Taɣerma n Qerṭaj

**Taɣerma n Qerṭaj** tella d yiwet seg tɣermiwin timeqqranin n umaḍal aqbur, tessenda azal ameqqran deg umezruy n yilel Agrakal. Tebna-tt tmurt n Finiqya deg lqern wis 9 send talalit n Ɛisa, Qerṭaj tuɣal-d d tagelda tusligt tiseddast, tḥekkem ɣef yilel Agrakal azal n kraḍ n leqrun, uqbel ad tt-seɣli Ruma deg useggas 146 send talalit n Ɛisa.

## Asnulfu d Iẓuran n Tɣerma
Amezruy n Qerṭaj yebda s yiwet n temhazt n tnezzut tusligt. Ifiniqi seg temdint n Ṣur yekan ɣer tamnaḍt n Tunis deg wayen yettqaraben deg useggas 814 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tumant-agi d ayla d tmacahutt n Didon, tameṭṭut-nni i d-yessulfen tamdint-agi. Seg wasmi i d-tebna, Qerṭaj tella d yiwen n uzaraf n tnezzut tameqqrant deg yilel Agrakal. Adig-is yesεa azal ameqqran imi yella deg tallunt tazayezt gar usammar n Tefriqt d Turuft.

Deg tazwara, Qerṭaj tella d tamnaḍt n tnezzut, maca deg tallit-is, tuɣal-d d tgelda timziregt tesεa tisura-nnes d tsertit-nnes. 

Ɣef leḥsab n tmacahutin, d tagellidt **Elisa (Dido)** i d-yerwlen seg temdint n Ṣur (Tyre) deg Finiqya (Lebnan n tura), i d-ibnan Qerṭaj deg useggas n **814 S.T.** (Send Talalit). Isem-is "Qart Hadasht" yebɣa ad d-yini "Tamḍint Tamaynut".

* **Tnezzut:** Iqerṭajiyen llan d imsewlalwen (marins) ifazen. Ḥekmen ɣef iberdan n tnezzut deg yilel.
* **Asehru (Asemɣer):** Sbedden timdinen ɣef yiri n yilel deg Siqilya, Sardinya, Spanya, d teftisin n Tmazɣa.
* **Imaziɣen:** Qerṭaj tella tetteddu s lemɛawna n Yimaziɣen i yellan d iǧerda (lɛesker) d yifellaḥen ɣur-sen.

## Tamnekda d Tzrirt Taddukklit
Deg tallit n lqern wis 6 d lqern wis 5 send talalit n Ɛisa, Qerṣaj tesmeɣer tazrirt-nnes ɣef yilel Agrakal meṛṛa. Tesεa aseqqamu ameqqran ɣef tnezzut tagrumit, tessedday isefka d yimrigen d lfetta d kra n tɣawsiwin nniḍen gar Tefriqt d Turuft d tegzirin n yilel Agrakal. Tamusni-nnes deg tnezzut d tikli deg yilel terr-itt d yiwet seg tgeldiwin timeqqranin n yilel-nni.

Qerṭaj tessekcem asedday-innes azayez ɣef waṭas n tegzirin am Siqliya, Sardunya d Qurṣika. Deg Spanya, tesbedd timdinin d isugan n tnezzut i yettseqdacen am idigan n ussaweḍ n tɣawsiwin seg yal tamnaḍt n yilel agrakal.

### Imenɣiyen n Punik (Les guerres puniques)
Asmi i d-tebda Ruma tettimɣur, tebɣa ad teḥkem ɣef yilel. D anect-a i d-yewwin 3 n yimenɣiyen imeqqranen i yedu men azal n 100 n iseggasen ger Qerṭaj d Ruma.

* **Amenɣi Amezwaru (264-241 S.T.):** Qerṭaj texṣer Siqilya.

Amenɣi-ya yekka-d azal n 23 n iseggasen. Sebba-ines tameqqrant d **Siqilya**.

* **Asebba:** Ruma tebda tettwali Qerṭaj d aɣewwiɣ (axṣim) ameqqran ɣef tnezzut, ladɣa imi Qerṭaj teḥkem ɣef tegzirin n Siqilya d Sardinya.
* **Amek i teḍra:**
** Qerṭaj tella teǧhed aṭas deg yilel (lbaṛuḍ n yilel), ma d Ruma teǧhed ɣef lqaɛa.
** Ruma tebna iɣrruba imaynuten, tesnulfa-d yiwen n wallal (le corvus) i sen-yettaken afus ad ɛeddin seg uɣerrabu ɣer wayeḍ akken ad nnaɣen amzun ɣef lqaɛa.
* **Taggara:** Ḥamilqaṛ Barka (Baba-s n Ḥennibaɛl) iqubel Ruma s tebɣest, maca Qerṭaj texṣer deg yilel. Qerṭaj tefka Siqilya i Ruma, terna txelles lxeṭṭiyya tameqqrant.

* **Amenɣi Wis Sin (218-201 S.T.):** D wagi i d amenɣi n **Ḥennibaɛl Barka**.**Ḥennibaɛl:** Yettwassen d yiwen seg yiserdasen imeqqranen deg umezruy. Icedda-d seg Spanya ɣer Ṭṭalyan ɣef lqaɛa, yessexdem ilewtan, yewwi-d rrbeḥ ameqqran deg **Cannae** (216 S.T.), maca ɣer taggara yeɣli deg **Zama** (deg Tuns) zdat n Sipyun.Wagi d amenɣi i d-yeǧǧan later ameqqran, d win i deg d-yeban **Ḥennibaɛl Barka**.
** **Sebba:** Ḥennibaɛl yeṭṭef tamdint n Saguntum deg Spanya, yellan d tamdukkelt n Ruma.
** **Abrid n Ḥennibaɛl:** Deg unbeddal iwakken ad iṛuḥ s yilel, Ḥennibaɛl yerfed lɛesker-is (azal n 40,000 n yiserdasen d yilewtan), icedda-d seg yidurar n **Yildukan (les Alpes)**. D ayen i d-yeǧǧan Ruma tebheḍ.
** **Tirennawin:**
*** **Cannae (216 S.T.):** D tamiwta tameqqrant akk. Ḥennibaɛl yessexṛeb lɛesker n Ruma s tḥila (stratégie) n "wazzzi" (encerclement). Ruma texṣer azal n 50,000 n yiserdasen deg yiwen wass.
** **Aɣelluy (Zama - 202 S.T.):**
*** Sipyun yerra-d ttiya, yeẓdem ɣef Tmazɣa (Tuns).
*** **Masensen (Massinissa)**, i yellan zik d amdukkel n Qerṭaj, yezzi ɣer tama n Ruma. S yiserdasen-is imnayen (cavalerie numide), yefka afus ameqqran i Scipion.
*** Deg **Zama**, Ḥennibaɛl yettwaɣleb. Qerṭaj tefka akk iɣerruba-ines, teǧǧa Spanya, terna teggul ur tettennaɣ ara ma yella ur tecciwer ara Ruma.
* **Amenɣi Wis Kraḍ (149-146 S.T.):** Ruma tezzi-as-d i temdint n Qerṭaj 3 n iseggasen armi i tt-tessexreb, tewwet-itt s lmelḥ akken ur d-temɣay ara deg-s tudert.

Azal n 50 n iseggasen mbaɛd Zama, Qerṭaj tuɣal-d teǧhed deg tnezzut d tfellaḥt, maca ur tesɛi ara lɛesker.

* **"Carthago delenda est":** Deg Ruma, yiwen n unexxab isem-is Catun (Catun Aqbur) yella yal asmi ara yemmeslay, ifak s tenfalit: *"Qerṭaj ilaq ad texlu"*.
* **Masensen:** Agellid n Nnumidya yella yettakser (yettḥarac) Qerṭaj, yettfukk-as akal cwiṭ, cwiṭ. Qerṭaj terra-as-d awal bla ma tecciwer Ruma. Ruma teufa-d sebba.
* **Leḥsar (Asɣimi):** Ruma tezzi-as-d i temdint n Qerṭaj 3 n iseggasen. Imezdaɣ n Qerṭaj nnuɣen ɣef tudert-nsen armi d ixef.
* **Taggara (146 S.T.):** Sipyun Émilien (mmi-s n mmi-s n Sipyun amezwaru) yekcem tamdint. Yessureɣ-itt (yeḥreq-itt) 17 n wussan. Imezdaɣ i d-yegran uɣalen d aklan. Tamdint-nni tameqqrant tuɣal d iɣed.

### D acu i d-yeḍran mbaɛd?
Mi teɣli Qerṭaj, Ruma tebda tkeccem s leqsaḥ ɣer Tmazɣa. Akal n Qerṭaj yuɣal d "Tafriqt Tarumanit" (Africa Proconsularis). D wagi i d allal i d-yeldin abrid i imenɣi ger **Yigelliden n Nnumidya** (am Yugerten) d **Ruma** deg iseggasen i d-iteddun.

## Taɣerma d Taẓuri Tadelsant
Taɣerma n Qerṭaj mačči d imenɣi d yiserdasen kan. Tella d taɣerma yenernan aṭas deg uḥric n tẓuri (lfen), idles, d tnezzut. Taẓuri n Qerṭaj tella d axaluḍ ger leɛwayed n Yifiniqiyen, Imaziɣen, Imiṣriyen, d Yigrikiyen.

Atan wamek tella tmeddurt tadelsant d tẓuri deg Qerṭaj:

### Tasegda

Qerṭaj tella tettwassen s lebni-ynes ifazen, ladɣa isugan d yixxamen.

* **Ileg n Qerṭaj (Les ports):** Qerṭaj tesɛa sin n yilsugan yettwassnen aṭas:
** **asagen n Tnezzut:** D amraḥ meqqren anda d-keccmen iɣerruba n sselɛa.
** **asagen Aserdas:** Yella deg talɣa n tmedwert (cercle), yezmer ad yejmeɛ azal n 220 n iɣerruba n imenɣi. Deg tlemmast-is, tella tegzirt anda yella usali (amir) n yilel.

* **Ixxamen:** Deg temdint n Qerṭaj, ixxamen llan ɛlayen (sɛan armi d 6 n innagen), bnan s yiẓra imeqqranen.
* **Tiḥuna:** Llan sbeddayen-tent s wudem n Yigrikiyen neɣ Imiṣriyen (am tgejda-nsent).

### Taẓuri n Ufexxaṛ d Zjaj
Iqerṭajiyen llan d imussnawen imeqqranen deg usnulfu n dduzan.

* **Tigelmusin:** Xedmen aṭas n tgemusin s ufexxaṛ. Kra deg-sen ccbuhen, kra nniḍen sxilaɛen (am wid n "Grimace"). Tigelmusin-a llan semrasen-ten (ttsexdimen-ten) deg tmeɣriwin n ddin neɣ iwakken ad ssagden cwaṭen.
* **Zjaj:** Llan xeddmen tiqbuciyin d tqareɛtin n zjaj yettfeǧǧiǧen, s yiniten yemgaraden. D nutni i d-yesnulfan tarrayt n "Arekti n Zjaj".
* **Isɣunen:** Xedmen-tent s wureɣ (ddheb) d lfeṭṭa, s tugniwin n yiɣersiwin d yibeɛɛac.