open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ɖoŋaɣ

Ɖoŋaɣ kɛna minziiki wonuu kɩmabʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kuluŋgulu yɔ. Nabɛyɛ yaɣ se ɖoŋaɣ, lɛlaa ñayaa se loŋaɣ. Ɖoŋaɣ wɛ kpeɖe tɩyɛ. Paasakɩ paa tɩʋ ŋgʋ ɖoŋaɣ. Tɩŋ nɩɩyɛ wɛ kooŋ nɛ ɛnʋʋ pasakɩna ɖoŋanzɩ. Paapaŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ paa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔnʋʋ. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ heu tɔnʋʋ mbʋ yɔ. Paapaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ ɛ-tɔnʋʋ. Pʋnʋ kɩbɩnʋ tɔnʋʋ papaŋna ɖoŋaɣ.

Ɛzɩma papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ ?

Pakʋʋ pʋnʋ nɛ peliti ɛ-tɔnʋʋ. Pakaŋ tɔnʋʋ ŋgʋ nɛ teluu nɛ pɩla kpɩtaŋ cabɩ lɛ, palɩzɩ-kʋ. Pɔ-tɔbʋʋ se peyeki-kʋ nɛ kɩwɩlɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pʋcɔ papɩzɩ papamna-kʋ nɛ ɖoŋaɣ yaa suye. Palɩzɩ-kʋ nɛ teluu yɔɔ lɛ, paɖʋ-kʋ lɩm taa alɩwaatʋ natʋyʋ cabɩ. Pʋwayɩ lɛ, palɩzɩ-kʋ nɛ pɔhɔɔ nɛ kɩpɩsɩ lɛfɩɩɩ. Yee pɔtɔyɔ-kʋ nɛ kʋhʋʋ camɩyɛ yɔ, papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ pamakɩ lɛ, kaawiɣ ɖeu. Ɛlɛ, yee pɔhɔɔ pʋnʋ tɔnʋʋ nɛ kɩkpɩzɩ camɩyɛ yɔ, pʋbʋ papaŋ ɖoŋaɣ nɛ pamakɩ-kɛ lɛ, kewiɣ camɩyɛ. 

Kpɩna naayɛ tɔnɩŋ pɔhɔɔʋ nɛ akpɩzɩ camɩyɛ nɛ pɛhɛɛ-ɩ pɩŋgaɣ pɩlɩŋgaɣ nɛ palʋʋ nimasɩ lɩɩɩ lɩɩɩ nɛ papamna ɖoŋaɣ. Ɛlɛ, pʋcɔ papa ɖoŋaɣ lɛ, paɖʋʋ ka-taa sɔnzɩ wondu natʋyʋ ndɩ ndɩ. Halɩ nabɛyɛ ɖʋ ka-taa liidiye pɔɔyaɣ nakɛyɛ.

Ɖoŋaɣ kɛ sɔnzɩ labʋ wonuu sɔsɔʋ nakʋyʋ, kɔzɔ kɔzɩ atɛ wonaʋ nʋmɔʋ taa. Kɛkɛ ɖɔɖɔ sɔnzɩ wonuu kaɖɛ ñɩŋgʋ nakʋyʋ siŋŋ. Pʋ-yɔɔ paamakɩ-kɛ lona tɩŋa taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ke-witu ɖɔɔnʋʋ agɔlɩma naayɛ. 

Hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pɩha waɖɛ se pama ɖoŋaɣ yɔ, yee pamakɩ so nɛ kɛfɛyɩ pɩ-taa kɔyɔ, piiseetiɣ payaa ɖeu. Pamakɩ-kɛ lɛ, so lakɩ leleŋ camɩyɛ, piseetiɣ paa weyi se ɛpaa.

Ɖoŋanzɩ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Kabɩyɛ ñɩma ɖoŋaɣ wɛɛ. Kaka wɛna ɛzɩ kpeɖe yɔ. Kɛ-hɛkʋ taa tɛyɩ teɖe. Kutokoli ñɩma ɖoŋaɣ ñɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Kaka hɛkʋ taa tɛtɛyɩ teɖe. Kɛwɛ ɛzɩ kabɩyɛ sɔɔyɛ yɔ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kɔ-hɔɔlʋʋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛ kpoluu yɔ, kɩ-yɔɔ papaŋ tɔnʋʋ.
Ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ (Constitution)

Ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ, pɩkɛ takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa ɛjaɖɛ yaa ŋgbɛɛ naɖɩyɛ tɛ ɖɔnɛ, ɛlɛ, sakɩyɛ taa lɛ,pɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ yaa ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ nakʊyʊ tɛ paɣtʊ. Ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɛ wazaɣ lɩɣna ɖɩ-tɛ  ɛjaɖɛ kewiyaɣ ŋga kaɖɩna tʊmɩyɛ labʊ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa cɔlɔ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ka-wazaɣ paɣla pɩkɩlɩ paɣtʊ tɩtɩŋga.

Kɛkɛ politiki takayaɣ nɛ paɣtʊ keem ndʊ tɩtamsa nɛ tɩlɩna cɔlʊʊ taa tɩwɛ kpaɖʊ yɔ kpaɖʊ yɔ yɔ. Pɩkɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa tɔm, ɛyaa mba patɩna kewiyaɣ ɖoŋ nɛ palakɩ tʊmɩyɛ ɛyaa lalaa yɔ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, kɛ ɛjaɖɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa peeɖe. Paɣtʊ takayaɣ kandʊʊ ɛyʊ waɖɛ yɔ nɛ tɩ-yɔɔ wɛʊ kɛ kewiyaɣ komulum tɩnaa cɔlɔ (ajɛyaa nʊndɩnaa kewiyaɣ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩyaa kewiyaɣ nɛ tɔm hʊyaa kewiyaɣ).

Yee tɔm hʊyaa ɛmaɣzɩɣ se paɣtʊ takayaɣ taa tɔm ɛkɛ pamaɣmaɣ palɩmazaɣ yɔɔ ɖɩnaɣ se polotiki tɔm tɩŋgɩɣna pʊyɔɔ nɛ pɩhaɣ waɖɛ yaa ɖoŋ ka-maɣmaɣ nɛ pɩla mbʊ. Politiki tɔm paɖʊ-tʊ waɖɛ takayaɣ taa nɛ paya se kajalaɣ kewiyaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ (kewiyaɣ tɛ wiyaʊ weyi ɛlakɩ paɣtʊ takayaɣ kɩfalaɣ yɔ). Ajɛyaa sakɩyɛ tisuu nɛ pɔɖɔkʊʊ ɛjaɖɛ mazɩm nɛ evemiye nɛ pɔtɔkɩ kazandʊʊ evemiye ndɩ ɖɩ-tɛ tɔzʊʊ yɔ (ɛjaɖɛ kazandʊʊ yaa tɩyɔɔ kazandʊʊ yaa paɣtʊ takayaɣ evemiye Englɩsɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, Constitution Day.

   
Tɔmpiye paɣtʊ takayaɣ, palakɩ-ɖɩ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ ñamtʊ nɔmɔʊ taa kɛ kewiyaɣ ajaɛyaa sɔsɔnaa aŋgbaa ndɩ ndɩ taa. Mbʊ lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʊʊ OIT paɣtʊ takayaɣ tɔm, Eerɔpʊ tambɔɔ paɣtʊ takayaɣ yaa ɛyaa sɔsaa paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Paa ɛzɩmta lɛ, kɛwɛ camɩyɛ cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ yaa kpayɩ kpayɩ aŋgbaa a-naa a-taa se pɔyɔɔdɩ nɩnaʊ tɔm yaa kiɖe tɛ tɔm kɩlabɩtʊ.
Ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ (existence)

Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, tɔmbiye ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ «existence» tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ caɣ kaɖɛ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Kabɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se wɛʊ yaa wezuu caɣʊ. Tɔmbiye nɖɩ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Nabʊyʊ taa lɛ,  tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ kɛlɛ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ wezuu yɔ. Nabʊyʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ cakʊʊ nɛ pileɖiɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ, halɩ wezuu caɣʊ kɔɔ pɩlɩɩ-ɩ sɔŋ.

Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa nakɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ piliŋa ŋga se metafiiziki (métaphysique). Lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɔyɔɔdʊʊ se fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ tɔmbiye «Essence» patɩlɩɣ ɖama.

Toovenum lɛ, tɔmbiye ɛkɩzisitaɣsɩ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa. Laatɛɛ kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se «existere» yaa «exis-tance», pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ wɛʊ hɔɔlʊʊ nɛ e-keem yɔ yaa se ɛyʊ wɛʊ wondu cɔlɔ yɔ. Tɔmbiye «existence» nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa tɔbʊʊ lɩzʊʊ pʊnɛ pʊwɩlɩɣ se ɛyʊ ɖeke cakɩna wezuu. Wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛ kɩwɛʊ yem. Tɔm tʊnɛ, ɖajaanaa panɛ Jean-Paul Sartre nɛ Martin Heidegger nɛ Emmanuel Lévinas pɔkaɖɩna-tʊ.  Ɖajaa Heidegger yɔɔdaa se ɛyʊ ɖeke koŋ caɣna wezuu, wondu kɩlɩzɩtʊ lɛɛtʊ nɛ kpɩna ndɩ ndɩ wɛ kɩwɛʊ yem, patacaɣ wezuu.
Ɛndonezi

**Ɛndonezi** (; ) kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ketenzi naalɛ hɛkʊ taa. Indonezi kɛna Azii nɛ hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ kɩsʊ Oseyanɩ taa ɖɔɖɔ. Pakalɩɣ peeɖe ɛyaa kɔyɔ patalɩɣ ɛzɩ 250 miliyɔnaa kɛ mbʊ yɔ nɛ keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ kɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naaza nɖɛ ɛyaa ɖɔʊ taa. Keteŋa kpeekpe taa lɛ Indonezi  wɛna mbʊ payaɣ na fransɩ taa se iili waa yɔ nɛ pakalɩ wɛ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ patalɩɣ 17 508. Pɩkɛna malɩŋ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ peeɖe ɖɔɖɔ malɩŋ kɩlɩ xɛʊ. Peeɖe tɛtʊ sɔsɔtʊ payaɣ se Cakarta.

Pɩcɔ nɛ palʊlʊʊ Yeesu Kristu lɛ Ɛndonezi kɛna ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa Ɛndɩ mba nɛ Siini mba payakaɣ kɩyakʊ yɔ nɛ palɛɛzɩɣ kɩlɛɛzʊ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ nɛ peeɖe pɛpɛdɩɣ tɔna yɔ. Ɛndonezi nɛ Ɛndɩ palakɩ tadɩyɛ nɛ ɖama pɩtasɩna Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ. Pa-tadɩyɛ taa lɛ malɩŋ kɩlɩɣna pɛdɩʊ. Piyebina ɖɔɖɔ nɛ sɔsaa sɔsɔaa pɩsɩɣ palaŋa nɛ pɩpɩsɩɣ malɩŋ.

Lɩm yɔɔ tadɩyɛ tɔm taa lɛ Malaka kɛna ɖɔɖɔ tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa  tadɩyɛ ɖɔŋ camɩyɛ yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1511 Pɔrɩtigalɩ mba woba nɛ pamʊ tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Malaka yɔ nɛ pacaɣ. Pɩkɔma pɩnaɣ 1605 lɛ Neeyɛrɩlandɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa mba wolo nɛ pɔɖɔɔnɩ Pɔrɩtigalɩ mba nɛ pɩha-wɛ  waɖɛ nɛ pacaɣ. Pɩkɔma lɛ powolo pacaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Zaava. Yo ŋndɩ ndɩ wɛ peeɖe pɩlɩna kewiyaɣ tɔm taa  nɛ pɩkɩlaa lɛ Mataram tɛzɩ cɩyʊ tɛtʊ natʊyʊ nɛ ɛtɛzɩ cɛlɩɣ Neerɩlandɩ mba.

Pɩnaɣ 1950  kɛ Soekamo nɛ Mohammad Hatta maba palaŋa taa nɛ pamʊ pa-tɩ yɔɔ wɛʊ. Pɩnaɣ 1965 nɛ 1966 taa kɛ Soeharto kpaɣ kewiyaɣ. Ɛkɛwɛ ñaŋ kamaɣ fɛyɩ ɛlɛ pɩtɩŋgɩna pʊyɔɔ nɛ tɔsʊʊ hʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ camɩyɛ. Pɩtalɩ pɩnaɣ 1998 lɛ, evemiye naɖɩyɛ yem ɛkʊyɩ kpelaɣ yɔɔ kpaka. Pɩlabɩ mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ lɛɛzʊ kɩfam mbʊ payaɣ se temokarasi yɔ pɩwɛ peeɖe.
Ɛndusɩ Pɔɔ

Ɛndusɩ ɖooo canaʊ taa lɛ, pasɩma-kʊ nɛ hɩla anɛyɔ Sɩnd yaa Sɩnduu, Tibetain taa lɛ Senge khabab pʊtɔbʊʊ se weyi ɛlɩna tɔyʊ nɔɔ taa yɔ ɖɩlɩyɛ cɔlɔ. Ɛndusɩ kɛ Aazii lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ ŋga kaha ka-hɩɖɛ Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kegbeŋ nɛ Himalaya nɛ hadɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kiŋ nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Arabii teŋgʊʊ taa. Pɔɔ ŋga kɛwɛ Ɛndɩ kɩlaŋ pɔsɔ lʊbɛ taa.
 
Ɛndusɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ Kailas yaa Kankri pʊŋ taa kɛ Tibɛtii ageetaa taa. Mbʊ yɔ kagba hɩɖɛ se kpaɣ nɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛdɩyɛ kpolo kpolo taa Sengge nɛ Gar pɛ-tɛ, mba mba palɩna Himalaya nɛ patɩŋgʊʊ Nganglong nɛ Gangdise Shan pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ. Pʊwayi lɛ, Ɛndusɩ tɩŋgʊna hayi wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa pɩtɩŋna Kasɩmɩrɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ Karakoram pʊŋ cɩŋga yɔ nɛ pazɩ pazɩ yɔ lɛ kapɩsɩ nɛ haɖɛ yɔ kiŋ nɛ keyeki Peshawar nɛ Rawalpindi piyisi. Hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ lɩm kɩkam nabʊyʊ pɩsɩ Tarbela ŋgbaŋ. Kpana kɛ-tɛ pɔsɩ ɖɩkpɛndɩyɛ taa nɛ Kabuul lɩm pɔɔ lɛ, Ɛndusɩ lɩm pɔɔ sɔsɔ pɩsɩ mɛlɛna nɔmɔʊ.
  	  
Ka-nɔmɔʊ ɖɔnɛ taa nɛ teŋguu yɔ kiŋ pɩsɩna nɛ Pendjab nɛ Sind fɛɛŋ taa nɛ pɔɔ ŋga kekpeŋ peɖe hɛɛ. Kɛ-tɛzɩɣ Hyderabad nɛ kɛkpɛndʊʊ Oman tenguu taa nɛ hanala fɛɛʊ kɩwɩlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-walanzɩ maɣna kilomɛta waa 7770 kpɛɛ ko yɔ nɛ kɩwalɩ pɔɔ nɔɔ kpɛɛ nɛ pɩtalɩ kilomɛta waa 200 Karasɩ nɛ haɖɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa yɔ kiŋ, lɛlɛyɔ taa pakpa-kʊ se kɩ-kɛ ɖɩkɛ ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tɛ egeetiye yuŋ tɛ ndɛ ajaɖɛ kpeekpe taa.
Ɛnduuyisim

**Ɛnduuyism** ŋgbɛyɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖɔɖɔ se "sanatadharma". "Maatɛŋ Paɣtʋ." Pɩtɛkɛ nɔɔyʋ lɩzɩna Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ. Ɖɩfɛyɩna kpaaŋ. Ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ kɩbɩnɖɛ siŋŋ nɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɖɩwɛɛ. Ɛyaa miiliyaarɩ kʋɖʋm wɛ Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ taa. Kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ Krɩstianism nɛ Iizilaam pɛ-aŋgba wayɩ lɛ, Ɛɛnduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ kɩlɩna tɔyʋʋ. Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖɩn̄ɔɔ nɛ peeye ɖɔɖɔ ɖɩkɩlɩ tɔyʋʋ.

Mbʋ Ɛɛduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ wɛ ndɩ kpem nɛ aŋgba lɛɛna yɔɔ lɛ se ɖɩfɛyɩna nayaa ɖɩfɛyɩna "dogmes waa". Mba pɛwɛ ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-taa yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se tɔm ndʋ pukuli tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩwɩlɩ Ɛɛndɩ lɔnsɩŋɖaa yɔ, ti-ɖeke koŋ tɩ-yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se ɛyʋ ɛɖɔ. Tɔm ndɩ ndɩ ndʋʋ pɛkpɛndaa nɛ payaɣ se "Veda". Pɔtɔŋ se "Veda" ɖeke koŋ wɛŋna ɖoŋ pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʋ-yɔɔ. Toovenim lɛ, payaɣʋ se Ɛɛnduu n̄ɩma, malɩŋ weyi ɛcalɩ wobuu Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ ɛyana mba pɛwɛ Ɛɛdu kajalaŋa taa yɔɔ mbʋ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ ɛn̄ɩna siŋŋ yɔ ɛnaɣ se mba payaɣ se "Indo-aryens waa yɔ, pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ ndʋ payaɣ se "Vedique" yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋnaa nɛ Ɛɛduuyism ŋgbɛyɛ n̄ɔ. "Indo-aryens waa" sʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 1500 nɛ pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ. Ɛnduu waa tisuu ɛsɔnaa sakɩyɛ yɔɔ. Pɔ-cɔzɔnaa tɔm patɩŋɩɣ. Palakɩ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ sɩyɩnaa layaa lakʋʋ yɔ.

Halɩ pa-sɩyɩnaa latʋ taɣna ɛyʋ waɖɛ yɔɔ kadayʋʋ nɛ politiiki nɛ ɛzɩma mbʋ polu yaa pama wondu ndɩ ndɩ yɔ nɛ ɛsɔmɩnʋʋ tɛɛ pʋtʋnaa ndɩ ndɩ n̄ɩnʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa nɛ ɛzɩma mbú ɛyʋ maɣzʋʋ nɛ wezuu caɣʋ mbʋ ɛyʋ cakɩ yɔ pʋ-tɔm taa nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ tʋmɩyɛ taa.
Ɛndɩ Lɩŋamʋʋ

Ɖooo lɛ paywaɣ Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋamʊʊ se Oriental liŋamʊʊ. Kɩ-ɖaalɩkɩŋ nɛ kɩ-walanzɩ taa maɣna ɛzɩ 75 000 000 km2. Inde lɩŋamʊʊ sɩna hayʊ kɩŋ nɛ Ɛɛndɩ, Pakisitaanɩ nɛ Iran, zɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ taa lɛ, Birmanie, Tayilandɩ, Malaisie, Ɛndonezi nɛ Ositraalii, hadɛ kɩŋ lɛ, Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ. Piyele nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɩna Afrika nɛ péninsule arabiki.

Ɛyaa nɩna ɖama nɛ pakpaɣ se, Ɛɛndɩ Lɩŋgamʊ ŋgʊ kɩsɩɩna Atlantiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Cap des Aiguilles tɛ longitude ŋgʊ kɩwɛ 20e méridien est yɔ; Pasifiki Lɩŋgamʊʊ nɛ Cap South Eastitude tɛ lon nɛ Tasmanie tɛtʊ ndʊ lɩm cɔ-tʊ ko nɛ pɩta yɔ; pɩtasɩna Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ 60e parallèle sud yɔ.
Ɛnglɩsɩ kɩbɩnɩɣ tɛ waɖɛ

Ɛnglɩsɩ Kɩbɩnɩɣ tɛ waɖɛ kɛ paɣtʊ nɛ sɔnzɩ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa pʊcɔ pɩtalɩ Nɔrɩmandɩ yoŋ alɩwaatʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1066 taa. Paɣtʊ takayasɩ kaaɖɔɔ Ɛnglɩsɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa. Takayasɩ nzɩ sɩ-kɩlɩɣ pɩnʊʊ yɔ nzɩ lɛ, Æthelbert de Kent nɛ Hlothhere nɛ Eadric kent tʊ nɛ Wihtred kent tʊ nɛ Ina Wessex tʊ. Paɣtʊ takayasɩ nzɩ sɩwɛ ndɩ leges barbarorum nzɩ, Caama ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛyaa mba pɛlɛzaɣ romanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pajamɔyɔɔ. Patama takayasɩ nzɩ latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa ɛlɛ pama-sɩ nɛ ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ tɔbʊʊ se canaʊ Ɛnglɩsɩ.
   
Kanoniki waɖɛ kɛ Krɩstʊ ñɩma mba palaɣ kɩlaʊ Ɛsɔ katoliiki kpaŋ taa yɔ tɛ waɖɛ romanɩ taa. Hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩlɩna kanon nɛ ɖɩtɔbʊʊ se paɣtʊ. Pasɩma hɩɖɛ ndɩ ɖooo lʊlʊʊ kɩfam alɩwaatʊ kɛ yatʊ tʊnɛ tɩ-taa *corpus iuris canonicis* nɛ yatʊ tɩtɩcaɣ *corpus iuris civilis* ndʊ tɩkɛ romanɩ paɣtʊ kpeɣluu takayaɣ yɔ ŋga Justinien kaatɛma maʊ yɔ.

Chrɩstʊ mba tɛ paɣtʊ wɛ ndɩ nɛ samaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ, kɩ-tɛ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ nɛ kewiyaɣ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm tata. Ɛyaa mba patɩna sʊʊtʊ ndʊ yɔ paakɛ nɛ pɛkɛ halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ ɛyaa yuŋmba nɛ layaa sɔsaa nɛ nʊntɩnaa kɩlaʊ kpaŋ taa takayasɩ mayaa sɔsaa nɛ kɩlaʊ kpaŋ taa nsukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ taa piyaa. Kiɖe tɛ lɛ, nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm paɣtʊ kɩlaʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa kaawɛ weewe pɩkɩlɩ mba paasɩŋ Ɛsɔ tɛ paɣtʊ.

Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ nɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, Katoliiki kpaŋ kɛna kpamɩŋ taa ɖoyo mbʊ lɛ, kɩ-tɛ nɩgbaŋgʊʊ hɔm kaawɛ leleŋ nɛ pɩ-tɛ pɩwɛ niikaɣ pazɩ. Pɛ-tɛ wonduu suu lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lɩna paɣtʊ ndʊ tɩwɛtʊ cɔlɔ. Yee pacaŋ tɔm hʊnaʊ kɩlaʊ tɔm hʊʊ kpaŋ taa kɔyɔ, ɛyaa kpandɩnaa suuwaɣ kɩlaʊ tokonaa. Pʊkɔma pileɖi lɛ, kɩlaʊ kpaŋ lɛɛzɩ lɩmaɣza nɛ pɔhɔŋ tisuu fɛyɩ tɩnaa nɛ paañaŋ layaa sɔsaa nɛ pɛcɛlɩɣ-wɛ samaɣ tɛ paɣtʊ tɩnaa. Kɩlaʊ kpaŋ maɣmaɣ kaakpa Jeanne d’Arc nɛ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋgʊʊ mbʊ pʊyɔ yɔ ɛkɛ kɔɖɔnɖʊyʊ nɛ pɛcɛlɛ-ɩ samaɣ tɔm hʊyaa nɛ pɔhɔ ɛ-naŋgbaŋgʊʊ ɛzɩ paɣtʊ pɔzʊʊ yɔ.

Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ kata tɩlasɩ sakɩyɛ mbʊ pala nɔnɔɔ taa tɛ paɣtʊ. Pɔcɔ pañaŋgasɩ lɛ, pʊpɔzʊʊ se pahʊʊ tɔm. Samaɣ lɩm ɖʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ fɛyɩ se ɖiyeke ɖɩpɩzɩɣ ɖɩñaŋgasɩ nɩŋgbaŋgʊʊ hɔmtʊ tɔm natʊyʊʊ. Halɩ nɛ sɔnɔ yɔpɩwɛ mbʊ Fatiikaŋ ɛjaɖɛ taa ɛlɛ, pɩɩwɛna ɖoŋ ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa Eerɔpʊ ajɛyɛ taa.
Ɛsakuliye

Payaʋ se "civilisation" yɔ, pɩlɩna latɛŋ kʋnʋŋ taa. Latɛŋ taa lɛ, payaɣ se "civis", pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se "citoyen", ɛyʋ. Paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ kɛ-tɛ "civilisation" yaa kɛ-tɛ sɔnzɩ. Mbʋʋ sɔsaa tɔma se "ajɛɛ kpɛndʋʋ so, aakpɛndʋʋ payɛ.

Panaɣ samaɣ nakɛyɛ tɛ civilisation yaa kɔ-sɔnzɩ pɩtɩŋna kɛ-lɛɣtʋ nɛ ka-fɩtɩyɩm nɛ kɛ-tɛ politiki labʋ nɛ kɔ-lɔŋ weyi kayaɣ yɔ. Samaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ kɔtɔ se kɔ-sɔnzɩ kɩlɩ ɖeu samaɣ lɛɛka n̄ɩnzɩ. Yee ḿbʋ pʋwɛɛ se pama tɔmpiye "civilisation" sakɩyɛ taa, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se pama se "civilisations" yaa sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Toovenum lɛ, sɔnzɩ kɩbɩnzɩ wɛɛ nɛ sɔnzɩ kɩfasɩ n̄ɛwɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ.

Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ payawaɣ se "Mʋntʋsʋŋ alɩwaatʋ" yɔ, tɩ-taa lɛ, civilisation yaa sɔnzɩ kɛkɛ pʋyʋ mbʋ pɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ kpem yɔ. Pʋwɛ wazaɣ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ mbʋ payaɣ se "culture" yaa sɔnzɩ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ (religion) nɛ Samaɣ (Société) yɔ. Ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Victor Riqueti de Mirabeau yɔ ɛlɛyɩna tɔmpiye "civilisation" yaa sɔnzɩ hɩɖɛ yaʋ nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ-ɖɩ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩna sɔnɔ. Ɛkɛ ɖajaa weyi payaɣ se Mirabeau yɔ ɛ-pɩyalʋ. Ɖajaa Mirabeau kɔsɔɔlɩ lɛɣzɩtʋ kɩfatʋ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɛma ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛyaa se "Ɛyaa Taabalʋ" (L'Ami des Hommes) yɔ ka-taa se : "Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ kɛna kajalaɣ wonuu nɛ wonuu ŋgʋ kɩkɩlɩ wazaɣ mbʋ pɩpɩsɩɣna ɛyʋ nɛ wayɩ yɔ nɛ pɩkɩlɩ lɛɛbʋ. Pɩnaɣ 1758 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛma-tʋ. Ɛsɔ nʋmɔʋ yekina nɛ civilisation ɖɛɣna ɛsɩndaa. Ńdʋ ɖɔɖɔ ɖajaa Condorcet yɔɔdʋʋ ɛ-takayaɣ ŋga ɛya-kɛ se " Esquisse d'un tableau des progrès de l'esprit humain" yɔ ka-taa. Ɛtɔŋ se, ɛyʋ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʋ payaɣ se "civilisation", se ɛyʋ yekuu tɛtɛ kan̄atʋ nɛ ɛtɩlʋʋ kpeyuu yɔ payaɣ se "civilisation. Ɛyɔɔdʋʋ se, ɛyʋ tɩlʋʋ lɔŋ yɔ payaɣ "civilisation.

Ɖooo waaɣ XIX n̄ɩŋga taa ɛyʋ cɔnaa se mbʋ payaɣ se sɔnzɩ yɔ, mbʋ kɩlɩna pɩtɩŋa payɩ wazaɣ kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ. Sʋsaa tuu eduye se pasɩŋ ɛyʋ nɛ ɛ-sɔnzɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se paa samaɣ ŋga nɛ kɔ-sɔnzɩ. Yee mbʋ samaɣ nakɛyɛ sɔnzɩ takɩlɩ samaɣ lɛɛka n̄ɩnzɩ ɖeu yaa wazaɣ. Samaɣ nakɛyɛ fɛyɩ se kɛfɛɛnɩ kɔ-sɔnzɩ.
Ɛsɔ

Yuuda n̄ɩma n̄ayaɣ-ɩ se « YHWH » yaa « Elohim ». Krɩstʊ wayɩ tɩŋɩyaa ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Trinitaa kiɖeɖeu ». Iizilaam ŋgbɛyɛ taa n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Allah ». Zoroaste ŋgbɛyɛ taa  n̄ɩma n̄ayaa-ɩ se « Ahura Mazdâ ».

Ɛsɔ kɛ Ɖoŋ sɔsɔŋ weyi ɛlaba kedeŋa nɛ eɖiyiɣ-kɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kɛ mbʊ pɩkpaɖa pɩtɩŋa payɩ yɔ. Ɛnʊ wɛna pɩtɩŋa payɩ pʊ- n̄ʊʊ yɔɔ. Ɛ-yɔɔ pɩtɩŋɛ pʊwɛɛ. Ɛkɛ kedeŋa kpeekpe Ɛsɔ. Ɛnʊ lɩzɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛnʊ tɩna pɩtɩŋa. Ɛ-cɔlɔ tɩlɩtʊ tɩŋa lɩɣna. Ɛ-cɔlɔ lɔŋ kpeekpe lɩɣna. Ɛnʊ yakɩna ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʊʊ. Ɛsɔ paŋ ɛ-tɩ wɩlʊʊ kpaɣ ɖooo caanaʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pʊkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ lɛɛlɛyɔ alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛlɛ, ndɔnjɔɔlɩyɛ wɛ kpaɣ ɖooo ɛjaɖɛ kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩnɩ sɔnɔ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ. Nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se Ɛsɔ fɛyɩ. Lɛlaa se ɛwɛɛ. Mba pɔtɔŋ se Ɛsɔ wɛɛ yɔ, petisaa se eɖeke koŋ kɛlɛ Ɛsɔ. Se Ɛsɔ nɔɔyʊ tatasɩ wɛʊ nɛ pɩtasɩna-ɩ. Mba seɣtiɣna ɛyaa se pɛwɛɛna lidaʊ kɛ Ɛsɔ yɔɔ nɛ pehiɣ n̂ʊʊ yabʊtʊ. Ɛlɛ, nabɛyɛ n̂ɛwɛɛ kpem nɛ pɔtɔŋ se ɖoŋ nɩɩyɛ fɛyɩ nɛ payaɣ-ɩ se Ɛsɔ. Se kedeŋa lɩ ka-tɩ yɔɔ yem. 

Toovenum lɛ, hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ taa pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm pɩtɩɩfɛyɩ. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-sɔnzɩ taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔm paa ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛza kuliye nʊmɔʊ taa. Payaɣ ɛ-hɩɖɛ hendu teu taa. Pɔyɔɔdɩ ɛ-tɔ sakɩyɛ takayɩ maʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ ɛ-tɔm sakɩyɛ ɖɔɖɔ kɛlɛm kɛlɛm waa cɔnaʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Pɔyɔɔdʊ ɛ-tɔm tɔlɩm ndɩ ndɩ taʊ nɔmɔʊ taa ; kɔzɩ kɔzɩ nesi tɛɛ tʊma labʊ nʊmɔʊ taa. Tobi taa se pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Ɛsɔ tɔm hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa payɩ taa. Ɛlɛ, paa mba pakpakɩɣ Ɛsɔ se ɛkɛ mbʊ yɔ, pʊwɛ ndɩ nɛ mbʊ lɛlaa n̄ɔtɔŋ se ɛkɛwa yɔ. Pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔ, pɩlɩɣna paa mba lɛ pe-tisim cɔlɔ yaa pɛ-Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ wɩlɩɣ-wɛ ndʊ tɩ-cɔlɔ.
Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ (Variole)

Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ kɛ kʊdɔŋ kɩɖɛɖɛʊ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ sɔtʊ yɔ. Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɖɛʊ piŋ ɛyaa sakɩyɛ. Tɔmpiye ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ lɩna latɛŋ kʊnʊŋ taa varus, i nɛ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se mʊɖɛ piye nɛ varius, a, um ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ se takɩŋ tʊ. Pasɩŋ ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ nɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ mʊyaa pee pɩwɛ takɩŋ takɩŋ.
 
Kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩpasa ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1977 kɛ aloma fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 26 (evemiye kpaagbaa ndɛ ndɩ ɖi-wiye pana ɛyʊ nɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ Somaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ, ɛyʊ ɛ-nʊ ɛkɛ tɩzɩyʊ nɛ pasɩ-ɩ ɖɔkɔtɔ tɛ, pɩlɩna OMS ŋgbɛyɛ (kedeŋga taa ŋgbɛɛ ndɩ ɖɩcɔŋna tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya yɔɔ yɔ), pʊsɔzɩna sʊbɩtʊ tɛ ɛyaa kpeɣluu sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ pɩnaɣ 1958 paɣzɩtʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ feŋguu tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kaawɛ pɩda peɖe kpanɛ pɩnaɣ 1967 alɩwaatʊ taa.
    
Ɖooo kpaɣɖʊ 21 alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ pasɩɣ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ hɔɔlasɩ kɩɖɛzɩsɩ tʊma wena atakɩɣ nɛ a-na kʊdɔmɩŋ yɔ, wena OMS sɩma-yɛ yɔ. Ɛsɔ kaatɩna ɛyaa sakɩyɛ tɛ sɩm Erɔpʊ ɛjaɖɛ taa pɩcɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 18 alɩwaatʊ taa. Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩɩtɩna Louis 14 lʊlʊkʊ tɛ sɩm pɩnaɣ 1712. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa paya kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ se ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ nɛ pamasɩ-kʊ nɛ casaɣ kʊdɔŋ, ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ kɩ-nɛ-kʊ payaɣ ɖama nabʊyʊ.
    
Pɩkɛ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩwɛ ɛyaa yeke koŋ hɛkʊ taa yɔ. Kɩfɛyɩ ɖɩcaɣyɛ kpɩna hɛkʊ taa yaa kɩɖɛʊ pɩtɩŋna tɛtɛ ñɩtʊ yɔɔ. Kʊdɔŋ sʊtʊ lɩna ɛyʊ nɔɔtaa kɩcɩkpɩŋ mʊʊna cɔlɔ nɛ liuu tɛ tomnaɣ yɔɔ kɩcɩkpɩŋ cɔlɔ. Ɛsɔ kʊdɔŋ pɩzɩɣ ɖɛzɩɣ kʊɖɔŋ kpaɣ ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pɩɖɩkɩ ɛ-tomnaɣ pɔŋ.
 
Ɛyʊ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɖɩhɩnɩyɛ nɛ e-wonduu kɩsʊsʊtʊ tɩya ɖɔɖɔ kʊdɔŋ ɖɛtʊ nɛ pɩpɔzɩɣ se powona-tʊ momoluku ñɩɣyʊʊ taa. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, wonduu ndɖu palaba-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ kʊdɔŋ tʊ ɛ-nʊ yɔ, pakpaɣ-tʊ nɛ palabɩna weyi ɛfɛyɩna kʊɖɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ pɩɖɛ-ɩ ɖɔɖɔ.
     
Kʊdɔŋ sɔtʊ pɩzɩɣ pɩɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ɛyʊ weyi patɩɩ sɔba-ɩ piteleɖi yɔ nɛ ɛwɛna kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ yɔ. Nɔnɔsɩ nzɩ kʊdɔŋ ŋgʊ kɩkɩlɩɣ tɩŋgɩnaʊ nɛ kɩkpaɣ ɛyaa yɔ lɛ, ɛyʊ feziŋ nɔnɔsɩ paa nɔmɔŋ lɛɛŋ ɛwɛ kɔyɔ.
Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba kajalaɣ you tɔm

Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba yoŋ tɔm: lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1560 Condé wiyau pɩyalʊ nɛ Antoine de Bourdon, Navarre wiyau panɩna ɖama nɛ powolo wiyau sɔsɔ François II cɔlɔ se ɛha-wɛ nɔmɔʊ nɛ papɩzɩ nɛ palaa kaɣlaa kilaʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se Protestant yɔ. Pa-naalɛ powobu mbʊ yɔ, pataana se pɩkaɣ-wɛ pɩsɩɣ nabʊyʊ catholika ñɩma cɔlɔ. Kpaagbaa mbʊ lɛ Godefroi de La Renaudie paɣzɩ kɩlaʊ ŋgʊ laʊ ɛlɛ Pierre des Avenelles caŋ ɛlɩɩ ɛ-wayɩ. Protestant waa mba palɩ nɛ pakpaɣ hɔzɩŋ yɔ, ɛzɩ La Renaudie yɔ, patɩɣ pakʊ-wɛ; piyele nɛ mba petenda yɔ, pakpa-wɛ. Pakpaʊ-wɛ mbʊ yʊ, pa-taa sakɩyɛ kaɣ hɩʊ sɩm pe-nesi tɛɛ.

## Charles IX ñɩkɩɣ nesi (kɔlaɣ fenaɣ 17, 1562)
You nɛ sɩm kadadayaɣ pɛwɛ mbʊ lɛ, Charles IX ɖoo Catherine de Médicis nɛ chancelier Michel de l’Hospital pacaɣ wiyau yɔɔ nɛ etisi nɛ ɛñɩɣ nesi takayaɣ taa kɛ kɔlaɣ fenaɣ taa kɛ Saint-Germain-en-Laye  nɛ ɛha nʊmɔʊ kɛ protestant waa se palaa pa-kɩlaʊ ɛzɩma pɔsɔɔla yɔ. Ɛlɛ lona wena a-taa palawaɣ pa-kɩlaŋ ɛnʊ yɔ, ɛɖaŋga a-yɔɔ. Waɖɛ nɖɩ ɛha-wɛ mbʊ yɔ papazɩ catholika mba pɩkɩlɩna Duc de Guise nɛ ɛtɔyɩtɩ protestant waa kɛ Wassy. Peeɖe pɩpaɣzɩna kacalaɣ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba tɛ you.

## Kacalaɣ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba you kɛ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa (lakɩŋ fenaɣ 1, 1562)
Wassy egeetiye taa kɛ Champagnetɛtʊ taa, Duc de Guise te ɛyaa kʊ Protestant waa 80, ŋgʊ pɛɖɛwaɣ pɛ-tɛ ɛsɔ sɛtʊ. Asɛyʊ ŋgʊ kɩtʊlɩna ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba you. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ kɩyakʊ hiu ñɩŋgʊ wiye, Huguenots waa ñʊʊdʊ, Louis de Condé kpeɣli ɛ-taabala Protestant waa lalaa nɛ eheyi-wɛ se pakpaɣ hɔzɩŋ nɛ paha Wassy ñɩma nɛ ɛsɛ. You paɣzaa kɛlɛ mbʊ yɔ. kɩkɔŋ kɩhɛ lakɩŋ fenaɣ pɩnaɣ 1563, alɩwaatʊ ndʊ katolika mba nɛ Protestant waa pacakɩ nɛ pañɩ nesi kɛ Amboise tɛtʊ taa se lanhɛwɩyɛ ɛwɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa yɔ.   

## Catholika ñɩma wakɩ you kɛ Dreux tɛtʊ taa (saŋgayɩŋ fenaɣ 1562)
Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ you ñɛsɛ ɛsɩyɛ catholika nɛ protestant waa hɛkʊ taa kɛ Dreux tɛtʊ taa mbʊ yɔ lɛ, huguenots waa ñʊʊtʊ prince Louis de Condé wɛ salaka taa kɛ duc de Guise nesi tɛɛ. kpaagbaa mbʊ yɔ Fransɩɩ sɔɔja sɔsɔ Montmorency ñɛwɛ Protestants waa nesi cɩŋ cɩŋ. Ɛzɩma catholika waa kaaakɩla wɛɛ ɖɔʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, paha protestant waa kɛ Dreux tɛtʊ taa. Lakɩŋ fenaɣ 19 pɩnaɣ 1563 catholika mba nɛ protestant waa ñɩʊ nesi kɛ Amboise tɛtʊ taa se laŋhɛzɩyɛ ɛhɛɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa lɛ, pɩha nɔmɔʊ se peyele prince de Condé nɛ pɩla ɛsɔ sɛtʊ aŋgba you ŋgʊ kɩsɩɩna mbʊ.
Hindi kʊnʊŋ

Hindi kʊnʊŋ, kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɛ, हिन्दी hindī, kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩɣ-kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ kʊnʊmɩŋ taa yɔ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 2015 taa lɛ, ɛyaa mɩnɩʊ yɔ lɛ, hɩŋ lʊbɛ yɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ yaa ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ waa mɩnɩŋ lʊbɛ yɔɔdʊʊ Ɛndi kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ nɔsɩ kpaɖʊ yɔ kpaɖʊ yɔ nɛ pada peeɖe lɛ, ɛyaa mba palʊla nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ patalɩɣ ɛyaa miiliyɔɔ 230 nɛ pʊyɔɔ mbʊ yɔ.

