open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
René Descartes

Palʊla René Descartes kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 pɩnaɣ 1596 kɛ La Haye, Fransɩɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 1650 kɛ Stɔkhɔlm, Sʊyɛdɩ taa. Ɛkɛ mathématicien, physicien nɛ filozofii tʋ. Pakpaɣ-ɩ sɩ weyi ɛlɩza mbʊ payɣ se Filozofii moderne yɔ; mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, tɔm natʊyʊ yɔɔdɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ, paanɛ tɩwɩzɩʊ ɛzɩma yɔ: « Hayɩ, Descartes talaa kɛlɛ ». Latɛŋ taa kɛ ɛlɩza mbʊ payaɣ se ɛyʊ-tʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩɣ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛnʊ ɖɩna maɣzɩʊ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛnʊ wɛɛ. Physique taa lɛ, ɛwɛ ɛzɩ mba palɩza lakasɩ nzɩ piciidɩɣ yɔ nɛ payaɣ se mécanisme yɔ pa-taa nɔɔyɩ yɔ.  Mathématiques taa lɛ, ɛlɩza mbʊ payaɣ se géométrie analytique yɔ. 

Ɛ-tɛ méthode scientifique ŋgʊ ɛlɩza pɩnaɣ 1628 kɛɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛya se "Règles pour la direction de l'esprit" nɛ "Discours de la méthode" kɛ pɩnaɣ 1637 yɔ, sɩpazaa sɩɖɩzɩ mbʊ pawɩlaɣ sukili sɔsɔʊ taa kɛ scolastique taa yɔ. Ɛyɔɔda se, ɛyʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ ɛkɩlɩɣ tɛyʊ nɛ lalaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ wɩzasɩ nɩʊ. 

## E-evebutu
Paya Descartes caa se Joachim Descartes. Palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1563 kɛ Sucé-sur-Erdre, nɛ ɛkɛ lɔŋ tasɩyʊ kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩya taa kɛ Rennes tɛtʊ taa nɛ e-ɖoo se Jeanne Brochard Bretagne. Palʊla ɛlɛɛ Indre-et-Loire taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1566 nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩba. Palʊla Descartes kɛ e-egbelenaa tɛ kɛ La Haye tɛtʊ taa mbʊ pʊ-yɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-caa lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Rennes tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛtaawɛna alɩwaatʊ se ɛcɔna ɛ-yɔɔ. Descartes kɛ naatozo-tʊ nɛ patɩŋga mbʊ yɔ, e-egbelenaa kɛ palʊla-wɛ. Palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 31 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1596 nɛ pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm kɛ Saint-Georges cɔɔcɩ taakɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ naatozo wiye pɩnaɣ 1596. Pɩwɛɛ se pɩwɛɛ kɔyɔ, paasɔ-ɩ pʊ paroisse Notre-Dame taa ɛlɛ ɛzɩma papɩsa Protestant waa yɔ, pɩ-yɔɔ kɛ pɔsɔ-ɩ pʊ peeɖe. Ɛ-tɛ kacalaɣ kpaŋgbamʊʊ kɛ payaɣ se René Brochard des Fontaines, e-ɖoo caa; ɛlɛ kɛ tɔm hʊyʊ kɛ Poitiers tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-tɛ kpaŋgbamʊʊ naalɛ ñɩnʊʊ payaɣ se Michel Ferrand, ɛlɛ kɛ e-neze ɖalʊ nɛ ɛkɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ weyi paayaɣ se lieutenant-général yɔ nɛ ɛwɛɛ wiyau sɔsɔ Châtellerault tɛ. E-ɖoo sɩba agoza fenaɣ 13 pɩnaɣ 1597. Ɛsɩba lɛ, Descartes wɛna pɩnaɣ nɛ fenaɣ.
Rɩkɛɛ

Kpakpayaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ payaɣ sɛ **rɩkɛɛ**. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩkɛ nzɩ payaɣ se "cartilagineux" waa yɔ. Sɩ-n̄ʋŋ taa nɛ pɔŋ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʋ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Sɩwɛna keŋ si-siɣa taa nɛ sɩ-n̄ʋŋ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ kpakpasɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Kpakpasɩ ńzɩ, sɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ taa.

Pɔɖɔ rɩkɛɛnaa pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ *rais* naa taa yɔ. Paa nɛ mbʋ yɔ, rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ pɩlɩʋ cikpeluu ŋgʋ payaɣ se *élasmobranche* yɔ kɩ-taa; ɛzɩ *Cladoselache* nɛ *Xenacanthus* naa yɔ. Pana kajalaɣ rɩkɛɛnaa ɖooo Tɛfoniyɛɛ alɩwaatʋ taa, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 420 "Ma'  mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa kɛ *Kɩrɛstasɩ* nɛ ɖɩnaaʋ -sɩ sɔnɔ, pɩlaba ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ  100 "M" yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩtala tindima 465 mbʋ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ-sɩ pɩlɩŋ 35 taa.

Rɩkɛɛnaa nabɛyɛ ɖɩma, ɛlɛ, patɩlɩ-wɛ nɛ pɔ-mɔɔ wena atapʋʋda yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ  santimɛtɛnaa 17 mbʋ yɔ. Mba paɖaɣlɩ ḿbʋ yɔ, paba lɛ Etmopterus perryi n̄ɩma. Mba payaɣ paba se "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" waa yɔ, paba ɖaɣlakɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ santimɛtɛnaa 20 mbʋ yɔ. Paa mbʋ yɔ, "rɩkɛɛ-baalɛɛnɩ" tɔkɩ  mbʋ payaɣ se planktɔŋ yɔ nɛ kɩcakɩ wezuu. Teŋgu tɛɛ kʋsʋʋ mɩɩɩ nɛ kihikiɣ kɩ-kʋtɔɔm. Rɩkɛɛnaa sakɩyɛ  kɛ mba pɔtɔkɩ nandʋ yɔ. Pakpaɣ-tʋ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Rɩkɛɛnaa wɛ paa teŋgu ŋgʋ lɛ kɩ-taa. Papɩsɩɣ petii teŋgu tɛɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2 500 mbʋ yɔ. Rɩkɛɛnaa tɔsɔɔlɩ caɣʋ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa, ɛlɛ, Rɩkɛɛnaa lɛlaa n̄acakɩ pɩ-taa, ɛzɩ mba payaɣ se "rɩkɛɛ-bouledogues" waa nɛ "rɩkɛɛ de rivière" waa yɔ. Kpakpasɩ sɩnɛ, sɩsɩ pɩsɩɣ sɩcaɣ teŋgu lɩm taa sɩtɛ sɩcaɣ lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ leleŋ yɔ pɩ-taa. 

Hɛɛnzɩ ɛzɩ kagbaanzɩ yaa lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ wɛ rɩkɛɛnaa tamasɩ tɛɛ nɛ hɛɛnzɩ nzɩɩ pefeziɣna. Rɩkɛɛnaa  wɛnɩ pɔɔyɩŋ nɩɩyɛ po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkandɩɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ kʋdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛɛsʋʋ po-tomnasɩ taa. Pɔɔyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlakɩna nɛ payaɣ lɩm camɩyɛ. Rɩkɛɛnaa nɔsɩ taa kela pɩla yem pɩlaɣpɩlaɣ nɛ kɩbɩna holuu nɛ kɩfana n̄ɔn̄ɔʋ.
Richard Wagner

Wilhelm Richard Wagner, palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 Leipzig tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 pɩnaɣ 1883 taa Venise tɛtʊ taa. Ɛɛkɛ hendu lɩzɩyʊ, amʊza ñʊʊ tʊ, tɔm mayʊ sɔsɔ, hendu teyaa ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ ɛke; ɛyʊ weyi etisi lelaa lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yem yɔ keɖeɣa tʊma alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ pasɩmɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛtɛ laŋɩyɛ taa siziŋ hendu ndʊ ɛlɩzɩ tʊ tɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nanza yɔ nɛ leleŋ hendu yɔ ɖɔɖɔ, nɛ kajalaɣ hiu ñɩndʊ mbʊ yɔ peteu-tʊ paa ɖoye kɛ pɩnaɣ taa kazantʊ ndʊ palɩzɩ-tʊ pɩnaɣ 1876 yɔ.  

Ɛkpasa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ tabalɩyɛ labʊ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma nɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖa sɔsaa se ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛlɛzɩ pɛ-tɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ laɣsɩ amʊza taa mbʊ lɛ, pɩpazɩ pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa nɛ ɛ-tɔm. E-nesi tɛ tʊma pɩtɩŋa mbʊ pʊwɛ ɖeu ceɣ yɔɔ pazɩ pɩwɛ ɖeu piŋ miiziki hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛ e-evbutu alɩwaatʊ taa. Richard Wagner pɩsɩ laŋɩyɛ taa lɩmaɣza hendu teyu sɔsɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛ-tɔm caɣ yuŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa.

Palʊla Richard Wagner agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 22 pɩnaɣ 1813 kɛ Brühl habɩyɛ mayaɣ natozo ŋga yɔ ɛsɔda kuduyuu naalɛ ŋgʊ taa akɔma ɖɩɣa ŋga payaɣ se Zum roten und weißen Löwen (tɔyʊ kɩsɛmʊ nɛ kʊhʊlʊmʊ akɔma ɖɩɣa) Yuda ɛyaa egeetiye taa kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa. Wagner kɛ pɩɣa nakʊ ñɩŋa Carl Friedrich Wagner hɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛɖʊ-kʊ pɩnaɣ 1798 taa. 

Carl kɛ tɔm hʊyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ kɛ Leipzig tɛtʊ taa fulisi naa tɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ piŋ yɔ nɛ ɛlakaɣ hendu teu tɛ amʊza. E-ɖoo kɔyɔ Johanna Rosine Paetz (1774 ŋtalɩ 1848), anasaayɩ tɔnasɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔyʊ pɛlɛ, ɛsa taakuli camɩyɛ ɛlɛ ɛsɩma lɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩɣyɩyaa cɔɔcɩ tɩnaa paakɛwa, pɔsɔ-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm Thoma Kiɖeɖeu kpaŋ taa kɛ Leipzig tɛʈʊ taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1813 nɛ paya-ɩ se Wilhelm Richard Wagner. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛwɛna fenasɩ loɖo.   

Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1814 lɛ, e-ɖoo walɩ Carl Friedrich taabalʊ, ɛlakaɣ amʊza ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ yɔ Ludwig Geyer. Wagner cejewiye yele ɖɩpɩsɩ ɖɩcaɣ Dresden tɛtʊ kɛ Geyer ɖɩɣa taa, ɛlɛ weyi ɛsɩkɩ pɩnaɣ 1821 taa ɛlɛ, ɛtapɩzɩda eheyi Wagner ɛ-kʊñɔŋ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paya-ɩ se Richard pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-pɩnzɩ 14 yɔ, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛmaɣzɩ se Geyer kɛnɛ ɛ-caa kʊlʊlʊ. 

Mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kajalaɣ takayaɣ taa, ŋga ɛya se Me-wezuu tɔm yɔ taa lɛ, ɛwɩlɩ ɛ-tɩ ɛzɩ ɛkɛ Geyer pɩɣa yɔ. Cosina Wagner tʊma kajalaɣ ñɩnaa nayɛ taa lɛ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ patɛm-kʊ ɖʊʊ taɣtʊ takayasɩ taa yɔ pahɩzɩ-kʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩ-kʊ nɛ Friedrich Wagner hɩɖɛ.
Riiyoodee Saanayiroo

Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa payɩ lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ Riiyoodee Saanayiroo ñɩndʊ tɩŋgɩna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Riiyoodee Saanayiroo hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 126 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 260 nɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2007 taa paakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 6 093 472; ɛlɛ yee pekpɛndɩna ageeta wena acɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, ɛyaa kpɛnda mɩliyɔɔnaa 12 620 000. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɩɖɛ yaʊ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ, pɩlɩna tɔnʊʊ taa kpekpeka aleɣya wena palakɩ-yɛ peeɖe paa ɛzɩmtaa yɔ, peeɖe kidiiliŋ yɔɔ nɛ Yeesu Kristu anjaʊ ŋgʊ palɩzɩ-kʊ Kɔrikovadoo yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔdɔ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Eduardo Paes (PMDB).

Riiyoodee Saanayiroo nɛ ajɛyaa nayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Setifi (Alizeerii), Pariseeloni (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Puyenezɛrɩ (Arzantiini), Havanɩ (Kuubaa), Isitambuli (Turki), Turubaŋ nɛ Kaaap (Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ), Lisiboni (Pɔritigaalɩ), Lɔsɩ Aŋzeelɛsɩ nɛ Miyami (Etaazuunii), Yuunii (Liibaŋ), Niteeroyi nɛ Santosi (Piresiili), Niisi (Fransɩɩ), Sewuuli (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), [Sidinee] ([Ositraalii), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Pogotaa (Kolombi), Ceedaa (Arabii-Sahʊditi) nɛ Fankuva (Kanadaa).
Romanɩ nɛ Caama tɛ waɖɛ

Paanɩ tɛ tɔm hʊʊ taa waɖɛ mʊyʊ kɛnɛ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa waɖɛ ɖoŋ mbʊ payaɣ se romanɩ nɛ caama tɛ waɖɛ. Romanɩ samaɣ taa paanɩ waɖɛ mʊyʊ yaa kedeŋga waɖɛ ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ mɔnɖɔŋ paɣtʊ yɔɔ tʊ ɛlɛ Quebec yeke koŋ.
   
Pɩtɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna roma waɖɛ taa nɛ paɣtʊ keem nɛ paa ɖooye lɛ pekpeɣluu paɣtʊ takayasɩ nɛ tɔm hʊyaa lakɩna-sɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ palɩzɩɣ sɩ-tɔbɩŋ. Tɩlɩna ius commune tɛ lɩmaɣza kpɛndʊʊ tɛzʊʊ taa nɛ sɔnzɩ tɛ agbeelaa nɛ pɔ-nɔmɔŋ kajalaɣ taa kɛlɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 17 pɩlɩna samaɣ waɖɛ paɣtʊ wɛtʊ taa pɩtɩŋna Jean Domat yɔɔ. Kpaɣ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, paɣtʊ takayasɩ nasɩyɛ kpeɣluu pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ tɛ waɖɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ Napoléon paɣtʊ takayaɣ (yaa Fransɩɩ samaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ) nɛ Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch.
     
Paa mbʊ yɔ Ekɔsɩ mba nɛ Afrika Hadɛ Kiŋ waɖɛ tɛ-kpɛndɩ. Andorre nɛ Saint-Marin nɛ Sɩkandɩnavɩ ajɛyaa paɣtʊ tɛ-kpɛndɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Romanɩ samaɣ paɣtʊ pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ajɛyaa taa tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.
Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu (Saint-Empire Romain)

Room Kiɖeɖeu ajɛjɛ pajaɣ mañʊʊ yɔɔ anaa ɖɩyaɣ se Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu, pɩkɛ politiki tɛtʊ kikpelitu Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ hɛkʊ taa kɛ Alɩwaatʊ Kɩmaɣnatʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ Room Wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ kaakɛna ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛlɛ, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ ɖɩɖɩma. 

Ɖɩgbakaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ kpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 10 alɩwaatʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɖɩ-tɛ ɖɩmtʊ pɩlɩna Napoléon yɔɔ yɔ, ɛzɩ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔnʊ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɛnɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ampiiri yɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ Room Ampiiri. Yʊsʊʊ tɔmʊʊ Kiɖeɖeʊ paɣzɩna Frédéric Barberousse kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa ( petisi tʊyɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1157 taa) se pɩsa pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ taa Ɛsɔ pɩyʊ tɛ paɣtʊ.
  
Payawaɣ-kʊ kpaɣɖʊ 16 ŋtalɩ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa se Room tetoniki tɛtʊ Kiɖeɖetu tɛ Ampiiri (nationis Teutonicae), nɛ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ Caama yɔ, yaa kɩɖɩma wayɩ lɛ, canaʊ takayaasɩ taa kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-kʊ se Room nɛ Caama tɛ Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, latin Sacrum Imperium Romanum nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Heiliges Römisches Reich nɛ Itaali taa lɛ, Sacro Romano Impero nɛ Néerlandais kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Sacro Romano Impero.
  
Paañɔɔza Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu walanzɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ kamasɩ sakɩyɛ taa kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛ walanzɩ sɔsɔtʊ wɛɛɛ taa Ampiiri ŋgʊ kaatɩna sɔnɔ Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ taa ŋgʊ nɛ [Peeyibaa][ nɛ [Pɛlɩzɩkɩ nɛ Lukizambuuri nɛ Suwiisi nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ nɛ Itaali. Kɩ-caanaʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ kɩ-ɛsakuluye kɛ ñɩm mbʊ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tayʊʊ nɔnɔ yɔ.
 
Kpaɣna 18 alɩwaatʊ hɛkʊ taa Ampiiri ɛtasɩɣ pɩzɩɣ se kɩɖaŋ kɩ-ɛyaa yɔ pɩlɩna politika lɩmaɣza mbʊ se pɩtaa nɛ pɩwayi ajɛyɛ ɛwalɩ yɔ. Mbʊ yɔɔ yɔɔ kɩtɔla. Napoléon yoŋ wabɩtʊ nɛ ajɛyɛ nɔɔ kʊyʊmaɣ labʊ Rhin pɔɔ yɔɔ wɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma Ampiiri hɩɣ ɛjandʊ yɔ. 

Room Ampiiri Kiɖeɖeu mʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1806 [[kɩyɛna fenaɣ[[ kɩyaakʊ 6 ŋgʊ wiye alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ Francois 2 tʊ hɔza e-kewiyitʊ hʊla nɛ ɛsɩ yɔ se ɛtatasɩ kɛʊ [[Otirisi][ wiyaʊ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩ Ferdinand Lot ñamaʊ, pɩnaɣ 1806 kɩyaakʊ 6 ŋgʊ wiye kɩyɛna fenaɣ taa se kɩyaakʊ ŋgʊ Francois 2 kɩza ɛ-maɣmaɣ Room Ampiiri kewiyitʊ, pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ evemiye ndɩ kɛ Room Ampiiri sɩba.
Room

**Room** kɛna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1871 nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ lɩm fɛɛʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se itaalii yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa pana ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa  2 869 461 ɛlɛ pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ ti-ageeta tɩŋga kɔyɔ, pɩnaɣ 2013 maɣmaɣ taa ɛyaa kaakpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa  4 321 244. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ, Erɔpʊ ajɛya sɔsɔna kpeekpe taa lɛ, Mɔsɩkʊʊ nɛ Lɔndrɩ wayɩ lɛ Room ñɩndʊ tɩŋgʊna ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ walanzɩ landammm taa. Tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 128 531 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 285,31 yɔ. 

Room tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna tɩ-ndɩ kpem: tɩ-taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ nɛ paya-ɖɩ se Fatiikaŋ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛ ajɛya naalɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Fatikaŋ ɛjaɖɛ yʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Papa. Papa ɛnʊ lɛ keteŋa kpeekpe kristʊ katolika mba ñʊʊtʊ. Fatiikaŋ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩla wɛʊ ññɩɩɩ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa yɔ. 

Erɔpʊ ajɛya kpeekpe taa lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nɛ nʊmɔŋ wobu yɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ-tʊ se Lɔndrɩ nɛ Paarii yɔ tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Room tɛtʊ tɩŋgʊʊna. Keteŋa kpeekpe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa lɛ, Room tɛtʊ wɛ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ ɖɛu yɔ tɩ-taa. 

Room tɛtʊ taa cɔcɩnaa mba pɛwɛɛ yɔ pɛkpɛnda 900 nɛ sukulinaa sʊsaa nɛ pompɩnaa nɛ kondolokonaa ɖɔɔ; pɩtasɩ lɛ, peeɖe ɖooo kɩpɩnjaazɩ wondu kpɛndɩ pɩwɛ peeɖe pɩɖɔɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Peeɖe paatɛma ñɔɔzʊʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɔnʊʊ taa aleɣya nɛ hayɩsʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1960. 

Payaɣ Room maalika ñʊʊdʊ se Virginia Raggi. Paanɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛñɩnɩʊ se tɩna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ɛlakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma kɔyɔ, Room maɣmaɣ ɛɛtɛŋ kɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ nɛ paɖʊʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ kɛ yem. Room tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩna tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ yeke pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ndʊ yɔ Paarii.

Papaaza tʊma ana alabʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1956 nɛ pɔ-tɔm piye kɔyɔ se: Paarii yeke mʊŋna Room nɛ Room yeke mʊŋna Paarii. Paarii tɛtʊ wayɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ Ropma ñɩndʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Asakasii (Polivi), Pɛlɩgraadɩ (Sɛrbii), Sinsiŋnatii nɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ (Etaazuunii), Peekɛɛ (Siini), Ploovidiivi (Puligari), Sewuuli (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), Tokiyo (Sapɔŋ), Kazablanka (Marɔkɩ), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Sevizi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ) nɛ Kɛɛrɩ (Egipiti).
Rubii

Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se rubii. Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɛwa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ naayɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ alɛ se korindɔɔ (corindon) waa. Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ rubii wɛ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ pɩlɩʊ taa. Mbʊ payaɣ se kroom tɛ okisiidi (oxyde de kurom) yɔ piyekina nɛ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wɛʊna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ. 

Payaɣ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna se safiiri. Nesi tɛɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se sowayerii (joaillerie). Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena palakɩ-yɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ peeye yɔ, a-taa lɛ, rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ kɛŋna mbʊ payaɣ se sɛɛmɩ (gemme) pɩyɛ yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋɛ taa lɛ, tiyamaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se lɔnzɩdaleyiiti (lonsdaléite) nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ ndɩ payaɣ se mowasaniti (moissanite) yɔ pakɩlɩɣna leɖuu. 

Pɛpɛdɩɣ rubii tɛtʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ liidiye sɔsɔyɛ nabʊyʊ taa. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɛpɛdɩ-ɖɩ liidiye tooye pɩlɩɩna ɖɩ-wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ cɔlɔ pɩlɩɩna yaa ɖɩ-tɔlɩm cɔlɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ pɩlɩɩna ɖɩ tɛ cɩɖɩcɩɖɩ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɩ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɔlɔ. Papalɩɣ yaa pacatɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ ɖɩkɩlɩna ɖeu. Papalɩɣ nɛ palɩzɩɣ rubii ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena yɔ, yee atɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ, awɛɣ liidiye pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tiyamaɣ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ tɔlɩm ñɩnɖɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena akɩlɩɣ ñɩlɩnzɩɣ yɔ akɩlɩna liidiye.
Rugbii

Rugibi 15, kɛ patasɩɣ yaʋ size rugby union kɛ ajɛɛ wena ŋgilisi kʋnʋŋ yɔ. Pombo kʋnɛ, pamakɩ-kʋ paa hɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ maɖa hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ. Lɛzɩyaa n̄acakɩ kadaɣ nɛ kawayɩ. Labɩtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ rugibi lakɩ lɛ.
 
Tɔm piye Rugibi kɛna sɩpɔɖɩ hɔɔʋ taa mabʋ kpɛm piliŋa ŋga kalɩ kpaɖʋ 19 taa yɔ. Pamakɩ kʋnɛ nesi nɛ naŋgbanzɩ. Maɖa cɔɣʋ ɖamataɣ yem. Po-pombo wɛ ɛzɩ kelimiye yaɖɛ yɔ.

Kɩ-leeyuu patɣʋ siŋŋ kɔyɔ size, hɔlʋʋ lɛkʋ ɛcɛyɩ kɩ-tɩ nɛ kʋɖʋsɩ kpaɣla sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛkʋ. Lɛɛlɛɛyɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tʋyɔ lɛ, rugibi pombo mabʋ taa, mbʋ paya se essais yɔ, ɛ-kʋɖʋmbʋ tɔkɩ kpaɣla kagbansɩ.

Nɛ yee pɛlɛɛzɩ lɛ ɛtɔɔ kpaɣla lʋbɛ. Penaliti tɔkɩ kpaɣla naadozo. Rugibi hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kikiɖe lɩna ŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ taa kiŋ. Nɛ kɩ-pazɩ tɔyʋ kpaɖʋ 19 taa ŋgilisi ajɛɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ taa (Ɔsɩtɩɖalɩ, nɛ Afrika hadɛ kiŋ, nɛ Nuvɛlɩ zelandi, nɛ Ŋgilisi ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ pɩtasɩna Fransɩ).

Wɩlɩtʋ natʋyʋ tɔŋ kaɖʋ kpaɣɩ size caanaʋ taa rugibi tʋ lɛ soule (suuli), Sɩpɔɖɩ ŋgʋ palakaɣ siŋŋ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa hɛkʋʋ nɛ hɛkʋʋ wɛɛ taa. Sɔnɔ lɛ, tɔm piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna tɔbɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Kɩ-yɔ pɔsɔzɩɣ hɔlɩŋ mabʋtʋ tʋnɛ yɔ:
-Rugibi maɖa hiu nɛ naalɛ ŋgʋ.
-Rugibi maɖa lʋbɛ ŋgʋ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa.
-mini Rugibi piɣa n̄ɩŋgʋ.	
.Rugibi 19 ɖoo pɩnaɣ 1895 taa.
Rumaanii

Rumaanii kɛna Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩkɛna lʊbɛ (7) ñɩnɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa kpeekpe taa nɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 19 942 642 kɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 taa.

Piyele pɩkɛ walanzɩ landammm taa kɔyɔ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ naklʊ ñɩnɖɩ walanzi taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa 238 391. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ keteŋa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ, anaa yɔ: Hɔŋirii, Ukurɛnɩ, Mɔlɩdaavii, Puligari nɛ Sɛrbii.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ agoza fenaɣ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 1877 nɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Klaus Iohannis. Komina nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Dacian Cioloș. Rumaanii kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka wondu taa lɛ, pasaazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa se pefe. 

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔɖɩɣ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊlɛ ruumɛɛ. Payaɣ Rumaanii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ se Pʊkaarɛsɩtɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se OTAN ŋgbɛyɛ yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2004 nɛ Eerɔpʊ keteŋa taa ajɛyaa kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2007.
Ruusii kʊnʊŋ

Ruusii kʊnʊŋ tɛ nɛ Sɩlavɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa, ɖeeɖe ɖɔɖɔ Ukranien nɛ Bielorusse pɛtɛ yɔ. Ɛyaa mba panɩʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ palʊla-wɛ kɩ-taa yɔ pɛcɛzaa miliiyɔɔ waa 280.

Kɩ-kɛ Ruusii ajɛyaa kɩgbɛdʊʊ tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-kɛ ajɛyaa anɛ yɔ Bielorussie nɛ Kazakisitani nɛ Kirghizistan tɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ. Rusɩɩ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛɛ wena a-wɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ a-tɛ kɩgbɛndʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ.

Ruusii yɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɔ siŋ Ukurɛnɩ agetaa naayɛ taa kɔzɩ haɖɛ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ nɛ Kɩyɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa. Ruusii kɛ ONU taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ.
 
Ruusii kʊnʊŋ lɩna Sɩlavɩ agbelaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa nɛ kɩkpaɣ kɩ-tɩ nɛ Sɩlavɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa. Pɩlɩna Sɩlavɩ samaɣ kʊnʊŋ yɔ lɛ, Cɔɔcɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɩɩ, sɩlavɔnɩ Yeesu ŋgbɛɣɛ yaa kɩlaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊmŋ sakɩyɛ lɩɩna Sɩlavɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ.

Ruusii kɩbɩnʊʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ kagbanzɩ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ hɩʊ nɛ naanza taa Sɩlavɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ agbelaa kʊnʊmɩŋ taa. Cɔɔcɩ taa Sɩlavɔnɩ pɩsa kɩcaɣ nɔnɔ tɛ Ruusii yɔ pɩŋ.
Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ (Révolution russe)

Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ kɛ wɛtʊ naa mba patɩŋga payɩ pɔkɔma pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ potuzina ɖoŋ ɖoŋ Tsar kewiyitu Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛɣla fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1917 taa yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ aloma fenaɣ Bolchevik ɛyaa kpaɣ kewiyaɣ nɛ pasɩ Lenin kewiyitu (kpɛndɛ ŋgbɛyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewitu). Pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩpaɣzɩna you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa.
 

You ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Bolchevik ɛyaa nɛ sɔɔjanaa kʊlʊma ɛyaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛyaa lalaa (Makhnovchtchina nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ sɔɔjanaa). Pɩ-tɛ you ŋgʊ kɩtɩna se Ruusi tɔsʊʊ huu ɛpasɩ yaa ɛtɔlɩ, ŋgʊ kɩɩpazɩna you ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, nɛ sɩm ñɔɔsɩ nasɩyɛ. You ŋgʊ kɩtɛzɩna se bolchevik ɛyaa wabɩna nɛ pɩtɩŋna tɩ-yɔɔ lɛ, URSS tɛ ɖoŋ yɔɔ lɛ, paɖanɩɣ maʊ canaʊ Ampiri ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ. Ruusi tɛ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ yeba nɛ pasɩ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kewiyitu aŋgba ɛzɩ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩnɩɣ tɔmpiye ndɩ yɔ.

  
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, you sɔsɔʊ tɩna tɔm ndʊ, Ruusi kpɛlɩ lɛzɩtʊ kɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkɛ 20 kpaɣɖʊ tobi tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ keem nɛ kiɖe ndɩ ɖɩtʊla ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ pɩlɩna Erɔpʊ taa you pɩnaɣ 1914 taa nɛ ɖɩtɛmna pɩnaɣ 1991 se URSS mʊwaa.
 
You ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔnɛ nɛ kɩ-laɣsɩ tɩŋga payi kɔna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɔna ɛyaa tɔm pɔzʊʊ nɛ kpeɣtu ndɩ ndɩ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa yaa mayaa tɛyaa nɛ pɔpɔzɩɣ pa-tɩ se lɛɣla fenaɣ tɛ lɛzʊʊ kpɛlɩ pɔzaɣ koŋ kɛ aloma tɛ lɛzɩtʊ yaawe. Aloma fenaɣ tɛ wɛtʊ ( kpɛlɩ lɛzʊʊ, kewiyaɣ tuzuu yaa pa-naalɛ tɛ kpɛndʊʊ yaawe), Ruusi ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yoŋ sɔsɔŋ nɛ Soviyetiki paɣtʊ ɖoŋ ndʊ pazɩtʊ kɔna ɖɔɖɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ.
  
Pagbaɣa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ nɛ pasɩ-wɛ awiyaa sɔsaa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩta wɛɛna waɖɛ se pala pɔsɔɔlɩm yɔɔ tʊma. Pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ pɩtɩŋna wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Alexandre 2 tʊ yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1861 alɩwaatʊ taa kɔna ɖooo canaʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ tɛ ɖɩzɩtʊ. Patɩ caŋga pɛtɛzɩ pʊyɔɔ lɛ, mba pɔɖɔwaɣa-wɛ mbʊ yɔ pɛɖɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ anasaayɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa tʊma laɖa siŋ. 

Pɩkpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 20 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Ruusi tʊma sɔsɔna hiɣ a-tɩ, nɛ ɛyaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ taa piŋ nɛ pʊkɔna ɛsakuliye siŋ. Sɔndʊʊ paɣzɩ kpaʊ canaʊ paɣtʊ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔm sɔsɔtʊ tanɩm taa tɩnaa. Tʊma sɔsɔna hiɣ a-tɩ nɛ nesi tɛ tʊma tɩnaa ɖɔɔ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ taa keeke.
Ruwandaa

Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ wɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ aŋgba sakɩyɛ taa. Ɖɩwɛ ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa (ONU).  Ɖɩtɛ ɖɩwɛɛ Afrɩka ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa (UA). Pɩnaɣ 2007 ñɩŋga taa ɖɩsʊ Afrɩka ajɛya kpɛndʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. 

Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛya ŋgbɛyɛ taa (CAE). Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ Kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya wena ayɔɔdʊʊ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔ, a-ŋgbɛyɛ taa (OIF). Ɖɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se «Commonwealth of Nations » yɔ ɖɩ-taa. 

Pɩnaɣ 1962 ñɩŋga taa Ruwandaa lɩ ɖi-yomiye taa. 

Kinyarwanda kʊnʊŋ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩ-ɛyaa wɛ piyisi hɛkɩŋ taa. Pakʊ Tuuji samaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kigiluu tɔm ndʊ tɩkɛŋna Ruwandaa tɔm ndʊ paasɔʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kaʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1994 taa, kpaɣ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa kigiluu ŋgʊ kɩlaba. 

## Ruwandaa caanaʊ tɔm

Pʊcɔ anasaayɩ talʊʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ.

Pʊcɔ anasaayɩ fɛyʊʊ naŋgbaŋaɣ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, cejewe nɛɛlɛ (20) kekpeɣlini ɖama nɛ awɛ kpɛm. A-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Tuuji cejewiye. Tuuji cejewiye taa ñɩma lakaɣ ɖɔɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Payaɣ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ se Huutu. Huutu cejewiye taa ñɩma ñɛkɛ haɖaa. Payaɣ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ se Tuwa. Tuwa cejewiye taa ñɩma ñɛkɛ nesi tɛɛ tʊma laɖaa. Tuwa cejewiye taa ɛyaa liɖe kɛ kaapʊwasɩ liɖe.

Pɔ-cɔzɔnaa calɩna wɛʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kaapʊwasɩ kɛ ɛyaa mba pataɖaɣlɩ yɔ, pɛwɛ kundulum kundulum. Tuwa cejewiya pasɩŋaɣna Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ. Paa cejewiye nɖɩ nɛ ɖi-wiyaʊ. Cejewiye wiyaʊ payaɣ se Mwami.  Pɩwɛɛ se wiyaʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-caa liɖe ɛkɛ Huutu yaa Tuuji liɖe taa tʊ. Tuuji cejewiye ñazaɣna pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ cejewa lɛɛna. Halɩ pakpaɣ cejewiye nɖɩ ɖi-wiyaʊ se ɛnʊ kɛŋna Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ Wiyaʊ. Samaɣ yɔɔdaɣ kʊnʊŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Pa-kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ payaɣ kinyarwanda. 

Cejewe kpeekpe taa ɛyaa tɩŋaɣ Ɛsɔ sɛʊ nʊmɔʊ kʊɖʊmʊʊ. Cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ taa abalʊ pɩsaɣ se ɛkpaɣ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ taa halʊ. Halʊ ñapɩzɩɣ ɛkʊyɩ e-cejewiye taa nɛ ɛɖɛɛ ɛwalɩ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ taa ɛyʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa ɖɔŋa ɖama hɔm Ruwandaa cejewa yɔɔ. Ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se paapɩzɩɣ patɩlɩ cejewiye lɛɛɖɛ nɛ lɛɛɖɛ pa-taa ɛyaa. Mbʊ yɔ, yɔɔdaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ wɛna.

Patɩŋa pɛkpɛndɩɣ patɩɣyɩ ɖɔɖɛ nɛ tɛtʊ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ wɛɛ nɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ ñɛwɛɛ. Sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊdʊ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.
Rwanda azɛyʋʋ tɔm

Ruwandaa tɛ asɛyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlaba yɔ, pɩkpaɣna ɖomaɣ fenaɣ lʊbɛ pɩsɩɩna hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 1994. Payaa asɛyʋ kʋŋgʋ se kʋgʋʋlɩwa yaa ɖagʋʋlɩwa. Pɩkɛna ɛyaa mba payaɣ-pɛ se Tutsiwaa yɔ, pa-kʋʋ tɔm. Ruwandaa kɛ Afrika keteŋga taa wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Asɛyʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩlɩna peeɖe tɛ komina taa ñɩmba wemba payaɣ-wɛ se Hutuwaa yɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se tutsi nɛ pɛwɛ *Front Patriotique Rwandais* (FPR) taa yɔ, pɔ-cɔlɔ; yem mbʊ se pʊyɔɔ kɛ pɛkɛ Tutsiwaa. Ɛlɛ ɛbɛ calaa: aloma fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 1990 kɛ mba paakɛ pɔɖɔɔnamwaa nɛ pɛwɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa yɔ, paɖʊna nɔɔ nɛ pekpe Ruwandaa tɛtʊ taa se pamʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ malɩfanaa. Kpaagbaa'lɛ. Peeɖe komina kpaɣ lɩmaazɩyɛ se papɩzɩ nɛ pakaɖɩna-wɛ. Kacalaɣ lɛ, kɩkaɖɩɣ kɩdɩ yɔɔ nɛ koyindu weyi ɛwɛ FPR taa yɔ; nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ, kɩɖɩzɩɣ Ruwandaa taa peeɖe samaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tutsi yɔ kadɩŋga. Ruwandaa tɛ komina takpaɣ nabʊyʊ FPR ɛsɩnda ɛlɛ, kɩñaɣ pana nɛ kɩtɛ kɩ-taa nɛ kɩɖɩzɩ Tutsiwaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.    

ONU ŋgbɛyɛ kala mba pasɩba fenasi nasitozo nzɩ sɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, patala ɛzɩ ɛyaa 8oo ooo mbʊ yɔ; pɩkɩlɩna Tutsiwaa. Hutuwaa mba paawɛɛ nɛ paakʊʊ Tutsiwaa yɔ, komina kpaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ pɛkɛ ɛyaa wayɩ lɩyaa yɔ nɛ mba ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ pɔtɔyɩtɩ-wɛ payɩ. Kɩyakɩŋ mɩnɩʊ taa kpaagbaa mbʊ yɔ, ɛyaa mba pasɩba yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʋʋ nɛ pɔcɔna se ɖooo mbʊ yɔ, wiɖiye ɛyaa tɔyɩtʋʋ nabʋyʋ tatalɩ mbʊ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pɔtɔyɩta ɛyaa tɔyɩtʋʋ mbʊ evemiye taa yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔd̀ʋʋ. 

Payaaʊ se génocide yaa ɛyaa tɔyɩɩtʋʋ, yaa ɖagʋʋlɩwa (kʋgʋʋlɩwa), pɩdɛkɛ sɩɖaa ɖɔʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ pɩlɩɣna sɩm mbʊ pasɩkɩ yɔ pɩ-cɔlɔ. Nɛ ONU lɩzɩnɑ paɣtʊ ntʊ kɛ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ nakʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1948 nɛ kɩyɔɔdʋʋ se ɛyaa tɔyɩtʋʋ (Ɖagʋʋlɩwa) kɛna ɛzɩma paɖɩzɩɣ samaɣ nakayɛ yaa ŋɣbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa mba yɔ.  

Tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Hutuwaa nɛ Tutsiwaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ, pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɖooo Ruwandaa tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa samaɣ kɛwɛɛ yɔ, pɩ-cɔlɔ; pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Hututwaa nɛ Tutstiwaa hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Pɩtasɩɩna mbʊ ɖeke; anasayɩnaa kakpacayaɣ-wɛ nɛ ndʊ tɩɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ tɩwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ruwandaa tɔm tʊnɛ, tɩtɔzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1894, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tuuɖe ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩmba nɛ Ruwandaa ñɩnɖɛ taa mba paaɖa katʋʋ yɔ; pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1962, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ruwandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa mba wɛ padɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ 1994 tɔm kɔŋ pɩtalʋʋ yɔ.
Rɛɛ pɔɔ

Rɛɛ pɔɔ kɛ Eerɔpʊ Hɛkʊ taa nɛ Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɔɔ sɔsɔ. Rɛɛ pɔɔ ŋga kaɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛtaa waa 1233. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛna siyepɔɖɛ Erɔpʊ Rhénane taa, hɔɔlʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ Erɔpʊ taa nɛ kɩ-kɛ loone ɖoŋ ñɩŋɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa.

Rɛɛ tɛ fɛʊʊ kitibuu valanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta 198000 kpɛɛɣ ko, nɛ kɩ-kɛ Suwiisi hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nɛ Otirisi hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ Liechtenstein maɣma mbilim nɛ Caama hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩyɛ nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Fransɩɩ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ Pɛlɩzɩkɩ nɛ Lugizamburi hɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ Italii hɔɔlʊʊ cɩkpeluu nakʊyʊ. Pɩkɛ pɔɔ sɔsɔɔ ŋga kɛgbɛndʊʊ teŋgʊ hayi ŋgʊ taa yɔ nɛ kɛ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm pɔɔ ŋga kɔyɔ pakɩlɩ saʊ mɛlɛ naa yɔ kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔ.
 

 
Kahaɣ ka-hɩɖɛ Rhénanie, pɩkɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ, pɩkɛ Lander naalɛ Cama. Rhénanie Hayi Westphalie (Nordrhein-Westfalen) nɛ Rhénanie Palatina (Rheinland- P%.falz) ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ Hayi Rɛɛ nɛ Haɖɛ Rɛɛ.
 	
Rɩn fɛʊʊ kɛ kamaɣ (kpaɣ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ wacɩ taa ɛjɔŋ tɛ) Meuse fɛʊʊ nɛ Ems nɛ Weser nɛ Elbe patɩŋnɛ payɩ pɛkpɛndʊ Hayi teŋgʊ taa yaa Basalitiki teŋgʊ taa nɛ Taniibɩ (teŋgʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ) nɛ po nɛ Rhone (Mediteranee teŋgu) taa. Rɛɛ lɩm pɔɔ kpeŋ hɔɔlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊ taa hayi yɔ hayi yɔ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ageeta taa wena afɛyi ɛzɩ Alɩpɩwaa nɛ Suwiisi pʊcɔ alɩpɩ suwiisi pʊɣʊ yɔ nɛ Rhénan lɔʊʊ nɛ Rɛɛ cɩkpeluu kɛtɛŋga.
  
Kɛ-tɛ fɛɛʊ wala kɩtalɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa (hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ ɛzɩ Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine) pɩñɔtɩna Lukizambuuri tɩŋga nɛ Pɛlɛzɩkɩ nɛ Italii hɔɔlɩŋ cɩkpeŋ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛtɛzʊʊ ajɛyɛ anɛ Suwiisi nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama nɛ Peeyiba. Kapɩsɩ kamaɣ nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Liechtenstein nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama. Kɛ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ nɛ Caama nɛ Fransɩ.
Rɛɛzɔɔ (raison)

You nakʊyʊ ɛlaba ɛyaa naalɛ hɛkʊ taa kɔyɔ, pañɩnɩɣ nɛ pana se pa-taa lɛ, aca lɛlʊ tɔm. Yee mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyaa naalɛ yaa naadozo pacakɩ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ-tʊ nɛ pana se aca lɛlʊ tɔm. Weyi ɛca tɔm yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm sɩba. Piyele weyi paca-ɩ tɔm yɔ, pɔtɔ se ɛlɛ tɔm ɖewa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛna toovenum. Ɛwɛna toovenum tɔbʊʊ se ɛtɛwɛɛkɩ pʊyʊ.  Mbʊʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison».
Ɛlɛ, pɔtɔŋʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛna toovenum yɔ, pʊwɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna toovenum tɔm hʊʊ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛ nɛ nɔɔyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa tɔm natʊyʊ ɛwɛɛ nɛ payaa ɖama awiya tɛ nɛ awiya hʊʊ-tʊ nɛ pana se pɩtɛkɛ ɛnʊ cana tɔm kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛ-tɔm tasɩ, se ɛwɛna toovenum ɛzɩ ɖɩtɛm kɛdɩɣ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛwɛɛna toovenum ɛ-lakasɩ nasɩyɛ taa. 
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɖu hɛñʊŋ nɛ lɛlʊ heŋ woki nɛ ekuluu. Nɛ weyi pukuluu ɛ-hɛñʊŋ yɔ, ewolo eheyi weyi ɛlɛ tɩna heŋ weyi ekuluu hɛñʊŋ mbʊ yɔ se ɛkpa e-heŋ se ikuluu ɛ-hɛñʊŋ. Yee heŋ tʊ ɛtakpa e-heŋ nɛ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛɛ iwoki nɛ ikuluu lɛlʊ hɛñʊŋ mbʊ nɛ pʊwɩzɩ ɛlɛ nɛ ɛkʊ heŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa nɔɔyʊ yaa paa ɛɛtɩkʊ ɛ-taa heŋ naalɛ yaa paa ɩɩɖɛ naalɛ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛyaa tɔŋ se ɛwɛna toovenum. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ewoba nabʊlɛ nabudozo nɛ eheyi weyi ɛtɩna heŋ yɔ se ɛkpa e-heŋ se ikuluu ɛ-hɛñʊŋ nɛ ɛlɛ paatɛwɛɛ. Ŋgʊ sɔsaa tuu eduye se «Paasuu nandʊ kpou». Eduye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se tɔɔnaɣ tɩna ɛyʊ wezuu, pɩtɛkɛ nandʊ. Pɔtɔkɩ nandʊ laɣzaɣ, paatɔkɩ-tʊ haɣnaɣ.
Ɛlɛ, payaʊ se «raison» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ toovenum mbʊ pʊ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ. Mbʊ paya fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, pɩkɛ ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pʊdʊ ɛnʊ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛɛna maɣzɩm kɩban. Ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩlɩɣ kɩbandʊ nɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊdʊ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩna nɛ ɛyʊ tɩlɩɣ se malaba pʊnɛ, pʊwɛ ɖeu, malaba pʊnɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu. Ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ eyekina nɛ ɛyʊ wɛɣna maɣzɩm kɩban nɛ ɛhʊʊ tɔm ɖeu yaa ɛhʊʊ tɔm siɣsiɣ.
Mbʊ paya fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se «raison» yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ, ɛnʊ yekina nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɛ tɩlɩ kedeŋa lɔŋ nɩɩyɛ. Pʊdʊ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩna nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ eluki yaa ɛlɩzɩɣ pʊyʊ kɩfam nabʊyʊ. Halɩ ɛyaa mba pɔtɔŋ se pa-ñʊŋ taa cɔwa yɔ, petelesi fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa Fransɩɩ ñɩma tuu eduye se «Weyi payaɣ se kpaazɩyʊ yɔ, ɛkɛ weyi elesi pɩtɩŋa payɩ, ɛlɛ, etelesi fɩtɩyɩm taa pʊdʊ ɛnʊ yɔ».
Saamɩɖɛ

Kanadaa ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ saamɩɖɛ se Ɛɛdɩ tɛ bilee. Saamɩɖɛ kɛ tɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna hatʋ n̄ɔɔɔ yɔ. Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɩsɩ n̄akɩ yɔ, pakɩlɩɣ saamɩla hayʋʋ. Pahayɩɣ saamɩla a-pe yɔɔ. N̄ɩm ndɩ ndɩ wɛ saamɩla pe taa sakɩyɛ. Saamɩla hatʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ huɖe. Pɩkɛ tikuu, payaɣ se saamɩɖɛ tiku, pɩkɛ piye, payaɣ se saamɩɖɛ pijen.

Saamɩɖɛ lɩna Mɛkɩsiiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Saamɩla kɛkɛŋna Amérindiens waa tɔɔnaɣ kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋga nɛ pʋcɔ ɖajaa Christophe Colomb fɛyɩɣ nɩŋgbaŋaɣ Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Amerika ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hɛkʋ taa hɔɔlʋʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa n̄ɩma pakpaɣ saamɩɖɛ se ɖɩkɛ-wɛ pʋyʋ siŋŋ pɩkɩlɩ pɩtɩŋa. Waasɩ hiu nɛ loɖo taa papazɩɣ saamɩla haɣʋ Eerɔɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa. Sɔnɔ, pahayɩɣ saamɩla kedeŋa kpeekpe. Mɔʋ pakɩlɩɣ haɣʋ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ, patɩŋ bilee, pʋwayɩ lɛ saamɩla tɩŋɩɣna tɩŋ pe haɖaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Lɛɣtʋ ndʋ tɩlɩ lɛɛlɛɛyɔ nɛ pɔtɔzʋʋ pe kɩbana kɩbana nɛ pesidiɣ-yɛ nɛ lɛɛna nɛ poɖuu yɔ, piyebina nɛ pahayɩɣ saamɩla pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Eerɔpʋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ Etaazuunii nɛ Siini pa-ajɛya taa. Pahayɩɣ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Pahayɩɣ-yɛ ɖɔɖɔ Argentine nɛ Eerɔpʋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.
Safiiri

Ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se safiiri. Ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se koorindɔɔ tɛ sɛɛmɩ (gemme du corindon) waa yɔ. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ ana apɩzɩɣ awɛɛna tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛlɛ, aapɩzɩɣ awɛɛna tɔlɩm kɩsɛmɩm. Ñɩɣlɩm pɛ wena payaɣ se rubii] waa yɔ, aɖeke awɛŋna tɔlɩm kɩsɛmɩm. Ɖajaa Jacques Louis ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna se safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɛ korindɔɔ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ pɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɛ kʊɖʊma. Ɖajaa Jacques Louis kɛ Bournon tɛtʊ taa tʊ.

## Ɖenɖe tɔmpiye safiiri lɩnaa yɔ
Tɔmpiye «saphir» lɩna krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ se «sappheiros», pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna yulee tɔlɩm yɔ. Yee tɔmpiye «saphir» ɛtalɩɩna krɛɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye «sappheiros» cɔlɔ yɔ, ɖɩlɩna Hɛbra kʊnʊŋ tɔmpiye «sappir» cɔlɔ. Ebre kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmpiye «Sappir» tɔbʊʊ lɛ se wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ ɖeu yɔ.

Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ wɛna tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖɩwɛna kelaɣ tɔlɩm. Ɛpɩzɩ ɛna naɖɩyɛ, ɖɩɖɩ wɛna sʊtʊ tɔlɩm. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna wɛna leemiŋ tɔlɩm nɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛna kɛdaɣ tɔlɩm nɛ lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ ñɛwɛɛna tɩŋ hatʊ tɔlɩm. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ, afɛyɩna tɔlɩm nabʊyʊ. Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɛ taa lɛ, wena awɛna yulee tɔlɩm yɔ pakɩlɩ tɩlʊʊ. Payaɣ safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna kelaɣ tɔlɩm yɔ se «Padparadja». Safiiri ñɩɣlɩm pɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩtɔtɔyɩ. Ɛlɛ, nɖɩɩ pakɩlɩɣ ñɩnɩɣ.
Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ

Sahara kɛna kañɩmbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛna Afrɩka keteŋa hɔɔlʊ nɛ kɩhayʊ kɩŋ yɔ. Kpaɣ wɩsɩ ɖʊɖuyɛ teŋʊ yaa Atlantika lɩŋgamʊ pɩwolo pɩsɩna teŋʊ kɩsɛɛmʊ lɛ, kɛdɛ ɖaalakɩŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 7500. Pamaazɩ-tʊ tɩ tɛ ɖaalakɩŋ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pʊcɔɔ pɩta yɔ, pɩlakɩ kɩlomɛta ɛgbɔŋ hiu nɛ naalɛ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ mbʊ pɩɖɛ teŋʊ lɛɛkʊ kɩsɛɛmʊ yɔɔ nɛ tɛtʊ maɣzɩya ñɔtɔŋ se pɩkɛ sahara nɛ Arabiya kañɩmbʊsaɣ  tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩfaɣ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kpaɣ nɛ Senegalɩ pɔɔ kidiiliŋ yɔɔ pʊkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Mongolia ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.

Sahara kañɩnbʊsaɣ kɛnɛ wɩlɩŋ nɛ sʊŋgaɣ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɛ kedenga kpeekpe yɔɔ.Tɩtɛyʊ Afrika keteŋa, kpaɣ kɩhayʊ ŋwolo ŋsɩɩna kɩhadɛ. Tɩwalɩ pɩŋŋŋ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ ajɛya hiu kɛ mbʊ yɔ. Ajɛya anaa lɛ: Alizeerii, Tuniizii, Marɔkɩ, Liiberiya, Egipiti, Sudaanɩ, Caadɩ, Nizɛɛrɩ, Maalii, Moritaanii nɛ Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ hɔmtʊ wɛ tɩyɔɔ kpaɖɩɩɩ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ. Ŋcɔnaa kɔyɔ, kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩtaa, ɖenɖe kañɩnga wɛɛ yɔ, pɩkpaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛzɩ 20% yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtaakɛ mbʊ ɛyaa kamaɣzaɣ. Nʊmɔʊ woɖaa sakɩyɛ sɩma mbʊ kañɩnbʊsa kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kɛnaa yɔ. 

Kañɩnbʊsasɩ pʊʊŋ weyi payaɣ se Grand Erg oriental ne Grand Erg Occidental yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ nɔɔyʊ ekeŋna pʊʊ taa ñɩndʊ cɔlɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Hoogar, Tassiili, Tibɛstɩa yɔ nɛ ɛhaɣsɩ lona yaa kañɩŋa pɛ lona. Kañɩn-piisi kpaʊ nɛ tibu, ɛwaɣsɩ nɛ pʊʊŋ Tadrart nɛ Acacusta; mbʊ pʊ wɛ sahara kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Liibia ɛjaɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖ,ɩɖʊyɛ nɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ taa...

Arabia kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, sahar tɔbʊ kɛlɛ se kañɩnbʊsaɣ. Nɛ paa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩsɩma mbʊ se Afrika tɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋga payaɣ mbʊ.Tiniri hɩɖɛ tɔbʊ se kañɩnbʊsaɣ tamacheque kʊnʊŋ taa. ŋgʊ kɛna tʊwaarɛg mɛwɛ mɛndɛ wa kʊnʊŋ nɛ hɩɖɛ kɛ Tʊwaɖɛg waa mba paha sahara wɩlɩŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ hɔɔlɩŋ taa nakʊyʊ Nigɛrɩ nɛ kɩ-hayʊ kɩŋ taa mba.

Kañɩnbʊsaɣ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna walʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ndʊ pasɩma se tɩkɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ paaa mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛ peeɖe sɩŋŋŋ (tɛʊ nɩɣ ceeka ñɩɩɩ yem ɛlɛ kɩnɩɣ naayɔɔ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ). Pʊwayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ wɩlɩŋ tɛtʊ lone lɛɛɖɛ, tʊtʊtaa lɛ, pɔsɩ taa ɖeke kɛ papɩzɩɣ pana tɩŋ nɛ ñɩtʊ pazɩ. Lona lɛɛna taa lɛ, wɩlɩŋ maɣnaa nɛ tɛʊ nɩɣ pɩna,g taa ɛzɩ milimɛtaa naa ɛzɩ 50 mbʊ yɔ nɛ tɩŋ yaa hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛtaa tɩŋ kɩlɩ wɛʊ yɔ, ɛnʊ lɛ Oueds waa taa. Ɛtaa wɩlɩŋ takɩlɩ yaa nikaɣ takɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɩŋŋŋ. Hɔɔlʊʊ kɩkpɩlɩɣ ŋgʊ ka-taa wɩlɩŋ kɩlaa yɔ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩna Sahara,  Arabiya, Syria kañɩnbʊsaɣ (Syria, Jordania nɛ Irakia), Dasht-e kavir (Iran), Dasht-e Lut (Irania), Thar (India) nɛ pɩkpaɣ pɩtalɩ Asia hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa (Karaboum, KyzylKum nɛ Chine tɛtʊ taa lɛ panaɣ Taklamakan nɛ Gobi kañɩnbʊsaɣ ɛjaɖɛ.

Mbʊ pʊkɔŋna wɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ yɔ, mbʊ lɛ se heelim mbʊ pɩmakɩ nɛ pɩkɔŋna tɛŋ yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ: hayʊ heelim nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ, nɛ wɩlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɔŋnana lʊŋɩyɛ kadadayaɣ nɛ pɩleeɖuu kamaɣ tatɩɩɩ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ

Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 266 000 km2 yɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ ata yɔ ɑnɑ yɔ: hayi kiŋlɛ, Maarɔkɩ, hayi nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Alizeerii, piyele kpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Moritanii ɛjaɖɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Atɩlantiki, wɛna. 

Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ yem kpo, nɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se ONU yɔ ɖɩtɔŋ size ɖɩfɛyɩna ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ kpaɣ ɖooo Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ waa kʊyʊʊ peeɖɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1976 yɔ. 

Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɩkɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ kpacayaɣ yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ you nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ kɩɩtɛŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ Maarɔkɩ  ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Araabʊ Sarawii poyou nɛ lɛlʊ se ɛnʊ tɩna, lɛlʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛnʊ tɩna. Alɩzeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñaɖʊ ɖɩnɔɔ ɛlɛ ɖɩtɩnɩɣ Maarɔkɩ ɛɨaɖɛ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1991 lɛ, Maarɔkɩ ɛjaɖɛ kandɩɣ Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɛzɩ hiuwaa litoozo mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ.
Saladin

Saladin yaa Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf (arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ صلاح الدين يوسف) yaa Selahedînê Eyûbî (kurde kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی) palʊla-ɩ Tikrit tɛtʊ taa pɩnaɣ 1138 nɛ ɛsɩ Tamasɩ tɛtʊ taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1193. Ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ ɛyʊ weyi eɖiya ayoubide kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ ŋga kaawɛ Egipiti pɩnaɣ 1169 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1250 nɛ Sirii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnzɩ 1174 ŋtalɩ 1260. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ ediyi Egipiti pɩnaɣ 1169 ŋtalɩ 1193, Tamasɩ pɩnaɣ 1174 ŋtalɩ 1193 nɛ Alep pɩnaɣ 1183 ŋtalɩ 1193. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ an-Nāsir tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛmʊʊ wabɩtʊ Ɛsɔ cɔlɔ yɔ nɛ Saladin tɔbʊʊ se Tisuu yɔɔ siɣsiɣ wɛtʊ. 

Yûsuf, Ayyûb pɩɣa, palʊla-ɩ Tikrit Tigre yɔɔ ɛ-tɛ nɛ Kurde nɛ tɩmʊʊ liɖe kɔyɔ nɛ Dvin, Arménie kɩbɩnʊʊ. Patɩ lʊla-ɩ kpa lɛ, ɛ-ñɩma kʊyɩ Tikrit nɛ pɛɖɛɛ Zengi, atabeg Mossoul. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛlɛ kpa-ɩ se ɛkɛ Baalbek komina ñʊʊ tʊ nɛ Shirkuh (Saladin ekpele) sɔɔja sɔsɔ ɛ-sɔɔjana taa.  
Aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1169, Franc sɔɔjana pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Amaury 1 Jeruzalem ñɩnʊ kʊyɩ Ascalon nɛ ɛtalɩ Egipiti aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 nɛ ɛtalɩna Byzantin mɛlɛna nɛ ɛdʊ mbʊ payɩ palakɩna you yɔ Damiette ɛsɩnda. Saladin maɣzɩ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ tɔñɔɔzɩta tɩ-tɩ nɛ sɔndʊ kpaɣ-ɩ se ɛɛkʊyɩ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ ɛɖɛɛ you nɛ Damiette. Etiyina sɔɔjana nabɛyɛ nɛ pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyaa kɔyɔ e-ekpele Sihab al-Din Mahmoud nɛ e-kouu Taqi al-Din Omar. 

Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1174 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa politiki tɔm saa mɩŋ nɛ pɩkɛdɩna Saladin. Jerusalem taa lɛ, wiyaʊ Amaury 1 sɩ nɛ eyele kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pɩɣa cikpelaɣ nakɛyɛ, Baudoun 4 ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ canaɣ. Kewiyaɣ pʊnʊyʊ Miles Plancy tʊ ñaakpakʊʊ paɣtʊ kɩbandʊ Egipiti yɔɔ kɛlɛ kewiyaɣ kʊyɩna-ɩ. Alep taa lɛ, Nur ad-Din ñeyebina kewiyaɣ nɛ pɩɣa As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ɛlɛ Nur ad-Din tɛtʊ taa sɔɔjana agʊla kandʊʊ kewiyaɣ pɩnʊyʊtʊ yɔɔ, nɛ kouu nɔɔyʊ palɩzɩ ɛlɛ kewiyaɣ taa nɛ ɛlɛ ñakʊyʊ nɛ wɛ.    

Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1176 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Saladin kpaɣ halʊ Ismat al-Dîn, ɛlɛ kaakɛ Damas Unur pɛlɔ nɛ ɛkɛ Nûr al-Dîn lelu politiki nesi ɖɔkʊʊ nasɩyɛ taa. Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 40 mbʊ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛtɛma walʊʊ Nûr al-Dîn pɩnaɣ 1147 nɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛtasɩ lʊlʊʊ pɩɣa nɛ Saladin. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊ ɛnɛyʊ ɛɛsɔɔla-ɩ piŋ ɛzɩ ɛ-takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ nzɩ etiyana-ɩ yɔ sɩ-tʊzʊʊ yɔ, ŋgʊ pɩɩwɩɣa-ɩ Harrân tɛtʊ taa, nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa la lɩmaɣza ɛzɩma paapɩzɩ nɛ peheyi-ɩ ɛ-halʊ sɩm tɔm yɔ (Ismat kaatɛma sɩbʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩwɩɣa Saladin yɔ, nɛ peteheyi-ɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ fenasɩ naalɛ wayi pɩcɔ peyele ɛnɩɩ-tʊ).

## Notes et références
Sambii

Sambii kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩfɛyɩ teŋgu nakʊyʊ cɔlɔ kaʊ. Ɛaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdɩɣ Aŋgilisi kʊnʊŋ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se Commonwealth yɔ a-taa.

Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa palabɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ naatozo. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖinɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Luzakaa.

Ɖooo lɛ ɛyaa mba payaɣ se Pɔcimɛnɩwaa yɔ mba kaalɛɣna caɣʊʊ peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ paakɛ akpaama nɛ tɩŋ-pee tɔɔyaa. Puwayɩ fayɩɩɩ yɔ kɛ Pantʊʊwaa woba nɛ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ nanza taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lakɩŋ nɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna nayɛ nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖɩhayɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pɩwalɩɣ walɩɣ yɔɔ.

Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩsa nɛ  pɩsa nɛ paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩ nɛ ɛnɩna lɛlʊ lɛ palɩzɩ kʊnʊŋ kʊɖʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ panɩɩ nɛ pawɩlɩ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ aŋgilisi.
Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ

Sambɛzɩ kɛ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ kiŋ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔɔ. Ka-ɖakɩŋ maɣmaɣ yɔ lɛ, kɛ-kɛ pɔɔ naanza ŋga Afrika kedeŋga pɔsɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-wayi Niili Pɔɔ nɛ Koŋgo Pɔɔ nɛ Nizɛɛrɩ pɔɔ nɛ. Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ ŋga kaɖalakɩŋ maɣna kilomɛta waa 2750. Kɛ-tɛ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɔyɔ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ taa, katɩŋna tobi kooyiŋtʊʊ Aŋgoola ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɛtɛzʊʊ Sambii ɛjaɖɛ ɖeeɖe kapɩsɩ kamaɣ kɛ-nɛ Namiibi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Simbaabuwee nɛ kɛ-tɛzʊʊ Moozambiki ɛjaɖɛ ɖeeɖe kɛkpɛndʊʊ Ɛndɩ teŋgu taa yɔ.
  
Sambɛzɩ lɩm pɔɔ nga kɛ-tɛ pɔlɔkʊʊ walanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta waa 1330000 kpɛɣɛ ko nɛ tɛŋ weyi ɛtɩna kɛ-tɛ su yɔ ɛnɩɣ kamɩŋ fenaɣ nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɛnɛ. Kɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ taa kpɛntʊ wɛ nabʊyʊ taa yɔɔyɔ, kpaɣna 2 000 pɩtalɩ 3 000 m3/s, ɛlɛ, kadalɩɣ 32 800 m3/s lɛlaɣ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1956 taa. Pɔsɩ cɩkpesɩ nzɩ sɩkpɛndʊʊ kada yɔ, nzɩ yɔ Kafuu nɛ Siirɛ ŋga kɛ-kɛ Malawii kujomuu tɛ pɔɔ ŋga kalɩzʊʊ lɩm yɔ. Cɩnɛ nɛ peɖɔ mbʊ lɛ, padɩ ɖʊ-kɛ koŋdoloko waa kɩgbanzɩ tɛtʊ naa pɛnɛ pada. Ndʊ yɔ Chinyingi nɛ Katima Mulilo nɛ Fikitoriya lɩm kɩfalɩm taa nɛ Chirundi nɛ Tete.

Fikitoriya lɩm kɩfalɩm mbʊ Sambii nɛ Sɩmbaabuwee pɛtɛyʊʊ yɔ nɛ pɩpɩsɩ lɩm ɖɩvalɩyɛ lone sɔsɔyɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa nɛ kɩvalanzɩ mazʊʊ maɣna mɛta waa 1700 nɛ kʊ-kʊkʊmɩyɩŋ taa mazʊʊ maɣna mɛta waa 108, pɩsa ɛsɩyɛgbena lone Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ yɔ. Lɩm ɖɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ ɖɩfalɩyɛ taa pɔɔ kpeŋ Barotseland kɛdɛŋga taa nɛ kawadɩ alɩwaatʊ nabʊyʊ nabʊyʊ. Pɔɔ ɖɩkpende taa lɛ, katɩŋgʊ kɩɖe tɛ pɔɔ, ŋga ɖɩyaɣ se Canyon basaltique nɛ kɛtɛŋ handala fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pasa lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ yɔ yɔ. Paa kɛwɛ kaɖɛ ɛzɩma yɔ kɛwɛna hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ weyi ɛyɔ pasaɣ kpiyiŋ yɔ.

Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ ahɔya kajɩka kɩkpɛda Sambii nɛ hayi kɩŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɩŋ. Pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga katɩŋna tɩŋ piyasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔ wɛ tɩŋ hɔtʊ nɛ hayi kɩŋ ɛzɩ mɛta waa 1500 nɛ teŋgʊ ɖeeɖe. Luangwa nɛ Kafuu kɛnɛ pɔɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ sɔsɔsɩ Sambɛzɩ kideŋ lɩmɩyɛ ñɩŋgʊ yɔ. Kafuu tɛ walanzɩ mazʊʊ taa lɛ, kɛwɛna mɛta waa 180 ɖama ɖɩgbɛdɩyɛ taa. Kɛnɛ Luangwa tɛ ɖama kpɛndʊʊ taa lɛ, sambɛzɩ pɔɔ sʊʊ Moozambiki taa.

Kajalaɣ anaasayɩ weyi ewoba nɛ ɛna Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ sɔsɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ David Livingstone, ɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ takʊʊ Bechuanalan pɩnaɣ 1851 nɛ 1853 taa. Pɩnzɩ naalɛ yaa natozo wayi lɛ, etiɣ Sambɛzɩ nɛ haɖɛ ɛtalɩ ɛwadɩyɛ taa ɖɩsʊyɛ nɛ ɛ-nʊmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ, ɛlɩɩ Fikitoriya lɩm kɩfalɩm yɔ. Kpaɣna pɩnzɩ 1858 ndalɩ 1860 John Kirk tɩŋga-ɩ. Livingstone kpazɩ pɔɔ pɩtɩŋna Kongone ɛwadɩyɛ ɖɩsʊyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ polɩŋ nɛ lɩm kɩfalɩm, nɛ pɩkpaʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ ɛhɛɛ pɔɔ kɩkpɛnda Siiri nɛ ɛtalɩ Malawii kujomuu.
 

 
Sambɛzɩ pɔɔ wɛna hoɖe nɛ pɩcɛyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga, pɩlɩna pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kɛdɛkɛ wiɖi habɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ ndɩ ɖɩyɔɔ pɔɖɔŋ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ egeetiye taa lɛ, pʊwɛ kɛlɛʊ se ɛyaa ewoki nɔmɔŋ patɩŋgʊna pɔlɔkɩŋ pɔɔ kpeekpe yɔ mbʊ se patɩŋna nɔmɔŋ kɩbɩŋ weyi e-feɖeʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, lɩm liba-ɩ nɛ papɩzʊʊ powoki haɖa ageeta naayɛ taa pɔɔ kidemɩŋ yɔ nɛ mɛlɛ naa.

Sambɛzɩ kadɩtɩnɛ kaɖalakɩŋ taa mbʊ yɔ kondoloko naa kɩgbanzɩ yeke wɛna kʊyɔ nɛ lɛɛkʊ kɛ naŋgbanzɩ ɖɔnaa tɛ ñɩŋgʊ. Ɛlɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa yooŋ mɛlɛ naa pɔɔyɩŋ kpakʊʊ ɛyaa nɛ lɔɔɖa pɔɔ yɔ.
Sansɩkrɩtɩ kʊnʊŋ

Sansɩkratɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊŋ ɛndɩ-aryɛnɛ cejewiye taa, ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɣ Ɛɛndɩ kedeŋga nɛ haɖɛ yɔ. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ tɩlɩyaa sɔsaa nabɛyɛ ɖɩnaɣ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ pɔsusuu tɔm lɩzɩya ŋgbɛ tʊma nɛ pɔɖɔkʊ ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ yaa naʊ Sansɩkrɩtɩ taa.

Sansɩkratɩ kɛ Ɛndɩ nɛ Puda Ɛsɔ tɔm mʊyaa tɛ takayaɣsɩ taa kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔm kɩmamatʊ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩyɔɔ lɛ, paɖɩna-kʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Latɛŋ yɔ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ kedeŋga taa ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣsɩ taa kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɛzakuliye kʊnʊŋ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ.

Pɩnaɣ 1981 ɛyaa kɩgalʊʊ wɩlʊʊ se kɩnɩyaa kɩɩtalɩ ɛyaa kudokiŋ 6100 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1961 lɛ ɛyaa ñɔtɩna ɛzɩ 194400 mba pa-lakɩnɛ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ŋgʊ. Kɩ-kɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ Ɛndɩ ɛjadɛ taa. Sansɩkrɩtɩ tɔmpe cɔlʊʊ wɛna tɔmɩŋ kpiyiyu camɩyɛ.

Sansɩkrɩtɩ lɩna Ɛndɩ Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa, Ɛndɔ-Ɩranɩyɛnɩ pɩlɩŋga taa, Ɛndɩ-Arɩyɛnɛ (indo-aryenne) tɛ pɩtɛ pɩlɩŋga taa. Sansɩkrɩtɩ caɣ siŋ Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ kʊnʊmɩŋ, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Hindi nɛ Urduu nɛ Bengalɩ nɛ Marathii nɛ Kasemɩrɩyɛ nɛ Punabɩ nɛ Nepaalɩ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Romanɩ (tsigane).

Sansɩkrɩtɩ kɩ-hɩɖɛ keeke kɛlɛ, saṃskṛtam pʊtɔpʊ se camɩyɛ tɛzʊʊ kɛ ɖeɖe ɖeɖe tɔm. Ɖooo pitihiɣ lɛ, payaɣa-kʊ yaa pasɩma-kʊ nɛ matʊ tʊnɛyɔ भाषा (bhāṣā), वाच् (vāc) yaa शब्द (śabda), tɔmʊʊ, kʊnʊŋ, panɩ sansɩkrɩtɩ taŋ ɛzɩ kɩwɛ kiyeke kɛlɛʊ lɛ, tɔmʊʊ tɔbʊʊ kɩndʊʊ ɛzɩ गीर्वाणभाषा (gīrvāṇabhāṣā), Ɛsɔnaa tɛ kʊnʊŋ wɩlɩɣ pɩŋ se kɩ-kɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ.

Kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Sansɩkrɩtɩ kɛ tɩlɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ ɖɔɖɔ kpagba matʊ kʊnʊŋ nɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ lɔnzɩzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ tɛ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩ-kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa wala yɔɔdɔɣ Ɛndɩ nɛ Azii Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ kʊnʊŋ ɛlɛ, Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ wɛ kɩɖɔnʊʊ-kʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ malɩŋ you laɖa kɔŋ lɛ.
Santrafriki

Santrafriki kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ. Ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ 4 500 000 nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 623 000 km2. Ajɛya wena acɔ-ɖɩ nɛ a-taa yɔ analɛ: Kameruni kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Caadɩ, wɩksɩ ɖɩlmiyɛ taa lɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ hadɛ ñɩŋgʊ poiyelɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Koŋgoo-Pirazaaviili nɛ Koŋgoo-Kiŋsasa.

Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖiwɛ Afrika ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa, Afrika hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgb,ɛyɛ taa nɛ ajɛya we na awɛ kañɩnbʊsaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ. Santrafreiki ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɖɔɔ: Iiraaniyɔm wɛɛ Ɔɔrɩ nɛ diyamaɣ pɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɩtasɩna karasim.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖi-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, ñʊntɩnaa ntɩ ntɩ kaacaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Jean-Bedel Bokassa kaakɛ ñʊʊtʊ weyi yɔ pɩtɩkɛ nɔɔyʊ lɩzɩna-ɩ ɛlɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛkpaɣna kewiyaɣ ŋganɛ ɖoŋ.

Kacalaɣ caca ŋgʊ pɔtɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔɔlɩɩɩ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1993 yɔ, palɩza Ange-Félix Patassé se ɛkɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Patasɩ tɔwʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2003 lɛ François Bozizé wabɩ-ɩ nɛ ɛlɛ kpaɣ kpelaɣ. Bozizé kʊɖʊm ɛnʊ paɖaɣna lɩzɩɣ pɩnzɩ 2005 nɛ 2010 ɖɔdɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 2013 lɛ, politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kpaɣ kpelaɣ, nɖɩ lɛ Selka.
Sao Paolo

Sao Poolo kɛna Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Piresiili ɛjaɖɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa paakalɩ kigalʊʊ lɛ, ɛyaa mba pana tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yɔ paakpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa 11 895 893 nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 152 300 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 523 yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pɛkɛdɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛna Amerika Latini hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔyɔ, ndʊ kɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. 

Keteŋa kpeekpe ta lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ kɛ yɔɔdʊʊ. Amerika kɩteŋa taa lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa tɩkɩla  ɖɔʊ yɔ ndʊ lɛ: Mɛkisiikoo, Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Sao Poolo ñɩndʊ. Pɩkɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ kɛŋna kagbaanzɩ ndʊ kɛ kɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Preeziili ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ kɛlɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ yɔ.

Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñɩnɩɣʊ se tɩnɛ lɛɛna taa ñɩndʊ ɛlakɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ taabalɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, Sao Poolo tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sakɩyɛ nina ɖma nɛ alaki tʊma kʊɖʊma. Tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩwɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya nayɛ taa: Afrika taa, Amerika taa, Azia taa, Eerɔpʊ taa nɛ Oseyani taa. Ajɛya ana, akpɛnda 42 nɛ kacalaɣ tɛtʊ yɔ Miilaŋ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1962 nɛ wayɩ wayɩ tɛtʊ lɛ, Alizee tɛtʊ, Alizeerii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2005.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa yaa komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊlɛ, pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ. Payaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se.
Satirini

Satirini (kɩɖaʊ: ) kɛna wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga looɖo ŋga wɩsɩ posinau taa nɛ tɩyɩŋga ŋga yɔ naalɛ ŋga palɩka nɛ yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ nɛ paɣlɩka taa ɖɔɖɔ. 

Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛ-ɛsɩnda kɔyɔ wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga ŋga payaɣ se Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ. Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Satirini kanɛ paanaɣ-kɛ nɛ ɛsɛ anɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa ɖooo tataa cɩnɛ ɛzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔ ɛlɛñɩnɩyaa nakɛ ɖooo ɖeɖe tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ kɔŋ. 

Wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga kanɛ, roma mba sɔdɩŋ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩtʊ taa lɛ payaɣ-kɛ se tiitani Kronosi nɛ pɩlɩna Krɛɛkɩ mba mʊya tɔm taa hɩla wena pɛcɛlaɣ mbʊ pɩpaɣlaɣ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ. 

Satirini tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kapaɣla sɩŋŋŋ ɛzɩ Siipitɛɛrɩ, Iirannisi nɛ Nɛptiini. Satirini tɩyɩŋga taa wɛ heɣlimaɣ nikaɣ ŋga ɛzɩ Siipitɛɛrɩ yɔ. Tɩyɩŋga kanɛ kɛ-hɛkʊ taa fawʊ cɩŋga kɩla wɩsɩ cɔɔʊ taŋgalam tɩyɩŋga Tɛtʋ ɛzɩ nakʊ nɛ hɔɔlɩɣ yɔ nɛ tɩɩŋga ŋga ka-taa nɛ iidirozɛnɩ nɛ eliyom. 

Satirini kɩla Tɛtʊ tɩyɩŋga yʊŋ hɩlɩmaɣ ɛzɩ tam 95 yɔ nɛ paɣlɩka taa lɛ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ  tam 900 yɔ. Tɩɩŋga kanɛ kɛwɛna tɩyɩnzɩ kɩmalasɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ sɩ-taa lɛ papɩzaa pana 53. Sɩ-taa sɔsɔɔ kɛ payaɣ se Tiitanɩ.

Heɣlim mbʊ pɩwɛ tɩyɩŋga kanɛ ka-taa yɔ pɩɖɛʊ taa pisɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 1 800 kɛ ñɩɣyʊ kʊɖʊmʊ yɔɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩkɩlɩ kpekpeka kɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ ñɩmbʊ ɛlɛ pɩɩtalɩɣ kpidisiɣ kɛ heɣlim mbʊi pʊbʊ wɛ Nɛptiini taa yɔ.
Satyajit Ray

Satyajit Ray (mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1921 ŋtalɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1992). Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ hendu mayʊ bengali Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Palʊla-ɩ Kalkuta koboyaɣ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, ɛ-caa kɛ takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ keɣsɩ takayasɩ mayʊ bengali (Sukumar Ray), S. Ray la sukuli Presidency college nɛ pʊcɔ ɛsʊʊ Visva-Bharati, sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa, ŋgʊ Rabindranath Tagore kaatʊla Santiniketan tɛtʊ taa yɔ.

Cejewiye kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlɩɣ se Satyajit Ray talɩɣ ɛzɩ kpaɖɩŋ hiu mbʊ yɔ. Upendrakishore Raychowdhury, Ray cɔzɔ kaakɛ takayasɩ mayʊ nɛ takayasɩ taa kɛlɛmɩŋ lɩzɩyʊ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ takayasɩ lɩzɩyʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ. Ɛɛkɛ awiya taa wiyaʊ nɔyʊ Brahmo Samaj tɛtʊ taa, pɩɩkɛ Krɩstʊ ñɩma tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa mba palʊba lɛzɩtʊ kɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ Bengale yɔ. 

Ray, palʊla-ɩ Kalikuta, Sukumar nɛ Suprabha Ray palʊlana-ɩ. Ɛ-caa sɩba lɛ, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ natozo mbʊ yɔ nɛ hɔʊ cɛyɩ kɩ-tɩ mbʊ pazɩ Suprabha kaawɛna yɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, Ray la tɔsʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ Presidency Cɔlɛgɩ sukuli taa kɛ Kalikuta tɛtʊ taa, paa ɛ-liu sɔɔlɩm ewokina-ɩ nɛ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa tʊma yɔɔ kɔyɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 194à alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, e-ɖoo seɣti-ɩ se ɛla sukuli kɛ Visva-Bharati sukuli ŋgʊ Rabindrabath Tagore kaatʊla Santiniketan tɛtʊ taa yɔ. Ray etisi se ɛɖɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛsɔɔlɩ Kalikuta tɛtʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ lɛ, ɛ-pɩjatʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ yɔ se ɛnʊ wɛ lɔŋ camɩyɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa kɛ Santiniketan tɛtʊ taa. 
	
Ray kʊyɩ Santiniketan pɩnaɣ 1943, nɛ pʊcɔ ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli tʊmɩyɛ pɩnzɩ kɩgbanzɩ taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Kalitkuta ɖenɖe pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ takayasɩ kɩsʊsasɩ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa Piritaniiki tɛtʊ taa, D.J.Keymer. Pamʊ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛzɩ junior visualiser (pʊtɔbʊʊ se lɩzɩyʊ cikpelu) nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ liidiye nɖɩ payaɣ roupii yɔ kɛ roupii naa 80 fenaɣ sɩkɩ lɛ. 

Nɛ ɛzɩma nesi tɛ keɖeɣa tʊmɩyɛ kɛdɩna Ray pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ mbʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ taa palakaɣ-ɩ camɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, pʊkɔna kɔkɔɖɛ naɖɩyɛ Piritaniiki ɛyaa nɛ Ɛndɩ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa (pɛhɛyaɣ kajalaɣ ñɩma ɖeu), nɛ Ray tɔŋ se pɩjama pɛ-kɩyakʊ laɖaa sakɩyɛ. Pʊkɔma ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1943 taa lɛ, pamʊ Ray tʊmɩyɛ Signet Press tʊmɩyɛ taa, pɩɩkɛ takayasɩ lɩzʊʊ ɖɩɣa kɩfala nakayɛ ŋga D.K. Gupta kaatʊla yɔ.
Sakɩsofonɩ

Sakɩsofonɩ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩ-hʋlʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ. Kɩwɛ ɖasɩ hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa Adolphe Sax lɩsaɣna-kʋ, ɛkɛ Pɛliziki tʋ. Fransɩɩ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa ndʋ paya-tʋ size Paarii yɔ, tɩ-taa kɛ pɛcɛlɛyɩ yaa ɛmʋ sɩmtʋ takayaɣ kɛ evemiye 21 n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1846 taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩtɔpɔzɩ size pamazɩnayɩ yaa pamazɩ size ɛwɛzɩɩ saxhorn yɔ.

Mbʋ yɔ, ɛlɛ wɛ mba palakɩ wɛ nɛ kuwiviɖi yɔ pɔ-hɔʋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɖa-caa kʋɖʋm weyi ɖɩtɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɩlɩɣ size Adolphe Sax yɔ ɛlɩza kʋ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ. Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ( laiton) kɛnɛ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩɖeke koŋ palakɩna-kʋ. Pabɩzɩɣ pala-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kuwiviɖi, yaa liidiye, yaa wonuu ŋgʋ pabɩzɩɣ pɛmɛɛdɩ yɔ, yaa sika liidiye pɔɔyaɣ.

Sakɩsofonɩ kʋnɛ, kʋ-tɔnʋʋ yaa kɩ-labɩnaʋ wonuu wɛna hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo. Sakɩsofonɩ ŋgʋ, ɖɩtɛma tɩlɩɣ size palaba-kʋ nɛ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton). Kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ naadozo ɛnʋ, patʋlayɩ pɔŋ yaa pataaɖɩɩ kɩtaaɖɩŋ kɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ lɛɛtɔŋ (laiton) kʋnɛ kʋ-yɔ.

Kɩ-yɔ kɩlabɩm naadozo mbʋ yɔ: kɔɔrɩ koniki (conique), nɛ kɩ-kpekeduu, nɛ pɩtasɩna kɩ-suluu ŋgʋ kʋ-ɖʋkʋʋ yaa kɩ-kpɩtɩna lɛɛba mba panaalɛ yɔ. Soo nimaɣ lakɩna nɛ wilitu yaa tilitu lɩɩ camɩyɛ kɛ ka-n̄amsʋʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.