open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Imuhaɣ

**Imuhaɣ** (s tutlayin titergiyin: **ⴾⵍ ⵜⵎⵛⵈ**) d aɣref amaziɣ yettidiren deg Uneẓruf Ameqran n Tafriqt n Ugafa. Akal-nsen d Aneẓruf (Idurar n Tasili, n Ayer di Nijir). 

## Tudert-nsen
Imi izgan ttinigen ɣef uḍar s taksa-nsen seg wadeg ɣer wayeḍ, wwḍen ɣer waṭas n tamiwin n Tferka. Imuhaɣ mmerwayen (xulḍen) d waṭas n yiɣrefen ifriqiyen i ten-yudsen (iqerben) neɣ yellan ɣer tama-nsen. Nutni fkan-asen, daɣen wwin-d aṭas seg-sen. Ass-a, Imuhaɣ d wid yettilin deg waṭas n tmura am Lezzayer, Libya, Nijir yakk d Mali, am akken i llant kra n tɣerfin deg-sen di tmura n Ččad, Burkina Faso, Sudan  yakk d Nijirya. 

Deg Unẓul n Uneẓruf (Nijir akk d Mali), aṭas n yegduden ifriqiyen yettidiren ɣer tama n Yimuhaɣ, gar-asen Ibambaṛen, Ifulanen yakk d Yisarakuliyen. Kra seg yigduden- kessen taksa n Yimuhaɣ, deg wakud anda wiyaḍ xeddmen tamekrazt (tafellaḥt).

## Aẓar n wawal

Awal *Amuhaɣ* deg asuf, *Imuhaɣ* deg asget neɣ daɣen *Kel Tamacaq* ad yaf aẓar-is deg awal *Amaziɣ*, *[[Imaziɣen]]* deg asget. D aɣdebbu n imuhaɣ i yeǧǧan ad yeḍru cwiṭ n usnifel ger wawalen agi, maca di tilawt d yiwen. 

Isem n tutlayt *Tamacaq* yekkad seg *[[Tamaziɣt]]*.

## Iderman

Di timiḍi wis 19, akal n Imuhaɣ yebḍa gar timweyawin, tal yiwen yeḥkem fell-as yiwen Umenukal (*Amenukal*), akked kra n yemɣramen imeqqranen seg tal teqbilt. Gar-asen ad naf: 

* **[[Kel Ajjer]]** neɣ Azjar: i wumi adeg-aɣella d Aɣat.
* **[[Kel Ahaggar]]**, deg yidurar n Ahaggar.
* **[[Kel Adaɣ]]**, neɣ **Kel Asuq**: di Kidal, ed Tin Buktu
* **[[Iwillimmiden]] [[Kel Ataram]]**, neɣ *Iwillimmidan n Utaram*: Menaka, ed Azawaɣ deg (Uẓawad)
* **[[Iwillimmiden]] [[Kel Denneg]]**, neɣ *Iwillimmidan n Wegmuḍ*: Tin Tabaradin, Abalaɣ, Taliya Azawaɣ (Nijir).
* **[[Kel Ayer]]**: Asudi, Agadez, In Gal, Timiya ed Iferwan.
* **[[Kel Gres]]**: Zinder ed Tanut armi ugafa n Nijirya.
* **[[Kel Uwey]]**: Ayer, deg unebdu llan deg Tasawa (Nijir)

Imeqranen i yelan (yesɛan) azamul n *Amenukal* (Ameqran) llan :
* **Amattaza**, seg Lisawan
* **Abu Ag Ajaku**, seg Tamisgida
* **Afadandan**, seg Lisawan
* **Karidanna**, seg Iwillimmiden
* **Waisimudan**, seg Iwillimiden
* **Aljilani Ag Ibrahim**, seg Iwillimiden
* **Busari Ag Axmad**, seg Iwillimiden
* **[[Musa Ag Amastan]]**, seg Kel Ahaggar
* **Ibrahim Ag Abakkada**, seg Kel Ajjer
* **Amud**, seg Kel Ajjer
* **Maxammad Ag Katami**, seg Iwillimmiden
* **Balxu**, n Kel Ayer
* **Wan Aguda**, seg Kel Faday (Kel Ayer)
* **Ahitaɣal**, si Kel Ahaggar
* **Axanuxan**, n Kel Ajjer
* **Xadaxada**, n Iwillimiden
* **Alxurer**, n Iwillimiden
* **Bazu**, Iwillimiden
* **Maxammad Wan Ag Alxurer** Iwillimiden
* **Abdurrexman Tagama**, n Kel Ayer
* **Hammed Almumin** Iwillimiden
* **Fihrun Ag Amansar**, seg Iwillimiden
* **Atisi Ag Amellal** n Kel Ahaggar
* **Axamuk Ag Ihemma** n Kel Ahaggar
* **Bay Ag Axamuk** n Kel Ahaggar
* **Xamzata Ag Maxammad**, n Iwillimiden
* **Adaber Ag Maxammad** d Amenukal amaynu n Kel Ahaggar

## Taɣbalut

http://amastan1.tripod.com/  (Ɛumar Muffek)
Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa

**Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa** (s teɛrabt **عبد العزيز بوتفليقة**, s trumit **Abd El-Aziz Bouteflika**) yella d aselway n Lezzayer seg 1999 ar 2019, ilul ass 2 meɣres 1937 di tmurt n Merruk.  
## Tawacult-is
Baba-s n Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa, Aḥmed Butefliqa illul di Tlemsan di 1891 u yemmut ass n 1 dujenbir 1958. Illa meẓẓiy mi yunag ar tmurt n Merruk ar tɣiwant n Wejda. Aḥmed Butefliqa yuɣ-es snat tlawin: Belqayed Rabiɛa d Ɣezlawi Mansuriya, i yellan d yemma-s n Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa. Tella tesɛa yiwen n Ḥemmam di Wejda. 

Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa illa d amenzu ger kuẓ (4) wayetma-s sɣur yemma-s. Wigi d Ɛebdelɣani (1940), Musṭafa (1953), Laṭifa (1955), Ɛabderraḥim (1956), d Saɛid Butefliqa (1958). Lameɛna yesɛa daɣen kraḍ (3) yessetma-s sɣur baba-s, ar tmeṭṭut tis snat Belqayed Rabiɛa. Tiki d Faṭima (1934), Yamina (1938), d Ɛica (1941).

Di ɣucṭ 1990, yezwej i tikkelt tamezwarut akk d Amal Triki, yelli-s n Yaḥya Triki, i yellan yiwen u 'diplomate' aqbur di tmurt n Maṣer. Amal Triki tettidir di 'Paris', ur tesɛa ara derya akk d Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa.

## ALN

Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa yeɣra di tesnawit Abdelmumen di Wejda alama d aseggas aneggaru n 'Baccalauréat' di 1956. Isyin ikcem ar ALN di Wejda ɣas akken urǧin yerfed sslaḥ di Dzayer neɣ innuɣ mgal i franṣiyen imnekcam. 

## Aneɣlaf seg 1962 ar 1978
Asmi ifra traḍ, tewwi-d tmurt asarug-is, Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa  ikcem-d si tlisa n Merruk u yuɣal d aneɣlaf n ilmezyen d waddal deg udabu n Amed Ben Bella. Asmi i yezzi udabu ar tama n Hewwari Bumedyen di 19 Yunyu 1965, yuɣal Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa d aneɣlaf n temsal n berra alama d lmut n Hewwari Bumedyen di 1978.

## Seg 1978 ar 1999
Isyin Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa yesɛeda azal n 20 iseggasen d iminig deg kra n tmura am Swis, Franṣa d Tageldunt n Waɛraben Iduklen anda ixdem ar ugellid-is Ccix Zayed Ben Sulṭan Al Nahyan n imiren. Lameɛna yettruḥu yettuɣal ger timura yagi d Dzayer, la yettraju ass melmi ara d-yuɣal ar udabu. 

Di 22 dujenbir 1981 Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa iɛedda di ccreɛ af takarḍa n tedrimt, azal n 6 imelyaren n suntim, asmi yella d aneɣlaf n Huwwari Bumedyen ger 1965-1978. D aselway Cadli Benjdid i t-ismenɛen imi ur isɛda ara lḥebs. D Senusi d Bujakji i yellan xedmen yid-es i kruḥen d asfel n temsalt agi n takarḍa n tedrimt, imi d nitni i sɛeddan lḥebs di Lezzayer tamanaɣt.

## Aselway seg 1999 ar 2004
Yuli d aselway tikkelt tamezwarut di 15 ybrir 1999. Llan i iqqraen belli s lemɛiwna n iserdasen (lɛesker) n Dzayer. I wannecta imrecḥin nniḍen i sddis (6) deg-sen am Ḥusin At Aḥmed, jebdent iman-nsent di tefrant n tselwit n 1999. 

G tasgagt-agi teḍra tafsut Taberkant n 2001, iǧadarmiyen nɣan 126 imdanen g tmurt n leqbayel.

## Aselway seg 2004 ar 2008
Di 8 yebrir 2004, tuɣal daɣen d tasellawt i tikkelt nniḍen  s wazal n 85% n leṣwat ɣas ulamma llan 6 imrecḥin, gar-asen Saɛid Seɛdi. Llan i iqqraen belli dima s lemɛiwna n iserdasen d servisat ibaḍniwen,

## Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
* Muḥemmed Benciku, *Bouteflika, une imposture algérienne*, Le Matin, 2003
Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed

**Ḥusin At Ḥmed** yella d aselway n Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS). 

Ilul deg Awussu 1926 deg temdint n At Yeḥya deg Tamurt n leqbayel deg 1947 yella d amaslad akk-d yewin n imalwayen imezwura n *Organisation spéciale* (OS), yiwet n tarbaɛt tunt'ilt i iqedcen ɣef uzarug n Lezzayer.

Ayt Aḥmed yella d yiwen ger n tesɛa imalwayen imezwura i-d-isbedden Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN) deg 1954; taneggarut-agi tebda-d tagrawala n sebɛa n isegassen mgal Fransa; deg Tuber 1956, imi yeţwattef netta akk d rebɛa n imalwayen nniḍen imi llan deg usafag yeţţeddun ɣer Tunes, Fransa teḥkem fell-as s lḥebs. At Aḥmed yeqqim deg lḥebs armi 1962.

Mbeɛd azarug n Lezzayer deg 05 Yulyu 1962 At Aḥmed yekker-d mgal anabad n dreɛ n Ben Bella i d-ikecmen ɣef Lezzayer netta akked Bumedyen, am anbaz ajdid, s iɛsekriyen n FLN i yellan deg Tunes ttrajun tufɣa n Fransa.
Deg Tuber 1962 Ben-Bella iḥkem fell-as s lmut lameɛna yesmeḥ-as kra n wussan mbeɛd.

Deg Ibrir 1966 yerwel ɣer Fransa anda yexleq-d deg 1970 Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen . Mbeɛd tasellulit n wenbad n Lezzayer deg 1980 seddaw Benjedid, Ayt Aḥmed ikcem-d ɣer Lezzayer; aɣawas n At Aḥmed yella di tazwara tadukli n Ledayer seddaw yewit n taferfant mgal FLN akk-d amussu n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman i bɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, lamɛna yemxallaf-d ɣef Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD) n duktur Saɛid Saɛdi imi aneggaru-agi ihedder-d s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ ɣas akken i sin llan d Leqbayel.

Ibrir 1999, Ait Ahmed ikecem-d am d amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-d tanekda-ines, netta akk d xemsa n imalwayen nniḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant;  deg April 15, Ɛebdelɛaziz Butefliqa weḥd-s kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.

**Assimel**

"La volonté de paix crée une dynamique de réconciliation qui impose d’elle même les garanties que chacun doit donner aux autres. Et que tous doivent donner à chacun". 
"*Tamumit n lehna ţexeliq yewit n tilhi n ussemlil i seggren wehdes ayen ilaq ad yefk mkul yiwen i wiyad akk-d wayen akken ilaq lhal ad fken medden merra i mkul yiwen*".
:Ḥusin At Ḥmed, 1999.

## Tamselyut
* http://www.hocine-ait-ahmed.com/ 
* http://www.amazighworld.org/
Aflu

**Aflu** (Aflou) d yiwet n temdint tuzga-d deg twilayt n Leɣwaṭ deg tlemmast n tmurt n Dzayer. Aflu tezga-d deg Yegnan Yulin, deg tama-nni umi qqaren "Adrar n ɛemmur". Tama agi llan deg-s yizuɣar ay deg d-imegghi wewri (lḥelfa) yernu d akal yelhan i tkessawt n wakraren. 

Imezdaɣen n tama agi asenti-nsen d amaziɣ, yernu sɛan yiwet n trakna yettwassnen, llun-is d azewwaɣ yernu yettwarqem s rrqem n Yimaziɣen. D yiwet deg trakniwin yettwareqmen s rrqem amaziɣ amsari yernu ixxamen merra sɛan-tt deg tama-nni. D acu kan, imezdaɣen n Waflu ur ten-mazal ara ssawalen tamaziɣt, maca iban dakk-n maci aṭas ay-a seg wasmi ay ttusɛerben. 

Isem n "Aflu" ad yili yekka-d seg yiwen wawal amaziɣ ay d-mazal la t-sseqdacen deg tcawit. Ɣur Yicawiyen, "aflu" anamek-is d lxir, d lbaraka, d aṭṭuqqet n lxir neɣ d timmerkantit. Mi ara d-tiniḍ s tcawit "flan-nni yesɛa aflu", anamek-is "yesɛa lxir, yefka-yas Rebbi lxir, d amerkanti". Dɣa icebba-yi Rebbi dakk-n tama n Aflu semman-as akk-a imi ay yella deg-s lxir. 

Xseɣ (bɣiɣ) kan ad d-greɣ tamawt dakk-n tama n Yegnan Iɛlayanen deg Lezzayer zraren-tt (influencer) yidurar n Wewras, anamek-is, yettban-iyi-d dakk-n idurar n Wewras ɣas beɛden ɣef Yegnan Iɛlayanen n tlemmast n tmurt-nneɣ, maca tiɣawsiwin n Wewras ttawḍent alamma d timiwa-ya. 

Greɣ tamawt dakk-n iceṭṭiḍen iqdimen n tilawin n Yegnan Iɛlayanen ttemcabin ɣer wid n tilawin ticawiyin, yernu ula d isɣunen n Yicawiyen ttemcabin ɣer wid n wayt Yegnan Iâlayanen. Ɣef umedya (lemtel), deg tama n Djelfa, tella yiwet n tama qqaren-as "idurar n Wayt Nayel" (djebel Ouled Naïl), yernu idurar-a ttwassnen s yiceṭṭiḍen d yesɣunen n tilawin-nsen. Tilawin-nsen ḥemmlent ad lsent aṭas n yesɣunen, ssekrafent acebbub-nsent u ttlusunt yiwen umendil ad as-tiniḍ d aɛmam nnig yiqerray-nsent, dɣa walaɣ dakk-n ula ɣer Tcawiyin xeddmen akk-a.
Saɛid Seɛdi

**Sɛid Seɛdi**, d duktur akk-d aselway n *[[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]]* (RCD), ilul-d deg 26 ctamber 1947 deg taddart n Aɣrib, deg leǧwahi n temdint n *[[Iɛeẓẓugen|ɛzazga]]*. Netta i d-xelqen tuddsa tamezwarut n izerfan n yimdanen deg Lezzayer; anabad n Lezzayer iḥekm-ed fell-as s lḥebs ɣef irmad isertayen-is uqbel n tasellulit n Lezzayer.

1989 Saɛid Saɛdi, mbeɛd tasellulit n wenbad n Lezzayer g 1980 seddaw Benjdid, ixeleq-ed *Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut* (RCD); akabar asertay i sɛan am aɣawas tadukli n Lezzayer seddaw n tuktuyt n yedles akk-d tugdut.

*Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut* (RCD) yemxallaf-ed ɣef *Tirni n Iɣallen Inemlayen* (FFS) n Ait Aḥmed imi iherder-ed s lɛinani ɣef izerfan n wegdud amaziɣ, ɣas akken i sin llan d iqbayliyen si izuran akk-d akbal n tdukla-nsen deg tamurt n iqbayliyen i g-yettekan, iban-ed daɣen am yewin n ukabar n tanmegla s tammaɣt taquran mgal atsekki n l “FIS”, yewit n tajmaɛt n tagmat n yinsleman yebɣan ad hermen tugdut deg Lezdayer, deg tudert tasertit n tmurt.

Ibrir 1999, Saɛid Saɛdi, am Ait Ahmed, ikeccem-ed am amankad deg tafrant n teselwit, lameɛna imi arac ameqran n lɣaci ẓran belli takennatt i tella, ijebd-ed tanekda-ines, netta akk-d xemsa n imalwayen niḍen azal n 16 n teswiɛin uqbel n tagara n tefrant; deg April 15, Abdelaziz Boutefliqa weḥdes kan i d-yeqqim deg tazla ɣef teselwit.

Deg ussan-agi *Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut* (RCD), *Tirni n Iɣallen Inemlayen* (FFS), akk-d *Amussu i Tmanit n Tmurt* (MAK) n Ferḥat Mehenni, akabar asertay iban-ed di tefsut taberkant (d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiwed ar timanit n tmurt n leqbayel), llan tlata n ikabaren isertiyen i sɛan ccan deg Tamurt n yiqbayliyen.

## Tamselyut
* http://www.rcd-algerie.org/index.php?id_rubrique=23
Axxam

**Axxam** d lebni i yesɛan leḥyuḍ d ssqef, ideg zedɣen imdanen akken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg ugeffur d waḍu d usemmiḍ d lewḥuc..atg. S wawalen wiyaḍ: akken ad ttidiren di lehna. Imdanen-nni s umata d twacult d dderya. aṭas n yimdanen ttruḥen seg wexxam-nsen ɣer lxedma ṣṣbaḥ, ssyen a d-uɣalen tameddit akken ad ṭṭsen u ad ččen.

Di zzman amezwaru, argaz iruḥ seg wexxam ad iṣeyyed neɣ ad yexdem, ɣas ar tmeṭṭut teqqim-d deg wexxam. Meɛna tura, lḥal-agi yettbeddil deg kra n timura (turuft...atg.), u mazal-it deg timura tiyaḍ.
Adlis

**Adlis** d taffa n isebtar n lkaɣeḍ rqiqen yuran jemɛen s uxiḍi neɣ asenteḍ s llesqa, ssyin akin, a ten-ɣumen s lkaɣeḍ zuren. S imeslayen nniḍen, adlis d allus s tugta n tira n weḍris akken ad taweḍ tussna d tmussni ɣur yal amdan anda yebɣa yili, tallit yebɣa yedder-itt. Adlis daɣen mačči d aḥraz kan n yeḍrisen, d taɣawsa tafessast nezmer a tt-nawi deg ufus-nneɣ, s anda nebɣa ad nruḥ yis-s akken a tt-nɣer . idlisen ma ggten, nḥerrez-iten di temkarḍit n wexxam neɣ tin yebnan I yemdanen s umata meqqret ɣef tmezwarut .

Zdat ad yesnulfu wemdan isekkilen akken ad yaru tutlayt-is, yessuneɣ tiktiwin-is ɣef weẓru, amedya n yeslaḍen n Tasili deg uneẓruf n Tefriqt ugafa umi neqqar Tiniri. Akka I d-yebda umezruy n isalalen n tira akken ad yessenfali wemdan tiktiwin-is wa a ten-yeḥrez. Seg weslaḍ n weẓru ɣer win n ideqqi, akal-nni isi nettmahal afexxar, iɣerfan, yal yiwen amek d-yesnulfa asalel I tira-s.Si tallit ɣer tayeḍ asalel yemhez d tɣermiwin ; mačči d yiwen I yeqdec wemdan I tira, islaḍen n weẓru d wid udeqqi, tancirt, lkettan…

Iferɛunen sqedcen papyrus, d yiwen yemɣi teddzen.ssyin akin, iɣerfan nniḍen snulfan-d adlis amezwaru yesɛan isebtar n weglim n iɣersiwen umi fkan isem n parchemin. Ayen yura s tegrigit ugellid amaziɣ Yuba II yewweḍ-aɣ-d deg yedlisen n weglim n iɣersiwen…maca tagrawla n wedlis teḍra-d d wesnulfu n lkaɣeḍ di tazwara di tmurt n Ccin, ssyin akkin d tamacint n Mass Gutenberg di Lalman.d isekkilen yettembiwilen I d-yurwen adlis atrar I nesɛa tura.

Adlis amaziɣ s tutlayin tiberraniyin yetbɛa amhaz d-yeḍran deg wemḍal. Ma d win yuran srid s tmaziɣt tatrart ilul-d deg iseggasen 1980.Ungal Askuti, Faffa, Iḍ d wass d wiyaḍ ldin abrid I tutlayt d weɣref amaziɣ I lebni n tɣerma-s.

## Tamselyut
* imyura.net .
* http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/195/IDLISEN-NNE.aspx .
Theodor Herzl

**Benjamin Ze'ev (Theodor) Herzl** (tahungarit: **Herzl Tivadar**, taɛebrit: **בנימין זאב הרצל** (*Binyomin Ze'ev Hertzl*)) (2 Mayyu, 1860 – 3 Yulyu, 1904) yella d aneɣmas uday n tmurt Uṭric-Maǧer, d netta i d-isnulfan zionizm.

Herzl ilul di Budapest, Maǧer, yezdeɣ di Vienne di temẓi-s u yeɣra dinna azref, lameɛna yuɣal-d aneɣmas. 
Di turuft n lqern 19, tella aṭas tamgelsamit (antisémitisme), ilmend lḥal-agi Herzl yebɣa ad ijemmeɛ akk udayen di yiwen tmurt, israyil, tasnakta-yagi tettusemma zionism..

## Idlisen d imagraden fell-as
* *Herzl, King of the Jews: A Psychoanalytic Biography of Theodor Herzl* sɣur Avner Falk, University Press of America, 1993, ISBN 0-8191-8925-1

## Ayen yura
* *Der Judenstaat* (ISBN 1-59986-998-5)
* *Altneuland* (ISBN 1-55876-160-8)
Aurelius Victor

**Sextus Aurelius Victor** (*a.* 320-*a.* 390) yella d anmezray akk-d asertay n umenkud Aromani.

Aurelius Victor yella ameskar n yewit n tektabt iţusemman Amezruy n Roma seg lweqt n **Augustus** (*Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus*) armi n **Iulianus** (*Flavius Claudius Iulianus*) (360), yeţwaktab azal n 361. Iulianus yefkaya-s asehru imi yerat d anebdad (*praefectus*) n *Pannonia Secunda*. 

Aurelius Victor izmer ad yelli amdan nni i g-yellan d *lconsul* deg 369 lwahid d mmi-s **Valentinianus I** (*Flavius Valentinianus*), akk-d d anebdad n temdint n Roma (389).

## Tira

Inmezrayen umnen belli Sextus Aurelius Vector yura-d rebɛa n tira ɣef umezruy atrar:

* 1 *Origo Gentis Romanae*
* 2 *De Viris Illustribus Romae*
* 3 *De Caesaribus*
* 4 *De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum excerpta ex Libris Sex. Aur. Victoris*

Tira agi, am akken yura iwsawen, ţwarunt ddaw azwel n Historia Romana (Amezruy n Roma), lameɛna tira tis rebɛa d allus n tira tis tlata i tella. 

Tira tis sin teţwaru, ɣef tikelt tamezwarut, deg Napoli azal n 1472, ɣef ssifa n rebɛa n isuned, seddaw n lisem n **Plinius Ilemzi** (*Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus*) mačči am tira tis rebɛa i teţwaru deg *Strasbourg* deg 1505. 

Tazrigt tamezwarut merra si ger n tira agi tella n **Andreas Schottus** (8 n isuned, *Antwerp*, 1579); mebla ma neţţu daɣen tazrigt tartar n *De Caesaribus* n **Pierre Dufraigne** (*Collection Budé, 1975*).

## Ilaggwen
* 1. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxi.10. 

## Iseddagen
Adris agi Ikker-ed seg yewin n wedris n l **“Encyclopædia Britannica” asuned wis tmenya**; tira i yellan deg ugzum n lbaylek.

## Izdayen Iberraniyen
* *Liber de Caesaribus* (Adris s Talatinit) http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html
* *Epitome de Caesaribus* (Adris s Talatinit) http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/victor_ep.html
* *Epitome de Caesaribus* (Tasuqelt s Tanglizit) http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm
Sigmund Freud

**Sigmund Freud** d argaz n tmusni i d-isnulfan Tiklislett. Ilul ass n 6 mayu 1856 di Freiberg (Moravie), di Uṭric-Maǧer n tura. Imut di 23 cṭember 1939 di Lundun, tamurt n Legliz. Qaren netta d Karl Marx d Friedrich Nietzsche, llan d krad yergazen i bedlen udem n tusna n tfelsafit taqburt.
Carl Gustav Jung

**Carl Gustav Jung**, d amsekliseḍ, d amusnaw n Tiklisent n tmurt n Swis. Yura aṭas n idlisen af Tiklisent s tutlayt talmanit. Ilul ass n le 26 yulyu 1875 di 'Kesswil', taɣiwant tamecṭuḥt n Swis. Imut ass 6 yunyu 1961 di 'Küsnacht' di Swis.

Mi yeɣra deg uɣerbaz n 'Bâle', i kemel taɣuri n tmejjayt d tiklisent. Di 1907, imlal d umusnaw n tiklisent Sigmund Freud, i tyugaren s 19 isegasen. D timlilit i bedlen amecwar-is di tusna n tiklisent. Di 1912, ur mesfhamen ara af kra n tɣawsiwin n tiklisent n Freud.

Di 1920, iruḥ ar tafriqt ugafa ilmend unadi ines.
Leonardo Fibonacci

D amussnak (mathématicien) aṭelyani, **Leonardo Fibonacci**, neɣ **Leonardo Pisano** (Leonardo n Pise), ilul di temdint n Pisa tamdint n tnezzut (commerce). Mi yewweḍ 20 n yiseggasen di ticett-is iḍfer baba-s ɣer tafriqt ugafa (ar Bgayet) din i yeɣra anagraw n usmiden ihendiyen d usmiden inselmanen. Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Turuft (Europe), deg useggas 1202, yessuffeɣ-d adlis *Liber abaci*, deg-s i d-immal asmiden anselman d wulac (0).

Fibonacci yura ɣef tiẓri n yemḍanen d tnezzeggit (géométrie), yettwassen daɣen s umazrar (suite) n "tlalit n iwtal":

U1=0 ; U2=0 ; Un=Un-1 + Un-2 n>2 (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...).

Amazrar-agi isnulfa t-id asmi is d-sutren kra n imɣiden ɣef tnerni n iwtal-nsen. Ran ad walin acḥal n iwtal ar a d-yeǧ myal awtul illan ɣur-sen. Dɣa netta, imi i issen i tusnakt tikli issal-id amazrar yeṭfen ism-is ar ass-a : amazrar n Fibonacci.

## Iɣbula
* Ḥend Sadi *Tusnakt s wurar - Mathématiques récréatives*, Asalu & ACB, 1990

### Tamselyut
* Sɣur Mack A.A d Yusef A.Y
Nikola Kopernik

**Nikola Kopernik** d amussnayyur, aẓar-is d apuluni. Ittwassen s teẓri I d-iqqaren : iṭij d areggag (ur ittmimiḍ ara) di tlemmast n umeɣrad (univers). Amaḍal itezzi ɣef yiman-is abrid i wass, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij (système hélicocentrique).

Kupernik ilul ass n 19 di furar 1473 di temdint n Torun di tmurt n Pulunya, gar twacult n imzenza d yinawuren (fonctionnaires). Xal-is Lukas Watzelrude imended ɣef tɣuri ines. Deg usseggwas n 1491, Kupernik ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Krakubi, syin akkin iruḥ ar tmurt Ṭelyan ad iɣer tussna n tijjit d wezref di Padu (tasdawit anda isɣer, kra n 100 issegwassen d asawen, umussnaw ameqqwran Galili). 
Deg usseggwas n 1497, yuɣ timsirin ɣef wezref di tesdawit n Bologne, din i yezdi taxxamt d usalmad amussnak Dominico Maria Novara (1454-1504). Kupernik, ilha-d s trakalt (géographie) d tussnayyurt (astronomie).
Deg usseggwas 1500, ifka isaragen ɣef tussnayyurt di Rome.
Deg usseggwas 1503, Kupernik ikfa Duktura-ines n uzref, di Ferrare.

Seg usseggwas 1503 ar usseggwas 1510, Kupernik illa ɣer xal-is di Plogne. Gar usseggwas 1507 d usseggwas 1515, ikfa adlis ɣef tussnayyurt *De Hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium* a se *Commentariolus*.
Deg usseggwas 1512, Kupernik ittekka di tesmilt I teknawt (comission de réforme) n uszemz. Deg usseggwas 1517, yura-d adlis ɣef isurdiyen, ibda lsas n udlis-is *De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium* I ikfa deg usseggwas 1530.

Zzat tegrawla takupernikit, imussnawen la d-qqaren: amaḍal ur ittmimiḍ ara. Tiknurin (planètes) illan tezzint I umaḍal.
Anagraw akuperniki (système de Copernic) ibedd ɣef:
- Yiwet : amaḍal itezzi deg yiwen wass ɣef yiman-is, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij.
- Tis-snat, tiknurin nniḍden zgant tezzint ɣef iṭij.

S waya, Kupernik isebrurez-ed amek illa wass d yiḍ.
Maca, ayen i d-inna, di lqern XVI, d kra kan imussnawen I t)irefden; I t-yumnen; tugett ugin ayen I d-yenna; ayen id- yufa.

## Tamselyut
* Imyura.net, Mack A.U. d Yusef A.I.
Leonardo da Vinci

D anaẓur alsawi (artiste humaniste), aflurunti (Ṭelyan), d amekla (peintre), d asreqqat (sculpteur), d amasdag (architecte), d ajenyur u d amassan.
**Leonardo da Vinci** d Aṭuskani (agafa n Ṭelyan), ilul ass n 15 di yebrir 1452 di temdint Vinci zdat n Firenze. Ar usegg°as 1466 ikcem d anelmad (*garzone* akken i sen-qqaren di Ṭelyan) ad d-ilmed takult d usreqqet deg usak°en (atelier) n Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Seg usegg°as 1478 Léonard de Vinci yuɣal d anaẓur ilelli.

Deg usegg°as 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ikcem d ajenyur n Ludovic Sforza, amḍebber (duc) n Milano.
Deg usegg°as 1502 iqdec d ajenyur i César Borgia amḍebber n Romagne. Yuɣal ar Milan deg usegg°as 1506. Deg usegg°as 1507 iṭṭef amḍiq d amekla n Louis XII n Fransa izedɣen imiren di Milano.

Seg usegg°as 1514 ar usegg°as 1516 idder di Rome s ddaw ijufar n Ubab (pape) Léon X, izdeɣ di teɣremt (palais) Belvedère di "le Vatican", din iqqdec tussna.

Deg usegg°as 1516 Leonardo da Vinci iwweḍ ar Fransa d aqeddac n François I. Asegg°as-ines aneggaru idder-it di teɣremt n Clos-Lucé, zdat n Amboise anda immut ass n 2 di magu 1519.

Gar tiktulin n Léonard de Vinci llant:
* Madone Benois (v. 1478, asalay (musée) n Ermitage, Saint-Pétersbourg).
* Tugna n Ginevra Benci (1481, National Gallery, Washington).
* Saint Jérôme ur ikfi ara (v. 1481, pinacothèque du Vatican).
* La Vierge aux rochers, i deg llant snat n tugnatin (tamenzut, iga-tt deg usegg°as 1483, tella teḥrez di Louvre).
* La Joconde (1503-1506, asalay n Louvre).

## Muqel daɣen

* Donatello

### Tamselyut
* Sɣur Mack A.A d Yusef A.Y
Muḥemmed Cafiq

**Muḥemmed Cafiq** (s tifinaɣ : ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵇ) d yiwen umyaru, d amnadi, d azamul n tmaziɣt di tmurt n Merruk. Illa d anemhal **usinag ageldan n yedles amaziɣ** (**IRCAM**) alama d 2002.

Ilul Muḥemmed Cafiq ass n 17 ɣ wayyur n Cutanbir ɣ useggwas n 1926 ɣ tmazirt n Ayt Sadden, illan ɣ tseggiwin n Fas. Mad yad iɣwêra ɣ temdint n Aẓru (Merruk), ɣ tinmel nnes ittussan s Lkulij n Uzêru, idêfr tiɣêri ayelliɣ yumêz turagt ɣ umezruy d udiplum yâden ɣ tussna n usegmi. Mayad ad as irzêmen iɣarasen ad yeg yan ɣ imasayen n tsertit n usegmi ɣ Merruk. Zeɣ lliɣ teffaɣ Fransa, ikka kigan d twuriwin ɣ iger n usigmi : zeɣ lliɣ ten ikka ar itekka f tɣêri izwaren ɣ kigan n tmedinin n Merrok, ar amezza n umaru n tneɣlaft n usselmed ɣ tezwuri n iseggwasen 1970, ar anedad n Tinmel tageldant. Mekli daɣ isseɣwera taàrabt, tafransist, amezruy, tussna n usegmi. Iggi n uya, yega Muhammad Cafiq ameslay ɣ Tkadimit n Tgeldit n Merrok. Tigariwin ad, yega t ugellid d unebdad n Ircam ittuskaren tigariwin ɣ Rbât.

Muhammad Cafiq yega ɣ imezwura lli ifrken s udem imennawen n tmagit tadelsant n Merruk. Zeɣ tizwuri n iseggwasen 60 ɣ tasut ad izrin, ad immaɣ af d ittuyassan s udem ad izzemzêlin Merrok nger timizar yâden. Kigan d tɣarasin as immaɣ ad is imel i inamuren mas d ur iqqan ad ttun tizrigin llif ttuska tmagit n Merrok, sellawent akw uggug amaziɣ. Mkan af yara ɣ tseɣunt n Afaq yan mennaw imagraden f wammak idran n umarg n tammaɣt f tmazirt lli nnan imaziɣen iseggwasen llid tekcem Fransa. Maca yan ur t yiwi ɣ uzemz an ɣ zun d awal ad. Mdden urta d ffuɣen ɣ tnaniwin llis izdâ umussu anamur asiwel nnes. Tamaziɣt tega agdal s ur isnem yan. Mkan af daɣ iswangem ad yasi imis n Lislam imennawen, lislam ur iqqen f ixef nnes. Asɣan ad ismanen imerrukiyen, yiɣi ad ibedd mnid n usiwel issimɣuren s yan udem issiwiden uggug aàrab neɣ akw azûr aàrab, illulen ɣ imula n umussu anasiriy ɣ Miser, d Lbaàt ɣ Surya d Làiraq. Mqqar d uyan, imerrukiyen sul qqent wallen nnesen f tuggt n uggugen llif ttuska tɣesa nnesen.

ɣ yan uzemz lliɣ isat usiwel n izerfan ufgan ar d ikcem tamazirt, saten mdden ar sawalen f izerf n twisi ɣ tudert tasertant, ɣ tudert tadelsant, ssaten imaziɣen ar sawalen awd nettni s izerf nnesen ɣ wawal, s izerf nnesen ɣ iɣerm. ɣin aɣ d tugga twuri izgan n Muhammad Cafiq af ad yawes ɣ tnekra n wawal d idels amaziɣ. Mad yad yara yan udlis iggezzulen f umezruy imaziɣen, adlis izdâren ad issimmim i imaziɣen awal n umezruy isreg asen ad daɣ ccen ifrawen ɣ tasɣart n wawal illan ɣ Dren, issufeɣ d amawal taàrabt tamaziɣt, d yan udlis ɣef tejrrumt tamaziɣt, yawes d yat trabut n imaziɣen ɣ usufeɣ n tseɣunt Tifawt ifkan atig igguten i tirra s tmaziɣt.

Ameskan amaziɣ ad yegan yan ɣ idêrisen igguran yara Muhammad Cafiq. Ira gis, ɣ tferka n ayelli mu ttinin asmutti adimukratiy, ad yesmun imaziɣen af ad inin amnad nnesen ɣ tizi yad n tudert tsertant n Merok.

## Tamselyut
*http://www.Amadalamazigh.com
Bernardo Atxaga

**Bernardo Atxaga**, isem-is n tidett Joseba Irazu, yernu ilul-d di 1951 di temdint n Asteasu, di temnaḍt n Guipuzcoa, di Tmurt n Yibaskiyen n wenẓul, di Spenyul. Atxaga ay yeɣran tussniwin tudmisin (sciences économiques) di tesdawit, yeqdec azal n ḥdac wagguren di tbanka di temdint n San Sebastian. Sakin, yuɣal ɣer tesdawit akken ad iɣer tasnagayt u seg yimir-n ay yekcem s amḍal n tira akken ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimura imeqqranen n tutlayt tabaskit akk d tespenyulit. 

Adlis amezwaru ay d-yessuffeɣ d ammud n yisefra umi isemma Ziutateak (timdinin), yura-t di 1976, yernu sin n yiseggasen sakin, yerna yessuffeɣ-d ammud nniḍen n yisefra, Etiopia, d win i yes ay ibeddel si lqaɛa tamedyazt tabaskit u yerbeḥ-d fell-as arraz n wezɣan (prix de la critique) aspenyuli. Ikemmel dɣa seg yimir-n yettaru, u di ɛecrin n yiseggasen-nni ay d-iḍefren, yessuffeɣ-d ugar n ɛecrin n yedlisen n tsekla i yigerdan akk d yelmeẓyen, am wakken ay yura imsuyas i waṭas n tesgilin n rr'adyu akk d tceqfatin n umezgun. Atxaga yesɛa diɣ assaɣ iǧehden akk d uẓawan abaski imi ay yura acḥal n tezlatin s tutlayt-is.

D acu kan, tamelt-yines tameqqrant deg wemḍal n tsekla yekseb-itt-id s wungalen-is i yes ay yuɣal yettwassen akk deg wemḍal ladɣa imi ay ten-id-ssuqlen ɣer waṭas n tutlayin. Ungal amenzu ay yura, "Bi anai" (Sin watmaten) yerbeḥ-d yis-s Atxaga arraz n wezɣan i tikkelt tis snat di 1985. Rebɛa n yiseggasen sakin, di 1988, yessuffeɣ-d Atxaga ungal-is ay ifazen akk, Obabakoak (at Obaba), d win i ɣef d-yerbeḥ Arraz Aɣelnaw n Tsekla (Primio Nacional de Literatura) n Spenyul u yella-d d amaru abaski amenzu ara d-irebḥen arraz-agi, am wakken ay d-yerbeḥ diɣ fell-as arraz n wedlis abaski, Euskadi, akk d warraz n wezɣan aspenyuli i tikkelt tis tlata. 

Obabakoak nzan seg-s 30.000 n wudmawen. Si ger yedlisen nniḍen ay yettwassnen ay d-yessuffeɣ Atxaga, nezmer ad d-nebder "Tamurt n Yibaskiyen akk d Yedles neɣ mi ara d-yaki yinisi", "Anẓad ay d-yemɣin deg yiles" akk d yiwen n wedlis i yigerdan isem-is "Shola akk d yilfan". Si melmi kan, yerna yessuffeɣ-d daɣen sin yedlisen s wazal-nsen, "Argaz awḥid" akk d "Igenwan-nni". 

Tirawt n Bernardo Atxaga d tin i deg texleḍ tsekla tamaynut n wass-a akk d tsekla tamsilawt ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tɣawsiwin akken llant di tudert, ama lhant, ama d iri-tent. Deg wungalen-is, Atxaga yettban-d seg wid yekkaten ɣef ugama yernu udmawen d wid ay d-yeddem seg wegdud abaski ara yettqabalen lehmum n tmetti n tallit-agi-nneɣ. Yuɣ lḥal, werǧin yenwi Atxaga d akken ad d-yaweḍ wass i deg ara yuɣal yisem-is mechur' am wass-a, yernu kra ttxemmimen, qqaren-as d akken Bernardo Atxaga yessaweḍ ad as-d-yerr ttar' i tutlayt tabaskit, ay yettwaḥeqren acḥal, imi ass-a tewweḍ Madrid alammi ay testeɛr'ef s yiwen n umara d Abaski. 

## Tamselyut
*imedyazen sɣur Omar MOUFFOK
Yuba I

**Yuba I** (v. 85 - 46) d agellid aneggaru n Numidya usammar di tallit n -60 armi d -46. d mmi-s n Hiempsal II agellid n Numidya.
deg ṭṛad yekkren ger Julius Caesar akk d Pompeius ɣef udabu, netta yefren Pompeius yedda yid-s acku yezṛa d akken ma yeṭṭef-itt Caesar a-tt-iseḥṛes ɣef Tmazgha.
asmi i tt-yewwi Caesar, Yuba medlent-d fella-s tewwura, ula d wid-is unefn-as, akken ur iɣelli ara ger ifassen n Caesar, ibegs-d ad ineɣ iman-is, u ayagi s umenuɣ netta d umeddakkel-is aRumi Petreius, msenɣen, d Petreius i yemmuten d amezwaru, Yuba netta i t-inɣan d aqqeddac-is.
S tmettant n Yuba I, d tallit n igelliden irbiben ara yebdun, amedya dɣa d mmi-s Yuba II.
Musa

**Musa** (s tɛebrit: **מֹשֶׁה** *Moce* *Mošé*, s teɛrabt: **موسى**, *Mūsā*), d mmi-s n Ɛamran akked Yukibed. D ameskar, d amdan amenzawi deg idles n laɛqed aqbur. S uwehi n Rebbi, d netta i yuran ayen umi qqaren s tefranṣiṣt Pentateuque. D 5 n yedlisen imezwura n laɛqed aqbur (Genèse, Exode, Lévitique, livre des Nombres, Deutéronome), anda id iḥka tudert-is, amezruy n lejdud-is, d win n At israil. 

Asmi i d-ilul, yemma-s tuga-d agellid Ferɛun ad a ttineɣ akken i yurga ilaq ad ineɣ yal llufan aɛibrani i d-ilulen imiren asmi i d-ilul Musa. Tuɣal d tegrit ar waman n Nil, s wanda i t-idekkes yelli-s n ugellid-a. Dɣa tenna-k, "MSYTHW" neɣ *Mecitihu*, anamek ines *Kkes-aɣ-t-id seg waman*. Syen i d-yekka yisem "MSH", neɣ Musa. 

Daɣen llan wid iqqaren belli, isem n Musa, yekka-d si tutlayt i hedren imiren imaṣriyen, seg awal MS, anamek-is "Yekka-d", neɣ "Yefrurex-d".
Llan daɣen wid iqqaren, awal-a yekka-d si tmaziɣt *Mmi-s*, imi neẓra Tamazɣa ur tebɛid ara af tmurt n Maṣer.

Musa yuɣal yetturebba-d seg teɣremt n ugellid Ferɛun. Asmi yuɣal meqqer, iwala amek nezfen, uḍenen, qṛeḥen wid yellan d atmaten-is deg idammen, war ma yeẓra. Wid yellan di ɛibraniyen, d iqeddacen n ugellid Ferɛun. Dɣa yiwen n wass iwala yiwen umaṣri la yekkat yiwen wergaz aɛibrani, yenɣa-t u yenṭel-it. Asmi yelḥa wawal af wannecta, dɣa yerwel si tmurt n Maṣer ar tmurt n Medyen. Yewweḍ ar yiwen wanu iḥud kra n tameksiwin n Medyen mgal kra n yergazen imeksawen. Dɣa tiḥdayin-a ar tenṭ s axxam n babat-nsent, i yellan meqq°er di Medyen. Isem-is nettaf-it ihi di Madyan *Jethro* (יתרו) neɣ *Réuel* (רעואל). Ilmend n wayen yexdem, yefka-yas yelli-s *Séphora* (צפורה) ad yezweǧ yid-s. 

S uwehi n Yakuc, iseggasen mbaɛd, yuɣal-ed ar tmurt n Maṣer i wakken ad yefk tilelli i wegdud Aɛibrani, i yellan s ddaw uzaglu n ugellid Ferɛun. I wakken a ten-isuffeɣ seg Maṣer ar tmurt n Kanɛan. Yuzen-as-d Yakuc mraw (10) iludan, ak° d tagruma n ilugan ak° d iṣuḍaf n wejjed, timetti, d wučči. Annecta yak° illa-d deg wayen umi isemm-a Tura (Torah).

## Izdayen
* http://www.bibliques.com
Tutlayt taɛebrit

**Tutlayt Taɛebrit** (, Abdar s Tehibṛut tamzikt: *ɛiḇriṯ*, S Tehibṛut tamaynut : *iḇɣit*) d tutlayt i ttmeslayen Israyliyen, tutlayt-a tettekka deg twacult tutlayin tisamiyin am Tserɣint neɣ Tmehrit.

## Amezruy

Nettat d tutlayt n wedlis n Wudayen, Tawrat. Mi d-keccmen Ibabyluniyen deg Jerusalem, taramit tuɣal yiwet seg tutlayin n wat Israyil. Ass mi d-keccmen at Ruman, Udayen ruḥen s lɣerba, u tutlayt nsen temmut akk...

Di tallit n sionism g turuft, imussnawen udayen ssidiren tutlayt-nsen, tura tuɣal-d d tutlayt tunṣibt n tmurt n wudayen akk d taɛrabt deg Israyel.

## Tira
:*ẓer [[agemmay aɛebri]]*
Yettuseqdac agemmay aɛebri di tira n tɛebrit. Deg-s llan 22 n usekkilen. Nettat d agemmay abjed am agemmay aɛrab neɣ agemmay alibi (Tifinaɣ n zik). I Isekkilen-is d asusru n zik, asusru n ddin, d asusru n tura deg teɛbrit tisrayilt.

## Tiwelhiwin

* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2020 ''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond'', Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2003 ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew'', Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 9781403938695
World Wide Web

**World Wide Web**, D agrudem, i seqdacen deg Internet. Anamek n wawal-a (Azeṭṭa n tisist agraɣlan), agrudem yessawḍen ad yeldi azeṭṭa Internet i yal amdan. WWW neɣ Web, yennulfa-d deg useggas 1991, sɣur umazzag aglizi Timothy Berners-Lee (d amagmay di CERN, Genève). Deg tazwara, Web yeffeɣ-d akken ad awḍent tilɣa i yal amagmay di ddunit; maca yal aseggas llan wid i d-teqqnen ɣer uzeṭṭa Internet.

## Tamselyut
* www.imyura.net
Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen

**Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen** (*Front des Forces socialistes, FFS*) d akabar asertay i yellan di Tmurt n leqbayel; yettwaxleq-d deg 1963 s yifasen n Ḥusin At Ḥmed.

Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen d amaslad deg Anemlay Agraɣlan (*Socialist International*).

Amezruy n ukabar yetteqqen s amezruy n amalway Lhocine At Aḥmed yettnaɣen ɣef asgdud n Lezzayer sennig n 40 isegassen aya.
Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen ur tekcim ara deg tafrant n teselwit deg 2002.

### Tamselyut
* http://www.ffs-dz.com/  Tuqqna n ukabar
Ǧamal Ɛellam

**Ǧamal Ɛellam** d acennay aqbayli, ger imezwura i cnan s uẓawan atrar. Ilul deg 1947 di Bgayet, yemmut ass n 15 cṭember 2018 di Paris. Ilmed aẓawan deg uɣerbaz uẓawan n Bgayet. Deg 1970 iruḥ ar tɣiwant n 'Marseille', imiren izger ar 'Paris' di Fransa. Deg 1974, ixdem di Radyu 'France Inter' akw d 'Claude Villers'. Dɣa d netta i t-iskecmen ar wexxam n idebṣiyen 'Escargots' (win id isufɣen idebṣiyen n inazuren mucaɛen am 'François Béranger' d 'Gilles Vigneault'). Yuɣal Jamal Ɛellam yufrared asmi i d-isufeɣ tuɣac timezwura ines: *Arjut*, *mara d-yuɣal*, atg.

**Ǧamal Ɛellam** yurar di kra isura am : *Prends dix mille balles et casse-toi*, *La plage des enfants perdus*, atg.

## Idebṣiyen n Jamal ɛellam

* 1974 - Laissez moi raconter...
* 1978 - Les rêves du vent
* 1981 - Si Slimane
* 1985 - Salimo
* 1991 - Mawlud
* 1995 - Le chant des sources
* 2002 - Marrad
Tasekla

**Tasekla** yekka-d seg wawal asekkil (tira umesli afraray), d ayen yaɛnan tira, tajerrumt, idles... Atg.

D tajruma n idrisen neɣ n wayen yakk yettwaqedcen ama s wudem n tira neɣ s win n watlay. Tasekla tamawit ar iqbayliyen, wala ar imaziɣen s umata, teǧhed. Ma d tasekla n tira, armi d timdi-agi taneggarut i bdan a ttarun.
Aẓawan

**Aẓawan** d taẓuri i srusuyen leṣwat wa zdat wa akken a yaǧeb aɣref. Aẓawan s tefransist d *musique*, s teglizit *music*, dayen i d-ikan si tutlayt tagrigit *Muse*. Di tmurt n Grik Taqburt, tẓa n Muses llant d tiyakucin (goddesses) n uẓawan, d tamedyazt, taẓuri, atg. 

Aẓawan d ṣṣut i wenɛen akken ilaq. Ma yella yiwen ikat di tkaṣrunin s lebɣis, neqqar ixeddem aẓawan
ɣas akken kra n medden deg wexxam ur s yen ɛjib ara waya.

Aṭas n yiḥricen uẓawan i yellan : Aẓawan n klasik, Aẓawan n weɣref (Pop), Aẓawan ǧaz, Rock and roll, Aẓawan amaziɣ, atg.

## Wallit ismal agi
* Aẓawan imaziƔen 
* Music City the free music encyclopedia
* BBC Music - Childrens
Galma

**Galma** (Guelma) d yiwet n temdint u d yiwet n twilayt ay d-yuzgan deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) Ldzayer, deg wegmuḍ n Qsenṭina.

Deg tallit n Ṛṛuman, tamdint-agi llan qqaren-as "Kalama", u ulac ccek dakk-n "Galma" yeqqim-d seg tallit-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, llan aṭas n yismawen n yimukan d temdinin d iqdimen ugar n wanect ay nezmer ad t-nxayel, yernu deg tmurt n Ldzayer, mazal kra n yimukan sɛan ismawen-nni ay llan sɛan-ten deg tallit n Ṛṛuman. ɣef umedya, "Lemdeyya" (Médéa) yekka-d seg yisem n "Lambadia" (d isem n temdint-a deg tallit n Ṛṛuman.

D acu kan, aṭas seg yismawen n yimukan, n tewsitin (leɛṛac) d yemdanen imaziɣen n zzman n Ṛṛuman, llan ssezlagen-asen ismawen-nsen ama deg wenṭaq, ama deg tira, dɣa d ay-n ay yettarran anadi n laṣ̣el n yismawen-agi yewɛeṛ alamma ay d ay-n kan. Yuɣ lḥal, imi anagraw asnisli (système phonologique) amazi-nni ay yes nettzuxxu, asmi ay yura ɣef tesnamurt (géographie) n tmurt-nneɣ, yessezleg akk ismawen-nni n yimukan d yisafen d yiɣerman (tuddar d temdinin), alamma ay yeqqel, ass-a, d awezɣi ad neɛqel ismawen-nni ma nebɣa ad nnadi deg wennar. Deg wanect-a ara d-iban acḥal yecmet mi ara yettaru wegdud s tutlayt yellan d tabeṛṛanit fell-as, imi ula d ismawen n wegdud-is, ad ten-yeccmat akk-n ay ten-yeccmet ubeṛṛani.

Ma d isem n "Galma", yettban-iyi-d dakk-n ad yili yekka-d seg uẓar "GLM" neɣ "GLMM" ay d-yefkan isem "Agelmim". Yuɣ lḥal, nemmeslay-d ussan-agi iɛeddan ɣef yisem-agi u nenna-d dakk-n llan aṭas n yimukan deg tmurt-nneɣ ay yesɛan isem-agi u yezmer lḥal ad tili Galma tewwi-d isem-is seg wawal-agi. "Agelmim" qqaren-as s tmaheɣt "agelmam". Wagi d amkan ameqran ay deg gellen waman, ur ttazzalen ara deg-s am wasif.
At Yenni (lɛerc)

**At Yanni** d isem n yiwet n tewsit (lɛerc) yettwassnen deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Yella daɣen d isem n yiwet n temdint d tamezyant tuzga-d deg yidurar n ǧerǧer, deg twilayt n Tizi Wezzu.

Isem n "At Yanni" anamek-is "arraw n Yanni". "Yanni" d isem n ujaddiw ay seg d-ṣubben yimezwura yefkan isem-nsen i tewsit-a (lɛerc). Isem-agi, ɣef leḥsab n Mohand Akli Haddadou, yekka-d seg wemyag "ani", anamek-is "muqel" neɣ "wali". Amyag-a n tmaziɣt taqdimt mazal la yettuseqdac deg tmaheɣt n Uhaggar. Seqdacent daɣend id kra n tmiwa n tmurt leqbayel am Iwaḍiyen. Amedya : ad yili yiwen ur yeẓri ara sani iruḥ walbaɛḍ, m' ara s-inin. Ad yini : *ah, ttaniɣ anida yerra! meḥsub lliɣ ttnadiɣ, neɣ seqsayeɣ iman-iw anida yedda*. 

Deg lɛerc n'At Weɣlis daɣen sseqdacen awal agi n "ani", * ittani y as aqerru is ma llant tilkin*, anamek is ittnadi deg weqerru is ma llant telkin. annay = anadi n telkin (puces) deg temnaṭṭ agi. 

Seg-s ay d-yessuddem Dda Lmulud awal *annay* ("observation") akk d *amanay* ("observateur").

"Ani" yella diɣ deg teqbaylit u yesɛa anamek nniḍen deg tmaheɣt d tmaziɣt taqburt. Deg teqbaylit, "ani" anamek-is "nadi-d sumata , neɣ nadi ɣef telkin yellan deg ucebbub n walbaɛḍ". Zik, llan yigerdan ay yesɛan tilkin deg ucebbub-nsen, dɣa tettani-yasen yemma-tsen, tettnadi ɣef telkin sɛan deg ucebbub-nsen u tneqq-itent. 
Daɣen, deg tmaheɣt akk d tmaziɣt taqburt, *ani* anamek-is "ali ɣef uɣersiw, rkeb ɣef uɣersiw", seg wemyag-a ay d-yekka wawal *amnay* (anamek-is "win yettanin, win irekkben ɣef uɣersiw, ɣef wegmar-aɛewdiw"). Amyag a yettwasen ɣer icelḥiyen i seqdacen sni meḥsub rkeb aaudiw neɣ amerkub s umata. Da a nger tamawt dakken ula di teqbaylit amyag-a mazal it yedder. Amedya: *sni tisegnit*, meḥsub *sɛeddid lxiḍ di tsegnit, serkeb lxiḍ*. Sya ar da at tafeḍ daɣen tamɣart tesna asaɣur.

## Idlisen
* H. Genevois, *At-Yanni. Les Beni-Yenni. Eléments historiques et folkloriques pour servir à l'étude d'un secteur de Kabylie*, Fichier de Documentation berbère, , s.d., 83 isebtar.
Awerǧeǧǧi

**warẓigen** neɣ **Awerǧeǧǧi** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Cicadidae**) d tawacult n ibureɣsen yettsuɣun deg unebdu. Yemgarad wamek i s-qqaren s Teqbaylit. 

Aburɣes-a yettidir deg yal tama d twennaṭ n umadal anagar tamiwin n tizgelt tagafant d Antraktika. Maca yettili s tuget deg tamiwin tiɣurarin am tniriwin. Warẓigen yebṭa ɣer snat n telmas s unect n wallus n tudert-is, **warẓigen amseggas** i yettidiren gar n sin alamma d 5 n iseggasen ma d talmest tis snat d **warẓigen anallus** yettidiren gar n 13 alamma d 17 n iseggasen, dɣa talmest-a tettidir tuget n tudert-is s ddaw n wakal alamma tewweṭ 13 neɣ 17 n iseggasen deg waddar-is (lɛemṛ-is) anda i d-tteffɣen ɣef yiwet n tikkelt yirna s waṭas. Ayyen yettaken tagʷnit i yiɣersiwen niden i wakken ad ččen deg-sent

## Aglam
Warẓigen d aburɣes alemmas n ubleɣ, ila ger n 2 alamma 5 cm, Tafekka-ines d tazurant yerna teččur d anẓaden. Akken ila 4 n wafriwen, sin deg-sen meqqer-it (d wid n ufella) ma d sin niden meẓẓiy-it (wid n wadda). Afriwen-is d ifrawanen ayen yettaǧǧan iẓuran-nsen ad binen

## Amyaraw
Tawtemt n warẓigen tettarew timellalin-is deg yimɣan akk d yifurkawen yekkawen neɣ yeqquren. Tezmer ad tessers ger n 200 alamma 300 n tmellalin deg yiwet n tikkelt. Timellalin-a ttefrurxent-d ger n wayyur n Ctember d Tuber, mi ara d-taweḍ tsemhuyt n umwan . Akken kan ara d-tefrurex twekka n uwerǧeǧǧi, ad tekcem ɣer wakal w ad teffer din. Tawekka ayi tezmer ad tidir alamma d 4 n yiseggasen ddaw wakal 

## Imesli

## Tasensartut

## Warẓigen deg yidles
Warẓigen iban-ed daɣen deg kra n tmucuha. Amedya, amauru arumi La Fontaine yessker-d yiwet n ungal ɣef uwerǧeǧǧi akk d tweṭṭuft. Deg ungal-a, awerǧeǧǧi yeqqim icennu s teɣzi n unebdu, deg wakud anda taweṭṭuft tqeddec i wakken ad teg tamaguzt (lɛewla) i tegrest. Ungal-a yettwassen deg Tmaziɣt. Deg tmurt n Yiqbayliyen.

## Tiwlafin

## Tamselyut
* Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
Tuǧa

**Tuǧa** neɣ **Toudja** d yiwet n temdint d tamecṭuḥt, tezga-d deg twilayt n Bgayet, zedɣen-tt azal n 10.000 n yimezdaɣ. Tamdint-a tezga-d deg umkan ɛlayen (Adrar n Weɣbalu, 1317 M) maca, teqreb ɣer lebḥeṛ am wakken teqreb ɣer Leqṣ̣er akked Bgayet. Imezdaɣ n Tuǧa (Ittuǧen) ttmeslayen yiwet n teqbaylit yettemcabin ɣer tin n Wayt Leqṣ̣er (deg ccerq) akked Wayt Ksila (deg lɣerb), yernu ufiɣ-d deg teqbaylit-nsen aṭas n wawalen ur nessin ara deg tuddar-nneɣ n Tizi Wezzu. 
 
Isem n Tuǧa ad yili yekka-d seg wawal tuga. Tuga d leḥcic ay d-imeɣɣin deg lqaɛa, tetten-t lmal. Qqaren-as yiwen n wanzi : yufa uɣyul amrar, yufa umger tuga. Dɣa nezmer ad as-neqqar tuga i leḥcic. D acu kan, ma tṣ̣eḥḥa tmuɣli-inu deg wayen yerzan isem n temdint-a, nezmer ad nxemmem dakken tuǧa ad yili d talɣa taznatit n tuga. Akken i d-nenna, tintalyin tiznatiyin (am tcawit d temẓabit) ttbeddilen deg-sent kra n yimesliyen (leṣ̣wat), dɣa [g] n teqbaylit yettuɣal d [j] deg tentalyin tiznatiyin, u nezmer ad nxemmem dakken yettuɣal d [ǧ] deg kra n tegnatin. Dɣa yezmer lḥal ad yili yisem n Tuǧa yekka-d seg kra n tentala taznatit taqdimt i iɛeddan ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel. 
 
Yuɣ lḥal, ɣas ma yella taqbaylit mačči d tantala taznatit, maca nezmer ad naf deg-s kra n wawalen i as-d-yekkan seg tmaziɣt taznatit. ɣef umedya, "iccer", "ticcert" akk d "yiccew" kkan-d merra seg tmaziɣt taznatit. D acu kan, icebba-yi Ṛebbi dakken yewɛer ad nẓer melmi i d-kecmen wawalen-a ɣer teqbaylit. Tiqbilin tiznatiyin llant, deg lasel-nsent, d tiqbilin n yimeksawen ay yebdan la ttinigent deg tagara n tallit n Rruman seg Tunes ɣer lɣerb n Tmazɣa. Tagelda tamaziɣt tamezwarut deg tallit n Lislam d Iznatiyen ay tt-id-yesbedden deg tama n Taheṛt, yernu Imẓubay n Tɣerdayt d arraw n Yiznatiyen-a. Deg Tallit Talemmast, tiqbilin tiznatiyin n lɣerb n Tmazɣa llant la ttnaɣent d teqbilin timaziɣin n ccerq, ladɣa deg tallit n uwanak (ddewla) n Yiḥemmadiyen. 
 
Mebla ccek, aṭas n Yiznatiyen i iɛeddan ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel u ǧǧan-d deg-s lateṛ deg tutlayt. Ahat isem n Tuǧa d later-nniḍen ay d-ǧǧan Yiznatiyen deg wakal n Tmurt n Leqbayel.

## Tarakalt

## Tudrin

*Acluf
*Adɣes 
*Asumat 
*Asun
*At Ismaɛil
*At Ixlef
*At Mesɛud
*At Meɛzuza
*At Reḥmun
*At Uṣalaḥ 
*At Yusef
*At Ɛmar
*At Ɛli 1
*At Ɛli 2
*Azwalen
*Bubecca 
*Buberka
*Budawed
*Buḥatem
*Ccerfa 
*Ddas
*Ibarisen
*Ibelḥaǧen
*Ibeɛɛucen
*Icc n Tgemmunt
*Iheggaren
*Ifran
*Isbixen
*Ixeṭṭaben
*Ixf Ulma
*Iɣil Muyen
*Iɣil n Sɛid
*Iɣil Ɛlahem
*Iḥamiyen
*Lmaɛerbi
*Suq Lǧemɛa
*Tadrart 
*Tagemmunt Xelfa
*Tala Hiba
*Tala n Buḥi
*Tala Umalu  
*Tardam 
*Taɣzuyt n At Ɛetman
*Taɣzuyt n Ddas
*Timanitin
*Timerjin
*Timri Lleḥsen
*Timri n tgarfa
*Tiwririn
*Tiɣremt
*Tiɣẓert
*Tiḥnayin 
*Yimlul
*Zizlum
*Ɛṭella

## Muqel Daɣen

* Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet
* Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Tizi Uzzu
Addal

**Addal** d tagrumma n iluɣma n tasengama. Illa waddal amazday (n ujmu) neɣ win izmer ad yurar yiwen kan n wemdan.

Aṭas n leṣnaf n waddal i yellan, ad nader gar-asen kra ger wid iḥemlen leqbayel : Takurt uḍar, Takurt ufus, Ukkim (Boxe), Accaf (Natation), Judu, Karati, atg.

## Kra n waddalen

### Tatlitit

*Aneggez Aɣezfan
*Aneggez Akriḍan
*Aneggez s Tɣanimt
*Aneggez Aɛlayan
*Azelli n Tefḍist (aḍegger n tefḍist)
*Azelli n Uḍebsi (aḍegger n uḍebsi)
*Azelli n Wextuc (aḍegger n wextuc)

*Timsizzelt Taruradt
*Timsizzelt n Umeccaq Alemmas
*Timsizzelt n Umeccaq Aɣezfan
*Timsizzelt n Tikli
*Timsizzelt n Yifergan
*Timsizzelt n Umedwel
*Timsizzelt n Wunjugen
*Timsizzelt n Ugama
*Amaraṭun

### Addalen nniḍen

*Ahareg (gymnastique)
*Tuccḍa ɣef Wegris
*Taleggimt
*Imenɣi s Tkuba
*Ajudo
*Tabillant

*Takurt n Uḍar
*Takurt n Uḍar tamarikanit
*Takurt n Uqecwal
*Takurt n Ufus
*Takurt Tamafagt
*Arugby

*Timsizzelt n Tkeṛṛusin
*Abadminton
*Acricket
*Agolf
*Apolo
*Ahuki n wegris

*Anḍab (plongeon)
*Asurf
*Ardab (aɛumu)

*Tennis
*Tennis n Tdabut
*Tuccḍa ɣef Wedfel
Irland (Tegzirt)

**Irland** (**Éire** s tutlayt tirlandit, neɣ **Ireland** s teglizit), d yiwet ger igumamen () tibritaniyin, tezgad deg umalu n  deg Turuft Ugafa, ger Ugaraw Aṭlasi d yilel n Irland.

## Isem
Azar n wawal **Irland** ikad seg wawal irlandi *Ériu* neɣ *Éire* (d isem n tyakuct n zik, unti n Yakuc neɣ Rebbi) ak° d wawal agirmani *land* ("akal").

## Timura n Tegzirt n Irland
Tegzirt n Irland tebḍa af snat n tigduda: tigduda n Irland, i yellan d tamurt tillelit, akked Irland n Ugafa, i mazal ger ifasen n Tagelda Yedduklen n .

*  Irland

*  Irland n Ugafa (T.Yedduklen)

## Imezdaɣ
Tegzirt n Irland tesɛa azal n 6 n imelyunen imezdaɣ, af le.fsan n 2006. Gar-asen 4,2 imelyunen n tigduda n Irland (1,6 imelyunen di tmanaɣt Dublin), d 1,7 imelyunen n Irland n Ugafa (600 000 di tmanaɣt Belfast).
## Tamselyut, Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen
Kirgizistan

**Qirɣizistan** ay yellan d yiwet si tmura n Asya Talemmast tesɛedda ugar n 70 n yiseggasen s ddaw n leḥkem asuvyati. D acu kan, seg wasmi ay tuɣal d timziregt (indépendante), tessider-d akk ayen yellan d azamul aɣelnaw, d acu kan, xas taqirɣizt tuɣal d nettat ay d tutlayt n tmurt, ur tufi ara iman-is akken ilaq lḥal, yernu mazal d tutlayt n uberr'ani, d tarusit, ay yesɛan amkan amenzu di Qirɣizistan. 

## Tamselyut
* Mondeberbere.com  sɣur Ɛumar Muffuk
Litwanya

**Litwanya** d yiwet si tmura yellan zik d aḥric si Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Uqbel ma yekcem ɣer tdukli-yagi, tewwi azarug-is di 1920, d acu kan, Isuvyatiyen ṭṭfen tamurt-a xas ur yebɣi wegdud-is di 1940, u ḥettmen-tt ad tili d aḥric seg wemḍal amezdukli (monde communiste) alammi d 1990, asmi ay tt-id-tuɣal tlelli-yines i tikkelt tis snat. Tuzga-d Litwanya ɣef yiri n yilel Abalti (mer Baltique), yernu nettat d yiwet si tlata-nni n tmura tibaltiyin (pays baltes), ɣer tama Liṭṭunya akk d Isṭunya, wukud tecrek aṭas n tɣawsiwin, ama deg yedles neɣ deg umezruy. Litwanya tesɛa tilisa akk d Liṭṭunya deg ugafa (nord), akk d Byilurusya deg wegmuḍ (ccerq), akk d yilel Abalti deg wetram u tḥudd-itt-id Pulunya akk d wasun (territoire) arusi n Kaliningrad seg wetram akk d wenẓul (sud). Tamaneɣt-is isem-is Vilnius, ma d Klaipeda, ay d-yuzgan deg wetram (lɣerb) d yiwet si temdinin timeqqranin akk n tmurt-a. 

## Tamselyut
* Deg mondeberbere.com  sɣur imedyazen.