Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ

**Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ** (s taglizit: *Cold War*, s tarusit: Холодная война), d tamenziɣt deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, seg 1945 ar 1991, gar Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt, Tadukli Tasuvyatit ed yimsisan-nsen, Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ tella deg tasertit, tadamsa ed tazniwt, aseqdec n yemrigen d win yesεan lḥedd.

*Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ* d awal yura-t i tikelt tamezwarut s umaru aglizi George Orwell, deg umagrad i yeffeɣ-d deg 1945.

Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d tallit n umennuɣ asertan, d usnaktawi i d-yebdan seld Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin (deg 1945) yerna yekfa s uɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991. Fkan-as isem (isem-is) "asemmaḍ" acku ur d-yelli ara d ṭṭrad iẓrilew neɣ d imenɣi srid gar snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin: Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan (IYM) d Tdukli Tasuvyatit (TT).

## Iẓuran n Umennuɣ: Tazdukla mgal Tamsihrit
Deg yiwet n tama, tella Marikan d yimsisan-is n utaram, i yellan dduklend ɣer unagraw n tamsihrit , tugdut talibiralit, d uzayez n tlelli tudmawant. Sɛan tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli.

Deg tama nniḍen, tella Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ. TT tella tettabaɛ anagraw n tazdukla , s unabaḍ imeslemmes s waṭas, anda akabar amyiwen i d-yettaṭṭafen adabu.

Yal yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin-a tella tettnadi ad tesnerni tazrirt d tesnakta-ines deg umaḍal.

### 1. Anagraw n Wataram: Tamsihrit d Tugdut Talibiralit
Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d yimsisan-nsen n Wataram (am Tgelda Yedduklen, Fṛansa, atg.) llan ḍefren anagraw yebnan ɣef:

* **Tadamsa:** Tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli. Anect-a yebɣa ad yini d akken imdanen d tkebbaniyin n uḥric uslig sɛan azref ad sɛun ayla, ad xedmen tanezzut, yerna ad myezzayen tamsezwert gar-asen. Adabu neɣ awanek ur ikeccem ara aṭas deg tdamsa.
* **Tasertit:** Tugdut talibiralit. Anagraw-a yebna ɣef tlelli tudmawanin, am tlelli n wawal, tlelli n tɣamsa, d tlelli n usɣan. Llan inagrawan n yikabaren, dɣa lɣaci i d-yefrennan anwa ara ten-inebḍen.
* **Iswi:** Taggara n Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, Marikan tella tettwali Tazdukla d amihi ameqqran ɣef tlelli n umaḍal. Iswi ameqqran nsen yella d "aḥbas" n tesnerni n tesnakta tazduklant, ladɣa deg Turuft i yettwaḍerrfen s ṭṭrad.

### 2. Anagraw n Wegmuḍ: Tazdukla d Unagraw n Ukabar Amyiwen

Tadukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ n Turuft i teddukul (i yellan seddaw n tecḍaḍt-is) llan ḍefren anagraw yemgarraden s tidett:

* **Tadamsa:** Tazdukla, akken i d-tenna tesnakta n Marx d Lenin. Deg unagraw-a, ur telli ara wayla uslig n walalen n ufares (usines, terres...). D adabu i d-yettaṭṭafen kullec s yisem n tmetti. Tadamsa yella usɣiwes sɣur unabaḍ ameslemmes.
* **Tasertit:** Anagraw n ukabar amyiwen. Ala Akabar Azduklan i yesɛan azref ad yili deg udabu. Ur yelli ara tamsezwert tasertant. Anagraw-a yettusemma daɣen "aɣrudan" acku adabu yella ikeccem deg yal tama n tmeddurt n yemdanen, yerna yella uḥbas ameqqran n tlelli n wawal d uzɣan.
* **Iswi:** Tadukli Tasuvyatit, s tesnakta-s, tella tettamen d akken tamsihrit d anagraw n wammud yerna ilaq ad teɣli. Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tegrawla tazduklant deg umaḍal, ad seddukel ixeddamen n umaḍal yakk.

### Amgired i d-Yeslulen Ṭṭrad
Imenɣi d umgired n tesnakta i d-yebdan uqbel Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, maca yuɣal d aṣeḥḥan seld 1945.

Seg temliliyin n Yalta d Potsdam, Iwunak Yedduklen d Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek ara tili Turuft mbeɛd ṭṭrad. Marikan tebɣa timura tilelliyin s tefranin n tugdut. Tadukli Tasuvyatit, i yexsren aṭas n yimdanen, tebɣa ad tesbedd "tamnaḍt n uḥuddu" gar-as d Wegmuḍ n Turuft, s usbeddi n yinabaḍen izduklanen i s-yeddan deg tmura am Pulunya, Hungarya, d Rumanya.

Widak n Wataram walan anect-a d tamsulta d usnerni n tezdukla s yiɣil. Dɣa yal tama tebda tettwali tamaniḍt d amihi ɣef tilin-is. Anect-a i d-yeslulen beṭṭu n Turuft d umaḍal ɣef sin n yiḥricen, d tallit n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

## Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen
Yiwet seg tmeẓri timeqranin n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d "tazzla ɣer leslaḥ," ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen. Seg wasmi i sseqdec Iwunak Yedduklen tibumbtin tiɣisanin deg 1945, Tadukli Tasuvyatit texdem tirmit ines tamezwarut deg 1949.

Anect-a yebda tallit n "tuggdi n uɣisan". Snat n tmura-a wwḍent ɣer tnezmart  n ussexṛeb n umaḍal acḥal d tikkelt. Tuggdi-a n ussexṛeb d ayen i d-yeslulen lḥers ameqqran, maca deg yiwet n tama, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad usrid gar-asent.

"Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen"  d timsizzelt tameqqrant i d-yellan gar Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d Tdukli Tasuvyatit iwakken ad snernin yerna ad afen imrigen iweɛṛen ugar, ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen.

Mačči d tazzla ɣef yimrigen iklasikiyen kan i yellan, maca d tazzla ɣef tknulujit n ussexṛeb ameqqran.

### 1. Tagara n Uḥkar
Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ yebda s yiwet n tnezmart kan i yesɛan abrid ɣer umrig aɣisan.

* **1945:** Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan sseqdacen snat n tbumbtin tiɣisanin ɣef Hiroshima d Nagasaki deg Japun. D nutni i d imezwura yerna d nutni i d imyiwen i yesɛan tanezmart-a tameqqrant. D anect-a i wumi neqqar "aḥkar aɣisan".
* **1949:** Tadukli Tasuvyatit, s uɣalli d tmuɣli n tmusniyin-is, tessefɣ-d tabumbt-is tamezwarut. Dɣa yeɣli uḥkar n Marikan. Seg yimir-nni, tebda tazzla n tidett.

### 2. Tameẓla n Usseḥbes
Ilaq ad nefhem ayɣer i ṣerrfen idrimen ɣef yimrigen-a. Tameẓla  tamezwarut d "asseḥbes" neɣ "aṣerheb".

Anamek: Yal tama tella tettnadi ad tesɛu imrigen i yeqqnen iwakken ad teṣerheb tama nniḍen. Tikti-nni tella akka: "Ma tebɣiḍ ad iyi-d-tewteḍ, ilaq ad teẓreḍ belli sɛiɣ ayen s wayes ara k-ssexṛbeɣ ula d kečč, yerna s tarrayt iweɛṛen."

Anect-a yebna ɣef tuggdi. Yal tama tuggad tanezmart n tama nniḍen.

### 3. Asali n Tnezmart: Seg Tbumbt 'A' ɣer Tbumbt 'H'
Tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara deg tbumbt taɣisant tamenzut (A-Bomb).

* **Tabumbt n Uhidṛujin (H-Bomb):** Deg 1952, Marikan tessefɣ-d tabumbt "H", i tesɛan tanezmart n ussexṛeb ugar n tbumbt taɣisant n 1945 s waṭas n tikkal.
* **1953:** Tadukli Tasuvyatit terra-d, texdem ula d nettat tabumbt-is "H".

Amyezzyi-a yuɣal d "anwa ara yesɛun tabumbt i d-yettawin axeṣṣar ugar."

### 4. Timsizzelt n umseḍru

Aṭas n yimrigen ur yettunfaɛ ara ma ur tesɛiḍ ara amek ara ten-tesserwteḍ ɣer umnaḍ (iswi). Dɣa tebda tazzla nniḍen:

* **Imrigen Ibalistikiyen :** Bdan leqdic ɣef yimrigen i zemren ad awin tiqweṛṛa tiɣisanin si yiwet n temnaḍt neɣ umenẓaw ɣer tayeḍ. D wigi i wumi neqqar "Imrigen Ibalistikiyen Igraklanen" (ICBMs).
* **Tuffɣa n Sputnik (1957):** Asmi i d-tessefɣ TT "Sputnik 1" (agensas aragmawan amezwaru) ɣer tallunt, anect-a yessexdem Marikan. Mačči kan ɣef tazzla n tallunt, maca lmaɛna-s d akken TT tesɛa tknulujit n yimrigen i zemren ad awḍen srid ɣer wakal n Marikan.

### 5. Tuggdi n Ussexṛeb Gar-asent
Deg yiseggasen n 1960, snat n tnezmarin-a wwḍent ɣer yiwet n tegnit iɣef ur zmirent ara ad uɣalent ɣer deffir.

Sɛant i sin ayen i yeqqnen n yimrigen iɣisanen iwakken ad ssexṛbent tamaniḍt n yal yiwen acḥal d tikkelt. Anagraw-a n tuggdi yettusemma s Tenglizt "MAD" .

Tameẓla-a, ɣas d tamcumt, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad asrid gar-asent. Yal yiwen yuggad ad yebdu imenɣi acku yessen inalkamen: assexṛeb n umaḍal.

### 6. Tazɣent n Imrigen n Kuba (1962)

D anect-a i d akud iweɛṛen akk deg Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ. Asmi i tebɣa TT ad tesbedd imrigen iɣisanen deg Kuba (tama n Marikan), amaḍal yewweḍ ɣer yiri n ṭṭrad aɣisan n tidett. D anect-a i d-yesbeggnen amihi ameqqran n tazzla-a ɣer yimrigen.

### 7. Inalkamen
Tazzla-a tesɛa inalkamen imeziwiyen:

# **Iṣurdiyen Imeqqranen:** Snat n tmura xesṛent idrimen ur nesɛi tilisa ɣef leslaḥ, ayen i d-yesseɛtaben tadamsa-nsent, ladɣa tadamsa tasuvyatit i yeɣlin deg taggara.
# **Tuggdi n Yimir:** Imdanen n umaḍal ddren acḥal n yiseggasen seddaw n tuggdi n ṭṭrad aɣisan i zemren ad d-yas deg yal saɛa.
# **Asnerni n Tknulujit:** Ɣas d ayen n diri, tazzla-a tewwi-d asnerni ameqqran n tknulujit (am tazzla ɣer tallunt, iselkimen/Net).

Deg taggara, mbeɛd tazɣent n Kuba, bdan yimtawayen am "SALT" iwakken ad ssenqsen ɣef yimrigen-a, maca tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara s tidett armi d taggara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

## Amennuɣ ɣef Tallunt d Tknulujit
Amennuɣ mačči d aserdas kan. Yella daɣen "Tazzlan ɣer Tallunt". D anect-a i d-yesbeyynen anwa unagraw  i d-yufraren deg tɣawsiwin n tmusni d tussna d tknulujit.

**1957:** Tadukli Tasuvyatit tessefɣ-d agensa  amezwaru, "Sputnik 1".

**1961:** Yuri Gagarin (Asubyati) yuɣal d amdan amezwaru i d-yezzin ɣef umtiweg n wakal.

**1969:** Marikan terra-d s tuwwḍa n "Apollo 11", anda Neil Armstrong yersa ɣef Wayyur.

## Ṭṭradat s Uwkil d Uɣrab n Berlin
Iwakken ad myaɣen war ma nnuɣen srid, IYM d TT llan ssexdamen "ṭṭradat s uwkil". Llan ttgen tadrimt yerna ttgrn imrigen i yimsisan nsen deg yimenɣan n tmura nniḍen. Amedya:

* Ṭṭrad n Kurya (1950-1953)
* Ṭṭrad n Vyetnam (1955-1975)
* Amennuɣ n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg Afɣanistan (1979-1989)

Deg Turuft, yebna "Aɣrab n Berlin" deg 1961. Aɣrab-a  yebḍa tamdint n Berlin ɣef sin, yerna yuɣal d azamul n beṭṭu n Wegmuḍ (tazdukla) d Wataram (tamsihrit).

## Tagara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tebda tettidir tizɣatin timeqqranin n tdamsa d tsertit. Tismeskal n "Perestroika" (aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa) d "Glasnost" (tuffɣa ɣer tafat/lfiraq) i d-yewwi Mikhail Gorbachev, ur ssawḍen ara ad sselken anagraw.

## Tizmilin