open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Luxembourg

**Luxembourg** d yiwet n tmurt tamecṭuḥt ay d-yuzgan ger tlisa, ger yiberdan. Sufella d Biljik ay tt-id-ilessen, swadda d Fransa, ma seg wegmuḍ (ccerq) d Lalman. Akal-agi amecṭuḥ ay d-iweḥlen ger n "yimeqqranen", xas ur yewwiḍ ara wezgen n umelyun n medden ay t-izedɣen, ass-a nefren ad awen-d-nawi fell-as awal, acku tikwal, aṭas ara d-nelmed si tɣawsiwin timecṭaḥ. Naɣ yeqqar-as wanzi ɣur-neɣ "Izem yeḥwaǧ s aɣerda". 

Luxembourg, d tamurt i ɣef ur nsel ara aṭas n tɣawsiwin, d acu kan, aɣlan-agi (nation) amecṭuḥ yesɛa tutlayt-is i yiman-is, d tin umi qqaren taluksemburgit, ur telli d tantala (dialecte) n tefr'ensist wala d talɣa tadigant (forme locale) n talmanit, wanag d tutlayt i yiman-is, d tin ay d iles aneṣli n yimezdaɣen n tmurt-agi yernu yis-s ay ttidiren di tudert-nsen n yal ass. D ayen ibanen ma nenna-yawen-d d akken imezdaɣen n Luxembourg, 

Iluksemburgiyen, d agdud yesɛan nnif ɣef wazalen-is (valeurs), ɣef tnettit-is (identité) akk d tutlayt-is. Dɣa xas ma yella idles afr'ensis yeǧhed, yeffeɣ i tlisa n Fr'ansa alammi ay yewweḍ ass-a s idurar n Ǧerǧer akk d tmura n Tefriqt, xas ma yella tutlayt talmanit tewweḍ ɣer ṭṭerf n wemḍal, anda ma nedda nezmer ad naf wid yettmeslayen yis-s neɣ ay tt-ilemmden, di Luxembourg, ayen yellan d aberr'ani iban, ma d ayen yellan n tmurt d netta ay yesɛan azal meqqren, ur t-rrin di rrif am wiyaḍ, wanag refden-t d asawen akken ad yagar akk ayen d-ikecmen si berr'a. Di Luxembourg, yal taɣawsa tesɛa amkan-is, yal yiwen yesɛa ccɣel-is. Iberr'aniyen keccmen-d ssbeḥ ad qedcen, tameddit, yal yiwen ad yuɣal s axxam-is neɣ ɣer tmurt-is, ma d tutlayin tiberraniyin ay d-ikecmen ɣer Luxembourg akken kecment ɣer tmura nniḍen, sseqdacen-tent Yiluksemburgiyen di leṣlaḥ-nsen, rran-tent d taklatin-nsen deg wexxam-nsen, yal yiwet fkan-as ccɣel-is, d acu kan, mi ara d-taweḍ tizi n tidet, mi ara terzu temsalt asselḥu n tɣawsiwin n tmurt, asselmed n yigerdan akk d usseqdec n tutlayt di tudert-nsen, Iluksemburgiyen d tin-nsen kan ay sseqdacen, xas ssnen mliḥ tafrensist akk d talmanit. Tutlayt taluksemburgit ay yellan d yiwet si tutlayin tiɣelnawin timecṭaḥ akk deg wemḍal, yerfed-itt unabaḍ (gouvernement) aluksemburgi d asawen akken ad tili d tutlayt tamenṣabt (officielle) tamenzut di tmurt, yuɣ lḥal, tamurt-agi tamecṭuḥt, teẓra d akken imi ay d tamecṭuḥt, lǧiran-is zemren ad as-uɣalen d icenga-yines, zemren ad tt-ttcen s tefses. ɣef wanect-a ay terra tutlayt-is, xas akken d tamecṭuḥt d tutlayt n tmurt yernu d yiwen seg yizumal meqqren n tfernant (patrie) taluksemburgit. Anect-a yesskan-d tikkelt nniḍen d akken tutlayt ur telli d awal kan, wanag d tigejdit meqqren di tnettit (identité) n tmura akk d yegduden. D acu kan, nnig waya, tutlayt taluksemburgit yerfed-itt ula d agdud-is deg wul-is, imi ay yuki d akken d nettat ay d tarwiḥt n tmurt-is, dɣa yefka-yas tamkant ɛlayen, xas ad naf aṭas n Yiluksemburgiyen iqeddcen s tefrensist neɣ qqaren aɣmis-nsen s talmanit, iles ay sseqdacen wagar-asen ur d asen-yeɛriq ara, zzux-nsen d tutlayt-nsen, werɛad ur lmiden ara ad zuxxen s wayen ur nelli nsen. 

## Tamselyut
* imedyazen
Tibergent

Llan aṭas n yimukan deg Ldzayer umi qqaren **Tibergent**. Deg twilayt n Mila (deg ccerq n tmurt-nneɣ), ger Ǧiǧel d Sṭif, tella yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt qqaren-as "Tibergent". Daɣen, tella yiwet n taddart deg tama n Ḥemmam Melwan , deg Waṭlas Ablidi, qqaren-as "Tibergent". 
 
Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, awal "tibergent" anamek-is d aɛecciw imdewwer, iseqqef s wedles (d yiwen yemɣi ttseqqifen yis-s ixxamen n zik akk d yiâecciwen). Aâecciw d axxam-nni yebnan s wesɣar u yesleɣ s wakal, tteffren deg-s medden amâic i lmal (iɣersiwen : izgaren, iɣyal, akraren, tiɣeḍḍen), ma d "tibergent" d aâecciw meqqren ciṭṭaṭ u yemgerrad (yemxallaf) ɣef uâecciw n menwala imi ay d imdewwer. Ur ẓriɣ ara ma yella deg teqbaylit n Ḥemmam Melwan (ay d-mazal la tt-ttmeslayen ar ass-a), "tibergent" qesden-d yis-s ay-n ay d-nesqed nekni, yernu bɣiɣ diɣ ad ẓreɣ ma sseqdacen awal-agi deg tentalyin timerrukiyin. 
 
ɣer Yimuhaɣ, awal "tabergent" anamek-is d aqiḍun yettwaxedmen s weglim ay deg yella ucebbub. Yuɣ lḥal, Imuhaɣ ttgen iqiḍunen-nsen s weglim, yernu, s umata, aglim-nni yedbeɣ u ttekksen-as acebbub (cceɛr), maca aglim ay yes ttgen "tabergent"-agi ur as-kkisen acebbub. Imuhaɣ ttsemmin daɣen isem n "Intabergent". Isem-agi yekka-d seg "In" (win), rnu-yas "tabergent", anamek-is "bu tbergent". Isem-a d aklan n Yimuhaɣ ay yellan ttsemmin-t s waṭas.
At Lqayed

**At Lqayed** d taddart id yezgan di tama n Wegwni Geɣran, deg Iwaḍiyen. Tettwasen s yexxamen-ines iqburen yeqimen aken i llan zik. Deq-s imeraḥen id ittruḥun ɣers a ttwalin.

## Tamselyut
* Tasɣunt "La Région" , Uṭṭun 01, Furar 2007.
Ifnayen Ilmaten

**Ilmaten** d yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt tuzga-d deg twilayt n Bgayet, deg tama n Yefnayen. Tama n Yelmaten tettwassen s ufexxar-is aqdim, u din ay d-ilul ucennay ǧamal Ɛellam deg 1947.
 
Isem n "Ilmaten" d asget (pluriel) n "alma".
 
Zik daɣen, ula d Boudouaou (yiwet n temdint tuzga-d ger Ldzayer d Bumerdas) qqaren-as "Alma".
 
Muḥend U Ssaɛid Bulifa (Boulifa), deg yiwet n tmawalt n tmaziɣt, yessuqqel-d "alma" s wawal afrensis "jardin". Dɣa ula d nekni nessumer-d deg tmawalt-nneɣ n tmaziɣt tatrart (moderne) ad d-neqqar "alma azayez" (jardin public), alma n yiɣersiwen (jardin zoologique), alma n yemɣan (jardin botanique) akk d welma n yigerdan (jardin d'enfants). 

## Tudrin
*Ilmaten 
*Aɣumras  
*Leɛzib 
*Timri
*lxerrub 
*Tibrahmin 
*Ieamrucen
*At Cenni 
*Tixerrubin 
*Tawrirt 
*Tiɣilt n At Zeyyan
*Tiɣilt Mesɛud 
*Lqelɛa 
*Larbaɛtac

## Muqel Daɣen

* Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet
* Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu
Tasammart

**Tasammart** (neɣ Tassameurt s tefrensist) d yiwet meẓẓiyen i d-izgan deg ugafa n ugezdu n Burj Bu Ɛririj, deg usamar n tmurt n Leqbayel.

