open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Aɣawas n teɣbula n tkebbanit ( ERP)

**Aɣawas n teɣbula n tkebbanit** (s tneglizt: enterprise resource planning, **ERP**) d anagraw n yiseɣẓanen yessidiren akk tiɣbula n tkebbanit deg yiwen n unagraw.  Yettalel  tkebbanit akken ad d-egg akk isefka-ines seg yiwen n uɣbalu.

## Aẓar
Tikti n ERP tebda-d deg yiseggasen n 1960 s tneflit n yiseɣẓanen n usefrek n uferruy (MRP: Material Requirements Planning). Deg yiseggasen n 1980, MRP yuɣal MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning). Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1990, anaw-agi n yiseɣẓanen yuɣal ERP, yerna yekcem ɣer waṭas n yiḥricen nniḍen n tkebbanit am usefrek n yimdanen, tadrimt, d uzenzi.

## Tiskanin
Inagrawen n ERP s umata sɛan tiskanin-a:

* anagraw yettwaselɣen : Akk igmaḍ n ERP tteddun akken, ttawin-d yiwen n wudlif i tkebbanit.
* Yemhel deg wakud inaw: Isefka ttwalqamen deg yiwet n tekdit, ayen yeǧǧan imeẓla ad sɛun isallen ineggura.
* Taffa n isefka tamezdit tezmer akk isnasen : : Yiwet n taffa n yisefka i yessefrak akk isnasen, ayen yessishilen amyizwer gar yimeẓla. 
* Iɣewwaren n users (deploiement) sɛan : on-premises, cloud hosted, or Saas

## Kra n ERP yellan

* Oracle NetSuite
* Intuit QuickBooks
* Sage Intacct
* SAP Business One
* Odoo
Yusef Saɛd

**Yusef Saɛd** ( ilul deg 1950 ) d aselmad n tsenselkimt i d-yeffɣen seg tesdawit n tsenselkimt Minnesota. Yeṭṭef-d aselway n William Norris i uselkim n uswir ameqqran seg yennayer 2006. Yettwassen s uttekki-ines deg wasiḍen n yiserwan (matrices), gar-asen the iterative methods for solving large sparse Inagrawen n aljibṛ imzireg, eigenvalue problems, and parallel computing. He is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher in mathematics, is the most cited author in the journal *Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications*, and is the author of the highly cited book *Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems*. He is a SIAM fellow (class of 2010) and a fellow of the AAAS (2011).

## Almud d umahil
**Saad** yewwi-d B.S-ines deg tusnakt seg tesdawit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt deg useggas n 1970. Syin yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Grenoble i wahil n uduktura u yewwi-d aduktura ameẓyan, ‘Doctorat de troisieme cycle’ deg 1974 yewwi-d duktura unnig, ‘Doctorat d’Etat’ deg 1974. 1983 .Deg tallit n umecwar-is asdawan, yeṭṭef imukan yemgaraden, gar-asen Amusnaw n unadi deg ugezdu n tussna n uselkim deg tesdawit n Yale (1981–1983), d aselmad amatu deg tesdawit n Tizi-Ouzou deg Lezzayer (1983–1984), Amusnaw n unadi deg Udiwan n Tussna n Uselkim deg Tesdawit n Yale (1984–1986), d aselmad amatu deg Udiwan n Tusnakt deg Tesdawit n Illinois deg Urbana-Champaign (1986–1988). Yeqdec daɣen d amusnaw ameqran deg Usudu n Tezrawin n Tussna n Uselkim unnig (RIACS) deg tallit n 1980–1990.

Saad yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Minnesota d aselmad deg Ugezdu n Tussna n Uselkim deg 1990. Deg Minnesota, yella d aselmad n Ugezdu n Tussna n Uselkim d Tmussni gar Yennayer 1997 d Yunyu 2000. Imir-a, d aselmad yettwassnen n I. T. Tussna n uselkim deg tesdawit n Minnesota.

## Idlisen
Saad d amaru n kra n yidlisen imeqqranen deg Aljibṛ imzireg (algèbre linéaire) d usiḍen n usiraw ( calucule de matrices ) d 

* Numerical Methods for Large Eigenvalue Problems, Halstead Press, 1992.
* Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, 2nd ed., Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 2003.

yesɛa daɣen yimagraden i d-iteddun:

* D. L. Boley, D. G. Truhlar, Y. Saad, R. E. Wyatt, and L. E. Collins, Practical Iterative Methods for Large Scale Computations. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1989.
* D. E. Keyes, Y. Saad, and D. G. Truhlar, Domain-Based Parallelism and Problem Decomposition Methods in Computational Science and Engineering. SIAM, Philadelphia, 1995.
* A. Ferreira, J. Rolim, Y. Saad, and T. Yang, Parallel Algorithms for Irregularly Structured Problems, Proceedings of Third International Workshop, IRREGULAR’96 Santa Barbara, CA USA, 1996. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No 1117. Springer Verlag, 1996.
* M. W. Berry, K. A. Gallivan, E. Gallopoulos, A. Grama, B. Philippe, Y. Saad, and F. Saied, High-Performance Scientific Computing: Algorithms and Applications. Springer, 2012.
Aselkim

## Aselkim

Aselkim d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

## Ordinateur
Un ordinateur est une machine électronique de traitement de l'information. Il peut calculer des données. Les données en elles sont des instructions qu'on appelle pour dire à la machine comment travailler sur les données brutes. Des endroits qui font que la machine a des données et des données pour son mémoire.

C'est Charles Babbage, un ingénieur d'Angleterre, qui a inventé en 1822 l'idée de la machine à différences, pour le traitement des tables mathématiques. Ensuite après, en 1834, il a sorti l'idée de la machine analytique qui avait tous les éléments d'un ordinateur. Quant à l'ordinateur moderne, c'est Alan Turing, un scientifique d'Angleterre, qui a posé ses bases en 1936. C'est ce qu'on appelle la Machine de Turing. On peut dire que Turing est le père de l'informatique.

Alors le premier ordinateur, Manchester Mark 1, est sorti à l'Université de Manchester dans l'année 1949. IBM 360 est le premier ordinateur qui s'est vendu en grande quantité. Il est sorti en 1954. Son poids a dépassé 2000 kg, et son volume a atteint 3 m3.

Ensuite après, d'une année à l'autre, l'ordinateur est devenu plus petit, plus léger, plus rapide. L'ordinateur que nous connaissons aujourd'hui, ne pèse même pas un kilo en poids, et est plus rapide 2 millions de fois que le premier ordinateur qui est sorti en 1954.

Aujourd'hui, l'ordinateur est entré dans chaque partie de la vie. Il a atteint même le téléphone que nous portons avec nous. Maintenant à l'avenir, il peut atteindre l'intérieur de notre corps.

## Aẓar n Yisem

Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n "exucute,  نفذ".

## Origine du Nom
En tamazight, Aselkim (iselkmen) vient du verbe 'Selkem' qui a le sens de "exécuter, نفذ".

## iɣbula
Tennis

Tennis d addal n yetturaren s Raket ( i d yekka si tutlayt Tafransist raquette) aydeg ttgen sin n yimariren mgal wayeḍ neɣ 4 n yimariren ay d-yettgen snat n teɣlamin n sin. Imyurar sseqdacen rraket i ygan am uɣerbal.

Raket-a, ay yesɛan ttawilat-nnes zemren ad mgerraden, sseqdacen-tt i lmend n tyita n yiwet n tkurt n lkawačču, yerna teččur d abeḥri.
Gosiwon

Gosiwon d tixxamin timeẓyanin yerna ur ɣlayent ara deg Kurya n Wenẓul, yerna sseqdacen-tent s waṭas yinelmaden ay yettheyyin i yikayaden neɣ medden ay yettnadin ɣef tnezduɣt s ulaεḍil. Tixxamin-a s umata llant deg-sent tɣawsiwin-kan i yellan d tiḍulliyin (nécessaires), am usu, tanarit (bureaux) d tmeẓdit n internet. Gosiwon ttaken-d daɣen imeknan ucriken, am tenwalt (cuisine) d webduz (toilette).
Black pink

Black pink d tarbaɛt n uẓawan n pop n Kurya n Wenẓul ay d-tesbedd YG Entertainment deg 2016. Tella deg-s 4 n yiɛeggalen: Jisoo, Jennie, Rosé d Lisa, tarbaɛt-a tettwassen s tezlatin-nnes yeḥman, s tmeɣriwin-nnes ay d-yettawin tazmert d style-nnes ayiwan (unique). Blackpink tettwassen s temɣawla, tuɣal d yiwet seg trebbaɛ n K-pop ay ḥemmlen aṭas medden deg umaḍal.I Hits-nsenllan gar-asen “Ddu-Du Ddu-Du”, “Kill This Love” d “How You Like That.” (SISTAR)
Bts

BTS d tarbaɛt n uẓawan n pop n Kurya n Wenẓul ay d-tesbedd Big Hit Entertainment deg 2013. Deg-s 7 n yiɛeggalen: RM, Jin, Suga, J-Hope, Jimin, V, d Jungkook, tarbaɛt-a tettwassen s tezlatin-nnes ay yesɛan isental yemgerraden akked tkuryugrafiyin-is igerrzen. BTS yewweḍ yettwassen deg umaḍal, yuɣal d tarat (phénomène) tadelsant yerna yerẓa aṭas n records deg tdamsa n uẓawan. Tizlatin-nsen yettwassnen gar-asent « Dynamite », « Butter » d « Boy With Luv ».
Cemsi Efendi

Şemsi Efendi (ilul deg 1851 deg Tisalunik – yemmut deg 1917 deg Eyüpsultan, deg tmurt n Istanbul) yella d aselmad aɛetmani.

D aselmad ay d-yefkan aselmed s llsas n cedid (nouvelle méthode) deg uɣerbaz uslig (privé) ay d-yesbedd deg Thessaloniki deg uwines ( siècle) wis 19, am wakken ay d-yella deg yiɣerbazen usligen niḍen ay d-yeldin deg tallit-nni. Yettwaḥseb d netta ay yesselmed i Mustafa Kemal Atatürk amek ara yeɣreḍ ed ad yaru deg uɣerbaz n Cemsi Efendi ay d-yesbedd.

Aɣerbaz n Şemsi Efendi, ay yewwin isem-nnes, yettwaḥsab d netta ay d amzwaru n uɣerbaz n Terakki ed uɣerbaz n Fevziye ay yettkemmilen taɣuri-nsen deg Sṭembul.
Tokyo Revengers

Tokyo Revengers (東京卍リベジャーズ, Tōkyō Ribenjāzu?) d manga n ṣṣenf n shōnen ay d-yura yerna yessufeɣ-it-id Ken Wakui (和久井健?). Yeffeɣ-d uqbel deg tesɣunt n Weekly Shōnen seg tesɣunt Kōdansha gar 2017 d 2022 yerna yesɛa s ujemmal 31 n yidlisen. Tazrigt n tefransist teffeɣ-d ɣer tezrigin Éditions Glénat seg 2019.

Tazrigt n tiliẓri n 24 n yiḥricen n tmeẓriwt n Liden Films ad d-teffeɣ seg 11 yebrir ar 19 ctember 2021. Tazwara  (saison) tis snat ad d-teffeɣ seg 8 yennayer ar 2 yebrir 2023 deg Disney+. Tazwara tis 3 ad d-teffeɣ seg Tuber arma d Dujembeṛ 2023. Yeffeɣ-d yiwen n usaru s action deg Yulyu 2021, yerna ssefrayen ad d-yili uḍfar n sin n yiḥricen deg Yebrir d Yunyu 2023, yal yiwen deg-sen.

Awadem agejdan d Takemichi Hanagaki, d anelmad n uɣerbaz alemmas ilemẓi yettidiren deg Japun. Ilaq ad yessiweḍ ad ibeddel izri akken ad yeɛfes (éviter) tametant n Hinata Tachibana, taḥbibt-is. I waya, ad d-yawi tallalt (aide) seg Naoto Tachibana, gma-s ameẓyan n Hinata.

## Agzul
Deg 2017, Takemichi Hanagaki, d ilemẓi n 26 n yiseggasen, yeεya akk di tudert-is, yesla dakken taḥbibt-nnes taqburt n uɣerbaz alemmas, Hinata Tachibana, temmut deg yiwen n yimenɣi aydeg tella terbaɛt n « Tokyo Manji-kai » (東京卍會? ). Azekka-nni, asmi ay d-yuɣal seg uxeddim, Takemichi yettwadegger sɣur yiwen n wemdan seg rrif n umeṭṛu. Akken qrib ad t-yewwet, inneggiz ɣer deffir deg wakud, mraw d sin iseggasen aya. Yeḍra-d ad yuɣal ɣer useggas-is wis 4, aseggas-nni aydeg yella yettefeɣ akked Hinata. Takemichi yenwa ad yexdem akk ayen umi yezmer akken ur tettmettat ara Hinata.
Georg Ohm

**Georg Simon Ohm** (/oʊm/, 16 mars 1789 - 6 yulyu 1854), amusnak ed amesfizik almani yettwassnen s tufin-ines n usaḍuf n Ohm, yiwen seg yisuḍaf igejdanen deg trisiti.

## Tameddurt
Georg Simon Ohm ilul-d ass n 16 meɣres 1789 di Erlangen, deg tmurt n Bavaria. Baba-s, i yellan d amṣebbaɣ n wuzzal.

Deg useggas 1805, Ohm yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Erlangen. Yeqqim din ar useggas 1806, anida yesɛedda akud-ines yettnadi deg tussniwin timatutin.

Syin akkin, yuɣal d aselmad. Seg useggas 1813 ar 1816, yella yesselmed tusnakt di Bamberg. Axeddim-agi yefka-as tagnit ad yesnermi tmusni-ines deg wannar-a.

Seg 1817 ar 1826, yekemmel axeddim-ines n uselmad di Köln. Llan d iseggasen igejdanen i tneflit-ines tamussnakt acku deg tallit-a i yebda anadi-ines ɣef wassaɣen ger uḥric n trisiti, taẓɣelt d tawsna.

Georg Ohm yemmut ass n 6 yulyu 1854 di temdint n Munich. Yeǧǧa-d deffir-s rrḍel meqqren i tussna, ladɣa s usaḍuf-ines yettwassnen s yisem-is, i yuɣalen d llsas i tegmi n tẓuri n trisiti.

## Tufin n usaḍuf n Ohm
Deg useggas 1826, Georg Ohm yebda anadi-ines yesεan azal ameqqran ɣef wassaɣen yellan ger uḥric n trisiti, taẓɣelt d tawsna. Axeddim-agi yewwi-t ɣer yiwet n tufin i yebeddlen udem n tfizikt n trisiti i lebda.

Aseggas kan ḍeffir, deg 1827, yeffeɣ-d s yigmaḍ n unadi-ines. Igmaḍ-a uɣalen d asaḍuf yettwassnen ass-a s yisem n usaḍuf n Ohm, yiwen seg yisuḍaf igejdanen deg tẓuri n trisiti.

Asaḍuf n Ohm yeqqar: Tiɣzi n trisiti tettεeddi deg ukli tettili s waddad yemḥazan ɣer uεekkur n trisiti ger sin n yixfawen n ukli, ma yella taẓɣelt ur tettbeddil ara. S wawalen nniḍen, ma nerna aεekkur, ad ternu yid-s tiɣzi n trisiti s waddad yemgaraden.

Asaḍuf-a yezmer ad yettwaru s tezrirt tamatut: V = I * R, anida V d tussda, I d angi, ma d R d azdu. Tazrirt-a tuɣal d allal agejdan i yimussnawen n trisiti deg uxeddim-nsen n yal ass.

## Imahilen-is
Zoubida Assoul

Zoubida Assoul tlul deg useggas n 1956 d tabugaṭut d tasertant tazzayrit. D nettat ay d taselwayt/taɣelnawt n wass-a n Ukabar n Tdukli i Ubeddel d Tneflit yernu tettwassen s dduṛ-nnes deg uḥewwes n usselhu amagday d yizerfan n wemdan deg Lezzayer. Assoul tessuffeɣ-d lebɣi-nnes ad tettekki deg tefranin tiselwayanin n 2024.
Jean-Fabien Spitz

Jean-Fabien Spitz, ilul ass n 10 Γuct 1952, d asdawan, d afelsuf, d amusnaw deg tfelsafit tasertant.

Anelmad aqbur n École normale supérieure de la rue d'Ulm, d aselmad n tfelsuft tasertant deg tesdawit n Paris I, d aɛeggal ameqqran n Institut universitaire de France (2007-2012), yettwaḥseb Jean-Fabien Spitz yiwen seg yimusnawen ifransisen yesεan tamusni meqqṛen deg tfelsafit tasertant n John Locke.
Ellie Goulding

Elena Jane Goulding, yettwassnen s yisem n Ellie Goulding, d tacennayt taglizit-tabriṭanit, tlul ass n 30 dujember 1986 deg Hereford, deg West Midlands, deg tmurt n Langliz, deg Tgelda Yeddukklen.

Ellie Goulding tuɣal d tamesbaɣurt deffir ma tewwi-d arraz n Critics Choice deg BRIT n 2010 deg BBC deg 2010. Seld mi testenya d Polydor Records deg 2009, Ellie Goulding tessuffeɣ-d aḍebsi-nnes amezwaru n ustudyu, Lights, deg 2010. Deg Fṛansa, tettwassen s single-ines single Starry Eyed.

Azwel-a yesɛa rrbeḥ ameqran deg Internet, ladɣa deg YouTube, yerna d netta ay d win ay d-yettwaremiksin (remix) akk deffir uzwel n Kesha Tik Tok. Ellie Goulding tga sin n featuring akked askutlandi Calvin Harris s tmezgunt-is I Need Your Love deg 2013 d Outside deg 2014. Deg 2013, tella tezlit-is Mirror deg Hunger Games: L'Embrasement sakkin deg Beating Heart i Divergent deg tazwara n 2014. Deg 2015, Ellie Goulding tga daɣen tazlit n Love Me Like You Do i usaru n Fifty Shades of Grey.
Aṭlas n Mayer

Aṭlas n Meyer (s talmanit Meyers Handatlas ) d isem amatu ay yettunefken i waṭas n yiṭlas ay d-yessuffeɣ Bibliographisches Institute , ay d-yesbedd Carl Joseph Meyer deg Gotha deg 1826 ..

Seg 1830, Meyer yebda daɣen yessuffuɣ-d tikarḍiwin ed yixeddimen n ikarṭugrafiken. Tifelwiyin-a ttwajemɛent-d deg tgemmiwin yemgerraden akken ad d-gent atlas yemgerraden, am Neuer Großer Schulatlas ay yettwawehhan i yiɣerbazen, Meyer's Universal-Atlas, neɣ ula d  Meyer's Zeitungsatlas für Krieg und Frieden. 

Deg 1843, Carl Joseph Meyer yessufeɣ-d atlas-nnes amezwaru n tidet, ay izemren ad d-yefk tiririt i usuturen n tussna. Große Hand-Atlas über alle Theile der Erde ("Aṭlas ameqqran n wakk timnaḍin n umaḍal") yeffeɣ-d s talɣa n 171,  ur yekfi ara armi d aseggas n 1860.
Frederick Barbarossa

Frederik Barbarus yella d Agellid n tembṛaṭurit taṛumanit timqeddest deg uwines wis 12. Ilul azal n 1122 yerna yenbeḍ (gouverner) seg 1155 ar 1190. Yettwassen s tamert-nnes tazeggaɣt, dɣa seg waya ay d-yekka yisem-nnes n Barbarossa, yerna yeɛreḍ ad yessejhed adabu imberyali (impériale) mgal iheggaṛen (nobles) akked temdinin tiṭalyaniyin. Barbarossa yettekka daɣen deg Yimenɣi Asalibi (croisade) wis Kraḍ. Yemmut deg useggas n 1190 s uselɣi (noyer) deg yiwen n wasif deg Tturk.
Amestan

Amestan d argaz neɣ d tameṭṭut yesεan tamusni deg usaḍuf, yettakken iwellehen d tallelt i yemdanen deg temsal n ccreε. Amestan yezmer ad yeqqim deg uxxam n lḥebs akked umḥbus, ad t-yeḥḍer deg tzeqqa n ccreε, ad yemmeslay ɣef yisem-is sdat n lqaḍi. Amestan d aẓeṭṭa gar umdan d unagraw n teɣdemt. Yesεa azref ad yeḥḍer timlilit gar umḥbus d twacult-is, daɣen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ifecka n tnezzut. Amestan ilaq ad yeḥrez tiderfi n umsulles-is, ur yessefk ara ad d-yini ayen i as-yenna umsulles-is ma yella ur t-yessumer ara.

## Amezruy

Axeddim n umestan yeṭṭuqqet seg tallit ar tayeḍ d seg tmurt ar tayeḍ. Deg tallit taqburt, imeslayen ɣef yimdanen nniḍen llan d imseddayen neɣ d imḍebren. Amedya, deg Atina taqburt, imdanen zemren ad mmeslayen ɣef yiman-nsen neɣ ad sutren tallelt seg yimdukal-nsen.

Deg tallit n Ṛuman, tella-d tɣessa tamezwarut n yimestanen s umata. Imestanen ttḥaraben ɣef yimdanen sdat n ccreɛ, maca ur sɛin ara lexlaṣ seg uxeddim-nsen. Deg tallit talemmast, axeddim n umestan yella-d d win yettwassnen ladɣa deg tmura n Turuft.

Mi d-tusa tallit n tnekra tasnaɛt, axeddim n umestan yuɣal d win iteddun s ttawil d uslugen. Deg lqern wis 19, aṭas n tmura bdan aslugen n uxeddim-a s usileɣ n tiddukla tiɣelnawin n yimestanen.

## Ɣef tmura

### Tafriqt

#### Lezzayer
Deg Lezzayer, amezruy n uxeddim n umestan yezmer ad yebḍu ɣef kraḍ n Tallitiyin tigejdanin:

1- Tallit n unekcum afransis (1830-1962): Deg tallit-a, anagraw n teɣdemt deg Lezzayer yella deg yifassen n Fransa. Imestanen llan d irumyen s tuget, ttḥaraben kan ɣef yirumyen neɣ kra n yizzayriyen i yesɛan asuref. Imezdaɣ izzayriyen ur sɛin ara azref ad sɛun amestan izzayri.

2- Tallit n Lezzayer Timunant (1962-1990): Seld timunent, Lezzayer tebda asnulfu n unagraw-ines n teɣdemt. Deg tazwara, llan drus n yimestanen izzayriyen, ayen yeğğan timura tiberraniyin ad d-aznen imestanen-nsent. Deg yiseggasen n 1970, Lezzayer tebda asileɣ n yimestanen-ines

3-Tallit n tura (1990 ar ass-a): Seg yiseggasen n 1990, axeddim n umestan deg Lezzayer yuɣal d win yettwaslugen s wudem unfid. Tiddukla taɣelnawt n yimestanen n Lezzayer (Union Nationale des Barreaux d'Algérie) tettwaxlaq-d deg useggas n 1990. Ass-a, llan mennaw n  yixxamen n yimestanen deg Lezzayer, yal yiwen yesɛa azref-ines n usileɣ d uslugen n yimestanen
Amaway (tusnakt d tfizikt )

**Amaway** d tɣawsa tagejdant deg tusnakt, ladɣa deg tanzeggit tusliḍt d tusna n yigazen. Yettwaɛqal s teɣzi-ines d tanila-ines.

## <big> '''Tadabut'''</big>
**Amaway** d tɣawsa tusnakt yesɛan teɣzi d tanila. Yezmer ad yettwammel s useqdec n yimsidag deg unagraw n yimsidag, neɣ s useqdec n teɣzi d yikusinusen inilayen.

## '''<big>Imawayen tigget</big>'''
Llan kraḍ n yimawayen tigget deg unagraw n yimsidag s kraḍ n tsektiwin:

* 𝑖 = (1,0,0)
* 𝑗 = (0,1,0)
* 𝑘⃗ = (0,0,1)


Yal amaway tigget yesɛa teɣzi n 1:

|𝑖 | = |𝑗 | = |𝑘⃗ | = 1

## <big> '''Imsidag n umaway'''</big>
Amaway 𝑢⃗  yezmer ad yettwammel s yimsidag-ines:

\vec{u} = ( X , Y , Z)

Anda X, Y, d Z d imsidag n umaway 𝑢⃗  deg unagraw n yimsidag s kraḍ n tsektiwin.

## <big> '''Teɣzi n umaway'''</big>

Teɣzi n umaway 𝑢⃗  tettwasuḍen s:

|\vec{u}|  =\sqrt{X^2 + Y^2 + Z^2 }

## <big> '''Tiɣmert gar sin n yimawayen'''</big>

Tiɣmert θ gar sin n yimawayen 𝑢⃗  d 𝑣  tezmer ad tettwammel s:

cos θ = (𝑢⃗  · 𝑣 ) / (|𝑢⃗ | |𝑣 |)

Anda 𝑢⃗  · 𝑣  d afaris n sin yimawayen.

## <big> '''Timernit n yimawayen'''</big>
Timernit n sin yimawayen 𝑢⃗  d 𝑣  tettili s tmernit n yimsidag-nsen:

𝑢⃗  + 𝑣  = (X1 + X2, Y1 + Y2, Z1 + Z2)

Timernit n yimawayen tesɛa sin yisuḍaf igejdanen:

# Asaḍuf n tsunfelt: 𝑢⃗  + 𝑣  = 𝑣  + 𝑢⃗
# Asaḍuf n tsedrewt: (𝑢⃗  + 𝑣 ) + 𝑤⃗  = 𝑢⃗  + (𝑣  + 𝑤⃗ )

## <big> '''Tukksa n yimawayen'''</big>
Tukksa n yimawayen tettili s tukksa n yimsidag-nsen:

𝑢⃗  - 𝑣  = (X1 - X2, Y1 - Y2, Z1 - Z2)

## <big> '''Amaway gar sin yigazen'''</big>
Amaway gar sin yigazen A(x0, y0, z0) d B(x1, y1, z1) yettwaḥsab s:

𝑟  = 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (x1 - x0)𝑖  + (y1 - y0)𝑗  + (z1 - z0)𝑘⃗

Teɣzi n umaway-a tettwaḥsab s:

|𝑟 | = |𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √((x1 - x0)² + (y1 - y0)² + (z1 - z0)²)

## '''<big>Ikusinusen inilayen</big>'''
Ikusinusen inilayen n umaway 𝑟  d:

* cos α = X / |𝑟 |
* cos β = Y / |𝑟 |
* cos γ = Z / |𝑟 |

Anda X, Y, d Z d imsidag n umaway 𝑟 .

## <big> '''Iseqdacen n yimawayen'''</big>
Imawayen ttwafen deg waṭas n yisenfaren n tusna d tejjunant:

# Deg tanzeggit: i usenmel n yiɣallen, izirigen, d yiglayanen.
# Deg tusna n tmacinin: i usenmel n umussu d tɣawla.
# Deg tusna n yiḍummen: i usenmel n uḍummu n yigazen.
# Deg tusna n trisiti: i usenmel n wurti arisdan d wurti akamyan.
# Deg tusna n yiɣersiwen: i usenmel n umussu n yiɣersiwen.
Asekkud n Pythagore

Asekkud n Pythagore d yiwen seg yisekkuden igejdanen deg tussna n tusnakt. Yettwassen s waṭas ɣer yinelmaden n uswir alemmas, acku yeskan assaɣ yellan gar yidisan n ukerdis amaɣud.

## <big> '''Asegzi n usekkud'''</big>
Asekkud n Pythagore yeqqar-d:

Deg ukerdis amaɣud, tajumma n umkuẓ yebnan ɣef walubdis tegda d tajumma n yimkuẓen yebnan ɣef sin n yidisan-nniḍen.

S uslugen n tusnakt, nezmer ad t-naru akka:

**<math>a^2 + b^2 = c^2</math>**

Anda:

* a d b d idisan n tiɣemmar timaɣudin (90°)
* c d alubdis (idis ameqqran yemsadawen d tiɣmert tamaɣudt)

:

## '''<big>Anza</big>'''
Llant aṭas n wanzayen i yesbegnen asekkud-a. Yiwet seg-sent tagi : 

ad yili akerdis s yidisen a akked b , akked alubdis c , ad nessexdem kuẓ seg sen akken ad negg yiwen amkuẓ s yidisen a + b am akka twalan deg udem 3

wagi ad yesnuleɣ amkuẓ deg tlemmast yesɛan idis teɣzi-s c yarnu tajumma-s c^2.

Ama, ma ad nbeddel idgan n kuẓ ikerdisen igi am akka twalam deg udem 4, nezmer ad nwali kuẓ imkuẓen daxel n yiwen amkuẓ ameqqran, yiwen yesɛa a2 deg tjumma-s d wayeḍ yesɛa b2 deg tjumma-s :


Am akken amkuẓ ameqqran yesɛa yiwet tjumma deg sin idgan-igi, i.e  (a+b)^2arnu am akken ikerdisen d yiwen-sen deg sin idgan, ilaq ad nzemmem (conclure) belli d imkuẓen si sin yid-sen a^2 akked b^2 ugdan ar amkuẓ ameqqran c^2

dɣa : a^2 + b^2 = c^2

## <big>'''Amezruy'''</big>

Asekkud-a yettwassen s yisem n Pythagore, amusnak agrigi i yedderen gar 570 d 495 send talalit n Ɛisa. Maca, aṭas n yimusnawen ɛerḍen ad d-sbanen belli asekkud-a yella yettwassen uqbel Pythagore, ladɣa sɣur Ibabuliyen d Yimaṣriyen iqburen. Akken yebɣu yili, d Pythagore i t-yessuffɣen-d s wudem ummid, yerna yefka-yas anzaten yesdukklen.

Seg tallit-nni ar ass-a, asekkud n Pythagore yuɣal d allal agejdan deg tusnakt, ladɣa deg tanzeggit (géométrie) d tussniwin n usihel (sciences de l'ingénieur).
Amḍan n wuṛeɣ

Amḍan n wuṛeɣ d taẓunt, tettwasbadu s tanzeggit, am wassaɣ awḥid a/b i yellan gar sin n teɣziwin  a akked b  am akken assaɣ n timernit a + b ɣef tinna meqqren akk (a) atili tegda ar tinna meqqren (a) ɣef tinna mecṭuḥen (b), yettwaru s tenfalit agi : 

\frac{a+b}a=\frac ab akked \frac ab = \varphi

Amḍan armeɣẓan-agi d tifrat tawḥidt yufraren ar tugda \varphi ^ 2 = \varphi + 1 , yegda-d : \varphi=\frac{1+\sqrt5}2\approx1{,}6180339887.
Riyad Mahrez

**Riyad Karim Mahrez** (رياض كريم محرز ; ilul ass 21 Fuṛaṛ 1991) d amarir azzayri ideg yetturar tura deg Pro League Tasuɛudit d tarbaɛt taɣelnawt n Dzayer.

## <big>Tazwara n tudert</big>
Mahrez ilul-d deg Sarcelles, Fransa, ar ubabat azzayri d tayemmat tazzayrit tameṛṛukit. Baba-s Ahmed ilud-d deg Beni Snous, deg Tawilayt n Tlemcen.seg temẓi-s,  Mahrez yettruḥu s waṭas ar tmurt n Dzayer. Imeddukal-is n temẓi llan deg-sen imeddukal n ddabex n uḍar, am Wissam Ben Yedder.

Baba-s n Mahrez yella yetturar ddabex  uḍar deg Dzayer.  Mi yella Mahrez deg  15 n yiseggasen, yemmut baba-s s waṭan n wul. 

## <big>tameddurt-is taddalant</big>

### <big>Tameddurt-is  tazwart</big>


Mahrez yebda-d tazrawt-is n tkurt uḍar deg yimuren imecṭaḥ n AAS Sarcelles. Syin, ikemmel deg Le Havre AC anda i d-yettwaknes s waṭas. Deg useggas 2014, yuɣal ɣer Leicester City deg Langliz, anida i yebda ad yettwassen s waṭas.

### <big>Leicester City</big>

Deg Leicester City, Mahrez yuɣal d yiwen seg imariren yernan aṭas deg ustaɛfu n teɣlamt-a deg Premier League deg useggas 2015-2016. Aseggas-nni, Leicester City terbeḥ Premier League i tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy-is, Mahrez yerna-as 17 n iswiyen d 11 n tallalt. Ɣef waya, yewwi-d arraz n umarir ufrin n useggas deg PFA Players' Player of the Year.

#### <big>Manchester City</big>
Deg useggas 2018, Mahrez yekcem ɣer Manchester City s wazal n 60 n imelyan n lsterlin, yuɣal d amarir azzayri aɣlayan akk deg umezruy. Seg yimir-n, yerna-as aṭas deg urbaḥ n City i waṭas n warrazen, gar-asen Premier League, FA Cup, d Carabao Cup.

#### <big>EL Ahli FC</big>
Seg 6 marṣ 2023 yruḥ-d ar elAhli FC n suɛudiya s wazal £30 imelyan.

### <big>Agraɣlann</big>
Ja'far ibn Fallah

Jaɛfar Ibn fallaḥ d yiwen seg yimeɣnasen imeqqranen n udabu n Ifaṭimiyen deg tsuta wis 10. Yella d aqerru n yiserdasen, yettwassen s tiḥerci-ines d tzemmar-ines deg useddu n yiserdasen d umennuɣ.

Jaɛfar d netta i d-yebda aɛewwel amezwaru akken ad yeṭṭef Surya deg 970-971, ama yettwanɣa-d deg yiwen n imenɣi mgal Iqarmatiyen deg 971.

## '''<big>Tuṭṭfa n Miṣra</big>'''
Deg unebdu n useggas 969, iserdasen n Ifaṭimiyen n Ifriqya, ddaw n uselway n Jawhar al-Siqilli, ṭṭfen-d tamurt n Miṣra yellan ddaw n udabu n Yixcidiyen. Jaɛfar Ibn fallaḥ yuraren tamlilt tameqqrant deg tuṭṭfa-ya:

* Yessedda iserdasen n Ifaṭimiyen i yeẓgan asif Nil
* Yeṭṭef iɣerriwen n yiserdasen n Yixcidiyen yellan deg Miṣra n wadda

## <big> '''Tuṭṭfa n Falasṭin d Ccem'''</big>
Seld n tuṭṭfa n Miṣra, Jaɛfar Ibn fallaḥ yuɣal ɣer ugafa akken ad yeṭṭef Falasṭin d Ccem:

# Deg 24 mayyu 970, yeṭṭef-d Ramla, tamaneɣt n Falasṭin.
# Yeɣleb ɣef uselway n Yixcidiyen al-Ḥasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj.
# Yeṭṭef-d tamdint n Tiberya.
# Yessuffeɣ leεruc n Banu Uqayl seg tmurt.
# Yeṭṭef-d Dimacq (Ccem) deg wember, maca s usexreb ameqqran:
#* Iserdasen-ines kecmen s usexreb ɣer temdint
#* Nɣan aṭas n medden
#* Sbedden lbirj deg tlemmast n temdint i usḥissef ɣef yimezdaɣ

Tikli-ya n usexreb tessufeɣ-d aṭas n wuguren gar Ifaṭimiyen d yimezdaɣ n Ccem, ayen yeǧǧan tamurt deg wugur gar sin n yiderman-a.
Asekkud n Ṭalis

**Asekkud n Ṭalis** d yiwen seg yisekkuden igejdanen deg tanzeggit. Yettwassen s yisem n Ṭalis n Mili, amusnak agrigi n tsuta tis 6 send talalit n Ɛisa. Asekkud-a yesskan-d assaɣen yellan gar  snat n teɣdiwin n yiwen akerdis.

## <big>'''Aglam n usekkud'''</big>

### <big> Asekkud n Ṭalis</big>
ili akerdis ABC, d sin igazen D akked E. D seg uzrig (AB) d E seg uzrig (AC),  am wakken azrig (DE) ad yili amsadaɣ ar uznig (BC).

**Ihi :** 

\frac{AD}{AB} = \frac{AE}{AC} = \frac{DE}{BC}

## <big> '''snat n tawilat izemren ad ilin deg usekkud n Ṭalis:'''</big>

Tugna:Thales theorem 1.svg|lien=Fichier:Thales_theorem_1.svg|seg tawalia-a nesɛa-d:   \frac{AD}{AB} = \frac{AE}{AC} = \frac{DE}{BC} 
Tugna:Thales theorem 2.svg|lien=Fichier:Thales_theorem_2.svg|seg tawila-a a nesɛa-d:   \frac{AD}{AB} = \frac{AE}{AC} = \frac{DE}{BC} |alt=seg tawila-a a nesɛa-d:                                                           E              A                                      A              C                                      =                                            D              A                                      A              B                                      =                                            E              D                                      B              C                                            {\displaystyle {\frac {EA}{AC}}={\frac {DA}{AB}}={\frac {ED}{BC}}}


## <big>'''Asekkud amsuɣal (réciproque) n Ṭalis'''</big>
**<big>Tamsuɣalt n usekkud n Ṭalis :</big>** 

Deg ukerdis ABC, ad negg belli nesɛa igazen D akked E i yellan ar [AB] d [AC]. Ma d assaɣen \frac{AD}{AB} d \frac{AE}{AC} ugdan, ihi izrigen (DE) d (BC) d imsadaɣen

## <big>'''Asekkud "taɣda n tlemmast"'''</big>

ili akerdis ABC, ad negg D akked E d tilemmasin n [AB] d [AC].

ihi taɣdiwin (DE) d (BC) d imsadaɣen yarnu nesɛa : 2DE = BC

**Tamsuɣalt n usekkud n Ṭalis** ad ɣ-t-efk akken d sin taɣdiwin d imesdaɣen; yarnu, asekkud n Ṭalis yettwakles id yeddu am akka :

\dfrac{DE}{BC}=\dfrac{AD}{AB}=\dfrac12
Lucie Castets

**Lucie Castets**, tlul deg Meɣres 1987 di Caen, d taqeddact taɣarimt taɛlayant d taselmadt n tdamsa tafransist.

Teɣra tadbelt deg uɣerbaz aɣelnaw n École Nationale d'Administration (ENA) akked "Sciences Po" dɣa teṭṭef aṭas n yimeḍqan deg uwanek afransis : deg tazwara am tnemhalt tamatut n « Trésor Public » syin d tanemhalt gar yinemhalen n yimeẓla n wumlan "Tracfin". 

Deg 23 Yulyu 2024, deffir tefranin tiwamniyin, yessumer-itt-id ugraw n Tirni n Yiɣref Amaynut akken ad tuɣal d Taneɣlaft Tamezwarut.
Pi

**Amḍan <math>\pi </math>** ( yettwanṭeq "**pi**") d timezgit n tusnakt , netta d wassaɣ n tiseɣleyt n twinest  ar wakdu-ines, s temẓawt yegda-d 3.14159. Amḍan **<math>\pi </math>** yetban-d deg mennaw n tenfaliyin deg tusnakt d tfizikt.

**<math>\pi </math>** d amḍan armeɣẓan, alnamek-is ur yezmir ara ad yettwaru s taẓunt n sin ummiden, ama nezmer ad d-t-naru s umata s temẓawt s tirẓi **<math>\frac{22}{7}</math>.** 

dɣa, amḍan **<math>\pi </math>** ur d-yetfuk ara akk. 

## <big>Idusalen</big>

### <big>Isem</big>
Azamul-nni yusad seg usekkil agrigi **<math>\pi </math>** s tuget n tutlayin n umaḍal yettwanṭeq pi.

S teqbaylit daɣen yettwanṭeq "pi". 

### <big>Tabadut</big>

**<math>\pi </math>** d wassaɣ n tiseɣleyt n twinest  ar wakdu-ines \pi = \frac{C}{d}

### <big>tagrumma-ines</big>
**<math>\pi </math>** d amḍan armeɣẓan, alnamek-is ur yezmir ara ad yettwaru s taẓunt n sin ummiden, ama nezmer ad d-t-naru s umata s temẓawt s tirẓi **<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> d <math>\frac{355}{113}</math>.**  

### <big>Tamyuṛt</big>

**<math>\pi </math>** d amḍan amyuṛan, lmaɛna-ines dakken ur yezmir ara ad yili tifrat n tegda tagetfulf ur nelli timezgit s imuskiren imeɣẓanen am : **<math>\frac{x^5}{120} - \frac{x^3}{6} + x = 0 </math>**

### <big>Tirẓi tamaɣlalt</big>
Am akken **<math>\pi </math>** d amḍan armeɣẓan, alnamek-is ur yezmir ara ad yettwaru s taẓunt n sin ummiden. Ama **<math>\pi </math>** am akk imḍanen nniḍen, nezmer ad-d-naru s umazrar imifeḍ n tiṛziwin yedduklen gar-asent, qaren-as tirẓi tamaɣlalt \pi = 3+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{7+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{15+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{1+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{292+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{1+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{1+\textstyle \cfrac{1}{1+\ddots}}}}}}}

## <big>Tamaẓawt n Pi</big>
Kra n temẓawin n **<math>\pi </math>** d wigi:

* **Ummiden:** 3
* **Tirẓiyin:** 22/73, 333/106, 355/113, 52163/16604, 103993/33102, 104348/33215 d 245850922/78256779.   (umuɣ seg OEIS:A063674 d OEIS: A063673.)
* **izwilen:** 50 izwilen imezwura n **<math>\pi </math>** d 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510(ẓer OEIS: A000796 )
Tabeddilt n Laplaṣ

Deg tusnakt, Tabeddilt n Laplaṣ, tettwasemma-d ɣef Pierre-Simon Laplace, d tabeddilt tuɣridt, i d smutti n tesɣent n umutti ilaw ( s tuget  t) ar tasɣent n umutti asemlal s.

## Amezruy

Tabeddilt n Laplaṣ tewwi isem-is seg umusnak afransis Pierre-Simon Laplaṣe (1749-1827). Laplaṣe yessiweḍ ad d-yefk tabadut n tbeddilt-agi deg useggas n 1785, mi yella yeţţnadi ɣef tlufa n tmikanikt tagennawt. Seg yimir-nni, tabeddilt n Laplaṣ tuɣal d allal aseklan deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tusnakt d tussna.

## Tabadut tamsalɣa

Tabeddilt n Laplaṣ n tesɣent f(t), yettwasbedun i wakk imḍanen ilawen t \geq 0 , d nettat d tesɣunt F(t) am akka: 

F(x) = \int_{0 }^ {+\infin}{f(t)*e^{-st}}dt

anda  :s = \sigma + i \omega,

### Tabeddilt n Laplaṣ n sin idisen
ma neqqar "tabeddilt n Laplaṣ" akken s tḥerfit, ad negg srid tabeddilt n Laplaṣ n yiwen idis i t-nezwar deg uḥric amezwaru (seg yilem ar ifeḍ n ufella). Ama yella useɣzef n tbeddilt agi akken ad yecmel akk imḍanen ilawen seg yifeḍ n wadda ar ifeḍ n ufella, wagi neqqar-as "Tabeddilt n Laplaṣ n sin idisen". 

Tabedddilt n Laplaṣ n sin idisen tettwasbedu am akka : 

F(x) = \int_{-\infin }^ {+\infin}{f(t)*e^{-st}}dt
Tussna n tudert

tussniwin n tudert, neɣ tussniwin n twennaḍt, ttmeslayen ɣef ddunit d tɣawsiwin-is d wamek leḥḥun. D imeslayen i yettwaseqdacen s umata deg unnar n uselmed deg uɣerbaz.
Amejjay

Amsejjay d amseqdac n tezmert yesεan agerdas n ṭṭbib neɣ, deg lzayer, agerdas n ṭṭbib n udabu. Isujjuy ɣef laḥsab n wudem n waṭṭan. iqeddec s umata deg yiwet n terbaɛt n yimussnawen n tesnujjya am usujji n igerdan, am usujji n wučči, am ussujji n tnefsit, am ussujji n tmeṭṭut neɣ am ussujji n tuɣmas. Tameẓla taɣerfant tettmeslay-d ɣef yemgaraden n yimsujjiyen deg umaḍal, deg unamek n unamek, s yiẓuran yettwalin tikwal aselmed.

## Timegra
Seg umeslay amlatin *medicus* ("medcins" neɣ "yemεan ad yeḥlu"; "yeḥla, yeḥla").       

## Timura n yimsejjayen

### Amsejjed

Ajjṛu d ṭṭbib yettεebbiṛ deg tnejjit, d ayen i d-yettarra ɣef yiɣil n lbaṭel. S umkan-a, amehṛan i yettḥeddmen amaru n usebter. Yettεebbiṛ deg yiwen n usemmiḍ s wudem n tmusni i d-yeḥwaǧen akken ad d-ternu timsalin akken ilaq: (aẓar, aẓar n lbaṭel, aẓaru n warrac, aẓarum n tneɣlin...).  Aḥbib yettxeddem yessexdem taẓuri-ines meqqren deg tmucuha n tfekka akken ad yexdem tikwalin i d-yettunefken deg-s tikwalin-nni: tmes, tmes, amutti, atg. 

### Imejjayen n sbiṭar
Aṭas n yimura n yimedyazen i zemren ad xedmen deg sbiṭar (bel imeddukal, di Tayeṛbu, d yimezdaɣ n Kanada) yerna llan-d imurayen yemgaraden. Imeddukal (imeddukal n useggas wis 3 deffir useggas wis 6 di Turuft) d imeddukal (medyen i d-yettunefken, i d-yeṭṭfen d aselmed-nsen s ssekkil n uselmed, sεedda-d lxedma n uselmad n sin neɣ xemsa iseggasen, deg Kanada) llan s lḥeqq ad d-sseknen d ad xedmen ayen ara d-yesseknen neɣ ad d-yekkren s uselmed (cf.

### Imejjayen i d-yettwakksen

### Tasnujjya n uxeddim
Deg kra n tmura, ala tikeṛṛayin meqqren kan neɣ d  i yettwaḥsen i d-yettunefken i uselmed n tesnujjya uxeddim. Di tmura nniḍen, am Fransa, yal axeddam yettwaḥader s uselmed n tesnujjya uxeddim.

## Taɣellit
Tussna uḥulfu timargen

tussna uḥulfu timargen d yiwet tewsit n tesnujjya iqedcen ɣef waṭṭanen d yusan seg tiririt n diri n tfekka ɣur tawennaṭ i as-d yezzin yemgaraden d imdanen s tezmert yelhan.
Ziri ibn Mennad

**Ziri ibn Mennad** neɣ **Ziṛi Ou Mnad** (yemmut deg 971) d win i d-yesnulfan adabu n Iziriden deg Tmazɣa. Yella d aqerru n wadrum n Takalata n tdukla n Ṣenhaǧa, anda llan Ikutamen deg Tmazɣa Talemmast deg wayen yellan d Lezzayer tura. Yella d amdakkel n Ifaṭimiyen, yefka-yasen afus deg uɣelluy n Abu Yazid gar 943 d 947. Ɣef waya, yuɣal d anbaḍ n twilayat n utaram, tamnaḍt i d-yezdin d Lezzayer n tura, nnig n Ṣeḥra.

## <big> Lebni n temdint n Acir</big>
Deg useggas 935, yebna tamdint n Acir deg unẓul n wanda ara tili temdint n Lezzayer. Yessawel i yibennayen d yineccaben. Yeččur tamdint s yimusnawen, s yimzenzen d yimastanen. Yebda asuffeɣ n yidrimen d lexlaṣ n yiserdasen-is s yidrimen.


Mmi-s Buluɣin ibn Ziri yebna timdinin n Lezzayer, Mlyana d Lemdeyya. Yerna yebna-d tikelt nniḍen tudrin i yettwahudden.

## <big> Tuṭṭfa n Fas</big>
Deg 959, Ziri yeṭṭef-d tamdint n Fas deg Merruk. Mi d-yuɣal seg umennuɣ, yewwi-d amir n Fas d "Lxalifa" Ibn Wasul n Sijilmasa d imeḥbas. Yessekna-ten i medden akken ad ten-yesseḥqer.

## <big>Lmut-is d wayen yeḍran seld-s</big>
Ziri ibn Mennad yemmut deg umennuɣ mgal umḍebber n M'sila deg yunyu neɣ yulyu 971. Mmi-s Buluggin ibn Ziri ikemmel deg umkan-is am unbaḍ. Deg useggas 972, Buluɣin yuɣal d Anbaḍ n Ifriqya armi d aseggas 984, asmi Ifaṭimiyen wwin tanbaḍt-nsen ɣer Miṣra.
Hierarchy

Hierarchy (s tkurit t: 하이라키) d asaru n tiliẓri n tṛumansit n yelmezyen i d-yekkan si Kurya n Wenẓul deg 2024.Yura-t Chu Hye-mi, d Bae Hyeon-jin ay t-id-yessuddsen, yerna llan deg-s Roh Jeong-eui, Lee Chae-min, Kim Jae-won, Ji Hye- yewwi-d, d Lee Wun-Jung. Taqṣiḍt tḍeṛṛu-d deg uɣerbaz alemmas n Jooshin, ay yettzuxxun s ussegmi i yufraren akk deg Kurya n Wenẓul yerna anda ay d-ttnejmaɛen 0,01% seg yigerdan iḥercen akk di tmurt. Yeffeɣ-d deg Netflix ass n 7 Yunyu 2024. 

## Agzul
Aɣerbaz alemmas n Jooshin ay d-tesbedd tkebbanit akk tameqrant n Kurya n Wenẓul, Jooshin Group, d adeg aydeg ttwafernen yigerdan seg wasmi ay d-lulen. Deg tesnawit-agi tusligt yesɛan azal, tḍeṛṛu-d tyiwet n teqsiḍt n tayri, n tdukli, n ttaṛ.
Iquraniyen

leqran d adlis n teflest tineslemt ,ttafaren-t inselmen umaḍal meṛṛa maca ttafaren ayen nniḍen n yidlisen wiyyaḍ am tizmamin lhadit,dagi id yella umgarad akked iquraniyen i yettamnen kan s leqran .

taquranit d yiwen n ugraw n uselmed n ddin n islam, yettwali-d lequran d win kan i d-yefkan awal n Ṛebbi s tidett, yeǧǧa-d wamek ara yettwaḥsen s tidet n yimeslayen (imeslayen i d-yettunefken Muḥemmed d yimeddukal-is, d-yettaɣ d tira i d-d-yettwaru deg usefru n wawal, kra n yimeslayen-is am wid n Al Bukhari d Muslim ttwaḥseb d tineslemt n Ssuna)

Imusnawen n leqran neɣ imusnawen n iquraniyen ttxemmimen belli awal n Ṛebbi deg Kur'an d aselkem d ameqqran, dɣa yezmer ad yettwafehhem akken ilaq ma ur d-tessekcem ara i hadithen. Qqaren-d d tidett n hadithen i yellan ass-a d tidett, imi yura-d sin n yiseggasen deffir tmettant n Muḥemmed; ihi, ur zmiren ara ad sɛun amkan am leqran,

## Adasil
Imusnawen n leqran ur ttqeblen ara tazmert n lhadit s uselkem ɣef isefra n Kur'aan.
Luqman

Luqman (s t3arbawalt : لقمان) d isem n yiwen n umelmad n uqbel  tineslemt i d-yettmeslayen deg tsurett tis 31d . deg tineslemt, Luqman d yiwen n umellim i d-yellan deg lqern  wis 11 uqbel talalit n lmasiḥ . qqaren-d yuder deg tallit n yiwen  n ugellid ameqqran, kra qqaren-d d agellid Dawed. Syin, deg tallit talemmast, yettwassen d amaru n tneqqist.
Tatiknulujit

Tatiknulujit d **tek** d tussna ger tussniwin tirariyin. Ad d-yini usemmiḍ ɣef talwit n tẓuri deg yal tallit, deg wayen yeɛnan tiɣawsiwin d uselmed. Tella deg-s taẓuri n lxedma, tẓurin, tussna yettwaqedcen, ahat tamusni.

S umata d usemru, awal-a yettmeslay i tdukliwin neɣ i uselmed n tdukli i d-yeǧǧan tiɣriwin n tmedyazt, akked yal taḥna n teɣri d wayen d-yefkan.

Ɣef wakken i d-yenna Jacques Ellul, "Tijma n tkarit teqqar-d awal ɣef tkarit".

## Timegra
*[https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/λόγος awal]* n *[https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/technologie tecni]* i d-yekcem seg umezruy n tegṛigit (τεχνολογία) tecnē (τέχνη), "tẓuri", "tussni", neɣ "tussna n tek" akked -logos (λόγος), "A Awal", "tmeslayt", tasraft n usemmeslay. d asemmar ɣef tẓuri, yettunefken tiɣriwin n tẓuri i d-yettmeslayen ɣef tẓurin neɣ tiɣriyin n tẓurin.
Axeddim

Deg unamek am ameqqran, **axeddim** d leqdic n wemdan i d-yettban s tmusni ad ibeddel ddunit taɣelnawt. Deg umenɣi usadem amaynut, axeddim neɣ **axeddim n yal ass** d axeddim i d-yeǧǧan ad d-yexdem tiɣawsiwin d lemziyat. S umata, d amedya n tsertit. Deg tdukliwin n umdan amaynut, d ayen i d-yettunefkan s tidet d imeɣnasen s umata d asebter, yerna d ayen i yettunefken deg leqdic. Tesseɣra-d usebter d usebter n axeddim ssuq n uxeddam.
Tigejdiwin n tineslemt

Tigejdiwin n tineslemt d lecɣal i d lwajeb i yal ineslem. Imeggura-nni i d-yettwaḥebben akk-d wid yettwassnen, llan deg xemsa. Tiɣriwin-agi ur ttwaḥesben ara d tin n Kur'an am Tnac n Yid-Yeggalen deg Wedlis Iqedsen imasiḥiyen, maca ttwasemment deg yiwen n lhadith n uselmed: "Tamzirt n Yiṣlam tettidir ɣef xemsa n yiẓuran: tasemmiwt belli ulac Rebbi nniḍen i ilaq ad yettqeddim ala Ṛebbi yerna Muḥemmed d  n Ṛebbi, timlilit n tẓallit, zzakat, uẓum n Remḍan d lḥeǧǧ" (yenna-t-id Muhammad al-Bukhari d Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj). 

Ma yella ur d-yeqqim ara deg xemsa n yizerfan-agi i d-yeǧǧan tiɣawsiwin n Yiṣelman, ilaq ad tt-id-xedmen.
Zzakat

***zzakat*** neɣ ***zakat*** neɣ **zakaat** (زَكَاة *zakāt*); awal n taɛrabt i d-yettusmimeḍ s "tameḥluft taḥect" d wis tlata n tgejdiwin n tineslemt, deffir cchada d tẓallit.   

Ameslam yettwaḥwaǧ ad yeḥseb yal aseggas n waggur (hejir)  taḥrict-a, ad tt-id-yefk " i yimeɣban, i yimeɣẓiyen, i wid ixeddmen deg uxeddim n zakat, i yimḍebberen i d-yeqqen wul-nsen, i iqeddacen [i tt-yeḥwaǧen akken ad εeddun ugaraw-nsen n tlelli], i yides [i ur zmiren ara ad d-sellmen idrimen-nsen] i imeɣnasen n lxalaf, d imeddar [i ur nesɛi ara ayen ara t-yeǧǧan ad d-yaweḍ ɣer anda i d-yettunefk" [tasurett n Tawba / 60].  Zakat yettunefken-d yal tikkelt deg waggur n Remḍan i usefru-ines, yerna medden zmiren ad ḥesben zzakat ɣef tnezduɣt.
LibreOffice

**Libreoffice** d aseɣẓan ilelli bu weɣbalu yeldin, d The Document Foundation ay t-id-yesnulfan, yettusuddem deg 2010 seg usenfar n OpenOffice.org i yella d lqem bu weɣbalu yeldin n StarOffice.

## Iɣbula
Discographie de Twice

Voici les albums enregistrés par TWICE :
The story begins (bien on a pas confondre avec le second groupe, SNSD)
TT
#twice
Twice (album japonais)

**#Twice** et le premier mini album japonais du groupe féminin sud-coréen TWICE, publier en 2017 dans différents bibliothèques musicales au Japon, aux États-Unis et en France.
SISTAR

**SISTAR** est le premier groupe féminin de la starship Entertainment ayant débuté avec le titre push push le 4 juin 2010 et actif de 2010 à 2017.
Amine Gouiri

**Amine Ferid Gouiri**  (s teqbaylit : **Amin Farid Gwiri**, s taɛrabt : **أمين فريد غويري** ; ilul ass n **16 Fuṛaṛ 2000**) d amyurar n tkurt n uḍar amsadur, yetturar d imessinded neɣ d ifer azelmaḍ deg terbaɛt n Rennes n Ligue 1 . Ilul deg Fransa, yetturar deg terbaɛt taɣelnawt n Lezzayer.

## <big>'''amecwar deg teɣlamin'''</big>

### <big>Lyon</big>
Amarir n Lyon ay yebdan deg 2013, Gouiri yestenya leɛqed-nnes amezwaru n tcirḍart d teɣlamt-a ass n 3 Yulyu 2017 i kraḍ n yiseggasen.

D yiwet n tmuɣli tagraɣlant mucaɛen, Gouiri yexdem amkan i Lyon deg umennuɣ n ligue 1 gar bordeaux ass n 10 ctember 2013 mi yella yesɛa 16 n yiseggasen, dɣa yebda i Lyon B mi yella 17. Yexdem timlilit-is tamezwarut deg terbaɛt ass n 19 Wamber 2017 deg yiwet n temlilit n 0-0 mgal Montpellier deg Ligue 1. Yekcem deg unnar deffir 73 n tedqiqin deg umkan n Tanguy Ndombele.

### <big>Nice</big>
Ass n 1 yulyu 2020, Gouiri yekcem ɣer terbaɛt-is n Nice n Ligue 1 s leɛqed n 4 n yiseggasen s wazal n 7 n yimelyunen n yuruten.

Ass n 23 Ɣuct 2020, yessadef sin n yiswan deg temlilit-is tamezwarut n temsizzelt i Nice, deg yiwet n rrbeḥ n 2-1 deg uxxam mgal Lens i d-yeffɣen s wudem amaynut, yuɣal d amarir ameẓyan akk n teɣlamt-a deg 70 n yiseggasen-a ineggura i yessadef ma drus snat n tikkal deg temlilit-is tamezwarut n teɣlamt . deg tcirḍart tamezwarut n Fṛansa. Ass n 29 Tuber 2020, yessadef iswi-nni kan deg temlilit n 1-0 mgal Hapoel Be'er Sheva deg Temɣunt n Urupa n UEFA n 2020-21.

### <big>Rennes</big>
Ass n 1 Ṭuber 2022, Gouiri yekcem ɣer Rennes s leɛqed n semmus n yiseggasen arma d 30 Yunyu 2027.

## <big>'''Amecwar agraɣlan'''</big>
Gouiri ilul-d deg Fṛansa n ubabat azzayri n Bgayet akked tyammat n Sṭif; dɣa, yesɛa sin tɣelnawin : tazzayrit akked tafransist. Yella d agraɣlan n yilemẓiyen i Fṛansa, Gouiri d netta ay d amseḍru ameqran akk deg telɣuɣa n UEFA n ddaw 17 n yiseggasen n 2017, yerna yessadef 7 n yiswan u d netta ay d amseḍru ameqran akk deg telɣuɣa-a daɣen.

Gouri yella daɣen d agensas n Fṛansa deg Teqbuct n Umaḍal n FIFA n U-17 n 2017 deg Lhend,[13] yerna yessadef sin n yiswan deg temlilit-nnes tamezwarut deg telɣuɣa-a mgal Kalidunya Tamaynut n U17.S uɣruḍ, yessadef 5 n yiswan deg telɣuɣa-a.

Deg UEFA U19 Euro n 2018, Gouiri yessadef sin n yiswan s tmerniwt mgal Ṭṭerk d Langliz, deg temlilit tis snat d tis kraḍt n tuzzya n tegrawin, yal yiwet deg-sent.

Ass n 5 Ctembeṛ 2023, Djamel Belmadi yenna-d deg temnaḍt n tmeẓdiyin (zone mixte) dakken abeddel n tɣellist (sécurité) taddalant i Gouiri seg tefṛensist ɣer tezzayrit "yefru-d s tedbelt".

Ass n 26 Ctembeṛ 2023, Gouiri yenna-d d akken yefka iman-nnes s lekmal-nnes deg terbaɛt taɣelnawt n Lezzayer.

## <big>'''tastaḍt deg teɣlamin'''</big>

### <big>taɣlamt</big>
armi temlilit i d-yurar ass n 1 ctember 2024.

### <big>agraɣlan</big>
armi temlilit i d-yurar ass n 10 ctember 2024.

timlilit yetturaren 10 ctenber 2024, 

## <big>Iserhuyen</big>


* Coupe de la Ligue amnafeḍ wis sin: 2019–20

**<big>Nice</big>**

Coupe de France amnafeḍ wis sin : 2021–22

**<big>Amdanan</big>**

* UEFA European Under-17 Championship Top Scorer: 2017
* UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2017
Deǧǧal

Deggal d amdan ara d-yeffeɣ di taggara n lweqt Rebbi yefka-yas tizemmar akken ad iɛerḍ imdanen. Ad d-yeffeɣ deg yiwet n temdint umi semman {Isfahan} deg yiwet n taddart n Wudayen, yerna 70.000 n Wudayen n Tayalis ara t-id-yeḍfer deg temdint-a kan Argaz-a yettwali d akken d argaz yelhan. Syin ad d-yini d agellid, syin ad d-yini d nnbi, di taggara ad d-yini d Rebbi, iswi-s d Lquds, maca ad yemmet di taggara, ad t-ineɣ nnbi Ɛisa mmi-s n Meryem, di temdint n Lidda..
Adam

Adam, talwit fell-as, d [amdan amezwaru i d-ixleq Rebbi d nnbi amezwaru i yeddren di -a azal n alef iseggasen Yessawel i tarwa-s akken ad ɛebden Rebbi .

Yumeṛ Rebbi i Adam d tmeṭṭut-is  ad zedɣen di , ad ččen seg lfakya-s, d yumer-iten ad ur tetten ara seg lfakya n yiwet n  kan, dɣa yusa-d  ɣer Adam d Ḥewwa, yenna-yasen: “Ma tebɣam ad awen iniɣ ɣef yiwet n tteǧra ma teččim seg-s, ad tedderm i lebda ur ad temmutem , d aţ-ţesɛum tagelda ur yefennun. dɣa Adam d Ḥewwa ččan si ttejṛa i ten- iḥeṛṛem ṛebbi- nsen, yerna ɛuṣan lameṛ n ṛebbi- nsen.
Tavietnamit

Tavietnamit (Tiếng Việt ) d tutlayt tunṣibt n Vietnam, yerna d nettat ay d tutlayt tayemmat n weɣref avietnami ay d-yettgensisen 86% seg yimezdaɣen-nnes. Tutlayt-a ttmeslayen-tt daɣen deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, di Kambud'ya, di Fṛansa, di Ustṛalya, di Ccinwa, akk d tmura nniḍen anda llant tmezdaɣin (communautés) n laṣel avietnami. Ttmeslayen-tt gar 70 d 73 n yimelyunen n yimsiwlen am tutlayt tayemmat. Aṭas n wawalen n tutlayt-a ay d-yettwaḍḍfen seg tutlayt tacinwat. Ass-a, tutlayt-a tesseqdac agemmay alatini s tmerniwin n tmesliwt (marques fonétiques) n tmerna i kra n wawalen.
Tamezgida n Laqṣa

Tamezgida n Al-Aqsa tezga di tmurt n Falisṭin, deg temdint n Lquds, deg tɣiwant taqdimt. Tetwassen s lqbilat tamezwarut, seg-s i d-yuli nnbi صلى الله عليه وسلم ɣer yigenni aɛelyan, s ayen iwumi semman iḍ n Isṛa d Miɛraǧ;
Agelmim n Baykal

**Agelmim n Baykal** (s tarusit : Озеро Байкал, *Ozero Baïkal*), d agelmim yezga-d deg unẓul-usamar n Sibiriya, tajumma-s 3,15 n yimelyunen n yihikṭaṛen, d ugelmim aqbur akk yellan deg umaḍal (20 ar 25 n yimelyunen n yiseggasen) ed d ugelmim-a akk i d alqayan n umaḍal (1 700 m), deg-s 20% n waman n umtiweg.

Agelmim n Baykal yettwajerred sɣur UNESCO am Tigemmi tamaḍlant deg useggas n 1996.

## Tizmilin
Agaraw n Wenẓul

**Agaraw n Wenẓul** d agaraw i yettwabna ɣef yiḥricen-nni n Ugaraw Amaḍlan i d-yezgan deg wenẓul n Ugaraw Amelwi, n Ugaraw Aṭlasi ed Ugaraw Ahendi ed yilel-nsen ay d-yezzin i Antraktika ddaw n 60° wenẓul. Agaraw n Wenẓul yeṭṭef azal n 1/16 n tajumma n yigarawen n umaḍal.

## Tizmilin
The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald

***The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald*** (s taglizit : *The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald*) sulfentid imarikanien aseggas n 1998.
Amtawa n Sykes-Picot

Amtawa n Sykes-Picot deg 1916 yella d amtawa n tuffra gar Fṛansa ed Tgelda Yeddukklen, s usteɛref n Tgelda Tarusit ed Ṭṭalyan, i lmend n webḍu n temnaḍt n Fertile Crescent gar Fṛansa ed Briṭanya Tameqrant, i lmend n ussebded n temnaḍin aydeg llant tɣawsiwin deg Asya n Utaram (lɣerb), ed beḍḍu n Tagelda Taɛetmanit, ay yellan teḍḍef tamnaḍt-nni deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan Amezwaru. Amtawa-a yella-d ɣef ljal n tmuɣli-nni ay d-yennan d akken Triple Entente ad tessiweḍ ad terbeḥ Tagelda Taɛetmanit deg Wemgaru Amaḍlan Amezwaru, yerna yella d aḥric seg yiwen n wemtawa (accord) n tuffra ay yessaram ad tt-yebḍu. Lemcawṛat timezwura ay d-yessawḍen ɣer wemtawa-a llant-d gar 23 Wamber 1915 ed 3 Yennayer 1916, d ass aydeg ay yestenya udiplumati afṛensis François-Georges-Picot ed Mark Sykes abriṭani ɣef yiḍrisen n wemsefham gar yiɣlifen n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa n Fṛansa, Briṭanya Tameqrant, d Rrus Tatsarit deg tallit-nni. Inabaḍen n tmura-nni sqedcen amtawa-nni deg 9 ed 16 Mayu 1916.
Asarir n Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed

**Asarir n Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed** d usarir n ddabex uḍar yezga-d deg tuffɣa n umalu n temdint n Tizi Wezzu, yella yeldi-tt-id ass n 10 yulyu 2024 ed yesɛa tazmert n 50.000 n yimukan. Annar-a d axxam n terbaɛt n ddabex uḍar n Ilemẓiyen inaddalen n leqbayel.

## Tizmilin
Ibeẓḍan

Ibeẓḍan neɣ ibeccan d amengi asnudran yetteffeɣ si tfekka n yiɣersiwen, gar-asen imdanen. Tigti n yiḍumman imenganen n uɣersiw d ibeẓḍan.
Luṣif Ḥamani

**Luṣif Ḥamani** (15 Mayyu 1950 – 9 Wamber 2021) yella d aleggam azzayri. Yettwassen belli yella d alɣuɣ n ABU (tadukli tafriqit n tleggimt) deg 1976 d 1977.

## Tameddurt
Ilul Luṣif Ḥamani di taddart n Igufaf di tɣiwant n At Yeḥya. Yebda ad ileggem deg 1962 dɣa yuɣal d amsadur di Meɣres 1973 di taggayt n taẓeyt talemmast