Tasnujjya

**Tasnujjya** (s tlatinit:medecina, anamek-is “taẓuri n tujjya") d tussna yessegrawen tirmiyin  tilsanin i usuji n wemdan d waṭṭanen d wuguren yettaɣen tafekka-ynes d yiman-is yakk d twennaṭ anda yettidir, Tasnujjya tettarem ad taf asuji s sin n imuren-is asafran d ufetkan s usexdem-nsen ɣef umaṭun. Akken i tzerrew (tasnujjya) tiwetlin yessebɣasen ɣef tnekra d tnelfiyt n waṭṭanen d tirrayin d iberdan n taggaẓt ɣef waṭṭanen-a.

Tasnujya d tussna yettwasensen yettɣellit seg tirmiyin id yellan seg teɣzi n umezruy.

## Amezruy n tesnujjya

Tasnujjya d tawuri tamzikt (taqburt) s temzekt n wemdan s timmad-is. Tazwara-ynes teqqen s imahilen n tisemtit d ukerrer deg talliyin timzikin sin akin tennefli cwiya s tnekra n tɣermawin am tɣerma n igersafen d tɣerma taferwant.

### ''Tazwara n umezruy d tallit n zik''
Ur llin ara yisallen akken ad d-naf tazwara n useqdec n yimɣan ilmend n tujjya (phytothérapie). Isefka n tujjya yellan deg udlis n “Edwin Smith” nezmer ad d-nini d lqern wis 3 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Imyagen imezwura yettwassnen n tmeẓdiyin ttwaxedmen deg Maṣer azal n lqern wis 28 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. AD (ẓer l’opération). Imhotep n Tgelda Tis Kraḍt yettwaḥseb tikwal d netta ay d-yesbedden tasnajya deg Maṣer taqburt yerna d netta ay d ameskar (auteur) n wedlis n Edwin Smith ay d-yesmektayen tidawsiwin, aḍḍanen d tmuɣliwin n tfekka. Tazmamt n tmeṭṭut n “Kahun” tettmeslay-d ɣef waṭṭanen n tmeṭṭut d wugur n tmeṭṭut. Nesɛa 34 n tmuɣliwin s tɣawla s tmuɣli d udawi, kra seg-sent bḍant. Yettwaxdem deg useggas n 1800 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, d aḍris aqbur akk n tujjya, akk taggayin sdukklent-tent. Neẓra d akken tiddukliwin n tujjya, i wumi qqaren Ixxamen n Tudert, ttwabnant deg Maṣer taqburt seg tgelda tamezwarut.

Iḍrisen iqburen n Babil ɣef tdawsa llan deg tallit n tgelda n babil taqburt deg uzgen amezwaru n lqern wis 2 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. D acu kan, aḍris ababiluni i d-yusan s waṭas deg unnar n tujjya d Adlis n Unadi (Manuel Diagnostic) ay yura “Esagil-kin-apli” amejjay n Borsippa, deg tallit n ugellid ababiluni Adad-ALPA-iddina (1069- 1046 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ).

Hippocrate yettwaḥseb d netta ay d baba-s ay d-yesbedden tasnajya tamaynut , yerna d inelmaden-nnes ay d imezwura d igelmen aṭas n waḍḍanen. D netta i d amenzu i d-yessegzan iḍuḍan n uẓeṭṭa n ṭbel(doigts en baguettes de tambour), d yiwet n tbanegt i d-yettakken azal i tmusni n broncopathie ur nettwaṭṭaf ara, n kansar n ifadden d waṭṭanen n wul izegzawen n tlalit (cardiopathies cyanogènes congénitales). Ɣef aya, asebter n yiudan n uḍad uẓeṭṭa n ṭbel yettusemma tikwal “Hippocratisme Digital.d aɣen d netta d amenzu d yessegzan udem n hippokrat(face hippocratique). “Shakespeare” yettwassen s tmuɣli-a deg uḍris-nnes ɣef lmutt n Falstaff deg Henry V, Aḍris wis sin, Tazrigt tis III. Corpus Hippocrate yessemɣer tiẓri n tmussni ubeddel n lxaṭer. tasnajya tagrigit d talatinit n tmussni llan ddren deg akk timnaḍin n tallit taqburt d tẓallit n yiṛebbiten n tujjya.

Agnodice (Hagnodice) neɣ Hagnodikè (s tegrikkit taqburt: Ἁɣνοδίκη) tella, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmedyezt tagrikit ay d-yenna Hygin (Caius Julius Hyginus) deg tis 274 n Fabulae-nnes, d yiwet seg tlawin timezwura ay d-yellan d tamejjayt n tmeṭṭut. Tekka-d seg tmetti taɛlayant n Atina, tessewjed iman-is d argaz akken ad teṭṭef tiɣuriwin n tujjya sɣur umejjay yettwassnen “Herophilus”. Azal n 350 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. B.C., tesɛedda akayad-nni, tuɣal d tamejjayt n tmeṭṭut, maca war ma tesban-d belli d tameṭṭut.

### Tallit talemmast
Tadawsa ay yettwasqedcen yerna tettwaselmad deg Wegmuḍ (Ccerq) tesɛa iẓuran-nnes deg tmussniwin ay d-yettwakksen u i d-yettwaseklesen seg tallit taqburt alma d lqern amezwaru uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ seg Ugmuḍ ar Tgelda n Rruman.

kkant-d seg Torah, d ayen yessewhamen deg temsalt-a, acku ttxemmimen ɣef tegnatin n unti. Deg semmus-nni n yedlisen n Musa i d-yezgan, i d-yeffɣen srid seg leqwanen n tezmert s waṭas n leqwanen, am win ara i3ezlen iman-is ɣef wid yuḍnen (Lwiṭic 13:45-46), win ara yessarden ifassen-is deffir ma yeṭṭef-d lǧetta (Amezruy 19:11-19), d win ara yeffren tiɣezniwin-is ɣer beṛṛa n uqiḍun (Amal-iw 23:12-13).

Tasuqqilt n Hunayn ibn Ishaq d yinelmaden-is deg iseggasen n 830-870 n 129 n leqdic n umejjay agrik Galenus (aseggas amezwaru uqbel talalit) ɣer taɛrabt, tefka-d amedya i tesdawit n tmedyazin tislamit, dɣa teffeɣ-d s lemɣawla ɣer yal tama n tgelda taɛrabt, s umata, teṭṭef-d deg-s teḥkemt n Galenus ɣef yiwet n tikli taḥeqqit d tinegnit ɣer tesdawit. Qusta ibn Luqa yeqdec daɣen amur d ameqqran deg tsuqilt d usekles n yiḍrisen n tegrigit. Imejjayen inselmen sbedden kra n sbitarat imezwura i d-yusan ɣer lurob sɣur yimeslabdaden.

Deg Tuṛuft n Lmeɣrib, ɣelluy n udabu n Ṛuman yewwi-d ɣer uḥbas n yal aḥeddad n ddwa i d-yettwaheggan. Tamejjayt tella tettwaxdem deg umḍiq, ma d amur n tefyirt taɣerfant yella yettnerni, s wayen i d-yeqqimen seg tmusni tadelsant n zik. Tamusni tadelsant tettwaḥrez yerna tettwaḍfer deg waṭas n tnezduɣin n yemnayen i d-yeqqimen s waṭas ɣer sbiṭar, yerna sɛan tibḥirin n yemɣan. Tuɣal-d tesdawit d tawsit, s teɣzi n uɣerbaz n ddwa n Salerne di Ṭṭelyan deg lqern wis 11, i d-yesseɣlin aṭas n yedlisen ibyzantiniyen d waɛraben s tdukli akked uẓekwan n Mont Cassin.

Seg lqern wis 11, Tamezgida tebɣa ad tefreq gar uselmed n yilemziyen d uselmed n yimejjayen. Tifrat-a n usnerni n tmusni, tewwi-d ɣer usnulfu n tesdawiyin sɣur imḍebbren. Imejjayen n tesdawit n ddwa n Montpellier, i d-yeṭṭafaren timsirin n yimejjayen n wugdayen d Yiɛṛaben, fkan azal i yimɣan, wid n tesdawit n Paris fkan azal i usizdeg n yidammen.

### lqern wis 19 d lqern wis 20
Deg lqern wis 19, Karl August Wunderlich yeffeɣ-d Das Verhalten der Eigenwärme in Krankheiten, i d-yesskanen belli tawla d anagi kan, yerna yekkes-d amenni n yiwen n waṭṭan yettwaṭṭafaren i wumi qqaren ar imir  “ tawla timeggarut “ . Deg useggas n 1881, Theodor Billroth yexdem tamsirt tamezwarut n uḥeṭṭu n uɛebbuḍ, d ayen i d-yessekren abeddel deg temsirt n uḥeṭṭu n therjuṭ d uɛebbuḍ. S useqdec n tesnakt, amejjay Pierre-Charles Alexandre Louis (1787-1872) yessken-d dakken aseqdec n yiɣil deg imuḍan i yuḍnen s ifadden yerkan, mačči d ayen yelhan, maca d ayen n diri. Akka i d-yettban usentel n tezrawt n tɣara ur nettwali.

Madeleine Brès (1842-1921) d tameṭṭut tamezwarut n tmurt n Fransa i yessawḍen ɣer leqraya n tujjya deg useggas n 1868, maca ur tesεi ara azref ad tessaweḍ ɣer temzizlin. Tewwi-d agerdas-is deg tesdawit deg useggas n 1875 dɣa tuɣal d tamusnawt n tujjya n tlawin d warrac. Deg tezrawt-is, tban-d belli ayefki n uṭufan yettbeddil deg ussuteḍ, dɣa tebna-d yiwen seg yixxamen n warrac imezwura n Paris. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, tagelṭanit i d-yezwaren asmi d iwi agerdas n tesnawit s xemsa n yiseggasen uqbel  di Fransa.

Deg useggas n 1854, Florence Nightingale d tamezwarut i yessexdamen tusnakt akken ad d-sbedden i wakken ad ḥadren wid ijerḥen deg ṭṭraḍ n Crimée, yerna ad ssenqes lmut n yiserdasen.

Deg 25 Nwember 1901, Alois Alzheimer d-yesnulfa-d tugna n waṭṭan-nni i d-yellan s yisem-is, i mazal ulac ddwa i d-yellan ar ass-a. Tifekkiwin n tesnujjit ttnerni-d s waṭas s usnulfu n telmas timaynutin n ddwa. Felix Hoffmann yessekles-d aspirine deg 6 meɣres 1899. Deg useggas n 1909, Paul Ehrlich i d-yeṭṭfen arraz n Nobel deg tesdawit i d-yesnulfan tasemhuyt tamezwarut n tkimyuṭariti s ufares n ussenṭar i tsifiliz. Deg useggas n 1921, Frederick Banting n tesdawit n Toronto d yufan insuline, yerna yesnulfa-d ddwa i waṭṭan n sskeṛ. Antibyutik amezwaru yella-d deg useggas n 1928 mi d-yufa Alexander Fleming Penisilin.

Ɣef leḥsab n Raquel Capurro, tamusni n tnefsit n Uṛuguay, ddwa d tafesna tamezwarut i d-yesseḍfaren s tnefsit n Auguste Comte, seg tlemmast n lqern wis 19, s yimdanen am Docteur Robinet gar wiyaḍ.

## Isurrifen ussnanen isnajjyanen
Tiɣawsiwin n leqdic amedya llant:

tizi n waṭṭan, d anadi ɣef yisekkilen n waṭṭan-nni;

taṭuɣenit neɣ taṭuɣenit, i d-yettakken anamek n unagraw n ssebba;

tifyisiyupatulugit, d anadi ɣef ubeddel n yixeddim imeqqranen deg tallit n waṭṭanen;

semyologie, i d-yettakken tamusni n kra n yisekkilen yettbanen. D ayen icudden ɣer wayen iwumi qqaren aklinik, mgal para-klinik yellan d agmuḍ n ukayad aneggaru. Imi simmal ttuɣalen tikliwin n tesnilest d tiwεanin, i d-tella yiwet n temsalt n wammuden n wammuden imḍebbren;

aḍris n tneqqiḍt i d-yettakken anasiw n waṭṭan;

anagraw amgarad, d anagraw n waṭṭanen yesεan isekkilen yemgaraden yerna zemren ad t-neḍmeε;

taṣebḥit i d-yettakken aseḥbiber n waṭṭan;

tasnagrawt, d win i d-yettbeddilen tikli-s;

tasnukyult, d taḥric n tfelseft i d-yemmalen ṛṛuḥ, tizemmar-is d leqdic-is. Aselku n umḍin d aḥric ameqran deg rrbeḥ n usenfar n tesdawit. Am akken i d-yenna umezruy n tesdawit Jean Starobinski deg useggas n 1963 >. Georges Canguilhem yura-d dakken "l'acte médicochirurgique" mačči d "acte scientifique" kan, acku " argaz amuḍin" mačči kan d aɣbel n tfisiyulujit i ilaq ad d-yefru, maca d asḥissef i ilaq ad d-yessekfel. " Ilaq-as i rray n tesnujjit ad iqebbel ayen i d-tefka tussna, maca daɣen ayen i d-yefren imuḍan d wayen i d-yessen umsujji.

## Tussniwin tigejdanin n tesnujjya
Anatomi: d tussna n uẓeṭṭa ufisiki n yimuddiren. Mačči am anatomiyut tamakroskopit neɣ taẓayt, cytology d histology ttekkan deg tigejda timikroskopit.

Tibiyukimya: d anelmad n tkimya i d-yettḍerrun deg imuddiren yeddren, ladɣa anagraw d uxeddim n yiḥricen-nsen ikimiyen.

Tibiyulujit tamagdayt: d anelmad n yisenfaren imuglalen n yisenfaren n ussuɣel, n ussuɣel d tsuqilt n uẓeṭṭa ujenit.

Tameɣnasit n tnefsit: d anelmad n uẓeṭṭa d uḥewwes n yisenfaren n tfinaɣ s tmekniṭ.

Tifizikt n tudert: d tussna yettemgaraden deg waṭas n temsal, tessexdam tiktiwin n tfizikt d tkimya tafizikt akken ad teɣreḍ isekkilen imuddiren.

Tibiyatatistikt: aseqdec n tenfalit ɣer yiferrawen imuddiren deg unamek ameqran. Tamusni n tiẓeṭṭa n yiṭij d tin yesεan azal deg useggem, asekkil d usegzi n unadi deg tedwilt tadelsant. D azamul daɣen i usseḍru n waṭṭanen d ddwa yebnan ɣef tmusniwin (EBM).

Tsitulugya: d leqraya n tsellula.

Tamsirt: d anelmad n usnerni amezwaru n yimuddiren.

Tamsirt n waṭṭanen: d anelmad n tgemmi n yimḍanen n waṭṭanen, yernu deg-s ula d anelmad n waṭṭanen kan.

Tigenit: d tussna n yigenniyen, d wamek i d-ttekkant deg urti n tfekka.

Histologie: leqraya n tegniwin n yiɣsan imuddiren s umikroskupit n tmuɣli, umikroskupit n uṭṛun d tkimya n uḥeṭṭu.

Taεkemt: d tussna n uḥezzeb n tnefsit, i d-yemmalen anagraw n tnefsit i d-yeggran d win yettemsefhamen.

Tamikrubiyat: d tussna n yigurdan imicruyen, gar-asen iprotozoa, tibaktirin, ifungiyen, ivirusen d ipriyen.

Tussnawt n yiɣallen: d anelmad n usenfar n yiɣallen.

Tameẓla (tasemhuyt) d teṛmit (tasemhuyt taḥriǧit): leqraya n temsal gar wučči d tissit ɣer tezmert d waṭṭan, ladɣa deg usnulfu n wučči ifazen. Terapi n teṛmit tadelsant tettwaxdem sɣur yimussnawen n teṛmit yerna tettwafeg-d i unebdu n sskeṛ, aṭṭanen n wul, lmizan d waṭṭanen n wučči, taḥriǧin, tuččit d waṭṭanen i d-yeqqimen deg uẓeṭṭa.

Tamsirt d tussna: anadi ɣef waṭṭanen, ɣef yisenfaṛen-nsen, timɣarin-nsen d waṭṭanen-nsen.

Tafarasnakt: d anelmad n ddwa d wayen i d-yettawin.

Tifizyulujit: d anelmad n uxeddim anegmal n tfekka d tigejdidin n useggem i d-yeṭṭafaren. Tisiyulujit tezmer ad tettwabḍa (tisiyulujit n wul, tin n uḍar...).

Tifizikt tadelsant: d anelmad n iseqdacen n ilugan n tfizikt deg ddwa.

Tasnakt: d anadi ɣef wayen i d-yettawin deg ddwa d ssem.

## Timuzzag tisnajjyanin

#### S leqdic
anatomopathologie: leqraya timikroskopit n yiɣsan imuḍan;

anaesthésie-réanimation: anaesthésie d ddwa n temda, resuscitation d ṭṭbiɛa n imuḍan yesεan ma drus snat n tɣawsiwin n urgan neɣ yiwet yesεan tamsalt n ussuɣel;

tadwilt tadelsant;

tazzla: d tarrayt tadelsant i d-yettawin amesgunfu amekanik deg yiɣsan s yiman-is;

aselmed n tezmert;

tadwilt n tneqqiḍin: d ṣṣenf n leqdic i yebɣan ad yesnerni udem n umḍin;

tadwilt taneggarut (tadwilt n twacult);

ddwa n uxeddim: ddwa i d-yettεeggiden i wakken ad yeεdel kra n uḥulfu n yixeddamen ɣef lǧal n uxeddim-nsen, ladɣa s uεeṭṭil ɣef liḥala n yixeddim, izerfan n wammud d talɣa n tezmert n yixeddamen;

ddwa n tenfalit: ddwa n sbiṭar (aseqdec n tenfalit) d win n berra n sbiṭar (Samu), aseḥbiber n tenfalit i d-yeqqimen d tamettant;

tanemmirt: aḥezzeb n umetabulism d wučči;

taḥbbayt n ddwa: asewwi n ddwa d uεeṭṭel n ddwa;

tarrayt, d tafesna n tugniwin tadelsant.

#### S wudem n umuḍin
Andrologie: ddwa n wergaz, leqdic ɣef waṭṭanen yemgarden n urgaz;

tujjya n tlawin: d tawsit n tesnudert, i d-yettawin aṭas n leqdic, ladɣa deg ddwa n tlawin, 

tasemhuyt: d ddwa n tmeṭṭut tawezzant. Ilaq ad d-nesmekti tapraktit tadelsant n tlawin, i d-yettunefken i uεeṭṭas n tnefsit taɣelnawt;

tadwilt n yiɣsan: tadwilt n yiɣsan s usnulfu n tikliwin n unadi ɣef tudert deg uɛebbuḍ (ultrason, Doppler, amniocentèse);

tadwilt n usegmi: anadi ɣef sebba n lmut deg uḍebsi (necropsie) d uheggi n yiwen n unadi i Tḥkemt;

tadwilt n yigerdan: tadwilt n yigerdan, d agmuḍ meqqren aṭas yerna s umata tessaweḍ ad d-tekkes tadwilt n tklinit;

neonatologie: ddwa d usnerni n yigerdan d wid i d-ilulen uqbel lweqt;

tijjit n yimɣaren: ddwa n yimɣaren;

ddwa n yimdanen n lebḥer: ddwa n yimehriyen d wid ixeddmen deg lebḥer.

ddwa n yiɣersiwen: ddwa n yiɣersiwen.

#### S yisekkilen n tfekka
Anjiluǧiya: ddwa n yimɣan;

takardit: ddwa n waṭṭanen n wul d uḍan n yiger;

tadermaṭij: ddwa n waṭṭanen n weglim;

tadwilt: ddwa n waṭṭanen n yiɣallen, n waṭṭanen n tihormonin, n waṭṭanen n tuččit d yimetabulisen;

tadamsa n idammen: ddwa n waṭṭanen n idammen;

aṭṭan n uεebbuḍ d uεebbuḍ d uεebbuḍ: yettusemma daɣen aṭṭan n uεebbuḍ d uεebbuḍ, d ddwa n waṭṭanen n uεebbuḍ s umata, s waṭṭanen n uεebbuḍ d waṭṭanen n wuccen, n weɣyul, n weɣyul, d weɣyul n uεebbuḍ. Gastroenterologie tessaweḍ daɣen ad d-tekk deg leqdic n tesnilsit, ama d win n ufella (endoscopie œsogastroduodénale) ama d win n wadda (iléocoloscopie);

taεkemt: ddwa n waṭṭanen neɣ n waṭṭanen n uḍan;

anfafad: ddwa n waṭṭanen n yiɣil;

tamusni: ddwa n waṭṭanen n unagraw unnervu;

tadwast: leqdic n tuɣmas;

tafesna n wallen: ddwa n waṭṭanen n wallen, n temnaḍt n wallen d yiɣallen n wallen;

urtopidic: d taseddart n temsirt i yettḥulfun i waṭṭanen n uḥric n tnezzut;

Oto-rhino-laryngology (ORL): ddwa n waṭṭanen n imeẓẓuɣen, n uyis d tegrest;

asnas n tnefsit: tadwilt n waṭṭanen n tnefsit, n yiɣes d yifsan;

takunt: ddwa n waṭṭanen n uɛebbuḍ d uɛebbuḍ;

taṛumatuluggya: tawsit tadelsant i yettḥejjimen iɣeblan n uḥric n tnezzut;

tademt: ddwa n waṭṭanen n yimi;

urology: ddwa n uḥeṭṭu n  ibeccan.

#### S waṭṭan
taddictologit: ddwa n tneεlayin, yesduklen taseklut, akeyyef d useqdec n ddwa (aḥric n tnefsit akken llan wid yeqqaren);

taseklut: ddwa n wuguren yeqqnen ɣer tissit;

tallergologit: tujjya n wer ahulfuy;

tansa n uεebbuḍ: ddwa n uεebbuḍ (yeṭṭafaren kemyuṭratriya n yiferrawen) yettusdukkel d teryataṛriya n yiferrawen: aḥezzeb n yiferrawen s yiferrawen iyenzanen;

tadayebtulujit: ddwa n yiduyaben;

tinfertit: ddwa n waṭṭanen yettwaṭṭafen;

tanurologit: tujjya n wuguren n tikli, win n wallaɣ d waṭṭanen n wallaɣ;

taksikuluggya: aseḥbiber n tmesmunin d tmesmunin;

tatraumatulugit: leqdic n yimuḍan i d-yeṭṭfen tiɣri meqqren, s umata d tin n laksida;

tabenérologit: d ddwa i d-yemmalen tiɣri n waṭṭanen yettuzenzen s tiqtin .

#### S wudem n Teftakt
Tafetakt n wul

Tafetakt n uεebbuḍ

Tafetakt n wudem (maxillo-facial)

Tafetakt n kullec (ulac-itt deg Fransa)

Tafetakt n yigerdan

Tafetakt n yiɣsan

Tafetakt n tuɣmas

Tafetakt n usebded, tin ara d-yerr s wudem amaynut 

Tafetakt n tusna ibeccan(Urologie)

Tafetakt n yiɣallen

Tafetakt n uɛebbuḍ

Tafetakt n wallaɣ

## Timeẓriwin d tlisa n tesnujjya
Ddwa mačči d tussna lebda itwaṣeḥan, yerna tikwal tigawt tadelsant tezmer ad tesεu yir lfayda ɣef umdan, am:

>  neɣ ayen ur nelhi n ddwa neɣ n waṭṭanen, ara yesɛun kra n yemdanen (Distilbène amedya) ad t-ḥerzen acḥal n tsuta. Asnadi ɣef yiɣallen-a yettwaxdem s usseḥbiber ɣef ddwa;

tuqqna n imsujjiyen d ayen i d-yeggran s tefranin n yiɣallen n tbacṭiria i yzemren ad rnun ɣer waṭas n imsujjiyen sɣur useqdec ur nḥeqqen ara n yimsujjiyen-a;

aṭṭanen n sbiṭar zemren ad d-ffɣen deg sbiṭar acku n waṭas n yimuḍan. Taḥriǧt tameqqrant i d-yettunefken s yimseqdacen n usseḥbiber akked isefka n ussemres d ussemsemres ɣef  ⁇   ⁇ acuc-agi n yiferrawen, tettawi deg tallit tameggarut ɣer usnulfu n yimsujjiyen imerɣan i izemren ad d-ssuqqlen s sshala imuḍan i d-yettwaɣalen yakan d imeyyez;

ayen i d-yeggran seg yir tikli, tuccḍiwin n tdamsa, tuccḍiwin n usegmi, tuṭṭfa n ddwa neɣ leqdic ur nlaq ara. Aḍris neɣ aṭṭan qqaren-as iatrogen ma yella d ayen i d-yeǧǧan kra n tigawt neɣ ddwa, ula ma ulac tuccḍa n ṭṭbib, n win i d-yettḥadaren, n usnas neɣ n win i d-yettḥadaren. Deg Fransa, 4% n usseḥlalen deg sbiṭar d ayen i d-yeḍran seg uεeṭṭil, yerna 40% seg wayagi ad ilin d ayen ur nezmir ad t-neεreḍ36. Iɣeblan-a llan deg-sen kra seg waṭṭanen n usnas, seg-sen i d-yettmagaren d tiṭṭanen n usnas.

Aṭas n yidisan i d-yettwasemman neɣ i d-yettrajun deg iseggasen i d-iteddun, deg wayen yerzan tazmert-tamezduɣt, deg wayen yerzan tiɣri n waṭṭanen, deg usnerni n teɣzi n tudert, ma mačči deg teɣzi n tudert deg tezmert. Tiṣebbaḍin n tneqqiḍin, aseɣẓan, izerfan imenzayen, d iseqsiyen imaynuten deg wayen yerzan tiɣawsiwin n bioéthique.

Deg wayen yerzan tiɣawsiwin, deg Fransa, deg useggas 2025, mi ara d-yennerni yimezdaɣ (akken d imeqqranen deg leɛmer), ad d-yeɣli 10% deg uṭṭun n yimsujjiyen, d 15% deg tuqqna n yimsujjiyen, sɣur ur d-yettwabeddel ara imsujjiyen n "baby-boomers" i d-yeǧǧan tiqwanin n uḍris deg yiseggasen n 1970 ar 1990. Dda Lmulud n tlelli ad yesṛuḥ 17% n yixeddamen-is, akked 8% n yixeddamen-is, anagar deg uḍebsi n sbiṭar, anda i d-yettwali unabaḍ ad d-yernu 4%; 13% n yimsujjiyen ad ffɣen, mgal 7% n yimsujjiyen (imsujjiyen n wallen, imsujjiyen n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi n uḍebsi). Taẓeṭ n   tujjya   ad ternu ula d ssuma n wazal n wazal, aseḥbiber n usikel deg wayen yerzan anezwu (yernu s uḥelluf) yerna yezmer ad yekkes deg uselkem n wazal n wazal (taẓeṭ n tujjya n wazal n tujjya terna-d tamettant), ladɣa imi imuḍan d igellilen i llan.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen