open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jules Verne

**Jules Verne** (ilul deg wass n 8 Furar 1828 deg Nantes, yemmut deg 24 Meɣres 1905 deg Amiens - Fransa) d amaru afrensis, amur ameqran seg wungalen-is ḥekkun-d ɣef tlufa ay iḍerrun deg tmura tubɛidin neɣ d tiḥkayin n tussna n ussugen (science-fiction) ay d-yessawalen ɣef wayen ara d-yennulfun deg yimal.

## Ayen Yura
Deg 1863, Jules Verne yessuffeɣ-d ungal-is amezwaru "Xemsa n Ledwaṛ deg Ubalun", d win ay yeqqlen dindin mechuṛ ama deg Fransa, ama deg tmura niḍen. Jules Verne yeqqim yettaru azal n 40 n yiseggasen, yerna yessuffeɣ-d 64 n wungalen, gar-asen Arraw n Uqebṭan Grant (1868), Tuzzya ɣef Umaḍal deg 80 n wussan (1873), Michel Strogoff (1876), Itri n Wenẓul (1884), Seg Tegnit ɣer Wayyur (1865), 20.000 Yifersxen ddaw Yilel (1870), Robur ameslak (1886), atg.

Idlisen n Jules Verne ttwassnen deg umaḍal akken ma yella, yerna ɣerna d netta ay d amaru afṛensis ay d-yettussuqqlen aṭas akk deg umaḍal.
Karim Benzema

**Karim Benzema** (ilul deg 19 dujamber 1987 deg Lyon, Fransa), d amarir n ddabex uḍar afrensis, laṣel-nnes d azzayri seg At Jlil. 

Ass-a, Benzema yetturar d amenṭag (attaquant) deg Real Madrid yerna yetturar deg teɣlamt taɣelnawt tafrensist. Benzema yeffeɣ-d seg tkadimit n yilemẓiyen n Lyon. Deg 2008, yettekka deg telɣuɣa (championnat) n UEFA Euro 2008. Deg tsemhuyt (saison) n 2007-2008, d netta ay d amarir afrensis ay yeskecmen aṭas n yeswan (buts), yerna d aya ay t-yejjan ad d-yerbeḥ aṭas n warrazen. Deg Yulyu n 2009, Benzema yestenya leɛqed n 6 n yiseggasen akked Real Madrid yerna ass-a yeqqel d netta ay d amarir n tkurt n uḍar ay yettuxellaṣen aṭas akk deg Fransa.

En octobre 2021, dans le procès de Karim Benzema dans l’affaire de la sextape de Mathieu Valbuena, le parquet de Versailles a demandé au tribunal correctionnel de prononcer une peine de dix mois d’emprisonnement avec sursis et 75.000 euros d’amende contre Karim Benzema.
Paul Cézanne

**Paul Cézanne** d amekla (peintre) afrensis (ilul deg Aix-en-Provence deg 1839, yemmut deg temdint-a deg 1906). 
Cézanne yella d amekla ay yeddan deg uɣanib n temsemzunt (impressionnisme) aydeg anaẓur yesɛa tilelli akken ad d-yefk tugna n wayen yettwali war ma yettwaqqen s yilugan n tmeskadimit. Cézanne iga-d tifelwiyin n wudmawen (Imariren n tkarḍa, [les Joueurs de cartes), n ugama yemmuten akked yimeẓriyen (paysages) (am tfelwiyin n Sainte-Victoire). Anaẓur-a yurar dduṛ deg tlalit n yiɣunab imeqranen n teklut (peinture) deg lqern wis 20 (tamsewrast, tamesgasast, tadwant).
Aix-en-Provence

**Aix-en-Provence** (s Tuksitant: *Ais*) d tamdint n Fransa, tezga-d deg wenẓul n tmurt, deg agezdu n Bouches-du-Rhône. Zedɣen-tt  n yimezdaɣen. 

Tamdint-a tella deg-s tesdawit. Tettili-d deg-s tfaska n uẓawan (lmuziga) mechurent. Aix-en-Provence tesɛa daɣen aḥemmam, am wakken ay llant deg-s lluzinat n yifarisen n tuccit. Takatidṛalt n Saint-Sauveur ay d-yezgan deg-s, tettwabna deg lqern wis 11. Tamdint-a tesɛa isensa d iqburen, ttwabnan gar lqern wis 17 ed wis 18, am wakken ay llan deg-s yisalayen. D Irruman ay d-yesbedden tamdint-a deg useggas n 123 qbel Ɛisa, yerna llan ɣɣaren-as *Aquae Sextiae*. Deg useggas n 102 qbel Ɛisa, yella-d, deg tama n temdint-a, yessaweḍ ujiniral aruman Marius, ad yernu Ituṭunen ay d-iẓedmen ɣef Gall.
Moulins

**Moulins** (s Tuksitant: *Molins*) d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n ugezdu n Allier. Zedɣen-tt  n yimezdaɣen.
Charleville-Mézières

**Charleville-Mézières** d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n agezdu (département) n Ardennes. Zedɣen-tt  n yimezdaɣen.
Privas

**Privas** (s Tuksitant: *Privàs***)** d tamdint n Fransa. D tamaneɣt n ugezdu n Ardèche. Zedɣen-tt  n yimezdaɣen.
Espinosa de los Monteros

**Espinosa de los Monteros** d tamdint n ugafa n Spenyul (deg temnaḍt n Burgos, Castilla Leon). Zedɣen-tt 2.100 n yimezdaɣen.
Katalunya

**Katalunya** d timetti tafulmant (communauté autonome) n Spenyul, tezga-d deg ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n tmurt, ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal. Tajumma-nnes 32.114 km2. Zedɣen-tt 7.504.881 n yimezdaɣen (Ikatalaniyen). Tamaneɣt-nnes d Barseluna.
Barseluna

**Barseluna** d tamdint tameqrant n ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n Spenyul, d tamaneɣt n Katalunya. Zedɣen-tt 3.218.071 n yimezdaɣen.
Pyrenees

**Pyrenees** d azrar n idurar i d-yezgan gar Fransa ed Spanya. Isek yeflalin yakk deg idurar ayyi n d Adrar n Aneto (3404 m).
Anden

**Idurar n Anden** neɣ **Andes** (s Tespanyult: *Cordillera de los Andes*) d azrar n idurar ɣeziffen, Yeččuṛen d ifarnuyen, yezga-d deg umalu n Temrikt n Wenẓul, azal n teɣezi-ynes yessaweṭ ar 8000 n yikilumtren seg Venezuela arma d tigzirt n Wakal n Tmes. D tehri n 500 km, Akken daɣen illan-t tqacucin ugarent 5000 m di teflel

Adrar iflalen (iɛlayen) akk deg wezrar n Anden d taqacuct n Aconcagua s teflel n 6.959 n imitren

## Imezdaɣ
Azal ameqran n wid yettidiren deg idurar n Anden d Imezdaɣ iẓaṛanen n Marikan, ddren deg yegnan iflalen ay d-yezgan gar idurar-nni seg tkerrazt (tfellaḥt) yerna ssajjawen kra seg yifarisen-nsen am Tneɣlust, am akken ay ddren daɣen seg tkessawt. 

## Akal d iylan

Akal n idurar-a n Anden ur ylullesn ara, Maca yeččuṛ d imɣuzen yerna llan waṭas n telmas n yemɣuzen am iɣir, uzzal akk d  Afitṛul 

## Tiwlafin d tugnin
Akal n Tmes

**Akal n Tmes** (s tespenyulit: *Tierra del Fuego*), d tigzirt ay d-yezgan deg wenẓul (sud) n Temrikt n Wenẓul. 
Aḥric-nnes utrim (aɣerbi) d aḥric seg wakal n Cili, ma d aḥric-nnes agmuḍan (acerqi) yeqqen ɣer Terjentint. Tajumma-nnes 73.746 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen), yerna zedɣen-tt wazal n 137.000 n yimezdaɣen (seg yidis arjentinu, 130.000 n yimezdaɣen, ma seg yidis acili, azal n 7000 n yimezdaɣen).
Butan

**Butan** d tamurt n wenẓul (sud) n Asya, tezga-d deg yedraren n Himalaya, gar Lhend ed Ccinwa. Tajumma-nnes 38.394 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 691.141 n yimezdaɣen (Ibutaniyen). Tamaneɣt-nnes d Timfu.
Jean-Marie Bigard

**Jean-Marie Bigard** (ilul deg 17 mayyu 1954 deg Troyes) d azeffan (comédien) yerna d asegbar aṛumi, d win ay iqeddcen deg wenrar n usseḍsi. Itteg ihanayen (spectacles) n taḍsa deg waṭas n yimukan mechuren deg Fransa, gar-asen Leqṣer n waddalen (Palais omnisports) n Paris-Bercy akked Usarir n Fransa (Stade de France). Bigard d ameddakel uqrib n uselway afrensis n zik Nicolas Sarkozy.
Albany

**Albany** d tamaneɣt n uwanak amarikani n New York. Zedɣen-tt 857.592 n yimezdaɣen (s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as).
Asudu n Franklin

**Asudu n Franklin** (s Tanglizit: *Franklin Institute*), d asalay (musée) n temdint n Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, Iwunak Yeddukklen), semman-as ɣef Benjamin Franklin ay yellan d amassan yerna d argaz n tsertit amarikani. Asudu n Franklin sbedden-t-id deg 1824, yerna d yiwen seg wammasen n tussna iqburen akk deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen.
Minneapolis

**Minneapolis** d tamdint n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, tezga-d deg uwanak n Minnesota. Zedɣen-tt 385.378 n yimezdaɣen.
Philadelphia

**Philadelphia** d tamdint n ugafa-agmuḍan (nord-est) n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, tezga-d deg uwanak n Pennsylvania. Zedɣen-tt 1.556.396 n yimezdaɣen.
Morteau

**Morteau** d taɣiwant n Fransa, tezga-d deg agezdu n Doubs (tama n Franche-Comté). Zedɣen-tt  n yimezdaɣen.
Marine Le Pen

**Marine Le Pen** (tlul s yisem n **Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen** deg wass n 5 Ɣuct 1968 deg Neuilly-sur-Seine), d tameṭṭut n tsertit tafrensist yerna d tabugaṭut. D yelli-s n Jean-Marie Le Pen, aselway aqbur n ukabar n afrensis n Front National (FN - Tirni Taɣelnawt) yerna d nettat ay d-ixelfen baba-s deg wemkan-a deg Yennayer n 2011. 

Marine Le Pen tekcem ɣer ukabar n Front National deg 1986. Deg 2000, teqqel d tamaslaḍt (membre) deg Useqqamu n Usselkem (Conseil exécutif) n ukabar-a, sakkin, gar 2003 ed 2011, teqqel d tanmazult n uselway (vice-présidente) n ukabar. Marine Le Pen teqdec daɣen d tamaslaḍt deg yegrawen n tmiwa n Fransa: gar 1998 ed 2004, tettekka deg Useqqamu Awaẓi (Conseil régional) n Nord-Pas-de-Calais, gar 2004 ed 2010, tettekka deg Useqqamu Awaẓi n Île-de-France, sakkin, deg 2010, tɛawed tettwafren d tamaslaḍt deg Useqqamu n Nord-Pas-de-Calais. Le Pen tettekka daɣen deg useqqamu n tɣiwant n Hénin-Beaumont (deg agezdu n Pas-de-Calais) gar 2008 ed 2011.
Griffith (Ustralya)

**Griffith** d tamdint n Ustralya, tezga-d deg uwanak n Tmurt n Yigaliyen n Wenẓul. Zedɣen-tt 16.182 n yimezdaɣen.
Brian De Palma

**Brian Russell De Palma** (ilul deg 11 Ctember, 1940 deg Newark, awanak n New Jersey), d imseḍru (réalisateur) yerna d amaru amarikani. Yeqdec deg ssinima ugar n 40 n yiseggasen yerna yettwassen mliḥ s yisura n tmenɣiwt ed ususpens. 

## Isura-nnes

Gar yisura-nnes yella Carrie, Dressed to Kill, Scarface, The Untouchables akked Mission Impossible. Deg yiseggasen n 1970 ed 1980, De Palma yeqdec acḥal d tikkelt akked yisegbaren (acteurs) Jennifer Salt, Amy Irving, Nancy Allen (ay yellan d tameṭṭut-nnes gar 1979 ed 1983), Gary Sinise, John Lithgow, William Finley, Charles Durning ed Gerrit Graham. 
Yeqdec daɣen akked yemsuddes (compositeur) n uẓawan n yisura, Bernard Herrmann. De Palma yessaweḍ daɣen ad yerr aṭas n yisegbaren ttwassnen, gar-asen Robert De Niro, Jill Clayburgh ed John C. Reilly.
Lhend

**Lhend** d tamurt n wenẓul n Asya. Tajumma-nnes 3.287.263 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 1.028.610.328 n yimezdaɣen (Ihendiyen). Tamaneɣt-nnes d New Delhi.
Mariah Carey

**Mariah Carey** (tlul deg 27 Meɣres 1969 deg Huntington, awanak n New York), d tacennayt tamarikanit ay icennun s uɣanib (style) n R&B, yerna d tasegbart (actrice).

## Amecwar-is
Tebda amecwar-nnes n ccna deg 1990 s tellalit (uɛawen) n Tommy Mottola ay iqeddcen deg termist n Columbia Records, yerna tejwej yid-s deg 1993. Dindin kan, Carey tuwey cciɛa d tameqqrant yerna d teqqel d nettat ay d tacennayt yettnuzun aṭas akk ɣer termist n Columbia Records. Deg 1997, temsefraq d Mottola, dɣa tebda tessekcam kra n ṣṣifat n uɣanib (style) n Hip-Hop deg uẓawan-nnes, d acu kan, asmi ay teḥbes aqeddic-nnes akked termist n Columbia Records, deg 2001, tenqes cciɛa-nnes. 

D aya ay tt-yejjan ad testenyi leɛqed n 80 n yimelyunen n yidularen akked Virgin Records. Deg useggas-nni daɣen tga-d yiwen n usaru, Glitter, yerna d nettat ay d-yecnan tizlatin-nnes, maca asaru-a ur d-yessekcem aṭas n yedrimen yerna Mariah Carey tekka ɣef yiwet n tallit n leḥzen d taweɛrant ussan-nni. Deg 2002, testenya yiwen n leɛqed akked Island Records. Ɣas ma yella ur tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem aṭas n yedrimen deg yiseggasen imezwura ay d-iḍefren, Mariah Carey tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes The Emancipation of Mimi deg 2005, d win ay as-d-yerran cciɛa-nnes tameqrant. Carey tuwey-d amecwar n wugar n 20 n yiseggasen deg uẓawan yerna tessenz ugar n 200 n yimelyunen n walbumen, iḍebsiyen n usinglen akked yeklipen (gar-asen 63 n yimelyunen n walbumen kan). Deg yiseggasen n 1990, d nettat ay d tacennayt ay yessenzen aṭas akk n yiḍebsiyen deg umaḍal. Carey terbeḥ-d daɣen semmus (5) warrazen n Grammy Award.
Enya

**Enya** (tlul s yisem n **Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin** deg wass n 17 Mayyu 1961 deg Gweedore), d tacennayt tirlandit. 

## Amecwar-is
Enya tebda tcennu deg yiseggasen n 1980, asmi ay tettekka deg tegrawt n ccna n twacult-nnes, *Clannad*, sakkin, tejja tagrawt-nni yerna tebda tcennu i yiman-nnes. Deg useggas n 1986, tecna deg umazrar n BBC "The Celts" yerna d aya ay tt-yerran mechurt. Deg 1988, album-nnes *Watermark*, yerra-tt mechuret deg umaḍal, yerna teqqel tettwassen s taɣect-nnes tawḥidt. Deg yiseggasen n 1990 ed 2000, tkemmel tettnerni cciɛa-nnes. Deg useggas n 2000, tessuffeɣ-d album n "*A Day Without Rain*" yerna nzant seg-s 15 n yimelyunen n tsukan. Deg 2001, Enya terbeḥ cciɛa n tmeṭṭut tacennayt ay yessenzen aṭas akk n walbumen. Deg 2009, Enya tessaweḍ ad tessenz, s ujemmal, 70 n yimelyunen n walbumen (gar-asen 26 n yimelyunen nzan deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen). Terbeḥ-d, s leqdic-nnes, 4 n warrazen n Grammy Award, yerna tizlatin-nnes ttwacnant s 10 n yilsawen.
Gweedore

**Gweedore** (s tirlandit: *Gaoth Dobhair*) d agezdu ay d-yezgan deg ugafa-utrim (nord-ouest) n Irland, deg ukunti n Donegal. Zedɣen-t 4065 n yimezdaɣen yerna ssawalen deg-s s tirlandit. Enya (tacennayt tirlandit) tlul deg Gweedore.
Sophocles

**Sophocles**, s tefrensist: *Sophocle*, (ilul gar 497 ed 496 qbel Ɛisa - temmut gar 406 ed 405 qbel Ɛisa), d amaru agrigi n tmezgunin, yerna d yiwen seg yimura n tkesniwin (tragédies) ay d-yuran iqeddicen ay d-yeqqimen ar ass-a. 
Ɣef leḥsab n Suda (d tasedkalt [encyclopédie]) n lqern wis 10, Sophocles yura-d 123 n tmezgunin, maca ala 7 seg-sent ay d-yeqqimen ar ass-a: Ajjaks, Antigun, Tisednan Tiṭraciyin, Oedipus the King (Oedipus Agellid), Elektra akked Philoctetes ed Oedipus deg Colonus. Sophocles yettekka deg tfaskiwin timasɣanin (festivals religieux) n Atena aydeg d-yettili wemsizwer n umezgun, yerna, gar 30-nni n yemsizewren aydeg yettekka, yerbeḥ deg 24 deg-sen. Aeschylus yella yettekkay deg yemsizewren-nni yerna yerbeḥ kan 14 seg-sent, ma d Euripides yerbeḥ kan 4. Timezgunin n Sophocles d tid ay yesnernan aṭas tamuggit (drame), yerna tadyant n tmezgunin-nnes ur tḍerru gar sin kan yemdanen, wanag ikeccem-d gar-asen wemdan wis kraḍ.
Atina

**Athina (Αθήνα), Atina** d tamaneɣt n tmurt n Legrig, zedɣen-tt 3.130.841 n yimezdaɣen (4.013.368 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as).
Akabar Asduklan Azzayri

**Akabar Asduklan Azzayri** (s tefrensist: *Parti Communiste Algérien*), d akabar asduklan ay d-sbedden yimeɣnasen ifrensisen n Lezzayer (iḍarren iberkanen) akked yineṣliyen izzayriyen. 

## Tallalit

Akabar-a ilul-d deg 1920 yerna yella d afurk n Ukabar Asduklan Afrensis. Maca deg 1936, yeqqel d akabar i yiman-nnes (s uttekki n Maurice Laban), yerna amaru-nnes amatu d ameɣnas azzayri Lbacir Ḥaǧ Aɛli. 

## Akabar d Wemgaru n Lezzayer

Deg tezwara n 1955, Akabar Asduklan Azzayri yugi imenɣi imselleḥ n Yizzayriyen i lmend n uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-nsen, maca deg Yunyu n useggas-nni, akabar-a yeqbel imenɣi-a yerna iga ifadden i yimeɣnasen-nnes akken ad ttekkin deg yimenɣi ɣer yidis n Yizzayriyen, d aya ay yejjan Fransa ad t-tegdel. Imeɣnasen n ukabar-a ttekkan deg kra n tiytiwin deg wemgaru n Lezzayer, gar-asent tadyant ay d-yellan deg 1956, aydeg Henri Maillot, yiwen seg yimeɣnasen-nnes, yesserwel yiwen n ukamyun n yemrigen (leslaḥat) i yemjuhad. 

## Sakkin Uzarug : Tagdalt

Deg 1962, asmi ay tuwey Lezzayer azarug-nnes, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) azzayri yesteɛref s Ukabar Asduklan Azzayri, maca deg 1964, yegdel-it yerna yefsex-it. D aya ay yejjan amur ameqran seg yesduklanen izzayriyen ad ɛawden ad msegrawen ed ad d-sbedden Akabar n Tnezwart Tanemlayt (PAGS).
Henri Maillot

**Henri Francois Maillot** (ilul deg 1928 deg temdint n Dzayer, yemmut deg 1956 deg tama n Lkarimeyya, Cclef), d ameɣnas asduklan (communiste) afrensis (seg yiḍarren iberkanen ay ilulen deg Dzayer) yerna yettekka deg Tegrawla n Ldzayer. 

## Imenɣi af uzarug n Lezzayer
Deg 1956, Maillot yella d aserdas afrensis yerna yesserwel akamyun n yemrigen (leslaḥat) i yemjuhad ay yellan ttnaɣen i uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt Ldzayer. Maillot yella d amaru amatu n Tdukli Yilemẓiyen Imegdayen Idzayriyen (Union de la Jeunesse Démocratique Algérienne) ay yellan d tagrawt tasduklant, yerna yella iqeddec d amessiḍan (comptable) deg weɣmis azelmaḍ n Alger Républicain (aydeg ttekkan ula d Idzayriyen). Maillot yella daɣen yessawal s yisem n Ldzayer deg temliliyin n yilemẓiyen ay d-yellan deg tallit-nni deg Prag akked Warsu. 
Asmi ay yella deg yiserdasen ifrensisen, Maillot yettuwekkel (deg 4 Yebrir 1956) ad yawey yiwen ikamyunen iserdasiyen seg Tmelyant (deg twilayt n Tiṭ Ulili, ass-a) ɣer temdint n Lezzayer. Mi ḥebsen deg yiwen n wemkan akken ad sgunfun deg-s yiserdasen, Maillot yumer anehhar n ukamyun-nni ay d-ibubben imrigen akken ad yeqleɛ, sakkin ddan ɣer teẓgi n Baynam (deg utaram n temdint n Ldzayer), anda ay d-usan yemjuhad ay yuwyen imrigen-nni. Sdeffir tedyant-a, aɣmis asduklan n Liberté (ay yellan itteffeɣ-d s tuffra), iga ifadden i medden akken ad ɛawnen Tagrawla Tadzayrit s yemrigen i wakken ad tawey Ldzayer azarug-nnes (indépendance). 

## Tamettant
Axxam n ccreɛ afrensis icureɛ Maillot (s uɣabi) yerna yeḥkem-as s tmettant deg wass n 22 Mayyu 1956. Deg 5 Yunyu 1956, iɣallen ifrensisen mmɣen ɣef yiwet n tegrawt n yemjuhad deg tama n *Lamartine* (Lkarimeyya (deg twilayt n Cclef), dɣa nɣan sa (sebɛa) seg-sen, gar-asen sin n yiḍarren iberkanen (Ifrensisen n Ldzayer): yiwen seg-sen d Maillot, ma d wayeḍ d Maurice Laban, yiwen seg yimeɣnasen ay yettekkan deg ussebded n Ukabar Asduklan Adzayri. Henri Maillot rran-as tajmilt deg Ldzayer imi ay fkan isem-nnes i yiwen n wesbiṭar deg Bab Lwad (tamdint n Ldzayer). Deg 2002, gan-as daɣen timenzit (stèle) deg Ldzayer.
Maurice Laban

**Maurice Laban** (ilul deg 1914 deg Tbeskert - yemmut deg 5 Yunyu 1956 deg Lkarimeyya, tawilayt n Cclef, d ameɣnas asduklan (communiste). 

## Tudert

Imawlan-nnes llan qeddcen d iselmaden deg yiɣerbazen aydeg lemmden Yidzayriyen. Asmi ay d-yuwey lbak, Laban yedda ad iɣer deg uɣerbaz n yijenyuren n Marseille, maca yekka kan kuẓ (rebɛa) wayyuren deg Fransa, sakkin yeqqel-d ɣer Dzayer, anda ay yettekka deg ussebded n Ukabar Asduklan Adzayri deg 1936. Cwiṭ kan sakkin, Laban yedda ɣer Spenyul akken ad yettekki deg wemgaru aɣarim (guerre civile) ɣer yidis n wid ay yebɣan ad sbedden tagduda deg tmurt-a. Deg wemgaru-nni, Laban yettwajreḥ yerna yenḍerr snat tikkal. Mi d-yeqqel ɣer Ldzayer, deg 1940, Laban yennuɣ, s tuffra, mgal udabu n Vichy ay yeddan akked Yinaziyen, d acu kan, yettwaṭṭef yerna ccreɛ aserdasi n temdint n Ldzayer yeḥkem fell-as s lḥebs s teɣzef n tmeddurt. 
Deg wass n 15 Meɣres 1943 (kuẓ wayyuren sdeffir ma kecmen-d Yimarikaniyen ɣer Ldzayer), Laban bran-as-d seg lḥebs, yerna yeqqel ɣer Tbeskert anda ay yeqdec i lmend n ussejhed n Ukabar Asduklan Adzayri deg tama tagmuḍant (tacerqit) n Ldzayer. Deg tefranin n tɣiwant n Tbeskert n Tuber 1947, Laban yettwafren tikkelt niḍen d amaslaḍ (membre) deg useqqamu n tɣiwant. 

## Amgaru n Dzayer

Akken kan ay yenker wemgaru (ṭṭrad) n Ldzayer, deg 1954, Maurice Laban (ay yellan yagi d ameddakel n umjahed Mustafa U Bulɛid), yella yessewjad-d lbarud i yemjuhad. Deg tezwara n 1955, Akabar Asduklan Adzayri iwet-d deg tnekra timselleḥt tadzayrit, d aya ay ixeyyben Maurice Laban, maca deg 20 Yunyu 1955, aseqqamu alemmas n ukabar-a yemlal s tuffra deg Bab Lwad yerna yeɛzem ad yebded ɣer yidis n yimenɣi imselleḥ adzayri. 

## Tamettant-is deg umennuɣ

D aya ay yejjan Maurice Laban ad yaley s adrar. D acu kan, deg wass n 5 Yunyu 1956, iɣallen imsellḥen ifṛensisen nɣan Laban ɣer yidis n Henri Maillot ed 5 n yemjuhad idzayriyen niḍen deg tama n Lkarimeyya (deg twilayt n Cclef).
Manuel Neuer

**Manuel Neuer** (ilul ass  27 meɣres 1986 di Gelsenkirchen, Lalman) d aɛessas ucebbak agreɣlan alalmani n tkurt n uḍar,yurar di teɣlamt n (Schalke 04 2006-2011) uqbel ad taɣ Bayern Munich s 25 imelyan n euro. yettuṣenef aɛessas amezwaru deg umaḍal aseggas 2013.
Rihanna

**Robyn Rihanna Fenty** (tlul deg 20 Furar 1988 deg Saint Michael), tettwassen s yisem-nnes n tnaẓurt, Rihanna (yettwanṭaq [rihena]), d tacennayt n tmurt n Barbados, tcennu yerna tettaru tizlatin n uẓawan (lmuziga) n R&B. 

## Amecwar

Rihanna tedda ɣer Yiwunak Yeddukklen asmi ay tesɛa 16 n yiseggasen yerna tebda-d amecwaṛ-nnes n ccna s uɛawen n wenfaras (producteur) Evan Rogers, dɣa testenya leɛqed akked teṛmist n Def Jam Recordings. Deg 2005, tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes amezwaru, *Music of the Sun* (Aẓawan n Tfukt), sakkin, deg 2006, terna-d album-nnes wis sin, *A Girl Like Me* (Taqcict am nekk), d win ay yuwyen cciɛa d tameqrant ugar. Deg 2007, terna-d album wis kraḍ, *Good Girl Gone Bad* (Taqcict yelhan yeqqlen diri-tt), d win aydeg d-ddant aṭas n tezlatin ay yuwyen cciɛa d tameqrant, yiwet seg-sent d tizlit n *Umbrella* (Tasiwant) ay d-tecna akked ucennay n rap Jay-Z, yerna tuwey fell-as arraz n Grammy Award. Deg Wamber n 2010, tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes wis semmus, *Loud*, d win ay yuwyen cciɛa ama deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, ama deg Briṭanya Tameqrant. Rihanna tessenz, s ujemmal, ugar n 25 n yimelyunen n walbumen akked 45 n yimelyunen n yiḍebsiyen n usingle deg umaḍal. Rihanna tuwey aṭas n warrazen imeqranen n uẓawan, gar-asen arraz n World Music Awards i tmeṭṭut tanaẓurt tamawayt (timxeyyert) akk deg umaḍal deg 2007, akked warraz n American Music Award i useggas n 2008. Nnig waya, Rihanna teqqel d tanmahalt tadelsant (ambassadrice culturelle) n tmurt n Barbados.
Lady Gaga

**Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta** (tlul deg 28 meɣres 1986 deg temdint n New York), d tin yettwassnen s yisem-nnes n tnaẓurt **Lady Gaga**, d tacennayt tamarikanit ay icennun aẓawan n pop. 

## Amecwar

Tebda tekkat aẓawan n rock deg 2003, sakkin tekcem ɣer Uɣerbaz n Tẓuri n Tisch deg Tesdawit n New York. Deg tallit-nni, testenya leɛqed akked termist n Streamline Records ay yeqqnen ɣer Interscope Records. Naqal, tebda kan tettaru tizlatin i yicennayen niḍen, maca dindin gren-as tamawt tesɛa taɣect yelhan i ccna yerna testenya leɛqed niḍen akked termist n Kon Live Distribution akken ad tebdu ccna. Deg 2008, Lady Gaga tessuffeɣ-d album-nnes amezwaru, *The Fame* yerna teqqel mechuṛet yes-s imi ay d-yessekcem aṭas n yedrimen. Sakkin, asmi ay d-tessuffeɣ iḍebsiyen-nnes n usingle *Just Dance* akked *Poker Face*, teqqel tettwassen deg wakk timiwa n umaḍal. Deg 2009, terna tessuffeɣ-d album n *The Fame Monster* (d akemmel n umezwaru-nni), yerna terna-d yid-s snat tezlatin, *Bad Romance* akked *Telephone*. D aya ay yejjan cciɛa-nnes ad tennerni ugar yerna d aya ay as-igan abrid akken ad teg yiwet n tuzzya n yibarazen (concerts). Lady Gaga tuwey-d kra seg yicennayen n rock am David Bowie, Elton John akked Queen, am wakken ay d-tuwey kra daɣen seg yicennayen n pop am Madonna, Michael Jackson ed Amy Winehouse. 
D acu kan, Lady Gaga tesɛa yiwet n lḥeṭṭa d taɣwalit (bizarre) aydeg tettlusu iceṭṭiḍen yessewhamen (tikkal amur ameqran seg tfekka-nnes d aɛeryan), am wakken ay d-tettawey yiwet n tikli d taɣwalit ama deg ccna-nnes sdat lɣaci, ama deg yeklipen-nnes. Tuwey semmus warrazen n Grammy Awards, tessenz 15 n yimelyunen n walbumen ed 51 n yimelyunen n yiḍebsiyen n usingle.
Mats Hummels

**Mats Hummels** (ilul ass 16 buǧember 1988 deg Bergisch Gladbach, Lalman) d amḥadi agreɣlan alalmani n tkurt uḍar.
Mesut Özil

**Mesɛud Uzil** (s talmanit : Mesut Özil) (ilul ass 15 tuber 1988 di Gelsenkirchen, Lalman) d amarir agreɣlan alalmani n laṣel aṭerki yurar di teɣlamin:
*2006-2008 : Schalke 04
*2008-2010 : Werder Brême
*2010-2013 : Real Madrid
*2013-?: Arsenal
Lynda Thalie

**Lynda Thalie** tlul deg 25 June 1978 di Wehran Tanaẓurt di Tamurt n Kanada. tawacult ines tinig ar lKanada seg useggas 1994.

## albumen

*2002: ** ''Sablier'' **
Tracklist
#"Sablier" (4:13)	
#"L'âge nouveau" (4:24)	
#"Marsa" (4:35)	
#"Pour toi" (3:49)
#"En équilibre" (4:14)
#"Dis-moi, crie-moi" (3:50)
#"Alger Alger" (4:06)	
#"Elle" (4:38)	
#"Comme un matin à Larabâa" (6:13)
#"Marsa (remix)" (6:49)

*2005: ** ''Lynda Thalie'' **
Tracklist
#"En équilibre" (4:26)
#"Djouhar" (4:33)
#"Kfaya" (4:05)
#"Nomade" (5:08)
#"Adieu mon pays" (4:17)
#"Comme des mortels" (3:53)
#"De neige ou de sable" (4:03)
#"Collier de jasmin" (3:50)
#"Tout ce dont j'ai besoin" (3:09)
#"Croire" (4:40)
#"Galouli" (3:06)
#"Vu du 6ième" (4:33)

*2008: ** ''La rose des sables''
Tracklist
#"Une femme amoureuse" (3:34)	
#"Le rallye des gazelles" (3:57)	
#"Ana Akida" (4:47)	
#"Mon amie la rose" <small>(with [[Florence K.]])</small> (4:43)	
#"La rose des sables" (3:11)	
#"À nous" (4:05)	
#"Si je pouvais" (2:59)	
#"Melilla" (5:23)	
#"Fais-moi croire" (4:07)	
#"Mer et monde" (3:45)	
#"Celle que moi je vois" (5:34)

*2013: **Nomadia'''
Tracklist
# Nomadia	(2:52)
# Dance Your Pain Away (La tête haute)	(3:25)
# Je l'attends	(4:02)
# Merci	(3:11)
# 1001	(3:54)
# Ne pleure pas	(5:28)
# One Drop	(4:34)
# Big Bang	(3:57)
# Qui m'aime me suive	(2:50)
# Mi casa	(3:22)

### Singles
*2009: "Rallye aicha des Gazelles"

##
Akon

**Akon** isem-is unṣib Alaune Thiam, ilul ass n 16 yebrir 1973 di Saint-Louis deg uwanek n Missouri di Marikan , d anaẓur deg uɣanib R&B.

## Tisfifin
* 2004 : *[[Trouble]]*
* 2006 : *[[Konvicted]]*
* 2008 : *[[Freedom]]*

## Tizlatin
* *Locked Up*
* *Ghetto*
* *Lonely*
* *Belly Dancer(Bananza)*
* *Pot of Gold*
* *Smack That*
* *I Wanna Love You*
* *Don't Matter*
* *Mama Africa*
* *Sorry, Blame It On Me*
* *Right now (na na na)*
* *I'm So Paid*
* *Beautiful*
Booba

**Booba** isem-is unṣib Élie Yaffa, ilul ass n 9 Buǧember 1976 deg Sèvres di tmurt n Fransa (maca yesɛa aẓar ɣer tmurt n Senegal), D yiwen unaẓur deg uɣanib n Rap Afransis mucaɛen nezzeh di tmurt n Fransa.

## Tisfifin
* 2002 : *[[Temps Mort]]*
* 2004 : *[[Panthéon]]*
* 2006 : *[[Ouest Side]]*
* 2008 : *[[0.9]]*
* 2010 : *[[Lunatic]]*
* 2012 : *[[Futur]]*

## Tizlatin
* *Repose en paix*
* *Strass et paillettes*
* *Destinée*
* *N°10*
* *Mon son*
* *Baby*
* *Avant de partir*
* *Ouest Side*
* *Garde la pêche*
* *Boulbi*
* *Au bout des rêves*
* *Pitbull*
* *Le D.U.C.*
* *Garcimore*
* *B2Oba*
* *Illégal*
* *Fœtus*
* *Caesar Palace*
* *Ma couleur*
* *Paradis*
* *Scarface*
* *Caramel*
* *Tombé pour elle*
* *A.C. Milan*
* *T.L.T*
* *Turfu*
Injil s Tmaziɣt

Ttwagent aṭas n tsuqilin n Yinjil (adlis uɣris n Tmasiḥit) s tutlayt Tamaziɣt, s tintaliwin am Tamaziɣt Tarifit, Tamaziɣt Tacelḥit, d Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.

Tasuqilt n Yinjil s Tmaziɣt Taqbaylit tella da:

Injil s Tefṛansist - Tamaziɣt Taqbaylit.

Llant tsuqilin Timaziɣin n:

- Arkawal Azayku (*Ancien Testament*).

- Arkawal Amaynu (*Nouveau Testament*).

- Izlan n Dawud (Psalms)...

## Umuɣ n tsuqilin Timaziɣin n Yinjil: Arkawal Amziki d Warkawal Amaynut

* Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) s Tmaziɣt Taqbaylit

* Arkawal Azayku (Ancien Testament) s Tmaziɣt Tarifit, neɣ da 

* Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament), s usekkil Alatin neɣ da , d s usekkil n Tifinaɣ , d s usekkil Aɛrab

* Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) s Tmaziɣt Tacelḥit s usekkil Alatin neɣ da, d s usekkil n Tifinaɣ, d s usekkil Aɛrab

* Injil n Lukas s Tmaziɣt n Waṭlas Alemmas - Murakuc / Meṛṛuk 

* Arkawal Amaynu (Nouveau Testament) S Tmaziɣt Tamajaq n Itargiyen n Ayer di Agadez, Ennijer
* Seř - ɣer Online
* http://www.tachelhit.info/
Tinduf

**Tinduf** (isem amaziɣ aḥeqqani : **Tin Ḍuf**, anamek-is d "Taɛeṣast") d yiwet n temdint deg tama wenẓul-utrim n Lezzayer deg Uneẓruf Ameqqran. Ɣur-es azal n 45.266 imezdaɣ deg useggwas n 2008. 
Teqbreb ɣer laɛzib n Garet Jebilet ar 70 km si weɣrem-nni ed win n Icenancen ar wegmuḍ. D akal n At Tejakant ed Rgibat (neɣ At Rgib), d tiqbilin timaziɣin tiẓnagin i yedewwaren iles-nsen di tmuḍi wis 18 et 19 : Ajakan aneggaru i yettmeslay Tmaziɣt yemmut deg useggwas n 1864.
Jim Morrison

**James Douglas Morrison**, ilul ass n 8 dujamber 1943 di Melbourne Florida, yemmut ass n 3 Yulyu 1971 di Paris (Fransa), d acennay, aceṭṭaḥ, amaru n tezlatin amarikani.
Sarah Bernhardt

**Sarah Bernhardt** (tlul s yisem n **Rosine Bernhardt** deg 22 Tuber 1844, deg Paris - temmut deg 26 Meɣres 1923), d tasegbart (actrice) tafrensist ay yellan tetturar-d ama deg umezgun, ama deg yisura imezwura n lqern wis 20. 

## Amecwar-is

Sarah tebda-d amecwar-nnes deg umezgun deg Fransa, deg yiseggasen n 1870, yerna dindin kan teqqel mechuret ula deg tmura n Turuft ed Temrikt. Tella tesɛa "taɣect n wureɣ", am wakken ay tella tessen ad turar ledwar ay yessewliwilen ul n yemferrjen. Sarah Bernhardt temmut deg Paris, deg 1923.
Le Quotidien d'Oran

**Le Quotidien d'Oran** d aɣmis ayalas (quotidien) imzireg (indépendant) azzayri, yessebded-it-id Muḥemmed Ɛebdu Benɛebbu deg 1994.
Horizons

**Horizons** d aɣmis ayallas n uwanak (ddula) adzayri ay d-itteffɣen s tefrensist. Anemhal n weɣmis d Lɛarbi Timizar.
Lɛarbi Timizar

**Lɛarbi Timizar** d anemhal amatu n weɣmis ayallas n Horizons. Timizar yella naqal d anemhal n tirawt n weɣmis n El Moudjahid. Deg Yebrir n 2011, yeqqel d anemhal n Horizons deg wemkan n Naɛma Ɛabbes.
Acenyal amaziɣ

**Acenyal amaziɣ** neɣ **Asenǧaq amaziɣ** yettwanulfa-d deg iseggasen isamrawen (i70en) sɣur Agraw Imaziɣen (l'Académie berbère). Deg 1998, s ifassen n A**g**raw A**m**aḍlan A**m**aziɣ (GMM) i igan agraw-nsen amenzu deg Tigzirin Tiknariyin deg Tmurt n Spenyul, asenǧaq agi yuɣal d asenǧaq unṣib n Imaziɣen akken ma ttilin ani ttidiren deg umaḍal. 

Ɣur-s krad (3) n yiniten (iklan / *couleurs*):  aẓerwal (*blue*), azegzaw (*vert*), awraɣ (*jaune*). Deg tlemmas ines yettwars usekkil s yini (aklu, *couleur*) azeggwaɣ (« ⵣ », aza neɣ yaz) s Tifinaɣ. 

* Azerwal anamek ines d Ilel Agrakal  ;
* Azegzaw anamek ines d idurar d yizaɣaren izegzawen n Tefriqt Ugafa ;
* Awraɣ anamek ines d tiniri / aneẓruf (*désert* neɣ Esseḥṛa) n Tafriqt Ugafa .
Alger Républicain

"Alger Républicain" d aɣmis ayallas i yesbedd Pascal Pia akked Paul Schmitt deg Lezzayer deg useggas n 1938.

## Talalit

Aɣmis-a n uzelmaḍ, llan qedcen deg-s aṭas n Yezzayriyen. Gar Tuber 1939 d Fuṛar 1943, yettwagdel (yettwamneɛ) deg tmurt, sakkin, asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer tuffɣa, yuɣal d aɣmis asduklan (communiste).

## Deg wemgarru n Lezzayer

Deg Ctember 1955, imi i bedd ɣer yidis n Yezzayriyen i yellan ttnaɣen ɣef uzarug (indépendance) n tmurt-nsen, aɣmis-a yettwagdel tikkelt nniḍen, yerna aṭas seg wid i iqedcen deg-s ttwaṭṭfen (am unemhal-ines, Henri Alleg), neɣ ttwanɣan, am Henri Maillot, Georges Rafini, Ɛemar Xaluf, Ɛabd Lqader Ben Ɛmara, Muṛad At Saɛda d Ɛebd Lqader Cuxal. Deg 17 Yulyu 1962 (s deffir ma tewwi Lezzayer azarug-ines), "Alger Républicain" yuɣal-d ɣer tuffɣa, yerna yuɣal d netta i d aɣmis Azzayri i d-yessuffuɣen amḍan ameqṛan akk n tsukan (exemplaires) (75.000 yal ass).

## Sakkin uzarug

S waya, "Alger Républicain" yella yugar aɣmis n "Le Peuple" (n Terni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw). Deg 1964, imḍebbren n "Alger Républicain" qeblen ad rren aɣmis-nsen d win n Terni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw, sakkin, deg 1965, s deffir ma tella-d tuttya-nni taserdasit i deg Hewwari Bumedyen yesseɣli Ḥmed Ben Bella, anabaḍ Azzayri yesddukkel iɣmisen n "Alger Républicain" d "Le Peuple" yerna yerra-ten d yiwen weɣmis umi isemma "El Moudjahid". S deffir n tedyanin n Tuber 1988, "Alger Républicain" yuɣal-d ɣer tuffɣa, maca ɣef ljal n wuguren i d-yemlal, yeḥbes deg 1994. Seg yimir-nni, yuɣal itteffeɣ-d seg-a ɣer da, tikkal yal dduṛt, tikkal yal ayyur, xas akken mazal yesɛa uguren. Albert Camus d Kateb Yasin seg wid i d-yuran imagraden deg weɣmis-a.
Amugay n waman

**Amugay n waman** (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Bubalus bulalis*) d talmest yeṭṭafaren adu-twacult n tfunasin seg tfesna n tmestuga, Talmest-a tettidir deg kra n tmura n Tefriqt d Asya am: Miẓra d Lhend.
Belize

**Belize** d tamurt n Temrikt Talemmast. Tajumma-nnes 22.966 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 387,879 n yimezdaɣen (2017). Tamaneɣt-nnes d Belmopan.
Molière

**Jean-Baptiste Poquelin** yettwassnen s yisem-nnes n unaẓur n **Molière** (ilul deg 15 Yennayer 1622 deg Paris - yemmut deg 17 Furar 1673 deg temdint-nni), d amaru n tmezgunin yerna d asegbar (acteur) n umezgun, d yiwen seg wuẓwiren imeqranen n tmellaɣt (comédie) deg tmura tutrimin. 

## Timzegunin

Gar tmezgunin yettwassnen n Molière llant: 

*Le Misanthrope (Win ikeṛhen medden) 
*L'École des femmes (Aɣerbaz n tsednan) 
*Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (Tartuffe neɣ Axeddaɛ)  
*L'Avare (Amecḥaḥ)
*Le Malade imaginaire (Amuḍin asugnan) 
*Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (Agentleman aburjwa)

## Tameddurt

Moilère yenker-d deg yiwet n twacult d tamerkantit yerna d aya ay as-igan ifadden akken ad yekcem ɣer umezgun. Yeqdec 13 n yiseggasen d asegbar (acteur) ay itteddun seg wemkan ɣer wayeḍ akken ad yurar timezgunin, yerna aya iɛawen-it akken ad igerrez tamussni-nnes deg usseḍsi n medden asmi ay yebda yettaru.

Imi ay yella yessen kra n warisṭuqraṭen, iṣaḥ-it-id ad d-yurar timezgunin sdat ugellid n Fransa, Louis wis 14 deg leqṣer n Louvre. D aya ay yejjan agellid ad as-yefk yiwet n tzeɣɣa deg Louvre akken ad yetturar deg-s timezgunin. Sakkin, agellid iɛemmed-as i Molière ad yurar timezgunin ula deg Leqṣer Ageldan (Palais-Royal), dɣa d aya ay yejjan Molière ad yeqqel mechur mliḥ gar yimezdaɣen n Paris s tmezgunin-nnes yesseḍsayen, yerna tagrawt n Molière qqlen ɣɣaren-as "Tagrawt n Ugellid [Troupe du Roi]". 
Maca, ɣas ma yella Molière yella yesseḍsay, llan kra ay yebdan kkaten-d deg tmezgunin-nnes yerna ttwalin-tent xulfent imenzayen akked ddin (gar-asen imḍebbren n Taklizt Takaṭulikt). 
Tamezgunt n Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (Tartuffe Axeddaɛ) iga-tt Molière akken ad d-iwet deg yergazen n wesɣan (ddin) ay ixeddɛen medden, dɣa d aya ay yesserfan taklizt. Seg tama niḍen, Molière yella iqeddec aṭas yerna aya yesseɛya tazmert-nnes, dɣa ɣef waya ay yeḥbes leqdic deg 1667 akken ad yesgunfu. Deg wass aydeg ara yemmet, deg 1671, Molière yella yetturar-d tamezgunt-nnes taneggarut, Le Malade Imaginaire (Amuḍin asugnan), dɣa teṭṭef-it yiwet n tusut d tameqrant (imi ay yella yuḍen tideggirt (tuberculose). Ɣas ma yella ikemmel urar arma ay tfuk tmezgunt-nni, Molière yemmut kra kan n tsaɛtin sakkin.
Ikidni

**Ikidni** (asget: ikidniyen) d aɣersiw asuṭṭaḍ yettarwen timellalin, yedder deg Ustralya ed Ginya Tamaynut. Tafekka-nnes dlen-tt yisennanen, yesɛa aqamum d aquran, yeɣɣaz imerjan yerna ittett ibeɛɛac. Ikidni seg terbaɛt n yiɣersiwen umi ɣɣaren imunutrimen. Yezmer ad yaweḍ 25 n yisantimitren deg teɣzef.
Antraktika

**Antractika**d y amenẓaw id yezgan deg tama n wneẓul n tegnit. Tajumma-nnes 14.000.000 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Ur llin yimezdaɣen urkiden deg umenẓaw-a, maca llan wazal n 1000 n yimezdaɣen imaranen, amur ameqran seg-sen d imusnawen seg tmura yemgerraden n umaḍal.


File: 061212-nordkapp.jpg
File:GletscherMM.jpg
File:Fryxellsee Opt.jpg
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File:Aurore australe - Aurora australis.jpg
Amaḍal

**Amaḍal** (asget : imaḍalen), deg tarakalt (géographie) netta d Tagnit (lqaɛa) ayɣef nedder s lekmal-nnes. Neɣɣar-as daɣen « ddunit ».

Amaḍal deg-s 6 n yigarawen : Agaraw Amelwi (Pacifique), Agaraw Aṭlasi, Agaraw Ahendi, Agaraw Arkti, Agaraw Antarktik. Deg-s daɣen 6 n yimenẓawen : Asya, Tamrikt, Tafriqt, Turuft, Tukyanust ed Tantarktit.

Igarawen ed waman dlen 70,8% seg tjumma (superficie) n umaḍal. Tajumma-nnes 510.072.000 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Gar-asen 148.940.000 km2 d akal (28,8%) ed 361.132.000 km2 n waman. Amaḍal zedɣen-t 6,8 n yimelyaṛen n yemdanen.

Llant deg umaḍal 194 n tmura timzirgin (indépendantes).
Pristina

**Pristina** d tamaneɣt n Kosovo, tezga-d deg tlemmast tagmuḍant (centre-est) n tmurt, zedɣen-tt 550.000 n yimezdaɣen.
Kosovo

**Kosovo** d akal i d-yezgan deg wenẓul n Serbya. Ugar n 88% seg yimezdaṣen n Kosovo d Albaniyen imselman, ma d 7% seg-sen d Iserben. 

## Amezruy d Tlallit n Kosovo

Deg 1999, nnuɣen akked Yiserben akken ad awin timunent-nsen , d aya i yejjan iɣallen n Temsisit Taṭlasit akked Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen ad d-gren iman-nsen. Deg 2008, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Kosovo tesseɣret-d  timunent, maca aṭas n tmura deg umaḍal ur steɛṛfent yes-s yerna Serbya mazal-itt tettwali-t d aḥric seg wakal-ines yellan ddaw udabu n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen. Tajumma-ines 10.908 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-t 1.804.838 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-ines d Pristina.

## Tasertit

Aselway: Atifete Jahjaga (2011).

Aneɣlaf Amezwaru: Isa Mustafa (2014).
Bolivia

**Bolivia** d tamurt n Temrikt n Wenẓul. Tajumma-nnes 1.098.581 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 10.907.778 n yimezdaɣen (Iboliviyen). Timunaɣ-nnes d La Paz akked Sucre.
Kingston (Jamaica)

**Kingston** d tamaneɣt n Ǧamayka. Tezga-d deg wenẓul-agmuḍan (sud-est) n tmurt yerna zedɣen-tt 651.880 n yimezdaɣen.
Xerṭum

Xartum d tamaneɣt n Sudan ,Zedɣen-tt 639.598 n yimezdaɣen . tezga-d deg umḍiq jar wasif azegzaw d wasif amellal .akken ad d-bdun sdat-sen asif n Nil. D tamnaḍt n lḥukuma deg Sudan anda yella umkan n uselway n tegduda, tamnaḍt n yiɣallen imenza yemgaraden, aselway n tezmert taɛessast tasudanit d tmeslayin tidelsanin n tmura tiberraniyin, amkan n kra n tiddukliyin tidelsanin taɛrabin d tafriqtin d tuget n tmettiwin tasertanin n tmurt. D ul n Tefriqt deg wayen yerzan tilelliyin n usikel, akken ad ɛeddin tilelliyin n usikel i yettqessisen ugafa n tmazirt ɣer unẓul-is akked tin i yettɛeddin deg umalu n tmazirt d usammar-is. Deg temdint-a llant aṭas n tesdawiyin, d tiɣerbazin tidelsanin d tilelliyin, timusnawen yemxalafen, tiɣimit n tkebbanin, tibankiwin tiɣelnawin d yiferrawen n tkebbanin tiberraniyin.
Iɣef Azegzaw

**Iɣef Azegzaw** d tamurt n tegzirin ay d-yezgan deg utaram n Tefriqt (deg Ugaraw Aṭlaṣi) tajumma-nnes 4.033 km². Zedɣen-tt 567.000 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d Praia.
Praia

**Praia** d tamaneɣt n tmurt n Yiɣef Azegzaw. Tezga-d deg tegzirt n Santiago. Zedɣen-tt 127.832 n yimezdaɣen.
Cardiff

**Cardiff** (Tagalict : **Caerdydd**) d tamdint n Briṭanya Tameqrant, d tamaneɣt n Tmurt n Yigaliyen. Zedɣen-tt 324.800 n yimezdaɣen (amelyun n yimezdaɣen s yegmamen [neighbourhoods] ay d-yezzin fell-as).
Tamurt n Yigaliyen

**Tamurt n Yigaliyen** (s tgalict: ***Cymru***; s tanglizit: ***Wales***; s tefrensist: *Pays de Galles*), d aḥric n Tgelda Yeddukklen, yezga-d deg utaram (lɣerb) n Langliz. Tajumma-nnes 20.779 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Tamurt n Yigaliyen zedɣen-tt 2.999.300 n yimezdaɣen (Igaliyen). Tamaneɣt-nnes d Cardiff.
Tirana

**Tirana** d tamaneɣt n tmurt n Albanya, tezga-d deg utaram n tmurt, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aderyati. Zedɣen-tt 811.649 n yimezdaɣen (2016). Tamdint-a teqqel d tamaneɣt n tmurt di 1920.
Tayemmat

tayemmat d tinn i yettawin mis-s deg uɛebbuḍ-is 9 n lechur, maca tettrebbi-t akken ilaq, tessahfaḍ-as ayen yelhan, ayen ara t-inefɛ ɣer sdat, di ddunnit-is...
maca tayemma tesɛa amur ameqqran di ddunnit-ik.

ɣef waya i ilaq ad nettqadar tiyemmatin nneɣ, maca ma temmut, ad as-nessawad dduɛat n lxir anda ma tella akken diɣ ad tt-yerḥem Rebbi Ameɛzuz
Tabulgart

**Tabulgart** (s Tebulgart : *bălgarski*) d tutlayt i meslayen di Bulgarya, anẓul n Ukrayin, anẓul n Muldavya, anẓulagmuḍ n Serbya, agafagmuḍan n Legrig, Ṭṭerk, anẓul d utaram n Rumanya, Hungarya, Masidunya n Ugafa. Yerna d iles unṣib n tmurt n Bulgarya anida tettwaḥsab d tadersi taɣerfant.

## Azal n Imsiwlen
Meslayen azal n 8.500.000 yemdanen di Bulgarya (8.100.000); anẓul n Ukraynana (seg 165.000 ar 275.000); anẓul n Muldavya (seg 65.000 ar 100.000); anẓulagmuḍ  n Serbya (31.000); agafagmuḍan n Legrig (30.000); Ṭṭerk (27.000); anẓul d utaram n Rumanya (10.000); Hungarya (3.000) ed Masidunya (2.000).

## Amezruy
Iles atrar, illa ibdan itban deg idlisen n lqern 17 d 18, iṭṭef ixef-nnes seg uzgen n lqern 19. 

Tabulgart meslayen-tt di Bulgarya d tmura niḍen ( ), kkes kan tifuɣalin n Ifumaken. Di Bulgarya, tella iman-is d tutlayt tunṣibt, maca di tmura niḍen, sqqaren yis-s yiwet tutlayt n tsekla, ak uɣezdis n tutlayin tiyaḍ.
Tadanict

**Tadanict** (isem aneṣli : *dansk*) d yiwet tutlayt tagermanikt i meslayen di tmura n Danmark, ugafa n Lalman ed wenẓul n Sswid ed tegzirt n Grönland. Meslayen-tt azal n 5.200.000 n yemdanen deg Danmark (5.100.000), Lalman (50.000) ed Sswid. D tutlayt tunṣibt n tgelda n Danmark ed tama ugafa n Lalman (deg uland n Schleswig-Holstein)ed Grönland aked Tinwit.

## Amzeruy

Amezruy n tutlayt adanict tebda deg sin n wakuden: tin n tadanict taqburt (seg lqern wis 13 ar lqern wis 16) d win n tadanict tatrart (si lqern 16 ar ass-a). Tutlayt-agi tebda tettwari di lqern wis 13. Talmanit tebda tettaɣ deg-s seg uwettay alemmas. 

Ak tikli n umezruy, Danmark texṣar aṭas n wakal-nnes. Skanen, i tella deg tama wenẓulan n Sswid, tella si lebda d tadanict, maca di 1658, tekkes-tt Sswid. Aḥewwes-a izzuɣar ar uḥewwes aseklan d ilsawan imɣaren, alemma tura, tadanict tadigant, ur ɣur-es iqqim usqari ula d umsawaḍ ak iles asmagnu n Danmark. 
Tettwḥsab d yiwet tantala niḍen seg wawalen n Sswid. Ula d tutlayin ammen it-teḥṣaben. Ɣur-es iteqqnen arwas gar tadanict d taswidit. Imezdaɣ n temnaṭ-nni ur ɣar-sen iqqim laṣel adanic.

Tadanict tella deg-es kraḍ (3) n tantalwin : tutrimt, talemmast d tunegmuṭ (anda iccden tilisa aked Sswid). Maca ass-a, tantalawin-a ttmettan, teqqim kan yiwet.
Talsasit

**Talsasit** (isem aneṣli : *Elsässisch*) d yiwet tutlayt i meslayen di Fransa di temnaṭ n Elsass.  

## Amezruy

Tigti deg imezdaɣ inaṣliyen ilimanen n Elsass meslayen-tt, kkes kan kra n tuddar deg utaram d wadday aydeg meslayen tafransist. Tutlayt-a tesegdel i udabu afrensis i weɣref d tenbad't di twala.
Tafinit

**Tafinit** (isem anesli : *suomi*) neɣ *Tafinlandit*, *tasuwumit* d tutlayt i meslayen deg Finland(4.800.000), agafagmuḍ n Sswid, agafataram n Rrus, Agafa n Nurwij, Agafa n Isṭunya. D tutlayt tunṣibt ak iles niḍen n Finland.

Tettwaḥsab d tadersi tagherfant: Agafagmuḍ n Sswid, Agafataram n Rusya.

Comentaris
Infinlanden, qqimen aṭas qqnen a Sswid d tsekla tugmiḍt. Taswidit, tutlayt n waṭas imsuggen i yezedɣen deg iftisen ifinlandiyen, tuɣal d tutlayt tameqqrant n Finland. Maca, tafinit ur twattu akk, di lqern wis 15, llan kra i yettarun-t, yerna adlis amezwaru i iqqimen yura s tutlayt-a nettat n tizi n lqern wis 16, asmi tebda tkennawt

Iles asmagnu itwasexdmen zi lweqt-nni, immers x wawalen anz'ulagmud'an. Di lqern 17 d lqern 18, taswidit tuɣal d tutlayt tunṣibt, n tsekla d tɣuri tameqrant. Mi tekcem Rrus f Finland di 1809, ibeddel lḥal. Tafinit, illan d awal n uzgen ameqran n medden, tebda th'ewwas igran usexdem deg ill n lqern wis 19. Di lweqt d yiwet, ak taneflilt n tseklant tafinit, s tmessna n wensay n wegmuḍ n uwanek, tebda imessel tutlayt tasmagnut, illan d tamunt (compromís) gar awalen inẓuligmuḍan d win utrimen.

Deg tfinit, iles irewsen di testunit, nettaf sin n waggayen n wawalen.

## Tiwelhiwin
The Doors

**The Doors** d icennayen Iwunak Yedduklen n rock. Zenzen ugar si 100 imelayn n yidisken.

## Idisken-nsen
**The Doors* (1967)
**Strange Days* (1967)
**Waiting for the Sun* (1968)
**The Soft Parade* (1969)
**Morrison Hotel* (1970)
**L.A. Woman* (1971)
**Other Voices* (1971)
**Full Circle* (1972)
**An American Prayer* (1978)
Jean-lmuhub Ɛemruc

**Jean Ɛemruc**, seg isem-is n tidett **Jean lmuhub Ɛemruc**, iluled ass n 6 fuṛaṛ 1906 deg yiwet taddart n tɣiwant n Iɣil Ɛli di Tmurt Taqbaylit, yemmut ass n 16 yebrir 1962 di Paris, d amaru, aneɣmas aseklan dɣa argaz n ṛṛadyu aqbayli-aṛumi yetmeslayen s tefransist.

D mmi-s n Faḍma At Manṣur Ɛemruc dɣa d gma-s n tmeṭṭut n isekkilen Ṭawes Ɛemruc.

## tameddurt

### Iẓuran
Jean Ɛemruc d mmi-s n twacult tamasiḥit n tmurt n Leqbayel . Imawlan-is, Antoine-Belqasem Ɛemruc (gar 1880 - 1958) d Marguerite-Faḍma At Manṣur (gar 1882-1967) kkren-d i sin deg yifassen n yimrabḍen, irumyen imasiḥiyen uqbel zzwaǧ-nsen deg 1898 . 

Ilul deg taddart n Iɣil Ɛli deg yidiurar n yiwanuɣen n Lbiban s ddaw n luḍa n ṣumam ( tamurt n leqbayel) , imi imiren d adeffel ur urin ara isem-is deg lekwaɣeḍ armi d ass wis seddis n tlalit-is ihi deg 13 furar 1906 .

Deg useggas n 1910 , tunag twacult-is seg tmurt n Leqbayel ɣer Tunes deg tmurt n Tunes i teḥkem Fransa imiren; dɣa dinna i asen-tettunnefka talɣent tafransist  

### Tuddsa-ines d ubrid-is ɣer uselmed
Deg 1921, mi d-yuwi igemmaḍ i ygerrzen deg ulmud alemmas , yettwaqbel deg uɣerbaz n yiselmaden n uswir amenzu di Tunes, ihi yebda aseɣri deg uswir amenzu di Susa . Yettwaqbel deg uɣerbaz ɛlayen n Saint-Cloud di Fransa . 

Yebda aseɣri n tutlayt deg tsernnawiyin n Susa, Ɛennaba,d Tunes i deg id-yessuffeɣ isefra-ines imezzwura gar 1934 d 1937 . Yezweǧ akked Suzanne Molbert d taselmadt akka am netta deg Tunes, tessɣaray tutlayt, imawlan-is d tawacult i yezzedɣen di Lezzayer tamanaɣt seg 1840 .

### Abrid-is deg rradyu d tira
Jean Lmuhub Ɛemruc deg wakud-nni yella yettaru iḍrisen i rradyu, ladɣa i terga n Tunis-RTT (1938-1939) .

Deg yimenɣi amaḍlan wis sin, yexdem Jean tamussni d umaru André Gide i izedɣen di Tunes, yetbeɛ abrid n yiguliyen yeddan d Charles de Gaulle deg Lezzayer tamanaɣt i deg di 1943-1944 yexdem i rradyu n Fransa id-yusan s deffir n Rradyu n Lezzayer tamanaɣt i yeddan d udabu n Vichy .

Mi yekfa umennuɣ yexdem i waṭas n rradyuwat d yiɣmisen i deg xedmen waṭas n yismawen imeqqranen deg umḍiq-agi n tsekla. 

### Tagrawla tazzayrit
Yestaxer-it-id uselway amezzwaru Michel Debré s timmad-is seg lxedma deg RRadyu d tiliẓri tafransist (RTF) imi yeɛreḍ ad yili d awsiṭ gar yigrawlien n FLN d Charles de Gaulle . 

Seg 1958 ɣer1961 yexdem akken ad yeṣṣiweḍ tamsalt n timunnent ɣer wid yettmeslayen s tefransist s rradyu n tmurt n Swis (RSR) .

Yemmut deg useggas-is wis 56, imi yella yuḍen aṭan n cancer, kra n yimalasen s deffir n wass n uḥbas n yimenɣi n 19 meɣres 1962 .

## Tiwelhiwin
Tumast

Snuflen **Tumast** g iseggwasen n 90, umezwar-is d Musa Ag Keyna. Deg 1993, sakkin iseggwasen n imenɣi d isental. Musa ittut gar tayti, yunag s Fransa, sakkin ad-as tedukkel yes-s tacennayt Aminitu Gumar. 

Anmuggar-is deg Paris ed yiwen anaẓur s yisem n Dan Levy yefka talalit i twuri-nes. D tanagit af iseggwasen n imenɣi d tixedɛet i  Yimucaɣ. Arun af isental ay ḥemlen aṭas Imucaɣ deg uẓawan (tamdanit n tudert tillelit deg tneẓruft), af tayri, tudert irzagen ed ufran asertan.
Wichita

**Wichita** d tamdint n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, tezga-d deg uwanak n Kansas, zedɣen-tt 357.698 n yimezdaɣen.
Wellington

**Wellington** d tamaneɣt n Ziland Tamaynut, tezga-d deg wenẓul-utrim (sud-ouest) n Tegzirt n Ugafa. Zedɣen-tt 389.700 n yimezdaɣen.
Auckland

**Auckland** d tamdint n Ziland Tamaynut, tezga-d deg ugafa-utrim (nord-ouest) n Tegzirt n Ugafa. D nettat ay d tamdint tameqrant akk deg tmurt. Zedɣen-tt 1.354.900 n yimezdaɣen.
Burbank

**Burbank** d tamdint n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, tezga-d deg tama n Los Angeles (deg California). Zedɣen-tt 103.340 n yimezdaɣen.
Nanjing

**Nanjing** d tamdint n wegmuḍ (ccerq) n Ccinwa yerna d tamaneɣt n temnaḍt n Jiangsu. Zedɣen-tt 7.713.100 n yimezdaɣen.
Jiangsu

**Jiangsu** d tamnaḍt n wegmuḍ n tamurt n Ccinwa. Tajumma-nnes 102.600 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 77.245.000 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d Nanjing.
Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli

**Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli** d aselway aqbur n Tunes. Yennejla deg wass n 15 Yennayer 2011 yerna d Fuɛad Mebazɛa ay yeqqlen d aselway uɛḍil deg wemkan-nnes. Ben Ɛli ilul deg 3 Ctember 1936 deg temdint n Ḥemmam Susa.
Albrecht Dürer

**Albrecht Dürer** neɣ s telmant *Albrecht Dürer der Jüngere* (ilul deg Nürnberg, Bayern, deg 21 Mayyu 1471 - yemmut deg 6 Yebrir 1528), d amekla (peintre) yerna d amusnak (mathématicien) almani. Leqdicat-nnes n tẓuri rran-t mechur deg Turuft qbel ad yaweḍ 30 n yiseggasen deg tmeddurt-nnes, yerna ass-a, ttwalin-t d anaẓur ameqran n tallit n Tsidert (Renaissance) deg tmura n ugafa (nord) n Turuft. 

## Leqdic-is
Dürer iga-d tugniwin yeqqnen ɣer wesɣan (ddin), am wakken ay d-yekla (peindre) tugniwin n wudmanen n yemdanen ay yettwassnen, yerna iga-d tugniwin i yiman-nnes ula d netta. Dürer yella daɣen ineqqec-d tugniwin ɣef yiɣir (nnḥas), am wakken ay inejjer tugniwin ɣef wesɣar. 
Deg yenqacen-nnes n wesɣar umi semman Amazrar n Tneggarut [Apocalypse] (deg 1498), Dürer yella mazal-it yettḍafar aɣanib aguti aqbur deg leqdic-nnes. Maca, deg leqdicat ay iga sakkin, yeḍfer aɣanib d amaynut. Tifelwiyin-nnes (tableau) mechuren am Amnay, Tamettant ed Uciṭan (deg 1513), San Hieronymus deg Tezrawin-nnes (1514) akked Melencolia I (1514) jebdent-d lwelha n yizaɣanen (critiques) yerna aṭas n wawal ay d-yellan fell-asent deg wayen yerzan inumak-nsent. 
Dürer iga-d daɣen tikla s waman. Tifelwiyin-nnes n waman d tid aydeg d-iṣewwer imeẓriyen (paysages), yerna Dürer d yiwen seg yinuẓar uṛufiyen imezwura ay d-iṣewwren imeẓriyen. Daɣen, iqeddicen-nnes deg wenrar n wenjar n wesɣar d wid ay yesnernan mliḥ taẓuri-a deg leqrun ay d-iḍefren. Dürer yella yessen inuẓar iṭalyanen ed yelsaẓriyen (humanistes) almanen, dɣa d aya ay as-iledyen abrid akken ad d-yessekcem aɣanib aṭalyani n tẓuri deg Tsidert (Rennaissance) n tmura n ugafa n Turuft. 
Seg tama niḍen, Dürer yura-d daɣen iqeddicen ɣef tusnakt. Albrecht Dürer yemmut deg temdint n Nürnberg.
Belleville (Ontario)

**Belleville** d tamdint n Kanada, tezga-d deg wenẓul n temnaḍt n Ontario. Zedɣen-tt 48.821 n yimezdaɣen (91.518 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as).
Ontario

**Ontario** d tamnaḍt n Kanada, tezga-d deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n tmurt. Tajumma-nnes 1.076.395 km2 (yikilumitren imkuẓen). Zedɣen-tt 13.210.667 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d tamdint n Toronto. Deg temnaḍt n Ontario ay d-tezga Ottawa, tamaneɣt n Kanada.
Ottawa

**Ottawa** d tamaneɣt n Kanada. Tezga-d deg wenẓul-agmuḍan (sud-est) n tmurt, deg temnaḍt n Ontario. Zedɣen-tt 812.129 n yimezdaɣen.
Boston

**Boston** d tamdint n Yiwunak Yeddukklen yerna d tamaneɣt n Massachusetts. Zedɣen-tt 4.522.858 n yimezdaɣen.
Ṭrables (Lubnan)

**Ṭrables** d tamdint n ugafa (nord) n Lubnan, zedɣen-tt 192.572 n yimezdaɣen (530.000 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as).
Memphis

**Memphis** d tamdint n tlemmast n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, tezga-d deg uwanak n Tennessee. Zedɣen-tt 676.640 n yimezdaɣen (1.280.533 s yegmamen ay d-yezzin fell-as).
Portland

**Portland** d tamdint ay d-yezgan deg ugafa-utrim (nord-ouest) n Yiwunak Yeddukklen, deg uwanak n Oregon. Zedɣen-tt 582.130 n yimezdaɣen.
Hartford

**Hartford**, d tamdint n Yiwunak Yeddukklen. D tamaneɣt n Connecticut. Zedɣen-tt 1.212.381 n yimezdaɣen.
Lansing

**Lansing** d tamdint n Yiwunak Yeddukklen yerna d tamaneɣt n Michigan. Zedɣen-tt 464.036 n yimezdaɣen.