Aliksandr Ameqqran

**Aliksandr Ameqran** neɣ **Skender ameqqran**(s tagrigit taqburt : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας / *Aléxandros ho Mégas* ou Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος / *Mégas Aléxandros*) neɣ Aliksandr wis tlata, illul ass n 22 yulyu 356 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Pella, yemmut ass n 13 yunyu 323 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Babel. D agelid n Tagelda n Masidunya (336-323 s.t.-S-Ɛ).

Aliksandr Ameqran yewṛet tagelda ijehden deffir mi yettwanɣa baba-s, Filip win sin. Yuɣal yebda-d aɣawas-nnes n ussehres n tgelda n tafaṛsit, yerna yesselwi yiwen umennuγ n mraw n yiseggasen. Yerbeḥ imenɣiyen imeqqranen am Granicus (334 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ), Issus (333) d Gaugamela (331), d ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yeɣleb akk Tagelda Tafarsit. Syin akin, idegger imenɣiyen -is arma d lhend, maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ugar ɣer sdat. Yemmut deg useggas n 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg Babil.

yesbedd azal n snat tmerwin(ɛecrin) n temdinin, gar-asent Iskenderya deg Maṣer, yerna yessebɣas aẓeḍḍa n yedles n Yihelniyen. Tagelda-nnes tebḍa deffir ma yemmut gar yijiniṛalen-nnes, idyudikin.

Tamacahut-is tettnerni si zik, ladɣa deg ungal n aliksandr i ixelḍen amezruy d usugen. Ttwalin-t d asaḍ aṛebbani, fkan-as tamudemt-is i waṭas n wudmawen imezruyanen, seg ruma taqburt armi tallit-agi tatrart. aṭas i t-iwalan d amedya u aṭas i d-yugmen seg-s ama d imsellḥen n Urupa, ama d iɣerfan n Asya s yisem n Iskandar. Tazrirt-is ad tt-naf deg tẓuri, deg tsekla d wansayen ar ass-a.

## Iɣbula

### Iɣbula usriden
Ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwet n tnagit taseklant n leḥkem n Aliksandr,  amesnazray-is *kalstane* yeǧǧa-d kan kra n ticeqfatin n tira*.* Tiḥkayin n yemdukal n Aliksandr (*Ptolémée, Aristobulus, Nearchus, Onesicritus, Chares*) ur llint ara, maca sɛant azal ɣef *Diodorus Siculus, Arrian, Plutarque ed Quintus Curtius*. Clitarque, ɣas akken ur yettekka ara deg unekcum-nni, yella yebna ɣef yirciven tunṣibin akked tnagiwin.

Arciv n tgelda, am Ephemerides n Eumenes n Cardia, ruḥen u ɛerqen ula d nutni daɣen, Tibratin i as-yettunefken i alexandre llant, maca tidet-nsent d ayen uben ara,  Kra n teftarin tunṣibin deg-sent ajerred n tirawin d tedrimt, ineggura-a ttaken-d isalan isertiyen d yidamsanen yesɛan azal amuqran.

### Iɣbula arusriden

Timucuha kan ay d-yeqqimen usan-d seg yimedyazen d imeskaren n Tgelda Tarumanit Taɛlayant. Sin n wansayen n umezruy i d-yeffɣen:

* Ayen iqqarben ɣer tidet s waṭas d *Arrian* d *Plutarque*, itekkan ɣef tira n *Ptolémée* d *Aristobulus*. *Arrian* yettmuqul deg tidyanin tiserdasiyin ma d Plutarque yesleḍ deg awadem n *Aliksandr*.
* Win n ucebaḥ s wudem n tayri am win n d *Diodore, Quinte-Curce d Justin*, yewwi-t Clitarian. Diodore d *Quinte-Curce* cebḥen udem n *Aliksandr*, ma d *Justin* yuwey-d tikli n uzɣan ugar.

### Iɣbula arkyulujiyen
Ayen ay d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n *Aliksandr* qlilet, imi tagelda-nnes tella d tawezlant. Amur ameqran seg Teskenderyatin ur d-qqiment ara, anagar tin n Maṣer. Tiṣekkiwin n tẓuri n tura ɣas ini ruḥent akk, maca ttilint-d kra n tenɣal tiṛumantiyin. am tfelwiyin yettwassnen n *Pumpei*.

### Tigra tineggura
Ayen i d-ufan imusnawen d tiɣawsiwin timaynutin snernant tamussni ɣef *Aliksandr*:

* Yiwet n tfelwit n Babil tenna-d s ṣṣeḥ belli yemmut deg 10-11 yunyu 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
* Iḍrisen iramiyen i d-yettmeslayen ɣef rrwel n Isamariyen zdat n *Aliksandr* di 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
* Tadrimt n wureɣ ay d-ufan deg Afɣanistan tezmer ad d-tessken *Aliksandr* yelsan aqerruy n yilef.
* Yiwen n umqam n *Aliksandr* ɣer Lbahariya deg Maṣer iwekked-d dakken yeṭṭef aneggaf aferɛun.
* Ixerban n yiwet n temdint yettwaḥerzen, Qaletaga Darband, ay d-yesbedd *Aliksandr* deffir Gaugamela, ttwassen s ussway n tfelwiyin n yigenni n CIA.

## Temẓi d usegmi

### Talalit d imawlan

*Aliksandr* Ameqran ilul di Pella deg useggas n 356 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. mmi-s n Filibus wis sin n Masidunya d Ulimpiya n Ipirus. Yettwali d akken yesɛa sin n lejdud yesɛan azal : seg Hirakles s baba-s, seg Achilles s yemma-s. Ttwasqedcent tmucuha ɣef tlalit-nnes, kra qqaren-d d akken d mmi-s n *Zeus* neɣ n ferɛun *Nectanebo II*.

### Tazrirt tadelsant n aliksandr
Imasiduniyen ttwalin-ten s tɣawsiwin yemgerraden ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula iqburen: kra ttwalin-ten d Iyunaniyen, wiyaḍ d “iberraniyen n tlemmast”. D acu kan, tutlayt d ddin n Imasiduniyen d iyunaniyen, yerna Aliksandr yettḥulfu s lqerb d akken d agrikki. Yettwaḍḍef s yedles agrigi, ladɣa s ***Iliad n Homer***, ay yettwali d amzun neɣ d tamudemt n tesnuddest(tastratijit) taserdasit.

### Tazrirt n aristut
Yeɣra mliḥ seg wasmi ay yella d amecṭuḥ, Aliksandr yuɣal d anelmad n Aristote gar 342 d 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Ayen yesselmad yekka-d nnig n tmusni: Aristote yessebded-d tamuɣli n udabu ay deg agellid amasiduni yessefk ad yesdukkel Yunan wa ad yessebded taḥellitit(hellénisme). Yessekcem-as daɣen imenzayen n tdukli (philia) d tuẓulin n tmelwi i d-yettawin tazrirt meqqren i wayen i d-iteddun deg imennuɣ-nnes n yimal.

## Tageldit

### Agellid n Masidunya

#### anekcum ɣer udabu (340-336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Ddaw n F*ilipus II*, Masidunya tuɣal d tazmert tameqrant deg Yunan. *Aliksandr*, deg 18 n yiseggasen kan, yessken-d tizemmar-nnes tiserdasiyin deg yimenɣi n *Chaeronea* (338 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ) s ussehres n Tbaṭiyunt Taqdimt n *Thèbes*. Yettwasemma d anemhal (régent) deg useggas n 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. yerna yella d aselway n lḥemla-nnes taserdasit tamezwarut aydeg yerbeḥ mgal teqbilin *titrarsiyin* deg 339 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Yiwen n ccwal asertan deg 339 yerra-t deg ccwal d baba-s, maca ssawḍen ad msefhamen send timenɣiwt n filibus deg 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

#### Asekcem ɣer udabu (anebdu n 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Deffir ma nɣan Filipus wis sin, Aliksandr yettwasbedd d agellid deg leɛmer-is 20 n yiseggasen. I wakk-n ad yeḍmen tagelda-nnes, yekkes imenzaɣen-is(ixṣimen-is) gar-asen mmi-s n ɛemmi-s Amyntas IV, yerna yeǧǧa yemma-s Ulympias ad tessewjed lmut n *Cleopatra*, tameṭṭut tis snat n Philip. Ilaq imiren ad d-yesbedd adabu-ines mgal timdinin tiyunaniyin i yettqabalen adabu-ines.

#### Tikliwin n ugafa (tagrest 336 – anebdu 335 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Uqbel ma yenṭeg ɣef Umenkud Afarsi, Aliksander yessaweḍ tiḥemliwin akken ad iḥudd tilisa-nnes. Yemḥeq *Getes d Triballes* deg ugafa n Danub, syin iqubel Illyrians, iḥettem-iten ad ssersen imrigen-nsen(leslaḥ-nsen) deffir trennawt deg lḥers n *Pelion*.

#### Tanekra n temdinin tiyunaniyin (amwan-tagrest 335 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
yettfaṛasen ccwal di masidunya, Thèbes tekker-d mgal n leḥkem n Masidunya, yerna Darius wis 3 n Faṛs yella yettɛawan-itt s tuffra. Aliksandr yerra-d s tɣawla, yemḥeq tanekra-nni yerna yesserɣ Thèbes, dɣa s waya, imezdaɣen-nnes qqlen d aklan. Atina, ɣas akken d taɛdawt, tettwaḥrez s lmendad n yemseftiyen-nnes.

Tigawin-a jjant Aliksandr ad yessejhed adabu-nnes wa ad d-yessewjed tikli-nnes mgal Tgelda Tafarsit.

### Aliksandr Amḥaddi

#### Iswiyen d tazwara n tuffɣa deg Asya
Aliksandr yeṭṭef asenfar n baba-s, Filipus wis sin, iswi-nnes d asdukkel n Yigrikkiyen mgal Tgelda Tafarsit. Deffir ma yesseǧhed adabu-nnes deg Legrig yerna yerẓa tigrawliwin yellan mgal-is, yessewjed lɛesker-nnes yerna yezger Hellespont deg 334 qbel Sidna Ɛisa. Iswi-nnes amezwaru netta d aslelli n temdinin tiyunaniyin ay yellan ddaw n tmehla (domination) n Yifaṛsiyen d ussehres n weɛdaw uqbel ad d-yili unekcum meqqren ɣer zdat.

#### Taredsa n Aliksandr d tesnuddsin-nnes tiserdasiyin
Taredsa-s tella deg-s yiwen ukulwaṛ amasiduni amellil, iɣallen n yimnayen iẓewren illan d ifessasen, d wallalen n lḥers. taktikit n "afḍis d umasmer" tesdukkel iɣallen n yiḍarren d yimnayen akken ad terreẓ acengu. Tugrint-is d temɣer-s tameqqrant deg unnar n taktik ttaken-as-d lfayda meqqren ɣef Yifarsiyen.

#### Tarennawt tamezwarut deg Asya tamecṭuḥt
Mi d-yers Aliksandr deg Asya, yerbeḥ deg yimenɣi n *Granicus*, dɣa s waya ay d-yeḍmen adabu ɣef *Frijya d Lidya*. Sakkin, yeṭṭef aṭas n temdinin n tlisa, gar-asent *Miletus d Halicarnassus*, dɣa s waya ay yessejhed amkan-nnes.

#### Asnerni deg Asya Talemmast d tanṭagt n mgal sɣur ifaṛisiyen
Deg tegrest n 334-33 B.C, ikemmel aẓdam-is deg *Pamphylia d Pisidia*, yewweḍ ɣer *Gurdyun,* anda ay yeqceɛ tikerrist-nni mucaɛen n *Gurdi,* d azamul n twanza-nnes tagellidt*,* Deg lweqt-nni, taflukt (flotte) tafarsit, ay d-yesselḥay *Memnon n Rhodes*, teɛreḍ ad tqabel deg tmurt n Yunan, maca lmut n *Memnon* tessexṣer iɣawasen n *Darius wis 3*. Aliksander yessejhed aḍfar-nnes n yilel, iheggad ad iqabel agellid afarsi s timmad-nnes.

### Seg Issus ar Gugamiles: Aẓdam n Aliksandr

#### S abrid n yimenɣi n Issus (anebdu-lexrif 333 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Mi yeffeɣ seg Gurdyun, Aliksandr ikemmel ɣer Kilikya anda ay yuḍan di Tarsus. Seg tama niḍen, Parmnyun yesseḍmen abrid-nni ɣer Surya. Aliksandr yeṭṭef-d idurar n Silisya, arnu yeḍmen-d talwit seg deffir-s. D acu kan, taflukt (flotte) tafarsit ay d-yesselḥay Farnabazus mazal-itt la tetteggez Ilel n *Égée*, yerna *Darius* wis 3 yessers lɛesker-nnes deg Issus akken ad yegzem Aliksandr ɣef deffir-nnes. Aneggaru-a yezzi-d ɣer yidis-nnes yerna iqubel Ifaṛsiyen deg yimenɣi n Issus (1 Wamber 333), yerna yerbeḥ-d tarennawt meqqren ay d-yellan s lqerb yerna yeṭṭef tawacult n *Dariyus*.

#### Tuṭṭfa n Finiqiya (tagrest n 333 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Deffir Issus, Darius yerwel ɣer Lfurat deg wakud aydeg Aliksander yeṭṭef Finiqiya. Yella iɣelles timdinin n Byblus, Sidun d Aradus, maca Sur tugi ad teknu, Aliksandr yeǧǧa Parmnyun ad yeṭṭef agerruj n Dariyus di Dimecq, yerna yesbedd Antigun d lwali n Asya Tameẓyant.

#### Asutel n Tyre (Yennayer–Ɣuct 332 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Aiksandr yebda asutel n Tyre s lebni n yiwen n uggug akken ad yaweḍ ɣer temdint n tegzirt-nni. Iṭuriyen ssersen-d amennuɣ  ijehden mgal tuṭṭfa, maca Aliksandr yejmeɛ-d  lbabuṛat n Fenisyen d win n Qubṛus, yezzi-d ɣef temdint. Seld sa(sebεa) n wayyuren n lḥers, Tyre tettwaṭṭef deg ɣuct 332. Aqmaḍ-nni yella d aqesḥan : 6000 alamma d 8000 n yimḥaddan i yettwanɣan, 2000 yettwasemmṛen d 30.000 n yimezdaɣ i yuɣalen d aklan. Rrbeḥ-a yekkes-as aɣbel i Aliksandr akken ad yeḥkem ɣef Yilel Agrakal n wegmuḍ. 

#### Tuṭṭfa n Maṣer (amwan 332 - tafsut 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Aliksandr yeṭṭef Ɣezza deffir ma yella-d ccwal d yiwen n zbu ameqran yerna yekcem ɣer Maṣer deg Dujembeṛ n 332, yettwaqbel am win ay d-yeslelliyen. Yuɣal d afarεun deg *Memfis* deg useggas n 331 yerna yesbedd-d Iskenderya. Yerza ɣer urakl n Zeus Ammun di Siwa, d tin i t-id-yesbedden d mmi-s n yillu. Yeɛreḍ ad yessuddes tadbelt tamaṣrit uqbel ad yuɣal ɣer Ugmuḍ (ccerq).

#### Sdat n yimenɣi n Gaugamela (tafsut n 331 - Tuber 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Aliksandr yezger-d asif n Lfurat deg Yulyu n 331, ma d Tigris deg Ctembeṛ. Yeẓra belli Dariyus yettraǧu-t di Gaugamela s yiwen n lɛesker ameqqran. Ass n 1 Tubeṛ 331, yerbeḥ-d rrbeḥ s lǧehd s lmendad n yiwet n tmenɣiwt n yimnayen. Dariyus yerwel ɣer Madya, yeǧǧa Alixander d bab n Tgelda Tafarsit.

### Aḍfar n Dariyus

#### Akeccum ɣer Babil d Susa (Tuber-Dujember 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Deffir ma yerbeḥ deg *Gaugamela*, Aliksandr ikemmel ɣer tama n Babil, yerna Babil tefka-d iman-nnes war ma zbu s lmendad n Mazyus, yellan d aɛessas afarsi aqbur. Imḍebbren n Babilun, ur nḥemmel ara ifarsiyen, msefhamen yid-s, yerna netta yeḍmen-d leqder n wansayen isɣananen(tgemmi n ddin) s lameṛ n lebni n wemkan n tẓallit n Marduk. Yerra isem n Mazyus d agellid n Babil maca ijja din yiwet n tmehla ijehden.

Ikemmel ɣer tama n Susa, yuzen Filuksinus akken ad iεass agerruj meqqren n 50.000 n twiztin n lfeṭṭa. Yefka arraz i *Abulits* i s-d-fkan tallalt, dɣa yuzen 3000 n n twiztin i Antipater akken ad d-yawi tadrimt i ṭṭraḍ mgal Sparta. 

#### Ugur n Antipater di tmurt n Yunan (331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Deg Yunan, agellid n Spartan *Agis III* yessuddes-d tanekra s tallelt n yiqerṣiwen n Kṛiṭa d waṭas n temdinin n *Peloponnese*. Yeɣleb yiwet n tmehla (corps) tamasidunit yerna yezzi-yas i *Megalopolis*, maca tuget n Yegrigiyen qqimen d irawsanen, ladɣa deg Atina.

Antipater, mi yella yettḍafar tisunḍiwin n Aliksandr, yemsegra-d gar 35.000 ed 40.000 n yirgazen yernu iqubel Agis ay yesɛan kan 20 000 n yiserdasen. Sparta tettwarna deg Megalopolis, ma d Agis III yettwanɣa. Sparta testeg talwit, yerna isalli n trennawt n Gaugamèles yesseǧhad adabu amasiduni deg Legrig.

Deg lawan-nni kan, ittnerni ccwal gar Antipater d Ulympyas, yemma-s n Aliksandr. tessuter-d tagelda n Epirus deffir ma yemmut gma-s Aliksandr Amezwaru maca tekfa s uḍman n tgelda i mmi-s.

#### Asizzel di Persida d tmes n Persipolis (Yennayer-Mayu 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Aliksandr yedda ɣer *Persepolis* deg ubrid ageldan. Yebḍa lɛeskeṛ-is : Parmenion yeḍfer abrid agejdan, ma d Aliksandr iɛedda ɣef Persis, yerna yesseɣli-d annuz(yerra-ten ddaw udabu-nnes) ɣef *Iksiyen*. Yettwaḥbes deg Tewwura Tifaṛsiyin sɣur *Ariobarzanes*, maca ɣer taggara yekcem ɣer *Persepolis* deg Yennayer n 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Kra n wayyuren sakkin, deg wayyur n mayu, sserɣen tamdint-nni. Tagnit-a tettwafhem ahat d ttaṛ mgal Yifaṛsiyen ɣef tmes n Atina deg 480 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. neɣ am tigawt ur yettwaxemmen ara akken iwata ddaw n tezrirt n yiɣisem(am ccrab) d yiwet n tmeṭṭut tazfit tayunanit, Times-nni walan-tt s yir tamuɣli Yifaṛsiyen, maca tessefreḥ imasiduniyen.

#### Lmut n Dariyus (anebdu 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Darius wis 3 yerwel ɣer *Midi,* sakkin yeɛreḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer *Hirikani* s yiwen n lɛesker ameẓyan. Aliksandr iɛedda s tɣawla, yewweḍ ɣer *Ikbatana*, anda i d-yesla belli Dariyus yerwel s wazal n 9000 n yergazen.

Aliksandr yebḍa iɣallen-nnes : *Parmenion* yeffeɣ ɣer Hyrcania, ma d netta yeḍfer Dariyus s yiwet n tezmert tawezlant. Deffir yiwet n tikli ɣezzifen, yesla belli Dariyus yettwaxdeɛ yerna yettwaṭṭef sɣur Bissus d yimeddukal-is.

Mi d-yewweḍ dinna, Iskender yufa-d belli Darius nɣan-t yergazen-is. Bissus yessekles iman-nnes d agellid s yisem n Artaxerxes V, maca Aliksandr ikemmel amennuɣ-is akken ad isers adabu-nnes ɣef Tgelda Tafarsit taqburt.

### Akkin ɣer Usammar

#### Inalkamen n tmettant n Dariyus (anebdu 330)
Deffir mi ttwanɣa Dariyus III, Aliksandr yessuter ad yeṭṭef amḍiq-is, yerna yerra tajmilt i ugellid-nni ay yemmuten akken ad yessejhed tazerfa-s ɣer Yifaṛsiyen. Yerra araz i wid i d-itebɛen Darius, gar-asen Artabazus, yerna yemḍel Dariyus di Persipolis. Tihhuga-nni tafaṛsit tedda s lǧehd deg tmuɣli-agi n aliksander, dɣa d aya ay yessisehlen asekcem n yifranen ɣer tgelda-nnes, Aliksandr yeǧǧa ansayen igeldanen imasiduniyen i lfayda n tebzimt(étiquette) tafersit. dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren ccwal gar yimeḍfaren-nnes, yedbda sakkin abḍu n udabu: *Hephaistion* yuɣal d "*chiliarque"*, *Harpale* d axeddam n tadrimt.

#### Annuz n Arya(amwan n 330)

Qbel ad yeḍfer Bessus, Aliksandr yessers ddaw-s iɣerfan iɣewwaɣen n *Hyrcania* d yidurar n *Khurāsān*. Yesdukkel imsellḥen iqburen n *Achaemenid* deg yigen-nnes. Netta ijja 6000 n yergazen di *Ekbatana* s ddaw n *Parminiyun*. Deffir yiwet n lḥemla tamezwarut deg Arya, yesbedd-d Aliksandr tamdint n Aria (Herat n wass-a). Satibarzanes, ay yettwaḥerzen deg tazwara d anebbaḍ, yekker ɣer tagrawla snat n tikkal uqbel ma yettwanaɣa. Barsaentes, d aɣewwaɣ niḍen, nɣan-t.

#### Timenɣiwt n Parmeniyun d Filutas (amwan n 330)
Filutas, i yettwardan s txazabit neɣ s tsusmi tammidwant, nɣan-t deffir ma yettwaḥkem fell-as ccṛeɛ. Aliksandr yessuter daɣen ad nɣen baba-s, Parmeniyun, s lemḥadra ɣef wiyaḍ, Tadyant-a tesskanay-d dakken Aliksander ur yesɛi ara taflest meqqren deg iqriben-nnes yernu asebɛed-nnes ɣef tihhugra tamasidunit. Yessuddes lεesker : Axemmem, Crater, Ptolemy d Perdiccas ulin deg tseddart(deg legrad).

#### Deg uḍfar n Bessus (tagrest 330 – tagrest 329)
Aliksandr yezger-d *Arachusya*, yessebded-d Iskenderya (Kandahar), sakkin yezger Kuc Hindu, yewweḍ ɣer Baktriya. Bessus, yerwi akal akken ad yeḥbes Aliksander, mačča yettwaxdeɛ sɣur *Spitamenes* d U*xyartes*. Ptolemy yeṭṭef Bessus, syin yettwanɣa deg Ecbatana.

#### Tuṭṭfa n tsafiwin ɛlayen (tagrest 329 – tafsut 327)
Aliksandr iqubel azbu ijehden deg *Sogdian* d *Bactrian*, ladɣa tin n *Spitaménès* ay igezren iɣallen n masidunya. Aliksandr yerra-d s ljehd, yessedrem Siṛupolis, yesbedd-d Iskenderya Eschatè (Khodjent) yerna yesselwi tamesbanit (manifestation) taserdasit mgal Yisakayen. Deffir waṭas n yimenɣiyen, yuɣ *Ruksan*, yelli-s n *Uksartis*, akken ad d-yesdukkel iferranen (élites) idiganin. Yettwaxdeɛ *Spitaménès* yerna nɣan-t deg tgara n 328. *Cleitos* yuɣal d anabaḍ n *Bactriane*, deg wemkan n Artabazus. Aẓdam-nni ifuk s usgunfu n yidigan ineggura n uzbu deg 327.

#### Tanekra n tmesbaniyin (tagrest 328 – anebdu 327)
Deg yiwet n tmeɣra, Aliksandr yenɣa *Cleitos*, ameddakel-is d umdakkel-is n tudert-is meṛṛa, s wurrif ameqqran. Tamenɣiwt-a tessebɣas lḥir d ameqran. Aliksandr yeɛreḍ ad yessers asaḍuf(lqanun) afaṛsi ɣef Yimasiduniyen, ladɣa lqanun n *proskynesis*, maca yemlal-d ccwal seg Callisthenes. Yessekcem 30.000 n yilemẓiyen isyawiyen akken ad ṭṭfen amkan n wid i s-ṛuḥen seg tredsa tamasidunit. Sakkin tella tuffin n unguz(complot) "lǧerḥ n yisebtar" : Sa(sebεa) ttwanɣan. *Callistenes*, yesɛan tazrirt gar-asen yerna d win yellan d asenqad n Aliksandr, yettwaḥbes yerna yemmut deg Bactra.

### Tagara n tikli deg Lhend

#### Iswiyen n Aliksandr deg Lhend
Lhend tessewham Igrikkiyen, ɣas akken drus ay tt-ssnen. Aliksandr yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer lhend, d akal afaṛsi s wudem unṣib seg wasmi ay d-yella Darius Amezwaru, akken ad d-yerr tilisa n Tgelda Taceminidt. Yettwajebd-d daɣen s yiberdan n tnezzut ay yeqqnen Lhend ɣer Taɛraben. Mi ara t-yessuter yiwen n ugellid n tmurt-nni, *Taksiles*, lemɛawna mgal *Purus*, Aliksandr yettwali aya d tagnit akken ad yekcem deg temsalt-a. Seg useggas n 329 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, yesbedd-d Iskenderya n Qqaser yerna yessewjed-d tikli-nnes (expédition). Ma yella kra ttwalin d akken yettnadi ad yeḍḍef amaḍal, wiyaḍ ttwalin d akken yettnadi deg tazwara ad yeḥkem ɣef Isuddam n tnezzut n temnaḍt-a.

#### Aẓdam n Punjab (Anebdu 327 - Anebdu 326 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)
Seg Bactra yesεan yiwet n tredsa d tagtutlayt, Aliksandr yezger Hindu Kush yernu yedda d *Taksiles*. Iqubel di tazwara *Assacenes*, sakkin yenṭeg ɣef tɣiwant n *Urnus*. Syin, yezger Indus, iqubel Purus deg *Hydaspes* deg yiwen n yimenɣi n yidammen.Yerbeḥ maca iruḥ-as uεudiw-is Bucifalus iwumi yefka tamdint. Yeǧǧa Purus deg udabu, s wakal yettwasnernan. Mi yewweḍ ɣer temdint n *Hyfaz*, yebɣa ad ikemmel abrid-is ; maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ɣer sdat. Dɣa yebna iseflawen, yesburr agrur d ameqqran uqbel ad yuɣal ɣer deffir.

#### Tuṭṭfa n taɣzut n hindu (Amwan 326 - Tafsut 325)
I wakk-n ad yuɣal ɣer wegmuḍ (lɣerb), Alexander yebna-d yiwet n tanawt yerna yezger-d ɣef Hydaspes sakkin ɣer Hindu. Yemmuger-d iɣerfan yillan ddaw unabaḍ-is, maca ula d iɣewwaɣen, am Ikaṭiyen, Imaliyen neɣ Iksidraken. deg yiwen usutel, yettwajreḥ s waṭas, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren tugdi deg lɛesker-nnes. *Peithon* imir-nni yesseɣli-d yiwen n lḥers amuqqran mgal icenga-s. Syin akkin, Aliksandr yewweḍ ɣer Ugaraw Ahendi, Dɣa yesnulfa-d asagen deg *Patala.*

#### Tuɣalin iweɛren (Yulyu 325 - Dujember 325)
I lmend n tuɣalin, lɛesker yebḍa : *Craterus* yeffeɣ-d s webrid n *Drangiana*, *Nearchus* yeḍfer-d ilel s tanawt-nnes, ma d Aliksandr yefren abrid ay yesɛan ugar iɣeblan deg uneẓruf n Makran. Iqubel tanekra deg *Gedrosia*, ixuṣṣ-it wučči deg ubrid, yerna yezger-d yiwen n uneẓruf yuɛran nezzeh anda ay mmuten ugar n 6000 n yergazen, am wakken ay mmuten akk yiɣersiwen. Yemlal d Krater di *Karmaniya*, syin yeqbel *Nearchus* di *Harmuzia*. Aneggaru-a, ɣas ma yella-d yiɛewwiqen n yilel d lexṣaṣ n wamann tissit, yessaweḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer rrif n yilel. Yettwaceggeɛ ɣer Susa akken ad iheggi iman-is i tuɣalin n ugellid.

### Dernières années du règne

#### Tallit n tnekra (taggara n 325 – tazwara n 324)
Mi yezger *Hindu* yerna yuɣal ɣer Faṛs, Aliksandr yufa-d iman-nnes deg wuguren yetthuzzun tamnekda-s. Deg Bactria, imkariyen igrikiyen fuṛsen iba-ines akken ad snekren yiwet n tagrawla. Deg Maṣer, Cleomenes, ay d-yessers Alexander ɣef uqerru n tedbelt, itekkan u yessexdem yar assexdem adabu-ines, yuɣal yettgen amzun d anabaḍ ay yesɛan azarug (autonomie). Harpalus, yellan d axeznay-is yerna d ameddakel-is aqdim, yerwel si Babil s yiwen n weḥric ameqran s ugerruj n ugellid, mebla ccekk akken ad yerwel si teɣdemt n ugellid. Aliksandr yerra-d akken ilaq: yezger Carmania, yerra-d asaḍuf, iga tarrut mgal inabaḍen yettwacukten s uɣuru, yerna iga-d aɛawed n ussuddes ameqran n tedbelt n tgelda, d uɛawed n yimḍabren n udabu ixuṣṣen.

#### Tameɣra n Susa (Fuṛaṛ – Meɣres 324)
Deg yiwet n tikli isɛan azamul iǧehden, Aliksandr yessuddes-d yiwet n tmeɣra tameqrant n zzwaǧ  deg Susa gar yifesyanen-nnes d tlawin tifarsiyin timeqranin. Netta s timmad-nnes yezwej d *Stateira*, yelli-s n *Darius* wis 3, d *Parysatis*, yelli-s n *Artaxerxes* wis 3, dɣa s waya ay sdukklen snat-nni n tmiwa n tgelda. 10.000 n yiserdasen iyunaniyen d yimaṣudinyen ay yezweǧen daɣen tilawin n Asya, yal tadukli tedda-d yid-s yiwet n tafzart ay d-yefka Aliksandr. Iswi n tezrawt-a d asnulfu n tdukli n snat n tgemmiwin ed ussebded n tdukli n tgelda. D acu kan, tasertit-a n usdukkel (fusion) tessebɣas-d ccwal daxel n yigen, anda aṭas ay yettwalin zzwaǧ-a d axḍaf n tgemmi tamasidunit.

#### Tanekra n Upis (tafsut n 324)
Akken kan tekfa tmeɣra n Susa, Aliksandr yenna-d i Upis dakken dakken yella yettazen-d iɣallen-nni iqburen ay yellan ttwajerḥen aṭas neɣ meqqrit aṭas deg leɛmer ɣer Masidunya. Maca aɣtas-a ttwalin-t yiserdasen-nnes d aɛewwel i lfayda n yiserdasen n wegmuḍ (ccerq) i d-ikecmen seg melmi kan. Tebda-d yiwet n tnekra : iserdasen ssuturen-d tuɣalin-nsen s ujemmal, yerna sseknen-d urfan-nsen ɣef tsertit n "usdukkel n yiɣerfan". Aliksandr yerra-d s ccwal : yessuter ad nɣen imḍebbren n tɣiwant-nni, sakkin, yeqqen iman-nnes deg Aɣrem-nnes, yugi ad iẓer iserdasen-nnes imaṣiduniyen. Taggara, Aliksandr yerra-ten ɣer lfayda-nnes, maca taruẓi n tuzzma yellan tura gar-as d yiserdasen-nnes d alqayant.

#### Tuɣalin ɣer usayes agrigi (tafsut – anebdu n 324)
Aliksandr, ɣas akken yezzi ɣer tama n Ugmuḍ, ur yettu ara timdinin n Yiyunaniyen. Yuzen-d tabrat ay deg yumeṛ ad d-uɣalen yiɣriben isertiyen ɣer temdinin-nsen, d taɣawsa ay yeshuden lmizan asertan deg Yunan yerna d tin ay d-yesnekren ccwal ijehden, ladɣa deg Atina. Deg tallit-nni kan, yella yettḥettim seg Yigrikkiyen tajmilt n Yillu i netta, imi ay yebɣa ad t-id-snen d yiwen n yillu ay yeddren, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren lḥir d ccwal. Yuzen-d daɣen *Kraterus* akken ad yeṭṭef amkan n *Antipater*, ajiniṛal-is aqdim, d aqerru n Masidunya. Maca Antipater, imi ur yebɣi ara ad yefk adabu, yuzen mmi-s Cassandra ɣer Babil akken ad iqabel ṛṛay-agi. Tamettant n Harpalus, ay yettwaɣen kra kan n wakud deffir ma yewweḍ ɣer Atina, terna-d ɣef tegnit n ccek d ccwal.

#### Isenfaren ineggura (Anebdu 324 – Tafsut 323)
Ɣas akken llant tɣawsiwin i d-yeglan s ccwal, Aliksandr yettkemmil lebɣi-ines ameqqran. Yebda-d yiwet n tuffɣa n uɛaqeb mgal *Cosséens*, d aɣref n wedrar ay d-yesnekren ccwal. Syin, yuɣal ɣer Babil, ibɣa ad t-yerr d tamaneɣt n tgelda-ines taɣelnawt. Yettwaqbel s tmagliwin (délegations) seg wakk timnaḍin n Asya akk-d tmura nniḍen, yerna aya yefkad tanagit ɣef wazal-is deg umaḍal akk.La yettheyyi yiwet n tuffɣa d tameqrant ɣer tama Taɛrabt yernu yella yessefray ad yessefqed tama n wegmuḍ n Tefriqt. lweqt-nni kan, ikemmel yesseqdac Ifaṛsiyen deg yigen(taredsa), yerna yesselmad 20.000 n yiserdasen iṛaniyen ilmeẓyen i yimenɣi ɣef leḥsab tamudemt (modèle) amasiduni. Annect-a akk yettcehhid-d ɣef lebɣi-s akken ad d-yesnulfu taɣerma tamaynut, mačči d tagrikkit wala d tin ussamer (tacerqit), maca texleḍ.

#### Ussan ineggura (Mayu – Yunyu 323)
Deg yiwen n imensi deg 323, Aliksandr teṭṭef-it tawla d tameqrant. Aṭṭan-nni yennerna s tɣawla, yerna ɣas akken llan ttḥaraben fell-as yimejjayen-nnes, yeqqim acḥal n wussan deg usu. Ikemmel yettak-d lewṣayat armi d ass n 4 yunyu, imi yuɣal yessusem. Ass n 10 yunyu 323, di leɛmeṛ-is 32 iseggasen, Iskender yemmut di Babil. Awal-is aneggaru, ɣef akken i d-yenna wansay, ad yili "deg win iǧehden akk" akken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi yerzan ɣef win ara t-id-yeḍḍfen. Mi yemmut, ulac aɣawas n umyeḍfer, ijiniṛalen-nnes — Idiadochiyen — kecmen deg yimenɣi n udabu ara icerken tagelda ɣef tmerwin n yiseggasen.

#### Ssebbat izemren ad ilint deffir n tmettant-is
Tamettant aliwandr tella-d i waṭas n turdiwin :  ssem, leḥzen, aṭṭan. Imazrayen atraren ttaken azal i tiẓri n waṭṭan n Malarya, ahat yewwi-t-id seg wasif n Lfuraṭ. Tiskanin ay d-yettwasfehmen deg yiɣbula iqburen — tawla tameqrant, timuhbelt, asṛuḥu n wawal — ttemcabint d yiwet n talɣa qsiḥen ay izemren ad d-tili sɣur yiwen n Malarya iǧehden aṭas.

## Tizmilin