Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin

**Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin** neɣ **Tadukli Tasuvyatit** (s tarusit: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (**asusru** )), d awanak aqbur n Turuft ed n Asya, seg 1922 ar 1991, tamanaɣt-ines Musku, tajumma-ines ahat . Tadukli Tasuvyatit teṭṭef-d seg yilel n Baltik ar yilel Aberkan ed ugaraw Amelwi. Deg iseggasen-is ineggura, xemsṭac n tigdudiwin tinemlayin tisuvyitiyin i yellan deg awanak-nni : Arminya, Azerbijan, Byilurusya (Byilurusya n tura), Isṭunya, Jurjya, Kazaxestan, Kirgizistan (Kirgizistan n tura), Latvya, Litwanya, Muldavya (Muldavya n tura), Rusya, Ṭaǧikstan, Turkmenistan, Ukrayin ed Uzbekistan.

S yisem-is d awanek ameqqran akk deg umaḍal ɣef teɣzi n lqern wis 20, **Tadukli Tasuvyatit** teṭṭef sḍis seg tjumma n wakal,mraw d yiwet n tmiwa n wakud, seg Yilel Abalti d Yilel Aberkan ɣer Ugaraw Amelwi, aḥric akk n ugafa-agmuḍan n Eurasya. D amur ameqqran seg wakal n Temnekda Tarusit n zik, Ma nekkes Pulunya d Finland i yellan d timziregt seg ṭṭraḍ aɣarim arusi seg 1918 ar 1921, yerna yennerna wakal seg tallit n Stalinist deg Tuṛuft Usammar d Ugmuḍ (ccerq) Alemmas gar 1939 d 1945.

S waya, akal n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yettnegmu ɣef wakud, ladɣa deg tallit n umgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin ed deffir-s. Tadukli Tasuvyatit llan deg-s Tigdudiwin tifidiṛaliyen(amḍan-nni ideg mgaraden daɣen ssya ɣer da) deg tallit-nni ideg ay yuɣalent d timziregtin asmi tettwakkes Tukli Tasuvyatit.

Aseɣnew n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yella d yiwen seg yinalkamen n tegrawla tarusit n 1917. Tagrawla n fuṛaṛ tfuk tagelda n *yitsaren*, ideg yella *Nikulas II* d agensas aneggaru, dɣa yesbedd Tagduda tarusit i d-yeɣlin ass n 7 furar 1917 sɣur *Ibulcivikiyen* deg Tegrawla n tuber. Yiwen seg yiɣallen ay d-yesnekren asnulfu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit d lebɣi n Vladimir Lenin akken ad yesseḍru taɣuri-nnes tadyulujit tafidiṛalit s ubeddel n Rrus taduklit ɣer tdukli n tegdudiwin ay d-yettwasbedden s wemenzay yigellusen itniniyen ay yesɛan kra n tfulmant tadelsant tadigant. Deg tazwara, tikti-s tella mgal tin n tɣelnaẓrit tasuvyitit n Juzef Stalin i yebɣan ad d-yesnulfu yiwet n tegduda tafidiṛalit tasuvyitit n Rrus. D acu kan, Stalin yuɣal deg tiktiwin-is, dɣa deg yiseggasen n 1925-1939, netta s timmad-nnes yella yettḍafar asnulfu n waṭas n tegdudiwin ay d-yellan deg-sent (deg Quqaz, deg Karilya ed Asya Talemmast).

USSR yeḥkem-itt Ukabar Azduklan n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (PCUS) ladɣa sɣur tnarit-nnes taslekmant, *Pulitburu*. Akk ibenkan (uṣdif, aselkam neɣ aɣedman), am wakken ay llant tɣamsa d tmetti taɣarimt s umata, llant srid ddaw n udabu n ukabar-a amyiwan d yimsulta-nnes isertiyen (s wudem unṣib *Cheka*, *Guépéou*, NKVD, MGB, KGB, atg.), i yerran war azal amuqqran timanit n tmenḍawt n tigdudiwin tifidiṛaliyin d tuddsiwin-nniḍen tifulmanin.

Tikliwin-a, i d-yesleḍ Andrei Amalrik deg useggas n 1970 sɣur Andrei Amalrik d azaglu asertan, anmetti d tdamsa, d ayen i d-yeglan s lexṣara n usirem d uzref, i d-yessuffɣen anabaḍ asuvyati, seg 1985 sɣur Mikhail Gorbachev, akken ad yesmeskel anagraw s tsertit n uṭlasnost ("transparency") d perestroika ("aselmed"). Ulamma yella-d ufraniman deg waggur n meɣres 1991, ideg wwḍen 77.85 deg tlemmast n yimefranen ivuṭin akken ad ḥerzen Tadukli Tasuvyatit, d tiyita n uwanek deg ɣuct 1991 i d-iḥettmen aɣelluy n tmurt.

## Amezruy

### Talalit n Tdukli Tasuvyatit: Seg Tegrawla ɣer Ṭṭrad Aɣarim (1917-1921)
Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin, neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit, tella d yiwet seg yiduba imeqqranen n lqern wis 20. Laṣel-is ur d-yusi ara s talwit, maca d agemmuḍ n snin n tegrawla, ṭṭrad, d tezɣent tagensit i d-yeglan s uɣelluy n Tmenkda  tarusit. Tallit gar 1917 d 1921 d tallit yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy-a.

#### 1. Laṣel: Aɣelluy n Tmenkda Tarusit (Send 1917)
Send 1917, Rusya tella d tamnekda tameqqrant i yeḥkem Umenkad  (Tsar) *Nikulas I*I. Maca, tamnekda-a tella tettidir deg waṭas n wuguren:

* **Ṭṭrad Amadlan Amezwaru:** Tikeccemt n Rusya deg ṭṭrad (seg 1914) tessaɣli-d laxṣaṛa tameqqrant n yirgazen d tdamsa.
* **Lihana d Uguren** **Igensanen:** Agdud, ladɣa ifellaḥen d yixeddamen, llan ttidiren deg lihana(Tigullelt) d lḥif.
* Tazɣent Tadamsant: Ṭṭrad yeggre-d tazɣent tameqqrant, lɣella ulac, lexṣaṣ di teswiɛt.

Ugur-a yewweḍ ɣer **Tegrawla n Furar 1917**. Agdud yeffeɣ ɣer yiberdan, iserdasen ugin ad ṭṭfen deg umenkad. Amenkad Nicolas II yeǧǧa adabu. Yekker-d "Unabaḍ Uɛḍil", maca ur yezmir ara ad yefru uguren n ṭṭrad d lexṣaṣ.

#### 2. Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 (Tegrawla Tabulcuvikt)

Deg tallit-nni n tezɣent , Akabar Abulcuvik, s tmalayt n Vladimir Lénine, yewweḍ ad yesɛu tazrirt  tameqqrant. Ibulcuviken llan d iɣarimen imṭarfen (aẓaran), bɣan ad sbedden anagraw azduklan.

Deg tuber 1917 (neɣ Nuvembir s teswast tagrigurit), Ibulcuviken sḥebsen Anabaḍ Uɛdil. Tagi d "Tegrawla n Tuber".

#### Iɣtasen imezwura n Ibulcuviken:

* **Talwit:** Suffɣen-d Rusya seg Ṭṭrad Amadlan Amezwaru (s "Amtawa n Brest-Litovsk").
* **Akal:** Fkan akal n yimarkantiyin d Tmazgida i yifellaḥen.
* Adabu i Yesuvyaten: Sbedden adabu amaynut i yebnan ɣef "Yesuvyaten"  n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

#### Ṭṭrad Aɣarim n Rusya (1917-1921/22)

Tuṭṭfa n udabu sɣur Ibulcuviken ur teqbil ara teswiɛt meṛṛa. Seg yimir-nni, tekker tallit n ṭṭrad aɣarim yesseṛwa-n idammen, i d-yellan gar sin yiḥricen imeqqranen:

* **Iserdasen Izeggaɣen:** D iserdasen n udabu abulcuvik ajdid, i yesseday Liyun Trutski.
* **Iserdasen Imellalen:** D agraw n yiɣerman yemxallafen i yugin adabu abulcuvik. Llan deg-sen wid yettwalin ɣer umenkad  aqdim, wid itebɛen anagraw alibrali, d yimḍebbṛen iserdasiyen iqdimen.

Imsisan Ibeṛṛaniyen: Iwunak ibeṛṛaniyen (am Fṛansa, Briṭanya Tameqqrant, Marikan, Yapu) ugin anagraw abulcuvik. Ceggɛen iserdasen d lemɛawna i Yiserdasen Imellalen akken ad nnaɣen mgal Ibulcuviken.

**Amek i d-yella Ṭṭrad:** Ṭṭrad-a yella d ameqqran s takriḍt tameqqrant seg yidis n Yizeggaɣen ("Terror Ruj") neɣ deg yidis n Yimellalen ("Terror Blanc"). Yegla-d s umilyun n lmut, ama s ṭṭrad, ama s laẓ neɣ s waṭṭanen.

Ibulcuviken (Izeggaɣen) ɣas akken llan deg-sen uguren, rebḥen ṭṭrad aɣarim. Llant aṭas n tmentilin iɣef tmerniwt-a:

# **Tiddukla n Tmalayt:** Izwiyɣen llan ddaw yiwet n tmalayt (Linin d Trutski), ma d Imellalen llan mebḍan, mkul yiwen d aɣawas -is.
# **Aseḥbiber ɣef** **Igelluyen:** Ibulcuviken ḥekmen alemmas n Rusya (anda llant temdinin timeqqranin d udabu n uselway).
# **Tugdi n Wagdud:** Aṭas n yifellaḥen, ɣas ur ḥemmlen ara Ibulcuviken, uggaden ugar ayen llan Imellalen ad asen-kksen akal i d-wwin deg tegrawla.

#### Tagrayt: Talalit n USSR
Mi yekfa ṭṭrad aɣarim s nnṣer n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen (ɣef useggas 1921-1922), Akabar Abulcuvik (i yuɣalen d Akabar Azduklan) yessemɣer adabu-ines.

Deg Dujember 1922, sbedden s wudem unṣib **Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit**. Tdukli-a tesdukel Rusya (i yuɣalen d Tddukkla Tasuvyatit Tarusit) d Tddukkliwin tisuvyatiyin nniḍen (am Ukranya, Byilurusya, d Transcaucasia).

Tallit-a n 1917-1921 tella d tallit n usbeddi aẓaran i yesseḍḥan tamnekda taqdimt, yerna tessel-d yiwen seg yiduba i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg umezruy n ddunit.

### Tdukli Tasuvyatit gar sin n yimenɣiyen imaḍlanen(1921-1939)
Tallit gar 1921 d 1939 deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tallit n usnulfu n udabu ajdid, maca daɣen d tallit n takriḍt tameqqrant d unbeddel aẓaran n tmetti. Seg taggara n ṭṭrad aɣarim armi d tikecmt deg Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin, tamurt tenneɛtab aṭas maca tesbedd-d iman-is d yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin n ddunit.

#### Tagrayt n Ṭṭrad Aɣarim d "Tasertit tadamsant tamaynut" (SDM) (1921-1928)
Mi yekfa ṭṭrad aɣarim (1921), Tdukli Tasuvyatit tella deg yir liḥala. Tamurt texṛeb, laẓ yella s waṭas, tadamsa teɣli. Akabar Azduklan (Abulcuvik) yella iḥkem, maca lɣaci ɛyan.

Vladimir Linin yerra-d s yiwen uɣawas ajdid i wumi semman **Tasertit tadamsant tamaynut (SDM)**

**Awexxer Ameẓyan:** Lénine yefhem belli "tazduklant n ṭṭrad" i ssexdamen di ṭṭrad ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel s yes.

* **Asemmeskel:** SMD tefka azref i yifellaḥen ad zzenzen ayen i d-fkan (lɣella) deg ssuq, mi xellṣen tiwsi i udabu.
* **Tanezzut Tusligt:** Teǧǧa daɣen i tḥuna timecṭuḥin d tmguriyin timeẓyanin ad ilint d tusligin. Maca, anabaḍ yeṭṭef deg yiferdisen imeqqranen (tamguri taẓayant, lbankat...).
* **Igemmuḍ:** SDM tesserkad (stabiliser) tadamsa. Lɣella tuɣal-d, laẓ yettwakes cwiṭ.

Deg Dujember 1922, Tdukli Tasuvyatit (USSR) tesbedd-ed iman-is s wudem unṣib, tesdukel Rusya, Ukranya, Byilurusya d Tddukkla n Transcaucasie.

#### 2. Lmut n Linin d Umennuɣ ɣef Wudabu (1924-1928)
Linin yemmut deg Yennayer 1924. Lmut-is teǧǧa-d tallunt  tameqqrant deg tmalayt n ukabar. Yekker-d umennuɣ d adrugan ɣef anwa ara yeddmen amkan-is, ladɣa gar sin yirgazen:

# **Liyun Trutski:** Aqerru n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen, yella yettwali "tagrawla tamezgit" ( i yessefk ad teffeɣ ɣer umaḍal meṛṛa.
# '''Juzef Stalin'''**:** Amaru Amatu n Ukabar. Yella d argaz i ixeddmen deg tuffra, yesbedday-d imdanen-is deg yimeḍqan yesɛan azal. Yella yettwali "tazduklant deg yiwet n tmurt" .

