open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ

Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊdʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 42 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Mo. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa μόλυβδος / molubdos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊlɔŋ, ɛɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ palɩzɩ-ɩ yɔ. Pesida ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ nɛ lɛɛla ɛzɩ karɩbɔnɩ yaa pʊlɔŋ. Carl Wilhelm Scheele pɩza ɛtɛyɩ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ nɛ pʊlɔŋ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa ɛkɛzɩ kɩjaʊ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ.  

Pɩnaɣ 1782 kɛ Peter Jacob Hjelm hiɣ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ keeke alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩtɩŋa karɩbɔnɩ yɔɔ. Pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 mbʊ yɔ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ taa yeke palakaɣnaɣ mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ñɩɣyɩŋ sɔsɔŋ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ na se mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba you wondu.

Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩɖɛzʊʊ. Wonuu ŋgʊ kɩ-maɣmaɣ keeke kɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kʊlʊmʊʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ. Nabʊyʊ taa peyidi-ɩ nɛ kalɛnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Ɛhɔŋ siŋ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ piŋ.  

Mɔlɩbɩbɩdɛnɩ leemiŋ kɛ kpanjaasɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ hɛkʊ leemiŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ caʊʊ weyi palakɩna-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ akalɩŋ taa, tɔlɩm naa taa, aŋwa naa taa nɛ ketu naa taa. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ tɛ sʊfʊrɩ waa naalɛ kɛ foɖo foɖo num kɩbam nabʊyʊ. Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ ŋgʊ payaɣ se moly yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ miŋ tʊ yɔ.
Rɔdɩyɔm

Rɔdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 45 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Rh. Rɔdɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, ɛkɛ platɩnɩ mɛfɛyɩ yuŋ waa tɛ pɩlʊʊ taa nɔyʊ. Walaa tɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ, ɛ nɛ rʊtyɔm nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ ɔsɩyɔm nɛ ɩrɩtɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm, mbʊ paya-wɛ se platɩnɩ waa kpeekpe ɖɩwɛyɛ.    

Pɩnaɣ 1803 kɛ William Hyde Wollaston lɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ paladɩyɔm, pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩwɛyɛ taa ndʊ tɩkɛ Amerika nɛ Hadɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ yɔ, sʊtʊ lɩm mbʊ pehiwa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda lelemiŋ yɔ, nɛ patɛma lɩzɩɣ ɔsɩyɔm yɔ, platɩnɩ kajazasɩ kɩkpɛdasɩ nzɩ pɩma yɔ taa kaawɛ platɩnɩ pʊtʊnaa ɛzɩ ɩrɩtɩyɔm, ɛlɛ pɩɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ (pɩlɩna rɔtɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ yɔɔ) rʊtɛnɩyɔm nɛ nabʊyʊ taa kɛ platɩnɩ. 

Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ῥόδον (rhodon) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kela sɛmɩŋ yaa kɩsɛcɛzʊʊ. Ɛyʊ weyi ɛlɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ hana-ɩ hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna rʊtɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ yɔɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ. 

Krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmpiye yaa Ɛnglɩsɩ taa se rɔtɩyɔm kaalɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ lɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1805 alɩwaatʊ taa Wollaston tʊma tɔm kɛdɩɣ taa, pana-yɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ tɔm heyuu takayasɩ taa. Sɛzɩyaa mba palakɩna-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɔɔɖa wena paɖʊ a-taa karasɩm yɔ platɩnɩ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ nɛ paladɩyɔm nɛ rɔdɩyɔm. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ setiyu tʊma sɔsɔna taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ miŋ sɔsɔŋ sazɩyʊ (eyoluu yee ɛsa miŋ pɩtalɩ 1 963,85 °C, yaa 1 963,85 °C), halɩ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ.
Sriilanka

Sriilanka kɛna ɛndɩ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Ɛndɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ.

Pamaza Sriilanka ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 65 610 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 22 235 000 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 339 yɔ. Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1948 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ ɖɩpɩsa ɛjaɖɛ siŋŋŋ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ camɩyɛ se Srilanka tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ 22 pɩnaɣ 1972. Payaɣ Sriilanka ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Maithripala Sirisena nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Ranil Wickremesinghe.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ siŋgaalɛɛ, taamʊʊli nɛ aŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sriijavawardenapura nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Kolomko. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +94 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruupii sriilankɛɛzɩ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: Puudizimi, Ɛnduyizimi, Malɩŋ, Krɩstʊ mba nɛ Protɛsɩtaŋ.
Panama

Panama kɛna Amerika ilemiye hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ Kɔstaarika nɛ Kolɔmbi. Pamaza Panama ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 75 420 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 657 024 yɔ nɛ pa-taa lɛ, miliyɔɔnaa ɛzɩ 1,426 wɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ajɛya wena azɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣ yɔ, pɩtalɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 555 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ Kɔstaarika lɛ walanzɩ talɩɣ ɛzɩ 330 yɔ piyele ɖɩnɛ Kolɔmbi lɛ pɩmaɣna kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 225. Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɛwɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ pɩkazɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ wɛna. Kidiiliŋ ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa  2 490 yɔ. 

Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: katolika mba ( 70 %), Protɛsɩtaŋ ( 19%), ɛyaa yem yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se paasɛɣ ɛsʊɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 7 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩuʊ yɔɔ nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna taa mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Irlandɩ Hayɩ Kiŋ

Irlandɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ yɔ ka-taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya naayɛ nanza kpɛndɩna nɛ kaɖʊtɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ yɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 810 863 yɔ. Pamaza Irlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 14 139 km2.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi ɛlɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa mba ñakɩ pana se pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se irilandɛɛ yɔ, kɩɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.
Paladɩyɔm

Paladɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 46 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pd. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ platɩnɩ waa tɛ kiŋ. Paladɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem wɛ hɛŋgɛlɛŋ, ɛtɔtɔyɩ, nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pamazɩɣ se ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩbaŋʊ, pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ tʊma laɣsɩ yɔɔ. 

Pana paladɩyɔm nɛ rɔdɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna platɩnɩ kʊlʊlʊʊ ca ca ŋgʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1803 pɩtɩŋna Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ william Hyde Wollaston. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Wollaston maɣmaɣ ha pɩnaɣ ŋga katɩŋga ɛ-natʊ wayi yɔ lɩna tɩnzɩ cikpesi cɔlɔ mbʊ se pallas, pana-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1802 pɩtɩŋna tɩnzɩ taa nɔmɔʊ woɖu Heinrich W.M. Olbers, ɛlɛ ɛkɛ Caama tʊ.  

Ɖooo alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ pamaɣa ɛyaa paladɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɔyɛ nɖɩ pawazɩɣna kpezi wɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ makaɣna 0,065 g evemiye taa. Ɛlɛ pʊkɔma pana se kɔyɛ nɖɩ palakɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ wɛna cɛyɩtʊ sakɩyɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa kɛ pʊwayɩ kɛlɛ pɛlɛzɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kɔɔ wena keeke apɔza yɔ.  

Papɩzɩɣ pana paladɩyɔm ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩ nɛ sika pɛkpɛnda yɔ nɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ nɛ platɩnɩ waa tɛ yɔ kɛ sika ɖɩcɛsɩyɛ Oural, Ositrali, Etiyopii, Amerika nɛ Hayɩ kiŋ nɛ Hadɛ ajɛyɛ taa. Ɖikpeliye taa ɖenɖe pɛwɛʊ yɔ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ paladɩyɔm ɖɩlaɖɛ.
Kpalɩma

Kpalɩma kɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Wayɩ nɛ wayɩ kɩkalʊʊ ŋgʊ pakalaa yɔ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 101 088 yɔ. Kpalɩma kɛna Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ naanza ñɩndʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se kacalaɣ ndʊ lɛ Loma, pɩwayɩ lɛ Sɔgɔɖɛyɩ nɛ Kayaɣ. Peeɖe tɩŋ wɛɛ pɩkɩlɩ togo taa hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ nɛ tɛʊ nɩɣ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. 

Togo taa lɛ peeɖe pakɩlɩɣ hayʊʊ kɔfɩ nɛ kooko. Pɩsa nɛ taabalɩyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ nɛ ndʊ yɔ: Presuwiiri (Bresuire) ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ Lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Maaree yɔ (Île de Maré) pɩnaɣ 2008. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ peeɖe yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ahʊna. 

Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Kotokoli (tem) nɛ kabɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ mba wɛ ɖɔɖɔ peeɖe.  

Togo taa tɔsʊʊ tʊma lona hɔɔlɩŋ kpɛnda kagbaanzɩ: Kadasɩ hɔɔlʊʊ (Savanes); Kayaɣ hɔɔʊʊ, Hɛkʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ (Centrale), Piyisi yɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ (Plateaux) nɛ Teŋgu nɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ.  
	
Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ tɩsɩ kamaɣ nɛ loma nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ lɛ Sɔkɔɖɛyɩ, piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Peenɛɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Kana ɛjaɖɛ.
Anɩhɔ

Anɩhɔ kɛ Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ kɛŋna egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kujomuu yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ teŋgu nɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ (Région maritime) taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ mba payaɣ-wɛ se Kɩŋ Miina yɔ pɛwɛɛ. Anɩhɔ wɛ Togo nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛlɛ maalika kʊnɛ kɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tiposina Loma ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa niiniwa (50) yɔ. 

Anɩhɔ nɛ Peenɛɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ. Maalika kanɛ, ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ anasayɩnaa kpacayaɣ Togo yɔ, ndʊ kkakɛna ɖenɖe powokaɣna yomaa nɛ pʊcɔ pɛɖɛɣna-wɛ tuuɖe taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ Anɩhɔ kaakɛŋna Togo tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɔm nabʊlɛ taa: Pɩnzɩ 1886 nɛ 1897 nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ pɩnzɩ 1914 nɛ 1919. 
	
Ɖooo lɛ Foli Bebe kaakɛŋna Kɩŋwaa wiyao nɛ pawɛ Kliji. Weyi ɛkɛ pe-wiyau lɛlɛ taa yɔ ɛnʊ payaɣ se Sedegbe Foli Bebe XV. Piyele Miina mba yɔ, Ata-Quaum tɛ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɛwɛ ɖenɖe payaɣ se Nlesi yɔ. Weyi ɛkɛ pe-wiyau lɛlɛ taa yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Nana Ohiniko Quam Dessu XIV. 

Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2002 taa Kɩŋwaa mba pɛwɛ Anɩhɔ yɔ, pɔ-nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Togbé Ahuawoto Zankli Savado Lawson VIII. Paakaɣ labʊ kediizaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakɛyɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kpaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 nɛ pɩsɩɩna 12 pɩnaɣ 2017 Anɩhɔ tɛtʊ taa. Ketiizaɣ ŋga pakaɣ-kɛ labʊ yɔ, ajɛya kpeekpe efebiya mba pañɩɣ se kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛɖeɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ, mba lakɩna ketiizaɣ ŋga.
Kadɩmɩyɔm

Kadɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 48 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Cd. Kadɩmɩyɔm kɛ pɩlʊʊ 12 ŋgʊ taa pʊtʊ nɛ e-lone kɔyɔ 5. Stricto sensu kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛ-taa fɛyɩ ñɩm nabʊyʊ yɔ, nɛ IUPAC heyuu-ɖʊ se ɛɖɔŋ ɖɛzʊʊ pʊtʊnaa tɛ paɣtʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-nɛ zɛŋkɩ pa-pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ, IIB waa pɩlʊʊ nɛ pa-taa peeɖe panaɣ pɛ-tɛ ñʊŋ masɩ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊʊ yɔɔ 30Zn, 48Cd nɛ 80Hg.

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɛlɛ-ɩ naʊ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1809 pɩtɩŋna Sʊyɛdɩ ɛyʊ ɛnɛ ɛ-yɔɔ Magnus Martin af Pontin yaa Magnus Martin Pontin,  pɩtɩŋna kajalaɣ nazɩyʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ. Paha pʊtʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se das Cadmium yaa das Kadmium pɩnaɣ 1817 ɛlɛ  Goettingen Friedrich Stromeyer sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa wɩlɩyʊ hana hɩɖɛ nɖɩ alɩwaatʊ ɛtɩzaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ weyi e-tomnaɣ wɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ kahʊlɩmɩ yɔ kɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna zɛŋkɩ kaŋwa ZnCO3 ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ kaawɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ. 

Petisiɣ kadɩmɩyɔm kpʈlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma yɔɔ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1818 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna Caama kpɛlɩ tʊma tɩnaa natozo nabɛyɛ yɔɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ kɔɔ pɛdɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛlɛ yɔ Carl Hermann pɩtɩŋna zɛŋkɩ kaŋwa yɔɔ, Carl Karsten nɛ Paul Meissner yaa Paul Traugott Meißner.  

Kadɩmɩyɔm wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ (ɛnʊ tɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Itai-itai yɔ) nɛ tɩŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe takɩɣ taa lɛ, panaɣ se hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa taa (ɛwadɩyɛ ajaɣa tɛ) taa kpɩnda kadɩmɩyɔm siŋ (kɛlɛ pɩɖɛʊ piŋ tɩŋ nɛ lɩm taa kpɩna). Anasaayɩ huɖe nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɛ mbʊ ɖɩyaɣ se fɔsɩfatɩ yɔ ɖɛzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ.

Tɔmpiye Kadɩmɩyɔm lɩ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa pɩnzɩ 1808/1809, ɛzɩ tomnaɣ yem weyi palɩzɩ-ɩ cadmia yaa cadmie, pɩtɩŋna Sʊyɛdɩ lɔŋsɩndʊ Magnus Martin Ponti yɔɔ, weyi ɛlɩza-ɩ pɩtɩŋna nasɩyʊ tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ. Latɛŋ tɔmpiye cadmia, nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se kadmeïa, kiɖe tɛ lɛ pɩkɛ zɛŋkɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ (kaŋwa yaa nabʊyʊ naa) pɛcɛsɛ-ɩ Thèbes cɔlɔ kpam, Kadmos yaa Cadmos kɩjaazɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ɖɩɩkɛ se cami.
Teluuri

Teluuri kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 52 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Te. Teluuri pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pamaɣzɩ ɛ-tɔm pɩkɩlɩ pana-ɩ yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1782 pɩtɩŋna Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein kɛ Transylvan ñɩɣlɩm sika tɛtʊ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sylvanite. Pɩtɩŋna Pál Kitaibel weyi ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ, palɩza-ɩ ndeke lɛ pɩtɩŋna Martin Heinrich Klaproth, ɛnʊ weyi ɛya-ɖɩ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ se tellurium pɩnaɣ 1798. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ paya-ɩ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ se Tellurium. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ halɩñɩŋʊ kʊnʊŋ taa se tellus, telluris, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Tɛtʊ. 

Yee ŋfeza teluuri helim kɔyɔ pʊkɔŋnaŋ ɖonɖomuu kʊdɔŋ, ñʊʊ holuu nɛ ɖakʊʊ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna ndoma wɩlɩɣ nɛ pɩlakɩŋ ñɩɣlɩm sɔɔlʊʊ tɩyɛ. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛyʊ efeza-ɩ ŋñɩɩ, ɛ-tɛ feziŋ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, e-tomnaɣ lɩɣ sɔŋ ɛzɩ ayoo yɔ. Etukina ɛsɩyɛ kɔyɔ, ɛsɩyɛ sɛʊ cɩɩɩ nɛ ɛsa wɩɣ. Ɛyʊ eliba yɔ e-lotu wɩɣ, pusuyu-ɩ nɛ pɩtamna tɔtʊ. 

Pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛwazɩ ɛyaa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ makɩna 0,1 mg/m3 helim taa (ACGIH 1999). Ɛ-tɛ wondu sakɩyɛ wɛ sɔtʊ, nɛ pɩkɔŋna kaɖɛ hɔyɛ nɛ ɛyʊ hɛkʊ taa fitenum. Palakaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ waa 250 pɩnaɣ taa nɛ tɔnɩ waa 1000 pɩnaɣ taa, ɛlɛ pʊlɔŋ nɛ kuwiviri nɛ sɛlɛnɩyɔm cajaasɩ taa palɩza-ɩ.  

Pɩnzɩ 1990 taa lɛ, ajɛyɛ naanza cɔŋanaɣ teluuri tʊma labʊ yɔɔ, ana yɔ Etaazuunii, Kanadaa, SJapɔŋ nɛ Peruu. Pɩnaɣ taa kɩlabɩm yee pɩkpɛndɩna sɛlɩnɩyɔm kɔyɔ, pɩlʊʊ taa ɖɩnaɣ se pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ waa 1000, ɛlɛ tɔnɩ kʊyʊmʊ yakaɣ liidiye 1200. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ lʊɖaa, Elias Anton Cappelen Smith wayi tɩŋyaa, papa lɩza-ɩ kuwiviri nazɩyʊ peɣɖe ahʊya ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ mununu taa.
Ɩyɔdɩ

Ɩyɔdɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 53 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ I. Ɛ nɛ kɩlɔrɩ waa po-lone ɖoli kʊyʊm. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɔtɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yem, nɛ ɛkɛ 47 tʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩlɔrɩ wondu lɛɛtʊ yɔ pana-ɩ lɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ kɔtɩɩ waa naalɛ yɔ I2 kɛlɛ paya-ɩ se ɩyɔdɩ naalɛ tʊ, ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ caʊʊ, fefeku ñɔsɩ wɛ yuulee cɛzʊʊ sɛmɩŋ. 

