open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa

Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa kɛŋna takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa tɔm talɩɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔ taa yɔ. Ɛlɛ, tɔm ndʊ Ɛsɔ mamaɣ yɔɔdaa yɔ, ndʊʊ pama ka-taa. Yuuda n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ n̄ɩnɖɛ tisa tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ pɩzɩɣ acɔlɩ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm ɛzɩ paa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, tɔm ndʊ pama takayɩsɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa Yuuda n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, tɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ ndʊ pama Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ.

Payaɣ Hebre n̄ɩma Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa se « TaNaKh ».  Pɛtɛyɩ-kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo. Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ payaɣ se « Torah ». Ɛsɔ tɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ pama kɩ-taa. Hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʊ payaɣ se «Nevi'im» waa. Hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-taa pɛkɛdɩ nayaa yaa lɔɔyɩsɩ tɩnaa tɔm. Hɔɔlʊʊ naadozo n̄ɩŋgʊ payaɣ se « Ketouvim » waa. Tɔm lɛɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ pama hɔɔlʊʊ kʊnɛ kʊkʊ taa. Pɛɖɛzɩ Ebree n̄ɩma Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa nɛ Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ taa. Ndʊ pɛɖɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ se «Septante». Sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Jérôme de Stridon yɔ, ɛtɩŋna tɔm ndʊ pɛɖɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛtɛzɩ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taaa tɔm ɖɛzʊʊ nɛ latɛɛnɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm ndʊ ɛɖɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ payaɣ se «Vulgate ».  Tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ mba payaɣ-wɛ se  «Slaavʊ waa» yɔ, pɔ-tɔm mʊyaa tɩŋnaa nɛ paba ɖɛzɩ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm nɛ caanaʊ Slaavʊ kʊnʊŋ taa. Pɔ-tɔm mʊyaa mbaa yɔ ɖajaa Cyrille nɛ ɖajaa Méthode.

Ebree n̄ɩma Takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa ŋga payaɣ se Tanakh yɔ, Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ayaɣ se *Nɔɔ Haʊ Kɩbɩm Takayaɣ*. Krɩstʊ n̄ɩma Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ *Nɔɔ Haʊ Kɩfam Takayaɣ*. Nɔɔ Haʊ kɩfam Takayaɣ taa pɛkɛdɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ tɔm. Pɛkɛdɩ ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ Yeesuu Nazarɛɛɩ tʊ tɛ apostolowaa tɔm sakɩyɛ. Pɛtɛyɩ Nɔɔ Haʊ kɩfam takayaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ naanaza. 

Kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ Laŋhɛzɩyɛ Tɔm kɩbandʊ ndʊ ɖa-Kɩpaɣlʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ susaɣ yɔ. Mayaa naanaza mana-tʊ. Mba yɔ : 
* Matiyee kiɖeɖeu
* Luka kiɖeɖeu
* Maarɩkɩ kiɖeɖeu
* Yohanɛɛsɩ kiɖeɖeu.
Hɔɔlʊʊ naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʊ n̄ɛkɛdɩɣ Yeesu Tɔm mʊyaa tɔma labʊ tɔm. Hɔɔlʊʊ naanaza n̄ɩŋgʊ n̄a wɩlɩɣ-ɖʊ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ Yeesu tɔm mʊyaa nabɛyɛ mawa yɔ. Kɛdɛzaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ n̄ɔyɔɔdʊʊna-ɖʊ kpaagbaa alɩwaatʊ yaa ɛjaɖɛ tɛm tɔm. Ɛsɔ kulina tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛwɩlɩ mayʊ Yohanɛɛsɩ nɛ ɛlɛ ma-tʊ. Pama Nɔɔ Haʊ kɩbɩm takayaɣ nɛ pɩla kpaɖɩŋ lutozo nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ ɖa- n̄ʊʊ yaɖʊ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Palʊla-ɩ nɛ kpaɖʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ yaa naalɛ n̄ɩŋgʊ kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, pama Nɔɔ Haʊ kɩfam takayaɣ.
Tanimarikɩ

Tanimarikɩ kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ hayʊ kiŋ peeɖe ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Sikandinaavi yɔ a-kpeekpe a- taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩ-kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1973. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ payaɣ se Kopɛnɩhaagɩ. 

Tanimarɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɩyɩ ɖɩ-tɩ tɔm naputozo: kacalaɣ lɛ Tanimarikɩ maɣmaɣ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩ-kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa, pʊwayɩ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Ferowee yɔ nɛ kpaagbaa hɔɔlʊʊ; kɔyɔ Krowelandɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 210 573. 

Salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ taa pagalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ pana ɛyaa 5 724 456. Palitiki teŋu nɛ teŋu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna hayʊ kiŋ yɔ ɩ-lɩm wadʊ Tanɩmarikɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Caama ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛna Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ piyele ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Suyɛɛdi yɔ, Tanɩmarɩkɩ ɛjaɖɩnɛ wɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ. 

Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1972 kɛ Abiɖe nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Margrethe Naalɛ-tʊ yɔ ɛɛwɛʊ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ yɔ; pɩnzɩ 2001 nɛ 2009 taa lɛ, pɩtalɩna Wiyao Anders Fogh Rasmussen se ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ.
Tamerlan

Tamerlan (Persan kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Timur Lang) yaa Timour naŋgbaŋa tʊ, Timour Kɩkɩlʊʊ (palɩla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1336 Kech tɛtʊ taa pɩñɔtɩna Chakhrisabz, nɔɔnɔɔ Ouzbékistan ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1405 Otrar nɔɔnɔɔ Kazakhstan ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛɛkɛ Turc nɛ Mongol ajɛyɛ yoyu kpaɣɖʊ 14 alɩwaatʊ taa, waɖʊ sɔsɔ Azii wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa kiŋ, Timouride waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ kiɖe ɖʊyʊ, ŋga kacaɣ piliɖi pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1507 yɔ. 

Tamerlan sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1405 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri ñʊʊ yɔɔ caɣya kaakɛ e-piya (Timouride waa), nɛ ajɛyɛ ɖoŋ ñɩna wena acɔ-wɛ ata yɔ ayɔkʊʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu Ampiiri pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Chaybanide waa kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ tɛ Ouzbek kpa-wɛ nɛ ɖoŋ kpaagba ɖeɖe. Tamerlan lʊlʊʊ hɩɖɛ yɔ Timour.  

Timour lang tɔbʊʊ se Timour naŋgbaŋa tʊ (lang lɩna Persan kʊnʊŋ taa lakaɣ kanɛ yɔ kɔ-cɔlɔ لنگیدن, langidān laŋidan, naŋgbaŋa ɖɔmtʊ). Hɩɖɛ nɖɩ palɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ Mongol kʊnʊŋ taa Dogolon Tömör (Доголон Төмөр, Tömör, naŋgbaŋa ɖɔnʊ.

Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ se palʊla Tamerlan ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1336 Kech tɛtʊ taa, pɩkɛ haɖaa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ tɩñɔtɩna Shahrisabz tɛtʊ. Ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm samɩyaa ha-ɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñʊʊ leleŋ siŋ halɩ pɩcɔ palʊlɩ-ɩ. Ɖɩcɔna ɛ-caa Taragay, ɛkɛ wiyaʊ akpadɩyʊ Turc ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ, malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛyʊ piŋ Barlas liɖe taa, weyi ɛɖaŋaɣ se ɛwɛna ɛyʊ weyi eyebina-ɩ ɛ-ñɩm yɔ, ɖozi kawɩlaɣ ɖoziye naɖɩyɛ. Ɛsɔ tiyiyu nɔyʊ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ evebupɩɣa keɖeɣa ñɩŋa nakayɛ lɩ ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ kɛcɛlɩ-ɩ you saɣ. Ɖoziye nɖɩ pe-egetiye taa shykh nɔyʊ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ mbʊ se ɛkaɣ wɛnaʊ abalɩpɩɣa nakɛyɛ nɛ kakaɣ wabʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe nɛ you saɣ ŋga.    

Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se palʊla pɩɣa ŋga lɛ, ke-nesi yɔɔ nɛ calɩm kpem, nɛ pɩtɔzʊʊ Gengis Khan lʊlʊʊ tɔm, ɛzɩ pɛkɛtɩɣ-tʊ Mongol waa kɩbɩnjaazɩ mɛɛsaɣ tɛ tɔm taa yɔ. Ɛ-caa Taragay kaakɛna Barla waa ñʊʊ tʊ. Ɛɛkɛ Karachar Noyan sɛyɩ nɛ ɛwɛ ndɩ lalaa hɛkʊ pe-cejewiye ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi etisi malɩŋ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ. Taragay pɩzɩ ɛcɔna sɔɔjɛtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna wena ɛ-caa kaayebina-ɩ a-yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa Burkul yɔ, ɛkɩlɩ sɔɔlɩ sukuli labʊ tɔm.
Tantamtʊ

Tantamɩtʊ kɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ pkɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ naŋgbaŋʊʊ taa kʊdɔŋ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ ɛɛnɩɣ camɩyɛ yaa kpaakpa kpoyi ɛyʊ nɔɔ yaa mbʊ pijiduu ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ ɛɛnɩɣ kpoyi yɔ pɩkɛ tantamtʊ (cophose) nabʊyʊ taa pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se anacousie.   

Tantamtʊ lɩna naŋgbaŋgʊʊ ɖoŋ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe putukuna yɔ. Papɩsɩɣ pawazɩɣ tantamtʊ kʊdɔŋ ɖɔɖɔtɔ tɛ pɩlɩna anasaayɩ ñɩɣyɩŋ pɩ-taa yaa pɩyɔɔ ñɩŋ.

Tantamtʊ ndʊ tɩkpaɣ ɛyʊ ɛ-sɔsɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ lɩna pʊtɔma ɖɔkɔtɔ naa cɔlɔ yaa lɩmɣzaa cɔlɔ. Pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, pañɩna nɛ pana pɛwɛna wonduu sakɩyɛ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ tɩsɩna ɛyʊ weyi ɛtama yɔ yaa ɛɛnɩɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.

Yee tɩkpa ɛyʊ ɛ-pɩcatʊ taa nɛ pɩcɔ ɛpazɩɣ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩha waɖɛ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩ yɔɔdaɣ camɩyɛ. Ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkalɩɣ tɔm camɩyɛ nɛ pɩtɛ ɛyaa mba paatɩlɩɣ takayaɣ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɔŋna kaatɩlɩtɩɣ sakɩyɛ ɛyaa taa.
 
Tantamtʊ ndʊ tɩkpa ɛyɔɔ ɛpɩcatʊ taa pɔzaa se pɛkpɛlɩkɩ-ɩ yaa powona-ɩ ntama sukuli nɛ pɛkpɛlɛkɩ-ɩ ɛtɩlɩ ɛyaa taa wɛɣʊ nɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ caɣyɛ nɛ lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ siŋ. Kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩtɩŋna nesi laɣsɩ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩtɩŋna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ ntoma yɔɔdɩnaʊ wɛna wazaɣ siŋ paa katatalɩ kakamaɣ yɔ kɔyɔ.
Tanzani

Tanzani kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ nɑɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Indɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ cɔlɔ. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ  ɖɩnɛ  nɛ Keniya nɛ Uganda ajɛya pasɩna ɖa-ma kamaɣ, piyele  wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Ruwandaa, Burundi nɛ Kɔŋgo ajɛya ñɛwɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Sambi nɛ Malaawii piyele nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ  ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 945 087 km2. Pakala kɩkalʊʊkɛe pɩnaɣ 2010 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda milyɔɔnaa 43. Tanzaani taa ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Pantuwaa yɔ,mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Todoma nɛ tɩwɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa piyele tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩpɩndʊ ndʊ payawaɣ se Der es Salam yɔ, tʊtʊ ñaawɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ tɩyɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Tanzani taa sɩŋŋŋ yɔ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ: Kisiwahilii nɛ Aŋilisi, piyele  kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ kɛ Sanzibarɩ nɛ Pɛmba taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Araabii.

Payaɣʊ sɔnɔ se Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, ajɛya naalɛ kpɛndɩna kpɛm a-tɩ yɔɔ wɛu wayɩ kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964: Taŋganiika nɛ Sanzibarɩ. Ajɛya anɛ, ɖooo lɛ aawɛ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ nesi tɛɛ. Tanzani wɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1961 nɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 1961.

Julius Nyerere kɛŋna Tanganika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1962. Sanzibarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ Sheikh Abeid Karume ñɛkɛŋna peeɖe ñʊʊtʊ. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1964 kɛ ajɛya naalɛ anɛ akpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ Julius Nyerere kɛna ɛjaɖɛ kɩfaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ piyele Abeid Karume ñɛkɛna ɛ-tɛɛ tʊ.
Tayilandɩ

**Tayilandɩ** kɛna Azii nɛ hɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-halanzɩ taa makɩɣna 514 000 km2. Pʊcɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1939 lɩɣʊ lɛ payawaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ se Siyam Kewiyaɣ.

Tayilandɩ nɛ Birimanɩ pasɩnɛ ɖa-ma kamaɣ kɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Maalɛɛzii yɔ ɖɩwɛna. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Kambɔjɩ ñɩnɖɛ, piyele nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ dɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayi kiŋ lɛ Lawosɩ wɛna.

Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla pakɩlɩ-tʊ sɩm yɔ ndʊ lɛ Kuruŋŋ Teepi, ndʊ patasɩɣ yaʊ se Baŋgɔɔkɩ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ nɛ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ komina sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ tayii nɛ liidiye yɔ baatɩ. 

Tayilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, weyi ɛkɩlɩ caɣʊ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ wiyao Rama IX, kpaɣ ɖooo 1946. Peeɖe lɛ, wiyao ɛnʊ ɛkɛna Ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ, Sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊtʊ, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Buudiyism yɔ ɖɩnɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ nɛ kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ lɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba kpeekpe yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ.


File:Red roast duck curry.jpg|thumb|Red roast duck curry
File:Marriage_in_Thailand.JPG|thumb|Mariage au Thaïlande
File:Thai Buddhist temple.JPG|thumb|Thai Buddhist temple
Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ

Taŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖ̀ɛzaɣ (Siini taa lɛ, 唐朝,Wade taa lɛ,Wade taa lɛ, T’ang nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, EFEO taa lɛ, T’ang, Ten) (mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 618 ŋtalɩ mɩsɩ kʊm fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 907 taa). Pɩkɛ Siini kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kɛlɛza Sui keziyaɣ (pɩnzɩ 581-618 taa yɔ) pʊwayɩ kewisi kɩgbanzɩ nɛ kewiyaɣ ajɛyɛ hiu alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga. Li cejewiye kasɩna ke-kiɖe, nɛ kamʊ kewɩyaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Sui kewiyaɣ ɖɩma yɔ yaa kɔtɔla yɔ.   
     

Kapaɣzɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Siini ɛjaɖɛ kaatɛya pɩɖalɩ halɩ pɩtalɩ 220 nɛ 581 taa yɔ, ɖenɖe keeke Sui kewiyaɣ tobi ŋga kaasɩ kamaɣ yɔ yaa kaatɛma yɔ, kajalaɣ awiya tɩmɩyɛ kaakɛ se pacaɣzɩ ɖiɖi Ampiiri kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ pɛkpɛnda yɔ nɛ patasɩ haʊ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ Siini kaawɛʊ ɖoŋ han waa alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pacaɣ sooci lala ajɛyɛ lɛɛna ñʊʊŋ yɔ caɣʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Taŋ kajalaɣ awiya alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Taizon nɛ Wu Zetian nɛ Xuanzon), Siini Ampiiri hiɣ kɩ-tɩ ɖeu nɛ kɩwɛna ɛsakuliye kɩbanɖɛ siŋ.  

Awiya sɔsaa tapɩzʊʊ ɖaŋgʊʊ pʊcɔlɔ kpɛɣɛ yoŋ weyi eyeba nɛ po-ɖoŋ pa-ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ yɔ ñɩna yɔɔ, ɛlɛ, paa pɩtakɔŋna cɛyɩtʊ pɛ-tɛ Ampiiri ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ yɔ kɔyɔ, pɩlɩna ɛyaa tɛ ɖɔʊ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ tɔsʊʊ huu pɩtɩŋna Hadɛ yɔɔ Ajɛyɛ yɔɔ. Yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ wayi kɛ wayi wayi kpaɣɖɩŋ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, Taŋgi kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣ pɩnaɣ 907 taa ŋgʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, patɛyɩ ɛ-tɛ Ampiiri yʊkpɩlɛɛ. 

Politiki tɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ samaɣ nɛ tɔsʊʊ huu nɛ lɛɣtʊ sɩm wɛɛ ana a-taa kayeba nɛ tɔm kɛɖɩyaa maɣzɩ nɛ pɔtɔ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ sʊ alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ taa, ndʊ tɩwɩlaɣ Soŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ (pɩnzɩ 960 ŋtalɩ 1272 alɩwaatʊ) ŋgʊ kikpeɣla Siini ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣɖɩŋ cabɩ pʊcɔ Taŋ kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ɖɩɣ.

Lɛɛzɩtʊ yuŋ ndʊ sakɩyɛ lɩ Taŋ kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa, pata kɛlɛ ɖeɣa taɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ matʊ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊntʊsʊʊ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ ɖɩya se bʊdɩyɩsɩmɩ hiɣ tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ Siini ɛsakuliye cɔlɔ.
Taɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ sakɩyɛ ñaɖaɣna yaʋ size, n̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ yaa ñɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ kɛna lɛɣtʋ yaa lɔŋ kpɛm weyi ɛwazʋʋ yaa ɛhaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ pʋlʋlɩ coo yaa kuu yɔ. Pɩkɛna taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ size ɖɩla nɛ pɩyʋ huu yɔ. N̄ɩɣʋ tʋmɩyɛ yekina nɛ, tɔm kɩmamatʋ wɛɛ camɩyɛ nɛ samtʋ mʋna tʋ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖʋʋna hɩɖɛ yaa samtʋ kɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩmayʋ.
  
Pamaa tɔm nɛ posusi tʋʋ lɛ, tɩhɩɖɛ kʋyʋʋ nɛ pasamtʋ poliŋ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔm mayaa ɛzɩ payaʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivains" waa kɔyɔɔ yɔ, pamaɣzɩ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ pɔsɔɔlɩ size tɩlɩɩ nɛ tɩtɔyɩ nɛ paa weyi ɛnɩɩ tɔm ndʋʋ lɛ, pama tʋ takayaɣsɩ taa nɛ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ patɩŋgʋna nɛ tɔm kɩmamatʋ takayaɣsɩ ɖɔɔ nɛ pɩtalɩna paa tɔm kalɩyʋ weyi lɛ.

Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, pɩcɔ nɛ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzʋʋ size ɖɩ-tʋmɩyɛ wondu ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu yaa kɩlabɩnaʋ fevere n̄ɩŋgʋ lɛ takayaɣ hayʋʋ. Lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ payɩ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɔŋ tɩyɔɔ yɔ, ndʋ payaɣ size ɖɔnɛ yaa lɛɛzʋ mayaɣ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, paya size "chaîne graphique". Pɩcɔ pala taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ lɛ, pɩpɔza size pama tɔm nɛ pɩɖɔɔ siŋŋ kɛ takayɩ hatʋ sakɩyɛ yɔɔ.

Pama tɔm kɩkalɩtʋ ndʋ nɛ tɩwɛɛ lakasɩ sɩnɛɛyɔ kɛ takayaɣ taa : takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ hɔkʋʋ (reliure) tɩyɛ. Tɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ tɩwɛ takayaɣsɩ kɩkalasɩ hatʋ kpiyuu (pliure) tɩyɛ. Matʋ natʋyʋ n̄ɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke (brochure) tɩyɛ. Kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekp tɛ naalɛ you sɔsɔʋ tɛ alɩwaatʋ taa kɛ, pɛlɛɛza hɩɖɛ taɣʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ 

(imprimerie) nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ lɛɛzʋʋ mayaɣ nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size «industries graphiques».
Teeraŋ

Teeraŋ tetʋ kɛna Iranɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Teeraŋ tɛtʋ wɛ Iirani ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ hayʋ kiŋ nɛ tɩwɛ pʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ-kʋ se Ɛlɩburui yɔ kʋcɔlɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa paakalɩ Teeraŋ tɛtʋ taa kɛ ɛyaa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa ɛzɩ 15 000 000 yɔ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa nɛ tɛtɛɛ sulukŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtalɩ ɛzɩ 15 yɔ. peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ habɛɛ sɔsɔna wena a-yɔɔ palakɩ saa kpinini yaa hayɩsʋ tʋma yɔ (autoroute) aɖɔ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ. 

Teeraŋ tɔbʋ nɩʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kacalaɣ taa Teeraŋ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se weyi ɛlakɩ ɛkpandʋ yɔ yaa weui ehuyuu yɔ. Piyele nɛ sɔja sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Général Albert Houtum-Schindler cɔlɔ lɛ, tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se kadaŋa yaa kadaɣhʋlʋmaɣ wɛtʋ (plaine désertique). Weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se Ahmad Kasravi yɔ Teeraŋ tɔbʋ kɛlɛ se ɖenɖe sʋŋgaɣ wɛɛ yɔ.

Payaɣ Teeraŋ maaliki tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf. Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ yɔ, Teeraŋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kabuli (Afganisitani), Suwani (Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ), Pɛɛrɩlɛɛ (Caama), Minsiki (Piyelorusi), Piraziliya (Pirezili) Lahavani (Kuba), Pagidadi (Iraki), Kowɛtɩ (Kowɛtɩ), Yerusalɛm (Palɛsitini), Mosiku (Ruusi), Sɛnpetɛrisiburi (Ruusi), Karitumi (Sudani), Tujambe (Tajikisitani),  karakasi (Fenezuyela) nɛ Sana (Yemɛni).
Tarɛsalam

**Tarɛsalam** kɛŋna Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Tɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 162 km2 nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛjaa kɩla ɖɔʋ kɛ Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ. Pɩnaɣ 2005 taa pakalɩ ɛyaakɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taalɛ  pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 2 456 100 ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2012 taa patasɩ-wɛɛ kalɩɣ lɛ paɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔnaa naanza nɛ kutokiŋ naatozo yɔ. Tarɛsalam tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se laŋhɛzɩyɛ dɩɣa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlɩ wɛʋ.

Tarɛsalam tɛtʋ wɛ Tanzanii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ pɩwɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɔɔ ŋga kɔcɔlɔ kpam, pɩñɔtɩna Ŋsɩmbazi Pɔɔ yɔ. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-posʋʋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ tɩ-taa kɛ kewiyaɣ tʋma sɔsɔna wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se todoma yɔ nɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 500 yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ pɔcɔna Tarɛsalam tɛtʋ yɔɔ camɩyɛ lɛ, pɛtɛyɩ-tʋ tɔm kagbanzɩ taa: Ilala, Kinondoni, Temeke, Uboŋgo nɛ Kigamboni. 

Pɩnaɣ 1867 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda 3 500, pɩnaɣ 1898 taa lɛ patalɩ ɛyaa 13500. Pɩnaɣ 1900 taa patasɩ-wɛ kalɩɣ lɛ, pɛtalɩ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 20 000 yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2009 taa lɛ, ɛyaa talɩ ɛz ɛzɩ 3 207 000 pɩkazɩ kpaagbaa kɩkalɩɣ ŋgʋ palaba pɩnaɣ 2012 yɔ pana ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 4 364 541. Tarɛsalam tɛtʋ maaliki yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ kɛ payaɣ se Dr Didas Massaburi. 

Tarɛsalam tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛyaa naayɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ yaa ɖama nɩnaʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu nɛ tʋma labʋ nɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ dʋ yɔ: Samsuŋ (Tuurkii), Hamburgi (Caama) nɛ Yiwu (Siini).
Televiziyɔɔ

Polindaa kɩlɛmɩŋ naʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "Télévision". N̄ɩnɩyaa laba tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ polindaa kɩlɛmɩŋ naʋ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩlaɖɛ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ lɛɣtʋ kpɛm ndʋ tɩgbaɣ alɩwaatʋ siŋŋ yɔ.

Televiziyɔɔ kʋnɛ, kɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size, kɩmʋ nɛ kitiyina yaa kɩyɛlɩna lɛlʋʋ lɛlʋʋ wayɩ ɛzɩ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "séquence" yɔ. N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ kiyekina nɛ ɛyʋ naŋgbaŋgʋʋ nɩʋ tɔm nɛ kɩ-ɛsaɣ na kɩlɛmɩŋ.

Kɩlɛmɩŋ naʋ nɛ tɔm nɩʋ paya hɩɖɛ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "audiovisuelle". Kɛlɛʋ lɛ, pʋtɔbʋʋ size tamaɣ kɩwɩlaɣ nɛ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "programme télévisé". Televiziyɔɔ kʋnɛ kɩwɛna yaa kɩlakɩ tʋma sɔsɔna sakɩyɛ.

N̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ, ŋgʋ tiyiyunana yaa yɛlɩnana kɩlɛmɩŋ, kɩ-taa pɔcɔŋna filim waa, kɩ-yɔ ɖɔɖɔ patɩŋgʋna nɛ pawɩlɩʋ lɛlʋʋ lɛlʋʋ wayɩ susuu nɛ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "séquences publicitaires".

N̄ɩɣyʋʋ kʋnɛ, ŋgʋ yekina nɛ panɛ kɩlɛmɩŋ sakɩyɛ kɛ polindaa nɛ pɩcɔlɔ. Kɩkɛ Televiziyɔɔ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩfɛyɩna ɖaʋʋ yɔ yaa maɣzɩyʋ yɩ. Kɩtamasɩ tʋma hɩla nayɛ kɔ yɔ nɛ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ matʋ taa : Televiziyɔɔ yaa métonymie, nɛ télévision yaa apocope télé, yaa siglaison TV.

Televiziyɔɔ lɩzɩyaa nabɛyɛ hɩla kɔ yɔ : ɖajaa sɔsɔ Paul Nipkow, nɛ ɖajaa John Logie Baird, nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɖajaa Karl Ferdinand Braun, nɛ lɩmaɣza sɔsʋyʋ sɔsɔ ɖajaa Hovannes Adamian.
Taŋkanika kujomuu

Taŋkanika kujomuu, kujomuu kɩkɩlɩɣ lɛɛkʊ Afrika taa kujomɩŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ taa, walanzɩ taa lɛ, kɩkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ Fikitoriya wayi nɛ liŋgʊʊ taa nɛ palaka taa lɛ kɩkɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ kedeŋga taa Bayɩkalɩ ŋgʊ wayi nɛ kɩkɩlɩ ɖalakɩŋ leleŋ lɩm taa pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 677. Kedeŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ ŋgʊ kɩta kpakpasɩ kɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ. Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-lɩm talɩɣ Koŋgo fɛɛʊ nɛ Atɩlantɩkɩ lɩŋgamʊʊ. Peyekɩ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ se kɩ-tɛ wɛʊ talɩ pɩnzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ. 
  
Kɩ-walanzɩ talɩ kilomɛta waa 32900 kpɛɛ ko yaa kɩwalanzɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Pɛlɛzɩkɩ ɛjaɖɛ walanzɩ nɛ kɩɖalakɩŋ talɩ kilomɛta waa 677 Tanzaani kamaɣ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ nɛ Koŋgo ɛjaɖɛ mɛwɛ madɩ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Kɛ-tɛ kiɖe yɔ nɛ hayi yɔ tɛyɩna ajɛyaa ana nɛ Purundi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ke-kiɖe yɔ nɛhaɖɛ yɔ tɛyɩna nɛ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ. Pana nɛ Koŋgo wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ Mitumba pʊŋ.
 
Taŋkanɩka fɛɛʊ walanzɩ talɩ kilomɛta waa 250000 kpɛɛ ko. Kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ sɔsɔsɩ kɔyɔ Malagarazi nɛ Rusizi nɛ Ifume nɛ Lufubu nɛ Lunangwa nzɩ sɩ-tɛ lɩm ɖɔʊ kɩ-ta talɩ kilomɛta kubu waa nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanza yɔ pɩnaɣ taa nɛ tɛɛŋ ñɔzɔzʊ kɩ-lɩm ɖɔɖɔ kilomɛta kubu waa pɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ hiŋ nɩnza nɛ kʊyʊm mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Malagarazi pɔɔ kɩkpɛdaɣ kɛwɛ ɖooo lɔŋ pʊcɔ kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ nɛ kɩɩkɛ Koŋgo pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ ɖooo canaʊ taa.
  	
Kujomuu ŋgʊ kɩ-hɩɖɛ, Étanga 'ya ni'a ebembe taa yaa kibembe taa tɔbʊʊ se siduu lone. Richard Francis Burton nɛ John Hanning Speke kɛnɛ kɔɔnaɣ Erɔpʊ ɛyaa mba pɛlɛ-kʊ naʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 1858 nɛ Burton kpaɣ lɩmaza ɛzɩ pediyuu-wɛ yɔ tɛ nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pakpaɣ kiɖedɛ hɩɖɛ ndɩ, ndɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa padalakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ.
Karayiibɩ Teŋgu

Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kɛ patasa yaʋ yaa paya ɖɔɖɔ size Antiiyiwaa Teŋgu. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna lɩm fɛɛʋ Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ. Kɩ-wɛna yaa panaɣ kʋnɛ Ameriki hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.

Nɛ paɣpɩzɩɣ pana kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Mɛkɩsiiki kɔlfɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣkʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2415 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-walanzɩ kpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa mbɩ yɔ, pɩkɔ pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ taa mbɩ yɔ.

Pamaza ɛ-walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛ-talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2640002 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku kaare mbɩ yɔ, kɛ ɛ-hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ walanzɩ taa pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ. Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-hɩɖɛ lɩna yaa nɛ ɛzɩ yɔ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tikiɖe wɛ Karayiibɩ taa.

Karayiibɩ kʋnɛ yɔ, kɩ-kɛna samaɣ ŋga kaawɛ peɖe yɔ yaa ŋga kɛ-tɛ kaawɛ peɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kɔcɔlɔ. Samaɣ kanɛɛ yɔ, kaawɛ peɖe nɛ pɩcɔ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba talɩɣ, kpaɖʋ 15 kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Lɩm kan̄aɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ cɔɔlʋʋ ajɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkʋʋ taa nesi tʋmlaɖa kpeekpe ŋgbɛ, ɖʋna Karayiibɩ Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-kamasɩ ɛzʋ nɔ yɔ:

Cɛŋga miŋ n̄ɩŋga nakɛyɛ kpɩtɩna nɛ cap Catoche kɛ lɩm kiteŋ Yucatan,nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa pɩsɩna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ.

Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, pɩkpaɣna cabeza Chiquita nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa, nɛ pɩtɩŋ cɔlɩɩ kɛ kapɩ ŋgʋ tɛ meridiyɛ(méridien).

Hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖʋɖɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, punta Baja pɩkpaɣna pɩɖɛ pʋwolo, Fenezuyeelaa pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ Ameriki hadɛ ŋgʋ kiŋ.
Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ

Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛyɔ, ŋgʋ ɖɔɖɔ paya yaa pɛcɛlaɣ hɩlaɣ anɛyɔ: «Loth teŋgu» nɛ «Ɖɔm teŋgu». Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-kɛna lɩŋgamʋʋ ɖɔm n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-wɛ Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ, Izrɛɛlɩ, nɛ Zɔɔrdaanii, nɛ pɩtasɩna Palɛsɩtɩnɩ pɛtɛɛyʋʋna-kʋ. 

Kɩ-wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ walanzɩ makʋna ɛzɩ 810 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Jurdɛɛ (Jourdain) ɛjaɖɛ taa lɩm sʋsɔm lɩɣʋna nɛ pikpeŋ pɩtalɩɣ teŋgu kʋnɛ yɔ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩhaɣ kʋ ɖoŋ. Ɖɩtɔzɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ yɔ size, lɩm pʋnɛyɔ pʋwɛ ɖɔm siŋŋ pɩfɛyɩ naʋ. Teŋgu lɩm kpem wobuu nɛ kɔm talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2 nɛ 4 mbɩyɔ mɩnʋʋ yɔ.

Nɛ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ tɛ lɩm kpem wobuu nɛ kɔm n̄amakʋna yaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 27,5 mbɩ yɔ mɩnʋʋ yɔ(yaa 275 kɩɖam kɛ litiɖi kʋɖʋmʋ mbɩ yɔ). Nɛ pɩyɔ lɛ, kpakpkpaya nakayɩ yaa aɖɔnɖɔlɛ naɖɩ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɩwɛ yaa ɖɩcaɣ loniye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ wɛtʋ ndu tɩ-taa. Pɩyɔɔ yɔ payaɩ yaa pɛcɛlɛyɩ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ size Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ.

Ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size, tamaɣ ɖʋʋ aŋgba ŋn̄ɩɩɩ waa ŋn̄ɩɩɩ waa n̄ɩm n̄ɩɣnʋʋ (plankton, nɛ bactéries waa, nɛ halophiles waa, nɛ pɩtasɩna halobacteria) wɛɛ nɛ puhuku camɩyɛ yem yɔɔlɩɩ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2011 taa lɛ, n̄ɩnɩyaa n̄ɩna nɛ pana yaa pehiɣ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-tɛɛ kɛ, lɩm kululum kɩpam kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm nabʋyʋ ɖɩlɩyɛ.

Lɩm kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm mbʋ, pɩzɩna nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna ŋn̄ɩɩɩ wezɩŋ n̄ɩna wena a-tɛkɛ yaa afɛyɩ halofili (halophiles) yɔ a-huu. Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-lɩm kɛna lɩm kifidim ɖɔm mbʋ. Ɛlɛ, lɩm fɛɛʋ ɖɔm tɛ kifidim ɖeɣi ɖeɣi wɛ ndɩ nɛ Teŋgu Kɩsɩbʋʋ n̄ɩmbʋ tɛ.
The Beatles

*The Beatles* kɛna Pritaaniiki wondu teyaa nabɛyɩ pɛkpɛndɩ naanza nɛ palɩna Livɛɛrpuli; mba yɔ: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison nɛ Ringo Starr. The Beatles kʊnɛ kɩɩkɛna rock nɛ paa ɛzɩ kɩɩyɔka ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1970 kɔyɔ, kɩɩkɛna  wondu teyaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖi ɛyaa kaakɩla sɔɔlɩɣ keteŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ. Wondu teyaa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩlɩwa lɛ ɖiteleɖi, pɩnzɩ hiu ɖeke ɖɩlaba (1962 nɛ 1970), ɛlɛ ɖi-taa wondu teyaa panɛ palɩza wondu tewu tatasɩ kɩfasɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ nɛ polu wondu mɩnɩŋ naalɛ. Ɛyaa panɛ po-wondu lubu taa caɣ kacʊka pɩnzɩ 1963 nɛ 1966. Pɔɖɔna yɛlɩɣ yɛlɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩ wondu tewu takayasɩ lʊbɛ, siŋili waa hiu nɛ naatozo nɛ EPS waa hiu nɛ naalɛ. Payaɣ Beatles wondu teyaa mba se Beatlemania.

Pinzɩ 1960 taa, Beatlemania wondu pakɩlaɣ ɖʊʊ paa le nɛ po-wondu ndʊ tɩmʊwaɣna patʊ  ndɩ sakɩyɛ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ: jazz, salsa, reggae, soul yaa ɖoo lɔnda wondu nɛ parɔkɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm taa lɛ papaɣzɩ Beatlemania wondu ɖʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩɖaɣnɩ wɛu ɛyaa nɩŋgbaaŋ taa ɛzɩ kɩfatʊ yɔ. Wondu teyaa panɛ pa-naanza pa-taa lɛ Lennon nɛ McCartney kɛ ɛyaa kpaɣa se mba lɩzɩna The Beatles nɛ eyaa kpakʊɣ po-wondu nɛ nɛ pamaazɩɣna nɛ poluki pɛ-ndʊ.

The Beatles kɛna keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ wondu teya mba pakɩlɩ pɛ-tɛ wondu tewu tatasɩ kɛ pɛtɩɣ yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ EMI ñɩnaa nɛ pana se pɩnaɣ 1980 taa pɛpɛda CD waa pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyaarɩ yɔ nɛ powolo Ɛɛndɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ tam 78 yɔ. Pɩtalɩɣ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, wondu takayasɩ nzɩ pɛpɛda yɔ sɩɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyaarɩwaa naalɛ yɔ. 

Po-wondu natʊyʊ payaɣ se *Yesterday* (pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se *Ɖeɖe*), tɩtala ɛzɩ kutokiŋ niitozo yɔ, nɛ pañɩnaa nɛ pala akɔntanaa lɛ, pana se paɖu-tʊ radiyoonaa taa kpem kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa paa pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩma yɔ tam kʊɖumbʊ efemiye taa. The Beatles waa panɛ, pɩpazaa nɛ pɩsɩna keteŋa kpeekpe kɛ kɛ-ɛsɩnda wobu nʊmɔʊ taa pɩlɩna tɔm pee wena peteɣ yɔ, po-wondu suu taa, pa-ñʊŋ taa maɣzɩm taa, pɔ-nɔsɩ taa leleŋ taa nɛ pɔ-lɔŋ sɩnɖɛ taa.
Thérèse Avila tʋ

Palʊla Thérèse d'Ávila kɛ Gotarandura, Ɛsɩpañ ɛjaɖɛ taa, lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1515 nɛ ɛsɩ Alba de Tormes ɖoŋgiye taa , Ɛsɩpañɩ peeɖe kɛ aloma fenaɣ 14-15 pɩnaɣ 1582. Thérèse d'Ávila kɛna cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyaɣ ŋga kasʊ Karmɛlɩwaa tɛ kpaaŋ taa lɛ, ɛñɔɔzɩ payɩ mbʊ pɩtaawɛɛ ɖeu camɩyɛ yɔ. Thérèse d'Ávila kɛna krɩstʊ mba tɛ sɔdʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ. 

Paɖʊ Thérèse d'Ávila kɛ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema pɩlɩʊ taa kɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ pɩnsɩ 40 taa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ 1622. Pɔtɔkɩo ɛ-kasandʊ kɛ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛ-tɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 wiye. Ɛnʊ kɛŋna kacalaɣ cɔjɔ kɛkpeyaɣ halɩñɩŋa ŋga kɛkɛ katolika ŋgbɛyɛ taa mbʊ payaɣ se tɔkɩtɛɛrɩ yɔ. 

Ɛ-sɩm wayɩ e-tomnaɣ laba kʊñɔŋ: paa mba pañɩnɩɣ se pepim-kɛ pɛtɛ. Ɖenɖe palʊla-ɩ yɔ, 'Áviɩla, peeɖe cɔjɔ kɛkpeyɩsɩ ñɩnɩɣ se pepimi-i peeɖe, ɛlɛ Alba de Tormes, ɖenɖe ɛsɩba yɔ, peeɖe ñɩmba ñaatisiɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1760 taa kɛ pakpaɣ ɛ-tɛ aɖakaɣ nɛ powana-kɛ Alba de Tormes. Ɛsɩpañɩ cɔɔcɩnaa sakɩyɛ taa, pasɩ e-tomnaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ. thérèse ɖo sɩba pɩnaɣ 1527,pʊtɔbʊʊ se Thérèse kawɛna pɩnzɩ 12 yeke. Mbʊ kɩlɩna pɩɣa peɣlaɣ kɛnɛ nɛ kakpaɣ ka-tɩ nɛ kɛcɛlɛ Maria kelekeletʊ se ɛkɛ e-ɖo. 

Ɛlɛ ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ takayɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ kalɩɣ yem lɛ, ɛsɔɔ fezuu kiɖeɖeu ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ ɛ-taa nɛ kizeɣtu-i yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ yelɩɣ nɛ ɛ-taabalaa lɛ, pɩkɔɔ pɩɖʊzɩ-ɩ acɛya tɔm taa nɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 lɛ, ɛtɩlɩ abalʊ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩla ɛzɩ ppiposina-i nɛ Ɛsɔ yɔ. Ɛ-caa na mbʊ lɛ, ɛkpeɣ lɩmaɣza se ewokina-i Santa María de Gracia kɛ Ávila pɩnaɣ 1531 taa. Thérèse tekizi se pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɩcakɩ-ɩ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa ɖɩɣna-ɩ lidiya hatʊ tiinau. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛcɔŋna se liidiya fɛyɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa, nɛ ɛwɛɛ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ kɩtaa pinaɣ pilim. 

Ɛzɩma pɩcalaa nɛ Thérèse pɩsɩ cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se, pɩkɔma lɛ pɩwɩ-ɩ siŋŋŋ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ  ɛ-caa cɔlɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ cɛba wayɩ lɛ, ɛ-caa wona-i ɛ-kɔɔ Marie de Cepeda cɔlɔ. Peeɖe ɛwɛɛ nɛ efemiye naɖɩyɛ ɛheyi ɛ-caa se ɛsɔɔla se ɛsʊʊ cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyɩsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa, ɛlɛ ɛtɛma naʊ se paa ɛ-caa eekizaa, ɛɛkɑɣ kitiu nɛ ɛ-wayɩ. Pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛ-caa kizina-i mbʊ se pɩɩlakɩ-ɩ sɔnɔ nɛ cee.

Efemiye naɖɩyɛ yem (kamɩŋ fenaɣ 2 pɩnaɣ 1533 yaa 1535) kɛ Thérèse kʊyɩ ɛ-caa ɖɛɣa nɛ ewolo cɔjɔkɛkpɛyɩsɩ pɩlɩʊ taa kɛ Avila. Pɩlaba pɩnaɣ lɛ, ɛɖuu nɛ posu-i cɔjɔ kɛkpɛyɩsɩ toko. Ɛcaɣ peeɖe pɩnzɩ 27 nɛ ɛcɔŋna peeɖe tɛ paɣtʊ lɛ, pɩtacaɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ kɛ  ɛkɔma ɛtʊʊzɩ-tʊ camɩyɛ. . Mbʊ piitukina ɛ-laŋiyɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ lɛ se, sakrɩmɩnɩʊ tɛɛ luŋgu efemiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ ɛna Yeesu kɛ sakrɩmɩnɩʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛnɩɣ sɩzɩŋ kɛ ɛyaa kɩwɛkɩm yɔɔ nɛ pɩlabɩ-ɩ pʊtrɔdɩyɛ.
Thérèse Lisieux tʋ

Palʊla Thérèse de Lisieux kɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa egeetiye nɖi payaɣ-ɖɩ se Orini yɔ ɖɩ-taa kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1873 nɛ ɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖi ɖi-taa kɛ Lisieux salaŋ fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 1897. Ɛkɛna cɔjɔkɛkpɛyaɣ nakayɩ kɛ Karmɛlɩ pɩlɩʊ taa. Payaɣ-ɩ nɛ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: Marie-Françoise Thérèse Martin (ɛ-ɖɩɣa hɩɖɛ kɛlɛ), sœur Thérèse de l’Enfant-Jésus yaa Sainte-Face, sainte Thérèse de l’Enfant-Jésus yaa Thérèse cikpelu.	

Palʊla Marie-Françoise-Thérèse Martin nɛ pɩla kɩyakɩŋ naalɛ lɛ, pacaŋ pɔsɔ-ɩ ɛsɔ-tɛ lɩm kɛ Ɛsɔ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Notre-Dame d'Alençon kpaaŋ taa. Ɛ-tɛ kpaŋkpamɩŋ kɔyɔ: Paul Boul nɛ ɛ-kɔ sɔsɔ Maria; patɩŋa paawɛna pɩnzɩ 13. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa, ɛlakaɣ fenasɩ naalɛ lɛ, ecoɖa sɩm nɛ ɛ-ñɩma kpaɣ-ɩ nɛ paɖʊzɩ halʊ nɔɔyʊ nesi tɛɛ nɛ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-yɔɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ kɔma pɩcɛ nɛ pekpena-i ɛ-tɛ pɩnaɣ 1874 lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma taa la leleŋ pɩŋŋ. Ɛɛwɛ lɔŋ camɩyɛ  ɛlɛ ɛwilaɣ yem yem. 

Pɩɣa kɛnɛ kɛɛ mbʊ nɛ kana ka-ñama pɔɖɔŋ Ɛsɔ paɣtʊ yɔɔ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo. Ɛ-ñɩma sɔɔla ɛyaa tɩŋa pɩtakazɩ nɔɔyʊ. Thérèse paɣlɩʊ nɛ tisim kpaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛñɩnɩɣ kpem se mbʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ pɩmʊna Yeesu. Efemiye naɖɩyɛ kpem lɛ, eheyi e-ɖoo se ɛsɩ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ ɛñɩnɩɣ se ewolo nɛ ɛhɛzɩ kopoyaɣ taa kɛ ɛsɔtaa. Mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, e-ɖoo kaawɛna hɩɖɛ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ɛkɩlɩɣ nɩʊ siziŋ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ kpaɣ Thérèse de Lisieux se ɛkɛna pa-mʊntʊsʊ nɛ pɔ-yɔɔ kandɩyʊ kɩpaɣlʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛpɩsa kiɖeɖeu yaa panaa se ɛkɛ kiɖeɖeu kɛ pɩnaɣ 1925 nɛ pakpaɣ-ɩ se ɛkɛna tiyu tɛ kiɖeɖeu ɛna Jeanne d'Arc.

Payaɣ Thérèse caa se Louis nɛ e-doo Louis Martin. E-ɖoo siba lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ naanza nɛ fenasɩ loɖo. Pɩɣa kɛnɛ kɔ-kɔɔnaa, Maria nɛ Paulina pɔɖɔkɩna-kɛ nɛ pakazɩ ɖama. Piteleɖi lɛ, pasʊʊ Karmɛlɩ de Lisieux nɛ peyele pɩɣa yeke. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pitɔzɩɣ-kɛ po-ɖoo sɩm wɩzasɩ. Kpaagba mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-sɔɔlɩm se ɛsʊʊ cɔjɔkɛkpɛyɩsɩ taa tɛzɩ kpaʊ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɖɔ nɔmɔʊ kiɖeɖeu nakʊyʊ nɛ ewolo Room se ɛpɔzɩ nɔmɔʊ nɛ ɛsʊʊ Karmɛlɩ. Ɛzɩma ɛtaatalɩ se ɛsʊʊ peeɖe lɛ, Papa kizina-i. Ɛsʊwaɣ Karmɛlɩ lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnsɩ 15. Pɩnzɩ nakʊ 

wayɩ lɛ, ɛsɩbɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ.
Teniisi

Teniisi (yaa piyuu paalaɣ) kɛ aleɣya ŋgʋ kɩpɔzʋ kɩmabɩnaʋ yɔ. Kɩmabʋ pɔzʋ se kɩmaɖaa ɛwɛ hɔlʋʋ hɔlʋʋ yee pɛwɛ naalɛ yɔ (peeɖe lɛ payaɣ paleyaɣ ana se yem n̄ɩnaɣ) yaa ɛzɩ maɖaa ɛwɛ nanaaza yɔ pɛdɛyʋ ɖamaɣ hʋlɩŋ naalɛ kɛ naalɛ naalɛ nɛ pama (aleyaɣ ana payaɣ alɛ se nabʋlɛ n̄ɩnaɣ). Teniisi maɖaa wɛna kɩmabɩnaa mba yɔ, palʋ wɛ nɛ nimee kpaʋ yɔ nɛ tibu yɔ yem, nɛ pɩwɛ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ ɛyʋ sɔlʋʋ yɔ. Kɩmabɩnaʋ ŋgʋ, kɩwɔndʋ ndʋ palʋna yɔ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɛlɛ, kɩwazɩɣ se pamabɩna paalɩ ketu ndʋ, kɩ-taa nɛ helim ɖo nɛ pataɣ kʋ tɔlɩm. 

Kɩ-leyaɣ tʋbʋ kɛlɛ size paalɩ ŋgʋ, lɛlʋ ɛ-mabɩ kʋ lɛ, lɛlʋ ɛtaapɩzɩ nɛ ekitina kʋ kadaɣ kamaɣ taa, pʋtɔbʋ se paalɩ ɛtaalɩna kadaɣ ŋga pamakɩ ka-taa yɔ nɛ ka-waɩ. Nɔɔyʋ ɛmabaɣ nɛ pɩtɛlɛdɩ kadaɣ piyuu kɔyɔ, elesaɣ; weyi ɛmabaɣ nɛ pɩtɔlɩ kadaɣ waɩ yaa ka-kamasɩ waɩ elesaɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩpɔzʋ toɖiye kɛ mabɩtʋ ɖeɖe nɛ pɩcɔ payaŋ se waɖʋ. Kadaɣ kamasɩ nɛ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩyɔ pɔɖɔŋ nɛ pɩcɔ pamakɩ teniisi aleyaɣ ana yɔ, wɛ ndɩ ndɩ kɛ alɩwatʋ ndʋ naalɛ makɩ yaa nanaaza makɩ lɛ yɔ.
Tiibaa

Tiibaa kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ size kɩwɛɛ hɔʋʋ yaa kɩhɔʋʋ kɛlɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋʋ. Ɛsɩma ɛnʋzɩ ɛ-saɣʋʋ wɛ ndɩ nɛ ɛ-wɛtʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛ-kɛ kuwiviɖi hɔʋʋ cikpeluu tʋ. Tom piye tiibaa ɖɩnɛ, ɖikiɖe keɣke lɩna Laatɩnɩ kʋnʋŋ taa kɛnɛ. Wɛɛ wɛɛ ɖoomuu n̄ʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɛ, tiibaa kaɣkɛ ŋgandɩyɛ sʋsɔyɛ siŋŋ.

Ŋna-ɖɩ ndɔ, ŋna size ɖɩ-kotaa. Nɛ palakɩna-ɖɩ kpem yaa pa-hʋlʋʋ ɖɩ-kpem kɛ sɔɔjanaa pɩlʋʋ taa. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yɔɔ hɩla ɖɩmayɛ ɖɩɖʋyɛ tɛ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, «tiibaa» wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, ki-kpeluu kɩ-taa kɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ soo wonduu ndɩ ndɩ.

Ɛlɛ tɩ-wɛna tʋkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩlɩɣna tʋ camɩyɛ, yaa papazɩɣ pasɩŋ-tʋ lɔŋ tɩ-mabʋʋ taa yaa tɩ-tɛyɩtʋ taa. Yʋsaɣ keɣleee naʋʋ kɩjaʋ yɔɔ kɩmaɣzɩnaʋ kpɩtɩna labʋtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taatɩ caɣʋ ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ yɔ. Tiibaa lubutu lɩna yekuyu nɔɔyʋʋ cɔlɔ. Wɛtʋ lɛɛɣzɩtʋ hɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, wonuu kʋnɛ kɩ-hɔʋʋ kwivri kɛ kɔɔnɔɔ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpaɖʋ 19 kʋnɛ taa.

Pɩ-kpaʋ nɛ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1835 taa lɛ, ɖa-caa Wieprecht, weyi ɛ-kɛkɛ minziiki wondu tʋmɩyɛ yɔɔ cɔnayʋ sʋsɔ kɛ Prussie ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛpɔzaɣ tamaɣ lɩzʋyʋ caama tʋ ɖa-caa sʋsɔ Johann Gottfried Moritz size ɛlabɩ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩ.

Tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ size ɛcɔlɩ minziiki wondu ndʋ palaba kuwiviɖi yɔ camɩyɛ pa ndʋ lɛ ti-wilitu yaa ti-tilitu taa. Nɛ paɣ pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, paɣbɩzɩ pɛwɛna tʋkaɣ kɩpaŋga nakayɩ kɛ wilitu yaa tilitu taa. Nɛ tɩ-tɛ tɩ-wɛna ɖɔɖɔ matʋ kʋyʋmtʋ tɩ-kɛnayʋ taa.

Hɔlʋʋ lɛɣkʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ size, pɩɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ se sʋsɔ ɖa-caa W. Schuster ɛ-cɔlɩ pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ 1835 mbɩyɔ kɛ tiibaa ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɔŋgɔŋ cikpeŋ naadozo yɔ. Ɖɩtaasɔ ɖɔɖɔ size soo wondu luɖu wɛna wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lɛɣtʋ ndʋ tɩ-pɩzɩɣ tɩsɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lubutu nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
Timbaalɩ

Timbaalɩ waa kɛna minziiki wondu. Minziiki wonuu Timbaalɩ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ kɩ-mabʋʋ kɛnɛ. Tɩʋ tiku pasaɣ nɛ pɩbɩsɩ wonuu ŋgʋ, pʋtɔbʋ size tɩʋ tiku palakɩna kʋ. Nɛ pabama kʋyɔ kuwiviɖi tɔnʋʋ. Minziiki wonuu Timbaalɩ kʋnɛ, kɩ-maɖʋ makɩ kɩ-tɔnʋʋ yɔ nɛ ɖaʋ cikpeluu. Timbaalɩ maɖʋ paya size Timbaalɩye.

Timbaalɩ waa wɛtʋ siŋŋ kɛlɛ size, pabɩzʋʋ pɛkpɛdʋ wilitu yaa tilitu nɛ pɩnɩɣ ɖoŋ sʋsɔŋ camɩyɛ. Naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɩsanaʋ yaa n̄ɩmɩyɛ kʋtʋlɩyɛ sɩɣ-nɩʋnaʋ nɛ wiluu yaa tiluu lɩʋ camɩyɛ. Naŋgbaŋgaɣ kɩsanaʋ ŋga ka-sɩʋnana nɛ kekeɖii wɛtʋ kɩwɛʋʋ tɔnʋʋ pɩzɩ pɩkpa yaa pitii.

Pɩlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ size pi-ɖoŋ ɛwɛna waɖɛ tilitu yaa wilitu ndu Timbaalɩ cɛlʋʋ yɔ. Pa Timbaalɩ ŋgʋ lɛ, kɩ-wɛna hɛkʋʋ taa faɣʋʋ cɛŋga ndɩ ŋga. Nɛ ŋga lakɩna nɛ ɛyʋ yaa maɖʋʋ pɩzɩɣ ehiku suye sʋsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɖalayɔ. Timbaalɩ tʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛlɛzɩ pʋpʋtaa kɛ pazɩ kɩmamam lɔŋ lɔŋ mbʋ. Peeɖe lɛ ɛcɛyʋ ɛ-tɩ nɛ lɔŋ lɔŋ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛmakɩ Timbaalɩ ŋgʋ nɛ lɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ kʋɖʋm trʋ taa.

Kpakpa mbʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛn̄ɔzʋʋ pazɩ kɩmamam naŋgbaŋga ŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-kɔŋ yɔ. Ɛzɩ paɣtɩ kpaɣʋ yɛ se sɔɔjana soo yɔ (pamakɩ yɛ Tuurkii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ you wonuu tɛ taa tɔʋʋ sɛɣtʋ ɖeɖe). Timbaalɩ minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ kʋnɛ, pɩsa mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ taa wonuu pikpaɣʋ nɛ kpaɖʋ 17 yɔ. Palakɩna wonuu kʋnɛ kpem kɛ sɔnzɩ n̄ɔɔzɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ taa.
Tisuu you (Croisades)

Tisuu yotu kɛ Alɩwaatʊ kɩmaɣnatʊ taa pɩkɛ kɩgbalaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔkʊʊ you wonduu. You ŋgʊ papa haɣna nɔɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm heyiyu sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ Krɩstʊ mba taa yɔ ɛzɩ Bernard Clairvaux tʊ, yaa kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ sɔsɔ ɛzɩ Frédéric Barberousse. Palakaɣ you ŋgʊ se pɩsa nɛ pehiɣ pasʊʊ Krɩstʊ kɩgbalaŋ lonaa tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetʊ taa. Abasidi Arabɩ ɛyaa hana waɖɛ ndɩ ɛlɛ, Turiki Seldjoucide mba ɖaŋgɩ tʊ pɩnaɣ 1071 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ pamʊ Arabɩ ɛyaa cɔlɔ kɛ Jerusalem.

Tɩpaɣzɩna pɩnaɣ 1095 alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ petisuu Pɩzansɩ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩɖɩzɩyɛ pɩlɩna Turiki ɛyaa yɔɔ. Pɩzantɛ ɛyaa yɔɔdʊʊ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ, paakɛ Krɩstʊ mba ɛlɛ, kpaɣna ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1054 patʊʊ patɩ nɛ Room ɛyaa (siɣu siɣu tɩnaa pɩtɛkɛ Room Katoliki ɛyaa). Tisiɣ yotuwabɩtʊ takpaɣ alɩwaatʊ pɩɖalɩ nɛ pata tafɛyɩ leleŋ nɛ Saladin lɩmaɣzɩyɛ mbʊ se ɛɖana ɛ-tɩ cɛyʊʊ nɛ ɛha waɖɛ kɩgbalaŋ yɔ, ŋgʊ mba paawɛ lonaa taa yɔ taasɔɔlɩ mbʊ nɛ pacaazɩ Pɩzantɛ ɛyaa nɛ paatasɩɣ-wɛ sɩnaʊ.

Sɔnzɩ tɛ tɔmpiye taa yɔkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, ndɩ pɔɖɔka pɩlɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩyɔɔ yɔ, kpɛndɩna pɩnzɩ 1095-1291 tɛ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna Epɩsɩkɔpʊ waa kedɩɣza kɛ Clermont alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pamʊ Johanɛsɩ Arc kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩnʊ yɔ, nɛ ɛsɩɣna nɔmɔŋ wobu tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetʊ taa yɔ. Natʊ lɛɛtʊ ñawalɩ pɩtalɩ Lépante you (pɩnaɣ 1571 taa) pɩkpɛndɩna Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ Reconquista ŋgʊ nɛ mba petitisi Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ tɛ yoŋ tɩŋga.

Kajalaɣ tisiɣ yotupazɩna pɩnaɣ 1096 taa pɩnɛ kɩgbalaŋ naŋgbanzɩ tɩnaa kpaɖaŋ kpaɖaŋ se papɩzɩ paɖanɩ mʊʊ pɛ-tɛtʊ ndʊ paalesa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ arabɩ mba walaɣ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ kpaɣɖʊ 9. Mbʊ lɛ Jerusalem pɩsa kɩgbalaŋ tɛtʊ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ paɖʊ Latɛŋ Ajɛyɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ñɩna kiɖe, nɛ a-yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ tɩna tisuu yoŋ lʊbɛ kajalaɣ nɩŋ, pɩnzɩ 1147-1291.
Tiyamaɣ

Mbʊ payaɣ se tiyamaɣ yɔ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ. Karɩbɔnɩ nɛ mamatina nɛ lɔnsdaleyiti (lonsdaléite) pɛwɛ tiyamaɣ taa. Mbʊ payaɣ se alotrɔpʊ yɔ pɩwɛ tiyamaɣ taa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩlakɩ nɛ ɖɔmbɛ wɛɣ tiyamaɣ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm wondu tɩŋa taa lɛ, tiyamaɣ kɩlɩnɖoŋ. 

## Tɔmpiye «diamant» ɖɩlɩyɛ
Pɩ-tɛɛ Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ sz «diamas, -anti ». Nɔɔ kʊhɔmaɣ masɩ loniye cɔlɔ pɩlɩnaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔmpiye «aimant». Ɖooo lɔŋ lɛ, tɔmpiye aimant tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ kpem yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, payaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ se «aimant». Mbʊ labɩna nɛ payaɣ ñɩɣtʊ hɔm pɩyɛ se «aimant». Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ yebina nɛ tɔmpe wena apaɣzɩɣna «dia» yɔ, apɩsɩ «diamant». Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ tiyamaɣ se «adamas». Tɔmpiye adamas lɩnɩ tɔmpiye «adamastos» cɔlɔ. Tɔmpiye adamastos tɔbʊʊ nɛ Krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se mbʊ pɩɩcɩɣyɩɣ yɔ, mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖoŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ.

Payaa tɔm piye adamastos kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ kpaakpaa mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ kpem yɔ pʊ-yɔɔ. Pʊwayɩ pakpaɣ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖoŋ kpem yɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se diamant. Ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ pakpakɩɣ nɛ poluki hɔzɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ agɔlɩma wondu ndɩ ndɩ. Agɔlɩma ana a-ɖeke koŋ asɩmna ɛzɩma palakɩ nɛ pɔñɔɔzʊʊ nɛ pʊcɔ poluki po-wondu yɔ. Ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Héraclès yɔ, tiyamaɣ polubina e-kokoɖe. Tiyamaɣ ɖɔɖɔ polubina ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Cronos yɔ ɖi-loozo. Ŋgʊ polubina ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se Æétès yɔ ɖɩ-ñɩɣyʊʊ kɩhayɩnaʊ. Ŋgʊ ɖɔɖɔ polubina ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Prométhée yɔ ɖɩ-kpasɩ.
Tii

Tii kɛ sɔzɩŋ sʊlʊm mbʊ palaba-pʊ nɛ tii tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ cɔkɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-hatʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ yɔ nɛ ɖɩlɩna Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Papɩzɩɣ pɔñɔɔ-kʊ nɛ miŋ yaa niikaɣ. Kɩ-taa wɛ epikalokatesiini nɛ kalatɩ nɛ tiiyaniini nɛ kɔfɩ nɛ tii tɛ nɩm. Pɔsɔɔlɩ-kʊ kɩ-leleŋ yɔ nɛ mbʊ kɩwɛ wazaɣ siŋ kɛ ɖoŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ alaafɩya hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ tɛ tii.

   

Tii tɛ lɛ Yunnan pʊŋ taa ɖenɖe paasɩma-kʊ ɖooo canaʊ taa yɔ. Kɩyɛlɩ wɩsɩ ɖooo hayɩ kiŋ taa pʊcɔ kɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyaa taa kpaɣɖʊ 16 alɩwaatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Pɔrɩtɩkɛ taɖɩyɛ laɖaa yɔ. Britaniiki mba paazɩ-kʊ hayʊ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa ŋgʊ Fransɩɩ mba nɛ-paɣzɩɣ-kʊ hayʊ Indosiini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Neeyerɩlandɛ waa nɛ-hayʊ-kʊ Indosiini ɛjaɖɛ taa.

 
Tii walɩɣ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa kpem nɛ kɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔɔ sʊlʊm mbʊ pakɩlɩɣ-pʊ paale kɛ lɩm wayɩ. Tii naa mba pɔɖɔɔ piŋ ɛjaɖɛ pɩlɩna tɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ kɩ-hayɩyaa cɔlɔ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛzɩma pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma pakpakʊʊ-kʊ hayɩm taa lɛ, pɔjɔŋna kʊ-yɔɔ yɔ. Nɛ pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyeba se ɖɩwɛna tii naa sakɩyɛ sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpɛdɩŋ pindim nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ caʊʊ sɛmɩŋ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ ŋgʊ wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ yeki se patɩlɩ kɩ-leeleŋ nɛ kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩwɛtʊ. 

Tii ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ tɩzʊʊ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa paɖʊʊ naalɩm nɛ pesidi nɛ sikiri Kewiyaɣ Ɛjaɖɛ taa. Patɩzɩ pɩ-leɖi nɛ pozoki yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa kɛ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Magrɛbɩ ajɛyaa taa lɛ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ mantɩɩ (menthe) tɩŋ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ-kʊ Afrika Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, patɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊʊ yɛɖɛ yɛɖɛ waa nɛ naalɩm nɛ patɩzʊʊ-kʊ tii ñanzɩ cikpesi taa.

Tii tɩŋ (Camellia sinensis) kɛ cɔkɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɖooo hayi kiŋ taa yɔ kɛ tii tɩmʊʊ liɖe taa. Tii ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛ tɔm nabutozo taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna Camellia sinensis assamica (Asam) nɛ Camellia sinensis sinensis (Yunnan) nɛ Camellia sinensis cambodiensis. Ajɛya wena akɩlɩɣ-kʊ hayʊʊ yɔ a-na yɔ, Siini nɛ Ɛɛndɩ nɛ Sriilanka nɛ Fɩyɛtɩnaam nɛ Tayɩwanɩ nɛ Japɔŋ nɛ Nepaalɩ nɛ Tuurkii nɛ Keniya nɛ Tanzani. Ɖɩtɔɔzʊʊ se Sriilanka nɛ Tayɩwanɩ tii mbʊ yɔ pɛpɛɖɩɣ-kʊ nɛ canaʊ hɩla nɛ payaɣ se Ceylan et Formose.

## Dubi kuma
* Kɔfɩ
* Matte
Togo taa tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊmɩyɛ tɔm

Togo wɛ ajɛya wena a-taa pakɩlɩɣ fɔsfaatɩ huyuu Afrika taa yɔ a-taa. Togo wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm lɛɛbʊ, ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ, marbrɩ nɛ somtu.

Togo kewiyaɣ sɔɔlaa se liidiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩɣnɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm pʊnɛ pu-huyuu taa yɔ, pʊwazɩ samaɣ kpeekpe. Mbʊ labɩna nɛ 2009 pɩnaɣ taa, kewiyaɣ la tamaɣ se kasʊʊ ITIE ɛgbɛyɛ taa.

Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 ñɩŋgʊ wiye ɖɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kpaɣ paɣtʊ N° 2010-024/PR nɛ tɩtʊlʊʊ ITIE ɛgbɛyɛ tʊmɩyɛ Togo taa nɛ tɩyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma pʊwɛɛ se tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɔ nɛ mba pʊwɛɛ se pɛwɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ pɔ-tɔm.

ITIE Ñʊndɩnaa kpeɣli pe-kedeɣzaɣ ɖeɖe Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 ñɩŋgʊ wiye 2010 pɩnaɣ taa lɛ petisaa se Togo ɛsʊʊ ITIE taa. Ɛzɩ ɛgbɛyɛ paɣtʊ kɩfatʊ ndʊ tɩpazɩ 2011 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ tɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, paha Togo alɩwaatʊ se kɩñɔɔzɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kɩpɩzɩ kʊsʊʊ ITIE ɛgbɛyɛ taa pilim. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paha Togo yɔ, tɩtɛŋ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 ñɩŋgʊ wiye 2013 pɩnaɣ taa.

Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 12 ñɩŋgʊ wiye 2012 pɩnaɣ taa Togo ɛjaɖɛ lɩzɩ ɖɩ-kajalaɣ ITIE takayaɣ ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊ liidiye nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma hɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma 2010 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm.

Togo ɖɔŋ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ kɩ-tɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ se kɩlɩzɩ kɩ-takayaɣ naalɛ ñɩŋga ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ liidiye nɖɩ kaɖasɩm tʊma, ñɩɣyɩŋ tʊma, lɩm tʊma nɛ nɩɣlɩm pɛdʊʊ tʊma hɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma 2011 pɩnaɣ taa yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ pama takayaɣ kanɛ. Agbaɣdaa aseɣɖe lɩzɩyʊ weyi Togo kewiyaɣ lɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛma takayaɣ kanɛ yɔ, ewilaa nɛ ɛna liidiye nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma tɔm se ahɛyɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma yɔ nɛ nɖɩ kewiyaɣ tʊma ñetisaa se amʊ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyuu tʊma cɔlɔ yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ITIE paɣtʊ 10 ñɩndʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.
Tokiyo

Tokiyo kɛŋna Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se « Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ».  Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 13 622 267; yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa siŋŋŋ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 42 794 714. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Tokiyo tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpeekpe taa. Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa akeeta 47 wɛna nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ Tokiyo ñɩnɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tɩunɛ tɩ-taa kɛ Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊma sɔsɔna kɩla wɛʊ. 

Peeɖe palakɩ politiki kediizɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ caayʊ wɛɛ, komina ñʊʊtʊ wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ wɛɛ  pɩna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɖɔɖɔ, minisinaa tɩŋga mba pɛwɛ kewiyaɣ taa yɔ patɩŋga ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna ajɛya lɛɛna lone taa caɣya wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Ɖooo lɛ, Tokiyo kaakɛŋna kpakpasɩ kpayaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ payawaɣ-tʊ se Edo nɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se lim pɔɔ ɖɩkatɩyɛ. Kacalaɣ sɔdʊ ŋgʊ kaya tɛtʊ tʊnɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ se Tokiyo yɔ payaɣ-ɩ se wiyao Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Tomas Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus, palʊla-ɩ Guildford cɔlɔ kpam Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa kɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1766 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ Bath tɛtʊ taa kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1834 taa. Ɛɛkɛ tɔsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ taa sukuli cɔlɩɩ ŋgʊ taa nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ pasɩtɔr yaa Ɛsɔ tɔm susiyu.

Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ yeba nɛ yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ taa papɩsɩ payz-ɩ yem se malthusien. Nabʊyʊ taa pokoti-ɖɩ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ ɛzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kɛ kɩsɩsɩna wena aha siɣye nɛ haɖɛ yaa aseu kɛɖɛɖaɣ pɩyʊ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ Malthus politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna samɣ ɖɔʊ yɔɔ yɔ yaa piyaa lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ.  

Thomas Robert Malthus kɛ pɩɣa naalɛ ŋga kɛ Daniel Malthus nɛ Henriette Graham pɔ-cɔlɔ. Ɛ-wayi lɛ, palʊlɩ piyaa loɖo ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ halɩpiyaa yeke koŋ. Ɛ-caa Daniel Malthus, ɛɛkɛ David Hume nesi yɔɔ tʊ kpem nɛ ɛtamsɩ ɛkpadɩyɛ nɛ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ɛɛcaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ pɩnaɣ 1766 yaa 1767 nɛ ɛnʊ eyebina ɛ-wayi wayi lɩmaɣza tɩŋga payɩ.

Thomas Robert Malthus laba ɛ-sukuli kɛ ɛ-caa tabalaa mba paakɛ wɩlɩyaa yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ. Richard Graves pɩnaɣ 1779 nɛ G. Wakefield weyi ɛɖʊyɩ Yeesuu kɔlɔgɛ taa kɛ Cambridge sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa yɔ. Peeɖe ɛmʊ tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ kpelaɣ pɩnaɣ 1793 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛpɩsɩ aŋglikani pasɩtɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797.
Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ

**Tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ** kɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ wezuu yɔ pɩ-lɛɣtʋ. Tɛtʋ lɛɣtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ wezuu yɔ pɩ-caanaʋ tɔm natʋyʋ pɛwɛ tomnaɣ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa.
Todoma

**Todoma** kɛna Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 576. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩkalʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛdɩ ɛyaa 410 956. Todoma wɛ Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ peeɖe haɖaa hayʊ sona, tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ sɩ wɛ pee ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, anasayɩ kpaakpa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩnɛ kɔfɩ, taba nɛ tii. Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mba pɔɖɔʊ ɖɔɖɛ ndɩ ndɩɛzɩ heŋ, pʊŋ, naŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɛwɛ. 

Ɖooo lɛ, Tarɛsɩ-Salam kaakɛŋna Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1970 kɛ komina pɩsɩna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ kɛ Todom ñɩndʊ taa. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pakpaɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩya kpelaɣ nɛ powona-kɛ Todoma peeeɖe ɛlɛ tʊma sɔsɔna nayɩ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ Tarɛsɩ-Salam peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ.  Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ tɛtʊ natʊlɛ natʊyʊ kɩlɩna paɣlʊ nɛ ɖʊ lɛ Tarɛsɩ-Salam nɛ Urusa. 

Todoma nɛ Tarɛsɩ-Salam pɛ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 486 yɔ wɛna nɛ Todoma nɛ Urusa ɛlɛ kilomɛtanaa 441 ñɛwɛna. Todoma walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 2 669 nɛ ɖenɖe pɩkɛna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 625 yɔ. Ɛzɩ tɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ yaa ɛzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ halaa wɛ ɛzɩ 51,5 yɔ nɛ abalaa ñɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ 48,5 yɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ se ɖa-caa Francis Mazanda.

Todoma tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya nayɩ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɩʊna ɖama nɛ alakɩ tʊma ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Jaipur (Ɛɛndɩ), Paŋgii (Santrafriki) nɛ Watsa (Kɔŋgo Kinsasa).
Toofɛnɩ

Toofɛnɩ kɛna lɩm taa kpɩnɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kɩwɛ *cétacé* naa pɩlɩʊ taa nɛ kɩ-kela pɩsɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa kagbanzɩ mbʊ yɔ. Kɩwɛna nɔɔ ɖɛŋŋŋ. Toofɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊ yɔ, panaɣ-kʊ *Delphinarium* waa taa. Ŋgʊ payaɣ se kpakpalikiyaɣ sɔdʊ. Kpakpalikiyasi nzɩ payaɣ mbʊ yɔ, sɩ-taa kɔyɔ :

* Tiɣye nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ *Delphinidés* huye taa yɔ
* *Delphinoïdes* waa huye nɛ kpakpalikiyasi nzɩ sɩwɛ lɩm ɖɔm ñɩmbʊ taa yɔ. Sɩwɛ Aazii pɔsɩ taa nɛ Amerika nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. Toofɛŋna wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Patɩlɩɣ-wɛ nɛ sɩ-wɛɖiɣ taa yaa sɩ-palɩka taa. 

Mbʊ pikpeliɣ toofɛnɩ yɔ mbʊ lɛ se pɛwɛ *Odontocète* naa tɛ huye taa.
*Cétacé* naa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩyɩdʊ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ se toofɛŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papalɩ camɩyɛ ɛzɩ kpakpalikiyasi yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mba. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ *Narval* nɛ *Béluga* mbʊ yɔ. Panɛ, papalaa pakɩlɩ toofɛŋna  kɩpɩma tɩŋɛ. *Marsouin* waa lɛ, paba tatɩɩ talɩɣ-wɛɛ paalɩɣ paa ñɩɩɩ.
Toovenum (réalité)

Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «vérité» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «réalité» yɔ, mbʊʊ payaɣna kabɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ taa se toovenum. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pɔtɔma kabɩyɛ taa se toovenum, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ ñayaɣ se «vérité» yɔ, pɩpɩzɩ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ ñayaɣ se «raison» yɔ, pɩpɩzɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» yɔ.
Cɩnɛ lɛ, mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» yɔ, pʊ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ. Mbʊ Fransɩɩ tʊ yaɣ se «réalité» (toovenum) yɔ, pɩkɛ mbʊ pʊwɛ siŋŋ nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ-pʊ nɛ ɛ-ɛza pe yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ se nɔɔyʊ ma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ka-taa lɛ, ɛyɔɔdɩ se Togo ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ sɩba pɩnaɣ 2005 taa. Pɩkɛ toovenum. Pʊdʊ toɖozi kiɖozu nɛ ɛma-tʊ, pɩkɛ mbʊ siŋŋ. 
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔyʊ ñama takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ kaka taa se Togo ɛjaɖɛ wɛna ageta sɔsɔna yaa hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ kagnaanzɩ : Martime egeetiye nɛ Plateaux egeetiye nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ (centrale) egeetiye nɛ Kayaɣ (Kara) egeetiye nɛ tuuye (savane) egeetiye. Tɔm ndʊ mayʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛdɩ ɛ-takayaɣ taa yɔ, tɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ toovenum, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ageeta ana ɖeyi ɖeyi awɛna Togo ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣna ɛ-ɛza pe siŋŋ se pʊwɛɛ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ toovenum. Tɔm ndʊ ɛyʊ na siŋŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɩlaba yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɩkɛ toovenum tɔm, pɩtɛkɛ pɔpɔtɔ tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛcɛtɩ.
Toovenum (vérité)

Payaʊ se toovenum yɔ, ɛbɛ payaɣ mbʊ ? 

Ɛyaa naalɛ eyowa nɛ pama ɖama yɔ, pʊwayɩ lɛ, pañɩnɩɣ nɛ pana se aca lɛlʊ tɔm. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa naalɛ yaa naadozo cakɩna nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ-tʊ. Yee patanɩɩna ɖama yɔ, pekpeliɣ pe-cejewiye taa nɛ pɔcɔɔlɩ-tʊ. Weyi ɛca lɛlʊ tɔm yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm sɩba. Piyele weyi paca ɛlɛ tɔm yɔ, peɖezi ɛlɛ tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum. 

You taa nabʊyʊ ɛwɛɛkaa kɔyɔ, weyi ɛca tɔm yɔ, ɛnʊ ñɔɔzʊʊna mbʊ pɩwɛɛkaa yɔ payɩ. Yee po-you taa, nabʊyʊ elebina yɔ, weyi ɖɔɖɔ ɛca tɔm yɔ, ɛnʊ ñɩnɩna-pʊ nɛ 
ɛpɩsɩna weyi ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum yɔ. Lee wiyaʊ tɛɛ paya ɖama tɔm kɔyɔ, paɖʊʊ liidiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pahʊʊ pɔ-tɔm ndʊ. Pahʊʊ-tʊ lɛ, weyi ɛ-tɔm sɩkɩ yɔ, pɔtɔkɩ e-liidiye nɖɩ ɛɖʊwa se pahʊʊna tɔm yɔ. Weyi ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum yɔ, pɔtɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ ñɩnɖɛ. Pʊ-wayɩ lɛ, weyi ɛca lɛlʊ tɔm yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛ-tɔm sɩba yɔ, ɛcaa weyi ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum yɔ e-liidiye nɖɩ awiya tɔwaa yɔ nɛ ɛhɛyɩ-ɩ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛlɛ tacaɣ yem nɛ ewona e-liidiye nɛ ɛcɛlɛ awiya.

Yee pɩkɛ eveletu tɔm, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩbɩna nɛ pacaa pazɩyʊ nɛ ɛlɛ kɔɔ nɛ ɛkpa nɔɔyʊ se ɛlɛ kʊna weyi ɛsɩba yɔ, pacakɩ cejewiye taa nɛ pana-tʊ. Weyi pazɩyʊ kpa-ɩ se ɛnʊ kʊna ɛyʊ yɔ, yee ɛnʊ kʊna ɛyʊ toovenum nɛ etisi kɔyɔ, pɔkɔɔlɩ-ɩ yaa palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ e-leewaa nɛ poposina-ɩ nɛ ɛ-tʊtʊ. Weyi ɛkʊ ɛyʊ mbʊ yɔ, e-egbele tɩʊ kpakɩɣna-ɩ nɛ ewolo ɛcaɣ ɛlɛ tɛ pɩnzɩ nzɩ cejewiye taa ñɩma cakɩ nɛ paɖʊ se pʊwɛɛ se ɛtɛm-sɩ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-tɛtʊ taa e-cejewiye taa ñɩma cɔlɔ yɔ.  

Ɛlɛ, yee weyi pazɩyʊ kpa-ɩ se ɛnʊ kʊna weyi ɛsɩba mbʊ yɔ etetisi se ɛnʊ kʊna yɔ, powokina tɔm ndʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kantɔŋ tɛ. Peeɖe lɛ, paɖʊʊ liidiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ha-wɛ waɖɛ nɛ pɛɖɛɛ tɩŋ ñɔʊ yaa kpɛzɩyɛ. Pazɩyʊ yaa tɩʊ weyi ɛkpa lɛlʊ se ɛnʊ kʊna ɛyʊ yɔ, ɛ nɛ weyi ɛkpa mbʊ yɔ pɛɖɛɛna tɩŋ ñɔʊ. 

Powoki nɛ pɔkɔɔ lɛ, weyi pɩkpa-ɩ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm sɩba. Piyele weyi ɛlɛ lɩwa yɔ, pɔtɔ se ɛlɛ wɛna toovenum. Liidiye sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ pa-naalɛ pasɩ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ tɛ nɛ pʊcɔ pɛɖɛɛ yɔ, awiya tɔkɩ ɖɩtɩŋa nɛ piyele weyi ɛ-tɔm sɩba yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi pɩkpa-ɩ yɔ, ɛcaa lɛlʊ liidiye nɖɩ ɛlɛ ɖʊwa yɔ nɛ ɛhɛyɩ ɛlɛ.
Topaazɩ

Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se topaazɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ huwa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Topazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se siilikatɩ (silicates) yɔ ti-huuye taa. Siilikatɩ waa ñɛwɛ huuye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa, payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se nezosibsiilikatɩ (néososubsilicates). Pa-mayaɣ lɛ Al2SiO4 (F, OH)2. Topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa wɛ fɛɛrɩ (fer) nɛ krom (chrome) nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm nɛ Tɩtanɩ.

## Tɔmpiye topaazɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ ɖɩ-ɖɩlɩyɛ
Ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pasɩmɩ topaazɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa ñɩm ñɩnɩyʊ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Anselmus Boëtius mana nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɖajaa ɛnʊ ɛkɛ Boodi tɛtʊ taa tʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1609 ñɩŋga taa ɛmaa nɛ ɛkɛdɩ-tʊ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1550 ñɩŋga taa nɛ ewona sɔsaa mʊlʊm pɩnaɣ 1632 taa.Tɔmpiye topaazɩ lɩnɩ krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se topazos. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se sɛɛmɩ (gemmes) yɔ payawaɣ mbʊ ɖooo caanaʊ. Pɩkɛ teŋgu kɩsɛmʊʊ tɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩ-hɩɖɛ.

Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se pegmatiti (pegmatites). Topaazɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛɛtʊ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se Kuwarɩtɩsɩ yɔ awɛ topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Pɛ ana, asa miŋ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Yee topaazɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ɛsa miŋ hakuu kɔyɔ, tɩpɩzɩɣ miskoviti (muscovite) yaa serisiiti (séricite) yaa fɛldɩpatɩ (feldspath) yaa kaoliniti (kaolinite). Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se pegmatiti yɔ, tɩ-taa ñɩɣlɩm pɛ paɣlɩ siŋŋ. A-yuŋ cɛzɩɣ kiiloonaa hiu waa hiu waa yɔɔ.