open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tizumbiyin

**Tizumbiyin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Pinophyta**) d ad-adur n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren adur n tnifsanin igan d amur seg yimɣan igranen. Dɣa tga d asmil meqqren wis sin deg tegrawt n yimɣan inifsanen seld n tmesdurifsanin.
Tilmas timezdayin yakk s waṭas deg wad-adur-a gant d: taydiwin, idgel, Tawment, Tumert, Tsuga, Tumert n Douglas, Larix, Tiddi, Taqqa, Araucaria, Agathis, Podocarpus yakk d yigni.

Tizumbiyin daruɣ (meḥsub) ttemɣayen-tt-d deg yakk ideggan n umadal. Yerna d nutenti i yettilin yakk d timezdayin ugar n telmas niden deg twennaṭin-nsent. Maca anecta ur yegdil ara tanegra n wamur ameqran n telmas-is seg tallit tasisfant, anda anagar n 650 n telmas n tzumbiyin kan i mazal ur ngirent ara ar tura.

## Umuɣ n twaculin

## Tasensileɣt

## Tanzagt n tudert

## Amezruy anamhaz

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Idgel

**Idgel** neɣ **ingel** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Cedrus**) d tawsit n tzumbiyin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n taydiwin. Tilmas n tewsit-a d tid i d-yettemɣayen deg usamer alemmas d Tferka n ugafa d idurar n Himalaya yakk d Uruppa.
Tisekla n yidgel d tid ɣezzifen, zhuren, timɣelzegza yerna ttidirent i waṭas n iseggasen. Ma  d asɣar n yidgel d win igan d axatar s waṭas deg tmugri d tdamsa.

## Tamseknit
Idgel d aseklu ɣezzifen s waṭas, tiddi-ines seg 25 alamma d 50 m deg teflel. Tacwawt tanamsadt i d-ittilin deg yixef n useklu tettbin-d mi ara ad taweṭ ɣer 30 n iseggasen ayen i d-yettaǧǧan aseklu ad ilu (ad yesɛu) talɣa tadergant tamseknit. Icaggen ttenfufuden s talɣa tiglant.

## Tilmas
Tilmas n yidgel gant:

* Idgel n Lubnan — (*Cedrus libani*)
* Idgel n Waṭlas — (*Cedrus atlantica*)
* Idgel bu tferratin — (*Cedrus brevifolia*) 
* Idgel uɣris — (*Cedrus deodara*)


Tugna:Cedrus libani by Bobjudge 3.jpg|Idgel n Lubnan.
Tugna:Cedrus atlantica.jpg|Idgel n Waṭlas.
Tugna:Cedrus deodar.jpg|Idgel uɣris.
Tugna:Cedrus libani brevifolia1.jpg |Idgel bu tferratin.

## Idgel deg tdamsa

## Idgel d tezmert

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tawment

**Tawment** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Abies**) d tawsit n tzumbiyin tettemɣay-d deg tamiwin timnummsanin n wezgen agafan n tegnit. Tawsit-a teṭṭafar tawacult n taydiwin. Tezmer ad tili tukza (aɛqal) fell-asent tarrayt s wacu i ttenṭaṭen isegnan ɣef tadra, s talɣiwin-is yemgaraden ɣef tumert yakk d ikawsaren-is ibedden, ibeṭṭun mi ara ad wwen.

## Asesmel
### Tilmas
* Tawment tamellalt — (*Abies alba*)
* Tawment tajenjart — (*Abies amabilis*)
* Tawment taselɣart — (*Abies balsamea*)
* Tawment tagrikt — (*Abies cephalonica*)
* Tawment n Colorado — (*Abies concolor*)
* Tawment n Fraser — (*Abies fraseri*)
* Tawment tacafcalt — (*Abies grandis*)
* 
### Asesmel d yideggan n wemɣay

Tawment tga d amur seg twacult n taydiwin, yakk d wadu-twacult n tewmawin. Dɣa idgel d tsugiwin d isekla i d-yettilin s waṭas i tewment.

Asesmel n telmas s agensu n tewsit yegguni s talɣa tamensayt ɣef tisnalɣiwin n tikawsarin tiwetmin. Dɣa ufraren-tt-d 10 n tgezmiyin. Maca sin akin, tizrawin tijiniyin sseṭren-tt-d uṭṭun ɣer 9 n tgezmiyin. S usegrew n tgezmiyin n *Grandis* d *Oiamel*. Akken i d-yella usentem d akken yakk tilmas tiẓaranin n Temrikt n ugafa ṭṭafarent yiwen n uynazɣer.

### Tigezmi n Balsamea

### Tigezmi n Grandis
 
### Tigezmi n Oiamel

### Tigezmi n Abies
* Abies numidica

## Asedger

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taynuzzuft

**Taynuzzuft** (S Teglizit: *Monosexuality*) d alda arumantik neɣ azzufan i yudmawen n yiwet n tewsit kan. dɣa amdan aynuzzuf yezmer ad iguccel tasenfeluzzuft (*Heterosexuality*) neɣ tibruwtemt (*Homosexuality*).

Deg udiwenni n taɣda tazzufant (* Sexual orientation*), irem-a yettusemres s talɣa tagejdant d amudem neɣ de anemgal]] n tasnuzzuft (*Bisexuality*)

Asstok, MilfSex  EroDate  

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taynazduɣt

**Taynazduɣt** (S Teglizit: *Monoecious*) d imɣi ilan (yesɛan) ijeǧǧigen d iwetmen yakk d tiwetmin deg yimɣi nni ya. Dɣa imɣi ayi yettili alugami. 

Deg udiwenni n tuzzuft telmas, Tasnazduɣt tettumeggez d anemgal n teynazduɣt. 

## Tisenfal

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasnazduɣt
Tiddiwin (tawacult)

**Tiddiwin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Cupressaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan imazufsanen (*Acrogymnospermae*) yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tiddiwiyin deg wesmil n taydiwiyin. Dɣa agbur n usesmel n twacult-a d win yenbeddalen s waṭas gar n usesmel aklasik d usesmel afilujinik, maca s umata tegber seg 130 alama d 140 n telmas n yisekla d tmedkin yebṭan ɣef 27 alamma d 30 n tewsitin. Gar-asent tiddi d tibirant .

## Asesmel
### Asesmel aklasik
* Actinostrobus
* Callitris
* Tibirant — (*Thuja*).
* Idgel wagum — (*Calocedrus*)
* Tiddi taserkast — (*Chamaecyparis*).
* Tiddi — (*Cupressus*).
* Tiselma — (*Diselma archeri*)
* Tiddi n Patagonya — (*Fitzroya cupressoides*)
* Taqqa – (*Juniperus*).

### Asesmel [[taẓrawsit|aẓrawsan]]

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Igni

**Igni** neɣ **Tifuzzal** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Taxus**) d tawsit n tzumbiyin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tigniyt. Tawacult-a tga d amur imidrus seg tmazufsanin tir tizfin. Yerna tawsit-a yemgarad ɣef tuget n tzumbiyin d akken ifsan-is ur llin ara deg ukawsar maca llan deg tleqqi.

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asemres

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taqqa

**Taqqa** (isem ussnan: **Juniperus**) d yiwet n tewsit n tzumbiyin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tiddiwin. Tawsit-a tla (tesɛa) azal n 50 n telmas timazgayin d timɣelzegzawin. Iferran-nsent d inamsaden, d usdiden.

Tilmas-is ttemɣayen-tt-d deg Uṛuppa, Tamrikt n Ugafa, Asya yakk d Tferka. Addud-nsent (leɛli-nsent) iga gar n 4 alamma d 15 m, akken i llant kra n telmas yettawaḍen alamma d 25 neɣ 30 m. Taqqa tettlawa akal ar-amsirwan, akken i tettlawa tadersi n waman yakk d teflel (leɛli) yettawaḍen ɣer 4500 m dennig n yilel.

## Tamseknit

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Ayfez – (*Juniperus communis*).
* Aywal — (*Juniperus thurifera*).
* Taqqa n Ccinwa — (*Juniperus chinensis*).
* Taqqa tadeglant — (*Juniperus cedrus*).
* Taqqa timezdit — (*Juniperus communis*).
* Taqqa n Surya — (*Juniperus drupacea*).
* Taqqa wegrik — (*Juniperus excelsa*)
* Taqqa tiglint — (*Juniperus horizontalis*).
* Taqqa tazeggaɣt — (*Juniperus phoenicea*).
* Taqqa n Virginia — (*Juniperus virginiana*).
* Taqqa weẓru — (*Juniperus scopulorum*)
* Tamerbuṭ – (*Juniperus oxycedrus*).

## Asemres

## Aṭṭanen

## Igburen ikruranen n taqqa

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Idgel
Tigranin

**Tigranin** neɣ **imɣan igranen** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Tracheophyta**) d tagrawt tamɣawt igebren seg yimɣan yakk deg wacu yella uẓeṭṭa agran igan d agensas ɣef usiweṭ n imazzalen deg yigmanen n yimɣi. Tagrawt-a tesdukkul 4 n tigezmwin yemgaraden:
* Tifuruccnin — (*Lycopodiopsida*)
* Tifilkuyin — (*Filicophyta*)
* Timazufsanin — (*Gymnospermes*)
* Timesdurifsan — (*Magnoliophyta*)

Tugniwin tigejdanin deg telmas n tegrawta d tilin n yiẓuṛan.

## Amdan n [[talmest|telmas]]
Tagrawt n *Tracheophyta* tegber seg 383 671 n telmas s unect n *Ulloa Ulloa* et *al*.

## Asesmel

## Ifecka imessartuyen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Imɣi aragran
Tiddi (aseklu)

**Tiddi** neɣ **Timerwelt** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Cupressus**) d tawsit n yisekla yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tiddiwin. Tilmas n tewsit-a ttemɣayen-tt-d deg yideggan imnummsanen iẓeɣlen n wezgen agafan n tegnit. Amḍan n telmas-is d win igan gar n 16 alamma d 31 n telmas, yerna llant waṭas n telmas ttwaẓẓawent acku ttumeggzent d imɣan n wedlag. Tiddiwin gant d tisekliwin tizumbiyin.

## Aglam
Tiddi d aseklu n wedlag, degs gar n 16 alamma d 31 n telmas. Ttwassnent yakk d akken-itent d timɣelzegzawin yerna ikebbiben-nsent ččuren d iferran. Ijeǧǧigen-is d iynazzufen (*monosexuality*), d iynazduɣen (*Monoecious*). Dɣa ijeǧǧigen iwetmen myaṭṭafen ma d yifsan-is meẓẓiy-it. Addud (lqedd) n tiddi yettawaṭ alamma d 30 m maca tgemmu s krakra.

## Umuɣ n telmas

* Tiddi n Santa Cruz — (*Cupressus abramsiana*)
* Tiddi n Arizona — (*Cupressus arizonica*)
* Tiddi n Waṭlas — (*Cupressus atlantica*) 
* Tiddi n Baker — (*Cupressus bakeri*)
* Tiddi wegrakal - (*Cupressus sempervirens*) 
* Tiddi n Kecmir — (*Cupressus cashmeriana*)
* Tarut — (*Cupressus dupreziana*) 
* Tiddi m-imeṭṭi — (*Cupressus funebris*) 

## Asedger araklan

## Asemres (iseqdac)

## Tiddi d [[urnan|wurnan]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Timsefranin

**Timsefrarin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Lamiaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan timagnulaniyin yeṭṭafaren tafesna n timesferranin. Tawacult-a d tin igebren seg wazal n 6000 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 210 n tewsitin. 

## Tiwsitin tigejdanin
* Asinus — (*Acinos*)
* Taselmett iẓekwan — (*Ajuga*)
* Arbib n merruyet — (*Ballota*)
* Tadart — (*Calamintha*)
* Amezri — (*Galeopsis*)
* Tanesfalt — (*Glechoma*)
* Takmezzut — (*Teucrium*)
* Azegṭuf umlil — (*Lamium*)
* Amezzir — (*Lavandula*)
* iferzizwi — (*Melissa*)
* Agaref — (*Phlomis*)
* Tinsnadamin — (*Stachys*)
* Afrux ufalku — (*Teucrium*)
* Taɣensit — (*Ocimum*)
* Asir — (*Thymus*)
* Merruyet — (*Marrubium*)
* Tazzurt — (*Salvia*) 
* Tameẓra — (*Origanum*)

## Asemres

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ajeǧǧig

**Ajeǧǧig** neɣ **Taslawit** d agman agensas ɣef temhalt n umyaraw n tegrafsanin. Tawuri tasnudrant n ujeǧǧig tettili-d deg umahil-is n urway n tlekmast tamawtemt yakk d ubalal timtewtemt i lmend n ufares n yifsan.

Tamhelt-a tbeddu s ufarer i d-yesṭafaren asebrer i d-igellun deg taggara ɣer usnulfu n yifes.

## Imuren n ujeǧǧig d talɣiwin-is

## Gemmu n ijeǧǧigen

## Tamhelt n ufarer

## Tamhazt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Aweggir
Tuzwiɣt wallen

**Tuzwiɣt wallen** neɣ **Walɣus** neɣ **Abuṭarcel** (isem ussnan: **Sylvia melanocephala**) d talmest n yigḍaḍ  iminigen yeṭṭafaren tawsit n usaflaw deg twacult n tsaflawin. Yessefk ur d-yettili ara urway gar n tuzwiɣt wallen d usaflaw, acku d snat n tilmas yemgaraden, ɣas akken ma ṭṭafaren yiwet n tewsit yerna ttemcabin s waṭas.

## Takza n tuzwiɣt wallen
Tella tsenlulɣa tamazzuft gar n uwtem d tewtemt. Awtem yettwassen s uqelmun berriken alamma d ddaw n wallen yakk d ukaẓuẓ mellulen, akken iy ila (yesɛa) tuzza d tazeggaɣt tezzi-d i tiṭṭ-is, ma d tafekka-ines s umata d tazunɣidt. Ma yella d tawtemt ini-ines d aras ma d akaẓuẓ-is d amellal, ma d mummu n wallen-is d azeggaɣ.

## Ideggan n tudert

## Amyaraw

## Inig

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tabuzegrayezt n tsafin

**Tabuzegrayezt n tsafin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Motacilla cinerea**) d talmest n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tbuzegrayezt deg twacult n tbuzegrayezin. Talmest-a, akken i d-immal yisem-is, tettidir deg yideggan i d-izgan zdat n waman.

## Aglam
Tezmer ad tili tukza (aɛqal) ɣef tbuzegrayezt n tsafin s wafriwen-is iwraɣen (iri n yiferran, idis, Adfar...). aqamum-is meẓẓiy ma d adfar-is ɣezzif. Afriwen n uwtem d iwraɣen deg wadis-is ma deg yiri-ines d ukaẓuẓ-is berrik. Idis n tewtemt mellul ugar n win n uwtem yakk d kra n uwraɣ. 

Asčewčew n tbuzegrayezt n tsafin d azdad ugar n usčewčew n tabuzegrayezt tazunɣidt.

### Učči
Tabuzegrayezt n tsafin tettet ibureɣsen am temzerɣlin i d-tettaf gar n yiẓra yakk deg tregwa n waman.

## Ideggan n tudert

## Amyaraw

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tabuzegrayezt tamellalt

**Tabuzegrayezt tamellalt** neɣ **Tabuzegrayezt** kan (Assaɣ ussnan: **Motacilla alba**) d talmest meẓẓiyen n ijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tbuzegrayezt deg twacult n tbuzegrayezin. Talmest-a tettidir deg tuget n yimuren n Uruppa d Asya yakk d kra n imuren n Tferka n ugafa. Maca mi ara ad tiweṭ tegrest tettinig ɣer unẓul anda yettili uẓɣal.

## Aglam

Ableɣ n tbuzegrayezt tamellalt d win igan gar n 16 alamma d 19 cm. Tettwassen s udfar-is imsekni gar n telmas n tewsit-is. Azuk-is yettawaṭ ɣer 25 g.

## Tidu-lemsin n tbuzegrayezt tamellalt

## Ideggan n tudert

## Tikeli

## [[Agdef|Asegdef]] d umyaraw

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tabuzegrayezt

**Tabuzegrayezt** (isem ussnan: **Motacilla**) d tawsit n yijqiwen meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tbuzegrayzin. Tawacult-a tegber seg 13 n telmas yettaken aẓar ɣer ubusbis. Dɣa tella yiwet n telmest isem-is tabuzegrayezt n teẓgi tettumeggez d tawsit yemgaraden (*Dendronanthus*).

## Umuɣ n telmas
S unect n usesmel n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan: 
* Tabuzegrayezt tawraɣt — (*Motacilla flava*)
* Tabuzegrayezt tawraɣt n usamar — (*Motacilla tschutschensis*)
* Bu tqerruyt tawraɣt — (*Motacilla citreola*)
* Tabuzegrayezt n Cap — (*Motacilla capensis*)
* Tabuzegrayezt n tsafin — (*Motacilla cinerea*)
* Tabuzegrayezt n Madagaskar — (*Motacilla flaviventris*)
* Tabuzegrayezt tamellalt — (*Motacilla alba*)
* Tabuzegrayezt n Tferka — (*Motacilla aguimp*)
* Tabuzegrayezt wedrar — (*Motacilla clara*)

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tibisbist

**Tibisbist** neɣ **Abusbis** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Anthus**) d tawsit meẓẓiyen n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tbuzegrayzin. Tawsit-a tessiliɣ-d (yakk d tbuzegrayezt d tbisbit) tawacult n tbuzegrayzin. Telmas-is tettidirent deg tuget n yideggan n umadal, anagar tineẓrufin d taganin tisbegsanin yakk d Antraktika.

## Aglam d tikeli
Tafekka-ines d tusdidt, d tiwriɣt. Seg yiylan n tewsit-a d akken tilmas-is gant d tiynarcalin. Bennunt isekkiyen-nsent ɣef tegnit (lqaɛa), sin akin ssrusayent alamma d 6 n tmellalin. 

## Tasensartut
Seld n yiwet n tezrawt i d-yessers Davies d Peacock deg useggas n 2014, tella-d tukksa n snat n telmas i d-ittugelmen taggariwin-a sɣur n weswir amsaylal agraɣlan (asesmel n ulqem 4.3, 2014). Abusbis busallaf (*Anthus longicaudatus*) yakk d ubusbis n Kimberley (*Anthus pseudosimilis*) anda ttwaẓiẓirfen s umṭafar deg ubusbis n Vaal (*Anthus vaalensis*) yakk d ubusbis n tferka (*Anthus cinnamomeus*). Dɣa ittbin-d d akken tilmas-a gant d tigrawin timinigin kan n telmes i d-ittwabdaren. 

### Umuɣ n telmas

S unect n usesmel n umnir (alqem 5.2, 2015) n weswir amsaylal agraɣlan: 

* Abusbis n Richard — (*Anthus richardi*)
* Abusbis n Ustṛalya — (*Anthus australis*)
* Abusbis asemran — (*Anthus rufulus*)
* Abusbis n New Zilanda — (*Anthus novaeseelandiae*)
* Abusbis n ineẓrufen — (*Anthus campestris*)
* Abusbis n isekla — (*Anthus trivialis*)
* Abusbis n teftisin — (*Anthus petrosus*)
* Abusbis busallaf — (*Anthus longicaudatus*)
* Abusbis n Kimberley — (*Anthus pseudosimilis*)
* Abusbis busallaf — (*Anthus longicaudatus*)
* Abusbis n tferka — (*Anthus cinnamomeus*)

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tabuzegrayezt n teẓgi

**Tabuzegrayezt n teẓgi** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Dendronanthus indicus**) d talmest n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tbuzegrayzin. Dɣa talmest-a tga d tamyiwent deg tewsit n **Dendronanthus**. 

## Ideggan n tudert
Talmest-a n tbuzegrayzin tettidir deg tama n Manchuria. Ma deg tegrest tettinig ɣer unẓul n Lhend d Usamer n Asya 

## Učči

## Amyaraw

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tibuzegrayzin

**Tibuzgrayzin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Motacillidae**) d tawacult n yijqiwen igebren seg 6 n tewsitin d wazal n 70 n telmas n tbuzegrayziyin d tbisbisin d tbisbiyin 

## Aglam
Tibuzgrayzin d tagrawt n yigṭaṭ ilan tafekka d tusdidt, S tiddi meẓẓiyen neɣ yemnummsen (seg 11,5 alamma d 24 cm), irawen-nsent meẓẓiy-it. idfaren-nsent d izegraren, ma d icekkaben n yikacbaren-nsen ɣezzif-it. Afriw n tbisbisin d wid igan d aras yirna d imzerreg. Ma d tibuzegrayziyin d tid yemgaraden gar n umellal d uberkan d uwraɣ.

## Asedger d yideggan n tudert

## Asesmel

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasefrant

**Tasefrant** d yiwen seg gar wallalen imagdayen i yes-s i la dyeqqar uɣerman s tlelli ayen yebɣa. S uzref n udɣar, d allal n usenfali n tnaya taɣerfant .
Tusnazduɣt

**Tusnazduɣt** neɣ **Tareygama** (seg Tegrikt: *οἶκος = tanezduɣt* d *λογία = tussna*) d yiwen n ufurek n tesnudert yeɣɣaren tisedmirin gar n yimuddiren d twennaṭ-is tasnegmudrant igebren seg yimuddiren d isegra ur neddir ara. 

## Amezruy

## Tusnazduɣt talsant

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tanicca

**Tanicca** d azṛu abliɣan ansilicun yeqquren s waṭas tettwasileɣ-d seg wuguggi asengam akken i yettwabna s usaɣir zeddigen. 

## Asileɣ n tnicca

## Tanicca deg tmugri

## Asemres

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tifadin

**Tifadin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Orobanchaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan. Tawacult-a tegber seg wazal n 200 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 65 n tewsitin.

Amur ameqran n telmas n twacult-a gant d tagiwin timezzayin, kra deg-sent d timseggasin ma d tid nniden d timezgiyin maca tuget deg-sent d tijenṭadin. 

## Umuɣ n tewsitin
S unect n APWeb (*07 yunyu 2010*):
* Tifad — (*Orobanche*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aqelqul (tawsit)

**Aqelqul** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Linaria**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigṭaṭ yettemcabin i yiẓiwcen. Tawsit-a d tin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tbenferriwin akken i tegber seg 4 n telmas.

## Aglam
Initen n uqelqul d wid yugten, yemgaraden. Maca malen gar n uzeggaɣ d uwraɣ. 

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Awraɣ uqamum — (*Linaria flavirostris*)
* Aqelqul — (*Carduelis cannabina*)
* Aqelqul ayemeni — (*Linaria yemenensis*)
* Aqelqul n Warsangli — (*Linaria johannis*)

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Awaquṛ (tawsit)

**Awaquṛ** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Acrocephalus**) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n iwuqaṛ. Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 43 n telmas n yijqiwen meẓẓiyen. 

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Awaquṛ iɣulam (*Acrocephalus scirpaceus*)
* Awaquṛ n isafen — (*Acrocephalus arundinaceus*)
* Awaquṛ ibelmaten — (*Acrocephalus palustris*)

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taggult

**Taggult** neɣ **Adaryes** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Ferula assa-foetida**) d talmest n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n wuffal deg twacult n tbiwin. Dɣa seg telmest-a n yimɣan i d-ssufuɣen aselɣaɣ n taggult.

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asemres
Tikdi (rriḥa) n taggult d tufrizt, mi ara ad tekkuw tettusexdem deg usewwi am isafaren n wučči. Yekcem ɣer Uruppa deg tsut tis 16 

## Isegran
Taggult tesger seg 15% n tayliwin timesrefganin, d uzeffar n ufirulik yakk d kra n tnegwa d tsuddisin turmidin i s-yettaken azal deg ussuji.

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asibbus

**Asibbus** (isem ussnan: **Troglodytidae**) d tawacult n yigṭaṭ meẓẓiyen igebren seg 84 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 19 n tewsitin. Tiwsitin n usibbus ttidirent deg umadal amaynu. Talmest n usibbus imezdi (*Troglodytes troglodytes*) tla (tesɛa) taẓuni meqqren, acku tettidir deg yakk yideggan n tezgelt tagafant.

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n tewsitin

## [[Amyaraw]]
Yessefrurux usibbus gar n mayyu alamma d yunyu. Tessrusay tawtemt gar n 5 alamma d 6 n tmellalin deg igdfen yettwabnan s tuga. 

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asibbus n ukaṛmus
Afelcu

**Afelcu** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Phalacrocorax**) d yiwet n tewsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n ifelcuyen deg wesmil n tiycukiyin. 

S ugani ɣef usismel ussnan, tawsit-a ad tili tegber seg 20 neɣ 40 n telmas. Ma d imgaraden ttmersen deg tewsit n Microcarbo d Leucocarbo.

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Afelcu azeggaɣ iṭarren — (*Phalacrocorax gaimardi*)
* Afelcu n Galapagos — (*Phalacrocorax harrisi*)
* Afelcu aberquc — (*Phalacrocorax punctatus*)

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Taycukt
* Aɣbub
Ameddul

**Ameddul** (tafesna: **Sphenisciformes**, tawacult: **Spheniscidae**) d tagrawt n yigṭaṭ n waman ur yettferfiren ara. Yettidir deg wezgen anaẓul n tegnit, aladɣa deg Antraktika. Imeddulen d wid ilan (yesɛan) assezgi meqqren i tmeddurt deg waman acku tafriwen-is timellalin d tberkanin ttallent deg usengel ma d afriwen-is uɣalent d tisucaf i wakken ad ttallent deg werdab.

Ɣas akken ma imeddulen ttidiren deg wezgen anaẓul n tegnit kan, maca drus kan n telmas i yettidiren deg Antraktika. Acku tuget n telmas n imeddulen ttidirent anda yemnummes unezwu, amedya deg teftisin n Ustṛalya d Tferka n unẓul d Temrikt n unẓul, akken i tella yiwet n telmest tettidir zdat n usebges (Ameddul n Galapagos).
Talmest tacafcalt yakk ur nengir ara tga d ameddul amenkad, anda i tettawaṭ teɣzi-ines ɣer 1,1 m, yerna yettazen 35 kg neɣ ugar. Ma deg tama nniden, yella  umeddul awezlan tettumeggze d talmest tawezlant yakk, anda teɣzi-ines ur tugar ara 40 cm, akken i yettazen azal n 1 kg. S umata, imeddulen meqqren ttmilen ad idiren deg twennaṭin semmṭen. Ma d imeddulen meẓẓiyen ttidirent deg twennaṭin yemnummsen.

## Tamseknit d weglam
Igṭaṭ-a ur zmiren ara ad fferfren s usrag (s sebba) n wanaw n tudert-nsen deg waman. Ableɣ-nsen d win igar gar n umeqqran d ulemmas (40 alamma d 115 cm). Tigekkiwin-nsen d ičuranen ma d yiṭarren-nsen meẓẓiy-it, ma d iferran-nsen mmugen d tiferrawin n werdab.

Ameddul iga d izuran, tuyat-is meẓẓiy-it, ma d iqamumen-is d umsid, iṭarren-is d imazufen

## Tikeli

## [[Tagemra|Inegmaren]]

## Asedger (ideggan n tudert)

## Asesmel

## [[Amyaraw]]

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Idmim (tawsit)

**Idmim** neɣ **Admam** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Crataegus**) d tawsit n yisekla d tmedkin timsennenin i d-ittemɣayen deg wezgen agafan n tegnit. Tawsit-a d tin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tnejjikin. 

Amdan n telmas n tewsit-a d win yemgaraden seg usesmel ɣer wayeṭ, maca imusnawen mtawan ɣef wazal n 200 n telmas. Tilmas yettusxedmen yakk s waṭas i lmend n iylan-is isnajjyanen d idmim azeggaɣ (*Crataegus monogyna*) yakk d yidmim busennan (*Crataegus laevigata*), ma d tubrazt (*Crataegus azarolus*) d tin i d-issemɣayen igumma yettwaččayen.  

## Asesmel
Tawsit-a tettwaglem deg useggas n 1753 sɣur umusnaw n ugama Carl Von Linné. 

Aguccel n telmas yeṭṭafaren tawsit n yidmim d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) s usrag n wefrar (af ssebba n ssehala) n usregnet gar n telmas yemgaraden n yidmim s ufaras yirza.
### Tilmas
* Tubrazt — (*Crataegus azarolus*)
* Idmim uyaziṭ — (*Crataegus crus-galli*)
* Idmim busennan – (*Crataegus laevigata*)
* Idmim aleggaɣ — (*Crataegus mollis*)
* Idmim azeggaɣ — (*Crataegus monogyna*)
* Idmim aberkan — (*Crataegus nigra*)

## Aṭṭanen

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Muḥamed Ṛateb Alnabulsi

Muḥamed Ṛateb Alnabulsi (محمد راتب النابلسي) (ilul deg wass n 29 Yennayer 1939 di Dimecq) d amaru asuri, d aselmad, d amussnaw inslem, d amamsdir & amfrasy n (Tagrurassent N Tmussniwin Tinselmin N Nabulsi). Yella d amselmed di Tseddawit n Dimecq. Yella yettidir di Surya almi tebda tegrawla tasuritt di 2011 yinig akked twacult-is ad idiren di tmurt n Urdun

## Asgmi
Ilul, yekker, yimɣur, yeɣra di Dimecq. Deffir mi yeffeɣ si Tesnawit, Yekcem ad iɣer di  the Tzeddayt n Tiẓuṛiwin di Tseddawit n Dimecq akken ad iɣer Tutlayt Taɛrabt, Deg ussegas n 1966 yewwi tinigit n usnuml n uselmed. Syen-akin yewwi tinigit tamssawit di Tiẓuṛiwin n Tɛrabt seg Tseddawit n Lyon. Deg ussegas n 1999 yewwi Ductura n Uselmed si Tseddawit n Dublin.

## Idlisen

* Timuliwin d Tneslemt , (نظرات في الإسلام ) .
* Aswingem di Tneslemt, (تأملات في الإسلام) .
* Tagrurassent N Ismawen N Allah, (أسماء الله الحسنى)

* Website amaddud
* Muḥamed Ṛateb Alnabulsi di Twitter 
* Muḥamed Ṛateb Alnabulsi di YouTube
* Muḥamed Ṛateb Alnabulsi di Facebook
Agabes

**Agabes** neɣ **Tamulla n ugafa** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Oenanthe oenanathe**) d talmest n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tmulla deg twacult n tmṭefzanin.

## Ideggan n tudert

## Tikeli d [[amyaraw|umyaraw]]

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tamulla

**Tamulla** (isem ussnan: **Oenanthe**) d tawsit n yijqiwen imesbureɣsen iminigen meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmeṭfizanin.
Tilmas n tewsit-a d tid yellan yakan ttusemlent deg twacult n tmerga, ma d tura ttusemlent deg twacult n tmeṭfizanin. Dɣa tilmas-a ttidirent yakk deg Uṛasya d Tferka n ugafa, anagar tamulla n ugafa, anda llant kra n tɣerfin degs ttidirent deg usamer n Kanada yakk d Greenland.

## [[Tinnagrawt]]
Deg usesmel n umnir n weswir amsaylal agraɣlan (alqem 2.10, 2011) yella-d usilley d turrit n kra n telmas seg tewsit-nsent tamzikt yellan d tamullit (*Cercomela*) ɣer tewsit n tmulla. 

### Umuɣ n telmas
S unect n usesmel n umnir n weswir amsaylal agraɣlan (alqem 5.2, 2015):

* Aberɣeggal – (*Oenanthe halophila*). 
* tamulla n ugafa — (*Oenanthe oenanthe*).
* Tamulla yidɣaɣen – (*Oenanthe seebohmi *). 
* Tamulla taberkant imeẓẓuɣen – (*Oenanthe hispanica*). 
* Tamulla muqelmun — (*Oenanthe pileata*).
* Tamulla tazeggaɣt yidmaren — (*Oenanthe bottae*).
* Tamulla n Heuglin — (*Oenanthe heuglini*).
* Tamulla timneggezt — (*Oenanthe isabellina*).
* Tamulla n igerramen — (*Oenanthe monacha*).
* Tamulla yislan — (*Oenanthe leucopyga*).
* Tamulla taberkant — (*Oenanthe leucura*).
* Tamulla tameskilt — (*Oenanthe picata*).
* Acrara — (*Oenanthe moesta*).
* Tamulla taserɣint – (*Oenanthe lugentoides*).

## Učči

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Aberɣeggal
* Imesminqeṛ
Tamulla yislan

**Tamulla yislan** (isem ussnan: **Oenanthe leucopyga**) d talmest n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tmulla deg twacult n temṭefzanin.

## Aglam

## Ideggan n tudert
Tamulla yislan d agṭiṭ yettidiren di tneẓruft. Aladɣa deg yideggan anda ulac imɣan. Imuhaɣ ssemmayen-as «Mula mula».

## [[Amyaraw]]

## Učči

## Deg yidles

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Imesminqeṛ

**Imesminqeṛ** (isem ussnan: **Muscicapa**) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmesmineqṛin.
Tilmas n tewsit-a d tid-ak yettidiren deg yakk tamiwin n Uruppa d Tferka d Asya, yerna tuget deg-sent ttidirent deg tẓegwa. Dɣa aṭas deg-sent ttumeggzent d tilmas timinigin acku deg yal tasemhuyt n umwan ttwliwlent seg Uruppa d Asya ɣer unẓul i wakken ad ssezrint tagrest send ma ad uɣalent deg tefsut.

## Aglam
Tilmas n tewsit-a d tid meẓẓiyen, tiddi-nsent tga ger n 9 alamma d 15 cm, aqerruy-nsent d win meqqren, adfar-nsent meẓẓiy ma d iqamumen-nsent d amnummsan yettizhur yal mi ara ad neddu s azadur-is, afriwen-nsent yettili d aras neɣ d azunɣid.

## Učči

## Tilmas

## [[Amyaraw]]

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Sibbus

**Sibbus** neɣ **Bufsiw** (isem ussnan: **Regulus**) d tawsit n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tbufsiwin. Sibbus d agṭiṭ meẓẓiyen, tikwal yettusesmel deg twacult n tsafliwin.

## Aglam

## Tasensartut
Sibbus d tagrawt meẓẓiyen n yigṭaṭ, tikwal yettmers deg twacult n tsafliwin, maca s tselnin yettunefk-as-d waddad n twacult, aladɣa imi tizrawin tineggura mmlent-d aya. Ɣas akken lland imcabiyen ijumnanen,  maca sibbus yaggug deg tsensartut ɣef usaflaw.. 
Addad n waṭas n talɣiwin ttwasefrant-d taggara ayi kan, dɣa sibbus n Madeira yella tettumeggz d Adu-telmest (*R. i. madeirensis*) yeṭṭafaren sibbus imzerreg (*Regulus ignicapilla*).
 
### Tilmas

## Addad d taggaẓt

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tatrafriwin

**Titrafriwin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Palaeoptera**) d adu-smil n ibureɣsen iselɣen s talɣa tamensayt ɣef tigrawin tidefrawin n temsefriwin (amur ameqran deg-sent inger). 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tizzardfarin

**Tizzadfarin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Thysanura**) d tafesna n ibureɣsen yeṭṭafaren adu-smil n tarfriwin. Asmil-a yebṭa ɣer 4 n twaculin igebren seg 370 n telmas.

## Aglam
Ibureɣsen n tfesna ayi sebṭent, Tifekkiwin-nsent ččurent d tikebrit deg waṭas n tegnatin. Akken i lant iɣunab n umyaraw.

## Ideggan n tudert
Ibureɣsen n tfesna ayi d urmiden s waṭas. Ttidiren deg yixxamen d tenwalin d ger n yidlisen imziken (iqburen). Akken i llant telmas niden ttidiren deg yideggan niden beṛṛa n wexxam. 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Timṭefzanin

**Timesmineqṛin** neɣ **Timṭefzanin** (isem ussnan: **Muscicapidae**) d tawacult n yijqiwen imesbureɣsen. Tawacult-a tegber seg wazal n 310 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 58 n tewsitin. Tilmas n twacult-a ttrajun tigemrawin-nsent alamma rsant ɣef yicaggen n useklu sin akin ad ɣlint fell-asent mi ara ad ilint ttferfirent, maca drus kan i ttrusent ɣef tegnit (lqaɛa).

## Tinnagrawt

### Umuɣ n tewsitin
* Tamulla — (*Oenanthe*)
* Imesminqeṛ — (*Muscicapa*)
* Tareẓẓazt — (*Monticola*)
* Awezliferr — (*Brachypteryx*)
* Asramram — (*Calliope*)
* Aqur — (*Luscinia*)
* Azeggaɣ wul — (*Erithacus*)
* Tammant – (*Phoenicurus*).
* Tareẓẓazt – (*Monticola*).
* Tarwa n mṛaw – (*Saxicola*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aberdeɣyul (tawsit)

**Aberdeɣyul** (isem ussnan: **Pycnonotus**) d tawsit n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n iberdeɣyal. Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 48 n telmas.

## Ideggan n tudert
Tilmas n tewsit-a d tid yettidiren deg yakk ideggan n Tferka (anagar tineẓrufin) d teftisin n usamer alemmas d unẓul n usamer n Asya.

## Umuɣ n telmas
S unect n usesmel n weswir amsaylal agraɣlan (alqem 8.2, 2018):
* Aberdeɣyul aberkan uqerru — (*Pycnonotus atriceps*)
** *Pycnonotus atriceps atriceps* (Temminck, 1822)
** *Pycnonotus atriceps baweanus* (Finsch, 1901)
** *Pycnonotus atriceps hodiernus* (Bangs & Peters, JL, 1927)
** *Pycnonotus atriceps hyperemnus* (Oberholser, 1912)
* Aberdeɣyul aseṭṭaf uqerry —  (*Pycnonotus aurigaster*) (Vieillot, 1818)
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster aurigaster* (Vieillot, 1818)
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster chrysorrhoides* (Lafresnaye, 1845)
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster dolichurus* Deignan, 1949
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster germani* (Oustalet, 1878)
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster klossi* (Gyldenstolpe, 1920)
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster latouchei* Deignan, 1949
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster resurrectus* Deignan, 1952
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster schauenseei* Delacour, 1943
** *Pycnonotus aurigaster thais* (Kloss, 1924)
* Aberdeɣyul wurtan — (*Pycnonotus barbatus*) (Desfontaines, 1789)
** *Pycnonotus barbatus arsinoe* (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823)
** *Pycnonotus barbatus barbatus* (Desfontaines, 1789)
** *Pycnonotus barbatus gabonensis* Sharpe, 1871
** *Pycnonotus barbatus inornatus* (Fraser, 1843)
** *Pycnonotus barbatus schoanus* Neumann, 1905

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Amtiweg anamur

**Amtiweg anamur** neɣ **Amtiweg akalan**, s tenmegla n umtiweg n ugaz, iga d amtiweg igebren s talɣa tagejdant seg yiẓra d yimɣuzen, talmest n yimtiwegen-a tesger s umata seg 3 n tissiwin tulmisin (Aɣwaw, Azennar yakk d yiclem). Tajumma-ines teqqur yerna tegber talɣa tagejdant seg tnegwa ur nettafeg, amedya: iẓra n Silikat d wuzzal amɣuzan. Ihi, tineẓẓi-ines d tin yeflalen and tessawaṭ seg 4 alamma d 5,7.

Deg unagraw anafuk, imtiwgen inamuren d 4 n yimtiwgen igensawen i d-izgan gar n tfukt d ubaggus n izunyuren (Aziweɣ, Tatrit, Tagnit, Mezweɣ, Ayyur yakk d Io igan d ayyur amenzu n yebter ilan taɣessa yettemcabin, ihi yella wamek ara ad ttumeggzen d inamuren), imtiwgen inamuren d wid meẓẓiyen s waṭas ɣef imtiwgen n ugaz, maca tineẓẓi-nsen d tin i d-ten-yugaren acku gebren seg wuzzal d Silikat.

## Tamuski n imtiwgen inamuren

## Inawen n yimtiwgen inamuren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Izumal n yimtiwgen

**Izumal n yimtiwgen** d izumal imudmawen yettusxedmen deg tesnallunt d tesnitrit i wakken ad sgensen imtiwgen d tfukt d wayyur d 8 n yimtiwgen imaynuten, akken i ttusxedmen deg tkimya i wakken ad ttwiqqnen yakk d yimɣuzen yallan deg yimtiwgen.
Aẓaṛ n usemres n izumal-a yella-d seg tallit n zik n iṛumaniyen d yigriken.

Tiddukla n tesnallunt tagreɣlant ur tdeggi ara (ur twufeq ara) ɣef usexdem n izumal-a deg yimagraden n tɣamsa neɣ deg yimagraden imadduden, ɣef wanect-a i ggunin ɣef tarrayt niden i tira n yizumal yellan deg tfelwit-a:

Izumal n uziweɣ d mezweɣ ttumeggzen d izumal n tewtemt d uwtem deg tesnudert seld n umsisi i d-yefka Carl Von Linné deg useggas n 1750.

## Amezruy

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Muḥend Crif Ḥennaci

**'Muḥend Crif Ḥennaci** (2 yebrir 1950 deg At Yiraten - 13 wamber 2020) d amyurar n tujja n uṭar n tmurt n Yiqbayliyen, sin akin yuɣal d aselway n trebbut n Ilemẓiyen inaddalen Iqbayliyen gar n useggas n 1993 alammi d 2017. 

## Tameddurt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Akawka

**Akawka** neɣ** Akawka yiẓra** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Procavia capensis**) d talmest n temsuṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tikawkatin. Akawka d aɣersiw yettemcabin i umarmut yakk d yilef n Guinea.

## Aglam

## Tikeli

## Ideggan n tudert

## Alag yakk d [[ilew|yilew]]

## Amyaraw
Tettarew-d tewtemt sin niɣ kṛad n yifrax seld n tadist yettaṭṭafen seg 6 alamma d 7 n wayyuren.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
William Lassell

**William Lassell** (18 yunyu 1799 - 5 tuber 1880) yella d amsenzu seg 1814 alammid 1821 deg Liverpool. Sin akin yuɣal d amesnallun, ilul deg Bolton, yeɣra deg Rothschild seld mi yemmut bab-as. 

## Imahilen
Deg 1846, Lassell isnarem-d ayyur n Triton igan d ayyur ameqran yakk n Niptun seld n 17 n wyssat seg mi i d-isnarem umesnallun analman Johann Gottfried Galle amtiweg n Niptun, Akken i yettekka deg usnirem n wayyur n Hyperion yettaṭṭafen amtiweg n yebter deg 1848. Ma deg useggas n 1851 isnarem-d Ariel d Umbriel itezzin ɣef Uṛanus. 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tuzzya tamtawant

**Tuzzya tamtawant** (s Teglizit: *Tidal Locking*) d tumant n tɣimit n kra n tafekka tagnnawt|tfekka tagennawt]] iwula i tfekka niden mi ara ad itezzi fell-as, amedya deg tegʷnit n wayyur mi ara ad iwula tegnit deg yal akud. Amtawa ayi yettili-d susrag (s sebba) n umgarad n ufezyan aldayan neɣ n tdusi n tendeffirt, anecta s tuǧǧit n kra n yiwen n yidis n tfekka ad yeqqim iwula tafekka niden s iɣil. Tument-a tettili-d deg tuget n tugniwin yakk d wayyuren mi ara ad tezzin ɣef tfekkiwin i meqqren fell-asen deg ubleɣ. S talɣa tussnant yettili-d ubaɣur (lfayda) seg tument-a deg tuqqna n igensaten i wakken ad wulant tagnit neɣ amtiweg ɣef wacu tezzint.

Deg tesnallunt, Tuzzya tamtawant tettwassen d irem i tfekkiwin itezzin ɣef tfekka niden deg kra n tmezzit, anda akud usfik i ufukku n tuzzya ɣef ugellus yugar akud usfik i ufukku n yiwet n tuzzya tamezzayt. Ɣef wanecta i d-yettili yiwen n wudem kan iy wulan tafekkaɣef wacu iy tezzi deg yal tikkelt. Amedya, ayyur d win ilan (yesɛan) tuzzya tamtawant deg tuzzya-ines ɣef tegnit. Dɣa amur ameqran n wayyuren deg wudus anafuk d wid ilan tuzzya tamtawant yakk d yimtiwgen-nsen.

## Assegzi n tumant

## Akat akudan

## Tifekkiwin tigennawin yettwaṭṭfen s wakud n tuzzya tamtawant

## Ayyuren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Udem amaskad n wayyur

**Udem amaskad n wayyur** d azgen n tsegla n wayyur iwulan tiṭṭ n tfukt s talɣa tummidt, ma d idis niden isem-is udem uffir n wayyur. Yall tikkelt yettili hiwen n wudem yettwaskad seg tegnit, acku ayyur itezzi ɣef ugellus-ines s yiwen n ufimidi n tuzzya-ines ɣef tegnit, dɣa addad-a yettusemma s tuzzya tamtawant. Ayyur ittmagar-d tafat srid seg tfukt, ma d tameskant-is tallusant tettwassen s tallust n wayyur i d-issisrigen (i d-itsebbiben) s unbeddal n teskant tamaskadt n wayyur (seg tazzirt ɣer tziri). S umata, amdan yezmer ad iẓer azal n 59% n wayyur seg tegnit s usrag n uklitu n wayyur.

## Taɣda

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Takuct tamackaṭṭ

**Takuct tamackaṭṭ** d amdun igellu-d yis uɣelkuy d weckaṭ n useffud ɣef tegnit neɣ ɣef wayyur neɣ kra n umtiweg d uzunyur deg wudus anafuk.

Deg ugezdu n Leɣwaṭ i d-izgan deg utaram n tmurt n Lezzayer tella yiwet n tkuct isem-is Talemzan.

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Talemzan

**Takuct n talemzan** (s Tifinaɣ: **ⵜⴰⵍⴻⵎⵣⴰⵏ**) d takuct tamackaṭṭ igla-d yis umickaṭ n yiwen n useffud ɣef tegnit. Takuct-a tezga-d deg unẓul n ugezdu n Leɣwaṭ (deg tmurt n Lezzayer).

## Isalan

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asebrin

**Asebrin** (s Teglizit: *Spin*) d aylan i d-immalen ɣef tuzzya n tzelɣa taferdisant ɣef yiman-is. Asebrin yettumeggez aylan asemsi deg yakk tizelɣiwin tiferdisanin anda i d-tesgensis tamikanikt taẓarant. 

## Asnirem

## Asebrin d taylalt n iferdisen

## Asebrin i tzelɣiwin tiferdisanin

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aẓimmas

**Aẓimmas** (s Teglizit: barycenter) deg tesmedna d ammas n wadad n snat n tfekkiwin neɣ ugar tezzin ɣef iman-nsen, neɣ ɣef wazag ɣef wacu tezzint. Asiden n umaccaq gar n wammas n wadad n yal tafekka d wagaz-nni yezmer ad yili s usemres n tluft n snat n tfekkiwin 

## Aẓimmasn sin n wagazen

## Tiwlafin

## imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ahil n Luna

**Ahil n Luna** (s trusit: Луна - anamek-is: ayyur) d tazrart n wahilen imallunen yettwaznen ɣer wayyur sɣur tiddukla n Suvyit gar n iseggasen n 1959 d 1976  i wakken ad zerwen ayyur. Akken i d-llan waṭas n warramen i wezraw n tsuddest takrurant n wayyur d teldayt-is d teẓɣelt-is d izenzaren-is.

## Tinfusin

## Inigen n Luna

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asifliw

**Asifliw** (isem ussnan: **Phylloscopus**) d tawsit n yijqiwen meẓẓiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tsifliwin. Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 80 n telmas n yigḍaḍ itetten ibureɣsen (ibeɛɛac).

## Tilmas
* Asifliw arurad — (*Phylloscopus collybita*).
* Siwriɣ — (*Phylloscopus sibilatrix *).
* Asifliw n Laura — (*Phylloscopus laurae*).
* Asifliw azwawaɣ wudem — (*Phylloscopus laetus*).
* Asifliw imula — (*Phylloscopus umbrovirens*).
* Afsiw n Bonelli – (*Phylloscopus bonelli*). 
* Asifliw asrifan – (*Phylloscopus pulcher*).
* Asifliw n Hume – (*Phylloscopus humei*). 
* Asifliw awraɣ n timmiwin – (*Phylloscopus inornatus*). 
* Asifliw n idurar – (*Phylloscopus sindianus*). 
* Asifliw – (*Phylloscopus trochilus*)
* Asifliw amanzal – (*Phylloscopus neglectus*).
* Asifliw azemlal – (*Phylloscopus fuscatus*).
* Asifliw n tezgelt – (*Phylloscopus borealis*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Afsiw

**Afsiw** neɣ **Siwriɣ** neɣ **Bucennis** (isem ussnan: **Phylloscopus sibilatrix**) d talmest n yigḍaḍ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n usifliw. Talmest-a tettidir deg Uṛasya d Tferka. Deg tegrest yettinig seg tamiwin anda i d-itteɣlay usemmiṭ deg Urasya ɣer yideggan anda yella wezɣal deg Tferka (Tafriqt).

## Ismawen s tutlayin timaziɣin nniḍen
S tcawut: **Taličči** neɣ **Haličči**.

## Aglam
Tiddi n ufsiw d tin ilan (yesɛan) seg 11 alamma d 13 cm. Ma d azarug-is (mi ara ad yeldi afriwen-is) srg 19 alamma d 20 cm. Yettazen seg 8 alamma d 13 g.

## Ideggan n tudert

## Učči

## Amyaraw

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aqqaṛ

**Aqqaṛ** d azgen n wekdu n twinest neɣ tsegla neɣ n uglay. Aqqaṛ yegda amaccaq yebṭan gar n wammas n twinest ( neɣ tsegla neɣ n uglay) de yal agaz deg tlisa n telɣa. 

Aqqaṛ yegda taseɣleyt yebṭa ɣef 2 Pi ( r = \frac{c}{2\pi} ).

## Aqqaṛ n twinest
Assaɣ gar n waqqaṛ R d tseɣleyt L n twinest d: R=\frac L{2\pi}.

I usiden n waqqaṛ R i twinest i yekkan ɣef 3 n wagazen A,B,C nezmer ad nessemres taftart-a :

R=\frac a{2\sin\alpha},
neɣ a est la longueur BC et \alpha akat n tɣmert \widehat{BAC} .


Ma ttwanefken 3 n wazagen s yimsidag-nsen  (x_1,y_1) ,  (x_2,y_2)  d  (x_3,y_3) , nezmer daɣen ad nessemres taftart-a (voir asaduf n uwsi et Tajumma n ukeṛdis) :

.}}
## Aqqaṛ n uglay

## Aqqaṛ n [[Azunglay|uzunglay]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aglay (tusnakt)

**Aglay** (s Teglizit: Ellipse) d tameknut isebṭen i d-iteggen s uylan-a: tanafa n tiddi n yal agaz deg tmeknut-a ɣef sin n wagazen ibedden s agensu-ines (ttwasemman idiken) ittɣamay ibedd.

idiken d agazen F1 d F2 deg telɣa. 

Ihi yezmer ad yili usuneɣ n uglay s weɣris yettusbedden seg ijufaṛ-is deg sin n wagazen F1 d F2, d usuneɣ n uglay fell-asen s yimru seg wagaz X. 

Aglay daɣen d yiwet n telmest n ikaswaranen, mi ara ad tettwagzam ukaswar s weswir imalen deg ugellus n ukaswar ad nessuffeɣ aglay.

## Iylanen

## Tigda tiljibriyin d wenkaz alemmas

## Tirrayin n usuneɣ n uglay

## Tajumma n uglay

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Adeg anzeggan

**Adeg anzeggan** deg tenzeggit d tagrawt n wagazen yezdin deg kra n teskant. Amedya, amaɣud d adeg anzeggan i tegrawt n wazagen imgadan deg wuggug ɣef sin n imaɣuden yemsidɣen. 

## Imedyaten
* Tawinest: d adeg anzeggan i wazagen yemgadan deg wuggug ɣef wazag n wammas n twinest.
* Aglay: d adeg anzeggan n wazagen anda temgada tnafa n wuggugen-is ɣef wadik.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Agaz (tanzeggit)

**Agaz** neɣ **Tiẓunt** deg tenzeggit d talɣa tasnakant war tisektiwin d tjumma d ubleɣ. Azag isgensis-d yiwet n tmidrant tagejdant deg tenzeggit d waṭas n ifurken n tusnakt d tsengama d tugna tamawayant. Yettwassen wazag d akken-it ila adeg deg yilem maca war ableɣ d tjumma d tsekta, anda i d-isgensis isalan ɣef wadeg kan war aylanen usnakanen niden. 

## Azag deg [[tanzeggit taklidant|tenzeggit taklidant]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Agni (tanzeggit)

Deg tusnakt, **Agni** neɣ **Ugniw** d tajumma usbiṭ imisin iseggiwen, idda ɣer yifed. Yemmer d akken yal amur seg tallunt tesnes fell-as umaɣad yemsidɣen fell-as akken ixsa (yebɣu) ibeddel tanilla-ines ɣef ugellus aratak deg wegni. Anda ma yella agaz ur ila ara tasekta, u umaɣad seg yiwet n tsekta, u tallunt seg 3 n tsektiwin, ihi agni igber seg snat n tsektiwin kan **teɣzi** d **tehri**, neɣ d talɣa tanzeggit i d-ilfan seg tuzzya n umaɣad ɣef ugellus aratak fell-as.

## Tanzeggit taklidant

## Ignan deg <math>\R^3</math>

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ameccaq

**Ameccaq** neɣ **Astum** gar n sin n wagazen d teɣzi n uzerrig amaɣad gar n sin n wagazen-a. Tikwal tettili-d tenfalit ɣef umeccaq s yirem n wakud issefken i wakken ad tiddel s tikli neɣ s temseddut (aɣanib-a yeṭṭafar isemrasen iyalassen. maca mači ussniwen, acku ur yelli ara d ufrin). Dɣa tafat tettwasled deg wanecta acku tazzla-ines d timbeddit (s unect n tiẓri tamassaɣt) ɣef wanecta i ttwasidnen imeccaqen isnallunen s ifawatayen (ameccaq i tetteddu tafat deg useggas) s talɣa tussnant. 

Ameccaq yettwasnes deg ufaris (Tallunt × Tallunt) ar wuṭṭunen imdettiyen ilawen, ayen yennumken asnas yeqqnen yal sin n wagazen deg tallunt s wuṭṭun imdetti ilaw. Asnas-a ittfaras-d timentilin-a: 

* \forall (x,y)\in E^2 : d(x,y)=d(y,x) (arawas)
* \forall (x,y)\in E^2 : d(x,y)=0\Leftrightarrow x=y (abeṭṭay)
* \forall (x,y,z)\in E^3 : d(x,z)\leq d(x,y)+d(y,z) (Tanmeglit takeṛdisant)

## Deg [[tanzeggit|tenzeggit]]

## Deg [[tanzeggit tuglimt]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasegla

**Tasegla** d tajumma tanzeggant tamakuẓt tummidt n uzamal, tfellu-d seg tuzzya n twinest ɣef kra n yikda-ines. Deg tenzeggit taklidant n kṛad n tsektiwin, tettwassen tsegla d akken-itt d adeg anzeggan i tgrawt n wagazen yaggugen s yiwen n wuggug, w ad yili **r** seg kra n wagaz deg tallunt anda **r** d uṭṭun ilaw yettwasemma **[[aqqaṛ]]**. Iga d azag yettwammlen s **wammas n twinest**. Tawinest n tigget d tawinest ilan (yesɛan) aqqaṛ igda 1.

## Tajumma

## Ableɣ

## Tigda

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tawinest

Deg tenzeggit. **Tawinest** d talɣa tanzeggant tamasbaṭ. Tettwassen d akken-itt d adeg anzeggan i wagazen i d-izgan ɣef wegni yerna teggug  s wuggug imbeddi seg kra n wagaz. Tagrawt-a n wazagen ur nettfakka tettusemma s tseɣleyt n twinest, agaz imbeddi yettusemma ammas, ma d amaccaq seg yal agaz deg tseɣleyt ɣer wammas d aqqaṛ. Dɣa akdu d aftus i d-ittekken seg wammas n twinest yerna tessawaṭ gar n sin n wagazen deg tseɣleyt.

Tawinest tettusesmel d akken-itt d aglay umi zlan (ṛuḥen) wadiken-is deg yiwen n wagaz neɣ deg uzmig war awlelles. Ɣef wanecta, tawinest tla azmig i d-uttmagen s usrag n unegzum n ukaswar yakk d weswir yemsidɣen d uzadur-is. Tawinest tettwassen daɣen d ageddis alugan imifed n igeddisen.

## Irmawen igejdanen

Tawinest anta ammas-is d agaz  tettwazmel O ma d aqqaṛ-is r deg tusnakt s: «C(O, r)» d«\odot C» neɣ daqes s webdar n «twinest O» i wzullen ɣures..

## Asenmel (abadu)

## [[Tagenzi|Tigenziyin]]

## Tiɣemrin

## Tiyugiwin n twinas

## Amezruy

## Tawinest deg tẓuri d yidles

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asnegnag

**Asnegnag** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Dendrocopos**) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n merẓesɣar. Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 20 n telmas timnummsanin n webleɣ.

## Tilmas

* Asnegnag ameqran — (*Dendrocopos major*)
* Asnegnag ameẓyan — (*Dendrocopos minor*) 
* Asnegnag amenčax yidis — (*Dendrocopos hyperythrus*)
* Asnegnag n Temminick — (*Yungipicus temminckii*)
* Asnegnag awezlan — (*Yungipicus moluccensis*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aftus (tanzeggit)

**Aftus** neɣ **Ibṭi** deg tenzeggit d amur seg amaɣad ittwaguccel s sin n wagazen yettusemman s **yijufaṛ n ugeddis** (s Teglizit: Endpoints). Dɣa ageddis igber yakk azagen i d-izgan deg umaɣud seg yijufaṛ-is, ma d aftus yettusesmel d tagruma ur nelli d tilemt d tizeddit.

## Tignatin timeẓlayin

## Asefki

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ammas (tanzeggit)

Deg tenzeggit, ammas n tfekka d agaz ilan (yesɛan) aylan igan d tagadda n wuggug ɣef yakk n wazagen deg waẓi n tfekka. Ihi, yettili-d usiden-is d uguccel n wadeg-is s yiwet neɣ ugar n tirrayin tinmeɣrayin g tenzeggit n tfekka.

## Deg [[tawinest|twinest]]
Ammas n twinest d agaz anda yemgada umaccaq ɣef yakk wagazen deg waẓi n twinest. 

## Deg [[Azamal|uzamal]]

## Deg ukeṛdis

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Allunmas

**Allunmas** neɣ **Awlelles** deg tusnakt d irem yeqqnen ɣer uglay, Allunmas d asakat n wuggug n telɣa ayi tuwnist. Ɣer twinest, ammas-is yalass yettili deg tlemmast, ma d aglay ila sin n wammasen yemsebṭan, dɣa d wayi i d allunmas yerna ila azal asidnan deg tusnakt. Irem-a nettaf-it-id aladɣa mi ara ad nezrew ismilen ilan (yesɛan) talɣa am uglay. 

## [[Uzmig|Uzmigen]]

## Tazrawt n uglay

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Meckenṭed

**Meckenṭed** (isem ussnan **Certhia**) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmeckunṭad. Tawsit-a tegber seg 9 n telmas tiɣananin.

Tilmas n meckenṭed ttidirent deg yideggan anda ttilint tẓegwa. Ɣas akken ttinigent maca deg taɣult tadigant kan. amedya, tinigin gar n isawnen d yiksaren n yidurar n Himalaya.

## Tilmas
* Meckenṭed yisɣaren — (*Certhia familiaris*)
* Meckenṭed n Hodgson — (*Certhia hodgsoni*)
* Meckenṭed imsibrik — (*Certhia americana*)
* Meckenṭed wurtan — (*Certhia brachydactyla*)
* Meckenṭed n Himalaya — (*Certhia himalayana*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taseɣleyt

**Taseɣleyt** d ameccaq imzirig ɣef tfekka tuwnist. Taseɣleyt d tin igan d taxatart s waṭas deg tenzeggit yakk d tnezkeṛdist.

## Taseɣleyt n twinest
Taseɣleyt n twinest d ameccaq ɣef twinest. Irem-a yettusexdem i wakken ad imel tifekkiwin timdettiyin. Akken i yettusexdem i wakken ad imel tifekkiwin tisnakanin timadwanin.

Taseɣleyt n twinest trennu s tmerniwt n wekdu-ines. Afaris n beṭṭu n tseɣleyt ɣef wekdu d usbiṭ, yerna s kra ɣef wuṭṭun 3, ayen yennumken d akken taseɣleyt tegda 3 n tikkal n wekdu.

### Assaɣ yakk d Pi
Taseɣleyt n twinest yeqqen yakk d yiwet seg tmezgiwin tisnakanin tixatarin deg yakk taɣulin n tusnakt, Pi (Azamul-is s Tegrikt **π**). Atig aneṭṭun n π yegda 3.14159... (ẓeṛ ) yettwassen d afimudi gar n tseɣleyt d twinest ɣer wekdu-ines.
Tanfalit ɣef tseɣleyt n twinest tettili-d s wassaɣ

{C}=\pi\cdot{d}=2\pi\cdot{r}.\! 

Anda **C** tesgensis taseɣleyt, ma d **d** yesgensis akdu n twinest, ma d **r** d aqqaṛ. 

## Taseɣleyt n [[aglay (tusnakt)|uglay]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Wlad Sidi Brahim

*Wlad Sidi Brahim (Tamsilt) d tamdint deg twilayt n Temsilt.
*Wlad Sidi Brahim (Burǧ Buɛririǧ) d tamdint deg twilayt n Burǧ Buɛririǧ.
Akawsar (tusnakt)

**Akaswar** di tusnakt d afrun i d-ittmagen seg usiweṭ n wagazen n temkunt tumdilt s wagaz ur ten-ṭṭafar ara, tameknut tettwasemma **azlem awehhay** ma d agaz yettwassmma **ixef n ukaswar**, ma yella d yal amaɣad yessawaṭ-it gar n uzlem awehhay d yixef n ukaswar yettusemma **amsuneɣ n ukawsar**. Dɣa akawsar yettwassen daɣen d afrun i d-yettmagen seg tuzzya n akeṛdis aserman n tɣemrin ɣef kra n ugeddis n teɣmert taɣadant tuzzya tummidt.

Mi ara ad yili uzlem awehhay d tawinest, ittusemmay ukawsar d **akawsar uwnis**. W mi ara ad ilin yakk issunɣen mgadan deg teɣzi yettusemmay **akawsar uwnis aɣadan**. Ma yella negzem akawsar uwnis aɣadan s wugni war ixef, agezzum i d-innulfan ad yettwassmma uzmig. Ma d **Teflel n ukawsar** d umaɣad aratak seg yixef ɣer uzadur.

## Uzmigen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Isemlel

**Isemlel** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Sambucus**) d tawsit n tmedkin d yimɣan isaɣuren yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tnarafin. Imahilen ineggura deg tennagrawt ssrusayen tawsit-a di twacult n tduksiwin. Isemlalen n wesɣar d timedkin ilan (yesɛan) ijeǧǧigen mellulen neɣ s yini afraran, sin akin ttuɣalen d timeqqunin meẓẓiyen n tgemmutin zeggaɣen neɣ zegzawen neɣ berriken. Dɣa tigemmutin-a tettentent yigṭaṭ, akken i ttekkayen deg usnezwi n yifsan n yimɣan-a. 

## Tilmas
* Turwagt — (*Sambucus nigra*)
* Isemlel azeggaɣ — (*Sambucus racemosa*)
* Isemlel awezlan — (*Sambucus ebulus*)

## Asemres

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Agmumes (agṭiṭ)

**Agmumes** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Emberiza calandra**) d talmest n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n uqelqul azegzaw  deg twacult n tqelzegzawin. Zik-nni, talmest-a d tin yellan tufet deg yigran d tuddar, maca tura drusent (neqsent) s waṭas s usrag (s ssebba) n tegmart.

Agmumes itett ibureɣsen mi ara ad yili d afrux meẓẓiyen. Mi ara ad yimɣur itett ifsan am yirden.

## Aglam
Tiddi-ines tla gar 17 ar 18 cm, ma d azarug n wafriwen-is seg 26 alamma d 32 cm. Talmest-a ur d-tteskanay ara tasnalɣiwt tamazzuft.

## Tasensartut

## Učči

## Amyaraw

## Tuggziwin d taggaẓt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tabegnest

**Tabegnest** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Ammomanes**) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tzirriwin.

## Tilmas
S unect n weswir n yigṭaṭ agraɣlan (alqem 7.1, 2017): 
* Tagṭiṭ umerdul — (*Ammomanes deserti*)
* Tabegnest n Miẓra — (*Ammomanes cincturus*)
* Tabegnest tazeggaɣt wedfa — (*Ammomanes phoenicura*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tagṭiṭ umerdul

**Tagṭiṭ umerdul** (isem ussnan: **Ammomanes deserti**) d talmest n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tbegnest.

## Aglam
Tiddi-ines tla gar n 15 ar 16 cm.

## Ideggan n tudert

## Tinnagrawt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taɣla yiẓra

**Taɣla yiẓra** (isem ussnan: **Alaemon alaudipes**) d talmest n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n teɣla.

## Tasensartut

## Aglam

## Učči

## Amyaraw

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Aferjeɣɣul (tawsit)
Aqelqul azegzaw (tawsit)

**Aqelqul azegzaw** neɣ **Amwad** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Emberiza**) d tawsit n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tqelzegzawin. Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 44 n telmas.

## Tilmas
* Aqelqul bucentuf — (*Emberiza lathami*)
* Agmumes azegzaw — (*Emberiza siemsseni*)
* Agmumes — (*Emberiza calandra*)
* Aqelqul awraɣ — (*Emberiza citrinella*)
* Busemmun — (*Emberiza cia*)
* Iẓiwec yigran — (*Emberiza cirlus *)
* Tinebgiwt — (*Emberiza sahari*)
* Tibiqqect — (*Emberiza striolata*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Ayzerrin
Aqur (tawsit)

**Aqqur** neɣ **Aqur** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Luscinia**) d tawsit n yijqiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tmesmineqṛin. Tawsit-a tegber seg 4 n telmas.

## Tasensartut

## Tilmas
* Tumsisi — (*Luscinia svecica*)
* Aqur amellal wadis — (*Luscinia phoenicuroides*)
* Aqur amezgul — (*Luscinia luscinia*)
* Aqqur — (*Luscinia megarhynchos*)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen