open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ɛrbɩyɔm

Ɛrbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 68 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Er. Ɛrbɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛrbɩyɔm wɛ sɛmɩŋ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ cʊndʊlʊm nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa helim taa. Ɛwɛ helim taa yem kɔyɔ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩɩ yem.

Payaɣ-ɩ se ɛrbɩyɔm yɔ pɩlɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pɩñɔtɩna Stockholm Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pana pɩ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pana kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ. Ɛzɩ payaʊʊ hɩla anɛ yɔ ɩtrɩyɔm, tɛrbɩyɔm nɛ ɩtɛrɩbɩyɔm yɔ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pakpaɣna nɛ paya-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1789 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Fɛɛlandɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Johan Gadolin na ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ ɩtɛrbɩtɩ cɛbɩyaɣ nakɛyɛ taa (nɛ pʊwayɩ paya-ɩ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɩɖɛ yɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ naʊ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pɩtɩŋna sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ pɩñɔtɩna Ytterby haɖaa tɛtʊ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Petisi ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1797 ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋna Anders Gustaf Ekeberg yɔɔ ɛnʊ weyi ɛya ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊ ŋgʊ se yttria. 

Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1870 taa lɛ, mʊntʊsɩŋ weliŋ tʊma laɣsɩ wɩlɩɣ se ɛrbɩnɩ kɛ lɩm kisidim mbʊ papɩzɩɣ patɩŋna pɔyɔɔ nɛ pana pʊtʊnaa lalaa yɔ. Pʊtʊnaa mba yɔ sɩkandɩyɔm, hɔlɩmɩyɔm nɛ tʊlɩyɔm (pɩnaɣ 1879), pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ tɩsɩprɔsɩyɔm (pɩnaɣ 1886) nɛ kpaagba ɖeɖe kɔyɔ lʊtɛsɩyɔm (pɩnaɣ 1907). Georges Urbain nɛ Charles James papɩzɩna palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1905.
Wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ (surface)

Paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩ-wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ. Wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋʋ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se « surface ». Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, pakpakɩɣ pʋyʋ walanzɩ nɛ payaa ɖɔɖɔ se kɩ-wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ. 

Wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ tɛ ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm kpɛlɛkʋʋ kɛ ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kɔcɔŋna nɛ kanaɣ ɛzɩma mbʋ lɩm kpeŋ yɔ. Piliŋa ŋ́ga ɖɔɖɔ kañɩnɩɣna nɛ kanaɣ mbʋ piyeki nɛ lɩm wadɩɣ nɛ nabʋyʋ taa pɩkpakɩɣ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩɖɛɣna yɔ.

Piliŋa ŋ́ga kɔcɔŋnana nɛ kanaɣ ɛzɩma lɩm kpeŋ kpolo kpolo kpem mbʋ yɔ. Piliŋa ŋ́ga ɖɔɖɔ kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ ɛzɩma mbʋ heɣlim lɩm kpeziɣ yaa wɛɛkɩɣ wondu wɛɛkʋʋ mbʋ yɔ. 

Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ ɛzɩma lɩm wadʋʋ wadʋʋ mbʋ yɔ. Payaɣ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ se kʋkʋyɩmɩŋ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ. Wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ hɩlɩmɔɔɔ wɛtʋ tɛ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ. 

Payaa wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɛtʋ yɔɔ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ. Kʋkʋ kɛŋna mbʋ ɛyʋ naɣ wandamm tɛtʋ yɔɔ yɔ. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, payaɣ tɛtʋ tɛ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ yem se tɛtʋ. Teŋgu tɛ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ tɛ feveku kɛ feveku ŋgʋ kɩwɛ teŋgu tɛ wayɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʋʋ yɔ.
Tʊlɩyɔm

Tʊlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 69 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tm. Tʊlɩyɔm kɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa ñɩɣlɩm pʊyʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛwɛ cʊndʊlʊm, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ. Ɛmʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩ heelim mbʊ pɩwɩɣ ɛyaa mɔŋ tɛɛ pɩ-taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Thule, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se hayɩ ɛjaɖɛ. Pɩɩkɛ Sɩkandɩnavɩ yatʊ kɩbɩndʊ natʊyʊ, peeɖe pehiɣ katɔlɩnɩtɩ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa Per Theodor Cleve lɩ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1879, ɛ nɛ hɔlmɩyɔm. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kaakɛ Tu, pʊwayɩ kɛ nɩnaʊ nabʊyʊ lɩwa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Tm. 

Pɩnaɣ 1789, Fɛɛlandɩ tʊ Johan Gadolin na ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ Ytterbite cɛbɩyaɣ ʊ nakayɛ taa (ɛɖanɩ-ɩ yaʊ pʊwayɩ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ). Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pɩtɩŋna sɔɔja sɔsɔ Carl Axel Arrhenius yɔɔ kɛ Ytterby haɖaa kooka taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣna nesi ɛ-tʊma kɛlɛ ɛyaa ɔkɩsɩdɩ kɩfalʊʊ ŋgʊ se yttria.

Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1878 taa lɛ, Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ ɛnɛyɔ Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac na se erbine matʊ tɛkɛ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɔyʊ, ɛlɛɛ ɛya se ɩtɛrbɩyɔm. Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ Per Thodor Cleve kpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛpazɩɣ ɛka ñʊʊ ɛrbɩyɔm ɖɔm mbʊ pɩzaɣa alɩwaatʊ pɛtɛyɩ-wɛ yɔ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1879 lɛ, ɛlɩzɩ hɔɔlɩŋ niitozo ndɩ ndɩ kɛlɛ ɛpazɩ-ɩ takɩnaʊ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ. Kʊyʊmʊʊ mʊna ɛrbɩyɔm kɛlɛ paatɩlɩɣ naalɛ lalaa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛñɩnɩɣ se pʊɖʊ ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɩɖɛ lɛ, Cleve maɣzɩ payaa-wɛ hɔlɩmɩyɔm, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma paya nɛ latɛŋ taa se Stockholm, nɛ tʊlɩyɔm pɩlɩna ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣa Sɩkandɩnavɩ yɔ.
Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm

Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 70 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Yb. Ɩtɛrbɩyɔm tɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantanɩdɩ waa lalaa yɔ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ cʊndʊlʊm nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ manɩɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ taa soŋaɣa ɛwɛ camɩyɛ. Pasɩ-ɩ ɖenɖe heelim fɛyɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ niikaɣ taa. Payaɣ-ɩ se ɩtɛrbɩyɔm pɩlɩna lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, Ytterby pɩñɔtɩna Stockholm kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, peeɖe pana ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ nɛ halɩ palɩ pʊtʊnaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔ lone kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.  

Pɩnaɣ 1789 lɛ, Fɛɛlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Johan Gadolin tɩlɩ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wonuu kɩfalʊʊ (yaa tɛtʊ) kɛ ɩtɛrbɩtɩ cɛbɩyaɣ nakayɛ taa (ɛɖaɣnɩ-ɩ yaʊ se katɔlɩnɩtɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛwaɣa kɩfalaɣ ŋga paatɛma-kɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ naalɛ pʊcɔ pɩtɩŋna sɔɖʊʊ sɔɔja Carl Alex Arrhenius yɔɔ kɛ Ytterby haɖaa kooka taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ñɩɣna nesi ɛ-tʊma takayasɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1797. 

Tʊma ana paɖaɣnɩ-yɛ paɣzɩɣ pɩnaɣ pɩsaa lɛ kɛ Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Lars Fredrik Nilson yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛñɩɣ niye nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ pʊtʊ kɩsʊzʊʊ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛɖaɣna labʊ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛya-ɩ se sɩkandɩyɔm pɩlɩna Sɩkandɩnavɩ hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔɔ. Fransɩɩ tɛ Georges Urbain, Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ tʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach nɛ Amerika tʊ Charles James paca kpɛndɩ naʊ ɛlɛ nɖeke nɖeke pɩnaɣ 1907 se Marignac tɛ ɩtɛrbɩnɩ taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ ɛlɛ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. 

Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1907, Urbain wɩlɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa Paarii tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pɩkɩla ɖeu se payaa pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ se néo-ytterbium, nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɩtaatasɩ yiɣdinaʊ nɛ Marignac pʊtʊ kɩbɩnʊ, nɛ lutécium, ɛlɛ hɩɖɛ lɩna Paarii hɩɖɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ. Pɩkɔma saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 lɛ, sɔsɔ von Welsbach, pɩtalɩna-ɩ kɛlɛ ɛkɔŋna mbʊ tʊma wena ɛpaɣza-yɛ alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1905 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ.
Lʊtɛsɩyɔm

Lʊtɛsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Lu nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ ñɩŋa yɔ 71. Ɛnʊ kɛna kpaagbaa tʊ kɛ lantanɩdɩ waa pɩlʊʊ taa nɛ ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Lʊtɛsɩyɔm kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ manɩɩ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ pʊdɔɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɔtɔyɩ nɛ ɛcaɣ liidiye piŋ. Pʊcɔ pehiɣ-ɩ lɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se pacatɩ-ɩ nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ nɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa lalaa mba ɛ nɛ-wɛ pɛwɛ paa ɖooye yɔ. 

Lʊtɛsɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna Lʊtɛsɩ tɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ Lutetia), ɛyʊ weyi ɛna-ɩ yɔ hana-ɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Paarii hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1949 lɛ, IUPAC lɛɛzɩ pʊtʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ matʊ, pɩpɩsɩ lutetium. Anasaayɩ taa lɛ matʊ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɛzɩ lʊtɛtɩyɔm yɔ petisi tɩ-yɔɔ, paa lʊtɛsɩyɔm ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ ɛyaa nɔsɩ taa kɔyɔ. Paa pɩlɩna ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ palaba pɩtɩŋna ɛnaʊ yɔɔ yɔ, pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɖooo pitihiɣ payaɣ-ɩ se cassiopeium (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ CP) Caama ajɛyɛ naayɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Pɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ sɩkpadayaa. 

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa naatozo kpɛndɩna naʊ ndɩ ndɩ lʊtɛsɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1907. Ɛkɛ lantanɩdɩ waa taa ɛɖɩɩyɛ ɛsɩnda tʊ weyi paana-ɩ, mbʊ yɔ prɔmɛtɩyɔm cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ nɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ fɛyɩ yeke pataatɩɩ tɩlɩta. Fransɩɩ tʊ Georges Urbain, Otirisi tʊ Carl Auer von Welsbach nɛ Amerika tʊ Charles James lakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ ɩtɛrbɩnɩ yɔɔ ɛnʊ weyi Jean Charles Galissard Marignac tʊ na-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1878 yɔ.

Kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1907 lɛ, Urbain wɩlɩɣ lɛɣtʊ yɔɔ kandɩyaa Paarii tɛtʊ mbʊ se ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛnaa se Marignac tɛ ɩtɛrbɩyɔm taa wɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ ɛlɛ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se payaa-wɛ se néo-ytterbium, (pɩsa nɛ pɩtaa yidiɣ nɛ Marignac kɩbɩnʊʊ hɩɖɛ, nɛ lutécium (ɖɩɖɩ lɩna Paarii kɩbɩnʊʊ hɩɖɛ tɛ).
Hafɩnɩyɔm

Hafɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 72 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Hf. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ hafɩnɩyɔm wɛ ɛzɩ [sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm[[ yɔ nɛ pana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa. Hafɩnɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ɛwɛɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔnsɩtɛnɩ yozuu ɖeɖe nɛ polukina ñɩɣsasɩ nɛ nazɩyʊ ñʊŋ.

Ɛwɛ manɩɩ, ɛñɩɣlɩsɩɣ nɛ ɛwɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ. Ɛɛpʊkɩ nɛ pɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛwɛ ɛzɩ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm yɔ. Kɛlɛ ɛkpɩndaa kpem pɩkɩlɩ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm. Pɩnaɣ 1917, ɖɔkɔtɔ sɩnɩyʊ Vladimir Vernadski, Konstantin Avtonomovich Nenadkevich maɣzɩ se ɛlɩza pɩtɩŋna ɔrɩtɩtɩ yɔɔ kɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ nɛ hilimiye ñʊʊ kɔyɔ 178, kɛlɛ ɛɖʊ-ɩ pʊtʊnaa 71 nɛ 73 mba paatɛma-wɛ sɩm hɛkʊʊ taa. 

Ɛ-nɛ Vernadski palɩmaɣza kɛ kʊyʊma, kɛlɛ ɛnɛ ɛnʊyɔ ɛtɔŋ se payaa pʊtʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ se assium. 
Paasusa pʊtʊ 72 natʊ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ pɩnaɣ 1907 pɩtɩŋna Geoges Urbain yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi esusa ɛ-tɛ ñɩnɩtʊ tɔm pɩnaɣ 1911 yɔ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ se ɛsɩma-ɩ pɩtɩŋna lʊtɛsɩyɔm ɖɔmbɩyɛ kɩmaŋ pɩsʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛya-ɩ se sɛlɩtɩyɔm (yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Ct) pɩlɩna sɛlɩtɩ ɛyaa cɔlɔ. 

Ɛlɛ paa mbʊ yɔ Urbain kpaɣ sɛlɩtɩyɔm ɛzɩ kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ yɔ, peeɖe Niels Bohr ñɔtɔŋ se pʊtʊ kpaagba tʊ kɛ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɛ pʊtʊ 71 nɛ pʊtʊ 72 tʊ ñɛkɛ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ɛgbaɣtʊ. Hevsy tɛ George nɛ Dirk Coster, pɛkɛ Bohr tabalaa, ñɩnɩ pʊtʊ 72 kɛ sɩrɩkɔnɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa nɛ posusi ɛnatʊ tɔm ɖooo [Copenhague (Danemark) kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1923.
Tantalɩ

Tantalɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 73 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ta. Tantalɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ yuulee cɛzʊʊ, ɛwɛ yuŋ, ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ manɩɩ, ɛɛpʊkɩ siziŋ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm naa taa, ɛsaɣ miŋ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ anasaayɩ miŋ ɖɛzɩyʊ kpem. Pana-ɩ tantalɩtɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa nɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa nabayɛ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɩcaɣ ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdasɩ tɩyɛ, pɩkpɛndɩna nɩyɔbɩyɔm kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kɔlɩtan taa, ɛlɛ epiyii pindimm.

Palakɩ tantalɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ nɛ tɔnʊʊ tɛɛ sɔzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe ɖɔɖɔ. Pasɩma-ɩ piŋ ɖɔɖɔ nazɩyʊ tʊma taa nɛ polukina nazɩyʊ ñɩɣdɩyʊ. Pakɩnda ɛ-hɩɖɛ latɛŋ leɣtʊ kɩfatʊ cɔlɔ tantalum, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paha-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1802 pɩtɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Anders Gustaf Ekeberg Sʊyɛdɩ tʊ. 
 
Pɩnaɣ 1801, Charles Hatchett ɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ ɛna ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ (pɩnzɩ 1765-1847) pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɩkpɛɛdɩtʊ natʊyʊ tɩlɩna Connecticut komina cɔlɔ nɛ paya-ɩ Columbia. Ɛya-ɩ se kɔlɔmbɩyɔm, pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiileɖuu mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna tʊma kɩbɩna yɔɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1802 lɛ, Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767- 1813) ɛkɛ wɩlɩyʊ Uppsala sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ nɛ pɩcaɣ-ɩ kaɖɛ piŋ se ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ. 
  
Pɩnaɣ 1809 lɛ, William Hyde Wollaston ɖaɣnɩ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɔlɔmbɩyɔm  nɛ tantalɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ paakɛ kʊyʊm kɛnɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1820 lɛ, Jöns Jacob Berzelius ñalɩzɩ tantalɩ kiyeke. Pɩnaɣ 1844 lɛ, Heinrich Rose ñatʊʊ tantalɩtɩ taa kɛ pʊtʊnaa naalɛ, tantalɩ, sɛrɩtɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩfalʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ ɛyaa se nɩyɔbɩyɔm, hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna Niobe cɔlɔ Tantalɩ halɩpɩɣa kɛlɛ mbʊ krɛkɩ pɔpɔtʊ tɔm kɛdʊʊ.
Tɛtɛɛ pɔm

Pɔmdɩtɛɛrɩ

Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ kɛ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm  tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ nnɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ asʊʊ ɛzɩ hɛɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩ-tɛɛ pɩzʊ pʊsʊʊ nɛ pɩɖaɣlɩ lʊʊʊ. Paapɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ tɛtɛɛ pɔm ɛzɩ pɔtɔkʊʊ kaabʊ yaa tɔɔnasɩ nasɩyɛ yɔ yɔ nɛ lɛŋ, pɩwɛɛ se patɩzɩ-kʊ fayɩɩ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊpʊʊ ɛyaa. pdt kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ nɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ kɩkɩlɩ hɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛ pɔm kʊnɛ kɩwɛ leleŋ ɛzɩ awiihɛɛ yɔ ɛlɛ sɔzɩŋ ɖeɖe kɛ tʊkaɣ nakɛyɛ wɛ pazɩ.  

Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm  taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi tɛtɛɛ pɔm  ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ tɛtɛɛ pɔm  nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pepim-kʊ ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.

Tɛtɛɛ pɔm wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kaabʊnaa 

nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ.
Kela

Keɖe yaa kela kɛna dozi nzɩ pahayʊʊ yɔ. Papɩzʊ pehili-yɛ ɖozi pʊcɔ pɔtɔɔ yaa pɔtɔɔna lɛŋ. Pɔtɔkɩ kela tɩŋga pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɔtɔkɩ a-hatʊ yaa alʊlʊʊ kela lɛ, pɔtɔɔ yaa pehili. Kela ɖozi fɛyɩ sotu ɛzɩ mana yaa ɛzɩ hʊnʊm yɔ. 
  
Ɛzɩ tɛztʊ wɛʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, kela paɣlɩka taa talʊ ɛzɩ santimɛtanaa nɩɩnɩwa yaa mɛtanaa naalɛ yɔ. Kela taŋgʊʊ yɔ a-hatʊ liŋ tɛɛ kɛ hɛtʊ lɩʊ nɛ hɛtʊ ndʊ tʊhʊlʊma fadʊdʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛzɩʊ jaʊʊ tɩyɛ. Kela pee wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna kela wɛtʊ maɣmaɣ yɔɔ: naayɛ sɛ jaʊʊ, lɛɛna kɛ kɩkpɛda tɩyɛ, naayɛ kɛ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ awɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Kela naayɛ lɔbɔɔɔ lɔbɔɔɔ ɛzɩ haɣlada yɔ, lɛɛna wɛ kpatatayaaa kpatayaaa nɛ naayɛ wɛ kʊŋgʊlʊm kʊŋgʊlʊ yaa wɛtʊ natʊyʊ yem.

Tʊkaɣ nakɛyɩ wɛ kela nɛ ɛzɩ tɛtɛɛ pɔm, kpɛɛnzʊ kpooyuu yaa ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se kpoobesse yɔ yaa kpɛnzɩɖoŋga pa-taa. Ɖozi nzɩ paya mbʊ yɔ sɩtɩŋga sɩlɩna ilememiye kɩfaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Amerika yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖooo lɛ pɩɩkɛna ñɩyʊ taa tɔɔnasɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyaa paɣzɩ-sɩ kpenaʊ ɖɩsɩ taa nɛ pahayɩɣ-sɩ. 

Ɛlɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ Siini ajɛya taa pacala hayʊ kɛ kela nɛ alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe wɩsɩ yaa nikaɣ yaa mbʊ payaɣ se kevengaɣ yɔ pɩmʊna ɖozɩ nzɩ.

Ɛlɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ Siini ajɛya taa pacala hayʊ kɛ kela nɛ alakɩ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ peeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ peeɖe wɩsɩ yaa nikaɣ yaa mbʊ payaɣ se kevengaɣ yɔ pɩmʊna ɖozɩ nzɩ.
Siitruwii

Siitruwii kɛna tɩʊ piye nɖɩ ɖɩcaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ kaabʊ tɩyɛ yɔ.

Siitruwii nɛ kela ɖɔɖɔ pe-tiiye kɛ kʊɖɔm nɛ awɛ kamaɣ tiiye taa. Siituwii wɛ kuluŋgulu nɛ kɩcaɣa wɛʊ ɛzɩ kela yɔ yaa tɩmaatɩ yɔ; nɛ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yɔ. Siitruwii toka wɛ ɖoŋ kaŋkaŋ nɛ kɩ-taa wɛ hola cacaɖɩɩɩ ɛlɛ pɩwɛ lɛbɛlɛbɛ. Tɩʊ piye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ leleŋ mɩnɩmɩnɩ. 

Siitruwii yʊn taa pɩzʊ pɩtalɩ yaa pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ kilonaa kagbaanzɩ yɔ nɛ ŋgʊ kɩɩkɩla yʊŋ kpem yɔ paahayɩ-kʊ Napaa egeetiye taa, Kaliifɔrnii tɛtʊ pɩnaɣ 2013 taa nɛ pamazɩ-kʊyʊŋ lɛ pɩɩkpɛnda kilonaa 922. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2010 taa ŋgʊ kɩɩkɩla hʊŋ yɔ paamaɣza kʊkʊ lɛ, paanaa se kʊ-yʊŋ taa ñaawɛ kilonaa 821. 

Kpaagbaa siitruwii kʊnɛ Kris Stevens kaahayina-kʊ nɛ ɛkɛ Etaazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa Erɔpʊ ilemiye taa ŋgʊ kɩɩkɩla yʊŋ yɔ kɩɩñɔna avema129 nɛ pamaɣza-kʊ lɛ kɩɩmaɣnza kilonaa 617. Mʊzʊŋ weyi paaɖʊ-yɔ ɛlɛ ñaatala ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩ kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Siitruwii waɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ sʊyɛ yɔ.
Kamɩyɛ

Kamɩyɛ kɛna tɩʊ ŋgʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ tɩŋ piye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se kamɩyɛ yɔ. Kamɩyɛ yaa kama wɛ ndɩ ndɩ: naayɛ sɛ kpaʊʊ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yɔ nɛ lɛɛna ñahʊlɩma kpalala. Ɛzɩ piye ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ kamɩyɛ hatʊ wɛɛ pɩkɩlɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɖɩpʊwa yɔ. 

Pahayʊ kamɩyɛ tataa nɛ ɖɩlɔkɩ peeɖe ɛzɩ tɩmʊ yɔ. Pʊcɔ nɛ kamɩyɛ lʊlɩ lɛ ɛyʊ ɛnaa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtɔ se tɩmʊʊ piye ñɔna. Ɛzɩ tɩŋ pee lɛɛna sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, kamɩyɛ tɩʊ nɛ mbʊ kʊlʊlʊʊ yɔ payaɣ pɩtɩŋga mbʊ se kamɩyɛ.

Kamɩyɛ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ: naayɛ ɖaɣla lɔbɔɔ lɔbɔɔ nɛ lɛɛna wɛ kɔŋgʊlʊm kʊŋgʊlʊm. Kama tomnasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ: naayɛ saʊ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm yɔ nɛ lɛɛna tomnasɩ wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ yɔ. Tɩʊ kʊnɛ kɩ-hayʊ fɛyɩ kaɖɛ caaa. 

Papɩzʊ pahayɩ-ɛ paale pɩkɩlɩna ɖenɖe mʊzʊŋ wɛɛ yɔ, ɛzɩ saŋ taa mbʊ yɔ. Papɩzʊ pɔtɔɔ kamɩyɛ nɛ lɛŋ yaa patɩzɩ nɛ pɔtɔɔna nʊm yaa pʊsa yaa cambaɣbaɣ. Papɩzʊ poɖoŋgɩ-ɖɩ yaa ɖɔɖɔ paɖʊzɩ nʊm taa. Kamɩyɛ lɩʊ sɔzɩŋ camɩyɛ. Palakɩ kamɩyɛ tɛ pɛtɛpɛtɛ papɩzʊ paɖʊ nandʊ kuɖoŋgɩtʊ yaa lɩm ñɩndʊ yaa waagasɩ.
Kpema

Kpema kɛna ɖozi nzi payayɩɣ sɩ-hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Tuluŋga taa lɛ, tɩmaatɩ ñɛkɛna ɖozi nzi pahayɩɣ-sɩ sɩ-pee yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ademɛɛ yɔ, kpema tomnaɣ wɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋhatʊ lɩm yɔ. Ɖenɖe pakɩlʊ kpema hayʊ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛna ɖenɖe wɩsɩ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɖozi sɩnɛ tɩ-taa anaɣm ɖɔɣa kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ anaɣm mbʊ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ: fɛɛrɩ nɛ bʊ pɩhaɣ ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ taa kpekpeka nɛ alaafɩya camɩyɛ yɔ.

Ɛzɩ tɩŋ lɛɛŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, mbʊ kpema wɛɛ nɛ kpema tɩŋ yaa tikiŋ nɩyɛ wɛɛ lɛ a-yɔɔ kɛ abalaa wɛɛ nɛ lɛɛŋ yɔɔ kɛ halaa ñɛwɛɛ. Pee wɛ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nɛ apʊʊ pɩtɛ lɛ pɩyaɣ nɛ heelim kpakɩɣna-yɛ nɛ piwona lɛɛna yɔɔ. Kpema ɛɛkɩlɩɣ tɛtɛ wondu yaa yaa nakaŋ hɔm nɛ heelim kɩl;;una pee anaa yɛlɩnaʊ.
 
Ɖooo kiɖetɛɛ lɛ, Pɛrsɩ tɛtʊ taa kɛ paalɛɣa kpema tɔɔʊ yaa hayʊʊ nɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XII taa kɛ a-tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ tala Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ Catherine de Médicis yɛlɩna kpema tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ kɛ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Papɩzɩɣ pahayɩ-ɛ pɩnaɣ taa paa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa pɩlɩɩna tɛʊ cɔlɔ yaa nikaɣ cɔlɔ. Kpema naayɛ wɛ nɛ apɩzʊ atalɩ pɩnzɩ naalɛ nɛ lɛɛna lɛ, alakɩ camɩyɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ lɛ, a-ɖoŋ tɛma. Pacaɣ kpema kɩcaʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ahɔʊ nɛ a-hatʊ kpa camɩyɛ fɛlɛfɛlɛ lɛ pɛsɛtɩ-tʊ nɛ pʊcɔ aɖaanɩ hɔʊ.
Manɩyɛ

Manɩyɛ yaa mana kɛna ɖozi nzɩ pahayʊ pɩtɛ piye yaa pee yɔɔ yaa hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Afrika taa kɛ pacala mana tɔɔʊ nɛ a-haɖaʊ pʊcɔ nɛ a-tɔyɩ ajɛya kpeekpe taa. Ɛlɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ ajɛya wena akɩlɩɣ-ɛ haɖaʊ yaa tɔɔʊ yɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ: Ɛndɩ, Naajeeriya, Pakistaani, Kanaa, Peenɛɛ nɛ Egipiti. Ajɛya lɛɛna hayʊ mana ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ pɩtakɩlɩ ɖɔʊ siŋŋŋ ɛzɩ ajɛya anɛ yɔ. 

Mana wɛ lɔɔɔ lɔɔɔ nɛ naayɛ ɖaɣlaa akɩlɩ lɛɛna nɛ naayɛ kɩlɩ lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ kigiŋ. Mana naayɛ yɔɔ wɛ sɔɔɔ ñɔɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ pokoyi-ɛ lɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɛyʊ esuu e-nesi nabʊyʊ. Maayʊ pɩzʊ kɩɖalɩ nɛ kɩ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ taa talɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa naalɛ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Mana naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ apɩzʊ awɛɛ lʊlʊ yɔɔ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ yee poɖu-ɛ nikaɣ taa kɔyɔ nɛ mana ana a-yɔɔ loza kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ nɛ a-tɩŋ lɩʊ pilinzi ñɔɔɔ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mana ana awɛ sotu kamaɣ fɛyɩ pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛna. 

Pehilu mana hatʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pehilɩ-ɛ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pele pɩwɩlɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pehili, mbʊ payaɣ se mawɩlasɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pele a-hatʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩhɩlɩ kʊɖʊɖʊ pʊcɔ pehili-tʊ, mbʊ payaɣ se maatʊkɩwɩtʊ. Pahayɩ-ɛ nɛ a-ɖoŋ tɛ alʊlʊ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ nɛ pukuli nɛ payaa se maatɔkɔyɩsɩ. Papɩzɩɣ pehilɩ-sɩ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pele pɩwɩlɩ nɛ pʊcɔ pehili, nɛ paa lɛŋ yaa pɩɩwɩlaa kɔyɔ, payaɣ pɩtɩŋga se maatɔkɔyɩsɩ. Yee pɩkɛ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛzɩʊ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛhɔkɩ-ɛ anwa huyuu taa nɛ ɛzɩ ɛlɛ pɩtaaɖɛ kɩyakɩŋ naalɛ yɔɔ se pʊcɔ ɛɛlɩzɩ-ɛ se ɛhilɩ.

Papizʊ pɔtɔɔ mana nɛ lɛŋ yaa patɩzɩ pʊcɔ. Ɖozi  nzɩ pahiluna mana nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, kaabʊ, hɛɛ, kpɛnzʊʊ kpoyuu ŋgʊ, akaŋgaa, fayʊ yaa ñandʊ, katɛʊ. Papɩzʊ pehilina paa nandʊ ndʊ, lɩm ñɩndʊ yaa kuɖoŋgutu yaa ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ kɩwɩsɩ yaa lɩm ñɩnzɩ; sɔsɔsɩ yaa cikpesi. Kʊdɔŋ yaa kʊdɔmɩŋ weyi nabʊyʊ taa pɩkɛna ɛzɩ aleewaa kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ peeɖe lɛ ɛyʊ tɔkɩ-ɛ nɛ lɛŋ. Ajɛya naayɛ taa, ɛzɩ Kotidiivuwaarɩ taa mbʊ yɔ, pɔtɔkɩ mɔʊ 

nɛ mana ɖozi. Mana pɩzʊ awaa kʊdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ naŋgbatɩŋila yɔ.
Kaabʊ

Kaabʊ kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ. Kaabʊ tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ kaabʊ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Kaabʊ kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa. 

Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzɩɣ pesidi kaabʊ taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, akaŋgaa, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi kaabʊʊ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ kaabʊ nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lim nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ.

Kaabʊ tɔnʊʊ tɩna ɖama yɔɔ ɛzɩ takayasɩ hatʊ tɩnʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ se ɛyʊ ɛfaɣ kaabʊ nɛ pɩkazɩ se ɛsɩʊ. Pɩtɛ lakazɩ nzɩ sɩhaɣ kʊdɔmɩŋ. Yee kɩpaɣla camɩyɛ nɛ ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩ mbʊ se ɛlakɩna-kʊ nɛ kɩkazɩ yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ekuli ñʊʊyɔɔ tɔnɩŋ nɛ pɩmaɣna mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ.

Kaabʊnaa wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: nakʊyʊ kɛ kʊlʊmʊʊ tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ kaabʊnaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ tɛtʊ yɔ. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pɩnaɣ 2014 taa kaabʊnaa mba pahayaa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 92 640 689 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ kaabʊnaa hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Etazunii.
Puwaroo

Puwaroo kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩ-tɛɛ lila yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Puwaroo tɛɛ lila ana awɛ kpatalaa kpatalaa. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ puwaroo nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Puwaroo kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa. 

Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi puwarootaa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, akaŋgaa, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi kaabʊʊ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Puwaroo tɔnʊʊ tɩna ɖama yɔɔ ɛzɩ takayasɩ hatʊ tɩnʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ yɔ.

Puwaroo wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ: ñʊʊtaa pʊtʊlʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm nɛ kɩ-hatʊ ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hɛtʊ tomnaɣ yɔ nɛ hatʊ ndʊ tɩtɩna ɖama yɔɔ piyele pɩtɛɛ lɛ pɩkɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩm kpalʊlʊ. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa pɩnaɣ 2014 taa puwaroonaa mba pahayaa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 2 236 771. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ Ɛndonezii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ puwaroo hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Turkii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Pɛlziiki. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa Ɛndonezii hayɩ puwaroo ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩnaa 520 000 yɔ nɛ Turkii ñatalɩ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩnaa 223 000 yɔ piyele nɛ Pɛlziki lɛ tɔɔnɩnaa 190 000 yɔɔ.
Pwaavrɔɔ

Pwaavrɔɔ kɛna kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊ-kɛ pɩlɩɩna ki-pee yɔɔ yɔ yaa ka-hatʊ yɔɔ. Papɩzɩɣ nɛ payaa-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ se kpɛɛnzʊʊʊ. Pwaavɔɔ pee ana awɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum ɛzɩ putuula yɔ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔtɔɔ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehilina ɖozi. Pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ kɩlɩʊ sɔzɩŋ kamaɣfɛyɩ kɛ ɖozi taa. 

Tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ papɩzʊ pesidi pwaavrɔɔ taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ yɔ sɩɖɔɔ nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: tɩmaatɩ, hɛɛ, awiihɛɛ, karɔtɩ, kela nɛ pesidina num mbʊ ɛyʊ sɔɔlaa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se paa tɔɔnaɣ ŋga papɩzɩɣ pɛsidi pwaavrɔɔ ka-taa nɛ pɩwɛɛ camɩyɛ. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ nɛ kileɖi kɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-kʊ yem kɔyɔ kɩpɩzɩɣ kɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-kʊ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-kʊ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛɖʊ kañɩŋga ɖoli lɛ ɛyʊyɩ lɩm nɛ ehuuzi kabaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ kpotoku yɔ yaa mbʊ pɩkpɩnda camɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ pʊmʊʊ nikaɣ camɩyɛ yɔ. Wayɩ nɛ wayɩ sɩʊ pʊnɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɩkɩlɩ leɖuu.

Pwaavrɔɔ wɛna tomnasi ndɩ ndɩ. Pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pakɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ yɔ  po-tomnasi kɛ kɩsɛɛmasɩ, sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ leemuu lɩm. Pwaavrɔɔna nabayɩ kɛ kʊlʊmʊm tɩyɛ, lɛɛŋ sɛɛ cahʊʊ ɛzɩ calɩm yɔ, nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛ kɩsɛɛmɩm muzulee, nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pwaavrɔɔnaa nabɛyɛ caaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ tɩyɛ yɔ. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ lɩna Amerika keteŋga taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se peeɖe pacalɩ-kʊ hayʊʊ. Pahayʊʊ-kʊ yɔ, kɩ-pee pamɩzʊʊ nɛ alɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩla ɛzɩ kpɩtaʊ yaa kpɩtaŋ naalɛ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ añɔ. Pee ana apɩzɩʊ aleɖi adaɖazɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ, ñɩnɩyaa kaawɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ ɖooo caanaʊ taa wondu lɛ, palɩɩ pwaavrɔɔ kʊnɛ ki-pee naayɛ yɔɔ kɛ Amerika keteŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mɛkɩziki yɔ ɖi-taa nɛ aleɖaa ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ kagbaanzɩ yɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa pwaavrɔɔnaa mba pahayaa keteŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ patalɩʊ tɔɔnɩnaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 23,2 yɔ. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛzɩ kaabʊnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ pwaavrɔɔnaa hayʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋ Mɛkɩziki ɛjaɖɛ nɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ yɔ Ɛndonezii.
Tɩmaatɩ

Tɩmaatɩ kɛna ɖozi nzɩ sɩlɩna Amerika ilemiye taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hʊʊlʊʊ taa yɔ.Papɩɩzʊʊ pɔtɔɔ  tɩmaatɩ nɛ lɛŋ yaa pehili. Tɩmaatɩ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ: natʊyʊ wɛ kpataaɖaa kpataɖaa nɛ payaa-tʊ se kabɩyɛ tɩmaatɩ, lɛɛtʊ wɛ lɔbɔɔ lɔbɔɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se heu yaa haɣ ladɩyɛ, natʊyʊ wɛ kuŋgulum kuŋgulum nɛ natʊyʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ payaɣ se gbooboo yaa. 

Tɩmaatɩ ndʊ tɩtɛsɛɛ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se akoya nɛ paapɩzʊʊ pɔtɔɔ-tʊ yaa pehilina ɖozɩ. Ndʊ pehiluu yɔ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʊʊ se tɩpɩɩcamɩyɛ nɛ tɩsɛɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ tɩwɛʊ ñɩmɩŋ yaa siziŋ.Tɩmaatɩ ɖizi fɛyɩ sotu tɩwɛ yadaʊ nɛ tɔmbɔlʊ yaa mɔʊ kɛ pakɩlɩɣna ɖozi nzɩ tɔɔnaʊ. Pahayʊ-tʊ yɔ pamɩzʊ tɩ-pee añɔ pʊcɔ pɔsɔ-tʊ. 
Tɩŋ cikpeŋ weyi pɔsɔʊ yɔ, papɩsʊʊ pɔsɔ-ɩ ayaama taa yem yaa fɛɛnʊʊ taa yaa paa ɛzɩ kuzontu taa ɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se heelim nɛ wɩsɩ pikeŋ pazɩ pazɩ. Tɩmaatɩ naʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩɩwɛɛkɩɣ yem: papɩzʊ patɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ tɔɖɩɩɩ nɛ paɖʊ nʊm nabʊyʊʊtɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pasɩɩ fenasi cabɩ pɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ. Tɩmaatɩnaa wɛna pɩlɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ nɩɩyɛ pɩzɩɣ 

ɩwɛɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ nɩɩyɛ lɛ, pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɖeke tɩlʊlʊʊ.
1901

Pɩnaɣ **1901** kɛ pɩnaɣ 1901 ñɩŋga kɛ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ yɔ. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nɛɛlɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1901 kɛŋna kajalaɣ ñɩŋga. Kɛwɛ pɩnzɩ 1900 nɛ 1902 hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ sɩnɛ yɔ sɩlaba :

=1901 taa lakasɩ sɔsɔsɩ=
## Kɔnaɣ fenaɣ
## Kolaɣ fenaɣ
## Lakɩŋ fenaɣ
## Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ
## Agoza fenaɣ
## Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ
## Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ
## Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ
Palula Louis Armstrong

## Salaŋ fenaɣ
## Aloma fenaɣ
## Kamɩŋ fenaɣ
## Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ
Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ

Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 74 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ W (pɩlɩna Caama tʊ Wolfram yɔɔ). Ɛ-hɩɖɛ anasaayɩ nɖɛ lɩna Sʊyɛdɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tung (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yuŋ) nɛ sten (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩyɛ) nɛ pi-kpeekpe pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩyɛ yuŋ ñɩnɖɛ. Pana tɔnkɩsɩtɛnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ wolframite nɛ scheelite pa-taa. 

Tɔnkɩsɩtɛnɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, pɩkɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ, ɛwɛ ɖoŋ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ ɛcaɣ yuŋ piŋ. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ keeke lɛ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ laatriki miŋ ɖeɖe (palakɩ-ɩ nɛ laatriki kanɖʊʊ naa yalaa taa). 

Tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ keeke kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ, ɛkɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ kpʊzɩyɛɛ kʊlʊmʊm tɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛtɛŋ yɔ. Ɛwɛ ɖoŋ keeke kɔyɔ papɩzɩɣ pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ kela saɣ, kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ kaɖɛ se palabɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yee pɩtɛkɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ kɔyɔ. Ɛɛpʊkɩ kpaa, kɛlɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ pazɩ pɩtɩŋna siziŋ lɩm naa yɔɔ.  

Peter Woulfe kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlaɣ naʊ tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ yɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1778, ŋgʊ mbʊ lɛ ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɔlframɩtɩ yɔ kɛnɛ. Kɛlɛ ɛna se lɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa kaawɛ lɛɛbʊ mbʊ paasɩŋ-pʊ yɔ. Ɖalaa Juan José nɛ Fausto Elhuyar tʊ na pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa ñɩmɩŋ lɩm lɛɛbʊ pɩlɩna wɔlframɩtɩ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ tɔŋkɩsɩtɩkɩ. Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ pɩtasɩ alɩwaatʊ pazɩ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa mba pa-naalɛ papɩzɩ palɩzɩ tɔŋkɩsɩtɛnɩ kiyeke pɩtɩŋna akayɛ yɔɔ.
Rɛnɩyɔm

Rɛnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 75 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Re. Rɛnɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye tɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna piŋ pʊʊzɩtʊ yaa ɛlʊkɩna piŋ kalɩkɔdaɣ nɛ ɛcaɣ sooci piŋ soŋgaɣa hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Kɩlɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm ɛɛkpaɣ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊfʊrɩ siziŋ lɩm ɛɛlakɩ-ɩ pʊyʊ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛyɔlʊʊ siziŋ ɖoŋ lɩm taa. 

Paalakɩ rɛnɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ pʊɖɔɔ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛtɔtɔyɩ nɛ ɛcaɣ liidiye piŋ (Pɩnaɣ 2013 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ payakaɣ-ɩ liidiye 3200 $ kɛ kilo kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ, nɛ palakaɣ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa ɖeɖe pɩɩkɛ lɛɛtʊ laɣsɩ. Pɩɖɩyɩ lɛ patɩɩ lɩzɩ-ɩ mɔlɩbdɛnɩ mʊzʊʊ taa kɛ ñɔsɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, peeɖe lɛ ɛkɛ mʊzʊʊ pʊtʊ cikpelu weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ yɔ kɛlɛ rɛnɩyɔm tapazɩ ɛɖɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa lalaa taa, ɛwɛ cazʊ cazʊ. 

Pʊtʊ 75 wɛʊ yɔ Dmiti Mendeleïev kaatɛma ɛ-tɔm yɔɔɖʊʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1896 paazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ mbʊ se dvi-maŋkanɛzɩ (nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Dm). Rɛnɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa Rhenus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ Rhin yɔ) kɛ mbʊ lɛ lʊlʊʊ taa pʊtʊ ɛɖɩɩyɛ ɛsɩnda tʊ weyi pana-ɩ pʊcɔ pana fransɩyɔm yɔ. 

Pamaazɩ se Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke nɛ Otto Berg nana-ɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ pɩnaɣ 1925, pɩkpɛndɩna masʊrɩyɔm lɩmaɣza kpaagbaa. Pana-ɩ platɩnɩ nɛ kɔlɔmbɩtɩ pa-ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa kɛnɛ. Pana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ katɔlɩnɩtɩ taa pɩtɩŋna X weluu mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛnzɩ yɔɔ nɛ mɔlɩbdɛnɩtɩ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1928 taa lɛ pohuyi-ɩ 1,04 g pɩtɩŋna mɔlɩbdɛnɩ tɛ 660 kg yɔɔ.
Ɔsɩmɩyɔm

Ɔsɩmɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 76 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Os yɔ. E-tomnaɣ yem kɛ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm yuŋ ñɩmbʊ, ɛsɛmɩŋ wɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ nɛ ɛcaɣ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa osme pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔŋ. Pana ɔsɩmɩyɔm pɩnaɣ 1803 pɩtɩŋna Stmithson Tennant kɛ Londrɩ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ nɛ ɩrɩtɩyɔm kɛ platɩnɩ lɩm taa. Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Antoine-François Fourcroy nɛ Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin tɩlɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ platɩnɩ caajasɩ taa nɛ paya-ɩ se ptène.  

Papɩzɩɣ pepisi pʊtʊ pɩtɩŋna zɛnkɩ ñɩɣlɩm mʊlʊm yɔɔ, ɛlɛ patɩŋga mbʊ paɖʊʊ-wɛ aka pɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa, patɩzɩ pɩwasɩ kpem. Pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Henri Sainte-Claire Deville nɛ Henri Debray laba takɩɣ nɛ wiluu tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe yɔ, ɛyaa mba patɩŋga mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa. 

Ema ŋgʊ papɩsɩ-kʊ mʊlʊm yɔ, pʊwayɩ lɛ papɩyɩɣ kʊ-yɔɔ lelemiŋ, kɛlɛ paɖʊ canaɣa ŋga kɛwɛ nɔsɩ camɩyɛ lɩm eluluu yɔ taa, kɛlɛ paɖʊ amɔnɩyakɩ pɩ-taa, mbʊ pɩkɛ amɔnɩyakɩ tɩtɩŋga yɔ pʊsɔʊ canaɣa taa pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ fefeku yɔ. Pʊsɔʊ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩwɩlɩ, paɖanɩɣ caajaasɩ nzɩ naʊ yee papɩyɩ lelemiŋ kɔyɔ, lɩm nabʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩwɛ caʊʊ nɛ pɩwɩlʊʊ platɩnɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa pɩtɩŋna ɩrɩtɩyɔm yɔɔ nɛ lalaa rɔdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm.
Ɩrɩdɩyɔm

Ɩrɩdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 77 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ir. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1803 kɛ pana ɩrɩtɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna Smithson Tennant yɔɔ Londre tɛtʊ taa, Angleterre ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ nɛ ɔsɩmɩyɔm kɛ caajaasɩ (ɩrɩdɩyɔm tɛ ɔsɩmɩyʊrɩ) alɩwaatʊ ndʊ poyola platɩnɩ nɛ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kɩlɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm lɩm ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ taa. 

Kpaagbaa caajasɩ nzɩ paalɩzɩ ɔsɩmɩyɔm taa yɔ, taa kaawɛ ɩrɩdɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa, nɛ pɩsɔzɩ kʊzɔzʊʊ rɔdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm. Patasɩɣ pɩyʊʊ lelemiŋ lɛ, lɩm nabʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩsɛ caʊʊ sʊtʊ lɩm tɩyɛ. Pɔsɔzʊʊ amoniyaki pʊɖɔɔ piŋ lɛ, pɩlakɩ lɔŋ platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kɩlɔrɩ yɔ. Pʊtʊ weyi ɛcaɣ ñanaɣ tɔbʊʊ tɛɛ yɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ kɩsɛm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pahazɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ hɩdrɔzɛnɩ fefeku yɔ. Kʊca ŋgʊ kɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔ pɔyɔkʊʊ-kʊ nɛ pʊlɔŋ. 

Pʊlɔŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔkaa yɔ kʊmʊʊzʊʊ rɔdɩyɔm nɛ platɩnɩ. Ɩrɩdɩyɔm nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm kpeŋgeluu ɛzɩ ɖɔmbɛɛ yɔ nɛ panaɣ-yɛ camɩyɛ, nɛ keeke lɛ pɛwɛtʊ caɣ ndɩ ndɩ paa ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩkpɛndɩtʊ kaawɛɛ kɔyɔ.   

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa iris pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɩŋ kayʊʊ, pɩlɩna tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa taa yɔ. Krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmpiye yaa ɛnglɩsɩ ɩrɩdɩyɔm lɩ Fransɩɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1805, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkɛdaɣ Siini pɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ tɔm yɔ. Palaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɩrɩdɩyɔm kpɛndɩtʊ 10% nɛ platɩnɩ kɛ 90% ɛzɩ wonuu kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ walanzɩ (mɛta kɩmaɣzɩnaʊ) nɛ yuŋ mazɩnaʊ, ɛlɛ Sèvre yuŋ mazɩnaʊ nɛ walanzɩ mazɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpaɣ paɣtʊ ndʊ, Sèvre pɩñɔtɩna Paarii Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Waaɣ

Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ  alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa papaɣ habɩyɛ. 

Pɩnzɩ tɩŋɛ wɛna sɩ-hɩla kɛ paa waaɣ ŋga lɛ ka-taa:
* Waaɣ kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ;
* Waaɣ falaŋga kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ kʊɖʊm;
* Waaɣ cosi kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ naalɛ; 
* Waaɣ tozo kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ naatozo;
* Waaɣ naza kɛna pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ nɛ naanza.

Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ nɛ pɛtɛɛ lɛ, paatasɩɣ pɩnzɩ kalʊʊ, ɛlɛ waasɩ papaɣzɩɣ kalʊʊ. Kabɩyɛ sɔnzɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ talʊʊ waasɩ hiu lɛ, yee ɛsɩba yɔ papaɣ-ɩ mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ ɛsʊtʊyaa.
Platɩnɩ

Platɩnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 78 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Pt. Platɩnɩ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi pamakɩ-ɩ nɛ hama yɔ, palaka-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ pʊcɔ Kolombii wɛɛ kɛ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Paa ɖoye taa lɛ, kajalaɣ kɩkɛdɩnaʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩ Erɔpʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1557 wɛɛ taa kɛ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm taa Jules César Scaliger takayasɩ taa (1484 - 1558) kɛtʊʊ ɛ-tɔm nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛkɛ hama ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛlɩna Ɛndɩ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ yɔ nɛ keeke lɛ ɛwɛɛ Darién (Panama) nɛ Mexico hɛkʊ taa.  

Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛyaa paawokaɣ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ yɔ caŋ patɩ ya-ɩ se plaɩna pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se liidiye cikpeɖe, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛzɩ kɩlʊlʊʊ yɔ nɔnɔɔ Kolombii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Lɔnsɩɖaa maɣzɩ ɛ-tɔm se ɛcaɣa ɛkɛ liidiye ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ, pɩcaɣ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ liidiye cikpeɖe nɖɩ ɖɩñɩlɩsɩɣ yɔ nɛ peniŋgiyi-ɩ.

Ɛsɩpañɩ kewiyaɣ taa sɔsaa, mba paatɩna ɖoŋ ñɩɣlɩm kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa nɛ wondu naa yɔ kpaɣ-ɩ ɛzɩ wonuu mɛfɛyɩ wazaɣ yɔ nɛ pɔtɔŋ pɔlɔ-ɩ pɔɔ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ sɔndʊ kpaɣa-wɛ se mɩlɩm ndɩ ndɩ, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ se pamazɩna-ɩ nɛ poluki liidiye pɔɔyɩsɩ kɛtɛkɛsɩ. Ɛndɩ nɛ Kolombii ɛyaa kaawɛ ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm siŋ (nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi paapɩzɩ pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ pamabɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɛyɩŋ piŋ) kɛlɛ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ ɛzɩ ɖɩtɩsɩyɛ wondu sakɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ, malɩfa pɛɛ nɛ malɩfa naa taa kaŋ.  

Platɩnɩ weyi paa anɩ ñɩnɩɣ se ɛna yɔ, keeke lɛ palaba ɛ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ sɔɔja nɛ tɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Antonio Ulloa tʊ (1716 - 1795), ɛ nɛ Jeorge Juan y Santacilia (1713 - 1773), mba wiyaʊ Philippe 5 tʊ Ɛsɩpañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kaaɖʊwa powolo Fransɩɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe Peruu (1735 - 1745). Wondu naa lalaa mba patatɩɩ nata yɔ, Ulloa na platina del pinto, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi patatɩɩ huyita-ɩ yɔ pana ɛ nɛ sika ñɩɣlɩm.
Taalɩyɔm

Taalɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 81 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tl. Ɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ lone kɔyɔ 13 pʊtʊnaa pɩlʊʊ kpata yɔɔ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛwɛɛ mɛfɛyɩ ñɩm waa nɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa taa. Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ William Crookes nana-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1861 kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛkpɛlɛkaɣ pɩtɩŋna mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu kɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ ŋgʊ sɛlɛnɩyɔm saɣ miŋ lɛ panaɣ-kʊ yɔ. 

Claude Auguste Lamy kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlɛyɩ-ɩ lɩzɩɣ eyeke yɔ pɩnaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa Lille tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ taalɩyɔm, latɛŋ lɛɣtʊ taa lɛ ɖɩlɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa θαλλός thallos (kʊhɔhɔʊ) pɩlɩna mʊntʊsʊʊ cɛŋga ŋga kalɩɣ kɛsɛɣ tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ nɛ kañɩlɩsɩɣ yɔ (hɩɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩɩ anasaayɩ taa mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ se thalle (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se piliŋga ŋga tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ, ɛhɔŋ nɛ ɛcaɣ ɖɔfɩɩ (pɛsɛtɩ-ɩ nɛ saɣ) ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pʊlɔŋ nɛ ɛmʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ yee peyeba-ɩ helim taa kɔyɔ. Taalɩyɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩmba kpɛyɛɛ, mɛrɩkɩrɩ nɛ pɩlɔmbɩ, pɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm yuŋ mba nɛ pacaɣ sɔtʊ piŋ.   

Pana taalɩyɔm pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ kɔɔ taa nɛ paalakaɣ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pakʊna yuŋ. Ɛkɛ sɔtʊ kɔɔ piŋ nɛ ɛkʊʊ ɛyaa. Papɩsɩ-ɩ mʊlʊm lɛ yee ntukina-ɩ kpa pɩlakɩ kaɖɛ siŋ. Taalɩyɔm palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ yaa pakʊna yuŋ mbʊ lɛ, papazɩ ɛ-tɔm seu pɩkpaɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ panaa se ɛkʊʊ ɛyaa yɔ. 

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ William Bechtel ɛɛkɛ SDDECE ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyʊ kaalabɩna kaakpaɣ se ɛkʊna Kameruni sɔɔja Félix Moumié kɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1960. Ɛyʊ etosi toyi pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-soɖabi taa, kɛlɛ Moumié kɔma lɛ ɛtapazɩna ñɔʊ sʊlʊm se pɩcɔ ɛtɔɔ ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩtaa fɛyɩ liu, kɛlɛ pɩɩcakɩ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ kɛlɛ ɛɖaɣnɩ pɩyʊʊ nabʊlɛ ɖeɖe ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ taa. Moumié tɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ ɛtɛ lɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɖɩtaa yebi-wɛ nɛ pa-sʊlʊm kɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ sʊlʊm nɛ ɛñʊʊ, pɩlaba tam nabʊlɛ sɔtʊ ɛ-taa, peeɖe ɛna se paɖʊ-ɩ kɔɔ.
Pɩsɩmʊtɩ

Pɩsɩmʊtɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 83 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Bi. Ɛkɛ kagbaanzɩ tʊ nɛ kpaagbaa tʊ kɛ pɩnɩkɩtɔzɛnɩ waa hɔɔlʊʊ taa (hɔɔlʊʊ ñʊʊ hiu nɛ kagbaanzɩ ŋgʊ). Yɔɔdaɣ taa yem pɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɛñɔtɩna antɩmʊwanɩ nɛ arsɛnɩkɩ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 15, kɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtɛŋ nɛ pʊlɔŋ papa ñɛkɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 14 ŋgʊ taa mba. 

Pɩtɛ kɛtɛɖaɣ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, nɛ ɛ-taa pʊtʊnaa mba pasɩma-wɛ camɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Erɔpʊ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ naa tʊma taa kpaɣ ɛzɩ Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, pana-ɩ keeke nɛ patɩlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1753 pɩtɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Claude Geoffroy ɛkɛ evebu weyi ɛtʊyɩ-ɩ nɛ pʊlɔŋ yɔ. Ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Bi Sʊyɛdɩ kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Berzelius hana-ɩ-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1814 alɩwaatʊ taa. 

Pɩsɩmʊtɩ tomnaɣ yem kɛ liidiye ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ tɩyɛ, ɛwɛ sɛmɩŋ caʊʊ pɩñɩlɩsɩɣ, ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ ɛpɛlɩɣ, nɛ ɛ-tɛ lɩm nɛ ñɔsɩ caɣ sɔtʊ piŋ nɛ pɔtɔtɔyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, 1 µg/m3 helim taa, 1 mg/kg tɛtʊ taa, lɩm sʊlʊm taa 5 ŋtalɩ 20 µg/ evemiye taa.
Pɔlɔnɩyɔm

Pɔlɔnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 84 nɛ ɛ-yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Po. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kʊñɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛna cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ tɛ ɖoŋ. Yeke koŋ agbele Po wɛna kɛɛkɛɛ ɛzɩ palʊlʊ-ɩ yɔ, ɛwɛ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ ʊranɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ taa (ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi pɔyɔkʊʊ radɔŋ pɩtɩŋna cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ yɔ lɛ paan-ɩ yɔ nɛ ɛnʊ tɩna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ). 

Pɩkɛ kajalaɣ pʊtʊ weyi Pierre nɛ Marie Sklodowska-Curie panaa pɩnaɣ 1898 taa yɔ, pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palakaɣ ñɩnɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ pechblende cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ tomnasi ɖɔnɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ maalika sukuli taa (sɔnɔ ŋgʊ payaɣ se ESPCI Paarii tɛtʊ taa). Pʊwayɩ fayɩ yɔ pana radɩyɔm. Tɔmpiye pɔlɔnɩyɔm, palɩzɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ se paɖʊ hɩɖɛ Pɔɔlɔñɩ ɛyaa Marie Curie, ɖooo lɛ pɩɩkɛ Maria Sklodowska.  

Pɔlɔnɩyɔm 210 tɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ wɛ ɖoŋ piŋ yebina nɛ ɛwɛɛ soŋgaɣ siŋ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa Argonne National Laboratory tɔŋ se soŋgaɣ ŋga kɩwɛʊ fʊwa ŋga ka-taa nɛ pɔlɔnɩyɔm 210 kɩɖam ŋñɩɩɩ pɩzɩɣ pɩcɛzɩ 500 °C. Pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa 1% Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa wɛna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊɖɔŋ lɛ pɩtɩŋna Pɔlɔnɩyɔm 210 yɔɔ kɛnɛ pɩlɩna sɩgaa ñɔyaa yɔɔ.  

Pɔkɔma pana pɔlɔnɩyɔm sɩgaa ñɔsɩ taa pɩnzɩ 1960 paɣzɩtʊ wɛɛ taa lɛ, mba polukaɣ sɩgaa ŋgʊ nɛ pʊɖɔʊʊ Amerika taa yɔ pazɩ lɩmaɣza labʊ mbʊ ɛzɩ pala nɛ papasɩ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, puwokina nɛ Philip Morris yɔɔ kiŋ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ halɩ papɩzɩ patʊlɩ kajalaɣ wiluu nɛ takʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpɩzɩ ɖɩmaɣzɩ ɛzɩma pakpaɣna nɛ pamaɣzɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ pɩwazɩ yɔ.
Mɛrɩkɩrɩ

Mɛrɩkɩrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 80 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Hg. Paaya-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ liidiye pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ paɣzɩtʊ. Paalaba-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ miŋ saʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ taa nɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa pɩcɔ pekizi-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1999.  

Mɛrɩkɩrɩ kɛ pʊtʊweyi e-lone kɔyɔ 12 nɛ caɣyɛ ñɩnɖɛ yɔ 6. Stricto sensu, Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kʊñʊŋ yɔ, ajɛyɛ kpeekpe kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ laɣsɩ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔŋ se ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzɩɣ, kɛlɛ laɣsɩ ɖeɖe lɛ, pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɛnɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩɖɛzɩtʊ tʊma sakɩyɛ taa nɛ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ taa.   

Ajɛyɛ kpeekpe nɩnaʊ tambaɣ nakayɛ lakɩ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se papasɩ mɛrɩkɩrɩ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ nɛ ɛzɩma kɩwɛna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ kedeŋga taa nɛ alafɩya nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ wɛ nʊmɔʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2010 (Stockholm tɛtʊ taa), pamazɩ tɩyɔɔ se pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 2013 Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa. PNUE kpeɣla ajɛyɛ aɖɔɔ pɩcɛzɩ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ Nayiroobii (Keniya ɛjaɖɛ taa), kpaɣ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 31 ŋtalɩ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 2011 nabutozo tɛ kpeɣluu nɛ nɩnaʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩyɔɔ (INC3, pɩkɛna Intergovernmental Negotiating committee).    

Krɛsɩ, Théophraste (-371,-288) kaama kajalaɣ lɛɣtʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna Lapidus ñɩɣlɩm yɔɔ, ka-taa peeɖe ɛkɛdɩɣ ɛzɩma papɩzɩɣ pohuyi sinabre yɔ (gr:κινναβαρι, kinnabari) pɩtɩŋna ɖama yɔɔ ɖama yɔɔ ñalʊʊ nɛ pala ñɩlɩ ñɩlɩ liidiye (χυτὸν ἄργυρον, chytón árgyron) pɔsɔkɩna sanɖaʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋʊ sinabre pɛkpɛndɩna fɩnɛgrɩ.
Astatɩ

Astatɩ, paasɩma-ɩ ɖooo alɩwaatu natʊyʊ taa nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ eka-iode yaa alabame, ɛkɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 85 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ At. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ kɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɔmɔʊ taa.  

Astatɩ (Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ astatine, pɩtɩŋna krɛkɩ yɔɔ astatos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛfɛyɩ ɖiɣɖiɣ). Pɩnaɣ 1869, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Dimitri Mendeleïv susaɣa ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa tɛ caɣyɛ kpata lɛ, ɩyɔdɩ tɛ kaawɛ hooo. Pʊcɔ posusi keelee ɛ-tɛ natʊ tɔm lɛ, paaya-ɩ se éka-iode (eka-iodine Ɛnglɩsɩ taa), nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛɛwɛ ɩyɔdɩ tɛɛ kɛnɛ. Lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa takɩ cɛyɩ pa-tɩ se paana-ɩ kedeŋga taa, ɛzɩma ɛtɔtɔyɩ yɔ, natʊ sakɩyɛ kɛ cɛtɩm tɔm.
 
Kajalaɣ pɩɣyɩɣ pɩlɩna éka-iode yɔɔ yɔ paalaba-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1932 pɩtɩŋna Fred Allison nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣdɩnaa mba paawɛ Alabama laɣsɩ sakɩyɛ sukuli taa (ŋgʊ pɩsɩna sɔnɔ Auburn sukuli sɔsɔʊ). Ɛyaa mba paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ se alabame (alabamine Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa) pɩlɩna Alabama nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɛ Am, pʊwayɩ yɔɔ pɛlɛza nɛ pɩpɩsɩ Ab. 

Yʊsaɣ mayaɣ Ab kaakɛ pʊtʊ 85 takayasɩ sakɩyɛ taa kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1937 lɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Rajendralal De yɔɔdɩ pʊtʊ 85 natʊ tɔm pɩtɩŋna monazite ŋgʊ ɛyaa se dakin yɔ (pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Dacca yɔ) nɛ dekhine.
Fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa

Fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ fenasɩ naadozo yaa nasɩdozo kpɛndʊna nɛ pɩla fenasɩ naadozo. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ naanza wɛna. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ fenasɩ naadozo hɛkʊ taa kɛ nabudozo taa kɔyɔ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ panaɣ. 
* Pɩnaɣ taa kacalaɣ fenasɩ naadozo kɔyɔ: kɔlaɣ fenaɣ, lɛlaɣ fenaɣ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ. 
* Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ naadozo taa naalɛ ñɩnzɩ kɔyɔ: ɖomaɣ fenaɣ, agoza fenaɣ nɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ. 
* Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ naadozo taa naadozo ñɩnzɩ kɔyɔ: hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ, kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ. 
* Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ naadozo kpaagbaa ñɩnzɩ kɔyɔ: aloma fenaɣ, kamɩŋ fenaɣ nɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ.
Pʊtɔbʊʊ se, pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ naadozo wɛ tɔm naanza taa.
Ɖanaɣ

Ɖanaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Evemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wɩsɩ siɣaa. Nɛ ñɩɩtʊ 18 makɩ lɛ, hadɛ lɛdaa nɛ payaɣ se ɖanaɣ. Ɛlɛ kabɩyɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɖanaɣ ñɩɩtʊ looɖo. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ñɩɩtʊ kalʊʊ taa lɛ, kabɩyɛ tɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa nɛ ɛkalʊʊ pɩsɩɩna ñɩɩtʊ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛpaɣzʊʊ tanandɛɛ se: tanandɛɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ, naalɛ kaaka pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ñɩɩtʊ 12 yaa wɩsɩ siɣuu. Ɛkɔɔ lɛ, ɛpaɣzɩ se: ɖanaɣ ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ, naalɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɖanaɣ ñɩɩtʊ 12 ɖɔɖɔ yaa ɖoo cɛɛsʊʊ yaa ɖoo cɩcɩka.  
 
Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, yee pakpakʊʊ evemiye tɛʊ feŋguu yɔɔ yɔ, evemiye paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ piwolo pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖoo taa nɛ wɩsɩ siki lɛ pɩlaba evemiye tɛyɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ. Ɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakɩlʊ kpaɣʊ se ɖanaɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ kpaɣ ñɩɩtʊ 18 nɛ pɩsɩɩna ñɩɩtʊ 24 yɔɔ.

Ɛzɩma kɛteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya fɛyɩna afema kʊɖʊma nɛ pɩlɩɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-lone taa nɛ pɩtasɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩtalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, wɩsɩ eesiki paa le lɛ ñɩɩtʊ 12 yɔɔ nɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ se paale ɖanaɣ ɛpaɣzɩ ñɩɩtʊ 18 yɔɔ.
Pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ

Pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɛna fenasɩ naadozo tɛ nabʊlɛ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee pakpaɣ fenasɩ naadozo nɛ pɔsɔzɩ naadozɔ ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ pɩlaba fenasɩ loɖo nɛ nzɩ payaɣ se pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ. Pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ fenasɩ loɖo kpɛndʊna nɛ pɩla pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ yaa fenasɩ loɖo. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se fenasɩ loɖo taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ nɛɛlɛ wɛna.

Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ loɖo wɛ tɔm nabʊlɛ ɖeke nɛ nzɩ yɔ: 
* kɔlaɣ fenaɣ
* lɛlaɣ fenaɣ
* lakɩŋ fenaɣ
* ɖomaɣ fenaɣ
* agoza fenaɣ
* mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ
Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ looɖo gbaagbaa ñɩnzɩ kɔyɔ
* hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ
* kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ
* salaŋ fenaɣ
* aloma fenaɣ
* kamɩŋ fenaɣ
* saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ
Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊwɛɛ ɛzɩ payaɣʊ se yolum nɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ yɔ.
Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ

Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ kɛna ɛzɩ pɛkɛdʊʊ nɛ kabɩyɛ taa se waasɩ hiŋ naalɛ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ pakalɩ camɩyɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ lɛ, pakpaɣ nɛ pɛkɛdɩna Room mba matʊ cɛcɛsɩ nɛ nzɩ lɛ: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X mbʊ mbʊ. Palʊlʊu Yesu nɛ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ pɩlaba pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXI. Kacalaɣ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ kacalaɣ ŋga paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye; pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ naalɛ ŋga paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye 101; pɩnzɩ mɩnɩʊ naadozo ŋga paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 201; mbʊ mbʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXI. Pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XXI paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001. 

Pakalʊʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ palakɩ akɔnta ɛzɩ mɩnɩʊ nɛ pʊsɔzɩ kʊɖʊm yɔ. Mbʊ labɩna yee pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ ɛzɩ 1998 yɔ palakɩ 19 pɔsɔzɩ 1 lɛ pɩlaba 20, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ XX taa.                                                                                                                              

Kabɩyɛ mba tɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ taa nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se waaɣ. Pɩnaɣ kagbaanzɩ ñɩŋga kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ abalʊ weyi pɔtɔɔza-ɩ nɛ ɛkayɩ yɔ, ɛlakɩ kɔndɔtʊ sɔnzɩ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ kɔndɔtʊ lɛ, paapaasʊʊ waasɩ kalʊʊ naalɛ naalɛ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiu lɛ pɩlaba waasɩ naalɛ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɩsa nɛ pakɩlʊʊ camɩyɛ tobi tobi ɛyʊ pɩnzɩ kɛ waasɩ taa lɛ, pakalʊʊ se akele wɛna waazɩ hiu yɔ yee ɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔ kɔyɔ, papɩzʊ papaa-ɩ mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ ɛgbadayaa yaa ɛlaba sɔsɔ. Yee kabɩyɛ-tʊ ɛɛkalʊʊ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ kɔyɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛkalʊʊ waasɩ.
Kɛlɛmkɛlɛm

Kɛlɛmkɛlɛm kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ñɩɩɩ yem nɛ kɩɩlaazʊʊ ɖɛʊ. Kɛlɛmkɛlɛmnaa 60 lakɩna cɛcɛyaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ cɛcɛsɩ 60 ñalakɩna ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se ñɩɩyʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, kɛlɛmkɛlɛmnaa 3 600 wɛna.

Latɛŋ taa lɛ, kɛlɛmkɛlɛm tɔbʊʊ se hiuwaa 60 taa-taa hɔɔlaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ.
Fenaɣ (alɩwaatʊ)

Fenaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ nɛ kpɩtaŋ naanza lakɩna fenaɣ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee kpɩtaŋ lʊbɛ ɛlakɩna kpɩtaʊ kɔyɔ, kpɩtaŋ naanza ñalakɩna fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ. Kpɩtaŋ naanza lakɩna fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ fenasi tɩŋa wɛŋna kɩyakɩŋ ɖeyi ɖeyi, nasɩyɛ wɛna kɩyakɩŋ 28 yaa 29, lɛɛsɩ taa lɛ kɩyakɩŋ 30 nɛ fenasɩ lɛɛsɩ ñɛwɛna kɩyakɩŋ 31. Yee pakalɩɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɩyakɩŋ kɔyɔ, nɩɩyɛ kpɛnda 28 nɛ lɛɛŋ ñɛwɛ kɩyakɩŋ 29. 

Pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ sɩkpɛnda hiu nɛ naalɛ. Yee kpɩtaŋ naanza ɛlakɩna fenaɣ nɛ fenasɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɛwɛna pɩnaɣ taa kɔyɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ taa lɛ kpɩtaŋ 52 wɛna. Papɩzʊʊ pɛtɛyɩ fenaɣ kɛ tɔm napudozo taa: kacalaɣ taa lɛ, kpaɣ kacalaɣ kɩyakʊ nɛ pɩsɩɩna kɩyakʊ hiu ŋgʊ, nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, kɩyakʊ hiu nɛ pɩsɩɩna kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ tozo taa lɛ kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ pɩtɛzɩna kpaagba kɩyakʊ kɛ fenaɣ taa pʊtɔbʊʊ se kɩyakʊ nɛɛlɛ nɛ lɩtoozo yaa nakʊ yaa hiŋ naatozo yaa naadozo nɛ kʊɖʊm.
Ɖoo cɩcɩka

Ɖoo cɩcɩka kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Evemiye taa ɖanaɣ ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se ɖoo cɩcɩka yaa ɖoo hɛkʊ taa. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, yee pakpakɩɣ evemiye tɛʊ feŋguu yɔɔ yɔ, evemiye paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ ɖoo hɛkʊ tɛŋ lɛ, tɛbɩyɛ ñapaɣzʊʊ nɛ piwolo pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖoo taa nɛ wɩsɩ siki lɛ pɩlaba evemiye tɛyɩ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ nɛ ɖoo cɩcɩka lɛ, evemiye lɛɛɖɛ paɣzʊʊ siŋŋŋ kɛlɛ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ evemiye 31 wiye ɖoo; cɩcɩka makɩ lɛ, pɩnaɣ kɩfalaɣ paɣzaa ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ. Ɛlɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pakɩlʊ kpaɣʊ se ɖoo cɩcɩka yɔ, ndʊ lɛ ñɩɩyʊʊ kpɛɖɛŋgʊ yɔɔ.
Pɩnzɩ kutoku

Pɩnzɩ kutoku kɛŋna pɩnzɩ mɩŋɩŋ hiu. Fenasɩ takayaɣ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ kpɛɖɛ ŋga fɛyɩ. Fenasɩ takayaɣ ŋga ɖɩɖɩɩna-kɛ naʊ nɛ ɖɩtɩŋɩɣ kapaɣtʊ yɔɔ yɔ, Anno Domini lɩzɩna-kɛ nɛ kacalaɣ pɩnaɣ kutoku paɣzɩna kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ wiye pɩna kɔɔnɔɔ ŋga; pɩnzɩ kutoku naalɛ ñɩŋga ñapaɣzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ wiye pɩnaɣ 1001 nɛ pɩnzɩ kutoku naadozo ñɩŋga ñapaɣzɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɔɔnɔɔ wiye pɩnaɣ 2001. 

Pakalʊʊ pɩnzɩ kutoku yɔ pɩtakɩlɩ  kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pakalʊʊ akɔnta ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ hiu lɛ pʊsɔzɩ kʊɖʊm. Mbʊ labɩna yee pɩkɛ pɩnaɣ ɛzɩ 1999 yɔ palakɩ 190 pɔsɔzɩ 1 lɛ pɩlaba 20, pʊtɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛɛ pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ naatozo ŋga taa.
Hɛɛ

Hɛɛ kɛna tɔɔnaɣ ŋga pahayʊʊ-kɛ ke-lila yɔɔ yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se hɛɛ sʊʊ tɛɛtɛɛ kɛna nɛ ɖɩɖaalɩ lʊʊʊ. Hɛɛ wɛna hɩla ndɩ ndɩ: hɛɛ abalaa wɛɛ, alʊsɛɛnaa, sɛntɛɛnaa, yɛɛsɩ, kabanzɩ, yɛɛma, ŋgbaŋñɔka, sʊmɩŋ, tiyiŋ, atɛɣnaa nɛ hɩla ɖɔɔ nɛ paale lɛ hɩla  lɛɛzʊʊ. Amerika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ Keebɛkɩ ajɛya taa lɛ payaɣ awiya hɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ se hɛɛ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, awɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɛɛ yɔ. 

Paatɔkɩ hɛɛ nɛ lɛŋ pɩwɛɛ se patɩzɩ-ɖɩ camɩyɛ pʊcɔ yaa poɖoŋi-ɖɩ nʊm taa, papɩzʊʊ pɔhɔbɩ-ɖɩ yaa padɩzʊʊ-ɖɩ lɛ pɔsɔbɩ-ɖɩ tɔmbɔlʊʊ. Kabɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɖozi nzɩ pakɩlʊʊ tɔmbɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ tɔɔnaʊ yɔ, pʊtɔbɔzɩ se sɩwɛɛ sotu yaa sikii. Ɛlɛ loso hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa lɛ mbʊ pɔsɔɔlaa. Papɩzʊ pasɩɩ hɛɛ nɛ ɖileɖi ɖɩɩwɛɛkʊʊ ɛlɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pasɩɩ-ɖɩ yem kɔyɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩɖazɩ yaa kɩwɩlɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔla-ɖɩ sɩʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛsɩɩ-ɖɩ nikaɣ ŋgbaʊ taa yaa ɛsɩɩ-ɖɩ ɖenɖe soŋgaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pakayʊ hɛɛ yɔɔ hʊndʊ ndʊ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se hɛdɛyɩsɩ. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe taa taa lɛ Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjɛyɛ taa kɛ pakɩlɩɣ hɛɛ hayʊ nɛ ajɛya ana a-taa kɔyɔ: Naajeriya, Kana, Kotidiivuwarɩ, Penɛɛ nɛ Togo. Togo taa lɛ Paasɛɛ egetiye taa pakɩlʊʊ hayʊ nɛ peeɖe mba tɔkɩ hɛɛ kasandʊ salaŋ fenaɣ taa.
Evemiye

Evemiye kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɩla ñɩɩyʊʊ kɛ ɖaalʊʊ. Ñɩɩtʊ 24 ñalakɩna evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se evemiye kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, ñɩɩtʊ 24 wɛna nɛ ñɩɩtʊ 24 ñalakɩna evemiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Evemiye taa ñɩɩtʊ 12 makɩ lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wɩsɩ siɣaa. Ɛlɛ siŋŋŋ taa lɛ, yee pakpakʊʊ evemiye tɛʊ feŋuu yɔɔ yɔ, evemiye paɣzʊʊna tɛbɩyɛ nɛ piwolo pɩsɩɩna wɩsɩ ɖʊʊ. 

Pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɛtɛyɩ evemiye kɛ nabʊlɛ taa: wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖoo taa. Afema lʊbɛ ñalakɩna kpɩtaʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ kpɩtaʊ taa paa evemiye nɖi lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ nɛ afema anaa yɔ:   
* hodo  
* piya  
* cɩla  
* sarakawaɣ  
* kemeɣa  
* mazaɣ  
* kujuka  
Kɛteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya fɛyɩna efema kʊɖʊma pɩlɩɩna paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖi-lone taa nɛ pɩtasɩ pɩlɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩtalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Ajɛya naayɛ wɛna tɛtʊ polenaa yɔɔ, nɛ peeɖe lɛ, evemiye pɩzʊʊ ɖɩtalɩ ɛzɩ fenasɩ loɖo yɔ.
Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ

Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa pɩnaɣ sɔsɔ kɛŋna pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa avema kpɛnda 366 yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩ ɛɛtalʊʊ mbʊ nɛ sɩsɩɣʊna avema 365. Pɩkɛna pɩnaɣ ŋga papɩsʊʊ payaa ɖɔɖɔ se nabʊlɛ kɩmaŋ tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa looɖowaa naalɛ tɛyʊʊ pɩnaɣ yaa ɖɔɖɔ nodozowaa naalɛ pɩnaɣ. Pɩkɛna pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ wɛna kɩyakɩŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ yɔ. Mbʊ yɔ, lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga avema nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʊ kɩkɩla wɛnaʊ. Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ kɔŋ paa pɩnzɩ naanza nzɩ wayɩ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɩpɩzʊ pucɖi. Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnzɩ taa kɔyɔ: 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032 mbʊ mbʊ.  

Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ tɛ tɩlʊʊ takɩlɩ kaɖɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yee pɩnaɣ ɛwɛna avema 366 yɔ, pɩkɛna nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ yaa ɛyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ se pɩnaɣ tɛŋna avema 366 yaa 365 lɛ, ɛkpaɣ pɩnaɣ nɛ ɛtɛyɩ-kɛ tɔm naanza taa nɛ yaa tɔm 400 taa nɛ pɩcaɣ ɖeyi ɖeyi lɛ, pɩkɛna nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ. Mbʊ yebina pɩnaɣ 2008 tɛkɛ nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɛtɛyɩ 2008 kɛ tɔm 400, pɩɩtɔlʊʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi. Pɩnaɣ 2000 kɛna nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ papɩzʊ pɛtɛyɩ-kɛ tɔm naanza taa nɛ tɔm 400 taa ɖɔɖɔ.

Nabʊlɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi tɛyʊ pɩnaɣ kanɛ kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ tɛsoŋgiye pɩnaɣ yaa soŋgaɣ pɩnaɣ. Pɩnaɣ ŋga kɛkɛna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɛtʊ kpakʊʊ nɛ tʊcɔɔ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ kɛ wɩsɩ nɛ tɩta yɔ.
Mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ

Mʊndʊsʊʊ pɩnaɣ kɛŋna ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩmaɣzʊʊ mʊndʊzʊʊ seɣa kɛ heelim taa pɩnaɣ pilim yɔ. Ñɩɩyʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-mayaɣ kɔyɔ: AL yaa A.L. yaa ɖɔɖɔ a.l. Yee pamaaza ɖenɖe mʊndusuu ŋgʊ kɩɖɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkpɛnda kilomɛtanaa 9 461 miliyaarɩ. Kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kʊɖʊmʊʊ taa lɛ, mʊndʊsʊʊ seu kilomɛtanaa 300 000. Panɩɩzɩna fenaɣ mʊndʊsʊʊ talʊʊ tɛtʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pɩkpakʊ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmnaa 1,28 ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ tɛtʊ nɛ wɩsɩ yɔ kɔyɔ pɩkpɛnda cɛcɛsɩ 8,32.
Pɩnaɣ

Pɩnaɣ kɛna alɩwaatʊ taa alɩwaayʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ kɩkɛna fenasɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Pʊtɔɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ taa lɛ, kpɩtaŋ 52 wɛna. Yee pɛtɛyɩ pɩnaɣ hɛkʊ taa kɛ nabʊlɛ taa kɔyɔ fenasɩ looɖo wɛna nɛ yee pɩkɛ nabʊnza taa pɛtɛyaa kɔyɔ panaɣ fenasɩ naadozo. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ kɔyɔ:

Pʊtɔbʊʊ se, pɩnaɣ taa lɛ fenasɩ naadozo wɛ tɔm naanza taa. Pɩnaɣ taa fenasɩ looɖo ñɛwɛ tɔm nabʊlɛ ɖeke. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ wɛ ɛzɩ payaɣʊ se yolum nɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ yɔ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ evebu yaa pɛlɔ pɩnzɩ pakalʊ nɛ palabɩ-ɩ sɔnzɩ.