open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kiyɛɛvɩ

Kiyɛɛvi kɛna Ukurɛnɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 83 900 yaa 839 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 2 868 703 nɛ yee pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ɛyaa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa 3 419 wɛʊna kilomɛta agba taa (ɛyaa 3 419 /km2). Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛpɔɔ ŋga payaɣkɛ se Tiniipro yɔ kɔcɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. 

Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɔsɩloo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Atɛnɩ (Krɛsɩ), Pratisilava (Silovaki), Prukisɛɛlɩ (Pɛɛlɩzik), Pudapɛstɩ (Hɔŋgrii), Sikaagoo (Etaazunii), Farsoovii nɛ Krakpovii (Polɔɔñɩ), Edimburi (Ekɔsɩ), Hɛlɩsinki (Fɛɛlandɩ), Kiyoto (Sapɔŋ), Leipzigi nɛ Muunisi (Caama), Mɔsɩkʊʊ (Ruusii), Minski (Piyoloruusii), Odansɩ (Tanɩmarkɩ), Paarii nɛ Tuluusi (Fransɩɩ), Pretoriya (Afrika hadɛ kiŋ), Riigaa (Letoni) Room nɛ Floransɩ (Italii), Sofiya (Pulgaarii), Stɔkhɔlm (Suyɛɖɩ), Taliŋ (Ɛsitoonii), Toronto (Kanadaa), Fɩyɛɛnɩ (Otriisi), Filniyusi (Lituyanii) Erevaŋ (Armenii), Almatii (Kazakistaŋ).
Fʊlʊyɔrɩ

Fʊlʊyɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 9 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ F. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tʊ kɛ kɩlɔrɩ waa pɩlʊʊ taa. Tomnaɣ yem mʊna fʊlʊyɔrɩ waa naalɛ nɛ anasaayɩ yaa se dɩfʊlʊyɔrɩ (ɛ-taa nɛ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ waa F2), nɛ payaɣ-ɩ paa ɛzɩmta se fʊlʊyɔrɩ. 

Paayɔɔdaa se Heirich Schwanhard lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ fʊlʊyɔrɩ lɩm nɛ ɛtaɣ añɩɣlɩŋ yɔɔ. Pataka nɛ pana payɩ ɛzɩma palakɩ fʊlʊyɔrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm lɛ, posusi-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1725. Ɛlɛ George Weygand susina-tʊ, Matthäus Paul cɔlɔ ɛmʊ-tʊ, ɛlɛ ñamʊ-tʊ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɔɔyʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊkɔma, pɩnaɣ 1768 alɩwaatʊ lɛ, Andreas Plarggrad ñɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛlakɩ yɔ. 

Andreas Marggrad tɔm kisuzu tʊ kpa ɛ-ñʊʊ taa mbʊ lɛ, Carl Scheele paɣzɩ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1771 alɩwaatʊ taa ñɩnʊʊ fʊlʊyɔrɩ tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lʊlʊʊ wɛtʊ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tazɩtʊ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛnɛ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm naa pakatɩɣ dama lɛ mbʊ pɩlakɩ yɔ. Peeɖe ɛnaa se fʊlʊyɔrɩ kpaɣ añɩɣnʊʊ pɩtɩŋna ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ poyozuu fʊlʊyɔrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfɩrɩkɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm nɛ pasazɩ mɩŋ kpaŋ yɔ. Palɩzɩ caajaasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ nɛ lɩm kɔyɔ pɩwɩlɩ se akalʊʊ pɩtɩŋna pɛkpɛndʊʊ amoniyaki  yɔɔ. Ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩ-nɛ lɩm pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɖama lɛ, pɩma paɣyɛ kʊlʊmɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ panaɣ se pɩkɛ pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ.

Fʊlɩyɔrɩ, yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋgaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa wɛtʊ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ fʊlʊyɔrɩ pɩsɩɣ tomnaɣ pɩsɩɣ dɩfʊlʊyɔrɩ F2, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ naa naalɛ, pɩwɛ fadʊdʊ, pɩ-taa wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ ɛwɛna pʊʊ tɛ ɖoŋ piŋ. Pʊcɔ ɛpɩzɩ eyoli lɛ, pɩpɔzʊʊ se pɩtalɩ -219°C nɛ wasɩɣ ɖeɖe kɔyɔ -188°C. Yee fʊlʊyɔrɩ etukina tomnaɣ ɖaa kɔyɔ pɩñakɩ, pʊtɔɔ pɩla heŋ tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ mɔɔ.
Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ

Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ (rayonnement) kɛ ɖoŋ weyi ɛlɛɣnɩ ñalamɩyɛ taa yɔ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nazɩyʋ hɔmtʋ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ wɛɛ. Wilitu nɩʋ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. 

Kɔtɩɩ tomnasɩ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ tʋnɛ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋvɛyɛ pe (neutrons), pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyaa (protons), pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ pe. Kɔtɩɩ tomnasɩ tɛ cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ « alpha » hɔɔlaɣ piye (particules alpha). Pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ mʋntʋsaɣ yaa mʋntʋsʋʋ piye (photons). Pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋvɛyɩyasɩ (neutinos). Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pila pila wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtʋ pila pila pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ. 

Pʋcɔnɛ nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ hɔɔlaɣ piye nɛ pila pila tɛ pɛ-wɛtʋ camɩyɛ lɛ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pakpaɣ pa-taa weyi lɛ nɖeke. Pʋbʋ papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ se cɛkasɩ lɩzɩtɩ kɛ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mʋntʋsʋʋ pe naayɛ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔ ɖɔɖɔ se hɔɔlaɣ piye nɛ pila pila tɛ pɛkɛ mbʋ pʋhɔŋ nazɩyʋ hɔmɩyɛ yɔ.
Newton ciiduu paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ

Lɔŋsɩnɖʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ payaɣ se Isaac Newton. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-kɛ *Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica*. Pɩnaɣ 1687 taa ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga.

Ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋa yaa tomnasɩ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ticiidiɣ yɔ. Sɔsɔ Newton caɣ nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ pɩŋŋ lɛ, ɛkaɖɩ kpayɩ se tomnasɩ tɩŋɩɣna paɣtʋ natʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ tɩpɩzɩɣ ticiidiɣ yaa tɩɖɔŋ. Newton tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ payaɣ sɔnɔ se *Newton tɛ mekaniki*. 

Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ weyi ɛmʋnaa nɛ pʋwɛɛ se paa weyi ɛña ɛ-paɣtʋ yɔ. Ciiduu paɣtʋ ńdʋ sɔsɔ Newton ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ tomnasɩ yaa wondu tɩŋɩɣna nɛ tɩɖɔŋ yaa ticiidiɣ yɔ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, ɛtasɩ ñɩnɩʋ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ wondu tɩŋɩɣna nɛ tɩtɔlʋʋ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛtɩlɩ mbʋ piyeki nɛ yee pɔlɔ wonuu nakʋyʋ nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ peyele-kʋ yɔ kɩtɔlʋʋ yɔ.
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ ɛyɔlɩyɛ

Ɛyɔlɩyɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu (chimie organique) kɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ kɩ-taa wondu pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu. Ɛlɛ, karɩbɔɔnɩ wondu natʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ tɩtɛkɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu. 

Karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛna ɖoŋ se pɔhɔkɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama. Kɩtamsɩŋ lakɩna nɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa pɩzɩɣ pɔhɔkʋʋna ɖama yaa patamsɩɣna ɖama. 

Nazɩyaa wɛ ɛyɔlɩyɛ waa taa sakɩyɛ. Karɩbɔɔnɩ waa tamsɩnɩ ɖama nɛ payaɣ-wɛ se ɛyɔlɩyɛ waa tɛ nazɩyaa. Yee kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu natʋyʋ esidi karɩbɔɔnɩ wondu taa kɔyɔ, nazɩyaa ndɩ ndɩ wɛɣ tɩ-taa patalɩ miiliyɔɔ waa sakɩyɛ. 

Nazɩyʋ kʋɖʋm tɛ yuŋ yaa hɩlɩmɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ 100 000. Halɩ nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ nazɩyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ 1 000 000. Yee karɩbɔɔnɩ tɛ nazɩyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛtalɩ 1 000 000 kɔyɔ, pʋbʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pɩkɛ nazɩyʋ sɔsɔ.
Hɩlɩmɩyɛ

Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩ-hɩlɩmɩyɛ. Hɩlɩma wɛ ndɩ ndɩ : pʋyʋ kpaakpaa kɔñɩɩɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « masse atomique ». 

Wɩsɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Pʋbʋ kɛ tomnaɣ ɖɔnɛ tɛ tɩɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ nakʋyʋ. Haɣnaɣ hɩlɩmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋbʋ kɛ tomnaɣ hɩlɩmɩyɛ. Kɔtɩɩ waa tɛ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ hɩlɩmɩyɛ tɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « spectrométrie » yɔ. 

Laatriki miŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nazɩyʋ pee kpɛlɛklʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ nazɩyʋ lɛɣtʋ tɩlɩtʋ pɔ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, hɩlɩmɩyɛ kɛ pʋyʋ keem.

Hɩlɩmɩyɛ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ hama nɛ pɔhɔkʋʋna pɛ. Malɩfa hɩlɩmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Payaɣ mbʋ se « masse » yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa saawɩlɩ ndɩ ndɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ payaɣ kaka ɖɔɖɔ se « The masses ». 

Takayaɣ ŋ́ga kalɩ pɩnaɣ 1911 taa nɛ kasɩɩ tɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 1917 ñɩŋa taa. Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa payaɣ piliŋa nakɛyɛ se « Mass-Observation ». 

Takayɩsɩ maʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, piliŋa ŋ́ga kɔcɔŋnana nɛ katɩlɩɣ samaɣ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa piliŋa ŋga kɔñɔwa. Pɩnaɣ 1937 taa kɔñɔwa.
Zeenɛɛvɩ

Zeenɛɛvɩ kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lemanɩ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ c ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ.Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ nɛ ndʊ lɛ natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Zuuriisi yɔ tɩ-waytɩ lɛ, ndʊ tɩŋgʊʊna.  Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ-tʊ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ lɛ:Karuuzi, kolɔñii, Lansii, Preñii, Femiyenɛ Feyiriye. 

Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa kigalʊʊ ŋgʊ paakalaa yɔ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 202 132 yɔ, ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena payaɣ-yɛ se Foodi nɛ Ɛŋ yɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa wɛʊ ɛzɩ kpaɣ 605 000 nɛ 946 000 yɔ pɛhɛkʊ taa. Pʊkɔma lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 2017 taa patasa ɛyaa kalɩʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ maalika taa ɖeke lɛ,ɛyaa mba panaa yɔ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 201 813.

Zeenɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 1 593 yaa  15,93 km2.

Zeenɛɛvɩ nɛ Niuyɔrɩkɩ pɛkŋna keteŋga kpeekpe yɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla wɛʊ ɖeu yaa kɛtɛɖaɣ yɔ nɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ taa kpem kɛ pakɩla kediiasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ kpeyʊ pɛwɛɛ yɔ. Payaɣ Zeenɛɛvɩ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Guillaume Barazzone.
Florɛnsɩ

Florɛnsɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ Italii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʊ taa maliika nakayɩ. Yee pɛkɛdɩɣ maalika kanɛ nɛ maalisi lɛɛsɩ yɔ, ŋga kɛŋna litoozo ŋga kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Kamiŋ fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ maalika kɛnɛ ka-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa 380 226. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛyaa ɛyaa ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 10 200 yɔ yaa 102 km2. Payaɣ Florɛnsɩ tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Dario Nardella nɛ ɛcɔŋna kɔ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ. Palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ pʊkɔŋ pɩnaɣ 2019 lɛ, palɩzɩʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ maalika ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.

Maalika kɛnɛ kɛwɛna yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɛwɛna ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛnʊ tɩmʊʊna Ɛsɔ kɔ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛyʊ kiɖeɖeu ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Yowaanɛɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʊ kiɖeɖeu.
Kopɛnhaagɩ

Kopɛnhaagɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ -ɖɩ se Tanɩmarkɩ yɔ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ maalika kɛnɛ ka-taa ɖeke lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 569 557 yɔ. 

Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ  tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pana-wɛ ɛzɩ 1 295 686 yɔ ɛlɛ patamna koogasi nzɩsɩcɔ maalika kɛnɛ nɛ kata kɔyɔ, panaɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 950 430 yɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se ewolo ɖenɖe payaɣ se malmoo yɔ yɔ, ɛtɩŋgʊʊna kondoloko ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔrɛsundi yɔ. Kopɛnhaagɩ tɔbʊʊ se tada laɖaa kondoloko.

Taanɩmarkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 8 825 yaa 88,25 km2  ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageɣtaa wena acɔ maalika kʊnɛ nɛ kɩtaa yɔ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa  303 000 yaa 3 030 km2. Payaɣ peeɖe maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Frank Jensen.
Peehiruti

Peehiruti kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 363 033 yɔ, ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa wɛʊ ɛzɩ 2000000 yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walaanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 2 000 yaa 20 km2.  

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Azii, Afrika nɛ Eerɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ tʊma ɖɔŋ camaɩyɛ. Malɩŋ ajɛyaa taa, ɛzɩ Kɛɛrɩ yɔ, a-taa lɛ, peeyirutɩ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋb camɩyɛ kpem yɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ 2009 taa kɛ keteŋga kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsɛkuliye nɛ sukuli pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩkpaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ tɩyaa-tʊ se Takayaɣ tɛtʊ.
Armenii

Armenii kɛna hɔɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Kokaazɩ Cikpeluu nɛ kɩwɛ EEraazii yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Turkii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna;  hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Zɔɔrzii; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Azɛrbayɩjanɩ piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ lɛ, Iiraŋ ɛjɛɖɛ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Azii keteŋga taa ɛlɛ yee pɔcɔna ɖɩ-tɛ poliotiki tɔm, ɖɩ-ɛsa kuliye tɔm, ɖɩ-caanaʊ tɔm payɩ k;poyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋga taa. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ papɩzɩʊ pɔtɔ se peeɖe kɛ krɩstʊ tɔm ñɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe aŋgba nɛ taabalɩyɛ kagaŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Aŋgba ana yaa kɩgaŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: ONU, Erɔpʊ tɛ Lɔŋpaasɩyɛ ŋgbɛɛ, Ajɛya wena awɛ a-tɩyɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ taabalɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 29 743 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 4,7 km2. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 2016 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 2 998 600. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Erevaŋ nɛ liidiya nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ seTram. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩʊj sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Erevŋ nɛ Armenii. 

Salaŋ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2008 yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Serge Sargian nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ (pɩnaɣ 2016)  payaɣ se Karen Karapetian. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa 131.
Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ

Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ kɛna Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ ɖi-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ekɔsɩ yɔ ɖɩwɛnɑ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Macɛsɩ yɔ ɖɩwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, teŋgunaa sakɩyɛ cɔ-ɖɩ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩta nɛ teŋgunaa mba pa-taa kɔyɔ: tɛngʊ hayʊ kiŋ ñɩŋgʊ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Iiritalandɩ teŋgu; hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Sɛltiki yɔ kɩwɛna piyele pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Mansɩ yɔ kɛwɛna nɛ ŋga kɛtɛyʊna Ɩŋilitɛɛrɩ nɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩɖɛ ɛzɩ mɩnɩʊ yɔ. 

Lɔndrɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ajɛyaa taa lɛ, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 paakala-wɛ lɛ, patala ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 53 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ 131 760 km2. Ɛzɩ ajɛyaa lɛɛna taa ɛyaa huyuu kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ñɩnɖɛ taa pɩvɛyɩ mbʊ. Peeyeba kewiyaɣ ŋga yaa komina taa ɛyaa lɩzɩʊ kɛ ɖooo  pɩnaɣ 1707. 

Weyi ɛcɔŋna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se David Cameron. Pɩwɛ  mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛ nabɛyɩ wɛɛ nɛ pasɩŋna-ɩ tʊma labʊ nɛ paq-taa kɔyɔ Gordon Brown. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa tɔsʊʊ kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, nɛ yee pakpaɣ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm hiku yaa ɛtɔkɩ efemiye taa kɔyɔ, pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ 22 907 livres sterling yɔ. Yee pakpaɣ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ yɔ, tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ  kɩla Erɔpʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2009 ɖɔɖɔ taa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩɩkɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩm keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ pɛsɛʊ yɔ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ: krɩstʊ mba ŋgbɛyɛ, malɩŋ ŋgbɛyɛ, Ɛnduyismi, Sikiyismi, Sudayismi, Pudiyismi nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔdɔ.
Nɛyɔɔ

Nɛyɔɔ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 10 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Ne. Ɛkɛ fefeku kɩbaŋʊ, yaa kɛdɛɖaɣ fefeku nɛ kiiciɣdu, kɩfɛyɩna ɖɔɖɔ tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ, paɖʊ-ɩ kɔŋkɔŋ naa taa yaanɛyɔɔ kandʊ naa mba pa-taa fɛyɩ pʊyʊ kɔyɔ, ɛlakɩ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ.

Ɛsɔkaɣ taa lɛ, ɛdɔɖɔɔ, nɛ e-kpeekpe ɛ-tɛ ppm kɛlɛ 18. Nɛyɔɔ wɛnɩ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ agbele naa naatozo, 20Ne, 21Ne, 23Ne, nɛ ɛwɛna hilimiye ñʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩlɛzʊʊ yɔɔ 20,1797 (6). Ɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ tʊʊʊ ɖoŋ wɛnayʊ agbelenaa 16 kpaɣ 16Ne ŋtalɩ 34Ne, ɛlɛ pa nɛ yɔ pɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ eeleɖiɣ.

Nɛyɔɔ kɛ fefeku kɩtɛɖɩɣ naalɛ ŋgʊ, kɩwɛnɩ hɛlɩyɔm lɩm ñɩŋʊ niidiɣ ɖoŋ tam 40 nɛ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ lɩm ñɩŋʊ niidiɣ ɖoŋ tam nabutozo (pɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ wɛ kɩmaŋ). Tʊma sakɩyɛ labʊ taa, ɛkɛ niidiyu weyi ɛfɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ hɛlɩyɔm yɔ.

Kɩpaɣlʊ William Ramsay nɛ Morris Travers ñɩnɩna nɛ patɩlɩ nɛyɔɔ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, heɣlim pɩsʊʊ taa, pɩnaɣ 1898. Pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa lɛ, hɔɔlʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋʊ taa, mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ fefekiŋ kiiciɣdiŋ tɛ, ɛ-taa wɛ nasɩyʊ fɛyɩ waa hiu, nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ waa hiu nɛ kɔtɩɩ waa hiu ɖɔɖɔ. Nɛyɔɔ wɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ kpɩndʊʊ maɣna 0,0018%. 

Lemuu sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ weyi nɛyɔɔ lɩzɩɣ kɩ-tɩ taa yɔ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ayɛɛnɛ yaa amʊʊza tɔm ɖisusiye. Nɛyɔɔ, mbʊ peyeba paya pɩ-tɛ miŋ ɛnʊ paa palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ fefekiŋ lɛɛŋ kɔyɔɔ kʊnɛ ɛnʊ kɩwaba. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ nɔɔdaa palakaɣ kɔzɔ kɔzɩ ɖɩɣa taa miŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa, tovonum lɛ, pɩkɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ wondu (pɩlɩna pa-hɩla wena kewiyaɣ sɩma-yɛ yɔ a-yɔɔ.
Sɔdɩyɔm

Sɔdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 11 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Na (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, natrɩyɔm). Sɔdɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɔfɩɩ pɩyʊ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ ñɩlɩsɩɣ liidiye tɩyɛ, nɛ ɛpazɩɣ ɛñaŋ, nɛ ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖʊʊyʊ pʊtʊnaa taa. Paakatɩɣ sɔdɩyɔm yem ŋnɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɛpazɩ ɛtɔyɩ kpem ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊnaa yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɔm mbʊ palakɩ-pʊ nɛ ɖoozi yɔ. 

Paasɩma sɔdɩyɔm ɖooo pitihiɣ pɩnzɩ taa kɛ wondu taa ɛlɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1807, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kɩpaɣlʊ Humphry Davy laba nazɩyʊ yɛkɩlɩnaʊ pʊʊzɩyʊ yɔ. Hɛkʊ wɛɛ taa, palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ sɔdɩyɔm pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ sodanum ɛlɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛlɛ nɛ pawazɩɣna ñʊʊ holuu kʊdɔŋ. Sɔdɩyɔm yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Na lɩna latɛŋ taa sɔdɩyɔm pʊtʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ ɛlɛ payaɣ se natrium, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa νίτρον (nitron). Paa Caama, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Tanemariki taa ŋtalɩ Neyerilandi ɛjɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ sɔdɩyɔm se natrɩyɔm.

Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖʊyʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ yɔ, sɔdɩyɔm wɛ leleŋ, kʊ-hʊlɩmɩ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, pɩla sɛʊ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛñaŋ lɔŋ yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ yee ɛwɛ niikaɣ helim taa nɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛnɛ lɩm kɔyɔ pɩwasɩɣ ɖoŋ. Ɛlɩzɩɣ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ naa sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛnazɩɣ, mbʊ tɩna nɛ pʊwɛ se pasɩ-ɩ karɩsɩm taa kɛnɛ yaa ɛsɔkaɣ ŋga ka-taa fɛyɩ azɔtɩ yaa arɩgɔ yɔɔ. Sɔdɩyɔm fɛyɩ yuŋ, ɛcakɩ lɩm yɔɔ nɛ ɛfakɩ-pʊ nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ dɩhɩdrɔzɛnɩ naa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ kaŋwa naa. 

Sɔdɩyɔm ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɩtɛrɩ waa ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tomnaɣ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛla yɔɔ, palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ kɔɔ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, ajana wondu ɖɩlaɖɛ, haɖaʊ tɛ sʊyaa kʊʊ kɔyɛ tɛ. Ɖooo piti hiɣ lɛ, palakaɣna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ, pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɛnɛ pʊlɔŋ ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ lɔɔɖaa taa sanzɩ taa pɔsɔzaɣ-ɩ se palaʊbɩna ɛzɩma pɩtaa nazɩyʊ yɔ yaa pɩtaa tɔʊ yɔ. Palakaɣ sɔedɩyɔm nɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊʊzɩyʊ fefeku kɛ sɔdɩyɔm fefeku kandʊ naa taa.
Mañɩzɩyɔm

Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 12 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Mg. Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nakʊ tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Ɛlɩna tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛndʊʊ hɛlɩyɔm taa pee naatozo nɛ karɩbɔnɩ piye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ. 

Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩ-tɛ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩmɩzɩɣ gbiyii lɛ, mañɩzɩyɔm hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ lɛɛkʊ tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa ɖenɖe ɛɖanɩɣ tasʊʊ cɔzʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ laɣsɩ kɩfam taa. Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ lutozo weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa yɔ nɛ pʊtʊ naanaza tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ yɔ (ñɩɣyʊʊ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ sɩlɩsɩyɔm pa-wayi), ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔlʊʊ taa kɛ pɔɔ taa lɩm taa yɔ, sɔdɩyɔm nɛ kɩlɔrɩ pa-wayi.  
	
Ñɩɣyʊʊ keeke mʊʊ miŋ camɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ yɔɔ (yee ŋɖʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩñɩlɩsʊʊ nakʊyʊ, kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, yʊlʊnzɩyʊ). Kpɛdɛ tʊmɩyɛ taa palakɩna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɛzɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ kpɛdʊʊ taa alɩmɩnɩyɔm nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm (nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, paya se mañalɩyɔm). Mañɩzɩyɔm takpɩndɩ ɛzɩ alɩmɩnɩyɔm yɔ nɛ pasa kpɛndʊʊ camɩyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛlɛ pɩcaɣ tɛyɩŋ ɖeu.  

Mañɩzɩyɔm kɛ hiu nɛ kʊyʊm pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ hilimye ñʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa yɔ. Ɛkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa holaa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩdɩŋ 300 cɔlɔ. Mañɩzɩyɔm nasɩyʊ sɩlɩyaa ciɣduu ɖama taa pa-nɛ fɔsɩfatɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ ATP, ADN nɛ ARN. Palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ piŋ nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɔ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖenɖe pɛhɛzɩɣna holaa ɖenɖe añaŋ ɛzɩma pʊtɔpɔzɩ yɔ.

Mañɩzɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa pɩtɩŋna Thessalie egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣa se Magnesia yɔ. Egetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kaawɛ mañɩzɩyɔm sakɩyɛ, nɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Joseph Black tɩlɩna mañɩzɩyɔm se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ pɩnaɣ 1755, nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ Humphry Davy ñalɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm hɔɔlʊʊ keeke pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnaʊ pɩnaɣ 1808 pɩlɩna mañezi MgO nɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ HgO kpɛndʊʊ yɔ.
Hoye

Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna hoye (base), pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ nabʋyʋ yɔɔ. Mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩcaɣ yɔ payaɣ se hoye. Mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwɛna tɔbʋʋ lɩzʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ. 

Siŋŋ maɣzɩtʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa tʋmɩyɛ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ kɩlɛmʋʋ kɩwalʋʋ tɛ pɩ-tɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ pʋwɛna tomnaɣ yɔ pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ pɩ-tɛɛ ñɩŋʋ. 

Akɔntɔ labʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pʋwazʋʋ kʋɖʋm kʋɖʋm matʋ nʋmɔʋ taa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Maɣzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, mbʋ wazɩɣna nɛ palakɩ kɛgɛdaɣ ñʋʋ tʋma. 

Piyele tomnasɩ lɩmaɣza hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se hoye yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɔŋ lɛɛzʋʋ kalɩtʋ pʋyʋ kɩwazʋ siŋŋ.
Liidiye koozaɣ

Liidiye sɔsɔyɛ koozaɣ ɖɩsɩyɛ payaɣ se « Pankɩ ». Ɖooo lɛ, Togo ɛjaɖɛ kɛwɛna liidiye koozasɩ lʋbɛ ɖeke. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa yee pakalɩɣ liidiye koozasɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Togo taa kɔyɔ, sɩtalɩ hiu nɛ naadozo mbʋ yɔ halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. 

Liidiye koozasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Togo taa yɔ, sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ hɩla yɔ :  
* Société Générale 
* BCEAO 
* Coris Bank 
* Bank of Africa 
* Ecobank 
* Orabank 
* Diamond Bank 
* UTB 
* UEMOA 
* Bank Atlantique 
* BIA-Togo 
* BPEC 
* BSIC-Togo 
* BTCI 
Liidiye koozasɩ cikpesi lɛɛsɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Togo taa. 

Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna naayɛ tʋlɩ ɖɔɖɔ liidiye koozasɩ nasɩyɛ Togo taa. Liidiye koozasɩ ńzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : Coris Bank International nɛ Société Générale. Loma tɛtʋ taa liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩpaɣzɩ sɩ-tʋma.

Liidiye koozasɩ naalɛ sɩnɛ, sɩ-taa lɛɛka tʋlɩ ka-tʋma ɖɔɖɔ Purkina Fasoo nɛ Kootidiivʋwarɩ nɛ Maalii pa-ajɛya taa. 

Yee ɛyʋ ɛtʋlɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « compte » yɔ liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ taa kɔyɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ewokina e-liidiye nɛ ɛsɩɣ liidiye koozasɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ.  

Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla nabʋyʋ keem, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se ɛla tadɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ yaa ɛla ɖiziye yaa ɛtʋlɩ faarɩ nakʋyʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ewolo liidiye koozaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛtʋlɩ « compte » mbʋ yɔ nɛ pakɩndɩ-ɩ liidiye nɖɩ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ nɛ pɩsɩna-ɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla e-liu ñɩm. 

Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se *Industrial & Commercial Bank of China* yɔ kakɩlɩ paɣlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ka-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ pe-liidiya sɩʋ. Liidiye koozaɣ ŋ́ga ka-wayɩ lɛ, Britanique ɛjaɖɛ taa liidiye koozaɣ ŋga payaɣ se HSBC yɔ, katɩŋɩɣna.
Kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu kɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ kɩkpɛndʋʋ. Nazɩyaa (protons) cabɩ wɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩ nazɩyaa ḿba pa-ñʋʋ.  

Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa nazɩyaa ñʋʋ kɛ mayaɣ « Z ». Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pâma mayaɣ « Z » kɔyɔ, pʋwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ nazɩyaa ñʋʋ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ mayaɣ.

Patɩlɩɣ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa tɛ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu tɛ wɛtʋ pɩlɩɩna ɛzɩma pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ ɛnʋ ɛ-tɛ nazɩyʋ piye wɛɛ yɔ pʋ-cɔlɔ. Nazɩyʋ piye wɛtʋ ñalɩɣna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa piye tɛ sɩɣlɩyaa ñʋʋ cɔlɔ. 

Mbʋ yebina nɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa tɩŋa mba pɛwɛna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ tɛ mayaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ yɔ, patɩŋa pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ wonduu wɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ. Pɩtɛɛ lɛ, kpɛlɩ wonuu tɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa taa pe pɩzɩɣ pɛfɛyɩna patɩŋa nazɩyʋfɛyɩ waa ñʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ. 

Pe naayɩ taa nazɩyʋfɛyɩ waa pɩzɩɣ pɔɖɔɔ pakɩlɩ pe lɛɛna taa ñɩma. Kpɛlɩ wonduu taa natʋyʋ hɩla yɔ : Idrozɛɛnɩ nɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ nɛ azɔɔtɩ nɛ ɔkɩzizɛɛnɩ nɛ fɛɛrɩ nɛ kuwifrɩ nɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm nɛ sika. 

Ɛyaa nɩna ɖama se yee pama mayaɣ « H » kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ Hidrɔzɛnɩ nɛ pâma mayaɣ « C » lɛ, pɩkɛ karɩbɔɔnɩ. Mayaɣ « N » ñawɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Azɔɔtɩ nɛ mayaɣ « O » ñawɩlɩ se pɩkɛ ɔkɩzizɛɛnɩ. « Fe » wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ fɛɛrɩ nɛ « Cu » wɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kwivrɩ. « Ag » wɩlɩ se pɩkɛ liidiye ñɩlɩm nɛ piyele « Au » ñawɩlɩ se pɩkɛ sika. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kpɛlɩ wonduu ñʋʋ kɛ 118.
Lɩŋgamʋʋ (Océan)

Lɩŋgamʋʋ kɛ lɩm wandamm kadaɣ nakɛyɛ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ, lɩm wandamm waa kadasɩ kpɛndɩ naadozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : lɩŋgamʋʋ nɛ teŋgu nɛ kujomuu. Sɩ-naadozo sɩ-taa lɛ, lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm kadaɣ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ taa lɩm wɛ salala.

Kedeŋa yɔɔ lɩŋgamɩŋ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Yee pɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo kɔyɔ, pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ mpilim. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 166 241 km2. Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wɛ tɛtʋ wandamm waa naadozo hɛkʋ taa. Tɩwɛ Azii nɛ Amerika nɛ Oseyanii pɛ-tɛtʋ wandamm waa hɛkʋ taa. 

Pasifiki lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 300. Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɩm cukaŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 11 100 yɔɔ mbʋ yɔ. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. 

Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ walanzɩ kɛ 106 000 000 km2. Kɩ-taa lɩm hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 4 200. Piyele kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɩm kɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ nakʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 9187.

Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʋʋ wayɩ lɛ, Ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩna walanzɩ nɛ cukaŋ pa-nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛya ɛndiyɛɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ lɩm taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɖɔmpe sɔsɔna wɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa.

Ɛndiyɛɛ lɩŋgamʋʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 3 960. Ɛlɛ, kɩ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 7 000. Lɩŋgamʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Ɔsɩtralii lɩŋgamʋʋ tɩŋɩɣna. Arikitiki lɩŋgamʋʋ pɩtɔyɩna lɩŋgamɩŋ tɛ walanzɩ nɛ po-cukaŋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 14 090 000 km2. Piyele ku-cukaŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa 1 380. Ɛlɛ, kʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ limuu yɔ, kʋkʋ cukaŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa 5 440.
Peliizi

Peliizi kɛna nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Mɛkɩziki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖɩyɛ taa, nɛ nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kʊwatamala yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɛlɩmopanɩ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩʊ se: kuzontuu taa kɛ mɛnɛɛdʊʊ; piyele kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Peliizi tɔɔlaarɩ. 

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛngilisi ɛlɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊ yɔɔdʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 353 858. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 22966 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 0,7 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 21 pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.
Pirmaanii

Pirmaanii kɛna Azii hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛnawɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena ana-ɖɩ pazɩ ɖama kamasɩ yɔ, anaa yɔ: Paŋgladɛsɩ, Siini, Ɛndɩ, Lawɔsɩ nɛ Tayɩlandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ lɩm nabʊyʊ cɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ hadɛ kiŋ Andamanɩ Teŋgu nɛ Pɛŋgalɩ Teŋgu ñɛwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. 

Lɩm kolonzi kpeekpe ɖaɣlakɩŋ tala ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 2 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ tɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Neyipidʊ. Pakpazʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdɩɣ se: laŋhɛzɩyɛ wɛ wezuu ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔzɩ-kʊ camɩyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖi-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wondʊ yɔ se: Ɖɩkaɣ sɔɔlʊʊ Pirmaanii paa ɖooye. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa clɛ, paakpɛnda 51 419 420. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kiyati. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Pirmaanɩ.
Ekɔsɩ

Ekɔsɩ kɛna hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ Erɔpʊ yɔ kɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe aŋgba nɛ taabalɩyɛ kɩgaŋ sakɩyɛ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 78 772 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda 5 295 000. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Ediŋburigi nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Liivri Sɩtɛɛliŋŋ. 

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ  komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ Iŋgilisis, Kayeliki, nɛ Skɔtɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ndʊ pakɩlʊʊ sɛʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ krɩstʊ ŋgbɛyɛ sɛtʊ.

Agoza fenaɣ kalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1707 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ weyi palɩza-ɩ yɔ, ɛnʊʊ payaɣ se Nicola Sturgeon. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛpaɣzɩna maʊ ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafʊ taa kɛ masɩ 44.
Kɔsitaarika

Kɔsitaarika kɛna Amerika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɔtɔʊ caca nɛ pʊcɔ palɩzɩ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Karayibu Teŋgu kɩwɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Nikaraguwa teŋgu wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ kɩwɛna; piyele nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Panama ñɛwɛna. 

Pɩnaɣ 2017 pakala ɛyaa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 4 947 490 yɔ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 51 100 km2 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se  Saŋzoozee nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kolɔɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa petɛɣʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka wondʊ nɛ petɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ se: Paaɖooye tʊmɩyɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛsʊʊi tɛtʊ ndʊ fɩbɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena akɩla tɔyʊʊ yɔ a-taa kɛlɛ kotolika ñɩnɖɛ, protɛsɩtaŋ nɛ lɛɛna yem.
Ɛsɩtoonii

Ɛsɩtoonii kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛɖɔɖɔ Erɔpʊ keteŋga taa ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣwiye pɩnaɣ 2004 pɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OTAN yɔ kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 2004 kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Palɩtiki Teŋgu kɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩ-ɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Suyɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Fɛɛlandɩ yɔ kɛwɛna; wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔo wɛu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Kersti Kaljulaid; piyele nɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɔyɔ Jüri Ratas.  

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 45 339 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 4,56 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2015 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda 1 323 271.  Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Taliŋ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eeroo. Yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ yaʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛma +372 pʊcɔ ɛma ɛ-ɛyʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ ɩnʊʊ lɛ Ɛsɩtoonii nɛ Rusii.
Sɩlɩsɩyɔm

Sɩlɩsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 14 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Si. Ɛkɛ ɖɔmbɛyɛ liɖe taa pʊtʊ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wayi lɛ, ɛtɔyɩ sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ ɛ-tɛ hilimiye kɔyɔ 25,7%, ɛlɛ tʊʊzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛtapazɩ ɛkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ nɔyɔ fezuu tɔm taa. 

Ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɩyɛ kɩɩkpayʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ (SiO2) nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna tɛtʊ fekediŋ naalɛ tʊ tɛ yɔ, palakana-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo pitihiɣ kɛ ñɩɣlʊʊ ɖeɖe. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ hɛkʊ taa lɛ, nazɩyʊ pee kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɩfam lɩɩ (hɔɔlʊʊ ɖɛzʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ), pɩsa nɛ pala wondu lɛɛtʊ ɛzɩ sɩlɩsɩyɔm naa wondu yaa ɛzɩ palabɩna laatriki miŋ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ wɩsɩ yɔ. 

Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ silex, silicis nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se kaʊʊ yaa pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ piyiiduu, Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, silicon wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ sɩlɩsɩyɔm, silicone wɩlɩɣ sɩlɩsɩyɔm wonuu nɛ silica wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ pɩcakpalɩmɩyɛ. Sɩlɩsɩyɔm ŋgʊ ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ-tɔm yɔ pɩnaɣ 1824 palɩ kɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Berzelius yɔɔ. 

Yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋgaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ ñɩɣyʊʊ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ sɩlɩsɩyɔm wɛɣ kpeŋgeyem, nɛ pʊcɔ ɛpɩzɩ eyoli lɛ, ɛtalɩɣ 1414°C nɛ wasɩɣ ɖeɖe kɔyɔ 3265°C. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɩm yɔ, ɛnʊ ɛkpɩndɩɣ lɩm ɖeɖe pɩkɩlɩɣ ɖenɖe ekpeŋela yɔ, ŋgʊ lɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ fɛyɩ mbʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛkɛ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩhaɣ soŋgaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.
Fɔsɩfɔrɩ

Fɔsɩfɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi pasɩma-ɩ nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ 15 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ P. Fɔsɩfɔrɩ tomnaɣ yem wɛna tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ, kʊlʊmʊm caʊʊ, pɩsɛɛ cɩɩŋ kpɛdɩŋ yɔɔ. Camɩyɛ kele kele, fɔsɩfɔrɩ kʊlʊmʊʊ wɛ ñalala. Wɛtʊ kɩsɛmtʊ nɛ kɩkpɛɛdɩtʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mʊlʊm yaa ɖɔmbɩyɛ.

Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se φώσφορος (phosphoros), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛwɛna mʊntʊsʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩɩŋa Venus tɔm, ɖiyiyu tɩɩŋga. Kiɖe nɖɩ pɛcɛla-ɖɩ pɩlɩna mbʊ se fɔsɩfɔrɩ lɩzɩɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ kʊlʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩnaɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa yɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛwɛɣ helim taa yem yɔ, pɩlɩna kpɛlɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ yɔɔ. Pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kɩjɛyɩɣ pʊtʊ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ taa pɩkɩlɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mbʊ lɛ, ONU nɛ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma tɩnaa tɔ mbʊ se ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ pʊmʊnaa se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-tɔsʊʊ labʊ nɛ pʊcɔɔ camɩyɛ.  

Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩ fɔsɩfɔrɩ yɔɔ yɔ, pʊtʊnaa hiu nɛ naatozo yeke kaatɛmna wɛʊ ( ɖɩnaɣ-wɛ pɩtɛɛ kpata yɔɔ), ŋgʊ sɔnɔ yɔ pʊtʊnaa mɩnʊʊ nɛ hiu nɛ lutozo wɛna (ŋpɩzɩɣ ŋwili kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa pɩlʊʊ cɛŋga yɔɔ). Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛlaa yɔɔ pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna Lavoisier tʊma yɔɔ pɩnzɩ cabɩ wayi. 

Pʊtʊnaa mba patɩla alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩ fɔsɩfɔrɩ yɔɔ yɔ mba yɔɔ, C patatɩlɩ ɛ-pɩnaɣ, S ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ, Cu pɩnaɣ -5000, Au pɩnaɣ -3000, Ag pɩnaɣ -3000, Fe pɩnaɣ -2500, Sn pɩnaɣ -2100, Sb pɩnaɣ -1600, Hg pɩnaɣ -1500, Pb pɩnaɣ -1000, As pɩnaɣ 1250, Zn pɩnaɣ 1500 nɛ Bi pɩnaɣ 1500. Ɛyaa mba palɩ pɔ-yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ paha-wɛ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ, Phosphorus fulgurans yaa Lumen conflans (Kunckel), Noctiluca aërea (Boyle), mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩkpɩndʊʊ yaa ɖɔɖɔ Fɔsɩfɔrɩ igneus nɛ Fɔsɩfɔrɩ pyropus ɛlɛ Leibnitz cɔlɔ. Hɩla ana atɩŋga payi mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛhaɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛmʊ miŋ helim taa yem yɔ.

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm pɩsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Hennig Brandt ɛkɛ Caama tʊ pɩnaɣ 1669 pɩtɩŋna hɩm yɔɔ. Lɩmaɣza acaɣ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ pileɖi, ɛlɛ paa pɩɩkɛ ɛzɩma yɔɔ, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Caama tʊ Jean Kunckel nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ tʊ Robert Boyle pɩza pañɩnɩ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ patɩlɩ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ pʊ-nɔɔ nɔmɔŋ.
Sʊfɩrɩ

Sʊfɩrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 16 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ S yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ salɩkɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ kiŋ. Ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛna wazaɣ piŋ yɔ, ɛfɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ ɛɛyɔlʊʊ lɩm taa. Pasɩma sʊfɩrɩ lɛ, kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm ɖɔmbɛyɛ nɛ kɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ wondu taa (sʊlɩfɩrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfatɩ taa) nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛgbam, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ miŋ pʊŋ ageeta taa. 	

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ paa pʊtʊ wezuu weyi ɛ-tɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ amini siziŋ hoka lʊlʊʊ tɛ, sɩstɛyɩnɩ waa nɛ metiyonini waa nɛ, pɩwɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛwɛ sakɩyɛ yaɖɛ taa kʊlʊm taa. Sʊfɩrɩ sɩɣna halɩ ɖooo 90% nɛ palakɩna sʊlɩfɩrɩ siziŋ lɩm, pɩkɛ kiɖe pʊyʊ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ anasaayɩ huɖe hɔɔlʊʊ taa (sʊlɩfɩrɩ siziŋ ɖɔm) (haɖaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, 60%) nɛ kpɛŋgbɛsɩ tɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. 

Palakɩna-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ sɔzɩŋ wondu ɖeɖe, tɔɔnasɩ kɩtɔsɩ ɛyaa tɛ ñɩnzɩ nɛ kpɩnaa tɛ, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ hatʊ mʊtʊ, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ fʊlɩyɩrɩ siziŋ lɩm. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ polukina nazɩyʊ pee tɩm, loyuu taa lɩm lɩzɩɣ, palaka-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ maacɩsɩ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ kɔ.  

Sʊfɩrɩ tomnaɣ yem tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ nɛ ɛsɛ cɩŋ. Ɛ-tɛ miŋ nsʊlɩmɩyɛ wɛ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ ñɔsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩɣ yɔ sɩwɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɛ nɛ sɩcɛyɩɣ (sʊfɩrɩ tɛ tɩyɔkɩsɩdɩ SO2). Ɛɛyɔlʊʊ lɩm taa. Ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ ɛgbam kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa papɩzɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ.
Klɔrɩ

Klɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 17 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Cl. Ɛkɛ halɔzɛnɩ waa taa weyi ɛkɩlɩ-wɛ kpɩtɩnaʊ yɔ. Klɔrɩ tɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yem nɛ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɔm kɩlɩ kɩjɛyɩɣ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ tablɩ yɔɔ ɖɔm yaa sɔdɩyɔm tɛ klɔrɩ (NaCl). Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ feziŋ sakɩyɛ caɣʊ taa. Klɔrɩ yem taa lɛ, wɛ ɛzɩ pɩyʊ kɔtɩɩ weyi paya-ɩ se tɩklɔrɩ Cl2, pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩwɛ caaʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ kɩkpɩndɩ kɩkɩlɩ helim maɣmaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ taa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Pɩkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ sɔŋ fɛyɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛɛ sɔtʊ piŋ yɔ.

Klɔrɩ hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa chloros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala, pɛkɛtɩɣ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔlɩm. Palakɩ klɔrɩ pɩtɩŋna klɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ pɩlɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Klɔrɩ yɔlɩɣ yem, nɛ kɩwasɩɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩtalɩɣ -34°C ɛjaɖɛ soŋaɣ cɔlɔ. 

Klɔrɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ lɩm keletuu alɩwaatʊ taa, pɔɖɔɔnʊʊna sɔŋ, hʊlʊmɩŋ wondu taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ cotu fefeku taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma klɔrɩ wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ mbʊ lɛ, ŋgʊ kɛna kajalaɣ  fefeku ŋgʊ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe you ɖeɖe ɛzɩ you fefeku malɩfa. 

Klɔrɩ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa khlôros nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ calaala. Pana klɔrɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 ɛlɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele albɩna tʊmɩyɛ, ɛlɛ pʊcɔ ehiɣ nɛ ɛna lɛ ɛkpaɣ klɔrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm nɛ etosi makanɛzɩ yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ Scheele maɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kɩ-taa wɛ okɩsɩzɛnɩ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1810 alɩwaatʊ Humphry Davy ha hɩɖɛ se klɔrɩ, pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖeɖe lɛ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ndɩ yɔ. 

Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 lɛ, klɔrɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɩwɛʊ ɛzɩ safɛlɩ lɩm yɔ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palʊkɩna nɛ mʊzʊŋ yaa soŋ nɛ palakɩna kelekele lɩm. Palakɩn-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pahʊlɔnzɩna tɔɔla tɔɔla tʊma sʊsʊna taa. Kpaɣ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ tɛmtʊ wɛɛ palakɩnaɣ klɔrɩ tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ lɩm ɖɩyayɛ taa. Palakaɣna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pakʊna ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ lɩm naa mba pa-taa ɛyaa yawaɣ yɔ nɛ posoŋaa yaa peniida yɔ pa-taa.
Arɩkɔŋ

Arɩgɔŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 18 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋga yɔ Ar. Ɛkɛ fefekiŋ kɩtɛɖɩŋ taa lɛɛkʊ halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, kɩ nɛ hɛlɩyɔm nɛ nɛyɔɔ nɛ krɩptɔnɩ nɛ sɛnɔŋ nɛ raɖɔŋ.  

Tɔmʊʊ arɩkɔŋ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ἀργός / argós pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se felentu, kaalʊlaɣ, pama nɛ kɔɔnaɣ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ ἀ nɛ tɔmʊʊ ἔργον / ergon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tʊmɩyɛ, tɔmɩŋ ɛɖɩlɩyɛ yekina nɛ nɛ pɔtɔ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ. 

Arɩkɔŋ tɛ wɛʊ kɛ helim taa mbʊ yɔ ɖajaa Henry Cavendish nana tʊ pɩnaɣ 1785 pazɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ ɛlɛ Lord Rayleigh nɛ kɩpaɣlʊ William Ramsay ñɛwɛʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1894 pana tʊ. Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa lɛ lɛɛɣtʊ tɩnaa mba pa naalɛ pɩsɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔdaɣ tɔm pɩlɩna pɩ-tɛ natʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 pɩnaɣ 1895.

Patasɩ arɔkɔŋ naʊ pɩnaɣ 1882 pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ tɩ-yɔɔ ñɩnɩɣ tʊma yɔɔ mba yɔ H. F. Newall nɛ W. N. Hartley. Arɩkɔŋ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ar lɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1957, pɩsaɣ ɖooo hohoo taa lɛ, pɩɩkɛ kɛlɛʊ yem se A. palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arɩkɔŋ nɛ pasɩna nandʊ kɛ tɔɔnasɩ tʊma sɔsɔna ɖɩlaɖɛ taa. Palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ laatriki miŋ  alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩsaɣ miŋ piŋ yɔ kɛlɛ mbʊ tɩna nɛ pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmʊyɛ pazɩ yɔ.

Ɛzɩ fefeku ŋgʊ kɩɩlakɩ pɩyʊ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖɩtanɖɛ TIG. Plakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ mɩnɩ mɩnɩ kpɛlɩ tɛ palakɩna tʊma naayɛ paa okɩsɩzɛnɩ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ. Fefeku ŋgʊ kɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ miŋ ɖiɖiziye ɖeɖe. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ panaɣ ɛwaɣsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtɛɛ yɔ sɩ-pɩnzɩ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba petiki lɩŋgamɩŋ taa nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ natʊyʊ, ɛhazɩɣ helim pɩ-taa.
Pɔtasɩyɔm

Pɔtasɩyɔm ɛnʊ ɖɩyaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se kaŋwa, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 19 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ K (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, kalium). Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖʊʊyʊ pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ yɔ, ɛhʊlɩmɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, nɛ epiyi pazɩ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ ɛkpɛndɩɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa lɛɛla kɛ teŋgu lɩm taa yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm wondu lɛɛtʊ. Ɛɛlazɩɣ mʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa nɛ patɩ ɖʊyɩ lɩm kɔyɔ ɛ-tɩ lɛɣzɩɣ kpaagbaa. 

Palɩ kaŋwa yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1807 pɩtɩŋna Humphry Davy yɔɔ, ɛlɛ ɛtɩŋna kaŋwa nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ kɛnɛ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔɔ pʊtʊ weyi paapɩza palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛwɛ eyeke yɔ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ. Davy ɛnʊ lʊbɩna hɩɖɛ se pɔtasɩyɔm nɛ ɖɩya-ɩ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se kaŋwa, pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ kaŋwa yɔɔ (pɔtasɩyɔm kaŋwa hɩɖɛ lɛ ɖooo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa) ɛ nɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔmʊʊ kɩtɩnɩɣ ium).

Yʊsaɣ mayaɣ K lɩna latɛŋ taa kalium, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-maɣmaɣ ɖɩlɩna ceu kʊnʊŋ taa (tɩŋ hɛkʊ taa). Pɔtasɩyɔm tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kalɩyɔm kɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa Caama kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa. Pɔtasɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɩ-tomnaɣ wɛʊ yɔ kɩwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-kʊ kɛbɛyɛ nɛ saɣ. Nɛ pɛsɛtɩɣ kpa lɛ, nɔsɩ yɔɔ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ. Ɛlaɣzɩɣ mʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa lɛ mbʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se pasɩ-ɩ num taa kɛnɛ. 

Pɔtasɩyɔm kɛ pɩtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ tɩŋ paɣlaka hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pana-ɩ se ɛkɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ tɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa (ɛkɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩyʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ haɖaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa). Ɛkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pɩyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ kpɩna fezuu labʊ taa.

Yee ɛyʊ efeza pɔtasɩyɔm kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ eliba feziŋ ɛnʊ yɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna-ɩ ɛsa kʊdɔŋ, ɛ-mɔŋ tɛ wɩɣ, eliu tɛ wɩɣ nɛ pɩkɔna acɩmsa, kpezuu nɛ liu tɛ wɩzasɩ. Pɩ-tɛ fefeku ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ ɛyʊ hʊzɩŋ taa kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna sɩm. Yee putukina ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ yaa ɛ-ɛsɛ kɔyɔ pɩha-ɩ heŋ sɔsɔŋ matɛŋ matɛŋ.
Kalɩsɩyɔm

Kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 20 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ca. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm kagbanzɩ tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa (ɛcɛza 3%) nɛ ɛcaɣ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ tomnaɣ taa fezuu labʊ taa. Ɛsɩɣna mɔɔ paɣlaka, kelaa nɛ yambɔyɩŋ. Kalɩsɩyɔm sɩɣna piŋ ɖɔɖɔ kpɩna fezuu labʊ taa. 

Room ɛyaa kaatɛma labʊ akalʊʊ kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1808 papɩza patɩlɩ pʊtʊ weyi paya-ɩ se kalɩsɩyɔm. Panɩwaɣ se Jöns Jacob Berzelius nɛ Magnus Martin Pontin kaatɛma situu kalɩsɩyɔm nɛ akalʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ kɛ mɛrɩkɩrɩ taa, Humphry Davy pɩzɩɣ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ keeke. 

Papɩzɩɣ pala kalɩsɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna kalɩsɩyɔm tɛ fʊlʊyɔrɩ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ kɛlɛʊ lɛ papasɩɣ akalʊʊ kpɛɖɛ tɛɛ (CaO) pɩlɩna alɩmɩnɩyɔm mʊlʊm yɔɔ. Ɛmʊ miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ caʊʊ kɩsɛmɩŋ kpaɣ , pasɩ-ɩ helim taa yem ɛlakɩ nɛʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkandʊʊ yaa kɩlʊʊkɩna kalɩkɔdaɣ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛsɩɣna nɛ palɩzɩɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm lɛɛbʊ ɛzɩ uranɩyɔm, zirɩkɔnɩyɔm nɛ tɔrɩyɔm. 

Kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ kɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Ɛwɛ sakɩyɛ mɔɔ taa, peeɖe mbilim kɛ ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɛnʊ lakɩna nɛ apaɣlʊʊ camɩyɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kelaa nɛ ɛkandɩɣ pa-alaafɩya yɔɔ. Kalɩsɩyɔm lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ calɩm kiɣ nɔmɔʊ taa, calɩm huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ holaa kpaʊ yaa holaa tʊma ndɩ ndɩ labʊ taa, tʊma ana a-taa kɔyɔ hɔyɛ. Ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩfɛyɩ ciɣduu ɛyʊ tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.
Sɩkandɩyɔm

Sɩkandɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ 21 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa Sc. Ɛkɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ɖɔfɩɩ ŋgʊ, e-tomnaɣ hʊlɩma kpʊzɩyɛɛ. Pana-ɩ nabʊyʊ taa tɛtɛɛ nabɛyɛ nabɛyɛ taa kɛnɛ nɛ pɛ-tɛ nɛ Sɩkandɩnafɩ kiŋ. Ɛ nɛ ɩtrɩyɔm nɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɛwɛna tɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ taa.

Sɩkandɩyɔm (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, scandia pɩwɩlɩɣ se Sɩkandɩnafɩ), Lars Fredrik Nilson lɩna ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1879 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣdɩna tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa pañɩnaɣ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa yɔ. Nilson ɖʊ se ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ  ɛ-wɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu tɛ pɩlɩna tɛtɛɛ esenite nɛ gadolinite pɔ-yɔɔ. 

Dmitri Mendeleïev kaayɔpɔdɩ pɩnaɣ 1869 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ sɩkandɩyɔm tɔm naa nabɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-wɛ se ekabore waa, ɛlɛ ɛlabɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ paɣtʊ. Per Teodor Cleve lɩ sɩkandɩyɔm kalɩkɔdaɣ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛlɛ tɩwɛɛ ndɩ Nilson ñɩntʊ, Cleve ñawɩlɩɣ se sɩkandɩyɔm nɛ ekabo pɛkɛ kʊyʊm.   

Pɩnaɣ 1937, kajalaɣ ɖeɖe palaba ñɩɣlɩm sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ pɩtɩŋna pɔtasɩyɔm  nɛ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ sɩkandɩyɔm kalɩkɔdaɣ pɛkpɛndʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɛ-tɛ yɔlʊʊ ɖeɖe yɔ 700 ŋtalɩ 800°C. Kajalaɣ sɩkandɩyɔm liviri ñɩlɩm ŋgʊ keeke pɩtalɩ 99% wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ paalaba-kʊ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1960 wɛɛ.
Tɩtanɩyɔm

Tɩtanɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 22 nɛ yusaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ti. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɛzɩɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ, kɩwɛ tɛyɩŋ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ nɛ kɩɩmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. Palakɩ tɩtanɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛndʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛlɛ tɩwɛ tɛyɩŋ yɔ tɩ-taa, nɛ palakɩ ɛ-tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wonuu ɛzɩ kpanjaɣ kʊlʊmʊʊ. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ tɩtanɩyɔm waa egeetiye taa ɛ-nɛ zɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm (Zr), hafɩnɩyɔm (Hf) nɛ ruteriforiniyɔm (Rf) tɛ kiŋ.  

Mbʊ tɩtanɩyɔm tɔm kɩlɩ ɖeu tʊma sɔsɔna taa yɔ lɛ se ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ ɛɛpʊkɩ nɛ piikpezi-ɩ nɛ miŋ ɛɛñakɩ-ɩ. Tɩtanɩyɔm wɛʊ yɔ, pasɩm-kʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna layʊ sɔsɔ William Gregor yɔɔ kɩnɛ pɩnaɣ 1791, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɔm suziyʊ ɛzɩ payaʊ se pasɩtɔr yɔ Britaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ ɛtakaɣ se ɛna Helford lɩm pɔɔ taa kañɩŋga kɛ Menachan kɛdɛŋga taa Cornouailles tɛtʊ taa lɛ kɛ ɛlɩza kañɩŋga kɩkpɛdaɣ, nɛ sɔnɔ ŋga payaɣ se ilmenite. 

Pɩ-tɛ natʊ tɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ Martin Heinrich Klaproth na pɩnaɣ 1795 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛlɛ kaakɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ takɩɣ wɩlɩyʊ Perlɛɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa, nɛ ɛna ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊyʊmʊ ŋgʊ. Ŋgʊ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ schörlite kɩsɛmʊʊ yɔɔ, ŋɣu ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pasɩma-kʊ se pɩkɛ tɩtanɩyɔm wonuu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, peeɖe ɛtɛzɩna se ñɩɣlɩm tɛtɛɛ wonuu ŋgʊ patatɩɩ sɩmda yɔ kɩkɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ nɛ Gregor ñɩŋʊ. Mbʊ ɛya-ɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɔɔnɔɔ ñɩnɖɛ se tɩtanɩyɔm, palɩzɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kpeeu lɩmaɣza taa. Berzelius lɩzɩna-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1825 taa.  

Sɔɔjɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ yɔɔ kaɖɩɣ wonuu (Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɛnayʊ) ɖenɖe ɛ-tɛ kpɛdɛtʊ nɔmɔʊ nɛ ɛ-tɛ tɛyɩŋ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛɛpʊkɩ yɔ nɛ ɛɛmʊ miŋ taa lɛ pɩkɛ kajalaɣ wazaɣ pɩyʊ piŋ. Etaazuuni ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ papɩza pɩtɩŋna tɩtanɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ pala lɔɔɖa wena afɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ, nɛ tɩtanɩ lɔɔɖa pɔɔyɩŋ kaawɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ pakpakɩɣ ɛyaa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa wanjaŋ wanjaŋ waa taa.
Fanadɩyɔm

Fanadɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 23 nɛ Yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa V. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩtɔtɔyɩ yɔ, kɩwɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ pana-ɩ nɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa taa. Pakɩlɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ taa. Fanatɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊlʊmʊʊ, kɩñɩlɩsɩɣ, kɩwɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ tɛyɩŋ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩɩpʊkɩ yɔ paa ɖʊʊyʊ wonduu kaawɛ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paa kɩlɔrɩ wonuu ɛsɩndaa yaa sʊfɩrɩ wonuu ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ. 

Fanadɩyɔm hiɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Vanadis waa tɛ Dís, hɩɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ se Freyja, sɩkandɩnafɩ maamɩ keɖeɣa tʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ nɛ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna keɖeɣa wondu ndʊ tɩwɛna tɔlɩm sakɩyɛ. Andrés Manuel del Rio ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, ɛɛkɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Mexico tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1801. Kɛlɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Pʊlɔɔ huluu sɛmɩŋ ñɩŋʊ (ɛnʊ payaɣ nɔɔnɔɔ se fanadɩnɩtɩ). Ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa ɛna sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɩna krom cɔlɔ, nɛ ɛya pʊtʊ ɛnʊ panchromium.  

Ɛtakɩlɩ ɖoŋ, fanatɩyɔm kɛ ŋñɩɩtɩɩ pɩyʊ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ kɩjɛyɩɣ tʊ nɔyʊ pɩdɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa. Yuŋ nɛ kelema wɛ cɛyɩtʊ piŋ nɛ palʊkɩn-ɩ nɛ pɛ-tɛ paɣlaka nɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ. Paɖɩna kpɛlɛkʊʊ se fanatɩyɔm ɛpɩsɩ kɔyɛ nɛ paalaʊbɩna sikiri kʊdɔŋ. 

Fanatɩyɔm tatɩɩ ɖɔʊ teŋgʊ lɩm taa (kpaɣ kʊyʊm ŋtalɩ 3μg lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ), ɛzɩ ɖɔɖɔ 1,22 μg lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ Laurent Kiɖeɖeu lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa nɛ 1,19 μg lita kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ Atlantiki Hayi yɔɔ kiŋ taa yaa 1,2 ŋtalɩ 1,8 μg lita kʊyʊmʊʊ kɛ Sargasse teŋgʊʊ taa, 1,53 ŋtalɩ 2,03 μg lita kʊyʊmʊʊ kɛ Pasifiki lɩŋgamʊʊ taa.
Kurom

Kurom kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 24 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa Cr. Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se chroma nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se tɔlɩm, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kurom taa pʊtʊnaa wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Patakaa nɛ pana tɔŋ ñɩma wena aawɛ pɩlaŋ weyi ɛɛkɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ naatozo ŋgʊ tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ AC kɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ Qin pʊñɔtɩna Xi’an, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ tɔbɩŋ. 

Paa pɩlaŋ ɛnʊ ɛɛwɛ pɩtalɩɣ pɩneɩ pɩcɛzɩɣ kudokiŋ naalɛ, ɖooo arɩbalɛtɩ anasaayɩ tatasɩ nɛ you kɩgbɛsɛmɩŋ weyi palaba-ɩ nɛ prɔnzɩ ɛ-taa nabʊyʊ tabʊʊ kaʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kurom kaahuzina prɔnzɩ yɔɔ. Kurom labɩ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa kpaɣɖʊ 18 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1761 alɩwaatʊ taa Johann Gottlob Lehmann na ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ kɩsɛmɩŋ caʊʊ Oural pʊŋ taa nɛ ɛya-tʊ se Siberii pɩlɔŋ kɩsɛmʊʊ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1770 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Peter Simom Pallas woba ɛna lone kʊyʊmdɩyɛ ɛzɩ Lehmann yɔ nɛ ɛna pɩlɔŋ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɩsɛmɩtʊ, nɛ kpɛɖɛyɛ pacaŋ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kpanjaɣ kɛ tɔlɩm tʊma ɖeɖe. Palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ Siberii pɩlɔŋ kɩsɛmʊʊ ɛzɩ kpanjaɣ mbʊ lɛ, ka-tʊmɩyɛ caŋ pɩɖɛna ɛsɩnda lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ caʊʊ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛñɩɣlɩsaɣ yɔ nɛ ɛlɩna krokoyiti tɛ yɔ kaapɩsa pɩyʊ siŋ wɛɛ ana a-taa.

Kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa, pakɩlaɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kurom kɛ tɔlɩm taʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ kpanjaɣ yɔ. Paɣzɩtʊ taa lɛ, krokoyiti ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ Ruusi kiŋ yɔ kaakɛna kajalaɣ kiɖe yaa kiɖe sɔsɔyɛ ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ 1827 pana kurom wondu ɖɩcayɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩñɔtɩna Baltimore. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ pɩsɩ mbʊ lɛ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pakɩlɩɣ labʊ kurom yɔ, pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna pɩnaɣ 1848 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pana ɖɔɖɔ kurom pʊtʊnaa ɖɩcaɣyɛ pɩñɔtɩna Bursa, Turkii ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Maŋganɛzɩ

Maganɛzɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayzɣ kɔyɔ 25 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Mn. Maganɛzɩ tonʊʊ kɛlɛʊ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩɖɛzɩɣ. Sʊyɛdɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔm wɩlɩɣ maganɛzɩ kɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ maganɛzɩ tɛ yaa magnesia nigra latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ pama-ɩ se MnO2. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ paasɩma-ɩ ɖooo canaʊ nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna lydi tɛtʊ taa kɛnɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ nɖɩ palakaɣna tadɩyɛ.

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Bergman paɣzɩ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ maganɛzɩ kɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ ekpekiɣ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ tɔm weyi patatɩɩsɩmta-ɩ yɔ, e-sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔɣa Carl Wilhelm Scheele kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛnaa se maganɛzɩ kɛ pʊtʊ ɛgbam tʊ, yee palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ maganɛzɩ kɩkpɛdɩɣ se palɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ fefekiŋ wondu, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ pɩnaɣ 1773 nɛ klɔrɩ pɩnaɣ 1774, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ fefeku ŋgʊ wayi wayi Lavoisier ya-kʊ hɩɖɛ yɔ.  

Klaproth ɖaɣnɩ paɣzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-laɣsɩ nɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛnɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se magnesium nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa se das Magnesium ɛlɛ ɖɛʊ taa yem, ŋgʊ Humphrey Davy ñaaya magnium lɛ pʊtʊ nɛ e-tomnaɣ kɛlɛʊ mañɛzɩyɔm nɔɔnɔɔ alɩwaatʊ taa.  Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Guyton Morveau tʊ ñaha-ɩ hɩɖɛ mbilim alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyaɣa hɩla pʊtʊnaa hɩla yaʊ tʊmɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ se maganɛzɩ ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1785, ɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ fransɩɩ tɔmʊʊ maganɛzɩ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 16 wɛɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ ɛyaa mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ maganɛzɩ kɩkpɛdɩɣ yɔ.     

Ñɩɣtʊ miŋ yɛlɩnaʊ wɛtʊ ndʊ sakɩyɛ pɛkpɛndɩɣ-tʊ nɛ ñɩɣyʊ tɛ ɔkɩzɛnɩ yɔ paasɩma-tʊ ɖooo lɔŋ, krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ abalɩtɔmʊʊ magnes, magnetis, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ magnetem yaa magnes lapis ɖɩlɩyɛ kʊyʊm, kaakɛ ñɩɣtʊ hɔm wonuu, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ maganɛzɩ pɩyɛ yaa ñɩɣtʊ hɔm pɩyɛ, hɔŋaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ, ŋgʊ halɩ tɔmʊʊ magnes(ia) kaakɛ pɩyʊ keeke. magnesia nigra, kpanjaɣ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ pɩyʊ pindimm, paɖʊwaɣa-ɩ nabʊyʊ taa ɛzɩ ɛwɛʊ yɔ yaa pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ kɛ cʊʊ taa, palaka-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ kɛ akalɩŋ taa halɩ pɩcɛza pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ 17 mbʊ yɔ.
Nɩkɛlɩ

Nɩkɛlɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 28, nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ni. Nɩkɛlɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɩkɛlɩ nɛ kobaltɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩ-caɣyɛ taa, ɛwɛɛ ɖeu piŋ ɖenɖe ɛ-tɛ tɩ kpɛndʊʊ wɛ camɩyɛ. Ɖoo pitihiɣ papɩzɩɣ se patʊɣʊ ɛnɛ sika nɛ kuviri mbʊ lɛ, sɔnɔ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ nɛ palakɩna cɛnjɩ naa nɛ kpɛndɩtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna taa.

Tomnaɣ kɛlɛʊ, ñɩɣyʊ kɩkpɩndɩɣ kʊlʊmʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm tɛ, kɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ ñɩɣyʊ maɣmaɣ, palɩzɩɣ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1751 pɩtɩŋna nɩkɛlɩ wonuu nakʊyʊ yɔɔ, ŋgʊ kpeekpe yɔɔdaɣ kupfernickel Caama kʊnʊŋ taa, kopparnickel, Suyɛdɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ yaa nickeline fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, pɩtɩŋna Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ sɔsɔ Axel Frederik von Cronstedt yɔɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ, sukuli pɩɣa kɩbɩnʊʊ George Brandt, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ nana cobaltɩ, nɛ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ cajasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ tɛ mbʊ yɔ yɔɔ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ.

Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1990 alɩwaatʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wena a-taa panaɣa nɩkɛlɩ yɔ ana yɔ Ruusi, Kanadaa, Ositralii, Kubaa nɛ Etaazuunii. Kɩ-tɛ ɖihuyiye sɔsɔ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ Ruusi ɛjaɖɛ taa, Norilsk egeetiye taa. Lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ ta cɛyɩtʊ kaakɛ se pataapɩzɩɣ se patʊɣʊ nɩkɛlɩ nɛ kobaltɩ. Piyele kaŋwa pakʊɣana ñɩmɩŋ ɖɔm lɩm palakaɣ pɩtɩŋna kobaltɩ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ yɔ. 

Ɛtɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛkɛ wazaɣ pɩyʊ kpɩnɛ tomnaɣ taa, ɛkɛ pɩyʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ wondu tɔɔnasɩ hɔɔlʊʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛsɩɣna tɩŋ paɣlaka. Nɩkɛlɩ tomnaɣ yem wɛʊ yɔ kɩfɛyɩ sɔtʊ, nɛ yee etukina ɛyʊ tomnaɣ nɛ nandʊ kɔyɔ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɔna kitentelim, pɩlakɩ heŋ sɔsɔŋ, pɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kahʊyaɣ, tuutu, tɔtʊ. 

Nɩkɛlɩ kɛ pʊtʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ nɔyʊ, nɛ pasɩma-ɩ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 3500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ. Prɔnzɩ naa mba paana Siiri yɔ taa kaawɛ nɩkɛlɩ lɩm halɩ pɩtalɩ 2%. Sini takayasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kuviri kʊlʊmʊʊ kɛ Sini ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 pʊcɔ palaʊlɩ Yeesuu nɛ 15 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ ɖɔɖɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ hɛkɩŋ alɩwaatʊ taa. Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, pɩlɩna nɩkɛlɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ nɛ sika tɛ ndʊ palɩ ɖama lɛ, ɛ-tɛ tɩlɩɣ nɛ ɛ-wazaɣ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩtaa pɩtaa cɩnɛyɔ pakpa ɖoŋ piŋ.
Kalɩyɔm

Kalɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 31 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ga. Pʊtʊna caɣyɛ pɩlɩɣ kpata taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ egbeliye 13 nɖɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ ñɩm yɔ tɩ-tɛ. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ e-tomnaɣ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖeɖe mbʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ se eyoli yɔ lɛ 29,76 °C nɛ mbʊ lɛ paa nɖɔkɛ-ɩ nesi taa kɔyɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛyɔlɩ yem. Pana-ɩ pazɩ pazɩ bɔkɩsɩtɩ taa nɛ zɛŋkɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa.

Mendeleïev kaayɔɔda ɛ-tɔm ɛlɛ ɛya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se ekaaluminium, pɩnaɣ 1875 palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛñɩna nɛ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ yɔ hana-ɩ ɖɩ, ɛlɛ yɔ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ  Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ tɔm se hɩɖɛ kalɩyɔm lɩna ɛ-nayʊ cɔlɔ (mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ coq latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se gallus), ɛlɛ Lecoq Boisbaudran ñamaba ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ ñɔtɔŋ ɛha hɩɖɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Fransɩɩ hɩɖɛ ɖʊ yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɖama kpaʊ taa kɛ paya hɩla zermanɩyɔm nɛ sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɛ-tɛ ajɛyɛ hɩla yɔ Germani nɛ Scandi pɩtɩŋna ɛyaa mba papa ñɩna nɛ pana-wɛ pɔ-yɔɔ, Caama tʊ Clemens Winkler nɛ Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Lars Fredrik Nilson. 

Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ nɛ kalɩyɔm laatriki wondu sakɩyɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ patɩlɩ pa-taa peeɖe nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ arseniyuri kalɩyɔm tɛ ŋgʊ (GaAs), antimoniyuri kalɩyɔm tɛ (GaSb), kalɩyɔm fɔsɩfʊrɩ (GaP) nɛ kalɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm (GaN). Pa-taa payɩ lɛ, pʊtʊ weyi pakɩlɑ-ɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ lɛ arseniyuri kalɩyɔm tɛ ŋgʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛnʊ tɩŋɩɣna sɩlɩsɩyɔm wayi.  

Kalɩyɔm nɛ etɛŋ nɛ ɩndɩyɔm pɛ-tɛ kpɛndʊʊ mbʊ payaɣ se kalɩnsɩtanɩ yɔ pakɩlaɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ miŋ saʊ kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ taa ɖooo ɛzɩ pekiziɣ mɛrɩkɩrɩ yɔ. Paana se kalɩyɔm fɛyɩ sʊtʊ pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyɩ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ ɛɛkɔŋna kaɖɛ tɔm natɩyʊ kedeŋga taa yaa ɖɔ-tɔɔnasɩ taa. Ɛlɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɔkɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ yɔɔ nɛ halɩ pɩla heŋ.