open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tankart

**Tankart** d anemlal azwuẓẓdan gar n isuka n wezwu (amruj n yinzaren d taɣuct), isuka imesgunafen zellgen ɣer wadda s teɣmert taɣadant i d-yekkan seg wanzaren , taɣmert-a tgebber seg tegʷmamt tameẓwali meẓẓiyen isem-is Tankart. Tawuri n tenkart d tusligt anda i tessezray učči seg yimi ɣer ugerjuj yakk d wezu ɣer wanzaren d yimi ɣer taɣuct.

## Tawuri
Tankart d abrid n wezwu d wučči. Ɣef wanect-a tettumeggez d amur seg unagraw amaẓẓad d unagraw amesgunef
Arɣem imeddel anekcum n taɣuct mi ara ad yezri wučči ayen igeddlen neɣ ur nettaǧǧa ara taɣuffi ad telfu (ad teḍru).

## Ismilen n tenkart
Tankart ɣer wemdan tebṭa ɣer 3 n yesmilen (seg ufella ɣer wadda):
* Tiselmeẓt n tenkart: tezga-d deffir n wemruj n yinzaren
* Tiselmeẓt n yimi: tezga-d deffir n wemruj n yimi 
* Adunkar: yezga-d deffir n unekcum taɣuct 
## Timaẓwalin n tenkart

## Azal n tenkart deg welmaẓ (asebleɛ)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
* Tagrayt
Tiraɣlalin

**Tiraɣlalin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Invertebrata**) d irem i d-issemsel umesnudran Afrensaw (*[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]*) i wakken ad iglem iɣersiwen ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ara) ajgu n uzagur. Imalla tagrawt-a d tin igebbren yakk iɣersiwen anagar tinaɣlalin (Iselman, Timraradin, Tikelmanin, Igṭaṭ d temsuṭaṭ) 

Imusnawen n tesnudert ggunin deg beṭṭu n iɣersiwen-a ɣef waṭas n yisefka, am: tmerwest, amruj afekkan d tissiwin timessiruwin

## Tigti n imuddiren

## Agzam d beṭṭu
* Timerwest: imesnudranen bṭan imuddiren ɣer tsendisin (*Bilateria*) d timmardisin (*Radiata*) ma d talmest taneggart d tirmarwasin (*Asymmetry*). Tiraɣalil sgensisent-d azal n 97% n yiɣersiwen yellan deg umadal

## Asesmel
* Tiswermin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tinaɣlalin

## Imniren
Ajxaṛ

**Ajxaṛ** neɣ **Asunxeṛ** d imesli i d-issufuɣ wemdan yegnen, yettmag-d s usrag (ssebba) n tkerzi (teḍyeq) n isuka imesgunafen. Taseddart-is temgarad seg wejxaṛ fsusen akken i yella ɣer wamur ameqran n yimdanen akken i yezmer ad yili imesli-ynes ijhed yerna yeddad yid-s ugezzum n wesgunef yakk d werway di tguni 

## Isekna d yizmal

## Isragen

## Assuji

## Tasensakrart

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Nuddam

## Imniren
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

**Jean Baptiste Lamarck** (1 ɣuct 1744 - 18 dujamber 1829) d aserdas ilan (yesεan) d  Afṛensaw n teɣlent, akken iga daɣen d amesnudran,  d akadim d amsalel seg tazwara i tekti n teẓri n temhazt tasnudrant d akken-it  anelfu (aneḍru) i d-illan yerna ikemmel ilmend n yisuḍaf igamanen
Lamarck ittekka deg umsenɣi n 7 n yiseggasen mgal Prusya,  yewwi-d tazalɣi n tebɣest-is deg wannar n umennuɣ,  sin akkin igguǧ ɣer Munaku,  yuɣal Lamarck yefka azal i umezruy n ugama akken  iy guccel ɣef tezrawt n tesnujjya, yestaɣ seg tsardast ass mi yeffudi deg useggas n 1766 i wakken ad yuɣal ɣer tezrawt  n tesnujjya 
Lamarck yessnerni azal i tesnimɣant seld imi i d-yezzuzer amahil igebren seg 3 n yimaddaden (Flour Francoise (1778)) , yewwi-d tigmemt takadimt tafransist i tmussniwin deg useggas n 1779, Lamarck yuɣal d aselmad n tesnɣersiwt ass mi i d-tesbedd tiddukla taɣelnawt tafransist asalay aɣelnaw i umezruy agaman deg useggas n 1793

Deg useggas 1801 yezzuzer-d adlis "anagraw n tnaɣlalin" igan d amahil-is agejdan deg usesmel n tnaɣlalin , d irem yessaleɣ-it deg useggas 1802
Lamarck yettumeggez d amezwaru isxedmen irem n tesnudert s unamek-is atrar, ikemmel amahil-is am umnir agejdan deg tesnɣersiwt n tnaɣlalin.

Lamarck yettumektayed deg tallit tatrart s teẓri n tukkest n tmeskanin inelmiẓen i yettusemman tukkest taleggaɣt, dɣa ibder-itt-id deg udlis-is afelsaf n tesnɣersiwt deg useggas 1809, maca tikti n teẓri-ayi tella send n usnefli n temhazt ayyi yerna tessileɣ-d anagar kra n wamur meẓẓiyen seg teẓri n temhezt, akken i tella tettwaddeg (yettwaqbel) deg tallit-is sɣur kra n yimazrayen igamanen. 
uttekki n Lamarck yettumeggez deg  temhazt d tiẓri tamezwarut i yettwaṭṭfen i temhezt tasnudrant  anda idemmer tadusi n tseggugra takrurant imuddiren ɣer teskala n usukres,  tguwes tadusi n twennaṭ s ussezgi-ines d twennaṭin tidiganin s usexdem-ines iferdisen,  d ukkas wid nniḍen,  d usemgired gar-asen,  d yimuddiren niden

## Imɣan i d-iglem

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Ammas (asemmili)

**Ammas** d amur-nni deg wadis yellan gar n isekni ademraw d taɣma. Ammas deg tfekka n wemdan iga d amur ikruzen (ḍeyyiqen) yakk deg ugiger adɣa ɣer twetmin

## Akaten n wammas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Umuɣ n teswasin

Amagrad-a igber ɣef umuɣ n teswasin yettusmersen tura neɣ yellan ttusmersent zik.
Tilmas n teswasin gant d:
* Tinayyurin; yeggunin ɣef wannufen n wayyur: 
* Tinafukin-Tinayyurin; yeggunin ɣef tuzzya tamseggast n tfukt d wannufen n wayyur deg yiwen n wakud
* Tinafukin; yeggunin ɣef tuzzya tamseggast n tfukt
* Tiyyaṭ; 

## Tiswasin yettusmersen tura
### [[Taswast tanafukt|Tiswasin Tinafukin]]
* Taswast tagrigurt
* Taswast tayulyant 
* Taswast tamaziɣt
* Taswast takeftit
* Taswast tabengalt
* Taswast takebcant

### [[Taswast tanayyurt|Tiswasin tinayyurin]]
* Taswast tineslemt
* Taswast tanayyurt n Tayland

### [[Taswast tanafukt-tanayyurt|Tiswasin Tinafukin-Tinayyurin]]
* Taswast tacenwit
* Taswast tahibṛut

## Tiswasin yellan ttusmersent zik

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Azlaf

**Azlaf**  (assaɣ ussnan: **Juncus**) d tawsit n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tezlaft igebren seg  250 ɣer 300 n telmas n yimɣan isaɣuren, dɣa tilmas-a d tid i d-ittemɣayen deg waṭas n yideggan igawiyen n umadal, maca ttilint s tdersi kan deg yideggan isbegsanen.

Azlaf d imɣi yettusxdmen deg tɣult n tesnujjya. Maca igellu-d s wurnan ɣer kra n yimdanen.

## Tilmas
* Azlaf awlal — (*Juncus maritimus*)
* Azlaf bu tdegirt — (*Juncus maritimus*)
* Azlaf aberkan — (*Juncus atratus*)
* Azlaf n Ṛuky — (*Juncus saximontanus*)
* Talgit — (*Juncus acutus*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Umed

**Umed** neɣ **Umel** (assaɣ ussnan: **Poa**) d tawsit n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tumedt deg tfesna n tumdin. ar tura, tawsit-a d tin igebren seg wazal n 500 n telmas azal ameqran deg-sent d tisaɣurin ttemɣayent-d yakk d imendiyen umdiyen am temẓin yakk d yired
Kra seg telmas-is ttusxedment d asaɣur

## Tilmas
* Umed amseggas — (*Poa annua*)
* Umed bu tedgirt — (*Poa bulbosa*) 
* Umed Umeṛṛuk — (*Poa maroccana*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tumedt

**Tumedt** (assaɣ ussnan: **Poaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tumdin igan d tafesna n taynayyawin, Tawacult n tumdin d yiwet seg twaculin n yimɣan yeǧuǧugen tegber seg wazal n 600 n tewsitin yeẓẓunin ɣef wazal n 10,000 n telmas gar n telmas-a llan imendiyen am temẓin, Aṛuz, irden, ukbal, Aẓekkun d yinelli akken daɣen i tegber seg waṭas n isaɣuren d yimɣan n walma am tafsut wegṭiṭ d wumel yigran.

