Emmanuel Kant

**Emmanuel Kant** d afelsuf almani (illul-d deg 22 yebrir 1724 di Königsberg - immat deg 12 furar 1804 di Königsberg, Prusen agiuḍan). Yettwasnen am tmeddurt talemmast n tfelsuft tatrart. 

## Tudert-is:
Immanuel Kant ilul yerna yemmut di temdint n Königsberg di tmurt n Prusse (d Kaliningrad di tmurt n Rrusya tura). Tudert-is yakk i tt-yesɛedda din, yerna urǧin yeffiɣ i temnaḍt-is. Yettwassen s tudert-is iṣeḥḥan yerna yeččuṛen d *annaḍ*; yal ass, medden zemren ad walin melmi ara d-iffeɣ neɣ melmi ara d-yuɣal s axxam-is, acku yella yettawi yiwet n tikkelt yal ass ur ittbeddil ara.

Kant yella d aselmad di tesdawit n Königsberg, yesselmad aṭas n tɣawsiwin am tesnallunt, tasengama, yakk d tfelsafit. Isem-is yuɣal meqqer mliḥ s yidlisen-is imeqqranen, gar-asen:

* *Azɣan n Teɣẓint Tazedgant.*
* *Azɣan n Teɣẓint Tasemrest.*
* *Azɣan n Tezmert n Uzraf.*

## Tiẓri tafelsafit:
Tafelsafit n Kant d tin yebnan ɣef *anagraw*  iǧehden, yerna tbeddel udem i tfelsafit n lweqt-nni d tin i d-yernan deffir-s. Aɣawas-is ameqqran yella d asnirem n tilisa n wallaɣ n umdan. Acu i nezmer ad nessen s tidet? Amek i glaq ad idir umdan? D acu i nezmer ad nessirem?

### '''Tussna d Tilawt'''
Send n Kant, llan sin yiberdan imeqqranen di tfelsafit ɣef tussna:

* **Imeɣẓanen**: Qqaren-d belli tussna n ṣṣeḥ tettafrar-d seg wallaɣ kan, am *Descartes*.
* **Iremtiyen** : Qqaren-d belli yal tussna i nesɛa tekka-d seg *tirmit*  n iḥulfan-nneɣ, am timeẓriwt.

Kant yusa-d ad yessemlil gar snat n *tidmiwin*  agi. Yenna-d belli tussna tusa-d s snat tɣawsiwin:

* **Tirmit**: D ayen i ɣ-d-yettasen seg iḥulfan-nneɣ (ayen nwala, ayen nsel, atg.).
* **Tamiḍranin n wallaɣ**: *Allaɣ* -nneɣ mačči d tagida tilemt i deg nettsekles  ayen i ɣ-d-yusan. Maca, llan deg-s yidlisen iɣerfanen (des structures innées) am *tallunt*  d wakud, i yesseqdac i wakken ad yefhem ddunit.

S wakka, Kant ibeṭṭa gar sin wudmawen n tmagit:

* **Tumant**: D ddunit akken i ɣ-d-tettban i nekni s iḥulfant-nneɣ d wallaɣ-nneɣ. D tagi kan i nezmer ad nessen.
* **Tanga s yiman-is**: D ddunit akken tella di ṣṣeḥ, nnig n *tirmit* -nneɣ. Tagi ur nezmir ara a tt-nessen. 

### Timlilɣi d Waɣan
Di teḥḥerci n tmellilɣa, Kant ur yettwali ara ɣer "inalkamen" n tigawt i wakken ad yini ma telha neɣ xaṭi. I wumi iwala, d "lmeqsud" neɣ "lebɣi" n win ixedmen tigawt-nni. I usuyes agi, yebna-d yiwen *amenzay* isem-is **"Annaḍ Amagdez"**.

