open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu

Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu (krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa mono pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se yeke, arke pʊ-tɔbʊʊ ɖoŋ nɛ pɩtɩŋa payi pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kʊyʊm yeke kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ) pɩkɛ politiki  lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɖɩnaɣ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm yeke tɩɣya kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ tɩŋa, ɛnʊ payaɣ se monark pʊ-tɔbʊʊ menɖeke matɩna kewiyaɣ. Siŋŋ taa lɛ pɩtɛkɛ kewiyitu ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɛkɛ peyebinam kewiyaɣ, kaawɛ ɖooo lɔŋ menɖeke men-kewiyaɣ kɩlɩzasɩ tɛ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ Gaulois waa awiyaa tɛ mbʊ yɔ, yaa Feeniizi awiyaa tɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Montesquieu tɔm kpou cɔlɔ lɛ pɩtɛ kewiyaɣ pasɩma-kɛ nɛ mbʊ yɔ se ɛyʊ kʊyʊm koŋ ñazɩna, kɛlɛ e-kewiyaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna paɣtʊ nɛ pamakɩ-ɩ.

Menɖeke men-kewiyaɣ pɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ sɔsɔtʊ tɛ lɛ pɩkɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu sʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ taa, palɩzɩɣ lɩmaɣza nɛ paɣtʊ wɛɛ nɛ ɛyaa cɔŋna tɩsɩndaa mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ patayɩɣ peeɖe paa weyi lɛ nɛ ɛ-paɣtʊ kpaɣ ɛzɩ yee ɛjaɖɛ ɛsʊʊ you nɛ ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ kɔyɔ yaa you nakʊyʊ ɛwɛ ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa yaa Mars paɣtʊ natʊyʊ haɣ-ɩ kewiyitu kpeekpe yɔ, mbʊ lɛ wiyaʊ kʊyʊm ɛnʊ e-kewiyitu pɩsɩɣ kɩbɩndʊ nɛ payaɣ-tʊ se kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ (ɛzɩ Room sɔdɩŋ kaalakʊ tɔm naa sɔsɔtʊ ɖeɖe yɔ). 

Wiyaʊ kʊyʊm kewiyitu pɩsɩɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñɩŋa lɛ yee kewiyaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ñalɩza ɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ, kɛna paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʊ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ, kpɛŋgbɛzɛmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɛʊna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ, tɔm yasɩyʊ nɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩyʊ ɛsɩndaa wobinau yɔɔ lʊɖaa yeke tɩyɩɣna paɣtʊ tɔm (kpaɣ ɛzɩ Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ nɛ Ɛsɩpañɩ nɛ Pɛlɛzɩɩkɩ ajɛyɛ taa mbʊ yɔ.

Tʊkaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ menɖeke me-kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ñɩŋa yɔ lɛ se keekee taa lɛ payaɣ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ ñɩŋa lɛ ɛyʊ kʊyʊm ñazɩna paa ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛnʊ tɩna kewiyitu kpeekpe kpaɣ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ lɩzʊʊ kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ, paɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ kewiyaɣ nɛ tɔm hʊtʊ paɣtʊ kewiyaɣ ɛtɩya tɩ-tɩŋna payi. Eɖiyuu ɛjaɖɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛ-lɩm ɖʊyaa nɛ pɩtasɩna ɛ-lɔŋ tasɩyaa, ɛhʊʊ tɔm nɛ kʊjɔmɩŋ taa paɣtʊ naa nɛ kpamɩŋ taa paɣtʊ naa (mbʊ payaɣ se tɔm hʊtʊ kɩtɛyɩtʊ, paa nɩgbaŋʊʊ hɔm tɔm ndʊ yɔ wiyaʊ lɩzɩna pɩ-paɣtʊ, nɛ ɛlɩzɩɣ paɣtʊ naa lalaa naa mba kpaɣ ɛyaa weewee tɩnaa, hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ tɩnaa nɛ pɩkɔzɩnam waa pa-tɩŋa payi pɔcɔŋna kedizasɩ sɔsɔsɩ ɖeɖe yɔ.
Tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ

Tɔm kɛdɩtʊ taa lɛ, tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛyʊ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tɔm nɛ mbʊ patɩlɩ ɛyʊ kɛ pɩyʊ e-fezuu caɣʊʊ taa yɔ. Maɣzɩm mbʊ pɩ-tɛ kiɖe tɔm kɛlɛ paa weyi ɛtɩlɩ lɛlʊ wɛna ɖooo lʊlʊʊ taa waɖɛ pʊcɔ ɛlɩɩ nɛ ɛmaɣna ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ ñɩndʊ, nɛ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ se tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩñazɩ-ɩ, nɛ tɩsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se paa pɩzɩɣ ɛyɔɔdɩ ndʊ ɛmaɣzʊʊ yɔ. Tɔsʊʊ huu nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, tɩcaɣ paa anɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlakɩ mbʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ, ña-ñɩm ɛkɛ ña-ñɩm kɛlɛ ɖɩcɔŋna lɛ ɛ nɛ menɖeke mañɩm tɩnaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pacaɣ palɩɩ ɖama. Samaɣ ɛsɩnda nɛ politiki lɩmaɣza naa ndɩ ndɩ ɛsɩndaa pɩfɛyɩ paɣtʊ natʊyʊ ɛɖaŋ ɛyʊ yaa tɩma ɛyʊ.

Tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣ tɔm wɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ waɖɛ takayɩ hɔɔlaɣ 4 ŋga taa pɩnaɣ 1789, mbʊ lɛ pɔtɔŋ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ kɛ wɛtʊ kpeekpe ndʊ yee ɛyʊ lɛlʊ ɛlakɩ pɩyʊ yɔ pɩtaa cɛyɩ lɛlʊ yɔ yaa pɩtaa kayɩ-ɩ kaʊʊ, mbʊ lɛ tɩlabʊ taa fɛyɩ kamaɣ pɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ yee pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ se pɩkɛna lɛlʊ kɔyɔ. kɛlɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyʊ maɣzɩm tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nabayɛ ñɔtɔŋ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tɔm kɛ paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩtaha nɔmɔʊ ɛgɔm ñɩndʊ natʊyʊ kaʊʊ yɔ yee tɩtɛkɛ ndʊ mɔnsɔɔla yɔ. Kɛlɛ pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɩ-tɔm tɩcaɣ kpaagbaa kpem ɛyaa nabayɛ naalɛ, mba yɔ Jeremy Bentham nɛ John Stuart Mill. 

Tɔmpiye tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ lɩ Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1818 wɛɛ taa kɛ Maine Biran tʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩtasɩɩna piyeke yʊsɩyʊ tɩ yɔɔ kaawɛɛ pʊcɔ tɔmɩŋ kɩfaŋ alɩwaatʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kaakɛ se kpaɣʊʊ nɛ kpeɣuu lɩmaɣza kɛ Ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ wɛɛ nɛ Hɛkʊ Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa, palʊkaɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ tɔm yɔɔ nɛ kpɛŋgbɛzɛmɩtʊ tɔm yɔɔ kpaɣ mʊntʊsʊʊ kpaɣɖɩŋ wɛɛ taa. 

Pɩkɔma kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ wayi lɛ, tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɖaɣnaɩ ɖoŋ kpaɣʊʊ pɩtɩŋna Alain, Bertrand de Jouvenel, Raymond Aron yaa Karl Popper nɛ Benedetto Croce pɔyɔɔ. Mbʊ lɛ papaza-tʊ labʊ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa ɛzɩ pɩkɛ ɛyaa kpeekpe tɔsʊʊ kɩyakʊ, ɛzɩ Caama tʊ Wilhelm Röpke yɔ. Piritaniiki tɩ yɔɔ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ William Beveridge kɛ Insurance and Allied Services laba lɩmaɣza piŋ mbʊ pasɩɩ Welfare State yɔ nɛ samaɣ yɔɔ kandʊʊ kɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ. Ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ maɣzɩm wɛna seɣtiyaa piŋ ɛyaa mba pɛkɛ tʊsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa pa-taa kɔyɔ Amartya Sen, samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa ɛzɩ Raymond Boudon, nɛ takayasɩ kɩkalasɩ mayaa ɛzɩ Mario Vargas Llosa nɛ Gabriel García Márquez.
Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ

Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ.
Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ, pɩkɛ kpaŋɩyɛ politiki lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩɣ samaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ, nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna kpaŋɩyɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kpɛlɩ pɩsʊʊ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩhaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm yɔ nɛ samaɣ taa fɛyɩna hɛzʊʊ paa ŋñɩɩɩ. Tɩlɩna ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa, kɛlɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kañaɣ kewiyaɣ kpa ɖoŋ kpaɣ tɔsʊʊ huuu nɔmɔʊ taa kedeŋa kpeekpe you kaanaɣ ŋgʊ wayi ɛlɛ Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnzɩ 1920 wɛɛ taa Mussolini nesi tɛɛ, pʊwayi pɩkpa ɖoŋ kpaagbaa kpem kɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩkpɛndɩna sɔɔjɛtʊ ɖoŋ pɩnzɩ 1930 wɛɛ taa kɛlɛ Hitler alɩwaatʊ taa kɛlɛ mbʊ.

Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa mbʊ yɔ kewiyaɣ kekiziɣ kɩmaŋ wɛtʊ tɔm, pɔtɔŋ se ɛyaa kɩla ɖama, palɩzɩɣ sɔsɔtʊ lɩmaɣza, palɩzɩ ɛyaa ajama lalaa hɛkɩŋ taa, ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wena awɛ ɖoŋ yɔ se añazɩ wena alɛ ñɛfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa nɛ kʊhʊlɩma. 

Tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna le nɛ ŋna pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ cɩnɛ yɔ, yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ pɔtɔŋ se fa.ʃism, patɩzɩna Itaalii mba yɔɔdaɣ faˈʃizmo. Tɔmʊʊ Itaalii kʊnʊŋ taa fascismo lɩna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa fascio nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se minimini pɩyʊ yaa hɔɔyɛ pɩyʊ, nɛ pɩkɛ fasces lictoriae, pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Roma ɛyaa sɔsaa pɩyʊ, pʊwayɩ yɔ pɩɖanɩ ɖoŋ kpaʊʊ kɛ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ lɛɛzʊʊ wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩnaɣ 1919 pɩtɩŋna Benito Mussolini sɔɔjɛtʊ seɣtuu yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi eekpeɣla sɔɔjanaa kɩbɩma kedeŋa kpeekpe you kajalaɣ ŋgʊ wɛɛ taa nɛ pakpa-wɛ nɛ pɔtɔɔ fɛɛ piŋ yɔ.

Kajalaɣ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ Mussolini ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa hɩɖɛ mbʊ se kañasɩ kewiyaɣ. You sɔsɔʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ tɛma lɛ papaza tɔm ndʊ pɩtɩŋna Mussolini ɛnʊ  ɛ-yɔɔ, pɩlɩna Fasci italiani di combattimento ŋgbɛyɛ tɩnaa cɔlɔ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ Itaalii sɔɔjanaa hɔɔyɛ.
Ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa tabalɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ

Ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa tabalɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ
Ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa tabalɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, pɩkɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ, ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ pɩtɩŋna ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ yɔɔ pɩcɛlɩna ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ yaa agbeela nddɩ ndɩ yaa ajɛyɛ ɛzɩma panɩna ɖama nɛ you ɛtaawɛɛ yɔ. Pɩpaɣzɩ pazɩ pazɩ nɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe tɔm nɔɔnɔɔ, ɛzɩma tabalɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa pɩtɩŋna ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa egbaɣɖɩyɛ tamsʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ. Ajɛyɛ hɛkɩŋ taa tabalɩyɛ tɔm nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki tɔm tʊkaɣ nakayɛ wɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa, paa yee  tɔmpee ana añɔtɩna ɖama ɛzɩ a-nɔmɔʊ kɛ kʊyʊmʊʊ nɛ a-tʊmɩyɛ caɣ pɩkɛ kʊyʊm kɔyɔ pɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki tɔm lɩɣna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa paɣtʊ nɛ politiki pɩlɩna ɖɩ-taa sʊsaa yɔɔ. Kpaɣ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ mbʊ yɔ tɩlɩna ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ cɔlɔ, ɛjaɖɛ minisi ñʊʊ cɔlɔ nɛ minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna ajɛyɛ lɛɛna tabalɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ kɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa. Ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ tɔm kɛ politiki nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩtamsɩɣ ajɛyɛ nɛ ɖama pɩtɩŋna pʊ-tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ. Saint-Siège ajɛyɛ kɩkpɛndʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ lɛɛɖɛ kɛ tʊma ana a-taa nɛ nɖɩ kɩlɩna pɩnʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe taa, ɖɩpaza ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 5, ɖɩkpaɖdɩya kpaagbaa kpem Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Ajɛyɛ wena anɩna ɖama nɛ añɔtɩ ɖama ñʊŋ aɖʊ ɖama paɣtʊ pɩlɩna nɩnaʊ takayɩ hɔɔlaɣ 3 ŋga pɩnaɣ 1961 kɛ Vienne tɛtʊ, paɣtʊ nɛ pʊ-tʊma ana ɖɩnaɣ yɔ. kajalaɣ lɛ, kɩkpɛndʊʊ ajɛyɛ paa nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩwɛʊna ɖɩ-lone taa caɣyʊ, naalɛ taa lɛ pakandɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñɩm yɔɔ pɩlɩna paɣtʊ ndʊ paɖʊ ɖama yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ, nabutozo lɛ patɩlɩ ɖama yɔɔdɩnaʊ nɛ ɖama midinau, naananza lɛ peheyiɣ ɖama takayasɩ taa tɔm kpayi kpayi pɩlɩna pa-tʊma labʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa, kpaagbaa ɖeɖe lɛ ɖama nesi ɖʊʊ nɛ sɔɔlɩm, ɖama nesi ɖʊʊ tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa ɛsakuliye hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.

Ɛzɩma ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsʊza ɖɩpɩzɩ nɛ ɖɩla tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ keekee yɔ kaakɛna kɩjɛyɩɣ piŋ, tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩpaza ɖooo ɛsakuliye alɩwaatʊ. Mbʊ pɩwɩlɩɣ keelee se tovonum tɔm ndʊ ɛyaa ɖɔŋ tɩ-yɔɔ yɔ mbʊ lɛ kʊjɔŋ sɔsɔŋ liidiye ñɩŋ weyi palakaɣ yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1455 lɛ sɔsɔ Milan Francesco Sforza la kajalaɣ ɖeɖe tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ, ewoba pɩlɩna ajɛyɛ ɛgbaɣdɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ Gêne ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ ŋga mbʊ yɔ lɛ Itaalii sɔsaa lalaa tɩzɩna-ɩ halɩ nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna Erɔpʊ kpeekpe.
Petro kajalaɣ tʊ

Petro kajalaɣ tʊ
Petro kajalaɣ tʊ (Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Пётр Алексеевич Романов, Piotr Alekseïevitch Romanov), sakɩyɛ sɩma-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ kɛnɛ Petro Sɔsɔ (Russii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Пётр Великий, Piotr Veliki), palʊla-ɩ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1672 (Grégoir waa tɛ fenasɩ kpata lɛ pɩkɛ mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 9 pɩnaɣ 1672) kɛ Moscou tɛtʊ taa nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1725 (Gregoir ñɩma tɛ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1725), kɛ Pétersbourg Kiɖeɖeu tɛtʊ taa, ɛpɩsɩ Rusii tɛ tsar pɩnaɣ 1682 nɛ ɛmʊ kewiyaɣ Rusii ɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ pɩnaɣ 1721. 

Ɛ-caa kɔyɔ Alexis kajalaɣ tʊ (pɩnzɩ 1629 ŋtalɩ 1676), ɛcaɣ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ yɔɔ ɛ nɛ ɛ-pɩyalʊ cikpelu Ivan 5 ñɩnʊ kpaɣ e-kewiyaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ mbilim (pɩnzɩ 1682 ŋtalɩ 1696). Ɛnɛ ɛnʊ ɛsɩba lɛ, ɛnʊ pazɩ yɛlʊʊ siŋ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa, peeɖe ɛpɩza ɛna se ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ caɣ wayi piŋ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna. Kɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza mbʊ se ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛyɛ lɛɛna wɛtʊ, kɛlɛ ɛkʊyɩ ɛlaa ɛ-tɛtʊ kɩlʊlʊtʊ taa sɔnzɩ naa sakɩyɛ. Pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-sɔɔlɩm yɔɔ lɛ ɛkpaɣ lɩmaɣza se ɛɖɩzɩ sɔsɔtʊ nɛ kɩlɩtʊ pɔ-tɔm mbʊ lɛ ɛpɩsɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe lɩmaɣza sɩʊʊ, sɩʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɛza kpɛlɩ pɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔ, kɛlɛ pɩkpana mbʊ nɛ Rusii sʊʊ kʊyʊm kewiyaɣ wɛɛ taa.

Ɛsɩba lɛ, pɩnaɣ 1676 Alexis kajalaɣ tʊ wɛna piyaa naananza nzɩ yɔ Fedor 3 weyi ɛmʊ e-kewiyaɣ yɔ, Ivan nɛ Sophie Alexeïvna, patɩŋa payi mbʊ yɔ ɛ-kajalaɣ halʊ lʊlɩna-wɛ, Maria Miloslavskaïa, nɛ Pierre, halʊ naalɛ tʊ pɩɣa, Natalie Narychkina (pɩnzɩ 1651 ŋtalɩ 1694). Ivan kaawɛna pɩnzɩ 16 nɛ Pierre ñɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 10 lɛ Fedor 3 ñasɩba pɩnaɣ 1682, ɛlɛ ñɛfɛyɩna pɩɣa. 

Moscou tɛtʊ taa ɛyaa ɖama kʊyɩnaʊ pɩnaɣ 1682 yeba nɛ kʊkʊʊ you sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ lɩɩ, nɛ halɩ kɩ-tɛ siziŋ tɔm caɣ Pierre yɔɔ piŋ pɩkɔna kaɖɛ e-fetenum. Halɩ pɩɣa Sophie Alexeïevna lɩzɩ Natalia pe-kewiyaɣ taa, kɛlɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɖɔkɩ-kɛ kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1682 ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ 1689. Peeɖe ɛñɩɣ nesi nɛ Pologne-Lituanie kɩkpɛndʊʊ ɛlɛ pɩkɛ nɩnaʊ maatɛŋ takayaɣ pɩnaɣ 1686, pɩtɩŋna pɩyɔɔ nɛ Rusii walanzɩ kɩ-ɛjaɖɛ nɛ halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna Otirisi, Pologne nɛ Vevise ɛjaɖɛ, mbʊ tɩnaa pa nɛ Turk waa you.
Pʊʊ haɣ

Pʊʊ haɣ kɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yuŋ talɩ kiloo waa kpaɣ 130 ŋtalɩ 700 mbʊ yɔ. Pɩkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ paɖaɣnɩ ɖɩ-tɔm paɣzʊʊ kɩpaɣzʊʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ŋgʊ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ paɖɩzɩɣ-ɖɩ Liban nɛ Suwisi ajɛyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ taa Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Luxembourg, Pɛlɛziiki, Peeyiibaa, ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ ɖɔ piŋ kɔyɔ. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ keekee taa lɛ ɖɩɩwɛ Rɔpʊ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe taa nɛ Afrika nɛ hayi kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa.

Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ lakʊ taa ɛzɩ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ kɔyɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩla ɖɩ-fezuu caɣʊʊ pɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 30 ŋgʊ yee pɔɖɔ-ɖɩ kɩɖɔʊ kɔyɔ ɖɩtalɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 40. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔnʊʊ yɔɔ hʊndʊ caɣ yɔɔlɩɩ, kpʊzɩyɛɛ pɩwɛɛ kpɛdɩŋ tɩyɛ, yaa ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔ se ɛ-yɔɔ tɔlɩm hʊndʊ ɖɔɔ. Pʊʊ haɣ kpeɣtɩna hayi kiŋ gazasɩ tɛɛ mbʊ haɣna-ɩ ɖoŋ se ɛpɩzɩɣ ehuyuu tɛtʊ. Ɖɩ-ñʊʊ paɣlaa, kʊwɛɛ kulukulu, nɛ ɛsɩndaa kiŋ wɛɛ tokom tɩyɛ. Ɖɩkʊkʊyʊmɩŋ talɩɣ ɛzɩ mɛta naa 1,5 halɩ ŋtalɩ 3,5. Ɖɩpaɣlʊʊ mbʊ yɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖise pɩtalɩ kilomɛta ɛzɩ kpaɣ 55 mbʊ yɔ ñɩɣyʊʊ  kʊyʊmʊʊ yɔɔ. Pʊʊ haɣ ɖɔŋ ɛ-cɩkpaŋ yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɩndaa acɩyaa yɔɔ kɛlɛ wayi ñɩnzɩ yɔɔ lɛ ɛsɩɣ ɛ-naatalɩŋ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kajalaɣ taa lɛ, esiki ɛ-cɩkpaŋ nɛ pʊcɔ nantaka nɛ wayi naŋgbanzɩ potukina tɛtʊ.

Polosa ɖɔɖɔ se abalaa naalɛ you halʊʊ kʊyʊm yɔɔ yaa nabʊyʊ taa ɖɩcaɣyɛ yɔɔ. Waɖʊ wakɩ lɛ ɛkpa halɩ ñɩnʊ kɛlɛ ɛlɛ ñaɖʊ piyaa, ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ ɖiɣɖiɣ eyeke ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛcɔna e-piyaa. Ɛwɛna hɩla loɖo nɛ awɛ ɛ-laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ e-lotu taa, nɛ ɛhaɣ hɩlɩm kɩbam nɛ leleŋ ñɩmbʊ mbʊ pɩ-taa yaɖɛ nɛ ñɩm tɩŋa nɛ nʊm nɛ katamɩnɩ naa tɩŋa yɔ. Halɩ ñɩnʊ ɛnʊ ɛɖaŋɩɣ e-piyaa nɛ kpentɔyasɩ ɛɛtɔkɩ-sɩ kɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ se ɖɩnɩɩ ɖɔɖɔ se abalɩ ñɩma pɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ se pakʊ-sɩ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ pacaɣ pakpa po-ɖoo naa, tɔm ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ tɔyɩŋ cɔlɔ nɛ lakɩŋ taa hasɩ lɛɛsɩ naa cɔlɔ.

Pɩpɔzɩ-ɩ se sɔŋaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛna tomnaɣ taa num pɩtalɩ kiloo waa kpaɣ 180 ŋtalɩ 200 mbʊ yɔ nɛ ɛkapɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛɛlʊbɩna niikaɣ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa eɖou pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛsɩba yɔ. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlɩ caɣʊʊ ɖɩmɛlɩyɛ taa ɛzɩ pɔŋ taa nɛ kaŋ tɛɛ niikaɣ alɩwaatʊ naa taa. Ɛkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩktɔkɩ pɩtɩŋa yɔ, ɛtɔkɩ tɩŋ hatʊ, tɩŋ lila, nɛ tɩŋ anɛɣda, kpɛŋgbɛsɩ, nɛ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ kpakpasɩ, tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ nɛ kpina cikpena lɛɛna.
Makɩyɛ

Makɩyɛ

Makɩyɛ nabayɛ tɛ lɛ payaɣ se keziye pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɛyaa kpeekpe sɩma yɔ, pɩkɛ kpeluu ɛzɩ ɖɩsɩm pʊtʊ weyi paya-ɩ se kpeluu yɔ. Sumasi hɩla pɩlʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩ-pɩlʊʊ taa pɛkpɛnda sumasi 38, nɛ com com kpeluu taa palɩɩ hiu nɛ naalɛ (ŋgʊ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ sakɩyɛ leba).
 
Makɩyasɩ kɛ sumasi nzɩ sɩsɔɔlɩ nandʊ tɔm kpem, pakʊyɩɣ ɛsɔdaa ɛzɩ pamazɩ-wɛ nɛ ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖaa ɛlɛ pa nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ wɩsɩ taa yeke pɔɖɔŋ, pa-naŋgbanzɩ caɣ ɖoŋ piŋ nɛ pa-cɩkpaŋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋ nɛ lɔŋ pɛfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ mbʊ pakpaɣ nɛ pa-nandʊʊ yaa pɔ-tɔɔnaɣ. Panaɣ ɖooo poliŋ paa pɩwɛ cululuu mbʊ yekina nɛ panaɣ paa lee nandʊ, paa ɖooo poliŋ taa le. Sumasi nzɩ si-keŋ ɖalaa pɩtɛ pɩwalɩ pɛ nɛ kpelɩŋ maɣmaɣ pɩfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ. 

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩɣ anasaayɩ taa yɔ ɖɩtɩŋna latɛŋ yɔɔ aquila, pɩlɩna kɩbɩnjaazɩ kʊnʊŋ yɔɔ aigla (mbʊ yebina nɛ pama-ɖɩ nɛ anasaayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ mayaɣ g wɛɛ pɩ-taa). Ɛŋglɩsɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ eagle. Caama kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Aar yaa Adler (kɩbɩnʊʊ taa lɛ adelar, matʊ taa pʊ-tɔbʊʊ makɩyɛ kɩbanɖɛ)  nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa (grc) (aetós) ɖɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ hɩla ndɩ ndɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ lɛɛŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ. 

Ɛwɛɛ mbʊ lɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ nɛ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ mazɩna-ɩ nɛ palɩzɩ kɛlɛmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ. Nabayɛ tɛ lɛ pawɩlɩɣna pa-lɩmaɣza keɖeɣa, nabayɛ papa wɩlɩɣ se pɛwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ ɛzɩ ɛnʊ ɛ-maɣmaɣ yɔ yaa lalaa tɛ hɩɖɛ ɖʊʊ pɩkɛna-wɛ. Roma mba tɛ papa mazɩna-ɩ nɛ payaa hɩɖɛ pɔ-sɔɔjanaa. Liidiye naayɛ yɔɔ palɩza-ɩ ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ nɖɩ payaɣ se Eroo mbʊ yɔ palɩza-ɩ nɛ pɔcɔzɩ tɩyɩnzɩ pɩtamɩ-ɩ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ pɩwɛ Caama ɛyaa tɛ.
Sɛmʊʊ

Sɛmʊʊ.

Sɛmʊʊ kɛ tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɛ kagbanzɩ nɖɛ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɛmʊʊ haɣ hɩlɩm kɩ-piyaa. Ɛkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-nɛ ɖɩ-cɩkpaŋ nɛ ɖɩkayɩɣ yaa ɖɩwɛkɩɣ wondu yɔ. Ɖɩkɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖoo yeke koŋ kɛ ɖɩlɩɣ nɛ ɖɩ-kubuka kɛna-ɩ ɛ-mʊntʊsʊʊ cɩkpɛndʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛɖɛɣ. Ɛmakɩ kubuka lɛ, yee pɩyʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛwɛ ɛsɩndaa kɔyɔ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ e-fefeku pɩsɩɣ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ kiŋ kɛlɛ ɛmɛɣ. Ɛkɛ sumaɣ ŋga kakʊyʊʊ ɛsɔdaa pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛna keŋ nɛ ɛ-yɔɔ wɛɛ hʊndʊ, keŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa ɛ-cɩkpaŋ wɛ haŋ ŋñɩɩ ŋñɩɩ waa nabayɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɛzɩ sumasi lɛɛsɩ caɣkɩɣ tataa yɔ, sɛmʊʊ wɛʊʊ yɔ kaŋkalaŋ nɛ ŋna-kʊ tataa, ɛsɔdaa esusuu nɛ ɛ-ñʊʊ pa ɛsɛ nɛ tɛtʊ kɛlɛ ɛdɔkɩ pilinzi nɛ ɛ-cɩkpaŋ. 

Lona wena a-taa pakɩlɩ hayʊʊ, yaa ɖenɖe ɛyaa ɛkɩlɩ ɖɔʊʊ yaa lona wena a-taa tɩŋ fɛyɩ yɔ ŋnaɣ sɛmʊʊ peeɖe yaa paa ŋna-ɩ ɛtɔɖɔɔ. Sumasi tɩŋa taa payi lɛ sɛmʊʊ koŋ yeke pɩzɩna kʊyʊʊ tɔm, ɛyɛlɩɣ pɩfɛyɩ yɔɔdʊʊ, ɛnʊ kɩlɩna-sɩ ɖɛʊʊ poliŋ nɛ pɩtɩnɩ-ɩ kaʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛtɛkɛ sumaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ hʊndʊ siŋ, ɛ-hʊndʊ caɣ kpɛlɛmɛɛ ɛ-yɔɔ, ɛ-tɛ kʊyʊʊ taa ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkpa ɛsɔdaa ɖeɖe ɛyʊ ɛtasɩɣ naʊ helim yɔ ɛlɛ piteheyi-ɩ natʊyʊ. Sɛmʊʊ wɛʊʊ kuɖum yɔ ɛwɛna ñʊʊ, ɛsɛ wɛɛ, nɩgbaŋɩŋ wɛɛ, ɛwɛɛ hɔɔyɛ, ɛ-cɩkpaŋ kɛna ɛ-naŋgbanzɩ nɛ ɛfɛyɩ hʊndʊ ɛzɩ sumasi lɛɛsɩ yɔ, ɛ-nɔɔ wɛɛ kela ɛzɩ haɣ yɔ pɩ nɛ ɛ-sʊnlɩmɩyɛ. Ɛ-tɔɔnaɣ kɛlɛ tɩŋ pee nɛ pɩ-hatʊ naa nabayɛ. Ɛɛɖʊʊ yalaa ɛzɩ sʊmaɣ yɔ ɛlɛ ɛɖʊʊ piyaa kpaagbaa ɛzɩ haɣ yɔ nɛ sɩmʊzɩ-ɩ. Ɛwɛ ɛsɛ nɛ mɔɔŋ kɛlɛ ɛ-ɛsɛ ɛɛnaɣ wɩsɩ taa. Mbʊ lɛ ɖɩɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔɔ se sɛmʊʊ kɛ yʊlʊm ɖɔɖɔ yooo.

Sɛmʊʊ lakɩ pɩnzɩ ɛzɩ naalɛ yaa naadozo ɛtala ɖʊʊ pɩɣa, ɛɛɖʊʊ lɛ ɖoyo ñʊʊ ñosusa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ kɛlɛ pɩɣa ñalɩna hayi kiŋ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ ɖoyo nɛ ɛ-cɩkpaŋ nɛ yee ɛtapɩzɩɣ ɖɔkʊʊ kɔyɔ ɛtɔlʊʊ tataa nɛ pɩcɔ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛɖɔɔ nɛ ɛtalɩ tɩŋ kiɖe nɛ ɛɛkpa. Ɖoyo wɛna hɩla naalɛ ana ɛmʊzʊna-ɩ ɛ-pɩɣa  kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ mbʊ yɔ halɩ ñɩŋʊ fɛyɩna abalʊ kɛɖɛɖaɣ. Ɛtɔkɩ tɩŋ pee nɛ tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ cikpetu ɛzɩ kpaɣ pɔtʊ, kayɩmasɩ nɛ fɩŋfɩŋ waa mbʊ yɔ. Sɛmʊʊ wɛna wazaɣ piŋ, ɛtɔkɩ tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ nɛ lɛɛtʊ naa mba paawazɩɣ pɩyʊ yaa pɛwɛkɩɣ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ɖɩkpaɣ Floride (Gainesville) sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ, pɔtʊ kaahu kɩ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1990. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1991 salaŋ fenaɣ taa lɛ pama kuduyuu nakʊyʊ kɩ-taa pɩzɩɣ pɩcaɣ sɛmɩŋ 200000 kɛlɛ pɔtʊ tɩmʊʊ peɖe.
Tɩŋ

Tɩŋ
Tɩŋ (Plantae), pɩkɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pefezuu yɔ nɛ pacalɩɣ pa-tɩ yɔ, nɛ pasɩŋ-wɛ nɛ pa-hatʊ. Pɛkɛ pee tɩŋ ñɩna wena a-taa wɛ mʊtʊ yɔ. Tɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa kɔyɔ ɖɔɖɔ weyi ɛwɛ kedeŋa yɔɔ yɔ, aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ kɩkpɛda, aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ kɩsɛma nɛ klɩkɔfɩtɩ waa. Pɩcaɣ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ tɩŋ kpeekpe, kɛlɛ pɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ (pɩnaɣ 2015) lɛ pana tɩŋ ɛtalɩ 400000, ɛ-taa sakɩyɛ kɛ hɛtʊ tɩŋ (ɛtalɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ 369000 mbʊ yɔ), nɛ panaɣ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga lɛ tɩŋ kɩfaŋ ɛtalɩɣ ɛzɩ 2000 mbʊ yɔ.

Pɩkɔma Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ kpaɣɖʊʊ taa lɛ lɩ tɩŋ yɔɔ ñɩnʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊma taa tɔmɩŋ ɛnɛ yɔ se planta nɛ vegetabilis kajalaɣ tɔmpiye wɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ tɩŋ hatʊ pɩlɩna mbʊ palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pilinzi nzɩ pɔsɔʊʊ yɔ, pɛkɛdɩɣ naalɛ ñɩndɛ nɛ lakaɣ vegetare palakaɣ ɖɩɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ tɔmɩŋ lɩzɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ɖoŋ kpazʊʊ, wezuu wɛnaʊ, palɩtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Pɩkpaɣʊʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 16 yɔ pɛkpɛnda tɔmpee an a-naalɛ nɛ payaɣ se tɩŋ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩɩɖɔŋ yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ wɛɛ ana a-taa tɩŋ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lɛɣtʊ tɩnaa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɖalaa Jean nɛ Gaspard Bauhin paɣza kpaɣʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩlɩna tɩŋ pɩlʊʊ yɔɔ.

John Ray (pɩnzɩ 1628 ŋtalɩ 1705) ɛkɛ kedeŋa kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, lɩzɩ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ɛzɩma paɖanɩ lɩzɩɣ pɩlʊʊ lɛɛbʊ kɩfam ñɩndʊ pɩcɛlɩna hɛtʊ wɛtʊ, tɩŋ piye yaa hayʊ yɔɔ. Kɛlɛ Pierre Magnol (pɩnzɩ 1638 ŋtalɩ 1715), ɛlɛ ñolubina kpeluu tɔmpiye ɛzɩ payaʊ se famiyii yɔ, ɛlɛ ñalɩzɩ tɩŋ hɔŋ 76. Tournefort tɛ Joseph Pitton (pɩnzɩ 1656 ŋtalɩ 1708) ɛlɛ ñalɩzɩ tɩŋ pɩlɩtʊ kɩfatʊ pɩlɩna ɛ-hɛtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ hɛkɩŋ taa pɩlɩna se abalʊ kɔyɔ yaa halʊ kɔyɔ. 

Wayi wayi yɔ Carl von Linné (pɩnzɩ 1707 ŋtalɩ 1778), ɛkɛ tɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Sʊyɛdɩ wiyaʊ cɔlɔ, ñalɩzɩ wɛtʊ kɩfatʊ tɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ ndʊ pɩlɩna pɩ-tɛ pɩlɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛlɛ ɛɖʊ mayaɣ kɩkaɖaɣ kɛ tɩŋ nɛ kpɩna wena awɛna hɩla naalɛ naalɛ yɔ tɛ hɩla yɔɔ. Fezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Marc-André Selosse maɣzɩ cɔkɔyɛ tɔm lɩzɩɣ kɛlɛ pɩcaɣ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɛ pɩɩɖɔŋ paɣtʊ yɔɔ.
Kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ

Kpɩna kɩkala yaa kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ, 
Kpɩna kɩkala yaa kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ, pɩkɛ tataa kpɩna wena aɖaɣlaa nɛ a-yɔɔ wɛɛ pɔɔya yɔ. Paa pɛwɛna tɔnɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɩna lɛŋa kɔyɔ nɛ pɔ-yɔɔ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɔɔya yɔ, nɔɔnɔɔ kpɩna kɩkala, kpaɣ ñɩŋ, caafela mbʊ yɔ pɛwɛ ndɩ sumasi. Ɛlɛ ñɩŋ pɩlʊʊ kɔyɔ papa nɛ sumasi nasɩyɛ palɩ ɖama nɛ pɛwɛɛ ndɩ nɛ kpaɣ ɛzɩ kamasɩ nɛ caafela mbʊ yɔ. Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkpaɣ kpɩna kɩkala ana a-tɩŋa yɔ pɛfɛyɩ ɖɔɖɔ pa-tɩŋa ɖeyi ɖeyi, pɩwɛ ndɩ ndɩ. 

Kajalaɣ kpɩna wena paɖʊ-yɛ pɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa yɔ alɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ ɖooo malaa yaa akaa wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩkpɛndɩna ɖɔɖɔ ɖooo pɩdaa coluu huɖuu wɛɛ. Kajalaɣ sɩɣlɛŋgbɛm mɔɔ tɩnaa mba papɩza pacaɣ tɛtʊ yɔɔ cɩna, pɛtɛyɩ pa-tɩ nɛ palɩɩ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ. Sɔnɔ kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ atalɩ kpɩna 9000 mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ 2011. Kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɩɖɛ tɔbʊʊ se pʊtʊ weyi etuu e-lotu yɔɔ yɔ. Yatʊ ndʊ tɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ Kiɖe tɛɛ ɖʊm nɛ ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa mbʊ se reptare pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lotu yɔɔ tuu.  

Pɩcɔ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ pɛ-tɛ pɩlɩtʊ tɔm lɛ, Aristote kaatɛma lɩzɩɣ kpɩna hɔɔlɩŋ 50 nɛ paya-yɛ kpɩna kitutunaa (ερπετόν). Ɛlɩzɩɣ-yɛ com com a-taa kɔyɔ, kamasɩ ñɩnzɩ nɛ sɩ-hɔɔlʊʊ, ñɩŋ nɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ, ɖʊmaa ñɛwɛɛ nɛ sayɛɛ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛɖʊ tʊkaɣ pa-nɛ kpakpasɩ, sumasi nɛ naŋgbanzɩ naanaza tɩnaa lalaa. Ɛ-tɛ pɩlʊʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ, sɩɣlɛŋgbɛm kpɩna ana nɛ calɩm ñɩnaa ana wɛ ndɩ pɩlɩna a-tomnasi taa wondu natʊyʊ naa cɔlɔ (kpaɣ hʊzʊŋ, piyuu huɖuu, loyuu tiku huɖuu mbʊ yɔ) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pɛ-tɛ wɛtʊ pɔ-yɔɔ pɔɔya, pa-nsʊlɩmɩyɛ nɛ pɛ-tɛ yalaa ɖʊʊ. 

Caafeɖe kɛ kpɩna kututunaa taa kpɩnɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ, ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ yɔ patalɩ pe-tiiye taa ɛzɩ 330 mbʊ yɔ nɛ pekpeɣli-wɛ com com hɔŋ 14. Pɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ pasɩma-wɛ nɛ pɔ-pɔyɩŋ weyi ehuuza pɔ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɔ-tɔɔyaa ɛpɩzɩ se pɔtɔɔ-wɛ yɔ. Ɛ nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ ɛwɛna pɔɔɖɛ laŋɩyɛ taa nɛ siɣye taa nɛ pɔɔyaa ana a-naalɛ atamsɩna ɖama nɛ mɔɔ kondoloko naa naalɛ. Pɔɔyaa ana a-naalɛ a-yɔɔ wɛ cikpenaa naayɛ tayi tayi kɛ kpɩnɛ yɔɔ. Caafelaa fɛyɩna kela kɛlɛ ɛwɛ njʊyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-taa pʊtʊ weyi ɛsɛtɩɣ ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ yɔ. Caafelaa wɛ paalee, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɖɩnaɣ se naayɛ wɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ, lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ lɩm taa, lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛ pɔsɩ nɔsɩ kpɛɛɛ paa ɛzɩmta kɛlɛ pʊcɔ ŋna-yɛ tɛtʊ maɣmaɣ yɔɔ ɛlɩ yalaa ɖʊʊ.
Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ

Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ, pɩkɛ pɩyʊ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ ɛyʊ caɣzɩɣ, nabʊyʊ taa kuludaɣ, peeɖe ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tomnaɣ yɔkʊʊ nɛ maʊʊ laɣsɩ nɛ ɛ-tɛ pʊtʊnaa se ɛñɔɔzɩ ɛ-tɩ camɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩkɩndɩyɛ, ɖɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa kɛnɛ, (lɩm, sɔzɩŋ lɩm, sɔtʊ, kɔyɛ yaa kʊdɔŋ, sɔŋ lɩɣ, ɖazʊʊ sɔŋ, kɩɖɛɖɛʊ). Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ lɩɣ nɛ ɖɩtɔŋ se yee kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tɩnaa kɛ ɖɛzɩya, kɛlɛ nabayɛ ŋñɩɩɩ yem kɛna kʊdɔŋ kɔnɩyaa. Pɛkpɛnda 3600 kɛlɛ pa-taa peeɖe lɛ 129 yeke kɛna kɔdɔŋ kɔnɩyaa. Ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ tɩnaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ (mb apefezuu yaa paafezuu yɔɔ) yɔ wala sakɩyɛ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ tɩtɛmda.  

Kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ ɛzɩ kpaŋ haɣ kʊdɔŋ, kɩnamɩyɛ yaa ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ mbʊ kpaɣ ɛyaa ɖooo kpaɣɖɩŋ ɖɔɔ kɔyɔ. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa takayasɩ mayaa kaayɔɔda kalɩkatʊ kʊdɔŋ tɔm, Krɛkɩ nɛ Room nɛ ɖooo Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa mba takayasɩ nasɩyɛ ñaayɔɔda kɔdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɔm ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖɔkɔtɔ takɩyʊ nɛ wiliyu Jean Hameau kaalaba ɛ-kajalaɣ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ pɩlɩna kɩɖɛzɩyaa mba pɔ-yɔɔ kɛ Bordoo ɖɔkɔtɔ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩnaɣ 1837, ɛla lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛɖɛ ɖɩɖɩ yɔ se pamaɣzɩ ɖɛzɩyaa mbapɔ-tɔm kɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ɛsɩndaa pɩnaɣ 1843.   

Pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa lɛ lɛɣtɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa lɩzaɣ pʊtʊnaa kɩɖɛzaa pɩtɩŋna cʊ wondu kɩcatɩŋ yɔɔ nɛ palɩzɩɣ ŋñɩɩ cɛkasɩ. Pɩkɔma pɩnzɩ 1887 nɛ 1892 hɛkʊ taa lɛ tɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Mimitri Ivanovski pɩzɩ ɛna cɔkɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ kʊdɔŋ, sɛmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kʊdɔŋ, nɛ ɛwɩlɩɣ se tɩŋ cɩyɩm taa kaawɛ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ nɛ patapɩzɩɣ pacatɩɣ-kʊ. Ivanovski maɣzɩ se pɩkɛʊ sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ yaa pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩkɛ kpaagbaa ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tʊ nɔɔyʊ. 

Holandi kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Martinus Beijerinck tasɩna kpazʊʊ ɖoŋ tʊma ana nɛ, pɩnaɣ 1898 lɛ ɛtɛyɩ ŋñɩɩ cɛkaɣ tɛ tɔm nɛ pɩtasɩna piyeke ɛlɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ tɔm, ɛpasɩ cɩyɩm mbʊ pɩ-taa tɛma wɛʊ kʊdɔŋ yɔ nɛ ɛɖʊ tɩŋ lɛɛkʊ taa kɛlɛ kʊkʊ paɣlɩna kʊdɔŋ, ɛla mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ taa tɩŋ yɔɔ kʊdɔŋ kɩtɔyɩna tɩŋ sakɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɛtɔŋ se kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɖoŋ piŋ ɛzɩ kajalaɣ ñɩŋʊ yɔ. Beijerick ya pʊtʊ ɛnʊ se Contagium vivum fluidum (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ añɔm fezuu ŋgʊ kɩyɔɔlʊʊ). Alɩwaatʊ kʊyʊmntʊ tɩ-taa pana nɔɔ heŋ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛzʊʊ ɛlɛ Friedrich Löffler nɛ Paul Frosch labɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Tuutu, kelema kɩsɩkʊ, ɛsɔ cɔyʊ, kpizim kʊdɔŋ pɛkɛ ɛyʊ cɔlɔ kʊɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ weyi ɛlɩna sɔtʊ kʊdɔŋ cɔlɔ. Kʊdɔmɩŋ lɛɛŋ wɛɛ ɛlɛ tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛɖɛʊʊ piŋ kpaɣ sidaa, SRAS, ɖiziye kʊdɔŋ, ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ, mɔɔŋ tɛɛ calɩm kpemtu, Ebola mbʊ yɔ pɛkɛ kʊdɔmɩŋ kɩɖɛzɩŋ.
Bob Marley

Bob Marley (palʊla-ɩ Robert Nesta Marley cejewiye taa), palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1945 Nine Miles (Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa), nɛ ɛsɩbɩna pɩjɛɖɛ kʊdɔŋ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1981 kɛ Miami (Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa), ɛɛkɛ takayasɩ mayʊ, hendu lɩzɩyʊ, tɔm ɖɛzɩyʊ, hendu teɣyu nɛ ɛkɛ minziiki maɖʊ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛkʊyʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ ɛwaba siŋ, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ kedeŋa kpeekpe sɩma-ɩ nɛ pasaŋ-ɩ sakɩyɛ regee minziiki mabʊ taa. Ɛpɛda ɛ-tɛ kasɛtɩ tatasɩ naa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe pɩtalɩ miiliiyɔɔ waa 200 mʊ yɔ pɩcɛzɩ pɩyɔɔ. Ɖɩtɛma yɔɔdʊʊ se palʊla-ɩ lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1945 ɛ-caa ɖɩɣa taa Bob Marley Rhoden Hall tʊ, pɩñɔtɩna Nine Miles kɛ Anne Kiɖeɖeu Krɩstʊ cɔjɔ kpaŋ sɔsɔʊ taa. 

Bob Marley ɖooo kɛ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛɖʊʊ ɛ-tɛ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛ-wala lɛ ɛɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 18 yeke, ɛnʊ payaɣ Cedella Booker, ɛ-walʊ kɔyɔ Marley Booker (pɩnzɩ 1926 ŋtalɩ 2008), ɛ-caa kaakɛ anasaayɩ  Ɛŋglɩsɩ tʊ kɛlɛ palʊ-ɩ Jamayiki ɛjaɖɛ taa, ɛnʊ payaɣ Norval Sinclair Marley (pɩnzɩ 1885 ŋtalɩ 1955) ɛlɛ lʊkaɣ se ɛkɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja kɛ Royal Navy, kɛlɛ eyele ɛpɩsɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma tɩnaa nɔɔ ɖɛyʊ hayɩm naa taa. Ɛtatɩlɩ ɛ-caa pʊɖɔɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛlɛ wokaɣ nɔmɔŋ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɛlɛ ɛcɔŋnaɣ ɛ-halʊ yɔɔ ɖeu nɛ ɛ-pɩɣa. 

Ɛkʊyɩ e-evebiɖe kpa lɛ, Bob Marley tɩ yebu ɛ-haŋa ɛgeetiye nɛ ɛsʊʊ nɩnʊʊ taa Yudaa ɛyaa egeetiye naɖɩyɛ taa Trenchtown kɛ Kingston. Eyeba sukuli lɛ ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 14 yeke, kɛlɛ ɛñɔtɩna ɛ-ɛgbaɣ tʊ nɔɔyʊ Kingstone Neville Livingston ɛlɛ pɛɖɛyaɣ se Bunny Wailer, ɛɛsɩma-ɩ ɖooo pɩcatʊ ɛnɛ-ɩ peteɣana keɣsi hendu ndʊ naa pewelesaɣa raadiyoo naa taa yɔ Miami. Hendu tɣu Joe Higgs kpɛlɛkʊʊ-wɛ hendu teɣuu. Bob Marley yeɣ ɛ-kajalaɣ tataɣ Judge Not 
Ɛkpaɣ halʊ Rita Anderson lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 11 pɩnaɣ 1966 wayi lɛ, Bob Marley ɖoo pɔzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ŋgʊ ɛlɛ ñaɖanɩ walʊ Jamayiki tʊ nɔɔyʊ ɛlɛ payaɣ Booker ɛɛwɛ Wilmington Delaware ɛjaɖɛ taa, kɛlɛ ɛɖɛɛ ewolo e-ɖoo cɔlɔ peeɖe Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ. 

Ɛtalaa lɛ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ Dupont akɔma ɖɩɣa taa, kɛlɛ eteyele e-hendu teuu tʊmɩyɛ, ɛwɛɛ maʊʊ yɔɔ. Constantine Dream Walker ɛɛmʊ tʊmɩyɛ pazɩ. Pɩsa nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ nɛ ɛlakɩ ɛ-tʊma lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ ɛ-lɩm hɛkʊ taa tɛtʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1966. Eyele ɛsɔɔlɩ ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛdaa tʊma mba ɖɩyaɣ-wɛ se rasɩta tɩnaa yɔ Ɛŋglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ taa, papa ñakʊyɩ kpaka Jamaiyiki ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1930, kɛlɛ palɩzɩ pa nɛ Peter Tosh nɛ Bunny Livingston tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊʊ tɔm kɩbandʊʊ Wail'n Soul'm.

Ɛkpaɣʊʊ ɛ-halaa nɛ ɛlʊlɩ e-piyaa yɔ piyaa kpɛnda ɛyaa 11 nɛ sakɩyɛ tɩŋɩ ɛ-nɔmɔʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ minziiki tʊmɩyɛ. Piyaa nzɩ sɩ-hɩla yɔ kajalaɣ tʊ Sh, Sharon Marley palʊla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 8 pɩnaɣ 1964 Rita lʊlɩna-ɩ, naalɛ tʊ Cedella Marley kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1967 Rita ɖɔɖɔ lʊlɩna-ɩ, David aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1968 Rita ñɩnʊ, Stephane ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 20 pɩnaɣ 1972 rita ñɩnʊ, Robert agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 16 pɩnaɣ 1972, Rohan agoza fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1972, palʊlɩ Rohan nɛ Janet Hunt agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 1972, Karen  pɩnaɣ 1973, Stephanie kɩyɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1974, Julian mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 1975 ,e nɛ Lucy Pounder, Ky-Mani lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1976 ɛ nɛ Anita Belnavis, Damian palʊla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1978 ɛ nɛ Cindy Breakspeare.
Kaŋgbɩsɩ

Kaŋgbɩsɩ
Kaŋgbɩsɩ kɛ kuludasi tomnasi tɩnaa sɩwɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ yaa sɩkɛ kʊyʊmaɣ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi pɔtɔkɩ-ɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ yɔ lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛñɔʊʊ yɔ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe mʊzɩŋ ɛtɔkɩ. Ɛkɛ tɩŋ ŋgʊ kɩfɛyɩna kpɛdɩŋ kpanjaɣ yɔ, ɛ-tɔɔnasɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛ-tɛ ñɔʊʊ ɛzɩ payaɣ-ɩ se kaŋgbɩka yɔ ɛtɛkɛ tɩŋ ɛfɛyɩna hatʊ ɛfɛyɩna ɖɔɖɔ lila ɛfɛyɩ mɔɔyɛ. Lɛɣtʊ piliŋga nakayɛ wɛɛ nɛ kalakɩ kaŋgbɩsɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.

Ɛyaa sakɩyɛ wɛna yatʊ sakɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna kaŋgbɩka yɔɔ, kɛlɛ ɖooo hoohoo canaʊ ɛyaa tɩŋa tɔtɔkɩ camɩyɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ. Mbʊ lɛ, palɩ pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ Ötzi yɔɔ lɛpanaɣ se pɩ-tɛ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ, ɛɛwɛɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2500 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesuu Krɩstʊ, kpeŋanaɣ e-huyuu taa kaŋgbɩsɩ naalɛ, kʊlʊmaɣ pɔŋ kifeziŋ sakɩyɛ tɛ ñɩŋa ŋga palakɩna ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ kɔɔ nɛ ŋga payaɣ se amadou kʊkʊ paɖʊɣanaɣ miŋ, mbʊ wɩlɩna se pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa mba patɔkaɣnaɣ lakʊ nɛ tɩŋ pee yɔ pɔtɔkaɣ ɖɔɖɔ kaŋgbɩsɩ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɔnɔ wɛɛ anɛ taa ɛyaa sakɩyɛ lakʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. 

Hɩɖɛ champignon pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kabɩyɛ taa kaŋgbɩka lɩna Fransɩɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 13 wɛɛ taa champignuel (pɛlɛɛza pʊyɔɔ tɩnɩyʊ -on) pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se campinolius nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lakɩŋ taa caɣyaa tɔɔnaɣ cikpelaɣ yaa ŋga kɩñɔʊʊ hayɩm naa taa yɔ (ɛlɩna –ŏlu campania), ɛlɛ maɣmaɣ ñalɩna latɛŋ taa campus, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se lakʊ, ŋgʊ haɣna hayɩm, kɛdɛnzɩ. 

Ɛyaa kaaɖɔ sakɩyɛ mba palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ yɔɔ yɔ. Pa-taa kɔyɔ Persoon, Rudolphi (pɩnaɣ 1807), Link, Nees, Unges (pɩnaɣ 1833) nɛ Naegeli (pɩnaɣ 1842) nɛ E.M.Fries. Elias Magnus Fries kʊyʊm ɛnʊ (pɩnzɩ 1794 ŋtalɩ 1878) pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se kaŋgbɩsɩ Linné, kaalɩzɩna kajalaɣ kɛ kaŋgbɩsɩ cɔlɩtʊ tɔm mycologicum (1821-1832) pɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kaŋgbɩsɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm paaza.
Cɔkɔyɛ

cɔkɔyɛ
Pɩlɩna cɔlɩɩ wɛɛ taa pɩlɩyaa cɔlɔ lɛ, cɔkɔyɛ kɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ pɩ-tɛ nɛ pʊtʊnaa mba pe-fezuu yɔ pɛ-tɛ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɛkɛ feziyaa, pɔtɔkɩ, papaalʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tɩŋ yɔ. Sakɩyɛ tɛ nɩɣ taa yaa tɩlʊʊ taa lɛ payaʊ se cɔkɔyɛ yɔ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ pɩkɛ tɩŋ yɔ yeke. Yee ɛyʊ ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔɔdʊʊ se tɩŋ kpeekpe kɛ hatʊ pɩyʊ ɛ-taa peeɖe wɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ kɩkpɛɛda nɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋ. Pɔ-yɔɔ ɖɩsɔzʊʊ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ kɩsɛma, kpʊzɩyɛɛ ñɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kpɛŋgbɛɛsɩ nɛ patɩŋa payi mbʊ yɔ payaɣ-wɛ se tɩŋ. 

Cɔka kpeekpe kɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ wezuu tɩnaa pɩyʊ. A-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ awɛ naalɛ hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ŋgʊ lɛ aɖɔnɖɔlɛɛ nɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ lɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ tɩŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1969 Robert Harding Whittaker kpeɣ pɩlɩtʊ tɔm natʊyʊ hɔɔlɩŋ kagbanzɩ kɛlɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ mbʊ yɔ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ tɩ-yɔɔ. 

Ɛyʊ lakɩ cɔkaa nɛ tʊmɩyɛ lɛ pɩkɛ mbʊ ɛcalɩɣna kpɩna yɔ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ heŋ, pʊŋ, naŋ kozonzi, afanaa, nɛ kpɩna lɛɛna sakɩyɛ wena ɛyʊ ɖɔʊ yɔ nɛ ɖɩnaɣ sɔnɔ se karɩbɔnɩ tɛ yuŋ cɛza tɔm nɛɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ kɛ kpɩna lɛɛna wena awɛ ñɩtʊ taa yɔ (ɛzɩ kelema kɩlɩɣ ɖɔʊ sumasi lɛɛsɩ yɔ).
Kpataayala

Kpataayala.
Kpataayala pɩkɛ kpɩna wena awɛna naŋgbanzɩ naanaza yɔ. Pɩ-tɛ kpɩna naanaza tɩnaa mba pɛfɛyɩna ɖooo pɩtaa coluu huɖuu. Kpɩna ɖɩsɩm-yɛ yɔ awɛ ndɩ mbʊ yɔ kpɩna nɖɩ ɖɩlakɩ fezuu caɣʊʊ lona naalɛ taa, ɛwɛ lɩm taa ɛwɛ ɖɔɖɔ awayi helim taa, a-taa kɔyɔ saɖɛ.

Kpataayala wɛna a-ɖɩsʊyɛ sakɩyɛ yem ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ cɩna, nabʊyʊ taa pɛwɛ lɩm leleŋ ñɩmbʊ taa nabʊyʊ taa pɛwɛɛ tɩŋ yɔɔ. Pʊɖʊ-ɩ lɩm lɛ ɛkɛ yaɖɛ ɛlɛ ɛɖɔŋ, kɛlɛ avema ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛpalɩɣ lɛɛzʊʊ yɔɔ lɛɛzʊʊ yɔɔ ɛlɛ a-taa kpɩna lɛɛna ñɛfɛyɩ mbʊ, yaa lɛɛna lɛ ɛzɩ ɛwɛʊʊ ŋñɩɩ yaɖɛ tɩyɛ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ ɛwɛʊ ɛɛtasɩɣ nabʊyʊ lɛɛzɩɣ. Pʊtʊ ŋñɩɩ yaɖɛ tɩyɛ tʊ ɛnʊ ɛlɛ lɛ lɩm taa ɛwɛɛ mbilim, nɛ efezuuna kɛjɛkasɩ ŋgʊ sɔsɔ ñɩnʊ lɛ ɛlɛ wɛna hʊzɩŋ nɛ efeziɣna helim.

Nabʊyʊ taa kɛnɛ pɩtɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩtɔɔ se kpataayala tɩŋa kɛ nandʊ tɔɔyaa, mbʊ keŋkeŋ piciduu nɛ papazɩɣ se peli-pʊ yɔ pɔtɔkɩ. Pɔ-tɔɔnaɣ kɛlɛ tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ cikpetu ndʊ tɩɩpɩzɩɣ seu yɔ, kpaɣ ɛzɩ sonzoo, kpalaacɩnjɩnzɩ, ajakoŋgoo naa mbʊ yɔ. Kpɩna ana a-taa naayɛ tɔkɩ pɔɔ taa tɩŋ hatʊ pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtɛ kpɩna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ pɩtɩŋna pɛwɛna nsʊlɩma wena keeke ɛsɔ hawɛ se pakpana pa-nandʊ yɔ ndʊ kɛmasɩ nɛ ŋgbam.

Kpataayala fezuuna po-tomnasi pʊ-tɔbʊʊ pɛwɛna ɖoŋ nɛ pɛfezuuna hʊzɩŋ nɛ tomnaɣ, nɛ hali kpɩna naayɛ ɛzɩ kɩlakʊ nɛ saɖɛ mbʊ papa kpem po-tomnasi pefezuuna nɛ pɛfɛyɩna hʊzɩŋ. Pa nɛ kpɩna wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ taa naayɛ palɩ ɖama, ɛlɛ papa wɛna ɖooo pɩ-taa coluu huɖuu, ɛzɩ sumasi nasɩyɛ nɛ kpɩna wena amʊzʊʊ a-piya yɔ fɛyɩna lɩm kɛdɛɖaɣ se pʊcɔ alʊlɩ. 

Kpɩna naŋgbanzɩ naanaza ñɩna ana awɛ tindiŋma naanaza ɖɔɖɔ, a-taa kɔyɔ wena atuu a-lotu yɔɔ yɔ, sumasi nɛ wena amʊzʊʊ a-piya yɔ, pɛwɛna pɩ-taa coluu huɖuu, naayɛ lʊlʊʊ, lɛɛna ɖʊʊ yalaa ɛlɛ hala ñɩmba nɛ yalaa ana a-yambɔyɩŋ caɣ kpɩzɩŋ nɛ halɩ lɩm ɛɛsʊʊ lɛɛna. Pa nɛ ɛnʊ yɔ pɛfɛyɩna yambɔyɩŋ mbʊ lɛ, papa ɖʊ pa-yalaa lɩm taa. Kpɩna ana akpaɣ ɖama kɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ lotu taa pɩlakɩ pɩɣa mbʊ yɔ halʊ kaaɖʊʊ yalaa lɛ abalʊ ñɩnʊ kpɛdɩɣ ɛ-hɩm yalaa yɔɔ.
Kpɩnɛ

Kpɩnɛ (latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ animalis pʊ-tɔbʊʊ wezuu tʊ), kɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tɛ, cɔlɩɩ cɔlɩtʊ wɛɛ taa pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛna wezuu nɛ ɛtɔkɩ yɔ. Pɩwɛɛ mbʊ kpɩna ɖɔɔ piŋ nɛ paa ŋgbaɣ tiiye nɖɩ yɔ ŋnaɣ se naayɛ kpaɣ lɩ ɖama nɛ awɛ mbʊ com com. Kpɩna yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Paul Bert (pɩnzɩ 1833 ŋtalɩ 1886), lɩzɩna ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ ɛwɩlɩ mbʊ pɩwɛ kpɩnɛ taa yɔ. Kpɩnɛ wɛna lotu, ɛwɛna kifezinau, ɛwɛna hɩm hɩyaɣ, ɛwɛna calɩm ɖɔnɛ hola, ɛwɛna ñʊʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kpɩna lɛɛna yɔ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna lɩm kɛtɛɖaɣ, helim nɛ tɔɔnaɣ. 

Ɖooo pɩwɛ lɔŋ pɩlɩna wɛɛ cɔlɔ, ajɛyɛ wɛtʊ, sɔnzɩ nɛ kpɩnɛ kɛ mbʊ yɔ pʊtɔma kpaŋ kpɩnɛ yaa ɖɩɣa ñɩnɖɛ, kpɩnɛ nandʊ ñɩnɖɛ nɛ kpɩnɛ kɩtɩŋɩyɛ ɛzɩ haɣ mbʊ yɔ yaa lakʊ haɣ halɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩna ɖɩɣa tʊŋ.Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛʊ yɔ kpɩnɛ kɩɖɔɖɔyɛ wɛna tʊ nɛ ɛlɛ cɔŋna ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa pama se yee ɛyʊ ɛɖʊ nesi kpɩnɛ naɖɩyɛ yɔɔ yem nɛ ɛlabɩ-ɖɩ kpɛʊ kpɛʊ kɔyɔ pɔhɔŋ ɛ-naŋgbaŋʊʊ ɛzɩ patʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1976 lɛ, paɣtʊ yɔɔdʊʊ se kpɩnɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ mbʊ yɔ lɛ pɩpɔzʊʊ se pɔcɔna ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.

Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ ajɛyɛ taa lɛ Aristote ñɛtɛyɩ kedeŋa taa kpɩna hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ pɩ nɛ tɩŋ. Lɩmaɣza ana a-taa ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kpɩna kaawɛʊ aawɛɛ se awazɩ ɛyʊ ɛnʊ weyi ñazɩɣ-yɛ yɔ kpaɣ patɩɩ lɩzɩɣ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ.
Voyager 1

Voyager 1 pɩkɛ ɛsɔdaa takɩnaʊ ñɩɣyʊʊ agbaba ñɩŋʊ, pɩkɛ ɛsɔdaa tʊma lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ paya-kʊ se Voyager kɛ NASA, pɔtɔ-kʊ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1977 se pɩsa nɛ pana ɛsɔdaa tɛlɛnzɩ lɛɛsɩ wɩsɩ wɛtʊ taa, nzɩ pataatɩɩ nada-sɩ wiɖii kaʊ yɔ pɩtɩŋna tataa cɩnɛ ñɩɣyɩŋ weyi panana-ɩ ɖooo poliŋ taa yɔ yɔɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Jupiter nɛ Saturne pɛ-wɛtʊ. 

Ɛsɔdaa luuyu tɔm leɖaa piŋ nɛ kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 mbʊ yɔ ɛwɛna ñɩɣyɩŋ kɩbaŋ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ siŋŋ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɖenɖe ɛtɛzɩɣna yɔ ɛna lona ana a-taa mbʊ pʊɖɔŋ yɔ. Ɛkʊyʊ-ɩ kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2012 lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa wɩsɩ ɖoŋ lakaɣna-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛɖɛʊ hɛyɛ hɛyɛ nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa kiŋ, paa yee e-wondu kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 2020 kaa ɖɩm wobu yɔɔ wobu yɔɔ se pɩsa nɛ paha ɛsɛ nɛ ɖenɖe ɛ-laatriki ɖoŋ yɔ. Voyager 1 ɛɛkaɣ tasɩɣ labʊ tʊmɩyɛ piŋ kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2025. Pɩkɔma saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 4 pɩnaɣ 2018 lɛ luuyu ɛnʊ eeposina wɩsɩ pɩtalɩ kilomɛta naa 21557059600 nɛ eposina tɛtʊ kilomɛta naa 21677578330. 

Voyager tʊmɩyɛ kɛlɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩɣ aseɣɖe lɛɣtʊ tɔm kɛ tɛlɛnzɩ lɛɛsɩ yɔɔ nzɩ yɔ (Jupiter, Saturne, Uranus nɛ Neptune) pa nɛ yɔ ɖooo canaʊ patana-wɛ wiɖii kaʊ. Voyayer 1 kaawɛ pɩcɔ e-ɖom wɛɛ nɛ ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kaakɛ se papɩzɩ powolo patɩlɩ tɛlɛnzɩ Jupiter nɛ Saturne. Pɩcɔ ɛpɩzɩ ɛtalɩ lɛ pɩpɔsa-ɩ ɛkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa kɛlɛ ɛkɩlɩɣ posinau nɛ Titan, ɛnʊ kɛna kajalaɣ tʊ Saturne fenaɣ tɛ. Pɩtɩŋna pɛ-tɛ camɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔɔ pɩlɩna pa-kajalaɣ tiyitu pɩnaɣ 1989 wɛɛ taa lɛ, palɩzɩ maɣzɩm naa pɩlɩna pɛ-tɛ kʊyʊʊ pɛcɛzɩɣ ɛsɔdaa tɛlɛnzɩ lɛɛsɩ. VIM pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se(Voyager Interstellar Mission tiyitu tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ se papɩzɩ patɩlɩ camɩyɛ lona wena a-taa wɩsɩ ñakɩ pɩsɩɣna yɔ).Pɔtɔ voyager 1 kɩtakɩnaʊ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ  5 pɩnaɣ 1977 pɩtɩŋna Titan 3E yɔɔ, kpɩtaŋ naatozo wayi pʊcɔ pɔtɔ e-ɖom kɩtakɩnaʊ.
Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ

Kpɩnɛ hɩɖɛ ñɩnɖɛ, akɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩlɛŋgbɛlɛm mɔɔ kpɩna. Kpɩna ana pasɩma-yɛ nɛ mbʊ yɔ kɛna se pamʊzʊʊ pe-piyaa cikpesi nɛ hɩlɩm. Piya nzɩ paɖʊʊ yɔ pɩpɔza piŋŋ sɩ-ɖoonaa nɛ sɩ-caanaa pɔcɔna sɩ-yɔɔ nɛ hɩlɩm mbʊ pʊyɔɔ si-lotu tɛcɛyɩta (kɛlɛ pɩkɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ se hɩlɩm pɔcɔna nɛ sɩ-yɔɔ). Wɛtʊ naa lalaa sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ patɩlɩɣ nɛ kpɩnɛ lɛɛna, pɩkpɛndɩna tɛtɛɛ wondu kɩbɩndʊ.

Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ paɣtʊ paɣlʊʊ taa lɛ, kajalaɣ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna ana tɛtʊ yɔɔ aawɛɛ. Kpɩna ana acaŋ ahuu lɔŋ lɔŋ nɛ a-taa peeɖe ɖɩnaɣ kajalaɣ hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ (sɛmʊʊ) kʊkʊ ñakʊyʊʊ ɛsɔdaa. Tɩmɩŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa peeɖe sakɩyɛ pɩsɩ lɩm taa ñɩna hɔɔlʊʊ yɔ. Ñɩtʊ taa kpɩna hɩla ñɩna sakɩyɛ pɩlɩna pɩlɩna palɩzɩ paɣtʊ ndʊ se pakandɩ a-yɔɔ yɔ, sakɩyɛ wɛ takayasɩ kɩsɛmasɩ yɔɔ wena pañaŋasɩɣ-yɛ yɔ (kɔzɩ kɔzɩ wena atɔkɩ nandʊ) palakɩ a-taa lɛɛna nandʊ. Ɖɔɖɔ tiiye naayɛ taa kpɩna wena ɛyʊ ɖɔɣa yɔ kpaɣ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ (pɩlɩna kpɩnɛ hɔm, nandʊ, naalɩm, kpɩnɛ nɖɩ pakʊwa yɔ tɔnʊʊ) mʊwa yaa pasa siŋŋ pɩlɩna pɔtɔza sakɩyɛ pɩcɛlɩna pɛ-tɛ lʊlʊʊ yɔɔ.

Po-tomnasi mɔɔ tɩŋa taa lɛ pe-kela kɩlana ɖoŋ, mbʊ labɩna nɛ patɩlɩ tɛtɛɛ kɩbɩnjaazɩ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna, pe-kela yɔɔ nɛ nabʊyʊ pɩkpɛdɩna tamasɩ yaa ñʊʊ pɔyɩŋ. Paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ nɛ ɖɩ-kela kɛlɛ pɩsaŋ nɛ papɩzɩɣ patɩlɩɣ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ lɛ ɖɩ-tɔɔnaɣ. Ɖooo krɛtasɩ alɩwaatʊ, Maastrichti wɛɛ taa, pakalɩ kpɩna hɩla ñɩna lɛ aatalɩ 150 halɩ 300 kɛlɛ pekpeeli-yɛ tindima nɛɛlɛ nɛ lʊbɛ. 

Pɩlɩna wɩyaʊ Maor kpɛlɛkɩtʊ natʊyʊ yɔɔ kɛ Tel Aviv sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa ndʊ posusa tɩ-tɔm yɔ yɔɔ lɛ, kpɩna hɩla ñɩna anɛ aakɛ cɩkpɛndʊʊ taa kpɩna ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ papaɣzɩ labʊ pa-tʊma wɩsɩ kpaɣ nɛ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ kpɩna sɔsɔna wena atuu a-lotu apaɣza ɖɩm yɔ, alɩwaatʊ talɩ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ miiliiyɔɔ naa 66 mbʊ yɔ. Kpɩna hɩla ñɩna ana a-taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ sɔndʊ ñɩna, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ cɔzɔnaa.
Lakaɣ

Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa, lakaɣ kɛŋna tɔm loyaɣ ñʋʋ. Papɩzɩɣ pɔyɔɔdɩ se lakaɣ kɛŋnɩ tɔm loyaɣ taa tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ kpem yɔ. Lakaɣ yekina nɛ ɛyʋ nɩɩ tɔm loyaɣ tɔbʋʋ.

Kabɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔdaɣ taa lɛ, tɔm loyaɣ yaa tɔm caŋga ŋga kɛwɛ tobi yɔ, kɛwɛna tʊkasɩ naadozo.

Ɖɩcɔnɩ tɔm loyaɣ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna:

Abalʋ /tɔkɩ/ mʋtʋ.

Abalʊ =laɖʊ

tɔkɩ =lakaɣ

mʊtʊ =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ yaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʊ

Yee pɔɔyɔdɩ yem se « Abalʋ, mʋtʋ. » Tɔm loyaɣ kanɛ kataawɛɛnɩ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paa tɔm loyaɣ ŋga lɛ, pʋwɛɛ se kɛwɛɛnɩ « lakaɣ ».

Ɖɩtasɩ cɔnaʋ tɔm loyisi sɩnɛ kanɛ nɛ ɖɩna

Kolaa nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pamakɩ pombo sukuli kadaɣ taa.

Mon-ɖoo sɔkɩ kpamla sɔɔyɛ taa.

Pɔyɔɔdɩ yem se «  Kolaa nɛ ɛ-taabalaa pombo sukuli kadaɣ taa », ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛnɩɩ  ndʋ pacaɣ yɔɔdʋʋ yɔ.

Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paatɔma yem se «  Mon-ɖoo kpamla sɔɔyɛ taa », pɩɩwɛɣ tɔbʋʋ nɩʋ.

Yee mbʋ, lakaɣ kɛŋnɩ tɔmpiye keem paa tɔm loyaɣ ŋga ka-taa.

**Paɣtʊ**

Laɖʊ nɛ lakaɣ paakpɩtɩɣna ɖama, pɛwɛ nɖeke nɖeke.
Liu

Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ tɔmpe wɛna liŋ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pakalɩɣ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ lɛ, ɖi-witu kpa ɛsɔdaa. Pakalɩɣ naɖɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩɖɩ witu ɛɛkpa ɛsɔdaa.

 

Ñɩnɩyʋ nɔɔyʋ ñɩnaa nɛ ɛna se kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ tɔmpe wɛna liŋ loɖo ndɩ ndɩ.

 

Liu kʋkʋyʋʋ wɛɛ. Tɔmpe wena awɛna liu kʋkʋyʋ yɔ, a-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye « fétíyé ». Yee pɛhɛ tɔmpiye naɖɩyɛ halɩmasɩ tɩŋa ñʋŋ taa cɛcɛsɩ kɩwɛlɛsɩ yɔ, pɩwɩɣlɩɣ se tɔmpiye ńɖɩ ɖɩwɛnɩ liu kʋkʋyʋʋ.

 

Tɔmpe lɛɛna ñɛwɛnɩ liu kitibuu. Tɔmpe wena awɛnɩ liu kitibuu yɔ, a-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye « kozoŋa ». Tɔmpe wena paahɛɣ paa ɖɩ-halɩmayaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ taa cɛcɛyaɣ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɔmpiye ńɖɩ, ɖɩwɛnɩ « kozoŋa »liu.

 

Tɔmpe lɛɛna ñɛwɛnɩ « kpáŋaɣ » liu. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɛhɛɣ cɛcɛyaɣ tɔmpe ana a-kajalaɣ halɩmasɩ ñʋŋ taa cɛcɛsɩ.

 

Tɔmpe lɛɛna ñɛwɛnɩ « kpeluú » liu. Tɔmpe alɛ yɔ, a-kpaakpaa halɩmayaɣ ñʋʋ taa pɛhɛɣ cɛcɛyaɣ.

 

Tɔmpe lɛɛna ñɛwɛɛnɩ « nákaʋ́ » liu. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se tɔmpe ana lɛ, pɛhɛɣ a-kajalaɣ nɛ a-kpaagbaa halɩmasɩ ñʋŋ taa cɛcɛsɩ ɛzɩ pɛhɛʋ tɔmpiye nákaʋ́ ñɩnzɩ ñʋŋ taa yɔ.

 

Tɔmpe lɛɛna lɛ, awɛnɩ « kɩlákʋ » liu. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, tɔmpe ana, a-hɛkɩŋ taa halɩmasɩ ñʋŋ taa pɛhɛɣ cɛcɛsɩ ɛzɩ pɛhɛʋ tɔmpiye « kɩlákʋ » ñɩŋa ñʋʋ taa yɔ.

Abalɩmasɩ taa lɛ, masɩ sɩnɛ yɔ : n, ŋ nɛ m pa-ñʋŋ taa ɖeke papɩzɩɣ pɛhɛɛ cɛcɛsɩ yee si-liŋ ɛkʋyɩ ɛsɔdaa tɔmpe naayɩ taa kɔyɔ.
Hʊʊlʊʊ abalɩmayaɣ

Hʋlʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ (consonne fricative)

Nɔɔ wiluu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ kɛ abalɩmayaɣ ŋga ke-witu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ witu yɔ. Pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-kɛ lɛ, Feziŋ lɩɣna kela hɛkɩŋ taa kɛnɛ. Ɩɩlɩɣna nɔɔ tɩŋa taa waaa ɛzɩ payaʋ mayaɣ « a » yɔ.

Abalɩmasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ. Sɩ-yatʋ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hʋlʋʋ tɛ abalɩmasɩ yɔ. Ndoma nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ nɛ kela nɛ liŋ tɛ koŋgo pa-tɩŋa palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ payaa hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ ńzɩ.

Payaɣ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmaɣ lɛ, hayi ndomiye nɛ hadɛ ñɩnɖɛ pɔñɔtɩɣna ɖama. Kabɩyɛ masɩ taa lɛ, hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ kpɛndɩ naanza. Masɩ ńzɩ, nzɩɩ yɔ : f, j, s nɛ v.

  Pɩfɛyɩ se ɛyʋ ɛkpaɣ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmayaɣ nɛ ɛkɛdɩna abalɩmasɩ lɛɛsɩ. Sɩsɩ yatʋ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ hʋlʋʋ abalɩmasɩ. Ɖooo caanaʋ lɛ, kʋnʋmɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa cɔlɔ lɛ, tokaɣ nakɛyɛ taawɛɛ abalɩmasɩ hɛkʋ taa. Paakpaɣ sɩ-tɩŋa se sɩ-yatʋ kɛ kʋɖʋmtʋ.
Nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ

Nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ (consonne palatale)

Nɔɔ witu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa yɔɔdʋʋ se nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ kɛna abalɩmasɩ nzɩ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-sɩ nɛ nɔɔ ñalʋʋ tɛɛ yɔ. Nzʋlʋmɩyɛ siɣye yekina nɛ ɛyʋ pɩzɩ ɛyɔɔdɩ-sɩ.

Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ masɩ wɛ nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ naalɛ ɖeke : hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ halɩmayaɣ [j] tɔmpiye « yourte » ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ nɛ mɔɔʋ tɛɛ mayaɣ [ɲ], tɔmpiye « gnon » ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ.

Kedeŋa kpeekpe nɔɔ witu kpɛlɛkʋʋ piliŋa ñɩnaa nɛ kana nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Sɩ-taa nasɩyɛ payaɣ se

-         Kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmaɣ : [c], nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ tandam.

Ɖɩkpaɣ kooree kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye 잘 [jal]. Tɔmpiye ńɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « pʋwɛ ɖeu ».

-         Kɩɖɩɣyʋ tɛ abalɩmayaɣ [ɟ], nɔɔ kolaɣ tɛɛ abalɩmayaɣ kiwiwaɣ.

Ɖɩkpaɣ hɔŋgrʋwa kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye nagy [nɑɟ]. Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « sɔsɔ ».

 

-         Mɔɔŋ tɛɛ abalɩmasɩ [ɲ]

Ɖɩkpaɣ Ɛspañɔɔlɩ kʋnʋŋ masɩ yɔ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye mañana [ma'ɲana]. Tɔmpiye ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « cee ».

Ɖɩkpaɣ Pɔɔrɩtigɛɛ kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye minhoca [mi'ɲokɐ]. Ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se « ataɣ nikaɣ »

 

-         Hʋlʋyaa abalɩmasɩ [ç], hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ tandam. Ɖɩkpaɣ Caama kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye ich [ɪç]. Ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se « ma, mo, me, mɔ… ».

[ʝ], hʋlʋyʋ abalɩmayaɣ kiwiwaɣ

 

-         Abalɩmasɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se « sipirantɩ » abalɩmasɩ. Ɛzɩ [j], mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩkpaɣ Angɩlɛɛ kʋnʋŋ masɩ, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye « yes [jɛs] ; ɖɩ-tɔbʋʋ se « ɛɛɛ ».

[ʎ], kpɛŋga yɔɔ abalɩmayaɣ. Ɖɩcɔnɩ Itaalii kʋnʋŋ masɩ taa, ɖɩnaɣ tɔmpiye gli [ʎi].
Abalɩmayaɣ

Abalɩmayaɣ (consonne)

Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ, kɩwɛna masɩ. Masɩ nasɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se abalɩmasɩ. Lɛɛsɩ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ sɩsɩ se halɩmasɩ. Kʋnʋmɩŋ tɛkpɛndɩ masɩ. Paa kʋnʋŋ ŋgʋ nɛ kɩ-masɩ. Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ masɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ loɖo. Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ ñɛwɛnɩ masɩ niidozo nɛ naanza.

Sɩ-taa lɛ, abalɩmasɩ kpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ nɛ halɩmasɩ ñɛkpɛndɩ nakʋ. Abalɩmayaɣ witu wɛ ndɩ nɛ halɩmayaɣ witu. Panɩɣ abalɩmayaɣ witu kʋnʋŋ yɔɔdʋʋ taa.

Pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩlɩɩnɩ tɔmpiye yɔɔ nɛ panɩɩ abalɩmayaɣ witu.

Payaɣ abalɩmayaɣ lɛ, heelim lɩɣnɩ kela nɛ nzʋlʋmɩyɛ pɛ-hɛkɩŋ taa. Abalɩmayaɣ witu wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ halɩmayaɣ ñɩndʋ. Kʋnʋŋ kɛ Ɛsɔ kʋjɔʋ. Paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ ka-kʋnʋŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se paa samaɣ ŋga lɛ, kalʋ nɛ ka-kʋnʋŋ ɖɛɛnɩ ɛsɩndaa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, kʋnʋŋ nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ ɖeu yaa nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ yuŋ.

Kʋnʋŋ nakʋyʋ takɩlɩ lɛɛkʋ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩm.

Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ abalɩmasɩ nzɩ pamaɣ yɔ, sɩkpɛndɩ nɛɛlɛ. Nzɩɩ yɔ : B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X nɛ Z.

Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɔɔ wiluu masɩ. Sɩsɩ ñɛkpɛndɩ hiu nɛ lutozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : b, d, g, v, z, ʒ, p, t, k, f, s, ƒ, m, n, ŋ, l…

Fransɩɩ kʋnʋŋ wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ masɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ payaɣ-sɩ se hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ nɔɔ wiluu abalɩmasɩ. Sɩsɩ kpɛndɩ naadozo. Nzɩɩ yɔ : j, h nɛ w.
Lone taa caɣyʊ

Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ taa lɛ, lona taa caɣyaa wɛ nabʋlɛ taa. Laɖʋ lone taa caɣyʋ wɛɛ nɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ lone taa caɣyʋ ñɛwɛɛ.
Ɖɩcɔna tɔm loyisi sɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩna : 
1.	Sama makɩ pombo.
2.	Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi.
Sama=laɖʋ; makɩ=lakaɣ; pombo=lakaɣ tɛzɩyʋ yaa lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛzɩyʋ
Sama kɛ hɩɖɛ; Nɛmɛ kɛ hɩɖɛ. Yee mɛlɛɣzɩ hɩla "Sama" nɛ "Nɛmɛ" nɛ hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ yɔ, pɩpɩsɩɣ : 
1.	Ɛmakɩ pombo. "Ɛ" caɣ hɩɖɛ "Sama" lone taa.
2.	Ehiliɣ ɖozi. "E" caɣ hɩɖɛ "Nɛmɛ" lone taa. 
Yee mbʋ, "Ɛ" nɛ "E" pacaɣ hɩla lona taa. Pɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ laɖaa ɛzɩ hɩla wena pacaɣ a-lona taa yɔ.

Paɣtʋ 
Maʋ taa lɛ, hɩɖɛ lone taa caɣyʋ nɛ lakaɣ pamalɩna ɖama yaa pakpɩtɩna ɖama, caŋga fɛyɩ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.

LƖMAƔZƖYƐ TƐZƖYƱ LONE TAA CAƔYƱ
(le pronom complément)
Exemples : 
1.	Kolaa makɩ pombo.
2.	Nɛmɛ hiliɣ ɖozi.
3.	Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ kediizaɣ.
Pombo =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ
ɖozi =lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ
kediizaɣ = lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ
Yee ɖɩlɛɣzɩ lakaɣ tɛzɩyaa mba nɛ po-lona taa caɣyaa kɔyɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ :
1.	Kolaa makɩ-kʊ.
2.	Nɛmɛ hiliɣ-sɩ.
3.	Wɩlɩyaa lakɩ-kɛ.
Paɣtʊ (règle)
Pɛhɛɣ caŋga (-) lakaɣ nɛ lakaɣ tɛzɩyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa.
Koronaalɩ

Mbʋ payaɣ se koronaalɩ yɔ, pʋtɔzʋʋ ɛyʋ hɛtʋ tiku yɔɔ. Piyele mbʋ payaɣ se periyantɩ koronaalɩ yɔ, pʋbʋ ñohuuzuni abalɩtʋ yaa halɩtʋ po-hosi yɔɔ. Periyantɩ koronaalɩ huuzuu abalɩtʋ yaa halɩtʋ yɔɔ lɛ, kɩ-wɛtʋ wɛɛ ɛzɩ kokooye yɔ pʋ-yɔɔ. Pɩpɩzɩɣ pʋwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ hɛtʋ tiku yɔ. Takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Besch » yɔ, ka-taa pɛkɛdɩ-tʋ. Palɩzɩ takayaɣ ŋgaa pɩnaɣ 1845.

Patasɩ tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nesi ñɩɣʋ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Lar » yɔ ka-taa. Pama kaka pɩnaɣ 1892 taa.

 

 

Payaɣ ɛyʋ mɔɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ se koronaalɩ mɔɔyɛ. Mɔɔyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩwɛ ɛyʋ ñʋtaka nɛ pɩ-tɛɛ. Mɔɔyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖikota pazɩ. Payaɣ mɔɔyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se kiɖe tɛ mɔɔyɛ yaa ɛsɩndaa mɔɔyɛ. Ɛyʋ ñɔsɩ wɛ wɛɖʋʋ ŋgʋ ɛyʋ ñʋʋ taa yɔ, pɩɩpɩzɩɣ pɩcɛzɩ caŋga nakɛyɛ. Ɛyʋ ñɔsɩ cɔ koronaalɩ nɛ pɩta.

Takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se « Pommier, Athéisme » yɔ, ka-taa pâma tɔm tʋnɛ. Palɩzɩ takayaɣ kanɛ pɩnaɣ 1857 taa. Ka-taa lɛ, 1177 hayʋʋ yɔɔ pâma tɔm tʋnɛ.

 

 

 

Payaɣ kpabɩtʋ natʋyʋ ɖɔɖɔ se koronaalɩ kpabɩtʋ. Koronaalɩ kpabɩtʋ kpakɩna koronaalɩ mɔɔyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ naalɛ. Kpabɩtʋ koronaalɩ ɖɔɖɔ payaɣ se kiɖe tɛ kpabɩtʋ yaa ɛsɩndaa kpabɩtʋ. Kaɣɖɛ mɔɔyɛ tɛ tɛyɩɣna ñʋʋ tadaka taa mɔɔ. Kiɖe tɛ kpabɩtʋ fɛyɩ poliŋ nɛ kʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ ñʋʋ yɔɔ ñɩ̃ŋgʋ.
Naalɩm mayaɣ

Naalɩm mayaɣ, ɛbɛ payaɣ ḿbʋ ? Pʋdʋnaa sakɩyɛ kpɛndɩna nɛ payaɣ se naalɩm mayaɣ. Wondu ndʋ tɩkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se naalɩm mayaɣ yɔ, tɩ-taa kɔyɔ : tɩnzɩ nɛ heɣlimaɣ nɛ mʋzʋʋ. Kpɛɖɛ wɛ pa-taa ɖɔɖɔ. Cʋʋ kɩkpɛdʋʋ kɩlɩna wɛʋ sakɩyɛ naalɩm yayaɣ taa. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, pɔʋ kɩkpɛdʋʋ wɛ pʋdʋnaa ḿba paa weyi ɛ-hɛkʋ taa.

 

Mbʋ payaɣ se ɖɩɖɔmɩyɛ nʋmɔʋ, naalɩm mayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa wɩsɩ wɛtʋ wɛɛ. Tɩnzɩ miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ wɛ ɖɩɖɔnɛ nʋmɔʋ taa. Naalɩm mayaɣ nʋmɔʋ walanzɩ talɩ 80 000 mʋntʋsʋʋ-pɩnaɣ. Ɛsɔdaa pʋdʋnaa tɩlɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se ‘Gaia’. Anasaayɩnaa ajɛya taa ŋgbɛyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩñɔɔ. ‘Gaia’ ŋgbɛyɛ ñɩnaa nɛ ɖɩna takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ kosusi ka-taa tɔm agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbaanzɩ (25) ñɩŋgʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2018 taa. Pama pa-takayaɣ ŋ́ga ka-taa se tɩnzɩ 1 692 919 135 wɛnɩ ɖɛ-tɛ naalɩm mayaɣ taa.

 

Ɛsɔdaa pʋdʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ tɩlɩyaa ñɩnɩ tɛtʋ putuuɖe kpeekpe yɔɔ nɛ pala akɔnta nɛ patɩ tɩnzɩ kpeekpe ñʋʋ. Pakaɖaa se, tɩnzɩ mɩnʋʋ yɔɔ lɛ, tɩŋa kʋɖʋmaɣ kɛ ɖɛ-tɛ naalɩm mayaɣ tɩŋa.

 

Tɩnzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛʋ naalɩm masɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖɛ-tɛ naalɩm mayaɣ yɔ, sɩlɩ ɖama. Ɛlɛ, naalɩm masɩ cikpesi wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Sɩsɩ taa tɩnzɩ ñamakɩɣna ɛzɩ miiliyaarɩ waa hiu mbʋ yɔ. Piyele, naalɩm masɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa tɩnzɩ ñatalɩɣ miiliyaarɩ waa ɛgbɔŋ ɛgbɔŋ. Ɛsɔdaa pʋdʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ tɩlɩyaa ñɩnaa nɛ pakaɖɩ kpayɩ se, naalɩm masɩ miiliyaarɩ waa mɩnɩŋ mɩnɩŋ wɛnɩ tɛtʋ putuuɖe kpeekpe yɔɔ. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ se, naalɩm masɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtʋ putuuɖe kpeekpe yɔɔ yɔ, sɩpaɣlɩ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ nɛ sɩtɛ sɩwɛɛ yuŋ hɩlɩmaaɣ.

 

Samaɣ ndɩ ndɩ ŋga kɛwɛ naalɩm masɩ cikpesi taa yɔ, pɩwɛ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ se patɩlɩ ka-ñʋʋ. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, wɩsɩ tatɩɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ naalɩm masɩ nzɩ sɩ-taa. Pɩwɛ kaɖɛ se patɩlɩ samaɣ ŋ́ga ka-ñʋʋ pɩlɩɩnɩ sɩ-hɩlɩmɩyɛ cɔlɔ.
Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ

Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ. Pañɩnɩɣ nɛ patɩlɩ samaɣ cikpelaɣ nakayɛ ñʋʋ. Patɩŋɩɣna kʋ-yɔɔ nɛ pamaɣzɩ nɛ pekpeɣ egeetiye naɖɩyɛ ñʋʋ. Kɩkalʋʋ palakɩ nɛ pʋcɔ patɩlɩ samaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ. Pʋcɔna patɩlɩ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ ñʋʋ lɛ, pacalɩɣna kɩkalʋʋ labʋ ageeta cikpene ndɩ ndɩ taa. Pɩtɛŋ lɛ, pâla kɩgalʋʋ ageeta sɔsɔna sɔsɔna taa.

Pɩtɛŋ payɩ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ palaba kɩkalʋʋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩlɩ mbʋ yɔ. Yee pɔtɔʋ caca nakʋyʋ, pʋpɔzʋʋ se pala kɩkalʋʋ nɛ patɩlɩ samaɣ ñʋʋ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔtɔ caca ŋ́gʋ. Pɛtɛŋ-kʋ laba lɛ, pɩha nʋmɔʋ nɛ pɔtɔ caca ŋgʋ pɔtɔʋ yɔ.

Cacanaa wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ ɛjaɖɛ Ñʋʋdʋ lɛ, pɔtɔʋ caca. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ maalika lɔŋpasɩyaa lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ. Pʋcɔ palɩzɩ haɖaa awiya lɛ, caca ɖɔɖɔ pɔtɔʋ.

Piyele kaɖasɩ lɛɛsɩ lɛ, kewiyaɣ cakɩna nɛ kɩmaɣzɩ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ nɛ kʋcɔna nɛ kɩlɩzɩ-sɩ nɛ kasɩɩ-sɩ si-lona ndɩ ndɩ taa. Kaɖɩsɩ nzɩ kewiyaɣ sɩɣna-sɩ kɩsɩʋ si-lona ndɩ ndɩ taa yɔ, sɩ-taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ minisiwaa ndɩ ndɩ. Tʋma sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Sukulinaa cikpema ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Sukulinaa sɔsaa ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Nesi tɛɛ tʋma cikpene nɛ sɔsɔna ndɩ ndɩ ñʋŋ tɩnaa. Kantɔnaa ndɩ ndɩ awiya.

Kɩkalʋʋ labʋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Samaɣ ñʋʋ tɩlʋʋ yem kɩkalʋʋ wɛɛ. Akɔnta kɩkalʋʋ ñɛwɛɛ. Akɔnta kɩkalʋʋ maɣzɩɣ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ nɛ kikpeɣ samaɣ nakɛyɛ ñʋʋ.
Siɣlɛŋgbɛm fɛyɩ tʊ

Kpɩna naayɛ wɛɛ, afɛyɩna siɣlɛŋgbɛm waa. Kpɩna ana payaɣ se siɣlɛŋgbɛm fɛyɩ tɩnaa. A-taa sakɩyɛ fɛyɩnɩ ɖɔɖɔ mɔɔ a-tomnasɩ taa.

 

Siɣlɛŋgbɛm fɛyɩ waa tuu tataa kutuu. Ɛlɛ, kpɩna wena azɛnɩ siɣlɛŋgbɛm waa yɔ, alɛ ɖɔŋ a-nɩŋgbanzɩ yɔɔ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna ɖɔŋ naŋgbanzɩ naanza yɔɔ. Ɛyʊ n̂ɔɖɔŋ naŋgbanzɩ naalɛ yɔɔ. Sumasɩ ñakʊyʊʊ ɛsɔdaa. 

Siɣlɛŋgbɛm fɛyɩ waa taa lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ mukuuliŋ, atanikasɩ nɛ sonzoo ndɩ ndɩ. Tɛtʊ siɣlɛŋgbɛm waa mʊʊ nɛ pacakɩ wewuu. Wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck n̂ɩnɩnɩ nɛ ɛna se siɣlɛŋgbɛm waa tomnasɩ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ kpɩna lɛɛna. Po-tomnasɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ nɛ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ. Ɖajaa Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck kɛ Fransɩɩ tʊ.

 

Pɩnaɣ 1806 taa ɖajaa Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck yɔɔdɩ tɔm nɛ pɩlɩɩnɩ tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ siɣlɛŋgbɛm fɛyɩ tʊ nɛ ɛyʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɩ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ka-taa tɛyɩtʊ ndʊ tʊ-tɔm. Pɩnzɩ lutozo mpilim kɛ ɖaɖaa Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck kpaɣ nɛ ɛmanɩ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛma ɛ-kɛ kpaɣnɩ pɩnaɣ 1815 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩnɩ pɩnaɣ 1822 ñɩŋga taa. Ɛma ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ se tɛtɛ kpɩna wena afɛyɩnɩ siɣlɛŋgbɛm waa yɔ, aka liɖe.

Ɛyʊ wɛnɩ silɛŋgbɛm. Kpɩna sakɩyɛ lɛɛna wɛnɩ ɖɔɖɔ siɣlɛŋgbɛm. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔ, mbʊʊ kpɩna ana awɛnɩ mɔɔ a-tomnasɩ taa. 

 

Pɩnaɣ 2005 ñɩŋga taa pañɩnaa nɛ patɩlɩ tɛtɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ ñʊʊ. Pañɩnaa lɛ, pana se atalɩ ɛgbɔʊ 1,7 halɩ pɩtalɩ ɛgbɔʊ 1,8 mbʊ yɔ. Tɛtɛ kpɩna ana a-taa lɛ, siɣlɛŋgbɛm waa fɛyɩ tɩnaa talɩ ɛzɩ 990 mbʊ yɔ. Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ tɛtɛ kpɩna wena afɛyɩnɩ mɔɔ cikpena nɛ hosi ndɩ ndɩ a-tomnasɩ taa yɔ, atalɩ ɛzɩ 360 000 mbʊ yɔ.

Piyele tɛtɛ kpɩna wena alɛ wɛnɩ mɔɔ sɔsɔna nɛ cikpena nɛ hosi ndɩ ndɩ nɛ lila ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, a-tomnasɩ taa yɔ, alɛ kpɛndɩ ceeka 45 000.
Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ

Ɛyʋ tɛkɛ kpakpayaɣ se ɛsʋʋ lɩm tɛɛ. Ɛtɛkɛ sumaɣ se ɛsʋʋ tɩŋ yɔɔ. Ɛyʋ ɖɔŋ tataa. Paa weyi ɛwɛnɩ lone naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛcakɩ ɖɩ-taa. Lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ, lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ nɛ kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaɣ yɔ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kañɩnɩɣ se kana mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɛcaɣ ɖɩ-taa yɔ. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga payaɣ se ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ.

 

Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pikliŋa ñɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ ɛyaa siŋŋ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ. Pɩtɩŋɩɣna ɛyʋ tɛ lakasɩ yɔɔ nɛ pʋcɔ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa taa ñɩnɩyaa pɩzɩ patɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-lone nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛcaaɣ yɔ.

 

Pɩtɩŋa payɩ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛyaa wezuu tɩnaa tɩlʋʋ nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pacaɣ wezuu yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ nɛ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ-wɛ nɛ po-lona yɔ pɩ-tɩlʋʋ payaɣ se ekosizitɛm. Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa sɔsaɣ nakayɛ taa. Lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɩwalaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa wɛɛ yɔ, ŋgaa lɛ mbʋ pʋcɔ-ɖʋ nɛ pɩta yɔ, pɩ-lɛɣtʋ piliŋa.

 

Ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Pɩnaɣ 1866 taa ɖizobiye lɛɣtʋ piliŋ ñʋʋ. Wezuu kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɩlɩyʋ sɔsɔ, ɖajaa Ernst Haeckel lɩzɩna ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa. Ɖajaa ɛnɛ, ɛkɛ Caama tʋ. Ɛma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɛyaa-kɛ se « Morphologie générale des organismes ». Ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛmaa se ɖɩjaɣyɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋga kañɩnɩɣ se katɩlɩ mbʋ pɩtamsʋʋ ɛyaa nɛ po-lona ndɩ ndɩ wena a-taa pɛcaɣ wezuu yɔ.
Chris Tucker

Chris Tucker kɛ Amerikatʋ, ɛkɛ kɛlɛm kɛlɛmna. Palʋlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1971 kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʋ 31. Atlanta, Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Michael Jackson taabalʋ.