Hindi kʊnʊŋ pɩsa ɖeeɖe nɛ kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ pawɩlɩɣ ageeta taa nɛ ɛjaɖɛ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋga sukuli naa taa yɔ. Kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩpɩsa ɖama hɛkʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ canaʊ ɛjaɖɛ mancaɣ ñʊɣyɔ nɖɩ ɖɩyaɣ se Britaniiki tɛ kʊnʊŋ, kʊ-kʊ payaɣ se Englɩsɩɩ.

Pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ keeke Ɛndɩ nɛ hayi kɩŋ nɛ hɛkʊ taa, kɩ-kɛ Ɛndɩ-Erɔpʊ kʊnʊŋ. Kɩlɩna Ɛndo-aryennesk kʊnʊmɩŋ pɩlɩŋga taa ŋga kɛnɛ cejewiye nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʊ yɔ. Kɩlɩna Sansɩkrɩtɩ nɛ prakrits waa ndɩ ndɩ yɔ lɛ, pama-kʊ nɛ alfasilabɛɛrɩ devanāgarī tɛ masɩ ŋgʊ pakalɩɣ nɛ pamana paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta lɩmɩyɛ yɔ yaa nesɩ kɩbanzɩ yɔ.
   
Pakisitaanɩ nzʊlɩmɩyɛ taa payaɣna Hindi kʊnʊŋ se Urdu nɛ pama-kʊ nɛ Arabɩɩ masɩ, lɩmɩyɛ yɔ yaa nɩwaŋ yɔ kɩ-tɛ lɛɛzʊ pɛrsanɩ taa yaa paa Pakɩsɩtanɩ taa yaa malɩŋ aŋgba taa Ɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kɩ-tɛ tɔm pee taa wɛna pɛrsanɩ nɛ arabɩ tɛ tɔm pee.
   
Ɛndi nɛ Urdu wɛna ɖama tɛ nɩɣʊ camɩyɛ nɩgbaŋgʊ nɛ nɔɣ tɛ nɛ paa mbʊ pɩ-ta, pʊcɔ pɩnaɣ 1947 tɛ tɛyʊʊ lɩɣ lɛ, Ɛndɩ nɛ Pakɩsɩtanɩ hɛɛkʊ taa kɛwɛ kʊnʊŋ kʊyʊmʊ nɛ kɩwɛ kiɖeke nɛ payaɣ-kʊ se Hindusɩtanɩ.
Ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ (Traité)

Ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ kɛ nɩnaʊ tɔm sakɩyɛ ajɛyɛ kpeekpe waɖɛ yɔ. Nɩnaʊ kɩmamatʊ wɩlɩɣ sɔlɩm tɩnaa tɛ nɩnaʊ wɛtʊ pɩlɩna waɖɛ tɔmpee yɔ se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩɣ tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ pɩtɩŋna kedeŋga kpeekpe waɖɛ cɔlɔ.

Ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ kɛ ɖama mʊnaʊ tɛ hɩɖɛ pɩlɩna tɔmpee sakɩyɛ hɛkʊ taa  lɩmazɩyɛ yɔɔ kedeŋga kpeekpe ajɛyaa waɖɛ yɔɔ. Nɩnaʊ kɩmamatʊ wɩlɩɣ sɔlɩm tɛ mʊnaʊ kɛ waɖɛ tɔmpee yɔɔ se pɩsa nɛ palɩzɩɣ tɔm hʊʊ tɛ waɖɛ pɩtɩŋna ajɛyaa kpeekpe tɛ waɖɛ yɔɔ. Ajɛyaa kpeekpe samaɣ waɖɛ tɛ nɩnaʊ takayaɣ kɛ ɖama mʊnaʊ tɛ hɩɖɛ.

Yeke koŋ pɩzɩɣ nɛ pala mʊnaʊ lɩmaɣzaa yɔɔ mba lɛ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛna maɣzɩm kɩbam cɩɖɩ cɩɖɩ yɔ yaa pasɩma lɔŋ siŋ pɩlɩna ajɛyaa kpeekpe waɖɛ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ pɛwɛna Treaty Making Power yɔ (TMP). Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, pɩkɛ ajɛyaa, ɛlɛ ɖɔɖɔ ɛyaa mba pɛwɛ lɔŋ piŋ yɔ, ɛzɩ ajɛyɛ hɛkʊ taa aŋgba sɔsɔna naayɛ pɩzɩɣ ala lɩmaɣza ana. Ɖɩkpaɣ ɛzɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ (laŋhɛzɩyɛ ŋga) Pyrénée waa tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ takayaɣ.
     
Pahaɣ siye nabʊyʊ taa ɖama nɩnaʊ takayasɩ, tam lɛ ɖama mʊnaʊ takayasɩ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ takayaɣ. Kajalaɣ mba kɛ tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩwɩlɩɣ lɛɛzɛ wɛtʊ cɔlɩyɛ. Tɔm hʊʊ waɖɛ tɛ lɛ waɖɛ wetʊ wɛ kɩmaŋ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩkpɩtʊ tɩ-tɩ yɔ. Kɩtɩŋgɩtʊ ñɛwɛ kaaa tɛ cɔlɩyɛ taa. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ ɛyaa tisuu ɛɛɛɛ yaa aayɩɩ paɣtʊ takayaɣ ŋga pɛcɛɛ-wɛ pɩtɩŋna sɔsɔtʊ yɔɔ sɔsɔ nɔyʊʊ cɔlɔ.
   
Ɖɩcɔna kɔyɔ, tɔm hʊʊ tɛ tɔm taa lɩzɩɣ kɛ kʊyʊmʊm ɖɔɖɔ ɛzɩ ɖama nɩnaʊ takayasɩ nɛ ɖama mʊnaʊ takayasɩ nzɩ pɛtɛza sɩ-lɩmaɣza se sɩkɛ paɣtʊ takayasɩ nɛ takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ nzɩ sɩkɛ paɣtʊ labʊ tɛ nɛ paɣtʊ ɖɔnɛ tɛ nɛ paɣtʊ lɩzɩɣ tɛ nɛ kewiyaɣ paɣtʊ kɩkpaɣtʊ tɛ nɛ tɔm sɩzɩtʊ tɛ nɛ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛ.
 
Pɩkɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ tɛ pʊyʊ mbʊ lɛ, nɩnaʊ takayaɣ taa pɩzɩɣ pɩwɛ lɩmaɣza paa ndɩ, ɛzɩ kajalaɣ ɖama nɩnaʊ takayasɩ pɩzɩɣ se pʊɖɔɔ ɛzɩ pɩkɛʊ kewiyaɣ Ajɛyɛ yɔ. Ajɛyɛ naayɛ paɣtʊ ɖʊ se ɖama nɩnaʊ takayasɩ paɣtʊ ɛña paɣtʊ takayasɩ tɔm. Pʊnɔmɔʊ taa lɛ, ɖama nɩnaʊ takayasɩ wɛna ɛjaɖɛ paɣtʊ keem nɛ pɩtɛɛ nɛ paɣtʊ labʊ tɛ nɛ pʊyɔɔ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ yɔɔ wɛtʊ taa.
  
Mbʊ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ nabʊyʊ wɛ, ajɛyɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ ndʊ tɩcɔɔ nɛ tɩ-taa nɩnaʊ takayasɩ lɛɛsɩ lɩmaɣza tɛzʊʊ yɔ yɔ, mbʊ pakɩlɩ tɩlɩɣ yɔ lɛ Fɩyɛɛnɩ tɛ ŋgʊ pɩnaɣ 1969 tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ, yaa ɖama nɩnaʊ taa ɖama nɩnaʊ. Mbʊ lɛ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa lɛ, paɖanɩɣ kpaʊ ajɛyɛ sakɩyɛ tɛ ɖama nɩnaʊ takayasɩ nzɩ pañɩɣʊ sɩ-taa nesi nɛ petisi sɩ-yɔɔ yɔ pɩtɩŋna pɩtaa paɣtʊ (pʊdʊna naalɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ lʊbɩnaʊ) nɛ pɛwɛna mbʊ lɛ, paɣtʊ keem nɛ paɖʊ-tʊ pɩ-taa tɔm hʊʊ nɔmɔʊ taa.
Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ kʊnʊŋ

Ɛsɩpaañɔlɩ yaa kasɩtɩlanɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ Romanɩɩ kʊnʊŋ nakɛyɛ nɛ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ-kʊ kɛ Ɛsɩpaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa nɛ Amerika ajɛyɛɛ sakɩyɛ taa nɛ ɖɔɖɔ kedeŋga taa ajɛyɛ wena paamʊ a-tɛtʊ nɛ ɖoŋ ɖoo canaʊ alɩwaatʊ taa yɔ a-daa.

Ɛsɩpaañɩ kʊnʊŋ lɩna Latɛnɩ cɩkpelʊʊ ŋgʊ pɔyɔɔdʊʊ Cantabrique egitiye taa nɛ Ibérique ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ lɩm cɔɣɔ pɩta yɔ nɛ hayi kiŋ, kɩ-mɩzɩ nɛ kɩtɩŋgʊ Castille kewɩyaɣ walanzɩ pɩkɔ pɩtalɩ Afrika kedeŋga taa nɛ Amerika kedeŋga nɛ Aazii Pasɩfɩkɩɩ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ se kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-tɛ talɩʊ kɛ ajɛyɛ ana ada lɩna Ɛsɩpaañɩ ajɛyɛ tamaasʊ walanzɩ yɔɔ (empire espagnol) kɛ waasɩ hiʊ nɛ kɩgbaanzi nɛ hiʊ nɛ nakʊ alʊwaatʊ taa, canaʊ wɛɛɣ ana ayebina nɛ Romanɩ kʊnʊŋ kɛ ŋgʊ pakɩlɩ kʊ yɔɔdʊʊ nɔnɔ kɛ ajɛyɛ taa yɔ.

 
    
Ɛsɩpaañɩ pɩsa lʊlʊʊ taa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kʊ-yɔɔdɩyaa tala ɛzɩ miliiyɔɔ waa 468 nɛ mba palakɩ na kʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ kedeŋga  taa yɔɔdʊtʊ taa yɔ paba talɩ ɛyaa miliiyɔɔ waa 559. Mbʊ kɩ-kɛ kʊnʊŋ naatozo ŋgʊ kɛ kedeŋga taa yee ɖɩkpaɣ mba panɩʊ kʊ yɔ kɛ Sinii mandarɩnɩ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ wayi nɛ kɩ-kɛ naalɛ ŋgʊ yee ɖikpaɣ mba palʊla kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ kɩ-ta nɛ pɔɔyʊʊ -kʊ yɔ. Ɛsɩpanñɩ kɛ kacalaɣ kʊnʊŋ lɛɛkʊ ŋgʊ ajɛyɛ yɔɔdʊʊ na ɖama yɔɔ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ tɔm.
Ɛsɩyɛ

Ɛyʊ ɛsɩnda nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩyɛ nɛ hɔɔlɩŋ ɩnʊ payaɣ se ɛsɛ. Ɛsɛ wɛ kpaɣmɔɔʊ, lɩkpaɣzasɩ nɛ ɛyʊ kɩɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Hʊɖʊŋ naalɛ nɩyɩ hʊʊzʊʊna ɛsɩyɛ yɔɔ nɛ ɩnʊ payaɣ se ɛsɛ-tɔndʊ nɛ ɛsɩyɛ maɣmaɣ lɛ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se ɛsɩyɛ piye. Tɔndʊ ndʊ lɛɛtʊ wɛ hayʊ kiŋ nɛ lɛɛtʊ ñɛwɛna hadɛ; tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛsɛ hʊndʊ. Ɛsɩyɛ wɛ ɛzɩ ɛyʊ yaa tɛtɛ kpɩnɛ mʊntʊsʊʊ yaa fɩtɩla yɔ. Mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ, ɛsɩyɛ wɩlɩɣna ɛyʊ se pʊnɛ  pɩsɛwa yaa pipiya, pɩpaɣlaa yaa pɩwɛ ñɩɩ, pɩwɛ poliŋ yaa pɩñɔtinaa, pɩkpeetaa yaa pɩwɛ caŋgaliii. 

Ñɩnɩya ñaɣ pana nɛ pañnɩ nɛ polu nabʊyʊ ɖeyi ɖeyi ɛsɩ ɛsɩyɛ yɔ nɛ yee ɛyʊ ɛsɩyɛ lɛɛɖe ɛfɛyɩ se kɛkpɛtɛsaɣ taa kɛ ɖɩyɔka yaa nbʊyʊ labɩna-ɖɩ yɔ, paaɖʊ ɖɩ-lɔne taa. Ɛlɛ mbʊ pɩkazɩna yɔ lɛ se, ɛsɩyɛ nɖɩ, ɖɩɩnaɣ. Ɛyaa wɛʊ yɔ, nabayɩ wɛɛ lɛ, pɛ-ɛsa hʊlʊmaa yaa asɛwa, nabʊyʊ taa lɛ, pɛ-ɛsa sɛʊ caʊʊʊ yaa awɛ yuuleee. 

Kʊtɔmɩŋ sakɩyɛ wɛɛ nɛ akpaɣ ɛsɛ nɛ kʊtɔmɩŋ ɩnʊ ɩ-taa kɔyɔ kelaɣ yaa ɛsɩyɛ taa caɣyʊ. Ɛlɛ papɩzɩɣ nɛ papɩzɣ nɛ pawaa kʊtɩŋ ɩnʊ. Ɛsɩyɛ wɛʊ yɔ, ɖɩwɛna huyiŋ yaa aŋwanaa naatozo nɛ mba yekina nɛ ɛyʊ naɣ. Aŋwana mba pɛwɛna wazasɩ ndɩ ndɩ. Lɩm nabʊyʊ wɛ aŋwanaa mba pɛhɛkʊ taa nɛ pɩsɩŋna ɛsɩyɛ se ɖɩcɔʊ. 

Tɛtɛtɛ kpɩna naayɩ tɛ lɛ, ɛzɩ pɩyaʊ kɛ mbʊ yɔ, aŋwanaa mba pɩnaɣ-wɛ camɩyɛ. Wɩsɩ taa lɛ, aŋwanaa mba pakpɩɩsɩɣ nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye ñɩɩɩ nɛ ɖoo taa lɛ, huyiŋ ɩnʊ ekpiyu nɛ pɩkazɩ ɛsɩyɛ piye kikpɛdɩyɛ camɩyɛ nɛ pɩsɩna nɛ pɩna poliŋ yaa cɩkpɛndɩɣ taa.
Ɛtɩyɛ

Ɛbɛ payaɣ ɛtɩyɛ?
Ɛtɩyɛ, lɛlaa yaɣ se "mʋtɩyɛ". Pɩkɛ so wena ɛtɩ yaa mʋtʋ wokina ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛyʋ yɔsɔ yaa ɛ-ɛtɩ ɛsɩba yɔ, petiyiɣ peheyi-i. Peheyiɣ-i lɛ, pɩkɛ-ɩ kɩjɛyʋʋ se ewolo nɛ ɛnanɩ ɛ-ɛzɩyɛ. Paapiŋi-i lɛ, ɛtɩŋ so tɩnaa nɛ nɔndɔʋ tʋ nɛ ewolo epi ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ ɛnʋ. Ewoki lɛ, ɛwɛna liidiye naɖɩyɛ se ɛɖʋʋ ɛ-tɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ ɛnʋ e-ɖipinɖe wiye. Kajalaɣ lɛ, ɛɖʋʋ piye nakʋyʋ (         ) nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se paya-ɩ ɛtɩyɛ.  Pawayɩ lɛ ɛɖʋ pɔʋ yɔɔ liidiye (paa kantɔŋ ŋkʋ kɩwɛna piye ŋgʋ kʋkʋ ɖʋ pɔʋ yɔɔ yɔ). Liidiye nɖɩ ɛɖʋʋ pɔʋ yɔɔ yɔ, pinɖaa tɩna-ɖɩ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛcɛba-wɛ lɩm se pa nɛ ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ mɛɛsʋʋ. Ɖɩnɩɩ se yee palaba ɛza yɔɔ caɣʋ nɛ pʋcɔ tɛʋ fe pepi sɩɖʋ yɔ, ɛtɩ wokina sʋlʋm peeɖiɣa nɛ ɛcalɩsɩna mba pasɩna-ɩ ɛza yɔɔ caɣʋ yɔ. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, soɖabi lita powokina. Pepiŋ nɛ pɩtɛ lɛ, sɩɖʋ n̄ɩma nɩɩna ɖama  nɛ paɖʋ egbele pazɩtʋ kɩyakʋ. Sɩɖʋ tɩŋ tɛɛ posusuu pazɩtʋ kɩyakʋ ŋ́gʋ nɛ paa weyi ɛnɩɩ kpaakpaa.

Paapaɣ sɩɖʋ ɛnʋ ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛtɩ wokina ɛtɩyɛ, lɛlaa yaɣ se mʋtɩyɛ. Ewokina nɔndɔʋ tʋ ɖɩhʋlɩyɛ wiye ɖoho taa. Tɛʋ feŋ so wiye lɛ, ewona ɛ-mʋsɩ tɩnaa nɛ pɔcɔɔ ɛ-ɛtɩ yaa ɛ-yɔsɔ ɖɩɣa. Tɛʋ feŋ leɣa wiye lɛ, ɛsaa mʋtʋ nɛ ɛtaa tɩ-yɔɔ penim cɔɔ. Ɛtɩnɩ tɩ-yɔɔ kalimiye yaa su pɩ nɛ pu-ɖozi nɛ ɛ-sʋlʋm pɛʋ nɛ ewona. Ewokii lɛ, ɛɖʋʋ kpaaŋ nɔnɔɔ taa liidiye (paa kantɔŋ ŋgʋ nɛ ki-liidiye nɖɩ pʋɖʋʋ yɔ). Ɛtɩ ɖʋʋ ɖɔɖɔ pɩsaʋ taa liidiye (wolaa n̄akpakɩɣna ɖɩɖɩ) nɛ ɛtɛ ɛɖʋ ɛ-halʋ tɔɔʋ taa liidiye.

Paa kantɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩwɛna atɛ n̄ʋʋ weyi pʋpɔzʋʋ se ɛtɩ ewona yɔ. Laasa kantɔŋ taa lɛ, atɛ naalɛ koŋ pʋwɛɛ se ɛtɩ ewona ɛ-halʋ yɔɔ, ɛ-yɔsɔ yɔɔ nɛ ɛ-ɛtɩ yɔɔ. Pɩtɛma, paatasɩɣ-ɩ ɖoli hɔm. Lamaa kantɔŋ taa lɛ, ɛtɩ pɩzɩɣ ewona ɛ-halʋ yɔɔ atɛ atalɩ naanza, pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ewokina ɛ-ɛtɩ yɔɔ, ewona ɛ-yɔsɔ yɔɔ. E-piya wona egbele ɛtɩyɛ, powona neŋ n̄ɩnɖɛ.
Ɛvatʋ

Lʋbɩyɛ kɛ pʋyʋ siŋŋ kabɩyɛ tʋ ɛsɩndaa. Pɩɣa wɛɣna pɩnzɩ hiu nɛ lutozo lɛ pɔtɔɔzʋʋ-kɛ. Pɔtɔɔzʋʋ-kɛ nɛ kalʋ pɩnzɩ naatozo mpilim. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se kaɖɩkɩɣ, kɛlɛlɩ nɛ kakayɩ. 

Hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ taa palakɩ ɛvalaa kabɩyɛ tɛtʋ taa. Lʋbɩyɛ paɣzʋʋ hodo nɛ ɖɩtɛ mazaɣ. Pʋcɔ nɛ pɔtɔɔzɩ evebu lɛ, patɩɩhayɩsɩɣ-ɩ e-evebitu taa. Alɩwaatʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa lɛ, payaɣ-ɩ se ɛhɔzɩyɛ. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se ɛkpɛlɩɣ lʋɖɛ ɛ-pɩcatʋ taa nɛ pʋcɔ paatɔɔzɩ-ɩ. Sʋsaa tuu eduye se paakpaɣ haɣ sɔnɔ nɛ powona-kɛ lakʋ. Cɛja lakɩna lɩmaɣzɛ nɛ ewolo ɛna pɩɣa egbele se e-koohu talaa se palabɩ-ɩ sɔnzɩ. Egbele tizi nɛ ewolo ɛhɛdɩ e-kooyu. Nabʋyʋ taa kɔyɔ, cɛja nɛ pɩɣa egbele panɩɣna ɖama se pala pɩɣa sɔnzɩ lɛ, peyebina ɛgʋlaa tɔm. Paba kaɣna ɛhɔzɩyɛ nɖɩ kpaʋ nɛ pataa-ɩ haɣ num nɛ pɩwɩlɩ se pɔtɔɔza-ɩ.

Ɖooo lɛ, kabɩyɛ taa pɔtɔtɔɔzɩ evebu yɔ, ɛɛtɔkɩ haɣ nandʊ. Halaa ɛɛtɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ ka-nandʋ. Pɔtɔzʋʋ ɛvalʋ lɛ, ɛcaa kalɩmaɣ nɛ ewona ɛha e-egbelenaa sɩʋ se kʋkʋ ɩkandɩyɩ ɛ-yɔɔ ɛ-lʋɖɛ tɩnɛ taa. Paatɔɔzʋʋ ɛyʋ nɛ e-neu weyi ɛ nɛ ɩ paka caa nɛ ɖoo yɔ pɩnaɣ kʋɖʋmaɣ. Sʋsɔ ɖiɣ waaɣ nɛ pʋcɔ pɔtɔɔzɩ e-neu.

Pɔtɔɔzʋʋ ɛvalʋ nɛ hasɩyaɖɛ fenaɣ talɩ lɛ, ɛkpa hawiye. Hawiye yɔɔ peeye ɛcalɩɣ ɖɩkʋʋ haɣ nandʋ. Ɛvalʋ kpaɣ hawiye lɛ, ɛ-caa yakɩ-ɩ haɣ. E-egbele ɛpɩzɩɣ yɔ, ɛ́lɛ yakɩ-ɩ haɣ ɖɔɖɔ. Ɛgʋlaa kpaɣna haɣ ŋga payakɩ evalʋ yɔ. Paacɛkɩ haɣ liu tɛɛ kɩcɛbʋ, pamɩlɩtɩɣ ko-pondone kɩmɩlɩtʋ nɛ kɔkɔɔ kasɩ. Paacaɣ se ka-calɩm ɛwɛɛkɩ pikpe tataa. Ɛgʋlaa ɖoŋuuna haɣ ŋga ka-nandʋ nɛ paɖʋ-tʋ sɔkʋʋ taa nɛ pɛcɛlɩ evalʋ.

## Ɛbɛ yɔɔ pʋwɛɛ se ɛvalʋ ɛtɔɔ haɣ nandʋ?
Haɣ kɛ ɖɩɣa kpɩnɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖoŋ siŋŋ yɔ. Ŋga ɖaŋɩɣna ɖɩɣa yɔɔ. Ye mbʋ ka-nandʋ yeki nɛ ɛvalʋ kpa ɖoŋ siŋŋ nɛ ɛpɩzɩ ɛkandɩyɩ ɛ-ɖɩɣa yɔɔ ɖeu. Dooo lɛ, halʋ ɛɛtɔkɩ haɣ nandʋ. Sʋsaa nabɛyɛ tɔŋ se peyeba nɛ halʋ tɔɔ haɣ nandʋ kɔyɔ, abalʋ ɛɛpɩzɩɣ ɛ-tɔm. Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔ halaa nabɛyɛ tɔkɩ haɣ nandʋ. Piya nzɩ patatɩɩtɔɔzɩda-sɩ yɔ, sɩsɩ n̄ɔtɔkɩ ɖɔɖɔ. 

## Akuluu Kɩpaɣlaa nɛ palɩɩ pana anɖulun̄a?
Pʋcɔ nɛ lʋbɩyɛ paɣzɩ lɛ, ɛvalaa sandɩɣ, pɔhɔzʋʋ po-tokonaa, papa ɛvalaa hulasɩ, hulasɩ nzɩ payaɣ se n̄ɔsɩ. Paɖʋ-wɛ pɔʋlaa, pataa haɣ num nɛ pɔɖɔkɩ sɛyɩŋ nɛ papaɣ nɛ pawɩlɩɣ ɖama po-toma. Ɛvalʋ taɣ haɣ num se ɛ-yɔɔ ɛwɛɛ sotu nɛ ɛ-taabalʋ ɖɔkɩɣ-ɩ lɛ putuu. Ɖooo lɛ, ɛvalʋ ɛɛtaɣ haɣ num. 

Lʋɖɛ paɣzɩɣ mazaɣ nakɛyɛ nɛ ɖɩsɩɩ tɩnaa mazaɣ lɛɛka. Paa kantɔɔ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa lʋɖɛ paɣzɩɣna hawe cikpena taa. Pʋ-tɔbʋʋ se karɩtiyewaa lʋkɩ nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pakatɩ karɩtiyewaa lɛlaa viilajɩ taa. Viilajɩnaa awiya cɔŋnanɩ lʋɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖ-yɔɔ. Pʋbʋ wayɩ lɛ, viilajlɩ n̄alʋbɩna ɖama nɛ pɛtɛ lɛ, pɛkpɛndɩ nɛ pakatɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛsɩndaa nɛ palʋ. Paa kantɔŋ ŋgʋ lɛ, ki-wiyaʋ cɔŋnanɩ lʋɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛsɩndaa.   

Ɖooo lɛ, pan̄ɩnɩɣ se patɩlɩ waɖaa nɛ you nakʋyʋ ɛlɩwa lɛ, pataa-wɛ liu. Lɛɛlɛyɔ, waɖaa mba pa-taa ɖɔɖɔ pamʋʋ sɔɔjanaa sakɩyɛ. Lʋɖɛ tɛŋ mazaɣ wiye nɛ tɛʋ feŋ kujuka lɛ, ɛvalaa tɩŋa wolo pɛsɛɛ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ ɛ́lɛ ɖɩɣa taa.
El Niño

Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe naɖɛyɛ wɛɛ nɛ payaɣ-ɖɩ ɖooo lɔŋ se El Niño. Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ Peruu nɛ Ekuwatɛrɩ pɛ-tɛtʋ taa. Ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩwɛ hakuu. Ɖɩpaɣzɩɣ kpem lɛ, kpakpasɩ kpaʋ yaa piyiŋ lɔʋ sɩɣ tɩnaɣ.

Sɔnɔdaa lɛ, ɛwadɩyɛ lɩm hoɖe nɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ keveŋka nakɛyɛ ŋga kɛwɛna ndɩ kpem yɔ. Keweŋka ŋga kɛwɛ ndɩ nɛ kewensi lɛɛsɩ. Keweŋka ŋga, ke-feveku soŋaa pɩkɩlɩ kewensi lɛɛsɩ fevekiŋ. Lɩm keveŋga ŋga, panɩɣ ka-taŋ Pasifiki lɩŋamʋʋ hadɛ kiŋ taa.

Lɩm keveŋga ŋga kɛwɛ mbʋ nɛ pɩɖɛɛna Peruu tɛtʋ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Lɩm keveŋga ŋga, katamsɩna ɛsɔkaɣ tɛ kpaɣ Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa nɛ puwolo Pasifiki wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Paya pɩ-tamsɩnaʋ mbʋ se wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ aviɣda.
Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛdʊʊ

Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa siziŋ nɩɣʊ alɩwaatʊ yaa ɛyaa kɩkpɛɛda pɛdʊʊ, Pɩɩkɛ yomaa kpaɣʊ alɩwaatʊ nɛ pɛ-tɛ tadɩyɛ labʊ wɛɛ taa. Ɛyaa mba paakɛ ma-ñʊʊ sɩba waa nɛ patalɩ miiliyɔɔ naa kpaɖaŋ kpaɖaŋ kɛ hɔɔlɩŋ weyi ɛ-taa pagbaɣʊ-wɛ yɔ. Hɔɔlɩŋ ɛnʊ yɔ Afrika nɛ Wisɩ Ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa ajɛyɛ nɛ Afrika nɛ Hɛkʊ taa ajɛyɛ nɛ Afrika nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ taa ajɛyɛ. Pɩ-tɛ laɣsɩ nzɩ sɩkpaba kpaɖɩŋ sakɩyɛ sakɩyɛ ajɛyɛ anaa a-taa.
  
Mañʊʊ sɩba waa mba paakɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa. Ɛlɛ pɩɩkɛ ɛyaa kʊlʊmaa lɩmazɩyɛ pʊtɔbʊʊ ɛyaa pɛnɛ patɩna tomiye ndɩ. Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa taawɛna ɖoŋ se palʊlɩ nɛ puhuu ɖɔɖɔ ɖenɖe pakpa-wɛ yɔ pʊtɔbʊʊ se pa-maɣmaɣ pa-ɖɩcaɣyɛ taa yaa ɖenɖe powokina- wɛ yɔ mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ pɩɩwɛ posa piŋ kɛ ɛjaɖɛ lɛɛɖɛ nɛ lɛɛɖɛ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ tadɩyɛ ndɩ ɖɩɩkɛ kɩlɛzʊʊ tɔm pɛdɩyaa nɛ yaɖaa pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Politiki nʊŋ tɩnaa mba paatɩna tɔm ndʊ paawɛna kɛzɛwa pɩtɩfɛyɩ pʊ-hɔlʊʊ taa.

Pɩwɛ se ɖɩɖʊ tʊkaɣ nakɛyɛ ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa tadɩyɛ labʊ nɛ yomaa kpaʊ pɛ-hɛkʊ taa. Yom lɛ, ɛkɛ ɛyʊ weyi pɩtahayɩ waɖɛ se ɛla ɛ-sɔlɩm yɔɔ tʊma yaa ɛ-tɩyɔɔ lɩmaɣza yɔɔ. Ŋgʊ ɖɩcɔna nɛ ɖɩnaɣ kɔyɔ ɛyʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ pɛdʊʊ ɖɔɖɔ kɛ yomtʊ laɣsɩ ɛlɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛkɛ mbʊ na. Yomaa kpaʊ kaawɛ ɛlɛ pɛdʊʊ taawɛ Etaazuuni nɛ Hadɛ yɔɔ ajɛyɛ taa kpaɣɖʊ 19 alɩwaatʊ taa.
 
Pɛdʊʊ mbʊ ɖɩnaɣ se pɩɩwɛ tɔm nabutozo taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ pɛdɩyɛ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa pɛdɩyɛ nɛ Afrika yɔɔ kiŋ. Kajalɣ canaʊ tɔm kɛdɩyaa kaalɛ yɔɔdʊʊ slave trade (ɖɩtɔbʊʊ se yomaa pɛdʊʊ) ɛlɛ tɔmpiye ndɩ ñɩnɩyaa sakɩyɛ tamʊ-ɖɩ nɛ petisi. Serge Daget cɔlɔ lɛ, mañʊsɩba waa mba paatɛma kɛʊ yomaa ŋgʊ keeke taa lɛ ɛyaa pataa lʊlɩ-wɛ mbʊ tɔbʊʊ se paawɛ pa-tɩyɔɔ pa-ñɩma cɔlɔ.

Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ taa lɛ, yomaa hɔɔlʊʊ sakɩyɛ nakʊyʊ tɛza pɛ-tɛ kpɛɛɛ kilimuu Erɔpʊ nɛ haɖɛ yɔɔ kiŋ ɛlɛ sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, malɩŋ Ɛsɔ tɩnaa cɔŋgaɣna pɔ-yɔɔ. Iberiki ɛwadɩyɛ yɔɔ kiŋ lɛ, pɩ-nɛ Al-Andalus pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 15 alɩwaatʊ, Sisili pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ kpaɣɖʊ 11 alɩwaatʊ, Balɩkan kpaɣna 14 hɛkʊ alɩwaatʊ pɩkpɛdɩna Otomanɩ waa. Ɛyaa kɩkpɛdaa pɛdɩyɛ kaawɛ Erɔpʊ nɛ haɖɛ yɔɔ pɩkɔɔ pɩtalɩ Ɛsɩpañɔlɩ mba alɩwaatʊ wayɩ kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Sisili yɔɔ kiŋ nɛ Aragon kewɩɩsɩ taa ajɛyɛ taa.
Ɛyʊ waɖɛ

Ɛyʊ waɖɛ kɛ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ tɛ tɔm yaa tɔm hʊʊ tɛ ɖoŋ yaa politiki tɛ tɔm pɩlɩna ɛyʊ weyi ɛwɛna kedeŋna taa waɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩfɛyɩ se pokuudi-ɖɩ yɔ, paa pɩkɛ waɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖeʊ paɣtʊ taa yaa wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɛzɩ kʊnʊmɩŋ yaa ɛjaɖɛ tʊ tɛ tɔm yaa Ɛsɔ kɩlaʊ tɛ maɣzɩm.

Pɩtɩŋna lɩmaɣza a-naa a-yɔɔ lɛ, paa ɛyʊ weyi, ɛyʊ ɛzɩ weyi ɛwɛ ɛ-tɩyɔɔ kɛ samaɣ taa yɔ ɛwɛna ɛ-tɛ waɖɛ. Waɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩwɛ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛ-cɔlɔ nɛ pɩkɛ-ɩ pɩyʊʊ kiɖeɖem nɛ pɩha ɛ-sɛɛ nɛ samaɣ nɛ kewiyaɣ tɛ ɖoŋ. Ɛyʊ tɛ ndɩ pasɩma-ɖɩ paa ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ lɛ ɖɩ-taa nɛ ɖɩwɛ kɩmaŋ paa hɔɔlʊʊ ŋgʊ lɛ kɩ-taa nɛ pɩtasʊʊ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ taa ɛzɩ sɔsɔtʊ yaa canaʊ tɔm taa ɛzɩ tindime naɖɩyɛ taa ɛyaa yaa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yaa tisuu tɛ ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yaa ɛyaa nabɛyɛ yem ko mba pamazɩɣ se ɛyaa mba pakaadʊʊ lalaa yɔ palɩzɩɣ-wɛ ɛyaa taa yɔ.
      
Waɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩkɛ ɛyʊ pɩyʊʊ yɔ pasɩma-ɖɩ paa ɛsɛkuliye ɛjaɖɛ ndɩ ɖɩ-taa kɛ paɣtʊ takayasɩ taa yaa ajɛyɛ hɛkʊʊ taa nesi tabalɩyɛ aŋgbaa taa se pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩhaɣ ñamtʊ pɩkpɛdɩna ejaɖɛ maɣmaɣ. Waɖɛ tɛ ñɔʊ nɛ ɖɩ-tɛ wazaɣ kɛ pɩyʊʊ weyi ɛ-yɔɔ ndɔnjɔlɩyɛ paɣla siŋ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɛ tɩlɩyɛ tɛ politiki nɔmɔʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa yɔ.
 
Pɛrɩsɩ pamaɣzaɣ se kɩkɛ ɛyʊ waɖɛ ɖɩlɩyɛ kɛ kpaɣɖʊ lʊbɛ alɩwaatʊ taa pʊcɔ palʊlɩɣ Yeesu-Krɩstʊ Cyrus sɔsɔ tʊ kewiyaɣ alɩwaatʊ taa. Babylone you alɩwaatʊ wayɩ pɩnaɣ -539. Takayaɣ ŋga kawɩlɩɣna alɩwaatʊ ndʊ pʊcɔ pakpaɣ Babylone yɔ nɛ kawalɩwɩɣ keele Cyrus sɔsɔ tʊ tɛ lɩmaɣzaɣ Babylone mba tɛ.

Ɛ-tɛ kewiyitʊ kaalaba ɖeu mbʊ pʊyɔɔ yɔ ɛɖʊwaɣ mba padaanɩɣ tɔm yɔ tʊma ɖoŋ ñɩnaa nɛ eyeki nɛ mba pakɛza-wɛ tɛtʊ yɔ papɩsɩɣ pa-ajɛyaa taa nɛ ɛpɩsɩna kɩlaʊ tɛ sɩʊkpelesi nzɩ paawona Babylone se papɩsɩna-zɩ pɛ-tɛ kiɖe tɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ kpaŋ taa. Ɛhaɣ waɖɛ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ɛ-tɛ kewiyaɣ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Kajalaɣ ɛyʊ waɖɛ tɛ takayaɣ kaakɛ Virginie ɛjaɖɛ tɛ ŋga. Georges Mason manakɛ nɛ Virginie ɖama nɩnaʊ ŋgbɛɛ tisi pɩyɔɔ pɩnaɣ 1776 Mɩsɩkʊm fenaɣ kɩyaakʊ 12 –nɛ payaɣ nɛ Ɛnglɩsɩ taa se Bill of Rights américain.
Ɛsɩpaañɩ

**Ɛsipaañɩ** ɛjaɖɛ kɛ Eerɔpɩ nɛ kɩ-hadɛ kiŋ ɛjaɖɛ naɖɩyɛ. Keteŋa kpeekpe lɛ, pɛkɛdɩɣ ajɛya wena a-taa eyaa ɖɔɔ ɖɔɖɔ yɔ, Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ sɛʊ nɛ ɖɩkɛ 28 ñɩnɖɛ nɛ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kpɛndɩ miliyɔŋnaa 46 pɩnaɣ 2015 taa. Mediiteraanee teŋgu cɔ-ɖɩ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ payɩ nɛ pɩta ɛlɛ pɩkazɩ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ. Hayʊ kiŋ lɛ Piirenee, Andɔɔrɩ nɛ Kaskɔɔñɩ lɩm; piyele wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ taa lɛ, Pɔrtiigaalɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ Atɩlantiiki teŋʊ.

Eerɔpɩ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlyɛ taa lɛ, Ɛsipaañɩ kɩlɩna walanzɩ nɛ pɩkɛ Eerɔpɩ ajɛya kɩkpɛndɩɣ taa kɔyɔ Fransɩ ñakɩlɩna. Kɩ-walanzɩ taa wɛɛ kilomɛtanaa akpagba 504 030. Yee pɩkɛ Eerɔpɩ kpeekpe taa kɔ yɔ, ɛjaɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ Ukrɛɛnɩ nɛ Fransɩɩ pawayɩ. Ɛzɩma Ɛsipaañɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ajɛya lɛɛna cɔlɔ yɔ lɛ ɖɩ-taa tɩlɩtʊ nɛ lɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ sidi yem. 

Ɛjaɖɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖooo pɩnzɩ mɩnɩŋ 15 taa kɛ ageeta nayɛ naalɛ nɩna ɖama nɛ akpɛndɩ kpɛm, ana yɔ, Kasitiiyi nɛ Araagɔŋ. Pɩwayɩ lɛ pɔsɔzɩ pɔ-yɔɔ kɛ kewiisi nasɩyɛ: Kirenaadi kewiyaɣ pɩnaɣ 1492 nɛ pɩnaɣ 1512 lɛ, Naavarɩ ñɩŋga. Pɔkɔma payɩ lɛ, kewiisi nzɩ sɩtɩŋga sɩkpɛndɩ kʊɖʊm kpayɩkpaɣ pɩnzɩ 1715 nɛ 1716 taa.
Ɛyɩtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ

Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ pɩkɛ lɛɣtʊ piliŋa ŋga kɛkpɛlɛkɩɣ ɛyʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ pɩkpɛdɩna tomnaɣ maʊ tɛ (tomnasi pilinzi kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi maʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ, tomnasi wɛtʊ lɛɛzɩtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɛnaʊ ŋgbaɣ nɖɛɛ) nɛ pɛkpɛnda pɩtɩŋa mbʊ yɔɔ yɔ pɩzaŋ nɛ patʊʊ ɛyʊ yɔɔ lɛɣtʊ tʊma nɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ taa ñɩnaa. Tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ tʊmɩyɛ lɩna Krɛkɩ kʊnʊŋ taa, anthrôpos tɔbʊʊ se ɛyʊ pɩlɩna kpeekpe yɔɔdaɣ taa nɛ logos tɔbʊʊ se tɔmʊʊ yaa yɔɔdaɣ.     

Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ kɛ tʊmɩyɛ kʊyʊmɖɩyɛ. Tɔm kɛdɩɣ paɣtʊ hɔɔlʊʊ taa lɛ, tɔmpee ana a-naalɛ maɣzɩm taa awɛ ndɩ ndɩ. Ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ kaakɛ kedeŋa wɛtʊ lɛɣtʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ cɔŋna sɔnzɩ nɛ pɩ-tɛ wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ sɔnzɩ ndɩ ndɩ agbeela yɔɔ. Mbʊ Claude Lévi-Strauss tɔŋ se papɩzɩɣ patʊʊ ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ taa tɩmʊʊ wɛtʊ hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ cɔŋna nɛ kikpeluu mbʊ pɩtɛma ɖɛʊ yɔ pʊyɔɔ nɛ hɔɔlʊʊ lɛɛkʊ wiluu nɛ pɩɖɩna ŋgʊ ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩɖɩ tɛyɩɣ, ɖɩtakɩɣ nɛ ɖɩmaɣ. Ɛlɛ sɛtʊʊ mbʊ piiyeki yaa pɩɩsaŋ se pala-tʊ nɛ tʊmɩyɛ camɩyɛ. 

Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 1950 alɩwaatʊ taa, Caama tɔmɩŋ nɩɩyɛ ɛzɩ social anthropology kɔzɩ kɔzɩ Piritaniiki tɛtʊ taa nɛ cultural anthropology kɔzɩk  kɔzɩ Amerika tʊ, pɛkpɛdɩ tɔmpee ana pɩtɩŋna ñɩnɩya sɔsaa yɔɔ nɛ kedeŋga kpeekpe pazɩ labɩnaʊ tʊmɩyɛ nɛ tɔmpiye ɛyʊtʊ kpɛlɛkɩɣ.

Ɛyʊtʊ tʊmɩyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ lakɩ keeke sɔnzɩ nɛ tisuu tɛ kpɛlɛkɩtʊ, liɖe wɛtʊ nɛ hɔŋ ɖʊʊ nɛ paɣtʊ maʊ. Sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, ɖɩ-tʊmɩyɛ keeke lɛ, maɣzʊʊ nɛ tɔbʊʊ nɩɣʊ mbʊ ɛyʊ kɛwa pɩlɩna wɛtʊ naa ndɩ ndɩ ɛsɩndaa yɔ. Pɩnaɣ 1838, pɩtɩŋna William Edwards, ekpeɣli ndɔnjɔɔlaa ana pɩlɩna ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tɔm yɔɔ mbʊ se ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ wɛ ɖoli kʊyʊm nɛ ɛyʊ ɖɩlɩyɛ tam sakɩyɛ taa. Lɩmaɣza ana amʊʊ pɩnaɣ 1848 alɩwaatʊ taa.
Ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖɩyɛ

Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ kɛna wonuu ŋgʊ kɩkʊyʋʋ ɛsɔdaa heelim taa yɔ. Mootɛɛɖɩ nakʊyʊ hɔŋna-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩɖɛɣ ɛsɔdaa. Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ paɖʊ miŋ camɩyɛ yɔ, pɩ-tɛ alɩwaatʊ kɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛna mbʊ pɩɖɔŋ yɔ: kɩkʊyʊʋ, kɩɖɛɣ yaa kɩɩsɩŋgɩɣ yɔ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ se ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ  wɛ “voilure tournante” taa. Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ nɖɩ ɖɩwɛna mbʊ pɩpɩzɩɣ pɩsɩna-ɖɩ nɛ ɖɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa nɛ ɖitii ɖɩcɑɣ lɩm yɔɔ nɛ piiliki-ɖɩ yɔ, payaɣ-ɖɩ se “hydravion”. Ɛsɔdaa lɔɔɖa nayɛ wɛɛ nɛ ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛcaɣ a-taa nɛ pɩɖɛna-ɩ ɛsɔdaa tɩɩɩ nɛ ɛpɩzɩɣ etii ɖɔɖɔ tataa ɖɔɖɔ. Alɛ'lɛ, awɛna pɔbɔla ɛzɩ “skis” naa ñɩna yɔ nɛ payaɣ-yɛ se “Parapentes” waa. Weyi ɛsaɣ ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ yɔ, payaɣ-ɩ se “pilote” yaa “aviateur”; pɩkɛ halʊ kɔyɔ, payaɣ ɛlɛ se “aviatrice”.

Latin kʊnʊŋ taa lɛ payaʋ se “aviation” yɔ, pʊ-tɔbʋʋ se “sɩmaɣ lakaɣ”. Pɩnaɣ 1863 kɛ Gabriel de La Landelle calɩ tɔmbiye nɖɩ lɩzʋʋ. Tɔmbiye ɖɩnɛ ɖɩwɛ takayaɣ ŋga payaɣ se “Aviation ou navigation sans ballon” yɔ ka-taa. Ka-taa lɛ, pɔyɔɔdʋʋ Jean-Marie Le Bris tɛ ɛsɔdaa kʊyʊʊ tɔm. Ɛkɛcaɣ anasayɩ ñɩɣyʋʋ nakʊyʊ taa nɛ kɩkakɩla heelim kɛ yʊŋ nɛ ɛkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa tɩɩɩ nɛ ɛɖɛɛ.

Pɩnaɣ 1875 kɛ Clément Ader lɩza tɔmbiye nɖɩ payaɣ se “Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ” yɔ se ɛkɛdɩna wonuu ŋgʊ kɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ kʊkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa yɔ. Kpaabgaa mbʊ lɛ, elu ñɩɣyʊʊ nakʊyʊ kɛ pɩnaɣ 1890 kɛ aloma fenaɣ 9 ñɩŋgʊ wiye nɛ ɛyaa-kʊ se “Eole” nɛ ɛkʊyɩna-kʊ ɛzɩ mɛta naa nɩɩnɩwa ɛsɔdaa nɛ pɩcɔ etii. Ɛ-hama lakasɩ nzɩ, sɩmaɣna e-ɖeke, eteyele se nɔɔyʊ ɛtɩlɩ-sɩ; mbʊ pɩyɔɔ yɔ, pɩɩkɛna mɛɛsaɣ tɛɛ tɔm ndʊ tihuuzaɣ peeɖe tɛ sɔɔjanaa yɔɔ yɔ.

Clément Ader ñaɣ pana nɛ ɛtasɩ ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ naatozo ñɩnɖɛ lubu' aloma fenaɣ 14 ŋgʋ wiye' pɩnaɣ 1903. Ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ, ɖɩɖɩ ñapɩzɩɣ ɖɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa ɛzɩ mɛta naa mɩnzɩ nasɩdozo (300) yɔ. 

Alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɖɔɖɔ kɛ Otto Lilienthal luba ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ naɖɩyɛ. Ɖɩnɛ ɖɩndɩ kpem: kpatala kɛ ɛlɛ kpaaɣ nɛ ɛhɔkɩ kpootu ɛzɩ' acaɣ ñɛyɩtʊ yɔ nɛ ɛɖʋ mootɛɛɖɩ kɛ pɩ-taa. Lɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖɩnɛ ɖɩɖɩ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se pɩkɛna piyaɣ ŋga kakʊyaa ɛzɩ mɛta naa nɛɛlɛ yɔ. Ɖɩpɩzaa nɛ ɖɩkʊyɩ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pɩtalɩ mɛta naa 400 yɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1911 kɛ, Général Roques, weyi ɛtʊla sɔɔjanaa ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ ɖitiɖe yɔ, ɛkpaɣ lɩmazɩyɛ se mbʊ mbʊ pʊkʊyʋʋ ɛsɔdaa nɛ pitiki pɩcakɩ yɔ, payaɣ-pʊ se ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖa. Pɩɩtʋʋzɩna efemiye nɖɩ paɖʊwaɣ Clément Ader kɛ hɩɖɛ ɛ-sɩm wayɩ tɔzʊ yɔɔ yɔ. Ɛlɛ, keteŋa kpeekpe you kacalaɣ tɛ alɩwaatʊ taa kɛ tɔmbe: ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖɩyɛ nɛ ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖaɖidiɖe yaa ɛsɔdaalɔɔɖakadaɣ pɔtɔyaa.
Ɛndɩ caanaʋ tɔm

Ɛɛndɩ caanaʋ tɔm wɛ yuŋ. Pɛtɛyɩ-tʋ kpaɖɩŋ naadozo taa: 

* Kewiyaɣ ŋga paya-kɛ se Empire Moghol yɔ ka-alɩwaatʋ taa ɖooo kiɖe tɛɛ nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna waaɣ XVIII n̄ɩŋga hɛkʋ nɛ hɛkʋ alɩwaatʋ taa. (Alɩwaatʋ ndʋʋ Malɩŋ nɩɩyɛ lɩna Pɛɛrɩsɩ nɛ Afganistani pɛ-ɛjaya taa nɛ powolo Ɛɛndɩ.
* Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ingilisi n̄ɩma paɣzɩ kpacɛyʋʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ yɔ. Kpaɣ pɩnaɣ 1750 taa nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Alɩwaatʋ ndʋ lɛ, Paŋgɩladɛɛsɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ pɛ-tɛtʋ kɛkɛ Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩndʋ.
* Ɛɛndɩ tɔm tɛzɩna kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩwɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ pɩkɔɔ pɩsɩɩna sɔnɔ yɔ.

Kpaɣ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ ɖɩ-tɩ yɔɔ yɔ nɛ sɔnɔ you ɛɛtɛŋ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa. Ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ nɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pakʋyʋʋna ɖama yɔɔ nɛ pɩfɛyɩ tɛm. Yoŋ naadozo mpilim tɛmɩna lɩʋ ajɛya naalɛ ana a-hɛkʋ taa. You kajalaɣ n̄ɩŋgʋ laba pɩnaɣ 1947 nɛ puwolo pɩsɩɩna pɩnaɣ 1949 n̄ɩŋga taa. You kɩlɛlʋʋ n̄ala pɩnaɣ 1965 taa nɛ tozo n̄ɩŋgʋ n̄ala pɩnaɣ 1971 n̄ɩŋga taa. Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ nɖɩ payaɣna anasaayɩ taa se "Parti du Congrès" yɔ ɖiyouna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄ʋʋdʋ weyi payaɣ se Gandhi yɔ ɛ-yɔɔ. Politiki ŋgbɛyɛ ńɖɩ, sʋsɔ weyi payaɣ se Nehru yɔ, ɛnʋ lɩzɩna-ɖɩ. Nehru kɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa kajalaɣ tʋ weyi ɛkɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖi-kewiyaɣ nɔɔyɔɔ tʋ yɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʋ aŋgba you ɖɔɖɔ n̄ɛwɛ Malɩŋ nɛ Ɛɛnduu waa pɛ-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 1992 taa you ŋ́gʋ kɩlɩ aŋgba ana a-hɛkʋ taa. Pɩnaɣ 2002 n̄ɩŋga taa you ŋ́gʋ kɩtasɩ lɩʋ ɖɔɖɔ a-hɛkʋ taa.
̩Ñɩmɩyɛ

Ñɩmɩyɛ kɛ ñɩɣyʊʊ ɖoŋ ñɩŋgʊ nakʊyʊ. Poluki-kʊ nɛ kʊ-nɔɔ wɛɛ cʊŋŋ. Ñɩmɩyɛ wɛ azaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Ɛgbamɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaɣ se ñɩmɩyɛ, peyele sakɩyɛ taa lɛ, payaa se ñɩma. Ñɩma pakaŋna kancɩ. Anaa palakɩna kpelasɩ ndɩ ndɩ.  Ñɩma wɛ wazaɣ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.

Mesopotami egetiye taa pacalɩ naʊ kajalaɣ ñɩma. Ñɩma ana pakaŋkaɣna hatʊ ndʊ palabɩna ñɩɣyʊʊ ŋgʊ payaɣ se kwivri yɔ sɩʊ kpelesi yɔɔ. Kuwivrɩ hatʊ ndʊ palaba-tʊ nɛ pɩla pɩnzɩ 3.500 nɛ pʊcɔ palʊlɩ Yeesu Krɩstʊ. Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo canaʊ taa polubi ñɩmɩyɛ. Ɖajaa Homère tɔma se ñɩmɩyɛ kɛ ɖaʊ cʊŋŋ ŋgʊ kɩtamsʊʊ kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ yɔ. Roma ñɩma ñɩma nɛ ñɩɣtʊ ɖoŋ ñɩndʊ. Ñɩma ana paɖʊwaɣ pɔ-sɔɔjanaa naakoma yɔɔ kpɛɛɛ.

Ɖooo lɛ, ɛyʊ lukaɣ ñɩma nɛ e-nesi. Ɛlɛ nɔɔnɔɔ yɔ, anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ lukana-yɛ. Ɖooo lɛ, ñɩma kakɩlɩna liidiye mbʊ a-wazaɣ ɖɔ pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Pañɩnaɣ-yɛ pɩkɩlɩ mbʊ payaɣ se ceviiyi (cheville) waa yɔ.

Pɩnaɣ 1786 taa anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ calɩ lubuu ñɩma. Etaazunii tɛtʊ taa pajalɩ-yɛ lubu nɛ anasaayɩ ñɩɣtʊ. Ɖajaa Ezekial Reed calɩna-yɛ lubu. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, ɖajaa Thomas Clifford ñolubi-yɛ pɩnaɣ 1790 ñɩŋga taa. Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ tɛtʊ taa ɛlɛ lubi-yɛ.

Sɔnɔ Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa anasaayɩ ñɩɣdʊ ndɩ ndɩ lubu pɩlɩŋ kagbaanzɩ taa poluki ñɩma ndɩ ndɩ. Poluki ñɩma atalɩ ɛzɩ tɔɔnɩ waa 20. 000 mbʊ yɔ pɩnaɣ taa. Ñɩma ɛ ndɩ ndɩ kpem Fransɩɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. A-wɛtʊ ndɩ ndɩ talɩ ɛzɩ 300 taa mbʊ yɔ. Siini ɛjaɖɛ ɖɔɖɔ luki ñɩma pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ.

