open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tabuzeggaɣt

**Tabuzeggaɣt** d aṭṭan avirusan anamsad (qessiḥen) amanṭaṭ yettaɣ arrac imeẓyanen, igellu-asen-d kra n temrayin yettilin d timihanin di kra n tikwal. Tabuzeggaɣt d aṭṭan yettilin s tuget deg tallit n temẓi, maca yezmer ad yaɣ ula d imeqqranen. Deg useggas n 1963 ass mi id tella tadermist meqqren yiwet n tegrawt n imusnawen n ivirusen s tisselwit n iminig n Marikan John Franklin Enders tessaweṭ ad tfares tigezt mgal tabuzeggaɣt. Sin akin deg tazwara n iseggasen n 90 tigezt-a tessenger neɣ tessedres aṭṭan-a deg kra n tmura.

Aɣbalu n yigim n tbuzeggaɣt d tesfert-is d amdan. Tettenṭaṭ s unɣad (aṭerrec) d tuṭṭsa n tɣawsiwin anda yella ubirus-a. Seld ma ad yejji umaṭun ad yeddem affal mgal tabuzeggaɣa i tanɣa (i lebda).

## Isekna
.

Tettali tseddart n teẓɣelt n wegrud yudnen s tbuzeggaɣt i 3 wussan, anda ara ad tittaɣ tusut yekkawen d yidis d tezweɣ deg wallen-is, sin akin mi ara ad fakken 3 n wussan nni ad binent trigliwin (icamiḍen) mellulen s agensu (daxel) n yimi-s ttemcabint ar tiqqayin n tisent. Ma deg wass wis 4 d 5 ad s-tekker tezweɣ deg uglim id ibeddun s deffir n imeẓẓaɣ sin akin ad yenfufed ar wudem d tadra w ad ikemmel ar yakk tafekka.

## Isragen n waṭṭan d isemduyen-is
Isekna n waṭṭan d wid id yettbinen seld n mraw (10) n wussan seg unekcum n uvirus ar tfekka n umaṭun anda id igellu s tusut tagiwant d yidis amsulles (qessiḥen) d tezweɣ deg wallen yeččarayen d imeṭṭawen yerna tellent (seɛɛunt) urnan mgal tafat akken id tezmer tawla ad tali ar 41 n tseddarin.

## Igim d wenṭaṭ

## Timukrisin n tbuzeggaɣt

## Asuji

## Tasensakrart

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Iziganen

**Iziganen** (Asuf: **Azigan**) d aɣref yebṭan ar iṛumen (deg Uruppa) yakk d inawaren d ikawliyen d iduman (deg usamer alemmas) kra deg-sen ttmeslayen yiwet n tutlayt yezdin gar-asen ma d kra n iden lan (sɛan) idles d wansayen yettemcabin, ar taggara n tsut tis 20 inzagen qqimen ttidiren deg tudert n yinig d ugaǧǧi. Inzagen lan (sɛan) ismawen yemgaraden s wemgarad n yideggan anda ttilin, deg tallin n tnazit iziganen d wid id yemmugren aṭas n udagaẓ  

Deg useggas n 1992, Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen tessers ass n 8 yebrir i yal aseggas d ass agreɣlan i yiziganen i wesmekti s ungaz (lmeḥna) d temsirit d udagaz id yetnittmagaren, yakk d usenmel s yidles-nsen d wansayen-nsen

## Aẓaṛ n iziganen

Llant tmuɣliwin yemgaraden ɣef umezruy d yiẓuran n iziganen, gar-asen tamuɣli i d-iqqaren d akken iɣerfan-nni kkan-d seg Iran yakk d Lhend d tamiwin n Asya talemmast d unẓul-is anda i  d-gguǧǧen seg tamiwin-nni seg tsut tis kuẓ, dɣa kra n yinmezruyen ssagzen-d d akken deg tlemmasin n tsut tis 15 wwṭen ɣer Hungarya d Sirbya d tamiwin niden n Bilkan, sin akin nfufden ɣer Pulunya d Rusya akken i yesmed (ikemmel) unfufed-nsen alammi wwṭen ɣer Swid d Tmurt n Unegliz deg tsut tis 16, yerna taɣreft meqqren deg-sen zedɣen tamurt n Spanya seg yimir-nni.

## Tigrawin tiziganin d usedger araklan
 

]]
Amdan uɣrid n iziganen d win yettawṭen ɣer 10 n imelyan (llan kra n yiɣbula i d-iqqaren d akken amidan-nsen iga gar n 20 alamma d 30 n imelyan), 3 n imkuẓen (¾) deg-sen d Iṛumen ma d ayen i d-igran d idumren 

### Iṛumen
Amdan-nsen uɣrid 7,590,000, azgen deg-sen ttidiren deg Uruppa tasemrant. 90.4% d ikritiyen, 4.4% d inselmen ma d 5.1% war asɣan. Bṭan ɣer waṭas n tegrawin, gar-asent: 
* **Iflaksen**: Amdan-nsen 2,015,000. Ttenfufuden s tuget deg yakk ideggan n umadal aladɣa deg Ṛumanya d Brazil d Iwunak Yedduklen n Temrikt, Tutlayt-nsen tagejdant d tarument s tentala-ines taflakst
* **Irumen ibelkanen**: amdan-nsen 1,368,000, ttilin deg Uruppa s tuget aladɣa deg Unranya d Sirbya d Bulgarya,  tarument s tentala-ines tabelkant ma deg Sirbya lan (sɛan) tantala tusligt. Tuget-nsen d ikritiyen anagar deg Turkya d Masidunya tagafant d Iran d Lezzayer d Ṛumanya anda rṭṭafaren asɣan ineslem 

* **Iziganen n ukalu**: Amdan-nsen 995,000, ttidiren di Spanya d Tigzirin Tiknariyin d Brazil, ttmeslayen tutlayin n yideggan anda ttidiren yakk d tutlayt n Kalu s talɣa tasnawt

## Idles d ansayen

## [[Ajjed|Asɣan]]

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azarza

**Azarza** neɣ **Buqemqum** d aṭṭan averusan yettenṭaṭen yekkat aglim d tezɣa d wadis n yimi akken id igellu s tuččit d wekmaz akken i yezmer ad iglu s taglal seld n mraw (10) n wussan seg wass mi id yebda waṭṭan.

## Wid yettwaggzen s uzarza
Arrac imeẓyanen s umata d wid iy mekken (iy tt-ḥuza) waṭṭan-a s tuget. Akken iy mekken daɣen imeqqranen ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ara) affal igedṛen neɣ wid itessen isafaren inemgalen n waffal. Ma d igim yettili-d s tuṭṭsa (anali) n tiqqayin id yettilin deg weglim n umaṭun

Mi ara ad yejji umaṭun seg waṭṭan-a ad yell (ad yekseb) affal anda Ur yettales ara (ur yettɛawad ara) ad tyaɣ i tikkelt n iden

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Isekna d izmal

## D acu i yessefk af imawlan ad txedmen i weqcic yudnen

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Arwas

**Arwas** (Asget: **irwasen**) neɣ **Taẓimdalt** (Asget: **Tiẓimdalin**) d tasakrart yettenfufuden gar n yimdanen s tazzla meqqren deg tjumma meqqren am umenẓaw akken iy zmer ad yemken ad yenfufed ar umadal yakk. Tasakrart tamezzaɣt yettenfufuden s tazzla maca amdan n imuṭan yudnen s yis yettwassen Ur yettwameggez ara d arwas, ɣef wanect-a yettwasinef (yettwasṭixxer) ɣef tẓimdalt n tussit d tussiyin d tsemhuyin yettalsen 

Seg teɣzi n umezruy, aṭas n irwasen id ibanen am tzerzayt d waṭṭan usdid, maca tarka taberkant tga d yiwet gar tẓimdalin timsullsin (qessiḥen) yakk anda yenɣa ugar n 20 n imelyan n yemdanen deg useggas n 1350, seg tẓimdalin neɣ irwasen imaynuten yettwassnen yella avirus n udersaffal anefgan, Tussit Taspenyulit, Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009, Avirus n tussit A (H1N1) d werwas n waṭṭan n Kuṛunavirus 2019-20 (**[[Covid-19]]**)

## Asenmel d talliyin
arwas d tasakrart yettenfufuden deg taɣult hrawen s waṭas tzerri (tettεdday) i tlisa tigreɣlanin ,tettaɣ aṭas n yimdanen. Zemren ad lfun (ad ḍrun) aṭas n yirwasen iwakken ad ssemdun tawennaṭ akked tkerza d taksa d isekla ... Atg.
Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tebṭa tallust n welfay n yirwasen s usesmel n sdis (6) n isurifen, i wakken ad teglem tamhalt s wacu i yettenṭaṭ uvirus n tussit amaynu acku tella d aṭṭan yuɣ kra kan n medden sin akin yuɣal d arwas, Dɣa anecta yettili-d yakk d ivirusen yettaɣen adɣa iɣersiwen anda deg kra n tegnatin yettenṭaṭ ɣer yimdanen sin akin ad tas tallit anda ara ad yettenṭaṭ seg wemdan ɣer wemdan nniden, w ad yuɣal yigem-nni deg taggara n webrid mi ara ad yenfufed s waṭas ar werwas yerna ur tettili ara tezmert ara ad tisbedden (ad tisḥebsen).
Kra n waṭṭan seg waṭṭanen ur yettwameggzen ara d akken-it d arwas s usrag n wenfufed-is meqqren d tinɣi-ynes i waṭas n medden, maca yettwasesmel d arwas acku yettenṭaṭ seg wemdan ɣer wemdan

## Taggaẓt


** d s umata  (Deg umadal)<br /><small>s unect n isefka n Johns Hopkins University</small>**




## Irwasen imiranen (n tura)
**Covid-19** 
**Aṭṭan n Coronavirus 2019** (s usegzel: **covid-19**) akken yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n **waṭṭan amesgunef amekruz yeqqnen ar Coronavirus amsetrar 2019**, iga d aṭṭan amesgunef aɣersaw n usagma ixeddem-it-id SARS-CoV-2

## Itessen deg umezruy

## Isismilen n werwas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tussit
Tasakrart

**Tasakrart** (Asget: **Tisakrarin**) neɣ **Tazitmurt** (Asget: **Tizitmura**) d anfufed amẓuwi yerna s tazzla i kra n waṭṭan deg kra n wadeg (n umkan) s ufel n isig-is agaman amdya tarka taberkant deg useggas n 1350 d waṭṭan n SARS deg useggas n 2003 d Covid-19 deg 2020

## Asismel ussnan

## Aṭṭanen imsakraren
* Azarza 
* Tawla n tifuyid 
* Taburdit
* Tasenfert
* Taglal
* Tuza neɣ Tasaɣqit
* SARS
* Tabrusilust
* Tifiṭli 
* Tabuzeggaɣt
* Tussit
* Tifus 
* Ebola

## Aṭṭanen ur n-ttenṭaṭ ara

## Aṭṭanen yettwassnen yakk deg umezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Igem

**Igem** neɣ **Awexxem** d assehres (asteɛmer) n umuddir amesnubgay sɣur umuddir d ajenṭad abeṛṛani iswi-ynes d asexdem n iferdisen n umuddir amesnubgay i wakken ad yennerni (ujenṭad) d nnig n umuddir amesnubgay. am yinig n tbiktirin d Ivirusen ar izeṭṭa n tfekka sin akin ad nfufden deg-s

## Asismel
Igim neɣ awexxem yettwasismel s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n isragen d iskanen n waṭṭan acku yezmer ad yili iremmed (iqeddec) yerna yettbin-d neɣ ad yili war iskanen yerna ur d-ittbin ara

### Igim asnawan
D igim id yettilin ass-mara ad yettwasuji waṭṭan neɣ seld n usuji 

### Isekna d yizmal

### Assehres

### Aṭṭan

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Taggaẓt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asennefru (tasnujjya)

**Tawessna** deg tesnujjya d asukez n waṭṭan neɣ Tignatin id yessegzawen isekna d yizmalɣer wemdan. Anda id ttwasegrawen (id ttwajmaɛen) isalen imsefkiyen (ilaqen) i twessna seg umezruy amaṭṭan d ukayed afekkan i wemdan amaṭun

## Amezruy n usenferru

## Asexdem n usenferru deg tesnujjya

## Tamhalt n usenferru

## Asismel agreɣlan i waṭṭanen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tifus

**Tifus** neɣ **Tiffis** d aṭṭan anamsad yettenṭaṭen txeddem-it-id tbiktirt n Rikettsya yettwassnen s talɣa tussnant s *Rickettsia prowazekii*, d yiwen gar waṭas n waṭṭanen yettemcabin asrag-is (ssebba-ynes) agejdan d tabiktirt n wekray, dɣa tabiktirt n wekray id igrllun s waṭṭan tga d amuddir ajenṭad yettwasefken fell-as ad tidir s agensu (daxel) n tebnikt yerna ur tezmir ara ad tt-idir s azɣar (beṛṛa) n tfekka i waṭas n wakud, aṭṭan-a yettenfufud deg yideggan yeččuren d ifganen (lɣaci) d yideggan anda ulac tezdeg. Yettenfufud seg wemdan ar wemdan s telkin n tfekka i nettgen, dɣa d amsuji Afrensaw Charles Nicolle i d amezwar yesnarem-d anect-a deg useggas n 1909 ayenn yeǧǧan arraz n Nopel i tesnujjya ad yili d amur-is deg useggas n 1928

Tallit n tezdalt d tin yettaṭṭafen gar n 7 n wussan ar 15 n wussan sin akin ad binen iskanen igan d amaẓla imsullsen (qessiḥen), tawla d ucittaw, iskanen-a ttɣamayen 3 n imalasen (azal n 21 n wussan) sin akin ad yejji umaṭun neɣ ad yukkes (ad immet)

Ɣas akken tifuyid yettemcabi tifus maca gan d aṭṭanen yemgaraden yakk ula deg yisragen-nsen 

## [[Asken|Isekna]]

## Isragen

## Taggaẓt

## Amezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asken

**Asken** (Asget: **isekna**) d ayen d ibeddilen i d-ileffun deg umaṭun yak d tumanin i d-isskanayen aṭṭan. Deg tesnujjya yettugani fell-as i tukksa n umezruy amaṭṭan d usekyed n umaṭun s ukayed afekkan.

## Tilmas

## Assuji

## Iɣbula

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Amlelli
Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya

**Arraz n Nopel i tsenwurit neɣ tasnujjya** d arraz id yettwafken yiwet n tikkelt deg yal aseggas sɣur tasbeddit n Nobel i yisnirmen ilan (yesɛan) azal deg tɣulin n tussniwin n tudert d tasnujjya, Arraz-a iga d yiwen gar smus (5) n irrazen n Nobel id yennulfan deg useggas n 1895 sɣur umsekrar n Swid Alfred Nobel id yesnulfan adinamit 

Irrazen n iden ttwafken i yittekkiyen n iden deg tsengama, Takrura, Tasekla d telwit 

## Isalen imatuyen

## Umuɣ n imerna (wid id t-iwwin)

## Irrazen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasbeddit n Nobel
* Alfred Nobel
Acittew

**Acittew** neɣ **Aqiccew** neɣ **Acirrew** d taflalit n  wufraren (tiqqayin meẓẓiyen) deg weglim n wemdan ttmagen-d s talɣa tartirant (war lebɣi) mi ara ad yettwafser umdan i teẓɣelt semmṭen neɣ mi ara ad yemmager ifrayen ussisen (ijehden) am tugdi, Tumert, Tawda, Taggma yakk d tuggumt

Acittew neɣ Aqiccew yettili-d ar yakk temsuṭaṭ (gar-asent amdan), amdya ar warruy mi ara ad yettwiggez yessalay isennanen-is, neɣ amekdad mi ara ad yeqqiccew wefraw-is mi ara ad yettwiggez sɣur kra n inegmaren

## Tiski tasnudrant

## Isragen n uqiccew

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Awwaz

**Awwaz** neɣ **Iwwiz** d arway deg yiṭes neɣ d agezzum-is, ayen id igellun s wuguren idawsanen di tnefsit d tfekka n umaḍun. Awwaz yezmer ad yettusnimel d asulɣet (luɛaṛa) deg beddu n yiṭes, neɣ deg tlemmast-is neɣ d tanekra n zik war akud imezgi. Isragen-is (ssebbat-is) d usuji-ines mgaraden seg wemdan ɣer wayeṭ s unect n tegnatin-is d waddaden-is.

Awwaz yezmer ad yili s talɣa tasimant neɣ s usrag n wuguren niḍen. Dɣa, uguren iy zemren ad yeglun s uwwaz gan d: Tussda, inzikmir yezga, Abrir n wul, Awazi, tamsedfart n umussi n iqejjaṛen, Asiwet d kra n isafaren n iden am Kafyin d Nikutin d  iɣisem.

## Anawen n wawwaz

## Isragen n wawwaz

## [[Asennefru (tasnujjya)|Asennefru]] n wawwaz

## Asuji

## Taggaẓt

## [[Tasensakrart]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tamsedfart n Morvan

## Imniren
Wuhan

**Wuhan** (s Tcinwiyt tuffirt:  武汉, s Tcinwiyt tanasayt: 武漢) d tamenrut n iɣir n Hubei deg tlemmast n tmurt n Ccinwa, Wuhan d tamdint ilan (yesɛan) akk aṭas n imezdaɣ deg Hubei. Akken i tga d tamdint tameqrant tis 7 di Ccinwa, Yezga-d deg usamer n Ccinwa akken i tga d ammas amugran d udamsan ilan (yesɛan) azal meqqren deg tlemmast n Ccinwa

Deg ussan ineggura n yennayer 2020 tamdint n Wuhan tettwamdel yerna tettusinef s usrag (s sebba) n usefruret d unfufed n waṭṭan n Covid-19 id yekkan seg ulzuz n Wuhan i yimeččiyen iwlalen seg imaren medlen ula d alzuz-nni

## Amezruy

## Tarakalt

## [[Kuṛunavirus]]
Yettwasnirem-d waṭṭan n Covid-19 i tikkelt tamezwarut deg temdint n Wuhan id yezgan di tlemmast n Ccinwa deg wayyur n dujamber 2019. Imusnawen ttɣilen d akken aṭṭan-a yekka-d seg iɣersiwen sin akin ineṭṭ-d ar yimdanen s iɣersiwen-nni ig yuɣ waṭṭan-a deg ulzuz n tnezzut n iɣersiwen, sin akin yerna Yenfufed ar igezda n iden n Ccinwa deg wussan imezwura d ilemmasen n wayyur n yennayer s usrag n tfaskiwin n yixef useggas n Ccinwa

## Tanabadt d tsertit

## Imezdaɣ

## Timdinin tatmatin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Alzuz n Wuhan i yimeččiyen iwlalen

**Alzuz n Wuhan i yimeččiyen iwlalen** d alzuz anda ttnuzen iɣersiwen imidduren d imeččiyen iwlalen id yezgan di temdint n Wuhan (g tlemmast n Ccinwa), Alzuz-a d win yuɣalen yettwassen s waṭas deg tɣemsa tamadlant seld mi id tesselɣet tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa deg ass n 31 dujamber 2019 ɣef usefruret n wazzug n turin di Wuhan gar-asen n 41 n yimdanen yettwaskecmen ar usgunef (sbiṭar) anda id yettwakez d akken iga d igim n 2019-nCoV yettwassntmen deg usnidi.

## Tinegwa yettnuzen

## Kuṛunavirus

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tallit n tezdalt

**Tallit n tezdalt** d tanzagt n wakud yezrin gar tefsirt n kra n imuddiren id yessisrigen (id yettsebbiben) i waṭṭan neɣ tanga takrurant neɣ azenzar d gar n wekfal d uflali amezwar n yiskanen d yizmal n waṭṭan. Tallit-a d tin i zemren ad tili meẓẓiy s teɣzi n kra n tesdatin neɣ seg 7 ar 15 n wussan am waṭṭan n Covid-19 neɣ d tin yettaṭṭafen aṭas n iseggasen (alamma d 30 n iseggasen) am waṭṭan n Creutzfeldt-Jakob 

## Imedyaten

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asasnef 
* Arwas
* Tasakrart
Charles Nicolle

**Charles Nicolle** (s Tefrensist: Charles Jules Henry Nicolle) (ilul deg ass n 21 ctember 1866 di temdint n Rouen, Fṛansa, yemmut deg ass n 28 fuṛaṛ 1936 di temdint n Tunes tamenrut), yella d amsuji Afrensaw . Yewwi Arraz n Nopel i tasnujjya aseggas n 1928 imi id yessnirem assaɣ gar telkin d wenṭaṭ n waṭṭan n tifus

## Tudert-is tussnant
Charles Nicolle yezrew (yeɣṛa) tasnudert seg bab-as Eugene Nicolle yellan d amessuji deg usganfu n Rouen, tazrawt-is tella-d deg tsennawit n *Corneille de Rouen*. Ma d tafesna-ynes tasnajyant yewwi-tt-id seg tsudut n Pasteur di Paris aseggas n 1893 sin akin yuɣal ar temdint-is Rouen anda yexdem d amessuji alammi d 1896 

## Idlisen-is

## Timekkest (lmut)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Fernando de Magallan

**Fernando De Magellan** (s Tpuṛtugalt: Fernão de Magalhães), (s Tespenyult: Fernando de Magellanes) ilul deg useggas n 1480 di temdint n Sabrosa di tmurt n Portugal yemmut deg wass n 27 yebrir 1521 d amenẓad (lqayed) d anaram n Portugal, tettwanefk-as-d tnekkit taspenyult s usrag n imahilen-is d iqeddicen-is i wgellid n Spanya Carlos V deg ussilel ar utaram s iswi n unagi (unadi) ɣef webrid ar Tigzirin n Malukus id yezgan deg tmurt n Indunisya.

Assikel id yellan gar n iseggasen n 1519-1522 iga d tulust tamezwart iy zegren Agaraw anaṭlas ar ugaraw Amelwi (dɣa deg tuffɣa-ynes seg ugaraw anaṭlas yekka d yiwen n ugrilel yessemma-y-as Agrilel n Magellan).
Buturin

**Buturin** neɣ d tagnit n wazzug yettaɣen turin (iberfiwen) ayen yessemdawen s talɣa tagejdant ɣef uɣerɣur aberfaw. Anect-a yettili-d s usrag (s sebba) n yigemen id ssisrigen ivirusen d tbiktirin yakk d Imikṛuben d kra n isafaren d tignatin n waṭṭanen am waṭṭan affalman

Iskanen imezdiyen gan d tusut, Agaz n yidmaren, Tawla, Tineggift.. Ma d tirrayin n twessna gant d azenzar X d usenɣel (azraɛ) n ulɣuɣ. Dɣa llant kra n telmas n yicraṭen i wsegdel d usebded (aseḥbes) n buturin i kra n telmas-is ma d assuji yegguni ɣef usrag (ssebba) n id yeglan s waṭṭan-a (buturin) 

Aṭṭan n tingas (buturin) d win i yuɣen azal n 450 n imelyan (7%) n yimdanen deg umadal, ayen id igellun s 4 n imelyan n tegnatin n tmekkisin (lmut) yal aseggas.

## [[Asken|Isekna]] d yizmal

## Isragen (ssebbat)

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Taggaẓt

## Assuji

## Anfufed d [[Tasakrart|tissekrert]]

## Buturin deg umezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Aṭṭan amanṭaṭ

**Aṭṭan amanṭaṭ** neɣ **Aṭṭan imigem** d aṭṭan imekknen (yettḥazin) imuddiren am wemdan anda ara ad yili i wvirus neɣ i wmikṛub yessisrigen (yettsebbiben) i waṭṭan tizmert i wenṭaṭ d yigem ar umuddir n iden ɣas mači deg yiwet n twacult am tzerzayt d tserka .

Igem n waṭṭan d win iy zemren ad yili s waṭas n tarrayin d iberdan am unermis afekkan, imeččiyen yummsen s uvirus neɣ s umikrub, imazzalen n tfekka. Asgunef zdat n umaṭun ...

## Isragen n waṭṭanen imanṭaṭen

## Imihiyen

## Taggaẓt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Alkem n uzeffar imiɣes

**Alkem n uzeffar imiɣes** neɣ **Agzum n ADN** d amsedfar n unuklyutid deg DNA s usexdem n izmulen (GACU) i yicubar. S unect n wayen yettwassnen fell-as,

## Isegren n ADN d RNA

## Taseddast n ADN

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aselkem n ujinum ummid

**Aselkem n ujinum ummid** d tamhalt n takza ulkem ummid i wzeffar imiɣes i wjinum n umuddir deg yiwen n wakud. Annect-a yekcem deg-s uselkem n uzeffar imiɣes n umuddir am Ajinum amitukundryal deg yimɣan 

## Tasniremt

## Amezruy

## Ifruriyen iremmanen

## Isnasen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tarka

**Tarka** neɣ **Taserka** d aṭṭan amanṭaṭ xeddment-id tmadanin tiyersinin yettwasemma s yisem n umusnaw n tbiktirin Afrensaw Alexandre Yersin. Alammi d yunyu 2007 tarka tella d yiwet gar n 3 n tsakrarin ɣef acu yessefk ad yettulɣet fell-as ar tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa (sin n waṭṭanen n iden gan d taburdit yakk d tawla tawraɣt).

S ugani (litkal) ɣef wazzug n turin d twetlin tidawsanin, tarka tezmer ad tenfufed deg wezwu, s unermis usrid neɣ s wučči n tnegwa yeblulɣen neɣ yummsen s ibiktiren yerna ur wwint ara akken iwata. Isekna n tarka d wid yeggunin ɣef tamiwin yudnen g tfekka am tarka n timmist g iwelsen ilimfawen, Tarka mturin g turin d ugerjum

## Tasensakrart d unfufed
### [[Igem]] d wenṭaṭ
.

Anṭaṭ n Yersinia pestis ɣer wemdan ur nudin ara yezmer ad yili s: 
* Timiqwa n tusut d unezzu n wemdan yudnen ar wudem n wudem n wudem Ur nudin 
* Anermis usrid

## [[Tigezt|Agzay]] d [[Affal|usiffel]] mgal takra

## Assuji atrar

## Taggaẓt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tarka taberkant

## Imniren
Anezzu

**Anezzu** neɣ **Tinzi** d tuffɣa n wezwu s untew (udemmer) seg yimi d wanzaren. Tafekka txeddem-d awliwel-a (amussu-a) i wakken ad tekkes tinegwa yesmussuyen (yettheyyiǧen) inzaren imi inziz agiran ttaran-d tiririt i tnegwa-nni s umelmel d urway n unezzu 

Mi ara ad yinzi (ad yeɛḍes) wemdan tteffɣen-tt-d wazal n 100,000 n tbiktirin s tazzla n 100Mil/s ayen yettaǧǧan anezzu ad yesri tafasa meqqren i wakken ad iffeɣ

## Asrag

## Umyiyen ɣef unezzu

## Anezzu deg yidles

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Tusut
* Isekna
Tasdusit

**Tasdusit** (Asget: **Tisdusa**) d tasbeddit anda iy xeddem umessuji neɣ tagrawt n imessujiyen i wsuji n imuṭan, tasdusit tezmer ad tili d amur seg usganfu akken i tezmer ad tili d tamunant

## Isgulaf-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azzug

**Azzug** neɣ **Aceffu** d asduqqes n tfekka mgal yal tazernant tuffiɣt neɣ aɣmal. Akken i yezmer ad yettwasenmel d akken-it d tazrart n tsedmirin tizeṭṭawin n ustan i yxeddem umuddir mgal isemda ineṭṭgen yettawin ar welfay n isenfalen (ibeddilen) deg izeṭṭa d yigra n idammen s tfesna n tmekrezt (ccedda) ur d-ngellu ara s tmekkest (lmut) n tebnikin.. Dɣa azzug d imsefki i tudert n umuddir acku iga d tarrayt i westan mgal isemda am tibiktirin d ivirusen neɣ tanga takrurant neɣ taṛuɣi

## Isragen n wazzug

## [[Asken|Iseknan-is]] igejdanen

## Tilmas n wazzug

## Imedyaten ɣef wazzug

## Tiwlafin n wazzug

File:Dermatitis.jpg
File:Tonsillitis.jpg
File:Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, gross pathology 33 lores.jpg


## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Addes

**Addes** (Asget: **iddasen**) deg tasnujjya d tsemgama d tasmekta n usafar yettusmersen (yettusxedmen) deg tasnujya d tasnudert neɣ d tasmekta n uzenzar g tsengama, dɣa tettwasexdem i wsuji.

## G tfermast

## Taggaẓt seg uzenzar

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasensakrart

**Tasensakrart** neɣ **Tasenzitmurt** d tugrint tussnant irezzwen (yeɣɣaṛen) uguren idawsanen deg imsegrawen imazdaɣen, Asnagar-is, Asedger-is deg wakud d wadeg yakk d yimgan yessemdawen deg tdawsa d waṭṭanen n imezdaɣ 

## Tasnettit

## Amezruy
Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen

**Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen** (s Teglizit: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention*) d tasbeddit tagejdant Marikan iy qeddcen deg wannar n tdawsa tazayezt, Dɣa tasbeddit-a tga d tanegga tafidiralt yeṭṭafaren adabu n Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt, Asutel-is deg temdint n Atlanta deg ugezdu n Georgia, iswi agejdan n tnegga d taggaẓt n tdawsa d telwit tazayezt s usenɣed d uɣmer ɣef waṭṭanen deg Iwunak Yeddukklen d yakk ideggan n umadal

## Amezruy

## Tasuddest

## Amarud d usedrem

## Inurar (tiɣula) n teɣdeft

## Tadawsa tamadlant

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa
John Franklin Enders

**John Franklin Enders** (10 fuṛaṛ 1897 - 8 ctember 1985) d amusnaw asnujjyan n Marikan,  yebṭa arraz n Nobel i tesnujjya yakk d sin n iɣeṛman-is (tarwa n tmurt-is) Thomas Huckle Weller d Frederick Chapman Robbins. Yettwassen s yisem n bab n yicraṭen deg tallit tatrart .

## Tudert-is d tigmayin-is
Jhon Enders ilul deg temdint n West Hartford deg uwanak n Connecticut deg ass n 10 fuṛaṛ 1897, Yeɣṛa deg uɣerbaz n Noah Webster di temdint n West Hartford, d uɣerbaz n St Paul deg temdint n Concord (awanak n New Hampshire) sin akin yedda ar taseddawit n Yale.
Isig n tmekkast

**Isig n tmekkast** d amsektay i wumdan n timekkest|tmekkasin (s talɣa tazayezt i kra n wesrag) s wassaɣ ɣer n wumdan n imezdaɣ deg yiwen n useggas, yettwasenfali fell-as s teftart n yal 1000 n yimdanen i useggas, Isig n tmekkast yettusenmel daɣen d akken-it d yessenfal ɣef wumdan n tmekkasin deg kra n wakud gar n kra n tegrawt n yimdanen.

## Isig aɣṛud n tmekkasin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asismel agreɣlan n waṭṭanen
* Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa
Thomas Huckle Weller

**Thomas Huckle Weller** (15 yunyu 1915 - 23 ɣuct 2008) d amsenvirus n Marikan,  yebṭa arraz n Nobel i tesnujjya yakk d sin n iɣeṛman-is (tarwa n tmurt-is) John Franklin Enders d Frederick Chapman Robbins ass mi id yesnarem tarrayt i wseẓẓu n uvirus n kerraf n igerdan s talɣa tasnidant s usexdem n izeṭṭa n yebka.

## Tudert-is
Thomas Huckle ilul deg temdint n Ann Arbor deg uwanak n Michigan. Yekcem ar tseddawit n Michigan anda yella bab-as (Carl Vernon Waller) d aselmad deg wesmil n tesnaṭṭant. Dinna yezrew (yeɣṛa) tasnujjya tasenɣersawt

## Arrazen i yewwi

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Frederick Chapman Robbins

**'Frederick Chapman Robbins** (25 ɣuct 1916 - 4 ɣuct 2003) d amssuji n warrac, d amsenvirus n Marikan,  yebṭa arraz n Nobel i tesnujjya yakk d sin n iɣeṛman-is (tarwa n tmurt-is) John Franklin Enders d Thomas Huckle Weller i lmend n tigmeyin-is id yeflalin deg useẓẓu d usinef (aɛzal) n uvirus n kerraf n igerdan, dɣa tigmiyin-a ssant-d abrid i Jonas Salk d Albert Bruce Sabin i wesnirem n tigezt n kerraf n igerdan

## Tudert-is

## Arrazen yewwi

## Tizrawin-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azeɣnennay

**Azuɣnennay** neɣ **Asaylal** neɣ **Aɣyul n yiṭ** neɣ **imceɣlel** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Chiroptera**) d aɣersiw amsuṭaṭ amyiwen yettferfiren (yettafgen). Izeɣnennayen ttafen-d tadermist gar n iṭudan-is ar ilmendis id t-yettallen i wakken ad ifferfer yissen. Dɣa yella yettinig (yettferfir) deg tegnawt tamsullest tallit tayusint send n 50 n imelyan n iseggasen aya, deg imir-nni lfan-d fell-as kra isniflen (ibeddilen).

Llant wazal n 1000 n telmas n izeɣnennayen. Ayen yegdan ¼ n telmas n temsuṭaṭ.

## Asesmel

## Tilɣiwin d telmas n izeɣnennayen

## Aglam d tizrawin

## Učči

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Lezzayer 2020

Yenfufed waṭṭan n Kuṛunavirus n 2020 di Lezzayer seg wass n 25 fuṛaṛ 2020, Ass mi xedmen akayad i yiwen n wemdan n Ṭelyan yeffeɣ-d d ilaw i waṭṭan n SARS-CoV-2. Sin akin ttwasniremen-tt-d tignatin niden i waṭṭan n Covid-19. Alammi d ass n 30 meɣres 2020 llant-d 584 n tegnatin n yigman yettwasentmen. Gar-asen 35 n tmekkasin (lmuta).

## Tasnimirt

## Tignatin yettujerden

## Timekkasin (lmuta)

## Iseɣlan n tdawsa d taggaẓt

## Turrit n iɣeṛman d [[Asasnef|usasnef]]

## Taddadanin

## Anagraw adawsan aɣelnaw

## Tallalin d yisefkan

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus 2019-20 s unect n iwunak d tamiwin
* Igem
* Asasnef
* Covid-19
* SARS-CoV
* SARS-CoV-2
Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Ṭelyan 2020

**[[Arwas n waṭṭan n Kuṛunavirus 2019-20|Arwas n Kuṛunavirus 2020 di]] Ṭelyan** yettwasentmen unfufed-is deg wass n 31 yennayer ass mi id yettwabeyyen d akken sin n imerrayen n Ccinwa yuɣ-iten SARS-CoV-2 deg temdint n Roma, Sin akin deg wass n 21 fuṛaṛ ttwasnermen-tt-d 16 n tegnatin g Lumbardya w azekkuya-nni (22 fuṛaṛ) rnant-d 60 n tegnatin d tegnit tamenzut n tmekkast.

Seg wussan ineggura n fuṛaṛ, Ṭelyan tuɣal d tamurt yenṭerren yakk s waṭas deg Uruppa s usrag n unfufed d usefruret n Covid-19, Dɣa tezga-d d tis snat deg wuṭṭun n yigam d tmezwarut deg wuṭṭun n tmekkasin.

## Tignatin

## Anfufed

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Ležžayer 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Spanya 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Fṛansa 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus deg Iwunak Yeddukklen 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus deg Umeṛṛuk 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Miẓran 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Israyel 2020
* Arwas n Kuṛunavirus di Perú 2020
* Anfufed n Covid-19 s unect n iwunak

## Imniren
Joseph Haydn

**Joseph Haydn** (31 meɣres 1732 – 31 mayyu 1809) d ameskar amaẓwan ilul deg temdint n Rohrau id yezgan deg tmurt n Tutrict, Tasmedna-ynes (tiḥerci-ynes) Yettwasnirem-d seg temẓi-ynes, Yessefra-d tagezzumt-is tamasɣant tamezwarut deg waddar-is (lɛemr-is) 10 n iseggasen. Deg 1766 yuɣal d aɣella (f yixef) n urkist n ugeldun Esterházy yeqqim akken azal n 40 n iseggasen alammi yemmut ugeldun Esterházy, Joseph Haydn yerza ar London i wakken ad yesseddu kra tfaskiwin sin akin yuɣal ɣer Vienna. Yura-d imseɣṛet n Ad yageẓ yillu amenkad Franz i yuɣalen imir-nni d imseɣret n tmenkudt turict 

Yules (iɛawwed) yuɣal ar London anda id yura snat n tgezzumin (Kunsirtu) timasɣanin

## Tudert-is

## Iẓawan-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Edward FitzGerald

**Edward FitzGerald** (31 meɣres 1809 - 14 yunyu 1883) yella d amedyaz, d amyaru n Unegliz akken id yessuɣel talsarut tamezwarut d tin yettwassnen yakk Ṛubaɛiyat 

## Tudert-is

## Imahilen-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Anton Stamitz
* John Trumbull
Ludwig van Beethoven

**Ludwig van Beethoven** (17 dujamber 1770 - 26 meɣres 1827) yella d amseddas, d ameẓẓawen d apyanay Analman akken i yella d yiwen gar tugniwin yufraren yakk deg tallit taklasikt yezwaren tallit taṛumantikt. Yettumeggez d ameqran n yimsedniwen d uẓwiren n uẓawan deg talliyin yakk w d win id ten-yugaren yakk deg usemdu, yesnulfa-d imahilen imanẓwen yeqqimen d iɣewwaɣen anda aglaz (lefḍel) ameqran deg usnefli n uẓawan aklasik yettuɣal ɣures. Kra deg tmaskarin-is: 9 n tsimfuniyin d 5 n tgezzumin s upyanu s udinan (violon), 32 n tsunatin s upyanu akken id yessker daɣen imahilen n tamesrit taseklant d talilt yakk d kra n tezlatin.

Beethoven ilul deg temdint n Bonn yellan d tamenrut n Tafernant n Köln (igan d amur seg tmnekda taṛumant tagʷerramt), Timikfit-is (teẓwer-is) d tin id yeflalin seg mi yella meẓẓiy. Anda yezrew (yeɣṛa) aẓawan yakk d Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart akken i yuɣal d ameddakel n Joseph Haydn. Yerza ar Vienna deg useggas n 1792 yeqqim din alammi yukkes (yemmut).
Anton Stamitz

**Anton Stamitz** (27 wamber 1750 - 1809) d amseddas, d amsedger seg Tamenkudt n Tutrict,  ilul deg Havlíčkův Brod, yella yessemras (yessexdam) allalen n udinan yemmut deg tmurt n Fṛansa ɣef waddar (leεmer) n 59 n yiseggasen

## Tudert-is
Yeɣṛa aẓawan akked baba-s Johann Stamitz akked gma-s Carl Stamitz daɣen Christian  Cannabich. Deg useggas n 1764, Anton ikcem ɣer wurkist anda yella d netta i d wis sin ara yewwten adinan, sin akin di Paris aseggas n 1770 akked gma-s, imir-nni  Carl yekchem ar tmurt n Unegliz, deg useggas 1777 yuaɣl-d ar Fṛansa anda yurar deg umdaddas n  Versaille seg useggas n 1782 armi d 1789

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
John Trumbull

**John Trumbull** (6 yunyu 1756 - 10 wamber 1843) d imsuneɣ n Marikan deg tallit n umsenɣi n timunent n Marikan. Yella yettwassen s tiklutin-is timazrayin am teklut n *taseɣrut n timunent [[1817]]* yettusiggzen ɣef tsawit (tapyast) n 2 $ (adular amarikani).

## Tudert-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* William Herschel
Anton Wranitzky

**Anton Wranitzky** (13 yunyu 1761 - 6 ɣuct 1820) d amseddas n udinan ilulen deg Nová Říše di Margravyat n Muṛavya. Iga d gma-s ameẓyan n Paul Wranitzky

## Tudert-is

## Imniren
Tasmilt Tulempayt Tagreɣlant

**Tasmilt Tulempayt Tagreɣlant** (s teglizit: *International Olympic Committee*), (S tefṛensist: *Comité international olympique*) d tuddsa asutel-is yezga-d deg yiɣrem n Lausanne (Tamurt n Teswist, Yesnulfa-d-tt-id Pierre de Coubertin yakk d Dimitrios Vikelas deg wass n 23 yunyu 1894 sɣur wesir ulempay, igmamen yeṭṭafaren tuddsa ayyi ssawṭen ar 206 n tesmilin tulempiyin tiɣelnawin.

Tuddsa ayyi tessuddus uraren ulempiyen itraren id yettilin deg unebdu neɣ deg tegrest yiwet n tikkelt yal 4 n iseggasen, Urar amezwaru yakk yella-d deg temdint n Atina deg useggas n 1896 ma d urar n tegrest amezwar yella-d di Chamonix (Fṛansa) deg useggas n 1924.

## Tamlilit n tesmilt

## Assileɣ n tesmilt

## Iselwayen-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Uraren ulempiyen
Ameftak

Deg tesnujjya, **Ameftak** d amazzag deg tɣult n teftakt, Dɣa taftakt tettumeggez d taggayt meqqren gar tiggayin n usuju asnujjyan, ama d tasnujjya n tefkka n wemdan neɣ tafekka n uɣarsiw, ancta s usrag (s ssebba) n tukssa n uẓeṭṭa yugmen neɣ taddsa (aseggem) n ucerrig d taruẓi. Ameftak yezmer ad yili d Amessuji neɣ d Amessuji n tuɣmas neɣ Amessuji n yiɣsan  neɣ d abidar.
Alexander Fulton

**Alexander Fulton** d amsenzu, d asertay n  Marikan, ilul deg useggas n 1750 deg Washington deg, Yukkes  (yemmut) deg useggas n 1818 deg Alexandria, Louisiana

## Tudert-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Anthony Walton White

**Anthony Walton White** (7 yulyu 1750 - 10 fuṛaṛ 1803) -d afesyan n Marikan, ilul di temdint n  New Brunswick (New Jersey) akken i yukkes (yemmut) deg wadeg-nni ya anda ilul 

## Tudert-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
John Todd

**John Todd** (ilul deg wass n 27 meɣres 1750 di Montgomery - yukkes (yemmut) deg ass n 18 ɣuct 1782 deg Robertson) d asertay n Marikan

## Tudert-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Alfred Wegener

**Alfred Lothar Wegener** (1 wamber 1880 - 1 wamber 1930) d amusnaw, d amesnallun n Lalman illa izerrew (yeɣɣaṛ) takelsengamt d tesnignewt deg tizgelt n ugafa. Deg tudert-is, Wegener yettwassen s tigiyin-is deg tesnignewt akken iga d uzwir deg yinagiyen d inadiyen d tama n tizgelt n Ugafa, Maca seg imahilen yakk s wacu id yufrar d tisersi-ynes n teẓri n tzelma tamanẓawt deg useggas n 1912. Tiẓri ayyi tɣil d akken imenẓawen llan ttwliwlen s ullan (ttḥerriwen cwiṭ cwiṭ) ɣef tegnit. Dɣa tiẓri ayyi d tin yellan ur tettwaddeg ara (ur tettwaqbel ara) sɣur imusnawen d wammas ussnan alammi d tamrawt n smumraw (tixemsinin) n tsut tis 20 ass mi yewweṭ ad yaf aṭas n tegritin gar-asent Paleomagnetism yefkan asalel d tedhelt iddusin (ijehden) i teẓri n tezelma tamanẓawt i yuɣalen sin akin d azadur agejdan deg tmudmin titrarin i tfiliyin titektuniyin n tegnit.. Akken i yessaweṭ (Wegener) ad issegzu tumant n isigniwen imseflilliyen.

Wegener ittekka deg waṭas n isizzilen ar Greenland i tezrawt n wallus n wezu n tezgelt  

## Tameddurt-is
Alferd Wegener ilul deg wass 1 nwember 1880 deg Berlin, D netta i d ameẓyan gar 5 n watmaten-is seg twacult n usaɣɣan, baba-s Richard Wegener yella d asunay, d aselmad n tutlayin timzikin (tiqdimin) deg yiwen n uɣerbaz amasɣan, 
Deg useggas n 1886 tesɣa-d twacult-is axxam d ameẓyan zdat n Rheinsberg yettwasmersen (ittwaxedmen) d axxam anda ssezrayen (sεeddayen) imuras-nsen.
tura, Axxam-a yezga-d zdat-s wadeg amsektay n Alfred Wegent d tnarit n isalan n tmerrit deg kra n tmuskiwin timadasin i yellan yakan d aɣerbaz adigan

## Tiẓri n tzelma tamanẓawt

## Isnefliyen itraren

## Irrazen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren

Imesnallunen inalmanen
Tazelma tamanẓawt

**Tazelma tamanẓawt** d armud asnakalan xeddmen-tt tifilin titektuniyin n tegnit, tettgensis deg imussa itektuniyen ama d amyaggag (amibɛad) neɣ d amyaddas (amiqrab) neɣ d asemri gar n snat n tfilin. I wakken ad binen am akken ttnexlilen s adda awlal.. Abraham Ortelius yella d netta i d amezwaru iy ɣilen d akken imenẓawen ahat ad ilin ttenxixlen neɣ ttewliwelen deg useggas n 1596, Maca tiẓri ayyi tennefli s talɣa tummidt sɣur Alfred Wegener deg useggas n 1912 maca kra ur deggin ara (ur qbilen ara) tiẓri ayyi acku ur d-tessegzi ara tarrayt s wacu id telfa (id teḍra). Sin akin tufa abrid ar tukza (asteɛref) seld mi id ttefka assegzu ussnan i tarrayt n uwliwel d unxixel n imenẓawen.

## Amezruy

## Inzan

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Portsmouth

**Portsmoth** d taɣremt Tabṛitanit id-yezgan deg unẓul asemran n tmurt n Unegliz. Zedɣen-tt wazal n 195,000 n yimezdaɣ, tettwassen deg umezruy d akken-it d azadur awlal asardas n iɣallen n Tgelda Yeddukklen,  annect-a yella-d imi id-tezga deg wadeg asudas yudsen (iqerben) ɣer tmurt n Fṛansa
Akken daɣen id tnuga (teched) i sin n imsenɣa imadlanen amenzu d wis sin , Tiɣremt-a tefka aṭas n  yimezdaɣ-is d tiɣtas, tuget deg-sen d ixeddamen deg tewlalt. ma d tura tuɣal d tamenaṭ tazadaɣt teččur d talwit, tella deg-s tseddawit n Portsmouth d waṭas n tizmar

## Anezwu

## Tiknewt (timdinin takniwin)

## Addal

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Abraham Ortelius

**Abraham Ortelius** (14 yebrir 1527 - 28 yunyu 1598) d amrakal, d imsuneɣ n tgertilin Avlameng. Yettukez (yettusteɛref) s yis d akken d netta i d amezwaru id yessersen aṭlas n tgertilin deg talliyin titrarin. Akken yettuɣil d akken d netta id yessugnen d akken imenẓawen llan ddukklen deg yiwet n tkura send ma ad mẓunen (ad mmifraqen).. Deg waṭas n wakuden yettumeggez d yiwen seg imesnulfa n uɣerbaz Ahulland i wsuneɣ n trakalin akken yettumeggez d yiwen gar tugniwin timeqqṛanin n uɣerbaz deg tallit-is tuṛɣant (gar n 1570 d 1670)

## Tameddurt-is
Anfufed n Covid-19 s unect n iwunak

Amagrad-a yessentam iwunak i yewwet waṭṭan n Covid-19 id yeglan s tẓimdalt n Kuṛunavirus 2019-20 id yebdan seg temdint n Wuhan deg tmurt n Ccinwa 

## Iwunak d tamiwin anda llant tegnatin yettusentmen

## Iwunak zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tegnatin

## Taggaẓt deg kra n Iwunak

## Tafelwit n tegnatin n Covid-19 s unect n iwunak

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Alec Guinness

**Alec Guinness** (ilul ass n 2 yebrir 1914 di London - yukkes (yemmut) ass n 5 ɣuct 2000 di Sussex tutrimt) d asegbar n Unegliz yewwin usuɣ n imidiwen n yiseɣ d tfesna n umenkud Abṛitan seld n ukala i yebda zik deg tɣult n umezgun, Alec Guinness yettekka deg waṭas n yiswiren n Ealing comedies gar-asen The Ladykillers d usaru n Kind Hearts and Coronets anda yewwi 9 n temlilin (ledwaṛ) s tugniwin yemgaraden deg usaru ayyi. Akken i yemyalel 6 n tikkal d umesnelfay David Lean deg tugna n *Herbert Pocket* deg usaru n Great Expectations aseggas n 1946,
*Fagin* deg usaru n Oliver Twist (1948), *Col Nicholson* deg usaru n The Bridge on the River Kwai 1957

## Tameddurt-is

## Tamekkast

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Usuɣ n imidiwen n yiseɣ

**'Usuɣ n imidiwen n yiseɣ** d tafesna id tettak tgellidt deg Tagelda Yeddukklen i yimdanen id yettgin (iy xeddmen) iqeddicen ilan azal. Yiwen seg wid yewwin usuɣ-a d amekrudran Frederick Sanger d usegbar Alec Guinness d Rowan Atkinson dɣa aneggara tessels-as-t tgellidt Elizabeth Alexandra Mary 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Kluṛukin

**Kluṛukʷin** (S Teglizit: Chloroquine) d asafar yettusmersen (yettusxedmen) i taggaẓt ɣef Malaṛya d ussuji-ynes deg yideggan id teṭṭurray.. Deg kra n tikwal, kra n telmas n Malaṛya d tdefrin tinazbayin ssuturent isafaren niden yemgaraden. Akken i yettusemres deg kra n tikwal i wsuji n waṭṭan n ambyasis id yettilin deg beṛṛa n wadan d uzuwerzellim d tmuccent. Asafar-a yettwasew s yimi

isemda imezluga imezdiyen gan d uguren deg tmaẓwalin d tunɣayt d uberriṭ (tadist).. Ma d isemda imezluga imihanen gan d uguren deg usekkud d uttwiɣi n tmaẓwalin d tezɣint n tegrint d wuzuf aplestin. Macc yettuɣil d akken asafar-a d aneɣlis deg tallit n tadist. Akken daɣen id tella tezrawt i wakken ad ẓṛen ma yezmer ad yessuji  aṭṭan n COVID-19 as of 2020.

Asafar-a yettusnirem-d deg useggas n 1934 sɣur Hans Andersag. deg wumuɣ n yisafaren igejdanen imudmawen n tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa, akken igan d isafaren imazgayen deg unagraw adawsan yettumeggzen tamɣellist.

## Tirrayin n usemres

## [[Asemdu amezlagu|Isemda imezluga]]

## Tigmayin

## Tamellilt
Arram amesguceṛ unɣid

**Arram amesguceṛ unɣid** (Azamul-is: **RCT** id yekkan seg EN: *Randomised Controlled Trial*) d talmest gar n inawen n unagi ussnan anarum aladɣa deg tɣult n tesnujjya. Anda imdanen ɣef wacu id tettili tezrawt ttwasennefrun s ugucar (s imisi neɣ apipri) s yiwet neɣ ugar n tarrayin n ussuji yemgaraden yettilin deg tezrawt. Dɣa irramen imesgucaṛen unɣiden ttumeggzen d akayad n umnir deg warramen ilektuyen yerna yettwasemres (yettwaseqdec) i wkayad n tmellilt n inawen yemgaraden n inekcumen isnajjyanen. Akken id yezmer ad yefk isalan ɣef tasedmirt tansafart tuɣnift.

Irmawen "RTC" d Tirmit tagacuṛant ttwasemrasent deg kra n tikwal am igdawalen, maca tallilt tamalxayt tanarrayt tga d taggaẓt n RTC s isem kan i warramen ilan (yesɛan) tigrawin n usemyif

## Amezruy

## Isesmilen

## Alɣat ɣef igemmuden n RCT

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aneggaf

**Aneggaf** d aṭṭan  amazzug amazray yettaɣ tizumar yellan deg turin.  Yettwassen d isniflen (ibeddilen) n isekna-ynes yettalsen yakk d welfay n wenɣas n izumar d wergal deg iɣaṛasen imesgunaf.. Akken id ttilin isekna niden tizeɣnin n ubber d tusut d tineggift d wagaz n yidmaren.. Tizeɣnin-a zemrent ad lfunt (ad ḍrunt) aṭas n tikkal deg wass neɣ deg imalas.. Dɣa tassast-is (ccedda-ynes) tezmer ad ternu deg yiṭ neɣ deg yillil n waddal, anecta yegguni ɣef umaṭun.

Yettuɣil d akken aneggaf yettili-d s usrag n tegrawt n yimgan n tukkest dyimegan isnazdaɣanen،, Afsar ar useldaɣ n wezwu d imurnanen ttumeggzen d yimgan n twennaṭ id igellun s uneggaf, yerna aspirin d umekraf n Beta gan d imgan issurrusen alfay n uneggaf.. Deg waṭas n tegnatin, asennefru n uneggaf yeggani ɣef wanaw n isekna d tririt i wssuji, akken i yettusemres (yettuseqdec) uktasgunef deg usennefru.. Aneggaf yettusesmel u unect n (ɛla ḥsab) wallus d tuɣalin n isekna d ubleɣ amesɣunef imezzuccel deg yiwet n tsint (FEV1)
Akken i yezmer ad yettusesmel s ugani ɣef uteppi neɣ war uteppi, anda id yesskanay (Ateppi) taddsa i tilin n ufelnefray n wanaw amezwar.

## Isekna d yizmal

## Isragen

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Taggaẓt d ussuji

## Tasensakrart

## Amezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Buneggaf

## imniren
Aṭṭan amezray

**Aṭṭan amezray** neɣ **Aṭṭan yezgan** deg tasnujjya d aṭṭan yettaṭṭafen tanzagt ɣezzifen yerna yettales neɣ yettuɣal-d., Irem n umezray igellem-d akala n waṭṭan neɣ isig n yigem d temhazt. Dɣa akala amezray yemgarad ɣef ukala yettalsen acku akala yettalsen ineggez s talɣa tamaɣlalt s kra n talliyin n telwit. Deg talɣa n weglam, tagnit n waṭṭan amezray tesskanay-d tagnit tasnajyant tamaɣlalt, tid yettaṭṭafen 3 n wayyuren ma drus

## Tilmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren

*
Tazamart

**Tazamart** (Asget: **Tizumar**) d azrug neɣ d abrid n wezwu agejdan yebṭan ar izrugen isnawanen yessawaṭen azwu ar turin. Yal tazamart teẓẓuni (tefreq) ar tzumar tisnawanin. Dɣa ulac asenfel n igazen deg wamur-a n turin
 
## Akalas

## Tiwlafin

File:Blausen 0770 RespiratorySystem 02.png
File:Bronchi.JPG
File:Gray503.png
File:Relations of the aorta, trachea, esophagus and other heart structures.png


## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Aneggaf
Antonio José de Sucre

**Antonio José de Sucre** (3 fuṛaṛ 1795 - 4 yunyu 1830) d amenẓad asardas n Bolivia , yeslelli-d tamurt n Ecuador d Bolivia seg tuṭṭfa n Spanya, yeṭṭef amekan n uselway wis 2 n Bolivia (s tenmezrit i Simon Bolivar) , Yettumeggez d yiwen gar jiniralat inazmaren yakk deg tallit-is, Seld n trennawt-is deg wunnuɣ n Ayacucho deg useggas n 1824 yessers taggara  tuṭṭfa Taspenyulit i Temrikt talatint deg wakud-nni,  Ass-mi tewwi Bolivia timunent yuɣal Sucre d aselway-is wis 2 deg useggas 1826, yella d amenhar amellil s waṭas, ila (yesεa) tizemmar d iketturen maca yettaxxer seg tisselwit deg useggas n 1828 war tanekra n umsenɣi yakk d ipiruviyen  yezgan mgal n tmeddiwt-is d tddukka-ynes yakk d Simón Bolívar

## Tameddurt-is

## Tamakkast-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar

**Simón Bolívar** (isem-is ummid s Tespenyult: **Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco**), d aserdas d asertay n Venezuela deg tallit yezwaren tagduda tamatut n Venezuela, ilul deg temdint n Caracas igan d tamenrut n Venezuela deg wass n 24 yulyu 1783., d netta i d imesbeddi d uselway n Colombia tameqqrant, yerna d yiwen seg wudmawen ufriren i yuraren tamlilt s wazal-is deg teslallit n waṭas n tmura n Temrikt talatint yellan s ddaw n tuṭṭfa n umenkud Aspenyul seg tsut tis 16 am Colombia, Venezuela,  Ecuador, Panama, Bolivia yakk d Piru.. Ayen yeǧǧan ad yeddem akenni n *GEORGE WASHINGTON N TEMRIKT TALATINT*.

Deg useggas n 1813 yefka-y-as usqamu n temdint n Mérida akenni n *AMLELLAY N VENEZUELA*, Anect-a d ayen ɣef wacu id teddeg (id teqbel) Caracas deg useggas-nni ya, dɣa yuɣal d akenni imisseɣ iy ddan yides alammi yukkes (yemmut). Deg tebrat i yura Bolívar i wenmazul n uselway n tegduda n Granada Tamaynut (ajiniṛal Francisco de Paula Santander) aseggas n 1825 yenna-d d akken-id d argaz n twuriwin yemrayen (iweɛṛen) s usrag n wuguren imeɣalen id t-ittmagaren deg isawaɣen-is islullayen. deg wakud anda aṭas meggzen-t d asad amezwaru n Temrikt yerna d tagnit neɣ d udem amezrir deg umezruy n umadal acku yeǧǧa-d tukkest tasertayt id yeflalin deg waṭas n tmura n Temrikt talatint. Tukkest-a tuɣal d tifaskiwin timaɣlanin deg tmura id yettubedren

## Iẓuran-is

## Imrawen-is (lejdud-is)

## Tameddurt-is

## Tudert-is taserdast

## Tudert-is tasertayt

## Tamekkast-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Gran Colombia
* Antonio José de Sucre

## imniren
Tadbelt n wučči d isafaren

**Tadbelt n wučči d isafaren** (S Tegnizit: *Food and Drug Administration* - s usegzel: **FDA** neɣ **USFDA**) d tanegga yeṭṭafaren aɣlif n Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt i yimeẓla n tdawsa d izerfan n wemdan. Akken i tga d yiwet gar tdeblin tiselkamin tifidiṛalyin deg Marikan.
Tadbelt n wučči d isafaren i d (tamasayt) ɣef taggaẓt d usnerni n tdawsa tamatut s ferru d waggal (asefqed) ɣef tɣellist n wučči d ifarisen n ubaɣa d tsutay d isafaren d yicraṭen d tnegwa tisnudranin d temhalin n tufkit n idammen d tinezririn

## Asadaf n wučči d isafaren d tnezririn

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Fridirik Copan

**Frédéric François Chopin** (1 meɣres 1810 - 17 tuber 1849) d ameskar, d amseddas amaẓwan deg tallit tarumantikt,  aẓar-is yettuɣal ar tmurt n  Pulunya , ilul deg wadeg i wumi qqaren Taduka n Warsaw , Yettusinen (yetturebba) deg Warsaw i yuɣalen seld n 1815 d amur seg tgelda n Pulunya, ikemmel dinn-a taɣuri-ynes n uẓawan akken id yesnulfa kra n imahilen imaẓwanen send ma ad yiggaǧǧ si tmurt n Pulunya deg waddar-is 20 n yiseggasen  (send n yiwen n wayyur seg tnekra 1830. 

## Tameddurt-is
Deg waddar n 21 n iseggasen, Chpin yessersi (yerked) deg Paris, tettunefk-as teɣlent tafransist deg useggas n 1835, deg 18 n yiseggasen ineggura deg tudert-is yefka-d anagar 30 n imahilen isumanen (yiqeddicen imucaεen),  yella yessekcam-d azɣuɣ-is s usenzi n tmaskarin-is d uselmed n upyanu i wakken ad yuɣal sin akun d yiwen ilan (yesεan) azal d tmelta wa ad yili d inilbi deg tsuta-ines. Chopin yegra-d tammidwa d Franz Liszt  akken iy ra (i yeεjeb) i waṭas n yimeskaren n uẓawan am Robert Schumann,  Seld n usiggel-ines tubrirt (lexḍubiya-ines i ifeclen) d Maria Woodzinska  deg useggas 1837-1847 yekcem deg wassaɣ nniḍen yengugan d temyarut tafransist i yettusman s yisem-is areṭṭal Georges Sand
Tawala takudant meẓẓiyen gar yiseggasen 1838-1839 tettumeggez deg talliyin anda id yella ufares meqqren deg tudert-is n uẓawan yella yessezray-d akud-is ɣer Mallorca yakk d Georges Sand
Sin akkin tella tedhelt n teẓraf tettas-as-d sɣur temdakelt-is Taskatlandit  Jane Sterling i yellan txeddem i useggem n tirzi-ines ɣer Écosse deg useggas n 1848
Yennegriref (inεettab) aṭas Chopin seg uɣelluy n tezmert-is yemmut deg  Paris deg useggas n 1849, Turda n usran n tmekkast-is (lmut-is) d tin yezzin ɣef waṭṭan n tsenfert.

Timaskarin n Chopin yakk yessemres (yessexdam) deg-sent apyanu, tuget deg-sent gant d urar awlawal. Ila (yesεa) snat n tgezmiyin  n ukunsirtu n upyanu d kra n tgezmiyin  n uẓawan n texxamt. akken daɣen id issuddes kra n tezlatin n Tipukunyin,  anaw n wurar-is ɣef upyanu yettumeggez d ameslid deg tama tateknit tuget ttilint tigezmiyin-is qqnent ar tmellit-is tusligt bu tennefrayt yeflalen.  yesnulfa-d Chopin ayen iwumi qqaren anaw n Ballad n uẓawan deg useggas n 1836 anda i d-yefka tigezmi  tamezwarut n Ballad tarumantikt deg-s
Imahilen-is igejdanen d wid deg wacu yegra tasunat d mazurka d uvals d Nukturn d Polonez. 

Akken daɣen illant kra n deg tmaskarin-is i yettwazuzren seld mi i yemmut, kra deg-sent d tigezmiyin n tgemmi n uẓawan n Pulunya d uẓawan aklasik n Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart d Franz Schubert anda i yella Chopin yefka-y-as azal meqqren n waxsa (aɛjab), Tasnulfa n Chopin tamaẓwnt tessegzel-d aɣan-is d uɣanib-is d talɣa n tigriyin-is  timaẓwanin d isuddisen n Harmony s tmerni ɣer wanect-a tizmert-is meqqren deg usnulfu n uẓawan s timmant-is taɣelnaẓrit ayen yeǧǧan aẓawan-is ila tazrirt d usemdu meqqren deg yideggan yakk akken  is-yefka tamaɣlalt i tanxa seld mi tfuk tallit tarumantikt.

## Iẓawanen-is

## Chopin di tsekla d umezgun

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tigezt mgal Covid-19

**Tigezt mgal Covid-19** neɣ **Acraṭ mgal Covid-19** d tigezt yettuɣilen mgal n waṭṭan n Covid-19. Aṭas n warramen (iɛeṛṛuḍen) id yettilin i wesnefli n tigezt mgal n waṭṭan-a. Deg taggariwin n fuṛaṛ 2020, Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tenna-d d akken tettraju ara ad tili tigezt send n 18 n wayyuren mgal SARS-CoV-2 igan d avirus amsisreg (yellan d ssebba) n waṭṭan n Covid-19.
Deg wussan imezwura n yebrir llan-d wazal n 50 n yicraṭen id yufraren i wakken ad ttusniflen, yakk d 4 n tuddsiwin bdan-tt warram n tɣellist i usurif amezwar d tmellit-is ar yimdanen.

## Ussisen yezrin i wesnefli n tigezt mgal Covid-19
Ttwagen-d (ttuxedmen-d) yicraṭen i waṭas n waṭṭan igellu-d yissen Kuṛunavirus ar iɣeṛsiwen. Am wazzug n tzumar amanṭaṭ ar yigṭaṭ d waṭṭan n CoronaVirus ar yiqjan d CoronaVirus n iserɣuda.
Ussisen yezrin urmen (ɛerḍen) ad sniflen icraṭen mgal n ivirusen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n Kuṛunavirus yettaɣen amdan aladɣa i SARS-CoV d temsedfart tamesguneft n usamer alemmas (MERS).

## Ussisen deg 2020

## Imniren
Turin

**Turin** neɣ **Aberfiw** d agman agejdan deg unagraw amesgunef n wemdan d waṭas n iɣersiwen niden gar-asen ula kra n telmas n iselman d kra n iɣlalen. Ɣer temsuṭaṭ d wamur ameqran n tneɣlalin, turin d tid yemmersen zdat n wejgu n uzagur deg yal iri n wul. Tawuri n turin tga d tuṭṭfa n weksujin seg wezwu d usekcem-is s agensu n tregwa n yidammen yellan deg turin yakk d usufeɣ CO2 seg tregwa n yidammen ar wezwu deg yiwet n temhalt yettusemman asenfel n igazen. Tamhelt n usgunef tettili-d sɣuṛ n wallalen d inagrawen imaẓwalen yemgaraden ɣer tilmas yemgaraden (n imuddiren). Anda temsuṭaṭ d yigṭaṭ d temraradin ssemrasen-tt (ssexdamen-tt) timaẓwalin-nsent yemgaraden i wsalel d usedhel n usgunef. Ma yella ɣer tkuẓdarin timenza, azwu yettwaseddu ar turin s tmaẓwalin timankarin (n uḥerjuḍ) iy tekken seg tsuffayin timawin i gan d allal mazal ixeddem ar tkelmanin. Tamaẓwalt n usgunef tagejdant ɣer wemdan yesseddawen tamhalt n usgunef tga d ilmendis 

Turin daɣen ssalelent tazizla (awezzeɛ) n wezwu id igellun s tesmamayt n izukar imsiwlen ayen yettaǧǧan amdan yezmer ad yemmeslay.

Amdan ila (yesεa) sin n iberfiwen (turin). Yiwet d tamayeffust ma d tis snat d tazelmaṭ. Isnat zgant-d s agensu n imerjan idemrawen. Dɣa d aberfiw ayeffus i yugaren aberfiw azelmaṭ acku aberfiw azelmaṭ yebṭa tajumma-ynes yakk d wul. Turin d isnat ktent (uznent) 1,3 Kg.

## Tamuski n turin ar ufgan (amdan)

## Tamhazt

## Tawuri

## Turin ar iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Siwṛiɣ
Ajgu n uzagur

**Ajgu n uzagur** neɣ **Ajgu aneɣlal** neɣ **Ajgu n warur** ɣer imuddiren imtegzaten, d tagrawt n teɣlalin yulmen (ifeṛɣen) i taggaẓt n uleqqin iy teddun s teɣzi-ynes. Deg tfekka n wemdan, llant 33 n teɣlalin.. Ilem deg wanda yettili uleqqin isem-is amruj anaɣlal.

## Ɣer wemdan

## Tiɣlalin

## Ɣer iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Agman
* Iɣess 
* Taɣessa n ufgan