open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm

Zɛrɩmanɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 32 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ge. Ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñɩɣlɩsɩ yɔ. Caama lɔnsɩɖʊ nɔyʊ Clemens Winkler nana zɛrɩmanɩyɔm lɛlaɣ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 6 pɩnaɣ 1886. Winkler lɩza-ɩ ndɩ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ-ɩ pɩtɩŋna argyrodite lɩm yɔɔ mbʊ pɩlɩna Himmelsfürst liidiye ñɩɣlɩm tɛ pʊñɔtɩna Freiberg (Saxe). Pɩnaɣ 1871 lɛ, Dmitri Mendeleiev kaañɔza ɛ-tɛ wɛʊ tɔm (nɛ ɛyaa pʊtʊ patɩtɩlɩta-ɩ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ se ékasilicium Es).    

Winkler ya pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ yɔ pɩkɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ tɛtʊ hɩɖɛ ɛcɛla-ɩ pɩlɩna kalɩyɔm hɩɖɛ ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ yɔɔ (ɖɩlɩna Gaule) Fransɩɩ lɔnsɩnɖʊ Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Ɛlɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ piŋ kalɩyɔm hɩɖɛ kiɖe yɔɔ. Ɖɩlɩyɛ kaapɩza pɩtɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɩɖɛ, ɛlɛ latɛŋ yatʊ taa ɛzɩ ɛyʊ weyi ɛna-ɩ yɔ gallus (coq latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa), peeɖe Winkler cɔŋna se kʊnʊmɩŋ paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ ɛtɔkɩ tulutu natʊyʊ. Lɩmaɣza ana aha ɛsɛ nɛ ndʊ Paul-Émile Lecoq Boisbaudran ñɩnʊ tɔŋ ɛ-takayaɣ kɩmamaɣ taa pɩlɩna ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ nɛ ɛtɔŋ se ɛha-ɩ hɩɖɛ ndɩ Fransɩɩ yɔɔ yɔɔ kɛnɛ yɔ. 

Pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛtɔtɔyɩ, ɛtɛ kpɩndɩ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɖɔɖɔ kpaɣ ɛzɩ ppm 1,5 mbʊ yɔ. Pana-ɩ cazʊ cazʊ kɛ aka naayɛ tɔlɔma taa (vitrain) pɛtɛŋ-wɛ catʊʊ lɛ. Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ pana-ɩ filon waa taa Pb-Zn. FNCLCC tɔzʊʊ-dʊ se zɛrɩmanɩyɔm wɛna sɔtʊ ɖoŋ yaa kʊʊ hola kɔzɔ kɔzɩ kɩyala yɔɔ, nɛ pɩtɩŋna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɩkɔna sɩm hɩm ɛɛlɩɣ ɖeu. Mbʊ lɛ pɩkɛ kɔyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkʊ piŋ.  

Ɛwɛ piŋ kɛ ail waa taa, ginseng waa sɔsaa lila taa kɛ koore, kpɛŋgbɛsɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ Ganoderma (Ling Shing) ñɩnzɩ yɔ, Chlorella cɛkasɩ taa nɛ kombucha sʊlʊm taa.
Arɩsɛnɩkɩ

**Arɩsɛnɩkɩ** kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 33 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ As. Ɛkɛ pɩkɩtɔnɔzɛnɩ waa tɛ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ. Ɛ nɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu nɛ wondu ndʊ tɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ñɩndʊ yɔ pakpaɣ ɖama, kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ pakpaɣ arɩsɛnɩkɩ ɛzɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ ŋgʊ, nɛ ɛwɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pata-ɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔɔ kɔyɔ kileɖi caŋ yɔ ɛlɛ ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ weyi paɖʊyɩ ñɩɣlɩm wonduu taa yɔ. 

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna siriyaki ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa, ɖɩlɩna pɛrɩsanɩ زرنيخ zarnikh nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sʊtʊ lɩm nɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ kpɛndʊʊ mayaɣ (pɩɩkɛ sʊlɩfʊrɩ keeke ŋgʊ palakanaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ pataɣ krɛkɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ ɛyaa yɔ). Pakpaɣ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se arsenikon (ἀρσενικόν), nɛ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɔmɩŋ taa ɖɩwɛ ɛzɩ krɛkɩ maɣmaɣ tɔm yɔ arsenikos (ἀρσενικός nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛwakɩ kɩɖekɛdɩm yɔ pɩlɩna ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-tɛ sɔtʊ ɖɔŋ yɔ).  

Pʊrɔnzɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, kɩbɩnjaazɩ tɔm kpɛlɛkɩyaa na se kpɛndɩtʊ natʊyʊ wɛ pʊrɔnzɩ taa pɩtɩŋna cuviri nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ yɔ, nɛ payaa wɛɛ ana se pʊrɔnzɩ nɛ arɩsɛnɩkɩ wɛɛ. Palakanaɣ-ɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛsɔzʊʊ ñɩɣlɩsɩɣ ñɩɣlɩm wondu yɔɔ yɔ.  

Scheele tɩŋ hatʊ kpɛdɩŋ pɩtɩŋna arɩsɛnɩkɩ cuwiviri tɛ ŋgʊ, ŋgʊ Carl Wilhelm Scheele laba pɩnaɣ 1775 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, lɛɛza kuwiviri kaŋwa tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ kpanjaɣ. Akalɩŋ kpanjaɣ, ɛ sɛzɩɣ takayɩ hatʊ, piyaa aleɣya wondu nɛ pɛleʒɩ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Scweinfurt tɩŋ hatʊ sɛmɩŋ ndʊ tɩwɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔtʊ yɔ.
Sɛlɩnɩyɔm

Sɛlɩnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 34 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Se. Pʊtʊ naatozo tʊ ɛnʊ ɛkɛ VIA ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pʊtʊ nɔyʊ nɛ ɛtɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ e-tomnaɣ nɛ ɛ-taa pʊtʊnaa wɛtʊ caɣ ɛzɩ sʊfʊrɩ yɔ, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ teluuɖi yɔ.   

Pʊtʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛwɛ sɔtʊ (nɛ paa ɛwɛ ŋñɩɩ ɛkɛ pʊtʊ weyi kpɩna tɔɔnaɣ taa lɛ ɛ-tɔm wɛ kɩjɛyɩɣ yɔ). Ɛɛlakɩ pʊyʊ kpɩna ɖɔʊ nɔmɔʊ taa, yee pɩtɛkɛ kʊɖɔmɩŋ sɔsɔŋ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm wondu yuŋ ndʊ yɔɔ. Sʊfʊrɩ nɛ sɛlɩnɩyɔm pa-tʊmɩyɛ wɛ kɩmaŋ tɩyɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ tɔɔnaɣ tɔm taa. Papɩzaɣ patɩlɩ ajɛyɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ pɩtɩŋna Se ɖɔʊ ɛyaa calɩm naa taa pɩnzɩ 1990, nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ kaawɛ ɛ-taa wɛ ñɩm piŋ nɛ lɛɛŋ taa wɛɛ kpɛɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ntɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-yɔɔ, Fenezuyeelaa kajalaɣ tʊ ɛwɛna 0,8 µg/L nɛ ɛwa-ɩ Egipiti ɛlɛ ñɛwɛna 0,07 µg/L.

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa Jöns Jacob Berzelius (pɩnzɩ 1779-1848) nɛ Johan Gottlieb Gahn pɩnaɣ 1817 ñɩnɩna nɛ pana sɛlɩnɩyɔm kɛ ahɔya wena awɛ plɔŋ kuduyuu taa pʊñɔtɩna Grispholm tʊma sɔsɔna kuduyuu, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ patɩzaɣ sʊfʊrɩ ñɩmɩŋ lɩm yɔ. Pʊtʊnaa sɛlɩnɩyɔm nɛ teluɖu mba paakpɛnda-wɛ wasɩ ɖeɖe yɔ, mbʊ pana alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɛkpɛnda sʊfɩrɩ nɛ kwivri yɔ, palɩ pɔ-yɔɔ keeke kpaɣ kpaɣɖʊ 19 pazɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ kpaɣɖʊ 18 tɛmtʊ wɛɛ taa.  

Teluɖu mʊ kajalaɣ tʊ ɛ-hɩɖɛ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa tellus pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se tɛtʊ, ɛjaɖɛ kpeekpe. Ɛzɩ sɛlɩnɩyɔm nɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palɩɣ ɖama yɔ lɛ, nɛ pɛwɛna wɛtʊ kʊyʊmtʊ nɛ pɛkpɛndɩ-wɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu taa mbʊ lɛ, ɛzɩ tɛtʊ nɛ fenaɣ, paha-ɩ hɩɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʊ yɔ Σελήνη (Selếnê) yaa σελήνη (selênê), krɛkɩ nɛ latɛŋ tɔmʊʊ nɛ pɩwɩlɩɣ se pɩkɛ fenaɣ, Tɛtʊ malɩnayʊ tɩŋga.
Purom

Purom kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 35, nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋga yɔ Br. Ɛ-tɛ nɛ kɩlɔrɩ waa tɛ caɣyɛ taa. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa bromos (ɛlɩɣ sɔŋ), ɛwɛ mʊzʊŋ piŋ. Yee ɛjaɖɛ taa sɔŋaɣ nɛ ɛsɔkaɣ ɛwɛ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, Purom tɔmnaɣ kɛ lɩm nɛ sɛmɩŋ wɛ ɛzɩ huluu yɔ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ lɛ ɛmatʊ kɔyɔ Br2. Carl Löwig nɛ Antoine-Jérôme Balard nana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pɩnzɩ 1825 nɛ 1826 wɛɛ taa ɛlɛ paa weyi lɛ, ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ lɩmaɣza ɛlaba.

Purom kɛ pʊtʊ 62 tʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ taa kɛ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa. Antoine-Jérôme Balard na Purom pɩnaɣ 1826 nɛ Carl Löwig ñatasɩ-ɩ naʊ pɩnaɣ 1825. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Antoine-Jérôme Balard na Purom teŋgu lɩm taa. Efebupɩɣa Balard ɛwɛna pɩnzɩ 23 kaana sʊtʊ sɛmɩŋ alɩwaatʊ pɛkpɛndaɣ kɩlɔrɩ waa naalɛ yɔ. 
 
Pʊwayɩ ɛzɩ Fransɩɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa naatozo panɛyɔ Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin, Louis Jacques Thénard, nɛ Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac pɩza petisi Balard tɔm yɔɔ, mbʊ panaa yɔ powona patana-tʊ lɛɣtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɔm cɔlɩyaa cɔlɔ nɛ posusi-tʊ yaa pama-tʊ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɛ tomnasɩ ɖɔnɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ takaaysɩ taa. Tɩɖɩ suziye taa, M. Anglata pɔzɩtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa, Balard lɛɛzɩ Purom hɩɖɛ nɛ krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se βρωμος (bromos) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se sɔŋ tʊ. 

Palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Purom cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ lɩm ɖɩyayɛ taa. Kɩlɛmɩŋ kpaʊ tʊma taa, pawana-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ kʊdɔŋ kʊtɔlʊʊ ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1857 alɩwaatʊ taa papaza tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ. Palaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ Purom wonuu nakʊyʊ nɛ pɛhɛzɩna yaa pakʊna kʊzʊʊ lɩmaɣza ɖenɖe sɔɔjanaa ñɩɣkɩɣ ɖama yaa paɖɩna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ yɔ.
Krɩpɩtɔnɩ

Krɩpɩtɔnɩ kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 36 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Kr. Pɩkɛ fefeku hɛɛ ŋgʊ nɛ kɩfɛyɩ sɔŋ, William Ramsay nɛ Morris Travers ñɩnɩna nɛ pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ agoza fenaɣ kɩyakʊ 30 pɩnaɣ 1898. Krɩpɩtɔnɩ hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ taa κρυπτός (kryptos) nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se mɛsɩɣ.

Ɛ-wɛtʊ taa natʊyʊ, hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩlɛ ɖɛzɩtʊ 2p10 nɛ 5d5, yeba nɛ patɩlɩ mazɩnayʊ kakaa pɩnaɣ 1983. Krɩpɩtɔnɩ caɣ liidiye mbʊ lɛ, ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ labɩnaʊ takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Kɛlɛ peyele pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ arɩkɔŋ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ñɩɣtʊ taɣɖʊʊ ɖeɖe mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ arɩkɔŋ kɛ fefeku ŋgʊ kiiciɣdiɣ yɔ nɛ kɩfɛyɩ liidiye.  

Ɛkɛ fefeku ŋgʊ paɖʊ kandʊ naa mba peɖeu miŋ pelu pelu taa. Latriki miŋ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, krɩpɩtɔnɩ kaliŋgbe naa mʊntʊsʊʊ naɣ poliŋ siŋ nɛ peleɖiɣ piŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Pɛkpɛndɩɣ ɛ nɛ arɩkɔŋ lɛ, palakɩna añɩɣlɩŋ. Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa kɔzɩ kɔzɩ feziŋ hʊzɩŋ cɛyɩtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa ɛlɛ pɩkɛ seɣtu mʊntʊsʊʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kɛlɛ.
Rʊpɩdɩyɔm

Rʊpɩdɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ amyaɣ kɔyɔ 37 nɛ mayaɣ mayaɣ Rb. Ɛkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɖɔfɩɩ nɛ ɛwɛ liidiye sɛmɩŋ tɩyɛ nɛ pʊcɔ eyoli lɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se ɛsa miŋ ɛtalɩ 39,3 °C. Papɩzɩɣ peyele-ɩ helim taa nɛ eeyoli, Sɛzɩyɔm nɛ kalɩyɔm, merɩkɩrɩ yeke kɛna lɩm ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊ paa kɩɩwɛ helim taa ɛzɩma yɔ.  

Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa se rubidus (pʊ-tɔbʊʊ kɩsɛmɩŋ), pɩlɩna lɩtɩyɔm mʊntʊsʊʊ weluu sɛmɩŋ cɩɩɩ cɛnzɩ. Pɩnaɣ pɩsa lɛ, palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke pɩtɩŋna Bunsen yɔɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖʊʊyʊ wondu lɛɛtʊ yɔ, ɛ nɛ helim pakatɩ ɖama kpa ɛmʊ miŋ nɛ padʊ-ɩ lɩm taa pɩwasɩɣ. 
 
Rʊpɩdɩyɔm tɛ kɩlɔrɩ (RbCl) kɛ pʊtʊ weyi pakɩlɩ-ɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ Rʊpɩdɩyɔm taa yɔ. Ɛnʊ pakɩlɩɣ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ wezuu kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊma ɖeɖe. Ɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ kaŋwa lone taa caɣyʊ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa. Rʊpɩdɩyɔm pʊtʊ naa lalaa kɔyɔ Rʊpɩdɩyɔm hɩdrɔzɛnɩ tɛ ŋgʊ ɛlɛ pʊʊzʊʊ pɩkɩlɩɣ sɔdɩyɔm nɛ kaŋwa maɣmaɣ. Rʊpɩdɩyɔm kaŋwa (RbCO3) palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ ñɩlɩŋ ɛzɩ kuwiviri nɛ Rʊpɩdɩyɔm  (Rb2SO4•CuSO4•6H2O). 

Palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ajana mʊntʊsɩŋ weyi pɔtɔ-ɩ ɛsɔta yɔ, palakɩ-ɩ kɔɔ sakɩyɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ naa taa, palakɩ-ɩ alɩwaatʊ wɩlɩɣ ñɩɣyʊ, ɖɔɖɔ ɛnʊ palakɩna tʊmɩyɛ calɩm ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yaa sɛrɔm naa ɖʊ ɖeɖe,
Amazon.com

Amerika ɛjaɖɛ taa palakɩ tadɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ yɔɔ. Tadɩyɛ nɖɩɩ payaɣ se « Amazon.com, Inc. ». Tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ palakɩ-ɖɩ Seattle tɛtʋ taa. Takayɩsɩ tadɩyɛ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ labʋ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, papaɣzɩ pɛdɩɣ ɖɔɖɔ haɖaʋ tɔɔnasɩ ndɩ ndɩ.

Wondu ndʋ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ nɖɩ payaɣ se « Amazon.com, Inc. » yɔ ɖɩpɛdɩɣ yɔ, tɩyɔŋ pɛdɩyaa lɛlaa ɛsa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pɛdɩyaa lɛlaa ñɩnɩɣ se po-wondu ndʋ pɛpɛdɩɣ yɔ, tɩkɩlɩ kajʋka nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ tadɩyɛ wondu. 

Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ1994 ñɩŋa taa patʋlɩ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Jeff Bezos tʋlɩna tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ. Mɩsɩkʋm fenaɣ, pɩnaɣ 1997 taa patʋlɩ tadɩyɛ ńɖɩ Nasdaq tɛtʋ taa. 

Piyele nɛ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, pɩnaɣ 2000 taa ɖɩlɩwa. Nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amaon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ pɩsɩ kajalaɣ tadɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩɣ wondu pɛdɩɣ Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ pɩnaɣ 2000 ñɩŋa taa.  

Kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ ɛntɛrɩnɛtɩ waa sɔsaa naanza mba pɛwɛɛ yɔ, nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tadɩyɛ wɛ pa-taa. pa-taawɛna. Ɛntɛrɩnɛɛtɩ waa kɩkpaɖaa naanza ḿba, mbaa yɔ : Apple nɛ Google nɛ « Facebook. 

Pɩnaɣ 2014 ñɩŋa taa, ɛyaa 132 600 lakaɣna tʋmɩyɛ nazɩyʋ tʋmɩyɛ labɩnaʋ tadɩyɛ « Amazon.com, Inc. » tʋmɩyɛ taa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ cɩnɛ.
Ñɩɣtʋ hɔm ɖoŋ (magnétisme)

Ñɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ tɩyɔŋ lɛɛtʋ. Ɖoŋ weyi ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩwɛna nɛ tɩyɔŋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se ñɩɣtʋ hɔm kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ pɩhaɣna ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩhɔŋ lɛɛtʋ. 

Mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ, pʋwɛ paa ñɩɣtʋ tɩŋa taa. Ɛlɛ, « champ magnétique » wɛtʋ ñɩɣyʋʋ taa lɩɣna ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ ki-feveku cɔlɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se yee ñɩɣyʋʋ feveku ɛsa miŋ ɖoŋ kɔyɔ, mbʋ payaɣ se « champ magnétique » yɔ, kɩkpaɣ ɖoŋ ñɩɣyʋʋ ŋ́gʋ kɩ-taa pɩkɩlɩ. Payaɣ nabʋyʋ se « pression », pɩhaɣ ɖoŋ ɖoŋ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣtʋ natʋyʋ se tɩhɔ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ. 

Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩhɔŋ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se ɛɛmaɣ waa. Ɛɛmaɣ waa wɛna mbʋ payaɣ se « moments magnétiques » waa yɔ. Mbʋ payaɣ se « ferromagnétisme » yɔ pɩhaɣna « moments magnétiques » waa. 

Paa mbʋ yɔ, pɩtɛkɛ ñɩɣtʋ tɩŋa taa « moments magnétiques » waa wɛɛ. Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋi tɩ-taa « moments magnétiques » waa fɛyɩ yɔ, tɩ-taa wɛ mbʋ payaɣ se « paramagnétiques » waa yɔ. Paba ñahaɣna-tʋ ɖoŋ nɛ tɩpɩzɩɣ tɩhɔŋ ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ. 

Ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ lɛ, tʋtʋ cuyuu lɛɛtʋ kucuyu. Mbʋ payaɣ se « diamagnétisme » yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛna ñɩɣtʋ tʋtʋ tɩ-taa, mbʋ yekina nɛ tucuyuu lɛɛtʋ kucuyu. Mbʋ payaɣ se « antiferromagnétisme » yɔ, pʋbʋ ñɛwɛna ñɩɣtʋ lɛɛtʋ taa. Ñɩɣtʋ ndʋ tɩfɛyɩna ɖoŋ se tɩpɩzɩ tɩyɔ lɛɛtʋ yɔ payaɣ se « amagnétiques » waa.
Hɔndurasi

Ɔndurasi kɛna Amerika ilemiye hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ naayɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ ajɛya ana yɔ: hayʊ kiŋ lɛ karyiibu teŋgu wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ,  wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ Kuwatemala nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Fɔseka pɔɔ, Salvadɔɔrɩ nɛ Nikaraguwa.

Pamaza Ɔndurasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 112 777 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2025 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 11 005 850 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 68 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Ɔndurasɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Nasry Asfura.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Tegusigalpa nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +504 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ Augusto Coello lubina-tʊ nɛ ndʊ lɛ se ŋkɛ ɛsɔtaa mʊndʊsʊʊ nakʊyʊ. 

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se lampira. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa kpadayɩɣʊ pɩsɩɩna ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 72,3 yɔ nɛ halaa ñatalɩɣʊ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 77 yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: katolika mba ( 46 %), Protɛsɩtaŋ ( 41%), ɛyaa yem yɔ, pʊtɔbʊʊ se paasɛɣ ɛsʊɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu yɔ kɛ mɩnɩuʊ yɔɔ nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna taa mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 2 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Camayiki

Camayiki kɛna kɛna tɛtʊ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Karayibi yɔ, kɩ-taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ lɩm cɔ-tʊ kpɛɛɛ nɛ pɩta. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ajɛya naayɛ asɩna ɖama kamaɣ nɛ a-taa kɔyɔ: ɖɩwɛna Kuuba ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ piyele ɖiwɛɛna Ispaaniyolaa tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɩta yɔ tɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ Tominika.

Pamaza Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 11 425 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 950 210 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 245 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Kɩyɛna  fenaɣ looɖo pɩnaɣ 1962 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Camayiki kewiyaɣ yɔɔ caɣyʊ kɩfalʊ se Elisabeth II nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Andrew Holness.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛŋgilisi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kiŋgistɔnɩ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +1-876 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se * Camayiki, ŋkɛ ɛjaɖe; nɖɩ ɖɩsɔɔlaa yɔ* peteɣ-tʊ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se *Ɖɩtɛtɛyɩ, ɖɩkɛ samaɣ kʊɖumaɣ*.

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Camayaiki tɔɔlaarɩ.
Lawɔsɩ

**Lawɔsɩ** kɛna Azii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna ilemiye nɖɩ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩye taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ pɔɔ, kujomuu, teŋgu yaa lɩŋgamʊʊ nakʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ajɛya wena asɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣyɔ a-taa kɔyɔ: Tayɩlandɩ, Kambɔjɩ, Fɩyɛtɩnam nɛ Siini ɛjaɖɛ.

Pamaza Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 236 800 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 2 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2015 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 492 400 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 27,42 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1949 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lawɔsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Bounnhang Vorachith nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Thongloun Sisoulith.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ lawɔsɩyɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Fiyantiyan. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +856 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se kipi.
Wɛlɛsɩ

Wɛlɛsɩ kɛna Kewiyaɣ kikpɛndaɣ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Pretaañɩ Sɔsɔʊ tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa kiŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Pristɔɔlɩ hɛnga wɛna; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Irilandɩ teŋgu ñɛwɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ Aŋgletɛɛrɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. 

Pamaza Wɛlɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 20 779 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 063 456 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 147 yɔ. Payaɣ Wɛlɛsɩ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Theresa May nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Carwyn Jones. Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Kaalʊwaa nɛ Ɛŋglisi. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Kardifi nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +44 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpzʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ petɛʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se *Man-caanaa tɛtʊ kɩpɩndʊ*. Pɛtɛŋ-tʊ teu lɛ, pocosuu se *Wɛlɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ paaɖooye*.
Lugizamburi

**Lugizamburi** kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye snɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖi se Pɛlɩziki yɔ ɖɩsɩna kamaɣ piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ ñɛwɛna, pɩkazɩ hadɛkiŋ lɛ, Fransɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna kamaɣ yɔɔ.

Pamaza Lugizamburi ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 2 586,4 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakala kɩgalʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ, pan ɛyaa ɛzɩ 590 667 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 228,4 yɔ. Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ 9 pɩnaɣ 1815 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Lugizamburi ɛjaɖɛ Grand-Duc kɩfalʊ se Henri nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Xavier Bettel.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlɩɣ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ lugizamburzʊwa, fransɩɩ nɛ caama kʊnʊŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Lugiamaburi inɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +352 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, peteɣu wendu nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ pocosuu se *Ɖɩsɔɔlaa se ɖɩkɛ mbʊ  ɖɩkɛnaa yɔ*.

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.
Makaʊ

**Makaʋ** kɛna Siini ɛjaɖɛ taa egeetiye sɔsɔyɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɖooo saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 20 pɩnaɣ 1999 taa.

Makaʊ Pamaza Makaʊ egeetiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 30,4 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2006 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 650 900 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 21 411 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Makaʊ egeetiye  tɔm hʊyaa sɔsɔ yaa weyi ɛkɔʊ tɔm ñʊʊ yɔ se Chui Sai On (Fernando Chui); sɔsɔ ɛnɛ pasɩ-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2014 nɛ ɛlakɩ pɩnzɩ kagbaanzɩ pʊcɔ pɛlɛɣzɩ-ɩ yaa paɖaɣnɩ-ɩ sɩʊ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pɩnaɣ 2019 kɛ ɛtɛŋ Tɔm hʊyaa tɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ sɔsɔ payaɣ se Sam Hou Fai. Paɣtʊ lɩzɩyʊ ɛnɛ pasɩ-ɩ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1999 nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ pɛtɛlɛɛzɩta-ɩ. Piyele nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzyaa ñʊʊdʊ yɔ Ho Iat Seng; ñʊʊdʊ ɛnɛ palɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 2013 nɛ pɛtɛlɛɣzɩta-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Kantɔɔnɛɛ nɛ Pɔrɩtiigɛɛ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se patakaa. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +833 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata 
yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Mɔlɩdaavii

Mɔlɩdaavii kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Rumanii nɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ ajɛya anɛ anaalɛ a-hɛkʊ taa.

Pamaza Mɔlɩdaavii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 33 843 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe makɩɣna ɛzɩ 1,4 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2012 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 656 843 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 127 yɔ. Kɩyɛɛna fenaɣ 27 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Igor Dodon nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Pavel Filip.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ruumɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sisinau nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +373 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ ndʊ lɛ *Ɖa-kʊnʊŋ* nɛ pɛtɛŋ-tʊ teɣu lɛ, pocosuu se *Ɖa-kʊnʊŋ kɛna ñɩm sɔsɔm*.

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lee mɔlɩdaavii.
Moŋgolii

**Moŋgolii** kɛna Aazii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna Ruusii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩhayʊ kɩŋ piyele Siini nɛ hadɛ kiŋ.

Pamaza Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 1 564 116 km² nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 3 031 330 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km² taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 1,94 yɔ. Saŋayɩŋ fenaɣ 29  pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Moŋgolii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Khaltmaagiyn Battulga nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Jargaltulga Erdenebat.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Mɔŋgɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Ulaŋ Potɔɔrɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +976 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ petee wendu ndʊ petɛɣ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se *Moŋgolii kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka wendt.* Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Tugriki.
Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ

**Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ** kɛna Oseyanii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Oseyanii ilemiye taa nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋamʋʋ kɩ-tɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hadɛkiŋ, hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Ositraalii tɛtʊ wɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa yele lɛ, tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ- tʊ nɛ pɩta nɛ payaɣ-tʊ Salomɔɔ yɔ tɩwɛna. 

Pamaza Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 462 840 km2. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 431 902 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 14 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Papuwazii Kinee Kɩfalʊʊ kewiyaɣ yɔɔ kandɩyʊ kɩfalʊ se Elisabeth II nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Bob Dadae.

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-ɩ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊ lɛ Ɛŋglisi, Tɔkɩ pisɛɛ, Hiri Motu nɛ ndamaa kʊnʊŋ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kina.

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Pɔɔrɩ Maarɛsbii nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +675 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ nɛ petee wendu ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se *Ɖɩkpɛndʊʊ ɖɩ-tɛ ndɩ ndɩ wɛtʊ taa*.
Tominiika

Tominiika ɛjaɖɛ kɛna ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Antiiyinaa sɔsaa yɔ yaa Karayibi yɔ taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Atɩlantiki teŋgu kɩwɛna piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ Karayibi teŋgu wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ pʊŋ sakɩyɛ. Pʊŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: hayi kiŋ lɛ, pʊŋ canɖaŋ nɩyɩ wɛna nɛ ɩ-kʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 1 249 yɔ. 

Pʊŋ ɩnɛ ɩtɩŋgʊʊna Puyɛrto Plataa nɛ Santiyaago. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ, pʊŋ canɖaŋ weyi ɩwɛ peeɖe yɔ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ: Pikoo Duwartɩ (mɛtanaa 3 098), Lomaa La Pelonaaucila (mɛtanaa 3 029), Lomaa de la Viyudaa (mɛtanaa 2 802) nɛ Yakɩ (mɛtanaa 2 760). Hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, pʊŋ weyi payaɣ ɛlɛ se La siyeraa de pahoruco yɔ ɛwɛna nɛ ɛlɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa maɣna ɛzɩ mɛtanaa. 

Pamaza Tajikistanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 48 442 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2017 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 10 734 247 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 221,6 yɔ. Payaɣ Tominiika ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ se Danilo Medina nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊ yɔ Margarita Cedeño de Fernández. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Sɛŋ Domiŋgɩ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +1 809, 1 829 yaa 1 849 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.
Nikaraguwa

Nikaraguwa kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖi-taa pʊʊŋ kɩlɩna wɛʊ yɔ. Fɛɛŋ yaa kadanzɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ yɔ (Karayiibi Teŋgu nɛ Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʋʋ), pʊʊ sɔsɔʊ nakʊyʊ wɛ peeɖe nɛ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Mogotoŋ nɛ kʊkʊyɩmɩŋ taa talʊʊ ɛzɩ mɛtanaa 2 438 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-hayʊ kiŋ kɛ pʊŋ sɔsɔŋ kɩla wɛʊ piyele nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ fɛɛŋ kɩlana tɔyʊʊ. 

Pamaza Nikaraguwa ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 129 494 km2 ɛlɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ peeɖe ɖeke talɩʊ ɛzɩ 2,9 kɛ mɩnɩʊ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2015 pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 167 237. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 42 yɔ. Ɖooo salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 taa kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩyɔɔ wɛʊ nɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Daniel Ortega nɛ ɛ-tɛɛ ñɩnʊ yɔ Rosario Murillo. Salaŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1975 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Ɛsɩpañɔɔlɩ nɛ liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Kɔrɩdoba oroo. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Managuwa nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +505 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se *Sɛɛ ɖeu*;  nɛ peteu wendu ndʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se *Ɛsɔ yɔɔ ɖeke ɖɩwɛna lidau*.
Palɛstiinii

**Palɛstiinii** (; ) kɛna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ paaya-ɖɩ ɖooo Hérodote aliwaatʊ taa nɛ pɩlɩɩna tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛ Prɔsɩ Oriyaŋ cɔlɔ yɔ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Mediteraanee yɔ nɛ kañɩmbʊsaɣ ŋga kɛwɛna Yɔɔrɩdaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa; piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, Sinayii tɛtʊ wɛna. Hɩɖɛ ɖɩnɛ weyi payawaɣ-ɩ se Hadr   ien yɔ, ɛnʊ cɛlɩna-ɖɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ se ɛɖʊ kʊñɔŋ kɛ Yuuɖaa mba pɛtɛ wɛtʊ yɔɔ. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kamasɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna pɩtatʊ kpayɩ kpayɩ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩwɛna Kalilee egeetiye, Samarii nɛ Yuudee ageeta hɔɔlɩŋ taa. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, tɛtʊ tʊnɛ nɛ ndʊ tɩzɩ ɖama nɛ kamaɣ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Fenesii nɛ Liibaŋ pʊʊ piyele hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Filistii nɛ Idumee tɛtʊ wɛna. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Yɔrdaŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa. Sɔnɔ taa yee pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Palɛstiinii tɛtʊ tɔm kɔyɔ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Izrɛɛlɩ tɔm, Palɛstiinii tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ pʊ-tɔm, Kaazaa hɔɔlʊʊ nakʊyʊ, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ Zɔɔrdaanii ɖoli ɖɔɖɔ, Liibaŋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ Koolaŋ pʊʊ. 

Ɖooo lɛ tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ pɛkɛdaɣna Kaanaɣ tɛtʊ, ɖenɖe pɛkɛdaɣ se Yeesu Krɩstʊ paaza ɛ-kacalaɣ hama lakasɩ labʊ nesi ɖɔkʊʊ ɖɛɖe yɔ, nɛ Isrɛɛlɩ tɛtʊ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ tɩwɛ Siirii hɔɔlʊʊ taa. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩkɛna krɩstʊ mba nɛ malɩŋ mba kɛ pɛ-tɛtʊ kiɖeɖɛtʊ. 

Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 taa Ajɛya kpeekpe ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se SDN yɔ ɖɩɩkala ɛyaa lɛ, ɖɩɩna ɛyuaa 700 000 nɛ pa-taa lɛ Yuuɖaa mba kpɛnda ɛyaa 76 000. Pʊkɔma pɩnaɣ 1947 lɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se UNESCO yɔ, ɖɩtasɩ ɛyaa kalʊʊtɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa nɛ pana malɩŋ ɛzɩ 1 200 000 yɔ nɛ Yuuɖaa mba ɛzɩ 600 000 yɔ. 

Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ ndʊ Yuuɖaa mba kɛdɩɣ se Ɛsɔ ɖʊ tamaɣ se ɛkaɣ-wɛ tʊ cɛlʊʊ; nɛ tɩkɛna krɩstʊ mba tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetu nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ kɛŋna  malɩŋ tɛtʊ kiɖeɖetu, peeɖe ciŋgili ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Al Aksaa yɔ kɩwɛ. Peeɖe pakɩlʊ ɛsɔ kʊɖʊm sɛʊ: Yuuɖaa mba, krɩstʊ mba nɛ malɩŋ aŋgba wɛɛ. Tɛtʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa panaɣ lona kiɖeɖena sɔsɔna ɛzɩ: Yeruzalɛm, Hebrɔɔ, Pɛtɩlɩhɛm, Safɛɛdɩ, Yerikoo, Hayifa, Karmɛlɩ pʊʊ, Akrɩ, Tiberalɩ kujomuu nɛ lona kiɖeɖena sɔsɔna lɛɛna ɖɔɖɔ.
Tajikistanii

Tajikistanii kɛna Azii ilemiye taa ɛjaɖɛ naɖaɖiyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛna ilemiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ kɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖi-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Afganisitanii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna; wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Siini ñɩnɖɛ ñɛwɛna piyele hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɛ nɖɩ payaɣ se Kiirziisistaŋ yɔ ɖɩna-ɖɩ pazɩna ɖama kamaɣ pɩkazɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ lɛ Uzibekistanɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛna. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Tujambee nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +992 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ.

Pamaza Tajikistanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖi-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 143 100 km2. Pɩnaɣ 2016 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 8 330 946 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 58,2 yɔ.Payaɣ Tajikistanii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Emomalii Rahmon nɛ komina yʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ Kokhir Rasulzoda. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Tajiki nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ Ruusi.
Yɔrdaŋ Pɔɔ

Yɔrdaŋ kɛŋna pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa wokaɣ polu lɩm nɛ pɔsɔʊ pɩya ajama yɔ yaa palakɩ kɩwɛɛkɩm kpeɣyu sɔnzɩ yɔ. Pɔɔ ŋga ka-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Yohanɛsɩ lɩm sɔyʊ kaasɔ Yeesu Krɩstʊ lɩm. Mbʊ yebina nɛ lɩm mbʊ pɩpɩsɩ lɩm kiɖeɖem. Pɔtɔkɩ peeɖe tɛ kazandʊ paa lɛlaɣ fenaɣ ŋga lɛ kɛtɛ kɩyakʊ 13.
Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ

**Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ** kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye hɛkʊ taa (nabayɩ tɔŋ se wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa) ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ teŋgu nakʊyʊ tɔcɔɔ-ɖɩ nɛ kɩta. Ɛjaɖɛ  ɖɩnɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ lɛ, Suwisii ɛjaɖɛ wɛna piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Otirisii yɔ nɖɩ ŋ̃ɛwɛna. Keteŋga kpeekpe taa lɛ, Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩlɩɣ hiiwuu ñɩm yɔ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba petehiɣ tɔma yɔ pakɩla wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ keteŋga kpeekp taa nɛ pɩnaɣ 2011 taa pakala pɩ-tɛ ɛyaa lɛ, patatalɩ 2,5 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ nɖɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ ajɛya wena ayɔɔdʊʊ caama kʊnʊŋ yɔ a-taa nɛ nɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ kɩlɩna wɛʊ kɛ Alpɩwaa taa yeli.

Pamaza Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 160 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2013 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 36 925 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 232 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ 12 pɩnaɣ 1806 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Lisitɛnsɩtayɩnɩ kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Hans Adam II nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Adrian Hasler.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Caama. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Faduuzi ɛlɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Saanɩ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +423 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se *Ɛsɔ yɔɔ kɛ, kewiyaɣ ñʊʊdʊ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ*. 

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se suwiisi liidiya.
Lituyanii

**Lituyanii** kɛna Erɔpʊ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kuʊ se Palɩtiiki yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔkpɛɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Polɔɔnɩ yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hayʊ kiŋ piyele nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩɖɩ se Piyeloorusi yɔ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ nɛ hayʊ kɩŋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ se Lɛɛtonii yɔ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ yeli. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ndɩ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Palɩtɩ nɛ akpɛnda naatozo yɔ a-hɛkʊ taa; ajɛya ana anaatozo a-taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ. Pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 939 431 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 45 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ Palɩtɩ ajɛya kpeekpe taa nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ ɛsɩyɛ ekpena tɩnaa kɩlɩʊ wobo ajɛya ana a-ta.  

Pamaza Litʊyanii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 65 303 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Palɩtɩ ajɛya anɛ a-taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩkɩlɩna walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 11 pɩnaɣ 199O kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Lityanii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Dalia Grybauskaitė nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Saulius Skvernelis. Payaɣ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa ñʊʊdʊ se Viktoras Pranckietis.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ lituyanɩyɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Filiniyusi nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +37O ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, peteɣu wendu nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ pocosuu se *Lituyanii ɛɖɛɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa*. 

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.
Ñʋŋ hoɖe

Tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ piliŋa hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, pɩlɩʋ nakʋyʋ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-kʋ se ɖɔʋ tɛ ɖoŋ yaa ñʋŋ hoɖe (mécanique quantique). Pɩlɩʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa lɛ, ɛyʋ kpɛlɛkɩɣ lakasɩ nzɩ sɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ pʋyʋ ñɩɩɩ yaa kɔtɩɩ waa wɛʋ paa wonuu ŋgʋʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.

Pɩlɩʋ kʋnɛ kɩ-taa ɛyʋ ñɩnɩɣ nɛ ɛkɛdɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣ nɛ pɩlakɩ pɩtɩŋa payɩ yɔ. Ɖooo lɛ, ɛyʋ taatɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩlakɩ nɛ tomnaɣ kɩkpɛdaɣ lɩɣ cɛkasɩ yɔ. Ɛtaatɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma pɩlakɩ nɛ laatriki miŋ lɩɣ yɔ. Ɛtaatɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣna nɛ mʋntʋsʋʋ ñazɩñazʋʋ tɩyɛ lɩɣ yɔ. 

Ɛlɛ, waaɣ nɛɛlɛ ñɩŋa taa ɛyaa ñɩnaa nɛ papaɣzɩ lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ sɩnɛ sɩ-yɔɔ lɩmaɣza labʋ. Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandaam taa tomnasɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa ɛyaa hiu ñɩnɩna nɛ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma pɩtɩŋɩɣ nɛ kigiluu yaa pita lakasɩ ndɩ ndɩ sɩnɛ sɩlakɩ yɔ. 

Ɖɔʋ tɛ hoɖe yaa ñʋŋ ɖoŋ lɛɣtʋ pɩlɩʋ taa pañɩnɩɣ nɛ panaɣ mbʋ pʋwɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa yɔ pɩtɩŋa payɩ. Ñʋŋ ɖoŋ pɩlɩʋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ ɛyʋ ñɩnɩɣ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ ñɩtɩɩ pe yaa hɔɔlasɩ wɛtʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Mbʋʋ pɩtɩŋa pazɩ pazɩ nɛ tomnaɣ kpɛlɛkʋʋ lɛɣtʋ kɩfatʋ kɔɔ tɩlɩɩ.
Pila pila ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ

Mbʋ payaɣ se « mécanique ondulatoire » yɔ, pɩkɛ pila pila ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1920 ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tʋmɩyɛ lɩwa. 

Ɖajanaa panɛ palɩzɩna pila pila ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʋʋ ḿbʋ. Ɖajanaa ḿba, pa-hɩla yɔ : Ɖajaa Niels Bohr nɛ ɖajaa Erwin Schrödinger nɛ ɖajaa Wolfgang Paul.

Pila pila ɖoŋ tʋmɩyɛ kpakɩɣ hɔɔlasɩ cikpesi se sɩkɛ pʋyʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se hɔɔlasɩ cikpesi kpɛndɩɣna nɛ pɩlakɩ pʋyʋ keem yaa pɩpɩzɩ wonuu nakʋyʋ. Ɖajaa Louis de Broglie ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛma-tʋ.
Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ

Paa wonuu ŋgʋ, kɩwɛna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ kɩ-taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa kpɛndɩnaɣ kpɛm kpɛm nɛ pɩpɩzɩɣ wonuu nakʋyʋ. Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa kpɛndɩɣ nɛ pɩpɩzɩ wonuu nakʋyʋ lɛ, kʋkʋ pɩzɩɣ kɩtɩŋna kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ nɛ kɩ nɛ lɛɛkʋ pɛkpɛndɩ kpɛm. 

Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ wɛ paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa. Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛ mbʋ pikpeŋ yɔ pɩ-taa. Pʋwɛ ɖɔɖɔ mbʋ pʋwɛ ɖoŋ yɔ pɩ-taa nɛ pɩtɛ pʋwɛɛ mbʋ pʋwɛ kɔɖɩɩɩ yɔ pɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛtʋ nɛ pa-taa kpɛlɩkpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wondu lɩɣna ɛzɩma mbʋ pɛwɛ paa wonuu ŋgʋʋ lɛ kɩ-taa yɔ.

Ɖooo lɛ, ɛyʋ kamaɣzaa se paapɩzɩɣ pacɩyɩ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ. Ɛlɛ, lɛɛlɛyɔ, pañɩnaa nɛ patazɩ siŋŋ nɛ pana se pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa nɛ wondu wuɖu wuɖu naa nabɛyɛ. Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa wondu wuɖu wuɖu naa mba payaɣ se ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa taa wɛ ŋñɩtɩɩɩ pe.

Yee pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ nɔɔyʋ yuŋ ɛkɛ kilo waa mɩnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ kɔyɔ, kɩ-taa piye yuŋ ɖeke kɛ 99,9. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ yuŋ tɩŋa lɩɣna ɛ-taa piye cɔlɔ. Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa piye wayɩ lɛ, ɖɩnaɣ nazɩyʋ pe ɖɔɖɔ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa. Paba cɔna pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa piye nɛ pata.  

Protɔɔ waa wɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ taa. Neetrɔɔ waa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa. Nazɩyʋ pe wɛ protɔɔ waa taa, ɛlɛ, pɛfɛyɩ Neetrɔɔ waa taa. Mbʋ payaɣ se Hidrɔzɛnɩ yɔ, pʋbʋ taa piye taa ñɛwɛ mbʋ payaɣ se izitɔpʋ H yɔ. 

Hidrɔzɛnɩ taa piye taa izitɔpʋ H ŋgʋʋ payaɣ se protiyɔɔm. Pɛnɛ, paba taa fɛyɩ paa Neetrɔɔ hɔɔlaɣ nakɛyɛ. Protɔɔ waa nɛ Neetrɔɔ payaɣ ɖɔɖɔ se hɔɔyɛ taa pe (nucléaires). Hɔɔyɛ taa pe ɖama tamsɩnaʋ ɖɔkʋʋna Protɔɔ waa nɛ Neetrɔɔ waa pe pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ piye taa.
Kazakisitanɩ

Kazakisitanɩ kɛna ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩhɔɔlʊʊ sɔsɔʊ wɛna Aazi ilemiye hɛkʊ taa nɛ hayʊ kiŋ pɩnɛ Erɔpʊ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa hɔɔʊʊ nakʊyʊ pɩkɩlɩna Urali Pɔsɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa.  

Pamaza Kazakisitanɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 27 244 900 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ. Pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 17 948 816 pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 5,7 yɔ kɛ km2 yɔɔ. Saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 16 pɩnaɣ 1991 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Noursoultan Nazarbaïev nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Bakytjan Saguintaïev. 

Kʊnʊmɩŋ weyi pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ɩnʊʊ lɛ kazakɩ nɛ rusii. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Astana ɛlɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ yɔ ndʊ lɛ Almatii. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +7 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ nɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, peteɣu wendu ndʊ yɔ, ndʊ lɛ se mɛntɛ Kazakisitanɩ. Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Teŋge.
Lɛtonii

Lɛtonii kɛna Erɔpʊ ilemiye nɛ hayʊ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ nɛ ɖɩwɛ Erɔpʊ ajɛya kɩkpɛndʊ ŋgbɛyɛ taa agoza fenaɣ kacalaɣ wiye pɩnaɣ 2004. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ teŋgu ŋgʊ payaɣ-kʊ se Palɩtikɩ yɔ kɩ-cɔlɔ kpɛɛɛ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ ajɛya wena payaɣ-yɛ se Palɩtɩ yɔ nɛ awɛ naatozo yɔ a-taa. Hadɛkiŋ lɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Lituyanii ɖɩwɛna piyele nɛ hayʊ kiŋ lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ ɖɩ se Ɛsɩtoonii yɔ ɖɩɖɩ ñɛwɛna. Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Ruusii pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ kɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛtaa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ lɛ ɖɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Piyeloorusii yɔ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ. Pɩkpaɣna pɩnaɣ 1991 nɛ 2011 yɔ, Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa halaa pasa lʊlʊʊ ɛzɩ 23 % nɛ ɛyaa takɩlɩ kʊyʊ pa-ɛjɛya taa se powoki peeɖe siŋŋŋ.

Pamaza Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 64 597 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe talɩɣ ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 2 001 468 yɔ; pʊtɔbʊʊ se papɩzɩɣ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ yɔ 31 yɔ kɛ km2 taa. Kamɩŋ fenaɣ 18 pɩnaɣ 1918 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ ɛlɛ agoza fenaɣ 1990 kɛ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ siŋŋŋ. Payaɣ Lɛtonii ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Raimonds Vējonis nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ payaɣ se Māris Kučinskis.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ Lɛɛtɔŋ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Riiga. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +371 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pocosuu se *Ɛsɔ, wazɩ Lɛtonii*.

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkjɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Eroo.
Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ

Pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩ ɛyʋ laba ñɩɣlɩm wonuu yɔɔ yɔ. Lɩmaɣzɩyɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩtɔŋ se paa wonuu ŋgʋ, kɩ-taa wɛ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ. 

Ɖooo caanaʋ taa lɛ, ɛyʋ maɣzaa se papɩzɩɣ pɛtɛyɩ wonuu hɔɔlɩŋ cikpeŋ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ waa ɛlɛ, pɩtɛma. Pataatɩlɩ se wonuu tɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ñɩɩɩ ñɩɩɩ waa ḿba, pa-taa wɛ ɖɔɖɔ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa sakɩyɛ. Waaɣ hiu nɛ nakʋ ɖɩpaɣzɩyɛ ɖajaa John Dalton paɣzɩ maɣzʋʋ pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa yɔɔ. 

Ɛmaɣzɩ pɩŋŋ lɛ, ɛtɔ se, paa wonuu ŋgʋ kɩ-taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa wɛna wɛtʋ kʋɖʋmtʋ. Ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ se wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa eeciidiɣ, paapɩzɩɣ pɛlɛɣzɩ lona wonuu taa. 

Ɖajaa ɛnɛ ɛkaɖɩ ɛ-ñɩnɩʋ taa kpayɩ ɛyʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛcɩyɩ yaa ɛwɛɛkɩ wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa. Ɛyɔɔdɩ ɖɔɖɔ se wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ waa pɩzɩɣ patamsɩna ɖama tamsɩnaʋ nabʋyʋ pʋwɛɛ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. 

Caanaʋ tɔm cɔlɩyaa yaa tʋʋzɩyaa tapɩzɩ patɩlɩ ɛzɩma ɖajaa John Dalton laba nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkaɖɩ tɔm tʋnɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɖajaa Dalton tɩŋna kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wɛtʋ sukuli ŋgʋ ɛlaba yɔ kɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛlɩzɩ ɛ-lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɔbʋʋ.

Ɖajaa Antoine Lavoisier ñɔyɔɔdɩ pɩnaɣ 1789 taa se wonuu taa pʋyʋ kɔtɩɩɩ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛɛlɛɣzɩɣ kaʋ. Piyele ɖajaa Joseph Louis Proust ñakaɖɩ pɩna 1799 taa se yee ɛyʋ ɛtɛyɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu nakʋyʋ kɩ-hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔ, hɔɔlʋʋ nakʋyʋ hɩlɩmɩyɛ ɛɛkɩlɩɣ lɛɛkʋ, paa hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʋ ɛfɛyɩ kɩmaŋ.
Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm

Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 40 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Zr. Martin Heinrich Klaproth ñɩnɩna nɛ ɛna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Pɛrɩlɛɛ tɛtʊ taa, sɩrɩkoŋ taa ɛlɩza-ɩ pɩnaɣ 1789 ɛzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔ. Ɛlɛ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1824 Jöns Jacob Berzelius pɩza ɛlɩzɩ-ɩ keeke eyeke nɛ ɛwɛ Stockholm ñɩɣlɩm Sʊyɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm ɖɛzɩɣ mayaɣ ŋga ka nɛ tɩtanɩ nɛ hafɩnɩyɔm pɛkpɛnda pɛwɛɛ Ivb loka taa kɛ pʊtʊna caɣyɛ kpata taa yɔ. Ɛdɔ tɛtʊ pɔɔɖɛ taa ɛkɩlɩ tam nabutozo kwivri. 

Sɩrkɔnɩyɔm hɩɖɛ lɩna sɩrkɔŋ, pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ pakp-ɖɩ pɩlɩna ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa palɩza-ɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe yɔ. Ɛnʊ yɔ ɛlɩna Caama tʊ cɔlɔ Zirkon pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ tɛtɛɛ ñɩm kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ nɛ ɖɔɖɔ ñɩɣlɩm lɩm tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Abraham Gottlob Werner luba pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ, nɛ pɩkɛ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ Martin Heinrich Klaproth kaɣ ɖanɩɣ maɣzɩɣ se ɛkpaɣ-ɖɩ pɩnaɣ 1783 alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ. Caama tɔmpiye nɖɩ pama-ɖɩ caɣ cɩkpɛndʊʊ nɛ pɔtɔŋ pʊwɛ ɛzɩ ɖɩlɩna arabɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se zarkûn, ŋgʊ ɖɩɖɩ lɩna pɛrɩsanɩ zargûn nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ sika sɛmɩŋ.

Pɩlɩna ɛzɩma ɛwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ ɛlʊkɩna pʊzɩtʊ mbʊ lɛ palakɩna sɩrkɔɩyɔm wɛɛ wazaɣ piŋ kɛ kpɛlɩ tʊma sɔsɔna taa ɖenɖe palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ pʊzʊʊ wondu yɔ. Ñɩɣlɩm wonuu keeke ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ palakɩ-kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ɛzɩ pʊtʊ weyi pataɣ-ɩ ñamasɩɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ yɔɔ yɔ.

Lɔŋ tasɩɣ wɩlɩɣ se pɩfɛyɩ ɖeu se ɛyʊ eliɣ yaa efezi sɩrkɔnɩyɔm, yaa ɛ-lɩm nabʊyʊ etukina ɛyʊ tɔnʊʊ. Pamaza kpɩna lɛ yee efeziɣ helim mbʊ pɩkɩlɩ ɖɔʊ kɔyɔ, pʊkɔna-ɩ kaɖɛ ɛ-hʊzʊŋ hokasi halɩ pɩkpɛndɩna ɛzɩ hʊzɔŋ huu yɔ, ɛtɛzɩɣ huluu yɔ, nɛ ɛsʊʊ hɩlɩm taa. Kedeŋga kpeekpe sɔtʊ kʊdɔmɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ tɩna takayaɣ heyuu-ɖʊ se ɖiyele mʊzʊʊ mɩzɩɣ, miŋ ñaɣzɩɣ, kpim kpim nazʊʊ, nɛ mba palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ sɩrkɔnɩyɔm tʊma ɖɩlaɖɛ taa yɔ posuu pe-nesi tokonaa, papa ɛsɛ ñɩlɩŋ nɛ pʊtɔpɔzɩ se pɔtɔɔ, pɔñɔɔ yaa pɔñɔɔ sɩka alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖɩna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ sɩrkɔnɩyɔm ɖeɖe yɔ.
Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ

Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ kɛna Amerika ilemiye taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ peeɖe taa lɛ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ Amerika ilemiye taa nɛ ɖɩ-hɛkʊ nɛ hɛkʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛna Hɔndurasɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa nɛ hadɛ kiŋ, piyele Kuwatemala ɛjaɖɛ lɛ, ɖɩwɛna ɖɩɖɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɩ-hadɛ kiŋ. 

Pamaza Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-walanzɩ lɛ, panaa se ɖɩ-walanzɩ talɩ 20 742 km2 nɛ ɖenɖe lɩm wɛɛ yɔ, peeɖe takɩlɩ ɖɔʊ nɛ pɩmaɣna ɛzɩ 1,5 yɔ kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ. Amerika ilemiye taa tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ peeɖe taa lɛ, ndʊ kɩlɩna wɛʊ ñɩɩɩ kɛ ajɛya lɛɛna taa ɛlɛ peeɖe kɛ ɛyaa kɩla ɖɔʊ km2 taa nɛ patalɩɣ ɛyaa ɛzɩ 305 yɔ. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 2014 taa pakalɩ kɩgalʊʊ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa lɛ pana ɛyaa ɛzɩ 6 328 196 yɔ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa yee pakalɩɣ ɛyaa km2 taa kɔyɔ, panaɣ-wɛ ɛzɩ 68 yɔ. Salaŋ fenaɣ 15 pɩnaɣ 1821 kɛ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩmʊ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Payaɣ Salɩvaadɔɔrɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ ñʊʊdʊ kɩfalʊ se Salvador Sanchez Cerén.

Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlʊʊ yɔɔdʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-tɛ komina tʊma taa nɛ pawɩlʊʊ-kʊ sukulinaa taa ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, ŋgʊ lɛ ɛsɩpaañɔɔlɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se San Salɩvaadɔɔrɩ nɛ ndʊ tɩkɩla walanzɩ ɖɔɖɔ. Yee ɛyʊ ɛsɔɔlaa se ɛyaa nɔɔyʊ kɛ kaŋgalafu yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa kɔyɔ, pɩkɛna-ɩ kɩjɛyʊʊ se ɛma +503 ɛ-tɛ kaŋgalafu kpata yɔɔ pʊcɔ ŋɛ ɛɛma pɩtɛ ɛyʊʊ kaŋgalafu nimaɣ mayaɣ. Pakpazʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-kɩɖaʊ kɛdɛɛka nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, wendu ndʊ peteɣu yɔ Augusto Coello lubina-tʊ nɛ ndʊ lɛ se ŋkɛ ɛsɔtaa mʊndʊsʊʊ nakʊyʊ. 

Liidiye nɖɩ pɔtɔkɩ-ɖɩ peeɖe yɔ payaɣ-ɖɩ se Etaazuunii tɔɔlaarɩ. Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-taa abalaa kpadayɩɣʊ pɩsɩɩna ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 72,3 yɔ nɛ halaa ñatalɩɣʊ ɛzɩ pɩnzɩ 77 yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgba wena awɛ peeɖe yɔ anaa yɔ: Katolika mba (50 %), Protɛsɩtaŋ ( 36%), ɛyaa yem waa, pʊtɔbʊʊ se mba paasɛɣ ɛsʊɔ nɔɔyʊ yɔ patalɩ ɛzɩ ɛyaa hiu nɛ naalɛ yɔ kɛ mɩnɩuʊ yɔɔ nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna taa mba ñɛwɛ ɛzɩ ɛyaa 3 kɛ mɩnɩʊ yɔɔ.
Sɩtrɔntɩyɔm

Sɩtrɔntɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 38 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔSr yɔ. Strɔntɩyɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kalɩsɩyɔm yɔ, ɛkɛ ɖʊʊyʊ tɛtʊ pɩyʊ. Ɛwɛ ɖɔfɩɩ, papɩzɩɣ pamabɩ-ɩ yaa pɔyɔkɩ-ɩ, ɛsɛɛ caʊʊ. Ɛwɛ helim taa ɛmʊ miŋ nɛ lɩm etukina-ɩ kɔyɔ ɛwasɩɣ.

Sir Humphry Davy lɩzɩna strɔntɩyɔm eyeke (Aŋglɩtɛɛrɩ tʊ) pɩnaɣ 1808 alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pana ɛ-tɛ ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ wonuu kɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ kañaɖaɣ nakɛyɛ taa pʊñɔtɩna Strontian, strɔntianite SrCO3 pɩnaɣ 1790 pɩtɩŋna Thomas Charles Hope yɔɔ. Ɛyʊ ɛnɛyɔ ɛlɛ ñatɩŋna William Cruickshank nɛ Adair Crawford pa-tʊma yɔɔ kɛnɛ, pɛkɛ ɛyaa mba pɛlɛɣ tɩlɩɣ pʊtʊ nɔyʊ patatɩɩ tɩlɩta-ɩ strontianite taa. 

Loyuu tɔkɩ strɔntɩyɔm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ kalɩsɩyɔm yɔ ɛlɛ kalɩsɩyɔm tɛ kɩlɩ ɖeu. Strɔntɩyɔm hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛtaɖɩ ɛyʊ tomnaɣ taa pɩsɩɣ pɩtalɩ 99% ɛyʊ mɔɔ taa, kelaa taa. Naalɩm kelaa taa wiluu sɩna se ɛzɩma strɔntɩyɔm kʊɖɔŋ ɖɛʊ nɛ pɩtasɩna ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊnaa lɛlaa pɩwɛɛ kɛlɛʊ yee ɛyʊ ɛlaba tʊmɩyɛ nɛ mɔɔ yɔ. Pɩtɩŋna pɔyɔɔ lɛ, pehiɣ pana se Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ strɔntɩyɔm tɛ naalɩm kelaa ɖɔʊ pɩnzɩ 1990. 

Pɩkɛ sɛmɩŋ pɩyʊ, ajana miŋ kɩsɛmɩŋ weyi pɔtɔ-ɩ ɛsɔtaa tɛ azɔɔtɩ siziŋ ɖɔm se pɩpɩsɩ mʊntʊsʊʊ kɩsɛmʊʊ. Strɔntɩyɔm poyoluuna fɛrɩnɩɩ nɛ pataɣ cʊŋ wondu. Kpanjasɩ nasɩyɛ kɛ strɔntɩyɔm tɛ wondu, ɛnʊ palaakɩna alɩwaatʊ wɩlɩɣ ñɩɣyɩŋ nɩɩyɛ tɛ ɛjɔŋ.   

Ɛwɛɣ tɔɔnasɩ nasɩyɛ taa (pee taa, ɖoozi hatʊ nɛ mbʊ pɩkɛ naalɩm wondu yɔ. Kpɩna tɛ lɛ sakɩyɛ ɛɛtɛŋ kpidi kpidi mʊʊna lɩm taa, hɩm yaa lɩm naa mba palɩɣ yɔ sɔɔlʊʊ caɣyʊ mɔɔ taa. Naŋ, namɩŋ, kpagbasɩ yaa yambɔyɩŋ pɩzɩɣ pɛwɛna ɖɔɖɔ. Ɖooo lɛ paañɩba strɔntɩyɔm nɛ pepi karasɩm nɛ amala taa.
Ɩtrɩyɔm

Ɩtrɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 39 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Y. Ɩtrɩyɔm kɛ ɖɛzɩɣ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɩyɛ, ɛwɛtʊ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ lantande waa, nɛ tɔm kɛdɩtʊ paɣtʊ taa lɛ paɖʊ-ɩ kɛɖɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa, ɛ nɛ sɩkandɩyɔm nɛ lantanide waa. Ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, ɛkatɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛwɛʊ ɛ-ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ ɛlɛ nabʊyʊ taa lɛ pɛkpɛndɩɣ ɛ nɛ lantanide waa ñɩɣlɩm kɛtɛɖaɣ tɛtʊ naa taa. Ɛ-tɛ ɖiɣdiɣ agbele kʊyʊm 89Y eyeke koŋ ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1789 Johan Gadolin lɩ ɩtrɩyɔm yɔɔ ɛlɛ ɛwɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ yɔɔ kɛ gadolinite cɛbɩyaɣ nakɛyɛ taa, kaka yɔɔ Carl Axel Arrhenius lɩna kɔyɔɔ. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg ya kalɩkɔdaɣ kɩfalaɣ ŋga se yttria. Palɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke kajalaɣ ɖeɖe pɩnaɣ 1828 pɩtɩŋna Friedrich Wöhler.
  
Pɩnaɣ 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius ɛkɛ ɛgʊlʊ sɔɔja nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ sɔsɔ, lɩɩ ɛwaɣ kɩkpɛdaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ tʊmɩyɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ naɖɩyɛ taa pʊñɔtɩna Sʊyɛdɩ Ytterby haɖaa nabɛyɛ tɛ ( sɔnɔ peeɖe payaɣ Stockholm). Ɛmaɣzaɣ se pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ pɩyʊ mbʊ patatɩɩ tɩlɩda nɛ pɩ-taa wɛ tɔnsɩtɛnɩ yɔ, pʊtʊ weyi patɩna-ɩ piteleɖida yɔ, nɛ ɛya-ɩ se ytterbite (pɩlɩna hɩɖɛ nɖɩ payaɣ haɖaa mba pɛ-tɛ ɛlɩ ɛ-yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɩtasɩna pʊyɔɔ tɔmpiye kɩtɩnɩyɛ ite se pɩwɩlɩ se pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm lɩm pɩyʊ, nɛ etiyina cɛbɩyasɩ ndɩ ndɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyaa sakɩyɛ se patakɩ nɛ panɩɩ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ.

Johan Gadolin, sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ taa kɛ Åbo, lɩzɩ kalɩkɔdaɣ kɩfalaɣ nakɛyɛ yaa tɛtʊ kɛ Arrhenius cɛbɩyaɣ taa pɩnaɣ 1789 nɛ esusi ɛtakaa nɛ ɛna mbʊ pʊ-tɔm pɩnaɣ 1794. Kɛlɛ Anders Gustaf Ekeberg tisi ɛ-tʊma yɔɔ nɛ ɛya hɩɖɛ kalɩkɔdaɣ kɩfalaɣ ŋga yttria.
Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm

Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 43 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Tc. Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛwɛ hɛŋgɛlɛɛ nɛ ɛfɛyɩna ɖiɣɖiɣ agbelenaa yɔ. Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ ɛkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu kɩɖɛzʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩñɩlɩsɩɣ yɔ, nɛ kɩfɛyɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ ɛwɛtʊ wɛɛ ɛzɩ rɛnɩyɔm nɛ maŋganɛzɩ yɔ. Ɛ-hɩɖɛ lɩna krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa se technetos pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se poluba kulubu. Ɛkɛ kajalaɣ pʊtʊ weyi paɖana-ɩ lubu yɔ. Tɛkɩnɛsɩyɔm kɛ pʊtʊnaa kuluba taa lɛ, weyi ɛfɛyɩ yuŋ yɔ.

Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ (Z = 42) nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm (Z = 44) pɛ-hɛkʊ taa kaawɛ kpɛɖɛ. Ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ kaawɛna tambaɣ se pana pʊtʊ ɛnʊ, mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ yee pʊtʊ ɛnʊ pana ɛ-ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kpata taa kɔyɔ pʊwɛʊ kɛlɛʊ nɛ pana pʊtʊnaa lalaa mba patatɩɩ tɩlɩda yɔ. 

Pɩnaɣ 1877, Ruusii kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Serge Kern tɔŋ se ɛna pʊtʊ paakpɛndʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm wondu lɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛtɛɖɩɣ yɔ. Kern ya pʊtʊ kɩfalʊ ɛnʊ hɩɖɛ nɖɩ mbʊ ɛmaɣzaɣ se ɛkɛ yɔ davyum se pɩkɛ kiɖima kɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Sir Humphry Davy, ɛlɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ŋcɔna kɔyɔ pɩkɛ pisidina ɩrɩdɩyɔm nɛ rɔtɩyɔm nɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ. 

Hɩla panormium pɩtɩŋna Palerme sukuli kɩtɛzɩɣ yɔɔ nɛ trinacrium pɩlɩna Sicile yɔɔ kɛ palɩza. Ñɩnɩyaa nakɩlɩ sɔɔlʊʊ krɛkɩ hɩɖɛ τεχνητός nɛ pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se kulubu, mbʊ pɩkɛ pʊtʊ kajalaɣ tʊ weyi palaba-ɩ nɛ nesi yɔ. Segrè pɩsɩ Berkeley nɛ ɛsʊlɩmɩ Glenn T. Seaborg. Ɛlɩzɩ nɖeke tɛkɩnɩsɩyɔm agbele 99m weyi palakɩ-ɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ wiluu hɔɔlɩŋ taa ɖɔkɔtɔ naa miiliiyɔɔ waa pɩtalɩ 10 mbʊ yɔ paa pɩnaɣ ŋga.
Rʊtɛnɩyɔm

Rʊtɛnɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 44 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Ru. Ɛ nɛ platɩnɩ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm, pɩkɛ ñɩɣlɩm wondu kɩɖɛzɩtʊ tɛɛ pɩlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ. Rʊtɛnɩyɔm tomnaɣ kɛ ñɩɣlɩm wonuu ŋgʊkʊwɛ ɖoŋ nɛ kɩpɛlɩŋ yee kɩwɛ helim taa yem. Pasɩma-ɩ platɩnɩ mʊlʊm kɩkpɛdɩm taa kɛnɛ nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Carl Ernst Klaus lɩzɩ-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1844, tabalɩyɛ sɔɔlɩm taa Rusii kʊnʊŋ taa se Karl Karlovitch (Klaus) yaa Ukraine kʊnʊŋ taa se Karl Karlovic Klaus.

 
Rʊtɛnɩyɔm kaawɛ cazʊʊ cazʊʊ mbʊ lɛ, ɛtɛm lɩ Smithson Tennant tɛ lɩmaɣza taa pɩnaɣ 1804. Jöns Jacob Berzelius pʊtʊ ɛ-taa nɛ ɛkpɛndɩna lɛɣtʊ kɩzɩtʊ pɩlɩna tʊma yɔɔ, wena ɛzɩ patama-yɛ nɛ tovonum pɩlɩna kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ Gottfried Osann yɔɔ, ɛnʊ weyi ɛɛcaɣ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ ñʊʊ yɔɔ Dorpat Esɩtoonii ɛjaɖɛ taa, weyi ɛmaɣzaɣ se ɛnʊ lɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛ-yɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1828. 

Karl Karlovitch Klaus pɩzɩna nɛ ehiɣ ɛlɩzɩ kajalaɣ ɖeɖe rʊtɛnɩyɔm ñɩɣyʊ keeke ɛzɩ kɩwɛʊ mbilim ɛlɛ pʊɖɔɔ piŋ ɖɔɖɔ. Esɩtoonii ñɩnɩyʊ ɛnʊ palʊla-ɩ Dorpat, Riusii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛ-tɛ nɛ Caama kiŋ, ɛlakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ Kazan sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa lɛ, ɛdaɣnɩ takʊʊ piŋ caajaasɩ nzɩ sɩgbaɣ ɖama yɔ, yele nɛ rʊtɛnɩyɔm kpɛlɩ tɔm kpa ɖoŋ, ɛñɩɣ niye Osann kajalaɣ tʊma yɔɔ pɩlɩna pʊtʊ ɛnʊ ɛnʊ keeke ɛ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛɖɔkɩ hɩɖɛ se rʊtɛnɩyɔm, ɛlɛ ɛmaɣzɩna latɛŋ  kʊnʊŋ mbʊ se Ruthenia Ruusii kɛlɛ mbʊ. 

Pɩsaŋ ɖɔɖɔ se ɖɩtɔ se pʊwɛ ɛzɩ poloñe kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Jędrzej Śniadecki kaalɩza-ɩ eyeke pɩnaɣ 1807 (nɛ ɛya-ɩ se vestium) pɩtɩŋna platɩnɩ ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ yɔɔ, ɛlɛ pata ñɩɣ nesi ɛ-tɔm ndʊ tɩ-yɔɔ kɛlɛ ekizi ɖɔɖɔ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ palɩɣ ɛ-yɔɔ tɛ waɖɛ.
Nɩyɔbɩyɔm

Nɩyɔbɩyɔm kɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ pʊtʊ weyi ɛ-ñʊʊ mayaɣ kɔyɔ 41 nɛ yʊsaɣ ñɩŋa yɔ Nb. Nɩyɩbɩyɔm tomnaɣ yem kɛ ɖɛzʊʊ ñɩɣlɩm pɩyʊ, ɛ-tɔnʊʊ wɛ kpʊzɩyɛɛ nɛ ɛcaɣ tɛyɩŋ. Pɩnaɣ 1801 pɩna kajalaɣ kɛ nɩyɔbɩyɔm pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛɛ ñɩm tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ, nɛ kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkɩyʊ Charles Hatchett yɔɔ.   

Pʊwɛɛ se ɖɩtɔzɩ se nɩyɔbɩyɔm wɛtʊ caɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ tantalɩ wɛtʊ. Berzélius kaaya alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ taa kɛ pʊtʊ ɛnʊ Cb. Alɩwaatʊ natʊyʊ kɔɔ lɛ, Charles Hatchett lɛɛzɩ tʊmɩyɛ, kpɛlɩ tʊmɩyɛ tʊ kɩbɩnʊʊ ɛnʊ eyele ɛsʊ pasɩnja naa kpɛdɛtʊ tʊma sɔsɔna taa, ɖɔɖɔ mbʊ yɔ pʊsʊzʊʊ liidiye piŋ nɛ pɛkɛna wazaɣ siŋ, nɛ ɛlakaɣ lɔɔɖa pɔyɩŋ tʊmɩyɛ ɛ-ɖalʊʊ Hatchett tʊmɩyɛ sɔsɔyɛ. 

Pama tɔm kpou ŋgʊ payaɣ se Larousse pɩnaɣ 1868 lɛ kɩ-taa kaawɛ Rose tʊma, nɛ petisi nɩyɔbɩyɔm anasaayɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1905 mbʊ yɔ ñɩɣlɩm pʊtʊ ɛnʊ payaka-ɩ kpem mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ palakaɣ-ɩ nɛ laatriki miŋ weyi ɛɛwɛ pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1911. Ɛɛkɛ ɖoŋ sɔzɩyʊ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ñɩɣyɩŋ ɖoŋ ñɩŋ taa. 

Pɩɩwɛ se paɖaŋ kedeŋga kpeekpe you sɔsɔʊ wayi pɩnaɣ 1946 nɛ pʊcɔ papɩzɩ palɩzɩnɩyɔbɩyɔm ñɩɣlɩm tʊma sɔsɔna kuduyuu. Etaazuunii waa nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ ajɛyɛ ɖooo pitihiɣ palakaɣ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ hɩɖɛ kɔlɔbɩyɔm ɛ-tɛ yʊsaɣ maya kɔyɔ Cb, nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔsɔ mbʊ yɔ ɛ-hɩɖɛ tɔyɩ tʊma sɔsɔna kuduyiŋ taa.