open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ugerfar n Usɣas Amzzyan

## Ugerfar n Usɣas Amzzyan (1914–1918)

### Ammas
**Ugerfar n Usɣas Amzzyan** (seg 1914 ar 1918) d ugerfar ameqqran i yellan deg umaḍal meṛṛa. Yella-d gar tmura n Urubba, yerna yettwaɛreḍ ɣer tmura nniḍen am Ufransi, Britanya, Rrusya, Almania, Austru-Hungarya, d tmura nniḍen.

Ugerfar-a yella s waṭas n temẓi, tirrugza timeqqranin, d ubeddel ameqqran deg tesleḍt, tasertit, d tmetti n tmura i yettwaxedmen.
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### Imẓẓan
Sebba tamezwarut n ugerfar d ttemtut n **Archiduc Franz Ferdinand** n Austru-Hungarya deg useggas 1914 deg Saraevo. Ttemtut-a tɛeḍḍed tmura n Urubba ɣer ugerfar sɣur win i yellan s imeslayen d tmasla.

Sebba nniḍen:

* ameslay ameslal gar tmura
* tissas n tesleḍt d tasertit
* asɛeddi n uẓru n tesleḍt
* asefrek n yiman n tmura

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### Imslayen
Ugerfar yettwaxedmen s snat n tgejditin timeqqranin:

**Tamasla tameqrant (Entente):**

* Ufransi
* Britanya
* Rrusya
* Marikan (seg 1917)
* tmura nniḍen

**Tamasla tammenɣant (Central Powers):**

* Almania
* Austru-Hungarya
* Tturk (Imnaṭan Ottoman)
* Bulgaria

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### Tasɣunt n ugerfar
Ugerfar n Usɣas Amzzyan yegga deg waṭas n yizemren:

* **Tazmert n Urubba**: am Verdun d Somme
* **Tazmert n Sharq**: Almania mgal Rrusya
* **Tazmert n Uman**: ugerfar n Imnaṭan Ottoman
* **Tazmert n Afrika**: ugerfaren deg tmura i yettwastɛemren

Deg ugerfar-a, yettwaseqdec waṭas n yiman n tesleḍt am:

* lkanun n ugerfar
* tferkiwin n waman
* isemgasen n yisefra
* asefrek n uẓru n tesleḍt

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### Imẓayen d tametti
Ugerfar-a yegga:

* ugar n **16 milyon** n yimdanen yemmuten
* imekḍanen meqqren i tmura
* tɣimit n tmura timeqqranin am Austru-Hungarya d Imnaṭan Ottoman

Yessawel-d daɣen ɣer:

* ubeddel n tmura
* tmerna n tmura timaynutin
* aɛeddi ɣer **Ugerfar Wis Sin** (1939–1945)

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### Tafalla
Ugerfar n Usɣas Amzzyan ifukk deg useggas **1918** s uccḍa n Almania. Deg useggas **1919**, yettwazgen **Amur n Versailles**, i yessersen tilas meqqren i Almania.

Ugerfar-a d tazwara tameqqrant deg umazruy n umaḍal, yerna yebdel s leɛqel ameqqran talɣa n tmura d tmetti.
----

### Zzayan

* Ugerfar n Usɣas Wis Sin
* Tamasla
* Tasleḍt n ugerfar
Taqbaylit Wikipedia

**Wikipedia [[Tutlayt taqbaylit|taqbaylit]]** d tasegrut n Wikipedia, taɣawsa taɣawsa n online encyclopedia i d-ixelleṣen s Wikimedia Foundation. Asmi d Januar 2026, tesɛa 7012 n umagrad d 29 n yemseɣṛayen yetteddun. Yebda-d ass n 12 n Tubeṛ 2007.

## Iɣewwaren n tura
Asefru amaynut
Tallit tagersant

**Tallit tagersant** neɣ **Tawala usegres** d yiwet n tallit seg umezruy n tagnit anda tassiwin n wedfel d ugris ssiɣent aṭas n tamiwin n tegnit (lqaɛa), dɣa llant-d waṭas n talliwin tigersanin yeṭṭfen igimen (luluf) n iseggasen i yal yiwet. Deg tallit tagersant taneggart iy fukken send n 11,700 n iseggasen, negrent waṭas n temsuḍaḍ meqren yerna deg tallit-a, iban-d Homo sapiens, win ixeddmen allalen-is, akken i ddren iɣersiwen am yimastodunen d yimamuten d Udinuteryum (yettemcabin ɣer yilew maca uẓran-is llan udren), yakk d ubanɣu. Akken i d-banent tserɣuda ilan (isɛan) uẓran meqren.

## Amezruy n unadi

## Inzan (ttbut)

## Talliyin tigersanin meqqren

## Timentilin

## Isemda n usegres

## Tallit tagersant timalt (id iteddun)

## Zer daɣen
Mastodon (aseɣẓan)

**Mastodon** d aseɣẓan u umikṛublug d illelli n uɣbalu yeldin ileḥḥun ɣef uneggaf ActivityPub.
PeerTube

Deg useggas n 2021, azal n 80.000 n yiseqdacen i yesseqdcen aqeddac n PeerTube yal ayyur. 

## Wali daɣen

### Iseɣwan yeffɣen

* Aswel web unṣib
Tareẓẓazt (tawsit)

**Tareẓẓazt** (isem ussnan: **Monticola**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temṭefzanin. 

## Tasensartut
Tewsit n treẓẓazt yessuli-tt-id umesgaman (amusnaw n ugama) n Lalman Friedrich Boie deg useggas n 1822. Amesgaman-a ibder-d snath n telmas (*saxatilis* d *cyanus*), maca ur d-ibdir ara talmest tanawt. Deg useggas n 1826 ifka-d Boie isem yemgaraden n tewsit igan d *Petrocossyphus* igebren yiwet kan n telmest (*Turdus saxatilis* Linnaeus). Dɣa imusnawen n yigḍaḍ niḍen ur ddigen ara (ur qbilen ara) isem-a amaynu. 

### Umuɣ n telmas
* Tareẓẓazt m-temɣilt tazeggaɣt - (*Monticola cinclorhynchus*). 
* Tareẓẓazt m-ugerjum amellal - (*Monticola cinclorhynchus*). 
* Tareẓẓazt m-idis ademman - (*Monticola rufiventris*).
* Tareẓẓazt m-iṭudan igezlanen - (*Monticola brevipes*). 
* Tareẓẓazt tamḍaft - (*Monticola explorator*). 
* Tareẓẓazt n Lavauden - (*Monticola sharpei erythronotus*).
* Tareẓẓazt n tagant - (*Monticola sharpei*). 
* Tareẓẓazt n Benson - (*Monticola sharpei bensoni*).
* Tareẓẓazt n teftist - (*Monticola imerina*). 
* Tareẓẓazt tameẓyant - (*Monticola rufocinereus*).
* Amziw azegzaw - (*Monticola saxatilis*). 
* Tareẓẓazt tazegzawt (*Monticola solitarius*). 
* Tareẓẓazt n yiẓra - (*Monticola rupestris*).
* Tareẓẓazt n Angula - (*Monticola angolensis*). 
* Tareẓẓazt tazenzeggaɣt - (*Monticola semirufus*).

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Awezliferr

**Awezliferr** (isem ussnan: **Brachypteryx**) d yiwet n tewsit n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temesmineqṛin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 10 n telmas yettidiren deg unẓul asamar n Asya.

## Umuɣ  n telmas

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tammant

**Tammant taberkant** neɣ **Tammant** kan (isem ussnan: **Phoenicurus ochruros**), d yiwen n wegḍiḍ meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tewsit n temmant yakk d twacult n temesmineqṛin. Am telmas i t-yudesn (i t-iqerben), agḍiḍ-a yella yettusesmel deg twacult n tmerguyin (''Turdidae'').

## Tasensartut

## Aglam

## Taẓuni d tudert

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tumsisi

**Tumsisi** (isem ussnan: **Luscinia svecica**) d yiwet n telmest n temesmineqṛin yeṭṭafaren tawsit n waqquren. Talmest-a tegber waṭas n tdulemsin.

## Aglam

## Amyaraw d tẓuni

## Imizan d taggaẓt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aqur amezgul

**Aqqur amezgul** neɣ **Asudder** (isem ussnan: **Luscinia luscinia**) d yiwet n telmest n waqquren yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temṭefzanin. 

## Aglam

## Taẓuni d umyaraw

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Danyel Siyad

**Danyel Siyad** (S yisem-is Daniel Amar Siad) d aɣrim n Sswid. Yemmeslay-d ɣef yiman-is deg yiwen n yizen aliktṛunan d akken netta d "uday amaziɣ". Axeddim-is, yettaf-d aknar n tilawin.   

## Tameddurt
Ilul Danyel Siyad deg tmurt n Lezzayer, sakin yunag ɣer Sswid deg useggas n 1980. Yefka i yiman-is isem n "wuday amaziɣ".  

Yettwabder-d yisem-is deg warraten akked isemliyen n Ugezdu n Teɣdemt n Temrikt am umahal d yettafen tiqcicin tilemẓiyin i terbaɛt n uẓeṭṭa n Jeffrey Epstein, yiwen n uxeddaɛ uzufan yettwaḥekmen fell-as.

## Tiwelha d tizmilin
Iẓiwec yigran

**Iẓiwec n yigran** neɣ **Aṭeryas n taqqa** (isem ussnan: **Emberiza cirlus**) d yiwet n telmest n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temwadin.

## Aglam
Teɣzi n wegḍiḍ-a 15 ar 17 cm, iwzen 17 ar 25 g, Azagur-is d aras imalen ar tezweɣ. Idmaren-is d iwraɣen.


Cirl bunting cropped.jpg|Awtem
Emberiza cirlus -Valencian Community, Spain -female-8 (1).jpg|Tawtemt


## Taẓuni d tudert

## Učči

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Busemmun

**Busemmun** (isem ussnan: **Emberiza cia**) d yiwet n talmest n wegḍiḍ ijqiw yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temwadin. Talmest-a tettidir deg wazal ameqran n yideggan n Uruppa d Asya d Tefriqt n Ugafa, akken i tga d talmest ur nettwaggez acku deg Uruppa iman-is kan llan gar n 2,600,00 alamma d 8,200,000 n yigḍaḍ n telmest-a.

## Tasensartut

## Aglam

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tibiqqect

**Tibiqqect** neɣ **Tibiqect** (isem ussnan: **Emberiza striolata**) d yiwet n telmest n yigḍaḍ imwaden yeṭṭafaren tawsit n umwad. 

## Aglam

## Taẓuni d tudert

## Učči

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tammant (tawsit)

**Tammant** (isem ussnan: **Phoenicurus**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigḍaḍ ijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temesmineqṛin. 

## Tilmas
S unect n tsartut m wemnir n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan (Alqem 5.2, 2015), tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 14 n telmas: 

* Tammant n Przewalski – (*Phoenicurus alaschanicus*). 
* Tammant n Eversmanna – (*Phoenicurus erythronotus*).
* Tammant tazegzawt n yixef – (*Phoenicurus coeruleocephala*). 
* Tammant taberkant – (*Phoenicurus ochruros*).
* Tammant timezdit – (*Phoenicurus phoenicurus*). 
* Tammant n Hodgson – (*Phoenicurus hodgsoni*). 
* Tammant tamellalt ugerjum – (*Phoenicurus schisticeps*). 
* Tammant tafrarant – (*Phoenicurus auroreus
Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après
Rougequeue aurore*). 
* Tammant m tesfift – (*Phoenicurus moussieri*). 
* Tammant n Güldenstädt – (*Phoenicurus erythrogastrus*). 
* Tammant tazegzawt wenyir – (*Phoenicurus frontalis*). 
* Tammant tabufsusit – (*Phoenicurus fuliginosus*) 
* Tammant taseninit - (*Phoenicurus bicolor*).
* Tammant n waman – (*Phoenicurus leucocephalus*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tifiɣert (tawsit)

**Tifiɣert** (isem ussnan: **Athene**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigḍaḍ isekliwen iremmden deg iḍ. Tawsit-a teṭṭafar tawacult n twukin, tegber seg 9 n telmas 

## Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert)
Tilmas n tewsit-a d tid yettidiren s waddad agaman di Tefriqt, Uruppa, Asya yakk d Temrikt.

## Umuɣ n telmas
S unect n tsartut n n umnir (alqem 14.1, 2024) n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan: 

* Tifiɣert n tagant – (*Athene blewitti*). 
* Tifiɣert m timmiwin timellalin – (*Athene superciliaris*). 
* Tifiɣert n yisganen – (*Athene cunicularia*).
* Tifiɣert tameẓyant (*Athene noctua*). 
* Tifiɣert n Brahma – (*Athene brama*).
* Tifiɣert n Jacquinot – (*Athene jacquinoti*). 
* Tifiɣert n Guadalcanal – (*Athene granti*).
* Tifiɣert n Malaita – (*Athene malaitae*).
* Tifiɣert n Marika – (*Athene roseoaxillaris*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tizit waman

**Tizit waman** (isem ussnan: **Dytiscus**) d yiwet n tewsit n izinzren yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tzimanin.

Tawsit-a degs azal n 27 n telmas meqqren, acku teɣzi-nsent tga gar n 2.2 alamma d 4.4 cm. Deg waṭas n telmas, tiwetmin ugarent iwetmen deg teɣzi.

## Tilmas

### Tilmas inegren

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tanafagt (aburɣes)

**Tanafagt** (isem ussnan: **Lucanus**) d yiwet n tewsit n yizinezren yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tnafagin. 

## Tasensartut
Tawsit-a, igelm-itt-id umusburɣes (amusnaw n yibeɛɛac) n Ṭelyan Giovanni Antonio Scopoli deg useggas n 1763.

## Tilmas

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tinafagin

**Tinafagin** (isem ussnan: **Lucanidae**) d tawacult n izinezren igebren seg wazal n 1200 n telmas yettwassnen s iɣesmaren inneflin s waṭas, aladɣa ɣer yiwetmen.

## Asiseɣ d uglam
Tawacult-a igelm-itt-id umusburɣes (*amusnaw n yibeɛɛac*) Afṛensis Pierre André Latreille deg useggas n 1804 s yisem n *Lucanidae* i d-ittwaddmen seg yisem n tewsit n Lucanus'' i d-iglem umesburɣes Giovanni Antonio Scopoli.

## Aglam
Llant kra n telmas n twacult-a tettawaḍ teɣzi-nsent alamma d 12 cm. Maca tuget deg-sent ur ugarent ara 5 cm.

## Tamhazt

## Asismel d tewsitin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tanafagt
Tazeglellut

**Tazeglellut** (isem ussnan: **Cerambyx**) d yiwet n tewsit n izinezren yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tzeglella. Tawsit-a tegber seg 7 n telmas.

## Tilmas

## Imniren
Tinulyiwin

{{Automatix taxobox}]

**Tinulyiwin** (asuf: **Tanulya**), (isem ussnan: **Sphingidae**) d yiwet n twacult yibureɣsen (ibeɛɛac) yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tkebrafriwin. Ar thura, tawacult-a tegber seg wugar n 1500 n telmas, maca amiḍan-a d win iy zemren ad ibeddel. 

## Aglam

## Tameddurt

## Tiwekkiwin

## Učči

## Asismel

### Tiwsitin
* Tanulya – (*Acherontia*).

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Amenferriw (tawsit)

**Abenferriw** neɣ **Amenferriw** neɣ **Aṭerris** (isem ussnan: **Fringilla**) d tawsit n yigḍaḍ meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmenferriwin. Tawsit-a igebren seg 8 n telmas, igelm-itt-id usnudran Carl Linnaeus deg useggas n 1758. 

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n telmas
S unect n tsartut n umnir n |Aswir Amsaylal Agraɣlan|uswir amsaylal agraɣlan]] (alqem 14.1, 2024): 

* Amenferriw n yisekla – (*Fringilla coelebs*). 
* Amenferriw n Tferka – (*Fringilla spodiogenys*).
* Amenferriw n Waẓur – (*Fringilla moreletti*).
* Amenferriw n Madiṛa – (*Fringilla maderensis*). 
* Amenferriw n Teknaṛiyin – (*Fringilla canariensis*). 
* Amenferriw azegzaw – (*Fringilla teydea*).
* Amenferriw amsedrar – (*Fringilla montifringilla*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tahrayt (tawsit)

**Tahrayt** (isem ussnan: **Bucanetes**) d tawsit n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmenferriwin. Tawsit-a igelm-itt-id umusnaw n yigḍaḍ n Lalman Jean Cabanis deg useggas n 1851.

## Aglam

## Tasensartut d usismel

### Umuɣ n [[talmest|telmas]]
S unect n tsartut n umnir n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan (alqem 3.4, 2013). Tawsit-a tegber seg snat n telmas: 
* Tahrayt tamzefzeft – (*Bucanetes githagineus*).
* Tahrayt n Mungulya – (*Bucanetes mongolicus*).

## Imniren
Abufḍis

**Abufḍis** neɣ **Abufṭis** (isem ussnan: **Coccothraustes coccothraustes**) d talmest n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmenferriwin. Talmest-a d nettat i tamyiwent (tawḥidt) deg tewsit-is ‹*Coccothraustes*›. Carl Von Linnaeus d netta i d-igelmen talmest-a deg useggas n 1758.

## Aglam

## Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert)

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Timezmleft (tawsit)

**Timezmleft** (isem ussnan: **Serinus**) d tawsit n yigḍaḍ meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmenferriwin. Tilmas n tewsit-a (di 8 yid-sent) ttidirent deg Uṛasya d Tefriqt. 

## Tasensartut

## Tilmas
Tawsit-a tegber seg 8 n telmas: 

* Timezmleft muqerruy aberkan – (*Serinus alario*). 
* Tamuzbuzt – (*Serinus serinus*). 
* Timezmleft tawraɣt – (*Serinus canaria*). 
* Timezmleft n Cap – (*Serinus canicollis*).
* Timezmleft m tcacit tawraɣt – (*Serinus flavivertex*).
* Timezmleft tabekrant yixef – (*Serinus nigriceps*). 
* Timezmleft tazeggaɣt wenyir – (*Serinus pusillus*). 
* Asyur – (*Serinus syriacus*). 

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ijurjiyen

Agdud n **Ijurjiyen** (s tutlayt tajurjit: ქართველები) yella g Jurjya. Imdanen ijurjiyen ttmeslayen tutlayt tajurjit.
## Tiwelhiwin
*Eastmond, Anthony (2010), Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, Penn State Press
*Suny, R. G. (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation, Indiana University Press
*Lang, D. M. (1966), The Georgians, Thames & Hudson
*Rayfield, D. (2013), Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia, Reaktion Books
*Rapp, S. H. Jr. (2016) The Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes, Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature, Sam Houston State University, USA, Routledge
*Toumanoff, C. (1963) Studies in Christian Caucasian History, Georgetown University Press
Abdrdeɣyul

**Aberdeɣyul wurtan** neɣ **Aɣyul n tazart** (isem ussnan: **Pycnonotus barbatus**) d talmest n yigḍaḍ yettekken di tewsit n uberdeɣul yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tberdeɣyal.

## Aglam
Aberdeɣyul wurtan d agḍiḍ meẓẓiyen yettidiren deg tuget n wakuden deg yisekla, amgarad gar n uwtem d tewtemt d addud (lqedd) kan, acku d iwtmen i yugaren tiwetmin. Inan n telmest-a mgaraden gar n uzunɣid, aras, azegza, awraɣ d umellal, maca ur msullsen ara (ur qessiḥ-it ara). 

## Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert)

## Tasensartut

## [[Amyaraw]] d usegdef

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aferjeɣɣul (tawsit)

**Aferjeɣɣul** neɣ **Tizirra**, (**Aqubeɛ**, s tzelgi) (isem ussnan: **Alauda**) d tawsit n yigḍaḍ meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult tzirriwin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 4 n telmas, d snat n telmas negrent. Maca tegber daɣen seg kra n telmas llant ttusemlent deg tewsit n *Alauda*. 

## Tasensartut d usismel
Tawsit-a igelm-itt-id umesgaman n Swid Carl Linnaeus deg useggas n 1758. 

Tawsit n tizirra «*Alauda*» tegber seg 4 n telmas mazal ddrent, d snat negrent. Maca, akin-a llant kra n telmas nniḍen zdint deg tewsit-a. 

### Tilmas timiranin (n tura)

Llant 4 n telmas:

### Tilmas inegren
* †*Alauda xerarvensis* 
* †*Alauda tivadari*

### Tilmas tiẓranin (akin-a)

* Taɣla yiẓra – (*Alaemon alaudipes*). 
* Tabegnest tacemlalt – (*Ammomanopsis grayi*).
* Tagṭiṭ umerdul — (*Ammomanes deserti*).
* Tabegnest n Miẓra — (*Ammomanes cincturus*).
* Tabegnest tazeggaɣt wedfa — (*Ammomanes phoenicura*).
* Aferjeɣɣul ameẓyan ikacbaren – (*Certhilauda chuana*). 
* Aferjeɣɣul aɣezfan uqamum – (*Certhilauda curvirostris*). 
* Aferjeɣɣul amsulles – (*Pinarocorys nigricans*).
* Aferjeɣɣul azwawaɣ yidmaren – (*Calendulauda poecilosterna*). 
* Tizirra yigidan – (*Calendulauda erythrochlamys*). 
* Tizirra tamubrint – (*Mirafra fasciolata*).
* Tizirra n yigran – (*Alaudala rufescens*).
* Tizirra n yijdi – (*Alauda raytal*). 
* Tizirra timisnit – (*Galerida cristata*). 
* Taɣaydut – (*Lullula arborea*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aɣbub

**Aɣbub** neɣ **Tissegnit n waman** (isem ussnan: **Gallinago gallinago**) d yiwet n telmas n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n teɣbab. Talmest-a tettidir deg Uṛasya d Tefriqt. 

## Aglam

## Taẓuni d tdulemsin

## Učči

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Aɣbub (tawsit)
* Tislit yigḍaḍ taẓerfant
Asifliw (agḍiḍ)

**Asifliw** neɣ **Asifliw amaẓwan** (isem ussnan: **Phylloscopus trochilus**) dyiwet n telmest n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n isifliwen yakk d twacult n tsifliwin. Yettidir deg yideggan imnummsen deg Uruppa d Asya. Maca deg wumwan (lexrif) yettas-d d iminig ɣer Tefriqt n Ugafa, sin akin ittkemmil inig-ines ɣer Tefriqt unẓul n uneẓruf send ma tekcem tegrest.

Talmest-a igelm-itt-id Carl Linnaeus deg useggas n 1758, maca yella ittusesmel deg tewsit n tbuzegrayezt. 

## Aglam
Teɣzi n usifliw-a 11 cm, ma d teɣzi n wafriwen-is 19 cm, ittazen azal n 10 g. Addad-is deg ugama d tettwaggez ara. 

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Učči

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tisifliwin

**Tisifliwin** (isem ussnan: **Phylloscopidae**) d yiwet n twacult n yigḍaḍ meẓẓiyen. Tilmas n twacult-a ttidirent deg yakk Uṛasya d Tefriqt, anagar yiwet n telmest tettidir deg Alaska «*[[Asifliw n tezgelt|Phylloscopus borealis]]*». 

## Tiwsitin
Tawacult-a tegber seg 2 kan n tewsitin: 

* Asifliw – (*Phylloscopus*). S 66 n telmas.
* Azwadfar – (*Seicercus*). S 11 n telmas. 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tisaflawin
Tuwriɣt

**Tuwriɣt** (isem ussnan: **Oriolus**) d tawsit n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tuwriɣin. Ɣas akken tuget n telmas n tewsit-a ttidirent deg yideggan isbegsanen, maca llant kra deg-sent ttidirent deg yideggan imnummsanen am umeksa wulli. 

## Tilmas

* Tuwriɣt tamellalt inuyag – (*Oriolus albiloris*). 
* Tuwriɣt wureɣ – (*Oriolus auratus*). 
* Tuwriɣ n Buru  – (*Oriolus bouroensis*). 
* Tuwriɣt taberkant yixef – (*Oriolus brachyrynchus*). 
* Ameksa wulli – (*Oriolus oriolus*). 

## Imniren
Aɣbub (tawsit)

**Aɣbub** (isem ussnan: **Gallinago**) d tawsit n iylalen yeggunin s waṭas deg tudert-nsen ɣef waman. Tawsit-a teṭṭafar tawacult n teɣbab.

## Tilmas
S unect n usismel n umnir n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan (alqem 15.1, 2025). Tawsit n uɣbub yegber seg 18 n telmas: 
* Aɣbub amenkud – (*Gallinago imperialis*).
* Tissegnit n waman (*Gallinago gallinago*). 
* Aɣbub n Jameson – (*Gallinago jamesoni*). 
* Aɣbub agayemru – (*Gallinago solitaria*).
* Aɣbub yisɣaren – (*Gallinago nemoricola*).
* Aɣbub agerram – (*Gallinago media*). 
* Aɣbub n Swinhoe – (*Gallinago megala*). 
* Aɣbub amesdan wedfar – (*Gallinago stenura*). 
* Aɣbub n Tferka – (*Gallinago nigripennis*). 
* Aɣbub n Wilson – (*Gallinago delicata*). 
* Aɣbub acafcal – (*Gallinago undulata*).

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Agzam (tasensartut)

Di tsensartut tasnudrant, **Agzam** d adras yettusxddmen s tarrayin yemgaraden gar n tsenɣersiwtd tesnimɣit. 

Di tesnimɣit yakk d tsengersalt, agzam d isem amensay i wedras yemgadan i yirem n wadur. 

Di tsenɣersiwt, irem n Ugzam i ttusexdem i wakken ad immal adur ufrin yeṭṭafaren wadu-smil d ufelfesniw  deg uswag d tsuta.

## Imniren
Tisaflawin

**Tisaflawin** neɣ **Tisafliwin** neɣ **Tiberdefflin** (isem ussnan: **Sylviidae**) d tawacult n yigḍaḍ meẓẓiyen igebren seg snat n tewsitin. Dɣa snat n tewsitin-a, bḍant ɣer 34 n telmas.

## Umuɣ n tewsitin
S unect n usismel n umnir (alqem 12.1, 2022) n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan:
* **[[Curruca]]** (tegber seg 25 n telmas). 
* *[[Asaflaw (tawsit)|Asaflaw]]* (tegber seg 7 n telmas). 

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Afeṛṛu
Afeṛṛu (tawsit)

**Afeṛṛu** (isem ussnan: **Cisticola**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tfeṛṛiwin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 53 n telmas.

Tilmas n ufeṛṛu d timesburɣsin (tid itetten ibeɛɛac) meẓẓiyen. Llant ttusemlent deg twacult n tsaflawin (*Sylviidae*). 

## Tasartut
Tawsit-a igelm-itt-id umesgaman Johann Jakob Kaup deg useggas n 1829
## Ideggan n tudert

## Tilmas

## Imniren
Acrara

**Acrara** (isem ussnan: **Oenanthe moesta**) d yiwet n telmest n tmulliwin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temesmineqṛin. Talmest-a tettidir deg Tefriqt n Ugafa d Usamar Adday.

## Taskant d uglam

## Učči, Amyaraw d usegdef

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
* Umlili
Tamulla yidɣaɣen

**Tamulla yidɣaɣen** neɣ **Tamulla** (isem ussnan: **Oenanthe seebohmi**) d yiwet n telmest n tmulliwin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temesmineqṛin. Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert) d tin imceyyaren ɣef yidurar  Tmazɣa, seg yidurar n Arrif, d Aṭlas Lmeṛṛuk, ɣer Awras yakk d Ǧerǧer. Maca deg tegrest tettinig ɣer tmura n Saḥel n Tefriqt.

## Ismawen s tutlayin Timaziɣin niḍen
* S Tsaḥlit: **Abumlalay**.
* S Tmaziɣt n Waṭlas Alemmas: **Tumal mtaẓult**. 
* S Tsusit: **Tanaɣut**.
* S Tmaziɣt n Unẓul asemran (Lmeṛṛuk): **Ɛli umlil**

## Aglam

## Učči, Amyaraw d usegdef

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Azerkeṭṭif yiẓra

**Aylal n wedrar** neɣ **Azrekeṭṭif n yiẓra** neɣ **Amziw azegzaw** (isem ussnan: **Monticola saxatilis**) d talmest n n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n treẓẓazin. Talmest-a tettidir deg yidurar n umaḍal amzik (Uṛasya d Tefriqt).
Awtem yettwassen s inan-is i d-ijebbden tamuɣli, aladɣa deg unebdu, acku ixef-is d tuyat-is d izegzawen, adis-is d udfar-is d izeggaɣen. Ma d tawtemt d yifrax inan-nsen d ur msullsen ara (ur qessiḥ-it ara).

## Amyaraw d usegdef

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Taggayt :iɣersiwen
Timmentet

**Timmentet** d tilin tagamant n kra n tegrawt n yimuddiren (ama d iɣersiwen neɣ d imɣan s talɣa tamessufɣant deg kra n temnaḍt taraklant tulmist. Timmentet n telmest i kra n tama neɣ n temnaḍt, yellam-d d akken talmest-a tettili dinna kan, mači deg temnaḍt nniḍen. Ameẓyan, aṭas n telmas n ulimur smentetent deg tegzirt n Madagaskar.

Tilmas timentatuyin zemrent s tefrer (s ssehala) ad negrent neɣ ad ɣlint deg umizi n ungar, acku ttidirent deg yiwet kan n temnaḍt.

## Imniren
Umlili

**Umlili** neɣ **Tamulla taberkant imeẓẓuɣen** (isem ussnan: **Oenanthe hispanica**) d yiwet n telmest n tmulliwin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temesmineqṛin. Talmest-a tettidir deg tmura n Usamar n Yilel Agrakal (Agafa n Lmeṛṛuk, Lezzayer d Tunes, yakk Spanya d Unẓul n Fṛansa). Ma deg tegrest tettinig ɣer tmura n Saḥel n Tefriqt d Sudan. 

## Aglam

## Učči, Amyaraw d usegdef
Umlili itett ibureɣsen d twekkiwin. Amizi n umyaraw ibeddu deg wayyur n Yebrir, anda i tessrusay tewtemt gar n 4 d 5 n tmellalin, sin akin tzeddel fell-asent 13 neɣ 14 n wussan send ma ad frurxen-tt. 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tiguyas

**Tiguyas** neɣ **Tiẓuyag** (isem ussnan: **Otididae**) d tawacult n yigḍaḍ meqren. Ttidirent deg yizaɣaren iɣuraren deg yimenẓawen n umaḍal amzik (aqdim). Tilmas n twacult-a d tid meqren, acku teɣzi-nsent gar n 40 alamma d 150 cm.

## Tasnudert
### Tudert

### Učči

### [[Amyaraw]]

## Umuɣ n tewsitin
S unect n usismel n umnir (alqem 15.1, 2025) n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan, tawacult n Tguyas tla (tesɛa) 26 n telmas yebḍan ɣef 12 n tewsitin: 

* Agayes ameqran – (*Otis*). 
* Agayes – (*Ardeotis*).
* Tiẓri – (*Chlamydotis*).
* Ajuɣer – (*Neotis*).
* Tasninayt – (*Tetrax*). 
* Tasninayt tameẓyant – (*Eupodotis*).

## Imniren
Agayes (tawsit)

**Agayes** neɣ **Aǧayes** neɣ **Aẓayeg** (isem ussnan: **Ardeotis**) d yiwet n tewsit n tguyas igebren seg 4 n telmas. 

## Aglam

## Tilmas
S unect (ɛla ḥsab) n usismel n umnir (alqem 15.1, 2025) n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan: 

* Agayes aserɣin – (*Ardeotis arabs*).
* Agayes n Kori – (*Ardeotis kori*). 
* Agayes aberkan uqerruy – (*Ardeotis nigriceps*).
* Agayes n Usṭralya – (*Ardeotis australis*).

## Imniren
Agayes

**Agayes aserɣin** neɣ **Aẓayeg** neɣ **Agayes** kan, neɣ **Aǧayes, ⴰⵋⴰⵉⵙ** ɣer Imuhaɣ (isem ussnan: **Ardeotis arabs**) d yiwet n telmest n yigḍaḍ meqren yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tguyas. Talmest-a tettidir deg waṭas n yideggan (imukan), am unẓul n Tefriqt n Ugafa, Sudan, d tamiwin yezzin i Yilel Azeggaɣ.

## Aglam
Awtem yuzen gar n 5.7 d 10 kg. Tiddi-ines yettawaḍ ɣer 90 cm.

## [[Adu-telmest |Tidulemsin]]
S unect n usismel n umnir n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan, llant 4 n tdulemsin n ugayes: 
* **Ardeotis arabs lynesi**: tettidir deg utaram n Lmeṛṛuk.
* **Ardeotis arabs stieberi**: tettidir di Sinigambya, Anẓul utrim n Muritanya alamma d Usamar n Sudan. 
* **Ardeotis arabs arabs**: tettidir di Ityupya, Ṣumal, Suɛudiya yakk d Yamen.
* **Ardeotis arabs butleri**: tettidir deg Unẓul n Sudan.

## Imniren
Ajuɣer (tawsit)

**Ajuɣer** neɣ **Ajuɣir** (isem ussnan: **Neotis**) d yiwet n tawsit n tguyas igebren seg 4 n telmas, akk nsent ttidirent di Tefriqt.

## Tilmas
S unect n usismel n umnir (alqem 15.1 2025) n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan:
* Ajuɣer n Ludwig – (*Neotis ludwigii*).
* Ajuɣer n Denham – (*Neotis denhami*).
* Ajuɣer n Heuglin – (*Neotis heuglinii*). 
* Ajuɣer yinubiyen – (*Neotis nuba*).

## Imniren
Ibka

**Ibka** (asuf: **Ibki**) (isem ussnan: **Simiiformes**) d tader-fesna n temsuḍad yeṭṭafaren adu-tfesna n tifsanzarin (*Haplorhini*) deg tfesna n tmenziwin (*Primates*).
Dɣa, igmanen n tder-fesna ayi yakk ttwasemman ibka, anagar amdan. Ibka ttilin-d neɣ ttaken assaɣ i tetarsiyin (*Tarsiidae*), maca mgaraden fell-asent deg umdal n tiylalin n wallen-nsent seg deffir, ma d yibka ttwasnen s wudmawen-nsen ur nli (ur nesɛi ara) acebbub, d wallaɣ inneflin ugar n win n tetarsiyin d win n teṭefsanzarin (*Strepsirrhini*). Dɣa deg sin-sen (titarsiyind yibka) ssiliɣen-d adu-tfesna n tifsanzarin (*Haplorhini*).

Ibka bḍan ɣer snat n tegrawin tigejdanin, s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n yideggan n tẓuni-nsen: 
* Ibka n umaḍal aqdim (*Catarrhini*): (Asya d Tefriqt. Tagrawt-a tegber daɣen afeltwacult n tifgananin (*Hominoidea*) i yeṭṭafar umdan. 
* Ibka n umaḍal amaynu: deg umenẓaw n Temrikt. 
Maca tiskanin-nsen ttwassnen s yimgaraden  isemmilanen d iterrawanen (*Genetics*) i d-lan (i d-kesben) send n 40 n imelyan n iseggasen (taggara n tallit tafrarayt).

## Asesmel
Umuɣ n twaculin timiranin n yibka s unect n HMW: 
* Timzik-fesna (*parvorder*) n Taddanzarin (*Catarrhini*):
** Afeltwacult n yibka n umaḍal amzik – (*Cercopithecidae*).
*** Cercopithecidae.
** Afeltwacult n tzufgananin – (*Hominoidea*). 
*** Agibun – (*Hylobatidae*).
*** Tifgananin (*Hominidae*).
* Timzik-fesna n tehranzarin:
** Pitheciidae
** Atelidae 
** Ibka n yiḍ – (*Aotidae*) 
** Isebbusen – (*Cebidae*)
** Callitrichidae

## [[Taẓrawsit]] (''Phylogenia'')
Agizam

**Agizam** neɣ **Agejjim** neɣ **Agezerram** (isem ussnan: **Uromastyx**) d tawsit n tzermummiyin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tlemɣudiwin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 15 n telmas yettidiren deg Tefriqt n Ugafa d Usamar Alemmas.

## Aglam

## Tilmas
* Agizram – (*Uromastyx acanthinura*). 
* Agezzaram – (*Uromastyx alfredschmidti*).
* Agujjim – (*Uromastyx nigriventris*).
* Agizam anamnfal – (*Uromastyx dispar*). 
* Agizam utrim – (*Uromastyx occidentalis*).

## Imniren
Tiferkekt

Deg tsenɣersiwt, **tiferkekt** neɣ **Tiferkit** neɣ **Tizlemt**  temmal-d tiɣessa yeqquren yemmugen am tisiga (tilwaḥ) iy sdurin tifekkiwin n kra n iɣersiwen am iselman dcyizerman d waṭas n telmas niḍen n temraradin, tawuri-ines d d taggaẓt, d usengel d usedres n unbaẓ n waman.

## Tiferkekt n iselman

## Tiferkekt n iferṭeṭṭa

## imniren
Tanefra

**Tanefra** d afrar aplaman i d-issiliɣen ackaṛ anefraw ibwakken ad yezzin ɣef wemgun w ad t-iggeẓ (ad t-iḥrez). Tanefra tettili-d ɣer temraradin d yigḍaḍ d temsuḍaḍ (d ayen yeǧǧan ttusemman s tinefrawin).

## Tanefra ɣer wemdan

## Tanefra ɣer yigḍaḍ, timraradin d temsuḍaḍ

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Azelmemmu amellal

**Azelmemmu amellal** neɣ **Azelmemmu** kan (isem ussnan: **Psammodromus blanci**) d yiwet n telmest n tzermummiyin yeṭṭafaren tawsit n azelmemmu. Talmest-a tettidir deg ugafa n Lmeṛṛuk d Lezzayer yakked Tunes

## Ideggan n tudert
Azelmemmu amellal d win ittidiren di tẓegwa timnummsanin d yimudaɣ yakk d yilman.

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Tazermemmuyt (tawsit)

**Tazermemmuyt** (isem ussnan: **Lacerta**) d yiwet n tewsit n temraradin. Aṭas seg telmas n tewsit-a ttidirent deg Uruppa d Tefriqt n Ugafa am usberyun d tɣerdemmuct. 

## Ismawen niḍen s Tmaziɣt
Tazermemmuyt deg tutlayin Tamaziɣin, d tin ilan (isɛan) aṭas n yismawen. Amedya: **Aẓelmemmuy**/ **Tazermemmuct** / **Iqqli** / **Aɣaslem** / **Taxsi**... Atg

## Tilmas
S unect n uzadur n isefka n temraradin (24 yennayer 2013):
* Tazermemmuyt n igeyyiren – (*Lacerta agilis*). 
* Tazermemmuyt tazegzawt tutrimt – (*Lacerta bilineata*).
* Tazermemmuyt tazegzawt n Ubelkan – (*Lacerta trilineata*).
* Tazermemmuyt tazegzawt – (*Lacerta viridis*). 
* Lacerta media 
* Lacerta mostoufii
* Lacerta pamphylica
* Lacerta schreiberi
* Lacerta strigata

## Imniren
Tislit wenẓar

**Tislit wenẓar** neɣ **Tameɣra wuccen** d tumant tagamant tafizikt tettmag-d s usrag (ɣef sebba) n tṛuzi n tafat n tfukt deg tmiqwa n waman n ugeffur. Tislit n wenẓar tettili-d seld neɣ mi ara ad iɣli ugeffur, w ad tili tfukt tufrar-d. inan deg teslit n wenẓar, d azeggaɣ seg beṛṛa, sin akin issefsen ɣer učini, ɣer uwṛiɣ, ɣer uzegza, ɣer uzegzaw yakk ɣer udemdam s agensu.
Ini n tfukt igber seg waṭas n yinan iggwanen. 

## Tiɣmert n teslit n wenẓar

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Taẓrut n wasif

**Taẓrut n wasif** neɣ **Tammant mtesfift** (isem ussnan: **Phoenicurus moussieri**) d yiwet n telmest n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tammant. Talmest-a tettidir deg Yidurar n Waṭlas, alamma d teflel (laɛli) n 3000 m ɣef wallis n yilel. 

## Aglam

## Učči, Amyaraw d usegdef

## Imniren
Tislit yigḍaḍ taẓerfant

**Tislit yigḍaḍ taẓerfant** neɣ **Tislit yigḍaḍ** kan (isem ussnan: **Pluvialis squatarola**) d yiwet n telmest n yigḍaḍ imezdeɣimdan iminigen. Talmest-a d yiwet seg kuẓ (4) n telmas n tewsit n teslit n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n teslatin waman. 

D talmest-a yakk iy meqqren deg tewsit-ines. Afraw-is (rric-is) deg tallit n umyaraw d win yettwassnen s tenmegla-ines meqqren, acku yettimlul deg wadda, d azunɣid yebberbcen s umellal sufell-a. Ma d afraw-is deg tallit n tegrest, d azuniɣid yebberbcen sufell-a, ma deg wadis-is d amellal. 

## Tasartut
Deg useggas n 1758, deg teẓrigt tis snat deg wedlis-is ''Anagraw n Ugama''. Yefka-d uumusnaw n ugama n Swid Carl Linnaeus isem n « *Tringa squatarola* » i tislit yigḍaḍ taẓerfant, maca tura tettusesmel yakk d 3 n telmas nniḍen tewsit n ''Pluvialis'' i d-isnulfa umusnaw n yigḍaḍ Mathurin Jacques Brisson deg useggas n 1760.

## Asenmel

## Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert)

## Učči d umyaraw

## Imizan d taggaẓt

## Imniren
Mezeɣamda

**imezdeɣimdan** (asuf: **mezdeɣamda**) neɣ **Imezdeɣillan** (asuf: **mezdeɣilel**) (isem ussnan: **Charadrii**) d adu-tfesna n yigḍaḍ iminigen n teslatin n waman yettidiren s tuget deg teftisin d tmedwin d izaɣaren n umalus i wakken ad afen učči-nsen (ibureɣsen d truca) deg waluḍ yakk d yijdi.

## Tigrawin d [[talmest|telmas]]
Tigrawin tigejdanin: 

* Aɣbub – (*Gallinago*).
* Tayakna – (*Jacana*).
* Aɣayec n ilel – (*Haematopus*). 
* Agṭiṭ yilel – (*Himantopus*).
* Ajewwal – (*Recurvirostra*)
* Tislit yigḍaḍ – (*Pluvialis*). 
* Tislit waman – (*Charadrius*).
* Tisekrin waman – (*Glareolinae*). 
* Timregẓin – (*Vanellinae*).
* Aɣbub n tẓegwa – (*Scolopax*).

## Taẓuni

## Imniren
Taftist

Deg tmuɣli tussnant, **Taftist** d agemmaḍ neɣ d iri ur nessukser ara s waṭas. Yettili-d degs yijdi d yidɣaɣen. 

## Asenmel

## Anawen n teftisin

## Imniren
Ayzerrin (tawsit)

**Ayzerrin** neɣ **Buɣerdayen** neɣ **Bu-iɣerdayen** (isem ussnan: **Lanius**) d tawsit n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n teyzerriyin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 32 n telmas yettidiren deg Uruppa d Tferka d Asya.

## Aglam amatu

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Imniren
Taẓuri n Ṭṭrad

**Taẓuri n Ṭṭrad** (s Tṣinit : 孙子兵法, **Sūn zǐ bīng fǎ**, meskuli "Taẓuri n ṭṭrad n ssid Ṣun) d adlisfus aredsan d awezzlan, qqaren dakken yura-t Ṣun Zi. yessefham wedlis-a tastratiǧit, aṛayi, akked ttaktikin. Yessemras ilugan iferzen d yixfawen fessusen iwakken ad yesselmed amek i yella wesɣiwes d wamek yella rrbeḥ deg yimenɣi. Adlis-ayi-nni itteddu d ṭṭrad s rrẓana, d tamsalt ẓẓayen ilaq ad as-d-iheyyi yiwen s tesnagt akked leɛqel.

## Laṣel
Leqdic-a qqaren mensayi dakken d Ṣun Zi i t-yuran, d yiwen n lejninar amussnaw d aṣini. Yura-t i lḥekkam d yimṛayen, yuɣal yiwen seg yidlisen iqdimen maḍi deg umezruy n Ṣṣin, yesɛa ccan d wazal d ameqqraḥan di Ṣṣin akked tmura n Tasya tacerqit s umata.

## Timeṣkiwt
Adlis-a yebḍa d ixfawen wezzilen. Yal ixef ihedder ɣef usentel yiwen, ama d asɣiwes, akal, aẓdam, aseḥbiber, asexdem n yixbarǧiyen, atg.  Tutlayt yettusxedmen d tumqit d tusdidt, yessexdem s waṭas tifyirin yettɣimen deg wallaɣ iwakken ad yecfu wi t-yeɣran ɣef temsirin yellan deg-s.
Igiger (tawsit)

**Igiger** neɣ **Taɣulit** (isem ussnan: **Psammomys**) d tewsit n temseɣẓaẓ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tɣerdayin. Dɣa igiger d akutay yettidiren deg Tefriqt n Ugafa d Usamar Alemmas. Tawsit-a tegber seg snat n telmas. 

## Tilmas
* Igiger usdid – (*Psammomys vexillaris*). 
* Igiger azuran – (*Psammomys vexillaris*).

## Imniren
Crocodylus

**Aɣucaf** (isem ussnan: **Crocodylus**) d yiwet n telmest n temraradin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tɣucaf. Tilmas n iɣucaf banent seg yiẓuran yellan gar n Ugaraw Amelwi d Uhendi gar n 9 d 16 n imelyan n iseggasen yezrin. Sin akin, nfufden ɣer Tefriqt gar n 8 ɣer 12 n imelyan n iseggasen yezrin, anect-a tḍefrit tinigt seg Ugaraw Anaṭlas ɣer snat n Temrikin. 

## Taẓuni (ideggan n tudert)
Tilmas n uɣncaf d tin yeẓẓunin ideggan isbegsanen d idu-sbegsanen n Tefriqt d Asya d Usṭralya d Temrikin yakk d waṭas n tegzirin n Ukarib d yigarawen Amelwi d Uhendi.

## Tilmas
S unect n uzadur n isefka n temraradin (20 meɣres 2020): 
* Aɣucaf n Nnil – (*Crocodylus niloticus*).
* Aɣucaf n Kuba – (*Crocodylus rhombifer*).
*Aɣucaf n Marikan – (*Crocodylus acutus*).
* Aɣucaf awlal – (*Crocodylus porosus*).
* Aɣucaf n Ɣinya tamaynut (*Crocodylus novaeguineae*)
* Aɣucaf n Tefriqt – (*Crocodylus cataphractus*).
* Aɣucan n Ginya tamaynut – (*Crocodylus novaeguineae*).
* †Crocodylus anthropophagus (inger). 

## Imniren
Agergis

**Agergis** d anaw aleggaɣ alessas n uẓeṭṭa asuɣan deg tkuẓdarin. Agergis yesduray yerna iteggeẓ ixfawen iɣezfanen n yiɣsan n twermin am ugergis awerman. Akken iy iga d asger i waṭas n imuren n tfekka am ubeṛdi d tuyat d imezziwen n gar tiɣlalin. Ɣer kra n telmas n iɣersiwen, am iselman imgergisen (*Chondrichthyes*) yakk d tuwnismawin (*Cyclostomata*), agergis izmer ad issileɣ afimiḍ meqren s waṭas ɣef tɣessa, maca ur yeqqur ara am yifessugen.

## Isegra n ugergis

## Tawuri

## Anawen n ugergis

## Asuji n ugergis
## Imniren
Donkervoort

**Donkervoort Automobielen B.V.** d takebbanit tahulandit iṣennɛen s ufus tikerrusin (tiwaturin) tinaddalin tifessasin maḍi, tusa-d di Leylstad di Lahulund, tettusebded deg 1978 sɣur Joop Donkervoort, takebbanit-nni mazali-itt ar assa dn tamunant ṭṭfen-t tfamilt n Donkervoort. Teqqar dakken seg 1978 teṣneɛ s ufus akter n 1.500 n tkerrusin.

## Amezruy
Tebda s umazrar S7, dɣa ṭɛedda ɣer S8 akked D8. Temla-d deg Yennayer n 2026 P24 RS, tweṣṣef-itt dakken d takerrust i iǧehden imehzen maḍi ar teswiɛt-a.

## Ifuras
Tettwassen lmarka-ya s tkerrusin-is tifessasin n waddal, mexdumit i umenhar, am D8 akked F22. Ẓeyyren ladɣa ɣef tefses, tamellit, akked tenheṛt mebla aṭas n lemɛawna.
Taɣlalt

**Taɣlalt** (asget: **Tiɣlalin**) d yiwen n umur n wejgu n uzagur. Deg wejgu n uzagur ɣer tnaɣlalin, yal taɣlalt d tiɣest ur nellugen ara, yerna tal (tesɛa) tamsukt d tukrist, tesger seg yiɣes d ugergis ahyalin. Dɣa isegra-ayi mgaraden s unect n wadeg n teɣlalt deg wejgu n uzagur neɣ n telmest n tnaɣlalin. 

Ajgu n uzagur yedda seg uzadur n uqecṛuṛ alamma d timɣilt . Tawuri n teɣlalt d asalel seg taẓit n wamur afellay n tfekka. Yegber seg 33 n teɣlalin ɣer wemdan amawaḍ, ma yella ɣer wegrud llant 26 n teɣlalin, acku semmus n yiɣsan n tkarurt d kuẓ n yiɣsan n temɣilt urad (werɛad) ur neṭḍen ɣer wegrud.

## Anawen n teɣlalin

## [[Asemmili]] n teɣlalt
Taɣlalt tegber seg waṭas n imuren: 
* Tafekka (n teɣlalt), tga d amur agejdan, acku tettadam taẓit-is, akken i tessiliɣ tuget n tkura-ines.
* Azekkur imsennen, i d-yezgan deg tama tugmiḍt n tfekka, iteddu ɣer tama n deffir.
* Sin n izekkuren imagdalen, i yettilin gar n tfekka d uzekkur imsennen seg yal tama. 
* Tifli taneɣlalt, i d-yezgan gar n tfekka d izekkuren (imsennen d imagdalen).

## Imniren
Tamzilt

**Tamzilt** neɣ **Abuferriw** neɣ **Buferriw** (isem ussnan: **Periparus**) d tawsit n yigḍaḍ meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tbuferriwin.

## Tasartut
Seld n tezrawt n Johansson d yimidiwen-is (2013) ɣef wassaɣ aẓrawsan gar n telmas n temzilt. Yella-d wallas (aɛiwed) n usenmel n tewsit-ayi i wakken ad tili d taynazɣer.

## Umuɣ n [[talmest|telmas]]

## Imniren
Taẓrawsit

**Taẓrawsit** neɣ **Tussna n temhazt n tdefrin** d tussna yettunagen ɣef usileɣ n yimuddiren d wassaɣen yettilin gar-asen. Dɣa , yettili-d usnirem n wassaɣen-a s teslaḍin tixeclawanin d tezrawt n usileɣ n imuddiren yemgaraden. Taẓrawsit tal (tesɛa) azal meqqren deg tesnudert, acku aṭas seg tɣulin-is ggunint fellas deg waṭas n tegnatin. Amedya, izaduren n usismel ussnan d usemmi n yimuddiren d usenmel-nsent d tukza-nsent gar n telmas niḍen. Akken i tmikcament tiẓrawsin d usismel ussnan deg "tussna n inagrawen n teẓrawsit", tusna-ayi tga d tasnarrayt yessexdamen tiskanin timezdiyin n imuddiren yeddan seg yimru imezdi aneggar i usileɣ n isekla yeṭṭafaren agenses n tdefrin seg yimru ɣer tarwa (neɣ ayen ittusemman s tfelwit n yifurken), akken i d-tessenmal tilisa n telmas d yifurken. S umata, taẓrawsit tuɣal d tin ilan tawla tagejdant deg inagrawen isnudranen i ussuneɣ d ugenses n useklu amehzan n tudert.

## Tiski n useklu isgensisen tiwsitin

## Amezruy

## Imniren
Taynarcalt

**Taynarcalt** (seg Tegrikt: «*μονο*: yiwen» d «*γαμία*: arcal») d yiwet n talɣa n urcal anda i yettili i  wemdan (neɣ n uɣersiw) yiwen kan n wales (acrik) deg yal akud.

## Taynarcalt ɣer yimdanen

## Taynarcalt ɣer yiɣersiwen

## Imniren
Akunder (tawsit)

**Akunder** (isem ussnan: **Meriones**) d tawsit n temseɣẓaẓ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tɣerdayin. Akunder d akutay igebren seg waṭas n telmas yettidiren seg Tefriqt ɣer Mangulya, deg tneẓrufin d izaɣaren. 

## Tilmas

## Imniren
Timmarewt

**Timmarewt** neɣ **Talagt** deg tasnafgant, d irem i d-immalen aẓeṭṭa n wassaɣen imettiyen i d-issiliɣen amur ilan (yesɛan) azal meqqren deg tudert n wemdan deg yakk tmettiyin n umaḍal. Ma deg tesnudert, timmarewt temmal-d taseddaṛt n wassaɣ aterray gar n yigmanen n telmest. Akken i yezmer ad immel deg tegnit-a ula d assaɣen gar n yimdanen mi ara ad qqnen ɣer yidammen d tsensuta.

## Arruz imezdi

## Tamhazt n tmmarewt

## Tilin (arruzen n temmarewt)

## Tanalamt

## Assaɣen n iterrasen deg temmarewt

## Imniren
Taterrawt

**Taterrawt** neɣ **Tasnarrawt** d tussna iy zerrwen neɣ iy ɣɣaren ijinen d usekkus d wayen s wacu i d-gellun deg tugta n imuddiren. Akken iy zerrew asuddes d twuri d uslugen n ijinen, ama deg wayen yezzin ɣef usiweḍ nsen seg tsuta ɣer tayeḍ neɣ deg tenfalit-is deg uterras-nni ya.

Dɣa yiwen seg yifurken-is (Tamindilt) isnuzgum s usiweḍ n teskanin timsekkusin seg yimawlan ɣer tarwa-nsen.

## Amezruy

## Azmaz

## Taterrawt d tmetti

## Imniren
Tiɣirdemt yizgaren

**Tiɣirdemt yizgaren** neɣ **Timest n waḍu** neɣ **Timess waṭu** (isem ussnan: **Centipede**) d yiwen n usmil n tigetḍarin. Ibureɣsen-ayi d wid ɣezzifen yerna qzuzzmen (bḍan ɣer yizebgen), akken ilan (isɛan) tayuga n yiḍarren i yal azbeg seg yizebgen n tfekka-nsen. Yakk tilmas n tɣirdemt n yizgaren d timiririn, yerna zemrent ad glunt s tuqqsa yekman (qerriḥen), acku teskuccum iriren-is s kra n tmerniwt yettemcabin i yikacbaren, maca deg tidet gan d iḍarren iy nneflin. Ɣas akken isem-is ussnan *Centipede* (anamek-is: *Centi*;  tamidi, & *Pedere*; iḍarren), maca ulac talmest iy lan 100 n iḍarren s timmad, acku amḍan n tyuga n yiḍarren-nsent gan gar n 15 alamma d 191. 
Tiɣirdmiwin n yizgaren ttidirent deg yakk ideggan n umaḍal. Aladɣa Usṭralya d Temrikt. Akken imgaradent deg yibelɣen d yinan. 

## Ismawen deg [[tutlayin timaziɣin]] niḍen
* S Tsusit: **Tifiɣra** / **Tameksa yissan** / **Ifiɣri**. 
* S Tmaziɣt n Waresnis: **imiqes**.
* S Tmaziɣt n Unẓul asemran (Lmeṛṛuk): **Tasawṣat**. 
* S tarifit: **Tamceṭ n iyssan** / **Aɣezmir**. 
* S Tmaziɣt n weṭlas alemmas: **Taseksit n tfiɣra** / **Tayest**.

## Aglam
Tiɣirdmin n yizgaren d iɣersiwen ɣezzifen, seg 10 alamma d 15 cm. Tafekka-ines d tufrict seg ufella alamma d adda, yesger seg yixef d ugiger. Ixef-ik n tɣirdmiwin n yizgaren yeddel s waylan aratak, yerna iteddem snat n tmerniwin ɣezzifen isem-it-sent ickaraben. Sin n yiḍarren i d-izgan d ineggura d nutni yakk iy meqqren, acku tettaṭaf yissen tigemrawin-is 

## Tamhazt
Seg tallit tasiluṛt d tasawent, imusenderziken (imusnawen n tsenuderzikt) lan inzan ɣef tilin n teswermin meẓẓiyen (am tɣerdmiwin yizgaren, tissisin, tisellufin d tintegdefrin. Dɣa, iburɣesn-a ttekkayen deg usileɣ n wakal s usɣillet n tengawin tigamanin) i d-ibanen seld n tsehrest n imenẓawen sɣur yiɣman. tamɣuzt  taqdimt akk yettwassnen n tɣirdemt n yizgaren d Pneumodesmus newmani yettuɣalen ɣer 428 n iseggasen yezrin.

## Asesmel
Asmil n tɣirdemt n yizgaren yebḍa ɣer semmus n tfesniwin. Imi i gant d tilmas ur nettwameyyez, asiḍen-nsent amaḍlan mazal ur yekmil ara. Maca deg tezwarayin n tsut tis 20, yella-d usesmel n wazal n 3500 n telmas s unect n tejrit n tudert (26 mayu 2012): 

## Tikelli, Awliwel d wučči

## Deg yidles

## Imniren
Nureddin Yeɛqubi

**Nureddin Yeɛqubi** (s tlatinit: *Nourredine Yagoubi*) d amyurar n jjidu azzayri. Ilul-d ass n 8 Yennayer 1974.
Bu tbeqqi (tawsit)

**Bu tbeqqi** neɣ **Tarwa n mṛaw** (isem ussnan: **Saxicola**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n timṭefzanin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 13 n telmas.

## Tilmas

## Imniren
Asefrurex

**Asefṛuṛex** neɣ ** timmekfṭ** d yiwen n wanaw n umyaraw ɣer waṭas n iɣersiwen (am yiselman, igḍaḍ, timraradin yakk d tikelmanin). Deg wanaw-ayi, tiyemmatin timawaḍin ssrusayent timellalin yettwarrwen s agensu n useddul i wakken ad ittwaggeẓ (ad ittwaḥrez) ama deg telqi n yilel neɣ n wakal. Sin akin, ad tefṛuṛex tmellalt i wakken ad ffɣen deg-s yifṛax.

## Talalit

## Imniren
Tasenzikdert

**Tasenzikdert** neɣ **Asismel afurkan** (s Teglizit: Cladistics) d asudes (aseqṛeb) i usismel asnudran, anda ittusemlen imuddiren deg tegrawin (ifurkan isnudranen) u unect n umru imezdi i yudsen. Assaɣen uhlisen ttwabnan ɣef yinumaẓ isuddimen yezdin, tid i yella wamek ad uɣalent ɣer uẓar imezdi aneggar neɣ yudsen, yerna ur llint ara ɣer tegrawin d imerawen yaggugen. Seg teskanin yellan deg ufurek asnudran, ameru imezdi d warraw-is yakk gan d amur seg ufurek asnudran.

## Amezruy

## Imniren
Tamarawt

**Tamarawt** d tarrayt s wacu i ttemyarawent yis telmas n iɣersiwen iy gemmun ijinen-is s yimgunen s agensu n isirew n tyemmat. Maca, anaw-a n umyaraw yettili ula deg telmas n yimɣan.

## Ɣer yiɣersiwen

## Ɣer yimɣan

## Imniren
Azuniri

Deg teẓrawsit, kra n tegrawt iqqar fellas **Azuniri** mi ara ur t-ssegraw ara yakk irawen (ṛṛasat) n kra n telmest i tegber. 

## Asenmel

## Imedyan

## Imniren
Timsefrin

**Timsefrin** neɣ **Tiẓerẓurin** (isem ussnan: **Sturnidae**) d yiwet n twacult n yigḍaḍ yemnummsen deg ubleɣ (ur llint meẓẓiy-it, ur llint meqqer-it). Tawacult-a tegber seg 123 n telmas yebḍan ɣef 33 n tewsitin, d snat n tewsitin inegren.

## Umuɣ n tewsitin

* Aẓerẓur – (*Sturnus*). 

## Imniren