open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Margaret Thatcher

Palʊla Margaret Hilda Roberts, baronne Thatcher kɛ aloma fenaɣ 13 wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1925 kɛ Grantham tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kiyakʊ litoozo pɩnaɣ 2013 kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛna Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ ɖokɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛ-ñɩma tɛkɛ mba pe-nesi tɛɛ wɛɛ siŋŋ yɔ; ɛ-caa kɛ kʊtɔɔm pɛdɩyʊ nɛ e-ɖoo ñɛkɛ tɔɔla ñɛyɩyʊ. Ɛ-maɣmaɣ lɛ ɛlaba tɔm temiyaa sukuli. Pɩnaɣ 1959 kɛ ɛsʊ Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa nɛ ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa takayaɣ taa mayʊ kacalaɣ ñɩnʊ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1970 pɩsɩɩna 1974. 

Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ kɩkaɖʊ paɣtʊ kɩpɩndʊ yɔɔ kpam nɛ ɛnʊ kaakɛna kacalaɣ halɩ ñɩnʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ. Pɩtɩsɩɩna mbʊ yeke, kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ, ɛnʊ kɛŋna ɖɔɖɔ kacalaɣ halʊ weyi ɛkɛkomina nɔɔyʋ ɖɛyʊ kpaɣ agoza fenaɣ naanza pɩnaɣ 1979 pɩsɩɩna kamɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1990. Margaret Thatcher tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ ŋga ka-taa ñam ñam lakasɩ kaawɛ ɛlɛ ɛnʊ ñaɣna pana nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛɖʊ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ pɩwɛɛ hɛɛɛ. 

Kewiyaɣ ŋga ka-taa pʊwɛ kaɖɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ naputozo taa ɖama yɔɔ ɛlɛ halʊ ɛnɛ, Robert Jenkinson (1812 à 1827) wayɩ lɛ, ɛpɩzaa ɛkɛ mbʊ nɛ ɖooo Winston Churchill wayɩ wayɩ yɔ ɛkɛ weyɩ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɩlʊʊ se ɛɖɔka kewiyaɣ ŋga camɩyɛ yɔ. Margaret Thatcher kaakɛŋna ñʊʊtʊ weyi paakɩla sɔɔlʊ nɛ weyi ɖɔɖɔ pakɩlaɣ tʊʊ yɔ. Ɛ-lakasɩ nasɩyɛ taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 1976 taa Soviyetiki sɔɔjana tʊʊ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se « Dame de fer » mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛkpakaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ komina lakasɩ, communisme, ɛzɩ nzɩ sitamʊna yɔ nɛ piya nzɩ sikizaɣ tʊma nayɛ kɛ labʊ yaa tɔɔnasɩ tɔɔʊ mbʊ yɔ sɩcaɣ se sɩwɩɩ ɛyaa yɔ. 

Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ ɛlʊba e-kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaba keteŋa kpeekpe ñʊʊ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ. Pɩsɩna Tony Blair ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛlɛ pɩkzɩ ɛɖɔkɩ kewɩyaɣ ŋga camɩyɛ ɛlɛ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa.
Mère Teresa

Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu hɩɖe kɩsɛsɛyɛ yaa cɔɔcɩ taa hɩɖɛ kɔyɔ Mère Teresa. Patasɩɣ-ɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se sainte Teresa de Calcutta. Ɛkɛ Albanɛɛ tɛtʊ taa pɩɣa nakayɩ. Ɛkɛ katolika tʊ weyɩ petiya-ɩ Ɛndɩ tɛtʊ taa se esusi ɛsɔtɔm yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ Masedonii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 26 pɩnaɣ 1910 nɛ ɛsɩ aloma fenaɣ kagbaanzɩ wiye pɩnaɣ 1997 kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 87. Ɛkɛ halʊ weyi ɛcɛlɩ ɛ-tɩ k̂pem kɛ ɛsɔ yɔ nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ sɛ ɛyaa ɛya pa-tɩ ñʊŋ yee palakɩ ɛ-lakasɩ kɔyɔ. 

Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ ɛtʊla ɛsɔsɛtʊ pɩulɩʊ nakʊyʊ nɛ mba pɔsɔɔlaa se pakatɩ ɛsɔ yɔ pɛwɛɛ peeɖe nɛ patɩmʊʊna Ɛsɔ ɛnʊ. Pewila ɛ-tʊma taa ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩnɛ payɩ nɛ pɔcɔna ɛ-ɖɔnɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, aloma fenaɣ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 2003 Pape Jean-Paul II nɛ ɛna mba pɔpcɔ-ɩ nɛ pata yɔ, pakpaɣ Mère Teresa se paɖʊ-ɩ ɛyaa kiɖeɖema ciŋga taa nɛ patɩmʊna-ɩ se ɛsɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛ ɛwɩlɩna-wɛ nɛ hama lakasɩ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ pana se ɛkɛ kiɖeɖeu nɛ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naanza wiye pɩnaɣ 2016 Pape François ɖʊ Mère Teresa de Calcutta kɛ ɛyaa kɩɖeɖema taa.
Moore kʋnʋŋ

Moree kɛna Purkina Fasoo ɛjaɖɛ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Mosi yɔ ɖɩ-taa samaɣ kʊnʊŋ. Egeetiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2006 taa pakalɩ klɩgalʊ lɛ ɛyaa 14 017 262 taa lɛ mba panɩɣ-kʊ yɔ pɛkpɛnda ɛzɩ 6 363 975 yɔ. Pʊtɔbʊ se ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 45,4 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔ nɩʊ moree kʊnʊŋ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ moree kɛ tada tɩna nɛ nʊmɔ woɖaa kɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ.

Moree kʊnʊŋ masɩ kpɛnda 25 nɛ nzɩ yɔ:

A	ʼ	B	D	E 	Ɛ	F	G	H	I 	Ɩ	K	L	M	N 	O	P	R	S	T 	U	Ʋ	V	W	Y 	Z 
a	ʼ	b	d	e 	ɛ	f	g	h	i 	ɩ	k	l	m	n 	o	p	r	s	t 	u	ʋ	v	w	y 	z
Neil Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong kɛna Amerika taa ñɩnɩyʊ  weyi ɛcɛla ɛ-tɩ kɛ heɣlɩm taa pɔɔ wena awɛɛ yɔ a-tɩlʊ siŋŋŋ yɔ. Palʊla-ɩ kɩyna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kagbanzɩ pɩnaɣ 1930 kɛ Ohiyo tɛtʊ taa, Etazunii ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ feznaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 2012 ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 82. Ɛkɛ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ sayʊ nɛ wɩlɩyʊ. Ɛkɛna weyi ɛfɛyɩ e-niŋgbaŋgaɣ kɛ kacalaɣ taa kɛ fenaɣ taa yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛkpaʊ ɛsɔtaa fenaɣ taa yɔ pɩɩkɛ hasɩyaɖe fenaɣ 19 wiye pɩɩnaɣ 1969. 

Ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ tɔmpiye sɔsɔyɛ, ɖɩɖɩ lɛ se: « Pɩkɛna ɛyʊ naŋgbaŋgaɣ cikpelaɣ ñɩɩɩ kɛ yem ɛlɛ pɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe ɛsɩnda wobu tʊmɩyɛ ». Ɛlaba pɩnzɩ naatozo kɛ sukuli sɔsɔʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se  Purdu nɛ ɛmmʊ pɛtɛ ɖamɩŋ naatozo takayaɣ ɛlɛ ɛtapɩzɩ ɛɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɛsʊ sɔɔjɛtʊ taa kɛ Etazunii. Peeɖe pahayɩsa-ɩ ɛsʊtaa lɔɔɖa saʊ, pɩkɩlɩna wena asʊʊ mɩndʊ tɛɛ nɛ aɖɛʊna heɣlim taa tomnasi nzɩ sɩwɛɛ yɔ sɩ-taa. Ɛsawaɣ ɛsɔtaa lɔɔɖa camɩyɛ nɛ ɛkpakʊʊ sɔɔjana nɛ ɛɖɛɣna yoŋ pɩkɩlɩna you ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛ Koore ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. 

Ɛ-nʊmɔŋ wobu talɩ ɛzɩ 18 yɔ nɛ putocoɖi-ɩ ɖoli. Pɩnaɣ 1955 taa ɛsʊ NACA ŋgbɛyɛ taa, nɖi payawaɣ se NASA yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ yoŋ tɛ alɩwaatʊ mbʊyɔ lɛ, ewolo nʊmɔŋ ɛzɩ 900 yɔ nɛ ewokina sɔɔjana kɛ malɩfana sɔsaɣa mba pɔyɔkɩɣ tɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1966 kɛ Amstrong nɛ ɛ-taabala pakʊyɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛɣna feznaɣ taa. Pakpaɣ heɣlim taa lɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ se Appollo 11 nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 1969 lɛ patalɩ fenaɣ ta kiya kɛlɛ.
Oromo kʋnʋŋ

Oromo kɛna kʊsitiki kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlʊ taa kʊgʊ nʊŋ nakʊyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ Afrika niŋgoloŋga taa lɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 35 yɔ yɔɔdʊ-kʊ. Afrika hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ajɛya wena a-taa pɔyɔɔdʊ oromo kʊnʊŋ yɔ ana yɔ: Keniya, Somali nɛ Cibuutɩ. Afrika taa lɛ kʊnʊŋ kʊnɛ kɩkɛŋna naatozo ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ yɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1875 taa ɛsɔ tɔm sʊsʊyʊ weyɩ payaɣ-ɩ se Johann Ludwig Kraft yɔ ɛlɩza takayaɣ kiɖeɖeɣa taa tɔm nɛ oromo kʊnʊŋ taa.
Polonɛɛ kʋnʋŋ

Polonɛɛ kɛna Slavii pɩlɩʊ taa kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ. Polɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ kʊʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pʊyɔpɔdʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ komina taa ɛlɛ keteŋga  kpeekpe taa pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩlɩɩna Poloñɩ taa ɛyaa ɖɔna wɛʊ ɖoli ɖoli. Slavii kʊnmɩŋ kpeekpe taa lɛ polonɛɛ kɛŋna kʊnʊŋ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ yɔ, pʊtɔbʊ se kacalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔ rusii nɛ ukrɛnɩ kɔyɔ naatozo ŋgʊ. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 55 yɔ yɔɔdʊ polonɛɛ kɛ Polɔñɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa mba pɩnɩʊ polonɛ yɔ kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ taa lɛ, pɛwɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 546 000 yɔ. Kanada ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, mba pɔyɔdʊʊ polonɛɛ yɔ pɛkpɛnda 191 770. Ɛyaa mba pɔyɔɔdʊ polɔnɛɛ mbaa yɔ: Etazunii taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 560 496; Kewiyaɣ kɩkpɛndaɣ taa lɛ pɛwɛ 546 000; Caama tɛtʊ taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 241 000; Fransɩ taa 500 000 piyele Israyeli taa pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ.
Pɛteravi

Pɛteravi kɛna tɩŋ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payaɣ-sɩ se marantace yɔ sɩ-tɛ pɩlɩʊ taa piliŋga nakayɩ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ ki-lila yɔɔ nɛ lila ana awɛ mʊlʊm ɛzɩ hɛɛ yaa awiihɛɛyɔ. Pahayʊ pɛteravi yɔ kɩ-wazaɣ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ: pɔtɔkɩ-kʊ ɛzɩ tɔɔnaɣ yɔ, palakɩ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sikiɖi nɛ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ pakpakʊ pɛteravi ŋgʊ pekpɛndʊ nɛ piyoetanɔlɩ nɛ pasaɣ sanzɩ. Pɛteravi pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kɩkɛ tɛtɛ wondu tɔɔnasɩ.

Pɛteravi ŋgʊ pasaɣ sikiɖi mbʊ yɔ kʊlɩkɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ taa camɖɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɖala kɩɖaaɣla kʊdɔŋ nɛ ediye taa ñɩŋ. Pɛteravɩ kʊnɛ kɩkɛ kʊlʊmʊ nɛ kʊsʊ tɛtɛɛ piliŋgi. Pɛteravɩ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ yɔ kɩɩkɩlɩɣ sʊʊ tɛtɛɛ nɛ kɩ-tɔnʊ 

wɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ.
Robert Frost

Palʊla Robert Frost kɛ Sanɩ Fransisko tɛtʊ taa, Kalɩfɔrnii ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 wiye pɩnaɣ 1874 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 29 pɩnaɣ 1963 ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 88 kɛ Pɔstonii tɛtʊ taa. Ɛkɛna amerika taa keɣsi luɖu yaa maɖʊ. Robert Frost caa kɛ payaɣ se William Prescott Frost Junior nɛ ɛkɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ kɔyɔ nɛ e-ɖoo Isabelle Moodie nɛ ɛkɛ Ekɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyʊ. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ wɩlɩyʊ nɛ pʊwayɩ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ aseɣɖe tɔm yeɣiyaa ñʊʊtʊ  kɛ Sanɩ Fransisko.

Ɛ-tɛ hɛkʊtaa sukuli taa kɛ ɛcalɩ ɛ-kacalaɣ keeɣa lubu yaa cɩmʊ mabʊ. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ litoozo wɩye pɩnaɣ 1894 kɛ ɛpɛda ɛ-tɛ keeɣa yaa cɩmʊ, Mo-huuduhuyuu, kɛ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 15, ɛlɛ yee pɩɩkɛna sɔnɔ taa kɔyɔ pɩɩyaba ɛzɩ tɔɔlaarɩnaa 300 yɔ. Ɛ-taa laba leleŋ pɩŋŋŋ nɛ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ mbʊ lɛ, esuu halɩpɩɣa nakayɩ, Elinor Miriam White (1873-1938), nɛ ɛlɛ kɔɔ ɛtɛzɩ e-sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ nɛ pɛwɛɛ ɖama cɔlɔ kpaɣna saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 wiye pɩnaɣ 1895. Robert Frost tanɩɩ leleŋ kɛ ɛpɩcatʊ taa. 

Ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 11 lɛ ɛ-caa sɩbɩna kpeziwɩlaɣ nɛ ñɩm mbʊ eeyeba pɩtalɩɩ lɩm; pɩɩmaɣna tɔɔlaarɩnaa litoozo yeke. E-ɖoo ñasɩbɩna pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdʊŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1900. Pɩnzɩ 1897 nɛ 1899 hɛkʊ taa kɛ Robert Frost yeba ɛtɛ sukuli mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩwɩwaɣ-ɩ siŋŋŋ. Piyebina ɛ-caa tʊlɩ-wɛ, Robert nɛ Elior, kɛ ɖɔɖɔ kadaɣ nakayɩ kɛ Teerii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pɔɖɔʊ wondu nɛ ɛkʊyʊ tɛba tɛɛ nɛ ɛmaɣ ɛ-takayɩsɩ. Ɖɔɖɛ ɛɛɖɔŋna-wɛɛ mbʊ lɛ, eyele ɛpaɣzɩ sukuli wɩlʊʊ. Ɛsɩba pɩnaɣ 1963 nɛ pepimɩ-ɩ Peniŋtoonii tɛtʊ taa nɛ pama ɛ-pɩlaʊ yɔɔ se: Mɛwɛna sɔɔlɩm tɔm nɛ ɛjaɖɛ.
Tayi Kʋnʋŋ

Tayi kɛna Tayi kadayi pɩlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊ Tayilandi ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ pawɩlʊ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ komina tʊma taa. Tayilandi ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ mba payaɣ-wɛ se Tayi Siyamua yɔ pɛwɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ pawɛ ɛzɩ  ɛyaa miliyɔoɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kakpanzɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ. 

Mba wɛna kewiyaɣ yɔɔ nɛ mba kpaɣna pakʊnʊŋ nɛ paɖʊ se ŋgʊ pʊwɛ se pawɩlɩ sukulinaa taa nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ komina taa nɛ pamaɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ aseɣla tɔm heyu takayɩsɩ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɩ-daa kɔyɔ: Isaŋ, Muwaŋ, Pak tayi. Ɛjaɖɩ nɖɩ ɖɩ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩ-lɩkyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ kɛ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ nɛ mba pɔyɔɔdʊ -kʊ pɛwɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna 15 nɛ 20 pa-taapiyele nɛ muwaŋ lɛ Tayilandi nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ pɔyɔɔdʊ-kʊ nɛ hɔɔlʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ.
Thomas d'Aquin

**Thomas d'Aquin** kɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa tʊ nɔɔyʊ. Ɛkɛ ɛsɔtɔm mʊyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ nɛ pasɩma-ɩ camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɔtɔm takayɩsɩ nzɩ ɛmaa yɔ nɛ lɔnɖɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ takayɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Palʊla-ɩ pɩnzɩ 1224 nɛ 1225 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kɛ Akino tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɖaɣ sɔsɔɣa nakɩyɩ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ lʊbɛ pɩnaɣ 1274. 

Pakpa-ɩ kiɖeɖeu hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1323 nɛ Pie V kpaɣ-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1567 se ɛnaʊ ɛnʊ kɛŋna kristu mba kpaaŋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1880 kɛ Léon XIII kpaɣ Thomas d'Aquin kɛŋna sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ nɛ katolika tɔm kpɛlɛkʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ. Ɛnʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ pɛdɩya yɔɔ feŋgiyu. E-tomnaɣ wɛ mɛncɛlɩmantɩ ɛsɔwaa ɖaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ Tuluzi yɔ kɛ-tɛ kɩlaʊ ndene sɔsɔyɛ tɛɛ.
Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy kɛna keɣsi maɖʊ yaa cɩmɩŋ maɖʊ nɛ takayɩsɩ kɩkalasɩ mayʊ. Palʊla Thomas Hardy kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ naalɛ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1840 nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 wiye pɩnaɣ 1928. Pɩnaɣ 1910 taa paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. 

Ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ, ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛtɔŋgaɣ ɛ-tɩ se keɣsi mabʊ nɛ si-lubu kɛŋna ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋŋ ɛlɛ paa ɛmaɣ takayɩsɩ kɔyɔ pɩɩkɛ se ehiɣu efemiye tɔɔnaɣ.  Thomas Hardy caa pɛɛ luɖu nɛ e-ɖoo ñalabɩna sukuli pazɩ nɛ ɛsɩŋna-ɩ pʊcɔ powona-ɩ sukuli pɩnzɩ litoozo taa. Pɩnzɩ 16 taa kɛ ɛlɩ sukuli nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊ kɛ John Hicks cɔlɔ. Pʊwayɩ kɛ ɛɖaɣna pɩsɩɣ King's College kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛtʊ taa sukuli taa nɛpeeɖe paha-ɩ samtʊ nima naayɛ.
Afrika kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ

Afrika kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ yaa nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ (UA) kɛna Afrika ajɛya ɖama nɩnaʊ, taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖɩñɔ Turbanii tɛtʊ taa, Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 2002. Ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛɣzɩna nɖɩ payawaɣ-ɖɩ se OUA yɔ. Pasɩ ɖɩ-kpalɩtʊ nɛ ɖɩ-nɔsɩ yɔɔ ɖɛya kɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 2003 kɛ Maputo tɛtʊ taa mozambiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Afrika nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kacalaɣ ñʊʊtʊ kaakɛ Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ peeɖe sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Thabo Mbeki yɔ, nɛ ɛnʊ kaakɛŋna OUA yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ. Ŋgbɛzyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tamasɩ ɖɔwa nɛ sɩ-taa kɔyɔ: kɛlɛ se lɛɣzʊ kɩfam mbʊ pɩlɩwa nɛ payaɣ-pʊ se temokrasii yɔ pɩɖɛɛna ɛsɩnda ajɛya kpeekpe taa, ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ Afrika ajɛya kpeeke ɛsɩnda wobu pɩlɩɩna ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se NEPAD yɔ. 

Pɩsa nɛ pʊɖɔ camɩyɛ lɛ pʊwɛɛ se kacalaɣ taa lɛ lanhɛzɩyɛ nɛ temokrasii pɛwɛɛ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa ɛnʊ yɔ: Angilisi, arabi, fransɩ, esɩpañɔɔlɩ, pɔrtiigalɩ nɛ swahilii.
Sosa kʋnʋŋ

Sosa kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ mba pɔyɔɔdʊ kʊyɔ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔna litoozo yɔ yaa ɛyaa 18 yɔ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yebina kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɛna naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊ  peeɖe yɔ pʊtɔbʊ se Suuluu wayɩ lɛ Sosa tɩŋgʊna. Suuluu kʊnʊŋ nɛ pantʊ pɩlɩʊ taa kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛ ɛzɩ samaɣ kʊɖʊma taa ɛyaa yɔ nɛ panɩʊ ɖama tɔm pazɩ pazɩ. Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ peeɖe sɔdɩŋ weyi ɩkɛ Sosa mba yɔ pɔɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Nelson Mandela, Chris Hani, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki pɩtasɩna Brenda Fassie nɛ Thabo Mbeki.
Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa hola wondu yɔɔ, ɛzɩma awɛɛ nɛ alakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩma yɔ, halɩ nɛ ɖooo ajɔɔla taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ñʊʊ taa nɛ tomnaɣ kpeekpe. 

Tɔmpiye hola lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ sʊ Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1960 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ piliŋa ŋga kɔcɔŋna fezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩcɛlɩna ñʊʊ taa maɣmaɣ ɛzɩ ɛsɩnda Nobel liidiye hɛyʊʊ tɩnaa David Hubel nɛ Torsten Wiesel. 

Paa tɔmpiye ɖɩwɛɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ ñʊʊ lɩna kpaagba nɛ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam tomnaɣ pilinzi ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊma cɔlɔ kɛnɛ, pa-taa kɔyɔ André Vésale. Kɛlɛ pʊcɔ mbʊ lɛ, ɖɔkɔtɔ naa sakɩyɛ kaalaba tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ñʊʊ taa hola wondu yɔɔ nɛ maɣzɩm pɛ-tɛ ɖama tamsɩnaʊ. 

Yee pɛkpɛndɩna hɩɖɛ cɛjɛ kɛ Hippocrate fɛbɩtʊ taa kɔyɔ ɛnɛ ɛnʊ yɔ nana fɩtɩyɩm kɛɛyʊ lɩmaɣza taa, tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ mbʊ payaɣ se hola wondu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm nɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm yɔ pazɩna Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tʊma taa nɛ pɩtɩŋna Roma (Galien) ɖɔkɔtɔ matʊ tɔm yɔɔ nɛ arabɩ nɛ malɩŋ ɛyaa (Averroès), nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Descartes tʊma. 

Ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ papɩsɩ wɛɛ ana lɛɣtʊ yaa lɛɣtʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ wɛɛ kɛlɛ paɖʊ kondoloko nakʊyʊ  kɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa, pɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ kazʊwa yaa pɩ-kɩzɛsɩ pɛ-ɛsɩnda pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm mʊntʊsʊʊ wɛɛ taa.
Kalɩzaɣ kpaʊʊ

Kalɩzaɣ kpaʊʊ, ɖɔɖɔ payaa se Mesmer lɩmaɣza, pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩlɩzɩyɛ pɩlɩna fɛbɩtʊ kɔdɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 18 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19 pazɩyɛ wɛɛ kɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ nɛ hali pɩpazɩ pɩwazɩ piŋ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa tɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa tɛ. Caama ɖɔkɔtɔ Franz-Anton Mesmer tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1773.  

Pɩkɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa tɔm piŋ, kɛlɛ kalɩzaɣ kpaʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩ pɩkɔna kɔkɔɖɛ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɩ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kizina laɣsɩ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa pɩnaɣ 1784. 

Ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ kalɩzaɣ kpaʊʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa kpaɣɖʊ 17 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, nɛ pɛwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa lɔŋ tɩnaa, pɛkɛ ɛyaa mba palɩna canaa mba paakɛ maacɩka laɖaa tɛ, pa-aa kɔyɔ Paracelse, Marsile Ficin, Roger Bacon ou Pietro Pomponazzi.  

Caama ɖɔkɔtɔ Franz-Anton Mesmer, weyi esusa Vienne pɩnaɣ 1766 ɛzɩma wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩyɩnzɩ tɔm ɛyʊ yɔɔ, naɣ piŋ kalizaɣ kpaʊʊ tʊma wena paatɛma-yɛ labʊ pʊcɔ ɛnʊ alɩwaatʊ talɩ kaawisa-ɩ. Ɛ-takayaɣ taa, Mesmer kpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ weyi paya-ɩ se Richard Maed lɩmaɣza nɛ ɛlabɩna tʊmɩyɛ piŋ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1775 lɛ, wiyaʊ pɩɣa kɩlɩzaɣ Maximilien 3 Joseph Bavière tʊ kpa ɛyaa nabayɛ se pefeŋiɣ cɛjɛ Johann Joseph Gassner alewa lɩzʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ. Ɛyaa mba paya Mesmer Munih. 

Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 27 pɩnaɣ 1775 lɛ ɛwɩlɩ ɛ-tɩ mbʊ se ɛwɛ ɖoŋ se ɛpɩsɩ ɛlɩzɩ yaa ɛmʊʊzɩ laɣsɩ ndɩ ndɩ ɛlɛ ɛɛlakɩna alewa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Teɣfema lɛ, tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa ɛsɩnda nɛ sɔsaa ɛsɩnda ekuli nɛ eheyiɣ ɛyaa Gassner wazaɣ ɛ-kʊdɔndɩnaa nɛ kalɩzaɣ kpaʊʊ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ ɛtɛlɛyɩ mbʊ yaa ɛtatɩlɩ mbʊ.
Ɛyʊ yɔɔdaɣ

Ɛyʊ yɔɔdaɣ pɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ wɛna nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ se ɛ nɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ panɩɩ ɖama tɔm yɔ. Yɔɔdaɣ kɛ pɩyʊ keekee weyi ɛyaa yɔɔdʊʊna ɖama ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ mbʊ yɔ. Ɛyʊ yɔɔdaɣ wɛna lʊlʊʊ nɛ ɖɛzʊʊ tɛ wɛtʊ, nɛ pɩtɩŋa payɩ mbʊ lɩna ɛyaa agbeela ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ nɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ cɔlɔ.
 
Lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ pɩlɩna yɔɔdaɣ ɛzɩ pɩkɛʊ ɖama nɩnaʊ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ ñɩnʊʊ piliŋa. Kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ ñɩnʊʊ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ ñɩnɩyaa sɔsɔ pa nɛ yɔɔ Saussure tɛ Ferdinand nɛ Noam Chomskey. Pɩlɩŋ lɛɛŋ ñɔsɔzʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ nɛ etiziɣ taabalɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, hola wondu lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ kpɛlɛkɩnaʊ mbʊ yɔ. 

Pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ yɔ pɩpazɩna ɛyʊ kɛnɛ ɖooo ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma ɛ nɛ ɛyaa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kɛ ɛsakuliye pɩyʊ siŋ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ, kɛlɛ pɩtasɩna yɔɔdaɣ yeke ɛlɛ kʊ-tʊma ɖɔ sakɩyɛ, patɩlɩ se ñɛ-tɛɛ le, ɛyʊ ɖɩcaɣyɛ lalaa hɛkʊ taa, ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa lɩmaɣza labʊ nɛ aleɣya.

Tɔmpiye yɔɔdaɣ lɩna ɖooo Ɛnɖɩ nɛ Erɔpʊ dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s, yaa  dn̥g̑huhā, dn̥ǵ(h)wā- nɛ dhn̥ǵ(h)wā-, kɛlɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kʊnʊŋ (ajɔɔɖɛ), tɔmʊʊ nɛ yɔɔdaɣ. Kɛlɛ ɛha latɛŋ hɩɖɛ mbʊ se lingua (ɖɩɖɩ ñalɩna ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ latɛŋ taa se dingua), pʊ-tɔbʊʊ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ, kɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩ anasaayɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa se language.
Tɩlɩtʊ pɩzɩtʊ

Tɩlɩtʊ pɩzɩtʊ, pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ ñɩnɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɩkɩɣ niiye lɩmaɣza yɔɔ nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɖɩ nɛ tɔm heyuu palɩ ɖama, pɩkɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩkʊsa ɛyaa hʊzɩŋ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ wɛtʊ tɔm yɔɔ. Lɩmaɣza tɩlʊʊ kaakɛna hɛkʊ taa tɔm keem. 

Mbʊ pɛkɛdɩna yɔ pɩwɛɛ se pɩwɛɛ ɛyaa ɛsɩnda nɛ panaɣ, panaɣ ɛzɩ pɛdɩɣ yɔ pʊmʊna mbʊ pɩwɛɛ kedeŋa taa yɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1950 wɛɛ taa lɛ, tɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ ñɩnɩyaa laba tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ nɛ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ patamʊna ɖama mbʊ yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɔcɔŋaɣ wɛtʊ yaa laɣsɩ yeke cɔlɔ nɛ patalakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ fitenum.

Anasaayɩ ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ kɔma pɩlɩɩ nɛ pɛɖɛʊna ɛsɩndaa piŋ lɛ, mbʊ pɩsɩnɩna nɛ patɩlɩ wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ pɩlɩna yɔɔdaɣ yɔɔ, tɩlɩtʊ pɩzɩtʊ yeba nɛ patɩlɩ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna palakaɣ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ wɛtʊ kɩbandʊ yɔɔ. Eyeba nɛ ɛpɩsɩ lɩmaɣza kpeekpe tɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1970 pɩcɛlɩna tɩlɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ yɔɔ nɛ fitenum yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ.

Pɩfɛyɩ se peyidi tɩlɩtʊ pɩzɩtʊ tɔm nɛ kpɛlɩ tɩlɩtʊ tɛ tɔm, ndʊ tɩlɩ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1956 nɛ 1960 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ kɛ lɛɣtʊ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma ɖeɖe yɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Jerome Bruner nɛ George Armitage Miller pa-tʊma cɔlɔ kpɛyɛɛ Harvard sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa. Pa nɛ ɛnʊ papa lɩza tɩlɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ pɩtɩŋna ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ.
Ɖama lɩɣʊ

Ɖama lɩɣʊ wɛnaʊ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ nɖɩ René Girard laba ɛ-maɣmaɣ nɛ ɖɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ yɔ, tɩzɩnaʊ (yee pɩkɛ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa), se pɩsa nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ sakɩyɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ wɛɛ yɔ. Ɛlaba ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, ɛyʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ (kɔzɩ  kɔzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ taa), ɛsakuliye hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ mbʊ. Palɩzɩ sukuli nakʊyʊ koŋ nɛ kɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɛzɩma patɩlɩ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ ndɩ yɔ politiki, tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ taa.

Ɖama lɩɣʊ pɩkɛ lʊlʊʊ pɩyʊ, Aristote kaatɛma pʊ-tɔm yɔɔdʊʊ. Ɛyʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ kpɩna lɛɛna mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛwɛ lɔŋ nɛ ɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Freud cɔlɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ kuɖum tɛ lɛ liu wɛʊ kɛna mbʊ keekee pɩwɛ ɖooo paama-ɩ yɔ taa. 

Ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ naa sakɩyɛ lɩɣ pɩcɛlɩna ɖama lɩɣʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ liu wɛʊ tɛ tɔm alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yiɣduu natʊyʊ lɩɣ pɩlɩna hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ, mbʊ ɛyʊ kɛwa yɔ, mbʊ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣza pɔyɩ-ɩ yɔ ndʊ Anthony Wilden na tɔm ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ.

Ɛpaza ɛñɩɣ niiye ɛ-takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa, René Girard tɔm mɔntɔŋ mbʊ yɔ, takayaɣ ŋga yɔ *Un allumé qui se prend pour un phare* (Kimé 2010), Fransɩɩ sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa René Pommier yɔɔdʊʊ lɩɣʊ wɛʊ tɔm ɛzɩ pɩkɛ mbʊ pʊcɔɖʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔ kɛlɛ pɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ ekizuu René Girard lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩɖɩ yɔɔ Don Juan yaa Don Quichotte paañɩwa yɔ.
Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna se ɖɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ maɣzɩm wɛɛ, ɛ-wɛtʊ nɛ ɛ-laɣsɩ pɩcɛlɩna mbʊ pɩwɛ ɛsɩndaa yɔ, mbʊ ɛmaɣzʊʊ yɔ nɛ lalaa. Lɛɣtʊ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa, pɩcɛlɩɣ-ɖʊ se ɖɩpɩsɩ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩtakɩ. 

Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkɩyaa (Kurt Lewin, Harold J. Leavitt, Jean Maisonneuve, Serge Moscovici, nɛ ŋgbaɣ ŋɖɛyɛ mbʊ yɔ wɩlɩɣ-ɖʊ ɛzɩma ɖɩkpaɣna ɖa-tɩ ɖo-kobiyaa lalaa yɔ, nɛ papɩzɩɣ panaɣ  ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ laɣsɩ yaa wɛtʊ natʊyʊ naa lakɩ yɔ. Samaɣ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ sɔɔlʊʊ ɖɩnaɣ ɛyʊ lɩmaɣza, ɛ-wɛtʊ ɛ-laɣsɩ ɛ-ɛyɩtʊ tɩŋa kpeekpe taa nɛ panaɣ ɛzɩma ɛyaa nɛ ɖama pɛ-wɛtʊ.

Ɛyaa mba pawɩlaɣ samaɣ maɣzɩm tɔm Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɩnaɣ pa-taa peeɖe Gustave Bon ñɩnʊ ɛlɛ ñɛkɛ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɛma takayasɩ kisuzasi sakɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1895 alɩwaatʊ taa, Gabriel Tarde. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1900 lɛ, pala ketizaɣ 4 ŋga nakayɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ketizaɣ kekpelaɣ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe pɩlɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ Paarii tɛtʊ taa, Théodule Ribot kaaɖɛna kɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ.

Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa lɛ William McDougall susina pɩnaɣ 1908 nɔɔ haʊ takayaɣ nakayɛ pɩlɩna samaɣ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔɔ, takayaɣ keyebina se paɖʊ kamayʊ samaɣ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa taa.
Kpɛndɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ

Kpɛndɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm taa takɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ wɛɛ pɩcɛlɩna ɛyʊ wɛtʊ kpeekpe yɔɔ, paa pɩɩkɛ wɛɛ wena yaa lona wena. Maɣzɩm taa kʊdɔmɩŋ fɛɖʊ Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), ɛnʊ lɩzɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se kpeekpe tɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖooo ɛyʊ lɩm taa kɛnɛ, paapɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ nɛ tɩkɛ kʊyʊmtʊ paale.  

Yee Sigmund Freud ɛnʊ weyi ɛtɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm cɔlɔ lɛ se kaatɩlɩtʊ wɛʊ yɔ pasɩma-tʊ se pɩlɩna ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa cɔlɔ kɛlɛ Jung ñɔyɔɔdʊʊ lɛɛtʊ se hayi mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm fɛyɩ laɣsɩ.

Tɔmpiye kpeekpe kaatɩlɩtʊ (kollektives Unterbewußtsein kɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa) tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ kɛ Carl Gustav Jung cɔlɔ koŋ takʊʊ nɛ wiluu maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe yeke. Patasɩm-ɖɩ maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ ɖeɖe. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kiyiduu piŋ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma kɩ-tɛ tɔbɩŋ nɩɣ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ yiditu ndʊ tɩtɩna nɛ ɛyaa ɛɛnɩɣ Jung tʊma tɔbɩŋ ɖeu.

Jung kɛ mbʊ lɛ Platon tɛ ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɛyʊ nɛ ɛñɔzɩ kuyu kuyu sɔnzɩ tɔm, ɖɔɖɔ Caama ɛyʊ yɔɔ keekee maɣzɩm tɔm, ɛɖanɩɣ pazʊʊ Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775–1854) nɛ Novalis (1772–1801) tʊma, ɛnʊ weyi ɛkɛ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ kaatɩlɩtʊ tɔmʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ, kɛlɛ Ernest Platner kaaɖɛyɩ nɔɔ ɛlɛ lubina tɔmpiye nɖɩ nɛ Caama kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se bewusstlos.
Wɛɛkɩtʊ tɔm

Wɛɛkɩtʊ tɔm, pɩkɛ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛzatʊ lɩmaɣza wena akɔma awɛkɩ mbʊ pɩɩwɛ ɖeu yɔ ɛyaa cɔlɔ. Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kutukina piliŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kɩwɛɛna tɔbɩŋ nɩtʊ sakɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna lakaɣ wɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩmaɣza kɩzɩtʊ yaa mɩlɩm tɔm.

Tɔmɩŋ tɔbɩŋ lɩzɩtʊ tɛ lɛ, palaba tɔmpiye nɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ se pɛlɛzɩ ɛyaa wɛtʊ papɩsɩ ɛyaa kpaŋ sʊyaa mbʊ pɩɩkɛtɩna samaɣ yɔ, se palabina politiki tɔm yaa paɖʊna lalaa kʊñɔŋ. Sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ tɛ lɛ, wɛɛkɩtʊ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣlʊʊ wobu yɔɔ wobu pɩlɩna wɛɛ cɔlɔ, ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba cɔlɔ nɛ paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ nɛ lɩmaɣzɛ lɛɛna naa. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ keekee se pañɩɣ niiye kʊzʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ kɛnɛ.

Kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe lɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɩ-tɔm lɛ kʊzʊʊ yɔɔ pañɩkɩɣ niiye ɛzatʊ tɔm yɔɔ kɛnɛ mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ yɔɔ kɛnɛ kɛlɛ tɔm hʊtʊ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ pɩcɛlɩna lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe lɛ, Sigmund Freud ñaɖʊ tɔm ndʊ kɛ kʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɛnɛ, pɩkɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩkɛzɩyɛ nɛ pɩkɛ hɩnɛ nɛ kodiye pañɩndʊ. ɛcɔŋna lɛ pɩɣa tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖɩkɩlɩ wɛʊ. 

Tɔmpee lɛɛna wena añɔtɩna-ɖɩ yɔ ana yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu, kañatʊ, efeletu, ɛzaɣʊ, lɛɣʊ tʊ, kʊdɔŋ, kʊzɔɔtʊ laɖʊ, lɛgɛdɛ tʊ, kʊzɔkpɛndɩyɛ tʊ, tɔmɩŋ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ tɔmpee naalɛ cɔlɔ per ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se pɩlɩna nɛ vertere ɖɩɖɩ tɔbʊʊ se lɛɛzɩyʊ yaa kɛzɩyʊ.
Maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, Sigmund Freud kɛna kiɖe ɖʊyʊ kɛlɛ ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ se ɖɩnɩɩ, kajalaɣ lɛ, pɩkɛ piye piye wiluu tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ. Nabʊlɛ lɛ, pɩkɛ ɛzɩma patɩŋna nɛ pawazɩ kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ hola kʊdɔmɩŋ.Nabʊtozo lɛ, pɩkɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.

Lɩmaɣza naayɛ  yaa laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ kɛ mbʊ pɩtɛkɛ ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩm cɔlɔ yɔ yaa sɩcaɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ ɖoza, yiduu nabʊyʊ yaa natʊyʊ naa ndʊ tɩɩmʊna ɛyʊ yɔ, yaa mbʊ pɩtalɩna ɛyʊ maɣzɩm maɣmaɣ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ ñʊʊ cɔʊʊ kʊdɔŋ mbʊ yɔ.

Yee ɛzɩ Roger Perron wɩlɩɣ yɔ, yee maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛʊ yɔ paapɩzɩɣ se patʊɣʊ-tʊ nɛ tɩ-kiɖe ɖʊyʊ weyi paya-ɩ se Sigmund Freud, ɛnʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ, hola kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛ Otirisi ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, pɩwɛʊ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ tɩupazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ kɛlɛ pehiɣ natʊyʊ naa ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 1881-1882 lɛ Josef Breuer nɛ Anna O., pɩnaɣ 1885 lɛ pɩɩkɛ Freud pɩnaɣ kɩkpɛlɛkaɣ kɛ Jean-Martin Charcot, pɩnzɩ 1893-1896 lɛ pañɩnaɣ hola yɔɔ tɔm nɛ ñʊʊ taa cɔtʊ tɔm (1895).

Maɣzɩm taa takʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ lɛ, pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kɩfama mba paakɛ Sigmund Freud piyaa yɔ pa-taa kɔyɔ Carl Gustav Jung yaa Sándor Ferenczi kajalaɣ kpaɣɖʊ kɛlɛ, yaa Melanie Klein kpaɣɖʊ naalɛ ñɩŋʊ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣza naayɛ nɛ pakʊna Freud tɔm. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ 1930 lɛ, maɣzɩm taa tazʊʊ tɩnaa sakɩyɛ mba paakɛ Yuda pekizi Nuremberg tʊma labʊ, kɛlɛ papazɩ-wɛ ñaŋasɩɣ, kɛlɛ pakʊyɩ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Otirisi hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩkɛ Caama ñɩŋʊ taa yaa ɖɔɖɔ Hongrii nɛ Pɔlɔñɩ ajɛyɛ taa nɛ powolo pacaɣ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ Etaazuunii ajɛyɛ taa.
Maɣzɩm taa takɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Taa takʊʊ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ yaa maɣzɩm taa takɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ (Caama nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa lɛ *Analytische Psychologie*) pɩkɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ fɛɖʊ Carl Gustav Jung kaalaba kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1913. Ɛtʊla tʊmɩyɛ se ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ Sigmund Freud ñaalaba yɔ, pɔpɔzʊʊ-ɖɩ se ɖɩkpaɣ piye piye nɛ ɖiwiluu pɩlɩna maɣzɩm fɛyɩ tɛ nɛ ciyam, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ. Yee pakpaɣ takʊʊ tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm kɛtɩdʊ kɔyɔ tɩtamsɩna Jung maɣmaɣ tɔm kɛtʊʊ. Kɛlɛ ɖɩnaɣ se Zurich sukuli  kɩ-nɛ Eugen Bleuler, Franz Riklin, Alphonse Maeder nɛ Jung lɩzɩna-tʊ. 

Jung paɣzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɛkɛʊ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpaɣza-ɖɩ mɛwɛmandɩyɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ kɛ Zurich sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa peeɖe patʊyɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Burghölzli pɩnaɣ 1900. Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa kɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔɖɛyʊ kɔyɔ Eugen Bleuler ɛyʊ enʊ, pazɩ pazɩ yɔɔ lɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣza kɩfana.

Jung pazɩ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ keekee mbʊ payaa se takʊʊ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ kpaɣ kɩyɛn fenaɣ pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩnaɣ 1913 ɖɔkɔtɔ ketizaɣ 17 ŋga ŋga paalaba-kɛ Londrɩ yɔ, ŋga payaɣ se *General Aspects of Psychoanalysis*. Ɛwɩlɩ lɛɣtʊ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛzɩɖɩlɩna takʊʊ lɛɣtʊ cɔlɔ, kɛlɛ ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ ɖɩ nɛ Sigmund Freud ñaalaba nɖɩ yɔ nɛ Eugen Blueuler.

Jung ma ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ ɛ nɛ ɛ-halʊ kɛ lɔŋ sɩnɖaa sakɩyɛ pa-taa kɔyɔ Eugène Bleuler, Franz Riklin (ɛlɛ ñaalaba tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɖɩ payaa se *Wunscherfüllung und Symbolik im Märchen* pɩnaɣ 1908), Alphonse Maeder ɛlɛ yebina nɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa), Adolf Keller, Toni Wolff, Hans Trüb nɛ Herbert Oczeret. Ekpeɣli ajɛyɛ taa ɛyaa lɔŋ ɛ-cɔlɔ ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Eduard Fierz, nɛ Yuda hama laɣsɩ tʊ Siegmund Hurwitz.
Sergueï Rachmaninov

Sergueï Vassilievitch Rachmaninov kɛna weyi eluki wendu yaa ɛmaɣ-tʊ yɔ, ɛsɔɔla piyano mabʊ ɖɔɖɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ soo maɖa ɖɩcaɣyɛ taa lɛ, ɛkɛ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ. Eluba yaa ɛma wendu ndʊ yɔ tɩkɛna ñʊʊda maɣzɩm takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ wendu ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔm pee lɩna ɛwɩlɩya Frédéric Chopin, Tchaïkovski nɛ Rimski-Korsakov pɔ-cɔlɔ. Sergueï Vassilievitch Rachmaninov caa kɛ payaɣ se Arkadievitch Rachmaninov (1841–1916), nɛ ɛkɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ Rusi ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Eɖoo kɔyɔ Lyubov (Lioubov) Petrovna Butakova (1853–1929), nɛ sɔɔja sɔsɔ, Seneral nɔɔyʊ lʊɩna-ɩ. Palʊla Sergueï Rachmaninov kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ kacalaɣ ŋgʊ wiye pɩnaɣ 1873 kɛ Rusi ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1943 Kalifɔrnii, Etazunii taa ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 69. Pɩnzɩ naanza taa kɛ  Anna Ornazkaïa kpaɣ ɛ-tɩ pilim nɛ ɛpaɣzɩ piyano mabʊ wɩlʊ Sergueï Rachmaninov. Pɩɩwɛɛ se powona Sergueï Rachmaninov nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ sɔsɔ  Vladmir kɛ mba paɖaŋgʊ wiyau yɔɔ yɔ ɛlɛ liidiya fɛyɩ. 

Ɛzɩma ɖama nɩnaʊ taawɛɛ ɛñɩma cɔlɔ lɛ, Vassili nɛ Lioubov Rachmaninov pacɩɩ ɖama. Piyebina nɛ piya wɛɛ po-ɖoo nɛ pe-neze Sofia Boutakova (1823-1904), weyi pɛɖɛyʊ-ɩ se babouchka yɔ pɔ-cɔlɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ pe-neze ɛnʊ ewokina ɛzɛyɩ Sergueï Rachmaninov kɛ Cathédrale Sainte-Sophie de Novgorod ɖenɖe ɛsɔ wendu teya teu nɛ wendu teu sʊʊ e-ciyam camɩyɛ siŋŋŋ yɔ. 

Eluba wendu ndʊ yɔ tɩɖɔɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Ɛwɛ Etazunii tɛtʊ taa lɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ paɣza nɛ pɩwɛ-ɩ kaɖɛ se ɛpɩsɩ Erɔpʊ taa kɛ ɛpɛlɔ Tatiana cɔlɔ,weyi ɛwɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Piyebina nɛ pɩnaɣ 1941 ɛlu ɛ-tɛ kpaagbaa wendu nɛ ɛyaa-tʊ se les Danses symphoniques yaa wengalasɩ payɛ. Wendu tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ ɛyɔɔda ɛyʊ wezu caɣʊ tɔm: tanadɛɛ, wɩsɩ taa nɛ ɖanɣ. Pɩla mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ yabʊ ɖaɣ kɛ Etazunii peeɖe nɛ ɛwɛɛna peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ takayaɣ.Pɩnzɩ 1042 nɛ 1943 taa kɛ pɩcɛɣɖɛ kʊdɔŋ kpa e-hiliu nɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 wiye pɩnaɣ 1943 lɛ, etisi fezu, ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 69.
Kpaŋ

Kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ (pama-ɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ψυχή, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se fezuu, kalɩzaɣ, pɩkɛ sakɩyɛ yɔɔdaɣ taa tɔmpiye kɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩnaa tɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe, nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yaa ñʊʊ taa cɔʊʊ nɛ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɛnʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɖeu yɔ ɛɛlakɩ-pʊ. 

Kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ kɔŋna yem yem yɔɔdaɣ, lalaa lɛ pɩwɛ-wɛ maɣnɛ kʊdɔŋ tɩyɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛsɩŋ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɖeu nabʊyʊ naa taa kɛlɛ pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ se pɛlɛzɩ-ɩ wɛtʊ ndʊ. 

Ɖɩcɔna piŋ kɔyɔ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ ɛyaa ɛzɩ naatozo mba pɛkɛ sʊlʊm ñɔyaa yɔ wɛnɩna kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ ɛñɔʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩmbʊ nabʊyʊ yaa sʊlʊm kɩlɩ ɛnandʊ pɩɣʊ yɔ. 

Ɛzɩma papɩzɩɣ pawazɩ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pana-kʊ yɔ nɛ pʊ-tʊ weyi pana-kʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pahaɣ pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ maɣzɩm taa kɔɔ naayɛ (kiliba yaa pʊtɔma kɩsɔba) nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se pasɩɩ pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ fɛɖaa cɔlɔ. Kɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ kɔɔ a-tɛ kpaɣʊʊ kɔŋna kaɖɛ piŋ kpaŋ tɩnaa mba.
Luganda

Luganda kɛna kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ugandaa ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Kɩwɛ Pantʊ tɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlʊʊ taa. Ɛyaa mba panɩʊ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɛkɛ liŋgala mba nɛ mba panɩʊ-kʊ yɔ patalʊʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa lʊbɛ yɔ. Mba pɛtɛkɛ lugandaa mba nɛ panɩʊ-kʊ kɩnɩʊ yem yɔ patalɩɣʊ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa 5,6 yɔ.   

Luganda kʊnʊŋ masɩ kɔyɔ: a b c d e f g i j k l m n (ŋ ng ŋg ny) o p r s t u v w y z.  

Luganga kʊnʊŋ masɩ sɩnɛ pakalɩɣ-sɩ se: /a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, ɟ, k, l, m, n, ŋ, ɲ, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, j, z. Halɩ masɩ kpɛnda kagbaanzɩ: a e i o u. Tanda masɩ kpenda naalɛ: i u nɛ kiwiwaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ ŋga lɛ: a. e nɛ o lɛ sɩwɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ. 

Tɔm pee naayɛ tʊbʊ kɔyɔ:
Kpaŋ kʊɖɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (krɛkɩ tɔmpee taa lɛ, psukhê, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kalɩzaɣ nɛ pathos, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kʊdɔŋ) pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ nɛ fɛɖaa tɛ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna fetenum taa kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ (ñʊʊ cɔʊʊ) pɩtɩŋna maɣzɩm taa wiluu tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ yaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔɔ. 

Kpaɣɖʊ 19 wɛɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Philippe Pinel takayaɣ kisuzaɣ nakayɛ tɔm yɔɔ papɩza patɩlɩ cɛyɩtʊ ndʊ se sɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ.Piliŋa ŋga ka-tʊmɩyɛ kɔyɔ se kɔcɔna nɛ kalɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ ɛzɩma kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpaɣza yɔ, nɛ pehiɣ patʊɣʊ mbʊ pɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu yɔ. Panaɣ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ pɩtɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pazɩyɛ yɔ, nɛ ɛzɩma kʊɖɔŋ yɔ mbʊ yekina nɛ papɩzɩ pañɩnɩ kɩ-kɔyɛ hayʊ nɛ pawazɩ-kʊ. 

Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɩwɛ kɩbam nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ hɛkʊ taa kɔna tɔm pɔzɩyɛ sakɩyɛ, kpaɣ paa weyi tɛ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛ kaɖɛ piŋ se palɩzɩ tɔbʊʊ. Piyaa kpaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɑlɑkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, nɛ pɩɣa evelaɣ pɛ-tɛ lɛ, pa-laɣsɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ kʊdɔŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛlɛzɩ lɛɛzɩtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɛcɔŋna ɛ-tɩ se ɛkpaɖa lɛlʊ lɛ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ ɛɛtasɩɣ ñam ɛ-kɩkpaɖa.

Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa sakɩyɛ kɔna paa weyi lɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna kʊdɔmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ mbʊ ɛzɩ mbʊ papazɩ nɛ kɩ-tɛ calʊʊ, kɩɖɔnɛ nɛ ɛzɩma pakpaɣna nɛ pawazɩ-kʊ yɔ, pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ pa-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ Sigmund Freud, Daniel Widlöcher, Georges Canguilhem, Bergeret, Roussillon, Minkovski.
Kobalti

Kobalti kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-yʊsaɣ matʊ kɔyɔ Ar 4s23d7 yɔ, ɛkɛ pʊtʊ naalɛ tʊ pɩlʊʊ lutozo ñɩŋʊ kɩtɩlɩsɩnaʊ tɛɛ. Ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ kɩɖɛzʊʊ nɛ ɛ-nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ pɛkpɛndɩ pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ. Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ ɖɩnaɣ se e-tomnaɣ wɛtʊ kɛ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ nɩkɛlɩ. Ɛtɛkɛ cosiyaɣ ɛzɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔ. Kobalti kɛ koloŋa 9 tɛ pʊtʊ kɛlɛ natozo kajalaɣ ñɩmba yɔ Co Rh nɛ Ir, mba nɛ kobalti pɛkpɛndɩna pɩlʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ.

Kobalti ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊnaa mba pɛwɛ ɛzɩ tɔlɩm, ndɩ ndɩ sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ palakaɣ-wɛ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo Hayi Canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 2600 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa yaa Mesopotami ɛyaa tɛ mbʊ lɛ Babilone ñɔñɔɔ kɛlɛ. Mbʊ lɛ canaʊ tɛtʊ wondu kɩbɩndʊ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ na tɔlɩm yuulee cʊʊ ñanzɩ yɔɔ yaa tɛtʊ kɩhɔbɩtʊ yɔɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm kicisi nzɩ paata sɩ-yɔɔ yuulee tɔlɩm yɔ kaakɛ kʊyʊmʊm kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 2200 pʊcɔ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ lʊlʊʊ Iran. 

Pɩnaɣ 1735, Sʊyɛɛdɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Georg Brant pɩnzɩ (1694 ŋtalɩ 1768) pɩza yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛpɩza nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɛ ñɩɣlɩm cikpem nabʊyʊ, pʊhʊlʊma caʊʊ, pɩwɛɛ ɖoŋ kɛlɛ pɩpɛlɩɣ, nɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ kɛɛkɛɛ yɔ ɛyaa se kobalti.

Tʊma wena keŋkeŋ palaba mbʊ yɔ wɛɛ tamɩyɛ tɛɛ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1780 Torbern Olof Bergman ɖanɩɣ pazɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ  nɛ pʊcɔ panaɣ tovonum Georg Brandt kaanaʊʊ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩkɔma kpaɣɖʊ 19, kobalti yuulee ñɩŋʊ wɛʊʊ yɔ Nɔrvɛzɩ Blaaforvaerket lukaɣna-kʊ (kedeŋa kpeekpe taa kiyeke kulukaɣ pɩtalɩɣ 70 nɛ 80%) kɛlɛ Prusi Benjamin Wegner cɔŋaɣnaɣ kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ.
Ñɩm

Ñɩm, pɩkɛ pʊyʊ nɔɔyʊ tɩyʊʊ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ñɩm kɩkpaɣm yaa ɛsɔdaa kuduyuŋ sakɩyɛ ɖɩɣa yaa ɖɔɖɔ ñʊʊ taa lɔŋ, pɩkɛ ùbʊ paa anɩ sɩma yɔ nɗ pakandʊʊ pɩyɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔɔ (pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ yaa ɛyʊ maɣmaɣ), samaɣ, paɣtʊ, kpeekpe tovonum tɔm yaa ɛyaa tɩŋa sɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ Pierre-Joseph Proudon tɔŋ se pɩkɛ ɖoŋ wɛnaʊ pɩyʊ.

Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ lɛɣzʊʊ tɔm pazɩ kɩsa siŋ ñɩm waɖɛ tɔm, paapɩzɩ pakʊyɩ nɛ tʊ halɩ pakandʊʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɩkandʊʊ, pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ tɔm takayɩ hayʊʊ hɔɔlaɣ 17 pɩnaɣ 1789 paɣtʊ yɔɔ. 

Ñɩm, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ tɩyaa yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ wonuu mbʊ ɛyʊ naɣ yɔ yaa  pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɖɩkpaɣ mbʊ panaɣ kɔyɔ pʊpʊ ñɛkɛna kajalaɣ lɔŋ weyi ɛfɛyɩ ciidiɣ yɔ, nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣse pɩkɛ mbbʊ ɛyʊ tɩyaa ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛ-nɛ nɔɔyʊ paatɛyɩɣ-pʊ yɔ, nɛ yee ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ñʊʊ taa ñɩm hɔɔlʊʊ, ɖɩnaɣ se hɔɔlʊʊ kʊkʊ taa lɛɛzɩtʊ kɩfatʊ kɔŋna tʊ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ takayasɩ kɩmamasɩ taa tɔm yaa tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛmtʊ takayaɣ yaa radiyoo tatasɩ, hendu kitetetu mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ ñɩm ɖɔɖɔ.
Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri

Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri yaa Wɩsɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa Room ampiiri, pɛkɛ ɛyaa mba palɩ kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 4 ŋgʊ cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ Room wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa tɛ ampiiri taa yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛnʊ ñaɖɩna ɛ-tɩ tɛƴʊʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ. Pasɩma ampiiri ŋgʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ lɛ yɔ se kʊ-tɔm kaaleɖa piŋ. Room taa maɣmaɣ kɛ kɩñɔɔ, kɛlɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ-yɔɔ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna paa tɔm kɛdɩyʊ weyi lɛ tɛ maɣzɩm yɔɔ. 

Kɔnsɩtatɩnɔpɩlɩ ñɔɔ, kɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ hɩɖɛ kɛlɛ, pɩlɩna Constantin kajalaɣ tʊ pɩnaɣ 330,ɛzɩ ampiiri nakʊyʊ tɛyɩtʊ tɔm kaacaɣʊ kaɖɛ se pɔcɔna kʊ-yɔɔ nɛ kɩkɔɔ kɩpɩsɩ keem pɩnaɣ 395, pɔyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm nabʊtʊ taa. Paakpekiɣ kikpeɣu se kɩ-tɛ le ɛlɛ pasɩma se kɩ-tɛ lɛ Room, ampiiri ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛyaa kɛ Krɩstʊ ɛyaa nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊŋ kʊyʊmʊʊ, ŋgʊ lɛ krɛkɩ ñɩŋʊ. 

Ɖɩcɔna wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ kamasɩ yɔɔ, ɖɩnaɣ canaʊ wondu naa mba paakɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ pʊtʊnaa nɛ nabʊyʊ taa pama-tʊ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, ɛpɩsɩ lʊlʊʊ taa lone ndɩ ɖɩ-taa panaɣ ɛsakuliye wondu, nɛ halɩ pʊtɔyɩ pɩtalɩ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna taa, wena lalaa ñɔkɔma panaŋɩ yɔ.

Pɩkpaɣna kpaɣɖʊ 7 ŋngʊ lɛ lɛɛzɩtʊ sakɩyɛ pazaa pɩcaɣ pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri yɔɔ. Pɩkɛna-kʊ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kitisi lɛɛzɩtʊ kɩfatʊ yɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛyaa paazaɣ pɩɣyɩnaʊ kʊ-tɔm kɩbɩndʊ ndʊ yɔɔ, nɛ pɩkɛna-kʊ cɛyɩtʊ se ɛɖɩzɩɣ ɛ-cɩcɩɖɩɣ tɔm natʊyʊ naa sakɩyɛ. Ɖama yonaʊʊ kakamaɣ kaakɛna-kʊ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kɩlɛɛzɩ wɛtʊ naa sakɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɖama katʊʊ you naananza ŋgʊ kɔɔ nɛ kɩtɛzɩ yɔɔkʊʊ kɔnsɩtantɩnɔpɔlɩ pɩnaɣ 1204, kɛlɛ yee aɖanɩ ñɔʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩnaɣ 1261 kɔyɔ ɛtaafɛyɩ ɖoŋ se ɛlʊbɩna e-koyondinaa Otoman mba nɛ Itaalii tɔsʊʊ huu tɔm. Kɔnsɩtantɩnɔpɩlɩ tɔlʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1453 tɩna ampiiri pɩzantɛɛ tɔlʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ.
Ɖama tʊɣʊʊ

Ɖama tʊɣʊʊ, pɩkɛ ɛzaɣtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔ yem tuda pɩlɩna ɛyaa tɛyɩtʊ tɔm yɔɔ, pɩcɛlɩna se ɛyaa kʊhʊlʊmaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛda yɔɔ, nɛ pɔtɔŋ ɛyaa nabayɛ ñakpaɣ pa-tɩ pakɩla lalaa. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɩ ɖiyele nɛ ɛyaa nabayɛ wɛɛna ɖdoŋ lalaa yɔɔ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ sakɩyɛ cɔlɔ ;;dikɔna ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ piŋ ɛyaa naa hɛkɩŋ taa, paa ɖooye you wɛɛ tɩ-tɔm taa. 

Samaɣ taa ɖama kɩɩsɔɔlʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ (kpaɣ paa pɩɩkɛ ɛyaa hɔɔlʊʊ taa yaa kʊnʊmɩŋ yaa tomnasi sɛmɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa) pɩtɩŋna payi mbʊ yɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛyʊ lɛlʊ ɛɛsɔɔlʊʊ ɛgɔm ɛ-tɛ yɔ yaa paa anɩ caɣ se pɔtɔ se ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ kɩlana lɛɛna. Yoŋ kaawɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna ɖama kɔsɔlasɩ yɔɔ, nɔɔ nim lɛlʊ, ɖama taa ɖama tɔzʊʊ yaa ɖama tʊɣʊʊ yɔɔ.

Ɖama tʊɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñɔza politiki tɔm ndɩ ndɩ kpaɣ ɖama yasʊʊ, lalaa ñaa ɛyʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ nɔɔyʊ se kʊlʊm lalaa se pɛ-tɛ hayi lalaa se pɛ-tɛ hadɛ, paa mba lɛ nɛ pakʊnʊŋ, ɛyaa kʊyʊʊ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ yoŋ halɩ ɖama kʊʊ lɩɩ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ tɩna yomaa kpaʊʊ tɔm nɛ ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ tɔm.

Ɛyʊ kʊlʊm tɛ caɣʊʊ ɛyaa kpeekpe se ɛnʊ kɩlɩna yɔ kaakɛ tɔmpiye nɖɩ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa, ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nɛ politiki ɛyaa ndɩ ndɩ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ cɔɔla tɩ-yɔɔ piŋ. Ɛsakuliye tɔm ñɔkɔma pʊsʊʊ mbʊ lɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖiyele ajɛyɛ ñʊŋ yɔɔ caɣʊʊ tɔm sʊʊ. Tɔm ndʊ tɩtaɣ nɛ ajɛyɛ naayɛ, Etaazuunii Jim Crow paɣtʊ wɛɛ (pɩnzɩ 1865 ŋtalɩ 1963), Afrika nɛ Hadɛ mɩzasɩ yasʊʊ yaa ɖama tʊɣʊʊ (pɩnzɩ 1948 ŋtalɩ 1991), Caama (pɩnzɩ 1933 ŋtalɩ 1945).
Maɣnɛ kpaŋ

Maɣnɛ kpaŋ (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ παράνοια, paranoïa  alɩna tɔmpee anɛ a-tɛ παρά (para) nabʊyʊ cɔlɔ, nɛ νούς (noos) pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se fezuu, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa lɛ kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ pɔ-tɔbʊʊ yem se pɩkɛ mbʊ pɩtalɩna ɛyʊ sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kpaɣnɛ kpaɣɖʊ 19, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩwa lɛ, pɩwɩlɩɣ se ñʊʊ taa kpaŋ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ ŋcɔŋna pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ yɔ ɛ nɛ lalaa paakpɩtɩna ɖama, ɛwɛtʊ caɣ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yem yem tɔm ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ wazaɣ yɔ.  

Ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna pɩ-tɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɔ-tɔm caɣ ɖoŋ piŋ pe-evebitu alɩwaatʊ taa yaa ɛsʊtɩyʊ pazɩ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, kɛlɛ paasɩma-ɩ nɛ tʊ ɖooo lɔŋ. Palakɩ kʊñɔŋ yaa nabʊyʊ taa paalakɩ tʊma sakɩyɛ. 

Ɛyaa mba kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ yɔ talɩ ɛyaa 0,3 ŋtalɩ 2,5 mbʊ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ natʊ taa lɛ ɛyaa pʊwɛ-wɛ kaɖɛ se pasʊzɩ pa-tɩ ɛyaa taa, paayeki pa-tɩ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa yem kɛlɛ mba maɣzɩ se pɛwɛna tovonum paa ɛzɩmtaa. Ɛyaa mba pɔsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa lalaa kʊyɩnaʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɔsɔɔlɩ yoŋ kɛlɛ pɔ-yɔɔ ɛɛlazɩɣ hɛʊ. 

Kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 nɛ 40 tɩnaa kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkpaɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yem yem. Yɔɔdaɣ kɩfɛyɩ tovonum kaawazɩɣ pɩyʊ, ɛyʊ ɛsɩŋ mbʊ pɔ-tɔm ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ, kɛlɛ ɛnʊ maɣmaɣ taa wɛɛ leleŋ nɛ ndʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛtɩla ɖɔɖɔ ndʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ eyeke. Pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ mbʊ yɔ paa ŋheyi-ɩ se ɛcɛtɩɣ ɛ-tɩ eetisi kpem.
Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ

Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ pɩkɛ sacrɩmɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ palakɩ-kʊ ɛyʊ yɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛdaɣnɩ pazʊʊ fezuu caɣʊʊ lɛɛkʊ yɔ, Krɩstʊ tɩŋʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Paa Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛɛ peeɖe, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ paa Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ ŋga pɔyɔɔda pʊ-tɔm ka-taa nɛ pañɩɣ niiye tʊ-tyɔɔ piŋ. Lɩm mbʊ papɩyɩɣ-pʊ ñɔ-yɔɔ lɛ mbʊ hɩzɩnana kajalaɣ kʊwɛkɩm nɛ pɩɖanɩɣ ɛyʊ kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ lʊlʊʊ kɩfam taa kɛ wezuu kɩfalʊʊ lɛɛkʊ taa nɛ matɛŋ matɛŋ taa.

Krɩstʊ mba kpeekpe sɩma ɖama nɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sacrɛmɩnʊʊ ŋgʊ Yeesuu maɣmaɣ mʊ yɔrdaŋ pɔɔ taa Yohanɛsɩ cɔlɔ yɔ, pama-tʊ Mateu kiɖeɖeu takayaɣ. Ɛsɔ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ wɛna wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ, ndʊ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ. Lɩm mɩɩsʊʊ, nabayɛ tɛ lɛ ŋtiki lɩm taa pɩkpa pɩsɩna ñɛ-nɛmbɛla yaa pʊtɔma pelimsuu ña-tɩŋa mbilim. Lalaa payadʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɩyadʊʊ, nabayɛ tɛ lɛ papɩyʊʊ-pʊ ñe-kiɖe yɔɔ kɛnɛ.

Lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩcɛlɩna cɔɔcɩ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ lɛ ɖɩnaɣ Katoliki taa lɛ papa pɩyɩɣ lɩm ɛyʊ kiɖe taa kɛlɛ limsuu tɔm wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ. Cɔɔcɩ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ tɔŋ kɩ-tɩ se siɣsiɣ tɩnaa tɛ lɛ pe-limsuu ñatɩŋa mbilim yaa hɔɔlʊʊ. Piyele pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛ papa ñalakɩ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-nɩɩlɛ. Evangeliki mba tɛ lɛ limsuu paɣtʊ palakɩ. Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm sɔʊ sɔnzɩ kɛ sacrɛmɩdʊʊ lʊbɛ ndʊ tɩwɛ katoliki cejewiye taa yɔ tɛ sacrɛmɩnʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Lɩm sɔʊ mbʊ pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ pɩkɛna yomiye naɖɩyɛ taa lɩɣ kɛ ɛyʊ, pɩkɛ eleuu ñɩŋkpasɩ taa lɩɣ, kʊwɛkɩm hɩzɩɣ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ se ɛyʊ ɛpɩsɩ Ɛsɔ pɩɣa.

Pɔsɔŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm lɛ ŋpɩsa Ɛsɔ cejewiye taa pɩɣa nɛ ŋpazɩɣ Krɩstʊ tɔm tʊmɩyɛ labʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ŋpazɩɣ Ɛsɔ tɔm suzuu. Mayaɣ ŋga Kacaɣʊʊ ñɔ-yɔɔ lɩm sɔʊ wiye yɔ pɩɩtasɩɣ-kɛ hɩzɩɣ wiiɖi kaʊ. Katoliki cejewiye taa ɛyaa tɔzʊʊ pɛ-tɛ lɩm sɔʊ yɔɔ paa paska alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛ pɩnaɣ taa, nɛ yee cɛyɩtʊ kɩkpaɖɩtʊ natʊyʊ ɛtala tuda kɔyɔ pɩha waɖɛ paa anɩ se ɛpɩzɩ ɛla pɩ-tɛ sɔnzɩ nzɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛ cɛyɩtʊ taa.
Nollywood

Nollywood, Payaɣ se Nollywood lɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm yaa mbʊ ɖɩyaɣ filim waa tʊmɩyɛ kɛ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2009 Naajeeriya pɩsa ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩpɩzɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa labɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ siŋ yɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe taa pɩlɩna filim waa mba kɩlakɩ pɩnaɣ taa yɔ pɔyɔɔ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wayi (Bollywood) kɛlɛ ɖɩtɔsɔɔ Etaazuunii ñɩmba yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ (Hollywood) lɛ, Naajeeriya lɩzɩɣ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ filim waa kiciɣdiŋ kudoku naalɛ, nɛ pe-liidiye tɛcɛzɩ euro waa miiliiyɔɔ waa nɛɛlɛ. Samaɣ ŋga paɩzɩɣpakalɩ-kɛ pi-ɖeɖe alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yɔ talɩ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa 150 cɔnaʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Nollywood lɩ Laagɔɔsɩ haba yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna haba yɔɔ pɛdɩyaa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1980 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pʊwɛɛ ɛzɩ VHS takayasɩ kɩtɩlɩsɩ pɛdɩyaa kaapaɣzɩna kpaɣʊʊ ɛyaa mba kɛlɛm kɛlɛm kɛ raadiyoo tatasɩ mancaɣ yem waa yɔɔ se pɩsa nɛ pana tʊkaɣ pa-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ lalaa ñɩna yɔɔ.

Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 2009, paaa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa palɩzɩɣ filim waa pɩtalɩ 200 kɩfama yeke, piyebina nɛ Naajeeriya pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ ñɩnɖɖe kedeŋa kpeekpe taa pɩcɛlɩna sinimaɣ waa tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa pɩ-nɛ filim waa. Naajeeriya fɛyɩna sinimaɣ waa kuduyiŋ pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ lɛ palakɩ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ. Pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ piŋ se patɩlɩ DVD waa mba pɛpɛdɩɣ siŋ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa peeɖe pɩlɩna ɛwadɩyɛ yɔɔ mɩlɩm, pɩkɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩtɔyɩ sakɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ pɩkɛ ɖɔɖɔ mɩlɩm nɛ mulum laɣsɩ. 

Filim waa mba palaba-wɛ nɛ Afrika kʊnʊmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa (mba palaba-wɛ nɛ yʊrʊba kʊnʊŋ taa yɔ ñakpaɣ kɩmaŋ mbilim, ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa ñakpaɣ nabutozo hɔɔlʊʊ, loɖo tɛ Awuusa kʊnʊŋ).
Yakubu lɔkɔ ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa

Yakubu lɔkɔ ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa, pɩkɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ wezuu haɖɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɩwɛɛ keekee Alsace tɛtʊ taa. Pamazɩna Yakubu lɔkɔ nɛ payaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ hɩɖɛ, ɖɩwɛ Ɛsɔ Tɔm takayaɣ taa pɩñɔtɩna Sichem (ɖooo alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ taa Naplouse cɔlɔ kpam).

Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣzʊʊ Strasbourg tɛtʊ taa, pɩnaɣ 1974, ɛyaa nabɛyɛ pazɩ kpelaɣ ɖama kɛ kpɩtaʊ naalɛ wayi sukuli pɩɣa sɔsɔ halɩñɩŋa nakɛyɛ tɛ nɛ patɩmɩɣ, halɩpɩɣa ŋga kalakaɣ ɖɔkɔtɔ sukuli Strasbourg tɛtʊ taa.  

Ɛyaa naalɛ yaa natozo mʊ fezuu kiɖeɖeu kʊjɔʊ ɛgɔlɩmɩyɛ wezuu ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pɩkazɩ lalaa. Pɩkɔma aloma nɛ saŋayɩŋ fenasɩ taa lɛ, sukuli piya sɔsɔsɩ nasɩyɛ kpaɣ mazaɣ nɛ kujuka atɩma labʊ yɔɔ. Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lɛɛzɩ pa-laŋa nɛ sakɩyɛ hiɣ fezuu kiɖeɖeu kʊjɔŋ siŋ. Mbʊ pɩkpaɣna nɛ papɩsɩ fezuu kiɖeɖeu atɩma ŋgbɛyɛ. Kpɛdɛyɛ lɛ panaɣ se pɩkɛ-wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pakɩtɩɣ ɖama paa kpɩtaʊ ŋgʊ lɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ tɔm nabʊlɛ mbʊ yɔ. 

Ŋgbɛyɛ ndɩ keekee lɛ, ɖɩñɔ Alsace kɛlɛ pɛcɛlɛ-ɖɩ fezuu ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ Thumen (Plosbheim egeetiye taa). Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖɩyɛla ɖɩtalɩ Togo taa kɛ Sɔgɔɖɛyɩ tɛtʊ taa, ɖenɖe ɖisiɣ ɖɔkɔtɔ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ nɛ pɩkɛ-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ pɩnaɣ 2002 pɩtɩŋna Ambroise Djoliba yɔɔ, ɛnʊ kɛna Sɔgɔɖɛyɩ episikopu.
Ɛsɛ ɖoziye

Ɛsɛ ɖoziye pɩkɛ wiluu nɛ takʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ, nɛ pɩkɛ kpeekpe laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩlɩna ɛyʊ fitenum cɔlɔ, lɩmaɣza kɩbana yaa kɩtɛkɛda pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣzɩm cɔlɔ. Pɩkpaɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pana tʊkaɣ ɛsɛ ɖoziye nɛ tɩlɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa yɔ Simund Freud yaa Carl Gustav Jung papɩza palɩzɩ kaatɩlɩtʊ tɔmpiye. Tɔmʊʊ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ nɛ ɛsɛ ɖozitu tɔmʊʊ pɛkɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ. 

Ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye tɔmpiye lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ lakaɣ taa mbʊ se psukhein ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se hosuu, nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ kalɩzaɣ tɔm. Aristote cɔlɔ lɛ, tɔmɩyɛ ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye tɔm kɛ wezuu wɛtʊ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm tɔm.

Jung lɩza tɔmpee ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye nɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ se pɩsa nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tɔm nɛ ɛyʊ ñʊʊ taa fitenum tʊmɩyɛ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yee maɣzɩm nɛ fitenum mba tɩnaa lɩmaɣza tɔm kɔyɔ, mbʊ lɛ ɛsɩyɛ ɖoziye tɔm nɛ maɣzɩm ɖɔnɛ paɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ.
Samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ

Samaɣ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm sakɩyɛ nɛ politiki lɩmaɣza tɔm, ndʊ tɩkɛ se pañɩnɩ samaɣ tɛ nɩnaʊ tɔm nɛ tɔsʊʊ tɔm pɛwɛɛ siɣsiɣ yɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kuɖum kɛlɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa ɛwɛɛ kɩmaŋ nɔɔyʊ ɛtatɔ se ɛkɩla lɛlʊ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩ Karl Marx lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa, nɔɔyʊ ɛtaakpaɖɩ lɛlʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ papɩzɩɣ palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ pɩkɛ politiki tɔm, nɛ tɔm kɛdʊʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnɩɣ paasɩ-ɖɩ lɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ, nɛ ɛɩ-maɣzɩm keem kaakɛ paa anɩ ɛkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ se ɖɩwɛ ɖeu. Ɛyaa pa nɛ yɔ palʊkɩna koomulum tɔm, nɛ pakandɩɣ samaɣ hɛkɩŋ taa nɩnaʊ tɔm yɔɔ. 

Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩsʊʊ yɔɔdaɣ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1820 alɩwaatʊ taa, wɛɛ ana a-taa papaza kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɛtʊ naa lɩzʊʊ yaa pɩsɩtʊ tɔm. Pɩɩkɛ tɔm kuzuu nɛ ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma nesi tɛɛ tʊma laɖaa ɛwɛɛ weewee pe-fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ, nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa tɩŋa keŋkeŋ, mbʊ menɖeke mañɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩnaa kaakɩla ɛyaa pa nɛ pɔyɔɔ caʊʊ. 

Sukuli laɖaa sɔsaa Georges Bourgin nɛ Pierre Rimbert ñakpaɣ tɔm ndʊ ɛzɩ pɩkɛ samaɣ ŋga kalʊkɩ lɩmaɣza keem anɛ a-yɔɔ yɔ, paa anɩ ñɩm kpaɣ ɛzɩ haɖaʊ wondu yaa tʊmɩyɛ wondu, paa weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ wondu ɛzɩ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛtɩna-tʊ yɔ, pawɩlɩɣ ɖama tʊma ɛzɩma papɩzɩ pala nɛ samaɣ hiɣ hanaɣ yɔ. Tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkɛyɩɣ pɩyʊ se eyeke ɛtɩna. 

Tɔmpiye nɖɩ suwee ɖɩnɩɣ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɖɩlɩna le, Bertrand Russell lɩzɩ pɩnaɣ 1918 kpɛndɛ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm, nɛ ɛtɔŋ nɛ pɩɣyɩyʊʊ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se tɛtʊ tiŋa ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe nesi tɛɛ nɛ ñɩm tɩŋa kɛ samaɣ tɩŋa pɩyʊ. Kɛlɛ tɔm ndʊ palakɩ-tʊ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa samaɣ nɩna ɖama se pɛkpeŋdɩ ñɩm yɔ a-taa kɛnɛ, naɖɩyɛ eesidiɣ.
Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ

Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ, pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ lɛ pañɩkɩɣ niiye tɔmpee naatozo yɔɔ, kajalaɣ lɛ samaɣ wɛtʊ, naalɛ tɛ lɛ ɛyaa caɣyɛ nɛ nabutozo tɛ lɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ tɛ. 

Ɖɩkpaɣ kʊyʊm kʊyʊm kɔyɔ kajalaɣ tɛ lɛ samaɣ wɛtʊ, kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ wɛtʊ tɔm kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩwɛna ɖɩ-kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ paatɛma-ɖɩ katʊʊ kajalaɣ Fransɩɩ tɔmpee lɩzɩyaa tɔm kpou pɩnaɣ 1696 wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa nabayɛ komina kɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa nakayɛ paɣtʊ tɛ.

Ɖɩkpaɣ samaɣ ŋga kɛ-tɛ caɣyɛ wɛtʊ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ wɛtʊ ndʊ samaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna nɛ ɖama, patɩŋɩɣna ɖama nɛ pawzɩɣ-wɛ yɔ. Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ pɩzɩɣ pɩwɩlɩɣ se ɛyaa nabayɛ mba panɩna ɖama se paɖʊ ɖama paɣtʊ nɛ pɩtɩŋɩɣ-tʊ yɔ. 
Paɣtʊ kpaɣʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wɛna kewiyitu ndɩ ndɩ nɛ patayɩ-sɩ ɖama nɛ pɩkɛ-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋna tɩ-yɔɔ se pawazɩ paa anɩ nɛ samaɣ ŋga ka-maɣmaɣ nɛ  pɩɖɛna-wɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa.

Kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa status, ɖɩlɩna lakaɣ stare nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kajalaɣ se yiɣyiɣ sɩŋʊʊ, nabʊlɛ nɩɣ taa lɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ caɣyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩlɩ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ nɛ 16 nɛ 18 wɛɛ taa, ŋgʊ tɔmpiye kʊyʊnɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛyʊ wɛtʊ samaɣ taa. Hannah Arendt cɔlɔ lɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbilim status rei publicae (tɔmpiye tɔmpiye nɩɣ taa pɩkɛ pɩyʊ wɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa) nɛ pɩwɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se pɩkɛ kewiyaɣ yaa komina wɛtʊ.
Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Ñʊŋ kalʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (ceu kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, al-jabr) pɩkɛ tʊzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa piliŋa nakayɛ ŋga keyeki se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ akɔnta labʊ yɔ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖooo pɩɩwɛʊ nɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ ɛyʊ sɩma yɔ taa lɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ siŋ lɩzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ Descartes labʊ yɔ. 

Tɔmpiye ñʊŋ kalʊʊ lɩna takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ nakayɛ cɔlɔ pama-kɛ pɩnzɩ 825 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ, Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala (ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ akɔnta tobi tobi matʊ pɩtɩŋna ɖaɣnɩɣ pɩsɩnaʊ nɛ tʊkaɣ ɖʊʊ pɔ-yɔɔ), ɖɩlɩna tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ ɛkɛ pɛrɩsanɩ tʊ payaɣ-ɩ se Al-Khwarizmi. Takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa maɣzɩm tɔmpee naayɛ piŋ ana yɔ se patɩlɩ ñɩm peyebinam akɔnta labʊ, tɛtʊ maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɩ-tɛyʊʊ, tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ ŋgbaɣ ŋɖɛɛ mbʊ yɔ. 

Ɖooo canaʊ Egipiti nɛ Babiloni ɛyaa tɛ lɛ paatɛma wɛnaʊ laɣsɩ nzɩ mbʊ pakpaɣna nɛ pala pa-akɔnta yɔ. Eyaa mba paasɩma kɩmaŋ tɛyʊʊ tɔm. Babiloni ɛyaa lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kɔyɛ labʊ nʊmɔŋ takayasɩ lɛɣtʊ halɩ pʊcɔ Euclid alɩwaatʊ. Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Papirus Rhind (weyi paasɩ-ɩ Museum Londrɩ tɛtʊ taa yɔ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1650 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ ɩɩwɛɛ, taa kaawɛ tɔm tʊnɛ yɔ se pʊpɔzʊʊ se patɛyɩ kuluŋuluu kpɔnɔ naa 100 ɛyaa hiu pa-taa kɔyɔ mɛlɛ sayʊ, tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ nɛ feŋiyu kʊyʊm, nɛ pa-taa paa weyi mʊwaɣ nabʊlɛ tɛ. Ɛzɩma pɛcɛlɛ kʊyʊm.

Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ wɩlɩɣ se Pise Léonard weyi ɛsɛ hɩɖɛ se Fibonacci kɔŋna-tʊ nɛ Afrika nɔmɔŋ wobitu alɩwaatʊ taa. Paasɔ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛlɛ Gerbert Aurillac tʊ, kaalaba tɩ-yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ Cordoue, nɛ ɛtɔ se pakpa Krɩstʊ mba nɛ pacaɣ pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ tʊ yee ɛpɩsɩ papa pɩnaɣ kudoku tɛ ŋga taa kɔyɔ pʊpʊ alɩwaatʊ taa payaɣ-ɩ se Sylvestre 2 tʊ. Papa Gerbert Arillac tʊ kaakɔŋna pɩnaɣ 1000 alɩwaatʊ kɛ mayaɣ 0, Ɛndɩ tʊzʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa kaalubina-kɛ  Al-Khwarizmi nɛ Abu Kamil, ɛyaa pa nɛ paa-naalɛ papa ñaayeba nɛ patɩlɩ-kɛ ampiiri kpeekpe taa nɛ Cordou tɩŋa taa.
Akɔnta

Akɔnta, tʊzɩtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ akɔnta labʊ kɛ tʊzɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ pɩyʊ ɛtaakpaɖɩ lɛɛbʊ yem yɔ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ pɩ-tɛ pɩyʊ kɩkpaɖɩŋ kaakɛ ñʊŋ kɩkalɩŋ. Pɩkɔma ɛjaɖɛ ɛsa feŋ lɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ lɩɩ nɛ pɩsaŋ palakɩ akɔnta kɛlɛʊ. 

Tɔmpiye akɔnta, nɖɩ kɛna lɛɣtʊ nɛ tɩlɩtʊ laɣsɩ kɛ nɔɔnɔɔ ɖa-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɛ kɛlɛmʊʊ, ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ se calculus nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kaʊʊ cikpeluu. Kaŋ cikpeŋ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ akɔnta kalɩtʊ natʊyʊ halɩ nɛ ɑ-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ yɔ. Paɖʊwaɣ kaŋ nɛ pɛkɛdɩɣ nɛ ɛyaa, kpɩna yaa tɔɔnaɣ nɛ sɔzʊʊ tɛ akɔnta yaa pasʊʊ ñɩŋʊ. Pɩɩkɛ ɛsa tɛ akɔnta nɛ ɖiɣɖiɣ ñɩŋʊ, ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ wɩlɩyʊ paa hɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa akɔnta nɔmɔʊ taa.  

Abɛɛ palakɩŋna akɔnta, Ishango mɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ ana payaɣ se Ishango ɖaŋ, pʊtʊnaa mba palakanaɣ akɔnta. Kajalaɣ akɔnta lɛ kalɩyasɩ palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ (pakalɩɣ wondu ñʊʊ tɩ-huɖe taa, pakalɩ sɔɔjanaa ñʊʊ kaŋ taa, pakalɩ kɩyakɩŋ ñʊŋ kɩyakɩŋ tɛŋɛlɛ yɔɔ yaa fenasɩ takayaɣ taa, liidiye hɛyʊ wondu ɖɩyaɖɛ taa yaa lambuu hɛyʊ). 

Ɖooo ɖa-canaa cɔlɔ lɛ kaŋ cikpeŋ pakalanaɣ (calculi), yaa pakalaɣ nee nɔsɩ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Kɛlɛ Room mba ñaɖanɩ ñɔɔzʊʊ laɣsɩ ɛzɩ ɛsakuliye takayaɣ kɩkalaɣ nakayɛ yɔɔdʊʊ yɔ Martianus Capella mana-kɛ pɩnaɣ 420 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ.
Pilim ñʊʊ

Pilim ñʊʊ, tʊzʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, pilim ñʊʊ kɛ wazaɣ kalɩyaɣ ŋga keyeba se ɛyʊ ɛtɩlɩ kʊɖʊm kʊɖʊm kalʊʊ. Pɩsaŋ nɛ pakalɩɣ wondu kpaɣ ɛzɩ pɔtɔŋ se kaʊʊ kʊyʊmʊʊ, kaŋ naalɛ, takayaɣ kʊyʊmaɣ, takayasɩ naalɛ. Pilim ñʊʊ ŋgʊ papɩzɩɣ pama-kʊ nɛ kalɩyasɩ pɩtɛ. Paa ñʊʊ mayaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛwɛna ka-ñʊʊ ñɩŋa, nɛ kalɩyasɩ nzɩ sɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ. Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛ Richard Dekekind lɩza tɔbʊʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa fɛyɩ pɩ-taa, pʊwayɩ kɔyɔ paɖanɩɣ tɔm lɛɛtʊ lɩzɩɣ tʊtʊ ñɔtɔŋ se mayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ pɩdaa. Tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ a-tɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ tɔm wɛɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ.

Pilim ñʊŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ pɛ-tɛ ɖama taa wɛʊ, nɛ sɔzʊʊ akɔnta nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ huuduu, kaakɛna ɖooo krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa tʊzɩtʊ lɛɣtʊ tɔm ndʊ payaɣa se ñʊŋ kɩtɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pekpeɣ pilim ñʊŋ maʊʊ tɔm kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩtɩŋna Peano nɛ Dedekind pɔ-yɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ 19 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa padakɩ tʊmɩyɛ mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa ɛzɩ mayaɣ pilim ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, (ŋgʊ lalaa ñañɩkɩɣ niiye kɔyɔ), mbʊ yebina nɛ kpeɣtu kajalaɣ ñɩndʊ tɛlɛzɩ.  

Pilim kalɩyasɩ kpeekpe, kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋa wɛ sɩ-taa yaa kɛfɛyɩ, sɩ-tɩŋa payi payʊsa-sɩ mayaɣ N. Dedekind palɩzɩ mayaɣ ŋga pɩnaɣ 1888, nɛ payaɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka-hɩɖɛ lɛ pasɩma mbʊ se pɩkɛ pilim masɩ kpeekpe tɔm.