## Aẓar n wawal

Tasammart yekka-d yisem-is seg wawal "asammar". Awal-a sseqdacen-t deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, yernu yessefk ad nẓer dakk-n llan waṭas n Leqbayel deg tama n Lburj Bu Ɛririj. Deg teqbaylit, "asammar" d amkan-nni n wedrar neɣ n yiɣil ay yettḥaz yiṭij. Yuɣ lḥal, adrar d yiɣil seɛɛun sin yidisan, yiwen tettḥaz-it tafat n yiṭij, qqaren-as "asammar", ma d wayeḍ ur t-tettḥaz ara tafat n yiṭij, yedreg  ɣef yiṭij, qqaren-as "amalu". Llan aṭas n yimukan umi qqaren "asammar" neɣ "amalu". Tella  yiwet n  taddart deg Yiwaḍiyen, qqaren-as "Tagemmunt n Lejdid'", yella deg-s yiwen webrid qqaren-as "Abrid n Usammar", acku abrid-nni yuzga-d deg "usammar" n taddart-nni, anamek-is idis-nni ay yettḥaz yiṭij.

## Tamselyut

## Muqel Daɣen

* Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Burǧ Buɛririǧ
Asamar alemmas

**Asamar alemmas** (s Tserɣint : *الشرق الأوسط*, s Tehibṛut : המזרח התיכון, s Tegnizit : Middle-east) d tamnatt deg wenẓul-ataram n asya akk d ugafa-asamran n tefriqt.
tamnatt agi s umata tesɛa timura-yagi Baḥrayn, Maṣer, Tturk, Iran, Ɛiraq, Israyil, Urdun, Lekwit, Lubnan, Ɛumman, Qaṭar, Tagelda Tasaɛudit, Surya, Limarat Taɛrabin Yeddukklen, Yamen akked Falesṭin.

Dacu, tikwal awal n **Asamar alemmas** yettuseqdac i wakken ad meslayen ɣef tafriqt ugafa.
Tasmanya

**Tasmanya** d yiwet n tegzirt talemmast, tuzga-d deg wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) n Usṭralya. 

Tasmanya d yiwet n tegzirt ay yugaren kan s cwiṭṭ Virginia Taɣerbit [di Marikan, imi Tasmanya tesɛa 67.000 km2] yernu tebɛed 240 km ɣef yiri n lebḥer n wenẓul agmuḍan (sud-est) n Usṭralya. Imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n tegzirt-a d iberkanen ay d-yusan ɣer din asmi ay d-mazal Tasmanya yeqqen-itt wakal akk d Ustralya, meḥsub werɛad tuɣal d tigzirt.

Iberkanen ineṣliyen n Tasmanya llan sɛan acebbub akerčeččay yernu llan deg-sen wid yesɛan aglim d aberkan d wid yesɛan aglim d aqehwi imalen ɣer tezweɣ. Llan d iwezlanen ciṭṭaḥ yernu d ikenderracen (sɛan ciṭṭ n tassemt di tfekka, wwin-d iman-nsen). D nitni ay d imezdaɣen imenza akk n Tasmanya, yernu ma cwiṭ, sɛan 35000 n yiseggasen aya! kka seg wasmi ay bdan yimezwura-nsen a d-wwḍen ɣer din. Asmi iɛedda zzman, yuli lebḥer yernu iɣumm tiqenṭert-nni n wakal ay yeqqnen Tasmanya ɣer Ustralya, dɣa seg yimir-n ay qqimen yimezdaɣen n Tasmanya ttwaɛezlen ɣef wemḍal azal n 10.000 n yiseggasen, yernu werǧin yelli wegdud ay yeddren i yiman-is anect-agi akk deg umezruy n yemdanen.

## Tamselyut
* http://www.mondeberbere.com/tabrat/trabat11.htm  Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK d Belqasem CHELOUCHE.
Tutlayin tisamiyin

**Tutlayin tisamiyin** d tawacult n tutlayin tettekkant di tutlayin tifrusyawiyin, i deg nezmer ad naf taɛrabt d tutlayin yettemcabin ɣur-s, am tɛebrit (tutlayt n wat Israyil) neɣ tafiniqit n zik.

Yusa-d awal agi sɣur isem n mmis n Nuḥ : Sam ass mi yessuli yal medden ar uberrabu ines, yexlf-d krad arrac, Sam, Ḥam d Yafet, yal yewen yjaḥ ar tamurt yetf-itt, d yal yiwen deg-sen immeslay tutlayt ines, Sam yefkad tutlayt tasamit, tebda tasamit f aṭas imeslayen, kra deg-sen mmuten, kra tiyad mazal-itent drent, ttmeslayen medden syisen.

## Tutlayin tisamiyin ur mmuten ara

* Taɛrabt, 280,000,000.
* Tamharit, 27,000,000.
* Tigrinya, 6,700,000.
* Taɛebrit, 5,055,000.
* Tasuryant, 1,500,000.
* Silt'e, 830,000.
* Tigre, 800,000.
* Taramit, 605,000.
* Sebat Bet Gurage, 440,000.
* Tamalṭit, 410,000.
* South Arabian languages, 360,000.
* Inor, 280,000.
* Soddo, 250,000.
* Tahararit, 21,283.

## Tiwelhiwin
Malek Bugermuḥ

**Malek Bugermuḥ**, d anazur umezgun aqbayli ilulen ass n 28 yennayer aseggas 1948 deg tɣiwant Iɣzer Ameqqran di temnaṭ n Bgayet. Yebda taɣuri di taddart-is, syin akkin ikemel di Ṣṭif. Deg useggas n 1969, yeffeɣ ɣer Musku, di tmurt n Rrus, iwakken ad ikemmel tussna n taẓuri umezgun.

Ass n 10 uwenbir 1989, yemmut **Malek Bugermuḥ** di yiwet n laksida n tkerrust.
Muḥend Saɛid Fellag

**Muḥend Saɛid Fellag** d anazur urasan (humoriste) aqbayli, d amyaru, d ameskar umezgun n urasan d teḍṣa. Daɣen Muḥend Sɛid Fellag yetturar deg isura. Ilul deg 1950 di Azefun, i d-yefkan aṭas inazuren n tazuri nniden, i cban: Ḥaǧ Lɛenqa, Rwiced, Iftisen, Buǧma Lɛenqis, Ḥnifa, Ḥsisen, Muḥamed d Saɛid Ḥilmi, atg. Baba-s yennuɣ di lɛesker n Fransa di tallit n trad umadal wis II. Yemma-s tella d yiwet iḥemmlen ad teḍs, ahat yeffeɣ-d ar ɣur-s.

## Tameddurt n Muḥend Saɛid Fellag
Asmi yesɛa 8 isegwasen d uzgen, yekcem ar Dzayer tamanaɣt akked yiwen n gma-s. Ɣef 9 n yisegwasen di lɛemr-is yekcem aɣarbaz amezwaru di *[[Ccraga]]*. Di 1968, yekcem s aɣerbaz umezgun di Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Yella yeqqar aṭas imeskaren n tmura umalu, am Aristophane, Eschyle, Plaute, Euripide, ... ladɣa wid umezgun am: Jarry, Becket, Ionesco, atg. 

Deg 1978, iruḥ ar Fransa akked Kanada anda yexdem yal axeddim ur n sefuɣ s imal igerzen. Di 1985, yekcem ar tmurt-is iwakken ad yeqqim din i lebda di leḥsab-is imiren. Di 1986, isewǧed yiwet n tceqquft isemma-yas: "les aventures de Tchop". Imiren tiyaḍ tebɛent-d.

Deg 1990, Muḥend Saɛid Fellag yezweǧ asmi yesɛa 40 isegwasen, imi abrid n tazuri ur tsefka ara akud iwakken ad yili send.

Di cutumber (tzayur) 1993, yuɣal d anemhal umezgun n Bgayet.

Di 1994, rebrab yexdem axeṣar di tmurt, asmi teṭṭerḍeq yiwet n lbumba anda yetturar yiwet n tceqquft, iǧan Muḥend Saɛid Fellag ad yinig ar tmurt n Tunes. Di 1995, yunag ar tmurt n Franṣa, din yuɣal isem-is mucaɛ nezzeh s tceqqufin ines n teḍṣa d urasan. Ticequfin i d-iḥekkun i ɣeblan n tmurt-is.

## Ticequfin n Muḥend Saɛid Fellag
* *les aventures de Tchop*, 1986.
* *Cocktail Khorotov*, 1989.
* *SOS Labes*, 1990.
* *Djurdjurassic Bled*, 1998.
* *Le Bateau pour l'Australie*, 2001.
* *La Casbah*, 2003, d tnazurt Biyuna.
* *Le Dernier chameau*, 2004. 
* *Tous les Algériens sont des mécaniciens*, 2009.

## Idlisen d iḍrisen n Muḥend Saɛid Fellag
Ger idlisen d iḍrisen (livres et textes) i yura, d wi:

* *Les Aventures de tchop*, 1965. [sa première pièce de théâtre]
* *SOS Labes* textes de scène.
* *Cocktail Khorotov* textes de scène.
* *Le Balcon de Djamila* textes de scène.
* *Djurdjurassique bled*, 1999, textes de scène.
* *Rue des petites daurades*, roman, 2001.
* *C'est à Alger*, couverture de Slimane Ould Mohand, Editions JC Lattès, Paris, 2002.
* *Comment réussir un bon petit couscous*, 2003.
* *Le Dernier chameau*, et autres histoires, nouvelles, 2004.

## Isura anda yurar Muḥend Saɛid Fellag
**Muḥend Saɛid Fellag** yurar deg kra isura am :

* 1983 : Liberté, la nuit n Philippe Garrel : Mohand
* 1990 : De Hollywood à Tamanrasset n ''Muḥamed Zemuri
* 1998 : Le Gone du Chaɛba n Christophe Ruggia
* 2001 : Inch'Allah dimanche n Yamina Benguigui
* 2002 : Fleurs de sang de Myriam Mézières
* 2003 : Momo mambo n Layla Marrakci
* 2005 : Voisins, voisines de Malik Chibane : Malouf
* 2005 : Rue des figuiers Yasmina Tahiaoui (Téléfilm)
* 2006 : Michou d'Auber n Thomas Gilou

## Tamselyut
* Fellag
Ḥmed Ɛeyyad

**Ḥmed Ɛeyyad**, isem-is unaẓur **Rwiced**, d yiwen unaẓur aɣerfan aqbayli n ccraḥa, umezgun, issura, akk d Ssinima. Ilul di 20 yebrir 1921 di Lezzayer Tamanaɣt. Yemmut ass n 28 yennayer 1999. Imawlan-is laṣel-nsen seg Aẓeffun, di Tamurt n leqbayel. 

Yekcem ar uɣerbaz amezwaru di 'Susṭara', di 'Kasba tunigt', ur iɛeṭṭel ara yeḥbes leqraya-s iwakken ad yawen imawlan-is i llan xuṣṣen nezzeh di teswiɛt nni udabu ifransisen, uqbel trad umadal wis II. Ixdem aṭas lecxal: ayeznuzu iɣmisen, ay ṣefeḍ isebaden, ayeznuzu iguma d tizegza, atg.

Zzehri-s i wwit armi d yiwen n wass anda anaẓur umezgun ameqqran Maḥbub Sṭambuli, yerra tamawt s wayen yezmer Aḥmed Ayad ad t-yexdem di taẓuri umezgun. Ur iɛeṭṭel ara isawlas-d, yessekcem-it s anar agi umezgun. Yewwi-d srid ar tazeqa 'La Majestic', tura yaka isem-is Aṭlas, di tama n 'Bab Lwad' di Lezzayer tamanaɣt. I semlalit d unaẓur wayeḍ yellan mucaɛ, wagi Racid Qsenṭini, i wakken ad yelmed yid-s. Segmi yuɣal isem-is Racid amecṭuh, neɣ s teɛrabt n Lezzayer Rwiced. Qqaren d tanaẓurt n tiliẓri Nuriya, i s-yefkan isem agi n taẓuri-ines. S isem-is yeqqim armi d tamettant-is. 

Timlilit n sin unaẓuren Aḥmed Ayad d Racid Qsenṭini, d tazwara umecwar ɣezifen n Rwiced, i ikecmen di yal aḥric n taẓuri: ccna, amazgun, tiliẓri, ssinima, atg. Yekcem isyin deg waṭas n temtilin (rôles), di 'les sketch', wala d tcequfin umezgun, ama s tutlayt taqbaylit, n lejdud-is, neɣ s tutlayt taɛrabt n Lezzayer, is i d-ittureba. Isegwasen ar zdat, yuɣal ikecem s anar isura, anda id yurar deg issura yettwasnen ines. Ama d issura imecṭaḥ am: Hasan Terru, Hasan Taksi, d Hasan Niya, neɣ wid imuqren n Sinima, am 'Opium et le bâton', i yellan d adlis n umyaru aqbayli Mulud At Mamar. D assaru anda id yurar zdat inazuren imuqranen wiyaḍ am: Jean Louis Trintignant, Sid Ali Kwirat, Maris Josée Nat, Meḥyedin Bacṭarzi, Mesṭafa Kateb, atg. 

Deg anar umezgun Aḥmed Ayad yurar zdat inaẓuren imeqqranen umezgun azzayri, am : Mulud Turi, Ḥasan Lḥasani, Nuriya, Keltum, Farida Sabunǧi, Yasmina, Larbi Zekkal, Muḥamed Unic, Sid Aḥmed Agumi, atg. Daɣen **Aḥmed Ayad** yella yetteka di tarbaɛt umezgun n Rrayu n teqbaylit, zdat n Ali Abdun, Muḥamed d Saɛid Ḥilmi, Qadri Ṣɣeyer, Ccix Nurdin, Samira, atg. Di tagar isegwasen n 50, netta d Muḥamed d Saɛid Ḥilmi, xedmen di Rradyu n teqbaylit yiwet n tedwilt n necraḥa d teḍṣa, isem-is *Tlata izehwaniyen*.

Daɣen Aḥmed Ayad icna aṭas n tuɣac ama s teqbaylit, neɣ s taɛrabt n Lezzayer, ladɣa tid n taḍṣa d necraḥa.

## Tamselyut

* http://www.racines-izuran.com
Tamalgacit

**Tamalgacit** d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Imalgaciyen, tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tustruniziyin ay ttmeslayen di Asya, am tindunisit. Tewwid amur meqqer n wawalen seg tutlayin tibantutin, ternu awalen seg taɛrabt d swaḥili d tarumit akk d taglizit.

## Tiwelhiwin
Taglizit

**Taglizit** (En: English language), d tutlayt taẓarant n tmurt Lengliz, tettiki deg twacult n tutlayin tiǧermanin, tewwi-d amur meqqer n wawalen seg tutlayin tilatiniyin (ladɣa si tefransist).

Tutlayt Taglizit d tutlayt tamezwarut n tussna d tdamsa deg umaḍal. Di tmura n lezzayer d Umerruk tutlayt-a ur ttwasselmad ara aṭas deg iɣerbazen iɣelnawen.

Tutlayt Taglizit ssawalen-tt 400 imelyanen n medden di Tamrikt (Marikan), Lengliz (legliz), Kanada, Ustralya, Zilanda Tamaynut, Irland, Tafrikt n Wenẓul i yellan ɣur-nsen d tutlyat tayemmatt (mother tongue), d tmura nniḍen am Sswid d Danmark d Finland i tt-isseqdacen d tutlayt tis snat labeɛda i tɣuri deg yiɣerbazen iɣelnawen.

## Tiwelhiwin
ASCII

**ANGAL n ASCII**, (**A**merican **S**tandard **C**ode for **I**nformation **I**nterchange), d angal (code) ifehhem anagar tameslayt n uselkim (machine language).
Ameslay n uselkim d azrar n "0" d "1", d talɣa timisint (forme binaire). Mi ara neẓreg (éditer) azamul (d asekkil neɣ d amḍan..), azamul-a ad yettwasuqqel ɣer tmeslayt n uselkim ; yal azamul yellan ɣef unasiw (clavier), ɣur-s azal-is d angal (code).
Gar wengalen yellan : ASCII, tanselfat (sigle) n (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), angal s tizeɣt amarikan n usmeksel n tilɣa.
Anagalt-a d win n yemḍanen d yisekkilen d tecraḍ n usenqeḍ (signes de ponctuations) n tecraḍ nniḍen.
Angal ASCII, deg-s 256 n wengalen. Tebḍa ɣef sin yeḥricen, yal aḥric deg-s 128.

## Angalen isluganen: (Standard codes)
Seg 0 ar 31, d angalen n usenqed (control) n umyawaḍ (communication) d wayen yeɛnan tsaggazt (impimente). Ticraḍ n wengalen-a ur d-teffɣent ara ɣef ugdil (écran), d ilem.
Seg 32 ar 127, d angalen n tecraḍ n usenqeḍ d yemḍanen (0 ar 9) d yisekkilen imeqqranen, imeẓyanen n ugemmay Arumani. Ticraḍ n wengalen-a teffɣent-d ɣef ugdil.

## Angalen isakaken : (Extensive codes)
Seg 128 ar 255, d tanaglin n wid i d-isnulfuyen iseɣẓanen (Software).

## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net
BASIC

**BASIC** D asewzel (Beginner's All prupose Symbolic Instruction Code). Yeffeɣ-d deg useggas 1965. D tameslayt i d-yemmugen i wid urɛad ssnen nezzeh timeslayin n usihel, acku awalen n umeslay yettuseqdacen deg BASIC sehlen, ferzen. Yelha nezzeh i yinelmaden n tesnawit (aswir amenzu). S kra n wawalen, anelmad yezmer ad yektil: tajumma (surface), ableɣ (volume), azikit (périmètre).atg, neɣ ad ad d-yefru tigdiwin (équations).

## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net
DBase

**DBASE** Ɣer taggara n yiseggasen 70, amussnaw Wayne Ratliff ( iqeddec di NASA), isnulfa-d timeslayen i useqdec n taffa n isefka (base de données), i wumi isemma VULCAN.
Syin akkin, George Tate d Hal Lashlee, gren-d afus, rnan sqewmen-t, armi d useggas 1981, yuɣal isem-is dbase (data base).

## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net
Fortran

**FORTRAN**, Awal-a d asewzel (FORmula TRANslation), tisuqqelt n tenfalit, acku awalen-is sehlen i useqdec n tusnakt (mathématique). Amezwaru i d-yuran fell-as d RUTISHAUSER, deg useggas 1952, maca ur d-yeffiɣ ara i leqdic almi d useggas 1955, s ɣur John Backus. Tameslayt-a telha nezzeh i yinekmaden ussananen n tesdawit.

## Tamselyut
* Verpackungsmaschine Mönchengladbach
* Stretchmaschine
* Palettenwickler
* Umreifungssset
* Kartonverschließer
* Umreifungsmaschinen
* Ladungssicherung
* Hebetechnik
* Ladegurte
Simons + Harren Mönchengladbach
C (tutlayt)

**LANGAGE C**, D tameslayt i d-ilulen deg useggas 1972, sɣur umussnaw Denis Rithie. Deg tazwara, timeslayin-a mmugent-d i useqdec n uselkim (ileḥḥun s UNIX); maca, deg useggas 1989, yuɣ abrid n useqdec s wahil, yuɣal am wid neẓra yakan.

## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net 

## Tiwelhiwin
Isabelle Adjani

**Isabelle Yasmine Adjani**, d tameskart n usarug tafranṣiṣt, tellul ass n 27 yunyu 1955 di 'Paris' tama tis 17. Baba-s d aqbayli (n Iferḥunen), isem-is Muḥamed Crif Aǧani, yemma-s d talmanit, isem-is Emma Schweinberger, neɣ Gusti. 

Asmi tesɛa 14 iseggasen tuɣal tettwasen, imi tetturan deg isura d tecqufin n taḍṣa. Deg useggas n 1988, terza ar tmurt n baba-s i waken attefk afud i tlalit n tugdut. Daɣen terza ar wunazur Lwennas Meɛṭub, illan imiren di ṣbiṭar n Lezzayer asmi t-ewten iǧadarmiyen.

## Isura anda turar Isabelle Yasmine Adjani

**Asarug** 
* 1969 : Le Petit bougnat de Bernard Toublanc-Michel - Rose
* 1972 : Faustine et le bel été de Nina Companéez - Camille
* 1973 : L'École des femmes de Raymond Rouleau - Agnès
* 1974 : La Gifle de Claude Pinoteau - Isabelle Doulean
* 1975 : L'Histoire d'Adèle H. de François Truffaut - Adèle Hugo
* 1976 : Barocco d'André Téchiné - Laure
* 1976 : Le Locataire de Roman Polanski - Stella
* 1977 : Violette et François de Jacques Rouffio - Violette
* 1978 : The Driver de Walter Hill - La joueuse
* 1979 : Nosferatu, fantôme de la nuit (Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht) de Werner Herzog - Lucy Harker
* 1979 : Les Sœurs Brontë d'André Téchiné - Emily Brontë
* 1981 : Clara et les chics types de Jacques Monnet - Clara
* 1981 : Quartet de James Ivory - Marya Zelli
* 1981 : Possession d'Andrzej Zulawski - Anna / Helen
* 1981 : L'Année prochaine… si tout va bien de Jean-Loup Hubert - Isabelle
* 1982 : Antonieta de Carlos Saura - Antonieta Rivas Mercado
* 1982 : Tout feu, tout flamme de Jean-Paul Rappeneau - Pauline Valance
* 1983 : Mortelle randonnée de Claude Miller - Catherine Leiris / Lucie, "Marie"
* 1983 : L'Été meurtrier de Jean Becker - Eliane
* 1985 : Subway de Luc Besson - Helena
* 1986 : T'as de beaux escaliers tu sais d'Agnès Varda
* 1987 : Ishtar d'Elaine May - Shirra Assel
* 1988 : Camille Claudel de Bruno Nuytten - Camille Claudel
* 1989 : L'Après-Octobre de Merzak Allouache
* 1990 : Lung Ta : les Cavaliers du vent de Franz-Christoph Giercke et Marie-Jaoul de Poncheville - narratrice uniquement
* 1993 : Toxic Affair de Philomène Esposito - Pénélope
* 1994 : La Reine Margot de Patrice Chéreau - Margot
* 1996 : Diabolique de Jeremiah S. Chechik - Mia
* 1998 : Paparazzi d'Alain Berbérian - elle-même
* 2002 : La Repentie de Laetitia Masson - Charlotte
* 2002 : Adolphe de Benoît Jacquot - Ellénore
* 2003 : Bon voyage de Jean-Paul Rappeneau - Viviane
* 2003 : Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du Coran de François Dupeyron - la star

**Tiliẓri** 
* 1973 : L'École des femmes, de Raymond Rouleau
* 1973 : L'Avare, de René Lucot
* 1974 : Le Secret des Flamands, feuilleton télévisé, de Robert Valey
* 1975 : Ondine, de Raymond Rouleau

**Arrazen**
* 1981 : Prix d'interprétation féminine au Festival de Cannes 1981 (Quartet et Possession)
* 1982 : César de la meilleure actrice (Possession)
* 1984 : César de la meilleure actrice (L'Été meurtrier)
* 1989 : César de la meilleure actrice (Camille Claudel)
* 1995 : César de la meilleure actrice (La reine Margot)

## Tamselyut

*Site officiel
Pascal

** PASCAL** d isem n yiwet tmeslayt n usihel teffeɣ-d ger useggas 1967 d 1971 sɣur Niklaus Wirth. Yefka-yas isem-ayi ilmen-d umussnaw ameqqran Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Tameslay PASCAL tettwassen aṭas seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ i lɣaci tameslayt n Turbo pascal deg useggas 1984, sɣur Borland International, imi wwḍen azal n umeliyun i yettuzenzen seg-s.

PASCAL daɣen yemmug-d i tusnakt, yelha nezzeh i yinelmaden ussananen n tesdawit.

## Amedya
Hat ɣur-wen umedya n usihel s tutlayt Pascal : 

```pascal
program azul;
uses wincrt;
var
begin
writeln('Azul fell-awen');
end.
```


## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net
Muḥend Aɛrab Bessaɛud

**Muḥend Aɛrav Besɛud** ilul deg useggas n 1924 deg Tgemmunt Lejdid, deg tɣiwant n At Dewala. Yella deg tegrawla-nni mgal tahrest tafṛansiwt d amaɣnas n Umussu Aɣelnaw Azzayri. Werǧin yefka afus deg wayen yumen d abrid n tidett, d abrid yessuffuɣen ar tlelli n wegdud. Deg Iggen n Uslelli Aɣelnaw (ALN) yerra-t Krim Belqasem d yiwen seg imeqqṛanen.

Deg useggas n 1966 yesbedd Agraw Amaziɣ, netta, Ṭawes Ɛemruc, Muḥemmed Arkun akk d Imaɣnasen nniḍen.

Deg useggas 1978, imsulta ifṛansiwen ḥebsen-t netta akk d wid yettilin imir-nni deg uxxam n Ugraw Amaziɣ, am Saibi akk d sin nniḍen. Ifṛansiwen d aḥṛas i ten-id-ḥeṛsen imir-nni wid yeṭṭfen adabu deg Lezzayer akk d Lmeṛṛuk, Bumdian akk d Ḥasen wis sin.

Snejlan-t seg tmurt n Fransa, yezger ar tmurt n Legniz anda yedder almi d tuɣalin-is ar tmurt deg useggas 1997.

Tazmert d tameɛlalt, aṭan yettnerni, terna-yas teqṛeḥ yenneqṛaḥ zdat n tmenɣiwt n ilemẓiyen deg tefsut taberkant, tewwi-t tmettant ass 01/01/2002. Ittwamdel amenzu n Yennayer n useggas 2952 deg Uqawej.

Agraw Amaziɣ seg wass mi i d-yennulfa yuɣal d taqeṛṛabt n umennuɣ ɣef idles akk tutlayt imaziɣen deg teɣremt n Paris. Deg iseggasen n 70, win i d-yefflen, deg imaɣnasen, seg tmurt nneɣ ar Fṛansa, lembat-is d Agraw Amaziɣ. Agraw-a yekka s waṭas deg takin i yukin iqbayliyen s twaɣit yeḍran yid-sen, tin i sen-yefka udabu azzayri. Agraw amaziɣ yefka i iman-is iswi amenzu a d-issaki agdud yeṭṭsen.

Ccna d yiwen seg wallalen yesseqdec Ugraw Amaziɣ akken ad yessiweḍ izen. Yessawal i icennayen iqbayliyen akken ad cnun ɣef timmuzɣa. Tugett seg-sen rran-d tiɣri. Ass-agi tanemmirt i nutni imi amennuɣ yewweḍ ar wezgen ameqqran deg iswi i yefka i iman-is.

Deg Paris, lamikkal n FLN deg Fṛansa tezga tettnadi amek ad teṛṛez ifadden i wegraw amaziɣ imir-nni. Tella tessexdam nniya n ixeddamen iqbayliyen deg Fṛansa akken ur d-ttarran ara i tiɣriwin n Wegraw neɣ a s-nerwin timliliyin iskarayen. Ma ɣas akken lamikkal tesɛa idrimen aṭas maca ur tessaweḍ ara ad teṛṛez amennuɣ.

Adabu s timmad-is ur yessaweḍ ara ar iswi-s ad iṛṛez amennuɣ n iqbayliyen ɣef timmuzɣa ma ɣas ar ass-a ur yegzim ara asirem. Asirem n udabu yeqqim-d ass-a deg wayen yerki uɣerbaz azzayri akk d ixxamen n ddin. Yessefk kan ur as-neqqaṛ ara: "dayen adabu yefsi tiyersi, dayen newweḍ s iswi, nezmer a nuɣal ar yiḍes".

Yura:

* Am rrezg n imaɣṛasen ur yeddiren ad ẓren « Heureux les Martyrs qui n’ont rien vu »
* Amennuɣ n imdanen imecṭuḥen ɣef taluft annect-ila-tt  neɣ amezruy n Wegraw Amaziɣ « de petites gens pour une si grande cause ou l’histoire de l’Académie berbère »

## Tamselyut
*www.imyura.net
Eutropius

:*Ɣef *'afesyan Abyzanti**, di leɛnaya-nwen zeret [[Eutropius (Afesyan Abyzanti)|Eutropius]] (396-397).'' 
:''Ɣef **saint Eutropius**, di leɛnaya-nwen zeret [[saint Eutropius]].'' 



**Eutropius** yella d anmezray Arumani yedderen deg azgen aneggaru n lqern wis rebɛa. 

== Tameddurt ==
Eutropius yella d amaray (''magister memoriae'') deg **Constantinupolis** akk-d afriq n umenkad **Iulianus**, ''Flavius Claudius Iulianus'', (361 - 363) deg taslekt-is n tmurt n **Ifarsiyen** (363), yella yeder deg lweqt n tgeldit n **Valens**, ''Flavius Iulius Valens'', (364-378) iwumi yefka-d taktab-is ''Breviarium historiae Romanae''. Yewin unmezray n nidden, **Georgios Codinos**, deg ''De Originibus Constantinopolitanis'' yena-d belli Eutropius yella d amaray n **Constantinus I**, ''Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus'', lameɛna ur iban ara lhal lammer ihder ɣef Eutropius agi. 

== Tira ==
''Breviarium historiae Romanae'' s ssifa n ɛecra n isuned, d lbir n ineɣmisen i d-yella ɣef tudert deg Amenkad Abyzanti akk-d umezruy n lweqt nni ; ɣef agi Eutropius yeqqim-ed d amedya i gjebbden atas lbal n imnadiyen n umezruy di ddunit merra imi yura-d s ddehn akk-d tamesɣara i meqren. 

Ɣas akken Talatinit-is temxalef, deg kkra n imedyan, ɣef ayen yefsan deg tutlayt, lameɛna ahric ameqran n iɣerbazen uddren, ɣef lmuda i meqren, iḍrisen-is imi selmaden [[Talatinit]] i inelmaden-nsen. 

Taɣzi n Lbreviarium temɣer armi n lweqt n **Iustinianus** s iffassen n **Paulus Diaconus** (illul azal n 720 – yemut azal n 799) akk-d **Landolfus Sagax** (azal n usegas 1000) armi n lweqt n umenkad **Leon V** (813-820) asmi teţwaru tigezmi yeţţusemmen ''Historia Miscella''. 

Ger tisuqal merra deg tutlayt Tayunanit s iffasen n **Capito Lycius** akk-d **Paeanius**, taẓrigt n unegarru i g kemlen ɣef wiyad. Lameɛna taẓrigt n Eutropius i sɛan ccan deg ddunit merra tella n **H. Droysen** (1879) imi tesɛa taẓrigt Tayunanit akk-d n Paulus Diaconus d Landolfus. 

Llant daɣen atas n tisuqal s Tanglizit. 

== Iseddagen ==
Aḍris agi Ikker-ed seg yewin n weḍris n l**Encyclopædia Britannica* asuned wis hdec ; tira i yellan deg ugzum n lbaylek. 

== Izdayen Iberraniyen ==
* Eutropius, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/eutropius.html *Eutropii Breviarium historiae Romanae*] (Aḍris s Talatinit). 
* Eutropius, [http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000787/images/index.html?seite=1 *Eutropi Breviarium ab urbe condita cum versionibus graecis et Pauli Landolfique additamentis''] (Droysen, Hans) (Aḍris s Talatinit d Tayunanit).
Ikikuyuten

**Ikikuyuten** d yiwen si rebɛin-nni n yegduden ay yettidiren di Kenya, zedɣen di tmiwa ɛlayen n tlemmast akk d wenẓul (sud) n Kenya, yernu ttmeslayen tutlayt takikuyut ay itebɛen ɣer twacult n tutlayin tibantutin (bantoues). Llan wazal n 4.400.000 n Yikikuyuten di Kenya, dɣa wwḍen ɣer 20% seg yimezdaɣen n tmurt merr'a, yernu nitni ssawalen i yiman-nsen "Gekoyo" neɣ "Agekoyo".

Ikukuyuten ttidiren s tfellaḥt, dɣa teẓẓun inili (mil), llubyan, tajilbant akk d baṭaṭa taẓidant, yernu ass-a, mi akka ay kecmen ɣer tfellaḥt tatrart (moderne), sfulluḥen diɣ taɣlust (lqahwa), akbal, igumma (fruits) akk d yeckan (lxeḍra), yernu ciṭṭaḥ kan deg-sen ay yettidiren s tkessawt.

Di tmetti-nsen tamensayt (traditionnelle), d argaz ay yesɛan azal imi ay d netta ay iḥekkmen tawacult. Argaz ɣur-sen yella iseɛɛu afrag i deg yettili wexxam-is, yernu yettaɣ aṭas n tilawin, yal yiwet deg-sent ad as-yeg taxxamt i yiman-is deg wefrag-is. Timetti takikuyut tebḍa d iderman (clans) i deg yettili wergaz d watmaten-is, tilawin-nsen akk d warraw-nsen, ma d tiɣawsiwin-nsen n tsertit d tajmaɛit ay d-ilehhun yid-sen. Tajmaɛit-nsen nitni ttilin deg-s yergazen yellan akk seg yiwet n tnudda, dɣa tikwal, d irgazen ilemmasen di leɛmer' ay d-yettṣaḥ ad sselḥun tiɣawsiwin n taddart, tikwal, d irgazen imeqqranen neɣ d imɣaren. 

## Amezruy

Lejdud n Yikikuyuten llan zik zedɣen di tmiwa n Ugafa agmuḍan (nord-est) n Kenya, dɣa ger n lqern wis 17 d lqern wis 19, bdan a d-ttasen cwiṭ, cwiṭ ɣer tmiwa-yagi n tlemmast n Kenya i deg zedɣen ass-a. Mbeɛd ma ddren acḥal di lehna xeddmen tafellaḥt deg wakal-nsen, Ikikuyuten llan-d si ger n yegduden ikenyanen imezwura ay yugin ad asen-tettwakkes tmurt-nsen, asmi ay ten-id-yekcem umennekcam abriṭani. D anect-nni ay ten-yessawḍen ad kkren s imenɣi tikkelt tamenzut, deg yiseggasen n 1920 akk d yiseggasen n 1930. Ma di 1952, d Ikikuyuten ay d-yesbedden amussu (mouvement) n Mau Mau i lmend n ussuffeɣ n Yebriṭaniyen si Kenya, yernu imenɣi ay d-yeḍran seg yimir-n yefka axesṣar meqqren i udabu abriṭani di Kenya. Akken ad rẓen Yebriṭaniyen tanekra-yagi, bdan a ssuffuɣen Ikikuyuten si tudrin-nsen akken ad ten-zzedɣen di tudrin ay sen-bnan ninti akken ad zemren ad ten-qarɛen. D acu kan, imenɣi ikemmel alammi ! d 1963, asmi ay tewwi Kenya azarug-is, dɣa d yiwen n Ukikuyu, Jomo Kenyatta, ay yuɣalen d aneɣlaf amezwaru amenzu n Kenya, yernu seg yimir-n ay tennerna mliḥ tezmert n Yikikuyuten di tmurt-nsen. Ass-a, d Ikikuyuten ay yesɛan ikataren (cadres) imeqqranen yesselḥayen tamurt, yernu seg-sen diɣ ay d-frurin waggagen imeqqranen akk d yimer'kantiyen n tmurt. Aṭas deg-sen ttidiren di temdinin yernu qeddcen neɣ ṭṭfen imukan yelhan deg unabaḍ (gouvernement) akk d tdamsa. D acu kan, xas Ikukuyuten sɛan amkan igerrzen di tmurt-nsen, xas sɛan ttawil meqqren, tutlayt-nsen rran-tt di rrif, maca ass-a, mi akka ara d-ttenkaren waggagen (intellectuels) yettarun s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat, takikuyut attan a d-tettarfad iman-is cwiṭ, cwiṭ akken yiwwas ad taf amkan-is di Kenya. 

## Tamselyut
* http://www.mondeberbere.com/tabrat/trabat10.htm  Sɣur Ghania Khouchi (Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen).
Imaziɣen

**Imaziɣen** d imezdaɣ ineṣliyen deg tefriqt ugafa, d nutni i yellan d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣ n Tmazɣa/Tafriqt n ugafa, tutlayt-sen d Tamaziɣt, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen Taɛrabt. 

Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqqran, yewweḍ seg wemda n Isiwan, deg Utaram (lɣerb) n Maṣer alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muriṭanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen i d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid id-iḥerren anect-a n wakal, imi amur ameqqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen-nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akked yegduden-nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen.

Aṭas n Yimaziɣen id-mazal la ttmeslayen tamaziɣt, rnu deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛin timaziɣin id-yennulfan i wakken ad wtent ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mgaradent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n timaziɣin ad msegzunt(msefhament) gar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mgaradent tentalyin-nsent. 

Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d Uneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), dacu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen i yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tamiwin n Tmazɣa, medden la d-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur ttlemden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-a.

Ass-a llan azal n 45 imelyan n imaziɣen deg ddunit merra.

## Iɣsan d iẓuran imqqṛanen n Imaziɣen

* Iznaten    (زناتة / إيزناتن )
* Iẓnagen    ( ژناگة / صنهاجة / إيژناگن)
* Imṣmuden  ( مصمودة / إيمسمودن )
* Iktamen   (كتامة / إيكوتامن )
* Iɣumaren   ( غمارة / إيغومارن) 
* Iguzulen   ( جزولة / إيگوزولن) 
* Igdalen    (جدالة / إيگدالن )
* Imdyunen  ( مديونة / إيمديونن )
* Isedraten  ( سدراتة / إيسدراتن )
* Infzawen  ( نفزة / نفزاوة / إينفزاون )
* Izwawen    ( زواوة / إيزواون )
* Ihuwwaren  ( هوارة / إيهوارن) 
* Imssufen  ( مسوفة / إيمسوفن) 
* Iskuren  ( هسكورة / إيهسكورن )
* Imẓẓujen  ( مژّوجة / إيمژّوجن )
* Imḍlasen   ( مطالسة / إيمضالسن )
* Ihntaten    ( هنتاتة / إيهنتاتن )
* Imɣran   (مغراوة / إيمغرلن )
* Imknasen  ( مكناسة / إيمكناسن )
* Imssiwan   (إمسوان/مسيوة)
* Infeṭwak   (فطواكة/إنفطواك)
* Iɣejdamen   (غجدامة/إغجدامن)
* Inffusen (إنفوسن/نفوسة)
* Iḥaḥan (حاحا/إحاحان)
* Innultan (إنولتان/ولتانة) 
* Igliwwa (إگليوا/گلاوة)
* Icawiyen (إشاوين/الشاوية)
* Imdɣren (إمدغرن/مدغرة أو مطغرة)
* Iwraben (إورابن/أوربة)
* Izwwaren (إزواغن/زواغة)
* Imɣilen (مغيلا/مغيلة)
* Iɣyyaten (إغياتن/غياثة)
* Ilwaten (إلواتن/لواتة)
* Iwrdiɣen (إورديغن/ورديغة)

## Imaziɣen yettwasnen

: Ẓer *[[Imaziɣen ittwasnen]]*

Daɣen

: Ẓer *[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]*

## Wali

* Leqbayel
* Icawiyen
* Imuhaɣ (touareg)

## Tamselyut
* http://amastan1.tripod.com/  Sɣur Umar Muffuk
Tasertit

**Tasertit** iswi-s d tuddsa d useggem n imadanen, d wayen yeɛnan iweẓla n taɣiwant. Dɣa isya dɣa id yeka wawal 'Politic', imi azar-is d awal agriki **polis** ibɣan ad yini **taɣiwant**, neɣ tiɣremt. 

Anamek n **tasertit** deg akud atrar d aseggem udabu s daxel n addad. S umatu, **tasertit** d tiskiwet d w'amek leḥun lecɣal n wegraw n yimdanen di tmetti, neɣ n wegdud.

Yal amdan ur nettmuqul ara kan iman-is, neqqar ixedem tasertit. Yal argaz, neɣ tameṭṭut i yettekan deg umusu n **tasertit** di tmurt n wezref, ilaq ad izrekket (ad iqadar) imenzay n tanaya n weɣref d tugdut. 

Anamek wayeḍ n wawal n **tasertit** daɣen i ttak ar umenɣi ɣef udabu ger irgazen d tulawin i gellan deg udabu amiran (n tura), d wid i gellan deg ikabaren imnagwa.
Ferḥat Mhenni

**Ferḥat Mḥenni** (yettwassnen s **Ferḥat Imaziɣen Imula**) d aselway n Umussu i timunent n Tmurt n Iqbayliyen (MAK), ilul-d deg 5 Meɣres 1951 deg Illulen umalu, n taddart Mareɣna deg tama n Buzeggen

Assmi i ifukk taɣuṛi-ynes deg tseddawit n Ldzayer (tamaneɣt) yebda tikli-ynes di ccna deg 1973 imi yewwi arraz amezwaru n tfaska tatrart n ccna n Ldzayer.
Kra n wukud sin akkin isbeggen-d iman-is d akken yella mgal unabad n yiɣil n Dzayer imi yebda-d abrid n tigwin, ɣef igiten agi yekcem-d ɣer temufrikt 13 iberdan.

Sakin (sin akkin) Tafsut Taberkant, imi Tamselta n Dzayer tenɣa yiwen weqcic amelsi yettusemman Masinisa Germah, Ferhat Mhenni isbed *Amussu i Timanit n Tmurt*, tuddsa ixeddmen akken a tessiwed ar timanit n tmurt n yekvayliyen. Llan wid i nnan d akken ɣef demma n wannecta i yettwanɣa mmi-s Amezian Mehenni deg 2004 di Tamanaɣt n Fṛansa, Paris.

Amussu i Timanit n Tamurt (MAK), Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD), akk-d Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS) d ikabaren isertiyen i lin (sann) azal deg Tamurt n Leqbayel.

## Anavaḍ Aqvayli Uɛḍil
Deg 4 Yunyu 2010, Aselway Ferḥat At Said yesbed-en Anavaḍ Aqvayli Uɛḍil. Deg Unavaḍ, llan 9 ineɣlafen: Arezqi At Hemmuc, Lyazid Abid, Idir Djouder , Lhacene Ziani , Djamila Amgoud,Mouloud Merhab akk d Makhlouf Idri

## Idlisen d imagraden
* Ferhat Mehenni, *Algérie : la question kabyle*, Paris, Éd. Michalon, 2004, 188 is. (ISBN 2-84186-226-7) ;

* Cherif Makhlouf, *Chants de liberté. Ferhat et la voix de l’Espoir. Textes berbères et français*, Paris, L’Harmattan ;
* “L’entêtant chant de liberté de Ferhat”, *L’Humanité* 3/4/95 ;
* “Art Blooms in Exile”, *Time International*, May 13, 1996, Volume 147, nº 20 ;
* “Entretien réalisé par Nadia Kerboua à Montréal”, *Le Matin*, nov. 1996 ;
* Événement 1994 : un Airbus contre la tour Eiffel”, *Le Nouvel Observateur*, nº1923 (13 septembre 2001) ;
* Le Kabyle doit militer pour la Kabylie” (interview), *[[Iẓuran]]*, nº 26, furar 2002.

## Tamselyut
* http://www.anavad-aqvayli.org/?lang=taq 
* Ma Kabylie Info.
Taɣamsa

**Taɣamsa** dayen i semlalayen ayen iḍerun di yal tama umaḍal, u a tnidyawi d isalen i medden, ama deg iɣmisen, neɣ deg radyu, neɣ deg tiliẓri, neɣ s webrid n uzeṭṭa n Internet.