## Asedger
Tawacult-a n yimɣan tga d yiwet gar twaculin yenfufden s waṭas deg umadal yakk. Anda anda id tettemɣay deg yal adeg, anagar Antraktika.

## [[Adu-twacult|Tidu-twaculin]]
Tegber seg 7 n tdu twaculin:
* Aɣanim uṛumi — (*Bambusoideae*)
* Tigzemrawin — (*Chloridoideae*) 
* Tumdiwin — (*Pooideae*) 

## [[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tiwsitin]]
* Aṛuz — (*Oryza*).
* inelli — (*Sorghum*).
* Affar — (*Elymus*)
* Timẓin — (*Hordeum*).
* Tisallafin — (*Bromus*) 
* Agezmir — (*Cynodon*).
* Tafsus yigḍad — (*Panicum*).
* Affar awraɣ — (*Miscanthus*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Taswast tanayyurt

**Taswast tanayyurt** d taswast i d-immalen azemz s unect n talɣa n wayyur, anda deg tuget n tegnatin d wakuden ayyur yessemtay (ibeddu) ɣef tmeẓriwt tamaynut n wayyur amedya deg teswast tineslemt, taswast tehibṛut, taswast tacenwit d taswast tahendit yeggunin yakk ɣef tuzzya n wayyur
Taswast tanayyurt tettwassen d akken-it tga d tanzagt i yesri wayyur i wakken ad ifakk 12 n tuzzyiwin ɣef tegnit, yal yiwet n tuzzya tettgi-d yiwen n wayyur anayyur (29 ar 30 n wussan acku yiwet tuzzya tanayyurt ɣef tegnit tettaṭṭaf 29.530588 n wussan, neɣ ayen yegdan *29 n [[tasragt|tesragin]]* d *44 n [[tasdidt|tesdarin]]* d *2.8032 n [[tasint|tsinin]]*), ma d 12 n tuzzyiwin -nni teṭṭafent 354.367056 n wussan ayen yennumken d akken aseggas anayyur meẓẓiyen s wazal n 11 n wussan (10.875 s talɣa tufrint) ɣef useggas anafuk yettwagunin deg teswast tagrigurt 

Taswast tanayyurt tettwaguni d amsektay anakud deg teswast tineslemt deg wesɣan ineslem

## Asemres

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Ayyur anayyur

## Imniren
Mejjir yigran

**Mejjir yigran** (assaɣ ussnan: **Malva sylvestris**) d talmest n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n mejjir seg twacult n tmejjirt 

## Aglam

## Asemres

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Umuɣ n telmas n mejjir
Timzerɣlin

**Timzerɣlin** (isem ussnan: **Odonata**) d tafesna n ibureɣsen itetten aksum, azal n 5900 n telmas id ittugelmen deg tfesna ayyi sɣur n yimusnawen.
Timzerɣlin d tid ittumeggzen d tadlafriwin, anda ilant (sɛant) sin n wafriwen ifraranen yessufuɣen tidi s waṭas yerna deg yiri n zdat n yal afriw tella tkerrust ibeṭṭun afriw ɣer sin n wamuren (amur azduran d wamur ajefṛan). Timzerɣlt tettett ibureɣsen meẓẓiyen deg waman. Anda daɣen id tessrusay timellalin-is deg yimɣan id yettemɣayen deg waman yakk deg wakal yudsen ɣer waman.

Tafesna ayyi d tin yebṭan ɣer sin n
n idu-fesniwen:
* Tizeglefriwin (*Zygoptera*): seg yiglamen-is, asutem gar n wallen-is tuddisin d win yettwaskaden s tefrer. Afriwen-is ttilin d irataken ɣer ufella n uzagur mi ara ad ters
* Tinmeglafriwin (*Anisoptera*): meqqr-it yerna ttferfirent s tazzla d urured, afriwen-nsent ttenfufden ɣef yidisen-nsen mi ara ad rsent, dɣa asutem gar n wallen tuddisin d win meẓẓiyen s waṭas.

## [[Tasnileɣt]] d [[Asemmili|usemmili]]

## Asru d tsensartut

## Taggaẓt d imihiyen

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Timzerɣelt
Taswast

**Taswast** neɣ **Tafada** d allal n usiden n wakud i wsiden n yizmaz d wussan d usuddes-nsen i yimesɣuṛa imettiyen, imesɣanen, ideblanen yakk d imsenziyen, anecta yettili-d s isebdaden yemgaraden deg teswasin yemgaraden, deg yakk taswasin-nni ttunefken kra n yismawen i kra n talliyin n uzemz anda tikwal ttilin d ussan neɣ d imalas neɣ d ayyuren neɣ d iseggasen, dɣa deg waṭas n tikkal ttilin d ayyuren yakk d iseggasen i teddun yakk d tuzzya n tfukt deg igenni yakk d wansa n tegnit deg tmezzit-is ɣef tfukt, neɣ teddun yakk d tlallit d taggara n wayyur akken daɣen illant teswasin yettganin ɣef tuzya n wayyur d tfukt d isin. Maca mači d isefki ad ggunint yakk ɣef wayyur d tfukt acku llant kra n teswasin yeggunin ɣef yimtiwgen niden
Aṭas n tɣeṛmawin d yiɣerfen gan-d tiswasin amedya ɣer yimaziɣen (taswast tamaziɣt) 

## Aẓaṛ n wawal

## Tiswasin tinafukin
### Umuɣ n wayyuren inafuken

### [[Taswast tamaziɣt]]
### [[Taswast n Maya]]

### [[Taswast tayulyant]]
instacam

## Tiswasin tinayyurin
### [[Taswast tineslemt]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Aɣluɣel

**Aɣluɣel** d asken i d-immalen azella n tgerrawt tamalunt. akken i d-immal tallit n send n wefsax yakk d unezruy. 

Amdan tezmer ad as-teṭru temtitta mi ara ad ittekki deg irmuden i d-iiskarayen asnuzgem d tugdi am wemlelli

## Uguren yeqqnen ɣer uɣluɣel
* Amlelli: d irem asnujjyan i d-immalen neɣ i d-igellmen afray s tuzzya n tɣawsiwin i d-izzin ɣef wemdan, deg waṭas n tegnatin iteqqen yakk d umukti d iriran, dɣa amlelli yettgi-d azal n 25% seg tegnatin n uɣluɣel.

## Tiwetlin yeqqnen ɣer uɣluɣel

## [[Tasensakrart]]

## Aɣluɣel deg wakud n tnekra

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Amlelli
* Afsax

## Imniren
Tileɣmatin n yellu

**Tileɣmatin n yellu** (assaɣ ussnan: **Mantodea**), yettwassen daɣen s «**Tagmart n nnbi**», Udayen ɣɣaren-as: «**alɣem n Sliman**» d tafesna n ibureɣsen igebren seg 15 n twaculin d 430 n tewsitin d ugar n 2400 n telmas
Igmamen n twacult-a d wid yettidiren deg yideggan n yinezwa yemnummsen d imezzayen, Amur ameqqran seg telmas-is d tid yeṭṭafaren tawacult n talɣemt n yellu

Seg gar n tenfiwin d ibuɣaṛ n telɣemt n yellu d učči-ines i ibureɣsen ayen yeǧǧan ad tekkes aṭas n tillicin yettmagaren imuzar (tibḥirin) adɣa ajṛad.
Izeɣnunnay d tzermemmuyin gam d angir (aɛdaw) ameqqran n telɣemt n yellu

## [[Tinnagrawt]]
Adu-twacult n **Mantodea** tennulfa-d deg useggas n 1838 sɣur n umesburɣes n Terjuntint Conrado Burmeister

## [[Asemmili]]
Igmamen n telɣemt n yellu d wid ilan (yesɛan) ixef s talɣa n ukeṛdas, ma d allen myuggagent (mmibɛadent) yerna hraw-it, dɣa anecta d ayen i d-yettaken tajumma meqqren i wsekkud d tmuɣli. Ɣer kra n telmas llant ugar n 10,000 n tullin i d-yettaken asekkud igerrzen s waṭas anda i tezmer ad tesled (ad tfeṣṣel) tiɣawsiwin d yiswiyen seg 20 km

## [[Amyaraw]] d tneflit

## Asesmel
### Umuɣ n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] s unect n [[Ammas aɣelnaw i yisalan n teknusnudert|NCBI]] (2 yebrir 2012) yakk d [[tajrit n tudert]] (2 yebrir 2012)
* Acanthopidae
* Amorphoscelididae
* Talɣemt n yellu — (*Mantidae*) 
* Chaeteessidae
* Tajjunin — (*Empuse*) 
* Talɣemt taneẓraft — (*Eremiaphilidae*) 
* Hymenopodidae 
* Iridopterygidae

## Deg yidles Aqbayli

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tislit n wuccen

## Imniren
Ammas aɣelnaw i yisalan n teknudert

**Ammas aɣelnaw i yisalan n teknudert** (S Tegnizt: *National Center for Biotechnology Information*, S usegzel: **NCBI**) d amur seg tasedlist tasnujjyant n Yiwunak Yeddukklen (NLM) i d-yettwakebben seg yisuda iɣelnawen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen. Asutel-is yezga-d deg Bethesda, Maryland, Ammas-a yennulfa-d deg useggas n 1988 sɣur n usenti i yessed usinatur Claud Beiber

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Ben Gardane

**Ben Gardane** (s teɛrabt *Ben Guerdane*, s tefṛensist: *Ben Gardane*), d tamdint n wenẓul n Tunes, tezga-d af yiri n Yilel Agrakal  deg uzaɣar n Lǧeffret di twilayt n Mednin. Zedɣen-tt 79,912 n yimezdaɣen.
Talɣemt n yellu (tawacult)

**Talɣemt n yellu** assaɣ ussnan: *Mantidae*) d tawacult n ibureɣsen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tlɣemtain n yellu. Ugar n 2000 n telmas iṭṭafaren tawacult-a, Tilmas-a d tid yemgaraden s waṭas deg wayen yezzin ɣef talɣa n tfekka yerna ttidirent deg tjumma meqqren seg tamiwin tisbegsanin ɣer tamiwin timezzayin alama d tamiwin timnummsanin

## Allus n tudert

## Tiskanin d weglam

## Asesmel
### [[Adu-twacult|Tidu-twaculin]] n telɣemt n yellu s unect [[addag n tudert (tasnudert)|waddag n tudert]] (2003):
* Tileɣmawin n yellu — (*Mantinae*( 
* Tinejlawin — (*Angela*) 

### [[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tiwsitin-is]] s unect n [[Anagraw n isalan imessartiyen ummid|ITIS]] (4 mayu 2010):
* Iris — (*Iris*) 
* Tislatin wuccen — (*Mantis*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tislit n wuccen

**Tislit wuccen** (assaɣ ussnan: **Mantis religiosa**) d talmest n ibureɣsen yeṭṭafaren tislatin wuccen deg twacult n telɣemt n yellu . Talmest-a tettwaglam-d s talɣa tussnant i tikkelt tamezwarut sɣur Carl Von Linné deg useggas n 1758.

## Ideggan n tudert (asedger)
Azaduɣ aẓaṛan n teslit wuccen iga d Uruppa, Asya yakk d Tferka (anda n yilel agrakal). Akken i yettwasekcem ɣer Temrikt tagafant deg useggas n 1899 s uɣerrabu i d-yeddmen tiseṭwa n yemɣan i d-ikkan seg unẓul n Uruppa, Tislit n wuccen tga ass-a d azamul amaddud i uwanak n Connecticut

## Allus m tudert

## [[Tinnagrawt]]

## Tislit wuccen deg yidles

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tiferkiyin n waɣanen ikussimen

**Tiferkiyin n waɣanen ikussimen** (s Teglizit: *Cascading Style Sheets*, S usegzel: **CSS**) tessiliɣ-d tutlayt tasenselkamt i d-igellmen tanekda n warraten n HTML d XML, ilugan i d-issenmalen CSS ttwafsarent sɣur World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). CSSYettwasken-d deg tlemmasin n temrawt n 1990 sin yuɣal yettusemres s tuget usemru n tansa n web d usalel-is s talɣa tuntimt sɣur yimsillen n web deg temrawt tamezwarut n 2000

## Amezruy n CSS

## Tiskanin n CSS

## Iɣawasen imendeffiren

## Ileqmen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tizikmarin

**Tizikmarin** (assaɣ ussnan: **Archaeognatha**) d tafesna n ibureɣsen iwrefriwen, igmamen n tafesna ayi ur ttwamhazen ara s waṭas seg mi i d-uflalen deg tallit tadivunayt yakk d tissisin.

## Aglam
Igmamen n tegrawt-a d wid yettidiren s talɣa tagejdant ɣef tmadɣaɣin d iseffaluyen d yiẓra akken i tetten tafurri d wadal. Tilmas-is d timenzuya nettgent s usemres n yiṭarren-nsent d tallalt seg kra n imuren n wadis 

## Asesmel
Tagrawt-a tegber seg wazal n 500 n telmas, Tilmas-a bṭant ɣef snat n twaculin:

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azal amaskad

**Azal amaskad** (s Teglizt *apparent magnitude*) d amsektay n waffaw n kra n tfekka tahennawt mi ara ad tettwaskad seg tegnit, anda o yegguni ɣef waffay n tfekka i d-ittakez ubleɣn tfekka d uggug-is ɣef tfukt, llan waṭas n yitran yudsen (iqerben) ɣef tegnit maca ur ttwaskaden ara acku meẓẓiy-it s waṭas, s tenmgalt llan yitran ggugen (beɛden) s waṭas n yigam n yifawatayen maca ttwaskaden seh tegnit acku d wid imeqqren s waṭas deg ubleɣ teẓɣelt-nsen tussist.

## Asusen n wazal amaskad

## Azalen n wayyuren n tfekkiwin tigennawin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Azal amagdez

**Azal amagdez** deg tesnallunt d akat n usfijjej n yal tafekka tagnnawt deg usalay alugaritman anallun (am yitran d yimtiwgen ...), Ma d azal amaskad n kra n tfekka tagennawt yegda am akken yella ɣef wuggug ameslugen s wazal n 10 ifursak (neɣ ayen yegdan 32,6 n ifawatayen. Tigget tasnullant tga d tigget n wakat n wazal amagdez yeggunin ɣef tfekkiwin tigennawin deg wudus anafuk.

## Azal amagdez atraw
Azamul n wazal amagdez d  akken i yezmer ad yili usides (useqreb) n wazal-is s usemres n wazal amaskad  d tsineft tatrawt :

: M = m + 5 \left(\log_{10}p+1\right),

Neɣ s usemres n wazal amaskad  d uzegrir n westum :

: M = m - \mu.

Amdya, Azal amagdez n wadet -&minus;5.71. Ma yella ɣer yizerɣi iga +1.4. imalla awah llan deg yiwen n ustum ɣef tengit tili d itri n yizerɣi ara ad yefken affaw ugar n yitri n wadet 
Azal amagdez d win yettusemrasen i tussna n usfijjej n yitran

## Amazallew
D ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) ad tili tukza n wazal amagdez n imazellawen s usrag n wemray n tukza tufrint n tansa n yiri n tfekka tasagnawt. Yerna yessefk ad yettusens useɣti s usrag n tilin n ugedṛur n uɣaras n walim, ɣas akken yella wanect-a maca affaw d wazal amagdez n imazellawen yezmer ad yili s wazal amaskad d tukza n ustum.

## Iseffuden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Asesmel atraw

**Asesmel atraw** deg tasnallunt iga d asesmel n yitran s unect n teskanin-is tiylalanin, anda tafesna n yitri taylalant tga d tafesna n yitri i d-igellmen as-ioni deg tissi tuffiɣt n yitri, anda i d-ittili usurres n ibelkimen i wakken ad brun i tafat ayen i d-ittaken tarrayt tallilt i wakat n teẓɣelt n tjumma n yitri.Tettili-d tesladt n tafat i d-ittaken seg yitri s usefturi n isegra-ines sɣur n yiẓiki n wakkad, i wakken ad yili usefruri n ifutunen i d-ittasen s talɣa n ijerriden n tafat tla (tesɛa) initen n teslit n wenẓar yennebran s ijerriden n weskaf. Yal ajerrid n weskaf yemmal-d a-ion n kra uferdis akruran, dɣa tilin n ijerriden-a deg waggwa (aylal) yesskanay-d taẓɣelt n yitri yessemdayen ɣef wa-ion.Imir-a, tuget n yitran ttwasisemlen s usemres n isekkilen **O, B, A, F, G, K, M** anda itran **O** ig ẓeɣlen yakk sin akin ṭṭafarent-id wid i d-izgan deffir-is alamma d asekkil **M** iga d asemmaṭ yamk gar-asen, s umata itran n **O** ttilin d izegzawen, **B** d izegzawen mellulen, **A** d imellalen, **K** d ičinayen, **M** d izeggaɣen maca ini n yitri yezmer ad yemgarad cwiya s unect n teẓɣelt-is d teskanin-isDeg unagraw n usesmel n yitran amiran (igan d asesmel n Morgan–Keenan) tettili-d tmerniwt n wuṭṭunen seg 0 alammad 9 ɣer usekkil i d-immalen aylal (**O B A F G K M**) i wakken ad immal amraw (1/¹⁰) gar n sin n isekkilen imṭafaren, Amedya A5 uga d smus n imrawen gar n A0 d F0. Yerna yella usesmel niden ittwagber daɣen deg usesmel n Morgan–Keenan, aya iga d tadusi n waffaw s isekkilen yettwasnemlen s isekkilen iṛumaniyen **I II III IV V**

## Tilmas n yitran

Llant waṭas n telmas d wanawen n yitran. Dɣa wid yettarran ahidṛujin s talɣa turmidt s uzday aɣisan ɣer uhilium deg tlemmast-is ttwasemman itran n **welkam agejdan**, Talmest-a tga d tallit tamezwarut seld n tlallit akken ilant (sɛant) tasuddest takrurant yecban tasuddest n tfukt, itri ameqqran yakk deg ubleɣ gar n yitran n welkam agejdan d win ilan akdu meqqren d teẓeɣt yeflalen (ini-ines d azegzaw). Ableɣ n yitran-a yettili gar n 5% n ubleɣ n tfukt (azal n 109 n tegnit) i yitran yettilin s ddaw n welkam agejdan alamma d 10 n tikkal n ukdu n tfukt (itran izegzawen) ma d taẓɣelt tajummant tettili gar n 3.000° C (izeggaɣen) alamma d 50.000° C (izegzawen d imellalen).
Deg tazwara n tsut tis 20 imesnullanen bṭan itran ɣer 7 n tegrawin akken ifkan isekkilen ilatinen d azamul i d-immalen taẓɣelt tajummant.

## Tasladt n waggwa

## Amezruy n usesmel

## Asesmel n Harvard

## Asesmel amiran

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Immiren
Urar anvidyu

Urar anvidyu d urar aliktṛunan i yesɛan taɣerɣaṛt n useqdec i yettaǧǧan amdan i tt-yessexdamen ad yettemyibdal tigawin akked wurar s wacu i yetturar s tmeẓṛiwt n tugniwin d tvidyutin i s-d-terra tmacint. Amyurar n wurar anvidyu yessexdam kra n wallalen i wumi qqaren ibenkan iwakken ad yettak tigawin i wurar-nni.
Ernst Gottlieb Baron

**Ernst Gottlieb** (17 fuṛaṛ 1696 - 12 yebrir 1760) d amseddas Analman ilul di Wroclaw deg tmurt n Pulunya, yemmut di Berlin deg Lalman

## Tameddurt-is

## Imahilen-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Akdu uɣmir

**Akdu uɣmir** i kra n tfekka d akdu imeẓri n tfekka seg kra n wadeg yettwakten d tiɣmert.
Akdu uɣmir yettusemres deg tesnallunt i wakken ad imel akat n tfekkiwin deg tallunt 

## Tiftarin tusnakin
Asiden n ukdu uɣmir n kra n talɣa d ayen izemren ad yili s usemres n wassaɣ:
:\delta = 2 \arctan \left(\frac{1}{2}\,d / D \right),
Anda 
\delta ukdu uɣmir
d d D d akdu imeẓri d westum ɣef tfekka yettwaktan s yiwet n tigget ya mi ara ad yili D yugar s waṭas  d, d ayen izemren ad yili usades n watig \delta s wassaɣ \delta = d / D anda atig n tiɣmert tettwaket s uradyan.

I lment n tfekkiwin timezzayin ilan (yesɛan) akdu-ines imdetti yegda d_\mbox{act} akdu uɣmir yettwafk-d s wassaɣ:

:\delta = 2 \arcsin \left(\frac{1}{2}\,d_\mbox{act} / D \right).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Ammas n umazellaw

**Ammas n umazellaw** d ammas n tuzzya n umazellaw n uɣaras n walim ɣef yiman-is, yaggug s wazal n 27,000±1,000 yifawatayen ɣef tegnit deg tnila n tezdemt n uneccab d Ophiuchus d tkureẓma deg wadeg yettfeǧǧijen yakk s waṭas deg umazellaw. Akken i ttɣilen imusnawen d akken yella dinna wemruj aberkan abarar deg wammas n umazellaw.

## Asentem n tilin n wammas amazallaw d wuggug-is
S usrag n tilin n ugedṛuṛ agratraw ɣef teɣzi n uzlem n yiẓṛi, d ayen yettaǧǧan tazrawt d wannay n wammas n umazellaw d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) s uzenzar imeẓri neɣ s unegjenjaṛ neɣ s uzenzar n X. Isalan i d-kksen imusnawen seg wannay n uzenzar n gamma d X d tid yeflalen s tfasa yakk d wannay n azenzar aderzeggaɣ ilan teɣzi n tayyugt ɣezzifen

Deg useggas n 1918, Harlow Shapley yukez-d imsidgenn wammas n umazellaw i tikkelt tamezwarut ass mi yella izerrew asedger n iguza itrawen, dɣa yukez-iten-d akka: Aluy aɣɣad 17h45m40.04s, mil -29° 00' 28.1".

## Amruj aberkan abarar

## Tineẓẓi tatrawt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Aseggas amezzay

**Aseggas amezzay** neɣ **Aseggas anafuk** d teɣzi n uzemz i tettaṭṭaf tfukt i wakken ad tuɣal ɣer yiwen n wansa (adeg) seg tuzzya n tsemhuyin am wid yettilin deg tegnit (seg wemlulli anafuk ɣer wemlulli anafuk, neɣ seg waggad n tefsut ɣer waggad n tefsut). Seg zik-nni, imusnawen sneflayen seg tbadut d usenmel n useggas amezzay, ma d tura ssenmalent d akken-it d azemz i yesri yisig n usebges n tfukt i wakken ad yernu ɣef 360 n tseddarin i wakken ad ifakk tuzzya tasemhayt tummidt. Dɣa aseggas-a yettumeggez d tigejdit ɣef wacu i tsenned teswast tagrigurt

## Tanzagt

## Tasnettit

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Arured amaway

**Arured amaway** d astum id tteddu kra n tfekka deg tigget n wakud, akken i tga d atig amaway, ayen yennumken d akken-it temsekni s tnila tulkint. dɣa anecta d aylan axatar i wrured acku arured ila (yesɛa) atig ulkin yettwakten s m/s neɣ s km/t yerna deg tusnakt yettili-d umeyyez n tnila n urured s wamu (→) i wsefrer n usiden

## Tilmas n urured amaway

## Amcekkaṭ

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Ammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan

**Ammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan** (s Tegnizt: cosmic microwave background radiation)  d  azenzar azrurdekran yettilin deg yal tama d teɣmert n usedday s yiwen n udwas d usegder, taẓɣelt-is tegda 2.725° C. 
Tanfalit tamatant tga d «**izenzaren udfiren**» yennumken izenzaren izrurdekranen ɣef waci i d-illa wanza (ttbut) ɣef tilin-ines deg yal adeg deg tallunt akken ur yettwazmer ara ad yili usemyif kra n uɣbalu yettwanalin deg-s. Izenzaren uddiren i d-izgan s deffir n tɣult n tayyugin timikṛuwanin **izenzaren udfiren n usedday** s usrag n wazal-is meqqren deg tassnamdelt tasengamt akken i tettwasemma daɣen s «izenzaren 3 C» s usrag n teẓɣelt-is d tneẓẓi n tfasa-ines yudren.
Mi ara ad nwali ɣer tegnawt s umsaddas ad nẓer istumen meqqren gar n yitran d imazellawen i teddel tebrek, dɣa d anecta yettwasemman s wammar udfir. Maca mi ara ad neǧǧ amsaddas s wacu id nettaney yis tafat timeẓrit w ad nwali s umsaddas izemren ad iẓer tayyugin tisedrarin ad aɣ-d-isseknew tafat timdellest yeččarayen tudfirt-nni, yerna izenzaren-a ur ttbeddilen ara seg wadeg ɣer wadeg niden, maca ttnfufuden s ugdu deg yideggan n usedday yakk. Issek (taqacuct) n uzenzar-a tettili deg tjumma n teɣzi n tayyugt 1,9 mm ayen yegdan 160,2 n imelyaṛen Hertz  (160&nbsp;GHz). Izenzaren-a ttwasnirmen-d sɣur n sin n inagmayen Arno Allan Penzias d Robert Woodrow Wilson deg useggas n 1964 ayen id ten-yeǧǧan ad awin Arraz n Nobel di tsengama deg useggas n 1978Ammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan yettumeggez d anza i d-isbanayen d akken aṭerṭeq ameqqran i d aẓaṛ n usedday. Ass mi yella usedday-a d amaynu (send ma ad nnulfun yitran d yimtiwgen) yella ila (yesɛa) tineẓẓi d teẓɣelt yugaren tid n tura akken ila asfijjej yemnummsen n usigna mellulen iẓeɣlen seg plazma n uhidṛujin

## Assegzi n tumant

## Tiskanin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren

## imniren
Tamezza (tusnakt)

**Tamezza** neɣ **Tazikit** n kra n wunuɣ ugniw d teɣzi yettneflalin i tuzzya n wunuɣ-a, Asiden n tmezza yettusemres (amedya) i wguccel n tesmekta n ucabak yettusefken n wafrag

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tigni

Deg tenzeggit, **Tigni** neɣ **Tizwi** d akat n tuẓẓma n twinest neɣ n tuzza. Ma d tigni n kra n umtiweg iga d tizzungeltis. Tuzza tla (tesɛa) tigni n 0, ma d tagra timifedg usdid ila tigni n 1.

Amtiweg amazzay ila amili agaman i wemsel neɣ i tigni,Asemdu n webralmas isselfaw-d **tamerruzt tasbegsant**.
S tusnak, tigni tettwafek-d s: 

::f=\mbox{ver}(o\!\varepsilon)=2\sin^2\left(\frac{o\!\varepsilon}{2}\right)=1-\cos(o\!\varepsilon)=\frac{a-b}{a}\approx\frac{15\pi}{4GT^{2}\rho}\ ;
anda a d b gan d izenzaren n waggad d usafaylu n umtiweg, s umdafar, d o\!\varepsilon\,\! iga d ’**aɣwali uɣmir**. Tamawaẓt d taɣbelt deg tegʷnit n umtiweg amengi seg tneẓẓi tayiwnit, dɣa tga d tasɣent n imezgi aldayan aseddayan, G, n tallit n tuzzya T yakk n tneẓẓi \rho.
Akken i tella daɣen tigni tis snat, *f' * (tikwal tettwasezmel « *n* ») :

::f'=\tan^2\left(\frac{o\!\varepsilon}{2}\right)=\frac{1-\cos(o\!\varepsilon)}{1+\cos(o\!\varepsilon)}=\frac{a-b}{a+b}.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aggad n tefsut

**Aggad n tefsut** neɣ **Armat n tefsut** deg wezgen agafan n tiṭṭ n tfukt d aggad anafuk i d-yettilin deg wass n 20 neɣ 21 neɣ 22 meɣres, dɣa tafukt deg wass-nni d tin i d-ittrusen sfid sufell n usebges, tettas-d seg wezgen anaẓul igebren Ustṛalya d wezgen anaẓul n Tferka d Temrikt tanaẓult d kra n imuren seg uzunmenẓaw n Lhend

Deg wass n waggad n tefsut ttemgadan (ttemsawan) wass d yiṭ akken i d-ittwaleɣ deg wass-nni ɣef usemti (beddu) n tsemhuyt n tefsut deg wezgen agafan (ma deg wezgen anaẓul d amwan). Ayen i d-ileddyen tamuɣli deg wass-nni d akken tafukt tettali-d deg tseddart n 90 swaswa, dɣa anecta d ayen ilan (yesɛan) azal i wid yexsan (ibɣan) ad issinen azag n walluy n tfukt s tseddi. Akken daɣen i d-tɣelli deg wazag amdetti

## [[Taswast|Tiswasin]]

## Asfuggel

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tajumma

**Anrar** neɣ **Tajumma** d akat i kra n tama yettwasuttlen deg kra n tɣult ɣef tiggi, d talɣa ifraren deg-s n tama yettwasuttlen gar n kuẓ (4) n izelman s yiwet n teɣzi anda sin deg-sen d imsadaɣen ma d sin niden d ibeddayen yakk d umezwaru. Anecta ad yili s talɣa n umkuẓ. Seg talɣa ayi ad tili tsuddemt n yakk talɣiwin n tjummiwin niden, mi ara ad tili teɣzi n izelman-a d yiwet tigget n wakat n teɣzi, imir-nni tama yettwasuttlen gar-asent yettumeggez d yiwet n tigget n wakat n tjumma. Ihi, ma yella-d wemkuẓ teɣzi n yebdi-ines 1 m, tajumma-ines ad tegdu 1 m²

Asiden n tjumma yezmer ad yili s wemdan n imkuẓen n tigget n tjumma tamurant d tummidt.
Deg unagraw agreɣlan n tiggtin, tigget n wakat n tjumma tga d amiter amkuẓ (m²), dɣa amiter amkuẓ iga d tajkmma n yibdo teɣzi-ines 1 m. Akken illant waṭas n tiftarin yettwassnen i tjummiwin n talɣiwin ifraren am ikerdisen d iserman d twinas. S usemres n taftarin-a yezmer ad yili usiden n tjumma n yal ibdi s wegzam n yibdiyen ɣer ikerdisen neɣ ɣer twinas i tuwwit (aḥelli) n talɣiwin tuzligin yakk d tilas

## Tigda i wsiden n tjumma

* Tajumma n wesrem = teɣzi × tehri 
D agejdam d akken tajumma n wesrem i d-iqqaren d akken tajumma n wesrem tegda teɣzi-ines × tehri-ines, dɣa anecta d ayen izemren a d-ittwakez war anza fell-as s turrit n tamawt mi ara ad ittwaqelled wesrem tehri-ines d tigget ma d teɣzi-ines d kra n wemdan seg tiggtin, ad yettwala d akken amdan n tiggtin timkuẓin i d-issiliɣen tajumma n wesrem tegda amdan n tiggtin tizegrarin (n teɣzi) i d-issiliɣen teɣzi n wesrem, yerna s tmerniwt n wemdan n tiggtin n teɣzi ad yettwala d akken tajumma n wesrem trennu s yiwen n watih, s wanecta ad ibin d akken tajumma n wesrem tegda teɣzi-ines × tehri-ines. 
* Tajumma n ukerdis = ½ × azadur × tiddi, s tira deg tugna:  A = b.h/2  anda: **b** d teɣzi n uzadur, ma d **h** d teɣzi n tiddi.
* Tajumma n tiggi n twinest A = \pi r^2 \, anda: **r** d azgen n ukdu n twinest.
* Tajumma n tiggi n tuzza A = 4 \pi r^2 \, anda: **r** d azgen n ukdu n tuzza.
* Tajumma n uzunglay: Pi ({\pi}) × azgen n ukdu n ugellus ameqran × azgen n ukdu n ugellus ameẓyan
* Akat n tjummiwin ticuranin d tid yettwasuttlen yezmer ad yili s usemres n tussna n uneẓlay d weɣrad
* Tajumma n umkuẓ = teɣzi n yibdi L² neɣ **A = L<sup>2</sup>**

## Tiggtin n wakat n tjumma

## Tjummiwin n kra n telɣatin timenzagin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ableɣ

**Ableɣ** d amsektay asangam i wakat n taɣult i d-ttaṭṭaf kra n tfekka deg kra n wadeg, Ableɣ yemgarad ɣef wenrar, acku anrar iga d asmektay n tɣult tasenseggawt (2D), ma d ableɣ iga d asmektay n tɣult takerseggawt. Amedya, I wsiden n ubleɣ n ugasas ad nekfed anrar n yiwen seg wudmawen-is ɣef tiddi. Ableɣ ur yeqqin ara ɣer tkura neɣ ɣer wazuk maca iga d taskant seg teskanin n tenga tisimanin acku iga d tajumma kan ɣef wacu i d-teẓẓun tfekka, dɣa ma tella tneẓẓi-ines teflal ad yili tkura-ines meqqer ɣas ma yella ubleɣ-is meẓẓiy. s wanecta tineẓẓi d ubleɣ zemren ad gucclen takuramaca ur ila ara (ur yesɛi ara) atig iman-is deg usiden n tkura,ma d azuk iga kan d tadusi n welday (ajbad) i ṭṭafarent tfekkiwin anda ig mgarad seg wadeg ɣer wayeṭ, amedya: tifekkiwin deg Yebter ẓẓay-it ɣef tfekkiwin deg tegnit acku dinna yulek i tdusi n welday meqqren.
Azamul n ubleɣ d V, yettwakat s tiggtin tusligin, amedya: m³ neɣ cm³ neɣ mm³.

Ableɣ n ugasas yettwakat s 3 n iseggiwen idiganen: Teɣzi, Tehri d Tiddi. Ableɣ yettusemres deg tenfalit n tɣawsiwin timdettiyin am wesfer d tmuskiwin ... Atg, acku tiɣawsiwin-a yakk lant teɣzi d tehri d tiddi.
* Ableɣ n ugasas = teɣzi × tehri × tiddi^3
* Ableɣ n umsadaɣ n iserman = teɣzi × tehri × tiddi
* Ableɣ n uzamug = (tajumma n uzadur × 3) × tiddi

## Akat n yibleɣen n tfekkiwin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Anagraw agraɣlan n tiynin (SI)
* Tigget n usekti
* Litra
Taldayt n tjumma

**Taldayt tajummant** n kra n tfekka tagennawt neɣ n tfekka niden d taẓukt s usrag n yiger aldayan adigan n tfekka ɣef tjumma n tfekka-nni ya.
Taldayt tajummant tettwaket s usemres n umiter deg tsint tamkuẓt igan d tigget n usizzel deg inagraw agreɣlan n tiggtin. Akken i tezmer ad tili tenfalit ɣef teldayt tajummant i tfekkiwin s usemres n teldayt tameslugent tanamurt am akken d amnir i wserwes d wakat yegdan T  = 9.80665 m/s2

Deg tsengallunt, tezmer ad tili tenfalit ɣef teldayt tajummant am tmektit *T* (log g) i d-ittilin s tenfalit d wakat n teldayt tajummant deg Anagraw n CGS, anda tigget n usizzel tga d cm/s⁴, sin akin tuddma n ulugaritm asuzmir 10.
S usenned ɣef d akken taldayt tessemday ɣef kra yellan s tugdut, war tamuɣli ɣdr takura-ines deg wegram d ukiligram 

## Taldayt tajummant, azgen n ukdu d tkura

## Ɣeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Azarmezruy

**Azarmezruy** d irem i d-immalen tallit yezwaren asnulfu n tira deg Sumer d Yiraq gar n 3400 d 3200 ST, Tallit-nni tessiliɣ-d talliyin tisnakalin d talliyin tineẓruyin d igezzumen ikudanen n tallit-a taɣezfant

Deg unẓul n Fṛansa d Spanya ttwafen-d yifran llan izdeɣ-iten ufgan amenzu send n 35.000 n iseggasen deg-sen isunɣen i d-immalen tudert-is d wayen i d-teẓẓun i ugaraw-is 

Azarmezruy yebṭa ɣer 5 n talliyin:
Tazzla n teslullit

Deg tsengama, **Tazzla taslullit** d tazzla deg wanda i d-tettili deg-s tfasa tamussayt i kra n tfekka tegda tafasa-ines tanudebt, ayen yennumken d akken tanafa-nsent tegda 0, anecta yennumk daɣen d akken tazzla i d-tekkes tfekka ur telli deg tjumma ur telli deg tmezzit tumdilt. Ma d ass mi ara ad tembiwel tfekka s tazzla n trewla w ad ittaggeg (ad ittbeɛɛid) ɣef tegnit imur-nni ad islukkuz w ad iṭɣaray maca ur yettawaṭ ara, ayen yennumken d akken tazzla ur tettuɣal ara d 0, neɣ ma yella teffeɣ tazzla n trewla i tikkelt tamezwarut anecta ur iserri ara (ur yettuḥwaj ara) ɣer usemdu n tmerniwt n tdusi n udemmer ɣef tfekka alamma yesmed (ikemmel) tarewla-ines.
D imezdi daɣen usenmel d tbadut n tazzla taslullit d akken-it d tazzla yettwatteen i trewla ɣef yiger n teldayt. Azamul-is iga d v_e tettwasiden s wassaɣ:
:v_e = \sqrt{\frac{2 \cdot G \cdot M}{r}}
Anda G d timezgit taldayant tamatut (6.67408 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 t−2 ), M ia d takura n umtiweg, ma d r d aqqaṛ-ines.
* Ad nessegri deg usaduf-a d akken tazzla n teslullit n kra n tfekka ur tegguni ara ɣef tkura-ines maca tegguni kan ɣef tkura n umtiweg.

Deg yiger n teldayt n tegnit, i wakken kra n tfekka ad teǧǧ tagnit w ad terwel fellas tesri tazzla taslullit v_{e} yegdan azal n 11,2 km/t, maca tarewla ɣef teldayt n tfukt d ttwaffɣa seg wudus anafuk seg yiwen n wazag yesri ɣer tazzla taslullit yegdan 42.1 km/t

Mi ara ad tili tuzzla i d-ittunefken tugar tazzla n trewla, imir-nni tafekka ad teṭɣar seg \upsilon\infty hypebrolic excess speed, s unect n tagda ayi:

v\infty=v^2-ve

## Alɣu amatu

## Umuɣ s tazzliwin tislullitin

## Taslullit deg [[amruj aberkan|wemruj aberkan]]

## Taslullit deg wudus anafuk

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Affa

**Affa** (s Tegnizt: *Radiance*) d tasmekta n tfasa n tafat i d-iteffɣen deg yiwet n tsint seg 1 cm2 seg kra n tjumma iteddun ɣer kra n tnila s talɣa taratakt i teɣmert tuntimt. Tigget n waffa deg unagraw agreɣlan n tiggtin iga d watt i yal amiter amkuẓ i yal ustirdyan (W·sr−1·m−2), anda tajumma (m³) tettili d taratakt deg tnila n tafat

Asegder n tafat deg yilem yeṭṭafar tadɣert d tnila. Amedya, Tasfawt (llamba) i d-iberrun i tadla n tafat deg texxamt tamsullest mi ara ad yettwassen wadeg n tesfawt d tnila deg wacu i d-ittak tafat yettak-d tazmert i weglam n tesfawt. Anecta yennumk d akken kra n tajumma meẓẓiyen iwulan ɣer uɣbalu n tafat seg zdat tetteɣlay-d fellas tfasa meqqren s wassaɣ ɣer tjumma ur nwula ara srid i tafat

Seg tsekna tixatarin yakk n waffa d akken iga d imezgi n watig deg uzerrig aɣɣad, dɣa taskent-a tettusemres s tuget deg yisnasen tsekdanin. S yis yezmer ad tili tussna n tassast n usefliley n tfukt d yitran.
Asumer n tafat d akken-it ur tettwasemdu ara s wammas deg wanda i d-tettenfufud deg-s yettili d imezgi gar n sin n wazagen P1 d P2, atig n waffa yettaǧǧan azag P1 deg tnila n P2 yegda atig n waffa i d-ittawaṭen ɣef wazag P2 seg tnila P1.

## Asiden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Ramin Djawadi

**Ramin Djawadi** (s tfarsit رامین جوادی, ilul-d di  19 Yulyu 1974) d amẓawan almani. Yettwassen s tmiludiyin ines i usaru n Marvel *[[:en:Iron_Man_(2008_film)|Iron Man]]* 2008 akked umazrar n HBO *[[Game of Thrones]]*. Yexdem daɣen timiludiyin i yisura niḍen am  *[[:en:Clash_of_the_Titans_(2010_film)|Clash of the Titans]]*, *[[:en:Pacific_Rim_(film)|Pacific Rim]]*, *[[:en:Warcraft_(film)|Warcraft]]* akked *[[:en:A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)|A Wrinkle in Time]]*, akked yimazraren n tliẓri am *[[:en:Game_of_Thrones|Game of Thrones]]*, *[[:en:Prison_Break|Prison Break]]*, *[[:en:Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)|Person of Interest]]*, *[[:en:Jack_Ryan_(TV_series)|Jack Ryan]]*, akked *[[:en:Westworld_(TV_series)|Westworld]]*. Yerbeḥ snat n Emmy Award i *Game of Thrones*, di 2018 i uḥric "The Dragon and the Wolf" yerna di 2019 i "The Long Night".
Arafu

arafu (s tesblyunit: Arafo) tga taɣiwant tezga deg temnaḍt n Santa Kruz di Tinirifi yeḍfṛen i temnaḍt  n tegzirin uknari . g usiḍen n useggas 2011 yiweḍ uṭṭun n imzdaɣen nnes ar 5.536 n ufgan
Kamal Ḥemmadi

**Kamal Ḥemmadi** s yisem-is aḥeqqani **Lεerbi Zeggan**, ilulen ass n 22 deg duǧember 1936 deg At Dawed (Tizi Wezzu), d acennay aqbayli d bab uẓawan d yimeslayen, maca yura daɣen imeslayen n tuɣac s taεrabt n Lezzayer. Yettwassen ladɣa s leqdic i iga akke d waṭas inaẓuren n tsutiwin yemgaraden, gar-asen wid mucaεen am At Mengellat, Ǧamal Σellam, Lεenqa, Xaled, Maami ; akka tura yura ugar n 2000 n tezlatin.  Temṭṭut-is d Nura.
The Godfather

***The Godfather*** d asaru amarikani n tejrimt, yeffeɣ-d deg 1972, yessufeɣ-it-id Francis Ford Coppola i yuran asinaryu akked Mario Puzo, yebna ɣef wungal sɣur Puzo "The Godfather" i d-yeffɣen deg 1969. Asaru-agi ttekkan deg-s yisegbaren am Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Richard Castellano, Robert Duvall, Sterling Hayden, John Marley, Richard Conte, akked Diane Keaton. Tidyanin n teqṣiḍt-agi ḍrant-d di twala seg 1945 ɣer 1955, taqṣiḍt-agi tḥekku ɣef twacult n Corleone i yḍefren Vito Corleone (Brando).
Adrar n Ṭariq

Adrar n Ṭariq  (s Tenglizt: Gibraltar، ) d tamnaḍt n unbaḍ ayemman yeḍfren i isni (ttaj) abriṭani، tezga temnaḍt agi deg ufellay n yiffus n tegzirt n ibirya tameẓyant , d afella n temnaḍt n iẓṛan nna yellan g waman n y-ilel Agrakal. yusad isem nes seg y-ism n ageldun n teɣrmt n ṭanja Ṭariq n Ziyad . adrar n ṭariq d tamnaḍt tstaɛmer temurt n briṭanya ar aseggas 1981 asmi tekkis briṭanya tasga ad yessutr ad yqqimi g temnaḍin anbaḍ aymman , asmi yqqima seg listiɛmar nnes amezwaru. dat asnfel n anaw wenbaḍ g tamnaḍt udrar n ṭariq ،tessuter spanya ad tuɣal tamnaḍt ad ddaw ifassen nnes. 
tella ar ma tmtawa jar timura n umtawa g tullsa n tmnaḍt ɣr sblyun g yella ttanazul abriṭani ɣafs. maca briṭanya tbṛṛaḥ blli ur ayttnazl xf tmnaḍt ad , tenna belli anbaḍ aymman ur ad ykks tillit n tamnaḍt ɣer isni (ttaj) abriṭani. akd mkan tmtawa bṛiṭanya ɣaf ad ynnurzm asagen n udrar n ṭaṛiq s sdat n iɣṛṛuba n sblyun. g iseggasen tsmaynu sblyun assutr nns s tullsa n adrar n ṭaṛiq ddaw unbaḍ n sblyun ar ma tfawḍ d tanbaḍt n briṭanya ، maca imzdaɣn n tmnaḍt ugintt s udwas kkern mgal llig gan akk ibriṭaniyen s uẓur.
Briṭanya Tameqqrant

**Briṭanya Tameqqrant** (s taglizit : *Great Britain* neɣ *Britain*), d tegzirt tezgad deg Turuft Ugafa ger Ugaraw Aṭlasi. Tajumma-ynes 230 000 km².

## Timura n Tegzirt n Briṭanya Tameqqrant
Tegzirt n Briṭanya Tameqqrant deg-s kraḍ n tgeldiwin n Tagelda Yedduklen :

*  Legliz
*  Tamurt n Yigaliyen
*  Skutlanda

## Isem
Zik Briṭanya Tameqqrant qqaren-as s talatint : *Britannia*. Akken mi ugdud-is i yunagen ɣer Turuft, *Britannia* tuɣal  *Britannia Major* (Briṭanya Tameqqrant), akken ad tferzeḍ d *Britannia Minor* (*La Bretagne* n Fransa).

## Imezdaɣ
Tegzirt n Briṭanya Tameqqrant tesɛa 66 n imelyunen imezdaɣ, deg 2019. 

## Tizmilin
Montinegro

Adrar Aberkan neɣ mintinigru (s Tutlayt Taṣirbit: Црна Гора/Crna Gora) tga tamurt tezga deg unẓul n turuft. tga yiwet seg snat temura   tamunt n ṣirbya. g 21 mayyu 2006 yella ustay n ubeṭṭu ɣef ṣirbya , yebɣa ugar n 55.5% n inamuren azarug.
tiweḍ tejumma n Muntinigru nig n 13812 km² , uṭṭun n imzdaɣen nnes nig n 650,000 n ufgan، tamaẓunt isem nnes budguritsa .
adrar aberkan iga yiwen seg tigdudayin n yuguslafya tamaynut، deffir ma zzurgen xef w-amun ayuguslavi amezwaru kkuẓ seg sḍiṣt tgdudayin ، jar aseggas 1991 d 1992 ،. Yella ubeṛraḥ s uzarug n temurt g wass n 3 yunyu 2006.

### tutlayin
Iwjilen

iwjilen tga tiɣrmt tameẓyant tezga g temurt n libya tebɛd xef teɣrmt n benɣazi s 400 kilumitr . tga yiwet seg teɣrmin n zikk ، yezwag ɣers hidurut g useggas 400 dat talalit , ism nnes yqqim seg zikk، twassen imzdaɣen nnes s tsebbabt d tekerza d temarrayt. yella ɣur iwjilen yiwen ddur amqqran mgal anekcam Aṭalyani ɣer libya
Nalut

Nalut nettat d tiɣrmt tamaziɣt tezga deg udrar n infusen g tamurt n libya. tebɛd xef teɣrmt n ṭarabls s 276 kilumiṭr, yiweḍ uṭṭun n imzdaɣen nnes 55000 n ufgan aṭṭas nnesn imaziɣen . nettat d tiɣrmet tamezwarut g libya yekkren mgal muɛamar ageddafi , nalut. yella ɣurs ddur amqqran g tgrawla n furar .
tbedd tdamsa n nalut ɣaf tekrza n uzemmur ، d usgmi n w-ulli، mek tbedd af tmarrayt udrar.
Tamurɣi

tamurɣi (s y-ism  ussnan: Locusta) tga yiwen ubaxxu ، yella degs ugar n 20,000 w-anaw deg umaḍal . tga yiwet trabbut n w-agarn ɣurs iḍaṛṛen yedusn da as ttawsen s unttag، ، da itecta Tuga , tezmr ad tnqqaz ar 20 n tikklt n tɣzi n tfekka nnes.
taɣzaft n temurɣi tameqrant yiweḍ jar 3 13 suntim، g tefkka nnes llan igmamen am: ixef d udemr d w-adis , ɣurs sḍis iḍaṛṛen.
yella ɣur-s iɛdawen g ugama am: igḍaḍ d iɣrdayen d talefsa d iɣardmiwen. tamurɣi tga tirmt ɣur aṭṭas n iɣrefan g  umenẓaw n tefriqt d asya d w-aṭṭas n tmura n imuslmn ، yella ɣur tmurɣi aṭṭas n teyafutin am (abrutin 62%) d magniz، d ukalsyum، d uⵒutasyum، g Umangniz، d Usudyum، d uzzal، d ufusfur . ، da yettawḍ leɛmr n tamurɣi jar sin w-iyyuren ar semmus w-iyyuren.
Interstellar

******, d asaru abriṭani 

amarikani n uferriɣ ussnan, yura-t yerna yessufeɣ-it-id Christopher Nolan, yeffeɣ-d deg 2014.

Isgbaren igejdanen deg-s nutni Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Michael Caine, Casey Affleck akked Matt Damon.
Suhila Mɛellem

**Suhila Mɛellem,** d tasegbart tazzayrit, tlul-d di 13 Yunyu 1988 deg Lezzayer.

Turar-d tamlilt n Bibica deg umazrar *Bibic d Bibica*, Tageldunt Ɛebla deg umazrar n *[[Sultan Achour 10|Aselṭan Ɛacuṛ 10]]*, Ṣabrina deg *El Xawa,* yerna Lila deg umazrar n *Wlad Leḥlal*.
Annuz agellusan

Deg tesnallunt, **Annuz agellusan** d Annuz n ugellus n tuzzya n umtiweg s wassaɣ ɣer wejgu deg uswir n tuzzya deg wanda i tezzin yimtiwgen ɣef tfukt.

## Tinnagrawt

## Annuz agellusan deg [[Udus anafuk|wudus anafuk]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Immiren
Ṭareq Lɛeṛbi Ṭurgan

**Ṭareq Lɛeṛbi Tourgane** (s taɛṛabt: طارق العربي طرقان), ilul deg 1959 di Dimecq, Surya, d acennay, amẓawan, ameskar n tezlatin azzayri, yettwassen s umahil ines di tkebbanit tasurit "Ammas n Wines", yerna yettwassen s ccna n yijiniriken i wunuɣen yettewliwilen di Spacetoon am: Mowgli, Captain Tsubasa, Simba.
Ṣaleḥ Aougrout

**Ṣaleḥ Aougrout**, ilul di 22 meɣres 1961 di Brive-la-Gaillarde, Fransa, d asegbar azzayri, ameskar n usinaryu, amekfaḍu n tiliẓri d uṛadyu.

## Tameddurt

### Laṣel d tgerda ines
Ṣaleḥ Aougrout ilul di 22 meɣres 1961 di Brive-la-Gaillarde, Fransa di twacult tazzayrit si Blida. 

### Tizzelt
Tamlilt tamenzut ines tella deg usaru n *Carnaval fi Dachra*. yban-d daɣen deg usaru n Ḍ*awaher wa Sulukat*. yerna deg umazrar n Ddiq f Leqlub.

Deg 2004 d 2005 yurar di Nas Mlaḥ City.

Deg 2006 yurar di Binatna, deg 2007 yurar deg Argent national, d asaru n tmeṭṭut ines Faṭima Belhadj,

Si 2008 ar 2011, yurar tamlilt n yiwen n unehhaṛ n uṭaksi deg umazrar *Djemai Family* (Tawacult n Ǧemɛi) i d-yessuffeɣ Ǧaɛfer Gasem. yeqqel d itri di ssinima n Lezzayer.
Si 2015 ar 2017, yurar tamlilt n Ɛacur 10 deg umazrar mechuṛen Aselṭan Ɛacur 10.
Deg 2016 yurar tamlilt tagejdant di *Bouzid Days*.

### Tameddurt tusligt
Yezweǧ d tsegbart, timseḍrut Faṭima Belhadj, yelli-tsen isem-is Nasiba.

## Imahilen ines

### Ssinima

* 1994 : *Carnaval fi Decṛa* n Muḥemmed Oukassi : Ccix Bṛahim
* 1996 : *Essamidoune* n Faṭima Belhadj : Gayed
* 2007 : *Argent national* n Faṭima Belhadj : Ḥassissen

### Tiliẓri

* 2003 : *Ǧa Lma* : Tizlit
* 2004 : Ḍ*awaher Wa Sulukat*
* 2004 : *Ddiq f leqlub*
* 2004 : *Cuf Wac Ṛak Tcuf*
* 2004 - 2005 : *Nas Mlaḥ City* : Yal aḥric s temlilt tamaynut
* 2005 : Ḥ*adet Wa Ḥadit* : Yal aḥric s temlilt tamaynut
* 2006 : *Binatna*
* 2008-2011 : *Ǧemɛi Family* : Ǧemɛi
* 2010 : *One-man-show*
* 2011 : *Saɛed Lgeṭṭ* : Ɛumaṛ, Baba-s n Saɛed
* 2011 : *Ṛaḥet Lbal Xir Mel Mal*
* 2012 : *Zeyyen Saɛdek 2* : Anfaras Ɛumaṛ
* 2013 : *Makac Muckel*
* 2014 : *Faqr Mental* : Yal aḥric s temlilt tamaynut
* 2015 - 2017 : Aselṭan Ɛacuṛ 10 : Aselṭan Ɛacuṛ
* 2016 : *Buzid Days* : Hani Bouzid
* 2019 : *Ṛayes Qurṣu* : Ṛayes Qurṣu
Sultan Achour 10

**Aselṭan Ɛacur** **10** (s taɛṛabt : السّلطان عاشور العاشر) d amazrar azzayri s 30 n yiḥṛicen n 30 n tedqiqin, yessuffeɣ-it-id Ǧaɛfeṛ Gacem yerna teffeɣ-d 18 Yunyu 2015 deg Echorouk TV.
Ɣessan Massoud

**Ɣessan Mesɛud** (s taɛṛabt : غسان مسعود), ilul di 20 Ctembeṛ 1958 di Dimecq, d asegbar asuri.

## Imahilen ines

* 2005 : *Kingdom of Heaven* : Salaḥeddin
* 2006 : Tiliwin n Tsusmi
* 2007 : *Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End* : Captain Ammand
* 2012 : Ɛumeṛ (amazrar) : Abu Bakṛ Aṣṣiddiq
Tiliwin n Tsusmi (asaru)

**Tiliwin n Tsusmi** (s taɛṛabt: ظلال الصمت) d asaru asaɛudi, yessuffeɣ-it-id yimseḍru asaɛudi Ɛebdellah Lemḥisen. 

## Tagrawt n umahil
Ttekkan yisegbaren imeqranen deg usaru-agi:

Si Saɛudiya: Ɛebdelmuḥsin Nnamir d Nayf Xalef .

Si Lekwit: Muḥemmed Lmenṣur.

Si Surya: Ɣessan Mesɛud, Faṛeḥ Bsissou, Muna Waṣef, d Ṛaǧa Feṛḥat.

Si Lubnan: Iḥsan Ṣadeq.

Aẓawan n usaru ixdem-it umeẓẓawan alubnani Ziyad Ṛṛeḥbani.
Monsters at Work

***Monsters at Work*** (s taglizit : *Monsters at Work*) sulfentid imarikanien aseggas n 2021 sɣur Pete Docter. Tɛadda g telenẓar i tikelt tamenzut ass n 2021.
Aluy amaɣad

Deg tesnallunt, **Aluy amaɣad** (Azamul-is: **α**) d tiɣmert i d-izgan gar n twinest timirant i kra n tfekka tagennawt d twinest timirant i wazag n waggad n tefsut yerna akken i tga deg teɣmert timirant yezmer ad yili wakat n waluy amaɣad s uneccab n twinest n usebges agennaw seg wazag n waggad n tefsut alamma d wazag n wezdiger n twinest timirant i kra n tfekka tagennawt yakked twinest n usebges agennaw.

Aluy amaɣad yettwaket seg wazag n waggad n tefsut s unemgal n tnila n tuzzya n ireqqasen n tesragt (ssaɛa) seg 0° alamma d 360° neɣ s usemres n tmakudt takudant seg tesragt n 0 alamma d tasragt tis 24 n.  yal tasragt tebṭa ɣer 60 n tesdatin u yal tasdidt tebṭa ɣer 60 n tsinin, dɣa tasragt tamezwarut deg unagraw-a tbeddu seg tazwala n usarya n yiɣid ma d tesragt tis 24 tettfakka deg taggara n usarya n tezmekt

## Amedya

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tuzzya n tfukt

**Tuzzya n [[Tafukt|tfukt]]** d amsekni yettbeddilen s unect n tehri taraklant acku tafukt d tin igebren seg plasma tagazawt. Isig n tuzzya yettili d afellay deg usebges n tfukt (Tehri n φ=0o), tazzla ayi tettedras (tettenqas) yal mi ara ad ternu tehri. Dɣa tuzzya taneẓlayt n tfukt tettwaglam-d s tegda ayi:

:\omega=A+B\,\sin^2(\varphi)+C\,\sin^4(\varphi)

Anda:

ω : d arured uɣmir yettwastgen s tseddart/ass.

φ: d tehri tanafukt, tettwasteg s tseddart.

A,B,C : d timezgitin tisengamin.

Atig n tmezgitin A,B,C mgaraden s unect n tarrayt yettusmersen i wakat d tanzagt takudant yettuzrawen. Imir-a, Atigen (azalen) imnummsanen yettwaddgen i tmezgitin-a ttunefken-d s:

:A= 14.713 deg/day ± 0.0491.

:B= –2.396 deg/day ± 0.188.

:C= –1.787 deg/day ± 0.253.

## Tuzzya tasnallant

## Tuzzya tagensawt n tfukt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Agezlan awraɣ

**Agezlan awraɣ** neɣ **Itran n welkam agejdan anaw-G** d itri seg welkam agejdan yeṭṭafaren talmest taylalant **G** yakk d tseddart n usfijjej **V**. Takura tamudemant n yitran am wid-ak-a tga gar n 0,8 alamma d 1,2 n tkurawin tinafukin akken i lan (sɛan) taẓɣelt tajummant yattawaṭen seg 5,300 alamma d 6000 C°. dɣa itran n telmest G atnan di tallit n usuɣel n u hidrujin ɣer Ahilium deg weɣyay-is s temhalt n wezday aɣisan i d-ittilin deh yitran n welkam agejdan yakk.
Tafukt tga d amedya igerrzen yerna d win i d-yufraren yakk deg tegrawt n yitran n G. Yal yiwet n tsint yettili-d wezday n wazal n 600 n imelyan n iṭunnen seg uhidṛuj ɣer uhilium, ayen yettarran azal n 4 n imelyan n iṭunnen seg tenga ɣer tfasa.
Itran niden n G gebren seg alfa Centauri d Tau Ceti d bazgan 51 (51 pegasi).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asesmel atraw
* Acafcal azeggaɣ

## Imniren
Tagrawt tadigant

**Tagrawt tadigant** d tagrawt n imazellawen yudsen ɣer umazellaw-nneɣ (Asif n igenwan). Tagrawt tadigant tegber seg wugar n 54 n imazellawen, Amur ameqqran deg-sen d imazellawen igezlanen. Ammas n tegrawt yezga-d gar n umazellaw n andṛumida yaggugen fellaɣ s wazal n 2,5 n imelyan n iseggasen inafaten.
Tagrawt tadigant teṭṭef tajumma yettawaṭen ɣer 10 n imelyan n ifawatayen deg tallunt Agmam axatar yakk deg tegrawt tadigant issiliɣ-it-id umazellaw n Wasif n igenwan anda tga d tagra akdu-ines ila azal n 150.000 n ifawatayen. D umazellaw n andṛumida yugaren amazellaw n wasif n igenwan s 50.000 n ifawatayen.

Takura n tegrawt tadigant tettawaṭ ɣer wazal n (1.29 ± 0.14) n tkurawin tinafukin, dɣa tagrawt tadigant teṭṭafar tagrawt niden meqqren isem-is afelgazu n teyẓiwt 

## Inaragen n tegrawt tadigant

## Imazellawen n tegrawt tadigant

## Tiwlafin n imazellawen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren