Tagduda Taṛumanit

**Tagduda Tarumanit** tebda deg useggas n 509 send n tlalit n Ɛisa, mi yettwakkes ugdud Arumani *Tarquinius Superbus*, agellid aneggaru n Ruma. Tamezwarut-a n tegduda tella d tagrawla mgal tanbaḍt tageldunt i yellan tettaɛna aṭas iseggasen. *Lucius Junius Brutus* d *Marcus Horatius* Pulvillus uɣalen d ikunsulen imezwura n tegduda tamaynut.

Azamul amezwaru n tegduda yebna ɣef uzaraf n "Senatus Populusque Romanus" (SPQR), anamek-is Agraw d ugdud Arumani. Anagraw-a yebḍa adabu ger sin ikunsulen i d-yettwafernen yal aseggas, d ugraw (Senatus) i d-yettwalin ɣef tsertit taɣelnawt.

## Tisektiwin n Unagraw Agdudan
Tagduda Tarumanit tesbedd tisektiwin tigejdanin ara yeǧǧen tanbaḍt ur tettili ara deg ifassen n yiwen wemdan:

**Ikunsulen**: Sin imasayen i d-yettwafernen yal aseggas, ttawin tadbelt tiserdasant d tsertit. Sɛan azref n *viṭṭu* ɣef tiɣtas n wayeḍ.

**Agraw (Senatus)**: Tajmaɛt n 300 ar 600 n yergazen, amur ameqran seg-sen d ipatrisyen. D nutni i d-yettakken iwellihen d yinaḍen i tegduda.

**Agdud d** **Yimɣarin-is**: *Tribuni plebis* ttwafernen iwakken ad ḥudden izerfan n wuɣref(aladɣa mgal i patrisyan). Sɛan azref n *viṭṭu* mgal tiɣtas n yikunsulen d ugraw.

**Imḍebbren** **Inezrafen**: *Prituren* ttawin taɣdemt, *sinsuren* ttɛassan agdud u ḥudden tikli n ugraw.

## Aswir d Unekcum Amezwaru (509-264 Q.A)
Di tazwara, Ruma tella d tamdint tamecṭuḥt di tmurt n Latium. Maca s tizzya, tebda tettwasɛa s yimenɣa d yisaɣen. Ger 509 d 264, Ruma terbaḥ:

* Imenɣi mgal Timdinin n Latium (496 Q.A - Imenɣi n ubaliɣ Regillus)
* Ṭṭrad mgal Ivetrusken
* Amenɣi mgal Ivulsken d Yekwen
* Taɣlaft(asɣim) n Ruma sɣur Igallen deg 390 Q.A
* Ṭṭradat mgal Isamniten (343-290 Q.A)

Tagrawla n yiplebis deg 494 Q.A telha-d s usbeddi n tribunat n ugdud, ayen i yeǧǧan timsal ad ilint ger ipatrisyen d yiplebiyin.

## Ṭṭradat Tipunikiyin d Tanbaḍt n Yilel Agrakal (264-146 Q.A)

### Ṭṭrad Tapunikt Tamezwarut (264-241 Q.A)
Amenɣi amezwaru mgal Qarṭaj yebda ɣef Sisilya. Ruma tebna tafluka-s tamenzut iwakken ad tenaɣ deg yilel. Amenɣi yekfa s tnezmert n Roma di Mylas (260) d Yigzawen Egaten (241).

### Ṭṭrad Tapunikt Tis Snat (218-201 Q.A)
Hannibal Barca yeɛreḍ ad yaɣ Ruma seg Spanya, yezger Alpen s yilwen. Yerbeḥ timenɣiwin timeqqranin di *Trasimen d* *Kanna* (216 Q.A). Maca Scipyu Afrikanus yuɣal-d s tnezmert di Zama (202 Q.A).

### Ṭṭrad Tapunikt Tis Kraḍt (149-146 Q.A)
Ruma teqḍa ad tesfeḍ Qarṭaj. Scipyu Aemilianus yeṭṭef tamdint deg 146 Q.A, yesreɣ-itt, yerna yesswa tizemrin s tmelḥit(ɣas akken llan wid i d-iqqaren d akken macci d tidet waya).

## Timhalin Tigensanin d Tsemmeskelt n Tegduda (133-49 Q.A)

### Tisemmaskalin n Watmaten Gracchi
Tiberius (133 Q.A) d Gaius Gracchus (123-121 Q.A) ɛerḍen ad beddlen tikli n tmurt s wugar n wakal i *yiplibiyin*. Amenɣi-nsen yekfa s tmettant-nsen.

### Ṭṭrad Tanamurt

* Amenɣi mgal Yugurten di Numidya (112-105 Q.A)
* Ṭṭrad mgal Isimbren d Yitunen (113-101 Q.A)
* Ṭṭrad Amettiwan (91-88 Q.A)
* Tagrawla n Spartacus (73-71 Q.A)

### Triumvirat Amezwaru (60-53 Q.A)
Julyus Sisar, Pumpey d Krassus msefhamen ad bḍun tanbaḍt. Amtawa-ya yeɣli mi yemmut Crassus deg 53 Q.A.

## Taggara n Tegduda d Tlalit n Tgelda (49-27 Q.A)

### Ṭṭrad Aɣerman
Amenɣi ger Sisar d Pumpey (49-45 Q.A) yekfa s tnezmert n Sisar. Pumpey yerwel ar Maṣer anda yemmut deg 48 Q.A.

### Tanekra n Sisar
Sisar yuɣal d adiktatur, yebda tibeddiliyin timeqqranin. Maca yenɣa-t unguz n isenaturiyen deg yiḍes n Mars 44 Q.A.

### Ṭṭrad Aɣerman Wis Sin
Marcus Antunyus, Uctavyanus d Lepidus msefhamen deg 43 Q.A. Maca amenɣi yekker garasen, yekfa s tnezmert n Uctavyanus di Actium (31 Q.A).

### Uctavyanus Yuɣal d Ugustus
Deg 27 Q.A, Utavyanus yeṭṭef akk adabu, yuɣal d Augustus, amenkad amezwaru n Ruma. Tagduda temmut, tebda Tgelda Tarumanit.

## Tamezduɣt d Yidelsa di Tegduda

Tagduda Tarumanit teǧǧa-d aṭas n teɣlafin:

* Taqanunit Tarumanit (Lex Duodecim Tabularum)
* Tasegda timeqqranin am anmagar(afurum),tiqenṭyar, d yiberdan
* Tamedyazt d tsekla (Plutus, Tirense, Sisiru)
* Tafelsuft d tussna (azal n tuẓult, *pietas*, d *dignitas*)

## Tagrawt
Tagduda Tarumanit teddam azal n 482 n yiseggasen, seg 509 ar 27 Q.A. Tebeddel seg temdint tamecṭuḥt ar tgelda tameqqrant yesɛan ilel Agrakal. Taggara-s tussa-d mi yuɣal wammus gar yimasayen d tikriḍt tagensant ur nezmir ara ad tt-frun yinagrawen iqdimen. Ugustus yerra-tt d tamenkda, maca yeḥrez aṭas n tɣawsiwin n tegduda di ṭṭerf-is. Tagduda Tarumanit teǧǧa-d azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tmura n Turuft d yilel Agrakal, ladɣa deg wayen yeɛnan tazarfit, tasertit, d tsekla.