Tisqamuyin n tɣamsa tettawid isalen di yal ma teḍru yiwet n tɣawsa deg umaḍal. Ger tisqamuyin n tɣamsa i yettwasnen, ad nader AFP (Fransa) ; Reuters (Britanya tameqrant) ; Associated Press (Timnaḍin n Marikan Iduklen).
Tamezdayt n Yissu amdudet

**Tamezdayt n Yissu amdudet** d tamezdayt tasimant ur teṭṭafar ula d yiwen seg wagaren irummiyen n iden. Tennulfa-d g Pekin (tamenrut n Ccinwa) aseggas n 1917. Asegrew agraɣlan n tmezdayt-a yezzuni (amellayu *Yong Ji Len* ɣef uqerru-yis) d akken  llan wazal n 1,5 n imelyan n yimdanen yeṭṭafaren tamezdayt-a seg yakk imenẓawen. Dɣa tamezdayt-a tettumeggez d afurk seg umussu n tsemmumrawt (*Pentecostalism*) yeṭṭafaren turda tapṛutestant 

## Imenzayen imrawen igejdanen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tikerdeddit

**Tikerdeddit** d azzug n tazɣa deg kra n iyerziyen .. Deg waṭas n wakuden yettaɣ iyerziyen d iwsiyen yellan zdat n yinzaren. Igellu-d s tuffɣa n uxenziz d tebrurin timellalin u usrag n tuffet n tezɣa yellan deg yixef (aqerru). Tikerdeddit d askan yeqqnen ar kra n waṭṭanen am yidis d tzelmezt yakk d tusut.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tacekkukt

**Tacekkukt** d yiwen ujeqdur n ufexxar d alemmas, ur meqqer, ur mecṭuḥ, ttarran deg-s medden zzit ay sseqdacen i ussewwi. 
 
Zik, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, asmi ara d-z'den medden azemmur-nsen, tteffren zzit-nni deg wecbayli (d yiwen ujeqdur d ameqran, yezmer ad yawi alamma d 100 n rritlat n zzit). D acu kan, acbayli-yagi d axzan kan ay xezznen deg-s medden zzit, wanag zzit ay sseqdacen yal ass ttheggin-tt-id ɣer tcekkukt.   
 
Tacekkukt-agi n zzit tettemcabi ɣer tsebbalt.
Azeqziq

**Azeqziq** deg tesnignewt d tudra (aṣubbu) n waman yettwaneznezn s talɣa n ugeffur neɣ n wedfel, Tasmekta n uzeqziq d tin yemgaraden gar tama ar tayeṭṭ s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n unezwu n yal tama.

Yettili-d wakat n uzeqziq ɣef tjumma tusbiṭ s tigget n mn.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Agris
* Abruri
* Tasemhuyt
* Tagrest
* Tafsut
Muḥend At Yiɣil

**Muḥend At Yiɣil** d amyaru aqbayli ilulen deg 11 wamber 1960 di Bgayet. 

Di 1981 ifɣed si Batna s usileɣ umezgun. Aseggas seld (1982) i sufɣed tarbaɛt tamezwarut n umezgun s tutlayt taqbaylit, isem-is *Imuzar* di Bgayet. Tacuquft-is tamezwarut id turar isem-is *Ineggura* id iḥekun amecwar n ilemzi seg uɣerbaz ar Luzin. Deg 1983, isuqel-d ar tutlayt taqbaylit tacuqquft n B. Brecht umi isem-a « mère courage ». Deg 1985, isuqel-d « Voix de femmes » n Kateb Yasin. Ma di 1986, isuqel-d « Pour Jean Lmouhoub Amrouche » n Racid Sufi. Di 1987, itteka ar tarbaɛt umezgun *Tadukli* di yiwet n tcequft isem-is: *Agerruj yigujilen*.

Di 1989, netta d imeddukal-is sbedend "Tadukli Tadelsant Tamaziɣt" n Bgayet. Ger leqdic-is: tawafɣa n tesɣunt tamezwarut n wawalen inmigaden akw d talalit n tarbaɛt umezgun *Tiɣri*.

Deg 1994, yebbwi arraz amezwaru « Mouloud Mammeri » deg uḥric umezgun. Di 1995, yura tacequft *Tamenkart*. Di 1996, isuqel-d ar taqbaylit « Huis-clos » n J. P. Sartre. Di 1997, isuqel-d ar taqbaylit « Le Fhoen » n Mulud At Mamar. Si 1998 ar 2000, isufɣ-d 5 ungalen: Tazelmat texser, tayefust ur tarbih ara d anwa yextaren, Allen n tayri, Axeddaɛ, Atlanta, d Tchekhov s teqbaylit.

## Tamselyut
* http://dzlit.free.fr/
* http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/
* http://www.mohand-ait-ighil.com
Smaɛil Meǧber

**Smaɛil Meǧber**, amyaru s tmaziɣt, yiwen seg imezwura seg imɣnasen n tmaziɣt. Smaɛil Meǧber ittidir tagara-ya deg Franṣa anda yettkemmil amahil d unadi ines. 

Akk d imaɣnasen nniḍen (Harun, Ceradi, atg) yessuffeɣ-d s tuffra deg teɣremt n Lezzayer tisɣunin am «Iṭṭij », « Taftilt »… axaṭer adabu iḥewṣen kra yellan d azref n useẓreg, igedlen akk iberdan n usnefli n tutlayt tamaziɣt. Daɣen Smaɛil Meǧber isufɣ-d deg tasɣunt 'ABC Amaziɣ' i yelḥan d acḥal iseggasen (1996-2001) armi teḥbes. Anecta i senjmat-id di yiwen n idlis id yeffɣen ar tizrigin 'Harmattan' di Franṣa deg 2006. Isema-yas : *ABC amazigh, une expérience éditoriale 1996-2001*.

Smaɛil Meǧber illa, u mazal-it, ikat aṭas af tutlayt n lejdud-is. Ifka tadiwinit i weɣmis n *Dépêche de Kabylie*, deg uṭṭun 3149 ass n umhad 9 wenbeṛ 2006. Yerra-t-id wasmel n tasekla *imyura.net* ar tutlayt taqbaylit. Smaɛil Meǧber ifka-d degs tamuɣli ines af umenuɣ af tutlayt tamaziɣt amek ilaq ad yili ar zdat. Attan tadiwinit amek tella.

## Izdayen uffiɣen
* Tasuqelt n tdiwennit i s yuqem weɣmis n La Dépêche de Kabylie i Dda Smaɛil Meǧber, tella deg wesmel n tasekla n teqbaylit: http://www.imyura.net 
* http://www.depechedekabylie.com/
Dalil Umar

Acennay **Dalil Umar**, s yisem-is unṣib **War Umar**, ilul deg useggas n 1948 di taddart n At Aṭelli, di tama n Laṛebɛa n At Yiraten anda illa yettidir. Immut ass n 18 fuṛaṛ 2007 di yiwen sbiṭar di 'Paris' s yiwen n lehlak iɛeṭlen. 

Dalil Umar isɛa 3 warrac, illa d yiwen ger inaẓuren n ccna n teqbaylit yettwasnen deg iseggasen 70. Ulamma immuger uguren di tmeddurt-is n ccna, iǧǧad aṭas n tuɣac. *A taɛelǧett* d yiwet ger tuɣac is i yettwasen Dalil Umar.

## Tamselyut
* http://www.makabylie.info
Brahim Izri

**Brahim Izri** d anaẓur n ccna atrar aqbayli, ilul ass n 12 yennayer 1954 deg taddart At Laḥsen deg At Yenni, di temnaṭ d Tizi Wezzu. Yemmut ass n 3 yennayer 2005 si sbiṭar 'Hôtel-Dieu' di 'Paris', s yiwen n lehlak n Cancer umhares.

## Tameddurt
Deg tagerda ines, Brahim Izri yawey-t-id jeddi-s ad yesmeḥses i ccnawi n tasɣanant n tazawiyat n Sidi Belqacem deg aẓi n At Yenni. Deg tanuba, yessebded s sin imeddukkal n tasnawit, Nat Ɛabdelɛaziz d Aɛziz Berreḥma, tagrawt Igudar deg tallit nni aṭas tigrawin ḍḍfent imenɣi adelsan, asnilsi d n tmagit di Lezzayer, am Isulas, Inasliyen, les Abranis, Imaziɣen Imula. Yebedda-d sakkin amecwar iman-is dɣa yesuffɣed iseɣraz ines imezwura. Deg useggwas 1999, yecna s Yidir d Maxime Le Forestier tizlit yettwasemman *Tizi-Uzzu*. Deg iḍrisen ines ad affem isental ɣef tamḥaddit n izerfan n tlawin dɣa ɣef tulut gar irgazen d tilawin.

## Aḍebsaru

## Izdayen uffiɣen
* Brahim Izri - 'D’une rive à l’autre, le passeur de lumière et d’espoir' (16-02-2006)
* Tugna n Brahim Izri sɣur http://www.tawiza.nl/

## Tira d timselɣa
Si Muḥend u Mḥend

**Si Muḥend u Mḥend n At Ḥamaduc** d amedyaz, s ameɣnas, d afelsaf aqbayli, ilul deg useggas n 1845 deg taddart n Icerɛiwen. Yemmut deg wass n 28 dujamber 1906 di Micli

## Tameddurt-is
I wakken ad yerwel f yira (ttaṛ) n baba-s **Mḥend Amezyan U Ḥamaduc**, yeffeɣ seg taddart n ugemmun igra ad izdeɣ deg icerɛiwen . Deg 1857, iserdasen n Fṛansa sserɣen taddart n Icerɛiwen, rran deg wadeg-is taddart niden semman-as "Fort Napoléon" (Laṛebɛa n At Yiraten tura).

Imawlan n Si Muḥend u Mḥend gran ar Sidi Xlifa, deg tama n Weqbu. Anya-s (Ɛemmi-s) **Cix Arezqi U Ḥamaduc** yellan d amusnaw n tneslemt, isbedd yiwet n tmɛemmert (Zawiya) anda yesselmad Leqran.

## Azbu-ynes mgal tamhersa Tafrensawt
Si Muḥend issurres (isseḥṛec) imezdaɣ n tmurt n Iqbayliyen mgal tamhersa Tafrensawt akken yessuter deg-sen ad t-zerber s yal tarrayt ayen yettaǧǧan Fṛansa ad t-itteṭṭf w ad t-salin (ad tɛettben). Akken izzugin (infan) kra n yigmamen n twacult-is ar Kalidunya tamaynut maca annect-a Ur yeṛṛiẓ ara tirat-is deg tira n yisefra d tmedyazin tislulliyin mgal tamhersa

## Talkensit-is n isefra
Isefra n Ssi Mḥand ttusgerwen-d seld n tmekkist-is (lmut-is) deg telkensit n usefru anda ttusiggzen deg useggas n 1904, sin akin deg useggas n 1960 Mulud Ferɛun yules-as (iɛawed-as) asiggez sin akin Mulud n at Mɛemmer deg useggas n 1969 deg Tgelda n Umeṛṛuk. Deg useggas n 2000 yettusuɣel ar tutlayt Taserɣint. Talkensit-a tettales-d (tḥekku-d) ɣef unegriref d wassas (lḥif) n umedyaz d tussaft d timannest d tayri akken id yesmaneg amezruy amaziɣ d imenɣi mgal tamhersa

## Tamselyut
* http://dzlit.free.fr/
Charles de Gaulle

**Charles de Gaulle** isem-is ameqqran, Charles André Joseph de Gaulle, yella d aselway n Fransa. ilul-d ass 22 nwember n 1890 g Lille (agafa n Fransa), yemmut ass n 9 nwember 1970 g Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises, Haute-Marne.
Farida At Harun

**Farida At Harun**, s yisem-is unṣib Farida Lǧama, d yiwet n tmedyazt taqbaylit yettidiren di Uṭawa, tamurt n Kanada. Tlul deg 1974 di Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Daɣen, Farida At Harun d tteka di tarbaɛt Tilleli n Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull.

## Tamselyut

* http://www.acaoh.ca
* http://www.imyura.net
Lḥusin Ukerdis

**Lḥusin Ukerdis** ilul deg Tala Yaɛla, yiwet n teddart n lɛerc n Iflisen Umellil.

Lɛerc-agi immug am ukerdis s krad n teɣmar: Yesser (Isers), Mirabeau akk d Draɛ Lmizan. Tamnaṭ-a n Tmurt tefka-yaɣ-d irgazen am Ali Mellah n Taqa, Krim Belqasem n wat Yehya, Amar Amsaḥ n At Xelfun…atg
Lḥusin ukerdis iɣra deg yiwen seg ɣerbazen imezwura itga Fransa deg Tmurt: Iɣil bb Uɣmari (aɣerbaz ildin imrabḍen irumyen deg useggas n 1898). Sinna iɣra deg Lissi n Delles. Tamedyazt tebda tkečm-as ar wul imi issel i imedyazen n Tala Yaɛla ! Muḥ d Hemmu, Rabeh n Amar Qasi, Belɛid n Igallez akk d wiyaḍ. Lḥusin tɛedda fell-as lgirra nni mgal Fransa timsehrest akk d tinna yedran gar FFS akk d udabu n Ben Bella.
Deg useggas n 1971, Lḥusin ukerdis iffeɣ seg Tmurt izger ar Fransa and yella d-analmad armi d aseggas n 1980.

Ass-a Lhusin ittidir deg Kanada anda isselmad deg Tesdawit n Montreal. Deg wakud n 30 iseggasen, isbedd neɣ ikka deg usbeddi n qeddac d-tidukla:

Club Iflisen (1974),
Amitiés Amazigho-Française (1977),
Club Imazighen de Montreal (1980),
Tidukkla Averroès (1987).

Yura deg snat n tesɣunin i d ifɣen deg Temrikt Ugafa: "Ildi" akk d “Chroniques d'Averroès”
Issufɣ-ed deqs seg tmedyazt-is deg tesɣunin timaziɣin. Iseggasen-a ineggura, ttekksen ffad wid umi tefka tegnitt s tmedyazt talqayant n Ukerdis deg Amazigh-net i d ittarra war cehha.

### Tamselyut
* Sɣur imyura.net
Maǧid Allawa

**Maǧid Allawa** d amyaru, d amnadi di tasnawalt Aqbayli yeffeɣ-d si tesdawit n Kopenhagen di tmurt n Danmark. "La thèse" de 'Doctorat' ines af tmeslayt n at Ziyyan di tmurt n leqbayel usammer. Yeqdec aṭas iseggasen d tama n Karl Prasse di tesdawit n Kupenhag di Danmark. 

Maǧid Allawa yesɣer tasnawalt tamatut di tesdawt n Odense di Danmark akk d tesnislist n tmaziɣt di tesdawt n **Lund** di tmurt n Sswid. Yessezri (Yesɛedda) daɣen aseggas di INALCO d amaggaz "postdoctoral" s taggazt sɣur unabad n Fransa. D amaru n waṭas imagraden ffɣen-d di Paris, Nurwij, Swid, Lalman akk d [Danmark. 

Yettekka daɣen deg-simiraren ɣef tmaziɣt. Imira iqeddec d aselmad akk d amendar deg-ɣerbaz n tutlayin i iberraniyen di [Danmaṛk. 

Ɣures yiwen n wedlis s wazal-is, isem-is  Afus n Tmucuha i welmad n Teqbaylit

## Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen

* http://www.mondeberbere.com/
Nadya Benmuhub

**Nadya Benmuhub**, d tamyarut, d tamedyazt d tameɣnast n yedles. Temmut s waṭan n wul, ass n 27 tuber (mrayur) 2002, meẓiyet di leɛmer-is kan 33 isegwasen. D aṭṭan i t zuɣur yid-s si 1990. Tella tezdeɣ deg Iwaḍiyen, lameɛna aẓar-is si taddart Zaknun i d-yezgan deg At Wasif. Yemma-s Lǧuher d baba-s, yettwasnen s yisem n Muḥuc, d imedyazen ula d nitni. Baba-s d accenay daɣen, yettasen di talit-nni n 60/70/80. Nezmer ad nini belli d tawacult tqedec aṭas af yedles Amaziɣ, imi ula d weltma-s Lwiza d nettat i yellan deffir n tesɣunt Tin Hinan ur d mazal tura.  

Wid i snen Nadya Benmuhub di Tizi Wezzu, anda tella d tanelmadt, tella d ttin urǧin ur tḥebes si tazla deffir uqedec af yedles: ama
d tira, tacuquft umezgun, isefra, ... Tella tezga deg uxxam n yedles At Mamer di Tizi Wezzu. 

Lehdur ineggura i d-tenna Nadya Benmuhub i yemma-s, uqbel ad taweḍ tisureft n yakuc, d widi:

:A yemma aɛzizen ur ttru
:Ttxil-m ṣber ur ttxaq
:Yal yiwen laǧel-is ad yeddu
:A ma meqqer a ma leqqaq
:A m-d-yazen ddwa ḥellu
:Akken i ɣ-d-yuzen lfiraq

## Tamselyut

* http://dzlit.free.fr/info203.html
Rabha Aïssou

**Rabha Aïssou** d yiwet n tlemẓit yebdan tira seg wasmi tella d tanelmadt di Tesdawit Mouloud Mammeri di Tizi Wezzu. Mbaɛd taɣuri n Taɛrabt (laliṣans ɣef tsekla taqbaylit), teɣra tafṛansist, tunag ɣer Fṛansa anda i tezdeɣ ar ass-a.
Tnuda-d aṭas n tmucuha di temnaṭ n At Yiraten (Irǧen, Iɛezzuzen, Tamazirt), u tura fell-asent.

## Tamselyut
* http://www.tamazgha.fr/