*Annaḍ* agi yesɛa aṭas n *talɣiwin*, maca snat deg-sent d tigejdanin:

# **Talɣa n Walugen Ameɣradan**: "Xdem kan s *talɣa* n tigawt i tebɣiḍ ad tuɣal d *alugen*  ameɣradan i yemdanen merra." S wawalen nniḍen, qbel ad txedmeḍ kra, steqsi iman-ik: "Lemmer yal amdan ad yexdem am nekk, ddunit tezmer ad teddu?"
# **Talɣa n Talsawt**: "Wal ddunit d umdan, ama d kečč ama d wayeḍ, daymen am "tagara" mačči kan am *ufecku* ." Anamek-is, ur ilaq ara a nesseqdac imdanen i wakken ad naweḍ ɣer yiswiyen-nneɣ *udmawanen*.

Ihi, i Kant, tigawt telha ma yella texdmeḍ-tt ɣef ddemma n *waɣan*  s yiman-is, mačči ɣef ddemma n *tadfi*  neɣ n lexsara.

### Tasertit d Taɣdemt
Kant yella d anazur n *tidmi*  n talluyt (les Lumières). Yumen s tezmert n umdan ad isseqdec *tameẓla*-s i wakken ad yefhem ddunit yerna ad ibnu tudert yelhan. Awal-is yettwassnen "Sapere aude!" anamek-is: "Err-d lhemm, sselmed iman-ik!"

Di tsertit, yella yettwali belli *adabu* yelhan d win ibedden ɣef tlelli n yemdanen, *tamsawit* zdat n *walugen*, d tezmert n yal amdan ad yefk rray-is. Deg udlis-is "Asenfar n talwit amaɣlal", yefka-d *aɣawas* amek i zemrent tmura ad idirent di talwit war imenɣi.

Asemdu: Kant yegla-d s ubeddel ameqqran i tfelsuft tatrart. Tiktiwin-is ɣef tmussni, azalen d tlelli n umdan mazal sɛant azal armi d ass-a. Yettwassen s useqdec n tmusni tarayt d userwes deg tezrawin-is. Ifelsafen n zdat-is ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin nnig n wayen i d-yenna Kant mebla ma bnan ɣef tiktiwin-is neɣ mgalan yid-s.

### Axemmem n Kant ɣef wayen i d-yekkan seg termit:
Deg tazwara, ilaq ad nẓer belli Kant yefka azal meqqren i wayen i d-yekkan seg termit deg tmussni n umdan. Yenna-d belli yal tamussni tebda s termit, maca ur tḥebbes ara din. Ɣur-s, tamussni tebda-d mi ara ad yemmager umdan tamawt tanaddalt s useqdec n yiḥulfan-is.

Deg tegnit-a, yefka-d Kant amedya yessefhamen: mi ara nwali aɣrum yeḥman, ad nḥulfu s teẓɣelt-is s ufus-nneɣ (d termit), sakin allaɣ-nneɣ ad yaf assaɣ ger teẓɣelt d wayen i tt-id-yessekren. Dagi i d-yettak Kant azal i wamek i tettili termit d allal agejdan deg tmussni.

Deg wayen yerzan talɣa n tmussni i d-yekkan seg termit, Kant yessegza-d belli tella gar sin n yiḥricen:

# Aḥric n useḥsas (tettili-d s useqdec n yiḥulfan)
# Aḥric n ussefhem (yettili-d s useqdec n wallaɣ)

Deg tseddart-a, ad d-nessegzi tiẓri n Kant ɣef wassaɣen yellan ger termit d tmussni: yenna-d belli tamussni ur d-tettili ara kan s termit, ur d-tettili ara daɣen s wallaɣ kan. Ilaq ad msefhament akken ad d-ffɣent s tmussni timeɣradant.

Ayen i d-yefka Kant deg wayen yerzan tamussni i d-yekkan seg termit yessaweḍ ad ibeddel amek i nettwali talɣiwin n tmussni. Yessers llsas i waṭas n yiḍrisen d tezrawin i d-yusan seld-s, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tussniwin n ugama d tfelsuft.

Deg taggara, ad d-nini belli tiẓri n Kant ɣef termit, ɣas akka teẓdi, maca tella d tamatut. Tessufeɣ-d azal n termit deg tmussni n umdan, tessegza-d amek i tettekki deg usnulfu n tmussni, daɣen teskan-d assaɣen yellan ger yiḥulfan d wallaɣ deg tmussni.

Tiẓri-a mazal-itt tettwasexdam deg tezrawin timiḍranin n tfelsuft d tussniwin n wallaɣ, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tamussni n umdan d wamek i d-tettili. D tiẓri i d-yeqqimen d llsas i waṭas n tezrawin timaynutin deg unnar-a.

### tiẓri n Kant ɣef wayen yellan deg wallaɣ s timmad-is:
Deg wayen yerzan aḥric wis sin n tiẓri n Kant ɣef tmussni, yemmeslay-d ɣef wayen i nessaweḍ ad t-nissin s useqdec n wallaɣ kan, war ma neḥwaǧ i termit. Aya d asentel agejdan n tezrawt-is "Azɣan n teɣẓint tazedgant"(Critique de la raison pure) ideg yefka-d tasleḍt tameqqrant i tezmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet.

Anamek n "wayen yellan deg wallaɣ s timmad-is": Kant yessegza-d belli llan kra n yiḥricen deg tmussni-nneɣ ur d-kkanen ara seg termit. Aya yeskan-d belli allaɣ yesɛa tazmert ad yaf tidet s timmad-is. Amedya ɣef waya: tussna n tusnakt, anda nezmer ad naf tidet war ma nesteqsa ayen i d-yezgan ɣef termit.

Talɣiwin n tmussni tanalmasit: Deg wayen yerzan allal n wallaɣ, Kant yessegza-d belli llan sin n yiḥricen:

# Azaraf analmasi (jugements analytiques): d ayen i nezmer ad t-naf s useqdec n wallaɣ kan, am usefru "yal tamellalt d tamellalt".
# Azaraf imezzwura (jugements a priori): d ayen i nezmer ad t-nissin uqbel termit, am yilugan n tusnakt.

Azal n tmussni tanalmasit: Kant yefka azal ameqqran i tmussni timsislit acku teskanayd tazmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet s timmad-is. Yessefhem-d belli tamussni-ya tettak-aɣ-d tamusni yettwasnen s wudem amenṣuf, ur tettbeddil ara ɣas mbeddalen wakuden d yimukan.

Tudert n tmussni tanalmasit: Deg tseddart-a, Kant yessegza-d amek i tetteddu tmussni tanalmasit deg wallaɣ n umdan:

* Tebda-d s yisteqsiyen imenza
* Tettabaɛ ilugan n tmusni
* Tettwabna s wallalen n wallaɣ
* Tettwassegza s timmad-is
* Ur teḥwaǧ ara i termit akken ad tettwassen

### Taggara:
S yiraten  agi merra, Immanuel Kant yegla-d s "tagrawla" di tfelsafit. Yerra amdan di tlemmast n tussna d tmellilɣa. Mačči d ddunit i d-yettaken *isefka* i wallaɣ-nneɣ, maca d *allaɣ* -nneɣ i yettakken *annaḍ* d *talɣa*  i ddunit i neẓer. Tafelsafit-is *tameẓdut* d *yennegman* mazal-itt tesɛa *tazrirt*  meqqren ar ass-a.

Tiẓri n Kant ɣef tmussni tanalmasit tbeddel amek i nettwali tazmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet. Tessers llsas i tfelsuft tamaynut, tesskan-d belli tamussni ur d-tekki ara kan seg termit, maca tezmer ad d-tekk seg wallaɣ s timmad-is. Tiẓri-a mazal tettwasexdam deg tezrawin n tfelsuft armi d ass-a, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tamussni d tezmert n wallaɣ ad yissin tidet.https://ia601704.us.archive.org/23/items/encyclopedia-of-philosophy_202010/Volume%205.pdf