Charles Babbage

**Charles Babbage**  (/ˈbæbɪdʒ/; 26 Dujember 1791  -  18 Tubeṛ 1871) yella d amussnaw anglizi. Babbage d amussnaw n tusnakt, d afilusfu, d amesnulfu, d amesnulfu amekanik, d netta i d-yefkan agemmay n uselkim amatu.
Babbage yettwaḥsab d "ababat n uselkim". Yettwaḥsab d win i d-yesnulfan aselkim amenzu amekanik, s yisem-is " Difference Engine ", ay d-yessawḍen ɣer usnulfu n isekkilen i yessewhamen ugar, ɣas akken akk tiktiwin tiqburin n iselkimen imaynuten ad ttwafen deg uselkim-is " Analytical Engine " (*Asenfar n unadi*), ay d-yettwaselken s useqdec n unamek i d-yettwaker s tufsut seg uselkim n Jacquard. Babbage yella yesεa aṭas n tɣawsiwin i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uselkim deg udlis-is n 1832 "Economy of Manufactures and Machinery" *(Tamsertit n yimenɣiyen d tmeskinin)*.  Yella d amedyaz ameqqran deg umezruy n tmetti deg London, yerna yettwasen s usekcem n " scientific soirée " seg Fransa s tmeskanin-is n yimensi n ssebt i d-yettwaḥerzen s waṭas. Aṭas n leqdic i yexdem deg iẓuran-nniḍen, d ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yettwaḥsab d "ameqran" gar waṭas n imusnawen n lqern-is.

Babbage, yemmut uqbel ad ifakk usnulfu n waṭas n tmusniwin-is, gar-asent Tasnilest n umgired d Tasnilest n usnefli, yeqqim d amedyaz ameqqran deg usnulfu n uselkim. Kra n yiḥricen n tmesbaniyin-is ur nfak ara, ttwaḥerzen deg Aẓawan n tussna deg London. Deg useggas n 1991, yebna-d yiwen n umutur n umgired ixeddmen seg isegzawalen imezwura. Yettwabna-d akken ad yessaweḍ yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg lqern wis 19, amennuɣ n umutur-nni ifukken yesbeggen-d dakken tamacint n Babbage tili txeddem.

## '''Tudert tazwara'''
Babbage yella d yiwen seg ṛebεa n warraw n Benjamin Babbage d Betsy Plumleigh Teape. Baba-s yella d amdakel n William Praed deg ubennu n Praed's & Co. n Fleet Street, London, deg useggas n 1801.  Deg useggas n 1808, twacult n Babbage tguǧǧent ɣer wexxam aqdim n Rowdens deg East Teignmouth. Mi yesεa 8 n yiseggasen, wwin-t Babbage ɣer yiwen uɣerbaz n tmurt deg Alphington, ɣer tama n Exeter, akken ad d-yuɣal seg yiwet n tawla i d-yecqan ɣef tudert-is. Kra n lweqt, iruḥ ɣer tesdawit n King Edward VI di Totnes, deg Wenẓul n Devon, maca imi yella d ameɣnas, yuɣ-it lḥal ad yuɣal ɣer yiselmaden iserdasiyen.

Babbage ikcem-d ɣer tesdawit n Holmwood s 30 n yinelmaden, deg Baker Street, Enfield, Middlesex, sɣur Reverend Stephen Freeman.  Tacadimit tella tesɛa taktabt i d-yeǧǧan Babbage iḥemmel tusnakt. Yeɣra d sin imselmaden nniḍen s tugdut mi yeffeɣ seg tkadimit. Amezwaru yella d yiwen n unelmad deg tama n Cambridge; sɣur-s i d-yemlal Babbage d Charles Simeon d imseḍfaren-is ineggura, maca taselmadt mačči d ayen i s-ilaqen. Yettwasekcem s axxam, ad iɣer deg uɣerbaz n Totnes: aya yella deg 16 neɣ 17 n yiseggasen.  Aneggaru yella d aselmad n Oxford, sɣur-s i yewweḍ Babbage ɣer yiwen n uḥric deg tsekla i d-yefkan ad yettwaqbel sɣur tesdawit n Cambridge.

## '''Deg tesdawit n Cambridge'''
Babbage yewweḍ ɣer tesdawit n Trinity, Cambridge, deg Tubeṛ 1810.[ 20] Yella yakan yesselmad iman-is deg kra n yiḥricen n tusnakt tatrart; yeɣra Robert Woodhouse, Joseph Louis Lagrange, d Maria Gaetana Agnesi. S wakka, yexṣer deg uselmed n tusnakt yellan deg tesdawit. 

Deg 1812, Babbage yettwasuqel ɣer Peterhouse, Cambridge. Yella d amussnaw ameqran n tusnakt, maca ur yeqḍiɛ ara deg uɣerbaz-nni. Deg useggas n 1814, yeṭṭef-d agerdas mebla ma yeṭṭef-d akayad. Yeḥrez ɣef yiwet n tezrawt i yettwaḥesben d tin i d-yettmeslayen ɣef ddin n Ṛebbi deg umennuɣ aɣelnaw amezwaru, maca ur yettwassen ara ma yella tidet-a tettili deg wayen yeɛnan ur yeqqim ara deg ukayad. 

## '''Ɣef tdamsa n tmeskinin d tgecrar''' ''(s teglizit: On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures)''
Babbage yura *On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures* (1832), ɣef usegmi n usnulfu n tnezzut. D yiwen n uxeddim amezwaru yesεan azref deg unadi n umahil.  John Rennie the Younger mi d-yemmeslay i Tiddukla n Inegniyen Iɣermanen deg usnulfu deg useggas n 1846, yemmeslay-d s waṭas ɣef tmuɣliwin deg yisenfaren, yerna adlis n Babbage yella d amezwaru d amagrad deg Encyclopædia Metropolitana, deg talɣa i t-id-yessegza Rennie, deg terbaɛt n leqdic i d-yellan sɣur John Farey Jr., Peter Barlow d Andrew Ure.  Seg An essay on the general principles which regulate the application of machinery to manufactures and the mechanical arts (1827), i d-yeqqlen d amagrad n Encyclopædia Metropolitana n 1829, Babbage yesnulfa-d tasnilest n tmeskinin i d-yellan, s umeslay ɣef tɣiwanin, i d-yefkan agraw amezwaru n udlis-nni. Tazrawt tis snat, d "tasertit taɣelnawt d tsertit" n tneṣliyin.

## '''"Azamul n Babbage"'''
Deg Economy of Machinery *(Aḥezzeb n tmeskinin)*, yettwafhem wayen iwumi qqaren tura "Azamul n Babbage". Yessken-d deg-s lfayda n tnezzut i d-iteddun s tazɣent n uxeddim i d-yettwaḥerzen. Akken i d-yenna Babbage s timmad-is, yella yakan deg leqdic n Melchiorre Gioia deg useggas n 1815. Isem-a yusa-d deg useggas n 1974 sɣur Harry Braverman. Tiɣawsiwin iqqenen d "azamul n tmenɣiwin" n Philip Sargant Florence, d "aẓar n yimenzayen".

Babbage yenna-d dakken ixeddamen imussnawen s umata ttaken-d kra n wakud deg wakud-nsen i leqdic i d-yeqqimen ddaw n tmusni-nsen. Ma yezmer ad yettwabḍu unnar n uxeddim gar waṭas n yixeddamen, yezmer ad yekker uṣurdi n uxeddim s uheggi n yixeddamen yesɛan tasnilest meqqren kan i ixeddamen yesɛan ssuma meqqren, s usekles n yixeddamen nniḍen i ixeddamen yesɛan ssuma meẓẓiyen.  Yessekna-d daɣen dakken aselmed neɣ aselmed n uselmed yezmer ad yettwaḥseb d isental i yeqqimen; maca d ayen ara d-yerren ɣer uḍebsi i d-yezgan s tmuɣli-s n usemres n yixeddim, ɣef waya i d-yettak afus i uḍebsi n tnezzut. Tamuɣli-s ɣef tnezduɣt tamdanit teqqen ɣer uḥezzeb n wakud i usekles n yisental n uselmed. 

## '''Tazmert n Babbage'''
Yura belli " ayen i d-yefka Arthur Young i tmazirt, d ayen i d-yefka Charles Babbage i tmessiwin d tmeskinin ".  Tamsirt n Babbage d tin i d-yefkan tazmert i usnulfu n Tamsirt tameqqrant n 1851 deg London, yerna tiktiwin-is sɛant azal meqqren ɣef George Julius Poulett Scrope. Karl Marx yenna-d dakken ssebba n usnulfu n tneẓruft d amgarad n weḥric n uxeddim akked tmeskinin, s usebded n Adam Smith, Babbage d Ure. Anida i d-yekker Marx ɣef Babbage yerna ur yemsefham ara d Smith yella-d ɣef usihel n weḥric n uxeddim i d-yettak umeskan: akken i yexdem Babbage, yura-d belli d ayen i d-yettaken lfayda, mačči d ayen i d-yettaken lxedma, yerna yessenfa-d ayen i d-yettak deg usentel n umeskan.

## '''Amzwaru n uselkim'''

Tiɣawsiwin n Babbage llant gar tsenselkimin timecṭuḥin imezwura. Ur kfan ara s tidet s waṭas ɣef lǧal n wuguren n useḥbiber d wuguren n tdukli, ladɣa George Biddell Airy, Astronomer Royal.

Babbage yessawel i usnulfu n kra n tmeskinin i yeddun s waḍu i d-yewwḍen kra n rrbeḥ amecṭuḥ, i d-yessugiren belli isekkilen zemren ad uɣalen d isekkilen. Ɣef ugar n mraw n yiseggasen, yeṭṭef-d idrimen n unabaḍ i usenfaṛ-is, i d-yewwin azal n £17,000, maca taggara, Aɣlaf n Tesriḥ yeǧǧa laman deg-s. 

Ɣas akken timacinin n Babbage llant d timikanin yerna d tiɣebbaḍin, taseddart-nsent tamezwarut tettemcabi ɣer tin n uselkim amaynut. Isekkilen d usmekti n uselkim llan bḍan, axeddim yella yebna ɣef uselmed, taḥbult n useḥbiber tezmer ad texdem tiɣriwin, yerna taḥbult-nni tesɛa taḥbult n usekkil d usekkil yemgaraden.

## '''Tamettant n Babbage'''
Babbage yedder yerna yexdem ugar n 40 n yiseggasen deg 1 Dorset Street, Marylebone, anda i yemmut, deg leɛmer n 79 n yiseggasen, deg 18 Tubeṛ 1871; yettwamḍel di London.

## '''Aseqqamu n tmuḍint'''

Deg useggas n 1983, i d-yettwaf warraw n Charles Babbage, dɣa d mmi-s n mmi-s n mmi-s n Babbage i t-id-yessufɣen.  Tella daɣen yiwet n tesɣunt n unṣib. Azgen seg allaɣ n Babbage yettwaḥrez deg Aẓawan Hunterian deg Royal College of Surgeons di London.  Azgen-nniḍen n allaɣ n Babbage yella deg umezgun n tussna, di London.

## '''Umuɣ n tezrawt n unadi ɣef temsalt-a'''