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ἰώδης nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yuulee cɛzʊʊ sɛmɩŋ. Gay-Lussac yana-ɩ hɩɖɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Bernard Courtois lɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1811 yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ aɖɔnɖɛlɛɛ lɩm mbʊ palakaɣ-pʊ nɛ kaŋwa siziŋ ɖɔm napoleon yoŋ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.  

Ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa mbʊ yɔ, ɩyɔdɩ ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yaa kɩtɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ pɩkɔŋna kʊdɔmɩŋ kaɖɛ ñɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Yee ɩyɔɔdɩ ɛfɛyɩ tomnaɣ taa kɔyɔ ɛyʊ ɛɛpaɣlʊʊ, mbʊ tɩyʊʊna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ liu tɛɛ lakɩɣ koŋgo yɔ. Pɩkɔŋna ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa sidiɣ sidiɣ tɔm, tɔm ndʊ panaɣ-tʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyaa mba pɛ-tɛ wɛ pʊŋ ñʊŋ taa yɔ nɛ poposina teŋgiŋ yɔ.  

Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɩyɔdɩ waa naalɛ yeke palaba nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ. Kalɩsɩ (caliche) Siili ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ somuuri weyi ɛ-taa wɛ ɩyɔdɩ yɔ karasɩm hayɩm naa taa nɛ fefekiŋ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Sapɔŋ nɛ Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa. Ɩyɔdɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ ɛyʊ fezuu labʊ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tɛ mbʊ yɔ evemiye kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ pɩpɔzʊʊ se ɛtalɩ ɛ-taa 150 µg kɔzɩ kɔzɩ halaa hɔsɩ tɩnaa (200 à 290 μg). Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ koŋ kɛlɛ se ɛla hɔkʊʊ seɣtiyaa, pa-taa kɛlɛ hɔkʊʊ ŋgʊ. Paɖʊ-ɩ ɖɔm kɩtɔɔm taa, nabʊyʊ taa naalɩm taa Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Sɛnɔɔ

Sɛnɔɔ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 54 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Xe. Ɛkɛ fefeku kɩbaŋʊ ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩ sɔŋ nɛ kɩfɛyɩna sɛmɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Miŋ kandʊ naa taa lɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ yuulee ŋgʊ. Tɔmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, sɛnɔɔ tɔmpiye lina krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se ξένος (xenos), nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛgɔm. Paya hɩɖɛ nɖɩ mbʊ yɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se paalɩ ɛ-yɔɔ lɛ patatɩɩ tɩlɩta-ɩ, kɛlɛ paya-ɩ ɛgɔm fefeku kɛ krypton alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣa hɩla kɛ fefekiŋ kɛtɛɖaɣ ñɩŋ (arɩkɔŋ, krɩptoŋ, sɛnɔɔ) kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ taa.

Palɩ sɛnɔɔ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1898 wɛɛ taa pɩtɩŋna William Ramsay yɔɔ nɛ Morris William Travers alɩwaatʊ ndʊ patakaɣa helim caajasɩ nɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu yɔ kɛlɛ paalɩzɩɣ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ nɛ azɔɔtɩ. Posoŋa helim miŋ saʊ nɛ palɩzɩɣ sɛnɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ posoŋi helim lɛ, pɩpɔzʊʊ se pañazɩ-pʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ lɩm (ɛsaɣ miŋ nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ fefeku, ɛlɛ paɖɩna-ɩ ñazɩɣ nɛ pe-niidi-ɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩɣ lɩm.   

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa William Ramsay nɛ Morri Travers kaalɩna sɛnɔɔ yɔɔ hasɩyaɖɛ fena;g kɩyaku 12 pɩnaɣ 1898, ɛlɛ mbʊ lɛ piteleri ɛzɩ paatɛm lɩɣ krɩpɔnɩ nɛ nɛyɔɔ yɔɔ. Ramsay tɔmna se payaa fefeku kɩfalʊ ŋgʊ hɩɖɛ sɛnɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ  ξένον nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛgɔm. 

Pɩnaɣ 1939 wɛɛ taa Albert R. Behnke Jr laba tʊmɩyɛ se ɛna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ lɩm yayaa mba pɛɖɛʊ lɩŋgamɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa ɛbɛ yebina nɛ pa-ñʊʊŋ taa cɔʊʊ, se papɩzɩɣ paɖʊ helɩm kpaɖaba taa ɛyʊ feziɣ-pʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu ɛzɩ awayɩ helim yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, ɛna ɖɔɖɔ se papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ pʊtʊ pɔsʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ kɩsɩ nɛ pɩsa nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ.
Sɛzɩyɔm

Sɛzɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 55 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Cs. Ɛkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ nɔyʊ nɛ e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ wɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, pʊcɔ eyoli lɛ pɩtalɩɣ 28 °C, ɛñɔtɩna ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋgaɣ (CNTP), ɖenɖe mbʊ yɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɩsɩ lɩm yɔ. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ kalɩyɔm nɛ rʊbɩdɩyɔm nɛ merɩkɩrɩ weyi eyeke koŋ ɛkɛ lɩm ñɩɣlɩm ɛjaɖɛ taa yem yɔ pɛkpɛnda wɛtʊ.  

Ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ wɛtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ rʊbɩdɩyɔm nɛ pɔtasɩyɔm yɔ, nɛ patɩŋga mbʊ yɔ pɛ-tɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Ɛwasɩɣ nɛ ɛɛladɩɣ miŋ mʊʊ helim taa, pɛkpɛnda ɛ nɛ lɩm kɔyɔ ɛwasɩɣ paa ɛtasaa miŋ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa caesius, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsɔmɩnʊʊ yuulee, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ paya-ɩ mbʊ yɔ panaɣ cɛŋga yuulee ŋga nakayɛ ɛ-tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu taa. Robert Wilhelm Bunsen nɛ Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ñɩnɩna nɛ pana sɛzɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1860 pɩtɩŋna Dürkheim lɩm mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu yɔɔ. Fenasɩ cabɩ lɛdaa lɛ pana rʊbɩdɩyɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ.

Mbʊ lɛ panaɣa Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2008 wɛɛ taa kɛ lakʊ taa afanaa nɛ pa-nandʊ kaakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ Bq/kg. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ hiu mbʊ yɔ (1999 ŋtalɩ 2008), wiluu tʊma naayɛ wɩlɩɣ se afanaa 656 mba agbama kʊ Ravenbourg ageeta taa (Caama nɛ hadɛ kiŋ, pʊñɔtɩna ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Suwisi ɛjaɖɛ kamaɣ) ɛzɩma pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛdɔ kpɩna ana a-taa yɔ.

Pɩɖalɩɣ kɔyɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖɩtɔkɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɖo-lotu taa yɔ. Pʊwayi lɛ, calɩm kpakɩ-ɩ nɛ pɩɖɛʊna halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛcaɣ ɛ-lɛzʊʊ lone taa ɛlɛ yɔ pɔtasɩyɔm. Pruse yuulee tʊ weyi nɔɔ tɔkɩ liki sɛzɩyɔm nɛ taalɩyɔm lotu taa, nɛ ɛnɩ pɩndʊ nɛ tʊtʊ ñepiɣi yuulee.
Ɛndɩyɔm

Ɛndɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ 49 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ In. Ɛ-pɩlʊʊ kɔyɔ 13 nɛ e-lone kɔyɔ 5. Ɛndɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ caʊʊ nɛ ɛñɩɣlɩsɩɣ yɔ, Ɛsaɣ miŋ piŋ pʊcɔ eyoli, pɩɩtalɩɣ 156°C ɛtama yoluu, ɛɛpʊkɩ helim taa yem. 

Pɩnaɣ 1940 alɩwaatʊ, ɛzɩma pataɣ ɛndɩyɔm wondu nɛ ɛlʊkɩna ɖɔɖɔ pʊɣʊ tɔm mbʊ lɛ, palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖaa sɔɔjanaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Bruce Mahan kɛdɩɣ-ɖʊ se kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1970 wɛɛ taa mbʊ yɔ patalakɩ tʊmɩyɛ siŋ nɛ ɛndɩyɔm. Pʊkɔma pɩnzɩ 1980 lɛ, *Encyclopedia Universalis* kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa tisi se pana ɛndɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pasɩm-wɛ (papɩzɩɣ pala-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ). Wayi wayi ɛ-tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊnaʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa añɩɣnɩŋ sɔsɔŋ LCD, yeba nɛ ɛndɩyɔm kpa liidiye.   

Ɛndɩyɔm, paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-sɛmɩŋ wɛ yuulecɛzʊʊ (latɛŋ cɔlɩɩ taa lɛ, indǐcum nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ wɛɛ taa lɛ, indium) miŋ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ pamaɣzɩna, sɛmɩŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩwwɩlɩɣ tovonum se cɛŋga yuulee kpiɖi kpiɖi nɛ cɛŋga yuulee nakɛyɛ ŋñɩɩ kɛ ɛ-tɛ kɔtɩɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu taa, Ferdinand Reich nɛ Hieronimus Theodor Richter ñɩnɩna nɛ pana tɔm ndʊ pɩnaɣ 1863, ŋgʊ paaɖɩna takɩɣ zɩŋkɩ nɛ kwivri ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna Freiberg tɛ sʊfɩrɩ pʊtʊ yɔɔ nɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ Robert Wilhelm Bunsen luba yɔɔ.    

Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm naa, ɔrɩdɩnatɛrɩ naa, GPS tɩnaa, nesi taa kaŋgalafu naa, kɛlɛmɩŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ naa ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi ɛwɛna añɩnɩŋ LCD waa yɔ patɩŋga payɩ palɩ tɔɖɩɩ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 2000 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se ɖenɖe ɛnɩyɔm kaakpɩnda keeke keeke yɔ nɔɔnɔɔ yɔ nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ pɩcaɣ kpɛɖɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ liidiye nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se papɩzɩ nɛ paɖɩnɩ pɩsɩnaʊ kɔyɔ ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ cɛyɩɣ pa-tɩ se papɩzɩ pañɩnɩ nɔmɔʊ weyi palɛzɩna yɔ.
Antɩmʊwanɩ

Antɩmʊwanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 51 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sb. E-tomnaɣ tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɛwɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, ɛwɛ sʊtʊ piŋ nɛ ɛtɩyɩ pɩcɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ (weyi pɛkpɛndɩ ɛ nɛ-ɩ nabʊyʊ naa taa, ɛzɩ hɔzɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna pʊlɔŋ yɔɔ yɔ). 

Yee paya-ɩ tobi se Sb kɔyɔ Berzélius lɩzɩna hiɖɛ nɖɩ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se stibium yaa pɩlɩna krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa se stibi yaa krɛkɩ (s)timmi, ɖɩ-lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa στίϐι / stibi nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ antɩmʊwanɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kpeekpe, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ stibine maɣmaɣ. 

Kpaɣɖʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wɛɛ pɛtɛm lʊlʊʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ wayi yɔ, Celse nɛ pline kɩbɩnʊʊ laba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmʊʊ sɩtɩbɩyɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlabɩyɛ se yʊsaɣ, cɛjɛyaɣ (ɛzɩ ɛsa kila kpɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ) kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 wɛɛ taa ñɩnɩyʊ Jöns Jakob Berzelius lɩza tobi yatʊ se Sb, mbʊ pɩsɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ antɩmʊwanɩ yatʊ. 

Pline pɩzɩ ɛya hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, ɛlɛ ehiɣ ɛlɩzɩ abalʊ nɛ halʊ. Abalʊ kɔyɔ sɩtɩbɩnɩ, halʊ kɔyɔ weyi ɛkɩlɩ paɣlʊ yɔ, ɛkɩlɩ yuŋ, ɛñɩlɩsɩɣ nɛ papɩzɩɣ papɩsɩ-ɩ mʊlʊm. Pline la tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpee anɛ stimi, larbaris, alabastre, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ platyophthalmos i.e. pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛsa sɔsɔna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, Khôl ajana wondu cɔlɔ lɛ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1990 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ajɛyɛ wena akɩlaɣ huyuu antɩmʊwanɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔ anaa yɔ, Siini, Ruusi, Afrika nɛ Hadɛ ejaɖɛ, Bolivi, Mɛkɩsɩkɩ, Kanaada nɛ Ositralii. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1658, Louis 14 hiɣ sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ tɔɔnaɣ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkpakaɣ Bergues Hayɩ yɔɔ kiŋ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ Guénaut, Anne Autriche ɖɔkɔtɔ ha-ɩ tɔtʊ kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɛlaba-ɖɩ nɛ antɩmʊwanɩ nɛ vɩn sʊlʊm nɛ ɛwazɩ-ɩ hama yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ wiyaʊ ha waɖɛ se papazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ antɩmʊwanɩ kɔ taa nɛ pawazɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ.
Parɩyɔm

Parɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 56 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ba. Pana parɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ pɩnaɣ 1774 pɩtɩŋna Carl Wilhelm Scheele yɔɔ kɛ maganɛzɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ naalɛ tʊ tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Humphry Davy lɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɛlɛ Guntz ñɔɔzɩ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1901. Pakpa tɔmpiye parɩyɔm nɛ ɖoŋ pɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɛwɛ yuŋ. 

Parɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔm ŋñɩɩ (asɛtatɩ, karɩbɔnatɩ, klɔratɩ, kɩlɔrɩ, hɩdrɔsɩdɩ, nɩtratɩ, ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ, pɛrɩkɩlɔratɩ, pɔlɩsʊlɩfʊrɩ nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ), palakɩ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ polukina wondu sakɩyɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm takayɩhatʊ, foɖo foɖo num ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ, añɩnɩŋ caɖasɩ nzɩ ɖɩyaɣna anasaayɩ taa sɩzɩ fɛɛrɩ yɔ, cʊŋ ɖeɣsi, malaa ɖesiɣ nɛ fɛrɩnɩ nɛ mɩzasɩ tɛtʊ, palakɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm pɩtɩŋna parɩyɔm ŋgʊ kʊ-pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ kɛnɛ, ɛzɩ yee ntiɣta parɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm ñɩŋʊ yɔ kʊmʊʊ miŋ nɛ paapɩzɩɣ peɖeziɣ miŋ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kʊmʊʊ miŋ yaa kɩmɩzɩ. 

Parɩyɔm wɛ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛnɩɣ ɛ-tɩ taŋ kpaɣ ɛzɩ lotu ñɩŋanzɩ siŋ, calɩm kahʊyaɣ, ñamɩyɛ tɛ calɩm hosi kʊdɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɔtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩkɔna ɛyʊ sɩm, pɩkɛna pʊtʊma feziŋ ɛɛtalɩ-ɩ yaa pɩkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ laŋɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa.   

Parɩyɔm wɛ ndɩ ndɩ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pana-ɩ lɛ, ɛzɩ ɖɔm yɔ. Yee ŋliba parɩyɔm kɔyɔ, kʊyɔɔlɩɣ kɛlɛ parɩyɔm pɩsɩ kɩcaɣ ɛyʊ toma ndɩ ndɩ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mɔɔ taa. Ɛzɩ parɩyɔm ɖɔm naa sakɩyɛ yɔlʊʊ lɩm taa yɔ, kpɩna pɩzɩɣ nɛ añɔʊ pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ. INRS laba tʊmɩyɛ yuŋ yɔɔ, holaa nɛ anasaayɩ holaa lɛ, pana se pakɩlɩɣ dʊʊ parɩyɔm pɩ-tɛ kpɩna ana yɔ a-tɛ hɔ kɩlɩɣ paɣlʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔŋna sɩm sakɩyɛ.
Lantanɩ

Lantanɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 57 nɛ yʊssaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ La. Ɛha ɛ-hɩɖɛ lantanɩdɩ waa cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se lanthanein nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mɛlʊʊ. Ɖoo pitihiɣ lantanɩ kaamɛla sɛrɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ yem ŋnɔɔ taa lɛ, lantanɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ saɣ. Lɩm yaa helim ɛɖɛna ɛ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. 

Palɩ lantanɩ yɔɔ kɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ tɛtʊ taa, tɛtʊ ndʊ Johan Gadolin nɛ Andrers Gustaf Ekeberg pɩtɩŋna gadolinite nɛ euxénite pɔ-yɔɔ. Lantanɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pɩyʊ yɔ palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kɩcaʊ pɩnaɣ 1839 ɛlɛ Carl Gustf Mosander labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Palɩzɩɣ lantanɩ kɛ monazite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y) PO4) nɛ bastnäsite ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)(CO3)F). Mbʊ papɩzɩɣ nɛ patʊʊ ɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lɛlaa yɔ wɛ kaɖɛ. 

Ɛbɛɛ palakɩna-ɩ, lantanɩ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kaaʊ maakɩka ɖɩlaɖɛ taa, poluki-i pɩlɩna mischmétal yɔɔ, pɩkɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ ñɩndʊ ndʊ pesida yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ sɛrɩyɔm pɩtalɩ 55%, lantanɩ kɔyɔ 20%, nɛyɔdɩyɔm 15%, prasɛyɔdɩyɔm 5%, samarɩyɔm 1% ɛ nɛ ɩtrɩyɔm. Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpɩnda pɩ-taa peeɖe. 

