open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kurów

**Kurów** d taddart deg wanẓul-agmuḍ n Lapologne, ger Puławy d Lublin, s tama n wasif Kurówka. D ixf n yiwet gmina, eddayra (municipalité), s daxel n Lublin Voivodeship. 2811 yemdanen zedɣen deg-s (aseggas : 2005).

Ger iseggasen 1431 d 1442 tesɛa taddart agi iẓerfan n temdinet ilmend n aẓref n Magdeburg.
Wikipedia

**Wikipedia** d tasanayt n weskar uqqin *encyclopédie en ligne*, s waṭas n tutlayin ; ayen yella deg-s d ilelli, la ttarun deg-s imaɣzalen, ixeddemen am tiwizi, tettall-itt Wikimedia Foundation, d tuddsa non-profit. 

Tura tiẓrigin ines s 250 tutlayin imeẓliyen i yellan (deg-sen 180 idderen, tin s teglizit d tameqqṛant). Ay bɣan wid i tt-ixelqen d asnulfu n tsanayt tagraɣlant tilellit, s waṭas n tutlayin n umaḍal. Wikipedia d yiwen seg 10 n yesmal medden ẓerren ugar deg uzeṭṭa (web).
Tutlayin tifrusyawiyin

**Tutlayin tifrusyawiyin** d tawacult n tutlayin yettumeslayen di Tefriqt 
akk d ugmuḍ alemmas, azal n 300 n melyun imdanen ttmeslayen-tent, llant 375 n tutlayin tifrusyawiyin (kra seg-sen mmutent), atent-ayen s twacult-nsen:

* Tutlayin timaziɣin.
* Tutlayin tiččadiyin.
* Tutlayin timaṣriyin.
* Tutlayin tisamiyin.
* Tutlayin tikuciyin.
* Tutlayin n umu.

## Tiwelhiwin
Tutlayt taɛrabt

**Taɛrabt** ttinin-as daɣen taserɣint d tutlayt i ttmeslayen aɛraben, Taɛrabt tettekka deg  tutlayin tisamiyin am Taɛebrit neɣ tafiniqit n zik, nettat i d tamezwarut gar-asen, 280 melyun ay ttmeslayen-tt.

D tutlayt tunṣibt deg 27 n tmura (Akk timura taɛrabin, ula deg Israel) u d tutlayt taɣelnawt deg Mali, Senegal, d Somalia. Tutlayt taɛrabt tettwura s ugemmay aɛrab u tesɛa (tli) aṭas n tantalyin, kra seg-sen ttemgarradent, amedya : aɛrab alubnani ur i fehhem ara taɛrabt tamerrukit u vis-versa.

Tira n teɛrabt, deg-s 28 isekkilen yettwarun seg uyefus ɣer uzelmaḍ.

### Tamedyazt
Yezmer a nebḍu (anferaq) ger sin n timedyazin : tamedyazt n weqbel lislam, tamedyazt n deffir lislam , qaren-as s teɛrabt "Taǧahilit" meɛna-s urtisent, g lawan-nni, aɛraben llan ɛad ur ssinen ara Leqran, f anect-agi, llan ttarun, Ttmeslayen, Ttaznen s tmedyazt.

#### Imedyazen aɛraben
* Abu Firas Al Ḥamadani
* Imru Al-Qays
* Al Mutanabbi

## Tiwelhiwin
Tutlayin timaziɣin

**Tamaziɣt** neɣ **Tutlayin timaziɣin** (s Tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ), (s tifinaɣ n Imuhaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵜ) d tawacult n tutlayin i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen di Tmazɣa yeṭṭfen azal ameqran deg Tefriqt Tagafayt. Tamaziɣt d angaz deg tawacult n tutlayin tifrusyawiyin dges tagrawt n tutlayin (neɣ n tentaliyin deg tiẓri n kra n imusnawen) anda ttwalin d akken Tamaziɣt zik nni tella d yiwet n tutlayt yedduklen 

Azal ameqran n wid yettmeslayen Tamaziɣt ass-a ttilin deg tgelda n umeṛṛuk d Lezzayer akken i ttilin daɣan s umdan meẓẓiyen deg Tunes d Libya d Mali d Nniǧer d Miẓran d Muriṭanya d kra n Taliwin n Spanya akken daɣen i llan ugar n 5 n imelyan n imaziɣenyettidiren deg Uruppa d Tamrikt zeddiɣ (mazal) ttmeslayen Tamaziɣt

## Addad n Tmaziɣt deg tmura n Tmazɣa
Addad n Tmaziɣt deg tmura n Tmazɣa yemgarad s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n tmurt, Acku llant tmura id yukzen (id yesteɛṛfen) s Tmaziɣt d tamaddudt (d tunṣibt), llant tmura id yukzen s Tmaziɣt d tutlayt tanamurt akken daɣen i llant tmura yegguman ad akzent s Tmaziɣt: 

* Tutlayt tamaceɣt: Tettwakez d tutlayt tanamurt deg Mali aseggas n 1982
* Tawellemt: Tettwakez d tutlayt tanamurt deg Nniǧer aseggas n 1999
* Tamaziɣt tameslugent tazzayrit: Tettwskez d tutlayt tanamurt deg 2002 sin akin d tutlayt tamaddudt deg useggas n 2016
* Tamaziɣt tameslugent tameṛṛukit: Tettwskez d tutlayt tamaddudt deg umeṛṛuk aseggas n 2011

Deg wakud dgi trajin imaziɣen n tmura n iden asmedded n tutlayt-a deg tmura-nsen. 

## Aẓaṛ n Tmaziɣt
Je ne parle pas Tamazight desole je peux pas t aider trdc

## Asismel d tsartut n Tmaziɣt
imusnawen mtawan (mtafaqen) deg usismel n Tmaziɣt s usegder-is s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n usegder arakal: 
* Tamaziɣt taɣerbit
** Taznagt 
** Tatserret

* Tamaziɣt n ugafa
** Taqbaylit
** Tamaziɣt n Tunes
*** Tasendit
*** Tamaziɣt n Ǧerba
*** Tamaẓert
*** Tamaziɣt n Dwiret
** Tutlayin timaziɣin n waṭlas dgi llant:
*** Tasusit
*** Tamaziɣt n weṭlas alemmas
*** Taznagt n Srayer
*** Taɣumart
*** Taseɣrucnit
** Tutlayin tiznasiyin dgi llant:
*** Tacawit
*** Tarifit
*** Tumẓabt
*** Teggargrent
*** Tamaziɣt n Figig
*** Tutlayt tacenwit
*** Tagurart

* Tamaziɣt tacerqit
**Tanfust
** Tazuwart
** Taɣdamest
** Ɣat
** Tasuknit
** Tawjilit
** Jlan n isiwan

* Tutlayin titergiyin
** Tamaheɣt
** Tamaceɣt
** Tamajeɣt
** Tawellemt

* Tagwanect (tenger)

## Asemdu n Tmaziɣt deg Darja

## Tamaziɣt deg uɣerbaz

## Askelu n tmaziɣt
 ──o Tafrusyawit 
   ├─o Proto-Tamaziɣt 1 (-7000)
     └─o Proto-Tamaziɣt 2 (-200)
       ├─o Tamaziɣt tacerqit
       | └─────o Tanfusit
       ├─o Tamaziɣt taɣerbit
       | |─────o Taqbaylit
       | |──o Tamaziɣt n waṭlas
       | |  └──o Tacelḥit
       | |  └──o Tamaziɣt n Umerruk alemmas
       | └─o Taznast
       |   └───o Tarifit
       |   └───o Tacenwit
       |   └───o Tumẓabt
       |   └───o Tacawit
       |   └─o Taznast n umalu
       |     └─o Tajerbit
       ├───────o Tatergit
       ├─o Tamaziɣt taɣerbit
         └─────o Taẓnagt
         └─────o Tamseɣlalt

## Tiwelhiwin
Agemmay afiniqi

**Agemmay afiniqi** d agemmay abjed iban-d di -1050, llan seqdacen-t yifiniqiyen di tira n tutlayt-nsen : tafiniqit.

Zik-nni, ifiniqiyen unagen di lebḥur, ddun ar turuft, ar Tafriqt ugafa, steɛmren u beznsen akk d yigduden i mlalen-d yid-sen. Igduden-nni ṭṭfen agemmay-nsen u beddlen-t, akka-agi ilul-d tifinaɣ akk d ugemmay grik (wagi yefka-d agemmay alatini d Ssirilik).

agemmay arami, i-d-yefkan agemmay aɛebri akk d agemmay anbaṭi (wagi yefka-d agemmay aɛrab), yusa-d ula d netta seg ugemmay afiniqi.

## Agemmay
Agemmay afiniqi yella yettwura seg ayfus ɣer uzelmaḍ, maca mačči daymen, yesɛa 22 isekkilen :
Agemmay

**Agemmay** d tagrumma n yisekkilen (lettres) yettuseqdacen i tira n tutlayin, yal asekkil d imesli.

Imira, llan aṭas n yigemmayen, kra ttusemman *agemmay aḥeqqani* (alatini, sirilik...), u kra ttusemman *agemmay n lekdeb* neɣ abjed (aɛebri, aɛrab..), Agemmay abjed ɣur-s tirgalin (consonnes) kan, ur yisɛi ara tiɣra(voyelles). 

## Amezruy
Agemmay amezwaru yella d abjed, d agemmay Proto-Sinaitic akk d wadi el-ḥul.

 ──o Tira protosémitik
   ├─o Proto-Sinaitik (Lqern -XVI)
   ├─o Ougaritik (Lqern -XIII)
   ? ?
   | └─o **[[Agemmay afiniqi|Afiniqi]]** (Lqern -XI armi Lqern -X)
   |   ├─o Paléo-aɛebri (Lqern -IX)
   |   ├─o Punique
   |   | └─o Tifinaɣ (lqern -VI)
   |   ├─o **[[Agemmay arami|Arami]]** (lqern -IX)
   |   | ├─o Aɛebri (lqern -VI)
   |   | ├─o Tira n Asya Alemmas (Sogdien, Ouïgour, Amunguli, Amandču, atg.)
   |   | ├─o Akaructi (lqern -III)
   |   | ├─o Brahmi (lqern -III)
   |   | ├─o Anbaṭi (lqern -I)
   |   | └─o asuryan (lqern +I)
   |   |   :
   |   |   └─o **[[Agemmay aɛrab|Aɛrab]]** (lqern +VI)
   |   └─o **[[Agemmay agrigi|Agrigi]]** (lqern -IX)
   |     ├─o Itruski (lqern -VIII)
   |     | └─o **[[Agemmay alatini|Alatini]]** (lqern -V armi -IV)
   |     ├─o Aqebṭi (lqern +IV)
   |     ├─o Géorgien (lqern +V)
   |     ├─o Armini (lqern +V)
   |     └─o Ssirilik (lqern +IX)
   └─o Tira n tmurt waɛraben (lqren -X)
     ├─o Nord-arabiques (Safaïtique, Atamudi, atg.) 
     └─o Sud-arabiques
       ├─o Himyarite
Tafriqt Ugafa

**Tafrikt n Ugafa** d tamnaḍṭ i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Tefriqt : Deg-s ddeqs n tmura gar-asent Lezzayer, Maṣer, Libya, Lmeṛṛuk, Tunes, Tamuṛiṭanit, Tigzirin Tiknariyin, atg.

## Iɣerfan
Deg Ugafa n Tefriqt, imezdaɣen inaṣliyen d Imaziɣen, d nutni  i d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa, xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a i yettmeslayen taɛrabt neɣ Tafṛansist. Imaziɣen gan-d tilas i wakal d ameqqṛan, yewwet-d seg umda n Isiwan, deg Umalu n Maṣeṛ almi d Targa Zewwaɣen d Muriṭanya, ɣef yiri n ugaraw Atlasi neɣ adrar n watlas. 

Akal n Yimaziɣen, seg wakken meqqeṛ yewweḍ ɣer tlemmast n Tefriqt. D Imuhaɣ neɣ Imucaɣ i d aɣref n Yimaziɣen i ilan akal meqqren akk gar iɣerfan imaziɣen-nniḍen, xas akken ur gtin ara. Akal-nsen d Taneẓruft (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Nijir, atg.).

## Timura n Tafriqt n ugafa (Seg usammar ɣer umalu)

## Timura n Tafriqt Ugafa ɣef leḥsab n [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|(ONU)]]

Ɣef leḥsab n Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen (ONU) Tafriqt n Ugafa deg-s 7 n timura :

*   Lezzayer
*   Maṣeṛ
*   Libya
*   Amurakuc
*   Ssudan
*   Tunes
*   Tagduda n Unẓruf Utrim (Aneẓruf Utrim)

## Tmennaḍin n Tafriqt nniḍen

### Ɣef leḥsab n [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|(ONU)]]

* Tafriqt Usamar
* Tafriqt Wenẓul
* Tafriqt Talemmast
* Tafriqt Umalu

### Asesmel nniḍen

* Tafrikt tasebgast

## Tizmilin
Agemmay alatini

**Agemmay alatini** d agemmay yettuseqdac di tira n waṭas n tutlayin. Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay itruski.

Agemmay alatini yettwura seg uzelmaḍ ɣer ayfus , yesɛa 26 isekkilen, aṭas n umsasa (adaptations) n ugemmay alatini di tutlayin tiyaḍ (am taqbaylit) sɛan ugar n 26 isekkilen.

## Amezruy
Agemmay alatini amezwaru ɣur-s 23 isekkilen, umbeɛd rnan-as 3 wiyaḍ: J, U, W.

## Agemmay alatini ameqqran
Agemmay alatini d agemmay iwumi yesɛan kter isekkilen ger igemmayen, Ṭṭabla deg ukessar seg Unicode 5.0 (Tasiwelt taneggarut).
Agemmay arami

**Agemmay arami** d agemmay abjed iban-d di lqern -8 di Suria, Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay afiniqi, yella yettuseqdac di tazwara di tira n tutlayt taramit, asmi tella tutlayt tunṣibt di suria tameqrant, agemmay-ines mucaɛ, yebda yettuseqdac di tutlayt taɛibranit akk d tutlayin tiyaḍ.

Agemmay arami yefka-d aṭas n yigemmayen : agemmay aɛebri, agemmay anbaṭi (wagi yefka-d agemmay aɛrab), agemmay siriani, Palmyrenean, Mandaic, Brāhmī, Pahlavi.

Agemmay arami yettwura seg ayfus ɣer uzelmaḍ, yesɛa 22 isekkilen :
Agemmay aɛebri

**Agemmay aɛebri** d agemmay yettuseqdac di tira n tutlayt taɛebrit. Agemmay aɛebri d agemmay abjed am agemmay aɛrab neɣ agemmay alibi (Tifinaɣ n zik), ur yesɛi ara tiɣra.

Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay arami.

I kull asekkil llan asusru aṭas. Llan asusru n tɛebrit n zik d ususru n ddin d ususeu n tɛebrit n tura. I tudayt tesfaradit d tudayt tackenazit llan asusru imeẓli.
Agemmay anbaṭi

**Agemmay anbaṭi** d agemmay yella yettuseqdac di tira n tutlayt tanbaṭit (tutlayt-nni temmut) di lqern wis sin. Agemmay anbaṭi d agemmay abjed (ur yesɛi ara tiɣra).
Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay arami, seg-s yusa-d ugemmay aɛrab.

Agemmay anbaṭi yettwura seg ayfus ɣer uzelmaḍ, yesɛa 22 isekkilen :
Agemmay aɛrab

**Agemmay aɛrab** d agemmay yettuseqdac di tira n waṭas n tutlayin: taɛrabt, fursi...agt. Agemmay aɛrab d agemmay abjed am agemmay aɛebri neɣ agemmay alibi (Tifinaɣ n zik), ur yesɛi ara tiɣra.

Agemmay aɛrab yettwura seg ayfus ɣer uzelmaḍ, yesɛa 28 isekkilen, kra n umsasa (adaptations) n ugemmay aɛrab di tutlayin tiyaḍ sɛan ugar n 28 isekkilen.

Yekka-d aẓar-is seg ugemmay anbaṭi. 

## Ẓer daɣen
* Agemmay aɛrab n tfursit
Turuft

**Turuft** neɣ **Oroppa** neɣ **Tewruft/Tewrupt** (Taglizit: *Europe*) d amenẓaw ger 7 imenẓawen n umaḍal. Tusa-d deg yixef n umalu n Urasyan (*Eurasia*). Tikwal qqaren-as daɣen "amenẓaw awessar". 

Tajumma n Turuft ur tɛedda ara 10.180.000 Km2; mɣar amenẓaw n Ustṛalya ay tugar.

Timura n Turuft sekrent-ed **[[Tadukli Turufit]]**, tura ɣur-s 28 iwunak, 13 seg-sent sseqdacent aqarid asuf n "euro" (idrimen).

## Aẓar n wawal
Yekka-d isem-is seg tumgisent tagrigt, d isem n yiwet tgellidt Tafiniqt.

Europa d yelli-s n wakuc Agrig *Zeus*.

## Timura n Turuft
Atent-a tmura n turuft di 50 yid-sent :
::

## Tmennaḍin n Turuft

### Ɣef leḥsab n [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|(ONU)]]
* Turuft Ugafa

* Turuft Umalu
* Turuft Usamar
* Turuft Wenẓul

### Asesmel nniḍen

* Turuft talemmast

## Tizmilin
Asekkil

**Askkil** d azamul imettel yiwen yimesli, tagrumma n iskkilen d agmmay.

## Tisuta (Leŝnaf) n iskkiln

Agmmay amaziɣ: A. B, G, D, Ḍ, F, K, H, Ḥ, Ɛ, X, Q, I, J, L, M, N, U, R, Ṛ, Ɣ, S, Ṣ, C, T, Ṭ, W, Y, Z, Ẓ 

Tifinaɣ: ⴰ, ⴱ, ⵛ, ⴷ, ⴹ, ⴻ, ⴼ, ⴳ, ⴳⵯ, ⵀ, ⵃ, ⵉ, ⵊ, ⴽ, ⴽⵯ, ⵍ, ⵎ, ⵏ, ⵓ, ⵄ, ⵖ, ⵅ, ⵇ, ⵔ, ⵕ, ⵙ, ⵚ, ⵜ, ⵟ, ⵡ, ⵢ, ⵣ, ⵥ.

Agmmay aɛrab: ﺍ‎, ﺏ‎, ﺕ‎, ﺙ‎, ﺝ‎, ﺡ‎, ﺥ‎, ﺩ‎, ﺫ‎, ﺭ‎, ﺯ‎, ﺱ‎, ﺵ‎, ﺹ‎, ﺽ‎, ﻁ‎, ﻅ‎, ﻉ‎, ﻍ‎, ﻑ‎, ﻕ‎, ﻙ‎, ﻝ‎, ﻡ‎, ﻥ‎, هـ‎, ﻭ‎, 

agmmay asirili: А, Б, В, Г, Ґ, Д, Е, Є, Ж, З, И, І, Ї, Й, К, Л, М, Н, О, П, Р, С, Т, У, Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ш, Щ, Ю, Я, Ъ, Ь, Ђ, Љ, Њ, Ћ, Џ

Agmmay agrigi: Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, Ζ, Η, Θ, Ι, Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν, Ξ, Ο, Π, Ρ, Σ, Τ, Υ, Φ, Χ, Ψ, Ω..

Agmmay aɛibri: א, ב, ג, ד, ה, ו, ז, ח, ט, י, כ, ל, מ, נ, ס, ע, פ, צ, ק, ר, ש, ת..

Agmmay alatin: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.
Galileo Galilei

**Galiliyu galili** (ilul ass n 15 yebrir 1564 di temdint n Pisa (Ṭelyan), yemmut ass n 8 yennayer 1642) 
D amesnallun, d afelsaf yakk d amsengaman Aṭelyan. Bab-as d Finsinzu Galil ma d yemm-as d Julya Di kuzimu Amanti , ila-d (yesεa-d) kraḍ n tarwa akked Marina Jumba war arcal (bla zzwaǧ)."Berjinya" tettwassen s "Tuletmat Mariya" tlul-d aseggas n 1600 temmu-t aseggas n 1634 , Finsinzu ilul aseggas n 1606 yemmut aseggas n 1646 d Lifya, syinna tettwassen s tweltmat Arkinǧila, tlul aseggas n 1601 temmut aseggas n 1649. issuzer tiẓri n Nikola Kopernik akken i yesten (idufeε) fell-as s tdusi ,akken id yessentem d akken tiẓri n Aristot ɣef wayen yezzin f umussu d tin izelgen (ur tṣeḥḥa ara). Ay-agi yella-d s usexdem n tamawt akked warramen

### Tamselyut
* Imyura.net, Sɣur Mack A.U d Yusef A.I
Imseɣret amaziɣ

**Kker a mmi-s umaziɣ!** d imseɣret n imaziɣen, yura-t Muḥend Yidir At Amran, mi yella  di lɛemr-is 24 isseggasen (1948) deg uɣerbaz Ben Aknoun (Lezzayer).

:Kker a mmi-s umaziɣ !
:Iṭij nneɣ yuli-d, 
:Aṭas ayag' ur -t-zriɣ,
:A gma nnuba nneɣ tezzi-d.

:Azzel in-as i Masinisa :
:Tamurt-is tuki-d ass a,
:Win ur nebɣa ad iqeddem,
:Argaz seg-neɣ yif izem.

:In-as, in-as i-Yugurta :
:Arraw-is ur-t-ttunn ara,
:Ttar ines d-a-t-id-rren,
:Isem-is a-t-id-sekfken.

:I Lkahina Icawiyen
:A tin is ddan irgazen
:In-as ddin i ɣ-d-ǧǧa
:Di laɛmer ur-ten-tett'ara.

:S umeslay nneɣ a nili,
:Azekka ad yif idelli,
:Tamaziɣt ad tgemmu ad ternu,
:D asalas bwemteddu.

:Seg durar durar id tekka tiɣri,
:S amennuɣ nebda tikli,
:Tura,tur'ulac akukru,
:A nerrez wala a neknu.

:Tamurt Lezzayer ɛzizen
:Fell-am a nefk idammen,
:Igenni-m yeffeɣ-it usigna
:Itij-im d lhuriya.

:A lbaz n tiggureg yufgen,
:Siwd azul i watmaten,
:Si terga Zeggwaɣt ɣer Siwa,
:D-asif idammen a tarwa.
Ṭawes Ɛemruc

**Mari-Lwiz ṭawes ɛemruc** d tamyarut tamezwarut gar tlawin tizzayriyin daɣen d tacennayt, tecna s taqbaylit.
Tawes tlul di Tunes ass n 4 meɣres 1913, temmut ass n 2 yebrir 1976 di Paris.
Tawes d yelli-s n Belqasem akk d Faḍma At Menṣur taddart-is d Iɣil Ɛli (Bgayet).

Gar imyura n zik llan atas n yirgazen maca tilawin am wakken ulac; tella yiwet kan : Faḍma At Menṣur, yemma-s n tawes Marie Louise akked Jean-lmuhub Ɛemruc. Faḍma At Menṣur Ɛemruc d tamettut tamezwarut i d-yuran tudert-is, i d-yennan tarmit-is, ayen tbub d wayen tengez seg wass mi i tlul di Tizi Hibel deg useggas 1883 almi d aseggas 1967 ass mi temmut deg Fransa. Imi baba-s yennker-itt, tudert-is tebda s unegzum ameqqran, tudert n yiberdan d lehmum. Bac akken ur tt-iḥeqqeṛ yiwen, yemma-s tceyyeɛ-itt ɣer ixxamen n igujilen (orphelinats) ɣur yiṛumiyen, ar Yiwaḍiyen dɣa ar Larbɛa n at Yiraten uqbel sbiṭar n At Mengelet anida i telmed tafransist terna tessuden taflest n Mas nneɣ Ɛisa. Dina yakan i tezwej d Belqasem amruc id tt-yewwin ɣer taddart-is, Iɣil Ɛli, uqbel tamurt n Tunes.

Tudert-is akk d umennuɣ, deg tazwara d amennuɣ n tgujilt mgal tasɣart-is tamcumt, zdat umennuɣ n Teqbaylit deg tallit n tesehrest akk d umennuɣ n tmasit di tmurt n yimselmen…Tufa ddwa i tudert deg tira akked yisefra s Teqbaylit maca tella yiwet n tɣawsa ur tt-teǧǧi ara : taqbaylit-is.

## Gar wayen tura
* *Jacinthe noire* ungal 1947.
* *Rues des tambourins*, ungal 1969.
* *L'amant imaginaire*, ungal f imanis 1975.
* *Le grain magique*, timucuha d poemes 1966.

## Tiwelhiwin
Belqasem Ihiǧaten

**Belqasem Iḥiǧaten**, d amedyaz aqbayli.

## Tukkist si tmedyazt-is

**Tira**

:Diri-tt tittin n laṣel -- 
:Aserdun inkaṛ baba-s

:Ɣur-neɣ tira tfeṣṣel -- 
:D tamaziɣt ay aɣilas

:Ma d win i k-yennan beddel -- 
:Am nekk uɣal ini-yas

:Ma yugi ḥseb-it yennṣel -- 
:Yal wa ad yesselmed tarwa-s

## Idlisen-is
 
* *Seg wawal ɣer wayeḍ*
* *Tamusta n isefra*
* *Aḥiwec*
* *Asegres*

## Izdayen iberraniyen
*Tadwennit d Belqasem Ihiǧaten
Agemmay aɛrab n tfursit

**Agemmay aɛrab n tfursit** d amsasa n ugemmay aɛrab i tutlayt tafursit.

## Isekkilen nniḍen
Isekkilen-agi mači tijdidin, maca ttwuran s tira nniḍen asmi llan g ulemmas neɣ g uneggaru.

Agemmay aɛrab n tfursit ɣur-s 4 isekkilen nniḍen :
Agemmay itruski

**Agemmay itruski** d agemmay yella yettuseqdac di tira n tutlayt titruskit (tutlayt-nni temmut) di lqern -7 ar lqern -2 g tmurt Ṭṭelyan n tura. 

Yekka-d uẓar-is seg ugemmay agrigi, seg-s yusa-d ugemmay alatini.

Di lqern -7 ar -6, agemmay itruski yella yettwura seg uzelmaḍ ɣer ayfus neɣ ayfus ɣer uzelmaḍ, yesɛa 26 isekkilen :

G lqern -5, yeǧǧa 6 isekkilen u yuɣal-d yettwura s umata seg uzelmaḍ ɣer ayfus:

:ACEVZHΘILMNPŚRSTUΦΨF 

G lqern -2 agemmay itruski yemmut akk d tutlayt titruskit.
Tutlayt tunṣibt

**Tutlayt tunṣibt** d tutlayt ixeddem yis-s yiwen weddal n yiwet tmurt, asmi tella yiwet tutlayt, d tutlayt tunṣibt n yiwen weddal, akw titeggarin (Tateggart: document) yessefk ad ilint s tutlayt tunṣibt, mulac titeggarin-nni mači d tiɣbalin (Aɣbal : valide).

Llant timura ɣur-sent ugar n yiwet tutlayt tunṣibt, am tmurt n Swiss (tesɛa kraḍ(3)) neɣ Tafriqt n Wenẓul (tesɛa 12).
Tiliẓri

**Tiliẓri** (neɣ tiliviziu) d acermad (appareil) iremmes tugniwin d yimesli (son), s lkabl neɣ s les ondes radioelectriques (Tamdeswelt Asadrer-Aẓruran), umbeɛd yettceggiɛ-iten s wegdil-ines (agdil:ecran).

Yis-s nzemmer a nmuqel isura (Films : asaru), talɣut (information), Asusen (la publicité)....atg. yamo
Crif Xeddam

Ilul-d **Crif Xeddam** deg ayyur n Yennayer 2877 (Aseggas imaziɣen) i d-yuzgan d 1927 MTSƐ, deg Taddart N At Bumesɛud (Imsuḥal) , yeǧǧa-yaɣ ass n 12 di Yennayer 2962 (Aseggas imaziɣen) i d-yuzgan d ass n 23 Janvier 2012 MTSƐ, deg Paris. 

## Tameddurt

Imawlan-is d imrabḍen yernu aɣerbaz ibaɛd ɣef wexxam, ihi yuzen-it baba-s ɣer tmaɛmaṛt (tareḥmanit) n At Bujlil. Lamaɛna ur iɛaṭl ara deg-s imi yeṭṭef abrid ɣer Lezzayer tamaneɣt ad inadi ɣef uxeddim, syin yunag ar Fransa deg 1947 am netta am ilmeẓyen di lweqt-nni.

Di l'Paris yezga ixeddem di lluzin maca yeqqar daɣen azawan, solfej d ccna. Isbed tarbaɛt n ccna deg 1954. Mi d yewwi iman-is, yejmaɛ iṣurdiyen yessufɣed aḍebsi-ines amezwaru (seg ljib-is) deg 1955 "yelli-s n tmurt-iw laɛnaya n temɛict-iw". Din din tekcem taɣect n uccenay-a deg ulawen n leqbayel. Anfaras Pathé Marconi isla yis. Yules-as asufeɣ n uḍebsi amezwaru yerna wiyaḍ am "yelli-s lfamiliya" akk d "inni d ma tḥemelḍ iyi".

Icna-d Crif Xeddam ɣef tmurt d tudert n yal ass n Iqbayliyen, ɣef lɣeṛba d tayri amedya Nadya, ǧeṛǧiṛa, lemri, a leḥbab, ɛacen, zzman, Bgayet telha.
Mi d-yuɣal si Fransa ikcemn ɣer wexxam n ṛadyu anda yexdem nnig 20 iseggasen. Tella ɣures nnuba yettwasnen aṭas, "iɣenayen uzekka" ansi fɣen aṭas icennayen n teqbaylit am Lunis At Mengellat i d-yecnan zdat-s "ma truḍ" deg useggas 1967.

Yerna yessufeɣ tizlatin niḍen am "lukan id tettuɣal temẓi" akk d "tenna-yi yemma" anda itcekkir tilawin. Yura daɣen i Nwaṛa yecna yides tizlatin am "nemfaraq ur nxemmem" akk d "ula d nek yewɛaṛ ad ttuɣ".

Crif Xeddam si ger imezwura i d-iskecmen lɛud (Asɣaṛ) d upyano ar ccna n teqbaylit lamaɛna bnadem m’ara isel i tezlatin-is ittḥulfu s rruḥ n teqbaylit tedder deg-sent.
Tesufeɣ Taseɛdit Yasin adlis s tefransist ma tebɣam ad teɣrem ɣef tmeddurt-is : *Cherif Kheddam ou l’amour de l’art*, "Crif Xeddam neɣ tayri n tẓuṛi" ɣer tizrigin La Decouverte/Awal, Paris deg 1995.

## Asnulfu
Gar tizlatin is timeqqṛanin kteṛ n tiyed, tella yiwet i ugaren tiyed nniḍen, d **Bgayet**, id yefka tajmilt i Bgayet

## Tira
Yiwet seg tezlatin-ines :

Aha kker zwi iman-ik 

Aha kker zwi iman-ik 
Am wakken yebbwi-k naddam 
Lxiṛ i d tefka tmurt-ik 
Din i k yetṛaǧu wexxam 
Ṛuḥ a gma lli-d allen-ik 
A ttwaliḍ ansi ɛaddan 

Tenniḍ ad beddleɣ amḍiq 
Win teǧǧiḍ deg wemḍiq-ik 
Wi ɛzizen teǧǧiḍt di ṭṭiq 
Tettuḍ lhedṛa n jeddi-k 
Uki-d ma telliḍ d uḥdiq 
Qbel ad yekfu weɛwin-ik

Ur yenfiɛ wayen i k yexḍan 
Muqel kra ɣer deffir 
Tesɛid widak i d yeǧǧan 
Ur d tefruriḍ deg cekkir 
Mmekt id rriḥa imawlan 
Mebla ma tkerseḍ anyir

Ger tiṭ ɣer wayen d ǧǧan 
Lateṛ nnsen ḥader a t tnekṛeḍ 
Mačči d ayen i yetfakkan 
Ahat kecc ur teɛlimeḍ 
Ur k tsemmiḥen iɣerban 
S twenza-k syen i d teffɣeḍ


### Tamselyut

* Imyura.net, Amor REKIS
Niels Bohr

**Niels Bohr** d amussnagamaw (physicien) adanmarki, ittwassen ɣef leqdic-is di tussnagama tanaɛurt (nucléaire) d ubelkim (atome).

Ilul di Copenhague, tamaneɣt n tmurt n Danmark. Baba-s d afiziulug (physiologue). **Niels Bohr**, ikcem ɣer yesnidi (laboratoire) n Rutherford (iqdec yid-s) di Manchester.

Deg usseggwas 1911, Bohr ikfa almud ines di tesdawit n Copenhague, yeffeɣ-d s Doctorat.

Deg usseggwas 1922, Bohr yuɣ arraz Nobel ɣef tiẓiri ɣef temṣukt (structure) tabelkamit (La théorie de Bohr sur la structure atomique). Tiẓri d-iffɣen gar usseggwas 1913 d usseggwas 1914.
Bohr, iḍfer leqdic I d-yeǧǧa Rutherford (1871-1937), I d-innan abelkim yebna ɣef yiɣes I ɣef tezzin iliktrunen.

Tiẓri n Bohr, d aseɣwen n tiẓri takantikt d tiẓri n Planck (assaɣ gar lqedd n ukantum (quantum) d usnagar n uzenzar) : abelkim ur yesɛi ara azenzar alikrumagniti, anagar ma illa aliktrun ibeddel aswir akanti. Lebbni-ya idegger ar sdat s waṭas tussnagama n ubelkim s wayen akw is d-ewwi d amaynut.

Deg usseggwas n 1916, Bohr iqdec d asalmad amussnagamaw di tesdawit n Copenhague. Deg usseggwas 1920, yuɣal d anemhal n Institut de physique théorique di tesdawit.

Deg ttrad amaḍal wis-sin, Bohr irwel ar Marikan, ikki di leqdic n lbumba tabelkamit, Projet Manhattan deg Los Alamos di New Mexico.

Mi ikfa ttrad, Bohr yuɣal d azamul mgal ttrad abelkami : Abelkim I Talzit (Atoms for peace).

## Tamselyut
* M.A.U d Y.A.Y
Amedeo Avogadro

**Amedeo Avogadro** d amussnagamaw, amussakura aṭelyani, I d-yefkan turda ttwassnen s yisem alugen n **Avogadro**.

Ilul di Ṭuṛinu, di tazwara yeɣra akken ad d-yeffeɣ d abuga?u. Maca netta ittwet (Yettwalleh) ɣef tussnakt d tussagama.

Seg usseggwas n 1820, yuɣ amḍiq d aselmad n tussnagama di tesdawit n Turin. Iqdec ɣef trisiti d tferkiwin n uḥluli, ittwassen ɣef leqdic-is I d-yewwi daɣen ɣef lgaz.

Deg usseggwas 1911, Avogadro ifka-d alugen-a: sin wabelɣen n lgaz, yemsawan s tezɣelt d tuẓẓma), ɣur-sen yiwen wazal n molécules.
Ilmend-is ifkan isem amḍan n Avogadro N = 6,023 . 1023, d amḍan n "les molécules" yellan deg tmulett (mole).

## Tamselyut
* M.A.U, Y.A.Y
Thomas Edison

**Thomas Edison** d aseɣnaw (inventeur) amarikani. Ilul di Milan (Ohio) ass n 11 Furar 1847, immut ass n 18 Tuber 1931 di West Orange (New Jersey), yeɣra 03 wayyuren kan deg uɣerbaz. Tuɣ fell-as 12 isseggwasen di ticett-is, assmi illa iznuzu iɣmisen, mi ittxemmim ɣef tmacinin timikanikiyin d trisiti.

Deg usseggwas n 1862, isbedd aɣmis amuqran Trunk Herald, i d-iteffɣen yal amalas (smana). Edison, assmi id-issukkes yiwen uqcic gar ifassen n laxart, tella-d ɣur-es tissas d udem ar medden macci drus.
Ladɣa Edison, deg wakud I deg istufa ittara lemdad-is ar tussna n imiren u ilmed Tiligraf s yiman-is. Aseɣnew-ines amezwaru d télégraphe duplex.

Deg usseggwas n 1876, aseɣnew-ines inza s waṭas, Edison issas-ed idrimen s wid I d-ibna isnidi-ines (laboratoire). Edison, isnulfa-d daɣen microphone. Deg usseggwas 1877, Edison ikfa afunugraf ittaṭṭafen imesli. Sakin, sin issegwassen d assawen, isnulfa-d taftilt (tampult) n trisiti. Deg usseggwas 1882, tekcem tafat ɣer ixxamen di New York I tikkelt tamenzut u flalin izenqa ines.
Deg usseggwas 1887, Edison issemɣwer isnidi-ines u dɣa iqqim di West Orange di New Jersey. Deg usseggwas 1888, isnulfa-d Kinétoscope, tamacint tamezwarut n tugniwin ittembewwilen, dɣa din iẓẓa I tikkelt tamenzut ayen yuɣalen kra issegwassen syin d isura, d tiliẓritt neɣ d ssalima akw ya.
Edison ɣur-es azal n 1000 (tawinast) d aseɣnew neɣ ugar, gar-asen:

- Adɣaɣ (Batterie)
- Tamacint n ucraw (La machine à ronéotyper)

## Tamselyut
* Sɣur Mack A. U d Yusef A. I
Muḥend Ulḥaǧ

**Muḥend Ulḥaǧ**, isem unṣib Akli Meqqran, ilul deg useggas 1911 deg taddart n Buzgan, tama Iɛeẓẓugen. Yella d amaɣnas deg UDMA n Feṛḥat Ɛebbas, send ad d-yuɣal ar taddart-is, deg iḍrayen nni n 8 deg mayu 1945. Yuɣal ɣer twuri-ines n umesnaz. 

Deg useggas n 1955, yekcem deg tegrawla. Yewwi yid-s arraw-is, deg sin yid-sen. Imi yella d amdan ilan tigzi yufraren, yerna-yas tabɣest, fkan-as asellun n "aṣpira". Aseggas i yezrin kan, imi s-yefka Ɛmiruc tamnaṭ tis kraḍ(III) s usellun n "sulyuṭna".

Yuɣal d "Kumandda" deg useggas n 1957. Yuɣal d amɛiwen n umeqran n temnaṭ tis III. Ticki iba Ɛmiruc, ticki ulac-it, d Muḥend Ulḥaǧ i yettuɣalen deg umḍiq-is. Muḥend Ulḥaǧ ad yeqqim d netta i d ameqran aneggaru n temnaṭ tis III, seg useggas n 1958 ar 1962. Tadyant n « Opération  Jumelles » ɣef tuyat-is i d-tres. Ḥuzan-t s teṛsast deg umeẓẓuɣ. Tenɣes tmesliwt-ines s waṭas. Dɣa d adeddic nni d-teǧǧa terṣaṣt-nni i s-yuɣalen meqqer almi yemmut deg useggas 1972.

Ad yeqqim daɣen d win yellan yumen s tmurt n lezzayer. Deg 1963, yuki d akken mgaraden wazalen-is akk d wid n Benbella d terbaɛt-is. Ijebd-ed iman-is seg udabu imi wid t-iṭṭfen, udabu-ya, ugin ad seddun tamurt s tugdut. Tugdut-nni yeṭṭed uqbayli deg izir n tyemmatt. Maca gar tayri n Lezzayer akk d tayri n tugdut, ar zdat yefren lezzayer. Wid yeṭṭfen adabu, nutni, fernen iɛebbaḍ-nsen. Ufan-as abrid s tayri n Tmurt.. Dɣa s ta s wayes i ɣ-rran taberda ar ass-a.

## Tamselyut
* Imyura.net
Isaac Newton

D amussnak (mathématicien), d amusnagamaw (physicien) aglizi, **Isaac Newton** d yiwen seg wid iqqimen deg umezruy i lebda, acku tiliwa n tussna i d-yeǧǧa ur ttɣarayent ara. Newton gar wid i d-isnulfan asiḍen (calcul), yufa-d tifeɣt n tiddit n tafat (optique).Ɣef umussu (amimeḍ), Newton isnulfa-d kraḍ ilugan, seg tid I d-iffeɣen alugen n uselmem anmeɣrad (gravitation universelle).

Newton sir Isaac ilul ass n 25 dujember 1642 di temdint Woolsthorpe (tamurt n Legliz), mi zrin sin wagguren ɣef tmettant n baba-s. Yemma-s Hannah teǧǧa-t i jidda-s ad t-id-tessker.

Newton ikfa taɣuri-ines tamezwarut di Trinity College n Grantham. Deg useggas 1661 ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Cambridge ikemmel taɣuri armi d aseggas 1665 ansa i d-iffeɣ s turagt (licence), aseggas-a i d-teḍra temsalt n tteteffaḥt is-d ildin allen ɣef ujebbud n tfekkiwin (attraction des corps).

Deg useggas 1667 Newton yuɣal d imekki di tesdawit Cambridge. Deg useggas 1666 isnulfa-d asiḍen (calcul). Deg useggas 1669 yuɣ amḍiq d aselmad n tusnakt di tesdawit n Cambridge.
Newton yerra aṭas lmendad-is ar tiddit n tafat, deg useggas 1672 Newton yeɛreḍ ad d-yaf tifeɣt n ini (couleur) n tafat, inna-d: “Tafat d asmlili n iẓenẓaren n ini”.

Deg useggas 1686 isnulfa-d tilḥi (dynamique) s lsas n kraḍ ilugan n umussu:

* Amenzay amenzu: Tafekka ur tettmimiḍ ara neɣ amussu-ines ur ittbeddil ara (tazzla-ines), ma illa azal n tmernit n imsedda (somme véctorielle) n tezmert i tt-yeɛnan d ilem.

* Amenzay wis-sin : Lsas n tilḥi
Newton, iqqen timzizzelt (accéleration) n tfekka ɣer tezmert i tt-yeɛnan:
F=ma

F : tazmert (N)
m : tazsit n tfekka (kg)
a: timzizzelt m/s2

* Amenzay wis-kraḍ: Tigawt d tesdmert (action-réaction)
Ma illa tafekka 1 tedemmir tafekka nniḍen 2 s tezmert f1,2, ihi, tafekka tis-snat tettara-d I tfekka 1 tazmert f2,1:
f1/2+f2/1=0

Newton iddem-d ilugan-a iseqdec-iten ɣer wid n Kepler, sway i d-yufa:
kra n tfekka illan di tallunt (espace) neɣ deg umḍal, tettaɣ-itt tazmert i wumi semman aselmem (gravité).
Yura daɣen Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica deg useggas n 1687. Ilmend n wayen iqdec d wayen i d-ifka, isem-is yuɣ aferdis (unité) n tezmert (N).

### Tamselyut
* Imyura.net, Mack A.U. d Yusef A.Y. 
* Commons
Muḥemmed Benḥanafi (At Ṭaher)

**Muḥamed Benḥanafi** neɣ Muḥamed At Ṭaher, d anaẓur muqren deg umezruy n yedles aqbayli. Ilul deg 1927 di taddart Sidi Atmane di tama n Larbɛa n At Wasif.

Illa iznuzu lkettan di temnaṭ n Tihert. Di tegrawla n uwenbir 1954, illa d lkumisar di tama tis snat di Tihert. Asmi tebbwi tmurt azarug, ikcem-ed Muḥamed Benḥanafi ar tɣiwant n Lezzayer netta d twacult-is, u yebda ixedem di radyu tis snat. Ibda s nuba isefra umi isema "leqlam ajedid", imiren ixdem nuba i warrac umi isema "tibḥirin d ijejigen u-d-waman isemaden ig sefraḥen arrac imecṭuḥen". Aṭas n warrac i ɛdan ar ifassen-is, i yuɣalen d inazuren n tezlit taqbaylit am  Ḥabib Mulud d Nwara. Illa daɣen ixdem di tedwilt n "icenayen uzekka" anda ɛedan inazuren am : Malika Dumran, Lwennas Meɛṭub, Ǧamal Fraḥi,Saɛid At Judi, Dalil Umar, Malḥa, Anisa, Cabḥa. S 1963 asmi ibda ar radyu, iḥbes kan si 1993 ar 2001, lamaɛna yuɣal-ed s yiwet n tedwilt, isem-is "ɣaf yir lkanun". 

Yura aṭas isefra i inazuren meqqren am Ǧamal Cir, Yidir, Meǧahed Ḥamid, Arezqi Buzid, Atmani, Ṭawes, Qasi Abǧawi, Yasin Babasi, Malḥa, Cabḥa, Wrida, Fella, Lǧida Sɣira, Zahya, Mulud Ḥabib, Crif Xeddam, Muḥamed Bensliman, tarbaɛt n Faḍma n Sumer.

Yemmut ass n 4 Meɣres 2012
Abranis

**Abranis** d tarbaɛt n 'rock' aqbayli i d-ilulen di 1967 i yuɣalen mucaɛen di talit n iseggasen n 70/80, ama di tmazɣa, ama di Franṣa, ama deg umaḍal s umata. D sin n yergazen i yellan s deffir n tlalit n Abranis: Karim ar tgiṭart, s yisem-is unṣib SID Muḥend Tahar, d Camy Lbaz, win yellan ar tuddsa, s yisem-is unṣib Cemini Abdelqader. Deg 1973, rnan-d ɣur-sen Arezqi Barrudi ar la *batterie*, d Hacmi Bellali ar *la basse*. Ger tezlatin-nsen i yeswasnen : Linda, M'liyi Kan, Tizizwa, Abehri. Tarbaɛt n Abranis tuɣal tebḍa deg 1995.

## Tamedurt n Abranis
Abranis d timidrant(concept),maci d agraw ameslugen(standard) i isebken ɣef kra n yemdanen. D timidrant timezgi,(constante) yettnernin,i d-yufranen mačči kan deg ugafa n tefriqt maca deg tmura umaḍal akk –it. Adlis n ureɣ d inigi ɣef ayen i d-uran fell-as di site officiel ama si lmerruk neɣ  lkanada, si Lurup, si Californie neɣ si Japon. 

Abranis d timidrant, d azawan, d tawila(style), d tarbaєt, ini-d madi d tamrist(entreprise) yessedduy win i tt-id yesbedden s wudem unṣib deg useggas 1976 . D acennay,d ameskar,d amedyaz di terbaєt d win iwimi qqaren KARIM ABRANIS isem-is Sid Mohand Tahar. Ad tafem tameddurt-is d tebdert iɣeyyaden-is(musiciens) id yettekin di tmacahutt n ibranisen di  site officiel n taggayt www.abranis.com.

## Iḍebsiyen n Abranis
* 1 Iḍebsiyen 45t
: Itri lefjer
: T-djaaled 
: Talit 1973
: El musiqa 
: Linda  1974
: Amezruy
: Weṣaɣ kem 1975

* 2  1977
: Yemma
: ɣas jerhaɣ
: Ddelbaɣ smaḥ
: Cenuɣ 'le blues'
: Stasrrih nebɣa ansarraḥ
: Lliɣ d Lbaz rrtaḥaɣ
: Ayahbib t-gezmed ul-iw
: Iɛeda fell-ak zman

* 3 1980
: Atizizwa
: Tiḥmartin
: Nek ray-iw
: Aṭas
: Ameksa
: Ayaw ma n-ruh
: Tilleli
: Tezza fetwanza

* 4 aḍebsi Imeté n tayri 1978
: Ayen ɣizdin
: Tasusmi
: Iggeder amerzu
: Imeṭi tayri
: Tameɣra
: Aqessam
: Amjaḥ
: Amezruy

* 5 aḍebsi Abeḥri 1983
: Abeḥri
: Id d wass
: Ixxaq Wul
: Tadukli
: Tassusmi
: M'liyi kan
: Aqwdar
: Acetki

* 6 aḍebsi Amezruy usrid 1987 
: Iɛeda fell-ak zman
: Timlilit
: Taferka
: Linda
: Yettru yezr-iw
: Itri lefjar
: ɣas jerḥaɣ
: ɣur-k i-n-menna
: Yemma
: Cnuɣ 'le blues'

* 7 aḍebsi wali kan 1993
: Wali kan
: Ayen ɣizdin
: Aqwdar
: M'liyi Kan
: A qessam
: Tirni
: Yifit wi ruḥen
: A leflani
: Iggeder amerzu
: Acetki
: Imeṭi tayri
: Amaziɣ

* 8 (Karim Branis weḥdes)2004
: Mqidec
: Ali abenay
: Aḥecad
: Targit
: Distrait
: Abrid abrid
: Tilawin
: 'Rock' Tura 

* 9 best of live (srid)2010
: a yema
: abeḥri
: chenagh le blues
: lynda
: ixaq wul
: el qum agi
: m'liyi kan
: tamacahuts (belaid branis)
: ghurek i n'menna
: tihmartine
: id ed was
: wali kan

* 10 aḍebsi RWAYEH 2011
: Adfel
: Tilisa t'mazgha
: Aw irohen
: Tablat semden
: Aseggas-a
: Tanina
: Lehbab
: Nek ttrugh
: Imdawiyen
: Ansuf

## Tamselyut
* http://www.notyet.com
Amezruy

**Amezruy** d tazrawt n tidyanin yeḍran, d acu kan, Amezruy mačči d tussna am tiyaḍ axaṭer ur nezmir ara ad nessen akk tiɣawsiwin, daɣnetta, nzemmer a nemmeslay ɣef tamusni n tiẓri n tidyanin.

Amezruy yesseqdac tazrawt n titeggarin (Tateggart: document), asmi ur nesɛi titeggartin, nemmeslay ɣef azarmezruy (préhistoire).
## Amezruy n Umaḍal
### Amezruy n Tefriqt
### Amezruy n Turuft
### Amezruy n Asya
### Amezruy n Temrikt
Fransa

Fransa (s tefransist: La France), s umarisan Tagduda tafransist (s tefransist: la République française), d awanak ilan timmuɣṛa taɣeṛmant di Turuft n Utaram d temnaḍt tagerlelyant deg yigarawen Ahindyan, Aṭlasyan aha Amelwi, aha di Antarktika d Temrikt n Wenẓul. Tamurt-a tla ibuda ikalanen akked Beljika, Luksemburg, Almanya, Swisṛa, Ṭṭalyan, Spanya, Munaku d Andura di Turuft. Aha tla ibuda ikalanen nniḍen akked Braẓil, Surinam d Timura-Yudaren di Temrikin. Fransa tla timnad tilelyanin deg yigarawen Ahindyan, Aṭlasyan aha Amelwi d yilel Agrakal, jjant-itt ad tellummeẓ s yiwet tɣanast tadamsant tameqqṛant akk deg umaḍal. Aha tekcem di Tamunt turufant (UE). Tutlayt tunṣibt ines d Tafransist.

## Amezruy
Awal n "Fransa" yekka-d seg yisem n wedrumen iǧermaniyen: "les francs" s Tefransist.

## Tizmilin
Ibn Ɛarabi

**Muḥyeddin Ibn Ɛarabi**, s taɛrabt محي الدين ابن عربي, yettwasen kan s yisem n **Ibn Ɛarabi**, d amedyaz, d amusnaw n ajjed, u wayen umi neqar *[[Mystisism]]*. D yiwen ger ibabaten n tasnakta Taṣufit. Ilul deg usegas n 1165, di Mursi, tamurt n Andaluz, di Sbanya. Imut deg 1240, di Dimecq, tamurt n Surya n tura. Qaren-as daɣen « Cix amuqran », isɛa azal n 846 n yidlisen. Deg isefra ines, yettmeslay-ed af tayri, cbaḥa, iba, aramsu, atg.

Asmi isɛa 14 isegasen, imlal di Kurdu (Sbanya) akw d Averroès, sɣur ilmed aṭas n tmusniwin d tfiluṣufit.



## Tamselyut

*  Ibn al-Arabi Foundation 
*  Ibn Arabi & Mystical Journey:The Journey to the Lord of PowerJohn G. Sullivan Department of Philosophy Elon College
Averroès

**Averroès**, d isem alatini n **Abul-Walid Muḥemmed ibn Rucd**, n 'Cordoue', neɣ **Abu lwalid Muḥemmed ibn Aḥmed ibn Muḥemmed ibn Aḥmed ibn Aḥmed ibn Rucd**, s taɛrabt ( أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن محمد بن احمد بن احمد بن رشد ). D amusnaw n ddin, n izerfan, n tusnakt, d afelsafi, d amejjay, di tidmi XII.

**Averroès**, laṣel-is daɛrabt mennaṭ n Merruk,  ilul di 1126 di Kurdu di tmurt n Spenyul, imut di 10 dujenbir 1198 di Merrakec, tamurt n Merruk.

Tiktiwin ines af ayen yura ufilusuf agriki 'Aristut', ttuseqlent ar tlatinit deg 1230. Isemlal tafilusufit taristukratit akw tneslemt. D netta iskecmen idles agriki d weɛrab ar umaḍal umalu.

Amseḍru isura amaṣri **Yusef Cahin** ixdem asaru fell-as deg 1997, isem-is 'Le destin'.

## Tamselyut

* Wikipedia s tefransist
Ibn Xeldun

**Ibn Xeldun**, neɣ **Avu Zayd Avderraḥman ben Muḥammed ben Xeldun Al-Ḥaḍrami**, s taɛrabt أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون,  s tmaziγt **Bab n Zayd Avderraḥman mmis n Muḥemmed mmis n Xeldun Aḥaḍrami** d argaz n umezruy, n tusna n tmetti, d afiluzuf. Ilul di 27 mayu 1332 di Tunes, yemmut di 19 meɣres 1406 di Qahira.

**Ibn Xeldun** yuɣ-d aẓar si yiwet n twacult tamuqrant n Yamen, i yunagen ar tmurt n Wendlus di Spenyul si tidmi VIII. Isyin ruḥen ar tmurt n Tunes. Yura aṭas ɣef igduden Aɛraben, Imaziɣen akked Ifursiyen. Adlis-is i yettwasnen d 'Muqaddima' anda i d-yelles aṭas ɣef umezruy imaziɣen.

## Idlisen n Ibn Xeldun

* Idrisen n Ibn Xeldun deg uzeṭa  
* Ibn Khaldun, *[[Muqaddima|Discours sur l'histoire universelle. Al-Muqaddima]]* (asuqel sɣur, Vincent Monteil), éd. Sindbad, Paris, 1997 (ISBN 2-7427-0924-X)
* Ibn Khaldûn, *Le Livre des exemples. tome I. Autobiographie. Muqaddima*, éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2002 (ISBN 2-07-011425-2)
* Ibn Khaldoun, *Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale* (ISBN 2-7053-3639-7)
* Ibn Khaldoun, *[[Le Livre des exemples]]*, tome I (traduit et annoté par Abdesselam Cheddadi), éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2002 (ISBN 2-07-011425-2)

## Wid yuran af Ibn Xeldun

* Abdesselam Cheddadi, *Ibn Khaldûn. L'homme et le théoricien de la civilisation*, éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2006 (ISBN 2-07-076496-6)
* Jean Moshsen Fahmy, *Ibn Khaldoun. L'honneur et la disgrâce*, éd. L'Interligne, Ottawa, 2003 (ISBN 2-921463-66-0)
* Smaïl Goumeziane, *Ibn Khaldoun. Un génie maghrébin (1332-1406)*, éd. Non Lieu, Paris, 2006 (ISBN 2-35270-001-9)
* Yves Lacoste, *Ibn Khaldoun. Naissance de l'Histoire. Passé du tiers monde*, éd. La Découverte, Paris, 1998 (ISBN 2-7071-2680-2)
* Krzysztof Pomian, *Ibn Khaldûn au prisme de l'Occident*, éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2006 (ISBN 2-07-078159-3)
Gabriel Martinez-Gros 'Ibn Khaldûn et les sept vies de l'Islam'édition Sindbad Acte Sud,2006 (ISBN 2-7427-6114-4)

## Tamselyut

* Wikipedia s tefranṣiṣt

* Abdelaziz Daoulatli, « Ibn Khaldoun. Un historien témoin de son temps et un précurseur », ''La Presse de Tunisie'' (cahiers culturels)
* « Penser le Maghreb avec Ibn Khaldûn », ''Les Jeudis de l'IMA'' (France Culture), 25 octobre 2006
* Quelques dates clés de la vie d'Ibn Khaldoun
* Exposition sur Ibn Khaldoun à l'Alcázar de Séville  (19 mai-30 septembre 2006)
* Présentation du ''Ibn Khaldun Award'' (prix fondé par le ''Tunisian Community Center'')
Amḍan

**Amḍan**, d tagrumma n yiwen neɣ aṭas n yizwilen. Imḍanen d tiɣawsiwin n tusnakt.

## Leṣnaf n yimḍanen

* Ṣṣenf ittuseqdacen aṭas d imḍanen \mathbb{N}\, : 0, 1, 2, 3 atg.
* Asmi yella yimḍanen ibawen (négatifs) am -1, -2 atg, nesɛa imḍanen \mathbb{Z}\,. 
* Imḍanen \mathbb Q am : 2/3, 4/5 atg.
* Imḍanen \mathbb{R}\, am : \sqrt 2, ln(5) etc.
* Imḍanen \mathbb{C}\, am : 2i+3, 3i etc.

:\mathbb{N}\sub\mathbb{Z}\sub\mathbb{D}\sub\mathbb{Q}\sub\mathbb{R}\sub\mathbb{C}
Azwil

**Azwil** d azamul (amedya: "3", "7", "13") immal yiwen azal ameḍnaw (*numeric value*), yettuseqdac i tagensest (*representation*) n yimḍanen (*numbers*).

Amgirred ger azwil d umḍan am amgirred ger wawal d usekkil amedya: 

*"allelluc n gma", ɣur-s 3 awalen: "allelluc", "n" , "gma". Awal amezwaru yesɛa 8 isekkilen, wis sin yesɛa 1 kan.
*"7820" d amḍan ɣur-s 4 izwilen, "5" d amḍan yesɛa 1 wezwil kan.

Llan 10 izwilen: 0 (Ulac) - 1 (Yiwen) - 2 (Sin) - 3 (Kraḍ) - 4 (uqus) - 5 (Semmus) - 6 (Seddis) - 7 (Sa) - 8 (Tam)- 9 (Tẓa)

Izwilen i nesseqdac d izwilen urufiyen, yekka-d aẓar-nsen seg izwilen Ihendiyen, Aɛraben mazal ar tura sseqdacen izwilen ihendiyen.
Ccix Lḥasnawi

**Ccix Lḥasnawi**, s yisem-is unṣib **Si Muḥ n Aɛmar u Muḥ**, ilul ass n 23 Yulyu 1910, di Taɛzibt n Lɛeṛc Iḥesnawen di tama n At Dwala. Yettwassen s yisem Ccix Lḥesnawi imi laṣel ines n Iḥesnawen, di lekwaɣeḍ yers s yisem n Muḥemed Xelwat. Asmi i yesɛa sin iseggasen di laɛmeṛ-is temmut yemma-s, akken kra iseggasen yerna baba-s. Am tizya-s akw di lawan-ni, yekcem ar temɛemmaṛt akken ad iɣer leqwran. Ur yeqqim ara aṭṭas di taddart-is, asmi yesɛa 14 iseggasen iṛuḥ ar Tizi Wezzu, dinna icennu di leqhawi, ur iɛeṭṭel ara di Tizi wezzu ikemmel abrid-is ar Lezzayer tamaneɣt. Dinna di Lezzayer yemlal-d kra inaẓuren imeqranen am Ccix Musṭafa Nadur akw d Ccix Mḥamed Lɛanqa.

Deg useggas n 1935 Ccix Lḥesnawi yessufeɣ-ed tasfift-is tamenzut anda i yecna ɣef lɣerba akw d wuguren n tmurt imiren, tizlitt-nni *Maison Blanche* di tesfift-agi i deg tella. Yeqqim sin iseggasen di Lezzayer dɣa di 1937 iṛuḥ ar Franṣa anda i d-yessufeɣ tisfifin nniḍen. Di Franṣa Ccix Lḥesnawi yettwassen aṭṭas ger yeɣriben i yellan din. Aṭṭas n yeɣriben i t-iḥemlen imi icennu ɣef wayen i ten-iḥuzan, lɣerba m lemḥan. Ccix Lḥesnawi yecna diɣen ɣef tmeṭṭut n tmurt d wuguren i d-tettmaggar di lawan-nni. Xas akken tizlatin n Ccix Lḥasnawi wezzilit maca d tid igerzen aṭṭas, nezmer ad d-nini belli ibeddel-as udem i cna n caɛbi neɣ yewwi-d amaynut i ṣṣenf-agi n cna. Asmi i tebda tegrawla di tmurt, di 1954, yeḥbes cna. Mi i tfuk di 1962 yeqqel ar cna, yerna 6 iseggasen dɣa yegzem-tt di ṛṛay-is belli ad yeḥbes cna i lebda. Ccix Lḥasnawi yexdem 46 n tezlatin, 29 s Teqbaylit, 17 s Dderǧǧa (taɛrabt n Lzzayer).

Deg iseggasen n 70 ibeddel tamurt; abrid-agi iṛuḥ ɣer Tegzirt n La Reunion. Di tegzirt-agi ikemmel tudert-is armi d asmi i yemmut ass n 6 Yulyu 2002. Xas akken Ccix Lḥasnawi yeǧǧa-yaɣ, tizlatin-is mazal-iten ttwasnent di yal tama n tmurt.

:*Tuddar qqiment d tilmawin*
:*Ɛemṛent ḥaca s tilawin*
:*Win yesɛan ul-is d aḥnin*
:*Lhem nnig wa ulac*

Imeslayen agi yecna-ten Ccix Lḥasnawi deg 1935.

## Idlisen
*Mehenna Mahfoufi, *Cheikh El-Hasnaoui. Chanteur algérien moraliste et libertaire*, Paris, Ibis Press, 2008 - ISBN 978-2-910728-88-5

## Tamselyut
* imyura
Tutlayt yettwaggzen s ungar

**Tutlayt yellan deg umihi** d tutlayt iy teddun akken ad tenger deg yimal yudsen i waṭas n isragen (ɣef waṭas ssebbat). Aṭas n tutlayin ayen ara ttaǧǧan yimawlan-nsent, u sseqdacen deg wemkan-nsent tutlayin nniḍen, tid ay yettuseqdacen s waṭas di tmiwa neɣ di tmura i deg ttidiren, am teglizit deg Yiwunak Yedduklan (USA) neɣ taspenyulit di Miksik. Ma ur nbeddel ara lumur yellan ass-a, tutlayin-agi yellan deg umihi ur tent-id-yettaf ara lqern-agi ara d-iteddun. 

Aṭas n tutlayin nniḍen ay uɣalen ur a tent-lemmden yigerdan wala leǧyal ijdiden n yimeqranen, dɣa asmi ara yemmet yemsiwel-nsent aneggaru, tutlayin-agi ad negrent. Yuɣ lḥal, aṭas n tutlayin umi d-yeqqim ala kan yiwen wemdan ay tent-yettmeslayen, yernu asmi ara yemmet wemdan-agi, ula d tutlayt-nni ad tettusemma temmut, dɣa ur d-mazal ad yili win ara tt-yemmeslayen wala win ara tt-yissinen.

## Tamselyut
*imedyazen sɣur Omar mouffok.
Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul

**Amgaru aɣarim n Spenyul** d amgaru i deg nnuɣen wid yebɣan ad rren Spenyul d tigduda d wid yebɣan ad teqqim tgeldit si 1936 ɣer 1939. 

Sakin, seg useggas-nni d asawen, d Franco ay yernan wid yebɣan tigduda u d netta ay yuɣalen d aqerru n leḥkem di Spenyul.

Di 1947, Franco yerra-d tageldit ɣer Spenyul, d acu kan, ula d yiwen ur yettalas ad yili d agellid ala kan ma yuɣal Franco ur yezmir ara ad yeḥkem neɣ yeɛzem ad yeǧǧ lehkem i ugellid.

Di tallit-nni akk n leḥkem-is, Spenyul tuɣal d tamurt i deg ttwagedlen (interdit) yikabaren isertiyen akk d tdukliwin, yernu ala kan d taspenyulit ay d tutlayt yesɛan aẓayer (statut) di tmurt-a. Imawlan n tutlayin nniḍen akk n Spenyul (tabaskit, takatalant, tagalisit, atg.) llan ttnaɣen akken zemren akken ad sɛun izerfan-nsen idelsanen. 

Dɣa yiwet si tmiwa ay yenṭerren aṭas akk si lbaṭel n Franco d tama n Tmurt n Yibaskiyen i deg ay d-tennulfa terbaɛt timselleḥt n ETA, ay yebdan imenɣi i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n Yibaskiyen. Franco yemmut di 1975, u temmut yid-s tallit-nni n lbaṭel ameqqran. 

Seg wass-n d asawen, tennefsusi ccedda i deg llant ttidirent tutlayin timeddursa (minoritaires) di Spenyul, u ttunefken-asent akk yiẓuyar (statuts) di tmiwa i deg ay tent-ttmeslayen. 

## Tamselyut

* imedyazen sɣur Omar Mouffok
Ifɣulen

**Ifɣulen** (pygmées) d imezdaɣen ineṣliyen n Tefriqt Tasebgast (Afrique équatoriale). Xas ma yella zik, tamurt-nsen meqqret (tiẓegwa n Tefriqt Talemmast, Zaïre, Cameroun, atg.), ass-a, ciṭṭaḥ kan maḍi ay d-yeqqimen deg-sen, imi aṭas n lumur ay ten-icewwlen. 

Ifɣulen d imecṭaḥ, ur ttimɣuren ara. Imeqranen deg-sen sɛan azal n lmitra d wezgen di teɣzi. Maci d aḍḍan ay uḍnen, wanag akka kan ay tga ccetla-nsen. Zik, medden llan ttewḥacen-ten imi ay d imeẓyanen yernu ttidiren kan di tẓegwa, anda ay ttṣeggiden ayen tetten. Ass-a, idles-nsen atan la inegger yernu yessefk ad d-rren medden lwelha-nsen ɣur-sen.

## Tamselyut
* Pygmées d'Afrique Centrale Culture, musique et photos
* http://amastan1.tripod.com/  Sɣur Omar Mouffok
Ibucmanen

**Ibucmanen** d agdud ttidiren di lɣerb n Tefriqt n Wenẓul (Afrique du Sud), Namibya d Butswana. Timiwa i deg ttidiren yegduden-agi d aneẓruf (ṣṣeḥra), kkawent, qrib ur d-imeqqi deg-sent wacemma. Mazal kra seg-sen la ttidiren tudert n zik, ttṣeggiden-d neɣ ttekksen-d ayen ara ččen seg wayen ay d-yettak wakal. 

Isem-nsen yekka-d si teglizit "Bushmen", meḥsub "imdanen n lexla", maca Ibucmanen bḍan ɣef wacḥal n yegduden d teqbilin, yal agdud yesɛan tutlayt-is.

## Tamselyut
*http://amastan1.tripod.com/  Sɣur Omar Mouffok
Internet

**Internet**, D azeṭṭa n tesleɣselkimt.
Internet d azeṭṭa, ilul-d seg uzeṭṭa Arpanet, i d-yeffɣen deg yiseggasen 1960, i usekker n temselta n Marikan. Deg yiseggasen 1970, Arpanet, yekcem ɣer tsesdawiyin ; almi yuɣ amḍiq-is, deg useggas 1990, Internet.
Internet, di tazwara, yemmud-d anagar i tegmi yimussnawen. Deg useggas 1991, yeffeɣ-d World Wide Web, agrudem , yessawḍen azeṭṭa ad d-yeldi
i yal amdan di ddunit.
Assa yal amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer yisefka, tugniwin ...atg. Internet, yuɣ azal meqqer di tnezzut.
Deg useggas 1995, azṭṭa-ayi, yeqqen azal n sin yimelyunen yiselkimen d qrib n 30 imelyunen n yemdanen deg 45 n tmura

## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net
Tutlayt n usihel

**Tutlayin n usihel** (S teglizit: *Programming language*) d tagrawt n imenziden uettwarun s daw n ticki n ilugan n tutlayt n usihel, sakin imenziden-a ttekken-d s kra n tukkiyin alamma tettuselkem deg uselkim

ma yili wugur gar n ifassen-nneɣ, tewwi-yas-d awarzem i tifrat-is. Awarzem d awalen (n tefransist, tegnizit ..) i yesseqdac wussnan i tifrat n wugur, maca aselkim ɣur-s awalen-is imaẓlayen, agraw-nsen d tutlayt n usihel (imeslayen iy gezzu uselkim), wid ara d-isnedhen aselkim (d azrar n wanaden) i tifrat. Gar tutlayin-a:

## [[Fortran]]

Awal-a d asewzel (FORmula TRANslation), tisuqqelt n tenfalit, acku awalen-is sehlen i useqdec n tusnakt (mathématique). Amezwaru i d-yuran fell-as d RUTISHAUSER, deg useggas 1952, maca ur d-yeffiɣ ara i leqdic almi d useggas 1955, s ɣur JOHN BACKUS. Tameslayt-a telha nezzeh i yinekmaden ussananen n tesdawit.

## [[BASIC]]

D asewzel (Beginner's All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Yeffeɣ-d deg useggas 1965. D tameslayt i d-yemmugen i wid urɛad ssnen nezzeh timeslayin n usihel, acku awalen n umeslay yettwaqdacen deg BASIC sehlen, ferzen. Yelha nezzeh i yinelmaden n tesnawit (aswir amenzu). S kra n wawalen, anelmad yezmer ad yektil: tajumma (surface), ableɣ (volume), azikit (périmètre).atg, neɣ ad ad d-yefru tigdiwin (équations).

## [[Pascal]]

Teffeɣ-d ger useggas 1967 d 1971 sɣur Niklaus Wirth. Yefka-yas isem-ayi ilemen-d umussnaw ameqqran BLAISE PASCAL (1623-1662). Tameslay PASCAL tettwassen aṭas seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ i lɣaci tameslayt n Turbo pascal deg useggas 1984, sɣur Borland International, imi wwḍen azal n umeliyun i yettuzenzen seg-s.
PASCAL daɣen yemmug-d i tusnakt, yelha nezzeh i yinelmaden ussananen n tesdawit.

## [[C (tameslayt)|C]]

D tameslayt i d-ilulen deg useggas 1972, sɣur umussnaw DENNIS RITCHIE. Deg tazwara, timeslayin-a mmugent-d i useqdec n uselkim ( ileḥḥun s UNIX); maca, deg useggas 1989, yuɣ abrid n useqdec s wahil, yuɣal am wid neẓra yakan.

## [[DBASE]]

_ er taggara n yiseggasen 70, amussnaw WAYNE RATLIFF ( iqeddec di NASA), isnulfa-d timeslayen i useqdec n taffa n isefka (base de données), i wumi isemma VULCAN.
Syin akkin, GEORGE TATE d HAL LASHLEE, gren-d afus, rnan sqewmen-t, armi d useggas 1981, yuɣal isem-is dbase (data base).

## Awalen n tutlayin n uselkim

Awalen-a zemren ad ilin, d wid n tegnizit mmden, neɣ d asewzel n wawalen n tegnizit.

## Amedya

Wayi d ahil, s tmeslayin i neẓra, sendahen aselkim i wakken ad d-yaru ɣef ugdil (Ecran), awal (AZUL):

FORTRAN
 Ahil amenzu
 WRITE(*,*)'AZUL'
 END 10 CLS

BASIC
 20 REM Ahil amenzu
 30 PRINT " AZUL "
 40 END Program azul

PASCAL
 Begin
 {ahil amenzu}
 WRITE('AZUL');
 END. MAIN()
 {

C
 /*Ahil amenzu */
 PRINTF('AZUL')
 } CLEAR

DBASE
 *Ahil amenzu*
 ? ' AZUL'
 END

## Tamselyut

* www.imyura.net