Ñɩma lubu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ Lorɛɛnɩ (Lorraine) ɛjaɖɛ taa. A-lubu tʊmɩyɛ ɖɛ nɛ ɛsɩndaa ɖɔɖɔ Fosijɩ (Vosges) egetiye taa.

## Ɛzɩma ñɩmɩyɛ kpɩtɩɣ yaa kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ nɛ ɖama ?
Ñɩmɩyɛ nɔɔ wɛ cʊŋŋ. Pasɩɣ-ɖɩ ɖɩ-nɔɔ yɔɔ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔɔ. Pʊwayɩ lɛ, pakpaɣ hama nɛ paka ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɖɩ-nɔɔ sʊʊ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa mɩɩɩ. Pɛwɛɛ  kam yɔɔ nɛ ñɩmɩyɛ tɩŋa sʊʊ kajalaɣ kpoŋkpolo ŋgʊ nɛ ɖɩlɛdɩ. Ɖɩlɛdɩɣ lɛ, ɖɩtalɩ ɖɩsʊʊ kpoŋkpolo naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ taa ɖɔɖɔ mɩɩ. Pʊ-tɔbʊʊ se pakama kpoŋkpolo naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔɔ. Pɩlaba se kpoŋkpolonaa naalɛ mba patamnɩ ɖama lɛ. Ñɩmɩyɛ tɔʊʊ wala tayɩ. Yee mbʊ ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ɛɛsʊʊ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ taa nɛ pɩɩcandɩnɩ naalɛ ñɩŋgʊ. Ɖɩ-tɔbʊʊ ŋgʊ ki-ɖeke panaɣ kpoŋkpolo kajalaɣ ñɩŋgʊ yɔɔ.


File:Chiodi.jpg|thumb|Clous de tailles variées
File:Clou sortant d'un mur.jpg|thumb|Clou sortant d'un mur
File:Nail.JPG|thumb|Clou attaché d'une corde
File:Cluster-2.jpg|thumb|Tas de clous]]
File:D-BW-Kressbronn aB - Schwellennaegel.JPG|thumb|Clous utilisés dans la construction des chemins de fer
Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ

Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ (humanisme) labʊ lɩna filozɔfʊ waa naanza nabɛyɛ cɔlɔ. Mbaa yɔ : ɖajaa Marsile Ficin nɛ ɖajaa Cristoforo Landono nɛ ɖajaa Ange Politien nɛ ɖajaa Démétrios Chalcondyle. 

Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ kɛ anasaayɩnaa tɛ tɛtʊ taa sɔnzɩ pɩlɩʊ nakʊyʊ. Ɛlɛ, Itaalii ɛjaɖɛ taa ɖeyi ɖeyi pacalɩ labʊ ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ. Palaba lɩmaɣzɩyɛ nɖɩɩ Italii ɛjaɖɛ taa tɛtʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Toscane yɔ tɩ-taa. Toovenum lɛ, ɖooo alɩwaatʊ ndʊ payaɣ se Renɛɛsansɩ (Renaissance) yɔ Toscane tɛtʊ paɣzɩ ɖɛʊ nɛ ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Tɛtʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa ɛyaa sɔnzɩ nɛ Krɛsɩ nɛ Room pɛ-ajɛya taa ñɩma sɔnzɩ lɩ ɖama siŋŋ. Ɛyaa mba palaba sukuli nɛ pɛɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa, pʊt-tɔbʊʊ se pɛ-ɛza kuli pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ alɩwaatʊ ndʊ tɩ-taa yɔ, paasɔɔlɩ tɩlʊʊ siŋŋ hɔɔlɩŋ tɩŋa taa ; kɔzɩ kɔzɩ ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ tɩlʊʊ.

Pɔtɔma se ɛyʊ wɛna tɩlɩtʊ siŋŋ pɩfɛyɩ kamaɣ. Pɔyɔɔda se ɛyʊ tɩlɩtʊ pɩzɩɣ piyele nɛ ɛ-lakasɩ yaa ɛ-wɛtʊ wɛɛ camɩyɛ pɩŋŋ. Se ɛyʊ pɩzɩɣ ɛtɩŋna ɛ-tɩlɩtʊ yɔɔ nɛ ɛla tʊma kɩbana nɛ kedeŋa ɖɛɛna ɛsɩndaa pɩdɩɩfɛyɩ. Kajalaɣ ɛyaa mɛ-ɛza kulaa waa mba, paasɔɔlɩ kpem se mbʊ pasɩma yaa patɩlaa yɔ, pamɩzɩ-tʊ yaa pɛtɛyɩ-tʊ nɛ ɛyaa lalaa kedeŋa kpeekpe yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ nʊmɔʊ taa ɛyaa mba pɔtɔŋ se pʊwɛɛ se pɩtaakazɩ nɔɔyʊ kedeŋa kanɛ kɔ-yɔɔ se patatana-ɩ Ɛsɔtɔm. Se paa ɛyʊ ɛɛkɛ le tʊ yaa paa kʊnʊŋ ŋgʊ ɛyɔɔdʊʊ kɔyɔ, pʊwɛɛ se patana-ɩ Ɛsɔtɔm. Pʊ-nʊmɔʊ taa Sɔsɔ weyi payaɣ se Lefèvre yɔ ɛlʊba siŋŋ nɛ ɛɖɛzɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa. Toovenum lɛ, Ebree ñɩma kʊnʊŋ taa paamana Ɛsɔtɔm. Pɩnaɣ 1523 ñɩŋga taa Sɔsɔ Lefèvre ɛnʊ ɛɖɛzɩ Ɛsɔtɔm ndʊ nɛ fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ taa.

Ɛsɔtɔm ɛtalɩ paa weyi kedeŋa yɔɔ cɩnɛ nʊmɔʊ taa ñɩnɩyaa sɔsaa mɛ-ɛzakulaa waa ɖɔŋ lʊbʊ se pɛɖɛzɩɣ-tʊ nɛ kʊnʊmɩŋ kpeekpe taa. Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ piliŋa lʊkɩ siŋŋ se kedeŋa ñɩm ɛtalɩ paa le. Pɔtɔŋ se yee pɛkpɛlɩkɩ ɛyʊ camɩyɛ kɔyɔ, pɩhaɣ-ɩ waɖɛ nɛ ɛwɛɛ ɛ-tɩ yɔɔ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Pʊbʊ ɛtɩlɩɣ mbʊ ɛlakɩ yɔ, nɔɔyʊ ɛɛkpaɣ lɛlʊ nɛ ɖoŋ kɩkpaʊ se ɛla ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ nɖɩ pʊmʊna-ɩ se ɛla yɔ. Ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, ɛlɩzɩɣ Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ mʊnɔʊ ŋgʊ ɛsɔɔlaa yɔ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Ɛyʊtʊ wɛtʊ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ piliŋa ñɩnɩ se paa weyi ɛwɛɛ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ ɛla ɛ-tʊmɩyɛ kaalɛyɩtʊ. Piliŋa ŋga kalʊkɩ ɖɔɖɔ se kpeyuu ɛwɛɛ ɛyaa hɛkʊ taa.
Ɛndɩ

**Ɛɛndɩ**, payaɣ se pɩɖaɣlɩ yɔ, pɔtɔŋ se, Ɛɛndɩ tɛtʋ. Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ wɛ Aazii tɛtʋ wandamm taa. Ɖɩmʋ tɛtʋ sakɩyɛ Aazii tɛtʋ ńdʋ tɩ-taa.

Kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ, Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ naalɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩ-ɛyaa kɩlɩ ɖɔʋ yɔ. Walanzɩ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ lʋbɛ n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ ɖɩkɩlɩ walʋʋ yɔ. Ɖɩcɔlɩ teŋgu nɛ pɩɖɛɛ ɛzɩ kilomɛtɛnaa kudokiŋ lʋbɛ mbʋ yɔ. Ɖɩnɛ Pakisitaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pasɩna ɖama kamaɣ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hayi kiŋ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Siini nɛ Neepalɩ nɛ Buutanɩ ajɛɛ pasɩŋnɩ ɖama kamasɩ. Nɛ Baŋgɩlaadɛɛsɩ ɛjaɖɛ n̄aasɩɩ-ɖɩ nɛ kamaɣ hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Biirimaanɩ ɛjaɖɛ pasɩŋnɩ ɖama kamaɣ. Ɛɛndɩ teŋgu hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩn̄ɔtɩna Malidiivi ɛjaɖɛ nɛ hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Hadɛ kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩlɩyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩ nɛ Siri Lanka nɛ Ɛndonezi ajɛɛ pɔn̄ɔtɩŋna ɖama. Hayi kiŋ nɛ wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʋyɛ hɔɔlʋʋ taa ɖɔɖɔ lɛ, Ɛɛndɩ caɣ se, ɖɩ nɛ Afɩgaanisitaŋ pasɩɩnɩ ɖama kamaɣ.

Sɔnzɩ nzɩ sɩkɩlɩ leɖuu kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ yɔ, Ɛɛndɩ n̄ɩnzɩ wɛ sɩ-taa. Kpaɣ ɖooo pɩnzɩ 5000 pʋcɔ palʋlʋʋ Yeesu Krɩstʋ lɛ, Ɛɛnduusi kajalaŋa taa sɔnzɩ kɛtɛma wɛʋ. Kewiisi sɔsɔsɩ sɔsɔsɩ wɛ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Nɛ ɖooo kɩbɩŋjaazɩ alɩwaatʋ taa sɩpɩlɩ pɩlaaɣ tadɛ haba yɔɔ. Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋguu aŋgba sɔsɔna naanza wɛna Ɛɛdɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa ŋkpaɣ ɖooo ɖɩn̄ɔʋ yɔ. Aŋgba sɔsɔna ana, anaa yɔ : Ɛnduuyizim nɛ Jayiniizim nɛ Buudiyizm nɛ Siikizim. Ɛlɛ, wayɩ nɛ wayɩ alɩwaatʋ taa lɛ, aŋgba cikpena n̄ɔn̄ɔ. Anaa yɔ : Zoroyasɩtirizim nɛ Kristiyanizim nɛ Iizilaam. Ɛɛndɩ Ɛngilisi ŋgbɛyɛ kamʋna Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ nɛ pʋcɔ Kewiyaɣ Kɩkpɛndaɣ cɔŋna ɖɩ-yɔɔ waaɣ hiu nɛ nakʋ n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖajaa Mahatma Gandhi lʋbɩna siŋŋ nɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩlɩɩ yomiye taa pɩnaɣ 1947 n̄ɩŋga taa. Ɖooo pɩnaɣ 1950 n̄ɩŋga taa ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩpɩsɩ kedeŋga yɔɔ cɩnɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa loma kaɖasɩm kɩlɩ lɩʋ yɔ.

Tɔsʋʋ nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, sɔnɔ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ kɛŋna ɛjaɖɛ hiu n̄ɩnɖɛ nɖɩ mbʋ payaɣ se PIB yɔ, pʋ-hɔɔlʋʋ taa. Nɛ yabʋ nʋmɔʋ taa PIB hɔɔlʋʋ taa lɛ, ɖɩkɛ ɛjaɖɛ naanza n̄ɩnɖɛ. Ansaayɩ n̄ɩɣtʋ ndɩ ndɩ lubu (lubutu) nʋmɔʋ taa lɛ, ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ, ɖɩkɛ kɩfaɖɛ. Ɛlɛ, ɛyʋ katɩɣ kala ndɩ ndɩ naayɛ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa, ɛzɩ kʋn̄ɔndʋtʋ nɛ takayaɣ kɩɩsɩmtʋ nɛ mulum yaa ɛyʋ peɣzuu mbʋ yɔ.

Kʋnʋmɩŋ wɛ ndɩ ndɩ nɛ ɩ-maʋ wɛɛ ɖɔɖɔ ndɩ ndɩ Ɛɛndɩ ɛjaɖɛ taa. Ɖɩnaɣ ɖɔɖɔ Ɛsɔ tɛɛ luŋuu aŋgba ndɩ ndɩ ɛjaɖɛ ńɖɩ ɖɩ-taa.

=Ɖi-liɖe=
=Ɖɩ-tɔm=
## Caanaʊ
## Caanaʊ wayɩ
## Kiɖe tɛɛ lɛɣzʊʊ
## Ɖi-yomiye taa wɛʊ
## Ɖi-yomiye taa lɩʊ
=Politiki tɔm=
## Paɣtʊ ndɩ ndɩ
### Komina kɩkpaɖʊʊ
### Ajɛya nɛ tɛtaa
## Ɖɩ nɛ ajɛya lɛɛna pa-ɖama nɩnaʊ
## Ɖɩ-yɔɔ kandayʊʊ
=Samaɣ ̃nʊʊ=
## Mbʊ pʊcɔ-ɖɩ pɩta yɔ
## Laŋ nɛ ɛ-taa wondu
=Ɛyaa hukuu huuu mbʊ yɔ=
=Tɔsʊʊ=
=Samaɣ=
## Ɛsɔ nʊmɔʊ
## Hɔʊ
## Piya tʊmɩyɛ
## Sukulinaa
## Tɔnʊʊ taa alaafɩya
=Sɔnzɩ=
## Kʋnʋmɩŋ
## Minziiki nɛ payɛ
## Takayɩsɩ
## Silimaɣ
## Tɔɔnasɩ

## Sipɔɔrɩ
## Kazandʋ ndɩ ndɩ
=Mayaɣ=
=Takayɩhayʊʊ tɛɛ tɔm nɛ tɩ-ɖɩnayɛ=
=ɩcɔna ɖɔɖɔ=
## Filimwaa
## Tɔm lɛɛtʊ
## Awayɩ kpasɩ