Ɛkɛ seɣtiyu ñamasɩŋ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi paɖʊʊ ɛ-taa karasɩm yɔ, nɛ ɛfɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ pɩlatɩnɩ nɛ paladɩyɔm mba palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩma ɖɩla nɛ ɖɩtaa tɔlɩ ɛ-tɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ taa, mbʊ peheyuu-ɖʊ se ɖɩtaa feziɣ pɩ-tɛ mʊzʊʊ nɛ fefekiŋ.
Sɛrɩyɔm

Sɛrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 58 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ce. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ lantanɩ waa pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Martin Heinrich Klaproth tɩlɩna sɛrɩyɔm ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1803 nɛ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ Jöns Jacob Berzelius nɛ Wilhelm Hisinger. 

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pamazɩɣ-ɖɩ nɛ cérès tɩyɩŋga cikpelaɣ ŋga palɩ kɔ-yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1801 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1825 Carl Gustav Mosander pɩza ɛna tovonum taa lɛ, ɛ-wɛtʊ keeke.  

Sɛrɩyɔm siziŋ ɖɔm palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ (ɛlɛ ŋñɩɩ yem mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ) naanum naa nabɛyɛ taa yaa heŋ naa ɖɩñalɩyɛ taa, se pɩsa nɛ pawaana yaa pawazɩna miŋ heŋ sɔsɔŋ. Paɖʊʊ sɛrɩyɔm heŋ taa lɛ, pɩñakɩ kpɔndɔyʊʊ nɛ pɩyɔɔ kiŋ, mbʊ yekina nɛ asuuma yaa ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ pʊsʊʊ heŋ taa, kɛlɛ pɩpazɩ tɔnʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ maʊ (ɛlɛ pɩɖaŋɩɣ nɛ pɩwaɣ yɔ tɔnʊʊ ɛtaakɩlɩ paɣlʊʊ) miŋ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa.

Paasɩŋ-wɛ camɩyɛ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ sɔtʊ pʊtʊnaa feziŋ ñɩma), ɛlɛ IRSN lɩzɩɣ wɩlɩtʊ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩlɩna cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ agbele yɔɔ. Natʊyʊ taa, kʊdɔntʊ nɔyʊ weyi pañala e-heŋ taa nɛ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa wɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm nɛ sɛrɩyɔm kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ miŋ ɛñaɣ ɛyʊ kɔyɔ piyeki nɛ panaɣ pee cikpena sɛrɩyɔm tɩyɛɛ heŋ taa.
Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ

Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 59 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pr. Prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ kɛ tɛtʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɛnʊ lantanɩ waa pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Ɛjaɖɛ taa yem lɛ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ nɛ peyeba-ɩ helim taa yem kɔyɔ ɛɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ lɔŋ. 

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ lɩm paacaɣ ɖama mbʊ lɛ, num kɩtɔɔm taa pasɩɣ-ɩ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ tɔmpee taa prason (πράσον pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se naalɛ tʊ nɛ tɔmpiye lɛɛɖɛ yɔ didymos (δίδυμος pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se rom) mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛ-tɛ siziŋ ɖɔm wɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ. 

Kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaamaɣza ɖooo pitihiɣ se prasɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ paakɛ pɩyʊ yem pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach tɛyɩ-wɛ pɩnaɣ 1885 yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1841 Carl Gustaf Mosander tʊʊ didyme kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ nɛ lantanɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1874 lɛ, Per Teodor Cleve lɩ tɔm tʊnɛyɔɔ tɩ-yɔɔ mbʊ se didyme taa wɛ pʊtʊ naa naalɛ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1879 lɛ, Lecoq Boisbaudran lɩzɩɣ tɛtʊ kɩfatʊ, samarɩyɔm didyme tɛ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ palɩzɩɣ-kʊ samarskite ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1885 lɛ, Otirisi kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ sɔsɔ Carl Auer von Welsbach tɛyɩ didyme hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ, prasɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pa-lɩm sɛmɩŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩnzɩ 1920 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, Leo Moser (Ludwig Moser pɩɣa kɛlɛ, ɛnʊ tʊlɩna Moser ñɩɣlɩm wondu tʊmɩyɛ kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ Karlovy Vary, Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ piyidina Leo Moser ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛnɛ). 

Takayasɩ mayaa kɛdʊʊ-ɖʊ se prasɛyɔdɩmɩ kaakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ nɛ kɩtaayakɩ ɖeu, mbʊ yebina nɛ kɩtaafɛyɩ liidiye ɛzɩ nɛyɔdɩmɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ ñakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Pataalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩmɩ-ɩ yɔ, prasɛyɔdɩmɩ wɛʊ yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ kɩ-yeke, pesidaɣna-kʊ nɛ lantanɩ nɛ sɛrɩyɔm. Pɩ-tɛ lɩm mbʊ pesidaɣ yɔ payaɣa se LCP pɩlɩna pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ pɩ-taa yɔ pɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ masɩ yɔɔ.
Sisiŋ tʋ

Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se siziŋ tʋ (acide). Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu ŋ́gʋ, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ wonuu, kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ ajɔɔɖɛ tɛ (organique). 

Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩkɛ nazɩyʋ pe taa naɖɩyɛ. Yee paɖʋza nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se idroniyɔɔm yɔ lɩm taa nɛ ɛyɔlɩ yɔ, pana siziŋ tʋ. Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ sidiɣna kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu sidii sidii nɛ siziŋ wondu lɩɣ.

Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wondu ńdʋ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ, ho nɛ kɩbɩm tɛ amoniyakɩ tɛ lɩm. Amoniyakɩ lɩm pʋnɛ pʋwɛŋna ɖoŋ se pɩpɩzɩ pɩhɔlɩ nazɩyʋ sɩɣlɩyʋ weyi payaɣ se « hydroxyle » yɔ lɩm taa. 

Siziŋ tɩnaa wɛna ɖoŋ yɔlɩyaa yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, siziŋ tɩnaa mba pɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɛfɛyɩna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ yɔlɩyaa yɔɔ. Yee siziŋ tɩnaa ɛɖɔ kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ wonuu nakʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, piyeki nɛ siziŋ tɩnaa ɖɔɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.

Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ Brønsted-Lewis tɔŋ se yee yɔlɩyʋ eheba nɛ siziŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ yɔlɩ lɩm taa kɔyɔ, ɛ-tɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « pH » yɔ, pɩ-tɛ ɖoŋ ɛɛtalɩɣ lʋbɛ.

Pasɩma siziŋ tɩnaa ɖooo lɔŋ. Pasɩm-wɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖoŋ weyi pɛwɛna nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔlʋʋ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʋ yɔ. 

Kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ laɖʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Robert Boyle ñɩnaa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ se siziŋ tɩnaa wɛna ɖoŋ se pɛlɛɣzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se « tournesol » yɔ tɔlɩm. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛñɩnaa nɛ ɛna se siziŋ tɩnaa yeki nɛ « tournesol » tɔlɩm kɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ. Ɖajaa Robert Boyle kɛ Iŋglisi ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋ.
Tayɩwanɩ

**Tayɩwanɩ** kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖooo lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpacayaɣna-tʊ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1683 nɛ 1895 taa nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ Sapɔŋ paazɩ-ɖɩ yɔɔ cɔnaʊ.

Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 23 550 077 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 644 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa pɩzɩʊ pakpadayɩ patalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 76 yɔ nɛ halaa ñapɩzɩʊ pɛɖɛɛ; pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ 83 yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛyaa ɛɛlaazʊʊ kpadɩyʊʊ ɛlɛ paasɩkɩ lɔŋ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pe-efebiɖe yaa pɛ-pɛlɛtʊ tɔɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa ajɛya wena a-taa halaa ɛɛlʊlʊ pɩya sakɩyɛ yɔ, nɛ peeɖe lɛ halʊ ɛɛlʊlʊʊ pɩɖɛɛ pɩɣa kʊɖʊmaɣ yɔɔ. 

Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba wena awɛ Tayɩwanɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ anaa yɔ: Krɩstʊ ŋgbɛyɛ, Puudism ñɩnɖɛ nɛ malɩŋ ŋbgɛyɛ. 

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ siinʊwaa.
Turkimenistanɩ

Turkimenistanɩ kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ anaa yɔ: Afganisitanii, Iiraŋ, Kapi teŋgu, Kazakistanɩ nɛ Uzibekistanɩ.

Pamaza Turkmenistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 488 100 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5.171.943 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 10 yɔ. Aloma fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Turkmenistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ turkimɛɛnɩ nɛ ruusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taamaasɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +993 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. 

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se maanatɩ turkimɛnɩ.
Siirii

kɛna ɛndɩ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Prɔɔsɩ Ooriyaŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ Siirii naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Mediteraanee teŋgu nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ.

Pamaza Siirii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 185 180 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmakʊɣna ɛzɩ 0,06 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 17 534 083 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 98 yɔ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 17 wiye pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Siirii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bachar el-Assad nɛ ɛ-tɛ komina yɔɔ cɔnayʊ se Imad Khamis.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊʊ lɛ araabʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Taamaasɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +963 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Liivri siiriyɛnɩ.
Zɔɔrdaanii

**Zɔɔrdaanii** kɛna Azii ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siirii nɛ Akaba pɔɔ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Palɛstinii, Israɛlɩ, Yɔrdaŋ pɔɔ nɛ Tengu Kɩsɩbʋʋ, nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Araabii Sawuditi.

Tʊkaɣ nakayɩ wɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ pɔɔ nakayɩ ŋɛ ŋga payaɣ se Yɔrdaŋ. Yɔrdaŋ kɛŋna pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wokaɣ polu lɩm nɛ pɔsɔʊ pɩya ajama yɔ yaa palakɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm kpeɣyu sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Yahanɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʊ kaasɔ Yeesu Krɩstʊ lɩm. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩsɩ lɩm kiɖeɖem. Pɔtɔkɩ peeɖe tɛ kazandʊ paa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛtɛ kɩyakʊ 13.

Pamaza Zɔɔrdaanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 89 342 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 0,8 % yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 531 712 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 107 yɔ. Agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Zɔɔrdaanii kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Abdalla II nɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Hani al-Mulki.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ araabʊ ɛlɛ aŋgilisi ñɛkɛna kʊènʊŋ ŋgʊ paanɩ ɛkɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ aseela tʊma taa yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Amaanɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +962 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se tiinaarɩ zɔɔrdaanɩyɛ.
Piyeloorusi

**Piyeloorusi** kɛna Eerɔpʋ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ yaa lɩm nabʊyʊ fɛyɩ se pɩcɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Lɛtoonii nɛ Lituyaanii wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Poolɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛna kataŋga sɔsɔɔ nakayɩ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, laŋ tala ɛzɩ 40 % yɔ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ kpeekpe taa.
 
Pamaza Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 207 600 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 9 498 700 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 45,80 yɔ. Kɩyɛna fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Piyeelorusi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Alexandre Loukachenko nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Andreï Kobiakov.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ piyelorusi nɛ rusi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Minski nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +375 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ se Ɖaa lɛ Piyelorusi ñɩma. 

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Ruubli piyelorus.
Lisbooni

Lisbooni kɛna Pɔrtiigaali ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Pamaza Lisbooni ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 83,7 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 545 733 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 27,42 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lisbooni ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bounnhang Vorachith nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Thongloun Sisoulith.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Lisbooni yɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Fiyantiyan. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma + ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Praagɩ

Praagɩ kɛna Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naqtʊyʊ nɛ ndʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 1 280 508 yɔ. Pamaza Praagɩ  tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 49 600 km2. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa maalika ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Adriana Krnáčová (ANO 2011).

Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Praagɩ tɛtʊ  nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa natʊyʊ kɔyɔ: Kasaablanka, Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ, Siikaagoo, Fransɩ, Frankɩ Fɔrtɩ, Hambuuri, Kiyoto, Mɔɔsɩkʊʊ, Norambɛrgɩ, Paarii, Fonikisi, Tunisi, Niimi, Tiijɔni, Fiyɛɛnɩ, Hɛlɩsinkii, Pudaapɛstɩ, Yeruzalɛm, Riiga, Roterdam, Pratisilava, Lisboni, Pirmiŋgam.
Nɛyɔdɩmɩ

Nɛyɔdɩmɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 60 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Nd. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm kpʊzɩyɛɛ nɛ ɛ-tɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖasɩ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɛ-nɛ lantanɩ waa pɛ-tɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm. Ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋgaɣ taa lɛ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ, papɩzɩɣ pɔhɔmɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛlazɩɣ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa. 

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se νεός (neós) nɛ δίδυμος (dídymos) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ paa tɔmpiye nɖɩ lɛ se kɩfalʊʊ nɛ ɖomaa yaa agbaba. Ɖooo pitihiɣ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa kaamaza se prɛsɩyɔdɩmɩ nɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ lɩm kpɛndʊʊ kaakɛ pɩyʊ yem kaakaa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1886, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach pɩza nɛ ɛtɛyɩ-wɛ.
   
Pana nɛyɔdɩmɩ Vienne tɛtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Carl Auer von Welsbach yɔɔ, ɛkɛ Otrisi ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1886 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛtɛyɩ nɛyɔdɩmɩ alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ prɛsɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ tɩtɩmɩ pɩtɩŋna amɔnɩyakɩ nɛ tɩtɩmɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm tɛ ɖɔmbɩyɛ pɩsʊʊ kɩmaŋ faɣʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔɖɔ mʊntʊsɩŋ weliŋ takɩɣ nɛ naʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Hɩɖɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se neos (νέος), nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩfalʊ, nɛ didymos (διδύμος), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖomaa.   

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛbɛɛ ɛwazɩɣ, ɛkɛ kɔyɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ naa lɛlaa kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔrɩyɔm yɔ, palakɩ-yɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa kɔɔ tɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ halʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩnzɩ 1920 ŋtalɩ 1930. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ miŋ cɛsɩyasɩ. Pataɣ-ɩ añɩɣlɩŋ yɔɔ. Pepisina-ɩ añɩɣlɩŋ weyi pɔcɔŋna nɛ wɩsɩ taa yɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣtʊ tanɖaa ɛsɛñɩɣlɩŋ. Pata-ɩ cʊʊ ñanzɩ yɔɔ.
Prɔmɛtɩyɔm

Prɔmɛtɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 61 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pm. Ɛ nɛ tɛkɩnɩsɩyɔm, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naa naalɛ taa nɔyʊ mba pɛfɛyɩ yuŋ ɛzɩ pɩsɩmʊtɩ, mba pɛfɛyɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ agbele naa. Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ cazʊ cazʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna prométhée, pɩkɛ krɛkɩ pɔpɔtʊ tɔm kɩɖalatʊ natʊyʊ ndʊ pɔtɔŋ se tɩmɩla miŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ naa cɔlɔ. Paalakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩtasɩna mʊntʊsɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛ-tɛ cɛkasɩ tɔʊʊ yɔɔ. Palaba-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛkɛ fefeku pɩyʊ kɛ *Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Powers* nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ palabɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñamɩyɛ sɛzɩyʊ ɖeɖe. 

Bohuslav Brauner kaayɔɔda prɔmɩtɩyɔm wɛʊ tɔm ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1902. Ɛlakaɣa tʊmɩyɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa yɔɔ se ɛpazɩ ɛtɩlɩ tɩ-wɛtʊ piŋ lɛ, ɛna tʊkaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɛ nɛyɔdɩmɩ nɛ samarɩyɔm hɛkʊ taa kakɩlɩ lantanɩdɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba paañɔtɩna kpɛyɛ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ ɖoziye tɔm ndʊ Henry Moseley tasɩ sazʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1914, ɛnʊ weyi pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛna se pʊtʊ nɔyʊ taafɛyɩna ñʊʊ mayaɣ 61. 

Posusa kajalaɣ natʊ takayaɣ lɛ Italii ɛyaa labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ mba yɔ Luigi Rolla nɛ Florence Fernande tɛ Lorenzo. Ɛtɛma tʊʊ tɩdɩm ñɩmɩŋ lɩm mbʊ kɩkɛ Preesiili tɛ monasiti yɔ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔmpɩyɛ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ yɔɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛna lɩm nabʊyʊ pɩ-taa nɛ samarɩyɔm. Lɩm mbʊ pɩcɛlɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛŋga X ŋga kɛkɛ samarɩyɔm ñɩŋa nɛ 61 pʊtʊ yɔ. 

Pɩsa nɛ pʊɖʊ hɩɖɛ pɛ-tɛ tɛtʊ lɛ, paya pʊtʊ 61 ɛnʊ se flɔrɛnsɩyɔm. Ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1926 wɛɛ taa lɛ, lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa nabayɛ kɛ Illinois sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Urbana-Champaign tɛtʊ taa yɔ, Smith Hopkins nɛ Len Yntema posusi pʊtʊ 61 natʊ tɔm. Paya-ɩ se ɩlɩnɩyɔm pɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ hɩɖɛ yɔɔ.
Samarɩyɔm

Samarɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 62 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Sm. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Samarɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu panana samarɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1853 pɩtɩŋna Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac. 

Palɩza-ɩ eyeke (ɛzɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ tɛ lɩm naa naalɛ) Paarii tɛtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran tʊ pɩtɩŋna samaskite yɔɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ matʊ kɔyɔ (Y,Ce,U,Fe)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)5O16. Pɩnaɣ 1901 Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Eugène Anatole Demarçay pɩza ɛtɛyɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa pa naalɛ nɛ ɛlɩɩ erɔpɩyɔm yɔɔ. Hɩɖɛ samarɩyɔm lɩna samarskite hɩɖɛ cɔlɔ, sɔdʊʊ Samarsky lɩna ɛ yɔɔ Oural ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɖɩjɛsɩyɛ taa.

Samarɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛ ŋgʊ fɛyɩna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Ɛlɛ samarɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa kɛ seɣtiyaa tomnaɣ yɔkʊʊ nɛ maʊʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɖɩnɩɩ se pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtalɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ ɛlɛ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛkɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɔ cɔlɔ. Samarɩyɔm tɛ ɖɔʊ kpeekpe ɛyʊ sɔsɔ tomnaɣ kɛ 50 μg kɛlɛ ɛyʊ hɔyɛ taa nɛ kɩyaɖɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ calɩm taa lɛ ɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ makɩɣna  8 µg lɩta kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. 

Kpaɣ ɖooo calɩm taa samarɩyɔm mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ 45 yeke wokina hɔyɛ taa kɛlɛ 45% ñacakɩ mɔɔ yɔɔ, peeɖe ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ hiu mbʊ yɔ, piyele pɩzaɣa 10% ŋgʊ yɔ papa lɩɣ kpaagbaa. Pʊtʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛlakɩ tɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ piŋ nɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛfɛyɩ ɛyʊ tɔɔnaɣ taa. Ɛɛyɔɔlʊʊ lɩm mbʊ lɛ ɛfɛyɩ sɔtʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Erɔpɩyɔm

Erɔpɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 63 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Eu. Ɛɛladɩɣ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ helim taa nɛ ɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdag ŋga mbʊ lɛ pɩpɩsɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ waa naatozo, Eu + 3 O2 → 2 Eu2O3. Ɛ-laɣsɩ nɛ lɩm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ nɛ kalɩsɩyɔm yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa laala yɔ (ɛlɛ lantanɩ fɛyɩ pɩtaa) erɔpɩyɔm mʊʊ miŋ helim taa halɩ pɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ pɩtalɩ 150 pɩtalɩ 180 °C. Erɔpɩyɔm wɛ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ plɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛ manɩɩ. Pʊcɔ eniɣdi yaa ekpekeli lɛ pɩtalɩɣ −271,35 °C.

Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran tʊ lɩna erɔpɩyɔm yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1890, ɛlɛ ɛsɩma ɛlaba, ɛtɛyɩ kɩmaŋ samarɩyɔm nɛ kadɔlɩnɩyɔm nɛ ɛna mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛnzɩ nasɩyɛ nzɩ sɩtɛkɛ samarɩyɔm yaa kadɔlɩnɩyɔm pa-taa nɔyɔ ñɩnzɩ. Paa ɖoye lɛ natʊ kɩhɛyʊʊ liidiye wɛʊ yɔ pɛhɛyaɣ-ɖɩ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Eugène Anatole Demarçay, weyi ekpeɣa pɩnaɣ 1896 alɩwaatʊ taa se samarɩyɔm cɛbɩyasɩ kɩfasɩ nzɩ palɩ sɩ-yɔɔ yɔ pʊtʊnaa laala kaaɖɛ-sɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛñɛ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ erɔpɩyɔm kɩ yeke pɩnaɣ 1901.
Katɔlɩnɩyɔm

Katɔlɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 64 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Gd. Ɛkɛ lantanɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ lɛlʊ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna katɔlɩnɩtɩ cɔlɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtaa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ. Katɔlɩnɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, ɛ-mɛɛdʊʊ nɛ ɛwɛ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. 

Katɔlɩnɩyɔm wɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ kɛ helim mbʊ pɩwɩɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔŋ tɛɛ yɔ. Kɔyɔ ɛɛladɩɣ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ niikaɣ helim taa. Yee paɖʊ-ɩ lɩm taa kɔyɔ pɩwasɩɣ ɖaa ɖaa kɛlɛ ɛyɔɔlʊʊ siziŋ lɩm naa mba paca pataa yɔ. Katɔlɩnɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wɛʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1880 wɛɛ taa kɛ Jean Charles Galissard Marignac tʊ lɩza-ɩ eyeke nɛ Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran ñɩnʊ ñapɩsɩ-ɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ keeke pɩnaɣ 1886. Fɛɛlandɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ yana-ɩ hɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ Johan Gadolin. 

Katɔlɩnɩyɔm wɛna sɔtʊ naa nabayɛ. Tovonum, ɛ nɛ kalɩsɩyɔm pahasɩɣ ɖama ɖenɖe kalɩsɩyɔm kɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ pɩyʊ (feziŋ, hɔyɛ ciidiɣ, nandʊ hola seletuu, calɩm kiɣu nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ) nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɔna kalaa sakɩyɛ  pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ ɖɔʊ yɔ.
Tɛrɩbɩyɔm

Tɛrɩbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 65 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tb. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ, ɛ-tɛ nɛ lantanɩ waa tɛ kiŋ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɛerɩbɩyɔm lɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pʊñɔtɩna Stockholm kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɖenɖe pana ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-taa patɩla kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lalaa yɔ. Ɩtrɩyɔm, Ɛrɩbɩyɔm nɛ Ɩtɛrɩbɩyɔm pa-yatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ pɛcɛsɩɣ tɛrɩbɩyɔm kɛ monazite kañɩŋga taa kɛnɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩ waa lalaa yɔ.

Tɛrɩbɩyɔm kɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm mbʊ paalɛzɩɣ-pʊ yɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩyaa kaatɛma maʊ takayaɣ kusuzaɣa nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ka-taa kɛ tɛrɩbɩyɔm tɛmtʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 2012. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1789 lɛ, Fɛɛlandɩ  kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Johan Gadolin lɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) Ɩtɛrɩbɩtɩ ŋñɩɩ cɛbɩyaɣ taa (patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ pʊwayɩ se kadɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ). Kaʊ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩkɛ Sʊyɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Ytterby. Pɩnaɣ 1797 Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣ nesi ɛ-tʊma takayasɩ taa pɩwɩlɩ se etisaa nɛ ɛyaa ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ se yttria. 

Kpaɣɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ wayɩ, paɖanɩ paazʊʊ tʊm pɔzɩtʊ Mosander natʊ tʊma yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1860, ɛɛgbaɣtʊ Nils Johan Berlin ɖanɩɣ paazʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yttria ŋgʊ palɩzɩ-kʊ kpata yɔ kɩyɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ waa naalɛ. Ɛmaɣzɩ nɛ ɛkpaɣ lɛlʊ se ɛkɛ ɩtrɩyɔm tɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kem nɛ ɛna lɛlʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛɛrbɩnɩ Mosander tɛ ŋgʊ. Pɩtɛ ñɩnɩtʊ ndʊ paɖanɩ-tʊ paazʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1864 kɛ Göttingen pɩtɩŋna Friedrich Otto Popp nɛ Genève ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Marc Delafontaine papa ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣza kɩtɛza tata.  

Kajalaɣ tʊ ñatana pʊtʊ nɔyʊ pɩtasɩna ɩtrɩyɔm kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa lalaa wɛʊ yɔ pɛkɛ ɔkɩsɩdɩ waa mba paatɛma-wɛ tɩlɩɣ (kɛ sɛrɩyɔm nɛ tɩdɩmɩ taa yɔ), ŋgʊ lɛlʊ ñɔtɔŋ se ɛrɩbɩnɩ nɛ tɛrbɩnɩ pa naalɛ pɛwɛɛ. Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1866 lɛ, pɩtalɩna Robert Bunsen nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ sɩŋɩyʊ Johan Bahr Heidelberg sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa se ɛɖanɩ paazʊʊ pɛ-tɛ tɛyɩtʊ tɔm.
Tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm

Tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 66 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Dy. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa δυσπρόσιτος / dus-prósitos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ kaɖɛ se pehiɣ-ɩ. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ, ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ, ɛwɛ tɛyɩŋ, ɛwɛ manɩɩ nɛ ɛwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ sɩɣa. Helim taa ɛwɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ.  

Pana tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1886 pɩtɩŋna Paul Emile Lecoq Boisbaudran ñɩnʊ yɔɔ. Lecoq Boisbaudran ñɩnʊ laba ɛ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ kajalaɣ ɖenɖe pɩtɩŋna hɔlɩmɩyɔm yɔɔ nɛ ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm pɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ mbʊ se dysprositos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊwɛ kaɖɛ se pehiɣ-ɩ. 

Pɩkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ tʊma labɩnaʊ kaaɖɔ piŋ yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ lɩm pʊtʊnaa mba pɔyɔɔlaɣa yɔ pataa kɩlɩ wɛnaʊ sɔtɔ piŋ, piyele mba pɔtɔ yɔɔlʊʊ yɔ pakpaɣ papa ɛzɩ sɔtʊ ñɩma yɔ. Kɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛ, sɔtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛ kɛ tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm tɛ kɩlɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa yɔɔ mbʊ yɔ palaba tʊmɩyɛ pɔ-yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1960, kɛlɛ pana se pɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ nɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ pɛwɛna wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lalaa mba pɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛkpɛnda pɛwɛɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊtaa yɔ. 
 
Kɛlɛ hɔlɩmɩyɔm nɛ ɛrbɩyɔm tɛ kɩlɔrɩ wonduu naa pasɩɣ holaa ɖoŋ nɛ pɩkɔŋna sɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pɩcamʊʊ ñamɩyɛ calɩm hosi nɛ feziŋ ɛɛlakɩ camɩyɛ. Yee pʊtʊkɩna ɛsɩyɛ yɔ (patakaa nɛ pana lɛ) pɩkɔŋna ɛsɛcɩtʊ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna kɩcɩkpɩŋ. Tomnaɣ keeke yɔɔ lɛ, pɩfɛyɩna cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ kɛlɛ tomnaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ kpɛza yɔ payaɣ cɛjɛsɩ pɩwɛ heɣe heɣe nɛ halɩ hɔndʊ tɔʊʊ.
Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ

Tɔsʊʊ (Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, οἰκονομία / oikonomía « tʊma yɔɔ cɔnaʊ hɔʊ taa »), pɩkɛ ɛyʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɔza labʊ, tɛyʊʊ, kɩlɛzʊʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ. Tɔsʊʊ kɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ tɔsʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊma kpɛlɛka ɖɩ-yɔɔ piŋ nɛ ɖɩñɩkɩɣ niye tɔsʊʊ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ, nɛ tɔsʊʊ ɖɔkʊʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ se pɩsa nɛ palabɩna-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. 

Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ kudoku tɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ, Sumer ajɛyɛ taa ɛyaa hiɣ tadɩyɛ nɛ tɔsʊʊ piŋ pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pɛdɩɣ yɔɔ. Pakpaɣ Sumer tɛ kajalaɣ paɣtʊ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ tɔsʊʊ takayɩsɩ kɩmamasɩ yɔ, nɛ sɩ-taa peeɖe sakɩyɛ wɛɛ paɖɩnɩɣ-sɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ liidiye hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛzɩ sɔnɔ kɩlɛzʊʊ tadɩyɛ nɔmɔʊ taa liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ paɖʊ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ masɩ yɔ (kɛzɛɣa ɖo ñŋa).

Ɖajaa Adam Smith cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ yaa huu tɩna ñɩm huu ɖɔɖɔ. Thomas Malthus, ɛlɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ ɖiyiyu weyi ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ ɛsɩŋna kʊñɔndɩnaa ɛ-tɛ egeetiye taa, nɛ kʊñɔŋ kpa-ɩ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma tɔɔnasɩ taala pɩnzɩ 1794 nɛ 1800 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛ yɔ ɛha ɛsɛ nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ mbʊ se pɩsɩna-wɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ nɛ ñɩm huu. Ɛ-tɛ kajalaɣ takayaɣ ŋga yɔ maɣzɩɣ pɩlɩna samaɣ wɛtʊ yɔɔ, ɛyaa pazɩ pɔsɔɔlɩ piŋ nɛ piseɣti nɛ papazɩ kɩgalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 nɛ Kenneth Arrow tʊma pɩlɩna ɖeyi ɖeyi wɛtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩnzɩ 2008 nɛ 2010 tɔsʊʊ ñɔɔsɩ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pʊwɛ ɛzɩ tɩɖanɩ pɩsʊʊ Keynési ñɩndʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛ FMI ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1750 nɛ 1850 alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa mba paawɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛ taa nɛ hayi kiŋ kaawɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ pɔcɔŋna pɩyakʊʊ nɛ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩlʊʊ nɛ pɩsaŋ nɛ patɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩ-tɛ liidiye ɖʊʊ nɛ pɩ-kɛsɛsɩ.

Papɩzɩɣ payaa tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ yem tobi se tɔsʋʋ. Tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ yaa kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ nɛ katɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma tɔsʋʋ ɖɔŋ yɔ.

Ɖajaa John Maynard Keynes ñɩnɩ siŋŋ tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛtɩlɩ se payaʋ se tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛ tam naalɛ. Tɔsʋʋ cikpeluu wɛɛ nɛ tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔsɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ɖɔnɛ. 

Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ liidiye sɔsɔna sʋʋ nɛ alɩɣ lɩʋ mbʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma tɔsʋʋ sɔsɔʋ hukuu huuu mbʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma ɛyaa ɖʋʋ pe-liidiya tɔsɩŋ koozasɩ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ. 

Piyele tɔsɔɔ cikpeluu ñɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyaa wɛtʋ tɔsʋʋ lɛɣzʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ ɛyaa lakɩ yee tɔsʋʋ ɛkpɩlɣ kɩkpɩlʋ yɔ. Kɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma palakɩ yee tɔsʋʋ ehukuu kuhuu kɔyɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɩcɔŋna nɛ kɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ, yee ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɛkpɩlɩɣ kɩkpɩlʋʋ kɔyɔ.

Kɩcɔŋna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩnaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ, yee ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ehukuu huuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ.

Lɛɣtʋ tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋwɛɛ nɛ mbʋ payaɣ se labʋ tɔsʋʋ yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ lakɩ lɩmaɣza kɩlabʋ ɛzɩma mbʋ papɩzɩɣ pâla nɛ tɔsʋʋ ɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda yɔ. 

Kɩɩlakɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ keekee se tɔsʋʋ ehuu yaa kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, ɛlɛ, kɩlɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza kɩbana wena a-yɔɔ patɩŋnaa tɔsʋʋ pɩzɩɣ kɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Piyele labʋ tɔsʋʋ ñalakɩ pʋyʋ keekee se tɔsʋʋ ehuu. 

Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se labʋ tɔsʋʋ tʋlʋʋ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛyaa lakɩ-yɛ nɛ liidiye sʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩla tada ndɩ ndɩ. Kɩlakɩ tɔma sakɩyɛ wena akɔŋna liidiye ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɩtɩŋna hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya nʋmɔʋ taa, yaa sukuli labʋ nʋmɔʋ taa Ɛlɛ, lɩmaɣza tɔsʋʋ lɛɣtʋ yɔɔ kɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ kɩlakɩ kʋ-tʋma kpeekpe.
Hɔlɩmɩyɔm

Hɔlɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 67 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ho. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ, ɛwɛ cʊndʊlʊm, ɛwɛɛ manɩɩ kɛlɛ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ hɛɛɛ helim mbʊ pɩwɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ mɔɔŋ tɛɛ yɔ pɩ-taa nɛ ɛmʊ-kɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ niikaɣ helim taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ cɔlɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ kajalaɣ tɔmʊʊ kɛ pɛ-tɛ egeetiye hɩɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ, Stockholm, pɩkɛ weyi ɛna-ɩ ɛ-tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ, ɛyʊ ɛlɛ yɔ Per Thodor Clev.   
 

Pɩnaɣ 1789, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Johan Gadolin lɩzɩ ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ Ytterbite cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ taa (ɛtasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfala ŋga paatɛma-kɛ naʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ hoo hoo pɩtɩŋna Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ pɩñɔtɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-tʊma ana petisi a-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797 pɩtɩŋna Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, ɛnʊ weyi ɛɖanɩɣ yaʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ se yttria.

Pɩñɔtɩna kpaɣɖʊ hɔɔlʊʊ mbilim lɛ, Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Carl Gustav Mosander pɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊnaa naatozo ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna Yttria yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛpɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna ɖɔmbɩyɛ pɩsʊʊ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ nɛ ɛsɩɩ hɩɖɛ se yttria kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛsɛɛ yɔ (ɩtrɩyɔm keeke kɛlɛ) nɛ ɛyaa sʊtʊ lɩm sɛmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ se erbia nɛ ɛya kɩsɛcɛzʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ se terbia, ɛlɛ paa ɛzɩmta ɛmaɣzɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ. 

Soret cɔŋɩna Cleve tɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ŋgʊ ɛlabɩna hɔlɩmɩyɔm yɔ nɛ ɛna se kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-ñɩŋʊ (tɛtʊ X), ɛlɛ etisi pɩnaɣ 1880 hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ kaaya yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se fɩlɩpɩyɔm Delafontaine tɛ ñɩŋʊ wɛʊ yɔ kɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ hɔlɩmɩyɔm tɛ pɩyʊ kɛlɛ pɛhɛyɩ liidiye lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa pa-naatozo pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ yɔ.