Baruch Spinoza

**Baruch Spinoza**, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n *Bento de Espinosa* neɣ *Benedictus de Spinoza*, ilul ass n 24 Wamber 1632 di Amsterdam, yemmut ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1677 di Den Haag. Yella d amesnagay n Tmurt n Wadda uɣur tasnezgimt tesɛa tazrirt s wazal-is ɣef waziten n tillit dgi yedder d waṭas n wid it-id-iḍefṛen.

Spinoza yeɣra aṭas deg temẓi-s, ladɣa deg tgemmi n uselmed n Iyehuden (yeshiva). Yessin taɛebrit, talatinit akked tutlayt tahulandit. Yeɣra daɣen timucuha n Iyehuden akked tfelsuft.

Maca mi meqqer, yebda yettemseḥsab deg wayen yeqqar deg ddin. Yura tiktiwin ur nettqebbel ara tmetti tahudit n lweqt-nni. Deg useggas 1656, ṭṭerḍen-t seg tmetti n Iyehuden (herem).

Syin, yuɣal d afelyasuf ilelli, yettaru ɣef tfelsuft, tusna akked ddin. Ger wayen yura:

* "Timlilɣi"(Ethics) - adlis-is amenzu
* "Theological-Political Treatise"
* "Political Treatise"

Tiktiwin-is timenziyin:

* Yenna-d belli Rebbi d ddunit d yiwen (monisme)
* Yeqqar belli aqerru akked tfekka d yiwen
* Yebɣa ad yefhem tidet s ubrid n tfelsuft, mačči s ubrid n ddin

Yemmut deg La Haye deg 1677. Ɣas akken ur t-qbilen ara deg tallit-is, yuɣal d yiwen seg ifelyasufen imeqqranen n umezruy.

## Tudert n Spinoza (1632-1677)
Baruch Spinoza ilul deg useggas n 1632 di temdint n *Amsterdam* (Tamurt n Wadda), deg yiwet n twacult tudayt i d-yerwelen seg *Portugal* imi llan ttwaqehṛen ɣef ddemma n ddin-nsen. Yeɣra taɣuri n ddin n udayen, maca seg temẓi-s, yebda yettxemmim yerna yettcikki deg wayen i s-sselmaden.

Deg useggas n 1656, asmi yesɛa 23 iseggasen kan, aɣerman n udayen n *Amsterdam* yessufeɣ-it, yerra-t "berra n wansayen n tudayt", acku tiktiwin-is ɣef Yakuc(illu), **ameɣraḍ** d wayen yura di *Tora* (adlis **uɣris**  n udayen) ur mṣadant ara d wayen ttaɣen tanumi imdanen s umata deg tallit-nni. Seg wass-nni, Spinoza yuɣal la yettidir iman-is, yettḥeccim, yerna yettmahil d asnexdaḍ n llentiyyat n unẓar iwakken ad yaweḍ ad yečč. Tira-s yettarut-ten s tuffra, yerna yugi ad iqbel imukan s-yiman-nsen deg tseddawiyin timeqqranin iwakken ad yeḥrez tilelli n **tidmi**-s. Yemmut deg useggas n 1677, s waṭṭan n turin.

## Tafelsafit-is
Tafelsafit n Spinoza d yiwet n tfelsafit **tameẓdut** maca tesɛa yiwen **wannaḍ**  ameqqran. Adlis-is ameqqran, "Timlilɣi", yura-t s wudem n **tnezeggit**, am wakken yettberhin di tusnakt.

### Yakuc d Agama (Deus sive Natura)
Tazwart tameqqrant akk deg tfelsafit n Spinoza d **tamiḍrant**  n "Deus sive Natura", anamek-is 'Yakuc neɣ Agama'. ɣur Spinoza:

* Yakuc(neɣ **illu**) mačči d yiwen ufettan yellan beṛṛa n **umeɣraḍ**, i t-id-ixelqen am umexlaq. Maca, Yakuc d **agama** s timmad-is; d netta i d kul **tanga**  yellan.
* Kulci yellan, seg umdan alamma d aẓru, seg yitran alamma d iferṭeṭṭu, d amedya kan neɣ d "talɣa" n Yakuc.
* S wakka, **ameɣraḍ** ur ixliq ula seg wacemma, d yiwen **amagdez**  yellan seg zik.

### Tanga, Iraten, d Tilɣa (Substance, Attributs, Modes)
Iwakken ad issefhem **ameɣraḍ** , yessemres tlata n **tmiḍranin**  tigejdanin:

# **T<u>anga</u>**  (La Substance): **Tanga** ɣur Spinoza d aẓar n kulci, d lsas n tudert d wayen yellan merṛa. Iwakken ad tt-nefhem mliḥ, llant snat n tiwtilin tigejdanen i s-yefka:
## **"D ayen yellan s yiman-is":** Anamek-is, **Tanga** ur teḥwaǧ ara ayen nniḍen iwakken ad tili. Ur teṛṛiǧ ara ad tt-id-yexleq yiwen, neɣ ad tili s ssebba n tɣawsa nniḍen. D nettat i d tazwara d tagara. Amedya: Aseklu yeḥwaǧ akal d waman iwakken ad yili, amdan yeḥwaǧ imawlan-is. Maca **Tanga**, ulac ayen i teḥwaǧ. D nettat i d imi, i d aɣbalu.
## **"Yettwafham s yiman-is":** Iwakken ad tesneḍ neɣ ad tefhmeḍ d acu i d **Tanga**, ur teḥwaǧeḍ ara ad tessemrseḍ **tamiḍrant** nniḍen. Tessefham iman-s s yiman-s. Amedya: Iwakken ad tefhmeḍ "lmuja", ilaq ad tefhmeḍ d acu i d "agaraw". Maca iwakken ad tefhmeḍ **Agaraw** (ma yella nettwali-t d netta i d **Tanga**), ur teḥwaǧeḍ acemma nniḍen.
## **Tagrayt tameqqrant n Spinoza:** S unamek-agi, Spinoza yewweḍ ɣer yiwet n tikti yeswehmen: **Yiwet kan n Tanga i yellan deg umeɣraḍ merṛa**. Acuɣer? Acku lemmer llant snat, ad mgaradent, yerna yiwet ad teḥbes tayeḍ. Ma yella yiwet teḥbes tayeḍ, anamek-is ḥekment deg yiman-nsent, dɣa ur llint ara s yiman-nsent. S wakka, i Spinoza, **Tanga** yiwet-is kan, d **tamagdezt**, ur tesɛi tlisa. D acu i d **Tanga**-yagi? D **Yakuc neɣ Agama** (Dieu ou la Nature).
# **Iraten** (Les Attributs): D wagi i d-yeskanayen **agagg** n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen **tanga**. **Tanga** tesɛa aṭas n yiraten, maca nekni s wemdan nezmer ad nwali sin kan: **Tidmi**  (La Pensée) d Tiddi (l'Étendue), anamek-is tuzzya deg **tallunt**  d tnefsit tagennawt.
Ma yella **Tanga** d yiwet, amek ihi i nezmer ad nwali amgarad meqqren deg umaḍal (tidmi, tafekka, atg.)? Dagi i d-kkan **Iraten**.

**D acu i d Urat (un Attribut)?** D ayen i t-iṣebbren **agagg** n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen **Tanga**. Llan aṭas n wudmawen neɣ n leṣnaf s wayes i d-teskan **Tanga** iman-is; yal udem seg-sen d **Urat**. **Iraten** mačči d ayen yernan ɣer **Tanga**, maca d aẓar-is, d ayen i tt-yesbedden.

* **Iraten ur nesɛi tlisa:** Spinoza yeqqar-d belli imi **Tanga** d **tamagdezt**, tesɛa lqidar ur nesɛi tlisa n **yiraten**. D acu kan, nekni s wemdan, s **ugagg**-nneɣ, **sin kan i nezmer ad nwali neɣ ad nefhem**:
*# **Tidmi (La Pensée):** D **urat** n kulci ur nelli d agennaw (matériel). Anamek-is, yal **tidmi**, yal tafrit, yal aramsu, yal lefhama yellan deg **umeɣraḍ**, seg **tidmi** n yiferṭeṭṭu (ma yesɛa) alamma d tin n ufelsaf, merṛa d amedya kan n **urat** ameqqran n **Tidmi**.
*# **Tiddi (L'Étendue):** D **urat** n kulci agennaw. Anamek-is, yal taɣawsa yesɛan tiddi deg **tallunt** — am tfekka, am weẓru, am yitran, am waman — d amedya kan n **urat** ameqqran n **Tiddi**.

Ayen ilaqen ad t-neṭṭef: **Tidmi** d **Tiddi** mačči d snat n **tngiwin** (substances) yemgaraden. D sin wudmawen yemgaraden n **yiwet n Tanga** kan. Am wakken ad twaliḍ yiwen wezṛu s snat n llentiyyat yemgaraden: yiwet tesskan-ak-id ini-s, tayeḍ amek yettceɛceɛ. Maca d yiwen weẓru i ttwaliḍ.

3. **Tilɣa**  (Les Modes): D ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen. D amedya, yal taɣawsa yellan (amdan, aẓru, yiwet n **tidmi** ) d **talɣa** kan, ur tezmir ad tili s yiman-is mebla **tanga**  tagejdant (Yakuc).

* **D acu i d Talɣa?** **Talɣa** d ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen, yerna yettwafham s wayen nniḍen-nni. Anamek-is, d amedya aḥeqqani, anesɣan, n **Tanga** am wakken i d-tettban seg **yiraten**-is. Yal taɣawsa i nessen, i nettidir, i nettwali, d **talɣa**.
* **Amedya ad issefhem kulci:**
** **Aziɣer-iw** neɣ **yiwet n tidmi i yi-d-yusan tura** (am "Aqli ad afeɣ") d **talɣa** n **urat** n **Tidmi**. Ur tezmirent ad tilint s yiman-nsent mebla **Urat** agejdan n **Tidmi**.
** **Tafekka-w**, **agdil-agi n uselkin**, neɣ **useklu-nni yellan di tebḥirt**, d **tilɣa** n **urat** n **Tiddi**. Ur zmirent ad ilint mebla **Urat** agejdan n **Tiddi**.

S wakka, **Tilɣa** d ayen i d-yettban s lḥedd d wazal, maca d abdar kan n **Tanga tamagdezt**.

**Amedya aneggaru iwakken ad nejmeɛ kulci:** Xayel **agaraw ameqqran** (l'océan).

* **Agarew** s timmad-is, d **Tanga**. Yella s yiman-is.
* Lmaɛna-s d **aman** (sa nature liquide) d lmaɛna-s n **umussu** (sa nature d'être en mouvement) d **Iraten**-is. D ayen i t-yerran d agarew.
* **Yiwet n tayerza** (une vague) i d-yulin tura, i yesɛan talɣa-s, tiddi-s, d wakud-is, d **Talɣa**. **Tayerza**-nni ur tezmir ad tili mebla **agarew**, yerna d netta i tt-id-yefkan.

### Aziɣer d Tafekka
Spinoza yettwali **aziɣer** (neɣ **allaɣ** ) d tfekka mačči d sin leṣnaf yemgaraden i yettemyilin, maca d sin iraten yemgaraden (**Tidmi** d Tiddi) n yiwet n **tanga** kan: Yakuc/**Agama**. Anamek-is, ayen iḍerrun di tfekka-nneɣ, iḍerru daɣen deg **uziɣer**-nneɣ s wudem **amsadaɣ**, mačči d yiwen i d ssebba n wayeḍ.

### Aguccel d Tilelli
ɣur Spinoza, ulac ayen i d-yeḍrun s wudem **agacuran**. Kulci di **tɣerma** d **wagama**  yettḍafar ilugan izaruranen. Yal taɣawsa tesɛa ssebba-s. S wakka, tilelli n lebɣi am wakken i tt-nettwali d leɣlaḍ kan, d ayen i d-yekkan seg leqdic-nneɣ n ssebbat i ɣ-yeddelin. Maca, Spinoza yeqqar belli amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer yiwet n **talɣa**  n tlelli. Tilelli n ṣṣeḥ, mačči d tukkes n ssebbat, maca d lefhama-nsent. Asmi ara yefhem umdan s wudem **ameɣẓan** belli netta d amur seg **wagama** yerna kulci yettḍafar yiwen **wannaḍ** , ad yekkes fell-as lxiq d **uɣedlilef**, yerna ad yaweḍ ɣer tnefsit n talwit i wumi isemma "tayri tagaggant n Yakuc".

### Timlilɣi d Tsertit
Axxam agejdan n tfelsafit-is d adabu ɣef **iremsan** (les passions). Yettwali belli **iremsan** am lferḥ, lḥezen, neɣ tadfi, d **isalli** kan i d-yettak **aziɣer**  ɣef lḥala n tfekka. Ma yella nefhem-iten s **wagagg**, nezmer ad ten-nsenneɣ, ad nuɣal seg wid i ten-yeṭṭafaṛen ɣer wid i ten-yettḥekkmen, d ayen i d-yettaken talwit d tssaɛda. Deg tsertit, Spinoza yedda d **tugdut** , yerna yefka azal ameqqran i tlelli n **tidmi**  d umsawal.