Stalin yexdem s tuffirt. Yessexdem tazrirt-is deg ukabar akken ad wexxar Truski d yimsisan-is. Deg 1928, Stalin yuɣal d netta i d imḍebber amezwaru n Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

#### 3. Abrid Ɣer Temguri Ẓẓayen(1928-1933)
Stalin yebɣa ad yerfed Tdukli Tasuvyatit seg tmurt tafellaḥt ɣer tmurt yesɛan tamguri tameqqrant s tɣawla. I wakka, yesbedd-d sin yiɣawasen imeqqranen:

**A) Iɣawasen n** **Semmus n Yiseggasen :** D iɣawasen n tdamsa yessefk Ad gen aya deg semmus n yiseggasen. Iswi amezwaru d asenker n "tamguri taẓayent": tamguri n wuzzal, tamguri n yireǧ, d trisiti. Xeddmen s yiwen n uɣrudan ameqqran, ssexḍen i yixeddamen ad xedmen aṭas n wakud s yir ttawilat.

**B) Tasedduklant:** Akken ad yessečč agdud n temdinin i yettimɣuṛen d uzenz n ifarisen n wučči ɣer beṛṛa (akken ad d-aɣen ttawilat n tamguri, Stalin yegdel tanezzut tusligt n yifellaḥen (yekkes SMD).

* **Asbeddi n "''Kolkhozes''":** Yeḥettem i yifellaḥen ad ddukklen akal-nsen d lmal-nsen deg yigran imeqqranen n unabaḍ (Tasedduklant).
* **Azbu n Yifellaḥen:** Aṭas n yifellaḥen, ladɣa "ikulaken" (ifellaḥen yesɛan cwiṭ n tmerna), ugin ad fken akal-nsen. Stalin yerra-d s takriḍt  tameqqrant: *Amelyun* n yikulaken ttwanfan ɣer Sibirya neɣ ttwanɣan.
* **"Huludumur" (Laẓ Ameqqran):** Asenger-a yegla-d s tezɣent n lɣella. Gar 1932 d 1933, yekker-d laẓ ameqqran (ladɣa deg Ukranya, anda yettusemma "Huludumur"). Amelyun n yimdanen i yemmuten s laẓ, ayen i ttwalin aṭas n yimussnawen d tanɣaɣreft i yemmugen sɣur Stalin.

#### Asizdeg Ameqqran(1936-1938)
Deg yiseggasen n 1930, Stalin yebda yettugad ɣef udabu-ines. Yebda "asfeḍ" ameqqran akken ad yekkes yal yiwen i yezmer ad as-yili d amihi.

* **Azmaẓ n Musku :** Yesbedd-d akala n yizmaẓen n tkerkas i yimḍebbṛen iqdimen n ukabar abulcuvik (am Buxarin, Zinuvyiv). steɛṛfen (s uqehher) belli d iɣalliyen neɣ d ixeddaɛen.
* **Asfiḍan n Yiserdasen:** Stalin "yesfeḍ" amur ameqqran seg yimḍebbṛen imeqqranen n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen, ayen i d-yeǧǧan iserdasen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit war tizemmar mi d-yekker Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin.
* **Gulag:** Amelyun n yimdanen (imussnawen, imarayen, imḍebbṛen, neɣ lɣaci n menwala) i yettuceggɛen ɣer yigran n tṛusi n lxedma uqehher (Gulag) deg Sibirya, anda i mmuten s temḥeqranit d lxedma ẓẓayen.

#### Tasertit Tabeṛṛanit (Armi d 1939)
Deg tallit-a, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tella tettqellib amek ara teḥrez iman-is.

* Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1930, tuggad tallelt n Hitler (Nazi) deg Lalman. Teḍfer "tasertit n tɣellist n ugraw", tekcem ɣer Tuddsa n Yiwunak.
* Maca, Stalin yella yettir-d mi yella Iwunak n Umalu (Fṛansa d Briṭanya) bɣan ad tefken anezway i Hitler akken ad yenṭag ɣef Tdukli Tasuvyatit (ɣef wakken i ban deg "Amtawa n Munich" 1938).
* Deg taggara, Stalin ibeddel tanila s lbaḍna. Deg Uɣust 1939, yesbedd-d **Amtawa n Mulutuv-Ribbentrup**  d Lalman tanazit. Amtawa-a yella d amtawa n war-anṭag, maca deg-s tella tafada tanetlit  ɣef ubeṭṭu n Bulunya d temnaḍin nniḍen n Turuft n Ugafa gar-asen.

Amtawa-a d netta i d-yelhan abrid i Hitler ad yenṭag Bulunya deg Ctambeṛ 1939, ayen i d-yeskerren Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin.

### Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin: Tdukli Tasuvyatit (1941-1945)
Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin yebda deg 1939, maca Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur tekcim ara mgal Lalman almi d 1941. Deg 1939, Stalin yestenya "Amtawa n Mulutuv-Ribbentup" d Hitler. Maca, amtawa-a yettwarẓa mi tenṭeg Lalman ɣef tdukla tasuvyatit.

#### 1. Anṭag n Lalman(1941)
Deg 22 Yunyu 1941, Lalman tanazit tenṭeg ɣef Tdukli Tasuvyatit s tuffra deg yiwet n **tamhelt**  tameqqrant i wumi semman "Tamhelt Barbarussa".

**Axelleɛ:** Iserdasen izeggaɣen ur llin ara heggan. Stalin yella ur yettamen ara belli Hitler ad yerẓ amtawa. Yerna, "Asizdeg Ameqqran" n yiseggasen n 1930 yekkes aṭas n yimḍebbṛen iserdasiyen yesɛan tirmit.

**Ẓẓdma Ameqran:** Deg wagguren imezwura, iserdasen almanen (Wehrmacht) ẓeḍmen s terbaɛt muqqran, ṭṭfen amur ameqqran n Ukranya, Byilurusya, d temnaḍin n Baltik. Asɣimi n tamdint n Liningrad (i yeqqimen 900 n wussan s laẓ).

**Azbu n Musku:** Deg taggara n 1941, iserdasen almanen wwḍen ɣer tewwura n Musku. Maca, s **uzbu** ameqqran, d usemmiḍ n tegrest ur nettwaḥsab, Iserdasen izeggaɣen ḥebsen-ten. D tagi i d laxṣaṛa tamezwarut tameqqrant n Hitler.

#### Tuzzya Tameqqrant: Stalingrad (1942-1943)

Aseggas n 1942 yella d **aqesḥan** i Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Hitler ibeddel iswi, yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer lbitṛul n Qawqaz.

* **Timenɣiwt n Stalingrad:** Tamdint n Stalingrad (tura Vulgugrad) tuɣal d amkan n umennuɣ aẓaran. Iserdasen almanen kecmen ɣer temdint, maca Iserdasen Izeggaɣen nnuɣen deg uxxam ɣer uxxam, azrug ɣer uzrug.
* **Tamhelt Uranus:** Deg Nuvembir 1942, aqerru n iserdasen asuvyati (Stavka) yesbedd-d tamhelt  n "Uranus". Iserdasen Izeggaɣen zzin-d i yiserdasen almanen (Tareda tis 6 n Vun Pulus) i gellan deg Stalingrad.
* **Tuzzya:** Mi yekfa usemmiḍ d laẓ, deg Furar 1943, iserdasen almanen i d-yeqqimen ǧǧan iman-nsen. Tagi d yiwet seg tbeddlin timeqqranin n Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin. Seg yimir-nni, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tebda tettnerni ɣer sdat.
* **Timenɣiwt n Kursk (1943):** Kra n wagguren mbaɛd, tekker "Timenɣiwt n Kursk", i yellan d timenɣiwt tameqqrant n ikerrusen n ṭṭrad deg umezruy. D annerni ameqqran wis sin i Tdukli Tasuvyatit, i yerẓan tanezmart tanazit deg wegmuḍ.

#### Aẓdam ɣer Berlin (1944-1945)
Seg 1944, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tebda tesseɣli-d tanezmart-is meṛṛa ef ugmmaḍ n turuft.

* **Tamhelt Bagrasyun (Yunyu 1944):** D yiwet n temhelt tasuvyatit tameqqrant i yessufeɣen Lalman seg Byilurusya s lqewwa, tesseɣli "Agraw n tredsa talammast" almani.
* Anekcum n Yimsisan: Deg tallit-nni (Yunyu 1944), **Imsisan** n umalu (Marikan, Briṭanya...) srewlen deg Normandie (D-Day). Tagi teldi-d tirni tis snat i ɣef yettnaɣ Hitler.
* **Aslelli n Turuft n Ugafa:** Iserdasen Izeggaɣen kemmlen ɣer sdat, slellin Bulunya, Hungri, Rumani, d Čikusluvakya.

Deg Yennayer 1945, Iserdasen izeggaɣen kecmen ɣer tmurt n Lalman, Deg Yebrir 1945, Iserdasen Izeggaɣen zzin-d i Berlin. Timenɣiwt-a tella s idammen, maca deg 30 Yebrir, Hitler yenɣa iman-is deg tesraft**-**ines. Deg 8-9 Mayyu 1945, Lalman testeɛref s texsara-s war ttawilat. Ṭṭrad deg Turuft yekfa. (Tdukli Tasuvyatit tekcem daɣen deg ṭṭrad mgal Japun deg Uɣust 1945, maca d ayen yeṭṭfen drus n wakud).

Ṭṭrad-a yeǧǧa-d **tacrawt** meqqren i Tdukli Tasuvyatit, D tamurt i yessexsren aṭas akk n yimdanen. Llan gar 20 d 27 milyon n **tiɣtas**, gar-asen iserdasen d lɣaci. Amur ameqqran n tadamsa n umalu n tmurt texṛeb (timdinin, ixxamen...), maca, Ɣas akken texṣer aṭas, Tdukli Tasuvyatit teffeɣ-d seg ṭṭrad d yiwet seg snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin n ddunit, akk d Marikan. Ayen i d-yeglan s "Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ"

### Tallit Taneggarut n Stalin (1945-1953)
Mi yekfa Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin deg 1945, Tdukli Tasuvyatit teffeɣ-d d yiwet seg snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin n umaḍal, nutni d Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan. Maca, tamurt teɣli, texṣer ugar n 20 n yimilyunen n yimdanen, yerna timdinin d temguri uɣalent am akken ssusement.

Tallit taneggarut n Jozif Stalin tebḍa ɣef sin n **yimeẓra**  timeqqranin: aɛawed n lebni n tmurt d ubeddi n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

#### 1. Aɛawed n Lebni d Usemɣer n Uqmaḍ
Seld ṭṭrad, Stalin yessefra aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa  tazayezt, ladɣa tamguri tazayezt d unagraw n tsertit . Aɣawas n Lebni n Stalin yekemmel s yiɣawasen n 5 n yiseggasen. Ayen yelhan deg-sen, d asenker n tferkiwin n wuzzal, n lminat, d tasareɣt. Akken ad yexdem anecta, isseqdec aṭas n yimeḥbas n **yigruren** n lxedma (Gulag).

**Asemɣer n Uqmaḍ Aɣrudan:** Deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, Stalin yuɣal Yettagad ugar iɣelliten d wid ara s-yekksen adabu. "yessezdeg" amussu azduklan s wid iɣil d "iɣeddaṛen". Anect-a yewwid tiɣtas n Tuggdi, tallit-a teččur d tuggdi, Stalin yebda "tasestant" deg 1952, i wumi ssawalen "Taluft n tbluzin timellalin". Deg-s, yebda **yezzem** imejjayen amur ameqqran deg-sen d Udayen, yenna-d belli xedmen **anguz** akken ad nɣen imḍebbren isuvyatiyen. Aṭas i yettwaṭṭfen uqbel lmut-is.

#### 2. Abeddi n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ
Deg tallit-a, assaɣ ger Tdukli Tasuvyatit d yimsisan-ines n ṭṭrad (Marikan d Tgelda Yedduklen) yeɣli  mliḥ mliḥ. taredsa tasuvyatit teqqim deg tmura n Turuft n Usemmar i yeslelli si Tenazit. Stalin yerra timura-nni (Pulunya, Čikusluvakya, Hungarya, Rumanya, Bulgarya) d **"igensaten"** isuvyatiyen. Yesbedd deg-sent idabuyen izduklanen iɣef yesɛa aɣmar ameqqran.

**"Aɣrab n Wuzzal":** Deg 1946, Winstun Curcil (aneɣlaf amezwaru n Britanya) yefka yiwet n yinaw anda i d-yenna belli "yiwen uɣrab n wuzzal yeɣli-d ɣef Turuft", yebḍa-tt ɣef sin: Asemmar (Est) s ddaw n Tdukli Tasuvyatit, d Umalu ilelli. Wagi d anza n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

**Tazɣent n Berlin:** Deg 1948-1949, Stalin iger  anagraw n uḥbas ɣef Berlin Umalu akken ad yerr Marikan, Fṛansa, d Britanya ad ffɣen seg temdint-nni. Maca, Iwunak Yedduklen xedmen "Tiqenṭert n Yigenni" iwakken ad ssawḍen lqut i yimezdaɣ. D tazɣent tamezwarut n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

**Tabumbat Taɣisant:** Asemdu ameqqran akk n tallit-a d asmi i tesɛa Tdukli Tasuvyatit tabumbat-is taɣisant tamezwarut deg 1949. Anecta yebeddel **tamsukt**  n tnezmarin n umaḍal. Tdukli Tasuvyatit tuɣal d tanezmart  taɣisant tis snat.

Deg Meɣres 1953, Juzif Stalin yemmut. Tameṭṭant-is teɣleq tallit-a n tuggdi d uqmaḍ, yerna teldi-d tiwwura i tallit tajḍiṭ n umennuɣ asemmaḍ d ubeddel agensan deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

### Amezruy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit: Seg Tmettant n Stalin (1953) ar Uɣelluy (1991)

#### Tallit n Xrusčev (1953-1964): Tukksa n Testalinit d "Ugris"
Mi yemmut Joseph Stalin deg Meɣres 1953, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tekcem deg tallit n leḥkem amazday uqbel ad d-yali Nikita Xrusčev d amaray amezwaru ameqqran.

**Tukksa n** **Testalinit:** Deg 1956, deg Wegraw wis 20 n Ukabar Azduklan, Xrusčev yefka-d "Awal Uffir" ideg i d-yesken ttrika d takriḍt n leḥkem n Stalin. Ayagi yeldi tawwurt i wayen umi semman "Tukksa n Ugris", anda i d-tella cwiṭ n tilelli n wawal d umdel n igran n Gulag.

**Tidukla s Talwit:** Deg tsertit n beṛṛa, Xrusčev yessefra-d anagraw n "Tidukla s Talwit" d Yiwunak Yeddukklen, maca tallit-a teččuṛ daɣen d tazɣent, am Tmesɣiwt n Hungarya (1956) d **Tazɣent n Yimrigen n Kuba** (1962), i yeqquren ad d-tawi ṭṭraḍ aɣisan.

**Tallunt d Tdamsa:** D tallit-a i d-yellan usnirem ameqqran ɣer tallunt (Sputnik 1, agensa amezwaru deg 1957, d Yuri Gagarin, amdan amezwaru deg 1961). Xrusčev yerra-d daɣen lwelha-s ɣer tfellaḥt d usnerni n lfaydat n tmetti, maca aṭas n yiswiyin-is ur wwiḍen ara.

Xrusčev teɣli-yas tezmart deg 1964 sɣur imeqqranen n ukabar-is (ladɣa Brejnev) i t-iwalan iṛuḥ mebɛid deg ubeddel d "ussexṛeb n udabu".

#### Tallit n Brejnev (1964-1982): Tallit n Tyersi
Mi yettwkkes Xrusčev, yuli-d Liyunid Brejnev, i yeḥkmen azal n 18 n iseggasen. Tallit-is tettwassen s yisem n "Tallit n Tyersi".

* **Tiyersi n Tdamsa:** Leḥkem n Brejnev yegla-d s teɣḍaṭ n tezmert n Ukabar Azduklan. Maca, tadamsa tasuvyatit, i yebnan ɣef uɣawas imeslemmes, tebda tettɛeṭṭil. Tamellit n ufares taders-d, yerna lixṣaṣ yebda-d yettban-d deg tnezzut.
* **Tsertit n Beṛṛa (Arkad Umenɣi):** Seg yidis, tallit-a twala "Arkad" d Yiwunak Yeddukklen, s ustenyi n yimtawayen n SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) i wakken ad ssenqsen umrigen iɣisanen. Seg yidis nniḍen, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tesseɣli "Tafsut n Prag" deg Tcekkusluvakya (1968), s tmuɣli n "Tasnakta n Brijnev" i yeqqaren belli Tdukli Tasuvyatit tezmer ad teddukel s leɛsker deg tmura tizduklanin nniḍen.
* **Imenɣi n Afɣanistan (1979):** Taggara n leḥkem n Brijnev twala anṭag d unekcum n Tdukli Tasuvyatit ɣer Afɣanistan. Imenɣi-ya yuɣal d "Vietnam" n Isuvyatiyen, yessefcel tadamsa yerna yesseɣli-d azal-is deg umaḍal.

#### Abrid ar Ubeddel (1982-1985)
Mi yemmut Brijnev deg 1982, ulin-d sin n imḍebbren i wakken kan: Yuri Andrupuv (1982-1984) d Kunstantin Cernk (1984-1985). Nutni ẓran belli tadamsa tella deg wugur ameqqran, maca tterka d leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ten-ǧǧin ara ad xedmen tismeskal ilaqen.

#### Tallit n Gurbacev (1985-1991): Perestrwayka, Glasnust d Uɣelluy
Deg 1985, yuli-d Mixayil Gurbacev, d amḍebber si tsuta tamaynut, i yebɣan ad isseɣret Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Yessefra-d sin n yiɣawasen imeqqranen:

* **Glasnust (Tasarɣut / Tuffɣa n Wawal):** Yefka-d tilelli n wawal i tmetti. Medden bdan ttmeslayen ɣef wuguren n udabu, ɣef umezruy uffir (am Stalin), yerna bdan-d ttaɣen azɣan mgal anagraw. Ayagi yessaweḍ i usali n tɣernaẓrit deg tigdudiwin tisuvyatin.
* **Perestrwayka (Asaḍas / Asemseɣret):** D aɣawas n usbeddel n tdamsa. Gurbacev yebɣa ad yesseɣret tazdukla s ussekcem n cwiṭ n unagraw n "ssuq" d usqacew n tnezzut tusligt. Maca, Perestrwayka ur d-tuwi ara ayen yettṛaju. Tesseɣli-d anagraw n uɣawas imeslemmes aqdim uqbel ad d-yebnu amaynut, ayen i d-yeglan s lixṣaṣ d uɣelluy n unagraw n tmeddurt.

## Aɣelluy (1989-1991)
semseɣṛiten n Gurbacev rẓan lsas n Tdukli Tasuvyatit:

# **Aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989):** Gurbacev yugi ad isseqdec lqewwa i wakken ad yeḥbes timura n tirni n Usammar (am Pulunya, Hungarya, Bilgarya n Usammar) i yebɣan tilelli. Aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin deg Tuber 1989 yemla-d taggara n ṭṭrad Assemḍaḍ deg Turuft.
# **Tankra n Tigdudiwin:** Deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit s timmad-is, "Glasnust" tefka-d tazmart i tgdudiwin. Timura n Baltik (Listunya, Litwanya, Litunya) d nutenti i d imezwura i d-yessutren tilelli-nsent. Mbeɛd, Ukṛanya, Jyuṛjya, d Rrus s timmad-is (s ddaw n leḥkem n Buris Yeltsin) bdan ula nutenti.
# **Tiyita n uwanek n Ɣuct 1991:** Imḍebbren n Ukabar Azduklan (wid yettwalin s uqdim) ur qbilen ara aɣelluy n tezmert-nsen. Deg Ɣuct 1991, xedmen-d yiwet n "tyita n uwanek" mgal Gurbacev. Tiyita-agi ur tewwiḍ ara, ladɣa imi Buris Yeltsin (aselway n Rrus) yekker-d mgal-is deg Musku.
# **Taggara:** Ɣas ma ur tewwiḍ ara tyita-nni, yessaweḍ kan ad yesseɣli lqima n Gurbacev d Ukabar Azduklan, yerna yefka-d tazmart i Yeltsin. Deg wagguren i d-iteddun, tagduda deffir tayeḍ tefɣ-d seg Tdukli.

Deg 8 Dujembeṛ 1991, iselwayen n Rrus (Yeltsin), Ukṛanya, d Byilurusya msefhamen ɣef usebḍu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Deg 25 Dujembeṛ 1991, Mixayil Gurbacev yesteɛfa, yerna Tdukli Tasuvyatit tesres-d i lebda.

## Tagrayt
Aɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991 ur d-yelli ara kan seg sebba n Gurbacev, maca d inalkamen n 40 n iseggasen n wuguren. Seg tiyersi n tdamsa n tallit n Brijnev, ar umenɣi n Afɣanistan, armi d isemseɣṛiten n Gurbacev i d-yessakin anagraw i yellan yakan yeṛwa. Taggara n Tdukli Tasuvyatit temla-d taggara n ṭṭrad Assemaḍ d talallit n unagraw n annaḍ amaynut umaḍal.

## Tizmilin