Suqraṭ

**Suqraṭ** d afelsaf agrigi n lqern wis 5 qb.S.Ɛ (ilul ahat di 470/469 qb.S.Ɛ, yemmut di 399 qb.S.Ɛ). Yettwassen belli d netta i d-yesnulfan tafelseft tamsirant (morale). Di tilawt ur d-yeǧǧi ara kra n tira, maca tewweḍ-aɣ-d tedmi-is s wudem arusrid seg wa ɣer wa. Amedya, inemladen-is Flaṭun d Gzinifun refden tamussni-is rnan sseɣren-tt s telqey iwakken ad yeqqim yisem-is.

## Tudert-is
Suqraṭ yella-d d afaylasuf amezwaru n teɣremt n Atina, ilul deg useggas 470 send n Ɛisa. Yella d mmi-s n usreqqat *Sufrunisk* d yemma-s *Finarit*. Tudert-is tebda am tudert n yal amdan n tallit-nni, maca ayen akk i t-id-yesbeɣsen d tidmiwin-ines timuqranin d wamek i yella yessestan ɣef teɣdemt d tmusni.

Deg umezwaru n tudert-is, Suqraṭ yella d asreqqat am baba-s, maca yerna yeǧǧa ccɣel-agi iwakken ad yefk iman-is i tefelsafit. Ur d-yeǧǧi ara isefka yura, acku yumen belli awal yemmeslayen d win i gesɛan azal ugar n win yettwarun. Taɣawsa-agi d yiwet seg tmenzayin tigejdanin n tefelsafit-is.

Yella iteddu deg izenqan n Atina, isetteqsay imdanen akk, seg imerkantiyen ar imḍebbren, ɣef tmiḍranin am taɣdemt , lḥerma, neɣ tahuski. Ur yelli ara d aselmad yettxelliṣen, maca yella ineqqar ad iɛiwen imdanen ad ddewlen ar yiman-nsen, ad nadin ɣef tidet s yiman-nsen.

## Tafelsafit-is
**Tarrayt n Suqraṭ**, i wumi neqqar "**tarrayt tasaqsit**", tella d allal-is agejdan. Yella yettnadi-d imdanen deg iberdan n Atina, yessaqsay-iten ɣef wayen ttɣilen belli snen-t. S usaqsi-ines iɛeqqaden, yella yeskan-asen belli ur sɛin ara tmusni i ttɣilen sɛan-tt. Tamẓrant-agi n "tussna n tussna n ulac" tella d lsas n tefelsafit-is.

Mačči d aselmed i yexdem, maca d abrid n usteqsi i yessemres. Yella yettara tuttriwin  i wid yettmeslay yid-s, alamma ufan-d iman-nsen weḥden belli ayen ɣilen ssnen-t, di tidet, d awal kan mebla lssas. Abrid-a yesɛa sin iswiren: amenzu, ad issen umdan belli ur yessin ara, dɣa wis sin, ad inadi ɣef tussna n sseḥ s wallaɣ-is d tmeẓla.

Suqraṭ yumen belli tafrit d tazwara n tmusni. Yenna-d: "Ssneɣ yiwet n taɣawsa kan, d akken ur ssineɣ ara aṭas n tɣawsin". Wagi mačči d nnqas n tussna, maca d tazwara n lefhama. I Suqraṭ, amdan amezwaru i ilaqen ad yissin d tilisa n tussna-s. Win iqeblen belli ur yessin ara, d netta i d-yeldin tawwurt i uselmed n tidet. Yettqadar belli amdan ilaq ad yesɛu tafrit ɣef yiman-is iwakken ad yizmir ad yaɣ abrid n tmusni.

**Deg tefelsafit n teɣdemt**, Suqraṭ yesɛa tiktiwin timaynutin. Yumen belli taɣdemt d taɣawsa i yellan daxel n yal amdan, mačči d ayen i d-yekkan seg beṛṛa. Yenna-d belli "aɣilif" d ayen i d-yettilin seg tussna n ulac. Ma yella umdan yesɛa tmusni n tidet, ad yexdem ayen yelhan. Tamẓrant-agi tebeddel aṭas deg umezruy n tidmi tafelsafit.

**Tussna d wazal**: Suqraṭ yumen belli ulac amdan ixeddmen ccer s timmad-is. Ccer, ɣur-s, yekka-d seg tawaresnit neɣ d nnqas n tussna. Yeqqar-d belli win yessnen s tidet d acu i yelhan, ad yexdem kan ayen yelhan. Ihi, i wakken ad yili umdan d aɣezfan, ilaq ad issin.

Yesɛa aṭas n yinelmaden, gar-asen Flaṭun, i d-yuran aṭas ɣef tefelsafit n Suqraṭ. Flaṭun d win i d-yeǧǧan isefka ɣef wayen yenna Suqraṭ, acku am akken d-nenna, Suqraṭ ur yuri ara. Deg yidlisen n Flaṭun, Suqraṭ yettban-d d argaz yesɛan tidmi tamuqrant ɣef tugdut, ɣef tmusni, d teɣdemt.

Ɣef teɣdemt n tmetti, Suqraṭ yumen belli tugdut d anagraw n udabu i gefren, maca yesɛa ccek ɣef wamek i tetteddu deg Atina n lweqt-is. Yettqadar belli aṭas n yemdanen ur sɛin ara tmusni i ilaqen iwakken ad ttekkin deg tugdut s wudem yelhan.

## Lmut-is
Deg useggas 399 send n Ɛisa, Suqraṭ yettwaccetka ɣef snat n tɣawsin: asexṣer n yilmeẓyen s tidmi-ines  yerna ur yumin ara s yilluten n temdint n Atina. Deg tidet, d tuzzma-ines  i iqelqen imḍebbren imeqranen n tallit-nni, syin uɣalen ḥeṛṛsen mgal-is acku tiktiwin-is llant ttbeddilent tiktiwin n yilmeẓyen. Deg ccreɛ, yegguma ad iḥunn i yiman-is neɣ ad isuter ssmaḥ. Yeqqar belli ur ixdim acemma n diri, yerna ma yella d lmut i yettraǧun, ad iqabel lmut wala ad ixdeɛ imenzayen-is. Ḥekmen fell-as s lmut. Di tnaḍt-is, yesɛa tagnit ad yerweḷ neɣ ad yesteɛfu, maca yextar ad yemmet. Yenna-d belli tudert war tmusni ur tesɛi ara azal, d belli ilaq ad yettqadar ilugan n tmurt.

Lmut n Suqraṭ s usemmiḍ tella d yiwet seg lmutat timechurin deg umezruy. Inelmaden-is, am Flayṭun d Ksinufun, uran ɣef wamek yemmet s talwit, yeqqim yettmeslay d yinelmaden-is almi d taggara. Lmut-is tuɣal d amedya n urgaz i yumen deg tefelsafit-is almi d taggara n tudert-is.

Tafelsafit n Suqraṭ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tidmi. Yesbed-d lsas n usteqsi afelsafi, yesbedd lsas n teɣdemt d tmusni, yerna yesɛa tazrirt ɣef tefelsafit n umḍiq n Utaram(Lɣerb). Tiktiwin-is ɣef tafrit, ɣef tmusni, d ɣef teɣdemt mazal ttwaɣrant ar ass-a deg yiɣerbazen d deg tmetti.

Taɣawsa tameqqrant i d-yeǧǧa Suqraṭ d belli tmusni n tidet d abrid ɣer tudert yelhan. Yesɛemmed belli amdan ilaq ad yesɛu tafrit ɣef yiman-is, ad yesteqsi ɣef wayen yumen, yerna ad yeddu dima s tidet, ula ma yella aya ad t-yawi ɣer ugur.