩɩ takayɩsɩ maʊ kɩpɩnzɩ nɛ kɩfasɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Kpalahusi tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ cɔŋna lona wena a-taa pɩwɛɛ se pama kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ ɩnʊ yɔ, samaɣ ŋga ka-taa pamaɣ-ɩ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palakɩo tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ nɛ wondʊ ndʊ pakpakʊ se pamana yɔ. 

Kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi palʊʊ ɩ-tɛ kpalahusi nzɩ yɔ, i-taa kɔyɔ: kudiyiŋ weyi pasʊʊ ɩ-taa yɔ, pɩlaŋ weyi ɩwɛʊ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ yaa keɖewa yɔ, ɛyaa kiɖeɖema yaa agɔlɔma pɩlaŋ, sɔnzɩ sɩsɔsɩ lona, ɛsɔsɛtʊ kudiyiŋ, yɔɔ kaɖʊ yaa ɖaŋgʊ kʊlɔmɩŋ, nesi tɛɛ tʊma sɔsɔna kpaamɩŋ, tada sɔsɔna lona, tʊma tɩlɩʊ kudiyiŋ sɔsɔŋ, wɩlɩtʊ yaa tuʊzʊʊ tɛ loniye, keɖeɣyaɣ wondu tɩlɩtʊ tɛ, sɔɔsɔɔna tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ. Pɩtasɩɩna peɖe ɖeke ɛlɛ ɖenɖe pepiŋ sɔdɩŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛna kpalahusi lʊya kɛ kɩcɛyʊ se pala tʊma. Yaa ɖɔɖɔ kpaamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɩ-taa nesi tɛɛ tʊma wena alakɩ keɖeɣa nɛ cʊnʊʊ tʊma yɔ, mayaa sʊsaa mba, mba lakɩna-yɛ. Kpaamɩŋ sʊsɔŋ lɛɛŋ kɔyɔ: ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ kpɛɛ naʊ nɛ ɛsɛ pee yaa ɖɔɖɔ aŋjaʊna nɛ sɩʊkpelesina lɩzɩʊ lona sɔsɔna kudiyiŋ. 

Tʊma ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa kpalahusi lʊʊ wɛɛ yɔ, a-yɔɔ kɛ pɔtɔŋ se tɩlɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna ɛsɛkuliye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kpalahusi lʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kacalaɣ tʊma ɖeyi ɖeyi lakayaɣ ŋga pasɩma se kɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɛ keɖeɣya tʊma taa yɔ. Maya sɔsa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlakɩ ɖi-tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ilemiye nɛ tataa. Lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa palʊʊ kpalahusi yɔ,apɩzʊ akɛna ɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa yɔ lone sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ maʊ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ yaa egetiye naɖɩyɛ taa yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ maalika nakɩyɛ taa yɔ. Pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kuduyu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ yem ɖɩmayɛ yɔ. 

Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ Katediɖali Pierre kiɖeɖeu nɛ kɩwɛ Beauvais yɔ, pama-kʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XIII taa nɛ kaaŋ yeke paamana-kʊ. Piyele paama keɣye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa kɛ Panthéon, nɛ nɖɩ kaakɛŋna keɣye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla kʊyʊ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa lɛ kɛ pama lɔbɔkʊ nakʊyʊ kɛ Florence katediɖalɩ nɛ kɩtalɩ-kʊ. Pɩwayɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa mbʊ yɔ, pamaɣ lɔbɔkɩŋ  yaa keɣyasi nzɩ yɔ, sɩkɩla paŋŋŋ kɛ nzɩ pamawaɣ yɔ.
Ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ pʊyʊ lɩzʊ

Ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ pʊyʊ lɩzʊ kɛna ɛzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ lakɩ se ɛwɩlɩna lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nasɩyɛ yɔ. Ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ pʊyʊ lɩzʊ pʊnɛ, pɩwɛ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ lakasɩ taa nɛ nɖɩ kɛŋna nakʊ ñɩnɖɛ. Pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩtɛkɛ fotonaa ɖeke palɩzʊ yɔ ɛlɛ pɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ aŋjaʊnaa mba palɩzʊʊ nɛ nesi yem yɔ. Aŋjaʊʊna mba, palɩzʊ-wɛ yɔ, palakɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ ɛzɩ ɛyaa mba panɛ pɛ-ɛsɛ yɔ. Kɩlɛmɩŋ weyi palɩzɩɣ-ɩ mbʊ yɔ, ɩyɔɔdʊ ɛzɩ ɛyaa maɣmaɣ yɔ nɛ ndʊ ɩyɔɔdʊ yɔ pɩpɩzʊ pɛkɛna ɛzɩ tɔm kɛdaɣ nakayɩ yaa nabayɩ yɔɔ tɔm. Kɩlɛmɩŋ ɩnʊ, ɩkɛna ɖɔɖɔ lɛlʊʊ lɛlʊ wayɩ lizlitʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔdɩɣna ɖama yɔ. Ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ pʊyʊ lɩzʊ mbʊ, pʊ-tɔm kɛ Will Einster yɔɔdʊ se pɩkɛna lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ takayɩsɩ yɔɔ kɛ sɩ-tɔm yɔɔdʊ yɔ. 

Pʊyʊ lɩzʊ kɛna ɖɔɖɔ lakayaɣ ŋga ka-taa papɩzʊ pala nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna yɔɔdɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa yɔ. Lɩmazɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-lɩzɩyʊ kɔyɔ RodolpheTöpffer. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛyɔɔda-tʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa. Pʊyʊ lɩzʊ sɔdʊʊ sɔsaa taa kɔyɔ Richard Felton Outcault Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pʊyʊ lɩzʊ paɣzɩ peeɖe kɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX caɣa lɩʊ lɛ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda siŋŋŋ kɛ pɩnzɩ 1930 taa. Keteŋga kpeekpe kacalaɣ you tɛŋgaɣ nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ñacaɣ paaazʊ lɛ kɛ Hergé lɩzɩ pʊyʊ nɛ ɛyaa ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga se Tintin ki-tolosuu (Les Aventures de Tintin). Lɩzʊ pʊnɛ pɩwɛ Fransɩ nɛ Pɛlɩzi pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ patʊʊ-kʊ hɩɖɛ se cɩŋga kʊhʊlʊmaɣ. Piyele Sapɔnɩ taa lɛ Osamu Tezuka ñeyebina nɛ pʊyʊ nɔɔyʊ lɩzʊ ñɔtɔyɩ. Pɩɩkɛna keteŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ wayɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ pʊyʊ lɩzʊ se manga.
Prɔnzɩ

Prɔnzɩ kɛna hɩɖɛ kuɖum nɖɩ paacɛla ñɩɣtʊ kɩkpɛndʊ nzi payaɣ-sɩ se kuwivri yɔ si-ɖeke. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, prɔnzɩ kɛna kuwivri nɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se etɛŋ yɔ pañɩɣtʊ kɩkpɛndʊ. Keɣsi mabʊ taa nɛ takayɩsɩo kɩkalasɩ taa, payaɣ prɔnzi se ɛɛɖɛŋ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ prɔnzɩ kɛ sɔɔsɔ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa poluki ɩgaŋgaɖɛ yɔ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛnda nɛ payaɣ se pronzɩ yɔ, nzɩ yɔ: kuwivri, etɛŋ, aluminiyɔmɩ,  pulɔŋ, peɖiliyɔmɩ, maŋganɛɛzɩ,  tugsitɛnɩ, silisiyɔmɩ nɛ fɔsɩfɔɖɩ. Ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ tʊnɛ, tɩ-taa lɛ kuwivri kɩla ɖɔʊ prɔnzɩ taa. Kɩtɛ ɖɔʊ wɛ ɛzɩ 54 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ taa. 

Mbʊ pasɩŋna prɔnzɩ ñɩɣyʊ kʊnɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ kɛlɛ se kɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kɩɩtɛŋ yem paa palakɩna-kʊ nɛ tʊma wenaa yɔ, kiikotu ɖɔɖɔ yem yem. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kɩcɛlɩɣ laadiɖiki nimasi miŋ kɛ camɩyɛ. Ñɩɣɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pakpakʊ nɛ pɛsɛyʊna nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kaɖaɖa yɔ. Mbʊ pɩcɛyʊ pazɩ kɔyɔ se ñɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpʊkɩ yaa ɖɩmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ paakɩlʊ-ɖɩ labʊnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ mɛlɛnaa yaa ɛwadɩyɛ yɔɔ wondu ndʊ poluki yɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paalukina tɩyɩnzɩ hɛkɩnda alema wondu nɛ prɔnzɩ kɩtɛ pʊʊwʊ yaa kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔɔ. 

Mbʊ yebina nɛ sɔɔsɔ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa paaluki mɛlɛnaa yaa ɛwaɖɩyɛ yɔɔ wondu natʊyʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ tɩyɩnzɩ hɛkɩndaa alema wondu natʊyʊ lɛ, ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ kuwivri yaa aluminiyɔmɩ yɔ kɛ pakpakʊ. Pʊcɔ nɛ poyolosi prɔnzɩ se polu nabʊyʊ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se kɩsaa miŋ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 1 000 °C yɔ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ paɖawaɣa prɔnzɩ kɛ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩkɛna se polu malɩfanaa, cɩmɩŋ wondu yaa awiya nɛ abila aɖakasɩ. Prɔnzɩ ñɛlɛɛzɩna ɖooo lɔndaa kaaŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ weyi pakpakaɣ nɛ polukina wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ.
Kalɩkɛɛɖɩ

Kalɩkɛɛɖɩ kɛna kaaŋ weyɩ lɩm tɔɔ-ɩ nɛ pɩkazɩ yɔ. Ɛzɩ kaaŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se kɩɖɛsɩ yaa zipisi yɔ, kalɩkɛɛɖɩ puutu lɩm taa yem. Tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛ kaaʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa yɔ, nzɩ lɛ kalisiyɔmɩ tɛ kaɖɩbɔnɩ (CaCO3,)  nɛ mañeziyɔmɩ tɛ kaɖɩbɔnɩ (MgCO3). Kaaŋ weyi ɩtɩŋga ɩ-taa nɛ kaɖɩbɔnɩ kɛ mbʊyʊ yɔ, ɩwɛna wazaɣ sɔsɔɣa siŋŋŋ kɛ mba pañɩnʊ tɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-tɛɛ ñɩm nɛ tɩ-wɛtʊ yaa tɩmaʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Ɖenɖe kalɩkɛɛɖɩ kɩla wɛʊ yɔ, peɣɖe yɔ: Fransɩ, Suwisi nɛ Pɛlɩziki ajɛya taa. Ajɛya ana a-taa pʊŋ weyi ɩwɛɛ yɔ, ɩ-taa kɛ kaaʊ kʊnɛ kɩkɩla wɛʊ nɛ pʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Alɩpɩ, Suɖa nɛ Piɖenee. Kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ kadanzɩ taa, fɛɛŋ taa (ɛzɩ Fransɩ fɛɛʊ sɔsɔʊ taa yɔ) yaa ɖɔɖɔ piyisi nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛndɛyɛm tɛndɛyɛm yɔ sɩ-taa (ɛzɩ Suuɖa piyaɣ yɔ, Laɖizaki nɛ Puwatu-Saɖɩntɩ piyisi taa).
 
Mbʊ pakɩlʊ sɩm nɛ kalɩkɛɖɩ kɑaŋ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se ɩ-taa nɛ pɩcaakplama nɛ kaaŋ nɩyɛ kɛ yɛm ɛlɛ ɩwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ nɛ ɩwɛ cɔsʊ cɔsʊ nɛ pɔŋ. Kaaʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-tɛ maʊ taa lɛ, teŋgunaa taa kɛ kɩkɩla wɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ  lɩm tɛɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ pɔɔya nɛ mɔɔ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛndɩɣna nɛ pɩla kalɩkɛɛɖɩ. Ɖenɖe tɛtʊ ɖeke wɛna yɔ, kalɩkɛɛɖɩ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ peeɖe lɛ, nʊmɔlɩm nɛ pɔsɩ taa lɩm ñañɩzʊna mbʊ mbʊ pɩkatʊ yɔ nɛ pikpeɣli-pʊ nɛ pileɖiɣu lɛ pɩpɩsɩ kalɩkɛɛɖɩ kaaŋ. Pamaɣ kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ kalɩkɛɛɖɩ pɛɛ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ pazɩ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ yem ɛzɩ pɩwɛʊ kaɖɛ se ɛyʊ ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ kɛ ɖoŋ ihosa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kaaŋ ɩnɛ ɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pakɩlʊ sɩm kalɩkɛɛɖɩ nɛ kɩwɛtʊ ndʊ kɩwɛna yɔ: kɩɩyɔkʊ yem nɛ kɩhʊlʊmaa.
Tɛtʊ tɛɛ mamacɩɣɖɛ

Tɛtʊ tɛɛ mamacɩɣɖɛ yaa mala wɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ kaaŋ yɔ nɛ tɩŋ nɛ lɩm taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ pʊkɩna pɩpɩsʊ tɛtɛɛ mala anɛ. Pɩkɛna tatasɩ nzɩ sɩbʊwaa nɛ sɩɖeu miŋ yɔ. Tadasɩ nzɩ yaa kɩkazɩm mbʊ pɩwɛʊ lɩm tɛɛ kɛnɛ nɛ pɩhaɣ miŋɖeu.  Aka piiya pindimm, naayɛ wɛ wɛ muzulee tɩyɛ. Pitaayidi nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se pɔyɔɔdʊ mamacɩɣɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ nɛ kɩkpaɣ kpɩna nɛ tɔɔnasɩ yaa laŋ yɔ. Pɩtɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mamacɩɣla wena petiŋ tɩŋ nɛ pɔsɔʊ nɛ pakpakʊ patɩzʊna yɔ. Mamacɩɣla wena a-tɔm pɔyɔɔdɩɣ cɩnɛ yɔ, pɩkɛna wena ahaɣ miŋ yɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ 2018 taa mbʊ ɛyaa lakɩna tɛtʊ tɛɛ mamacɩɣla anɛ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ pɩ-taa lɛ, mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛlakɩna ɛzɩ 26,9 % yɔ nɛ aka. Laadiriki miŋ hɔɔlʊ taa lɛ, tɛtɛɛ mala ana akɛna kacalɣ wonu ŋgʊ palakɩna yɔ nɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, pakpakʊ aka ɛzɩ 38,2 %. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ kaɖazɩm ɖɛna nɔɔ mɩŋ tɔm taa. Mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ kaɖazɩm kpaɣa ɛzɩ 31,6 % yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2019 taa ñɩnɩya cɔnaa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ tɛɛ mala wena pakpaɣ-yɛ nɛ palabɩna tʊma yɔ, akpɛnda mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛ 70 (70 %). Ɛlɛ ajɛya naatozo nayɛ taa kɛ pɩkɩlɩna, anaa yɔ: Siini (51,7 %), Ɛndɩ (11,8 % ) nɛ Etazunii (7,2 %). 

Pɩnaɣ 2019 tɛŋgaɣ lɛ, panaa se keteŋga kpeekpe taa tɛtɛɛ kpeetaɣ mala wena awɛɛ yɔ, atalʊ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩ miliyaɖina 1 070 Gt yɔ. Pɩ-taa lɛ, Etazunii wɛna 23,3 %, Rusii ñɛwɛɛna 15,2 %, Ositiɖali 13,9 %  nɛ Siini taa lɛ 13,2 %  ñɛwɛna. wɛʊ. Pɩtɩŋga mbʊ yɔ, pɩmakɩɣna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 132 yɔ kɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ yee pɩmakɩɣna pɩnaɣ 2019 taa palabɩnɑʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Tɛtɛɛ mala ana awɛtʊ talʊ ɛzɩ 80 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ ajɛya kagbanzɩ taa kɛ pɩwɛɛ. Ajɛya ana yɔ: Siini (47,3 %),  Ɛndɩ 9,3 %), Etazunii (7,9 %),  Ɛndonezii (7,5 %)  nɛ Ositiɖali (6,2 %).
Kotonzi taa haɖaʊ

Kotonzi taa haɖaʊ kɛna haɖaʊ ŋgʊ pakaɣ kaaŋ ɛzɩ pɩlaaɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ haba wena a-yɔɔ pahayʊ yɔ. Kaaŋ weyi pakaɣ mbʊ yɔ, ɩnʊ payaɣ se kotonzi. Kaaŋ ɩfɛyɩ se pakaɣ-ɩ kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ pakpazʊ tilima tilima yaa ɖɔɖɔ papɩzʊ pakaɣ ɖaŋ nɛ pɩkazɩ haba yeke nɛ pahayɩ a-yɔɔ. Kotonzi taa haɖaʊ kʊnɛ kɩkɛna ñɔzɩtʊ ndʊ pɔñɔɔzɩɣna hayɩm camɩyɛ se lɩm ekpe nɛ pɩtaakpaɣ tɔɔnaɣ yem yɔ. Haɖaʊ ŋgʊ kiyeki nɛ lɩm sʊʊ tɛtʊ camɩyɛ. Hayɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ pʊŋ taa yaa piyisi yɔɔ yɔ, pɩ-taa kɛ pakɩlʊ kotonzi nzɩ kaʊ. Pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se kotonzi hayɩm. 

Kabɩyɛ taa pɔyɔɔdʊ kotoŋga tɔm yɔ, pɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ tɩyɩ-tʊ yɔ. Kaaʊ kɛ pesikaɣ lɛlʊ nɛ lɛlʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ taa. Mbʊ yebina pɔyɔɔdʊ kotoŋga tɔm kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ nɩʊ se pɩkɛna tɛtʊ ndʊ nɔɔyʊ tɩyɩ-tʊ yɔ. Kotonzi hayɩm kɛna ɖɔɖɔ hayɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ piyiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ yaa kɛcɛlɛŋga taa yɔ. Papɩzʊ pakaɣ kamaɣ kotonzi taa haɖaʊ nɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, pɩpɩzʊ pɩkɛna tɩŋ kɛ pɔsɔʊ kamasɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛ yaa kaaŋ kɛ pakaɣ. Nabʊlɛ taa pɩpɩzʊ se tilimiye kɛ pamaɣ hayɩm kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta yaa kamanaʊ kɛ pakaɣ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, yee hayɩm ɛpaza pɩwɛɛ cɛlɛmɛɛɛ kɔyɔ, patala mbʊ yɔ, lɩm kpakʊ tɔɔnaɣ nɛ tɛtʊ kpeekpe. 

Kotonzi taa haɖaʊ kʊnɛ ɖenɖe pʊŋ wɛɛ yɔ. Peɣɖe pakaɣ kotonzi se tɛŋ ɩtaakɩlɩ tɛtʊ kpaɣʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ɛhaɣ lɩm camɩyɛ nɛ paa wɩlɩŋ ɛkpaɣ kɔyɔ, nikaɣ ɛwɛɛ pazɩ. Ɖenɖe pakɩlʊ kotnzi nzɩ kaʊ yɔ, pɩwɛ nabʊlɛ taa kayɩ: mɔʊ ɖɩ-haɖɛ nɛ tɔɔnasɩ lɛɛsɩ haɖaʊ ɖeɖe. Pakaaʊ kotonzi kɛ kɛcɛlɛnzɩ taa yɔ, pɩwazʊ nɛ ɖenɖe pahayʊ yɔ peeɖe ɖɔɔ nɛ nikaɣ ñɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ fɛndɛlɛɛɛ. Mbʊ pɩcɛyʊ pazɩ kotonzi taa haɖaʊ yɔ kɛlɛ se, ñɩtʊ ñɔʊ kotonzi taa lɛ, haɖaʊ wɛ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ tɩkpɛzʊ wɛ kaɖɛ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paa ɛzɩmtaa, kaaŋ pɩyʊ nɛ pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊ se haɖʊ ɛwɛɛ kaʊ yɔɔ paa ɛsɩmtaa.
Heelim kacʊlaɣ

Heelim kacʊlaɣ kɛna heelim  mbʊ pɩpaɣzʊ mabʊ lɛ, pɩwɛʊ ,doli kʊɖʊm nɛ pɩwalʊʊ nɛ pɩwalʊʊ. Pasɩŋna-kɛ nɛ ke-heelim mabʊ taa. Pɩɩmakɩ, lɛ pɩpaɣzʊ ñɩɩɩ nɛ pɩwɛɛ kulu kulu nɛ pɩpaɣlʊ nɛ pɩpaɣlʊ. Pɩmakɩ yɔ, pɩwɛʊ kulu kulu mbʊ nɛ pɩcɔʊ. Pɩwɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩpɩzʊ pɩkpɛzɩ tɩŋ pɩɖɛʊ taa. Pɩmabʊ taa, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñalɩŋ yaa pɩsaŋ kɛ pɛwɛɛ pɔccɔzʊʊ mɩlɩ mɩlɩ nɔsɩ pɩsʊ  sɩsʊ hɛkʊ taa. Heelim kacʊlaɣ kanɛ, kɛwɛ sɔŋgaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Heelim mbʊ pɩkɩla wɛʊ kɛ sɔŋgaɣ kanahaŋ hɛkʊ taa. pɩopaɣzʊ hɛɛɛ nɛ pɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩpɩzʊ pʊkɔɔ pɩpɩzɩ heelim sɔsɔm pɩŋŋŋ. Heelim mbʊ pɩkpakʊ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna ɖenɖe pɩmakɩ yɔ yaa ɖoŋ weyi pɩmakɩna yɔ. Atilantiki nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, payaɣ-pʊ se fiii fiii heelim yaa uragaŋ. 

Azii nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ-pʊ se tifɔŋ. Piyele lɩm fɛɛŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ heelim mbʊ se sikloni. Ɛyʊ ɛcɔna camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, mbʊ payaɣ se sikloni yɔ, pɩkɩkɛna heelim mbʊ pɩmakɩ kamaɣ fɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛkpɛdaɣ kanɩɣ lɛ. Heelim pʊnɛ pɩwɛ mɩndʊ taa kɛ ɛsɔtaa nɛ pɩmakɩ ɖioŋ fiii fiii. Heelim pʊnɛ pɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna aŋgilisi mɛlɛ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ. Payaɣ-ɩ se Henry Piddington (1797-1858) nɛ pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ heelim sɔsɔm nabʊyʊ maba pɩnaɣ 1789 nɛ pɩkʊ ɛyaa pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ 20 000 yɔ. Pɩɩkɛna Korɛŋga tɛtʊ taa, Ɛndɩ pɔɔ nɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Heelim Pɩnaɣ 2004, Krenadɩ tɛtʊ taa, heelim paza pɩma nɛ azɛyʊ sɔsɔʊ la nɛ pukuli ɖɩsɩ, pɩkpɛzɩ tɩŋ nɛ latiɖiki mɩŋ nimasi payɩ. Heelim mbʊ payaɣ se uragaŋ Ivan. Atɩlantiki nɛ hadɛ kiŋ heelim sɔsɔm nagʊyʊ ñɛwɛ peeɖe nɛ pɩpaɣzɩ fiidu kɔyɔ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ miŋ tɩyɛ yɔ. Payaɣheelim sɔsɔm mbʊ se Katarina.
Kpeŋgbene

Kpeŋgbene kɛna wonuu nakʊyʊ kɩmaɣnaa nɛ kɩwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ loɖo nɛ pohuyi paa hɔɔʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ pɔŋ kʊɖʊm pɩsɩɩna loɖo ŋgʊ. Pɩkɛna aleɣya wonuu nakʊyʊ nɛ paaleeyuna-kʊ lɛ, paɖʊ-kʊ fuwa nakayɩ taa nɛ pecidi nɛ pohuti. Pɩlɩɣʊ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ akɔntaa ŋlakɩ. Pasakɩ kpeŋgbena nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ. Papɩzʊ pasaɣna kpoŋgbolo, mɔɔ hʊɖʊbanaa yaa wonuu nakʊyʊ yem. Kpeŋgbene nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩtɩŋga ɩwɛ kɩmaŋ nɛ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ santimɛtanaa kʊɖʊm nɛ naalɛ pɛhɛkʊ taa.   Paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ nɛ kʊ-ñʊʊ. Pɩkpaɣna kʊɖʊmʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna loɖo. Paɖʊ ñʊŋ ɩnʊʊ ɛzɩma yɔ, pɛkpɛnda ɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi ɩha-ɖama nɛ siɣye, pɩkpɛndʊ pɩlɩɩ lʊbɛ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ñʊʊ kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ, naalɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩŋgʊ kpɛnda ɖoli kʊɖʊm kɛ kolaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ cʊlʊ cʊlʊ yɔ. 

Ñʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taʊ yaa ihuyu takɩlɩ kaɖɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ-ɩ taʊ lɛ, ɛta-ɩ ɛzɩ waacɩ ɛcɔʊ ɖɔŋgʊ yɔ. Kpeŋgbene tɔm kaawɛ ɖooo caanaʊ taa nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna mɔɔ pasakaɣ. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se pɛkɛdɩ camɩyɛ kpeŋgbene ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɩlɩwa  nɛ mɔɔ wena palakaɣna yɔ. Takayɩsɩ mayaa maa se kpeŋgbene kaawɛɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ talɩʊ. Ñɩnɩya na kpeŋgbena nɩɩyɛ kɛ Ɛndusi ɛjɛŋ nɩɩyɛ taa nɛ pɩtalʊʊ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 4 300 yɔ nɛ ɩlɩna Azii tɛtʊ taa. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɩha ɖama nɛ siwa yɔ, pɛkpɛnda-ɛ, pɩtɛkɛ itɩŋga ɩtalɩɣna lʊbɛ. Ɖooo lɛ, kpeŋgbena taakɛna aleeya wonuu ɖeke ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛna mbʊ pɔpɔzaɣna pee yɔ yaa  patɩyaɣna yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ sɩkɩ lɛ, pepiŋna-i nɛ kpeŋgbena  naayɛ. Roma tɛtʊ taa kɛ kpeŋgbena aleɣya paza tɔyʊ Horace alɩwaatʊ taa.
Masɩ maʊ

Masɩ maʊ kɛna nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛyʊ tɩŋgɩɣna nɛ ɛma nabʊyʊ yɔɔ yaa ɖoli kɛ ndʊ ɛ-taa wɛɛ ɛlɛ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se ɛyɔɔdɩna ɛ-nɔɔtaa yem yɔ. Masɩ maʊ kɛna tɩlɩtʊ ndʊ tɩɖɔŋ camɩyɛ kɛ yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ tɩŋga yɔɔ yɔ. Masɩ maʊ taa pamaɣ tɔm pee kpeekpe nɛ a-taa lɛ naayɛ wɛ ɖoŋ nɩʊ taa nɛ lɛɛna ñalɩzʊ alɛ tɔbɩŋ. Takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se tɔm tɔbɩŋ lɩzʊ takayaɣ yaa tɔm kpou. Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñaŋ ŋzʊlʊmɩyɛ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ yaa kʊnʊŋ pa-paɣtʊ yɔɔ; ŋzʊlʊmɩyɛ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ pa-matʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ. Masɩ maʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, palɩzʊ yɔɔdasɩ paɣtʊ takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, kala naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ akakɩ kaʊ kɛ tɔm pee naayɛ matʊ taa. Masɩ maʊ kɛna mbʊ kabɩyɛtʊ tɔŋ se tɔm nana ɛsɛ keɣleee yɔ. Ɖooo kiɖe tɛ, Egipiti taa, kacalaɣ masɩ maʊ payawaɣ se Iyerogilifi.

Pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ IV waa taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu lɛ, Mezopotami taa tadɩyɛ labʊ tɔm nɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ kaawɛ ɛyaa kaɖɛ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩwɛ-wɛ kaɖɛ se papɩzʊʊ pɔɖɔkʊʊ pa-ñʊŋ taa ndʊ pɔyɔɔdaɣ, ndʊ panɩwaɣ nɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ pakpakaɣ yɔ. Peɣɖe masɩ maʊ wɩlɩ sɩ-wazaɣ sɔsɔɣa tadɩyɛ yɔɔ tɔm tɔsʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Ɖooo Egipiti caanaʊ ñɩŋgʊ taa nɛ Mezopotami taa, masɩ maʊ pɩzaa pɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, palakaɣ fenasi takayɩsɩ nɛ pamawaɣ ɖɔɖɔ politiki tɔm nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ñɩndʊ, caanaʊ taa tɔm nɛ pasɩʊ. Ɛzɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se tɔm se tɔm kɩ-yɔɔdɩtʊ sɔʊ ɛlɛ kɩ-mamatʊ ɛɛsɔʊ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ masɩ maʊ tʊma ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛ caanaʊ tɔm nɛ tɔm hʊʊ paɣtʊ lɩzʊ tɔm tɔsʊʊ taa. Pɩtɩŋa payɩ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, nɖʊ ɛyʊ ɖɔkʊʊ yɔ kɛlɛ se masɩ maʊ taɣna weyi ɛkelʊ-sɩ yɔ. Masɩ maʊ ɖeke pɩzɩna sɩtʊʊ tʊkaɣ kɛ caanaʊ taa tɔm nɛ ndʊ tɩɩlaba pʊcɔ caanaʊ taa ñɩndʊ talɩʊ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ matʊ yebina nɛ ndʊ tɩɩlaba yɔ, papɩzɩ pama-tʊ nɛ pɛkɛdɩɣ-ɖʊ tʊ.
Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ

Tɛtʊ putuuɖe wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ nɩnza: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ pama ɛsɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ. Hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ ɖenɖe wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛɛ yɔ ɖeyi ɖeyi. Patasɩɣ-kʊ ya ɖɔɖɔ se wɩsɩ ɖɩnayɛ. Aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ payaɣ se tɛbɩyɛ nɛ pɩ-lɩmazɩyɛ wobina Kɩrɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɔm yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ payaɣ se kalɩmakoye yɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ ɖoli kʊɖʊm ɛlɛ paanɩ ɛnaɣ loniye ɖɩnɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖenɖe ɛwɛɛ yɔ. 

Pʊyɔɔ yee palɩza tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kɛ takayaɣ hayʊ yɔ kɔyɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ pɩzʊ pɩwɛ ndɩ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ ɛyʊ ɛcɔŋna Saapɔŋ kɛ takayaɣ hayʊʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛnaɣ se Amerika tɛtʊ yeba tɩwɛɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ yaa loniye naɖɩyɛ ɛtɩɩwɛn lɛɛɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ yaa loniye. Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ taa lɛ, tɔm piye ɖɩnɛ panɩɩzʊna-ɖɩ lona wena awɛ tɛtʊ tʊʊzʊʊ wɛtʊ taa yɔ, caanaʊ taa tɔm yaa ɖɔdɖɔ ɛsakuliye naɖɩyɛ tɔm ɛzɩ ajɛya wena awɛna Turikii yaa Saapɔŋ yɔ. 

Aliwaatʊ ndʊ keteŋga kpeekpe you tɛma nɛ pɩkazɩna tɛŋtɛŋga tɛɛ ñɩŋgʊ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ajɛya wena awɛna awɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ajɛya wena awɛna Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa nɛ wena awɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛna ajɛya wena Rusii kpacayaɣ yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ wena a-tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ tɩ-samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛnda ñɩm kʊɖʊmbʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ lɛɣzɩtʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ tɩlɛɣzaa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, paatasʊʊ mbʊ tʊʊzʊʊ. Payaɣ yem se Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa ajɛya yaa wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩna. Yaa ɖɔɖɔ Palkanɩ ajɛya.
Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ

Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ kɛna pɛɛ wena atɔtɔyɩ yem yɔ. Pɩkɛna liidiye pɛɛ yaa pɛɛ wena awɛ mʊnʊ mʊnʊ yɔ. Ɖɔm nabʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se ɖɔm tataɣ pɩlɩɩna pɩ-wɛtʊ maɣmaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ pʊ-tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊ cɩnɛ. Pɩkɛna pɛɛ wena añɩlɩzʊ pelu pelu yɔ. Awɛ ɛzɩ añɩnɩŋ yɔ nɛ aɖeu miŋ tɛlʊ tɛlʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ anɛ akɛna ɛzɩ acana yaa keɖeya pʊyʊ yɔ. Payaʊ se liidiye yaa ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ yɔ, pɩlɩna a-keɖewa maɣmaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ payaa nabʊyʊ kɛ mbʊ lɛ, pʊpɔzʊ se pɩwɛɛna kacʊka camɩyɛ nɛ kɔ-tɔnʊʊ ɛñɩlɩzʊʊ ɖeu. 

Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ yaa liidiye pɛɛ ana, a-taa kɔyɔ: kejisi, lɩm taa mukuuliŋ yaa ɖɔɖɔ pɔɔyasɩ nasɩyɛ. Pɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩkɛna tatasɩ yaa pɔɔyɩŋ weyi ɩwɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ nɛ pʊ-yɔɔ ɛtaakayʊ yem yem alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paañɩnʊ se pahʊƴɩ-ɩ pɔŋ yaa paalakɩna nabʊyʊ yɔ. Paa tɛʊ ɛnɩɣna yaa nikaɣ ɛkpena ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ anɛ kɔyɔ, aapʊkɩ yaa aamʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, liidiye pɛɛ anɛ aaputuu yem nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩnaɣ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ ɛzɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye yɔ. 
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Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ anɛ, pɩtɛkɛ paa ɛba pasakɩna-ɛ ɛlɛ ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ pasakɩna liidiye pɛɛ yɔ, ŋgʊ pasakɩna-ɛ ɖɔɖɔ. A-tɛ keɖeɣa maɣmaɣ yɔɔ lɛ, palakɩ-ɛ nɛ kokoo, lɩtʊ, naŋgbacalanaa yaa ɖɔɖɔ sɔkasɩ. Pɛlɛʊ wondu ndʊ nee yɔɔ, liŋ tɛɛ, naŋgbaŋ yɔɔ yaa nesi ajɔɔ taa. Ñɩm tɩnaa yaa awiya nɛ abɩla kɩlɩɣna-ɛ lɛʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ anɛ apɩzʊ akɛ pɛɛ siŋŋ yaa ɖɔɖɔ papɩzʊ polubɩ-ɛ kulubu yem nɛ nesi. Ɛlɛ awɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ wena potolu yɔ nɛ pɩwɛʊ kaɖɛ se tʊkaɣ ɛwɛɛ a-taa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ anɛ aɖɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ awɛna tomnasɩ nɛ sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ
Pee ɛwaɣ

Pee ɛwaɣ kɛna pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩlɩɣna pʊŋ weyi ɩ-taa miŋ lɩʊ fɩŋŋŋ fɩŋŋŋ yɔ. Miŋ ɛnʊ, ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, pɩɩkɛna pɔdɔʊ yaa mɩnandʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ kɛ pʊʊŋ ɩnʊ i-putuuɖe taa yaa ɩ-tɛtɛɛ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ soŋgaɣ kpaɣ kpɩnandʊ ndʊ camɩyɛ lɛ, tiyoluu nɛ tɩmʊ miŋ nɛ tɩyɔkɩ pʊʊ kɛ pɔʊ nɛ miŋ lɩɩ ɛzɩ miŋ nzʊlʊma yɔ. Pɔdɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɔŋ nɛ kɩhɛɛ lɛ, kɩkpa ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ ɖɔŋ ñɩŋ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se pee ɛwaɣ yɔ. Kaaŋ ɩnʊ ɩwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɩ-yɔɔ wɛɛ cɔkʊ cɔkʊ nɛ pɔŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɩ-yɔɔ. Tɛtʊ lɩzʊʊ kpɛlɛkɩya, tɛtʊ maʊ tʊʊzʊʊ kpɛlɛkɩya nɛ tɛtʊ tʊʊzʊʊ wɛɖʊʊ ñɩnɩya tɔŋ se pee ɛwaɣ taa nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛɛ naayɛ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: kʊwasi, fɛlɩdɩspati nɛ mika. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ payɩ lɛ, pee ɛwaɣ anɛ nɛ kaaŋ lɛɛŋ ndɩ ndɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ yɔɔ. 

Pee ɛwaɣ kanɛ kɛkɛna kaaʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ kaŋ kaŋ yɔ nɛ pɩtɛ kaaŋ kɛ palakɩna kondolokonaa, kuduyiŋ sɔsɔŋ kpɛndɛla nɛ ɩnʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɔyɔkʊʊ nɛ paɖʊʊ kotaalɩ kɛ habɛɛ yɔɔ. Pakpakʊɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ polukina sɩʊkpelasi sɔsɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kaaŋ ɩnʊ pataaɖʊ kuduyiŋ yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛʊ ɖeu camɩyɛ. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Yozemiti lakʊ taa, Kalifɔɖɩnii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pee kaaʊ kʊnɛ panaɣ-kʊ nɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ. 
Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Yozemiti lakʊ taa, Kalifɔɖɩnii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pee kaaʊ kʊnɛ panaɣ-kʊ nɛ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊʊ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, sakaɣ nakayɩ wɛɛ nɛ pee kaaŋ ɩnɛ iɖeke petizina-kɛ. Sakaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tilimiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ kaaʊ kʊnɛ kiɖeke koŋ kɛ pasaɣ-kɛ. Ɖɩwɛ peeɖe pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ naatozo taa pʊcɔ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩtalɩ.
Sidinee tɛ kondoloko

Sidinee tɛ kondoloko kɛna kondoloko sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ sidine tɛtʊ taa, Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩkota konɖaŋŋŋ ɛzɩ tɔʊ yɔ. kɩwɛna Ositiraalii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩ-taa kɛ Sidinee pɔɔ taa lɩm kpeŋ nɛ pɩtʊʊzɩna se peeɖe lɩm mbʊ pɩ-nzʊlʊmɩƴɛ ɖɛʊna. Sidinee tɛ kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ kɛ sulukuŋ, lɔɔɖa, kpokponaa, cɛɛcɛɛnaa yaa naŋgbanzɩ tɩna tɩŋgʊna nɛ pɛtɛzʊ powoki kidiiliŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna hayʊ kiŋ yɔ. Kɩkɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa manzʊmalɩɩ waa nɔmɔʊ sɔsɔʊ. 

Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩwɛ kajʊka kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ositiraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ mbʊ pɩkɛna ɛzɩ kumoɖe yaa kawɩlaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakayɩ. Kpalahusi lʊyaa sɔsɔɔ mba paɖʊ kondoloko kʊnɛ yɔ, kɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ J.G. John Bradfield nɛ lalaa kɔyɔ: R. Freeman, G. Roberts nɛ G.C. Imbault. Papaaza tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1923 nɛ pinzɩ nakʊ taa pɛtɛka-kʊ. Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa wɛ mɛtanaa 134 nɛ ŋgʊ kaakɩlɩna kʊkɩyɩmɩŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩtaa  pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnzɩ 1967 taa. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ŋgʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ walnzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 48,8 yɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna wɛnaʊ kaɖaɖa ñɩɣtʊ kɛ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɖaalakɩŋ taa lɛ, kɩkɛ loɖo ŋgʊ kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa kondolikonaa mba pokotaa yɔ pa-taa.  

Kondoloko kʊnɛ kɩwɛna kɩ-taa ɖeyi ɖeyi kɛ haba loɖo wena a-yɔɔ pasaɣ lɔɔɖa yɔ. Paaɖʊ suluku kpayaɣ haba sɔsɔna naayɛ kɛ naalɛ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ, peyeba papisina haba nɛ lɔɔɖa ɖɔŋna a-yɔɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ lɛ, paɖʊ nɔmɔʊ nɛ naŋgbanzɩ tɩnaa ɖɔŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɛ peyeba pɛzɩ suluku kpayaɣ nɔmɔʊ. Suluku kpayaɣ haba ana alɛ kpɛnda naalɛ. Hɔɔlɔɔ kʊɖʊmʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ paɖʊ habɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɛ cɛɛcɛɛ tɩna saɣ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa haba ɖɔɔ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩkɩlɩna lɛɛkʊ walanzɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtana ɛzɩ 30,5 yɔ.
Mɛŋvɛyɩ kalʊʊ masɩ

Mɛŋvɛyɩ kalʊʊ masɩ kɛna ɖooo Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa masɩ nzɩ pamawaɣ ndʊ pasɩma Ɛsɔ yɔɔ nɛ  pa-agɔlɔma yɔɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛna masɩ nzɩ pakayaɣ-sɩ kɩkayʊ nabʊyʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Payaɣ masɩ nzɩ nɛ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se Iyeɖoglifi nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se tɔm kiɖeɖetu ndʊ pakayɩ-tʊ nɛ ñɩɣɖɛ yɔ. Mɛŋfɛyɩ kalʊʊ masɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa lɛ, nasɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, layaa nɛ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema ɖeke mawaɣna-sɩ nɛ mba ɖɔɖɔ peɖeke papɩzaɣna pakalʊʊ-sɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ Egipiti ɖeke pamaɣ masɩ nzɩ sɩfɛyɩ kalʊʊ kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Pamaɣwaɣ-sɩ ɖɔɖɔ Erɔpʊ nɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba mba paakpɛnda kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ ñŋga kʊɖʊmaɣ nakayɩ nɛ paawɛ Azii taa yɔ. Pɩɩkɛna pɩnzɩ 2 000 nɛ 1 100 sɩ-taa pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yesu. 

Pamawaɣ masɩ sɩnɛ  kɛ Luviti kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛtɩ ɛsɛ kuliye alɩwaatʊ taa ( pɩnzɩ -2 000 taa) pakayaɣ masɩ nzɩ awiya kpaamɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ palɩzʊɣ siʊkpelesi ɛlɛ mba pasɩma-sɩ kalʊʊ yɔ, pasɩma ndʊ pamaa yɔ. Amerika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ, pɩñɔtɩna ɖernɖe Mɛkɩsikio wɛ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ; nɛ payawaɣ masɩ nzɩ se Maya. Amerika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ (ɖenɖe payaɣ se Kanada yɔ) pamawaɣnasɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ sidu sidu ɖɔɖɔ yem mbʊ. Payawaɣ-sɩ se mikmakɩ. Masɩ mɛŋfɛyɩ kalʊʊ lɛɛsɩ yɔ: Ɔlɩmɛkɩ, Mɛkɩsiki taa yaa Obzibwe, Kebɛkɩ nɛ Ɔntariyo tɛtʊ taa.
Ziido

Ziido kɛna you ŋgʊ poyouna nesi yɔ. Ɛlɛ you ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkʊʊ lɛlʊ, pɩkɛna aleɣya pʊyʊ. Pɩkɛna tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊ mbʊ pɩsɩŋna ɛyʊ se ɛwɛɛ lɛkpɛ lɛkpɛ  yaa nanɩɩɩ nanɩɩɩ yɔ. Pɩkɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlʊ ɛƴʊ kɛ e-tomnaɣ camɩyɛ wɛtʊ yɔ, ɛ-ñʊʊtaa ɖɔnɛ kɩpanɖɛ yaa lɔŋ nɛ lɛɛtʊ wɛtʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ɖɔnɛ kɩpanɖɛ samaɣ taa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1882 taa kɛ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ, Jigorō Kanō lɩza ziido. Ɖooo Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe ɖama kpaʊ nɛ nresi aleɣya naayɛ kaawɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɛ se Kobudo ɛlɛ aleɣya ana ataawɛna paɣtʊ nɛ kpalɩtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ. Ziido tomnaɣ taa hayɩsʊ pʊnɛ, pɩsa tɔnʊʊ taa hayɩsʊ aleɣya wena paɖʊ-ɛ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ ɛzɩ sukuli taa pawɩlʊʊ yɔ. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ tɔnʊʊ taa hayɩsʊ nɛ hoɖe tʊma wena palakɩ-ɛ yɔ, ziido kʊnɛ papazɩ-kʊ labʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1964 taa. 

Ziido kʊnɛ kɩkɛna lubɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nesi nɛ naŋgbanzɩ pakɩlʊna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ. Jigorō Kanō wɩlʊ kaawɛna wɩlɩya ɛzɩ naatozo yɔ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-ɩ Japɔŋ taa ɖooo caanaʊ tɛ kobudo nɛ ɛkɔma ɛwɛɛna pɩnzɩ 21 lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-ziido lʊɖɛ nɛ ndɩ. Palʊla Jogoro Kano kɛ pɩnaɣ 1860 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1938 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ pɩnzɩ naalɛ fɛyɩ pɩnzɩ nɩɩnaza ( pɩnzɩ 78). Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 21 lɛ, Jugoro Kano lɩzɩ tɩlɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ nɛ lɛɣtʊ kɩfatʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ɛñɔɔzɩna jubudo aleɣya. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa aleɣya kɩfana anɛ se Ziido Kodokaŋ. Ziido Kodokaŋ kʊnɛ, ɛɛpaɣzɩ-kʊ wɩlʊ sukuli taa nɛ ɛlɩzɩ kɩ-lɔnzɩnɖɛ kpɛlɛkʊ tɔbʊʊ nɛ lɩmaɣza naalɛ yeke. Kacalaɣ lɛ, ʒɩma ɛyʊ ɛkpaɣ e-kegbeka nɛ pɩsɩna-ɩ yɔ nɛ nabʊlɛ, ɖama sɩnaʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu. 

Ɖooo papaɣzʊ ki-aleɣya yɔ, mba pawaba yɔ, pa-taa kɔyɔ: Japɔŋ taa lɛ, Shiro Saigo (1880), Sakujiro Yokoyama (1890), Yoshiaki Yamashita (1880), Kyuzo Mifuné (1900), Masahiko Kimura (1930-1940), Toshiro Daigo (1950), Koji Soné (1950-1960) nɛ Akio Kaminaga (1960).  Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba kɔyɔ: David Douillet (1990-2000) nɛ  Teddy Riner (2000-2020). Piyele Peyiba ɛjaɖɛ taa weyi ɛlɛ ñaakɛna waɖʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960 yɔ, ɛnʊʊ yɔ Anton Geesink. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa, mba powaba hayɩsʊ pʊnɛ piɖeɖe yɔ, patala ɛzɩ ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 15 yɔ.
Al-Harâm tigiɖe ciŋgili

Al-harâm ciŋgili kɛna ciŋgili sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Maka yɔ kɛ Arabi Sahuditi ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Papaazɩ ciŋgili kʊnɛ maʊpɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ VII taa. Al-Harâm kɛna Arabi kʊnʊŋ nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ Kabɩyɛ taa se Ciŋgili Kiɖeɖeu yaa ɖɔɖɔ Maka Ciŋgili sɔsɔʊ. Peeɖe kɛŋna ɖɔɖɔ kacalaɣ malɩŋ lone kiɖeɖe nɛ al-haram ciŋgili kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩna palɩka kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Ciŋgili ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ Kaaba wɛɛ. Kaaba kɛŋna malɩŋ kɩlaʊ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kiɖeɖeye. Pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ mlɩŋ lɔʊ pɩyɛ kɩkpɛdɩyɛ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se Kaaba ŋgʊ malɩŋ weyi ɩɖɔŋ nɔmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu se ɩla mbʊ payaɣ se Aajɩ yɔ, paacɔʊ-kʊ lɛ, paa anɩ ɛñɩnʊ se eɖukina-kʊ. Lone kiɖeɖeye nɖɩ kɛ keeteŋga kpeekpe malɩŋ nɛ malɩŋ weyi ɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ al-Haram ciŋgili ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩhaɣ nɛ ɛsɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ isɛʊ ɛsɔ lɛ. Paama ɖooo lɔŋ taa kɛ kɩlaʊ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ peeɖe nɛ pʊcɔ fayɩɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔsɛtʊ lɩʊ. Lone kiɖeɖeye nɖɩ payaɣ se Majid al-Harâm nɛ nɖɩ pɔñɔza camɩyɛ nɛ Kaaba.     

Ciŋgili kʊnɛ, potolu kɩ-hɩɖɛ kulubu. Ɛyʊ ɛkpaɣ malɩŋ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Kooɖaŋ yɔ, ekula ñʊŋ 17 kɔyɔ, ɖɩwɛ kacalaɣ cɛcɛyaɣ taa: « Pasa weyi ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna nɛ ɛ-lɩmɖʊyʊ ɖɔ nʊmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu kpaɣna ciŋgili kiɖeɖeu  [al-Majid al-Harâm ]  pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kɩlaʊ pɩyɛ kiɖeɖeye ɖɩwɛ ɖooo mɩŋmɩŋ taa yɔ  [al-Majid al-'Aqṣā]. Ciŋgili ŋgʊ ɖɩwaza-kʊ nɛ ɖɩcɔɔ-kʊ ɖɩta se pɩsa nɛ ɖɩwɩlɩ-ɩ ɖɛ-tɛ Hama Lakasɩ nasɩyɛ ! Tʊtʊʊyɛ taa Ɛsɔ kɛna weyi ɛnɩʊ nɛ ɛnaɣ pɩtɩŋa yɔ. » Malʊ naɣ tɔm tʊnɛ tɩ-taa se weyi payaɣ-ɩ se « Lɩm ɖʊyʊ yɔ », ɛnʊ lɛ Nayʊ Mahomet nɛ piyele « Ciŋgili kiɖeɖeu » kɛlɛ Kaaba maɣmaɣ yaa Maka cɩŋgili ŋgʊ kɩtɩŋa. Pɩkazɩ « Kɩlaʊ pɩyɛ kiɖeɖeye nɖi ɖɩwɛ ɖooo mɩŋmɩŋ taa yɔ, »  nɖɩ lɛ Yerusalɛm. 

Malɩŋ ɖɔkaa se Kaaba wɛʊ yɔ, ɛsɔtaa tiyiya mana-kʊ fayɩɩɩ pʊcɔ palɩzʊ ɛyʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ. Allah maɣmaɣ tiyina-wɛ se pama-kʊ nɛ pɩkɛna kawɩlaɣ se nabayɩ (Tiyiyaa), kaatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kpaŋ ŋgʊ Adam kaakpɛndɩna-kʊ nɛ ɛsɔtaa nɛ etii pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɛsɔ yeba tɛʊ nɩɩ nɛ pɩwadɩ keteŋga kpeekpe. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, Abrɩham heyina ɛ-pɩyalʊ Ismaël nɛ pama Kaaba ŋgʊ. Pɩkazɩ ɛzɩma kipiyaa yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩwɛna ɖoŋ se kɩhɩzɩ weyi eɖukuuna-kʊ yɔ, a-azuluma yaa kɩwɛɛkɩm.
Tɛtʊ putuuɖe hayʊ kiŋ

Tɛtʊ putuuɖe wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ nɩnza: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Hayʊ kiŋ ha siɣye nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛyʊ ɛtaza pɩ-taa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ ɛnaɣ se Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, hayʊ kiŋ nɩɩzɩna mbʊ pɩwɛna wɩsɩ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Latɛnɩ taa pakpaɣ tɛtʊ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ pamaɣzɩna tɩyɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ lʊbɛ. Tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ payaɣ kabɩyɛ taa se cɛlɛm mɔ-nɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛbɛzɩ mɩlʊ hɔŋgʊ nɔ nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩɣ-ɩ kʊɖɔɔnʊ yɔ. Kacalaɣ ñɩnzɩ lɛ, lɛɛka wɛ lɛɛka wayɩ. Kalɩmʊʊdʊ pee kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɩyɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ com yɔ nɛ aalɩʊ alɩwaatʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ yɔɔ kɛ paale. Ɛlɛ ana ɖɛʊna tɩyɩŋbalʊ nɔɔ paale. Ɛyʊ eleki yɔ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ŋga wɩlɩʊna-ɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖenɖe ɛwɛɛ yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩŋbalʊ wɛna hayʊ kiŋ. 

Tɛtʊ wɛɖʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tʊʊzʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa lɛ, hayʊ kiŋ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa. Kacalaɣ taa lɛ, hayʊ kiŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ ñɩɣtʊ yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ wɛɖʊʊ tɛ tʊʊzʊʊ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ ŋgʊ cɔʊna  tɛtʊ haɣ ɛsɛ nɛ wɩsɩ yaa cɩkpɛndʊ nɛ pɩkɛʊ wɩsɩ taa yaa ɖoo taa. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnɛ, ɩfɛyɩ ɖoli kʊɖʊm. Ñɩnɩya mba pɛwɛ tambaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Poli Arktiki yɔ (Poly-Arctique) yɔ pamaɣza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2007 lɛ, hayʊ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ ñɩɣtʊ yɔ, kɩ-kɔlɔmʊʊ wɛna 83,95° N piyele kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa ñɛwɛɛna 121,02° O. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kiposina tɛtʊ tʊʊzʊʊ wɛɖʊʊ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 673. Kɩ-cɔʊ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 55 yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ taa yaa mɛtanaa 150 kɛ efemiye taa yaa ɖɔɖɔ mɛtanaa loɖo kɛ ñɩɣyʊ kʊɖʊmʊ yɔɔ.
Tɛtʊ putuuɖe wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ

Tɛtʊ putuuɖe wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ nɩnza: wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ, hayʊ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ pama ɛsɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe yɔɔ lɛ, hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Payaɣ hɩoɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ se wɩsɩ ɖikpenɖe. Payawaɣ se wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊɖɩyɛ lɛ, pɩɩkɛ Amerika nɛ hayʊkiŋ nɛ Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛya pɩtamna Saapɔnɩ nɛ Ɔsitiɖali ñɩna naayɛ. Pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛŋtɛŋga taa you kaapaɣzaa nɛ ajɛya anɛ apaŋgaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩna yɔ.
Mɩsɩ

Mɩsɩ kɛna tɔɔnaɣ pee ŋga ŋga pahayʊ Afrika taa yɔ, pɩkɩlɩna Togo taa ageeta wena payaɣ-ɛ se Kaɖaɣ nɛ Savanɩ yɔ a-taa. Pahayʊʊ mɩsɩ yɔ, mʊtʊ, tɛɛʊ, tɛɛgɛɛ, tɛɛzɩsaʊ, ca:nk:uma yaa ŋgine kɛ palakɩna. Panaŋgʊ-sɩ nɛ sɩpɩsɩ mʊlʊm nɛ pasaana mʊtʊ yaa pahatʊ-sɩ lɛ, popuu tɛɛʊ yaa pefidi ŋgine yaa tɛɛgɛ. Mɩsɩ pʊʊ nɛ pakʊm-sɩ lɛ, pamaɣza-sɩ yɔ, panaɣ sɩ-taa kɛanaɣm tɔɔnasɩ nzi payaɣ se fitamini B yɔ, zɩnkɩ, mañeziyɔmɩ, fɔsɩfɔɖɩ, fɛɛɖɩ nɛ silisi. Pɩtɛkɛ piɖekɛ ɛlɛ anaɣm tɔɔnaɣ ŋga payaɣ kɛ se E yɔ. 

Mɩsɩ wɛ ndɩ nɛ amala. Amala lɛ pahayʊ-ɛ Afrika nɛ Azi ajɛya taa. Amala pesidu mila taa nɛ poɖu. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ amala ɛɛpʊɣ lɔŋ ɛzɩ mɩsɩ yɔ. Mɩla nɛ amala pʊɣ ɖama yɔɔ. Mɩsɩ tatalɩ amala kɛ paɣlʊ ɛlɛ sipiya nɛ sɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ sɩkɩlɩ amala. Mɩsɩ nɛ amala sɔɔla labʊ camɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɩ-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛɛ yɔ yaa wɩsɩ ñakɩ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pʊyɔɔ kɛ pahayʊ-sɩ Afrika nɛ Azii ajɛya taa.  Pahayʊ ɖɔɖɔ amala kɛ Ɛndɩ, Siini nɛ Afrika ajɛya taa. Ajɛya anɛ a-taa kɛ pakɩlʊ amala hayʊ keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, pahayʊ-ɛ ɛzɩ 94 yɔ. 

Amerika tɛtʊ taa lɛ, amala kɛna ñɩtʊ yem. Sumasi sɔɔlɩ amala nɛ mɩsɩ wɛɛkʊ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, mɩsɩ yaa amala ɛɛlakɩ nabʊyʊ tomnasi nzi sɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ. Mɩsɩ nɛ amala pee wɛɛ ɛzɩ mɔʊ yaa bile yɔ ɛlɛ mɔʊ pee ñahʊlʊmaa.
Kaɖazɩm

Kaɖazɩm kɛna tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm nabʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ nʊm yɔ. Pɩkɛna kaaʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ ajɔɔla ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kaɖɩbɔnɩ pesidina nɛ pɩpɩsɩ-kʊ. Siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, pɩkɛna idiɖokarbuɖɩ ajɔɔla wena awɛ kɔɖɩɩ yɔ, ana akpelina ɖoli kʊɖʊm ɖooo tɛtʊ nɛ tɩ-tɛɛ ñɩm pamaʊ alɩwaatʊ. Tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm mamacɩɣla tataɣ nɛ idiɖokarbuɖi kʊnɛ pɔ-yɔɔ lɩʊ nɛ pɛcɛsʊ kɔna ñɩm sɔsɔm sakɩƴɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pɩkɩlɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ tʊma labʊ taa. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kaɖazɩm ɖeke cɛlɩɣna sanzɩ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ hɔɔlʊʊ pilim yɔɔ ƴɔ. Kaɖazɩm taa kɛ  palɩzʊ sanzɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se fiyuli yɔ. Fiyuli kʊnɛ kɛ paɖʊ ñɩɣtʊ yʊŋ ñɩndʊ ndʊ pasɩɣʊ ɖɩsɩ nɛ tɩhaɣ feveku yɔ yaa ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ pasɩɣʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa yɔ. 

Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ yʊŋ hɛmmm yɔ, kaɖazɩm nim ñɩmbʊ pʊnɛ paɖʊ ɩ-taa nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se tiyezɛlɩ ñɩɣtʊ. Kaɖazɩm taa ɖɔɖɔ palɩzʊʊ kaazuwɛlɩ, keɖozɛnɩ, sanzɩ, awanaa, hʊɖʊbanaa, maɖɩɩ ketu, kootalɩ nɛ num ndɩ ndɩ mbʊ paɖʊ-pʊ ñɩɣtʊ taa nɛ putuu camɩyɛ fedele fedele yɔ. Kaɖazɩm wɛʊ tɛtɛɛ lɛ, pɩ-taa nɛ azuluma ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ kaɖɩbɔnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna tiyɔkɩsidi yɔ, idiɖozɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ sulfatɩ yɔ, lɩm maɣmaɣ nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ hɔɔlasɩ. Hɔɔlasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ, heelim ñɩtʊ pama sɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, sɩyɔlʊʊ. Azuluma ndɩ ndɩ wena awɛ kaɖazɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩwɛɛ se pohuyu-pʊ lɛ, pɩkɩla ɖeu se pacatɩ-pʊ camɩyɛ pʊcɔ paɖʊ-pʊ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, azuluma ana awɛɛkʊ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ.
Rɔɔm

Rɔɔm kɛna sʊlʊm mbʊ pɩlɩna Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Sikiɖi kɛ pañɩŋgʊ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩla patɩza sʊlʊm pɩunɛ. Sɔsɔɔna tʊma taa rɔɔm wɛɛ pɩtasɩna hayɩm taa ñɩŋgʊ. Hayɩm taa ŋgʊ lɛ, fɩnfɩnaa kɛ palakɩ-kʊ. Papɩzʊ peyele rɔɔm ŋgʊ kelekele kɩhʊlʊmɩ mbʊ yaa paɖʊ kɩ-taa sɔzɩŋ hatʊnatʊyʊ yaa pee nɛ pɩtasɩ wɛʊ ɖeu. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩwɛʊ muzulee. Rɔɔm kɛna sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ nabʊyʊ. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ cɩkpɛndʊ. Fransɩ mba tɔŋ se peeɖe ɖɩlɩna pɩnaɣ 1687. Ɛlɛ Aŋgilisi mba cɔlɔ ɖɩɩwɛɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1654. Ñɩnɩya tɔŋ paapɩla ɛzɩma yɔ hɩɖɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ pɛsɛtaa. 

Hɩɖɛ nɖɛ lɛ rɔmbuliyɔ yaa rɔmbusiyɔ nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se you. Sʊlʊm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ pʊnɛ, fɩnfɩnnaa kɛ palakɩna-pʊ. Panaŋgʊ-kʊ mununu nɛ pacatɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ piyele pañɩŋ-kʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ feveku yaa sɔŋgaɣ ŋga kalɩʊ yɔ, ŋga pɛcɛyʊ. Fɩnfɩnaa pʊʊ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ-wɛ lɛ, pakpakʊ-wɛ nɛ lɔɔɖa sɔsɔna powona tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Patalʊ lɛ pañalɩ-wɛ, pakayɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɛsɛtɩ nɛ paɖʊ fɩnfɩnaa moti taa. Pɩsa nɛ pɩnaŋɩ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔyɩɣ lɩm ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Lɩm mbʊ pɩlɩʊ mbʊ yɔ, paɖʊ-pʊ toonoonaa taa pɩla ɛzɩ efemiye yɔ ɛlɛ paɖʊ pɩ-taa lɩm kɩñɩŋgɩm nabʊyʊ pʊwayɩ lɛ, posuu kpalabanaa taa. 

Paasuna nesi ɛlɛ pɩwɛʊ moti nakʊyʊ taa nɛ pitiki kpalabanaa taa ɖɛfɛɛɛ. Fɩnfɩnaa sɛndʊ ndʊ tɩkazʊ yɔ, paɖʊ-tʊ momoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ feveku yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Fɩnfɩŋ lɩna Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ VIII taa nɛ Arabu waa hayaɣna-kʊ pɩkɔɔ Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba wona-kʊ Amerika tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1493. Pɩɩkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Christophe Colomb pɩsaɣ peeɖe nabʊlɛ taa yɔ. Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɛkpɛlɛkʊ rɔɔm saʊ yɔ, ɛsɔsɛtʊ tʊ weyi payaɣ se layʊ Labat yɔ, ɛnʊ wɩlana-wɛ. Layʊ ɛnɛ ɛɛcaɣ Antiyi ɛjaɖɛ taa, Amerika tɛtʊ taa. Pɩɩkɛna pɩnzɩ 1722 taa. Papɩzʊ pɔñɔɔ rɔɔm yem yaa palabɩna tɔɔnasɩ nasɩyɛ se sɩhʊʊ camɩyɛ.