open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Imeɣban

**Imeɣban** (s tefransist *Les Misérables*) d ungal n Victor Hugo i d yeffɣen deg useggʷas n 1862. Deg uḍris a ameqqṛan n tsekla tafransist i d igelmen tudert igellilen n lqern wiss XIX di Paris d tmennaḍin nniḍen n Fransa, ameskar yelha d ugar d uwadem is Jean Valjean i yellan yettuḥasef s ukeṛfi. D ungal amazray, amestan, afelsafi, ideg llan daɣen wuktuyen n trumansit akked wid n Victor Hugo s umata ɣef ayen yerzan tumest n wemdan. Ungal a aṭṭaṣ

i d yessezgen i ssinima d tliẓri akked d umezgun.

Yenna Victor Hugo deg usissen n wungal-is (deg uḥric amezwaru) :

 « Skud mazal isuḍaf d wansayen ttilin d ssebba n temḥeqranit tamestant s jahennamat i d xellqen deg tlemmast n tɣerma,  d lmektub n Ṛebbi i rennun ssewɛaren tt s tẓegzegt n wemdan; skud ulac tifrat i tlata yi iɣeblan n lqern ideg nella: a

aɛfas n wergaz s tprulitarit, aḍeqqer n tmeṭṭut deg laẓ, d useḍɛef n wegrud s wuḍan ; skud mazal  taxennaqt tamstant tezmer ad tili di kra n tmennaḍin, neɣ ma nena-d s wudem wessiɛen ugar, ayakka txuṣṣ tmusni deg ddunit anda yeqwa leɣben, idlisen am wa ad yili kan wayen ideg ara inefɛen. »
Aɣlal

**Aɣlal** deg Teqbaylit d irem i d-yemmalen tagrawt n iɣersiwen ibeldisen ilan (yesɛan) ijeɣlalen i wakken ad aggẓen tifekkiwin-nsen yessalwen, , iɣlalen s umata ttidirent sufell n wakal, S tenmegla n umillus maca gan yakk d tigritin, Dɣa azal n 40% n tigritin d iɣlalen yettidiren sufel n wakal.
Ini

**Ini** (asget : **inan**) d n tfekka n yal taɣawsa seg tezwe, tebrek, tewreɣ, temlel... atg. Ini d ayen i nsekked seg yiɣman mi ara ad sermen tafat s talɣa tafizikant, anda i t-i-tt-sekked tiṭ n wemdan sin akin allaɣ issuɣul-it.

## Tizmilin
Tamaziɣt n waṭlas ablidi

**Tamaziɣt n Waṭlas Ablidi** d yiwet n tutlayt tamaziɣt taznast i ttmeslayen yimaziɣen n Waṭlas Ablidi. Ma ɣas tutlayt tamaziɣt, zik tettwaru s isekkilen n tifinaɣ akken tettwaru tmaceɣt ar ass-a, tamaziɣt n tmurt n watlas Ablidi tettwaru nettat s isekkilen ilatiniyen.

## Tajeṛṛumt

## Tasnimeslit

## Addad amiran

## Tiwelhiwin
Voltaire

**François-Marie Arouet**, iwumi qqaren **Voltaire**, d amyaru afransis, yella daɣen d afelsafi ; ilul ass n 21/11/1694 di Paris, yemmut ass n 30/05/1778 ; yeǧǧa-d later meqqren deg lqern wis XIV imi d i d agensas n tfelsafit n tifawin, yerna yezga d netta i ḥemmlen iburrjwaten iṛumiyen ama qbel neɣ mi tɛedda tegrawla tafransist.

S ubrid-is i d-yewwi mgal tiṭṭurfa tamasɣant (n ddin), amennuɣ-is yeqqen ugar ɣer tissumḥa d tlelli n wawal. 
Ma d tira-s teṭṭef-d deg umezgun, tamedyazt, amzruy, d tsekla-nniḍen yebḍan ɣef wungalen d tmucuha anda i d-yeggar tikta-s tfelsafiyin. Aɣanib-s seg wid iqewwan, tikwal yeslusuy-as kra usaran ; aya merra yerra-t d yiwen seg imyura icaɛen nezzeh di lqern wis XIV. Yerna ar tura mazal-is seg wid i d-beddren medden s tuget.

## Ayen yura

**Tifelseft** **:**
* Tibratin teflsafiyin (Lettres philosophiques), 1734
* Awal ɣef tissumḥa (Traité sur la tolérance),1763
* Amawal afelsafi (dctionnaire philosophiques), 1764

**Amezruy** **:**
* Tin ugellid Henri (La Henriade), 1728
* Amezruy n Charles XII (L'histoire de Charles XII) ? 1731
* Lqern n l Louis XIV(Le siècle de Louis X1V),1751
* Awal ɣef wansayen (Essai sur les mœurs), 1741

**Ungalen/Timuchuha** **:**
* Zadig, 1747
* Candide, 1759
* Micromégas (1752)
* Ameḥruc (lIngénu),1767
**
**Tamedyezt**** **:**
* Isefra ifelsafiyi d isefra isatranen (Poèmes philosophiques et poèmes satiriques),
* Asefru ɣef  twaɣit n Lisbun (Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne), 1756

**Tibratin** **:**  6000
Charles Darwin

**Charles Darwin**, amassan n ugama aglizi, ilul di Shopshire ass n 12 deg furar1809, yemmut di  Dawne ass n 19 deg yebrir 1882. Imahilen-is ɣef temhazt n telmas  timuddirin ḍḥan-d d wid yessegrawlen tasnudert segmi d-yessufeɣ adlis-is Iẓuran n telmas deg useggas n 1859. Dɣa asmi yella icaε yisem-is gar imassanen s inadiyen iga, i yessker yiwet n turda  i d-yeqqaren belli tilmas akk timuddirn yellan zemrent ad ilint seg yiwen neɣ si kra kan n ijaddiyen ucriken i d-uɣent aẓar armi mehzent ɣef teɣzi n wakud, s twisi n wayen iwumi qqaren afran agaman.

Di tilawt, mačči d netta i yennan d amezwaru belli amdan yeqqers-d seg yibki (aḥallum, iddew), acku yezwar-it ɣer waya Lamarck s xemsin iseggasen, ulamma tazrawt -is netta (Darwin) ɣef tikti-nni daɣ i tettawi yerna tessegza lumuṛ s telqey ; baqi segmi d-yeffeɣ udlis-nni-ines yuɣal yegget fell-as wawal d unṭag deg ijernanen d wanda nniḍen, ladɣa si tamiwin timasɣanin (imdeyynen) i iwalan deg-s ankaṛ n wamek i yettwassen uxlaq n ddunit d wayen yettidiren, sɣur Rebbi, meḥsub werǧin i d-yella Adem neɣ Ḥewwa am akken i t-id-nnant tektabin tuɣrisin.  Ihi ur d-dduklen yid-s imassanen s tidet armi d aseggas 1870 mi rnan walan tidet-is ɣer wiyaḍ deg wayen yerzan tiẓri n tehezt (théorie d’évolution) i d-yessumer, dɣa din i tebda tdarwinẓrit tettaɣ abrid deg ubeddel n tmuɣliwin tinudranin armi d-wwḍen wallalen imaynuten di lqern wiss 20 i itebbten awal-is ula ɣef ufran agaman i yellan tuɣ yezzi-yas ccekk.
M’akken i d-yesnulfa tussan-yi tamaynut ara yuɣalen d taxatart maḍi syin d afella,  Darwin yella d amnadi kan amecṭuḥ ifukken leqraya-s deg uɣiwen  n Ṭṭebba n tesdawit n Edambourg, ihi yedda deg uɣarrabu  Beagle i yeffɣen  deg tuɣḍaṭ  unadi i tikelt tis snat, ɣer tnila n Temrikt n Wenẓul, iruḥ s yisem-is d amesnakal  kan imi d wayen i d-yelha imir. Maca ayen i t-iwellhen tikelt tamezwarut, d ayen iɣer yerra tamawt deg tgzirin n Galápagos ɣef kra n telmas n yiwen wefrux. Afrux-a llant kra n tlemas-is ɣur-neɣ ; deg tama n usammar n Bgayet qqaren-as abulkettan, deg Ǧerǧer abuferriw neɣ amenferriw (pinson). Ihi mi imuqel yaf sin ispisimanen i d-yekkan si snat tegzirin yemqaraben, ttemcabin deg kullec ala deg uqamum : yiwen zur, wayeḍ rqiq. Syin iwala yal afrux ggtent telmas-is deg yiwet n tewsit (genre), dɣa yesteqsa iman-is : ma d win iwumi qqaren Axellaq i igan akka annect-a, amek yeεni ara s-yini wayi ad s-geɣ aqamum akka, wayeḍ akken nniḍen, neɣ ad ten-ssemxlafeɣ kan deg teɣmi n rric ? Yerna mačči kan ɣur yefrax i llant lewhayem, ula si tama n iɣersiwen imeqqranen : amek yiwen deg leḥcic i ikess wayeḍ yettseyyiḍ iɣersiwen-nni at leḥcic s yiman-nsen ? Yuɣ lḥal tamella  ur telli deg teẓgi neɣ daxel n yillel, ayen izemren i kra-iḍen yečč-it !
Nizar Qebbani

**Nizar Qebbani** (s taɛrabt نـزار قـبـّانـي ) d amedyaz asuri, laṣel-is d aṭerki.. Ilul assn n 21 deg meɣres 1923 di Ssaɣur i d-yezgan di Dimacq, yemmut ass n 30 yebri 1998, di London, tamanaɣt tabriṭanit. D yiwen seg imedyazen iziten imeqqranen n tutlayt taɛrabt. Deg tudert-is yeɣra deg izerfan, maca yexdem d anmahal di tmura yemgaraden armi yeṭṭaxer deg useggas 1966. Yettwassen s tutlayt-is tasehlant i ifehhem yal yiwen ulamma s taɛrabt taseklant i yettaru ; maca ɣas akken, ccbaḥa n wawal-is d tugniwin yesseqdac d ayen ifazen akk ar assa, ladɣa m’ara ten-tiɣer yiwen s taɛrabt neɣ ad sen-tisel yettini-tent-id. Yebda yettaru seg wasmi yesɛa 16 isaggasen di leɛmer-is, syin mi yesɛa 21, deg useggas 1944, yessufeɣ-d ammud-is amezwaru iwumi isemma : T*enna-yi-d txemrit*. Syin yerna-d aṭas n wammuden-iḍen d yedlisen n tesrit. Yuɣ lḥal aṭas icennayen i yeddmen  isefra-s cnan-ten ama zik, am Ɛebd Lḥalim Ḥafeḍ deg taɣect “qari’at alf-finǧan” ; am d wid n tura am Majda Rrumi deg taɣect Kalimat( awalen).

Isental n Nizar Qebbani tezzin ugar ɣef tayri ideg yessen ad ifeṣṣel, maca iwet daɣen ɣef izerfan n tmeṭṭut segmi temmut uletma-s i yenɣan iman-is ; am akken yura ɣef tsertit d kra isental imestanen, dɣa yella yiwen usefru mucaɛen iwumi qqaren : *Aɣrum d usebsi d wayyur* i s-d-yessusen iɣeblan. « Asefru-ya di tilawt aṭas i t-yerran ɣer tutlayin-nsen seg wakken ameskar iwet-d deg-s s leqseḥ deg yir tikli i d-wwin Waɛraben d yimslelmen s umata i yeṭṭfen ala deg wansayen iqburen akken bɣun ilin, rnan zzin s uɛrur i tɣerma mi d-lhan ala d ddin. Asmi t-yura ssawḍen armi t-sbedden ɣer teɣdemt, yuɣ lḥal amedyaz-a yella icaɛ belli d arnaflas  i yella ; ma deg uparlman n tmurt-is kkren-d ula d wid i d-yessutren ad s-kksen tiɣelnit tasurit (nationalité), maca ur teffiɣ ara akken. »
Yenna :

## Ayen yura
**Ammuden**
* Tenna-yi-d txemrit, 1944
* Temẓi n yif, 1948
* Samba, 1949
* Kemm inu,1950
* Isefra, 1956
* Taḥbibt-iw, 1961
* Unuɣ s wawalen, 1999
* Ussan n tmeṭṭut ur d-necliɛ di kra, 1968
* Isefra iweḥciyen, 1970
* Adlis n tayri, 1970
* Meyya tbratin n tayri, 1970
* Isefra yeffɣen i usaḍuf, 1972
* Ḥemmleɣ-kem, ḥemmleɣ-kem, ayen nniḍen ad d-yas, 1978
* I Beyrut tawtemt akked tayri-w, 1978
* Yal aseggas tezgiḍ d taḥbibt-iw, 1978
* Ad d-cehhdɣ belli ula d tameṭṭut, 1979
* Ussan uffiren n Baheyya tamaṣrit,1979 
* Akka i ttaruɣ amezruy n tlawin, 1981
* Sin imawalen i imeɛcaq, 1981
* Asefru n Belqis, 1982
* Asefru ur iḥebbes ara ɣer tafat tazeggaɣt, 1985
* Tamedyezt yemxellen,1985
* Isefra iɣef feqɛen,198
* Ad d-tegri tayri a mass, 1987
* Tamkuẓt n warrac n yedɣaɣen, 1988
* Tiwriqin tuffirin n umeɛcuq aqermiṭi, 1988
* Temeddurt n yiwen useyyaf aɛrab, 1988
* Zwǧeɣ yid-m a tilelli, 19888
* Zzalamiḍ deg ufus-is, iwunak-nwen d lkaɣḍ, 1989
* Ala tayri i iɣelben, 1991
* Wiss ma tesliḍ-d i usṭeḥṭeḥ n lehmum-iw, 1991
* Lṭruf deg leṭruf, 1991
* Nekk d yiwen wrgaz, kemm d lɛerc n tlawin, 1994 
* Xemsin snen d acekkeṛ deg tlawin, 1994
* Tid n Nizar ɣef ssḍa n tayri, 1995
* Agemmay n lyasmin, 1998

Taɣbalut Ablug n Samir Tighzert/Timuɣliwin
Tasnudert

**Tasnudert** neɣ **tudrussna** d yiwet n tɣult n tussna i d-ilhan ɣef yakk imuddiren ama d iɣersiwen neɣ d imɣan neɣ d adalen. Taɣult-is tejmel-d tussna n ugama d imuddien s umata, maca imi tudert ugten-t deg-s talɣiwin d isellumen i ɣef tebna, tasnudert tetteṭṭef-d seg uswir alayan, ɣer win n tsilunt, d wudus, alamma d tagudt d unagraw awenḍan.

## Tazmilt
Mark Twain

**Mark Twain**, s yisem-is aḥeqqani **Samuel Langhorne Clemens**, d amyaru amarikan, yella daɣen d amsaran, ilul ass n n 30 deg duǧember 1835 di Florida i d-yezgan di Missouri (Iwunak yedduklen), yemmut ass 21 deg yebrir 1910 di Redding. Yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar imyura meqqren n tutlayt taglizit n lqern wis IX.

Deg tutert-is, yebda-tt-id d asedas, yuɣal d amziggez, syin yegra-d d aneɣmas ɣur wat lminat n Nevada. Ma deg tira yettwassen tazwara s wungal-is i ibudd i imecṭaḥ : *Icaliyen Tom Sawyer* (1876)akked d wayeḍ iss i yettkemmil, *Icaliyen n de Huckleberry Finn* (1885). Isental-is ideg yeqwa usaran d usqecmeɛ, ttawin-d s tuget ɣef tmetti tamarikant n wenẓul d umalu i d-yeglem akken ilaq deg iḍrisen-is, imi din i d-yekker. Iḥekku-d s umata ɣef ayen i d-yettmagar deg isiklen-is, maca yessenqed daɣen tikli n yemdanen d kra yettwaɣen deg-s.
René Descartes

**René Descartes**, d amusnak afransis i yellan daɣen d amesfizik, d afelsafi. Ilul ass n 31 deg meɣres 1596 di La Haye-en-Touraine, iwumi qqaren tura Descartes (Indre-et-Loire),  yemmut ass n 11 deg furar 1650 di Stukulm.
Yettwaḥsab d yiwen seg wid isersen llsas i tfelseft tatrart, yettwassen ladɣa s wayen i yenna deg udlis-is *Inaw n tarrayt* : « Ttxemmimeɣ, ihi lliɣ. »  Deg tfezikt yewwi-d itekkiyen meqqren deg wayen yerzan tasekda (optique) ma deg tusnakt sɣur-s i d-tekka tenzeggit taslaḍant.
Maǧid At Buttmer

**Maǧid At Buttmer** (s tafransist: Madjid Boutemeur) (ilul-d deg 1962 di Tazmalt, Lezzayer) id amesfizik azzayri-afransis.

## Tameddurt
Ilul-d 1 Tuber 1962 di taddart n Tazmalt di tɣiwant n Bgayet axaṭer sṭerḍqen yirumiyen taddart-is (Iwaquren, Tubiret) deg Operation Jumelles deg 1957. Yebda leqraya-nnes mi yella di leɛmer-is 4 yiseggasen deg uɣerbaz n Ɛemruc Mulud di tɣiwant n Imceddalen, dɣa ikemmel almud-is alemmas, deg 1980 yewwi-d 20/20 di tusnakt di baccalauréat-nnes, umbeɛd yekcem Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu ideg yewwi-d D.E.S di tfizikt taẓrayant dɣa issewǧed agemmir n tdukturat di tnaremt n LAPP n Annecy-Le-Vieux iɣef yesten di tesdawit n Savoie deg 29 Yebrir 1988.

Netta d ameskar n ugar 600 n yimagraden ussnanen, yerna d aselmad di tesdawit n Savoie Mont Blanc di Fransa. Itekki deg waṭas n yisaragen di Fransa akked Lezzayer di sin. Ixeddem nezzeh ɣef tneflit n unadi ussnan d uselmed di Lezzayer.

Yettmeslay taqbaylit, taɛrabt, tafransist, taglizit, talmanit, tarusit, tapakistanit, taɛebrit akked tcenwit.
Louis Pasteur

**Louis Pasteur**, d amassan afransis, ilul di Dole (Jura) ass n 27 deg dujember 1822, yemmut ass n 28 cṭember 1895, di Marnes-la-Coquette (tura di Île-de-France). Deg usileɣ i d-yeḍfer, yella d ameskimi u d amesfizik, d acu yettwaḥsab seg imezwura isersen llsas i tsenmikurbit (microbiologie) ; yuɣ lḥal yeḍḥa-d yettwassen nezzeh ula mi t-mazal, segmi d-yufa tagezzayt ilqen mgal tussḍa n yiḍan.
Gregor Mendel

**Johann Gregor Mendel**, (20 yulyu 1822 – 6 yennayer 1884) d uṛhib akatulik deg teɣzamt n St-Thomas di Morava, am akken i d-yelha daɣen d tussna n yemɣan imi yeɣra deg tmekrazt (tafellaḥt). Yeqdec s talmanit, maca tiɣelnit-is d Tuṭricit. Tettumeggez ɣur waṭas d netta i d ababat n tussna n tjinit, imi sɣur-s i d-yekka wayen iwumi qqaren tura isuḍaf n Mendel, i d-yesbeyyinen amek izerrin ijinen si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ.

## Imniren
Timzgida Ḥassan II

**Timzgida Ḥassan II **( s مسجد الحسن الثاني (*masjid al-Hassan ath-thani*) ) d yiwet n timzgida tameqqrant (20 000 m²) tezga-d deg Anfa (Meṛṛuk).
Adolphe Hanoteau

**Adolphe Hanoteau**, d ajiniral afransis, ilul di  Decize  (Nièvre) ass 12 yunuyu 1814,  yemmut ass n 17 yebrir 1897 deg yiwet n tɣiwant ; ɣer tama n twuri-s taserdasit di Lezzayer tafransist, iga daɣ tizrawin ɣef tmetti taqbaylit. Yuɣ lḥal yella seg imezwura i yuran tutlayt taqbaylit, s isekkilen ilaṭiniyen, ladɣa deg tjerrmut-is ideg i d-yesdukkel kra n imenzayen n tmeslayt-a d isefra iɣerfanen i d-iḥawec deg tmennaṭ n Ǧerǧer.
Émile Zola

**Émile Zola** d amyaru afrnsis, yella daɣen aneɣmas ; ilul di Paris ass n 02 deg yebrir 1840, din i yemmut ass n 29 cṭember 1902. D yiwen seg ineggalen ifransisen mucaɛen ugar, i yettusẓergen s waṭas yerna yettwasuqel deg umaḍal. Yetwaḥsab d ameqqran n ṣṣenf aẓrilew deg tsekla, imi d ungalen-is yewwi-d ddeqs ɣef waddad aḥeqqani n iqeddacen d lmeḥna i d-ttmagaren am ayen i nezmer ad naf deg ungal-is *Germinal* i ss-yettwassen. Maca deg tegrurma n wayen yura, yettwabdar-d ugar s tqebbiṭ n 20 n wungalen anda i d-yeglem tameddurt n yiwet n twacult, *les Rougon Maquart*, iɛacen deg tallit n wayen iwumi qqaren di Fransa tamnekda tis snat.

## Ayen yura
**Ungalen**
* **''Amazrar n At Rougon Maquart'' :**
# Ssɛaya n At Rougon (La fortune des Rougon), 1871
# Amejxer (La curée), 1872
# Aɛebbuḍ n Paris ( Le ventre de paris), 1873
# Tuṭṭfa n Plassans ( La conquête des Plassans), 1874
# Lfalṭa n Mouret aqerrur n wadir (La faute de l'abbé mourtet), 1875
# Bab n tfazit Eugène Rougoun (Son excellence Eugène Rougon), 1876
# L'Assomoir, 1878
# Asebter seg tayri (Une page d'amour), 1878
# Nana, 1880
# Pot-Bouille, 1882
# Au Bonheur des Dames, 1883
# Tumert n tmudri (La joie de vivre), 1883
# Germinal, 1885
# Taṣekka (L’œuvre), 1886
# Akal (La terre), 1887
# Targit (Le rêve), 1888
# Lweḥc bu-ṣṣifa n wemdan (La bête humaine), 1890
# Idrimen (L'argent), 1891
# Amxerweɛ (La débâcle), 1892
# Aductur Pascal (Le docteur Pascal), 1893
D Tayri Kan

**D Tayri kan**! Dacu icerken imdanen deg umaḍal? D anadi ɣef tayri. Waɛli d Magnus, wa di Tizi wayeḍ di Copenhagen, xas akken ur myussanen ara tecrek-iten tayri n lmuziga, tayri n tudert, tayri n temdukkal-nsen. Ana d David, Muḥsin d Raja, imezwura di London, wiyeḍ di Naḍur, xas akken yal yiwen amek i tt-yettidir, d tayri kan i ran ad idiren. Tayriwin mgaradent akken megrandent tirga. Targit n Alexandra, yeǧǧan lḥif n tmurt-is Ikwaṭuṛ, d targit Tamarikant, ma d Saṛa, d targit n tlemẓit tamarikant yebɣan ad ekk amaḍal i tuksa n lxiq.

**D Tayri kan** d iberdan n usirem d tudert. Tudert n Loco, ɣef larulma-ines, yessishilen abrid i ikamyunen ɣef idurar n Patio Bonito. D tudert n Amadou yessishilen abrid i tkeṛyas d medden di tɣaltin n Maristes, di Sinigal. Dacu yifen tayri d unecṛaḥ n Mama Sima i igujilen-nni n ṭṛad i tettrebbi di lḥif n uɛecciw-is? **D Tayri kan** d tabɣest n tlawin-nni n Nirbhaya i d-sbed Bhati i uḥuddu ɣef tlawin n uzniq-nsent di Munirka di New Delhi. D tabɣest n Sheida, Nasrin, Nesiba...atg. Ama di Iran neɣ di Oslo, di Isṭanbul neɣ di Chicago, ksent, ta dačadduṛ, ta d lḥiǧab, ggan-t tiwlafin, cerken-tent di Facebook i wakken ad begnent asirem-nsent n tlelli! Ma d Jimbut d Yen, tayri-nsen d tayri n isekla. Mi fukken tuẓẓut, ad uɣalen s axxam, di taddart n ZHUXINZHUANGCUN, ad swen kra n lkisan n Baijiu, ad cnun tizlatin n Liu Yi Fei.

Akka! Iberdan mgaraden. Wa fessus wayeḍ ẓẓay. Fessus-as i Karine, i Julien, i Caroline, i Mumu d weltma-s Fifi. Fessus-asen ad ruḥen ɣer uɣerbaz. Kra di lkaṛ, kra akked yemmat-sen, kra akked unehhaṛ. Ma d Arief, Yuri, Edenjevy, Faṭma Zahra d Ɛali, kra ɣef uḍaṛ, kra ɣef weɛrur n waɣyul, xas teḥṛes teswaɛt ttmagaren-d ifeṭṭiwjen n tumert, cennun tuɣac n tudert.

**Ameskar:** Noufel Bouzeboudja

**Tiẓrigin:** Tiẓrigin Achab
Ahya ssimra

**[https://www.siwel.info/ahya-ssimra-dernier-recueil-de-nouvelles-de-noufel-bouzeboudja_25592.html Ahya Ssimra] !**

Ahya Ssimra d azwel n yiwen n wamud n tullisin id yefɣen ussan-a (Maɣreṣ 2013) deg tmurt sɣur Tizrigin Tira. Tullisin-a yura-ten-tt umaskar Nufel Buzebbuǧa. Ɣas akka yezdeɣ deg tmura n yinig, Nufel yettaru s teqbaylit. Amud-a, yesɛan 8 tullisin, yura-t s tutlayt n yal as, maca nezmer daɣen ad neḥulfu belli yella waṭṭas unadi di tutlayt. Daɣen, tamawt ma negra-tt, ad naf belli di tira n Nufel yella lebni amaynut, yemgaraden ɣef wayen neqqar ɣer umyura nniḍen. Ahat acku tamusni n tutlayin akked tirmit i yesɛa di tsekliyin tiberraniyin i yeǧǧan lebni n tira-s ad yili akka?

Nufel yettmeslay ɣef imdanen n yal as deg tmurt, yal yiwen s tirmit-is, s tmuɣli-ines, s tirga-ines, s wawal akked tutlayt-ines. Aɣanib n tira deg umud-a d aɣanib fessusen, maca id yettawin timuɣliwin n iwudam (personnage) akken tella (amzun deg umezgun), mebla tarewla ula ɣef wawalen-nni iqebḥen. Nufel ur yerri iẓerb i wawal-is. Neɣ ahat i wawal n iwudam id yefren deg wamud-a? Ihi tadrest (censure) ulac acku amaskar yebɣa ad yili d amekdi (fidèle) i taɣect n daxel, i taneffut (âme) d wallaɣ (esprit) n iwudam-is. 

Aɣbalu: Imyura (Tamcumt)

“.. *ad d-niɣ belli amud-a i yura Nufel yukla ad t-iɣer yal yiwen d yal yiwet, imi d aẓru nniḍen i d-yernan ɣer lebni  n tullist taqbaylit, seg wasmi yessers Belɛid At Ɛli lssas amezwaru i tewsit-a*...”

Di tezwart yura Mass: Aɛmer Lɛufi 

**Ameskar:** Noufel Bouzeboudja

**Tiẓrigin:** Editions TIRA

Ɣer azwel s teglizit: Dagi
Allegoria tugna

ALLEGORIA s teqbaylit!

Asaru Allegoria i d-yewwin aṭas n warrazen igraɣlanen, i yettwafernen s wudem unṣib deg waṭas n tfaskiwin, yettuhegga-d s teqbaylit. 

ALLEGORIA-TUGNA d aḍris leqqayen ɣef talsa d tuffirin-is. D aḍris ɣef udabu, ɣef tlelli, ɣef teɣdemt... Tugniwin yemlalen akked uẓawan abaḥan d tɣuṛi, tikwal s taɣect iǧehden, tikwal s taɣect taṛeqqaqt, slalayent-d deg-neɣ axemmem, asirem n tigawt, talwit.

Allegoria-Tugna d asuɣu n usirem, d lebɣi anazmar n tnekra! 

**Wali asaru di Youtube**: Allegoria Tugna Tabidyut

**Awal ɣef Allegoria s teglizit di TTIF**: Nqer

**Arrazen igraɣlanen**: Awardeo, Hollywood Independant Film Festival, Finesterra Arribada, Best Experimental, Best Online Film Festival...

**Aḍris d tɣuṛi:** Noufel Bouzeboudja

**Afares/Asuffeɣ:** Nobilis Bellator

**Aẓawan:** Bamboocha

**Tallalt tatiknikit:** Nenad Novaković

**Tugniwin d ufares di** *La Rioja, Spanya*
Tasaḍurt

Tasaḍurt d yiwet n taddart n ibetṛunen. Llan wid yeqqaṛen d akken anamek-is d amdiq irekden i tɣimit.
Qqaṛen d akken zik ticki imesdurar, ama d imɛatqiyen, neɣ ibetṛunen n ufella, neq wiyaḍ, ticki ɛeddan-d si tsaḍurt, din-a i steɛfayen send ad kemmlen abrid ar tuddar-nsen.

Di tsaḍurt, ddeqs n twaculin i yettidiren am:

# * At Belqasem (les Belkacem)
# * Iḥewciyen (Les Haouchine)
# * Iwlayen (Les toulait)
Tasnallunt

**Tasnallunt** d tussna n wanay n wayen akk itezzin neɣ yettilin deg tallunt neɣ ayen yeffɣen yakk i tignewt titriklant n tegnit , ama d itran d imtiwgen, d iseffuden, neɣ d ismilen

Tasnallunt d tussna tamzikt s waṭas i d-yennulfan si tallit n teglest, mi bdan imesnallunen imezwura ttmuqulen s webrid azrawan s igenni, dɣa gzan deg-s aṭas n tlufa i ten-iɛawnen ula deg tudert n yal ass am yinig deg de yillel, maca tezga texleḍ d wayen iwumi qqaren aneǧǧem i icudden ugar ɣer ukerrer. Yerna yelfa-d usufeɣ n utiliskup d ayen ilaqen, dɣa segmi d-yella  i tṣadd tesnallunt tartart s tidet. Tura yiwen seg yiswiyen-is, d afham n tlalit umeɣrad.
Fëdor Michajlovič Dostoevskij

**Fyodor Mikhaylovitch Dostoyevsky** (s trusit : Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский) (asusru ) d amyaru arusi, ilul di Mosku assn 11 wember 1821, yemmut di Saint-Pétersbourg ass 9 furar 1881. Yettwaḥsab seg ineggalen imeqqranen maḍi yesɛan tazrirt ɣef yemyura n trusit, maca ula deg tsekla tagraɣlant n lqern wis XIX.

Deg tira-s Dostoyevsky yettɛaraḍ ad d-yawi tigzi lqayen i tnefsit, cmaca iga daɣen tasleṭ meqqren i waddad amestan, asertan, n tmurt-is di lqern ideg iɛac, am akken yessafer aṭas n isental-iḍen ifelsafiyen. Di tilawt, yella d amisiḥi yettamnen, maca asentel n tilin n Rebbi d teflest s umata, yettuɣal-d s tuget deg iḍrisen-is ɣef yimawen n iwudam yemgaraden wa ɣef wa, ama s tnefsit-nsen neɣ s uskasi i d-slalayen.
Yettwassen ugar s kra n wungalen am *Anɣa d uḥasef* (1867) neɣ *Ungif* (1874 ) neɣ *Atmaten Karazov*(1880) anda i d-ibeyyen taẓuri-s meqqren.
## Ayen yura
**Ungalen**
* Igellilen, 1846
* Uslig, 1846
* Targit uɛemmit, 1859
* Ttwaḥeqren, ttuɛefsen, 1861
* Ismektiyen n wexxam n wid yemmuten, 1862
* Tikarniyin n ddaw tmurt, 1864
* Anɣa d uṣasef, 1866
* Amyurar, 1866
* Ungif, 1869
* Argaz amaɣlal, 1870
* Iɛefriten, 1871
* Acawṛar, 1875
* Atmaten Karazov, 1880

## Tazmilt
Dmitri Mandelyiv

**Dmitri Ivanovitch Mandelyiv** (s trusit : Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев) d amusnaw n tekrura n Rusya. Ilul deg wass n 8 furar 1834 di temdint n Tobolsk, yemmut deg wass n 2 yennayer  1907 di Saint-Pétersbourg.

Yettwassen ugar ɣef umahil-is deg usmal awalan iferdsen, i yesseẓreg deg useggas n 1869 ; qqaren-as dɣa Tafelwit n Mandelyiv. Yenna-d imir yakan belli iferdisen ikimanen akk zemren ad ttureqqɛen almend n yiwen n webrid ara ɣ-yeǧǧen ad nissin taɣara n yal yiwen deg-sen, ɣas zeddiɣ (ur ɛad) ur t-id-ufin. Yerna syin ɣer da, s tidet, uɣlen ttafen-ten-id kra kra, ggaren-ten deg umkan-nsen yettuheyyan deg tfelwit-a.

## Imniren
Ibki

**ibki** (asget: *ibka*) neɣ **Iddew** (asget: *iddawen*) , d aɣersiw asuṭṭaḍ yettcabin amdan deg kra n yeglamen (ṣṣifat) n tfekka-ynes (udem, ifassen...) akked d kra deg tegzi-ynes. Amur ameqran seg yiddawen neɣ yebka tteddren sufella n yisekla (ttjuṛ), maca kra seg-sen (am ubabun, acimpanzi ed uguri) tteddren ɣef tegnit (lqaɛa). S umata, akk iddawen ttetten imɣan, afriwen ed yigumma (lfakya), maca llan wid ay izemren ad ččen tiɣawsiwin niḍen, am weksum d yibeɛɛac.
Nikaragwa

**Nikaragua**, neɣ tagduda n Nikaragwa, s tsepunyult República de Nicaragua, d tamurt deg Temrikt n Wenẓul. Tesɛa tilisa  d Kusta Rika ɣer tama n wenẓul, Honduras deg ugafa,am akken i s-d-yezzi ugaraw amelwi d tegzirin n Karayib. Deg-s 6 imelyan imezdaɣ.
CLDR

**CLDR** (wali asenfaṛ CLDR deg usmel unṣib n Unicode ) d axefwal n Common Local Data Repository, d asenfaṛ n ukunsurṣyum UNICODE i d-yettmuddun lsas n usali n iseɣzanen akken ad izmiren ad sferken akk tutlayin n umaḍal. Isefka-agi ad ten-sqedcen deqs n imaẓragen deg usideg n ifecka-nsen. CLDR yegber deqs n yeḥricen:

* Tineɣrufin icudden ar tutlayt i umasal akked tesleṭ: Azemz, akud, iẓdiyen usrigen, imḍanen akked izamulen n tedrimin

* Tasuqilt n yismawen: Tutlayin, inagrawen n tira, timura, timnaḍin, tidrimin, talliyin, ayyuren, ussan, talliyin n wussan, izḍiyen usrigen, timdinin akked tayunin n wakud.
 
* Tutlayt akked telɣut n unagraw n tira: isekkilen yettwaseqdacen; talɣa n usget; tuzzuft; aseqdec n usekkil ameqqran; ilugan n usmizzwer & anadi; tanila n tira; ilugan n useskel; ilugan n ususru n imḍanen; ilugan n tubḍin n uḍris ar wawra, awalen neɣ tifyar. 

* Talɣut ɣef tmurt: aseqdec n tutlayt, talɣut n tedrimt, awitay akked umsadi n umalas, akked tingalin n tiliɣri

* Ayen-nniden : Asefrek n tengalin ISO & BCP 47, Tineɣrufin n inasiwen
 
Tasidegt n tulayt n teqbaylit tekker yakan deg UNICODE. Ugar n isallen, ddu ar usebter-nneɣ adigan CLDR Aqbaylit anida ara tafem akk iḥricen-agi, neɣ srid ar usmel Web n CLDR dagi

## Amawal

# Asefrek:gestion
# Talɣa:forme
# Amasal: format
# Ilugan: règles
# Asusru: prononciation
# Tanila: direction
# Asenfaṛ: projet
# Axefwal: Acronyme
# Tangalt: Code
# Tiliɣri: Téléphone
# Talɣut: Information
# Taneɣruft: Modèle
# Anasiw: clavier
# Akunṣursium: consortium
# Asmizzwer: Tri
# Izdi usrig: Fuseau horaire
# Asideg : Localisation
# Aseskel: translittération
# Akud: temps
# Azemz: Date
# Tubḍin: Segmentation
# Tifyar: Phrases
# Awra: graphème
# Amsaḍi: Convention
# Amalas: Semaine
# Tasleṭ: Analyse
# Imiḍanen: nombres
Tarka taberkant

**Tarka taberkant** d yiwet n tzitmurt n tarka meqqren iy nfufden deg Uruppa gar n iseggasen n 1347 d 1352 yenɣa azal n ⅓ neɣ ugar n 30% n imezdaɣ-is., dɣa tizitmura yecban tarka taberkant nfufdent deg yiwen n wakud ula di Asya d usamer adday ayen id yettaken amenni (lewhi) d akken tasakrart-a neɣ tazitmurt-a n Uruppa tella d amur seg tzitmurt tamadlant 

Tarka taberkant d isekna-ynes ssisrigen-d (ttsrbbiben-d) Tyersinya tarkant igan d tabiktirt yettidiren deg tfekkiwin n temseɣẓaẓ

## Amezruy n tarka taberkant
Anfufed n tsakrart-a yebda-d deg Asya talemmast maca inzan (ttbut) ɣef wanect-a ur banen ara ma d imdettiyen 

## Isragen-is d tilmas-is

## Igemmuden-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Taserka
* Aṭṭan amanṭaṭ

## Imniren
Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat

***Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat*** sulfen-t-id imarikaniyen aseggas n 2001. Tɛedda deg telenẓar i tikkelt tamenzut ass n 2004.
Ḥmed Ḥamum

**Tameddurt**

Ahmed HAMOUM, d yiwen n wemdan amagnu yettidiren am ṭaqqa n yimesdurar di tmurt n Yeqbayliyen. Ilul ass n 04 di meɣres 1955 di taddart n Taqerbust, taɣiwant n Aɣbalu, tamazzya n Imceddalen, agezdu n Tubiret.    Almud-is amezwaru, yesɛedda-t deg uɣerbaz n taddart-is. Imi ur as-tefki ara twenza-s ad yekcem aɣerbaz alemmas am tezyiwin-is, ɣas akken yewwi-d aselkin n tezrawt amezwaru (CEP), ikemmel deg yiɣerbazen usligen (privées).
* Amezwaru-s, d medṛasat ttehdib مدرسةٱڶٿھڎېٻ (aɣerbaz n usegmi yelhan : école de bonne éducation) di Tazmalt, agezdu n Bgayet ideg yelmed aseggas.

*  Sakkin, ikemmel di Lmeɛhed Al Qasimi,Tasuddut Al Qasimi (institu El Kacimi) di Lhamel, tamazya n Busɛada, agezdu n Temsilt. Seld n sin n yiseggasen, iḥella-d Ccahada Al Ahliya (aselkin n tnezgit, Certificat d’aptitude (BEG), u yerna aseggas wis-kraḍ, yelmed aswir n Bakaluṛya amaynut maca ur ikemmel aseggas-niḍen akken ad yesɛu azref ad yesɛeddi akayaḍ n BAC ; sebba n waya, ḥebsen di tallit-nni n 1976, iɣerbazen n wamur uslig (privé) ; akka, yedda-tt sseɛd i tikelt tis-snat di nneqma. U syin ɣer da, yekcem di Ctember n useggas-nni ɣer uɣerbaz atiknuluji (institut technologique) n Tizi-Wezzu iseg d-yeffeɣ seld aseggas s ugerdas n yiselmaden n yiɣerbazen imezwura BSC1 (brevet supérieur de capacité 1) ; iɣull-itt daɣen zzher-is i tikelt tis-kraḍt imi t-uznen ɣer yiwen n uɣerbaz ibeɛden ur neṣɛi abrid wala tanezduɣt akked ttawilat n tudert muqadaren. Segmi tegguma tkadimit ad t-aznen s anda-niḍen, yesruḥ i rruḥ-is tlata n yiseggasen ; yiwen n tɣimit, sin n sserbis n bessif yelsa d aɛsekri di lkazirna n Ɛin-Wessara deg ugezdu n Lǧelfa (Djelfa).

    Yeǧǧa-n igen, yeqqel d aɣarim, yesselmed deg uɣerbaz amezwaru s teɣzi n 18 n yiseggasen. Segmi yekki di tannant n yiselmaden n tmaziɣt i d-tsuddes tuqqna taɣelnawt (coordination nationale) n umussu adelsan amaziɣ (MCB) di Tidukla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt n Bgayet timsirin n tmeddit, si 23 Duǧember 1995 armi d aggur n yulyu 96, ibeddel ɣer Tmaziɣt deg wunbir 97 armi d-yeffeɣ tastaɣt (retraite) di taggara n duǧember 2010.

Ayen yura
* Aḥeggan n Wakli
* Tamacahut n Temqerqert
*  Lekdeb imzenneq
* Amneṭri
Racid Ḥituc

## Anwa i d-mass Racid Ḥiṭuc ?

D mmi-s n taddart n Yiɛemrac, Racid Ḥiṭuc, ilul deg ass n 09 deg ayyur n mayu n useggas 1962, deg ugezdu n Bgayet, deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen. Seg temẓi-s i ḥemmel ayen icudden ɣer yidles d tɣerma n tmazɣa sumata,taqbaylit ladɣa. 

Zik yella icennu sya ɣer da, yessaweḍ yesekles tasfift, d acu kan ur yessaweḍ ara a tid yessyfeɣ, imi deg akud-nni xussen walallen. Yekkr-d d ameɣnas akken d aleqqaq deg umussu adelsan amaziɣ, yekki deg tikliwin i d-yettilin di Bgayet d Tizi Wezzu d wanda-niḍen.

Ixuleḍ aṭas n wudmawen yettnaɣen ɣef tutlayt d yidles, tettunefk-as tegnit ad yemlil daɣen xilla n yinaẓuren d yimeɣnasen, gar-asen Ferḥat Mhenni d mmi-s Ameẓyan, Meɛtub Lwennas, Taher Ğaɛut, d waṭas-niḍen yal yiwen s yisem-is d leqder-is.

Rnu ɣer yessefra, yerra tijmilin, yella d aɛeggal deg aṭas n tdukliwin tidelsanin, iga xilla n yisaragen d temliliyin ɣef yidles d tnekkit. D ameɣnas n yizerfan n umdan d tlelli n umeslay, ibedd ɣer wid yenḥafen, yura imagraden s tefransist d teqbaylit deg uɣmis Tiɣremt-La Cité akked uɣmis alikṭruni Siwel.

## Idlisen i d-yessaẓreg :

* L’autre moi ou la résurrection, 2006 di fransa – 2012 di tmurt (ungal)
* Confession criminelle, 2007 di fransa – 2013 di tmurt (ungal)
* Isegni, 2017 (ammud n tlufa)
Mhenni Xalifi

**Mhenni Xalifi** d yiwen n yilemẓi i d-yefka Udrar n Fad deg temnaḍṭ n At Smaɛel, ilul deg useggas n 1990. Ɣas yufa-d iman-is d ameɛḍur, ur yettekker ara, maca allaɣ-is ibedd, yenjer abrid n Belɛid At Ɛli d wid icuban ɣur-s imi yesdukkel-iten-t i merra. Yessefra, yura, yecna.

D amedyaz, d amaru, d aneɣmas s tutlayt tayemmatt (taqbaylit) akk d tefransist deg Uɣmis n La Dépêche de Kabylie, d yisebtar n Tiɣremt deg La Cité, d bab n umagrad ‘‘Nnhda n acer » d yimgraden-nniḍen i d-yettawi ɣef yidles d waddal, timetti, adiwen-nni, yimeɛḍar d tejmilin.

Yekki deg aṭas n temzizlin d tfaskiwin i d-yettilin deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen ɣef tmedyazt (Tafaska n Udrar n fad) d tullisin (Tiregwa tasbeddit takanadit i tmaziɣt).

Yewwi arrazen, yerna yessuffeɣ-d yiwen uḍebsi n ccan azedgan s Teqbaylit anda yekki unaẓur ameqqran Zedek Mulud, yessnulfa-d arraz n umagrad ifazzen ɣef tudert n Dda Lwennas Meɛtub.

## Ayen yura
*Nnehda d uḥulfu, ammud n yisefra, 2014 
*Asdawan deg urebbi wusan, ungal, 2014 
*Nna Geltum, ammud n tulissin, 2016

## Ayen yecna
*Tifrat, d azwel n uḍebsi n cna (CD), 2015
Abuneqqaṛ

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Centaurea calcitrapa et Carlina recemosa
*Isem-is s tefransist: Centaurée chausse-trape et Carline laineuse
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Ḥsek, Negar 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Ceṛṛegḍiḍ

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Capsella bursa-pastoris
*Isem-is s tefransist: Bourse à pasteur ou capselle
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Imɣi ur n ttmačča 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Tifeɣwa n weɣyul

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Carlina acaulis
*Isem-is s tefransist: Carline acaule
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Addad (imɣi)

**Addad** neɣ **Akicaw** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Carlina**) d tawsit n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tetrit deg tfesna n tetriyyin. Deg tewsit-a llant gar n 40 ar 50 n telmas id yettemɣayen deg wemda n yilel agrakal d usamer alemmas maca llant telmas n iden id yettemɣayen deg tamiwin n iden 

## [[Tasnettit|Aẓaṛ n wawal]]

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Iɛezzuzen

**Iɛezzuzen** d yiwet taddart d-yezgan di tmurt n Leqbayel di tɣiwant n Larbɛa n At Yiraten. Abban Remḍan yiwen seg warraw-is.
Agḍiḍ

**Agḍiḍ** neɣ **Aylal** neɣ **Agṭiṭ** (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Aves*) d aɣersiw ittafgen deg igenni s wafriwen. Yettwassen s wafriwen yesdurayen tafekka-ynes d uqamum-is ur nli (ur nesɛi) tuɣmas d useusay n tmellalin ilan (yesɛan) icelman uffiɣen izuranen, d ujgu n uzagur meẓẓiyen fsuse, iylalen ttidiren deg yal ideg deg tegnit, ibelɣen-is mgaradent seg umeẓyan ar umeqran s waṭas.

## Tanekra d temhazt d usismel
tasensartut tusnant tamezwarut tamirant i yigḍaḍ tettusers-d seg ifassen n sin imusnawen n Legniz (John Ray d Francis Willoughby) deg uskar nsen n useggas n 1676 s uzwel n Tusna n iylalen (s Tlatint *Ornithologiae*).

## Asismel n tfesniwin n yigḍaḍ
Ageffur

ageffur d tiqqit n waman 

**Ageffur** d tiqqa n waman id yitteɣlayen deg usegna seg igenni

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Adfel

* Anezwu

* Azwu

* Tazawa
Tifert

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Cannabis sativa
*Isem-is s tefransist: Chanvre cultivé
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Tilulat

**Tilewlet** neɣ **Tilulat** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Capparis spinosa**) d tamdikt meẓẓiyen  yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tlulayt. Tettemɣay-d deg yideggan yezzin i yilel agrakal aladɣa deg yiɣraben d wakal yeččuren d adɣaɣ d yirawen n iberdan

## Aglam

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Capparis spinosa
*Isem-is s tefransist: Caprier commun
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Taylulut
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Ineɣmi

**Ineɣmi** (assaɣ ussnan: **Carthamus**) d tawsit n yimɣan yeṭṭefaren tawacult tatrawt. Tawsit-a d tin i d-issegrawen kra n telmas tigrakalin

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Azemmun (imɣi)

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Centaurea diluta subsp. algeriensis
*Isem-is s tefransist: Centaurée d'Algérie
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Azemmun, Tazemmunt 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Ittim

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Centaurea melitensis
*Isem-is s tefransist: Centaurée de Malte, Croix de Malte
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: ithim
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: Akatkat (Tergi)

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
C Sharp

**C Sharp** neɣ **C#** d tameslayt n usihel sɣur Microsoft. Designer n tameslayt-agi isem-is Anders Hejlsberg.

## Amezruy

Akk d C#, Microsoft tebɣa ad tesnulfu tameslayt n programmation tugar Java n Oracle, di 1999 teffeɣ-d version tamezwarut n C#, version-agi tella tettcabi s waṭas ɣer Java.

Di les versions nniḍen, C# yettembeddal u yerna aṭas les fonctionnalités i ixuṣṣen di Java am :

*Lambda expressions,
*Generics,
*Automatic Get Set,
*Async await,
*Extension Methods,

## .Net

C# d tutlayt teddu g lFramework .Net, llant 3 les versions n .Net :

*.Net Framework : sɣur Microsoft, wagi mači d ilelli.
*.Net Mono : sɣur Novel, d ilelli.
*.Net Core : sɣur Microsoft, d ilelli.

Akken yiwen ad yeprogrami mebla ad yessen lFramework gar 3 les Framework-agi, Microsoft teffeɣ-d .Net Standard.

## Hello world


```csharp
using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!");
    }
}
```


## Tiwelhiwin
Anders Hejlsberg

**Anders Hejlsberg** (/ˈhaɪlzbɜːrɡ/, ilul-d g Dujamber 1960) d anjinyur mechur seg Denmark.

Yesnulfa aṭas n tutlayin n programmation : 
*Turbo Pascal,
*Delphi
*C#.
*TypeScript.

Tura netta ixeddem ɣur Microsoft.

## Tudert-is

Hejlsberg ilul-d g Kopenhagen, Denmark, yeɣra di lakul n wanjinyur di Technical University of Denmark lameɛna ur yekmil  ara ar taneggarut.
TypeScript

**TypeScript** d tutlayt n usihel sufella n JavaScript i tt-yesnulfan Anders Hejlsberg (Microsoft). Beɛd la compilation TypeScript yettuɣal Javascript deg yiminig.

## TypeScript vs Javascript
### Ttipaj
Deg JavaScript ulac Ttipaj, seddaw egzampl anda la tawuri *addition* tqebbel kulci (*number*, *string*...etc.) :


```javascript
function addition(x, y) {
        return x + y;
    }
```


addition(3, 2) ad yefk 5, addition(3, 'toto') ad yefk '3toto'.

S TypeScrit, nezmer ad nerna les Types akken ur nezmir ad nɛeddi ala *number* :


```typescript
function addition(x : number, y : number) : number {
        return x + y;
    }
```


Win yesseqdacen addition s Typscript ur yezmir ara ad yessawel addition(3, 'toto').
JavaScript

**JavaScript** d tutlayt n usihel mebla compilation i d-yesnulfa Brendan Eich (Netscape). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg Backend s Node.js.

## Hello world


```javascript
console.log("Hello World!");
```


## Ẓer daɣen

*TypeScript
Salesforce.com

**Salesforce.com** d tarmist n software ixelq-itt Mark beniof g 1999, nettat mechur s CRMines.

## Sservisat

***Salesforce** d CRM g lCloud. 
***Force.com** d platform n usihel g lCloud, tesseqdac Apex i lBackend, VisualForce i lFront. 
***AppExchange** d ssuq n plugins i CRM Salesforce neɣ Force.com.
Tafra

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Centaurea Pubescens
*Isem-is s tefransist: Centaurée saharienne
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Tafrat, Timerid 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Nils Holgersson (Anime)

**Nils Holgersson** (ニルスのふしぎな旅 Nirusu no Fushigi na Tabi) d Animé yettawi taḥkayt-is seg tamacahutt n Selma Lagerlöf: Inig n Nils Holgersson. Yeffeɣ-it Studio Pierrot g 1980 u yesɛa 52 épisodes.

## Taḥkayt

Nils d aqcic aḥdaqar, d afenyan, yewɛar akk d lmal n lfirma n baba-s.

Yiwen wass, ass n lḥedd, Nils ur yebɣi wara ad iruḥ ar taklizt akk d imawlan-is, baba-s yeqbel ma Nils ad yeḥfeḍ ciṭuh n tbibelt. Mi ruḥen imawlan-is, yettu iman-is u yeṭṭes, mi d-yekker yufa yiwen akeḍwan, yeṭṭef-it, yugi ad s-iserreḥ deg wakud yefka-yas akeḍwan idrimen, Nils yebɣa kan ḥaǧa: ad yeḥfeḍ tibibelt qbel ad d-yuɣal baba-s.

Akeḍwan yugi ḥaǧa am akka, yezɛef u yerra Nils d amcṭuh am netta.

Mi t-walan lmal n lfirma, ḍsan fell-as u bɣan ad t-wten. Di lqweqt nni, Morten, awezziw n lfirma, yella iheyyi iman-is ad ining akk d iwezziwen n lexla, mi yufeg, yeṭṭef-it Nils u akka yezmer ad yerwel seg ifassen lmal n lfirma. 

Di inig-nni, Nils yebɣa ad yuɣal ameqqran am zik.

## Isem di tutlayin nniḍen

* Japanit: ニルスのふしぎな旅 
* Tagnizit: The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
* Tarumit: Nils Holgersson
* Taɛrabt: مغامرات نيلز
* Taɛebrit: נילס הולגרסון

## Imsudmawen

* **Nils**: taḥkayt teddur fell-as.
* **Carrot**: d hamster n Nils, ula d netta yuɣal-d d amecṭuḥ.
* **Morten**, d awezziw n lfirma.
* **Akka n Kebnekaise**: d ccaf n iwezziwen.
* **Smirre**: d abareɣ, ur yeḥmil ara Nils.
Arḍlim

**Taṛtelt** neɣ **anedrim** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Prunus avium**) d aseklu id yettemɣayen deg Uruppa d Asya d Tefrikt n ugafa. Talmest-a teṭṭafar tawsit n ufurmas igan d agman deg twacult n tnejjikt

## Aglam

## Tilmas yettwaẓẓun

## Asexdem

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit:  Prunus avium
*Isem-is s tefransist: Merisier
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Aṛeḍlim, Aṛḍlim
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Axerrub

**Tasliɣwa** neɣ **Axerrub** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Ceratonia siliqua**) d talmest n yisekla imeɣlalen n tizzegzut yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tesliɣwa deg tawacult n tɣemmayin. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg wemda n yilel agrakal. 

## Tilmas d tdefrin
 
## [[Anezwu]] imezgu
 
## Akal imezgu i wuẓu
 
## Azal n tesliɣwa deg wučči
 
## Aṭṭanen
 
## Azal n tesliɣwa deg tdamsa
 
## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit:  Ceratonia siliqua
*Isem-is s tefransist: Caroubier
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Taxerrubt 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Ayefki n teɣyult

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit:  Cerinthe Major
*Isem-is s tefransist: Grand mélinet
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Tiddi n weɣyul
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Tisfuccatin

## Tilmas
*

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Asplenium ceterach
*Isem-is s tefransist: Doradille d'Espagne
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin

## Leṣnaf nniḍen
* 

## Isseqdac
Mkaɛkaɛ

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Chaerophyllum temulum
*Isem-is s tefransist: Cerfeuil penché
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Ǧuz

**Tazemmunt** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Centaurea pullata**) d yiwet n telmest n yimɣan isaɣuren yeṭṭafaren tawsit n urjagnu.

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay
Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg Tferka n Ugafa am Ugafa n Lezzayer, agafa n Umeṛṛuk, agafa n Tunes yakk d tmurt n Yiqbayliyen, akken i d-tettemɣay daɣen deg yideggan n Unẓul n Uruppa am Malṭa, Tazunegzirt taybirt, Ṭelyan yakk d Qubrus. 

## Tiwlafin

## Asemres

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ɣlilu

## Tilmas
*
## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Centaurium erythraea
*Isem-is s tefransist: Petite centaurée
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Marzagu
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Waktun

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Chenopodium album d Chenopodium murale
*Isem-is s tefransist: Chénopode blanc-Poule grasse d Chénopode des murs - Senille
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Blitu (C. album)
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Tibidas

## Tilmas
*
## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Chenopodium bonnus-henricus
*Isem-is s tefransist: Chénopode du bon Henri, Epinard sauvage
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: ibides 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Nuriya Benɣebriṭ-Remɛun

**Nuriya Benɣebriṭ-Remɛun** d tasertayt tadzayrit tlul g 5 Meɣres 1952, seg 5 Mayu 2014 ar 1 yebrir 2019 nettat tella d taneɣlaft n ussegmi n Lezzayer.

Send ad d-tuɣal taneɣlaft, tella ttetwellih CRASC (Centre national de recherche en anthropologie sociale et culturelle).

Gma-s n jeddi-s, Si Qeddur Benɣebriṭ, yella yiwen seg imdanen i d-yesnulfan Tamezgida n Paris.

## Igerdasen
* 1973 : Lisans g Tasenmettit (Wehran).
* 1977 : DEA (neɣ Master 2 n tura) g Tasenmettit n ussegmi (Wehran). 
* 1982 : Doktora g Tasenmettit n ussegmi (Pari 5). 

## Isnugden
*  *L'avenir des sciences sociales dans le monde arabe*, édité et présenté par: Sari Hanafi, Nouria Benghabrit-Remaoun et Mustapha Mejahdi, Centre d'études de l'union arabe, Centre national de recherche en anthropologie sociale et culturelle et l'Association arabe de sociologie, 2015, 493 p.
* *L’École: enjeux institutionnels et sociaux*, Crasc, 2013
**La difficile articulation formation professionnelle/emploi*, p. 361, éd. Karthala, 2010 
* * Le système LMD (Licence-Master-Doctorat) en Algérie: de l’illusion de la nécessité au choix de l’opportunité*, JHEA/RESA Vol. 7, 2009
* *L’Algérie 50 ans après. État des savoirs en Sciences Sociales 1954-2004*, dir. Mustapha Haddab, Oran, éd. CRASC, 2008, 
* *Enfance et socialisation*, Revue algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences sociales, p. 11-133, 2008
* *Le préscolaire en Algérie: état des lieux et perspectives*, p. 270, 2005, 
**Où va l'Algérie*, ch. 13, *École et religion*, p. 289-302, éd. Karthala, 2001, 
* *L’école algérienne: transformations et effets sociaux*, Casbah, 1998
* *Rapports à l’institution scolaire chez les lycéens de terminale*, Revue Insaniyat, p. 39-52, n°6, 1998
* *Enseignement pré-scolaire: histoire d'un statut*, Urasc, 1992
Ǧunger

**Ǧunger** (アストロガンガー Astroganga) d Animé ɣef super robot. Yeffeɣ-it Knack Productions g 1972 ar 1973 di 26 épisodes.

## Taḥkayt
Maya d tafɣakalt (alien/extraterrestre) tunag g l'espace u teɣli af wakal, terwel seg Blasters axaṭer heddmen wemtiweg-ines. Blasters d ifɣakalen, ttakren akk tiɣbula n imtiwgen nniḍen. Maya tezweǧ amussnaw n wakal u sɛan aqcic nnefṣ bnadem nnefṣ afɣakal isem-is Kantaro. Asmi Blasters wwḍen ar akal, Kantaro yufa iman-is yettnaɣ yid-sen s lemɛiwna n Ǧunger, d super robot. 

## Isem di tutlayin nniḍen
* Japanit : アストロガンガ
* Tagnizit : Astroganger
* Taɛrabt : غزاة من الفضاء, mechur s yisem جونغر
Grendayzer

**Grendayzer** (ＵＦＯロボ グレンダイザー Yūfō Robo Gurendaizā) d Animé ɣef super robot. Yeffeɣ-it Toei Animation g 1975 di 74 épisodes.

## Taḥkayt

Lɛesker n wemting n Vega heddmen u nɣan imezdaɣ n wemting n Flid, yeqqim-d ala d agellid nsen, yezmer ad yuker rrobot Grendayzer u yerwel ar akal lɛibad. Dinna yufa amussnaw yesterḥeb-it, yefka-yas axxam u ffren Grendayzer seddaw akal. Agellid n flid yuɣal-d d axeddam g lfirma n lǧar.

Lɛesker n Vega wwḍen qrib ar amting n wakal, sṭallin af wayyur u bdan lgirra amgal agellid n flid d Grendayzer.

## Isem di tutlayin nniḍen

* Japanit : ＵＦＯロボ グレンダイザ
* Tagnizit : UFO Robot Grendizer
* Tarumit : Goldorak
* Taɛrabt : جريندايزر
Ḥmed Lala

**Ḥmed Lala** (neɣ s trumit **Ahmed Lala**), ilul deg waggur n yulyu, aseggas 1967, d mmi-s n taddart Tiwririn, yezgan deg tɣiwant Ifnayen. Yeqdec aṭas deg tdukliwin. Ayen akk yesla, d wayen akk yeɣra ama s teqbaylit ama s tefransist, yenğer-as-d abrid ɣer usefru.

Ḥmed yezdeɣ deg tzeqqa asnulfu. Ɣas akken yenna deg yizli : « Yebɣa ad iferfer am lbaz, s wafriwen warẓaẓ ». Netta ixemmem yufeg s lecɣal s wafriwen n lbaz, akken ad d-yefk tiktiwin s tament n tzizwa. Yuzen-d tilufa s tektiwin timaynutin i tɣawsiwin tiqburin neɣ timiranin.

Akken daɣen i d-isellek kra wawalen seg tatut. Wid yebdan ttɣiben acku ur ten-nesseqdac ara aṭas. Gar-asen llan (cetfu/ccah, herwet/zleɛbeḍ, uɛqim/yettwaɣ…).

Ḥmed Lala mechur s swmmud Tamedyazt d twaract-is.
Abyannu

Ač yiɣef n usuggas, seg wuduf n Muḥeṛṛem ar ass fayd (wis) mṛaw di uyur, tiddar n At Mẓab tteggent tfaska n "Abyannu" niɣ "Αbyahannu": d igget tfaska tus‑aneɣ‑d seg zik n zik, tteggen-asen-tt midden i tarwa tazdadt. Mi wannan (nekḍen) ass seg wussan deg yigget si teddar, ad aznen i at ɣer‑sen d at weɣlad: " Iwat int-asen i tarwa-nwem ad d‑asen ass n wayflani ad ggen yid‑neɣ Abyannu!" Ihi, mi yiweḍ wass‑nni ad d-asen imar‑a ayen tarwa ssya d ssya, ad gerwen ay ulun (akk) di teddart-nni, ad d-bbin ayen at teddart ad ssun cra s ddaw yimi n itran (cebbak), asen‑wcen i yicidwan (irbaten), ač yigg si‑sen, bessi (imik) n ibawen, bessi n kawkaw niɣ n tcicet (lluz), bessi n temziḍin n wejḍiḍ (leḥlawi n ubuɛud) niɣ ucin‑as d lgaṭu, bessi dex n ikeṛṛayen ma llan, bessi n ssukker, ač yiggen d wayen i yexs ad yegg.. Asen‑ccaṛen d aweḥdi (mliḥ) uṛan‑nsen d yixemmalen n tcebrin‑nsen d iɛebban‑nsen, ač arraw yqas ad ycemmeṛ ujar n aytma-s... Ihi, ad alin imar‑a ay ulun ɣer nneǧ‑wadday (aswir unniǧ n wexxam) as‑nneḍen i weyder n lsas (cebbak) ad ntan ssenǧuǧuyen uṛan‑nsen d wayen i d-cemmṛen, cennun qqaren: "Aaabyaaa haaa nnuuu.. lalla-nnu, ṣadaq-ḷḷaaah wa tɛallaaa... Haay!" (awal‑a ɣer At Izǧen, maca ač yiɣrem d way i qqaren midden‑s). Ihi, tarwa ad qqimen cennun iwalen-nni ttɛawaden‑ten, rennin ujar d ujar aẓagga,... aaar mi nnan "Haay" taneǧǧarut, timirt-nni kan, ad d‑klin (ad d‑ggren) akk ay i gerwen deg fassen‑nsen! Ad at‑cetteḍen ɣer uǧenna ad d‑yuḍa ɣer wadday seg yimi n itran am wenẓar. Ttwannan akan s tiṭṭawin‑nsen, ur yettessen bab‑s melmi ɣ ad klin m'ur yelli yid‑nsen. Mi klin, ad zzelen mzawren tisunan ɣer wadday, ɣer wassu (taferracit) i asen‑ssun ddaw yitran, ad wḍan ɣef wayen ifsan di‑s gerrwen‑t, d netnin ttferɛenen ḍessen, taneǧǧarut, ad wcen akk ayen i gerwen i At teddart‑nni, asen‑t-ẓunen (bḍan) d tizgibin d timeẓyanin ač iggen yaɣ tunt‑nnes (tnuba) yeẓwa ɣer‑sen d netta yesba yettgeẓgeẓ... yettjur yeqqar deg wul‑nnes : Awissen mani ɣ ad yili Abyannu n uzečča ?

Ulsen At zik ɣef tenfust n Abyannu, yella wa iqqaren : tedwel ɣer yimar n Baba-nneɣ Νuḥ Aser, seg mi yersu uɣerrabu‑nnes tamurt teqqur, yegrew bnudam d imudar i d‑usin yid‑s akk, yebbi‑d yenta yekli‑asen‑d si uǧenna n uɣerrabu ayetli d wuccu i d‑iwin yid‑nsen,...  ilin ttezzlen, ttnaqqan, ač umexluq yettebbi tunt i yili.., ilin icidwan deɣ netnin ttbibizen ɣef‑s ar as‑ttinin s yiles‑nsen ukrid: "Abi a Nu, Abi a Nu, Abi a Nu, ..." (Awi-d a Nuḥ). Ur nessin n tidet niɣ uhu.

Amezwar n Muḥeṛṛem, qqaren midden twatra n yiɣef n usuggas. Mi tudef Taɛacurt (ass n mṛaw di uyur), ad d‑kkren midden zik s yiḍes, ad ssirden s waman n Tzuggart (ssedret) i tewwet tafuyt, ad ɣren ibedduren n Uyuc ɣbecca‑nni, ggen twatra, wcen Slam jar‑asen d wi mlilen akk deg wass‑nni, ẓwan ɣer tenḍal d tiǧrarawin, irǧazen - tisednan - tarwa, bac ad mmektin imriwen‑nsen d ilmeɣriwen illan ass‑a ddaw ucal... mmektin i yella zeddiɣ (mazal) ad ten‑ḍefren tarzeft ula muqqel mennect i zedɣen di Tdunnit.

Abyannu amimun. Ar yimal, ters‑d tnemmirt.

Banuḥ Nat Ḥemmi Nuḥ, 

Tiniri n Warglen, Dujambir 2012.
Xaled Mecɛel

**Xaled Mecɛel** (s tserɣint: *خالد مشعل*) d aselway n Ḥamas. Ilul deg wass n 28 mayyu 1956 di taddart n silwad g teɣremt n Ramallah di tmurt falesṭin, yeɣra dis asselmd amenzu ar asseggass 1967 acku izug akk d twacult-is ɣer Lekwit.

## Tameddurt

## Imniren
Ḥebrun

**Ḥebrun** neɣ **lxalil** tiɣremt tafilisṭinit, d wamemas n tɣiwant n lxalil. Tezga di agmemuḍ utrim ar iẓelmḍ seg lquds s tugut n 35 km. Skant ikenɛaniyen di wakud abrunẓi azayku, tga asesa tamqqrant n tiɣrmin n ugmiḍ utrim seg uṭeṭun n imzdaɣn d tiɣzi, acku gan uṭeṭun imzdaɣen nnes seg aseggas 2014 nig n 200 ifḍ umzedaɣ, tiweḍ tiɣzi nnes 42 2 (km). tecna tɣrmt s tadamsa nnes, acku tga seg mqeqran d amemasn idamsanen dk agmuḍ. d lxalil ɣur-s kṛaḍ, isgdan ibrahmiyn acku g wamems n tɣrmt timzgida tabrahimit nena ɣur imaqamn n imazanen n ṛbebi : ibrahim, d isḥaq, d yaɛqub, d timɣarin nensn.