open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joseph Staline

Joseph (Iossif) Vissarionovitch Djougachvili (géorgien kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი, Iosseb Bessarionis dze Djoughachvili, Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили), hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pasɩmana-ɩ Joseph Staline (Иосиф Сталин) pɩtɩŋna ɛ-tɛ yɛlɩɣ yɔɔ lɛ, paya-ɩ se vojd (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɖiyiyu), yaa ɛyaa samaɣ caa. Palʊla-ɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1878 ɛlɛ, ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ hɩɖɛ taa lɛ, saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 21 pɩnaɣ 1879 Gori (Ruusi Ampiiri taa, nɔɔnɔɔ Géorgie ɛjaɖɛ taa). Ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1953 Moscou, ɛɛkɛ kpɛndɛ ñɩm lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɛɛzɩyʊ nɛ soviyetiki ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ ɛ-tɛ nɛ géorgienne kiŋ. 

Ɛɛkɛ takayaɣ mayʊ Soviyetiki kpɛndɛ kewiyaɣ ŋgbɛyɛ taa kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1922, e-ɖiya soviyetiki samaɣ kpɛndɛ ñɩm lɩmaɣza tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ kɩkpɛndɩyɛ (URSS) kpaɣ nɛ pɩnzɩ 1920 tɛmtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm. Ɛlaba ñazʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔm ɛ-maɣmaɣ. Tɔm kɛdɩyaa ha-ɩ kpaɖʊ yɔɔ kpaɖʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm ndɩ ndɩ nabʊyʊ mbʊ se ɛnʊ tɩna ɛyaa miiliyɔɔwaa naatozo ŋtalɩ nɩɩlɛ tɛ sɩm tɔm. 
  
Pakʊmɩ-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Sosso (Iossef yaa Iosseb tɔm pee yɔɔ patʊwa) ɛ-pɩjatʊ wɛɛ taa, pʊwayi lɛ, peyele payaɣ-ɩ se Koba (géorgien sɔdʊʊ ɛyʊ nɔyʊ tɔmna mbʊ) ɛ-tɛ mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ politiki kajalaɣ pɩnzɩ taa nɛ ɛ-ɛgbaɣtɩnaa. Pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ ɛɖaɣnɩ hɩɖɛ sɛʊ se Staline, Ruusi tɔmpiye сталь (stal) yɔɔ pama-ɖɩ, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kaɖaɖa ñɩɣyʊ.

Staline caa, Vissarion Djougachvili, kaakɛ nataŋgbalaa ñɛyɩyʊ nɛ ehiɣ ñɩm camɩyɛ, ɛlɛ ɛkpaɣ ɛ-tɩ nɛ sʊlʊm. Ɛ-tɛ Géorgie nɛ Hayi yɔɔ haɖaa nabɛyɛ taa, Djougha (ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɛ, peeɖe). E-ɖoo Ekaterina Gavrilovna Gueladzé, ñaakɛ tɔɔlɩ ñɛyɩyʊ Ossétie tɛtʊ taa. Krɩstʊ tʊ siŋ, ɛ-walʊ kiza-ɩ, eseɣti ɛ-pɩyalʊ se ɛkɛ fada nɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ hɛyʊʊ e-sukuli yɔɔ. Staline evebutu taa, ɛ-ñɩma sʊʊ 10 Gori cɔjɔ naŋ habɩyɛ. 

Agoza fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1907 lɛ ewolo Londre ajɛyɛ samaɣ waɖɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ñʊʊŋ tɩnaa kediizaɣ. Ɛpɩsaɣ lɛ, ɛtɩŋna Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛkatɩ Lénine Leipzig. Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ  kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1908 taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ Bakou, paɖʊyɩ salaka peeɖe pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1908 nɛ pʊwayi lɛ, pɛkɛzɩɣ Vologda egeetiye. Pɩnaɣ 1908, pɛɖɛna-ɩ Solvytchegodsk tɛtʊ taa, pʊnɔʊ taa tomnaɣ yɔɔ takɩŋ takɩŋ kʊɖɔŋ kpayi. Ese lakɩŋ fenaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1909. Agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 pɩnaɣ 1912 pakpa-ɩ Saint-Pétersbourg. Pɛɖɛna-ɩ Sibérie, Narym tɛtʊ taa. Ese peeɖe salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 13 nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Moscou.
Hirohito

Hirohito yaa Hiro-Hito (裕仁)palʊla-ɩ ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1901 Tokiyo tɛtʊ nɛ ɛsɩ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 7 pɩnaɣ 1980 tɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Hirohito kaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpaɣ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 pɩnaɣ 1926 pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ ɛ-sɩm evemiye. Pasɩma ɛ-hɩɖɛ nɛ palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ Wɩsɩ Ɖɩlɩyɛ taa ajɛyɛ taa, Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɖooo ɛ-sɩm nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ se Soowa Tenno kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ, (昭和天皇,Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ). 

Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʊ pɩɣa ɛlɛ payaɣ se Taishō nɛ ɛjaɖɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ halʊ Teimei, wiyaʊ piya Yasuhito Chichibu, Nobuhito Takamatsu nɛ Takahito Mikasa kɔɔʊ, ɛkɛ shintō sɔnzɩ paɣtʊ taa 124 wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. E-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ kɩlɩna ɖalʊʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa (ɛlaba pɩnzɩ 62), nɛ payaɣ wɛɛ ana se Soowa wɛɛ (昭和)  peeɖe ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-sɩm wayi hɩɖɛ. Ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɖooo pɩnzɩ nasɩyɛ sakɩyɛ alɩwaatʊ nɛ e-ɖoo kʊlʊlʊ ñaakɛ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ weyi ɛlɛza-ɩ halʊ weyi kewiyaɣ sɩma-ɩ yɔ.

Ɛzɩ sɔnzɩ pɔzʊʊ yɔ, pamʊ-ɩ ɛ-caa naa cɔlɔ nɛ peyebi-i ɛ nɛ ɛ-ɖalʊ cikpeluu Yasuhito (Chichbu weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔ) kɛ sɔɔja mamʊ hɛzʊʊ tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ, ɛlɛ payaɣ se Kawamura Sumiyoshi ɛnɛ ɛ-halʊ. Paɖʊyɩ-ɩ pɩya sukuli taa kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa ŋga kaawɛ Akasaka pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1908. Pʊwayi lɛ, powona-ɩ abalɩbiya sukuli Gakushūin (pɩkɛ sukuli ŋgʊ Kazoku piyaa ɖeke pawɩlɩɣ kɩ-taa yɔ) pɩnaɣ 1908 ŋtalɩ 1914 (nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ kaakɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja Maresuke Nogi.

Wiyaʊ sɔsɔ Meiji sɩm pɩnaɣ 1912 hasɩyaɖɛ kɩyakʊ 30 yeba nɛ papamɩ-ɩ kewiyaɣ hulaɣ. Paɣtʊ yɔɔ tɛ yaa keɣlee pasɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa peyebina-m kewiyaɣ kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1916. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1921 wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛla lɩmaɣza naayɛ mbʊ se ewoki nɔmɔʊ kɩɖaɣlʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩtalɩɣ ɛzɩ fenasɩ loɖo mbʊ yɔ Eerɔpʋ ɛjaɖɛ taa, kajalaɣ pɩlɩna Ampiiri nipon wiyaʊ pɩɣa cɔlɔ, ewokaɣ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Fransɩɩ nɛ Itaalii nɛ papa kewiyitu ajɛyɛ taa nɛ Peyibaa nɛ Pɛliziki ajɛyɛ taa. Ɛkɔma nɛ ɛ-nʊmɔʊ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ wiyaʊ ɛɛwɛʊ nɛ weyi ɛhʊʊ tɔm yɔ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa kamɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 29 pɩnaɣ 1921 pɩlɩna ɛ-caa tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya kɩɩtalɩɣ yɔɔ, fiteenim taa kʊdɔŋ nakʊyʊ, kɩɩkpa-ɩ ɛ-pɩjatʊ taa pɩtɩŋna canɩɩ canɩɩ kʊdɔŋ yɔɔ. 

Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 26 pɩnaɣ 1924 ɛkpaɣ halʊ, wiyaʊ pɛlɔ kuni Nagako (ɖooo ɛ-sɩm alɩwaatʊ mbʊ yɔ paya-ɩ se wiyaʊsɔsɔ halʊ Kōjun), ɛ-tɛ liɖe cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ taa (王家, Ōke) kewiyaɣ ɖɩɣa nakɛyɛ taa, ɛnɛ-ɩ paaɖanɩɣ ɖama ɖooo mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 19 pɩnaɣ 1921, ŋgʊ ɖɩɣa taa tʊma yɔɔ cɔnɩyaa nɛ tʊma laɖaa sakɩyɛ taa taawɛɛ leleŋ.  

Taishō sɩm wayi pɩnaɣ 1926 saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 25 lɛ, Hirohito mʊ e-kewiyitu kpelaɣ, nɛ wɛɛ kɩfana paɣzɩ kpaagba. Soowa (laŋhɛzɩyɛ wabɩtʊ). Japɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ taa lɛ, pɔtɔŋ se wiyaʊ sɔsɔ ɛnʊ ɛtaafɛyɩna hɩɖɛ e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa nɛ paya-ɩ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ Kinjō Tennō yaa ɖɔɖɔ se nɔɔnɔɔ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ. Pɩkpaɣʊ nɛ mbʊ yɔ patɩlɩ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paka-ɩ yaʊ ɛ-sɩm wayi yɔ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ wɛɛ ana atʊʊzɩna e-kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ Shōwa Tennō (昭和天皇) pʊtɔbʊʊ se Soowa wiyaʊ sɔsɔ.
Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza

Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza, pɩkɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ ndʊ tɩcɔŋna ɛzɩma ɛyaa hɛkɩŋ taa kewiyitu tɛyɩtʊ nɛ aŋgba hɛkɩŋ taa  nɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ ɛkɛ ɛlɛ pɩtɛkɛ piyeke. Nɔɔnɔ wɛɛ wɛtʊ naa nabɛyɛ ñɩkɩɣ niiye ɛzɩma ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ kpɛnda ɖama taa (ɛzɩ, ɛyaa mba pakʊyɩ pa-ajɛyɛ taa pɛɖɛyɛ lɛɛna taa nɛ pacaɣ peeɖe yaa ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna) nɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʊcɔ lɛɣzɩɣ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ ɛyaa mba paba ñɩkɩɣ niiye yɔɔdaɣ yɔɔ (ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔɔdaɣ tɔm yɔɔ yɔ).

Ɛzɩ ɖɩwɩlɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ tɛ tʊma sɔsɔna yɔ, pɛtɛyɩ tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki tɔm, palɩzɩ pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena ñɩndʊ. Amerika taa kɩkpɛndʊʊ tɛ politiki tɩlɩyɛ taa ñɩndʊ kpɛnda hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩnaza nɛ naalɛ. Pɩtɛɛ tʊma cikpena taa lɛ, wena a-tɔm kɩlɩɣ kɩjɛyʊʊ yɔ ana yɔ. Ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, ɛgbaadɩyɛ yaa ajɛyɛ lɛɛna kpɛlɛkɩtʊ tɔm, tʊkaɣ politiki tɔm, caca naa wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɔm, samaɣ tʊma tɔm nɛ ɛyaa tɛ politiki tɔm.
 
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 5 nɛ 9 ŋgʊ alɩwaatʊ taa papazɩ politiki tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ pʊcɔ pɩtalɩɣ da-alɩwaatʊ tʊnɛ, ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna ɛzɩ Platon (pɩnzɩ -427 ŋtalɩ -347) nɛ Aristote (pɩnzɩ -384 ŋtalɩ -322) yaa canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa ɛzɩ Thucydide pɩnzɩ -460 ŋtalɩ -395) mba pazɩna tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ naa tɔm lɩmaɣza labʊ, nɛ pɩwalɩɣ halɩ pɩñɔtɩna komina tɩlɩyɛ. 

Siini samaɣ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛna kajalaɣ ñɩnɖɛ nɖɩ lɛ mandarinat, nɛ wɛɛ ana ataa tɩpaza. Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki kɩndɩɣ ɛyaa tɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɔm laɣsɩ nɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛzɩ samaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm, waɖɛ yaa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ.
Tidjane Thiam

Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Tidjane Thiam yɔ, palʋla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ (29) wiye, pɩnaɣ 1962 taa. Kootidiivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa, Abiijaŋ tɛtʋ taa palʋla-ɩ.

Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam wɛna ajɛya naalɛ tɛ takayɩsɩ. Ɛkɛ Kootidiivʋwarɩ pɩɣa, ɛwɛna Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣ se ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-pɩɣa yɔ. Ɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ takayaɣ ŋga kahaɣ-ɩ waɖɛ yaa ŋga kawɩlɩɣ se ɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛ pɩɣa yɔ. Yee ḿbʋ, ɛpɩzɩɣ ɛkɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. Ɛpɩzɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ. 

Alɩwaatʋ tʋnɛ, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se sɔnɔdaa ɛkɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩcɔŋna liidiye kɩndʋʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ, ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ɖooo lɛ, ɖajaa Brady Dougan cɔŋaɣna tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ɖajaa Brady Dougan kɛ Amerika pɩɣa. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ ɖɩtɛnɖɛ, pɩnaɣ 2015 taa ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam lɛɣza-ɩ tʋmɩyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-ñʋʋ yɔɔ.

Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam laba nesi tɛɛ tʋma lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ sukuli Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛmʋ pɩ-tɛ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ. Ɛlaba ɖɔɖɔ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm ñɩnʋʋ sukuli nɛ ɛmʋ kʋkʋ tɛ takayaɣ sɔsɔɔ. 

Ɖajaa Mckinseɣ nɛ ɖajaa Company pɔcɔŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna tɩŋa payɩ yɔɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1986 nɛ puwolo pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1994 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam sɔza ɛyaa naalɛ ḿba pɔ-yɔɔ nɛ pɔcɔŋna Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tʋma sɔsɔna sɔsɔna yɔɔ. 

Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam pɩsɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1994 taa. Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1999 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam kɛkɛŋna Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba pɔcɔŋna lɛɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ  sukulinaa nɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛʋ tʋma yɔɔ yɔ, pɔ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ. Ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam nɛ Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ pɛkpɛndaɣna nɛ palakɩ tʋmɩyɛ kʋɖʋmɖɩyɛ.

Kpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1998 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, ɖajaa Tidjane Thiam kɛ Kotidivwaarɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se BNETD yɔ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ nɛ ɛtɛ ɛkɛ Minisi weyi ɛcɔŋna ɛzɩma paɖʋ haba ndɩ ndɩ nɛ lona wena a-taa pʋpɔzʋʋ se pasɩɩ tʋma sɔsɔna ñʋŋ yɔ nɛ ɛzɩma Koti Ivʋwarɩ ɛjaɖɛ tɔsʋʋ ɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa yɔ.
Kpɛlɩ pɩyʋʋ pɩlʋʋ kpata

Pɩyʊ naa kpata pɩlʊʊ yaa caɣyɛ, patasɩ yaʊ ɖɔɖɔ se Mendeleïev taabɩlɩ, pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ yaa pɩlɩtʊ (CPE) yaa kɛlɛʊ paya caɣyɛ kpata, pɩwɩlɩɣ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa tɩŋa, papɩlɩ-wɛ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ paa pʊtʊ weyi lɛ, ɛ nɛ ɛ-kalɩyaɣ, pɩlɩna ɛ-mayaɣ cɔlɔ, mbʊ pasɩŋna-ɩ yɔ. 

Kpata ŋgʊ kɩtɛ labʊ wɛʊ yɔ Rusii kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa labɩna-kʊ, Dmitri Mendeleïev, wyi pɩnaɣ 1869 alɩwaatʊ taa, ɛma taabɩlɩ nakʊyʊ, kɩwɛ ndɩ ŋgʊ sɔnɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ ɛlɛ, kɩwɛɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-ñɩŋʊ yɔ, nɛ kɩ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kaakɛ se papɩlɩ ɖeyi ɖeyi pʊtʊnaa mba paasɩma wɛɛ kɩbɩna taa nɛ pɩsa nɛ pañɩɣ nesi pɛ-tɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ caɣyɛ yɔ, patɩlɩ pʊtʊnaa mba pataatɩɩsɩnda yaa pɩɩsaɣ se patɩlɩ-wɛ yɔ, halɩ pɔyɔɔdɩ cee yɔɔ pʊtʊna nabɛyɛ wɛtʊ naa mba patatɩɩtɩlɩda.	

Caɣyɛ kpata ŋgʊ pɔñɔɔza-kʊ tam sakɩyɛ ɖooo mbʊ yɔ nɛ pʊcɔ kʊwɛ ɛzɩ mbʊ sɔnɔ ɖɩsɩma-kʊ yɔ. Kɩpɩsa ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa kɩkɛdɩnaʊ nɛ kɩyɔɔ peeɖe tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ kpɛlɩ wɛtʊ tɩŋa lɩɣna. Ɖooo palɩzɩɣ UICPA kamaɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 2016 yɔ, kɩ-wɛtʊ wɛna pʊtʊnaa 118, kpaɣ nɛ ɩdɩrɔgɛnɩ 1H ŋkɔɔ ŋtalɩ okaneson 118Og.

## Kpɛlɩ pɩyʋʋ pɩlʋʋ kpata

Kpata ŋgʊ kɩkɛ kɩlɩzɩɣ ŋgʊ pakɩlaɣ-kʊ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ siŋ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ taa. Kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa nabɛyɛ taka se palɩzɩ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ wɛtʊ lɛɛtʊ, ɛlɛ tʊnɛ yɔ tɩkɛ sizika lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Tuwala

Duwala kɛna Kameruni ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Atilantiki kitiiliŋ nakʋyʋ cɔlɔ kpam nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 923 km2. Pakala ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ ɛyaa 2 768 436. Payaɣwaɣ Tuwala tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Douala Manga Bell (1927-2012). Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩkɛna Kameruni kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kɛ mbʋ papɩzɩɣ payaa se tɔsʋʋ kpou yɔ pɩlɩɩna teŋgu ŋgʋi kɛwɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ti-kitiiliŋ yɔɔ yɔ. 

Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Tuwala tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Taakarɩ (Senegali), Strasbourg (Fransɩɩ), Akisari (Tuurkii), Newari (New Jersey) nɛ Filadɛlifi (Etaazunii) nɛ Windowɛkɩ (Namibii).
Harare

Harare kɛna Afrika nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ Zimbabuwe ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Pɩnaɣ 2007 taa paakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, paakpɛnda ɛyaa 2 800 111. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwalanzɩ taa makɩɣna 96 060.

Ɖooo lɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ ɛyaa mba payawaɣ-wɛ se Sona (Shonas) yɔ mba kaawɛna peeɖe. Ɛyaa panɛ pakpakaɣ-wɛ ɖɔdɔ ɩzɩ Neharawa (Ne-Hararawa) nɛ pʋtɔbʋʋ se weyi eeɖou yɔ. Pʋkʋma lɛ, you sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ lɩɩ peeɖe cejewa hɛkʋ taa nɛ cejewa wena payaɣ-yɛ se Guca (Gutsa) yɔ awa you ŋgʋ nɛ aɖɔɔnɩ Sonawaa nɛ alɛ wolo acaɣ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Zambii yɔ ɖɩ-tɛ pʋŋ sɔsɔŋ taa.

Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Harare nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kazaŋ (Ruusii), Notiŋgam (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Munisi (Caama), Pirato nɛ Lago (Italii).
Isitambuli

Isitanbuli kɛna Tuurkii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛsɛkuliye tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ. Peeɖe ɖɖoɖɔ kɛ tadɩyɛ labʋ nɛ tɔnʋʋ taa kpekpeka tʋma kɩlaa.  Peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖʋ kɛ Turiki ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ Isitanbili tɛtʋ taa lɛ, pɛɖɛ ɛyaa ɛzɩ miliylolonaa 15 yɔ ɛlɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-hɛkʋ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi ɖeke lɛ ɛyaa kpɛnda pɩnaɣ 2016 taa kɛ 14 804 116. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ, Isitanbuli tɛtʋ wɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ yɔ. 

Isitanbuli tɛtʋ wɛ Eerɔpu nɛ Azii pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛlɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ ɛzɩma tɩɩwɛ Eerɔpu keteŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa yɔ, pʋyɔɔ kɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Eerɔpu ñɩndʋ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ papaazɩɣ-tʋ yaʋ se Isitanbuli, pɩtakɩlɩ leeɖɩɣ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 28 pɩnaɣ 1930 taa kɛ papaazɩ-tʋ yaʋ mbʋ. Pɩyele ɖooo lɛ payawaɣ-tʋ se Piizansi (Byzance). Pɩɩkɛ agoza fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 330 taa nɛ pɩɩkɛna hɩɖɛ ɖʋʋ kɛ roma wiyau sɔsɔ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Constantin 1er yɔ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ paya tɛtʋ ndʋ se Deuxième Rome, Piizansɩ (Byzance), nɛ Konsitantiinopɩlɩ (Constantinople). Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 2004 taa lɛ Isitanuli maaliki yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ kɛ payaɣ se Kadir Topbas (AKP).
Hɔŋkɔŋ

**Hɔŋkɔŋ** kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ peeɖe kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Hɔŋkɔŋ tɔbʋʋ kɛlɛ se sɔzɩŋ kidiiliŋ. Pɔcɔnaa siŋŋ kɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kɛ ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ kpadɩyʋʋ kɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa. Tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taakiŋ nɛ Siini lɩŋgamʋʋ ŋgʋ paya se Mer méridionale yɔ kɩwɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-cɔlɔ kpam.  

Keteŋa kpeekpe taalɛ Niyuu Yɔrɩkɩ nɛ Lɔndrɩ wayɩ lɛ, Hɔŋkɔŋ tɛtʋ tɩŋʋna tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩndaa wobu tɔm taa. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 7 234 800 nɛ tɩ-walanzɩ taa makɩɣna 1 104 km2. Payaɣ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa tɔm hʋyʋ sɔsɔ tɛ takayaɣ taa mayʋ se Paul Chan Mo-po Rimsky Yuen. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩ-taa kʋnʋmɩŋ weyi pɔyɔɔdɩɣ komina tʋma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-ɩ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ɩnʋ lɛ Englɩsɩɩ nɛ Mandarɛɛ.
Hʋndʋ

Hʋndʋ kɛna tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ yaa ɛyʋ yɔɔ mbʋ pɩñɔ ɛyɔɔ nɛ pɩwɛɛ mini mini yaa pɩɩpɩɩ (filiforme) yɔ. Ñɔyaɣ ñɔʋ pɩyɔɔ tɔnʋ tɛ (épiderme) nɛ kɩpaɣlɩ lɛ pʋcɔ nɛ kɩlɩna awayɩ. Pɩtɛkɛ paa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩyɔɔ kɛ ñʋndʋ yaa ñɔsɩ ñɔʋ. Ɛyʋ yɔɔ lɛ hʋndʋ ndʋ tɩñɔʋ ɛ-ñʋʋ taa yɔ payaɣ-sɩ se ñɔsɩ nɛ ndʋ tɩñɔʋ ɛ-hɩnɛ yaa e-kodiye yɔɔ yɔ tʋtʋ payaɣ se kpɛtʋ. Piyele nɛ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛ-tamaɣ tɛɛ nɛ e-ndoma yɔɔ yɔ payaɣ-tʋtʋ se tandʋ, ɛlɛ yee pɩkɛ efebu ɛɖaɣna tandʋ ñɔʋ kɔyɔ payaɣ-tʋ se koonum (duvet). Ɛyʋ yɔɔ ñɔsɩ kɩlɩna ɖɔʋ.

Hʋndʋ ndʋ tɩwɛ ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ yɔ ndʋ payaɣ se ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ hʋndʋ. Ɛzɩ ɛyaa wɛʋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ mbʋ ɖɔɖɔ hʋndʋ yaa ñɔyaɣ, tandaŋ, kpɛtʋ wɛɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ pa-tɩna hʋndʋ ɖeke nɛ lɛɛba lɛ patatɩɩ ñɔʋ paa ñɩɩ halɩ pɩtamna pa-ñʋntaa.
Jakarita

**Jakarita** (; ) kɛna Ɛndonezi ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakala ɛyaa kɛ peeɖe lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa 30 326 103. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa mba paalɛɣ wɛɣʋ yɔ mba payaɣ se Betawi waa nɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Batavia yɔ ɖɩ-taa.

Ñɩnɩya ñɩnaa nɛ pana se ɖooo lɔŋ taa tɔm natʋyʋ wɛ Jakarita tɛtʋ taa nɛ payaɣ-tʋ se Tugu. Tɔm tʋnɛ pana-tʋ Jakarta nɛ hayʋ kiŋ. Pama tɔm tʋnɛ nɛ palava kʋnʋŋ taa nɛ tɔm tʋnɛ tɩ-taa lɛ panaɣ kewiyaɣ nakayɩ hɩɖɛ. Kewiyaɣ ŋga payaɣ-kɛ se Tarumanagara nɛ ke-wiyau kɛ payaɣ se Purnawarman. Wiyau ɛnɛ ɛɖʋ teŋu taa hɛŋga nakayɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtana hiu yɔ. Pɩɩkɛ pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 5taa, pana hɛŋga ŋga nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋ Yeesu Kristʋ. Payaɣ Jakarita tɛtʋ yɔɔ cɔnɩyʋ se Djarot Saiful Hidayat.

Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Jakarita tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Kasablanka (Marɔkɩ), Jeda (Arabisaʋditi), Navimʋmbayi (Ɛndɩ), Tokɩyo (Sapɔŋ), Pɛrlɛɛ (Caama), Sewuli (Koree nɛ hadɛ kiŋ).
Teeli

Teeli tɛtʋ wɛna Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hayʋ kiŋ nɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ payaɣ-tʋ se Nɛw Teeli yɔ tɩwɛ. Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwɛ Yumana poo nɔɔyɔɔ nɛ peeɖe kiŋ habɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ nɖɩ patɩŋgʋna-ɖɩ nɛ powoki ɖenɖe payaɣ se Kanzɩ tɛtʋ taa nɛ payakɩ kɩyakʋ. 

Ɖooo lɛ Pritaniki ɛjaɖɛ kakpacayaɣna tɛtʋ tʋnɛ. Mba kpaɣna tɛtʋ tʋnɛ nɛ papɩsɩ-tʋ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛna tɩ-kewiyaɣ nɛ tɩ-taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa paɣtʋ lɩzɩyaa kpelaɣ wɛɛ yɔ. Pɛtɛyɩ Teeli tɛtʋ kɛ kɛ tɔm kagbanzɩ (5) taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ ɛyaa kɛ tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, pɛkpɛnda ɛyaa miliyɔɔnaa nɛɛlɛ nɛ kagbanzɩ (25). Mbʋ yebina nɛ tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩkɛna keteŋa kpeekpe taa tɛtʋ ndʋ kagbanzɩ ñɩndʋ kɛ ndʋ tɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʋ yɔ. 

Ɛzɩ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ lɛɛtʋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Teeli tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋm kʋɖʋma se tɔsʋʋ nɛ ɛsɩnda wobu ɛɖɛɛna poliŋ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ yɔ: Sikaago (Etazuni), Kuwala Lumpuri (Malɛɛzii), Lɔndri (Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ), Mɔsiku (Ruusii), Sɛɛpetɛrɩsbuuri, (Ruusii), Sewuli (Koree nɛ hadɛ kiŋ), Tokiyo(Sapɔŋ), Ulani-Patɔrɩ (Mɔŋgoli). Tɛtʋ tʋnɛ tɩwayɩ lɛ, Teeli tɛtʋ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa tɛtʋ natʋyʋ ɖʋ taabalɩyɛ nɛ palakɩ tʋma ɖɔɖɔ. Tɛtʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Paari (Fransɩ), Erefani (Armeni) nɛ Fukuwaka (Sapoŋ).
Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ

**Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ** kɛ kajalaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba paɣ kamʋʋ.
Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ

**Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ naalɛ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛkɛ Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba lakɩ lesi.
Lakɩŋ fenaɣ

**Lakɩŋ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ naadozo ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba woki lakɩŋ.
Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ

**Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ naanza ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Lakɩŋ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Agoza fenaɣ wayɩ.

Ɛlɛ, paatasɩɣ ɖuu fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa, pakpaŋɩɣ kɩkpaŋɩɣ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tɛʋ ɛɛtasɩɣ nɩʋ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa.
Agoza fenaɣ

**Agoza fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ kagbanzɩ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɩwɛ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ wayɩ.

Ɛlɛ, paatasɩɣ kozuu fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa, poɖuu koɖuu, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tɛʋ ɛɛtasɩɣ nɩʋ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ se poɖuu.
Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ

**Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ loɖo ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɩwɛ Agoza fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Ɛlɛ, paatasɩɣ mɩsɩ kʋm fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa, pokozuu kokozuu, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tɛʋ ɛɛtasɩɣ nɩɣ Ɖomaɣ fenaɣ taa se poɖuu.
Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ

**Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ lʋbɛ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛkɛ Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba yakɩ hasɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pɩkɛna kɩjɛyʋ kɛ ɛvalʋ se ɛkʋ haɣ pʋcɔ ɛlʋ.
Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ

**Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ luutozo ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Salaŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba tɔkɩ kɩyɛɛna kazandʋ nɛ paɖʋʋ cɩmɩŋ kɛ pa-akpema yɔɔ.
Salaŋ fenaɣ

**Salaŋ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ nakʋ ñɩŋa pinaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Aloma fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ mba hʋyʋʋ hɛɛ nɛ pokuluu kɛtɛʋ.
Aloma fenaɣ

**Aloma fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ hiu ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Salaŋ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kabɩyɛ mba loŋ pola.
Kamɩŋ fenaɣ

**Kamɩŋ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Aloma fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Ɛlɛ, paatasɩɣ paʋ kamɩŋ fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa pʋɖɔɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tɛʋ ɛɛnɩɣ lɔŋ lɛ, tɔɔnasɩ tɩŋa tatɩɩpɩta pɩkɩla nɛ mɩla. Kabɩyɛ mba yeki poɖuu hɛɛ pola taa fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa.
Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ

**Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ** kɛ fenaɣ hiu nɛ naalɛ ñɩŋa pɩnaɣ taa. Kɛwɛ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ wayɩ.

Saŋayɩŋ tʋbʋʋ se ɛvalʋ weyi ɛtɛma ɛ-tɛ pɩnzɩ naadozo lʋbʋ yɔ ɛ-tɛ sɔnzɩ.

Fenaɣ ŋga ka-taa kɛ kabɩyɛ mba yeki papaɣ kamɩŋ pɩkɩlɩ ɛzɩ Kamɩŋ fenaɣ maɣmaɣ taa yɔ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ tɛʋ ɛɛtasɩɣ nɩʋ lɔŋ lɛ, tɔɔnasɩ tɩŋa tatɩɩpɩta pɩkɩla nɛ mɩla.
Piya wiye

Piya wiye kɛ kɩyakʋ naalɛ ñɩŋgʋ kpɩtaʋ taa. Kɩkɛ Hodo wiye ɛsɩntaa nɛ Cɩla wiye wayɩ.
Cɩla wiye

Cɩla wiye kɛ kɩyakʋ naadozo ñɩŋʋ kpɩtaʋ taa. Kɩkɛ Piya wiye ɛsɩntaa nɛ Sarakawaɣ wiye wayɩ.
Sarakawaɣ wiye

Sarakawaɣ wiye kɛ kɩyakʋ naanza ñɩŋa kpɩtaʋ taa. Kɩkɛ Cɩla wiye ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kimeɣa wiye wayɩ.
Kujuka wiye

Kujuka wiye kɛ kɩyakʋ lʋbɛ ñɩŋa kpɩtaʋ taa. Kɩkɛ Mazaɣ wiye ɛsɩntaa nɛ Hodo wiye wayɩ.
Pierre-Simon de Laplace

Palʊla-ɩ Pierre-Simon Laplace liɖe taa kɛnɛ, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 23 pɩnaɣ 1749 Beaumont-en-Auge nɛ ɛsɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 5 1827 Paarii tɛtʊ, ɛkɛ tɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ tɩyɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, tomnasi ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ nɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa politiki ɛyʊ. 

Laplace kɛ tɩlɩya yaa lɛɣtʊ tɩna taa niye mʊyʊ lɛlʊ ɖɔɖɔ Napoléon alɩwaatʊ taa. Siŋ taa lɛ, ɛɖʊ nisi sakɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa lɛɣtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa nɛ tɩyɩnzɩ yɔɔ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm taa nɛ kpeu tɛ akɔnta lɩmaɣza taa. Ɛ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ ɛwaba siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛ-tɛ pɩɩtɛmaɖʊʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ ñʊʊ kam.  

Pɩnaɣ 1799 wɛɛ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ taa lɩm ɖʊyʊ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mɩnɩsɩtrɩ pɩtɩŋna ɛjaɖɛ tɔm yɔɔ cɔnayʊ yɔɔ. Napoléon Kajalaɣ tʊ yebina-ɩ Ampiiri kewiyitu pɩnaɣ 1808. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1817 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, pakpa-ɩ se ɛpɩsɩ cɛjɛ wɛɛ wena Bourbon waa ɖanɩɣ pɩsʊʊ yɔ. Ɛkɛ Normand tʊ nɛ pɩɣa ŋga kɛwɛna tɛtʊ pazɩ yɔ yaa haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ, Pierre-Simon Laplace laba sukuli pɩtɩŋna ɛ-cɔlɔ kpɛyɛ ɛyaa ɖoŋ yɔɔ kɛnɛ pɩlɩna mbʊ pasɩma-ɩ se ɛwɛ nesi tɛɛ ñɩm nɛ ɛmʊna ñamtʊ yɔ. Ɛlaba sukuli pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1765 Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ sukuli ŋgʊ Maur Kiɖeɖeʊ ñɩma mba pɛwɛna Ɛsɔ wazaɣ yɔ.

Pɩnaɣ ŋga ka-taa powona-ɩ Caen sukuli kɩtɛzɩ taa. Pɔcɔ lɛ, ɛlaba nɔɔ leleŋ paɣtʊ sukuli kɛ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ sukuli taa, ɛpaɣzɩ ɛyɔ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza sukuli sɔŋgɔ alɩwaatʊ tɛma wayi lɛ pɩnaɣ 1766 ɛ-nɛ ɛ-wɩlɩyʊ Jean Adam kɛ Ɖeɣa kɔlɛzɩ taa, anasaayɩ taa lɛ payaɣ se kollège du Bois. Ɛlaba sukuli ɖɔɖɔ ɛ-nɛ Christoph Gadbled, ɛlɛ kaakɛ lɩm kañaɖaɣ kpɛlɛkʊʊ wɩlɩyʊ Caen nɛ ɖɔɖɔ lɛɣtʊ yaa tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ nesi tɛɛ keɖeɣa sukuli taa, Pierre Canu ɛɛkɛ sukuli pɩɣa kɩbɩnaɣ Gadbled nɛ ɖɔɖɔ wɩlɩyʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm hɔɔlʊʊ taa Mont kɔlɛzɩ taa pɩnaɣ 1769 paɣzɩtʊ taa. Kpaɣ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1767 ŋtalɩ 1769, ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɩnaʊ wɩlɩyʊ kɛ Beaumont kɔlɛzɩ taa.  

Pɩnaɣ 1769 ɛɖɛɛ ewolo Paarii se ɛkatɩ tɩlɩyɛ wɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ nɔyʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa, ɛlɛ payaɣ d’Alembert, ɛ-tɛ talʊʊ peeɖe tɩŋna yɔɔ kɩɖɩnaʊ takayaɣ ŋga kalɩna Le Canu cɔlɔ yɔ. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛlaɣ kizi, d’Alembert kpɛdɛyɛ lɛ, ɛ-yɔɔ hɛɛ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛmazɩ takayɩ hatʊ naanaza nasɩyɛ yɔɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩfɛyɩ ɖoŋ yɔ yaa pɩɩlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊ-tɔm kɛlɛ ɛ-laŋgɩyɛ hɛɛ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛmʊ-ɩ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɩlʊʊ sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli taa. Pɛhɛyɩ pɩnaɣ taa liviri naa 1400 nɛ pʊwayi ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, palabɩ-ɩ haya sukuli ŋgʊ kɩ-taa peeɖe.

Laplace ɖʊ ɛ-kajalaɣ nesi kewiyaɣ tɛ lɛɣtʊ tɩna tɛ tɔm yɔɔ kandɩya tɔm taa lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 28 pɩnaɣ 1770. Ɛyaa hiŋ nɛ naatozo cɔŋnɩna ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ pʊcɔ pɩwɛɛ se pala caca nɛ palɩzɩ-ɩ se ɛkɛ pɛ-ɛyʊ wayɩ tʊ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1773 (ɛlɛ Desmarest ɛlɛza). Pɩnaɣ 1775 lɛ, ɛmʊ pɩnaɣ kɩhɛyʊʊ nakʊyʊ ŋgʊ yɔ 500 liviri kandɩya mba pɔ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1776 paɖɩza sɔjana kewiyaɣ sukuli nɛ papɩsɩ-kʊ ɛyaa kɩmaɣna camɩyɛ tɩna sukuli lɛ, pɛhɛyɩ-ɩ liviri naa 600.
Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, psukhê, kalɩzaɣ, nɛ logos, tɔmʊʊ) pɩkɛ maɣzɩm laɣsɩ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, wɛtʊ naa nɛ feteenim ɖɔnɛ. Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ lɔnsɩɖɛ tɩlɩyɛ yaa ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ tʊmɩyɛ wɛtʊ, lɩmaɣza, ɛyʊ wɛtʊ naa, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ maɣzʊʊ, nɛ ɛzɩma ɛyʊ nɩɣʊ, nɛ ɛ-laɣkasɩ mbʊ piyeki nɛ patɩlɩɣ ɛyʊ yɔ yaa samaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ. Maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ piliŋga ŋga kɛwɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tɔm pɩlʊʊ taa. Pɛtɛyɩ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ sakɩyɛ nɛ lɩmaɣza nɛ ñɩnɩɣ nɔmɔŋ wɛɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ kpaɖɩɣ yɔɔ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ labɩtʊ ɖɔ sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Tɔmɩŋ ɖɩlɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ, maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔmpiye lɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa psychologia, tɔmpiye ɖɩ maɣmaɣ pama-ɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ kʊnʊŋ taa ψυχή (psukhē ñʊʊ taa kpaʊ ciyam, kalɩzaɣ) nɛ -λογία (-logia, lɛɣtʊ, kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, ñɩnɩɣʊ) pɩtɩŋna croate ɛyʊ yɔɔ tɩlɩyʊ sɔsɔ Marko Marulić (pɩnaɣ 1450 ŋtalɩ 1524 alɩwaatʊ).

Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, tɔmpiye nɖɩ tovonum lɛ, ɖɩtɔyɩ pɩɣyɩyaa tɛ lɛɣzɩtʊ ɛyaa tɛ Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa, pɩtɩŋna Philippe Melanchthon takayasɩ maʊ yɔɔ weyi ɛɖaɣnɩ kpaʊ tɔmʊʊ ŋgʊ ɛ-tɛ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayasɩ taa yɔ nɛ ɛ-tɛ ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ pɩlɩna Aristote ɛyʊ yɔɔ maɣzɩm tɔm taa. Tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩnaɣ ɖɩ-tɩ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kaɖɛ yɔɔdasɩ.

Pasɩŋ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pilinzi ndɩ ndɩ pɩlɩna laɣsɩ nzɩ pakpaɣ nɛ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ yɔ (ɖɔkɔtɔ mɛwɛ mantɩ yɔɔ yaa takʊʊ piŋ), yaa pʊtɔma yɔ ɛyʊ tʊmɩyɛ labʊ cɔlɔ (tʊmɩyɛ, lɛɣtʊ, natʊ yaa losuu, kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, camɩyɛ ɖɔkʊʊ, wɛtʊ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ taa com). Nabʊyʊ lɛ, pʊtɔma maɣzɩm tɩlʊʊ, kpaaŋ kʊdɔmɩŋ kpɛlɛkʊʊ, ɛyaa tɛ maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ, pɩɣa maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ paɣlaka, maɣzɩm ajɔɔla tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔnɛ yɔɔ laɣsɩ, kpɩna maɣzɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ.
Mikhaïl Gorbatchev

**Mikhaïl Sergueïevitch Gorbatchev** (Ruusii kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв, Mikhaïl Sergueïevitch Gorbatchiov, [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕɵf], nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, paya-ɩ se Gorby, palʊla-ɩ lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 2 pɩnaɣ 1931 Privolnoïe (ru) nɔɔnɔɔ Stavropol Kraï tɛtʊ taa, ɛɛkɛ Sofiyetiki nɛ Ruusii ajɛyɛ ñʊʊ tʊ weyi eɖiyi URSS pɩnzɩ 1985 nɛ 1991 taa yɔ. 

Mikhaïl Gorbatchev,  ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caucase nɛ Hayi kiŋ Stavropol Kraï tɛtʊ taa. Ɛ-caa naa Kolkhozien waa patamsa pa-tɩ nɛ kpɛndɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʊɖaa, palʊla-ɩ lɛ, e-kiɖe taa kaawɛ kalɩmʊlaɣ kɩbaŋa nakɛyɛ ŋnɔɔ. Ɛkɛ Sergueï Andreïevitch Gorbatchev pɩɣa (pɩnzɩ 1909 ŋtalɩ 1976), ɛɛkɛ sɔɔja kɩbɩnʊʊ kedeŋga kpeekpe you naalɛ ŋgʊ taa, nɛ ɛsaɣa haɖaʊ lɔɔɖa Privolnoïe haɖaa taa nɛ Maria Panteleïevna née Gopkalo (pɩnzɩ 1911 ŋtalɩ 1993).  

Pakpa ɛ-cɔzɔ pɩnaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔtɔ-ɩ salaka. Papazɩ ponutu-ɩ yaa pɔtɔyɩtɩ-ɩ kakaa fenasɩ hiu nɛ nanza, nɛ pʊcɔ paɖɩyɩ-ɩ se ɛtasɩɣ liɣ wiɖi kaŋalaŋ. Paɖanɩɣ wɩlɩɣ ɛ-takayasɩ taa lɛ, tɔm hʊyʊ sɔsɔ lɩzɩ se ɛtala wiɖi kaʊ ɛyaa kʊʊ yaa ɛsatʊ tɔm natʊyʊ kaʊ, mbʊ lɛ, pɩtamʊna se caɣ tam salaka. Patʊlɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1938, nɛ ɛɖanɩɣ kpaɣʊ ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ kpelaɣ Kolkhoze ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1939. Tɔm ndʊ tɩcaɣ piŋ Mikhaïl yɔɔ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se maŋpɩcatʊ taa mankanaɣ tuluu ndʊ mansɩma yɔ, pakpa mɔn-cɔzɔ nɛ paɖɩɣ. Powona-ɩ nɛ ɖoo hɛkʊ.  

Ɛtɛma e-sukuli hɛkʊ taa sukuli taa lɛ, ɛlakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-cɔzɔ cɔlɔ ɛzɩ haɖaʊ lɔɖaa sayʊ yɔ. Pɩsa nɛ pasayɩ ɛ-ñʊʊ taa lɛ, paha-ɩ samtʊ nimiye nɛ pawɩlɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛtɛka kɩsɛmaɣ nɛ powona-ɩ Moscou se sukuli sɔsɔʊ. Peeɖe ɛlaba waɖɛ sukuli sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa Lomonossov tɛtʊ taa, peeɖe ɛkata Raïssa Titarenko weyi ɛka-ɩ labʊ halʊ yɔ. Pʊkɔma pɩnzɩ 1964 nɛ 1967 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, ɛkpɛlɛkɩ haɖaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Stavropol haɖaʊ sukuli taa nɛ ɛɖʊ ɛtɩ haɖaʊ cɛyɩtʊ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩɣ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang (Siini kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, 秦始皇,Pinyin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Qín Shǐhuáng, Wade kʊnʊŋ lɛ, Ch'in² Shih³-huang, EFEO taa lɛ, Tsin Chi-hoang, Kantɔnɛ Jyupting taa lɛ, Ceon⁴ Ci²-wong,Yale taa lɛ, Chèuhn Chí-wòhng) (pɩnaɣ 259 cɔlɔ ŋtalɩ salaŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 10 pɩnaɣ 210 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ), ɛɛkɛ kajalaɣ taa lɛ Qin wiyaʊ sɔsɔ kpaɣnɛ pɩnaɣ 247 ŋtalɩ pɩnaɣ 221 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. 

Ɛnʊ ɖɩzɩna ɛyaa tɛtʊ mʊyaa kewiyitu wɛɛ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwakaɣ kewiyisi nzɩ sɩlakaɣ yoŋ kpaɣ pɩnzɩ 230 nɛ ŋtalɩ 221 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Siini Ampiiri kpɛndɩyʊ, nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩsɩ Qin kewiyaɣ kɩɖɛzaɣ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ (pɩnzɩ 221 ŋtalɩ 207 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ). Patasɩ-ɩ yaʊ se Shin no Shikōtei (kajalaɣ Qin Wiyaʊ) Sapɔŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa.  
 
E-cejewiye hɩɖɛ kaakɛ Ying (嬴)nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ cikpeɖe kɔyɔ Zhèng (政), palɩzɩ-ɖɩ mbʊ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ fenaɣ ŋga kataa palʊla-ɩ yɔ ɛnɛ ka-hɩɖɛ paakpaɣ ɖama, Siini pɩnaɣ taa kajalaɣ fenaɣ. Pataa ya wiyaʊ hɩɖɛ nɛ kaañamtʊ ɛ-tɛ wɛɛ taa lɛ, ɛɛkɛ alɩwaatʊ taa ɛyaa cɔlɔ Qin wiyaʊ.  

Ɛnʊ weyi ɛkaɣ kɛʊ wiyaʊ sɔsɔ yɔ, palʊla-ɩ Handan, Zhao tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ, peeɖe palʊla e-ɖoo, paya-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Zhao Zheng, pɩnaɣ 259 cɔlɔ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Ɛkɛ wiyaʊ pɩɣa Yi Ren pɩyalʊ, ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛɛkɛ Qin Zhaoxiang wiyaʊ sɛyɩ. Pʊcɔ ɛkpakɩɣ Yi Ren halʊ lɛ, ɛɛkɛ taɣ yɔɔ halʊ caɣyʊ kɛ tadɩyɛ ñɩm tʊ nɔyʊ cɔlɔ Lü Buwei (呂不韋) weyi ɛdaŋaɣ wiyaʊ pɩɣa yɔɔ yɔ nɛ ɛ-hayɩ-ɩ.

Pɩnaɣ 267 pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ lɛ, wiyaʊ pɩɣa Anguo (安國) Yi Ren caa, paalɩza-ɩ se ɛkɛ peyebinam ñɩm tʊ Qin kewiyaɣ taa. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtaawɛna pɩɣa nɛ ɛ-halʊ kajalaɣ tʊ, ɛlɛ yɔ Huayang (華陽). Changping you pɩnaɣ kɩpɩsaɣ wayi palʊla-ɩ, ɖenɖe Qin naŋaɣ Zhao, Zheng nɛ e-cejewiye paawɛ haŋaɣ nakɛyɛ taa kpem.
Simon Bolivar

Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios tɛ Simón José Antonio, pakɩlɩ-ɩ sɩmnaʊ nɛ hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛyɔ se Simon Bolivar nɛ pɛɖɛyɩ-ɩ se Libertador. Palʊla-ɩ hasɩyaɖɛ kɩyakʊ 24 pɩnaɣ 1783 Caracas tɛtʊ taa Venezuela ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛsɩ saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 17 pɩnaɣ 1830 Santa Marta tɛtʊ taa Colombie ɛjaɖɛ taa. 

Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛɛkɛ sɔdʊʊ sɔɔja nɛ ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ Venezuela ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊ tʊ. Ɛkɛ weluu ɛ nɛ José San Martin tʊ nɛ Siili Bernardo O’Higgins, pɩlɩna Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ caɣ ajɛyɛ wena a-ñʊʊŋ yɔɔ yɔ tɛ ɛsakuliye nɔmɔʊ taa Amerika nɛ Hadɛ kiŋ ajɛyɛ taa pɩnaɣ 1813 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ taa. 

Ɛɖʊ nesi piŋ nɛ ɛka ñʊʊ ajɛyɛ anɛ atɩyɔɔ wɛʊ tɔm taa, Bolivi, Colombi, Equateur, Panama, Perou, Venezuela. Ɛlʊba siŋ nɛ palɩzɩ Colombi Sɔsɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ, nɛ ɛsɔɔlɩ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩkɛ lone nɖɩ ɖɩtaa Amerika latine ajɛyɛ kpɛndʊʊ ɖama nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ politiki nɛ sɔɔjɛtʊ tɔm yɔ nɛ ɛnʊ kaakɛna kajalaɣ ñʊʊ tʊ.    

Bolivar liɖe kɛ Ziortza-Bolibar cejewiye cikpeɖe naɖɩyɛ taa, Biscaye (basque espagnol ajɛyɛ taa). Bolivar cejewiye kaawɛ Venezuela ɛjaɖɛ kpaɣ kajalaɣ wɛɛ wena Amerika nɛ Haɖɛ kaacaɣ kajalaɣ caɣʊ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ. 

Simon Bolivar ɖoo, Concepción Palacios y Blanco Maaria, ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɛ-caa yɔ Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte kaawɛ Aristote Caracas ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma lɛlʊ kaakɩlɩ lɛlʊ pɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ mbʊ lɛ, pawalɩ ɖama pɩnaɣ 1773 alɩwaatʊ taa. Juan Vicente kaawɛna pɩnzɩ hiŋ nanaza nɛ lʊbɛ lɛ, ɛ-halʊ Concepción  kaawɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ yeke. Palʊlɩ piya mba yɔ María Antonia, Juana Nepomucena, Juan Vicente, Simón nɛ María del Carmen. Wayi ñɩnʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛtɩ sɩbʊ kpɛdɛ kpɛdɛ ɛzɩ paɖɩna-ɩ lʊlʊ yɔ.

Palʊla Bolivar pɩnaɣ 1783 hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakɩŋ 24 nɛ 25 ɖooo taa, Plaza San Jacinto Caracas kuduyuu sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ ɛ-hɩɖɛ kpeekpe kɔyɔ Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco, nɖɩ pɔsɔna-ɩ Ɛsɔ tɛ lɩm hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ kɩtɩŋaɣ taa Caracas cɔjɔ kpaŋ taa, ɛ-ɖɛtʊ ɖɔkɔtɔ sɔsɔ Juan Félix Jerez Aristeguieta sɔna-ɩ lɩm mbʊ. Pɔtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɛ-ɖɛtʊ ɛnʊ ɛhana-ɩ hɩɖɛ se Simon.
Kimeɣa wiye

Kimeɣa wiye kɛ kɩyakʋ kagbanzɩ ñɩŋa kpɩtaʋ taa. Kɩkɛ Sarakawaɣ wiye ɛsɩntaa nɛ Mazaɣ wiye wayɩ.
Mazaɣ wiye

Mazaɣ wiye kɛ kɩyakʋ naalɛ ñɩŋa kpɩtaʋ taa. Kɩkɛ Kimeɣa wiye ɛsɩntaa nɛ Kujuka wiye wayɩ.
Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa

Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa kɛ samaɣ tɩlʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa nakɛyɛ. Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩɣ ɛyʋ wɛtʋ samaɣ taa. Samaɣ tɩlʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ŋ́ga kañɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlʋʋ ɛyʋ wɛtʋ tɔbʋʋ samaɣ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ŋ́ga ñɩnɩɣna nɛ kana mbʋ pʋ-yɔɔ ɛyʋ lakɩ lakasɩ nasɩyɛ nɛ sɩtɔcɔlɩ yaa sɩcɔlaa yɔ.

Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ anasaayɩ sukuli labʋ nʋmɔʋ nɛ ɖɩna. Ɖooo lɛ, caja nɔɔyʋ ɛlʋlɩ piya nɛ sɩ-taa nakɛyɛ sɔɔlɩ yaa kaɖʋ se kalakɩ anasaayɩ sukuli yɔ, ka-caa yaa ka-ñɩma lalaa cɔŋna-kɛ se kapɩsɩ tɩkpayʋ pɩtɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pakpakɩɣ-kɛ se kaawazɩ pʋyʋ, se keleba. 

Ɛbɛ yeba nɛ ɖa-caanaa wɛŋa pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣza ana ? Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ nɛ ka-tɩlʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ kana mbʋ pʋyɔɔ ɖa-caanaa kɛwɛna pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣza ana yɔ. Kañɩnɩɣ nɛ katɩlɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ ɖa-caanaa kɛwɛna pɩ-tɛ lɩmaɣza lɛ, ka-tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ se kalʋ nɛ kañɩnɩ lɛɣtʋ yaa lɔŋ weyi ɛ-yɔɔ patɩŋna nɛ samaɣ nɩɩ pɩ-taa ɖeu se anasaayɩ sukuli labʋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ.

Anasaayɩ sukuli labʋ kʋɖʋmʋʋ ŋ́gʋ kʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tetisiɣ se pɛ-pɛlaa ɛla sukuli. Pɔtɔŋ se halɩpɩɣa tʋmɩyɛ kɛlɛ mɩzaɣ nɔɔ tʋmɩyɛ. Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ nɛ ka-tɩlʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa ñɩnɩɣna nɛ katɩlɩ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔsɔɔlɩ se sɩ-halɩpiya ɛla anasaayɩ sukuli yɔ. Samaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ nɛ katɩlʋʋ lɛɣtʋ pilŋa ŋ́ga kɔcɔŋnana nɛ katɩlɩ nʋmɔŋ weyi pakpaɣna nɛ ɛyaa tɩŋa nɩɩ pɩ-taa se halɩpiya sukuli labʋ wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ yɔ.
Ellen Sirleaf Johnson

Ɖoɖoo nɔɔyʋ payaɣ se Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Palʋla-ɩ aloma fenaɣ kɩyakʋ nɛɛlɛ nɛ nakʋ ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 1938 ñɩŋa taa. Palʋla-ɩ Monroviya tɛtʋ taa. Monrovia tɛtʋ kɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ.

Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɛ politiki laɖʋ sɔsɔ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛlʋba nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʋ hiu nɛ loɖo (16) ñɩŋʋ wiye, pɩnaɣ 2006 taa. Ɛkɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kpaɣna pɩnaɣ ŋ́ga nɛ ŋkɔɔ ŋsɩɩna sɔnɔ.

Ɛlaba tɔsʋʋ sukuli Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa. Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Amerika tɛtʋ taa. E-sukuli ŋ́gʋʋ ɛtɛma labʋ nɛ ɛkɔɔ ɛpɩsɩ tɔsʋʋ laɖʋ sɔsɔ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋcɔ ɛpɩsɩɣ ɖɩ-ñʋʋdʋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɛŋna Afrika tɛtʋ ajɛya kpeekpe kajalaɣ halʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ. E-ɖeke koŋ ɛkɛŋna Afrɩka ajɛya kpeekpe taa halʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ yɔ.

Ɖoɖoo Ellen Jonson Sirleaf kɛ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋɖʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-nʋmɔʋ taa pɔkɔma paha-ɩ laŋhɛzɩyɛ yɔɔ lʋbʋ samtʋ nimiye pɩnaɣ 2011 ñɩŋa taa.
Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf liɖe nɛ e-sukuli labʋ.

Palʋla ɛ-cɔzɔnaa naalɛ nabɛyɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-caa se Jahmale Carneɣ Johnson. Amerika tʋ nɔɔyʋ kakpaɣ Liberiya halʋ nɛ paɖʋ hɔʋ nɛ pɛwɛɛ Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ taa. Hɔʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩcɔŋna Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf caa yɔɔ nɛ ɛ́lɛ kɔɔ ɛla ɛyʋ nɛ ɛkpaɣ halʋ nɛ ɛlʋlɩ-ɩ.

Ɛ-caa laba e-sukuli kɩtɛzʋʋ sʋsɔʋ Metoodisti waa sukuli sɔsɔʋ taa. Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʋ sɔsɔtʋ, Monrovia taa ɛlaba-kʋ. Ɛ-caa laba sukuli nɛ ɛtɛ lɛ, ɛpɩsɩ tɔm temiyu, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se weyi ɛkandɩyɩɣ yaa ɛlʋkɩ ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ (avocat).

Payaɣ Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf liɖe taa tʋ nɔɔyʋ ɖɔɖɔ se Ɖacaa Hilary R. W. Johnson. Ɛ́lɛ kɛŋna Liberiya ɛjaɖɛ ñʋʋdʋ kajalaɣ tʋ. Palʋla-ɩ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. 

Ɖɩcɔna Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf kɔyɔ, ɖɩnaɣ se ɛka halʋ kɩsɛm. Ɛ-sɛmɩŋ lɩna ɛ-cɔzɔ nɔɔyʋ cɔlɔ. Tɔbʋʋ se, e-ɖoo ɖoo kawalɩ caama tʋ nɔɔyʋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf paɣlɩ ñɩm hɔʋ taa. Ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lʋbɛ (17) lɛ, ɛwalɩ evebu weyi payaɣ se John Sirleaf yɔ. Ɛ́lɛ kɩlɩ-ɩ pɩnzɩ. Paa mbʋʋ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ, etisina-ɩ se ɛɖɛɛ ɛla e-sukulinaa sɔsaa Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa.

Ɛ-walʋ kɛkɛ sʋlʋm ñɔyʋ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Ɛñɔʋ sʋlʋm nɛ ekpe ɖɩɣa lɛ, ɛkpɛŋkɛtɩɣ ɛ nɛ e-piya kamaɣ fɛyɩ. Halɩ ɛ-walʋ woba ɛ-wayɩ evemiye naɖɩyɛ ɛ-tʋmɩyɛ taa nɛ elu-i katanzɩ. Ɛmaba-ɩ, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ, ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ ɛtɔŋ se eekpeŋ ɖɩɣa lɔŋ. Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johson Sirleaf lakaɣ tʋmɩyɛ liidiye tʋmɩyɛ ɖɩlaɖɛ Minisi tʋmɩyɛ taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se, peeye ɛ-walʋ woba evemiye naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛmabɩ-ɩ.

Halɩ evemiye lɛɛɖɛ ɛ-walʋ ɛnʋ, ɛkpaɣ malɩfa ɛ-yɔɔ se ɛtɔyɩ-ɩ ɛ-pɩyalʋ ɛsɩndaa. Pʋkɔma kɩkɩlɩ Ɖoɖoo Ellen Johnson Sirleaf nɛ ɛ-walʋ kañatʋ lɛ, ɛtɛzɩ ɛ-yɔɔ kʋyʋʋ nɛ ekpe ɛcaɣ ɛ-tɛ. Pɩnaɣ 1961 ñɩŋa taa pɩlaba mbʋ yɔ.
Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ

Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-tɛ kɔtɩɩ ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 1, nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ H. Kɛkɛ Hɛlɩyɔm wayɩ. Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ tɛtʊ yɔɔ ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-tɛ ɖɩwɛyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ taa wɛ H (nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ, yem tʊ fɛyɩ pɩtaa), ɛlɛ ɛ-taa wɛ H waa ɛzɩ mɩnʊʊ yɔɔ lɛ 0,01 yɔ (nasɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ kʊɖʊm, yem piye kʊɖʊm), ɖɔɖɔ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ. Ɖɩwɛyɛ kʊɖʊmɖɩyɛ naatozo tʊ H taa ɖɩnaɣ (nazɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ kʊɖʊm, yem pee naalɛ), ɖiɣ ɖiɣ fɛyɩ, ɛlɛ pɩtaa piye ɖɩnazɩyɛ palɩɣ. Pɩ-kpeekpe pɩ-naatozo tɛ ɖɩwɛyɛ kʊyʊmdɩyɛ payaɣ ɛzɩ pɩpɔzɩɣ yɔ se pɩrɔtɩyɔm, deteriyom nɛ tɩrɩtɩyɔm. 

Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ pɩzɩɣ kɩwɛna Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ O (Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ waa naalɛ H2 yaa ñɩɣlɩm Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ), +I (kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ sakɩyɛ taa) nɛ -I (ñɩɣlɩm Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kpɛndʊʊ wondu taa). Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kɛ nasɩyʊ sɔzɩyʊ pɩyʊ, nɛ paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, papɩsɩ-ɩ nasɩyʊ sɩɣlɩyʊ H+ yaa H3O+.

Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi ɛ-tɔm kɩlɩ ɖoŋ wɩsɩ wɛtʊ taa yɔ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ sakɩyɛ taa (ɖoŋ lɩna Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ pee miŋ saʊʊ cɔlɔ), tɩyɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa wɛtʊ yaa tɩɩnzɩ hɛkʊ taa tomnaɣ wɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Pɩkɛ pɩyʊ keem wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa, nɛ pɩwɛɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ Siipitɛɛrɩ nɛ Satirini yɔɔ yɔ, nɛ pɩwɛ ɛzɩ diihidrozɛnɩ kaʊ tɩyɛ, lɩm yaa fefeku ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ wɛtʊ nɛ wɩsɩ cɔʊʊ tɩɩnzɩ sɔsɔsɩ taa yɔ. 

Fefeku ŋgʊ Cavendish lɛɛna-kʊ wɩlɩɣ keɣlee pɩnaɣ 1766, nɛ ɛya-kʊ se heelim mamʊʊ miŋ lɔŋ kɛlɛʊ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kʊmʊʊ miŋ lɔŋ lɔŋ yaa kɩmɩzɩɣ yee ɔkɩsɩgɛnɩ ɛwɛɛ kɔyɔ, peeɖe kɩpɩsɩɣ lɩm fefeku. Lavoisier ya fefeku ŋgʊ se Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ, pɛtɛyɩ tɔmpiye nɖɩ ɖɩtaa ɩdrɔ Krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, pɔ-tɔbʊʊ se ὕδωρ pɔ-tɔbʊʊ se lɩm nɛ mbʊ pɩtɩnɩ pʊyɔɔ zɛnɩ, Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, γεννᾰν (gennan). Pɩtɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm pɔyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ kɩ-te kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ H2 nɛ tɩlɩya ya-kʊ ɖeɖe nɛ sɔnɔ se dɩhɩdrɔzɛnɩ. Ɛlɛ paa ɖoye lɛ, payaɣ dɩhɩdrɔzɛnɩ se hɩdrɔzɛnɩ, yɔɔdaɣ kɛlɛʊ taa.
Johann Peter Rupert

Ɖajaa nɔɔyʋ payaɣ se Johann Peter Ruper. Ɛkɛ Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa mansʋʋ malɩɩ sɔsɔ nɔɔyʋ. Palʋla-ɩ Stellenbosch tɛtʋ taa mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ kajalaɣ fenaɣ taa, pɩnaɣ 1950 ñɩŋa taa. 

Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖoŋ tʋ nɔɔyʋ lʋlʋna-ɩ. Payaɣ ɛ-caa ɛnʋ se Anton Rupert. Ɖajaa Johann Peter Rupert kɛŋna kajalaɣ tʋ pa-lʋlʋʋ taa.

Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩm tɩnaa sɔsaa ɖʋ ŋgbɛyɛ naɖɛyɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ se « Société du luxe Richemont ». Kpaɣna ɖomaɣ fenaɣ kajalaɣ kɩyakʋ ñɩŋʋ, pɩnaɣ 2010 ñɩŋa taa nɛ pʋkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ yɔ, Ɖajaa Johann Peter Rupert kɛŋna ñɩm tɩnaa ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ ɖɛyʋ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ñɩm tɩnaa sɔsaa ŋgbɛyɛ payaɣ se « Remgro ». Ɖooo kamɩŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2009 ñɩŋa taa ñɩm tɩnaa sɔsaa laba lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ paɖʋ aŋgba ana.

Salaŋ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 2013 ñɩŋa taa lɛ, yee pɛkpɛndɩ Ɖajaa Johann Peter Rupert liidiye nɛ ɛ-hɔʋ taa ñɩma ñɩnɖɛ yɔ, ɖɩ-ñʋʋ kɛ dollars waa miiliyarɩ waa 7,7. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ ñɩm mbʋ pɩkpaɖa payɩ yɔ, pɩkpɛndɩ ñɩm kakpaanzɩ. Afrɩka nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa aseɣɖe takayasɩ mayaa ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Forbes yɔ, ɖɩyɔɔdʋʋ se Ɖajaa Johann Peter Rupert ñɩm wɛ ñɩm kakpaanzɩ waa mba pa-taa.
Hɛlɩyɔm

Hɛlɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi nɛ ɛ-tɛ kɔtɩɩ tɛ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 2, yʊsʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ He. Pɩkɛ fefeku kɩbaŋʊ nakʊyʊ (yaa kɛdɛɖaɣ fefeku), kiiciɣduu, ŋgʊ kɛnɛ kajalaɣ fefeku kɩbaŋʊ fefekiŋ kɩbaŋ liɖe taa kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata taa. E-ɖeɖe ɖɩwasɩyɛ kɩlɩna ŋñɩɩ kɛ pʊtʊnaa mba payɩ ɖɩsɩma yɔ.  

Hɛlɩyɔm wɛna ɖiɣ ɖiɣ agbele naa naalɛ, 4He ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ, 3He. Agbele naa mba pa-naalɛ, pɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ lalaa mba payi ɖɩsɩma kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa yɔ, pa-maɣmaɣ pɛ-wɛtʊ taa wɛ ndɩ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɛ-tɛ hilimiye ñʊʊ mayaɣ paɣla piŋ. Hɔɔlɩŋ lɛɛŋ lɛ, ɛzɩma pɔɖɔɔ piŋ, pɛwɛɛ ɖoŋ ɖenɖe ɖoŋ wɛ ŋñɩɩ yɔ, yele nɛ pʊyʊsɩ-wɛ kpem. Tɔm cɔdʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊ-tɔm ɖɩyɔɔdʊʊ yɔ lakɩ tʊmɩyɛ koŋ kɛ hɛlɩyɔm 4 (4 He) yɔ kɛnɛ. 

Tɔmpiye hɛlɩyɔm paamaɖɩ nɛ ɖooo krɛsɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ taa Helios (Ἥλιος / Hếlios, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se wɩsɩ), pʊtʊ ɛnʊ paalɛyɩ-ɩ naʊ kajalaɣ naʊ wɩsɩ mɔntʊsʊʊ taa kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 18 pɩnaɣ 1868, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ aliki Ɛsɔ liba mbilim wɩsɩ yɔ, pɩlɩna tɩɩnzɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ laɖʊ Jules Janssen yɔɔ.   

Hɛlɩyɔm tʊmɩyɛ ɖɔ yem kakama, ŋgʊ tʊma sɔsɔna tʊma pasaa pɩlɩna cɛyɩtʊ ndɩ ndɩ cɔlɔ, kɩtatasɩ tɔyʊʊ nɛ kɩ-tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ. Kɔyɔ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016, walaa cɔnaʊ tɛ lɛ, tɔsʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa hɛlɩyɔm tadɩyɛ pɩsa ɖɩwɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ nɛ pɩtaa pɩtaa cɩnɛ yɔ lɛ, ɛzɩ pɩɩwɛʊ kɩdɛɖaɣ yɔ lɛ, piyele pʊtɔyɩ yem sɩmm. Pʊtʊnaa mba pɛtɛ ɖɔʊ ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe taa lɛ, hɩdrɔzɛnɩ wayi lɛ, hɛlɩyɔm tɩŋɩɣna.
Lɩtɩyɔm

Lɩtɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 3 nɛ yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ Li. Pɩkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ nɛ kɩwɛɛ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata hɔɔlʊʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa. 

Lɩtɩyɔm tɛ hɛkʊ taa pee tɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ agbelenaa (6Li nɛ 7Li). Mbʊ tɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ lɩtɩyɔm tɔtɔyɩ wɩsɩ laɣsɩ taa ɛzɩ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba pɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ. Lɩtɩyɔm wɛna wazaɣ siŋ hɔyɛ taa piye tɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɖeɖe.  

Lɩtɩyɔm keeke kɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɔfɩɩ, pɩwɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ liidiye pɔyɔ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, kɩcalɩɣ nɛ kʊmʊʊ kalɩkɔtɔ lɔŋ lɔŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ ɛnɛ helim nɛ lɩm potukuna ɖama yɔ, kɩkpakɩɣ hʊlʊmɩŋ ɖɛʊ yɔɔ nɛ kpɛdɩŋ yɔɔ kiŋ. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ kpegelem yuŋ fɛyɩ yɔ. Ɛzɩ ɖʊʊyʊ wondʊ naa lɛɛla yɔ, ñɩɣlɩm lɩtɩyɔm tɩ lɛzʊʊ lɔŋ lɔŋ heelim nɛ lɩm pɔ-cɔlɔ. Pʊyɔɔ yɔɔ paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm num taa se paɖaŋ-ɩ nɛ helim. 

Palakɩ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kɛ ñɩɣlɩŋ nɛ ñɩɣlɩŋ caɖasɩ nɛ cʊŋ tʊma taa, palakɩna piili naa nɛ paterii naa mba pɔɖɔkʊʊ laatriki miŋ yɔ, num, pɔñɔɔzʊʊ helim mbʊ CO2 wɛka yɔ, palakɩna ketu nɛ aŋwa naa, palakɩna ɖɔɖɔ kpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣɖɛ.

Lɩtɩyɔm lɛɣzɩɣ lɔŋ mbʊ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩ ɛwɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛzɩ palɩzɩ-ɩ ɛ-ɖɩwɛyɛ taa yɔ, ɛlɛ ɛwɛɣ ɛzɩ nasɩyaa sɩɣlɩyaa wɛtʊ yɔ. Palɩzɩɣ lɩtɩyɔm nɛ kaŋ tɛ, cʊŋ tɛtʊ taa nɛ lɩm ɖɔm ñɩmbʊ taa. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palakɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ kpaagba pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩmɩŋ wondu yɔɔ. Pɩsa nɛ papɩzɩ palabɩ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɛtɛŋ kɛʊ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɔyɔ, palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nazɩyʊ yɛkɛlɩnayʊ (55 % LiCl nɛ 45 % KCl, ŋtalɩ 400 °C).  

USGS kaawila nɛ kɩna se kedeŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, lɩtɩyɔm ɖɔɔ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 13 pɩnaɣ 2010 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa, nɛ pɩtaa peeɖe lɛ Polivi yeke ñatɩna 58% nɛ Siini ñatɩɩ 27%. Kɔlaɣ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 2016, USGS ɖaɣnɩ wɩlʊʊ lɛ, pʊsɔza, pɩpɩsɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 14, nɛ pɩ-peekpe mbʊ palɩ pʊyɔɔ tɛtɛɛ yɔ talɩ tɔnɩ naa miiliyɔɔ naa 40. Kedeŋga kpeekpe labʊ taa lɛ ɖɩnaɣ pɩtalɩ tɔnɩ naa 25300 pɩnaɣ 2010 ɛlɛ Etaazuunii fɛfɩ pɩ-taa (USGS teyele se ɛyaa ɛtɩlɩ papa ñɩndʊ). Lɩtɩyɔm wɛ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ lɩngamɩŋ taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ mbʊ payi pɩtɩŋa pɩ-fezuu pɩ-taa. Kɩɩwazɩɣ pɩyʊ kpɩnɛ yaa tɩŋ, paa kɩfɛyɩ palakɩ pɛ-tɛ fezuu caɣʊ yem fɛyɛ, cɛyɩtʊ natʊyʊ fɛyɩ kaʊ.
Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ

Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tɔmnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ leemuu lɩm yaa tɩŋ hɛtʋ natʋyʋ yɔ. Payaʋ se sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ pakɛdɩna sʋnɖʋlɩm wɛtʋ nɛ payaa tomnasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ pɛtɛ wɛtʋ yɔ. Sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ kɛna tɔmnaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ kaɖɛ se papɩzɩ kɛkɛdɩ camɩyɛ yɔ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ pabaɣ sɛmɩŋ nɛ leemuu lɩm nɛ pesidi kɔyɔ pɩɩlɩɣ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ camɩyɛ. Ɛyaa nabɛyɛ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. 

Tɔnʋʋ taa alaafɩya tɔm taa lɛ, pombo maɖaa nabɛyɛ sʋʋ tokonaa nɛ cokodonaa mbʋ pɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ. Pɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ Togo taa pombo maɖaa wondu ɖɔɖɔ yɔ. Paamakɩ pombo ɖɔdɔ lɛ, yee pombo maɖʋ nɔɔyʋ ɛlaba mbʋ pɩfɛyɩ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pawɩlɩ-ɩ takayaɣ ŋga kɛwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ pʋtɔbʋ kɛlɛ se ɛtaatasɩ mbʋ labʋ. Yee pɩkɛ mbʋ payaɣ se siidoo karatee ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ tambaɖɛ kɛna nimiye nɖɩ pahaɣ-ɖɩ nabutozo ɖeɖe yɔ. Fransɩɩ ɛjadɛ taa lɛ peseɣ kolokaɣ lɛ, weyi ɛkɛ kacalaɣ-tʋ yɔ, ɛnʋ pɛcɛlɩɣ toko ŋgʋ kɩwɛ ɛzɩ sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ yɔ nɛ pɩkɛna samtʋ nimiye naɖɩyɛ kɛ pozu-i mbʋ yɔ.


File:2013-365-200 Getting Drunk on Nectar (9322741853).jpg|thumb|hɛtʋ sʋtʋ sɛmɩŋ
File:Bananas Bananen Protein.jpg|thumb|ayaba sʋtʋ sɛmɩŋ
File:Christmas Day.jpg|thumb|leemuu lɩm sʋtʋ sɛmɩŋ
File:Defense.gov News Photo 110506-F-OC707-518 - Staff Sgt. Geovanii Pacheco leads his team out of a building as part of an assault demonstration for Chief Master Sgt. of the Air Force James A.jpg|thumb|ɛsɩtɛɛlɩm kɔnʋʋ heelimaɣ
File:Faliraki Water Park .Rhodes - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|sʋtʋ sɛmɩŋ lɔɔɖɩyɛ
Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ

Pʊʊ Kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ kɛna pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ Alɩpɩ pʊŋ taa yɔ nɛ kʊ-kuyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna mɛtanaa 4 809, ɛlɛ wayɩ nɛ wayɩ pamaɣzɩ-kʊ lɛ, pan mɛtanaa 4 808,73. Pʊtɔbʊʊ se tɛŋ nɩɣ nɛ kɩyɔlɩɣ pazɩ pazɩ. Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ pʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩlɩna kʊyʊ. Paɖa kɩyɔɔ kɛ kpaʊ pɩnaɣ 1786.

Pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ nɩɩyɛ pɩlɩ ɖama yɔɔ nɛ payaa-ɩ se alɩpʊwaa. Ɛwɛ kʊhʊlʊmaa tɛtʊ ilemiye taa, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛwɛ Erɔpʊ tɛtʊ ilemiye taa. Ɛpɩlaa, kpaɣna Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ hayi kiŋ kamaɣ yɔɔ nɛ puwolo Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa nɛ pɩɖɛɛ Monako nɛ Suwiisi nɛ Lizitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ nɛ Otirisi nɛ Caama nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Silovenii pa-ajɛya taa.

Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩŋa Pʊʊ kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ ŋgʊ kʊyɔɔ kɔyɔ ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ elosi yaa ɛna piisi ɛzɩ naanza yɔ: Jura, Vosges, Foret-Noire nɛ Massif Central.

Alɩpʊ pʊŋ kʊyaa pɩtalɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 809 pʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Pʊʊ Kʊhʊlʊmʊʊ yɔ kʊ-ñʊʊ taa. Pʊŋ ɛnʊ ɛ-taa lɛ, papɩzɩɣ pakalɩ pʊŋ weyi ɛkɩlɩ kʊyʊʊ kpem yɔ pɩtalɩ pʊŋ nɩɩnʊwa nɛ niidozo nɛ pʊŋ naalɛ (82). Ɛ-kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ cɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa 4 000 yɔɔ. 

Suwiisi ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ kɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩnaza nɛ lutozo (48). Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ñɩŋgʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa niidozo nɛ lutozo (38) nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊʊ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ ñɛkɛ mɛtɛnaa nɩɩlɛ nɛ naanza (24). Mbʊ pɩtamsɩna pʊŋ ɛnʊ nɛ kɛdɛnzɩ yaa ajɛya yɔ, pʊkʊyaa pɩcɛzɩ mɛtɛnaa kudokuŋ naalɛ (2 000). Kpaɣna Meditɛɛranee teŋgʊ nɛ puwolo Taniibi pɔɔ lɛ, alɩpʊwaa hɔma pɩtalɩ kilomɛtɛnaa 1 200.
Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ

Teŋgu Kɩkpɛdʋʋ wɛna Tuurkii nɛ Georgie nɛ Ruusi nɛ Ukurɛnɩ nɛ Rumaanii nɛ Puligari pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Ɛ-walanzɩ taa talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1150 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ kiŋ yɔ.

Kɩwɛna ɖɔɖɔ 600 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ nɛ hayuu kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔluʋ taa mbɩ yɔ. Ɛ-taŋgalam taa walanzɩ talɩɣ ɛzɩ 43000 kɛ mɛtɛ waa kudoku mbɩ yɔ. Pontiki kɛna yʋsʋ maya hɩɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩlɩna ɖooo kɩbɩnjaazɩ teŋgu taa yɔ nɛ ki-liŋgʊ taa wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2252 yɔ.

Tombiye paɣlam nɖɩ pɔtɔŋ-ɖɩ se caŋ caŋ kabɩyɛ taa se fɛɛŋ taa wezu caɣu kpɛlɛkʋʋ-tʋ yɔ, nɛ pɔtɔŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɛkisinism (euxinisme) yɔ, lakɩna ɖɔɖɔ nɛ patɩlɩɣ mbʋ pɛtɛma pʋ tɩlɩɣ yɔ yaa mbʋ pɛtɛma pʋ sɩm yɔ. Ɛwɩlɩ yaa eyeki se patɩlɩ anɔksi (anoxie) tɛ lɩm kiliŋgim n̄ɩmbʋʋ.

Lɩm mbʋ pʋwɛ ɖɔm siŋŋ pɩfɛyɩ se pɔyɔɔdɩ. Ŋn̄ɔ pʋ yaa nɖɩ-kɩ pʋ n̄ɩɣʋ kɛ n̄ansʋlʋmɩyɛ yɔ kɔyɔ, pʋwɛ yem ɛzɩ ɖɔm nɖɩ-ka yɔ. Nɛ hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ yɔɔ kiŋ kpem kɛ ɖɔm mbʋ ŋglɩɣ pɩtaŋ nɩɣʋ. Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ lɛ, ŋgʋ paya se tɛtʋ hɛkʋʋ taa ɛwadɩyɛ (fɩya) via ɖeɖe yaa hɔɔlʋʋ.

Teŋgu kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 4127 000 nɛ 423 000 km2 pɛ-hɛkʊ taa nɛ kɩ-lɩm talɩɣ ɛzɩ 537 000 nɛ 555 000 km3 yɔ.

Hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ, ɖɩnaɣ kɩ-taa Marmara Teŋgu. Nɛ kɩwɛ ndɩ nɛ lɩm kʋn̄ɔn̄ɔm mbʋ, mbʋ pʋbʋ wɛ camɩyɛ yaa pʋn̄ɔzɩ camɩyɛ pɩtɩŋna pɔɔ sʋsɔ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɖɩɖɔkɩ size pɔɔ sʋsɔ kanɛ yɔ ke-kpeŋ yaa ka-ɖɩtanɖɛ lɛ Teŋgu Kɩkpɛdʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa. Teŋgu kɩkpɛdʋʋ kʋnɛ, ki-hayuu hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, kɩ-kpɩtɩna Azov Teŋgu pɩtɩŋgɩna détroit de Kertch.

Nɛ kɩ-hadɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa kiŋ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ se ɛtamasɩna Tɛtʋ hɛkʋʋ taa ɛwadɩyɛ teŋgu, pɩtɩŋgɩna Bosphore nɛ Marmara teŋgu. Pɩtɛmna Détroit de Dardanelles. Pɩkpaɣʋ nɛ pɩnaɣ 1996 kanɛɛ yɔ, efemiye 31 n̄ɩŋgʋ kɛ aloma fenaɣ taa kɛna kedeŋa kpeekpe efemiye nɖɩ palɩza size ɖɩkɛ Teŋgu Kɩkpɛdʋʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-yɔɔ ka ndɩyʋʋ alɩwaatʋ yɔ.
Arikitiki Lɩŋamʊʊ

Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɛna lɩŋamʋʋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla ñɩɩɩ kɛ Lɩŋamɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna 14 000 000 km2  ɖeke yɔ. Mbʊ yebina nɛ ŋgʊ lɛ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩkɩla wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ lɛɛŋ kpeekpe ta. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩwɛna teŋgʊnaa mba pɛwɛ Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ kɩŋ yɔ, teŋʊnaa mba pɛwɛna Eerɔpɩ nɛ haʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Lɩŋamɩŋ mba pɛwɛna Azii taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pɩnɛ mba paba wɛ Amerika yɔ. Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Atilantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm nɛ hayʊ kiŋ, pielen Barents teŋgʊ nɛ fram lɩm ɖɔɖɔ tiki kɩ-taa.

Teŋgu kʊnɛ nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ pɛkpɛnda lɩm ɖɔɖɔ ɛlɛ pɩlɩna pɔɔ ŋga payaɣ se beriŋgi yɔ kɔyɔɔ. Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 1 038 km2 yɔɔ nɛ ki-cukaŋ taa  wɛ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 4 000 yɔ. Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ lʊŋgɩyɛ taa lɛ nikaɣ sɔsɔ nakayɩ wɛ peeɖe kamaɣ fɛyɩ nɛ cɩkpɛndɩɣ ɖeke paa ɛzɩmtaa. Piyele nɛ yolim taa lɛ, ɖoluu ñɛwɛna paa ɖooye nɛ wɩsɩ ñɛwɛɣna ñaɣʊ yɔɔ paa ɛzɩmtaa.

Arkitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kʊnɛ kɩ-kitiiliŋ yɔ nɛ tɛtɛ wondu ndɩ ndɩ sakɩyɛ nɛ atalɩɣ ɛzɩ 400 yɔ. Tɛtɛ wondu ndʊ tɩ-taa kɔyɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ nɛ fransɩɩ taa se (ours) Urisi yɔ. Krɛkɩ taa lɛ, urisi tɔbʊʊ se Arikitosi mbʊ yebina nɛ payaɣ lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ se Arikitiki. Urisinaa mba pɛwɛ peeɖe yɔ pamaɣza kʊɖʊm kɛ kɩlo yɔɔ kɔyɔ, ɛtalɩɣ kilonaa ɛzɩ 800 yɔ. Peeɖe hɔɔlɩɣ taa payɩ lɛ, urisi kɩlɩɣna nandʊ tɔɔʊ kɛ tɛtɛt kpɩna kpeekpe taa. Mbʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɔɔʊ yɔ mbʊ lɛ fokinaa nɛ kpagbasɩ, ɛlɛ yee kitehiu pɩ-taa nabʊyʊ kɔyɔ, lɩm huluu kɛ kɩtɔkɩ. Tɛtʊ putuuɖe ñʊʊ Hayʊ ŋgʊ wɛ Arikitiki Lɩŋamʋʋ hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi.
Bɔrɩ

Bɔrɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ mbʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 5, yʊsaɣ mayaɣ kɔyɔ B. Bɔrɩ kɛna ñʊʊ kɛ hɔɔlʊʊ 13 ñɩŋʊ kpɛlɩ pʊtʊnaa caɣyɛ kpata yɔɔ. Bɔrɩ maɣmaɣ tɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ ɛlɛ ɛwɛna kɩtamsɩnaʊ tam nabutozo. Bɔrɩ caɣ kɛdɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ tɛɛ nɛ tɩɩnzɩ laɣsɩ taa, ɛlɛ eyele ɛwɛɛ tɔrɩɩ tɛtʊ yɔɔ kiŋ, pɩwɛ ɛzɩ bɔrɩ ɖɔm yɔ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ bɔras, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ bɔrɩ siziŋ lɩm.

Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 2000, pana se bɔrɩ kɛ -pɩtɩŋna Eerɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩŋga nakɛyɛ yɔɔ (ECHA) pɩyʊ siŋ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ, REACH paaɣtʊ yɔɔ) ɛzɩ lɩm mbʊ pʊ-tɔm caɣ kaɖɛ yɔɔ pɩlɩna ɛzɩma paalakɩ kɩ-tɔm tʊmɩyɛ keeke yɔ.
 
Pʊtʊnaa mba payi pɛwɛ bɔrɩ taa yɔ (Arabɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, بورق – buraq, Pɛrɩsanɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, burah, pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ñɩlɩsɩɣ) paasɩma pɔ-tɔm ɖooo pɩnzɩ kutokiŋ alɩwaatʊ taa. Egipiti kɩbɩnʊʊ taa, pasɩma-ɩ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm tʊmɩyɛ tɩnaa yɔɔ nɛ ɛyaa mba palakaɣ cʊŋ tʊmɩyɛ yɔ. Room ɛyaa mba filipii ɛyaa yebina-wɛ ñɩm yɔ, lakaɣna tʊmɩyɛ nɛ bɔrɩ pʊtʊnaa nabɛyɛ nɛ palakɩna ñɩnɩŋ wondu.

Bɔrɩ yeke koŋ kɛna pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛ pɩyʊ kɛ caɣyɛ kpata taa kɛ ɛ-hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Pʊyɔɔ lɛ, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ aliminiyɔm, kaliyɔm, ɛndɩyɔm nɛ tatɩyɔm. Bɔrɩ taa pʊtʊnaa lalaa wɛ ɛzɩ Levis tɛ siziŋ tɩnaa.
Karɩbɔnɩ

Karɩbɔnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pɩyʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 6 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ C. Ɛwɛna agbele naa naatozo, 12C, 13C nɛ 14C. Kajalaɣ naalɛ mba wɛ ɖiɣ ɖiɣ nɛ naatozo ŋgʊ kɛ cɛnzɩ tɔʊʊ ɖoŋ tɛ nɛ kɩwɛna fezuu hɔɔlʊʊ pɩnzɩ 5730.
 
Karɩbɔnɩ kɛ pʊtʊ nanza ñɩnʊ weyi ɛkɩlɩ tɔyʊʊ kedeŋga taa nɛ ɛkɛ hiu nɛ kagbanzɩ ñɩnʊ kɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Tɛtʊ yɔɔ lɛ, ɛwɛɛ nɛ pana-ɩ (aka yaa mamacɩɩɖɛ nɛ tɩyamaɣ), hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ tɛkɛ tomnasi (CO2 nɛ CH4) nɛ hɔɔlasɩ sakɩyɛ kɛ karɩbɔnɩ tɩyɛ (piyomasi, karazɩm nɛ fefeku).

Tɔmpiye karɩbɔnɩ lɩna Latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa, carbo, carbōnis (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mamacɩɩɖɛ). Plakʊʊ aka pɩtɩŋna ɖasɩ hɔbʊ tɛtʊ poɖe taa yɔ, Room ɛyaa kaasɩma-tʊ. Karɩbɔnɩ wɛtʊ ɛzɩ tɩyamaɣ yɔ paasɩma-kʊ ɖooo lɔŋ Azii ɛjaɖɛ taa, paama-tʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm takayaɣ kɩbɩnaɣ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna Room ɛyaa kʊnʊŋ taa ɖɔɖɔ adámas, adámantis (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ). 

Karɩbɔnɩ lɩmaɣza lɩwa kpaɣ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur lakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ pɩlɩna ñɩɣyʊ ɖoŋ ŋgʊ yɔɔ pɩtɩŋna ñɩɣyʊ, nɔmɔʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa ɛnaa se pʊtʊ nɔɔyʊ wɛ pɩ-taa nɛ ñɩɣyʊ tɔkɩ-ɩ. Pɩnaɣ 1772 alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, Antoine Lavoisier, ñala tʊmɩyɛ karɩbɔnɩ nɛ tɩyamaɣ pɛ-tɛ miŋ mʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛna se ñɔsɩ lɩɣ piŋ ɛlɛ ɛɛnaɣ lɩm nabʊyʊ kaʊ. Mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɔŋ se pʊtʊnaa mba pa-naalɛ karɩbɔnɩ pɛkɛwa.

Kpaɣɖʊ 19 kɛna kpaɣɖʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-taa karɩbɔnɩ wazaɣ kaapaɣla yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ kɩhaɣa ɖoŋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ pɩnaɣ 1865 alɩwaatʊ Antoine César Becquerel suzuu mbʊ karɩbɔnɩ kaakɛ keeke pɩtɩŋna ɖasɩ ɖoŋ nzɩ ndɩ ndɩ nzɩ payakaɣ Paarii tɛtʊ taa ɖooo canaʊ yɔ.