open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tower Kondoloko

**Tower Bridge** kɛna kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kɩkɛ kondoloko ŋgʋ ki-leŋgbetuu yaa kɩ-pɩsʋʋ kɩ-tɩ ɛzɩ pombo yaa tɔkaɣ lɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ kʋnɛ, kɩ-cɛzʋʋ yaa kɩ-ɖɛzʋʋ egeetiye nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ size Tamise yɔ. Kɩ-kʋya siŋŋ nɛ kɩ-wɛ lɩm sɔsɔm nabʋyʋ hɛkʋ taa.

Kɩ-wɛ tɔm hʋyʋ waɖɛ tʋ tɛ Southwark nɛ Tower Hamlets pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩ-n̄ɔtɩna kpam kɛ Lɔndrɩ tɛ kuduyuu sɔsɔʋ. Peeɖe ehiɣ hɩɖɛ yaa payaɣɩ size Tower Bridge. Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩkɛ kondoloko nanaazawaa taa nakʋyʋ ŋgʋ tʋma laɖaa ŋgbɛ nɖɩ paya-ɖɩ se Lord-Mayor yɔ ɖɩ-cɔŋana a-tʋma labʋ yɔɔ yɔ.

Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩwɛ Pool of London egeetiye taa. Kɩ-sɩʋ tɩnaɣ yaa kamaɣ kɛ Upper Pool lone nɛ kɩ-lɩm ɖɩlɩyɛ yaa ɖɩbazɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ, palɩzɩɣ pʋtɔbʋʋ tobi yem size lɩm kiɖe nɛ Lower Pool lone nɛ kɩ-pɔɔ ɖɩgbenɖe hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ. Pɔtɔ kɛlɛʋ yem size hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lɩm kpeŋna yɔ.

Kɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʋ matʋ taa lɛ, Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩɩkɛna kondoloko ŋgʋ kɩɩkɩla paɣlʋ siŋŋ nɛ kɩ-tɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɩ-kɩlɩ kɛʋʋ kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ n̄ɩŋgʋ kpem ŋgʋ pakɩla-kʋ maʋ camɩyɛ kpem yɔ. Patatɩɩ ma-taa matʋ ndʋ kaʋ kɛ wiɖina nɛ pana.

Tower Bridge kʋnɛ, kɩ-ndɩ matʋ yebina nɛ, patɩlɩ-kʋ pɩŋŋ kɛ kedeŋa yaa ɛjaɖɛ kamasɩ kpeekpe yɔɔ payɩ. Ncɔna kɔyɔ, ŋna size kondoloko kʋnɛ, kɩ-wɛna kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩyɩɩ naalɛ. Nɛ kuduyuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩlɩna yaa ɛɖɔkɩna-kʋ.

Nɛ kuduyuŋ sɔsɔŋ ɛnʋ, ɛyɔ posusaɣ yaa popuza n̄ɩɣma wena a-wɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ yɔ, afɛyɩ gotuu kaʋ yɔ. N̄ɩɣma ana, paakotuu n̄ɛ kaʋ. Salala (tablier) nʋmɔʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ, mɛlɛ waa mba pakɩla kʋyʋʋ siŋŋ yɔ, patɩŋgʋ-kʋ. Nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, naŋgbanzɩ tɩna kondoloko waa naalɛ n̄ɛwɛɛ nɛ, pɛwɛ kandɩ maŋgandɩ cɛŋga tɩyɛ nɛ cʋlʋ cʋlʋ ɖeɖe yɔɔ kiŋ.

Kondoloko ŋgʋ, kɩ-tʋmɩyɛ n̄ɩɣyɩŋ kpeekpe kaawɛ samaɣ ɛsɩnda ɖoo pɩnaɣ 1982 taa. Pɩɩkɛ keɖeyaɣ n̄ɩɣtʋ. N̄ɩɣyɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛɛ tʋma n̄ɩɣyɩŋ, mbʋ yɔ, palakanayɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɩm tɛɛ tʋma kɛ pɩnaɣ 1886 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1894.Pɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa, Sir John Wolfe-Barry nɛ Horace Jones kamawa kondoloko kɩ-pɩsʋʋ ŋgʋ.

Kɩjatɩnaʋ walanzɩ taa katala mɛtɛwaa 273 mbɩ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛzɩ ɛnʋ sɩzɩ kondoloko kʋnɛ kɩkʋya siŋŋ yɔ lɛ, pɩcɔ nɛ patalɩ ɖɔo kʋ n̄ʋʋ taa lɛ, pɩɩpɔza n̄ɩɣyʋʋ kɩkpazʋʋ yaa ɛzɩ tendema.
Tu

Tu kɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlʋlʋʋ piya nɛ ɖɩhaɣ-sɩ hɩɖɛ yɔ. Kpɩna sɔsɔna ana, a-taa lɛɛna tatasɩ wɛʋ nɔɔnɔɔ.

Tuŋ weyi ɛwɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ, ɛnʋʋ yɔ n̄ɩtʋ taa n̄ɩŋ nɛ laʋ taa n̄ɩŋ. Ɛtɩŋa payɩ mbʋ yɔ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se Afrɩka tuŋ nɛ Aazii tuŋ.  Ɖooo lɛ payaɣaɣ-ɩ se Ɛɛndɩ tuŋ. Tuŋ ɛnʋ ɛtɩŋa ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Aasii tuŋ tapaɣlɩ ɛtalɩ tuŋ lɛɛŋ, ɛ-nɩŋgbaŋɩŋ tawalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛtalɩ lɛɛŋ n̄ɩŋ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋa lʋbʋ se tuŋ weyi ɛtatasɩ wɛʋ yɔ, ɛpɩzɩ nɛ weyi ɛlɛ wɛɛ yɔ pakaɣdɩ ɛlɛ yɔɔ ɖeu.

Tɔmpiye "éléphant", Fransɩɩ taa kɛlɛ. Ɖɩlɩna Latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "elephantus". Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʋnʋŋ taa. Payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ kʋnʋŋ kʋkʋ taa se, se "ἐλέφας", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "ivoire" yaa "éléphant".

Pasɩma tu sɔnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa. Aazii sɔnzɩ taa lɛ, pan̄ɩɣzɩnɩ tu nɛ lɔŋsɩnɖɛ. Pɔtɔŋ ɛyʋ weyi ɛɛsɔʋ tɔm kaʋ yɔ se ɛwɛna tu fɩtɩyɩm, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tu n̄ʋʋ taa mbʋ pʋwɛɛ yɔ, pʋɖɔɔ. Lɔŋsɩŋɖɛ tʋ weyi payaɣ se Aristote yɔ, ɛtɔma se kpɩna tɩŋa taa payɩ lɛ, tu kɩlɩna lɛɣtʋ sɩm nɛ ɛkɩlɩ kpɩna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ lɩmaɣzɛ.
Tuduwa

Tuduwa kɛ lɩm tɛɛ kpɩnɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Kpɩna wena payaɣ-yɛ se "Cétacés waa" yɔ, a-pɩlɩʋ taa tuduwa wɛɛ. Tuduwa wɛ ɛzɩ afa yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛkɩlɩ afa paɣlʋʋ tam naadozo taa.

Tuduwa kela ɖaɣlaa, atɛ akii camɩyɛ. Tudusi wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɛɛsɩ wɛ lɩm mbʋ pɩ-taa wɛ leleminaɣ yɔ. Sɩwɛ Aazii nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɩŋgamɩŋ taa.
Tuniizii

**Tuniizii** kɛna Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hayi kiŋ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Mediteranee teŋgu wɛna nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Alɩzeerii ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna ɖɩnɛ nɛ kamaɣ kanɛ katalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 965 yɔ, piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Liibii nɛ a-hɛkʊ taa kamaɣ ñatalɩɣ ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa 459 mbʊ yɔ. 

Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ yaa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-hɩɖɛ kɩlɩɣ yaʊ yɔ ndʊ payaɣ se Tuniisi nɛ tɩwɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ taa ɛzɩ 30 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ kɛna Sahara Kañɩnbʊsaɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ mbʊ yɔ pʊŋ nɛ fɛɛŋ weyi ɩ-taa nɛ mʊzʊŋ pɩwɛɛ yɔ. 

Ɖooo agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1881 kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ paɣza  ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛ kpacayʊɣ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1956; pɩnaɣ ŋga ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ yɔ.

Ɖɩ-tɛ kacalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ payawaɣ se Habib Bourguiba. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ ɛcaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnzɩ hiŋ naatozo lɛ, peeɖɛ komina ñʊʊ, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, ñaɣ pana hɛɛɛ nɛ ɛkɛzɩ-ɩ hɔɔlɩɣ nɛ ɛkpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ñʊʊtʊ ɛnɛ, ɛlɛ ñalaba pɩnzɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ naatozo lɛ ɛyaa ɛnɩɣ pɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kpem nɛ paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pakʊsɩ Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali kɛ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naanza pɩnaɣ 201.

Béji Caïd Essebsi kɛŋna Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ kɩfalʊ nɛ komina ñɩnʊ kɩfalʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ Habib Essid.
Tunisi

Tunisi kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɩñɔtɩna lɩm pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ kɛ se Tunisi yɔ kɛ-tɛ ɛwadɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-hɛkʊ taa kɛ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ wɛɛ nɛ tɩwɛ ɖeu kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ paɖʊ-tʊ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena pɩlɩʊ sɔsɔʊ taa. 

Pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ lɛ keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya ɖʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩcɔŋna ɛsakuliye nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu yɔ nɛ  nɖɩ payaɣ se UNESCO. Ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ se Puurigaadi pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna salaŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1159. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1228 lɛ, papaazɩ yaʊ camɩyɛ se Tunisi nɛ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ pɩnaɣ 1956 Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ mʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ lɛ, Tunisi tɛtʊ pɩsɩ camɩyɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ siŋŋŋ. 

Tuniizii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, Tunisi tɛtʊ kɛŋna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa tɔsʊʊ, ɛsɩndaa wobu nɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ kɩla wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊ kɛ Tunisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 638 845 ɛlɛ yee pɩnaɣ 2014 taa patasɩ ɛyaa kalʊ lɛ, pɛkpɛnda miliyɔɔnaa 2 643 695. Payaɣ Tunisi tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-tɛ maalika yɔɔ cɔnɔyʊ kɩofalʊ se Seifallah Lasram.
Turibani

Turbani kɛna Afrika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ tɩwɛ Kʊwazʊlʊ-Natalɩ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ ɛndɩ lɩŋgamʊ cɔlɔ nɛ ɖooo lɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ, tɩɩkɛna Natalɩ hɔɔlʊ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ. Turibani tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa ɖɔɔ nɛ pɛɖɛ ɛzɩ miliyɔɔnaa kagbaanzɩ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ (5 500 000).  

Ɛyaa mba pa-taa lɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ lɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʊ nɛ patalʊ ɛzɩ 68,5 yɔ nɛ ɛndɩ mba ñɛwɛ 20 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ; ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa kpɛnda nakʊ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Mba pɩkazaa nɛ pɛwɛ 2,5 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ yɔ, pɛkɛ aziya mba. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ yɔɔdʊyɔ ŋgʊ lɛ sulu, pɩwayɩ lɛ Englɩsɩɩ, afrikani nɛ hindi. 

Turubani nɛ ajɛya naayɛ taa tɛtʊ sʊzɔtʊ natʊyʊ kpɛndʊ nɛ alakɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊma nayɛ nɛ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Alɛkɩsandrii (Egipiti), Brême, (Caama), Bulawayo (Simbaabuwee), Sikago (Etaazuunii), Daejeon, (Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ), Kantɔŋ (Sinii), Leeds (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Maputo (Mozambiki), Nantes (Fransɩɩ), Oraŋ (Alizeerii), Rotɛridam (Peyibaa), Libreeviili (Kaabɔɔ).
Triipoolii (Liibii)

Triipoolii kɛna Afrika keteŋa taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ natʊyʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ, nɖɩ payaɣ se Liibii. Triipoolii kɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ nɛ t-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ teŋu ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛŋaʊ wazaɣ yɔ. Tadɩyɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ taɖɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ wɛ camlɩyɛ yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ komina kpelaɣ sɔsɔ wɛɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ sukuli kɩtɛzʊ wɛɛ. Triipoolii tɛtʊ walanzɩ landammm taa wɛ ɛkɩtaarɩnaa 600 000 yaa kilomɛtanaa 600. Pakalɩ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa ɛyaa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 1 682 000. 

Triipoolii tɛtʊ wɛna Liibii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛ kañimbusaɣ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩhɔ-lʊʊ nakʊyʊ sʊ Mediteranee teŋgu taa.

Ɛzɩ ɛjɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ ñʊntɩnaa ñɩnʊʊ se pana lɛɛtʊ taa ñɩma paɖʊ nɔɔ kʊɖʊmaɣ nɛ pala taabalɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ Triipoolii tɛtʊ taa ñɩma nɛ ajɛya nayɛ taa ñɩndʊ paɖʊ taabalɩyɛ se pɛ-tɛtʊ ewobina camɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Saraajevoo (Pɔsini Hɛrizigooviini), Pɛlɩgiraadii (Sɛribii), Alizee(Alizeerii), Pelo Horizonte (Pɛliziki), Maadiriidi (Ɛsɩpaañɩ), Tunisi (Tuniizii), Tasikɛntɩ (Usibekisitani) nɛ Naaplɩ (Itaalii).
Tuurkii

Tuurkii (Turquie) kɛna Erɔpɩ nɛ Azii mɩŋŋ-mɩŋŋ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩnɛ ajɛya wena asɩ-ɖama nɛ kamas,i yɔ ana yɔ: Kɩrɛsɩ, Pulubaarii, Sɔɔrzii, Arimeenii, Azɛɛrɩbayɩjaŋ, Iraŋ, Irakɩ nɛ Siirii.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdɩɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-kʊ ɖɔɖɔ sukkulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Turki. Turkii ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ñɩm nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu kɩlaa yɔ ndʊ lɛ Ankara nɛ teɛtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩsɩɣ mbʊ yɩ kpaɣ ɖooo aloma fenaɣ hiu nɛ naatozo pɩnaɣ 1923 taa.

Teŋu Kɩkpɛɛdɩɣ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayɩ kiŋ piyele nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ezee teŋgu wɛna. Ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Mediteraanee teŋgu wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩŋʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩwɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Tɩrasɩ nɛ Anatoli pɛwɛna.

Sɔɖʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mustafa Kemal Atatürk  yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ kɛ pltɩŋgɩnaa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1923.
Tɔlɩm

Tɔlɩm kɛna keɖeɣya tʋmɩyɛ kɩpanɖɛ naɖɩyɛ labʋ. Pɩkɛna anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Anjaʋwaa lɩzʋʋ n̄ɩnʋ tɔlɩm mbʋ pʋmʋna paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ nɛ ɛtaɣ kɩyɔ nɛ pʋmʋna-kʋ yaa kɩ-tasɩ kiɖe.

Tɔlɩm sɔsʋʋ ɖetuɣu wonu ŋgʋ pataɣ-kʋ yɔ. Tɔlɩm pʋnɛ, pʋwɛ lɩm tɩyɛ nɛ pʋwɛɛna sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɔlɩm sɛmɩŋ mbʋ kɛ pɛkɛyʋ nɛ pataɣ paa anjaʋ ŋgʋ lɛ. Ɛlɛ, anjaʋ waa lɩzɩyʋ tɩlɩʋna sɛmɩŋ mbʋ pʋmʋna se ɛtaɣ ɛtɛ anjaʋ kɩlɩzʋʋ.

Tɔlɩm tayaa tʋmɩyɛ lakɩnana nɛ wondunaa nabɛyɛ wɛʋ cɔnaʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ takayaɣ hayʋʋ, nɛ kaaʋ, nɛ n̄ɩɣlɩm kɔbɩ (verre), nɛ kpoŋgbolo (bois), nɛ liɖe (écorce), nɛ simaɣ tɛtʋ (béton), nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ pɩsaʋ hɔɔlaɣ (toile) yɔ.

Wondunaa mba ɖɩya hiyuu cɛnzɩ taa mbɩ yɔ, tɔlɩm mbʋ pataɣ pɔyɔɔ yɔ yeki nɛ pɩsɔzɩ keɖeyaɣ. Tɔlɩm taʋ pɩsʋʋ pɩkɛna mbʋ payaɣna fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "figurative yaa abstraite" yɔ, nɛ "naturaliste" pʋtɔbʋʋ size, kedeŋa n̄ɩm yɔ.
Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ

Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ sɛmɩŋ tɛ tɔlɩm. Tɔlɩm  kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ wɛsʊʊ mʊntʊsʊʊ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yee pasɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ wayɩ kɔyɔ, ɛyʊ naɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ yem kpayɩ kpayɩ nɛ tʊlɩm mbʊ nɛ pɩ-ɛsɩndaa.  

Mʊntʊsʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pɔtɔŋ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ tɛkɛ tɔlɩm tɩtɩŋɛ, ɛlɛ, se mʊntʊsʊʊ nɛ tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ pesidaa nɛ pɩpɩsɩ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ. Mʊntʊsʊŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa tazɩyaa mba, pa-taa sʊsɔ lɛlʊ payaɣ se Isaac Newton. Nabɛyɛ ñɔtɔŋ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ tɔlɩm kɩkpɛdɩm koyindu. Pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ tɔlɩm naadozo mbʊ pɩkpɛndaa kpɛm nɛ piyeki se ɛyʊ ɛna pʊyʊ nɛ pʊ-wayɩ yɔ pɩ-taa tɔlɩm lɛɛbʊ. Ñɩnɩyaa sɔsaa, ɖajaanaa panɛ : Goethe nɛ Hering po-sukulibiya yɔɔdʊʊ-tʊ mbʊ.

Pakpaɣ tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ anasaayɩnaa tɛ ajɛya taa se pɩkɛ pʊyʊ mbʊ pʊwɛ kelekele yɔ nɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se palabɩ-pʊ ŋjɩŋgbɩlɩ yɔ. Tɔlɩm kʊhʊlʊmɩŋ kɛ mbʊ pʊwɛ azuluma yɔ po-koyindu.


File:GALAVERNA.JPG|thumb|Tɩʋ en hiver
File:Wedding kimono.jpg|thumb|Wedding kimono (Japɔŋ]
File:Streckband.jpeg|thumb|Nɩmɩyɛ kahʋlʋmɖɩyɛ
File:IndianSpoonbill.jpg|thumb|Sumaɣ kahʋlʋmaɣ (Indian Spoonbill)
File:Samoyed (9046242341).jpg|thumb|Haɣ kahʋlʋmaɣ (Samoyed)
File:Suommo Perla Chest 1.jpg|thumb|Suommo Perla Chest 1
Tɔm hʊʊ

Payaʊ se tɔm hʊʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ nabʊlɛ. Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ taa tɔm hʊʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ mbʊ payaɣ se tɔm hʊʊ filozofii pɩlɩʊ taa tɔm hʊʊ. Filozofii hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, payaʊ se tɔm hʊʊ yɔ, pɩkɛ tɩlɩtʊ taa yasʊʊ nabʊyʊ. Filozofii pɩlɩʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, payaʊ se tɔm hʊʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Nabʊyʊ taa kɔyɔ, payaʊ se tɔm hʊʊ filozofii hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ pɩkɛ ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ. Maɣzɩm taa ɛyʊ kaɖɩɣ tɔm natʊyʊ yaa ɛyʊ kpɛzɩɣ tɔm natʊyʊ se ɛɛsɩŋ tɩ-yɔɔ kpem. Lɛɣtʊ pɩlɩʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se sikolozii (psychologie) yɔ, kɩñɩnɩna nɛ kɩyɔɔdɩ mbʊ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ maɣzɩm taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ maɣmaɣ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se loziiki (logique) yɔ ka-pɩlɩʊ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ.

Mbʊʊ palɩza tɔm hʊʊ tɔbʊʊ kpaɖʊʊ XXI ñɩŋga taa.

Sɔsɔ Titchener maɣzɩm nabʊyʊ heyi-i se leemuu hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ wɛ kɩmaŋ ɖeyi ɖeyi. Nakʊyʊ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʊ. Tɔm kaɖʊʊ pʊnɛ pɩlɩna maɣzɩm mbʊ pʊ-cɔlɔ ? Ɛbɛ yeki nɛ piyiɣdiɣ ɛyʊ ɛ-maɣzɩm taa. Toovenum lɛ, ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛcɛtɩ ɛ-tɩ yaa ɛɛcɛtɩɣ ɛ-tɩ ?
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ (Cour supreme)

Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ ndɩ tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ ha kpaaŋ weyi ɛ-hɩɖɛ kʊyaa yaa kpaaŋ kɩkɩlɩŋ yɔ ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa. Wɛtʊ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ kɩ-taa wɛ tʊma a-nɛ yɔɔ paɣtʊ lɩzʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kʊjɔŋna ɖeyi ɖeyi paɣtʊ wɛtʊ naa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kʊjɔŋna kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ lakasɩ yɔ (tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ tɛ feŋɩntʊ).
  
Kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa wɛ kpaagba kpaaŋ ŋgʊ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ lɩmaɣza yɔ. Kpaagba tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kewiyaɣ tɔm hʊʊ yɔ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa lɛ, kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ yaa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ yee pɩpɔzʊʊ se petisi ñʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ yaa wiyaʊ nɔɔyʊ e-kpelaɣ yɔ yɔ.
  
Tɔm hʊyʊ kajalaɣ nimiye mʊyʊ kɛna kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ taa nʊʊ tʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛ-nʊ pagba-ɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kpaɣʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyaa mba ɖɩyaɣ se minisitiri waa tɛ lɔŋ pasʊʊ kpeeliye taa pɩlɩna tʊm hʊtʊ lɔŋ pasʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔ. Tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ ɛ-nʊ, pʊcɔ ɛpaazɩɣ ɛtʊmɩyɛ lɛ, eɖuki paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɩnda.
 
Pɩtɩŋna paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa hɔɔlaɣ 121 yɔ lɛ, pɩkɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ se kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊʊ tɛ ñʊtʊ ɛkɛ tɔm hʊyʊ weyi ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɛ. Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ ñʊtʊ kɛ kpaagba tɔm hʊʊ taa lɔŋ pasɩyaa ñʊtʊ (C.S.M).

Kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ wɛna kuduyɩŋ nɩɩlɛ, kajalaɣ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ kuduyuu nɛ kewiyaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kuduyuu. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ lɛ, kɩwɛna tɩ-yɔɔ waɖɛ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ kuduyuu ñʊtʊ nesi tɛ. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa wɛ lɔŋ tasɩyaa naalɛ.
 
Ɛlɛ pɩɩpɔzaɣ paa pʊdɔɖɔɔ kɔyɔ lɔŋtasɩyaa nanza kuduyuu kʊyʊmʊʊ tɛɛ. Pakpaɣ-wɛ pɩtɩŋna kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyaa kediizaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ pɩlɩna tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa lɔŋ tasɩyʊʊ sɔsɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ. Paa kuduyuu ŋgʊ kɩwɛna kʊ-tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ kɩlakɩ yɔ pɩlɩna mbʊ ndʊ paɣtʊ takayaɣ ɖʊwa yɔ. 
  
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ kɩkpaɖʊ lakɩ samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ waɖɛ haʊ takayaɣ mʊyʊ kajalaɣ tʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa sɔsaa palakɩna-ɖɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ lɩm ɖʊyaa kpana ɛyaa panɛyɔ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ ndʊ pagbaɣ pe-kidizaɣ taa yɔ tɩ-cɔlɔ.
Tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ (Tribunal)

**Tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ** kɛ lone ndɩ ɖɩ-taa pahʊʊ tɔm yɔ. Peeɖe ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna tɔm nɛ ɖama yɔ pahʊʊ nɛ pololi-wɛ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ mba pañaŋ paɣtʊ yɔ pahʊʊna-wɛ. Pɩkɩlɩ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ tɛkɛ koŋ kewiyaɣ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ. Pɩkɛ tɔm yasʊʊ tɛ kpaŋ tɔm.

Tɔm hʊʊ ɖɔŋ yaa waɖɛ kpaŋ taa lɩʊna ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ walɩtʊ tɛ pɩzɩtʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩtɛ alɩwaatʊ taa, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ waɖɛ tɔm keeke. Québécois waɖɛ tɛ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ tɔm hʊʊ pɩzɩtʊʊ tɛ tɔm nɛ cɛlɩtʊ ɖoŋ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩlakɩ takayasɩ nzɩ kpaŋ sɩma yɔ.

Tɔm piye hʊtʊ waɖɛ keem ɛzɩma kpaŋ wɛ ɖoŋ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛʊ ɖɔŋ pɩlɩnɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ tɛ wɛtʊ nɛ waɖɛ pɩzɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ. Ɖɩtɩŋgʊ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ wɛtʊ yɔ, ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa tɔm yɔkʊʊ tɛ kpaŋ wɛna lɩmaɣza kpam tɛ kpɛndʊ tɛ hʊtʊ yeke ɖoŋ mbʊ lɛ, kɩfɛyɩna tɔm hʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, kedizaɣ kpaŋ taa lɛ, kɩwɛna tɔm hʊʊ pilim tɛ wɛtʊ.

Kɩwɛna ɖoŋ kpeekpe mbʊ kɩmaɣzʊʊ yɔ pɩ-taa pɩlɩnɛ paɣtʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgbaa kʊtʊʊza wɛna a-maɣmaɣ a-tɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpamɩŋ. Kpamɩŋ ɛ-nʊyɔɔ rabbiniki kpaŋ nɛ charia kpaŋ nɛ kɩɖɩzɩtʊ ŋgbɛɛ samaɣ kpaŋ.
Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ (Procès)

Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ, pɩkɛ kaɖɛ tɔm ndʊ patana-tʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa yɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ kʊjɔŋ tɛɛ yaa ɛzɩ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ tɛɛ. Pɩlɩna tɔm ndʊ pahʊʊ yɔ lɛ, palɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ taa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ yaa tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ yee tɔm hʊtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩza lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ, tɔm kɩsɩzɩtʊ yee pɩkɛ kʊjɔŋ tɛɛ tɔm kɔyɔ.
 
Politiki mɛnfɛyɩ tɔbʊʊ ɖiɖi waa tɛ paɣtʊ tɛ lɛ, tɔm hʊtʊ ndʊ tɩɩñaŋ kandʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ yɔ, pɩsɩɣ pɩpɩsɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa tɛ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ, tɔm hʊtʊ ndʊ tɩfɛyɩna aseɣɖe tɩnaa, tɩɩpɩzɩɣ mɛsʊʊ tɔm, politiki paɣtʊ kɩkpaɣtʊ, tɔm hʊtʊ kɩlɛzɩtʊ (Nantes), mɛsʊʊ tɛ tɔm hʊtʊ kpaaŋ, laŋɩyɛ taa wɩzasɩ yaa ɛyʊ yɔɔ kɩhɛyʊʊ.
 
Pʊcɔ pɩtɩŋa pɩpaɣzɩ lɛ, tɔm hʊʊ tɛ ɖoŋ lɩzɩɣ tʊbʊʊ nɛ ɖɩnɩɣ se tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla nɛ lee pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩla. Pʊ-nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖoŋ nɩɩlɛ wɛ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɩlɩ-ɩ. 

Pʊcɔ ŋwona tɔm natʊyʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa lɛ, pɔpɔzʊʊ se tɔm tʊ ɛyaa weyi ɛ nɛ ɩ tɔm yɔ nɛ ɛkɔɔ kpaaŋ taa nɛ ŋlɩzɩ-ɩ tɔm taa, lɩmaɣza anaa ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ lakɩna-yɛ nɛ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ nɔnɔɔ tʊ lɩzɩɣ tɔm tɔbɩŋ. Yee ɛnɛ ɛtana tɔm ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛñɩnɩɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ. Pazɩɣ tɔm yaʊ takayaɣ kɛ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ takayasɩ ɖɩzɩyɛ kpaaŋ taa nɛ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ takayasɩ ɖɩzɩyɛ taa mayʊ ma tɔm takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ nakɛyɛ taa ŋga Takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ ŋgaa payaɣ se wazaɣ takayaɣ.
	    
Yee hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ taa mba ɛñɩnɩɣ se powolo awayɩ kandɩyaa cɔlɔ yɔ, kandɩyʊ weyi yɔ sʊlʊmʊʊ yaa pɔzʊʊ nɔmɔʊ tɩŋʊʊ (ɛlɛ, pɔzɩtʊ ndʊ tɩpɩzɩɣ yee Macron paɣtʊ ɛwabɩna kɔyɔ papɩzɩɣ paɖɩzɩɣ-tʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ). Ñʊʊdʊ ɖʊʊna evemiye ndɩ paɖanɩɣ yaʊ tɔm yɔ. Pʊcɔ evemiye nɖɩ ɛɖʊwa yɔ, ɖɩtalɩ lɛ, pɛwɛʊ pɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm ndʊ nɛ pɛlɛzɩɣ ɖama lɩmaɣza nɛ payasɩ-tʊ kandɩyaa hɛkʊʊ taa.

Kɩyaakʊ talɩɣ lɛ, pahʊʊ tɔm kpaaŋ taa kɛ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa pɛ-ɛsɩnda. Pewiliɣ tɔm taa nɛ pana mbʊ pɩlaba yɔ nɛ pahʊʊ. Pʊpɔzʊʊ se pahʊʊ-tʊ kɔyɔ, ñʊʊdʊ lɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza se powona-tʊ kpaaŋ taa nɛ ɛɖʊʊ kɩyaakʊ ŋgʊ pahʊʊ-tʊ yɔ. Yee pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, ñʊʊdʊ heyiɣ kpaaŋ taa tɔm hʊyʊ se ɛcɛyɩ ɛ-tɩ nɛ ɛtasɩ wiluu tɔm ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖeu.
Tɔm susuu

Tɔm susuu kɛna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ yaa samaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔm heyuu. Pɩkɛna pɩyʋ keem tɩlɩʋ. Yee nabʋyʋ yaa natʋyʋ ɛwɛ size samaɣ ɛnɩɩ kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ size posusi kususu nɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩtalɩ paa weyi. Paasusuu tɔm ɛyʋ kʋɖʋm yaa nɔɔyʋ ɖeke.

Tɔm kususutu tɛkɛna mɛsaɣ tɛɛ n̄ɩndʋ. Tɔm kususutu natʋyʋ kɔyɔ : ɖikpaɣ ɛzɩ-ɩ tɔɔnaɣ kɩfalaɣ nakɛyɛ tɔɔʋʋ taa kɛ mbʋ yɔ, nɛ wondu kɩfatʋ natʋyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ kɛ mbɩ yɔ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɩtasɩna pɩɖeke, ɛlɛ caca tɔʋ nɛ lɩzʋʋ yaa takayɩsɩ ɖʋzʋʋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ mbʋ yɔ.

Posusuu tɔm ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pasɩɩzɩna samaɣ yaa ɛyaa ɖɔɖɔ size pataatɔɔ tɔɔnaɣ kɩdɛkɛdaɣ nakɛyɛ yaa kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkʋʋ yɔ ɖɩ-tɔm natʋyʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩtɩlɩʋ size posusuu samaɣ nɛ katɩlɩ pazɩ pazɩ tɔsʋ. Posusuu samaɣ nɛ katɩlɩ kɛɛkɩŋ taa wondu naa kɩpama mba palɩza yɔ.

Tɔm kususutu taa patɩlɩʋ tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna wena a-wɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ a-lona nɛ a-hɩla. Pɩzɩʋna nɛ patɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ wondu ndɩ ndɩ ɖɩpɛdɩyɛ lona. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ, lɔɔɖa yaa ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa kɛ mbɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ size posusuu lɛɣ yaɖaa tɩlɩʋ lɔɔɖaa masɩ kɩpanzɩ.
Tɔm susuu takayaɣ

Tɔm susuu takayaɣ kɛna takayaɣ ŋga kɛkɛ wɛɛ kʋyʋma taa tɔm ndʋ tɩlaba yɔ tususuu. Tɔm ndʋ tɩtɛma labʋ yaa tɩɖɩɩna labʋ yɔɔ posusuu. Tɔm ndʋ tɩkaa labʋ tɩkɛ tɔm kuzusutu ɖɔɖɔ siŋŋ. Tɔm kuzusutu tʋnɛ, tɩkɛ paɣtʋ hɔlaɣ yaa saawɩɖɛ cɔɖʋ.

Papɩzʋʋ posusi tɔm ndʋ kɛ, efemiye kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ yaa afema sakɩyɛ cabɩ pazɩ. Tɔm kuzusutu wɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ samaɣ hɛkʋ taa. Pɩcɔ nɛ samaɣ yaa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɩ-ɩ tɔm ndɩ ndɩ lɛ, pʋwɛna tɔm ndʋ tɩtɩnaɣ size posusi tʋ. Tɔm kususutu ndʋ, tɩwɛ fevere mbʋ pɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, tɩ-talɩʋ paa le.

Ɖoo kiɖe tɛ yaa ɖoo lɔndaa kɛ mbʊ yɔɔ lɛ, tɔm susuu takayaɣ kɛna pɩyʋ keem. Weyi ɛcaɣ size ɛtɩlɩ ɛ-lakasɩ kɩbɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩɖɛwa yɔɔ yɔ, pʋwɛna-ɩ size ɛwɛna tɔm susuu takayaɣ. Takayaɣ ŋga, ka-taa ɛ-tɔm ndʋ tɩtɛma ɖɛʋ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɩɩna tʋʋ labʋ tɩ-wɛɛ. Ɛma ɛ-tɔm ndʋʋ e-sussu takayaɣ taa nɛ ɛtɔzʋʋna ɛlakasɩ kpeekpe yɔ. Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ ɛ-tɔm ndʋ size "journal de bord".

Tɔm kususutu hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩpɩzʋʋ ɖɩtɔ size Paarii Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa, paalaba n̄ɩmtʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ tɔm kususustu. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ 1405 n̄ɩŋga nɛ 1449 taa. Kajalaɣ yaa kɔɔnɔɔ tɔm kususutu takayaɣ kaawɛ takayɩ hatʋ nananza yɔ.
Tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ (Avocat - métier)

Waɖɛ taa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊ kɛ paɣtʊ ɛyʊ yaa paɣtʊ yɔ ɖɔmɩyʊ weyi paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛtasɩ lɔŋ nɛ ɛkandɩ ɛ-ɛyaa yɔ. Ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tʊ yaa ɛyʊ weyi ɛsɩma lɔŋ yɔ, tɔm hʊʊ kpanda taa lɛ, ɛ-tɛ lʊbɩnaʊ taa lɛ, ɛlʊkɩ se ɛwɛna kɛzɛwaɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛ, ɛcakɩ polonaa taa. Tɔm yɔ kandɩyʊ ɛnʊ ɛwɛna lɔŋ tasʊʊ tɔmɩyɛ nɛ lakasɩ wɛtʊ tɛ tɔm cɔlʊʊ. Paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊʊ lɩm ɖʊʊ tɔmɩyɛ wɛ kɩjɛyʊʊ pɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ cɔlɔ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ mbʊ se ɛɖɔkɩ yɔɔ kandʊʊ tɛ paɣtʊ tɔm hɔm natʊyʊ naa ɛsɩndaa.
     
Ɖoo canaʊ taa Krɛsɩ nɛ Room kaaɖʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa ɛlɛ, tɔm tʊ maɣmaɣ lʊkaɣna ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ. Solon paɣtʊ taa lɛ, tɔm lʊkaɣ ɛ-tɔm yɔɔ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ taa ɛlɛ, yee ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa  kɔyɔ, ewiluu canaʊ tɔm takayasɩ tʊma taa. Room taa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔ kandɩyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩsɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ wayɩ wayɩ wɛɛ anɛ a-taa ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlɛ, paɣtʊ taa ɛsɩndaa lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ pɛhɛyʊʊ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ. Paa ketiizaɣ sɔsɔɔ ɛsɩndaa yɔɔdɩyʊʊ weyi yaa tɔm hʊyʊʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɩyɔɔ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊʊ. Kpaɖʊ loɖo alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛjaɖɛ wɩyaʊ sɔsɔ Justinien lɩzɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊɖɩyɛ tɩnaa ŋgbɛ kɛ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe nɛ payaɣ se tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa paɣtʊ.

Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, aseɣɖe kajalaɣ pɩlɩna tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa yɔ kaawɛ Charlemagne 802 takayaɣ taa. Fransɩ kewiyaɣ taa Philippe 3 Hardi tʊ ma takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1274 aloma fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 23 se pasɩma se tɔm yɔ kandɩyaa kɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa cɔlɔ se pɛkɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa (waɖɛ hɩɖɛ se wɩlɩyʊʊ. Pɛwɛna mɛɛsatɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɔŋ nɛ pɔcɔlʊʊ pa-tʊmɩyɛ paɣtʊ. Paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ se pɩkɛnɛ-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se eɖuu samaɣ ɛsɩndaa nɛ ɛkandɩ tovenim yɔ nɛ pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ pɩ-maɣna (tʊmɩyɛ liidiye kɩhɛyɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ sɩna takayasɩ 30).
   
Tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyaa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊʊ kaakɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ taa kpelaɣ taa tʊmɩyɛ laɖaa nɛ posuu tokonaa kɩkpɛda nɛ kɩɩkɛwɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɔɔlaɣ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖa ɖɩjaɣyɛ (ndɩ payaɣ se ordo) paɣzɩna Paarii paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kedizaɣ tɛ ɖʊtʊ pɩnaɣ 1302 nɛ tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖa tɛ kpata. Tɔbʊʊ se ɛyaa cɛŋga ŋga pɩha-kɛ waɖɛ se palʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ kpaŋ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 1327 pɩlɩna Valois tɛ Philippe cɔlɔ. Mbʊ lɛ, kajalaɣ paɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔm paɣzɩ lɩɣ. Pɩnaɣ 1344 paɖʊ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ketizaɣ taa kɛ Paarii kewiyaɣ taa nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ mbʊ pɩwɛ se tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ ɛla yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩɩpɔzaɣ ɛyaa 51 pɩnaɣ 1340 taa.
    
Ɛyʊ weyi palɩza se ɛkɛ pɔnɔɔ ɖɛyʊ yɔ ɛkɛna tɔm yɔ kandɩyaa lɔŋ tasʊʊ ŋgbɛɛ ñʊʊtʊ. Ɛɖɔkaɣ ɖaʊ nakʊyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa kɛ Ɛsɔ tɛ kɩlaʊ ɖeɖe Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ. Ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kɛkɛ se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-nɛ ɛ-tabala hɛkʊ taa yee tɔm ɛlaba yɔ. Tɔm yɔɔ lʊɖʊ tʊkaɣ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ nɛ samaɣ.
Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (Jurisprudence)

Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ tɔm lɩmaɣza pɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ natʊyʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ wayi wayi lɩmaɣza yaa tɔm ndʊ pahʊwa yɔ nɛ awɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma pahʊ tɔm yɔ yaa ɛzɩma pɔñɔɔza tɔm yɔ. Tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ kajalaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa kɔjɔmɩŋ tɛ lɩmaɣza wena palaba yɔ ɛlɛ atɩkɩlɩ yuŋ ɛzɩ kʊjɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ taa lɩmaɣza yɔ.

Papɩzɩɣ palabɩna tʊmɩyɛ tɔmpiye tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ se pawɩlɩna lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ wena tɔm hʊyʊ laba yɔ yaa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ keeke wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ pɩkɛ lɩmaɣza wena tɔm hʊyʊ kpaɣa pɩlɩna paɣtʊ tɔm pɔzʊʊ natʊyʊ yɔ.
 
Tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ pɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Ɛŋglɩsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ tɔm ɖɩhʊyɛ taa kɛ *Common Law* tɛ lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kɛ pɑɣtʊ yuŋ ndʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ tɩtamsɩɣ tɔm hʊyaa ɛsɩnda avema taa (kpaɣa canaʊ paɣtʊ yɔ ɖɔnɛ). Room ajɛyaa tɛ waɖɛ taa (samaɣ tɛ waɖɛ), lɛ, ɛyaa ɛɛñaŋ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ pʊɖɔ siŋ.
 
Ɖooo canaʊ tɔbʊʊ tɛ lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ kaakɛ lɛɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ. Pɩtɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ paa ɖooye ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, ɖenɖe tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ ñɔtɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ waɖɛ (ɛzɩ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ ɖɔnɛ nɛ ñʊʊ taa maɣzɩm tɛ tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ naa).
  
Common law ajɛyɛ taa lɛ, tɔm kɩkpaɣtʊ (paɣtʊ nʊmʊʊ, paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩlɩna tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ cɔlɔ nɛ tɩwɛna wazaɣ piŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊjɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ tamsʊʊ kʊjɔmɩŋ cikpeŋ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm lɛɛtʊ naa nɛ kʊjɔmɩŋ kʊyʊmɩŋ ɛ-nʊ tamsɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɔm hʊtʊ. Pɩtɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖɔnɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔdɔɔ cɔlɔ stare decisi (tɔbʊʊ se caɣa lɩmaɣza taa).
Tɔnɛ nɛ ɖɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla

Tɔnɛ nɛ ɖɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla kɛ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ size, huyuu nɛ kɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla. Pɩkɛna tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ huyuŋ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ weyi ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ hʋndʋ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, hʋndʋ fɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ ɛnɛ ɛyɔ.

Hʋndʋ ɛfɛyɩ tɔnɩŋ ɛnɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ŋna size kalɩhʋnʋŋ wɛna yaa mbʋ payaɣna Fransɩ kʋbnʋŋ taa size "duvet" yɔ pɛlɛzʋʋna hʋndʋ ɖeɖe nɛ kalɩhʋndʋ wɛɛ. Tɔnɩŋ nɛ ɛ-hʋndʋ tɔɔla yaa ɛ-kalɩhʋnʋŋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛwɛna wazaɣ siŋŋ kɛ ɛyʋ wezuu caɣʋ taa.

Pɩzʋʋna ɛyʋ size ɛcazɩ yaa ɛn̄ɩnɩna mbʋ esuu yaa ɛhuuzɩna e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ yɔ. Pʋtɔbʋʋ size ɛyʋ pɩzʋʋ ɛkpa nɛ ɛlabɩna tokonaa yaa pɩsaŋ yaa ɛzɩ wondu lɛɛtʋ sakɩyɛ yɔ. Ɛyʋ pɩzʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛlabɩnana kalɩhʋndʋ yaa tɔnɛ nɛ ɖɩhʋndʋ tɔɔla nɛ keɖeyaɣ wondu ajana n̄ɩndʋ sakɩyɛ ndɩ ndɩ.

Wondu ndɩ ndɩ ndʋ, palakɩna tɔna nɛ ahʋndʋ tɔɔla yaa kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yɔ, nɛ kalɩhʋnʋŋ nɛ pɛpɛdɩɣ yɔ pɩkɛ sakɩyɛ taa kpem kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ. Ɛlɛ nabʋyʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖaɣ kpɩna wondu huyuŋ yaa kalɩhʋndʋ.

Pɔn̄ɔɔzʋʋ kpɩna huyuŋ yaa hʋndʋ tɔɔla camɩyɛ nɛ palakɩna paa wondʋ ndʋʋ lɛ tɩwɛ ɖeu nɛ tileɖi ɖɔɖɔ alɩwaatʋ sakɩyɛ yaa cabɩ. Ɛyaa paɣzɩna kpɩna tɔnɩŋ yaa huyuŋ nɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ labɩnaʋ sakɩyɛ kɛ ɖoo caanaʋ taa. Ɖoo Lɔn taa ɛya yaa kajalaɣ mba kaasɩma mbʋ size kpɩna huyuŋ yaa hʋndʋ nɛ atɛ kalɩhʋnʋŋ wazaɣ siŋŋ.
Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayʊ

Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayʊ kɛ paɣtʊ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɛ romanɩ taa paɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ niiye mʊyʊ. Ɛyʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ tɔm hʊyʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ yɔ, ɛkɛ samaɣ nɔyɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ. Samaɣ nɔɔ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ kpaɣnɛ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ. Ɛyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ lɛ se ɛhʊʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa tɔm ndʊ payaɣ se ɖama hɛkʊ taa nɩnaʊ tɛ tɔm ndʊ tɩfɛyɩ leleŋ yɔ nɛ paɣtʊ wɛ nɛ tɩmakɩ-tʊ. Ɖooo hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ ɛyʊ ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaawɛ ɖooo byzantin ajɛyɛ pajaɣ mɔyɔɔ taa.
   
Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛʊ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ taa tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayaa aŋgbaa sɔsɔnaa kaawɛ. Paasɩma tɔm mayʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛ-tɔm hʊʊ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1961 kɛ Haye nɛ pɩɖɩzɩɣ ɛyaa akɔma tɛ paɣtʊ. Ɖooo canaʊ Ɛngɩlɩsɩ ajɛyɛ waɖɛ ndɩ payaɣ se Common Law (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ nɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Komɔŋwɛltɩ ŋgbɛyɛ) nɛ sɩkandɩnavɩ ajɛyɛ (Tanemarɩkɩ nɛ Fɛɛlandɩ nɛ Islandɩ) mbʊ yɔ tɔm mayʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛkɛ se ɛla takayaasɩ nzɩ ajɛyaa lɛɛna kaɣ labɩnaʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛlɛ, paalakɩ-sɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ keeke mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ sɩfɛyɩ paɣtʊ taa siŋ.
   
Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ tɛ tɔm mayaa ajɛyaa kɩgbɛndʊʊ yatʊ kɩfatʊ kɛ latɛŋ taa UINL kpeɣla ajɛyaa elimiye kɩgbanzɩ (ɛlɛ tɛkɛ canaʊ latɩŋ mba naalɛ) ŋgʊ kʊñɔɔ romanɩ samaɣ paɣtʊ niiye mʊyʊ. Tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ tɔm mayʊ tɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɩɣ wayɩ wayɩ wɛɛ taa kɛ paa ajaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛzɩ Eerɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ Perɩlɛɛ koloŋga tɔlaa yɔ. Afrika nɛ Aazii taa lɛ, Fransɩɩ tɔm kɩhʊhutʊ lɔntasɩyaa ŋgbɛɛ sɔsɔyɛ (CSN) wayɩ wayɩ alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa sɩna nɛ pasɩ tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa.
    
Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɔm kɩhʊhʊtʊ mayaa kɛ samaɣ lɩm lɩmɖʊyaa. Tɔm hʊyaa sɔsaa mba paɖaŋgʊʊ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ lɩzɩna-wɛ. Mbʊ lɛ pɛwɛ samaɣ ɖoŋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛkɛ mʊtʊsʊʊ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa nɛ ɛhaɣ ñalɩmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ eyeki se ɛyʊ ɛkɛ ɛ-tɛ ɛyʊ siŋ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ.
    
Tɔm mayaa mba pakandʊʊ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ wɛtʊ yɔ. Pɩlɩna paɣtʊ lɔntasʊʊ ŋngbɛɛ cɔlɔ lɛ, yee pɛkɛ samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ yɔɔ kandɩyaa nɛ samaɣ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyaa mba tɔm hʊyaa sɔsaa lɩzaa yɔ yɔ, tɔm mayaa sɔsaa lakɩ sɔlɩm tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pɩɩhaɣ-wɛ ñamtʊ yaa pɩtɛkɛ-wɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa ɛsɩndaa pɩlɩna ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔ kandʊʊ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1789 taa tɔm hɔɔlaɣ 6 ŋga yɔ.
Tɔnʊʊ

Tɔnʊʊ kɛŋna tɛtɛ kpɩna wɛna awɛna mɔɔ yɔ a-tɛ kacalaɣ wonuu ŋgʊ kɩhʊʊzɩɣʊ a-yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyʊ tɔmnaɣ yɔɔ pilinzi payɩ taa lɛ, tɔnʊʊ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ yʊŋ. Ɛyʊ halʊ ñɩnʊ tɛ lɛ, ɛ-tɔnʊʊ yʊŋ taa makɩɣna ɛzɩ kilogaramnaa naatozo yɔ nɛ abalʊ tɛ lɛ, pɩɖɛ ɛzɩ kakpaanzɩ yɔ. 

Tɔnɩŋ wɛna tomnasɩ yaa sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyaa kɩsɛma wɛɛ nɛ po-tomnasɩ sɛwa ɖɔɖɔ, ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa wɛɛ, nɛ patomnasɩ ɖɔɖɔ hʊlʊmaa. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, ɛyaa kɩkpɛda ñɛwɛ, mba payaɣ se tomnasi kɩkpɛɛdasɩ tɩna. Aazii mba, Siini mba nɛ ɛyaa menzidaawaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. 

Paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kanaɛ kɛ-ɛyɩtʊ tomnaɣ. Tɔnʊʊ wɛʊ mbʊ yɔ, kɩfɛyɩ kpayɩ, ɛlɛ kɩwɛna sɛŋgɛlɩtʊ yaa tɩnɩ-mayɔɔ waa naatozo: kacalaɣ tomnaɣ ŋga ɛyʊ naɣ nɛ ɛsɛ yɔ, ŋga lɛ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ. Pɩyɔɔ tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ kɛ nɔsɩ yaa hʊndʊ wɛɛ, peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ soŋgaɣ wɛɛ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ, pɩtɛɛ tɔnʊʊ wɛɛ nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ tɔnʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ nɛ kʊkʊ tɛ kɛ kpaakpa sɛŋgɛlʊʊ wɛ. 

Yee ɛyʊ tomnaɣ tɛ sɛŋgɛlʊ kacalaɣ ñɩŋʊ ɛfɛyɩtɔnʊʊ  kɔyɔ, pɩkɩlɩna mba pɛkpɛzɩɣʊ pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ, paa pɩwɛɛ se palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yaa pɛñɛ-ɩ e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ ɖoli kɔyɔ, pɩkɔŋna kaɖɛ sɩŋŋŋ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, kacalaɣ tɔnʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛna ɖoŋ sɩŋŋŋ. Pɩtasɩ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa mba paacɔŋna po-tomnasɩ yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, kʊtɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛɛ, ɛzɩ akpnja yɔ, nɛ ɩkpaɣ tɔmnasɩ nɛ ɩɩtaŋna-sɩ ɖoli.
Tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya, tɛtʋnɛtʋyɔɔñɩm nɛ huuuleɖuu

Kɩ̀maŋwɛʋ nɛ tʋ̀kaɣkɩɩlabʋ pa-hɩɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛnɛɖɩyɔɔñɩm waɖɛ, ɛyʋ wezuu nɛ kɩ-ñam nɩmaʋ taa kɔ́lábʋ, huuu waɖɛ, alaafɩyacaɣʋ waɖɛ nɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ waɖɛ pɛ̀kɛna ɛyʋ ñɩm, mbʋpɩyɔɔ ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛwɛ samaɣ taa nɛ pɩtasɩ se ɛ̀ñɩtaa ɛ́kɛ ɛyʋ yɔɔ.  Pʋ-yɔɔ Afrika taa Ɛyʋ nɛ Samaɣ pa-Waɖɛ tɔm yɔɔ tàmaɣnɛpaɣtʋɖʋʋtakayaɣ tɔzʋʋ-ɖʋ se: “Kedeŋga yɔɔ ɛyaa kpeekpe wɛna waɖɛ se kedeŋganɛkɔyɔɔñɩm pilim ɛ́wɛɛ camɩyɛ  nɛ pɩ́sa pálʋ nɛ puhuuna-wɛ”.

Kɛ́lɛ́, ɛyaa kaatɩlɩtʋ ɖɔ́ ɖɔ́ʋ mbʋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ aseɣɖetɔm camɩyɛ kɩɩnɩʋ, pàpɩ́zɩɣ pácámɩ ɛyʋ wezuucaɣʋ camʋʋ m̀bʋ yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ lɛ, pʋwɛɛ se Afrika taa Sahara nɛ kɩ-tɛɛ kiŋ ajɛya  ɩlʋ samaɣ alaafɩya, tɛtʋnɛtʋyɔɔñɩm nɛ huuuleɖuu pɔ-yɔɔ pɩ́cɛyɩ se pɩ̀kɛna-yɛ tɔm sɔsɔtʋ, kɔzɩkɔzɩ Afrika Wɩsɩɖɩɖʋyɛ taa ajɛya.  CEDEAO taa Demokrasii nɛ Ɛjaɖɛcamɩyɛɖɔkʋʋ Tɔ́mtɩ́mtakayaɣ taa pamawa se demokrasii, laŋhɛzɩyɛ, politiki tɔm taa ɖiɣɖiɣcaɣʋ nɛ samaɣ taa tovenim yɔɔɖɔm paapɩzɩɣ pɛwɛɛ ɖenɖe Ɛjaɖɛcamɩyɛɖɔkʋʋ paɣtʋ fɛyɩ yɔ. 

Pɩ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ Kedeŋga yɔɔ ajɛya ñʋndɩna kpeɣli pɩnaɣ 2002, salaŋ fenaɣ taa, nɛ pálákɩ Ajɛyakɩgbɛndʋʋ Ŋgbɛye Milenɛɛrɩ (Pɩnzɩkudokuleɖuu yaa pɩnzɩmɩnaɣ) Kediizaɣ  lɛ, pánɩnɩ ɖama se pɔ́sɔ́zɩ tɔm wendu pèsiɣ tʋ-yɔɔ ñʋʋ yɔ tʋ-yɔɔ nɛ páɖʋ alɩwaatʋ se pʋkɔŋ pɩtalɩ-tʋ lɛ, páná se ajɛya ɖɔma tʋ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩsɩɩna le. Pàkpaɣ tɔm ńdʋ páɖʋ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ taa nɛ payaa-kɛ se :  Milenɛɛrɩ Huuu Tàmaɣ takayaɣ (OMD). 

Tànɩ́m, kʋdɔmɩŋ mowokinɛmɔnkɔŋwaa nɛ weyi ɛyaa ɖɛzɩɣ-ɩ ɖama yɔ, pɔ̀tɔ́kɩpɛ́pɛ́ŋnabɛyɛwaa yékina nɛ ñaɖɩŋ tuluu nɛ pɩñamsɩɣ ajɛya naayɛ taa. Yee Afrika wɩsɩɖʋɖʋyɛ taa ajɛyɛ ɩkama ñʋʋ  nɛ álʋkɩna pʋdʋnaa pamba yɔ, ɖɩnɛ lɛ, àpɩzɩɣ ála nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋgɛ caɣna alaafɩya, ɛjaɖɛ ñɩm tàlɩ̀ná paa weyi, samaɣ hiɣ hɛzɩyɛ nɛ demokrasii ɖɔ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩ́sa nɛ puhuuuna-yɛ. 

Tɔm wendu tɩcɛyaa pɩkɩlɩ yɔ lɛ se ajɛya ɩ́pɩzɩ nɛ ála samaɣ alaafɩya tɔm tàmásɩ nɛ añaɣ pana áɖɔ́ tàmásɩ ńzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ, ɛlɛ átaasɔɔ se ácɔna ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛnɛɖɩyɔɔñɩm nɛ pɩ-cɩrɩcɩrɩ wɛʋ tam. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, paa CEDEAO ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, pʋpɔzʋʋ se sukuliwɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ ɛ́kpaɣ tɔm ndʋ nɛ kʋɖʋ wɩlɩyaa wɩlʋʋ tɔm taa, sukulitɛzɩyaa wɩlʋʋ tɔm taa nɛ sukulibiya wɩlʋʋ tɔm taa.
Tɔɔla wondu

Tɔɔla wondu kɛna wondu kuzusutu yaa tomnaɣ yɔ huzuu wondu. Pɩpɩzʋ pɩkɛ tokonaa yaa ɛzɩ pantalaŋ yaa cokodonaa mbɩ yɔ. Tɔɔla wondu ndʋ, tɩkɛna wondu cakɩna waa yaa ɛzɩ-ɩ payaɣʋ size wondu kuzusutu.

Wondu tɩsɩʋnana ɛyʋ yaa tomna kifeza tɔnʋʋ. Ɛyʋ suu wondu nɛ ɛlʋbɩna nikaɣ yaa ɛzɩ ehuzi e-tomnaɣ yɔɔ nɛ ɛn̄ɛlɩ yaa ewobina lone yaa hɛkʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛsɔɔlaa se ewolo yɔ. Wondu kuzusutu ndʋ nakʋma yaa nantaŋgbala nɛ hulasɩ fɛyɩ na pɩ-taa.

Tɔɔla wondu kuzusutu tʋnɛ, sakɩyɛ taa palaba tʋ nɛ pɩzatʋ wondu ɛlɛ, pɩzatʋ wondu ndʋ palakɩna tʋʋ mbɩ yɔɔ yɔ, tikiɖe yaa tɩɖɩlɩyɛ ɖala siŋŋ. Pɩtɛkɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa pɩzatʋ. Pɩkɛ pɩzatʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɖoo lɔnda nimasi yaa nɩlɔŋ waa tɩyɛ yɔ.

Pɩtɛkɛ lɛlɛɛ tɛ kpaɖʋ taa nimasi, nimasi sɩnɛ sɩlɩwa pileɖa. Palɩzɩʋ yaa poluku wondu kuzusutu tʋnɛ nɛ pʋmʋʋna paa kpaɖʋ yaa wɛɛ wena lɛ. Wondu kusutu yaa tɔɔla wondu kuzusutu ndʋ palakaɣ nɛ posuu ɖoo lɔndaa yaa alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩɖɛwa yɔ tɩ-taa yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ndʋ pɔɖɔɔna suu sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ taa.

Ɖoo lɔndaa ɛyaa yaa ɛyaa pɛlɛɛm lʋlʋʋwaa paza wondu suu yaa tɔɔla tɔlʋʋ yaa suu pɩlaba pɩnzɩ 83 000 mbɩ yɔ yaa 170 000 kɛ mbɩ yɔ. Ɖoo caanaʋ taa ɛyaa pɛlɛɛm lʋlʋʋ waa mba payaɣna Fransɩ kʋnʋŋ taa size "Homo sapiens".
Tɔʋ

Tɔʋ kɛ you wonuu yaa lakʋ tʋmɩyɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kʋlɔʋ n̄ɩma yɔ. Tɔʋ wɛ kotaɣ nɛ kɩwɛna nimiye, nɛ nimiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɖʋ n̄ɩmɩyɛ nɛ pɔhɔŋ nimiye lɛ n̄ɩmɩyɛ lɩɩ fɩyaʋ ɛzɩ pɔlɔʋ pɩyɛ yɔ. Patʋʋzɩna mbʋ yɔ, mbʋ n̄ɩmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyakɩ. Tɔʋ ɖaʋ wɛ tanɩɩ tanɩɩ wɛtʋ.

Ɛyʋ yaa weyi ɛtɔʋ tɔʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ payaɣ size sɔɔja tɔʋ n̄ɩnʋ yaa tɔʋ yoyu abalʋ n̄ɩnʋ. Ɛlɛ, yee halʋ ɛtɔʋna tɔʋ kɔyɔ, payaɣ ɛlɛ size, sɔɔja tɔʋ n̄ɩnʋ yaa tɔʋ yoyu halʋ n̄ɩnʋ. Tɔʋ yoyu yaa sɔɔja tɔʋ tʋ kɛna tɔm piye nɖɩ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛna nabʋyʋ taa kɛ ɛyʋ weyi ɛlʋkɩ pɩtatɩɩ fɛyɩ naʋ yɔ yaa ɛkɛ ɛyaa waɖɛ yɔ yoyu yɔ.

Pɩtɛ ɛyʋ ɛnʋ, ɛ-malɩfa yaa ɛ-hɔzʋʋ kɛlɛ tɔʋ n̄ɩma ŋgʋ. Ɖoo lɔnda yen kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ taa evemiye yaa kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo (26) n̄ɩŋgʋ wiye kɛ pɩnaɣ 1346 kɛ paalaba tɔŋ you nakʋyʋ kɛ Iŋglɩsɩ kʋnʋŋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ taa.
  
Tɔŋ you ŋgʋ, kɩwɩla tɔŋ waza. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ yaa pɩcaa kaɖa size ɖeɖe tɔm n̄ɩnɩyaa ɛtɩlɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ keekee palɩza yaa poluba tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-n̄ɩma yɔ. Mbʋ piyeba nɛ, paapɩzʋʋ size patɩlɩ kɛlɛʋ kɛ tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-n̄ɩma palɩ pɩnaɣ yɔ, mbʋʋ lɛ size tɔʋ nɛ kɩ-tɛ n̄ɩma pɛwɛkʋ lɔŋ kpeɖem.

Tɔʋ ŋgʋ pɛlɛya kʋʋnaʋ yɔ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pana kʋ pɩnaɣ 10800 n̄ɩŋga taa nɛ pɩcɔ palʋlʋʋ yesu krɩstʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɖɩtaasɔɔ size nabɛyɛ n̄ɔtɔŋ size, panaʋ tɔʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, pɩlaba pɩnzɩ kudokiŋ nɛɛlɛ (20 000) kɛ mbɩ yɔ.
Tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ you

Kɩpaazɩɣ tɔm: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 5 pɩnaɣ 1946 

Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 5 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1946 kɛ Westminster College de Fulton, Missouri taa kɛ Winston Churchill kpaɣ tɔm nɛ ɛyɔɔtɩtʊ taa kɛ ɛlɩza kacalaɣ taa kɛ tɔm ndʊ payaƴ se "Rideau de fer" yɔ tɩlɩwa. Britannique ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛyɔɔda se kpaɣ nɛ Stettin, Baltique taa nɛ ŋgɔɔ ŋsɩɩna Trieste, Adriatique taa;  rideau de fer nakʊyʊ tɩba nɛ kɩkaɣ kedeŋga yɔɔ. Ɛyɔɔda tɔm nɛ eseɣti Europe tɛtʊ kpeekpe taa samaɣ se kañaɣ pana nɛ kalʊbɩna ko-koyindu pale nɛ kɛwɛɛ ka-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ tɛmokraasii wɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Paa nɛ Churchill tatasɩ kɛʊ Premier ministre kɔyɔ, ɛ-tɔm ŋdʊ tɩtala pale nɛ pɩkɛna kacalaɣ Pombo kɛ Tɛndɛŋga tɛɛ you tɔm. 

Harry Truman lɩmaɣza: salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1947

Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 12 kɛ pɩnaɣ 1947 kɛ ajɛya ñɔɔŋ tɩnaa ketiizaɣ sɔsɔwa nakɛyɛ ɖeɖe kɛ Amerika taa kɛ Harry Truman lɩza lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɔɔ se pɩwɛɛ se pala mbʊ ɛnʊ yaɣ se "containment" (endiguement) yɔ. Ɛla lɩmaɣza ɖɔɖɔ se pɩwɛɛ se pasɩna Europe ajɛya taa ñɩma nɛ paha-wɛ liidiya sakɩyɛ nɛ pɩsɩna-wɛ nɛ pɛwɛɛ pa-tɩ yɔɔ. Ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩ-taa sɩŋŋŋ lɛ, URSS wɛna ɖoŋ weyi ajɛya sakɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ Europe ñɩna kɛ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pɔcɔŋgɩɣ payɩ mbʊ yɔ. Pɩlaba mbʊ lɛ, pañɩɣ nesi nɛ paɖʊ mbʊ payɑɣ se plan Marshal yɔ. Kpaagba mbʊ lɛ, URSS ñalɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɖɩkɩlɩ Amerika ñɩma ñɩnɖɛ yɔ, nɛ payaa-ɖɩɖɩ se rapport Jdanov.  

Jdanove tɔm: salaŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1947

Truman kɔsɔɔlaa se pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm nɛ pɩsa nɛ pɛwɛ ɖɔŋ nɛ palʊbɩna koyindu lɛ, Jdanov ñama ɛ-takayaɣ nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ kaɣlaɣ URSS wɛ wɛɖɩɣ ŋgʊ yɔ.  Ɛ-lɩmaɣza ana, patatɩɩmʊ-yɛ paa ñɩɩ nɛ pɩwɛɛ se lɛlɛɛ yɔ ɛɖaɣnɩɣ naayɛ lɩzɩʊ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ Soviyetiki wɛ mbʊ pɩ-taa yɔ. Se pɩwɛɛ se mbʊ payaɣ se PC waa yɔ, pɛcɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ tuuɖe taa peeɖe cɛyɩ camɩyɛ cɩŋ nɛ piwobina nɛ Kominform yɔɔ.

Palɩzɩɣ Kominform: aloma fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1947

Europe nɔsɩ yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa mba payaɣ se PC waa yɔ, paya-ɖama nakʊ nɛ pekpeɣli Pɔlɔɔñɩ tɛtʊ taa nɛ pakpaɣ lɩmaɣza se pala ndʊ nayʊ Jdanovɩ yɔɔda yɔ nɛ pana, nɛ petizi nɛ palɩzɩ Kominform. Ɖooo lɛ, ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɩwɛɛ yɔ, nɖɩ payaɣa se Komintern; nɛ pɛlɛɣzɩ nɛ pakpaɣ Kominform. Paa ndɩ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-lɩmaɣza ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʊ Jdanov lɩmaɣza ñɔɔ.Kominform kʊnɛ, kɩ-lɩmaɣza tʊ camɩyɛ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Pɩtatasɩ kɛʊ se ajɛya ndɩ ndɩ yem kɩ-kpɛndɩɣna. Ajɛya wena apɩzɩɣ nɛ awɛɛ pɩ-taa yɔ pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɖɩkɛ Erɔpʋ keteŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ. Weyi ɛlɩza lɩmaɣza ana yɔ, ɛ-taa taawɛɛ leleŋ nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛcoɔŋna se ajɛya ana, ana ajɛya lɛɛna akpeliɣ nɛ pɔyɔɔdɩ ndʊ pɩɩwɛɛ se pɩkɛ pɛ-tɛ mɛɛzaɣ tɛɛ tɔm yɔ. Komintrn ŋgʊ kɩɩwɛɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna Staline sɩba. Kɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kaakɛnaa se pɔcɔna camɩyɛ nɛ pana se Erɔpʋ ajɛya tɩŋga ɖɔŋ ɖeu kɛ Mɔsɩkʋʋ tɛ politka yɔɔ yaa we. Palɩzɩɣ Kominformyɔ, pɩtɛma, lɛɛlɛ pɔtɔsɔɔlɩ se pana pɛ-ŋg bɛƴɛ taa kɛ Yougoslave yaa mba pɛwɛɛ nɛ paɖɩɩna lɔŋ tʊ Tito lɩmaɣza yɔɔ yɔ.
Tɛtɛ ɛzaɣtʋ

Palaba kedizaɣ sɔsaɣ nakɛyɛ Nuremberg tɛtʋ taa Sɔɔjanaa tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ taa pɩnaɣ 1945 taa. Nuremberg kɛ Franconie ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Lɔndrɩ tɛtʋ taa paalɩzɩ paɣtʋ natʋyʋ nɛ tɩha waɖɛ se pala kedizaɣ ŋ́ga. Londres kɛ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Kedizaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa pɔcɔnaa nɛ pana kɩdɛkɛdɩm yaa ɛzatʋ ndʋ ɛyʋ ɛlaba, pɔtɔŋ se ɛɖɛlɩsɩ niye yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛzaɣtʋ ndʋ ɛlaba mbʋ yɔ, nɔɔyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛmaɣzɩ se ɛyʋ pɩzɩɣ ɛla-pʋ. Papɩzɩɣ payaa ɛzaɣtʋ ndʋ se tɛtɛ ɛzaɣtʋ.

Tɛtɛ ɛzaɣtʋ ńdʋ, tɩ-taa natʋyʋ kɔyɔ : ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ fɛyʋʋ, ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa tɛyɩtʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, ɛyʋ kpakɩɣ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ se pakɩlɩ lɛlaa pɩlɩɩna pɔ-tɔnʋʋ tɔlɩm yɔɔ yɔ. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ anasaayɩnaa nabɛyɛ maɣzɩɣ se pakɩlɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɩ-tɩŋa pɩ-taa. Yee ḿbʋ, pʋtɔpɔzɩ se ɛyʋ kɩkpɛdʋ esidi pa-taa. Pɔtɔŋ se pʋwɛɛ se ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa tʋma ɖɩlaɖɛ ɛwɛɛ hɔɔlʋʋ nɛ ḿba tʋma ɖɩlaɖɛ. Pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣza yaa maɣzɩm ḿbʋ piiyebina nɛ you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ Afrɩka hadɛ kiŋ taa anasaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa waasɩ nɛ waasɩ. Sɔsɔ, Nelson Mandela, pɩlaʋ tɔkɩ, hɩɖɛ ɛɛsɔʋ, Ɛsɔ ɛsɩɩ-ɩ ɖɩbanɖɛ. Ɖajaa ɛnʋ ɛlʋbɩna siŋŋ pɩnzɩ nɛ pɩnzɩ nɛ anasaayɩnaa nɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɩyɩtʋ ńdʋ tɩsɩɩ tɩnaɣ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ taa.

Tɛtɛ ɛzaɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ : ɛyaa kʋʋ kelima kɩsɩkʋ tɩyɛ nɛ ɛyaa lɛlaa pɩsʋʋ yomaa nɛ ɛyaa lɛlaa tɛtʋ kɛzʋʋ nɛ ɛyaa lɛlaa nuutuu kadatayaɣ nɛ halɩpiya cikpesi sʋnaʋ nɛ salaka tɩnaa yɔɔ sɔʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se peyekuu nabɛyɛ salakanaa taa nɛ pɩkɩlɩɣ leɖuu yɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1998 ñɩŋa taa patʋlɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ nɔnɔsɩ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Etaazuunii yɔ, ɖɩlʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ pɩla se pasɩ kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ tigiɖe. Sɔnɔdaa kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ wɛna ɖoŋ ajɛya 110 yɔɔ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se Tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ ŋ́gʋ, kʋhʋʋ ajɛya ana a-tɛtɛ ɛzaɣtʋ laɖaa tɔm.

Pɩɩwɛɛ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ ɛwɛɛna ɖoŋ ajɛya kpeekpe wena awɛ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, a-tɩŋa a-yɔɔ. Ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ajɛya wena awɛ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ a-tɩŋa atisina nɛ añɩɣ nesi kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ paɣtʋ yɔɔ.

Ajɛya wena awɛ ONU ŋgbɛyɛ taa yɔ, akpɛndɩ 192. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya 82 tetisi añɩɣ nesi. Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛya wena akizaa se aañɩkɩɣ nesi kpedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ paɣtʋ yɔɔ yɔ, a-taa.

Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ ɖeke koŋ pɩzɩɣna nɛ kʋhʋʋ tɛtɛ ɛzaɣtʋ laɖaa tɔm nɛ kɩhɔ pa-naŋgbaaŋ ɛzɩ tɔm hʋʋ kʋjɔŋ paɣtʋ pɔzʋʋ yɔ.
Tɛtɛɛ miŋ

Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ kɛna tɛtɛɛ ñam ñam lakasɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ sɩlɩɩna lɩm sɔsɔm tɛɛ yaa pʊŋ tɛɛ. Pɩkɛna momoɖe naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩyaɣ kpu lɛ miŋ kolonzi lɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ. Miŋ kolonzi nzɩ si-taa nɛ feveku nakʊyʊ nɛ kʊkʊ-taa nɛ gaazɩ, teefraas nɛ pɩlɩgna hidromagɩmatiki taa.

Miŋ kolonzi nzi sɩlɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ mbʊ yɔ, siniidiɣ yaa sɩhɛɣ lɛ, pɩpɩsɩ kaaŋ nɛ pɛkɛɣ pʊŋ yaa lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ. Kaaŋ ɛnʊ ɛpaɣlʊʊ sɩŋŋŋ yaa ɛzɩ ɛmaɣna. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ lakɩ nɛ kaaŋ ndɩ ndɩ weyi ɛlɩɣ yɔ, miŋ kolonzi nzi sɩlɩɣna awayɩ kiŋ mɩŋŋ mɩŋŋ yɔ sɩ-ɖɔʊ taa nɛ sɩ-ɖoŋ taa nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ sɩkpakɩɣna nɛ sɩhɛɛna yaa siniidina yɔ nɛ pʊŋ ndɩ nɖɩ weyi ɛwɛɣ na pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ, pɩtɩŋga payɩ pɩwɩlɩɣna se tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ tɔm lɛ, mba pañɩnɩɣ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm nɛ mbʊ mbʊ pɩlabɩnaa yɔ pɛwɛɛ nɛ pañɩnɩɣ nɛ panɩɣ mɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ palɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɔbʊʊ camɩyɛ pazɩ pazɩ. 

Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ kɛna mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ kɛlɛʊ se ɛyʊ ɛnɩɩ pɩ-taa lɔŋ yɔ yaa camɩyɛ kɛlɛʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛna tɛtɛɛ mɩŋ weyi ɛlɩɣna tɛtɛɛ yem tuda nɛ e-hola lɩɣ momoloku tɩyɛ yɔ. Miŋ kolonzɩ nzɩ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ sɩtɩnɩɣ ɖama yɔɔ pɩlaaɣ pɩlaaɣ yaa sɩkakɩ kɩkaawʊ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ, e-miŋ kolonzi wɛtʊ yaa sɩlɩɣ pɩzɩɣ  pɩlɛɣzɩ wɛtʊ yem ndɩ ndɩ. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ ñɩnɩyaa nɩna ɖama nɛ pakpaɣ se tɛtɛɛmiŋ wɛ nabʊlɛ taa:

Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi e-momolokiŋ sɛ kpaʊʊ yɔ nɛ ɛwɛ hɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ, e-miŋ weyi ɛtɔʊ fiŋŋ fiŋŋ yɔ ɛfɛyɩ kʊŋgʊlʊm yaa ɛtakpɩndɩ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kɛ oseyaŋnaa cɔlɔ nɛ lɩm tɛɛ. Tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi e-momolokiŋ mɩzɩɣ kpaaa kpaaa yɔ nɛ e-miŋ wɛ laabɩɩ laabɩɩ tɩyɛ nɛ ɛ-taa sida tɔlɩma. Keteŋga kpeekpe yɔɔ lɛ, tɛtɛɛmɩŋ weyi ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛlɩɩ yɔ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ 1500 yɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ taa lɛ weyi ɛlɩɣ yɔ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ hiŋ looɖo yɔ (60).
Tɛtʋ Kikizitu

Tɛtʋ kikizitu kɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa caɣya yea Siini ɛjaɖe mba yaa yem yɔɔlɩɩ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ. Patasɩ paya tɛtʋ nʋ ɖɔɖɔ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ keɖeyaɣ ɖaɣ. Tɛtɛ Kikizitu tʋnɛ, tɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɖaɣ kɩbaŋga sʋsaɣ nakɛyɩ. Nɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ, tɩwɛɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ ndʋ payatʋ se Peekɛɛ yɔ tɩ-taa.

Nɛ peɖe ɛjaɖɛ wiyau sʋsɔ wɛɛ. Hɔʋ ŋgʋ paya-kʋ size Ming yɔ, ɖɩtɔzɩ size kɩ-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋndina cɛŋga lɩwaana. Nɛ sʋsɔ ɖa-caa Yongle kaɣkɛna wiyau sʋsɔ naadozo n̄ɩnʋ aliwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa. Peɖee pɩcɔ nɛ pabazɩɣ kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩmatʋ lɛ, sʋsɔ ɛnʋ ɛhana nɔɔ nɛ paba matʋ ndʋ.

Papazaɣ matʋ ndʋ Pɩnaɣ 1406 taa nɛ pɛtɛmmdʋ pɩnaɣ 1420 taa mbɩ yɔ. Mbɩ yɔ wɩlɩɣna size pamakʋ nɛ pɩnzɩ hiŋ nɛ naanaza(14). Ɛjaɖe n̄ʋʋdʋ sʋsɔ ɖaɣ kanɛ, kɛwɛna hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ yɔ, ncɔna kɔyɔ, ŋna size walanzɩ yaa ɖaɣlakɩŋ fɛyɩ kɩmaŋ.

Ɛ-ɖaɣlakɩŋ yaa ɛ-walanzɩ taa makʋna ɛzɩ ɛkɩtarɩna hiŋ lʋbɛ(70) mbɩ yɔ. Nɛ ɖɩtaasʋ size ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋ tʋ sʋsɔ ɖaɣ kanɛ, kɛkɛ yaa kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛɛ n̄ʋʋndɩna ɖɛsɩ taa yaa pakalɩɣ kɔyɔ. Kɛtɛ kɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɛsɩ nzɩ Siini ɛjaɖɛ samaɣ kɩlɩɣ n̄ɔɔzʋʋ ɖɛsɩ nzɩ size sɩwɛ nɛ paatɩlɩzɩ cee wzyɩ yɔ sɩ-taa.

Nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa mbɩ yɔ, ɛpɩsaɣ keɖeyaɣ wondu ɖaɣ sʋsaɣ. Kɛkɛ wiyau ɖaɣ keɖeyaɣ n̄ɩŋga sʋsaɣ ŋga pasɩɣ ka-taa Siini ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋ yaa cee n̄ɩm yɔ. Nɛ ɖaɣ kanɛ yɔ, ka-taa peɖe pana ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋgɩna ɛzɩma pɩcɔ Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɛ kuliye pɩɩkpaʋ nɛ ɖooo caanaʋ taa yɔ.

Siini ɛjaɖɛ mba, ɛɛkaɣ paɣ wiɖi kɛ sɔʋʋ keɖeyaɣ ɖaɣ kanɛ kɔyɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ tʋma kɩbana kɩbana, kajala n̄ɩna nɛ feveɖe n̄ɩna wɛ peɖe kuduyuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Nayɛ kɔyɔ: taʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ; nɛ cɩnjɩnɔɔ sɛʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋ, nɛ cʋʋ matʋ tʋmɩyɛ labʋn, nɛ pɩtasɩna minziiki wondu lɩzɩɣ, nɛ calɩm kifidim tʋmɩyɛ labʋ.


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Tɛtʋ hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ taa kejeyaɣ

Tɛtʊ hɛkɛ nɛ hɛkʊ taa kejeɣa kɛ kandɩ mankandɩ mayaɣ nɛ pɛhɛ-kɛ ɛsɔtaa yem nɛ paanaɣ-kɛ nɛ ɛsɛ anɛ elɛ ŋga tɛyʊna tɛtʊ nabʊlɛ taa: hayʊ kiŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Payaɣ keteŋa tɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛnɩɩlɛ se tetʊ putuula. Kamaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ tɛtʊ putuula ana anaalɛ a-hɛkʊ taa yɔ apaɣzɩna mayaɣ kpɛɖɛ ñɩŋga. Tɛtʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ mayaɣ kanɛ kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ cɛŋa kulu kulu nakayɛ ŋga kɔcɔ tɛtʊ nɛ kata yɔ.

Tɛtʊ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ mayaɣ kanɛ ka-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna kpɛɖɛ nɛ ka-ɖalakɩŋ taa wɛ kilomɛtanaa 40 070. Yee pakpaɣ mayaɣ ŋga nɛ tɛtʊ ñʊʊ hayʊ kiŋ yaa hadɛ kiŋ kɔyɔ, pɩmakɩɣna kilomɛtenaa ɛzɩ 10 002 yɔ. Tɛtʊ nɛ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa mayaɣ kanɛ kɛfɛyɩ siɣsiɣ nɛ kɛwɛ kakɩ nɛ tɛtʊ ñʊʊ lɛɛkʊ nɛ lɛɛkʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ  pɩnaɣ lɛ, tɛtʊ ñʊʊ tuu pazɩ kɩ-ɖɩwɛyɛ nɛ mbʊ yebina nɛ tɛtʊ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa mayaɣ kanɛ kɛfɛyɩ keɖeɖe paa ɛzɩmtaa. 

Tɛtʊ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa kejeɣa kanɛ, pakpaɣ ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ hɔɔlʊʊ kɔyɔ pɩmaɣna mɛtanaa  6 378 140. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se pɩɩtalɩɣ mbʊ nɛ pasɩɣna ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ kɛ mɛtanaa 6 378 137. Yee mbʊ yɔ, kacalaɣ taa lɛ, ka-ɖaɣlakɩŋ makɩɣna  mɛtanaa 40 075 035 nɛ nabʊlɛ taa lɛ pɩsɩɩnaa mɛtanaa 40 075 016.

Pɩnaɣ taa pilim lɛ wɩsɩ siki ɖeyi ɖeyi kɛ tɛtʊ hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa mayaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ kɛ tam napʊlɛ ɖeke: lakɩŋ fenaɣ nɛ Salaŋ fenaɣ taa ɖeke. Keteŋa kpeekpe ajɛya taa lɛ, ajɛya wena awɛ kejeɣa kanɛ kɔ-cɔlɔ yɔ, a-taa tɛʊ ɛɛlaɣzɩɣ fem nɛ ɖoo ɖɔɖɔ ɛɛlaɣzɩɣ yʊʊ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɖeke koŋ kɛ wɩsɩ nɛ ɖoo pɛwɛ kɩmaŋ pɩnaɣ tɩŋga: ɖoo lakɩ ñɩɩtʊ hiu nɛ naalɛ ɛzɩ wɩsɩ ɖɔɖɔ lakɩɣ ñɩɩtʊ hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ. Paa nɛ mbʊ yɔ, alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ talɩɣ lɛ, ɖoo eyuu lɔŋ nɛ tɛʊ ñefeŋ lɔŋ, nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, ɖoo ñaayuu lɔŋ nɛ tɛʊ nɛ tɛʊ ñefeŋlɔŋ yaa pisidiɣ; ɛlɛ pɩtɛ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩɩlakɩ nɛ pɩla ñɩɩtʊ cabɩ.
Tɛtʋ n̄amsʋʋ

Tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ kɛna lakasɩ nzɩ sɩlakɩ nɛ pɩlɣna ɖooo tɛtɛɛ ɛzɩma pɩfɛyɩ ɖiyu ɖiyu yɔ. Tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩɣna nabʊyʊ taa tɛtʊ hɛkʊ yee hɛŋga nakɛyɩ ɛɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ. Tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɣna pʊŋ weyi ɛtɔʊ miŋ yɔ ɛ-taa yɔ pɩtɔɖɔɔ. 

Ɖenɖe kaaŋ yaɣ ɖooo tɛtɛɛ nɛ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛlɩɣna awayɩ yɔ payaɣ peeɖe se mɩzaɣ nɛ pɩlɩɣna awayɩ nɛ pɩmizɩ lɛ, payaɣ ɖɩnɛ se tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ hoɖe taa. Tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ mbʊ pɩlɩɣna kaaŋ weyi ɛyaɣna ɖoŋ yɔ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩɩlakɩ mbʊ lɛ pɩnɩɣ poliŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ pɩkɔŋna kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ nɛ sɩm ɖɔɖɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ taa tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ wɛʊ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ kutokiŋ mɩnʊʊ yɔ ɛlɛ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛyaa ɛnɩɣna nɛ pa-naŋgbaŋ nɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ tɛtɛ kpɩna ɖeke nɩɣna. Tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ tɛ ñɩnʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ payaɣ se tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ ñɩnɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ mba paba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ndɩ yɔ mba yɔ tɛtʊ ñamsɩyaa ñɩnɩyaa. 

Ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ pamaɣzʊna tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ ɖoŋ yɔ, ŋgʊ payaɣ se tɛtʊ ñɩɣsʊʊ maɣzʊʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ nɛ ñɩɣyʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɩlɩɣ ɛzɩ tɛtʊ hola ñamsaa nɛ pɩtalɩ yɔ nɛ ɖenɖe pɩsɩnaa yɔ. Tʊmɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ pɩlakʊɣ pɩtɩŋga payɩ mbʊ yɔ, tɛtʊ ñamsʊʊ tiisaŋ taa kɛ palakɩ-ɖɩ: mba peweliɣ yɔ pɛwɛɛ, mba paɖʊʊ-tʊ ñɩɣtʊ yɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ paba ɖɔɖɔ wɛɣ, mba pamaɣzʊ-tʊ nɛ paɖʊ-tʊ akɔŋta taa yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se GPS yɔ. Ñɩɣyʊʊ kʊnɛ kɩcɛlɩɣ ɖenɖe pɩpaazɩna ñamsʊʊ yɔ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩpaazɩna ñamsʊʊ yɔ.
Tɛtʋ putuuɖe n̄ʋʋ hayi n̄ɩŋgʋ

Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ kɛna tɛtʊ kpeekpe nɛ tɩ-hayʊ kiŋ ɖenɖe pɩsɩ kamaɣ yɔ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ ɖenɖe tɛtʊ kɔcɔʊ efemiye taa nɛ tɛtʊ putuuɖe hɔɔlɩɣ hayʊ ñɩŋgʊ pa-ɖikatɩyɛ yɔ. Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ñɩɣtʊ yaa alɩwaatʊ lɛɣzɩɣ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ, kɩfɛyɩ ɖoli kʊɖʊmɖiyɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ tɛtʊ cɔʊ tɩ-tɩ yɔɔ fenasi hiu nɛ nanza kpem nɛ putuu sɛɖɛ sɛɖɛ. 

Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se peyiidi-kʊ nɛ Tɛtʊ ñʊʊ hayʊ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ kʊkʊ kɛna alɩwaatʊ ñɩŋgʊ nɛ ɖenɖe boussole waa nɔsɩ tʊʊzɩɣna yɔ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ, Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa-tʊ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lɔnsɩŋɖɛ ñɩnɩyʊ nɛ weyi ɛlakɩ ɖɔɖɔ akɔnta ñɩnɩwʊ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ ɛnʊ ɛcalɩna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ lɩzɩɣ; payaɣ-ɩ se Shen Kuo nɛ pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ hiu nɛ kʊɖʊmaɣ taa.

Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ kɩwɛ Arikitiki lɩŋgamʊʊ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi nɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ kʊnɛ nɛ pʊtuuɖe ñʊʊ kʊnɛpɛhɛŋɛla nɛ ɖama ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 4 261 yɔ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩkɩlɩna Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ ŋgʊ ñɔtɩnaʊ yɔ lɛ Kaffeklubben tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ nɛ pɩta yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tʊtʊ ñoposinaa ɛzɩ kilomɛtanaa707 yɔ. 

Weyi ɛcalɩ Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ kʊnɛ naʊ yɔ paasɩŋgɩ-ɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi; nabayɩ tɔŋ se Amerika-tʊ weyi payaɣ-ɩ se Frederick Cook yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ se ɛnʊ talɩna peeɖe kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kʊɖʊm pɩnaɣ 1908. Ɛlɛ ɛmaɣmaɣ ɛɛsɩŋ ɛzɩma ɛtala peeɖe yɔ. Lalaa se pɩkɛna Amerika-tʊ Robert Peary weyi ɛlɛ tɔŋ camɩyɛ se ɛtalɩ peeɖe kɛ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1909 yɔ.

Mba pasɩma sɔnɔ sɩŋŋŋ se mba calɩna Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ ŋgʊ naʊ yɔ, mba lɛ Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ-tʊ Roald Amundsen nɛ Itaalii-tʊ UmbertoNobile. Ɛyaa panɛ panaalɛ pacaɣ pombo kulubi nakʊyʊ yɔɔ nɛ pɔcɔɔ tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ ŋgʊ nɛ pata agoza fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ pɩnaɣ 1926.
Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ

Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɩlɩ ɖɛʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nʋmɔŋ taa yɔ.Tɔmpiye ńɖɩ, ɖɩlɩna latɛɛnɩ kʋnʋŋ taa.

Yee mbʋ, tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋ. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa ɛjaɖɛ ɖoŋ tɩŋa wɛɛ Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tɩ-taa tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna tɩŋa ñʋʋ wɛɛ. Tɩ-taa paa ɛyʋ weyi ɛsɔɔla caɣʋ. Sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ tɔsʋʋ nɛ aleɣya ndɩ ndɩ tɩŋa payɩ ñʋʋ wɛɛ. Ɛlɛ, ajɛya naayɛ taa lɛ, pɩtɛkɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa ɖeke tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna ñʋʋ wɛɛ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Peyibaa kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ mbʋ se pɩtɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa ɖɩ-paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ ñʋʋ wɛɛ. Amsɩtɛɛrɩdam tɛtʋ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ, ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ tʋma ñʋŋ wɛɛ. Ɖɩ-paɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ tʋma ñʋŋ wɛ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se La Haye tɩ-taa kɛnɛ.

Ajɛya naayɛ ñɛkpɛnda kpem nɛ apɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ. Ajɛya kɩkpɛndʋ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣna fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ taa se federasiyɔɔ. Federasiyɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa ajɛya wɛna paa nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Pɩtɛ lɛ, Federasiyɔɔ ajɛya tɩŋa kpɛndɩ awɛɛna kɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ kpɛm.

Wɛtʋ tʋnɛɛ ɖɩnaɣ Etazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Sacremento yɔ, ndʋ kɛŋna Kaliforinii ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ, pɩtɛ lɛ, Wasintɔŋ tɛtʋ ñɛkɛŋna Etazuunii ajɛya kɩkpɛndʋʋ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.

Wɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Québec yɔ ɖɩ-taa. Tɔbʋʋ se, Kebɛɛkɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, payaɣ tɛtʋ natʋyʋ se Québec ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩkɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Piyele tɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se Otowaa yɔ, tʋtʋ ñɛkɛ Kanadaa tɛ federasiyɔɔ tɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.

Ɛyaa maɣzɩɣ se tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ, ɛlɛ, pɩtɛkɛ mbʋ wɛna ajɛya naayɛ taa. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ Etazuunii nɛ Kanadaa nɛ Ɔstralii yaa Seelandɩ Kɩfalʋʋ pa-ajɛya kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ keɣlee mbʋ se pɩtɛkɛ ajɛya ana a-tɛtʋ sʋsɔtʋ taa ɛyaa kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ a-tɛtʋ cikpetu taa.
Tɛtʋ wandamm (Continent)

Tɛtʋ wandamm wandamm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ajɛya sakɩyɛ wɛɛ yɔ, tɩkpɛnda loɖo (6) kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩna.

Tɛtʋ wandamm waa ḿba, mbaa yɔ:

# Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm
# Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm
# Amerika nɛ hayi nɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ tɛtʋ wandamm
# Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm
# Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm
# Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm

Ajɛya nɩɩnʋwa nɛ kagbaanzɩ (55) wɛna Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ajɛya nɛɛlɛ nɛ lutozo (28) ñɛwɛna Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ajɛya hiŋ naanza nɛ kagbaanzɩ (45) wɛna Amerika nɛ hayi kiŋ nɛ piyele ajɛya hiu nɛ naanza (14) ñɛwɛɛ Amerika nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ajɛya nɩɩnʋwa nɛ nakʋ (59) wɛna Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Piyele ajɛya hiŋ naanza nɛ loɖo (46) ñɛwɛɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, ajɛya nakʋ ñɛwɛna. Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm taa ajɛya kɔzaa. Ajɛya naanza (4) ɖeke wɛna tɛtʋ wandamm ńdʋ tɩ-taa.

Kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm waa tɩŋa payɩ taa lɛ, Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa ajɛya kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ. Kɩ-wayɩ lɛ, Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm tɩŋ ajɛya ɖɔʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩna se tɛtʋ wandamm ndʋ kɩlɩ walanzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa.

Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ kɛ 30 415 873 km2. Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ miiliyɔɔ waa hiŋ naanza nɛ naalɛ (42) km2 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ 10 392 855 km2. Piyele Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ 43 810 582 km2. Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ kɛ miiliyɔɔ waa hiu nɛ naanza (14) km2 nɛ pɩɖɛɛ pʋ-yɔɔ. Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm walanzɩ ñɛkɛ 8 525 989 km2. Yee mbʋ, ɖɩnaɣ se kedeŋa kpeekpe tɛtʋ wandamm waa loɖo mba pa-taa lɛ, Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm kɩlɩna walʋʋ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, ɖɩcɔŋna nɛ ɖɩna se tɛtʋ wandamm waa mba pa-taa lɛ, ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ.

Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa lɛ, ɛyaa 1,2 miiliyaa waa kɛwɛna Afrɩka tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa lɛ, ɛyaa 324 miiliyɔɔ waa ñɛwɛ Amerika tɛtʋ wandamm taa nɛ ɛyaa 4.436 piiliyɔɔ (billion) waa ñɛwɛɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Pɩnaɣ kanɛ ka-taa ɛyaa 739 081 202 pɛtɛma naʋ Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm taa piyele nɛ pana ɛyaa 40 467 040 kɛ Osiyanii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Antarɩkɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm taa lɛ, patapɩzɩda patɩlɩ ɛyaa ñʋʋ.