open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stonehenge

*Stonehenge* kɛna Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ cee wayɩ tɔm wonuu kʋtɔzʋtʋ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɛ pɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ yɔ. Kumoɖe ɖɩnɛ, ɖikpeeluu ɖɩ-taa matʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ tʋwɛ kuluŋgulu tɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ.

Pama kumoɖe nɖɩ pɩgbaʋ hɛkʋ -2800 nɛ -1100 mbʋ yɔ alɩwaatʋ taa. Pɩɩkɛ pʋɖɔŋzɩ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ wɛɛ matʋ taa.

Nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛna Amesbury egeetiye. Amesbury egeetiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩna kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge pɛ-hɛkʋ taa mɛtɛ waa talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛtɛ waa nanaaza (4) mbʋ yɔ.

Amesbury kɛna ajɛɛ anɛyɔ: Wiltshire, nɛ pɩtasɩna Angletɛrɩ pɛ-ŋgbɛyɛ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge tɛtʋ tɩŋgɛ nɛ cromlech Avebury tɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛna ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛ waa ɛzɩ hiŋ naanaza mbɩ yɔ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ. Pama pahɩla ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋa UNESCO tɔsʋʋ kozaɣ takayaɣ taa.

Pɛkpɛnda payɩ lɛ, payaɣ takayaɣ n̄ʋʋ toi size Stonehenge, Avebury nɛ ŋgbɛyɛ tɛtʋ ɖɩgbɛndɩyɛ. Paa pɩnaɣ ŋga, samaɣ ŋga kowoki yɔ kɔn̄ɔtʋna talɩɣ ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ kʋɖʋmʋ mbɩ yɔ. Kumoɖe sɔsɔyɛ Stonehenge ɖɩnɛ paasɩma-ɖɩ hooo hooo hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa.
Su

Su wɛna keŋ nɛ nangbanzɩ naalɛ. Su wɛ sʊmasɩ tiiye taa nɛ ɛkʊyʊ ɛsɔtaa. Afrika taa ɛlɩnaa. Suŋ hʊndʊ wɛ ntɩ ntɩ. Nɩɩyɛ kɛ kɩkpɛdɩŋ, lɛɛŋ kɛ kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ. Nɩɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ yaa mɛɖʊ mɛɖʊ. Su ñʊʊtaa hʊndʊ wɛ kpɛmlɛɛɛ. Su tɔkɩ tɩŋ pe, ñɩtʊ nɛ tɩ-pe, ataanikasɩ, ŋgbam, kayɩmasɩ nɛ ajaɣkoŋgonaa. Ɖɩɣa sʊŋ wɛɛ nɛ awayɩ ñɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ wɛ. Papɩzɩɣ pakpaɣ ɛ-hʊndʊ nɛ pasandɩna pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩkɛ acana pʊyʊ. Su ɖʊʊ hala kʊɖʊʊ nɛ ɛpabɩ a-yɔɔ nɛ sʊʊsɩ kɔɔvnɛ sɩlɩɩ fenaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ wayɩ. Su nandʊ wɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ.

Kacalaɣ su weyi pɛlɛɣ-ɩ ɖɔʊ yɔ, ɛɛmala ɖɩɣa camɩyɛ, ɛlɛ ɛɛsɔʊ tɩŋ kpaʊ yɔɔ. Su sɔɔla tɩŋ yɔɔ sʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pakpaɣ-ɩ yem yem. Afrika taa kɛ Kresi ñɩma ne Room mba pakpaɣna-ɩ nɛ powona-ɩ padɛ. Powona-ɩ nɛ papazɩ-ɩ pa-sɩɩna laʊ. Papaza-ɩ ɖɔʊ mbʊ lɛ paya-ɩ se “Ɛndɩ Kelimiye”. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ papaaza-ɩ laʊ lɛ, pɛlɛɛzɩ nɛ papɩsɩna se “Pharaon Kelimiye”. Pʊwayɩ keŋŋŋ lɛ Poritɩgaalɩ kpɩyʊ sayʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ kpaɣ-ɩ Afrika taa nɛ ewonayɩ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛtʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se “su”. Pinzɩ mɩnɩŋ XV taa kɛ papazɩ ɖɔʊ suŋ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa kɛ pana se kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ kɩlɩʊ na suŋ ɖɔʊ.
Suluku kpɛyaɣ

Suluku kpɛyaɣ kɛna nʋmɔʋ sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ tʋɖʋɖʋ yɔ. Kɩ-kɛna habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tʋʋza siŋŋ yɔ. Lɔɔɖaa wena a-ɖɔŋ habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔ yɔ, ɖɩɖaɣla pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ naʋ. Pɩtɛ lɔɔɖaa ana payayɛ size suluku. Suluku kpɛyaɣ kɛ habɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩfɛyɩna kʋlʋmɩŋ yɔ. Pɩtɛ habɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖi-tkoti kpoyi.

Suluku ŋgʋ kɩ-taa peeɖe kɛ pɛkɛyʋ nʋmɔ woɖaa nɛ powondunaa ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Suluku kpɛyaɣ wɛna tigiɖe tʋma kpam fefere n̄ɩna. Suluku kʋnɛ kɩwɛna kulukulu pɔbɔla kɩ-tɛɛ nɛ pɔbɔla ana, awɛ n̄ɩyasɩ tɩyɛ. Suluku kpɛyaɣ yɔ sayʋ saɣna lɔɔɖa ana. Suluku kpɛyaɣ fɛyɩ paa hɛkʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛzɩ haba cikpena lɛɛna yɔ.

Tɔm piye suluku kpɛyaɣ «chemin de fer» tɔbʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛ size kpɛm tʋma kɩlaba nɛ panama Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "sociétés exploitantes". Ɛlɛ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ lɛ, sakɩyɛ yaa suluku kpɛyaɣ ŋga size ŋgbɛ nɛ fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ size "compagnies". Mba palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ kɛ suluku kpɛyaɣ yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ size suluku kpɛyaɣ yɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ laɖʋ nɛ tobi fr ansɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size « cheminots ».
Suluu kʊnʊŋ

Suluu kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ, *isiZulu*, kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ nɛ ŋguni ɖɩɣa taa yɔ. kɩ-ta peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ Xhona nɛ Ndebele nɛ pantuu waa kʊnʊmɩŋ. Kɩ-kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩnɩyaa ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ yɔ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ yɔ.

   
Suluu kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa nakʊ yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ, pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ lɛ, hɩŋ nakʊ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ wɛ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ. Suluu kʊnʊŋ kɛna kɩwabɩɣ Kwazulu-Natal ajɛyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ walʊʊ Mpumalanga nɛ Gauteng ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Suluu kʊnʊŋ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ. Kɩpɩsɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ hiʊ nɛ kʊyɔm weyi ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊmɩŋ mɩzasɩ tɛyʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ yɔ.     

Suluu ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ wɛ sɔnɔ Tanzani egetiye taa kɛnɛ. Pɛdɛ wɛʊ Afrika nɛ haɖɛ wɩlɩɣ se ɖooo kpaɖʊ hiu nɛ naanza ŋgʊ taa pɔkɔma. Ɖɔɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ, Suluu kɛ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɔɣ-kʊ kɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ nɔɔ nɛ naŋgbaŋgʊʊ yɔ pɔcɔ Eerɔpʋ tɔm kɩɖeɖetʊ heyiya talɩ. Mba mana kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɛ latɛŋ matʊ taa.

Kɔnaɣ takayaɣ ŋga kata pama suluu tɔm kɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm lɩzɩɣ takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa, kalɩɣ pɩnaɣ 1883. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1901 lɛ, John Dube ɛkɛ Suluu tʊ, ɛlɩzɩɣ Ohlange Institute (en), pɩkɛ kajalaɣ sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-ta pawɩlaɣ Afrika nɛ Haɖɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm.
     
John Dube kɛ ɖɔɖɔ Insila kaChaka (1933), kajalaɣ ɖɔmɩŋ nzulumɩyɛ taa takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ŋga pamana Suluu taa yɔ. Suluu mayʊ kajalaɣ ñɩnɩɣ lɛɛlʊ ʊnʊ lɛ, Reginald Dhlomo ɛlɛ ñakɛ canaʊ ɖɔmɩŋ takayasɩɣ kɩkalɩsɩɣ sakɩyɛ nzɩ sɩyɔdʊ Suluu ɛjaɖɛ taa awiya tɔm yɔ tɛ mayʊ kpaɖʊ hiu nɛ nakʊ taa.
Sumaɣ

Sumaɣ kɛ Ɛsɔ wonuu kɩlɩzʊʊ nakʊyʊ. Kɛwɛnɩ keŋ yaa keliŋ nɛ kakʊyʊʊ ɛsɔdaa. Ɛgbamɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ se sumaɣ; sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaa se sumasɩ. Sumasɩ wɛnɩ mbʊ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se vertèbres yɔ. Siɣyebɔʋ taa mɔɔ payaɣ mbʋ. Sumasɩ wɛ tetrapoodiwaa pɩlɩʊ taa, pɩ-tɔbʋʋ se pɛwɛna pilinza naanza naanza. Pilinzi sɩnzɩ, sɩkpalaɣ ɖama'a naalɛ naalɛ. Sumasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem. Sɩ-pɩlɩŋ talɩ ɛzɩ kudokuŋ hiu (10 000) mbʊ yɔ. Sumasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna pa-hʊndʊ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Sɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩɩna pe-keliŋ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ. Sɩtɛ sɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna sɩ-wɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ cɔlɔ. Sumasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩɩna ɖɔɖɔ sɩ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ nɛ sɩ-tɔɔnasɩ pɔ-cɔlɔ. Ɛlɛ, paa mbʊʊ yɔ, nabʊyʊ yebina nɛ payaa sɩ-tɩŋa payɩ se sumasɩ. Mbʊ piyeba nɛ payaa sɩ-tɩŋa payɩ se sumasɩ yɔ, mbʊʊ lɛ se sɩwɛna sɩ-tɩŋa keliŋ nɛ si-keliŋ ɩnʊ ɛhaɣna-sɩ waɖɛ se sɩpɩzɩ sɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa. Ɛsɔ wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, sumaɣ ɖeke pɩzɩɣna nɛ kakʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa.

Sumaɣ wɛna njʊyɛ, kɛwɛna keliŋ naalɛ, kɛwɛɛna nangbanzɩ naalɛ nɛ suwa. Sumaɣ ɖʊʊ hala, kapabɩ a-yɔɔ nɛ pʊcɔ alɛ tesi, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pʊcɔ sumaɣ pɩɣa lɩɩna yaɖɛ taa. Sumasɩ ɛɛsʊʊ ɖɩsɩ, ñɩtʊ taa nɛ tɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ lakɩŋ cikpeŋ nɛ sɔsɔŋ taa sɩsʊʊ. Paa mbʊ yɔ, sɔnɔ, ɛyʊ pɩsɩ sumasɩ cikpesi nasɩyɛ ɖɩɣa sumasɩ. Toovenum lɛ, sumasɩ nasɩyɛ sʊʊ sɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɖɩsɩ sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ taa. Sɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ sumasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se keŋkenaa yɔ. Ñɩnɩyaa mba pañɩnʊʊ sumasɩ wɛtʊ nɛ ɛzɩma mbʊ sɩwɛɛ yɔ payaɣ se ɔrinitolɔɔkɩ waa.
Suuye

Suuye kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋ. Palabɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tɩʋ tiku yaa kiɖe nɛ papaɣ kʋyɔ kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ. Pasaɣ tɩʋ tiku pɔʋ kʋ-n̄ʋyɔ nɛ pɔʋ kɩ-tɛɛ. Nɛ piyele pʋwɛ ɛzɩ pɔbɔɖɛ yɔ. Pɔŋ ɛnʋ pohuzi ɛ-yɔ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ. Pamakɩ suuna ana nɛ nandakasɩ nee yaa ɖaŋ weyi paalabana size pamabɩnɛyɩ yɔ.

Pi-n̄amasʋʋ n̄am-n̄am kɛ tɔnʋʋ yɔ pamakɩ lɛ, kɛ tɩʋ tiku lakɩ nɛ tilu tɩ pazɩɣ. Nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, suuye wiluu yaa kɩ-tiluu n̄ɔɔzɩtʋ lɩɣna suuye tɔnʋ n̄ɩlɩm n̄ɩŋgʋ cɔlɔ yaa kpɩnɛ lotuu ndʋ ɖɩzɩma yɔ tɩ-cɔlɔ. Suuye wɛɛ yaa pamakɩ-ɖɩ sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa kɛ ɖe-kedeŋa kanɛ yɔ ka-taa.

Minziiki wonuu suuye n̄ɩnɖɛ ɖɩnɛ, kɔɔnɔɔ taa pombo lɛ, wonuu kɩmabʋ kʋnɛ kɩlɩ pɩnaɣ 6000 taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Suuna wena paɣtʋ haɣ yɛ nʋmɔʋ size pama ana nɛ yɔ, Egipiti mba lubina n̄ɛ. Ɖɩna ɖɔɖɔ suuna hɔlasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kɩpɩŋ kɛ pɩlaŋ sakɩyɛ taa kɛ kpaɖʋ 9 taa pɩcɔ palʋlʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, suuna ana alɩ kpaɖʋ 11 taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋ yesu krɩstʋ.

Tɔm biye suuye wɛ ɖɔɖɔ (merafonɩ) meranophones waa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Suuna wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩcɛlɩna awɛtʋ ɖeɖe yaa a-tɩŋ tikɩŋ ɖeɖe. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ pazakɩ n̄ɩyʋ yaa caɖa, yaa (sabliye) sablier, yaa ɖasɩ kɔŋ kɔŋ. Pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ mbɩyɔ kɛ yaʋʋ ɖeɖe, yaa tiituu ɖeɖe, yaa pʋyʋʋ.
Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ

Suwahilii kʊnʊmɩŋ kɛ Afrika Wɩsɩ ɖʊɖʊyɛ ɛyaa mba ɖɩyaɣ se Pantʊ waa yɔ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ tɔmpe taa nɩɣʊ kʊyʊmʊ mbʊ piyeki nɛ kɩnɩyaa nɩɣ ɖama tɔm ndɩ ndɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ agbeela taa yɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-tɛ ɖama tɛ nɩɣ wɛ kʊyʊmʊm kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ.

  
Kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛnɩ ɛ-ta lɛ, ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ nɛ kɩ-kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ, kiSiwahilii. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ yɔɔdʊʊ Afrika kedeŋga yɔɔ. kiSiwahilii kʊnʊŋ kɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ Afrika Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa egeetiye kɩ-walɩyɛ naɖɩ taa. Kɩ-kɛ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ ajɛyɛ a-nɛ a-ta Keniya nɛ Ugandaa nɛ kɩ-kɛ Tanzani ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ.
 
Malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ taa mba mba pɛkɛ tadɩyɛ laɖa kedeŋga kpɛŋga yɔ yɔ yɛlɩɩna Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ nɛ kedeŋga taa kɩŋ, kpaɣ tadɩyɛ lona tɩŋga payi yɔ Yoma lona taa payi ɖenɖe kɩ-pɩsa ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ yɔ. Kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kɩ-pɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ tɛ wɛʊ taa nɛ Keniya nɛ Tanzaani ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ wena lɩm cɔɔ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Kpaɣ kpaɖʊ 14 nɛ kpaɖʊ 17 hɛkʊ taa lɛ, Suwahilii yɔɔdɔɔsɩ sakɩyɛ kpaɣ Pɔrɩtɩgɛɛ kʊnʊŋ tɔmpe. Kʊnʊmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ʊnʊ yɔ fɛyi kedeŋga ɖoŋ ɛzɩ lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ ɛlɛ, palakɩnɛ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔ.

Kpaɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ labɩnaʊ wala pʊsʊ kedeŋga nɛ ka-taa kɩŋ yɔ. Kpaɣ Uganda nɛ Ruwandaa nɛ Purundi nɛ sɔnɔ Kɔŋgo Kinsasa ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Santrafriki. Ɛsɔ tɔm yɛlɩnɩyaa lakɩna-kʊ tʊmɩyɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm susu nɔmɔʊ taa. Suwahilii kʊnʊŋ wɛna masɩ nɛ matʊ ɖooo kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ. Kiɖe tɛ lɛ, Arabɩ masɩ nɛ, ɖooo kpaɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ tɛmtʊ taa lɛ, Latɛŋ masɩ.
Eswatini

**Eswatini** kɛna Afrika nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛna kʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Afrika Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Mozambiki ayajɛ hɛkʊ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena atatɩɩwalɩɣ yɔ a-taa. Kpaɣna hayi pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna hadɛ payɩ mbʊ yɔ pɩdɛɖɛɛ kilomɛtanaa 200 nɛ pɩkpaɣna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ piholo pɩsɩɩna xɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ mbʊ yɔ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 130 mbʊ yɔ. Hɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kɛ pʊŋ maɣza wɛʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ, pɩmaɣza wɛʊ landammm.

Lʊŋɩyɛ taa wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nikaɣ wɛɛ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kpem lɛ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdɩɣ, soŋgaɣ wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ wisɩ hohowu pɩzɩɣ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ 400C yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yolim taa tɛʊ tɔŋ se kɩnɩɣ lɛ kɩnɩʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ pʊsʊʊ tɛtʊ nɛ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa naalɛ mbʊ yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Suwazilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Sisuwazi nɛ Aŋgilisi kɛlɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ.

Suwazilandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kpɛdɩ kutokiŋ 95 nɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Mbabanɩ. Ɖooo lɛ Piritaniki ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣ nɛ Suwazilandɩ nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1968 lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Peeɖɛ awiya kandɩɣna ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ payaɣ ɖɩ-wiyao se Mswati III.
Sudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ

Sudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ.

Ajɛya wena acɔ Sudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: Sudaanɩ Hayi Kiŋ, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Etiyoopi, hadɛ kiŋ lɛ ajɛya naatozo: Keniiya, Ugandaa nɛ Kɔŋgo Kinsasa piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Sentiraafriki ɛjaɖɛ. 

Sudaanɩ Hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa  pɔsɩ nasɩyɛ tɩŋuna nɛ sɩ-lɩm haɣ -ɖɩ mʊzʊŋ; ɛzɩ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Niili Kɩhlʊmʊʊ pɔɔ yɔ.     

Aloma fenaɣ naalɛ wiye  pɩnaɣ 2015 taa Suudanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ Salva Kiir maɣza ɛ-ñʊʊta sɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛtɔ se pʊwɛɛ se pɛtɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɛzɩ tindima 28 pɩtaakɛ hiu ɖeke mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, nabayɛ wɛɛ nɛ paahikiɣ mbʊ pʊpɔzaa yɔ. Ɛɛsɔɔla se paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩwɛɛna ɖɔŋ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ kɩ-sɩndaa wobu nɔmɔʊ taa.

Ɛlɛ ɛ-lɩmazɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩtacaɣna nabɩyɛ, pɩkɩlɩna kewiyaɣ tɛɛ cayʊʊ kɩpɩnʊ Riek Machar. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ mba pakaɖaɣ nɛ kewiyaɣ nɛ pɛkɛ ɛtɛlɛm waa yɔ pɩɩwɛɛ se pakpakɩɣ Suudanɩ hɔɔlɩɣʊ sɔsɔʊ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ. 

Pʊcɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊʊ ɖɩ-tɩ wɛʊ kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ nakʊ pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ kaatɛma-ɖɩ sɩm mbʊ kɩyakʊ litoozo wiye fenaɣ kʊɖʊɣ ŋga nɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga. Kpɩtaʊ kʊɖumʊʊ wayɩ lɛ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 14 pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ, paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊtʊ weyi payaɣ se Joseph Deiss yɔ, ɛyɔɔdɩ kaɣlaa se Suudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ 193 ñɩnɖɛ kɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU ŋgbeye yɔ.
Sudaanɩ

Suudanɩ kɛna Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ajɛya wena acɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ata yɔ ana yɔ: hayi kiŋ lɛ Liibii nɛ Egipiti, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Tengu Kɩsɛɛmʋʋ, Eeriitree nɛ Etiyɔɔpii ajɛya, piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Santirafriki nɛ Caadɩ, pɩkazɩ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Sudaanɩ Hadɛ Kiŋ.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Araabɩ pielen Englɩsɩɩ lɛ pɩnaɣ 2005 taa kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsa ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ lɛɛlɛ komina tʊma taa kaɣlɛyɩtʊ yɔ.
Suwiisi

Suwiisi kɛna Erɔpi nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Nabɛyɛ  tɔŋ se ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ cantɔŋnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ looɖo kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ. Suwiisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Bɛɛrɩnɩ nɛ nabɛyɛ yaɣ-ɖɩ se Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɩkpɛndɩɣ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖ,i-ɩhadɛ kiŋ lɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ; hayi kɩŋ ñɛwɛna peeɖe. 

Teŋu nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ Suuwiisi cɔlɔ kpam ɛlɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se Rɛŋ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖihiku teŋu lɩm. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩxalanzɩ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ 41 285 km2 mbʊ yɔ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa ɖɛ miliyɔɔnaa kitoozo nɛ pʊŋ taa kɛ eyaa kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɔŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ Suurisɩ nɛ Zeenɛɛvɩ. Tɛtʊ natʊlɛ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛsɩntaa wobu nɛ tɔsʊʊ kɩlɩ wɛʊ nɛ ketŋa kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɩkɛ tetʊ sɔsɔtʊ kpem ɖɔɖɔ.

Suwiisi taa ajɛya cikpena naayɛ kaawɛ cabɩ cabɩ nɛ atɩŋa anɩɩna ɖama nɛ akpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ awɛɛ kewiyaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ tɛɛ. Kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖooo kɩyɛna fenaɣ kacalaɣ pɩnaɣ 1291 nɛ paa kɩyɛna fenaɣ ŋga lɛ, pɩkɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kasandʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ paafɛyɩna politiki yaa sɔɔjɛtʊ tɔm nɛ pɩnaɣ 2002 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩsʊʊ keteŋga kpeekpe ajɛyaa kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se ONU yɔ ɖɩ-taa.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɛ Krʊwaa-Ruuzi ñɔɔ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Suwiisi yɔ ɛnʊ yɔ: Caama, Fransɩ, Itaalii nɛ Romansɩ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ niitozo kɛna weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ sukulinaa taa yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se Roomansɩ ɖeke fɛyɩna pɩ-taa. Kedeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ kɛna naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ kɛ ɖenɖe ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ kpadɩyʊʊ yɔ. Ɛsɩyɛ ekpena nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ labʊ. Keɖeŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Suuriisi nɛ Senɛɛvɩ tɛtʊ wɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ keɖewa yɔ tɩ-taa.
Suɛz Hɛŋa

Suɛz hɛŋa wɛ Egypti tɛtʊ taa. Ka-ɖaalakɩŋ taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 193,3 nɛ toboyu taa lɛ, pɩmaɣna mɛtanaa 280 yaa 345. Lɩŋgʊ taa lɛ, pimaɣna mɛtanaa 22,5. Hɛŋa ŋga kataŋna Port-Saïd nɛ Méditerranée teŋgu. Hɛŋa ŋga kɛtɛziɣ lɩŋgamɩŋ niitozo.

Pɛhɛ hɛŋa ŋga kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1859 nɛ 1869. Bourse de Paarii ñaɣna pana nɛ pabɩ liidiye sakɩyɛ nɛ sʊkʊlɩ laɖʊ sɔsɔ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Ferdinand de Lesseps yɔ, ɛnʊ cɔŋgaɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Hɛŋa ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ kɛ nʊmɔʊ wɛ tobi Europe nɛ Asia pɛhɛkʊ taa. Pɩtatasɩ kɛʊ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛyʊ ɛtɔ se ɛcɔʊ Afrika kpɛɛɛ nɛ pʊcɔɛtalɩ Europe yaa Asia. Ɖooo lɛ ‘‘Cap de Bonne Espérance’’ ɖeke patɩŋgaɣna. Pɩcɔ nɛ pɛhɛʊ hɛŋa ŋga 1869 lɛ, patiŋgaɣna tadɩyɛ wondu kɛ tataa nʊmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Mediteranee teŋgu Kɩsɛɛmʊ yɔ. 

Aloma fenaɣ 29 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1888 kɛ Constantinople paɣtʊ lɩzɩya paɣ opaɣtʊ se ‘‘Suɛzɩ heŋa ŋga, kɛwɛ yem yɔbɩ. Nɔɔyʊ ɛtaatɔ se ɛwɛna ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ kɔ-yɔɔ. Pɩha paa anɩ ɛwɛna waɖɛ se ɛtɛzɩ-kɛ ɛzɩma ɛsɔɔla yɔ; paa you alɩwatʊ taa yaa laŋhɛzɩyɛ alɩwatʊ. Pataacɔna ɛyʊ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛɛka nɛ pɔtɔ; se pʊ-yɔɔ’’. 

Hɛŋa ŋga kɛkɛ ‘‘Sues Canal Autority’’ ñɩŋga; mba tɩna kañɩm nɛ mba cɔŋna ɖɔɖɔɔ kɔ-yɔɔ.

Kɩyɛna fenaɣ nʊwa ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 2014 kɛ Egypti mba tɔma se peliu wɛɛ se patasɩ hɛŋa ŋga hʊyʊʊ nɛ katɩŋna kɩpɩnaɣ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ.
Sidinee tɛ Opera

Sidinee tɛ Opera kɛna Sidinee tɛtʋ taa tɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ. Nɛ pahaɣ-kʋ hɩɖɛ yaa payaɣ-kʋ nɛ Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size *Sydney Opera House*. Kɩwɛ Ositraalii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ Sidinee tɛtʋ taa. Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna kuduyuu ŋgʋ pasɩma-kʋ siŋŋ yɔ. Kɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa, nɛ patɩlɩ-kʋ poliŋ taa.

Kpaɖʋ 20 taa mbɩ yɔ lɛ, kuduyuu sɔsɔ kʋnɛ, kɩɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kuduyuu ŋgʋ pasaŋga-kʋ siŋŋ yɔ lɛɛŋ taa. Ɛsɩma pama-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, wɩlaɣ size kɩɩkɛ lɛɣtʋ matʋ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Pama-kʋ nɛ hʋnʋm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ size, mba pama-kʋ yɔ, pama-kʋ nɛ taa leleŋ siŋŋ.

Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-matʋ keɣkeɣ kɛna lalaa ɛzɩ pɛkɛdɩna-kʋ nɛ kɛdɛɛka nɛ lalaa lɛ sulukaɣ pɔɔyʋʋ. Nɛ mazɩm siŋŋ mbʋ pɩwazaa nɛ pamana kuduyuu kʋnɛ yɔ, pɩlɩna ɖajaa sɔsɔ Jorn Utzon lɛɣtʋ yɔɔ. Sidinee tɛ Opera kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ mɛlɛnaa ɖɩsɩŋɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Lone keɣkeɣ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa kɩwɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣ size Bennelong Point.

Kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ ŋgʋ, ɖɩ-cɔnaɣ kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size laʋ yaa tɩŋ pɩlʋʋ nakʋyʋ cɔ-ɩ nɛ kɩtam nayɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Nɛ Sidinee tɛ kondoloko kʋnɛ, papɩsɩɣ pɛkɩdɩ yaa pamazɩ-kʋ nɛ kolaɣ yaa tɔʋ wɛtʋ. Pama kondoloko ŋgʋ kʋ-n̄ʋʋ yɔɔ matʋ natʋtʋ kotaaɣ.

Ositirali ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɩndaa taa kɛlɛʋ yem lɛ, nɛ Sidinee tɛtʋ kɔyɔ, ŋna size Opera kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɛna po-kumoɖe. Sidinee tɛ Opera kʋnɛ, kɩpɩsaɣ lɛɛlɛɛ yɔ yaa sɔnɔ taa kɛ, lone nɖɩ ɛsɩyɛ kpena yaa woki nɛ mana waa sɔlaɣ siŋŋ yɔ kpem kɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɩwɛ yɔ. Sidinee tɛ Opera kʋnɛ, kʋmʋʋ agɔma sakɩyɛ mba pɔjɔʋ kpɛɛ nɛ patalɩɣ peeɖe yɔ. Kʋmʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ, keɖeyaɣ wondu tʋma laɖaa.
Ahmed Sékou Touré

Palʋla Ahmed Sékou Touré kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1922 Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa, Faranah tɛtʋ taa. Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1958 ñɩŋa taa Kinee ɛjaɖɛ lɩ yomiye taa nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1984 lɛ Touré kɛŋna Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛnʋ lɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ.

## Ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩjatʋ
Touré kɛ Mandingue waa cejewiye taa tʋ. Payaɣ e-ɖoo ɖoo se Bagbè Ramata Touré-Fadiga. E-neze ɛnʋ, ɛlɛ kɛ abalʋ weyi payaɣ se Almamy Samory Touré yɔ, ɛ-pɛlɔ nɔɔyʋ. Palʋla e-neze caa ɛnʋ pɩnaɣ 1830 nɛ ɛsɩ pɩnaɣ 1900 ñɩŋa taa.

Touré neze caa kalʋba siŋŋ se Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛkaɖɩna Fransɩɩ waa siŋŋ. Ɛtalʋkɩ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ɖeke, ɛlɛ, ɛlʋkaɣ se ajɛya tɩŋa wena awɛ Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, a-tɩŋa payɩ alɩɩ yomiye taa nɛ awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ kpem. Ɛlʋba siŋŋ nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-ɖɩkpayɛ wiye pɩnaɣ 1898 ñɩŋa taa.
Abalʋ weyi payaɣ se Alpha yɔ, ɛnʋ lʋlɩna Touré. Piyele nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Aminata Touré. Touré kpɛlɛka malɩŋ Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm siŋŋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛlaba malɩŋ sukuli. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩɩ waa sukuli. Touré mʋ hɛkʋ taa sukuli takayaɣ lɛ, ɛsʋʋ Konakrii tɛtʋ taa lycée ńgʋ payaɣ se Georges Poiret yɔ kɩ-taa. Pɔkɔma pɔɖɔɔnɩ-ɩ sukuli ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛtɔma se tɔɔnaɣ ŋga powokaɣna nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ sukuli ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa sukuli piya yɔ, kefɛyɩ ɖeu.

Touré kpɛlɛkɩ ɛ-pɩjatʋ taa lɔŋsɩnɖaa panɛ, Karl Marx nɛ Lenin posukuli. Ɛkɔma ɛkɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ ɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ po-sukuli ŋ́gʋ ɖɔɖɔ.

Pʋcɔ nɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ lɩɣ ɖi-yomiye taa lɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, pʋcɔ nɛ Touré kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, ɛlakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ takayɩsɩ ɖiyekiye ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, ɛlʋba kpem se ɛkɛ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ, ɛlɛ, pʋtɔcɔ. Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, ɛla hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛsʋʋ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ tʋmlaɖaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa, halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa mba palʋkɩ evebiya nɛ pɛlaa pɛ-ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ lʋɖaa taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ.

Touré lʋba kpem halɩ ɛkɔɔ ɛkɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa takayaɣ taa mayʋ sɔsɔ. Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ kɛwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩlʋkɩ siŋŋ se Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ajɛya tɩŋa ɛlɩɩ yomiye taa nɛ awɛɛ a-tɩ yɔɔ. Touré wokaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖi-kidizasɩ taa.

Touré ɖʋ politiki ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1956 taa. Afrɩka nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ ajɛya taa tʋmlaɖaa ɖama kpɛndʋʋ yaa ɖama nɩnaʋ ŋgbɛyɛ ɛɖʋwa. Touré nɛ Félix Houphouët-Boigny pɛkpɛndaɣ palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se RDA yɔ ɖɩ-tʋma ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛlɛ, ɛ nɛ ɛ-taabalʋ Félix Houphouët-Boigny ɛnʋ, pɔkɔma papɩsɩ koyindinaa. Ɛlɛ kɔma ɛpɩsɩ Kootidivwaarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ pɩnaɣ 1960 ñɩŋa taa.

Touré kɔma ɛkɛ Kinee ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa taa tʋ nʋʋyʋ pɩnaɣ 1956 taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɩha-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ lʋbɩnaʋ koyindu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Fransɩɩ waa.

Kinee ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ, Touré wona sɔsaa mʋlʋm lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɩɩlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1984 ñɩŋa taa. Cleveland tɛtʋ taa ɛsɩba.
Sɛŋgapuuri

Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Sɛŋgapuuri. Sɛŋgapuuri kɛ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɩtɛ tɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 719,1 km2. Tɛtʊ ndʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kondigo nɛ pɩta yɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndɩna kpɛm nɛ pɩkɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ. Tɛtʊ lɩm cɔ-m pɩtaa waa ndʊ ndʊ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ pɩkɛ Sɛŋgapuuri yɔ, tɩkpɛndɩ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ hiu nɛ naanza (64).

Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa payɩ lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Pulau Ujong yɔ tɩkɩlɩna walʊʊ. Tɩ-walanzɩ kɛ 584,8 km2. Ɛyaa ɖɔ sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ tɔyɩ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Hɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ tiyebina nɛ pakʊ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ se «kaɖaɣ tɛtʊ».

Azii tɛtʊ tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, tɛtʊ kʊɖʊmtʊ ɖeke kɩlɩna Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ nʊmɔʊ taa.

Azii tɛtʊ taa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se péninsule Malaise yɔ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ wɛɛ. Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ nɛ hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, mbʊ payaɣ se détroit de Johor yɔ mbʊ tɛyɩna tɩ nɛ péninsule Malɛɛzɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri walaa puwolo mbʊ payaɣ se Détroit de Sɛŋgapuuri yɔ, pʊ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Tɔzʊʊ nʊmɔʊ taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ nɛ natʊyʊ paakpɛzɩɣ.

Pɩnaɣ 1965 taa Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ wɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taawɛɛna tɛɛtɛɛ ñɩm sakɩyɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, yoŋ kɛwɛ samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ hɛkɩŋ taa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɔzʊʊ ketiba kpaakʊ wiluu tɩyɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa. Evepiya nɛ pɛlaa patanaɣ tʊma se pala. Ɖʊsʊyɛ taafɛyɩ camɩyɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kuduyiŋ taaɖɔɔ se pɩtalɩ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa tɩŋa. Lɩm ɖɔɖɔ kɛwɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Paa mbʊʊ yɔ, Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ cɛyɩ tɩ-tɩ nɛ tɩkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ajɛya wena akɩlɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa nʊmɔʊ taa yɔ, a-taa lɛɛɖɛ.

Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ yaa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pa-taa lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa samaɣ kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 74,3 kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ nakʊ ñɩŋgʊ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1965 taa Sɛŋgapuuri tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ kizaa se Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ  ɛkpɛndɩ Malɛɛzɩ ñɩnɖɛ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ yoŋ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩma mba pɛwɛ Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, paba sɔɔlaa se Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Malɛɛzɩ ñɩŋɖɛ yɔɔ.

Azii tɛtʊ taa ajɛya naadozo kɩlɩna ɖoŋ nɛ ñɩm Azii tɛtʊ taa ajɛya lɛɛna kpeekpe hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa taa. Pɩnaɣ 1980 taa Sɛŋgapuuri ɛjaɖɛ sɔzɩ ajɛya ɖoŋ ñɩna ana a-yɔɔ nɛ pɩla se ajɛya ɖoŋ ñɩna ana alɩ ajɛya naanza Azii tɛtʊ taa. Ajɛya naanza ana akpacayɩɣna ajɛya lɛɛna wena a-tɔzɩŋ tiba kpidikpidi yɔ Azii tɛtʊ taa. 

Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna, ñɩnɩyaa tazaa nɛ pala akɔnta nɛ patɩlɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʊ kʊɖʊm tɔkɩ mbʊʊ paa evemiye nɖɩ yɔ. Pa-akɔnta labʊ taa lɛ, patɩlaa se Qatar ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣna hiɣu mbʊ pɔtɔɔ evemiye taa yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩna ajɛya tɩŋa. Qatar ɛjaɖɛ wayɩ lɛ, Luxembourg ɛjaɖɛ tɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɖɩɖɩ wayɩ kɔyɔ Sɛŋgapuuri ñɩnɖɛ.
Zɩŋkɩ

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se sɛŋkɩ. Kɩ-kɩlɛmʊʊ yaa ki-kumoɖe lɛ Zn. Kɩ-mayaɣ ñɛkɛ 30. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu sɛŋkɩ wɛ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wonuu ŋgʊ payaɣ se mañɩzɩyɔm yɔ. Sɛŋkɩ mʊʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu ndʊ tɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ sɛŋkɩ yɔ tɩkpɛndɩ 23. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu nɛɛlɛ nɛ naadozo (23) tɩ-wayɩ lɛ, sɛŋkɩ kɩlɩna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ tɔyʊʊ. Sɛŋkɩ taa wondu kagbaanzɩ natʊyʊ wɛɛ, tɩlɩ ɖama ɖeyi ɖeyi. Wondu kagbaanzɩ ndʊ tɩwɛ sɛŋkɩ taa, tiituu, tɩɩkɛʊ lone.

Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛ sɛŋkɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se sɩfaleriti (sphalérite) yɔ, ndʊ kɩlɩna tɔyʊʊ sɛŋkɩ taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ. Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊʊ payaɣ se sɛŋkɩ tɛ silifiiri (sulfure de zinc). Pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋga taa pohuyi sɛŋkɩ pɩtalɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa nasɩlɛ nɛ nɩɩnʊwa (250) kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Sɛŋkɩ tɔɔnɩ waa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, panaɣ tɔɔnɩ waa 21,2 Ositralii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ 16,8 Siini ñɩnɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋga ŋga ka-taa Siini nɛ Peruu nɛ Ositralii pa-ajɛya tasɩ huyuu sɛŋkɩ tɔɔnɩ waa miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ naalɛ (12) nɛ pʊsɔzɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe sɛŋkɩ tɔɔnɩ waa mba pohuyaa yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ. Sɛŋkɩ tɛ tɔɔnɩ waa mba pɔsɔza mbʊ yɔ, pɔ-tɔɔnɩ waa mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ huyi tɔɔnɩ waa 29,2. Peruu ɛjaɖɛ ñohuyi tɔɔnɩ waa 12,7 nɛ Ositralii ɛjaɖɛ ñohuyi tɔɔnɩ waa 12,1.

Zɩŋkɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 30 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Zn. Tomnaɣ yem kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, zɩŋkɩ nɛ mañɩzɩyɔm pakpakɩɣ ɖama alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛmʊ kalɩkɔdaɣ ɛlɩzɩɣ sɔzaɣ nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ +2, nɛ ɛɖalakɩŋ wɛ kɩmaŋ nɛ Mg2+. Ɛkɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanaza tʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa yɔ.

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ e-tomnaɣ yem ñɩŋga ŋga ɖooo hoohoo pɛkpɛndaɣ-kɛ nɛ etɛŋ wonduu mɛfɛyɩ camɩyɛ waa, ɛlɛ pɩsaŋaɣ nɛ palakɩna kuviri nɛ zɩŋkɩ naa kpaagbaa, wɛ luɖaa takayaɣ taa ŋga kɛkɛ Georgius Agricola ñɩŋa yɔ weyi ɛcɔna-ɩ ɛyɔlaa pɩñɔtɩna Silesi tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1546 yɔ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɩwɛʊ Basile Valentin cɩkpɛndʊʊ takayasɩ taa pɩñɔtɩna pɩnzɩ 1650 mbʊ yɔ. Nɛ pɩɩpɔza se pɩnaɣ 1695 alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɔcɔ palɩzɩ pawɩlɩ keelee ɛzɩma palakɩ zɛŋkɩ pɩtɩŋna kɩ-tɛ kaŋwa yɔɔ yɔ.

Zɛŋkɩ tʊmɩyɛ paɣzɩ paɣlʊʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 18 hɛkʊ taa ŋkɔɔ nsɩna pɩnaɣ 1820, ɖenɖe keeke kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ caɣ mbilim yɔ. Kajalaɣ zɛŋkɩ tɛ yɔlʊʊ pɩtɩŋna papasɩɣ zɛŋkɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ kanwa ɛlɛ pɩkɛʊ ɖenɖe helim ɛwɛʊ yɔ, Andreas Margraff sazɩna-tʊ pɩnzɩ 1746 nɛ 1749 hɛkɩŋ taa. Ñɩɣlɩm tʊma tɩna mba pɛkɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛyaa yɔ paɣzɩ ɖʊ nesi siŋ zɛŋkɩ labʊ nɔmɔʊ taa, ɛyaa pa-taa kɔyɔ ɛzɩ William Champion weyi ɛlaba zɛŋkɩ nɛ kuviri yɔ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Jean-Jacques Dony.

Yee Caama tɔmpiye ɛkɛ Zink nɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se zincum, ɖɩnɛlɛ fransɩɩ tɔmpiye lɩna Caama tɛ kɛnɛ. Jean Thévenot tʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛkpaɣdɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-tɛ aseɣɖe nɔmɔŋ wobu pɩnaɣ 1666, ya-ɩ se zinch. Richelet tɔm kpou, ñaña fransɩɩ yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1680, nɛ ɛpɩsɩ-ɖɩ kɛlɛʊ se zin yaa zain.
Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri

**Sɛɛpetɛrsbuuri** kiɖedeu tɛtʊ kɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naalɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 5 222 347. 

Mɔsɩkʊʊ ñɩndʊ wayɩ lɛ, Petɛrɩsɩbuuri kiɖedeu tɛtʊ tɩŋgʊʊna. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Leninigraadɩ taa ɛlɛ tɩwɛ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yeli. 

Petɛrɩsɩbuuri kiɖedeu tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 606 yɔ ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna ageeta wena amalɩna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ yɔ, walanzɩ taa talʊ ɛzɩ kɩlomɛtanaa 1 431 yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɩm kpaɣ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi yɔ ɛtalʊ hiu kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ tʊtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta mbʊ yɔ tɩtalɩɣ 42.


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Sɩm

Palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ ɛcaɣ wezuu. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ feziɣ, ɛtɔkɩ nɛ ɛñɔʊ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛcaɣ wezuu. Yee alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ eyeba fezuu nɛ ɛ-tomnaɣ eeciidiɣ nɛ ɛ-ñamɩyɛ ɛɛñaŋ kɔyɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛsɩba. Kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ palʊlʊʊ ɛyʊ nɛ powolo pɩsɩɩna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛsɩba yɔ payaɣ se wezuu caɣʊ. Wezuu caɣʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛla mbʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ, ɛtɔkɩ nɛ ɛñɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ yeki fezuu, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛ-ñamɩyɛ ɛɛtasɩɣ ñam, ɛ-kalɩzaɣ lɩ e-tomnaɣ taa yɔ pɔtɔŋ se ɛsɩba.
 

Toovenum lɛ, pʊdʊnaa naadozo kpɛndɩna nɛ pɩla ɛyʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛ tam naadozo taa : tomnaɣ, fezuu nɛ ciyam yaa kalɩzaɣ. Ɛsɔ nuuti cʊʊ nɛ ɛmana ɛyʊ nɛ ehosi ɛ-nɔɔŋ tɛɛ nɛ ɛha-ɩ fezuu. Ɛsɔ ma ɛyʊ ɛ-lɛzʊʊ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛna ciyam. Ciyam ŋgʊʊ lalaa yaɣ se kalɩzaɣ. Pʊdʊnaa naadozo mba pɛkpɛndɩna nɛ pacaɣ wezuu. Pʊdʊnaa naadozo mba pa-taa lɛ, tomnaɣ ɖeke panaɣna ɛsa pe. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ fezuu yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛcaɣ wezuu. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ yeki fezuu yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se ɛsɩba. Ciyam lɩɣ tomnaɣ taa nɛ piyele pakpaɣ tomnaɣ pepi nɛ kapɩsɩ mʊzʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ka-mayʊ kɔyɔɔdʊʊ. Ɛlɛ kɔyɔɔdaa se ɛyʊ kɛ mʊzʊʊ nɛ ɛkaɣ pɩsɩʊ mʊzʊʊ. Ciyam lɩɣ tomnaɣ taa mbʊ lɛ, kɩpɩsɩ kɩ-mayʊ cɔlɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ciyam ɛɛsɩkɩ.
Lɛɣtʋ

**Lɛɣtʋ** (Fransɩɩ taa payaɣ se science, Latɛɛ taa ’lɛ scientia, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ) kɛna wembu ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkaa nɛ ɛsɩm-pʋ yɔ, wembu ɛyʋ sɩma se pɩkɛ toovenim, ndɛŋgbɛzaɣ fɛyɩ yɔ. Pɩkpɛndaa pɩkɛna sɩmtʋ, kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ wɛtʋ natʋyʋ taa tazʋʋ. Patazɩɣ se pañɩnɩ nabʋyʋ, tazʋʋ pʋmbʋ, pɩwɛna nɩmaʋ kɩtɩŋgʋʋ lɩŋŋŋ. Nɛ wembu pɔtɔŋ-pʋ se ɛɛɛ yɔ, paa anɩ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtakɩ nɛ ɛna nɛ etisi se toovenim ɛɛɛ.

Wembu mansɩmawaa cejewiye (*communauté savante*), ɖɩnɖɩ kandayɩɣna sɩyansɩwaa yɔɔ, ñɩnɩɣ yɔɔ ’lɛ se sɩyansɩtʋ sɩmtʋ (*connaissances scientifiques*) ɛkɛna wembu ɛyaa ñɩnaa, pakpa petii, pɛlɛlɩ, paɖʋ tozo, nɛ paa anɩ ɛɖʋ pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa ɛlɩɩ sɩmltʋ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ, nɛ paa pɩkakɩlɩ we, weyi ɛɖɔma pʋ-nʋmaʋ taa paa le, ɛkalɩɩ kʋɖʋmatʋ tʋndʋ tʋ-yɔɔ’ɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ nʋmaŋɖɔm nɛ sɩyansɩtʋ tɔm taa wɛtʋ yɔ, paba kɛna sɩmtʋ lʋlʋʋ wembu yɔ, nɛ wembu ɛyaa lakɩna tʋmɩyɛ se pʋlʋlɩ sɩmtʋ yɔ. Wembu pasɩmna-wɛ yɔ kɛna wembu pañɩnɩɣ yɔ. pʋbʋʋ yɔ se pasɩna ɛyaa nɛ panɩɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm pɔ-tɔbʋʋ nɛ pɩsa nɩʋ kɛlɛʋ - pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɩmtʋ wendu tɩlɩɣ yɔ, tɩ nɛ wembu pɩwɛ keekee yɔ, ndɩwɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɛdaawɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. 

Ɛzɩ kpalɩtʋ (*dogmes*) tɔŋgʋʋ se toovenim tɔm ɖɔɖɔ tɩñɩnɩɣ yɔ, sɩyansɩ ñɛfɛyɩ sɔnɔmɛndɛma tɔm taa. Paa ɛzɩmtaa kʋ-tɔm ɛdamaɣ weyi, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɩɣyɩ. Sɩmtʋ maɣmaɣ nɛ ñɩnʋʋ nʋmɔŋɖɔm, ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ enii-wɛ nɛ ɛsɛ nɛ ɛlɛɣzɩ-wɛ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, sɩyansɩwaa ñɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ kedeŋga nɛ kɔ-yɔɔ wɛtʋ, nɛ pana pɩ-taa wembu pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla ceewayɩ yɔ, nɛ pala-pʋ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ wazaɣ nakɛyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Ɛyʋ ɛwɛyɛ taa ɛnaɣ wembu yɔ, pʋmbʋ kpɛzɩɣnɩna sɩyansɩwaa pamba. Sɩmtʋ tʋndʋ tɩkɛna tɛkɩniki ɛsɩndaa wobinaʋ tigiɖe nɛ tɛkɩniki kʋkʋ ñɛwɛɛ wazaɣ sɔsɔa ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.

Ɖoo kiɖe tɛɛ ’lɛ, sɩyansɩ kamalɩna filozofii sɛɛsɛɛ. Dominique Lecourt ma pʋmbʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa se : ñɔkɔyɩnaʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖitamsɩ sɩyansɩwaa nɛ lɩmaɣza labʋ tɔm wendu payaɣ se filozofii yɔ. Wembu pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ñʋʋ taa maɣzɩyaa nabɛye kɛqɛ Ionie pɩnzɩ mɩnaɣ VII ñɩŋga taa pʋcɔ palʋlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʋʋ. Pamba labɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ se wembu pɩlakɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ yɔ, pu-kubuuzutu wɛ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Kajalaɣ sɩyansɩ tɔm taa sɩmtʋ wɩla pʋmmbʋ na. Dominique Lecourt ñɔtɔma se filozɔfʋwaa kajalaɣñɩma ñalakaɣ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ (ɛlɛ pedesidiɣ filozofi nɛ sɩyansɩ).

Sɩyansɩ wɛna pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ paa weŋga’lɛ, kapama ɛsɛ nɛ sɩyansɩ sɩmtʋ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ solo. Ɛzɩ matematikiwaa, simii, fiziki, piolozii, mekaniki, ɔpɩtiki, farɩmasii, asɩtronomii, arɩkiyolozii, tɔsʋʋ, sosiyolozii, ppw. Paatɔŋ se patʋʋ tʋʋʋ wembu yɔ, pɩtɛma, yaa nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛtasɩ pɩ-taa tʋʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ patasɩ tʋʋʋ paa sɩyansɩ piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ ka-taa, pɩpɩzaa pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpeɣu taa. Paa piliŋga weŋga ’lɛ, kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩyansɩ tem.
Sʊtʊ Pɔɔ

Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ pɔɔ sɔsɔɔ pasɩma-kɛ nɛ Mandaarɛ kʊnʊŋ taa nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ Huang He (黃河) kɛ ɖalakɩŋ pɔsɩ tɛ pɔɔ naalɛ ŋga Siini ɛjaɖɛ Yanzi Siyaŋ wayi. Ka-ɖalakɩŋ kɔyɔ kilomɛta waa 5464 nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ Bohɛ teŋguu taa nɛ Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ teŋguu taa. Ka-hɩɖɛ lɩna kɛ-tɛ cʊʊ lɩm cɔlɔ pɩlɩna kɛ-tɛ lɩm wasɩɣ lakasɩ taa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɔkɔŋna huɖe sakɩyɛ tɛtʊ taa nɛ mʊzʊŋ wɛʊ Siini nɛ hayi kiŋ fɛɛʊ Sɔsɔɔʊ taa.
 
Pɩnaɣ 1938 taa lɛ, Kuomintag ɖɩzɩɣ lɔkɔna sɔsaa mba pama nɛ paɖakɩɣ pɔɔ yɔ mbʊ Sapɔŋ sɔjɔna ɛtasʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ yele nɛ pɩkɔna lɩm ɛwadɩyɛ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ nɛ pɩkɔna sɩm ɛyaa 500000 ageeta taa ɛyaa. Pɔɔ ŋga kalɩna Kunlun pʊŋ taa kɛnɛ (Qingkhai kewiyaɣ tɛ) nɛ kɛɖɛnɛ tibétain piyisi taa ɖeede kɔhuyi kɩɖaŋgʊʊ lɩm pɔŋ Sɔsɔɔŋ yɔ. Lanzhou wayi lɛ, (Gansu kewiyaɣ tɛ) pɔɔ ŋga katɩŋgʊʊ lɩm cɩŋga kotaa nakɛyɛ Ordo kañɩmpusuu piyaɣ yɔ kɛ Moŋgoli pɩta ñɩŋgʊʊ yɔ. Kɛtɛzɩɣ keeke Kaifeng nɛ Wuhai nɛ Baotou nɛ Jinan (Shandong tɛtʊ Sɔsɔɔtʊ) nɛ kɛkpɛndɩɣ Bohai teŋguu taa ɛzɩ handala fɛɛʊ yɔ.

      
Pɔɔ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ sɛwa pɩlɩna kɛ-tɛ azɛyʊ ɛwaɖɩyɛ alɩwaatʊʊ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩyɔɔ kɛlɛzɩɣ pɔɔ kpemtu yɔ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, kɛtɛ kpem wizina haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ pɩtɩŋna Hongze kujomuu yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnsɩ 1980 lɩm taa kʊzɔɔtʊ kɔnaʊ mbʊ pʊtɔm kɛkʊya yɔ ɖana ɖoŋ kpaʊ nabʊlɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma anasayɩ ñɩɩtʊ ɖɩluɖe nɛ kɔ ɖɩlaɖɛ ɖɔɔ pɩŋ pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɔsɩ kɩkpɛndasɩ kpeekpe yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Shizuishan ŋgʊ kɩkɛ tɛtʊ Sɔsɔɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-ta kʊzɔɔtʊ kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ tiyebina nɛ lɩm wɛ kɛdɛɖaɣ kedeŋga yɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ se pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛna fɛɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta wɛ mʊlʊm tɩŋ pee wena ateelɩɣ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yɔ.
Sɛkɩsiizim (sexisme)

Abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ abalʋ nɛ halʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛyaa mba palʋkɩna wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo halʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandayʋʋ yɔɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se abalʋ lakɩ nɛ halʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɩ-labʋ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ you. Ŋgʋ, ɖooo ɖa-caanaa cɔlɔ lɛ, paa you nakʋyʋ ɛlɩwa yɔ, paakʋ halʋ, mbʋ yɔ, ɛɛlakɩ you. 

Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ papa tɔŋ se tɛyɩtʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ abalʋtʋ wɛɛ abalʋ tɛɛ nɛ halɩtʋ ñɛwɛna halʋ tɛɛ. Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se pʋwɛ se abalʋ ɛñazɩna halʋ pɩtɩŋa pɩ-taa. Pɩfɛyɩ se pɔtɔ se halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ nabʋyʋ ɖeɖe. Halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se sɛkɩsiizim (sexisme).
Pɩnaɣ 1960 taa poluba tɔmpiye sɛkɩsiizim pɩlɩɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩfaɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ maɣzɩ halʋ yɔɔ yɔ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛyaa hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ yebina nɛ tɔmpiye sɛkɩsiizim ñɔ. Nabɛyɛ yɔɔdʋʋ se ɛyʋ kʋhʋlʋm nɛ ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ. Ɛyʋ sʋtʋ tɔlɩm tʋ nɛ ɛyʋ kɩsɛm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se anasaayɩ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩtʋ wɛɛ. Tobi se, tɛyɩtʋ wɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa hɛkʋ taa pɩlɩɩna po-tomnasɩ tɔlɩm cɔlɔ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ nabɛyɛ kaɖɩɣ kpayɩ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, mbʋ yɔ, abalɩtʋ wɛna abalʋ tɛɛ nɛ piyele halɩtʋ ñɛwɛɛ halʋ tɛɛ.  

Mbʋ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se tɛyɩtʋ wɛ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se pɩtɛkɛ yem nɛ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ halaa tʋmɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ lakʋ wobu mbʋ yɔ. Halaa iiwoki lakʋ, pɩkɛ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ. Halʋ eewoki you labʋ, pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ abalaa tʋmɩyɛ.

Ɛlɛ, toovenum lɛ, sɔnɔdaa pɩtɩŋa pɩlɛɣzaa. Halaa pɩzɩɣ powolo lakʋ. Papɩzɩɣ pâla you, mbʋ yɔ, sɔnɔdaa halaa lakɩ sɔɔjatʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se powoki you ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalaa yɔ. Ɖooo lɛ, taɣ yɔɔ tʋma ɖeɖe koŋ halʋ lakɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se taɣ hazʋʋ, lɩm luu, mʋlʋm naŋʋʋ, ɖozi hiluu, mʋtʋ saʋ, piya lɩm sɔʋ nɛ po-wondu cɔtʋʋ. Halʋ ɖɔɖɔ cɔtʋʋna ɛ-walʋ wondu. Halʋ cɔŋnana ɖɔɖɔ yɔɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛnʋ wokina hatʋ, ɛnʋ kpɛzɩna koo nɛ ekpena ɛɖʋ wondu huɖe yɔɔ.

Sɔnɔdaa yɔ, halaa lakɩ abalaa tʋma tɩŋa. Halaa hayɩŋ, halaa lakɩ masɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pamaɣ kuduyiŋ. Halaa lakɩ kafɩnta tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pakaŋ kancɩnaa, pasakɩ kpoŋkpolonaa, palakɩ kpeŋgbelasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Halaa kʋŋ kesi. Halaa lakɩ alikiizaŋ tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, halaa kʋʋ kpɩna pa-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ a-nandʋ. Halaa lakɩ tɩlaava tʋmɩyɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pasaɣ lɔɔɖa. Halɩ halaa saɣ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa maɣmaɣ. Halɩ sɔnɔdaa halaa kɛ karɩtiyee awiya. Halaa nabɛyɛ ñɛkɛ filaazɩ awiya. Nabɛyɛ ñɛkɛ kantɔɔ awiya. Halaa kɛ prefewaa. Halaa kɛ minisiwaa. Halɩ halaa kɛ ajɛya ñʋndɩnaa maɣmaɣ. 

Yee mbʋ, halʋ wɛ abalɩtʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ abalʋ yɔ paa pɩtɛkɛ abalɩtʋ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɛɛ kɔyɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ halʋ nɛ abalʋ pɛ-hɛkʋ taa.

Ɛyʋ ɛcɔnaa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɖooo lɛ, sʋlʋm puu kɛkɛ halaa tʋmɩyɛ. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa lɛ, abalaa puu ɖɔɖɔ sʋlʋm nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ ɖɩkɛ abalaa ɖeke tʋmɩyɛ nɛ tʋmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ ñɛwɛɛ nɛ ɖɩɖɩ kɛ halaa ɖeke ñɩnɖɛ.
Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ

Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ, Krekɩ taa lɛ, νεο ελληνική γλώσσα / (neo)ellinikí glóssaa  yaa yem se νέα ελληνικά / (néa) elliniká. Grɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-kɛ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ kɩgbanzɩ tɛ lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ miliiyɔɔ waa 10,7 wɛ Krɛsɩ. Kɩ-kɛ Krɛsɩ nɛ Sipri ajɛya taa kewiyaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Krɛsɩ wɛna kʊnʊmɩŋ cɩkpeŋ nɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩnaɣ ɛlɛ Albanie nɛ Turki ajɛyɛ taa.

             
Kɩwɛ Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩlɩŋga taa Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewiye taa. Sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ lɩna koinè taa. Kɩ-maɣmaɣ kɩlɩna Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩʊ taa.

Ɖooo lɔŋ taa lɛ, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yɔɔdɔɔ Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ Siirii nɛ Libaŋ ajɛyɛ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Krɩstʊ mba tɛ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1960. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ɖɩma ajɛyɛ ana ada mbʊ pʊyɔ ɛsakuliye liwa. Sukuli wɩlɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wiziuu nɛ pɩñɩkʊʊ nice Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ. Pɩkɛ yʊsʊ lakayaɣ Fransɩɩ waɖɛ haʊ Siirii ɛjaɖɛ taa wayi nɛ Libaŋ pɩnaɣ 1943 pɩnɛ yem yem Arabɩ mba kɔmtʊ pɩnzi 1950 nɛ 1960.

Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ tɛ ɖɛzɩ kaawɛ Krɛsɩ ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ siuu siuu ŋgʊ taa. Egipiti taa pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1956 lɛ, Alexandrii egetiye taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nabɛyɛ nɩwaɣ Krɛkɩ tɔm. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa peɖe lɛ, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naanza ŋgʊ Arabɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Englɛsɩ nɛ Italii kʊnʊmɩŋ wayi. Ɖeeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ Krɛkɩ ñima mba pɛwɛ peɖe yɔ pɛkɛ tadɩyɛ tɩna nɛ manzʊmalɩ waa.
 
Kpagba taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ Krɛkɩ ɛyaa kpaɖaŋ sakɩyɛ mɩza paale nɛ ɖɩkatʊwɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Chicago nɛ Sanfransiskoo nɛ Melbourne nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Caama nɛ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kpam ajɛyɛ taa.
Sʊyɛdɩ

**Suyɛdɩ** kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpɩ nɛ haayʊ kiŋ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Sikandinavi yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sitɔkɩholom nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ ŋgʊ lɛ Sʊyɛdiwaa. 

Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩzɩ kamaɣ nɛ Fɛlandɩ piyele nɛ wɩszɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Nɔrɩvɛzɩ ɛjaɖɛ, pɩzaaʊ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ yɔ Tanimarikɩ. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ  ɛyaa mba payaɣ-wɛ se Laponiwaa yɔ mba wɛna peeɖe. Samwaa kɛŋna Sikandinavi taa mba pacalɩ caaʊ yɔ.

Sʊyɛdɩ wɛ Erɔpɩ ajɛya kpeekpe kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ paya se UE yɔ ɖɩ-taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1995. Erɔpɩ kpeekpe taa lɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ kagbaanznɩ nɖɩ wena akɩla walanzɩ nɛ ɖɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaaagbaba 449 964. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walanzɩ Erɔpɩ taa yɔ nɖɩ lɛ Rusi, pɩwayɩ lɛ Ukirɛnɩ, Fransɩ, Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Sʊyɛdɩ tɩŋ awayɩ. 

Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ payaɣ se Urban Ahlin nɛ komina ñɩnʊ yɔ Stefan Löfven. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ kamɩŋ fena 30 pɩnaɣ 2015 lɛ pɛkpɛndɩ miloyɔɔnaa 9 845 155.
Taakaa

Taakaa kɛna Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla paɣlʊ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ politiki tʊma sɔsɔna nɛ kediizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ.  Tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Purigaŋga yɔ kɛ-tɛ  kidiiliŋ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pacala kigalʊ kalʊ lɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnaɣ 1872 nɛ ɛyaa kaakpɛnda 69 213. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ pʊ-yɔɔ kɛ ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ powoki peeɖe, mbʊ yebina nɛ ɛyaa hʊkʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1951taa pakalɑ kɩgalʊ lɛ, ɛyaa kpɛnda 336 000. Ɛyaa paaza hʊʊ camɩyɛ kɛ peeɖe alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caaʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ1971. Pɩnaɣ 1974 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda  1 680 000, pɩnaɣ 1981 lɛ palɩ 3 440 000, pɩnaɣ 1991 ɛyaa wɛ 6 150 000, pɩnaɣ 2004 taa lɛ ɛyaa talɩ ɛzɩ 10 403 957.

Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa lɛ Taakaa taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩnaɣ 200 taa pakala-wɛ lɛ paakpɛnda 7 000 940 nɛ pɩnɑɣ 2010 taa lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ (15 000 000). Pakpaɣ keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ tɩŋa kɔyɔ, Taakaa kɛŋna nakʊ ñɩndʊ eyaa ɖɔʊ taa. ɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ landammm taa maɣna kilomɛtanaa ɛzɩ 153,84. Payaɣ Taakaa tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɔyʊ se Sadeque Hossain Khoka.
Taakarɩ

Taakarɩ kɛnɛ Senegali ɛjaɖe taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɛt-taa komina tʊma sʊsɔna wɛɛ yɔ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ palakɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ politiki kediizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ payɩ.Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna kilomɛtanaaagbaba 83. Pɩnaɣ 2011 lɛ, pakalɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe kɛ Taakarɩ tɛtʊ tunɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa miloyɔɔna 3 215255.

Ɖooo Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ kaawɛɛ nɛ ɖɩkpacayʊʊ Afrika wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛya lɛ, Taakarɩ tɛtʊ Fransɩɩ mba kaalɩza se tɩkɛna tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palakɩ ketiizasi sʊzɔtʊ yɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, pɩnaɣ 1970 paakalɩ kɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa kaakpɛnda kutokiŋ 400 000. Mbʊ pɩlaba nɛ ɛyaa pazɩ pohuu kpem yɔ mbʊ lɛ se kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ɛyaa lʊlʊʊ nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ se ɛyaa evebiya nɛ pɛlaa pakʊyʊ ageeta ndɩ ndɩ taa nɛ pʊŋ taa nɛ powoki Taakarɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa se paahiu tʊma nɛ pala. 

Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔ Taakarɩ ñɩndʊ nɛ tɩta yɔ ndʊ yɔ: hadɛ kiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Goree yɔ ndʊ wɛna, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩtaa ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Ŋgori yɔ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ pɩta ɖɔɖɔ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se Madelɛnɩ yɔ ndʊ ñɛwɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ. 

Taakarɩ nɛ ajɛyaa nayɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʊma se pɛ-tɛtʊ ɛɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Yerusalɛm nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ, Pakʊ (Azɛrbayɩjanɩ), Pamako (Maalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1974), Panzuli ([Kambii), [Pisawo (Bissau)|Pisawo (Kinee-Pisaʋ), Pɩrazaviili (Koŋgo), Kazabalnka (Marɔkɩ), Tuwala (Kameruni), Kinsasa (Koŋgo Temokiratiki ɛjaɖɛ), Marisɛyɩ (Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1978)Milanɩ (Itali), Oranɩ (Alizeeri), Niyame (Nizɛrɩ) Pirayiya (Kapʊ-Vɛrɩ), Sifakɩsɩ (Tunizi, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1965), Tɛpeyi (Tayiwani).
Taaniibi pɔɔ

Taaniibi, yɔɔdɔɣ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se da.nyb kɛ lɩm pɔɔ naalɛ ŋga ŋga kakɩlɩɣ ɖalɩɣ Erɔpʊ yɔ Fɔlɩka wayi ŋga kegbeŋ mvilim Ruusii taa yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kalɩna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa lakʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɔsɩ naalɛ kpɛndʊʊ ɖama, Brigash nɛ Breg pɛkpɛndʊʊ ɖama Donaueschingen yɔ. Pɩlɩna lone ndɩ ɖɩyɔ nɛ paya pɔɔ ŋga hɩɖɛ se Taaniibi. Pʊyɔɔ lɛ, yee ɖɩkpaɣ se kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, Taaniibi lɩna Breg kɔyɔ, ɖɩnɛlɛ Brigach wɛ ñɩɩ nɛ kɛkɛ kajalaɣ pɔɔ kɩkpɛndaɣ yuŋ ŋga Taaniibi pɔɔ taa.

     
Pamaɣza Taaniibi pɔɔ ɖalakɩŋ lɛ, ɛ-maɣna kilomɛta 2875 kpaɣna Donaueschingen nɛ kilomɛta 3019 kpaɣna ka-ɖɩlɩyɛ. Kekpeŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kɩŋ nɛ kafaɣzʊʊ tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ sakɩyɛ Erɔpʊ hɛkʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ taa kɩŋ ana yɔ Fɩyɛɛnɩ nɛ Bratislava nɛ Pudapɛsɩtɩ. Kɛkpɛdʊʊ tenguu kɩkpɛdʊʊ pɩtɩŋna handala fɛʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɛyɩ [Rumaanii] nɛ [[Ukurɛnɩ] yɔ. Wezuu kañaɖaɣ kandɩna Taaniibi handala fɛʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩwɛ [UNESCO ŋgbɛyɛ lʊlʊʊ tɛ ñɩm taa.

Taaniibi pɔɔ ŋga kɛkɛ pɩyʊʊ sɔsɔ siŋ nɔmɔŋ wobʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa pazaɣ kɔyɔ mɛlɛnaa. Paasɩma-kɛ ɖooo canaʊ taa se wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kamaɣ nɛ Romanɩ ajɛyɛ pajaɣ mɔyɔɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛtɛzɩɣ ajɛyɛ hiu Caama nɛ Otirisi nɛ Sɩlɔfakɩ nɛ Hɔŋirii nɛ Krowasii nɛ Sɛrɩbɩ nɛ Puligari nɛ Ruumanii nɛ Mɔlɩdaavii nɛ Ukurɛnɩ.

Taaniibi pɔɔ ŋga kɛ-tɛ fɛʊʊ kitibuu wala kɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ nakʊ Itaalii nɛ Pɔlɔɔñɩ nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Cɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Siloovaakii nɛ Pɔsɩnɩ-Hɛrɩzokofɩnɩ nɛ Mɔntɛnɛkro nɛ Masɩtʊwanɩ nɛ Alɩbanɩ.

 
Caama taa lɛ, payaɣ pɔɔ ŋga se Donau, Sɩlɔfakɩ taa lɛ, Dunaj, Hɔŋkuwaa taa lɛ, Duna, Korowatɩ taa lɛ, Danuv, Sɛrɩbɩ nɛ Pulɩkarɩ pa-taa lɛ,  Дунав  Ruumanɩ taa lɛ, Dunărea,Ruusi nɛ Ukrɛnɩ taa lɛ, Дунай, Ɛnglɩsɩ yaa Fransɩ taa lɛ, Danube, Turiki taa lɛ, Tuna. Hɩla ana a-tɩnɛ payɩ mbʊ yɔ a-lɩna latɛŋ Danubius ndɩ ɖɩkɛwaa ɛsɔ hɩɖɛ yɔ.
Taataa

Taataanaa mba pɛwɛ Afrɩka yɔ, halɩn̄ɩŋgʋ nɛ abalɩn̄ɩŋgʋ Taataa, pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paha sumasɩ sʋsɔsɩ nzɩ payaɣ se "Struthio" yɔ, sɩwɛ nzɩ payaɣ se "Struthionidae" yɔ sɩ-pɩlʋʋ taa. Sɔnɔdaa paatasɩɣ taataanaa nabɛyɛ naʋ Afrɩka taa.
Tadɩyɛ

Tadɩyɛ kɛna tɔsʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Tɔsʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛna pɩyʋ yabʋ nɛ pɛdʋ. Pɛdʋ kɛna tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ, kɛzaɣ kpaɖɩ ɖoyoo paa ɛsɩmtaa yɔ. Paa tadɩyɛ tʋ weyi, ɛlɩmaɣza keekee kɛlɛ size ɛyaba nɛ ɛpɛdɩ-ɩ lɛ, ehu kɛzɛyaɣ nɛ pʋɖɔ siŋŋ.

Tadɩyɛ wɛna ɖɩ-paɣtʋ. Tadɩyɛ paɣtʋ liɖe yaa ɖɩlɩyɛ lɩna paɣtʋ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ kɛ size Code de commerce nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ. Tadɩyɛ paɣtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛna ɛjaɖɛ yaa kedeŋa toovonim n̄ɩnʋʋ yaa tɔm hʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga kɔcɔŋna tadɩyɛ nɛ tɔsʋʋ huu nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.

Yabʋ nɛ ɖɛzʋʋ yaa ɖaɣnʋʋ pɛdʋʋ kɛzaɣ n̄ɩnʋʋ kɛna tadɩyɛ tʋ maɣzɩm. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɛ ɖɔɖɔ size, tʋma ndɩ ndɩ nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ a-taa lɛ kɛzaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaʋ size tɔsʋʋ yɔ, fɛyɛ kaɣlaɣ ɛzɩ wondu pɛdɩʋ yɔ. Pɩkɛna tʋma wena a-kɛzaɣ tɛkɛna wondu yaa liidiye n̄ɩnʋʋ yɔ.

Tʋma wena acɔŋna tɔsʋʋ yaa liidiye ɛsɩnda yɔ, a-taa nayɛ kɔyɔ : ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ lɔŋ sɩɣsʋ sukuli taa yaa lɔŋ wɩlʋʋ paa le yɔ, nɛ polisi tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ ɛzakuliye lʋbʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ.

Pɩtaɩɩna piɖeke, ɛlɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ yaa fɛɖʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ toovonim tɔm hʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ, nɛ kuduyuŋ maya sɔsaɣ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ Ɛsɔ kɩlaŋ labɩyaa n̄ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ, tɔm ɖɩhʋyɛ tɩnaa tʋma, nɛ tʋma ndɩ ndɩ yɔ cɔnɩyaa, nɛ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa tʋma ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔ, atɛkɛna tadɩyɛ tɔsʋʋ n̄ɩnʋʋ n̄ɩna.

Ŋgbɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ size *Kedeŋa Kpeekpe Tadɩyɛ Ŋgbɛyɛ (Organisation mondiale du commerce)*. Nɖɩ cɔŋnana tadɩyɛ paɣtʋ kpeekpe yɔ.
Taj Mahal

**Tāj Mahal** tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣlɩm kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ awiya hulaɣ yɔ. Tāj Mahal kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Āgrā, Yamunâ pɔɔ nɔɔ yɔɔ; Uttar Pradesh egeetiye taa, Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Tāj Mahal kuduyuu ŋ́gʊ, wiyaʋ moghol Shâh Jahân kaamana-kʊ se ɛ-halʊ Arjumand Bânu Begam hɩɖɛ ɛtaasɔɔ kaʊ. Ɛma-kʋ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se "maarɩbɩrɛ" yɔ. Payaɣ ɛ-halʋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Mumtaz Mahal, nɛ pʊ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se "wiyaʋ kuduyuu mʊntʊsʊʊ". Ɛlʊla ɛ-pɩɣa 14 ñɩŋga lɛ ɛsɩba mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 17 ñɩŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1631 taa, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛɖɛwaɣ pʊʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ se ɛmʋ heelim yɔ. Ɛsɩba mbʊ lɛ, pacaŋ pepimi-i kpaagbaa "Zainabad" kaɖaɣ taa,  Burhanpur tɛtʊ taa. Pɩkɔma kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 31 wiye, pɩnaɣ 1666 taa lɛ, ɛ-walʊ ñatɩŋɩ ɛ-wayɩ nɛ pepimi ɛ́lɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-cɔlɔ peeɖe. 

Tāj Mahal kɛna mbʊ architecture moghole kpaɣ se pɩkɛ-wɛ mbʊ pɩɖʊ-wɛ hɩɖɛ kpem yɔ nɛ pʋwɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ, mbʊ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, Iizilaam, Iranɩ, Ottomane nɛ Ɛndɩ n̄ɩma tɛ architecture wondu sidaa nɛ pamana-kʊ. 

Papaɣza Tāj Mahal kuduyuu maʊ pɩnaɣ 1631 nɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛsɩŋ ɖeyi ɖeyi se ɖooye kɩtɛma. Komina takayaɣ nakayɛ, Shâh Jahân, Abdul Hamid Lahori yɔɔdɩɣ se pɛtɛma Tāj Mahal kuduyuu maʊ pɩnaɣ 1643 yaa 1644 taa. Ɛlɛ kpaaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa lɛ, pamaa se pɛtɛma-kʊ maʊ pɩnɑɣ 1648 taa. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ, sʋsɔ Uttar Pradesh ñala Tāj Mahal kuduyuu yɔɔ tɔzʊʋ  kasandʊ tɛ pɩnzɩ 350 pɩnaɣ 2004 taa nɛ kʊtɔŋ se pɛtɛma kuduyuu ŋgʋ maʊ pɩnaɣ 1654 taa. Mba palaba tʋmɩyɛ peeɖe yɔ pɛkpɛnda kutokiŋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ pa-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ taa n̄ɩma nɛ Azii ɛjaɖɛ hɛkʋ taa ɛyaa. Arisiitɛɛtɩ weyi ɛɛwɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Ustad Ahmad Lahauri , ɛkɛ Lahore tɛtʊ taa tʊ nɔɔyʊ.
Takayasɩ kitiyinasi (poste)

Takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋmɩyɛ kɛ paɖaɣna yaʋ size takayasɩ ɖʋzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ. Pɩkɛna tʋmɩyɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩtʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size ɖitiyuuna nɛ ɖɩmʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ takayasɩ nzɩ pama sɩtaɣ tɔm size pɛcɛlɛ nabɛyɛ yɔ. Takayaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ mbʋ samaɣ sakɩyɛ yaɣ size kiheyuu takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ yaa mediyina heyuu takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ yɔ.

Heyunau takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal" yɔ tɛ ɖoŋ taa. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, pɩcɔ nɛ, papɩzɩ petiyina takayaɣ kiheyaɣ kanɛ yaa pamʋ takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ kiheyaɣ kanɛ camɩyɛ ɖeu nɛ cɛɣɩtʋ ɛ-taa wɛɛ lɛ, pɩpɔzaɣ size patɩŋgɩna mayaɣ labʋʋ yɔ ɛzɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal" yɔ yɔɔ. "Opérateur postal" yaa heyunau takayaɣ kitiyinaɣ tʋmɩyɛ yekuuna yaa tiyuunana paa le kɛ takayaɣsɩ kitiyinasi nɛ takayaɣsɩ kuhuuzuŋ yaa huyuŋ.

Takayaɣsɩ kiheyinasi tiyuunau tʋ "opérateur postal" ɛnɛ, ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ labʋ pɩzʋʋ pɩkɛna kʋɖʋm tɛ yaa sakɩyɛ tɛ. Takayasɩ kitiyinasi kiheyinasi wonuu yaa tɛ mbʋ pɩhaɣ ɖoŋ yaa pɩlakɩ nɛ takayasɩ kitiyinasi kiheyinasi pɩsɩʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɣ nɛ pɩtalɩʋ paa le yɔ tʋ kɛ payaɣna nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "opérateur postal". Ɛwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi hɔlʋʋ taa.

Ɛzɩ pɩkpaɣʋna kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) n̄ɩŋgʋ taa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi kaa ɖɔɔ siŋŋ. Pɩkɔma pɩtalɩʋ ɛzɩ kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ hiu nɛ nakʋ (19) tɛm tɩnaɣ yɔɔ kɛ mbɩ yɔɔ lɛ, kɛ samaɣ ɛsa kula nɛ pɩtɛ tʋma tɔyɩ sakɩyɛ siŋŋ kɛ ajɛɛ kpeekpee taa nɛ piyele pɩpɩsɩ alɛɛkɛtaɣ yaa pakɩlɩm sam tʋmɩyɛ lakasɩ.

Pɩɩkɛ pɩtɛtʋma alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋma wena, alʋʋkaana yaa aheelaana ɖama siŋŋ yɔ. Ajɛɛ nayɩ taa lɛ, heyuu takayasɩ kitiyinasi tʋmɩyɛ tasɩɩna takayasɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖeke. Pɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ ŋgbɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋgana ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ kɛ liidiye ɖɩsɩyɛ yaa ɖɩmɛɛsɩyɛ camɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩtyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩtasɩyɩna piɖeke ɛlɛ, pɩɩkɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩzɩwaana siŋŋ kɛ polinda yɔɔdɩnaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa yɔ.
Takayaɣ

Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "livre". Takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ yaa ŋga ka-taa pama tɔm yɔ. Ka-taa nɛ takayɩ hasɩ yaa takayaɣ hatʋ coɣ. Takayaɣ hatʋ ndʋ tʋɖɔ siŋŋ nɛ tɩɖɔkɩ yaa tɩkpɩtɩna ɖamaɣ naalɛ naalɛ.

Takayaɣ hatʋ kʋʋ n̄ɩŋga kanɛ, katʋmɩyɛ keekee kɛlɛ size, pama ka-taa tɔm ndʋ pɔyɔɔdʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ŋcɔna ka-taa tɔm kɔyɔ, ŋna size pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm lɩmaɣza ɛzɩ-ɩ ŋga payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "roman" yɔ.

"Roman" kɛnɛ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, kakaɣ lɛ, kɛkɛ takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ sɔsaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ, ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm koŋ lɩmaɣza matʋ yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ kam size, takayaɣ sɔsaɣ kɩkalaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ, tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ ɛzɩ payaɣ size "texte" nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa yɔ takayaɣ.

Tɔm kʋʋ kɩmamatʋ (texte) takayaɣ ŋga, kɛkɛ, takayaɣ nga ka-taa tɔm wɛna tɔbɩŋ yaa kutoliŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Mbʋ pɩyɔɔ yɔ, takayaɣsɩ kɩkalɩsɩ taa tɔm mayaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ nɛ fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "écrivain" waa yɔ, fɛɛyɩna lɩmaɣza kʋɖʋma.
Takayaɣ hayʊʊ

Takayaɣ hayʊʊ kɛ payaɣna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa size "papyrus". Takayaɣ hayʊʊ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛna wonuu kɩlɩzʊʊ yaa kɩlabʊʊ ŋgʋ palaba kʊnɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "fibres cellulosiques végétales".

Ɛzɩ-ɩ ɖɩtɛm n̄ɔɔdʊʊ nɛ hayu kiŋ cɛnzɩ taa yɔ, takayaɣ hayʊʊ ŋgʊ, kɩwɛ tɩŋ hatʊ tɩyɛ. Hatʊ ndʊ, tɩwɛ lɛbɛ lɛbɛ nɛ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ fɛlɛ fɛlɛ. Heelim ɛfɛtʊʊ kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzʊʊ pɩkpaɣdʊ pɩlɔ ɛzɩ ɖoo polinda mbʊ yɔ.

Takayaɣ hayʊʊ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ yɔ. Ki-ɖeke koŋ kɩ yɔɔ papɩzʊʊ pama paa tɔm kɩmamatʊ ndʊʊ lɛ. Takayɩ hatʊʊ tʋnɛ, pɛkpɛndʊ tʊ kʊʊ nɛ pama tɩyɔ tɔm kɩkalɩtʊʊ lɛ, kɛ pɔtɔŋ size takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ (livre).

Takayɩ hayʊʊ kʋnɛ, kɩwazʊ ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ size papɩzɩ palɩzɩ anjaʊ waa paa mba. Ɖɩtaasɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ size, takayɩ hayʊ tɔm kɩmamatʊ tɔm ɖanʊʊ lɩzʊʊ yaa maʊ n̄ɩɣʊ lakɩ nɛ paɖaɣnɩ tɔm ndʊʊ naʊ takayɩ hayʊʊ kɩfalʊʊ lɛɛkʊ yɔ.

Takayɩ hayʊʊ wazʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ size paɖʊ nabʊyʊ. Kɩwazʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ size pama tɔlɩm tɔm yaa pataɣ tɔlɩm kɛ kɩyɔ nɛ pataɣɖɩ ɖoli yaa nabʊyʊ yɔɔ. Sakɩyɛ kpakʊʊ takayɩ hatʊ ndʋ nɛ polikina yaa palɩzʊʊna mbʊ payaɣna fransɩ kʊnʊŋ taa size "filtres" waa yɔ nɛ wondu lɛɛtʊ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ.