open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kɛɛrɩ

Kɛɛrɩ kɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛʈʊ sʊzɔtʊ nɛ ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩnja walanzɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pana ɛyaa 15 452 409. Mʊwayɛ-Oriyaŋ taa lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ yee pɩkɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa kɔyɔ, tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩŋgʊʊna Leegɔsɩ wayi. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ kɛlɛ kacalaɣ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ Afrika tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa. Ɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ ndʊ kaakɛŋna natʊlɛ ñɩndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa. 

Kɛɛrɩ tɔbʊʊ nɛ Araabi taa se Waɖʊ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Niili Pɔɔ ka-ñʊʊtaa kiŋ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ, nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Alɛkɩsandrii tɛtʊ ñɛwɛna nɛ piposinaa ɛzɩ  kilomɛtanaa 220 yɔ; piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖuyɛ taa lɛ Suɛz Hɛŋa wɛna nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 150 yɔ. Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa makɩɣna ɛkɩtaarɩnaa ɛzɩ 21 000 yɔ yaa kilomɛtanaa  210. Ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ tɩ-tɛ ageeta wena acɔ-tʊ nɛ ataa yɔ, pɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛʊ ɛzɩ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 149 200 yaa kilomɛtanaa 1 492.   

Pɩnaɣ 641 taa kɛ malɩŋ woba Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pacaɣ nɛ ɖenɖe paawɛɛ yɔ, payaa tɛtʊ ndʊ se Fusitaatɩ nɛ pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ Amru ben al-As nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tʊ-tʊ tɛ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ yɔ Paabiiloni. Pɩnaɣ 969 taa kɛ papaazɩ Fusitaati tɛtʊ yaʊ se Kɛɛrɩ. 

Ɛzɩ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ, Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ ajɛyaa 36 taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ nɔɔ nɛ palakɩ tʊma kʊɖʊma nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: Atɛɛnɩ (Krɛɛsɩ), Roomi (Italii), Sao-Poloo Pireeziili), Sitaatigraadɩ nɛ Hamburigi (Caama), Tunisi nɛ Kayiruwanɩ (Tuniizii), Tokiyo (Sapɔŋ), Toronto (Kanadaa), Wasɩŋtɔŋ (Etaazuunii), Puyenezɛrɩ (Arzantiini), Amstɛrɩdam (Peyibaa), Peyiiruu (Liibaŋ), Aamaŋ (Yɔɔridani), Isitambuli (Turki), Pagidaadɩ (Irakɩ), Lɔndrɩ (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ). 

Payaɣ Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Abdel Qawi Khalifa.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti

Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti pɩkɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa mba paawɛ Afrika nɛ Hayi kiŋ Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ. Ɛyaa mba paawɛ Niili lɩm pɔɣɔ cikpelaɣ yɔɔ kpɛɣɛ, mbʊ pɩpɩsɩ sɔnɔ Egipiti yɔ. 

Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti tɛ ɛyaa ɛsakuliye kpaɣ kɩ-tɩ pɩnzɩ -3150 cɔlɔ mbʊ yɔ pɩkpɛndɩna Hayi-Egipiti tɛ politiki kpɛndʊʊ kɛ haɖɛ yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ pɩtɛɛ Egipiti nɛ hayi yɔɔ kiŋ kɛ kajalaɣ wɩyaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ kɩpaɣlɩ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ naatozo mbʊ yɔ.
   
Egipiti ɛyaa hiɣ patɩ lɔŋ pɩtɩŋna ɛzɩma kɩ-tɛ ɛyaa nɛ Niili lɩm pɔɣɔ tɛ wɛtʊ pamʊna ɖama yɔ. Lɩm pɔɣɔ wadɩɣ nɛ lɩm hɔm se powona lonaa wenaa a-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ yɔ yeba nɛ pehikiɣ tɔɔnasɩ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pɩsɩna ɛyaa tɔsʊʊ huu hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ. Pɩtɛ tɔɔnaɣ hiɣu kadadayaɣ ŋga kaha kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ se ketiyina liidiye sakɩyɛ kɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʊma kɛ kɛdɛŋga taa nɛ ageetaa wenaa a-taa wɩlɩŋ wɛ nɛ anɔtɩnaa yɔ.
 
Tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ tɛ matʊ, ɖama kpɛndʊʊ tʊma labɩyɛ nɛ haɖaŋ tambasɩ labʊ nɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ tɛ tabalɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ lɛɛnaa wena añɔtɩna pɛ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ pɩtasɩna sɔɔñɩnaa tɛ ɖoŋ tɩna se Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ɛwa egeetiye ndɩ ɖɩ-taa.
 
Tʊma a-naa a-tɩŋga payɩ mbʊ yɔ kpelaɣ taa tʊma laɖaa mba pama takayasɩ taa yɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgbaa ñʊntɩnaa nɛ tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa. Pɩtɩŋga payɩ mbʊ yɔ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ ɖiyuna tʊma a-naa a-tɩŋga. Ɛnʊ tɩna ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ pɩtɩŋna Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛɣɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ wɛtʊ yɔɔ.

Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Egipiti taa ɛyaa kaalaba tʊma sakɩyɛ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ, tɛtɛɛ ñɩm huyu nɛ tɛtʊ mazʊʊ nɛ matʊ laɣtʊ mbʊ pɩsɩɣana nɛ pamaɣ pɛ-tɛ pɩlaŋ ɛzɩ kumulaa tɩyɛ nɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpamɩŋ cʊlʊ cʊlʊ ñɩŋ. Pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩna akɔnta laɖaa tʊma nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa nɛ lɩm hɔm (lɩm mbʊ pɔhɔŋ nɛ powokina wɩlɩŋ hayɩm naa taa yɔ) tʊma nɛ tɔɔnasɩ huu sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ nɛ kajalaɣ mɛlɛ lubutu nɛ matʊ kɩfatʊ nɛ Egipiti cʊʊ wonduu matʊ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ

Tɔmpiye  kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ ɖɩkɛ ɖooo kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ ɛsakuliye ɛyaa nɛ tɩlɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa. Ɖɩnɩɣ keeke kɔyɔ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kɩbɩjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɔm lɛ, pɩkɛ Krɛkɩ kɩlɛɣzʊʊ yaa cɔlɩɩ tɛ Krɛkɩ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpaɣɖʊ 5 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ tɛ Athènes. Tanɩm nɛ sɔndʊʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɖʊ 4 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ, Platon nɛ Aristote pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ.
 
Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ lɔŋ laɣsɩ paɣlɩɣ lɔŋ lɔŋ. Takayasɩ maʊ taa kɩpaɣlaa panɛyɔ Iliade nɛ ɖɔɖɔ Odyssée kpaɣnɛ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo kɛ kpaɣɖʊ 8 alɩwaatʊ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Chrɩstʊ. Ɛsakuliye ndɩ ɖɩsɩɣ ɖoŋ siŋ kpaɖɩŋ weyi ɛtɩŋgaɣ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩ-wala sakɩyɛ halɩ pɩtalɩ ageeta lɛɛnaa taa.

Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Alexandre kɩkɩlʊʊ tʊ yoŋ wabɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ wayɩ lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye sʊ ɖooo kɩbɩm ñɩnɖɛ taa se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ Room kewiɣsi tɛ ɛsakuliye.
 
Hɛkʊ taa ɛwadɩyɛ tɛ fɛʊ taa lɛ, Krɛkɩ ɛsakuliye laba tʊmɩyɛ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛzɩma ɖɩpɩza nɛ ɖɩhiɣ yuŋ yaa ɖoŋ weyi Roma taa yɔ, ɖenɖe Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ pɩsa tɩlɩyɛ tɛ ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ, nɛ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakaɣ arabɩ malɩŋ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-ɖɩ ñalɩzɩ nɛ arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa Krɛkɩ takayasɩ sakɩyɛ.

Pamazɩɣ se mba kɛna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kɩɖe tɩnaa (ɛyaa mba pʊcɔ Socrate alɩwaatʊ yɔ, Socrate maɣmaɣ nɛ Platon nɛ Aristote nɛ ŋgbaɣ ndɛ mbʊ yɔ). Mba lubina cɔlʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, pamaɣzɩɣ se mba tʊlɩna lɔŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ tɔm piye piye ñɩnʊʊ (tomnasɩ dɔnɛ tɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ akɔnta labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma). Krɛkɩ matʊ hiɣ pɩfɛyɩ pekpoo tɩlasɩ ŋñɩɩ, pɩtatalɩ ɖoŋ ɛzɩ pamazɩyaa Room mba yɔ.
  
Yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛpʊdʊʊ yuŋ tʊ weyi ɛtɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛkɩ tɛ paɣlaka kɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ tɩŋga taa. Krɛkɩ taa maɣzɩm tɩnaa laɖaa nabɛyɛ ɛzɩ Aristote mbʊ yɔ tɔŋ se yomaa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ kiɖe tɛ kaʊ ŋgʊ kɩtɩna Krɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ, ŋgʊ lalaa ñɔtɔndʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ndɛ.
Kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, pɩkɛ tɩlɩyɛ kɩkpɛlɛkɩm mbʊ pɩ-lɩmazɩyɛ kɛlɛ se pɛkpɛlɛkɩ ɛyʊ tɔm ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ nɔɔnɔɔ wɛɛ pɩlɩna kɩ-tɛ lɛɣtʊ laɣsɩ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna aseɣɖe wondu ndʊ tɩɩwɛɛ nɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se pɔtɔzɩ tɩ-yɔɔ (wondu, mɔɔ, tadasɩ, liidiye pɔyɩsɩ, ajana wondu, tɔɔlaa, naacalɩm, ɖɩɖɔnɖɛ, tɔlɩm, you wondu, anja nɛ tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ).   

Kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ, yee pɔñɔtɩna-kʊ nɛ tɔmɩŋ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ yɔɔ kɔyɔ, pʊpɔza kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa tɛtʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɔm, ŋgʊ tɔm kɛdɩyʊ siɣye taa lɛ, takayɩsɩ kɛna kiɖe kajalaɣ nɖɩ. Ŋgʊ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ takayɩsɩ yee sɩwɛɛ kɔyɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ fezuu labʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yaa ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɩlɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ (ndʊ wɛna hadɛ yɔ). 

Paa kiɖe tɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ takayɩsɩ ɛɛwɛɛ yaa sɩ-fɛyɩ kɔyɔ pɩsama nɛ paɖʊ tʊkasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkʊʊ caɣyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sɔsɔŋ naatozo: Kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm nɛ pʊcɔ canaʊ tɔm alɩwaatʊ (kiɖe tɛɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ takayɩsɩ taafɛyɩ), kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm nɛ ɖeɖe tɔm ɛsɩndaa (ɛyaa mba patawɛna kiɖe tɛɛ canaʊ takayɩsɩ ɛlɛ pɔyɔɔda pɔ-tɔm nɔɔnɔɔ wɛɛ taa yɔ) nɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm ndʊ tɩkɛ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ ñɩndʊ (mbʊ lɛ, kiɖe tɛɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm takayɩsɩ wɛɛ).       

Tɔmpiye kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɩna Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa archaiología nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ pʊtʊnaa pɛ-nɛ pa-naalɛ archaíos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kɩbɩm nɛ lógos tɔbʊʊ se tɔmpiye, tɔmʊʊ, yɔɔdaɣ. Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ pɩkɛ ɛyʊ lʊba mbʊ nɛ e-nesi yɔ pɩkpɛlɛkɩɣ mbʊ pɩpɔza lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ, mbʊ pɩkɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ. 

Matʊ ndʊ ɖɩsɩma sɔnɔ yɔ tɩlɩɣ yɔɔ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ 5000 mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba pɛ-ɛsɛ kaatɛma cɛbʊ yeke lakaɣna matʊ ndʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Pɛtɛkɛ pɩyʊ yem nɛ pɩ-tɛ ɛyaa pa-hɩɖɛ kʊyɩ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ tɛ paa matʊ kaawɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ pɩtɛkɛ tɔm tɩŋa papɩza pasɩɩ yaa tɛkɛ tɩtɩŋa palaba tɔsʊʊ. Pʊtʊnaa kɔɔnaɣ ñɩma mba pɔ-tɔm kaawɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se patɩlɩ ɛyʊ yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɛ haɖaʊ ɛsɩnda ɖɛnaʊ yɔɔ, ɛ-tɛ wɛtʊ, kuduyuŋ kɩbɩŋ mbʊ yɔ kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyʊ yebina nɛ patɩlɩ tɩtɩŋa payi.
Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ

Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ kɛna mbʋ paya size minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ yɔ. Nɛ kɩ-wɛna ɖɩhʋlɩyɛ, pʋtɔbʋʋ size pahʋya pɔʋ nɛ paya peɖe size nɔɔ taa nɛ peɖe pahʋlʋʋna. Minziiki wonuu kɩhʋlʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-hɔʋʋ kɛ paya size kwiviri. Kwiviri kʋnɛ kʋwɛ kelekele pɩŋŋ.

Tom piye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ tobiye yem size kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna ɖɩduye yɔ. Ɖɩwaza kɛlɛ se palakɩna-kʋ se potugu telɛskɔpiki ɖeɖe. Ɛlɛ, kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna kɩkaɖʋ yɔ kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ.Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ kudutuu n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ, kɩkɛ nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ kʋwɛ kɛdɛɖa siŋŋ yɔ kɛ minziiki wondu kɩhʋlʋtʋ taa.

Mbʋ pʋyɔ yɔ, kɩhʋlʋ sɩm camɩyɛ ɛ-ɛpɔzʋʋ ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm nee labɩnaʋ ɖeke. Pa kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ wonuu minziiki n̄ɩŋgʋ kʋnɛ kɩkɛ abalʋ tɛ kpaagba nɔɔ kʋyʋ tɛ, ɛzɩ ɖɩtɔŋgʋ size pʋwɛ muduleee yɔ yaa tiluu hɛɛɛ kɔyɔ, ɛ-suye tilitu yaa wilitu wɛ ɖoŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛgandɩyɛ. Ɛ-wɛ lʋʋ, ɛ-ɖala nɛ ɛ-tɛ e-koti ɛzɩ maya S yɔ.

Nɛ mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ kpem yɔ mbʋ lɛ size, ɛwɛ ɛzɩ tilimiye yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʋ ndu pahʋlɩɩ yɔ lɛ, ɛ-lɩɣ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ. Pɩtɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛnɩɣ taa yaa ewelesu taa wɛ leleŋ siŋŋ. Nɛ mbʋ lakɩna nɛ ɛwɛʋ ndɩ nɛ euphoniums yaa saxhorns waa nɛ soo n̄ɩɣyɩŋ lɛɛŋ mba pe-wiluu yaa pe-tiluu ndu tɩkɩlɩ wɛʋ feutré yɔ.

Kɩgbɩtɩnaʋ kɩhʋlʋʋ kʋnɛ, pahʋlʋʋ-kʋ soo kɩmaba ndɩ ndɩ taa. Naayɛ kɔyɔ: minziiki kɩ-cɔlʋʋ taa kɛ jazz ɖɩmabɩyɛ, nɛ pɩkɔ pɩtɩŋɩna salsa, nɛ ska, nɛ funk yaa minziiki sɔɔjana n̄ɩŋgʋ, nɛ pahʋlʋʋ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ sɛmfoniki ɖeɖe, nɛ mʋsɩ tɩna ɖɩjaɣyɛ arimani ɖeɖe. Pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ aŋganda soo ɖeɖe, nɛ big bands, nɛ brass bands taa ɖɔɖɔ.
Kɩkpɛɛdɩm

Kɩkpɛɛdɩm kɛna tomnaɣ wɛtʊ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛkɩla piyu yɔ. Pɩkɛna tomnaɣ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla yʊ yɔ. Ɛ yʊ ɛɛnaɣ kpayɩ kpayɩ tomnasɩ  wɛtʊ ndʊ tipiyi mbʊ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɩwɛ ɛzɩ cɩkpɛndɩɣ yɔ.

Pʊtɔbʊ kɛlɛ se kɩkpɛɛdɩm koyindu kɛlɛ kʊlʊmʊm nɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩhʊlʊmɩ mbʊ yɔ nzɩ kɛŋna tomnasi sɛmɩŋ taa sɛmɩŋ weyi  ɛkɩlɩ tʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ yɔ. 

Tuuɖe ajɛya taa lɛ, sɩm ɛlaba kɔyɔ tokonaa kɩkpɛɛda posuu  nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pacaɣ kʊñɔŋ yaa posuu mbʊ se pɩwɩlɩ se pa-taa fɛyɩ leleŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ posuu mbʊ se pawɩlɩ  se mba tanɩɩ pʊtɔbʊ.

Ɖoo taa fenaɣ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ cɩkpɛndɩɣ wɛɛ nɛ piyu kpiɖi kpiɖi nɛ ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛna camɩyɛ yee mɩŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ.


File:Stack of large dusty black plastic pipes.jpg|thumb|Stack of large dusty black plastic pipes
File:Farfalla mit Tintenfischtinte (fcm).jpg|thumb|Farfalla mit Tintenfischtinte fcm
File:Porsche 911 4S, mattschwarz vl.jpg|thumb|Porsche 911 4S, mattschwarz vl
File:Into The Black (8361688111).jpg|thumb|Into The Black (8361688111)
File:Black gaffer tape.jpg|thumb|Black gaffer tape
File:M0354 000727-005 1.jpg|thumb|M0354 000727-005 1
Kɩyɛɛna

Kajalaɣ tɔɔnaɣ ŋga kabɩyɛ tʋ kpakɩɣ hayɩm taa yɔ, ka-kasandʋ payaɣ se kɩyɛɛna. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se poɖuu ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa, pakʋ mɩsɩ, kɛtɛŋ nɛ hɛ naayɛ paɣzɩ pɩʋ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ ɖɩtɛnɖɛ. Kajalaɣ tɔɔna ŋ́ga ka-kasandʋ kabɩyɛ tʋ tɔkɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa. Pʋ-yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ paya fenaɣ ŋ́ga se kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ. 

Kɩyɛɛna kɩyakʋ wiye paa haɖʋ weyi ɛn̄ɩnɩɣ se panɩɩ sanɖaʋ taa ɛ-tɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ yee pɔsɔba sɔkɔɖɔ nɔɔyʋ tɛ kɩyɛɛna wiye yɔ, pʋwɩlɩɣ se pʋdʋ kɛ haɖʋ siŋŋ. 
Kɩyɛɛna wiye ɖɔɖɔ papaɣ cɩmʋʋ akpema tɛ. Yee akpenu nɔɔyʋ ɛkɛwɛna ɖaŋ nɛ ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʋ ekpezina-ɩ kɔyɔ, kɩyɛɛna wiye ɛ-ɖaŋ ɛnʋ ɛɖʋʋ cɩmʋʋ ɛ-akpenu ɛnʋ ɛ-tɛ nɛ ɛkpaɣ-ɩ halʋ puwiye.
Kɩnatʋ

Kɩnatʊ kɛna wezuu yaa kalɩzaɣ caɣʊ tɛ wɛtʊ natʊyʊ. Kɩnaʊ wɛtʊ tʊnɛ, tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩha ɖoŋ kɛ weyi ɛwɛna kʊyɔ size, ɛpɩzɩ ɛna mbʊ paanana ɛza pee anɛɛ kpeɖem yɔ. Kɩnaʊ kɛna Ɛsɔ tɛ pɩyʊ yaa Ɛsɔ tɛ ñɩm mbʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɔzɩ kɩpɔzʊ nɛ pɩcɔ paha-ɩ kʋ yɔ.

Nɔɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛpɔzɩ pʊʊ Ɛsɔ kɩlɩm weyi ɛhaɣ yɔ. Ɛsɔ haɣ ɛ-ñɩm mbʊ yaa kɩnaʊ ŋgʋ kɛ weyi ɛɖʊwa se ɛha-ɩ kʊ yɔ yaa weyi ɛsɔɔla se ɛha-ɩ kʋ yɔ. Weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ-ɩ haɣʊʊ yɔ, ɛlʊlʊkʊ wiye yaa ɖoo e-ɖoo lotu taa ɛha-ɩ kʊ nɛ pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlɩ-ɩ.

Paa weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ kɩnatʊ. Kɩnaʊ ɛɛtɩŋgʊ hɔŋ yaa cejewaa. Ɛsɔ haɣna ɛzɩ-ɩ ɛsɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ, hɔʊʊ yaa cejewaa wena ɛsɔɔla yɔ. Halaa kɛʊ kɩnatɩnaa, abalaa kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɩna tɩnaa, nɛ piya kɛʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Kɩnatʋ tɛkɛna size, n̄ɔcɔzɔ kaawɛna yɔ yaa n̄ɔ-hɔʋ taa nɔɔyʋ kaawɛna yɔɔ lɛ pɩwɛ koŋŋ yaa pɩkɛna kɩcɛɣʋʋ size ŋwɛɛna. Kɩnatʋ ɛɛtɩŋgʋ hɔʋ yaa cejewiye liɖe. Nɔɔyʋ pɩzɩʋ ɛpɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ size yʋsaɣ ŋgaa patɩlɩʋna kɩnatʋ yaa weyi ɛwɛna kɩnaʋ yɔ?

Tobi yaa kɛlɛʋ yem lɛ, nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzʋʋ ɛtɩlɩ kɩnatʋ yem n̄ata mbʋ, yʋsaɣ naka-ɩ fɛyɩ kɩnatʋ yɔ size patɩlɩna-ɩ. Kɩnatɩnaa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ aduudama yɔ; tɛyɩtʋ natʋyʋ fɛyɩ pɛhɛkʋ taa. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kɩnatɩnaa nɛ aduudama patɩŋga pa-ɩ pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ samaɣ taa.

Ɛlɛ yee kɩnatʋ mamaɣ ɛsɔɔla kɔyɔ, patɩlɩ-ɩ size ɛwɛna kɩnaʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩɖɔkɩ size kawɩlaɣ nakɛyɛ pɩzʋʋ kala nɛ pɩwɩlɩna yaa patɩlɩna ɖɔɖɔ kɩnatʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ sɩzɩ, lʋlʋkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size, pɩɣa kʋlʋlaɣ ŋga, kɛwɛna yaa kɛfɛyɩna kɩnaʋ.

Masɩ nasɩyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɔsaɣ tɩlɩɣna. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ piɣa tɩŋgɛ wɩlɩʋna kawɩlasɩ nzɩ nɛ patɩlɩɣ-sɩ size sɩwɛna kɩnaʋ. Kawɩlasɩ yaa wɛtʋnaa mba patɩlɩʋna kɩnatɩnaa yaa mba pɛwɛna kɩnaʋ yɔɔ yɔ : Hala lʋlʋʋ wayɩ calɩm kpeŋ nayɩ sakɩyɛ, ɛyʋtʋ maɣzɩm taa. Kɩnaʋ kɛ ɖoŋ weyi paana-ɩ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ. 

Kɩnaʋ kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ n̄ɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ. Pɩɩwɛɛ size palakɩna kɩnaʋ nɛ camɩyɛ lakasɩ ɖeke koŋ. Ɛlɛ ɛyaa tɛ kɩdɛkɛdɩm sɔɔlʋ labʋ yɔɔ lɛ, pakpakʋ kɩnaʋ ŋgʋ nɛ palakɩna kɩdɛkɛdɩm sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ afelaa nɛ kʋdɔnɖɩyaa.
Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ

Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ kɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kalɩmʊlaɣ tomiye kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Kɩ-tɛ nɛ Yersinia pestis ŋñɩɩ kʊdɔŋ cɩkaɣ cɔlɔ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kutukina Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa pɩnzɩɣ 1347 nɛ 1352 pɛ-hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. Kɩ-tɛkɛ kajalaɣ yaa nabʊlɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ ɛzɩ kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ yɔ, ɛlɛ, kiyeke koŋ kɩkpana hɩɖɛ ndɩ. Ɛlɛ ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ kɩkɛ kajalaɣ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ tɔm kɛɖʊʊ taa, kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ canaʊ saawɩla tɔm mayaa pɩzaɣ nɛ patɩlɩɣ camɩyɛ yɔ. 

Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ yɔ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ ɛyaa mɩnʊʊ yɔ lɛ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ naa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kɩgbanzɩ sɩkaɣna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ kɛ pɩnzɩɣ kɩgbanzɩ taa. Kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaza kʊkɔna tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ Erɔpʊ samaɣ ɛsakuliye nɔmɔʊ taa kɛ kajalaɣ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Kudɔŋ ŋgʊ kʊkɔɔ kɩtasɩ lɩɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ajɛyɛɛ wena pʊtʊkɩna yɔ a-taa pɩnzɩɣ 1348 nɛ 1355 alɩwaatʊ taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɛ pɩnzɩɣ 1360 nɛ 1369 alɩwaatʊ taa keeke.
  
Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ sɩma kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛɖɛŋ sakɩyɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ se alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kʊdɔŋ lɩɣ sakɩyɛ. Mbʊ lɛ, Justinien kɩzɩkʊ hazɩɣ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ pajamɔyɔɔ kpaɣɖʊ loɖo alɩwaatʊ. Kʊdɔŋ kɩtɩna se ɛyaa kɩɩɖɔʊ Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa Hayɩ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa. Kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ yaa ɛmaɣna nɛ ɛwɛ lonaa kʊyʊma taa yɔ paɣzɩ lɩɣ yem yem nɛ ɛtɔyʊʊ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ ɛ-tɩŋga mbʊ yɔ ɛlɩna tɔɔnasɩ kɩɩtalʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa cɔlɔ nɛ pɩhaɣ ɛjandʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ.
 
Kalɩmʊlaɣ tomiye kʊdɔŋ cɛyaɣ siŋ Azii hɛkʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛlɛ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ Mongolɩ nɛ Siini ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa you kaatɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ lɩɣ. Kɩlɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ pɩnaɣ 1334 alɩwaatʊ taa Siini kewiyaɣ ajɛyɛ cikpena taa ɛzɩ Hubei nɛ kɩwalɩ nɛ kɩtalɩ ajɛyaa wenaa añɔtɩna yɔ a-taa Jiangxi nɛ Shanxi nɛ Hunan nɛ Guangdong nɛ Guangxi nɛ Henan nɛ Suiyuan nɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɩpɩnɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ kaawɛ tɔm kɛ Mongolɩ ɛyaa nɛ Siini ɛyaa pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ.

Kpaɣ nɛ mbʊ tuda kɩzɩkʊ ŋgʊ kɩwalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa ɖooo haɖɛ nɛ hayʊ nɛ lonaa wenaa a-taa kɩpɩzɩɣ se kɩsʊʊ yɔ. Ɛyaa taafɛyɩnaa tomnasɩ taa kaɖɩnayʊ yaa kɔyɛ ndɩ palʊbɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ tɛma camʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ pɩtɩŋna ñɔɔsɩ yɔ nɛ niikaɣ kadadayaɣ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩɩwɛ kpaɣɖʊ 13 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ kɩ-tɛ yoŋ yɔ.

Mbʊ pɩkpaɣna nɛ pɩtalɩ malɩŋ ajɛyɛ nɛ mʊzʊŋ tɛtʊ kɩkpaɖɩtʊ ageetaa pɩnaɣ 1345 nɛ 1350 alɩwaatʊ taa. kɩkpaɣ nɛ ɖooo Hayi Egipiti nɛ pɩtalɩ Alexandrie nɛ Kɛɛrɩ ageetaa pɩnaɣ 1348 aloma fenaɣ taa. Kɩtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ Palestine ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ ɖɛfɛyɛ Acre, Sidon, Peehiruti, Tripoli nɛ Tamasɩ kɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ taa. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kilesa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ weziŋ ajɛyaa a-naa a-taa.
Kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzʊʊ (Maladie infectueuse)

Kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzʊʊ kɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ pʊtʊ ŋñɩɩ tomnaɣ tʊ nɔyʊ kɔŋna yɔ. Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tʊ yaa ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ tʊ yaa sɔyɩyʊ yaa kpɛŋgbɛka yaa kajalaɣ kpɩnɛ. Pʊtʊna mba pɛɖɛzɩɣ-kʊ yɔɔ pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɩna ɖɔkɔtɔ naa cɔlɔ nɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩna cɔlɔ nɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩlɩlɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ cɔlɔ.
 
Kedeŋga taa lɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛɖɛŋ paɣlɩɣ mba pɛwɛna tomnasɩ nɛ pe-fezuu yɔ pɛ-tɛ. Ɛzɩ kpɩna nɛ tɩŋ nɛ pɩ-ñɩtʊ nɛ tomnasɩ cikpesi tɩna. Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ kʊdɔmɩŋ sɔtʊ taa. Kʊdɔmɔŋ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-tɛ ɖɛtʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna pʊtʊ weyi kɩwɛ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ ɛyʊ yaa kpɩnɛ yaa mbʊ payi pʊcɔ ɛyʊ nɛ pɩ-taa yɔ.

Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ ɖɛʊ wɛ ɖoŋ siŋ yaa pʊtɔma pɩmana. Ɛzɩ tetanusi, pɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna Clostridium tetani cɔlɔ yɔ, ŋñɩɩ cɩkɑɣ ŋga kɛwɛ tɛtɛ yɔ. Ɖɛtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ tɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ yɔɔ. Kɩ-tɛ tɩŋgɩɣna ŋñɩɩ cɩkaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ nɛ kasʊʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taapɩtɩŋna heŋ weyi ɛ-taa wɛ azuuna yɔ. Kɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ wɛ nɛ pɔsɔkɩ-ɖɩ ɛyaa se kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ nɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se pɔsɔkɩ-ɖɩ paa ŋga ɛzɩ katalɩ sukuli wobu yɔ kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa.
  
Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ kʊdɔŋ mbʊ yɔ kɩtɩŋgɩna sɔyɩyʊ nɔyʊ yɔ, kɩnamɩyɛ tɛ kɔɔnaɣ ɖalʊ falciparum (ɖalaa lalaa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ), kɩtɩŋna pɔɖʊʊ yɔ nɛ kɩɖɛʊ ɛyaa, pɔɖʊ halɩ ŋgʊ. Ɛyʊ yɔɔ sɔyɩyʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛwɛ ɛlɛ ɛyʊ lɛlʊ nɔyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛɖɛzɩɣ lɛlʊ. Nɛ ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ alɩwaatʊ tɩ-nɛ yɔɔ yɔ kɔyɛ kɩsɔbɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-yɔɔ. Kpeziwɩlaɣ kʊdɔŋ ɖɛʊ ɛyaa pɩtɩŋna helim taa. Ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɩwɛ nɛ kɩɖɛʊ ɛyaa siŋ.
  
Ɛzɩma ɖɩlakɩ nɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzɩɣ ŋgʊ kɩtakpaɖʊ, mbʊ ɖɩwɩlɩɣ yɔ. Ɖe-feziŋ nɔnɔsɩ, ɖɩkpezɩɣ lɛ,pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɖɩkpezi pɩsacɩmɖɛ taa yaa ɖe-nesɩ taa nɛ ɖɩsaŋ kpagbaa nɛ ɖɩ-taɖɛzɩɣ nɔɔyʊ. Tɔɔnasɩ ɖeɖe pɩwɛ se ɖɩsaŋ ɖe-nesi camɩyɛ pɩcɔ ɖɩtɔkɩ ɖɔ-tɔɔnasɩ nɛ ɖɩsuluu lɩm naa yɔɔ camɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩtɩzɩɣ tɔɔnasɩ sɩ-bɩɣʊ camɩyɛ pɩcɔ ɖɩtɔkɩ. Ɖɩñalɩɣ ɖa-kɩcɩkpɩŋ taa ɖɔkɔtɔ naa cɔlɔ nɛ ɖɩsɔʊ lɩm ɖoŋ ɖoŋ. Lɩm mbʊ pɩta fɛyɩ asuma yɔ. Kʊzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖɩla tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kʊzʊʊ huyu.
Kʊlɔɔyʊ

Kʊlɔɔyʊ kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna taa taŋɩyɩ nɔɔyʊ nɛ ɛwɛ sinaɣ hiu ŋga cɔlɔ. Kʊlɔɔyʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna nɩmɩyɛ yɔɔ kɩŋ. Ɛcaɣ wɛʊ ɛzɩ hʊzɩŋ yɔ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ hʊzʊʊ. Kɩwɛ sɛmɩŋ kpaʊʊ yaa nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ kɩwɛ yuulee tɩyɛ. Kɩwazaɣ ɖɔɔ kamaɣ fɛyɩ: ŋgʊ haɣna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ kɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma nɛ pɩɩkɩlɩ-ɩ nɩʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ calɩm nɛ kɩtɛyʊ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa. 

Pʊtɔbʊ se kɩ-tʊmɩyɛ nɛ hʊzʊŋ pacaɣ wɛʊ kɩmaŋ. Kʊlɔɔyʊ malɩna hʊzʊŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ pɑlɩzɩ-kʊ hʊzʊʊ yɔɔ. Palalasa-kʊ yɔ, pɩnaɣ camɩyɛ se kʊ-yɔɔ huɖuuvyaa anwa fɛlɛ fɛlɛ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ pʊcɔ nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ ŋgu ñɛwɛɛ. Kʊlɔɔyʊ yɔɔ nɛ calɩm hosi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ hosi nzɩ sɩ-taa kɛ calɩm tɩŋna nɛ pɩyɛlɩɣ ɛyʊ tɩŋa yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩna taa.
Laatriki miŋ

Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe yaa hɔɔlasɩ cikpesi nasɩyɛ wɛɛ. Laatriki nimasɩ taa pe ana alakɩna nɛ miŋ mʊʊ. Tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ kanaɣ ɛzɩma laatriki miŋ ɖɔŋ ɖɔnɛ nɖɩ yɔ.

Laatriki miŋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ajɛya wena aɖɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩkɩlɩ yɔ, a-taa laatriki miŋ kɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ. Ajɛya ana alakɩna laatriki miŋ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ palakɩna tʊma anasaayɩ ñɩndʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa. Laatriki miŋ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ palakɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ɛntɛɛrɩnɛɛtɩ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛla tʊmɩyɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Ɔɔrɩdɩnatɛɛrɩ yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ. Poluba anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ sakɩyɛ nɛ laatriki miŋ nɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛnʊ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ pala ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ. 

Anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ ndʊ paapɩzɩɣ pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ kɔyɔ : laatriki mootinaa (moulins électriques) nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩcɔtʊʊ wondu kuzusutu (lavage à sec) yɔ.

Minziiki yɔɔlʊʊ ; taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se *sonorisation* yɔ, yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, paapɩzɩɣ nɛ paɖʊ-kʊ. Anasaayɩ ñɩɣyʊʊ nakʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se *imprimante*. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʊ lakɩ oridinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ yɔ, *imprimante* ñɩɣyʊʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛyʊ lɩzɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba yɔ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ. 

Yee laatriki miŋ ɛfɛyɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ takayɩhayʊʊ yɔɔ.

Ɖooo kpaɖʊʊ hiu nɛ lutozo ñɩŋgʊ taa pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ laatriki miŋ lɩɣ yɔ. Laatriki miŋ yebina nɛ mbʊ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se *révolution industrielle* yɔ pɩtasɩ lɩʊ nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lubu tɛzɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa nɛ pɩkɩlɩ.
Lada

Ladɩyɛ kɛna abalʊ tɛ abalɩtʊ kpou. Tɛtɛ kpɩna wɛna awɛna lada yɔ, atɩŋa awɛna ladɩyɛ naalɛ. Ladɩyɛ ana, a-taa kɛ abalɩtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se kɩjɛbɛyʊ yɔ, kɩñɔʊ. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se ladɩyɛ ana alʊlʊʊna kɩjɛbɛyʊ. Ɖooo kɩyakɩŋ 42 nɛ 45 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛyʊ kɛʊ abalʊ lɛ, ɛ-ladɩyɛ taa wɛɣ kɩjɛbɛyʊ kpaagba. Ɛlɛ, kɩjɛbɛyʊ ŋgʊ kɩɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ, kɩɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kʊlʊlɩ pɩɣa. 

Abalʊ pɩɣa cɛkɩ lada lɛ, ɛ-tɛ abalɩtʊ ndʊ, tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩlʊlɩ pɩɣa; pɩwɛɛ mbʊ ɛna ɛ-akpadayɩtʊ. Ɛyʊ yaa paa nɛ tɛtɛkpɩna wena akɛ abalaa nɛ awɛna ladɩyɛ yɔ, ladɩyɛ ana awɛna awayɩ. Ɛlɛ lɩm taa kpɩna naayɛ ɖeke wɛŋna ladɩyɛ nɛ a-lotu taa.  Abalʊ ladɩyɛ wɛ naalɛ nɛ awɛ ɛ-ladɩyɛ tɛɛ. 

Pɩwɛɛ se ladɩyɛ nɛ lotu pataasaa miŋ kɛ kɩmaŋ. Ɛyʊ ladibiye naaʊ mbʊ yɔ, ɖɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ kɛ kpaʊ yɔɔ maɣna ɛzɩ santimɛtanaa naatozo, ɖaalakɩŋ kɩ-toboyuu yɔɔ lɛ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ santimɛtanaa naalɛ yɔ, piyele liŋguu taa lɛ, pɩwɛsantimɛtanaa kagbaanzɩ. Ladibiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ tɛ yʊŋ maɣna kraammnaa nɛɛlɛ.
Ladibiye

Ladibiye kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ mbʊ pɩkɛna ɛ-tɛ abalɩtʊ yɔ. Ladibiye wɛ ladɩyɛ yaa hɩnɛ cɔlɔ kpam. Ladibe kpɛnda naalɛ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna ladibiye kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ lɛ, ɛyʊ ɛtɔsɔɔlɩ se ɖɩtasɩ kpaʊ kɔyɔ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛpɛlɩ ɛ- kpɩnɛ nɖɩ. Pɩtasɩɩna kpaʊ yekɛ, ɛlɛ ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛ-kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpaɣlɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛpɛlɩɣ-ɖɩ. Ladibe wɛna waɣzaɣ sɔsɔwa sɩŋŋŋ kɛ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩna wezu caɣʊ taa. 

Ladibe taa kɛ kɩjɛbɛyʊ wɛɛ nɛ pɩsaŋ se ɛyʊ ɛsʊna halʊ lɛ, ɛna ɛhalʊ ɛnʊ pakɩjɛbɛyɩŋ kpɛndɩɣ lɛ, pɩla se hɔɔ kɔma pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ palʊilɩu pɩɣa. Pɩtasɩɩna pɩya lʊlʊʊ yeke. Ladibe taa kɛ hɩm cakɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛyʊ hɩɩ-pʊ.  Ñɩnɩya ñɩna nɛ pana se, ɛyʊ calɩm taa lɩm mbʊ pɩwɛ nɛ pɩɩtasʊ-ɩ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, ladibe hɔŋna-pʊ nɛ pɩlɩzɩ nɛ pisidi hɩm taa.
Lao Tseu

**Lao Tseu** kɛ abalʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ tɛ hɩɖɛ. Lalaa yayɩ size Laozi yaa ɛzɩ Lao Zi. Ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Siini ɛjaɖɛ yɔ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ taa pɩɣa yaa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʋ. Ɛjaɖɛ Siini tɛtʋ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ size Tàishàng lǎojn. Pʋtɔbʋʋ tobi kɛlɛ size "Ɛsɔnaa taa Ɛsɔ sɔsɔ Lao", papɩzɩʋ paya-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ size Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa ɔgɔlɩmɩyɛ sɔsɔɖɛ.

Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ pɛcɛlɛyɩ hɩɖɛ size maatɛŋ tɛ Ɛsɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ maɣmaɣ kɛlɛ Li Er. Paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, pɔtɔma size ɛɛkɛ lɔnzɩnɖʋ tʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ yaa n̄amtʋ lɔn tɩlɩʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛlɛ, yee pamaɣzʋʋna pɛtɛ taa sɔnzɩ taa kɔyɔɔ, ɛkɛ Confucius kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ taa. Pɩɩkɛ kpaɖɩŋ yaa wɛɛɛ loɖo (6) n̄ɩnɖɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yesu Krɩstʋ nɛ kagbanzɩ (5) n̄ɩŋgʋ tɛ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yesu krɩstʋ.

Pɩɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna kpaɖɩŋ kpiziuɖe tɛ wɛɛ taa yaa yoliheeɣye nɛ kpiziuɖe yaa lʋŋheeɣye taa. Ɖajaa Lao Tseu kɛ lɩzɩyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛnʋ lɩzana mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "taoïsme". Taoïsme kɛna Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ nɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tɩlɩʋ tʋma. Ɛlakɩ lɔnzɩnɖɛ tʋma kpɛlɛkʋʋ.

Sakɩyɛ tɔŋ size, paa pɩla ɛzɩma yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size "pays de Chu" ɖɩ-taa palʋla-ɩ kɛ Zhou ajɛɛ kewiisi taa. Ɛzɩma ɛnʋ ɛzɩ, caanaʋ takayasɩ taa ɛ-tɔm tɔɖʋ yaa pɔtɔyɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm pʋɖɔɔ yɔɔ lɛ, patɩla-ɩ pɩtɩŋgɩna kewyaɣ hʋʋ ŋgʋ payaɣna Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "dynastie Han" yɔ.

Lao Tseu kɛ mba pɛkɛna Ɛsɔ tɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ tɩna nɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza tɩlɩʋ tʋma palaɖaa tɛ Ɛsɔ. Mbʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ kɛnɛ tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩzɩyʋ. Ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlaɖaa payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "taoïstes" waa. Ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ Siini taa peeɖe lɛ, paya-ɩ size Tàishàng lǎojūn pʋtɔbʋʋ size Ɛsɔ kɩlɩm Lao, paya tobi Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa «Seigneur suprême Lao».  

Pama ɖajaa sɔsɔ Lao Tseu ɛnɛ ɛtɛ sɩɣʋʋ kpelaɣ. Pama-ɩ nɛ tandaʋ kʋlʋmʋʋ nakʋyʋ ɛ-tamaɣ tɛɛ. Ŋna-ɩ ŋtɔŋ size akpadɛyʋʋ mɛwɛna mɛ-ɛsa. Ɛkɛ,
Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ

**Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ**, Latɛŋ taa lɛ *lingua Latīna* ou *Latīna lingua* kɛ Italii kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩlɩna Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ cejewiye taa nɛ kiɖetɛ lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ kʊ nɛ Latium nɛ Room antique pa-da. Nɛ paa pamaazɩɣ nabʊyʊ taa se kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩsɩbʊ kɔyɔ kɩ-tɛ tɩlɩtʊ nɛ kɩ-tɛ labɩnaʊ wɛɛ Sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔŋzi nasɩyɛ tɛ laya kpeekpe cɔlɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ paɖɩna kʊ wɩlɩʊ sukuli na cɩkpema taa nɛ sukuli kɩtɛzɩŋ sakɩyɛ taa.

 
Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ palakɩna kʊ tʊmɩyɛ paa ɖoye se palɩzɩna tɔmpe kɩfana sakɩyɛ kɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ cejewaa sakɩyɛ taa. Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ nɛ kɩ-halɩbɩya, Romanɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ ɛlɛ payaɣ nabʊyʊ taa se Latɛŋ waa kɩfama, eyeke koŋ ɛwɛna Italii kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlɩŋga taa. Pɩlɩnzɩ lɛɛsɩɣ wɛɛ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ ɖooo pʊcɔ italii romanɩ alɩwaatʊ takayasɩ taa, ɛlɛ paɖʊ-tʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yaa paɖʊ-tʊ ajɛyɛ tamsʊ nɔɣ alɩwaatʊ taa ndʊ paya se Empɩrɩ.

Roma kɩbɩnɩʊ tɛ tɛtʊ walʊ wɩlɩʊ ɛzima Latɛŋ mɩza sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ kɛ pɩkpaʊ na kpaɖʊ naatozo ŋgʊ pʊcɔ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu Chrɩtʊ yɔ. kɩ-kɛ Romanɩ Empɩrɩ kʊnʊŋ sɔsɔʊ. kɩwalɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ Erɔpʊ  nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔlʊʊ taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kɩŋ nɛ Azii cɩkpelʊʊ taa nɛ Danubɩ ageetaa taa. Empɩrɩ tɛɛ lɛ Latɛŋ kɛ waɖɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩ-kɛ Romanɩ komina tʊmɩyɛ kʊnʊŋ nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ kʊnʊŋ nɛRomanɩ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ kʊnʊŋ kɩnɛ Krɛsɩ kʊnʊŋ nɛ ageetaa taa kʊnʊmɩŋ.
Laɖɩyɛ

Laɖɩyɛ kɛ wonuu ŋgʋ palakɩna kʋ nɛ n̄ɩɣyʋʋ fɛlɛfɛlɛ hɔɔlaɣ yɔ. Laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwɛ n̄ɩɣtʋ n̄ɩɣɖɛ tɩyɛ. Ŋna laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ kɔyɔ, ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ pɩyɛ kɩsaɣyɛ tɩyɛ. Kpoŋgbolo ɖaʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ patama laɖɩyɛ nɖɩ.

Laɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩwazaɣ kɛlɛ size, nabʋyʋ taa lɛ, nɖɩ pafakɩna ɖasɩ nɛ pɛcɛsʋʋna kpaɣkpa ɖɔɖɔ. Palakɩna laɖɩyɛ nɛ you ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ. Powokina lakʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ laɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩwazʋʋ ɛyʋ mbʋ kpem kɛ e-wezuu caɣʋ taa yɔ, pɩfɛyɩ size pɔyɔɔdɩ.

Laɖɩyɛ nɖɩ-ɩ miŋ ɖiziyaa kpaɣkʋʋ nɛ patʋlʋʋna kuduyuŋ nɔnɔsɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ miŋ asɛɣyʋ nakʋyʋ lakɩ ɖolii lɛ yɔ.
Kʋnʋmɩŋ taa lɩzɩnaʋ wiye

Salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 30 ñɩŋgʋ kɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ taa lɩzɩnaʋ wiye kedeŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ. 

Ɛzɩ paa pɩnaɣ weŋga lɛ, pɩtʋʋzɩnaa Jérôme Kiɖeɖeu ciŋgaayɩ wiye, ɛnʋ weyi ɛkɛ kʋnʋmɩŋ taa lɩzɩnɩyaa halaa nɛ abalaa pa-ñʋʋdʋ yɔ. Paa anɩ ɛtɔzɩ se Jérôme Kiɖeɖeu lɩzɩnɩna Ɛsɔ Tɔm Takayaɣ nɛ Latɛɛ kʋnʋŋ taa, pɩnzɩ mɩnaɣ 3 ñɩŋga taa Krɩstʋ lʋlʋʋ wayɩ. Ɛsɔ Tɔm Takayaɣ kʋŋgʋ peɖiɣna yaʋ sɔnɔ se Vulgate.
Laʋ

Tɩŋ sɔsɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩŋ kɩmaɣnaŋ nɛ tɩŋ cikpeŋ pɛkpɛndɩɣ nɛ pɛwɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kɩwalʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ payaa se laʋ. Laŋ sɔsɔŋ wɛɛ nɛ laŋ cikpeŋ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Laʋ kɛ ñɩm sɔsɔm ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ wezuu laʋ taa. Ɛyaa paɣzɩ caɣʋ laŋ taa kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɖʋʋ nɩɩlɛ ñɩŋʋ taa. Ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa taŋa mbʋ yɔ, halɩ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ kaca laŋ taa. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʋ yɔ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnʋʋ nɛ nɩɩnʋwa caɣ laŋ taa.

Awayɩ kpɩna sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena nɛ sumasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ cikpesi pɛwɛ laŋ taa. Laŋ sɔsɔŋ taa tuŋ nɛ tɔɔyɩŋ nɛ tudusi nɛ awayɩ naŋ nɛ kpoŋ nɛ awayɩ kpɩna sɔsɔna lɛɛna pacakɩ wezuu. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ awayɩ kpɩna kɩmaɣna ɛzɩ namɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ahuwa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɩkpayɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Awayɩ kpɩna cikpena wena ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩna laŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, a-taa naayɛ hɩla yɔ : kozonzi nɛ puda naa nɛ fɔɔ naa nɛ yuŋ nɛ awayɩ kpɩna cikpena lɛɛna.

Sumasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sumasɩ kɩmaɣnasɩ nɛ sumasɩ cikpesi kudokiŋ ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ cakɩ wezuu laŋ taa. Sumasɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ tataa naa. Sumasɩ kɩmaɣnasɩ taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ makɩyɛ naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ atenda ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kpeliŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ awayɩ suŋ nɛ lesi ajalɩ kɔkɔ naa nɛ hoomataŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kpɩɩtɔlɩ naa nɛ abɛntɛ naa ndɩ ndɩ akpaŋnaŋcaʋ waa.

Sumasɩ cikpesi taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ pɩtɛɛyɩsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ahowa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kpɛŋkpɛsɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ awayɩ halɩkuku naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ kʋdɔkɔyɩŋ nɛ atɛwa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩɩdʋ naa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ hɩmcɩʋcɩʋ naa ndɩ ndɩ.

Ɖʋma sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɖʋma cikpema ndɩ ndɩ wɛ laŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ.

Kayɩmasɩ sɔsɔsɩ nɛ kayɩmasɩ cikpesi wɛ ɖɔɖɔ laŋ taa.

Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lɩm taa wondu ndɩ ndɩ paɣtʋ yɔ, mbʋ laŋ taa wondu lakɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kpɩna wena akɩlɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, atɔkɩ kpɩna wena alɛ fɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ nɛ apɩzɩ acaɣ wezuu.
Leemu sɛmɩŋ

Tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩsɛ ɛzɩ leemu sɛmɩŋ yɔ sɩwɛ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛkɛlɩɣ naʊ poliŋ taa yɔ. Leemu sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ sɛmɩŋ kpaŋ nɛ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ lɩm yɔ ɩhɛkʊ taa. Leemu sɛmɩŋ wɛ tomnasɩ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɩwɛ haŋŋ yɔ ɩ-taa nɛ tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ mbʊ haŋŋ yɔ palɩzɩɣ pʊ-tɔbʊ ɛzɩ sɛmɩŋ weyi ɛwɛ ɛzɩ leemu lɩm sɛmɩŋ yɔ. 

Tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩ-sɛmɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ leemʊ sɛmɩŋ mbʊ yɔ sɩ-hɔŋ ɛyaa nɛ cɔnaʊ taa wɛ ɖeu ɖɔɖɔ. Tɩŋ pee nayɛ wɛ lɛ, apʊ lɛ paa aawɛ ɛzɩ tɩŋ hatʊ yɔ, apɩsɩɣ nɛ asɛɛ ɛzɩ leemu lɩm sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ mbʊ wɩlɩɣna se apʊwa. Leemuu maɣmaɣ mbʊ yɔ, kɩpʊ lɛ kɩsɛɣ ɛzɩ pɛkɛdʊ kɩ-lɩm nɛ kɩ-sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ leemu ɛtapɩta yɔ kɩ-taa lɩm ɛɛwɛʊ ɛzɩ leemu sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ kɩ-taa lɩm ɛɛwɛʊ leleŋ ɖɔɖɔ.


File:Ambersweet oranges.jpg|thumb|Ambersweet oranges
File:ItsukushimaCorridor7445.jpg|thumb|ItsukushimaCorridor7445
File:Schleimpilz Urwald Sababurg.jpg|thumb|Schleimpilz Urwald Sababurg
File:Umbrella-orange-textile.jpg|thumb|Umbrella-orange-textile
File:RelojNaranja.JPG|thumb|RelojNaranja
Leemuu

Leemuu kɛ nandʊʊ piye tɩŋ, pɩkɛ leemuu tɩŋ piye kɩkɛ tɩŋ tamsʊʊ cejewiye taa nandʊʊ piye. Ɛ-ɖɔɔ sakɩyɛ nɛ kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlɩnɛ Citrus simens tɩŋ tɛ ɛzɩ calɩm leemɩŋ nɛ ñaŋ leemɩŋ weyi ɛlɩnɛ leemɩŋ nɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye ndɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ yɔ, ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ sɛwa pɩlɩnɛ kɩ-tɛ fitamini C paa papɩzɩɣ se pɛkɛtɩna-kʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee lɛɛnaa nɛ tɩŋ hatʊ lɛɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ tɩŋ piye nanza ñɩndɛ ndɩ pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa yɔ.
   
Leemuu ɛzɩ ɖɩnɩɣ kɩ-hɩɖɛ yɔ wɛna leemuu tɛ sɛmɩŋ. Kɩ-tɔnʊʊ wɛ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ kɩ-yɔɔ wɛ ñɔkʊ ñɔkʊ. kɩ-taa wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩ-kopuu mandarini yɔ. Kɩ-taa lɩm wɛ lelemɩnaɣ nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ sikiri nɛ ñɩmɩŋ nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ fitamini C. Palakɩ-kʊ nɛ saladɩ nɛ anasaayɩ cotuu yaa pɔñɔʊ kɩ-lɩm. Calɩm leemɩŋ kpaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ ɖenɖe keeke ɛkɛ kɩsɛmɩŋ ɛ-tomnaɣ yɔ. Pɩtɛ sɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlɩnɛ antocyane cɔlɔ nɛ pɩkpeekpe pɩkpɛndʊʊ tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɛ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩɣ niikaɣ. Leemuu tɛ antocyane ɖoo kiɖe tɛ lɛ, pɩwɛ yuulee ɛlɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ kɩsɛmɩŋ pɩkatʊʊ leemuu ñɩmɩŋ lɩm.
       
Leemuu tɛ nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩɣ nɔmɔŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩlɛ weyi kɩtɩŋga nɛ kʊsʊʊ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Mediteranee nɔmɔʊ canaʊ katʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa (kpaɣɖʊ 9 nɛ 13) pɩlɩnɛ leemuu ñaŋ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ Pɛrɩsɩ mba ɖɛzaɣ Arabɩ mba piye nɩ pɔsɔ-dɩ Sisili ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖenɖe kɩmɩzaa nɛ pɩtalɩ Erɔpʊ tɩŋga taa yɔ.

Nabʊlɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kpaɣɖʊ 16 taa lɛ, Pɔrɩtɩkɛ mɛlɛ naa taa nɔmɔŋ  woɖaa lɩɣ leleŋ leemuu yɔ siini nɛ papɩsɩna-kʊ Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ kɩwa leemuu ñŋ ŋgʊ. Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ nɛɛlɛ hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ leemuu kɛkɛ ajana pʊyʊʊ nɛ pahaɣ-kʊ ɛzɩ Nɔwɛlɩ kʊjɔʊ nɛ Nicolas kɩɖeɖeʊ (Peyibaa) kɛ piya. Kɩ-haɖaʊ kawaba mbʊ ɖooo lɔŋ lɛ kɩpɩsɩɣ maŋpɩza waa ɖoŋ pɩyʊʊ.
Legɔsɩ

Legɔsɩ kɛŋna Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walnzɩ yɔ nɛ Afrika ajɛya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛkɩtaariwaa 99 960 ha yaa kilomɛtanaa  999,6. Pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda 12 090 000 ɛlɛ yee pɛkpɛndɩna tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ti-ageeta lɛɛna kɔyɔ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm (21 000 000). Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2000 taa lɛ Kɛɛrɩ tɛtʊ nɛ Kinsasa tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kaakɩla ɖɔʊ nɛ sɔnɔ taa yɔ Legɔsɩ ñɩndʊ kɩlɩna. 

Pʊcɔ nɛ Abuuja tɛtʊ pɩsɩɣ Naajeeriya tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1999 lɛ, Legɔsɩ kaakɛŋna mbʊ ɛlɛ tɩ-taa teŋu kidiiliŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛɛ yɔ, kɩwɛ Afrika taa kidiiliŋ weyi ɛkɩla liŋgu yɔ ɛ-taa. Peeɖe kɛ tadɩyɛ t ʊmɩyɛ nɛ ñɩɩtʊ lubʊ kɩla wɛʊ Naajeeriya ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa. Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ kɛna tɛtʊ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩkpɛndɩna nɛ pɩlɩɩ Legɔsɩ. Legɔsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ hɔɔlʊʊ taa ɛsɩndaa wobu wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ pɩkɩlŋa ɖɛndɛ payaɣ se Ikeja nɛ Agege yɔ. Mbʊ pɔyɔɔ yɔ efebiya nɛ pɛlaa  peseɣ ajɛya lɛɛna taa nɛ powoki peeɖe se pala tʊma nɛ payabɩ-wɛ wondu ɛzɩ kpokponaa, cɛɛcɛɛnaa, kancɩnaa yaa nabʊyʊ yem.

Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ ɖɛɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩnda nɛ pɩkɩlʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩlɩna tadɩyɛ yɔɔ, sanzɩ yɔɔ nɛ pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna wɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ. Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ taa lɛ, cɔɔcɩ laɖaa yaa mba patɩŋ gʊ Yeesu Kristu wayɩ, mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patala ɛzɩ ɛyaa 75 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ nɛ malɩŋ ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 15 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ mba pɛkɛ malɩŋ kpem yɔ mba lɛ Yʊrʊba mba nɛ Yʊrʊba mba kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa ɛzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naanʊwa (25) kɛŋna malɩŋ. Payaɣ Legɔsɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Akinwunmi Ambode.
Lesoto

Lezoto kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ-taa nɛ pʊŋ nɛ teŋu nakʊyʊ fɛyɩ ɖɩ-cɔlɔ. Ɖooo lɛ Piritaniki kakpacayaɣna-ɖɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ pɩnaɣ 1966. Peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɔyɔ Letsie III nɛ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ yɔ Pakalitha Mosisili. Tetʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Maseru. Lezoto taa ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔna naalɛ nɛ kristu mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ. Kʊnʊmɩŋ naalɛ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ peeɖe: Angilisinɛ lezoto.  

Ɖooo lɛ mba paalɛɣ caɣʊ peeɖe yɔ mba lɛ Puusmɛɛnɩwaa, Ŋgʊniwaa  nɛ Pozoto mba pɛkɛ Pantʊʊwaa yɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1820 kɛ wiyau Moshoeshoe Ier nɛ ɛkpɛndɩ Sotowaa cejewa kpeekpe se pɩwa-ɩ ɖɔŋ nɛ ɛkaɖɩna Suuluuwaa. Nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ.

Mɩnzɛma fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1990 lɛ Moshoeshoe Ier pɩyalʊ lɛɣzɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 1995 lɛ Moshoeshoe IIer  kpaɣ kpelaɣ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna ɛ-sɩm Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1996. Ɛlɛ kɩyɛna fenaɣ 30 pɩnaɣ 2014 sɔɔjana kpaɣ hɔzɩŋ nɛ pakʊ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Mbʊ yebina pe-ɖe kewiyaɣ ñʊʊtʊ Thomas Thabane se nɛ ɛɖʊ kʊyʊʊ kɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ kɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɛmakɩ kobuka se pasɩna-ɩ. Nɛ pɩla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩya nakʊyʊ salaŋ fena kɩyakʊ naalɛ pɩnaɣ kʊɖʊmaɣ ŋga ka-taa lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa.
Libreeviili

Libreeviili kɛna Kaabɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa politiki tʊma nɛ komina tʊma sɔsɔna kpelasi wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ lɛ, pana ɛyaa 850 000 nɛ Kaabɔŋ tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ taa payɩ lɛ, Libreeviili tɛtʊ taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2010 taa pakali kɩgalʊʊ ŋgʊ Kaabɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa lɛ, ɛyaa kɩla ɛzɩ 1 534 300. 

Libreeviili tɛtʊ wɛ pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Kaabɔŋ yɔ kɔcɔlɔ kpam nɛ pɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hatʊ kiŋ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ Libreeviili tɛtʊ taa yɔŋgʊ lɛ Fransɩɩ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa kɛ mbʊ yɔ, mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 15 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ yɔ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛyaa 71,9 yɔɔdʊʊ fransɩɩ nɛ pamaɣ-kʊ; piyele mba pɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 76,8 nɩʊ-kʊ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ.

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa krɩstʊ mba kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ mba pɛkɛ malɩŋ yɔ pɔdɔɖɔɔ ɛlɛ pɩɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩñʊʊtʊ weyɩ payawaɣ-ɩ se Omar Bongo Ondimba ɛlɛ yɔɔ kɛ papɩsa malɩŋ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2014 lɛ Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda1kɛŋna Libreeviili tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɔnɛyʊ kɩflʊ.
Leonhard Euler

Leonhard Euler, palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 15 pɩnaɣ 1797 alɩwaatʊ Bâle tɛtʊ kɛ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛsɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1783 kɛ Sɛɛpetersbuuri tɛtʊ (Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa) ɛlɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 76. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛɛkɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlaba ɛtɛ fezuu caɣʊ sakɩyɛ kɛ Ruusi tɛ Ampiiri taa nɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa. 
 
Euler kaakɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ weyi paakɩlɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kaatɔya paale yɔ kɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa. Takayaɣ nakɛyɛ paawona-kɛ Laplace tɛ Simon Petro tɛ nɛ katasɩɣ cuuzuu mbʊ se Euler lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyɛ wakɩna paale nɛ pɔtɔŋ ɛkalɩ Euler takayasɩ, ɛkalɩ Euler takayasɩ ɛnʊ kɛnɛ ɖa-wɩlɩyʊ. Ɛɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi ɛmʊwa nɛ etisi piŋ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ, etisi Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna mba petetisi Ɛsɔ yɔɔ yɔ ɛtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa.

Palʊla Euler Bâle tɛtʊ taa, ɛ-caa Paul Euler, ɛkɛ lɛɣzɩtʊ tɛ cɔɔcɩ naa tɛ ninɖiyu, e-ɖoo Marguerite Brucker, ɛkɛ ninɖiyu nɔyʊ pɛlɛ. Ɛwɛna kɔɔnaa naalɛ mba yɔ Anna Maria nɛ Maria Magdalena. Pɩlaba alɩwaatʊ pazɩ yem ɛzɩ palʊlʊʊ Leonhard lɛ, ɛ-caa nɛ e-ɖoo pakʊ Bâle tɛtʊ taa nɛ powolo pɩjɔlɔ kpam tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Riechen tɩtaa. Peeɖe Euler lakɩ ɛtɛ pɩjatʊ fezuu caɣʊ siŋ. Paul Euler kaakɛ Bernoulli cejewiye taa ɛyʊ nɔyʊ ɛgbadʊ Jean Bernoulli, weyi pɔtɔŋgɔ se ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ lɛɣtʊ Erɔpʊ pɩkpɖɩ evebu Leonhard yɔ. 

Pɩnzɩ 13 wayi lɛ, Leonard ma ɛ-hɩɖɛ Bâle sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 1723 taa lɛ, ɛmʊ tɩ ɖɔkʊʊ takayaɣ pɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm yɔ, pɩtɩŋna tɔm ta huyuu takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ Descartes nɛ Newton pa-ñɩnzɩ yɔ. Alɩwaatʊ nddʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, Jean Bernoulli kpɛlɛka-ɩ mazasɩ ɖanasɩ tɩŋga, peeɖe ɛlɛ hiwa nɛ ɛna se e-sukuli pɩɣa kɩfala kanɛ kɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa. Euler pazɩ kpɛlɛkɛkʊʊ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ tɔm nɛ Kɗɛkɩ nɛ Hɛbra, mbʊ ɛ-caa pɔza lɛɛlɛ se pɩha waɖɛ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ ninɖɩyu. Peeɖe Jean cɛyɩ ɛtɩ nɛ eyele nɛ ɛ-caa nɩɩ pɩdaa se pʊmʊna ɛ-pɩɣa ɛpɩsɩ lɛɣtʊ tɩlɩyʊ. 
  
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ, Jean Bernoulli piyaa naalɛ, Daniel nɛ Nicolas, lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ Ruusi tɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm lɩzɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa kɛ Sɛɛpetersbuuri tɛtʊ taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1726 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Nicolas ñasɩbɩna lebiye kʊdɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛlaba pɩnaɣ kɛlɛ Ruusi tɛtʊ taa. Kɛlɛ e-neu Daniel pazɩ ɛ-tʊma, lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ ɛpɔzɩ se eeyeba ajɔɔla kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yem nɛ nɔyʊ fɛyɩ yɔ Leonhard ɛkpaɣ ɖɩjayɛ nɖɩ.
Liibaŋ

Liibaŋ kɛna Prosɩ-Oriaŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ. Liibaŋ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Siirii ɛjɑɖɛ wɛna nɛ kilomɛtanaa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 376 yɔ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Izrɛɛlɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ kilomɛtanaa 79.

Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ bassin levantiŋ pɔlɔkʊ yaa fɛɛʊ nɛ kilomɛtanaa 220 kɛ pɩmaɣnaa. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yɔ Beyiiruti. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ yɔ lɛ  arabe; fransɩ ñatatasɩ kɛʊ kʊnʊŋ nakʊyʊ siŋŋŋ kɛ peeɖe, kɩcadaa. Liidiye nɖi pɔtɔkɩ yɔ lɛ libaŋ pɔɔyaɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1926 taa kɛ Liibaŋ ɛjaɖɛ ɖʊ ɖɩ-tɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ nɛ pɩha-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ waɖɛ se ɖɩlɩzɩ ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ nɛ minisiriwaa kediizaɣ.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-paɣtʊ yɔɔdɩɣ se pʊwɛɛ se pɩkɛna kɩcɛyʊʊ  ɖɩ-ñʊʊtʊ ɛkɛna krɩstʊ-tʊ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa lɩzɩɣna-ɩ nɛ pʊwɛɛ se ɛyaa naalɛ kɛ naatozo ɛlɩzɩna-ɩ; ɛlɛkɩ pɩnzɩ looɖo. Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ 25 pɩnaɣ 2014, Liibaŋ tatɩɩlɩzɩta ɖɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ.
Liiberiya

Liiberiya kɛna Afrika  wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Atɩlantiki lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛwɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Siyeera –Leyɔnɩ, pɩyele hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Kinee, wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Kootidivuwarɩ. Liiberia kɛna kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ Afrika kpeekpe taa se ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ caɣʊ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1847.

Kpaɣ ɖooo kɔlaɣ fenaɣ hiu nɛ looɖo pɩnaɣ 2006 kɛ palɩza Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf se ɛkɛ peeɖe ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛnʊ kɛna kacalaɣ halʊ Afrika kpeekpe taa ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Pɩtasɩ ɛlɛ, ɛmʊ Lanŋhɛzɩyɛ samtʊ nimiye pinaɣ 2011. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena keteŋa kpeekpe taa kʊñɔntʊtʊ wɛɛ sɩŋŋŋ yɔ a-tɛ hiu taa. Ɖɩwɛ CEDEAO ŋgbɛyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ.

Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ Amerika yoma mba peyeba-wɛ pacaɣ peeɖe nɛ pɩla se pɔsɔza mba paatɛma wɛʊ peeɖe pazɩ yɔ pɔ-yɔɔ. 

Paatɔ caca lɛ, Amerika-tʊ kpaɣnaɣ kewiyaɣ nɛ Amerika mba mba palaba tɛɛ peeɖe yɔ, pɔtɔyɩtʊ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa. Tʊmɩyɛ kaakɩlɩ wɛʊ pɩlɩɩna ketu labʊ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1931 kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩpayaɣ se SDN yɔ ɖikizi tɔm ndʊ.

Pɔtɔʊ cacanaa yɔ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa ɛɛtɔʊ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1945 nɛpʊcɔ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ William Tubman ha-wɛ waɖɛ se papɩzɩɣ papaazɩ tɔʊ caca.
Liibii

Liibii kɛna Afrika nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena awɛ Maagrɛbɩ taa yɔ. Liibii nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Mediteraanee teŋgu, wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alzeerii nɛ Tunizi, Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Niizɛɛrɩ nɛ Caadɩ, pɩkazɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Liibii sɩ kamaɣ nɛ Suudaŋ nɛ Egipiti.

Walanzɩ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naanza ñɩŋɖɛ Afrika taa nɛ 18 ñɩnɖɛ keteŋga kpeekpe taa. Ɖɩwalanzɩ taa maɣna 1 759 540 km2. Peeɖe ɛyaa makɩɣna ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa looɖo yaa litoozo yɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ kɔyɔ Tiripoolii nɛ ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔɔnaa kʊɖʊmʊʊ nɛ kutokiŋ litoozo. Pʊwayɩ lɛ Pɛŋgazɩ (650 000), Misirata (350 000) nɛ Ɛlɩ-Beyida (250 000). Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ñɩm kpilina karazɩm yɔɔ.

Liibii mʊ kɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ mɩnzɛma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1949. Weyi ɛɛɖa kelaɣ yɔɔ caɣʊ yɔ ɛnʊ lɛ Wiyao Idris Ier. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ sɔsɔyɛ kɔyɔ Sidi Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Sanoussi.

Pɩnaɣ 1969 kɛ Ɖiiyu Mouammar al-Kadhafi kʊ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ Idris Ier  nɛ ɛkpaɣ kpelaɣ nɛ eɖiyu ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ɛzɩ Egipiti ɛjaɖɛ ñɩnʊ Gamal Abdel Nasser yɔ.

Kpaɣ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ 2011, mba pakaɖɩɣna kewiyaɣ yɔ papazɩ ñɩnɩɣ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩmaa yɔ Kadhafi kʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ. Ñam ñam lakasɩ la nɛ minisri weyi ɛcɔŋna tɔm hʊʊ yɔɔ yɔ pasɩ-ɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ se ɛcɔna ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɛñɔɔzɩ takayasɩ ɖʊzʊʊ. Pɩla mbʊ nɛ hɛɛɛ hɛɛɛ pɔkɔɔ pehiu Mouammar al-Kadhafi pakpa-ɩ nɛ pakʊ-ɩ aliwaatʊ ndʊ ɛcaɣ se ese nɛ ɛmɛlɩ Siriti yɔ.
Liidiye

Liidiye wɛ tam nabʋlɛ taa : liidiye hatʋ wɛɛ nɛ liidiye pɔɔyaɣ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Liidiye pɔɔyasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ ɖɔɖɔ.  Faɖam pɔɔyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ piyee pɔɔyaɣ ñɛwɛɛ. Piyee naalɛ pɔɔyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ canta pɔɔyaɣ ñɛwɛɛ. Nɩɩnʋwa pɔɔyaɣ wɛɛ nɛ mɩnʋʋ pɔɔyaɣ ñɛwɛɛ. Pʋ-wayɩ lɛ, taŋga pɔɔyaɣ wɛɛ.

Ñɩnɩyʋ sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ, ɛtɔma se liidiye pɔɔyaɣ tʋŋ tʋma naadozo. Kajalaɣ lɛ, liidiye pɔɔyaɣ palakɩna akɔntɔ. Nabʋlɛ lɛ, pazɩɣ liidiye pɔɔyasɩ se sɩkɛ wazaɣ pʋyʋ nɛ liidiye pɔɔyaɣ wazaɣ naadozo ñɩŋa lɛ se, ŋgaa palakɩna tʋmɩyɛ siŋŋ tadɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ taa.

Liidiye pɔɔyasɩ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛyakɩ nabʋyʋ, ɛlɛ, ɛfɛyɩna liidiye pɔɔyasɩ nɛ pɛdɩyʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛfɛyɩna cenji kɔyɔ, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛya mbʋ ɛsɔɔlɩ yabʋ yɔ. Yee ɛyʋ ewoki poliŋ ɖoli nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ se ɛsʋʋ takasii yaa nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, ɛsɔɔlʋʋ se kpokponaa mba palakɩ tada yɔ, pa-taa nakʋyʋ ɛkpaɣna-ɩ nɛ ɛfɛyɩna liidiye pɔɔyasɩ nɛ kpokpo tʋ fɛyɩna ɖɔɖɔ kɔyɔ, pɩlakɩ-ɩ kaɖɛ siŋŋ. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ɛtalɩ ɖenɖe ewoki yɔ lɔŋ, ɛlɛ, liidiye pɔɔyasɩ yaa cenji kɩɩwɛʋ yɔɔ lɛ, ejiɣ wayɩ.

Ñɩɣlɩm ñɩɣtʋ polukina liidiye pɔɔyasɩ.
Liu ñɩm (volonté)

Ɛyʊ lakɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛna se ɖɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ ɖɩmʊna lɛ, ɛla mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ nɛ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ ɛtɩŋɩɣna nɛ ɛlakɩ mbʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ pɩtɩŋɛ payɩ. Ɛyʊ maɣzɩɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa siŋŋ nɛ pʊcɔ ɛla mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ yaa pʊcɔ ɛla e-liu ñɩm. Ɛmaɣzɩɣ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, pʊwɛɛ se mbʊ ɛɖʊwa se ɛlakɩ yɔ, pɩkɛdɩna ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma. Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛla mbʊ puyozuu ɛ nɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ ñɩma kuyozu yɔ.

Ɖɩkpaɣ se ɛyʊ nɔɔyʊ liu wɛɛ se ewelesi miiziki. Ɛlɛ, sukuli pɩɣa nakɛyɩ ñɛwɛ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ kɔsɔɔlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ. Pɩfɛyɩ se pʊdʊ ɛɖʊ miiziki nɛ ɛkpazɩ ɖoŋ se ɛsɔɔlɩ welesuu, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛkpazɩ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, pɩcɛyɩɣ sukuli pɩɣa ŋga kaka ñɔsɔɔlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Pa-naalɛ pa-taa paa weyi ɛsɔɔlɩ labʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Yee mbʊ pʊwɛɛ se weyi e-liu wɛɛ se ewelesi miiziki yɔ, ɛɖʊ ɛ-tɛ miiziki, ɛlɛ, ɛtaakpazɩ foolim (volume) ɖoŋ.

Ɛyʊ lakʊʊ mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ, pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ liu ñɩm labʊ kɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ.

Filozɔfʊwaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ se ɛyʊ ɖeke koŋ pɩzɩɣna nɛ ɛla mbʊ e-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Pɔtɔŋ se tɛtɛ kpɛna yaa wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ ndʊ tifezuu, tɩtɔkɩ nɛ tɩñɔʊ yɔ, tɩ-taa natʊyʊ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ tɩmaɣzɩ nɛ tɩla mbʊ ti-liu wɛɛ yɔ. Filozɔfʊwaa panɛ, Kant nɛ Descartes pakaɖɩna-tʊ mbʊ.

Filozɔfʊ weyi payaɣ se Schopenhauer yɔ, ɛlɛ yɔɔda se ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ se ɛla e-liu ñɩm yɔɔ yɔ, pi-ɖeke koŋ piyebina nɛ kedeŋa caɣ wezuu. Ɛtɔŋ se mbʊ kɛŋna kedeŋa mɛɛzaɣ tɛɛ tɔm yeli.
Loma

**Loma** kɛ Togo tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ. Tɩwɛ Togo nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Tɩwɛ mbʊ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna «Golfe de Guinée» teŋgu kidiilimiŋ nɔɔ kpɛɛɛ. Sakɩyɛ tɔŋ se 
 
ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ wɛna Togo taa. Ɛlɛ, pɩnaɣ kudukuŋ naalɛ nɛ hiu (2010) ̃nɩŋga taa palaba kɩkalʊʊ lɛ, ɛyaa 1 477 660 wɛna Togo taa. Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 

837 437 wɛ Loma tɛtʊ taa.
Lotu

Lotu kɛna ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ taa mbʊ pɩwɛɛ nɛ pɩ-taa kɛ tɔɔnasɩ cakɩ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔkɩ tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ payɩ yɔ, sɩtɛzʊ likiyuu nɛ sɩtɩɩ hiluu taa nɛ pɩcɔ sɩtalɩ lotu taa siŋŋŋ. Lotu taa kɛ mooti ŋgʊ kɩnaŋgʊ tɔɔnasɩ nzi ɛyʊ tɔkɩ payɩ yɔ. Pɩnaŋgʊ-sɩ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, pɩcatɩ-sɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩpalɩ anaɣam mbʊ pɩpɩzɩ nɛ pɩha ɛyʊ tomnaɣ kɛ ɖoŋ, kpekpeka nɛ alafɩya yɔ. 

Anaɣam mbʊ pɩ-nɔmɔʊ kɛlɛ calɩm. Calim kpakɩɣna-pʊ nɛ pɩyɛlɩna ɛyʊ tomnasɩ kpeekpe taa. Lotu paɣzɩɣna hiluu nɛ pɩtɛmna taabɩye. 

Lotu wɛ nabʊlɛ taa: loyuu sɔsɔʊ wɛɛ nɛ loyuu cikpeluu wɛɛ, kʊkʊ ɖaɣlaa kɩkɩlɩ loyuu sɔsɔʊ nɛ kɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩm ɖɩm. Loyuu cikpeluu kʊnɛ kɩkɛna kaɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkakɩ kʊtɔmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ se ɩtaasʊʊ calɩm taa yɔ ɛlɛ tɔɔnasɩ taa anaɣam ñɛɖɛʊ yem walaaa. Loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm kʊnɛ kɩ-taa peeɖe kɛ kʊtɔmɩŋ weyi ɛtasɩ yaa ɛtapɩzɩ nɛ ɛsʊʊ calɩm taa yɔ, ɛcakɩ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lotu ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna pɩtɛ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɩtɛ tomnaɣ ŋga kɛfɛyɩna alaafɩya siŋŋ. Mbʊ tɩna nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛcaɣ se ɛtɔɔ nandʊ natʊyʊ taa lotu yɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩcɛyʊ se ɛtɩzɩ-tʊ nɛ tɩpɩɩ camɩyɛ siŋŋ. 

Ɛyʊ taa lotu ɖalaakɩŋ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa lubɛ nɛ litoozo yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa (7 yaa 8). Nɛ yee payasɩ-tʊ landammm kɔyɔn tɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 300 nɛ 400 yɔ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se yee pakpaɣ pombo ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ nɛ anasayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se tenisi yɔ kɔyɔ, pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ pɩ-tɛ katasɩ nasɩlɛ yɔ. Ɛyʊ mbilim lɛ, lotu kɩlɩna walanzɩ, pɩtɩŋna hʊzʊŋ (80) nɛ tɔnʊʊ (1,73). 

Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɔɔnasɩ tiki hiluu taa lɛ, kɩkpatʊʊ-sɩ yɔbɩ yɔbɩ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ kiyekina loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm. Loyuu kʊnɛ kɩhɔɔwʊna tɔɔnasɩ nzɩ mununu nɛ kɩcatɩ-sɩ nɛ kɩlɩzɩ sɩ-taa anaɣam nɛ siyekina calɩm se pɩtalɩ tomnaɣ kpeekpe taa. Pɩkasa caajaasɩ nzɩ nɛ sɩɩtasɩɣ tomnaɣ wazɩɣ yɔ, sɩɖɛɣ loyuu sɔsɔʊ taa nɛ sɩpɩsɩ pɩndʊ nɛ ɛyʊ nɩ-tʊ nɛ ɛ-taabiye. 

Lotu lakʊʊ tɔɔnasɩ naŋgʊʊ nɛ sɩ-taa anaɣam palʊʊ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ paa ɛzɩmtaa. Pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ ɛwɛɛ tɔɔnasɩ tɔɔwʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɩɖɛɛ ɖoo taa ñɩɩtʊ 11 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ, yaa ñɩɩtʊ 22 nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔɔ. Mbʊ yekina nɛ pusuyu ɛyʊ. Ɛyʊ taa loyuu ɖɩm ɖɩm kʊnɛ kɩ-ɖaalakɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ kpaɣ mɛtanaa naatozo nɛ looɖo yɔ, pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Louis Pasteur

Palʊla Louis Pasteur kɛ Dole (Jura) egetiye taa saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1822 nɛ ɛsɩ Marnes-la-Coquette (ɖenɖe payawaɣ se Seine-et-Oise) yɔ salaŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1895. Ɛkɛ fransɩ tɛ scientifique, kpɛlɛkpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋ nɛ physicien. Ɛnʊ kɛna weyi ɛcala tomnaɣ taa wili wili waa taa tazɩɣ yɔ nɛ payaɣ se microbiologie yɔ. Pɩcɔ nɛ ɛsɩkɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛlɩza ɖatʊ ndʊ tɩzɩŋna se paa haɣ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ ɛñasa ɛyʊ yɔ nabʊyʊ ɛɛtaalabɩ-ɩ. 

=Ɛ-pɩcatʊ=
Palʊla Louis Pasteur kɛ pɩnaɣ 1822 kɛ Dole tɛtʋ taa. Ɛkɛna pɩɣa naatozo ŋga. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jean-Joseph Pasteur nɛ e-ɖoo kɛlɛ Jeanne-Étienne Roqui. Pɔsɔ-ɩ lɩm kɛ la Collégiale Notre-Dame de Dole kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 1823. Ɛ-caa kaakɛ sɔɔja kɛ Napoleon tɛ sɔɔjanaa taa nɛ ɛɖɛ hɛzɩɣ lɛ, ɛɖaɣnɩ paazɩɣ tɔna hɔɔʊ.Pɩnaɣ 1827 lɛ, pakʊya Dole nɛ powolo pacaɣ Marnoz ɖenɖe Roqui waa tɛ wɛɛ yɔ se pɩcɔ paakʊyɩ nɛ pacaɣ kpataa kɛ Arbois( Louis Pasteur Arbois tɛ) ɖenɖe tɔna hɔɔʊ wɛ camɩyɛ yɔ. Peeɖe kɛ evebu Pasteur paɣzɩɣ sukili wobu nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ panaɣ se ɛkɛ weyi e-nesi wɛ loŋ camɩyɛ yɔ. 

=Sukuli wobu=
Ɛsʊ hɛkʊ taa sukili sɔsɔʊ lɛ, ewolo Lycée Royal, Besançon tɛtʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1838 lɛ, ewolo Parɩɩ nɛ ɛma ɛ-hɩɖɛ kɛ l'Institution Barbet se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ takayaɣ nɛ pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛɖɛ mazɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ehiu tʊmɩyɛ. Ɛtatɩɩtɛmda pɩnaɣ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ Parɩɩ tɛtʊ taa (pɩnaɣ 1838-1839) nɛ pamʊ-ɩ Arbois Collège taa. Pɩsɩŋgaa lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ collège royal de Franche-Comté kɛ Besançon. Pɩnaɣ 1840 kɛ ɛmʊ ɛ-takayaɣ baccalauréat en lettres nɛ pɩnaɣ 1842 lɛ ɛmʊ baccalauréat kɛ sciences mathématiques taa. Pɩsɩŋga ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ewolo Parɩɩ nɛ ewoki sukuli lycée Saint-Louis nɛ ewokaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ewelesiɣna ndʊ Jean-Baptiste Dumas nɛ Claude Pouillet pawɩlaɣ Sorbonne yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1843 ehiu sukuli taa (ɛɛkɛ nanza tʊ) kɛ École normale taa nɛ pʊwayɩ mbʊ yɔ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ Jean-Baptiste Boussingault tɛ sukuli pɩɣa kɛ  Conservatoire national des arts et métiers taa.

## Louis Pasteur halʊ-kpaɣyɛ nɛ e-piya
Ɛkpaɣ halʊ kɛ agoza fenaɣ 29 wiye pɩnaɣ 1849. Ɛkʊsɔɔlaɣ payaɣ se Marie Laurent, Strasbourg sukuli sɔsɔʊ taa ñʊʊtʊ pɛlɔ. Pɛwɛna pɩya 5: Jeanne (1850-1859), Jean Baptiste (1851-1908), Cécile Marie Louise Marguerite weyi pɛɖɛyʊ yem se Cécile yɔ (1853-1866), Marie-Louise (1858-1934), René Vallery-Radot, nɛ Camille (1863-1865).
Lubiyaa hɩlacanɖaʋ

**Ɖɩñɩnɩyɛ :**	**Hayu** - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A
*	**Nicolas Appert**, fransɩdʋ, eluba conserve (appertisation) pɩnaɣ1795 ;
*	**Clément Ader**, fransɩdʋ, eluba ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1890
*	**Mary Anderson**, amerikadʋ, eluba essuie-glace pɩnaɣ 1903
B
*	**Tabitha Babbitt**, amerikadʋ (halʋ), eluba scie circulaire pɩnaɣ 1812
*	**John Logie Baird**, Ekɔsɩ ɛnzeniyɛrɩ, televiziyɔ (ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩm-kʋ sɔnɔ yɔ) luɖaa kɔnɔɔñɩmba taa nɔɔyʋ. Eluba televiziyɔ nesikedekedeñɩŋgʋ, pɩnaɣ 1923 nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩndɩ kɩlɛmɩŋ televiziyɔ, pɩnaɣ 1928
*	**René-Louis Baron**, inventeur français du procédé de composition musicale cohérente et automatique, 1998 et 2012, pɛ-hɛkʋ taa ɛzɩ prevee nɛ copyrights nɛ payaa e-wondu tʋndʋ se « MedalComposer ».
*	**Édouard Belin**, eluba belinografʋ’ʋ pɩnaɣ 1907, kʋŋgʋ ɖɛna telekɔpiyɛɛrɩ nɔɔ
*	**Alexander Graham Bell**, Ekɔsɩdʋ, eluba kaŋgalaavu, pɩnaɣ 1876, pɩnzɩ 22, ɛ nɛ Charles Bourseul
*	Édouard Bénédictus,  simiilɛɣtʋsɩnɖʋ, fransɩdʋ, eluba verre feuilleté pɩnaɣ 1903 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1909 pɛ-hɛkʋ taa, pɛcɛla-ɩ prevee breveté aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 10ñɩŋgʋ wiye pɩnaɣ 1909
*	**Karl Benz**, ɛ nɛ Gottlieb Daimler nɛ Wilhelm Maybach, pacalɩna lubu lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩwɛʋ sɔnɩ yɔ, pɩnaɣ 1889
Kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Nzʊlɩmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ yaa kʊnʊmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlʊʊ kʊnʊŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ ɖenɖe pɛkɛdʊʊ. Matʊ lɛ tɩkɛ tovonum pɩyʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ yɔɔdaɣ paɣtʊ tɩnaa cɔna nɛ petisi se ɛɛɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ nɛ pʊcɔ pama. Siɣye taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se nzʊlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɩkɛdɩyɛ kɛ ɖɩ-kpɛlɛkɩya cɔlɔ lɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-ɖɩ ɛzɩ ɖɩwɛʊ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ pɩɩpɔza se ɖɩkɛ yɔ. 

Ɖɩhɩɣ aseɣɖe maɣzɩm sakɩyɛ nzʊlɩyɛ yɔɔ kpaɣ ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ alɩwaatʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzatʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ ɛzɩ Platon. Mbʊ lɛ, pʊwɛ se ɖɩɖaŋɩ kpaɣɖʊ 20 alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩ lɛɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛyɛ. Ferdinand de Saussure tʊ kɔna ɛ-tambɔyɛ siŋ yɔɔdaɣ nɛ kʊnʊŋ kɛdɩtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛlaba pɩnaɣ 1916 nɛ ɖɩpɩsɩ kɩcɔlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ kɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ matʊ wɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwaba kpɛndɛ wɛɛ, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yoŋ kaawɛ sukuli hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ.

Papɩzɩɣ patɩŋna nɔmɔŋ naadozo yɔɔ nɛ pala tʊmɩyɛ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ kɩkɛdɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pɛkpɛlɛkʊʊ wɛɛ kʊyʊma taa yɔɔdaɣ nɛ tɔmɩŋ ɛsɩnda wobu. Wɛɛ kʊyʊma taa yɔɔdaɣ kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdaɣ kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa yeke, kɩ-tɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa yeke, ŋgʊ tɔmɩŋ tɛ ɛsɩnda wobu lɛ tʊmɩyɛ cɔŋna kɩ-alɩwaatʊ, kɩ-tɛ ɛsɩnda wobu, paɖʊ yɔɔdaɣ yɔɔdɩsɩ lɛɛsɩ taa nɛ pɛkɛdɩɣ lɛzɩtʊ ndʊ kɩlɛzʊɩɣ alɩwaatʊ nʊ tɩ-taa yɔ.

Pɛtɛyɩ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ lɩmaɣza hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ kɩtɩ yɔɔ. Nɔɔ wiluu ñɩɣyʊ wɛɛ, nɔɔ salasɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɛɛ, tɔmɩŋ matʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɛɛ, tɔmɩŋ cɔlʊʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, tɔmɩŋ tɔbɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, tɔmpe kɩfana kpɛlɛkʊʊ, tɔm ɛsɩnda cɔnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɖama ɖʊ yaa kpɛndʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.