Aristot

**Aristot** (s tegrigit Ἀριστοτέλης, 384-322 Qε) yella d afelsaf agrigi. Ilul-d di taddart t n Stagire di tmurt n Tmaqdunit (Masedwan). Yezdeɣ deg Atena, yella d anelmad n Platon di tkadimit.

## Tazwart:
Aristote (384-322 sent Talalit) d yiwen seg ifelyasufen imeqqranen n tmurt n Legrig. Yella d anelmad n Platon, maca yesbedd tafelsuft-is i yemgaraden aṭas ɣef tin n uselway-is. Yura aṭas n yedlisen yerzan tafelsuft, tasertit, tussna, d waṭas n yiḥricen nniḍen n tmusni.

## Tameddurt-is:
Aristote ilul-d deg useggas n 384 uqbel talalit n Ɛisa, di temdint n Stagira di Grik taqburt. Baba-s, Nicomaque, yella d amejjay n ugellid *Amyntas III* n Macédoine. Ayagi yeǧǧa Aristote ad yili qrib i tgelda seg temẓi-s.

Mi yesɛa 17 n yiseggasen, iṛuḥ ɣer *Athènes*, anda yekcem ɣer Tkadimit n Platon. Yeqqim din azal n 20 n yiseggasen, am unelmad, syin am uselmad. Maca, mi yemmut Platon, Aristote yeǧǧa Athènes, imi kra n tmuɣliwin-is mgaradent ɣef tid n uselmad-is.

Syin, yeqqel d aselmad n Alexandre Ameqqran, mmi-s n ugellid Philippe II n Macédoine. Tirmit-a teqqim azal n kraḍ n yiseggasen, yerna tesɛa tazrirt  meqqren ɣef ugellid agi ameqqran.

Deg useggas n 335, yuɣal-d ɣer Athènes yeldi-d aɣerbaz-is, Tasnawt. Dinna, netta d yinelmaden-is, llan zzin-d i tmazirt yerna mmeslayen ɣef tussniwin d tfelsafit. Ayagi fkan-asen isem n "Peripatetici" (wid iteddun).

Mi yemmut Alexandre Ameqqran deg 323, yekker umennuɣ mgal imasiduniyen di Athènes, daymi Aristote yerwel, yenna belli "ur yecliɛ ara ad yeǧǧ Athènes ad texdem lɣelṭa tis snat mgal tafelsafit," yebɣa ad d-yini ayen yeḍran i Socrate. Yemmut deg useggas n 322 di Chalcis.

## Anagraw afelsafi n Aristote

### Tametafizikt:

#### Tazwart:
Tametafizikt deg tfelsuft n Aristote tesɛa amḍiq d ameqqran. Tebna ɣef tmental tussnant d wayen yeɛnan tidet deg yal taɣawsa. Deg uḍris-a, ad d-nemmeslay ɣef tmental n temetafizikt-is d wazal-is deg tfelsuft d tussna.

#### Anamek n temetafizikt(Ayen yellan deffir n tgama) ɣer Aristote:
Deg tmetafizikt-is, Aristot yesnerni-d tamiḍrant n "**tanga d talɣa**". Yenna-d dakken yal taɣawsa tesɛa snat n wudmawen: tanga (ayen seg i tettwaxleq) d talɣa (amek i tettban neɣ ayen i tt-yesxedmen d ayen i tt-id-yesskan). 

Yesnulfa-d daɣen tamiḍrant n "kuẓ n timentilin(ssebba)":

* Tamentilt tangawit (seg wacu i d-tekka taɣawsa)
* Tamentilt  talɣawit (acu i d talɣa-s)
* Tamentilt  tamhalt (acu i tt-id-yesnulfan)
* Tamentilt  tagrawit (ɣef wacu i tettwaxleq)

Tametafiziktt, d tussna n wayen yellan deffir n tɣawsiwin neɣ deffir n umaɣreḍ i nettwali. Ɣer Aristote, d tussna n tmentilin timezwura n yal taɣawsa. Yenna-d belli tametafiziktt d nettat i d tussna tamezwarut, acku tettnadi ɣef tmentilin timezwura n wayen yellan.

### Tameẓla deg tfelsuft n aristote:

#### Tazwart:
tameẓla deg tfelsuft n Aristote d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin tigejdanin i d-yeǧǧa i tfelsuft d tussna. Yesnulfa-d tarrayt tamaynut n urrif, s useqdec n wayen iwumi isemma "syllogisme". Deg uḍris-a, ad d-nessegzi amek yebna Aristote tameẓla-s d wazal-is i tfelsuft d tussna.

#### Anamek n tameẓla ɣer Aristote:
Aristote yettwaḥsab d baba-s n tmeẓla tamensayt. Deg yisemli-ines "Organon" (afecku ), yessefhem amek ara yebnu umdan afakul ameɣẓan  i wakken ad yaweḍ tidet. Yexdem anagraw  n "syllogisme," yiwet n tarrayt n usenfali i yesɛan snat n tentalyin timezwura i wakken ad tefke tis kraḍt.

### Timlilɣi deg tfelsuft n aristote:

#### Tazwart:
Timlilɣi(éthique) deg tfelsuft n Aristote d aḥric agejdan i yerzan tudert n umdan d yizerfan-is. Deg udlis-is "Ethique à Nicomaque", Aristote yefka-d tamuɣli tamagnut ɣef wayen yeɛnan timlilɣi, tudert igerrzen, d tumert n umdan. Deg uḍris-a, ad d-nessegzi tiktiwin tigejdanin n Aristote ɣef timlilɣi d wazal-is i tudert n umdan.

#### Anamek n timlilɣi ɣer Aristote:
Aristot yura adlis ɣef timlilɣi yettwassnen s yisem "Timlilɣi n Nikomak". Deg-s, yesnerni-d tamiḍrant n "tallunt talemmast". Yettɣil dakken taɣara timlilɣit tettidir gar snat n tɣawsiwin yettmennuɣen. Amedya, tumert tettidir gar tiɣellist d tugdi - akken kan ara tili gar-asent.

Yesnulfa-d daɣen awal n "eudaimonia" - tadfi tameɣrant neɣ taɣuri tummidt n tudert. Yenna-d dakken amdan yettaweḍ ɣer tadfi tameɣrant mi ara yedder akken ilaq s tɣara d wayen yettxemmim.

### Tasleṭ d Turda n Aristot - Asnerni Ufrin
Tasleṭ n Aristot d tafesna tameqqrant deg umezruy n tmusni. D netta i d amenzu i yesnulfan anagraw n tasleṭ s tarrayt tanagrawt d tuhlist. Uqbel Aristot, imusnawen ttnadin ɣef tidet maca war alugen d yifecka imseddasen. Aristot yefka-d ifecka yettaǧǧan amdan ad yesseɣti tidmi-s s tarrayt tusdidt.

#### <u>'''Idlisen n Tasleṭ - Organon'''</u>
Aristot yura aṭas n yidlisen ɣef tmeẓla, wid akk yettwasemman "Organon" - anamek-is d "afecku". Idlisen-agi d wigi:

Adlis amenzu "Tiggayin" yemmeslay-d ɣef wawalen d wanawen n tɣawsiwin yellan deg tilawt. Aristot yefka-d ɛecra n tiggayin tigejdanin: tanga, taɣara, amḍiq, akud, addad, tigawt, tarmit, aɛraḍ d ussis. Tiggayin-agi d tiɣawsiwin tigejdanin i nezmer ad nini ɣef yal taɣawsa.

Adlis wis sin "Ɣef Assegzi" yesnerni-d amek i d-tebna ussegzi - anamek n wawalen d tenfaliyin. Yemmeslay-d ɣef yimyagen gar tɣawsiwin d wamek ara nsemgarad tiɣawsiwin. Amedya, amgarad gar "amdan" d "aɣersiw" - sin-agi d "timudar" maca mgaraden deg taɣara.

Adlis wis kraḍ d wis rebɛa "Islaḍ imezwura d yineggura" snernin-d anagraw n "tasengama". Tasengama d tarrayt n usumer anda i d-nessufeɣ tilawt tamaynut seg snat n tilawtin yettwaɛqalen.

#### <u>'''Tasengama - Afecku Agejdan n Tidmi'''</u>
Tasengama d yiwet seg tnulfuyin timeqqranin n Aristot. D anagraw yebnan ɣef kraḍ n tefyar:

**Tafyirt tameqqrant** - tilawt tamatut **Tafyirt tamecṭuḥt** - tilawt yettɛawan **Taggrayt** - tilawt i d-yettilin seg snat-nni

Amedya afessas:

* Akk imdanen mmuten
* Sokrat d amdan
* Ihi Sokrat ad yemmet

Aristot yesselmed-aɣ-d dakken ma yella snat n tefyar timezwura d tidett, taggrayt ur tezmir ara ad tili d takerḍust. Ayagi yettaǧǧa-yaɣ ad nẓer ma yella tidmi-nneɣ d tameɣtut neɣ ala.

#### <u>'''Kraḍ n Yilugan Igejdanen n Tidmi'''</u>
Aristot yesbedd-d kraḍ n yilugan igejdanen ur nezmir ara a ten-nenkir deg tidmi tusdidt:

**Alugen n Timagit**: Yal taɣawsa d netta. A d A. Taɣawsa ur tezmir ara ad tili d ayen nniḍen deg yiwet n wakud. Akersi d akersi, ur yezmir ara ad yili d awtul deg yiwet n wakud.

**Alugen n War-amennuɣ**: Tilawt ur tezmir ara ad tili d tidet d ulac deg yiwen n wakud. Ma yella nenna "iṭij yetteffeɣ-d", ayagi yezmer ad yili d tidet neɣ d alla, maca ur yezmir ara ad yili sin-nni deg yiwet n wakud.

**Alugen n War-agra**: Gar tidet d lekdeb ulac tallunt nniḍen. Yal tilawt tezmer ad tili deg yiwen waddad neɣ deg waddad nniḍen, ulac ayen nniḍen gar-asent. Ma ur telli ara d tidet, ihi d akellax

#### <u>'''Anawen n Usumer'''</u>
Aristot yefka-d sin n wanawen igejdanen n usumer:

**Asumer asensiḍ** - nettawi-d seg umatut ɣer umuzzay. Nettak seg tilawtin timatutin, nettaweḍ ɣer teggrayin timuzzayin. Ayagi d anaw n usumer yettɛawan tidet imeḍlen.

Amedya:

* Akk igḍaḍ sɛan afriwen
* Akk tifrexin sɛant afriwen
* Akk iimraqmin sɛant afriwen

* Ihi akk timraqmin sɛant afriwen

**Asumer aselmed** - nettawi-d seg umuzzay ɣer umatut. Seg tirmit d tuẓẓut, nettaweḍ ɣer tilawtin timatutin. Anaw-agi ur yettɛawan ara tidet, yettarra-d kan iṣuḍaḍ.

Amedya:

* Ẓriɣ aṭas n yiɣersiwen iberkanen
* Ihi ahat akk iɣersiwen d iberkanen

#### '''<u>Tuccḍiwin deg Tidmi</u>'''
Aristot yesselmed-aɣ-d ɣef tuccḍiwin i nezmer ad neg deg tidmi. Yessemma-yasent "tuccḍiwin n usumer" neɣ "tikerḍas". Llant waṭas n tuccḍiwin:

**Tuccḍa n usentem amennuɣ** - mi ara nessemres tilawtin yettmennuɣen iwakken ad d-nesban tidet n tilawt. Amedya: "Ilaq ad tɛeǧbeḍ taẓuri-w acku ma ur tɛeǧbeḍ ara, ur tesɛiḍ ara lfehm n tẓuri"

**Tuccḍa n usebded n wayen ilaqen ad yettwasbedd(afukal n tuzzya)** - Seqdec tagrayt am akken d tazwart i ubeggen n ufukal. Amedya: "Rebbi yella acku yura deg wedlis iqedsen, d adlis iqedsen d tidet acku d awal n Rebbi"

**Tuccḍa n usteɛfu** - mi ara d-nessekcem tiɣawsiwin ur nesɛi ara assaɣ d wayen ɣef nettmeslay. Amedya: "Ur ilaq ara ad nammen imsebraḥen acku Napoleon yella d amsebriḥi"

### <u>'''Azal n Tasleṭ n Aristot deg Tussna'''</u>
Tasleṭ n Aristot teqqim d lsas n tidmi taɣelnayt azal n 2000 n yiseggasen. Alamma d lqern wis 19, anagraw-is n tasleṭ yella d afecku agejdan n uselmed deg tesdawiyin. Ɣas ma yella tusnakt tamirant temɣer-d s yifecka nniḍen am tusnakt tafizikt, lsas n Aristot mazal yettwaseqdac.

Deg tussniwin n wass-a, am tsenselkimt, neseqdac aṭas n yifecka n Aristot. Inagrawen n "ma yella... ihi..." deg tihawt n uselkim bnan ɣef tasleṭ tasengamit n Aristot. Ula d allaɣ aragmawan yesseqdac ilugan n tidmi iwakken ad yexdem s telqeyt.

Tasleṭ n Aristot teǧǧa-d azal meqqren deg tgemmi taɣelnayt acku tefka-d tarrayt iwakken ad neẓẓer ma yella tidmi d tameɣtut neɣ d texṣar. Tesbedd-d ifecka i yettaǧǧan aɣ ad nefhem amek ara nseddu afukal-nneɣ s telqeyt tusdidt. S waya, Aristot ur d-yefki ara kan timuɣliwin, yefka-yaɣ-d ifecka s wayes ara nesnulfu timuɣliwin s telqeyt tusdidt.