Maṣer taqburt

**Maṣer taqburt** d yiwet n tɣerma  taqburt n Usamar n Tefriqt n Ugafa d Umalu n Usamar Alemmas, i d-yezgan ɣef teɣzi n wadda n wasif n Nnil, deg wayen yettwassnen s Maṣer n wass-a. Tilisa-s timezrayin bḍant d Kanɛan akk d Tama n Waɛraben ɣer Usamar, Libya ɣer Umalu, akk d Nubya ɣer Unẓul.

Taɣerma n Maṣer taqburt tewwi talɣa ɣer lewhi n 3150 send Talalit n Ɛisa, s useddukkel adamsan n Maṣer Ufella ɣer Unẓul d Maṣer Wadda ɣer Ugafa seddaw leḥkem n ugellid amezwaru, u temhez  ugar n kraḍ(tlata) n yimilen n iseggasen. Amezruy-is yeččur d talliyin n talwit tadamsant d tasertant, i d-yettwabḍan s waṭas n talliyin yesɛan ugar n wuguren iweɛṛen. Maṣer taqburt tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-is seddaw Tmenkda  Tamaynut, syin tekcem deg yiwet n tallit n uɣelluy imeẓli. Tamurt teɣli seddaw tiwtiwin n icenga n tnezmarin tiberraniyin deg tallit-a taneggarut, u leḥkem n yiferɛunen yekfa s wudem unṣib deg -30, assmi i teḥkem Tmenkda Tarumanit Maṣer iwakken ad tt-terr d yiwet n temnaṭ.

Annerni n tɣerma  n Maṣer taqburt yekka-d s kra seg tezmert-is iwakken ad **temyezg** ɣer tewtilin n Nnil. Aḥemmal yettwaran n wasif d usefqed ɣef wussu n teɣzert fkan-d lɣellat s tuget i yesseččuren amhaz adelsan d imetti n tmurt. Tugta-a n tfellaḥt tefka i tedbelt ttawil n tedrimt n yinaɣzen(lminat) deg yiɣzer d temnaḍin n tenzruft i d-yezzin. Amhaz arurad n yinagraw n tira ilelli, tuddsa n lebni d yisenfaren ikerrazanen(ifellaḥen), assaɣen n tnezzut d tmura i d-yezzin, d yiserdasen iǧehden, fkan i Maṣer ad tḥettem aɣmar-is ɣef temnaṭ. Akk irmuden-a ttwagber-iten sɣur yiwet n *tbiructatit* n yimyura, imḍebbren n ddin, d yimseddayen i yellan seddaw leḥkem n uferɛun, i d-iḍemnen tadukli n uɣref amaṣri daxel n unagraw ameẓdu n teflest tasɣanant(ddin).

Tigawin timeqqranin n Yimaṣriyen n zik, llan deg-sent tussfa n lminat, lqis n wakal, d tektikin n lebni i isehlen lebni n tzamugin timeqqranin, n yifakanen d yimesmektayen n yiẓra. Yella daɣen deg wayen xedmen amhaz n tusnakt, n tmejjit, n wussu d ufares afellaḥ, lebni n yiɣerruba imezwura yettwassnen, lfayaṛ n Maṣer, d telɣiwin  timaynutin n tsekla. Seg usejmiɛ n leɛrac imezwura i d-yesnulfan tagelda tamezwarut n yiferɛunen arma d asmi i teɣli deg lqern amezwaru send Talalit n Ɛisa, Maṣer taqburt tella d amnar n tedyanin timeqqranin i yesɛan tazrirt timeqqrant ɣef yidles d usugen  n yegduden i d-yernan deffir-s. Taẓuri-s d tsegda-s ttwaneɣlen s waṭas, u tiɣawsiwin-is tiqburin ttwazuzrent ɣer kuẓ n tɣemmar n umaḍal. Tuɣalin n lwelha ɣer tallit taqburt deg tazwara n wakud amaynut(atrar) tewwi-d ɣer waṭas n yisteqsiyen ussnanen ɣef tɣerma tamaṣrit, ladɣa s unadi deg wakal, d wazal ameqqran i d-yettunefken i tgemmi-ines tadelsant, i Maṣer d umaḍal.

## Amezruy
Kraḍ n yigiman n yiseggasen n umezruy n Maṣer taqburt ttbanen-d amzun d wid yettbeddilen dima. Talliyin n rrbeḥ d nnerni ttemdalawant s wudem imdewwem d talliyin n ussexleḍ iweɛṛen cwiṭ neɣ aṭas. Akkin ittedu wakud, tameddurt n Uwanak aferɛuni tettban-d amzun tuɣal d taxeṣṣart ugar. Semmus n leqrun n nnerni n Tmenkda Tamaynut, ddan-d deffir-sen sebɛa n leqrun n yir talliyin. Ibeddilen n yimḍebbren d yibeddilen n tlisa ttemḍafaṛen arma d tisin n Talwit Tarumanit(*Pax Romana*).

Maca, awadem ameqqran akk deg Maṣer taqburt, d aseḥbiber-is igerrzen deg wakud yessewhamen. Axaṭer, nnig n ubeddel agellusan d umbiwil asertan, taɣerma-ya teqqim ugar n tlata n tmikin, d tidet weḥd-s deg umezruy. Seg wasmi i d-bdan deg tazwara n umezruy yettwarun arma d asmi i ten-ssufɣen s nnerni n tmasiḥit, imenzayen igejdanen n yidles amaṣri ttwaḥerzen akken iwata. Deg tallit-a, anerni n tmeddurt ɣef yiri n wasif n Nnil ibeddel drus kan, yezga yettwaḥkem s uḥemmal, tiwsi d yilluten.

Akken i d-yenna umussnaw n umezruy agrigi Hirudut, « Maṣer d tikci n Nnil ». Yewwi-d awal s ṣṣwab belli asif-a ur yettwabḍa ara ɣef tmagit tamaṣrit taqburt, axaṭer lemmer mačči d netta, Maṣer ur telli ara. Daymi i d-iban d ayen igarzen ma yella imezdaɣ n « Tamurt Taberɣelt » rran-t d illu ameqqran deg yilluten-nsen. Yerna isɛa azal meqqren axaṭer illu-a yezmer ad yili d ameccahi: ma yella-d uḥemmal n waman n diri, lɣellat ad ɣlint, ayen ara d-yawin laẓ. Uqbel lebni n wuggug unnig n Aswan, ifellaḥen zgan ddren deg tugdi-a.

Iwakken ad affen tifrat i tegnit-a, yiwet n tedbelt iǧehden tbedd-ed seg tazwara. Tugta n lɣella izaden ugar ttwaṭṭafent-d s twisi u ttwaxeznent iwakken ad ilin-t deg iseggasen n diri anda ara tent-yeḥwiǧ wegdud. Yiwen n yiserdas n yimyura d yimseddayen llan ttḍafaṛen s ṣṣwab ajmaɛ n twisi-a. Tafesna-a n yimseddayen n uwanak tella d tigejdit tameqqrant n tezmert tageldant, d lsas n tmerniwt d tezmert n tmurt arma d tazwara n usemguri.

Deg yixef n tseddart, i d-iḍebbiren kullec, i d-yessemlalayen iqeddacen, yella yiwen kan n unebbad: Ferɛun. Agellid yekkes-d tazmert-is srid seg yilluten. Netta d mmi-s n yillu u d aqeddac-nsen amezwaru deg yiwen n wakud, daymi leḥkem-is ur yezmir ad yettwacukk deg-s. Tasudut taferɛunit d azamul n tdukli taɣelnawt u d yiwet n tɣawsa yessefk ad tili i talwit n tmurt (iwakken ad ttwaxdem). Icenga i d-ikecmen wa deffir wa ur ɣliḍen ara deg-s, u zgan ḥerzen ad qeddcen ɣef leɛwayed. S usbeddi n yiman-nsen d iferɛunen ɣef yiqerra-nsen, ḍemnen akemmel n uwanak, u s wakka ttrebbḥen-d amkan deg uzref d ulawen n wegdud.

Axaṭer ayen yettṛaǧun win yeṭṭfen amkan n ugellid, icud s waṭas ɣer wayen yettṛaǧun Maṣer s timmad-is. Yal tuffɣa n tezmert n leḥkem alemmas tezmer ad d-tawi tazɣent, ma d yal tikkelt ara yili urgaz iǧehden ɣef ukersi n leḥkem, talwit n tgelda tettwaḥrez. Ayagi yezmer ad d-yessefhem s wacu i qeblen Yimaṣriyen s ttawil igelliden iberraniyen, ma yella ḥerzen ɣef leɛwayed n lejdud.

Anagraw-a yessebgen-ed tazmert-is ugar n wakud iwulmen. Leqrun sakkin, ɣer taggara, beyynen-d tilisa-s d wuguren-is. Amhaz-is iḍeɛfen aṭas d tezmert-is ixuṣṣen iwakken ad d-yemyezg(ad iwulem) d tallit i yettbeddilen, wwint-t ad yeɣli seddaw uɣmar s lǧiran-is.

### Tallit Send Tamnekda
Akken i d-nnant tirawin n uqessis amaṣri *Manitun*, i d-yettwarun deg lqern wis tlata send talalit, lǧerra n yiferɛunen yebḍa ɣef tlatin n tgeldiyin timḍafaṛin, i d-yebdan s Ferɛun ***Minis***. Agellid Mini (neɣ Minis s tegrigit) yettwaḥseb d netta i yesduklen snat n tgeldayin n Maṣer Ufella d Maṣer Wadda, lewhi n 3200 send talalit, deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt i deg yeffeɣ d anernan. Deg tidet, abeddel ɣer Uwanak yedducklen yeḍra mebla ccek s ttawil imeẓli u d afara, ugar n wayen bɣan ad aɣ-t-sfehmen yimyura imaṣriyen iqburen, ɣas akken ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwen n lateṛ seg tallit n Minis. Maca, kra n yimnuda tura ttamnen belli Minis amayan yezmer ad yili deg tidet d agellid *Narmer*. Wagi yettwasken-d s llebsa n usfugel ɣef teblaḍt n *Narmer* deg yiwet n tigawt s uzamul n useddukkel. Yettwasken-d din s tesmert tamellalt n Maṣer Ufella (hedjet), yewwi yiwet n tɛekkazt deg ufus-is ayeffus, d agellid n Maṣer Wadda deg ufus-is wayeḍ. Asayes-a ad d-yawi axemmem ɣef tmenɣiwt neɣ ɣef usfel. Seg tama nniḍen n teblaḍt, nezmer ad t-nwali yesfugel ɣef unnerni-s akk d yiserdasen-is. Imiren yelsa tasmert n ugellid yernan, (tasmert tazeggwaɣt n Maṣer Wadda), d azamul n unnerni-s ɣef ugellid n Ugafa.

Deg tazwara n tallit tatinit(send tamnekda taqburt), lewhi n 3150 send talalit, yiferɛunen imezwura i d-yusan seg Unẓul (Maṣer Ufella) sseǧhaden aɣmar-nsen ɣef Maṣer Wadda. Sbedden tamanaɣt-nsen deg *Memfis*, anda i zemren ad ḥekmen ifassen n uxeddim d tfellaḥt n temnaṭ n delta i d-yettaken lɣella, akk d iberdan n tnezzut ɣer *Livan*, i yesɛan azal asnuddsan d win n tmerniwt. Tamerniwt d tezmert i d-yettnernin n yiferɛunen deg tallit tatinit ttbanen-d deg yimḍiqan-nsen n ***mastaba*** yettwaxedmen s tẓuri, d tilin n yideggan n temḍellin n ddin deg *Abidus*, i yettwaxedmen iwakken ad yettwusfugel ɣef Ferɛun yettuɣalen d illu deffir lmut-is. Tasudut iǧehden n tgelda i d-snernan yiferɛunen tettawi-d i useḥbiber ɣef uzref n Uwanak deg wakal, ɣef uxeddim, d wayen i d-yettak wakal, i yellan d llsas i tmeddurt d umhaz n tɣerma tamaṣrit taqburt.

### Tamnekda taqburt

Deg Tmenkda Taqburt, ḍrant-d aṭas n tizwiren timeqqranin deg tsegda, deg tẓuri d tateknit, s lmendad n unnerni n ufares afellaḥ i tdebbeṛ yiwet n tedbelt talemmast iǧehden. Sseddaw n tmehla n unebaḍ(Vizir), imseddayen jemaɛen-d tabzert, ssemlalayen iɣawasen n wussu iwakken ad snernin lɣella n yimɣan, ttawin ifellaḥen ɣer yisenfaren n lebni, u sbedden-d anagraw n teɣdemt iwakken ad ḥerzen ɣef talwit d unnaḍ. S tneflit n wallalen i d-yettak wayen i d-tefka tmeddurt n tedamsa i d-yettaken aṭas yerna tǧehed u tarkad, Awanak yezmer ad issuter lebni n yismektayen imeɣlalen u ad yefk tigawin n tẓuri yessewhamen i akk tamurt. Tizumag i bnan yigelliden Ǧuzir, Xufu d warraw-nsen, d izamulen i d-yettwasmektayen s waṭas n tɣerma tamaṣrit taqburt d tezmert n yiferɛunen.

S unnerni n tezmert n tedbelt talemmast, tban-ed yiwet n tserkemt tamaynut, deg-s imyura yelamden d yimseddayen iɣer yettak Ferɛun ayla d lexlaṣ n yiqeddac-nsen. Ifeṛɛunen ttawin daɣen akal i wusɣan(ddin) n wemḍal-nsen  d yifakanen iwakken ad ḍemnen belli tisuda-a tesεa ayen ara d-yekfun d tiɣbula akken ad ḍemnent aεbad n Ferεun deffir tmettant-is.

Ɣer taggara n Tmenkda Taqburt, semmus n leqrun n yirmuden-a ur nbeddel ara aṭas, sseɣlin tazmert tadamsant n Ferɛun, i yellan ur yezmir ara ad iεawen tadbelt talemmast tameqqrant. Akken tenqes tezmert n Ferεun, ineɣlafen n temnaḍin, iwumi qqaṛen numark, bdan la kkaten mgal aɣmar n Ferɛun. Tagnit-a, mi yerna ɣur-s aɣurar iweɛṛen i d-yeḍran gar 2200 d 2150 send talalit (aneḍru n unezwi n 4200 AP), ɣer taggara, tessaweḍ tamurt ad tekcem deg yiwet n tallit n laẓ d ussexleḍ, iwumi semman Tallit Talemmast Tamezwarut, i yeddurin azal n 140 n iseggasen.

### Tallit Talemmast Tamezwarut
S uɣelluy n tedbelt talemmast tamaṣrit ɣer taggara n Tmenkda Taqburt, Tadbelt ur tezmir ara ad tɛawen neɣ ad tesserked tadamsa n tmurt. Deg wakud n lexsas, ineɣlafen n temnaḍin ur zmiren ara ad tteklen ɣef tallelt n ugellid, ma d lexṣas n wučči i d-yeffɣen yuɣal d laẓ d ccwal adamsan yettuɣal d imenɣiyen imecṭaḥ n wegdud(ṭṭraḍ aɣarim). D acu kan, ɣas akken llan wuguren, imḍebbren idiganen ur nettalas ara acemma ɣer Ferɛun, bdan sseqdacen tilelli-nsen tamaynut iwakken ad sbedden idles yettnernin deg temnaḍin. Imi i ḥekment deg yiyellalen-nsent, timnaḍin-a uɣalent d timeṛkantiyin, akken i d-tettban deg yimḍiqan n tmeḍlin meqqren ugar u yelhan ugar deg merra tiserkam n tmetti. Deg yiwet n tafat n tmusni, inaẓuren n temnaḍin ddemen u sezgen teklutin n yidles i yellan zik d ayla kan n tgelda n Tmenkda Taqburt. Deg yiwen n wakud, imyura snernayen-d aɣanib n tsekla i d-yesskanen asirem d tgemmi n tallit-nni.

Imi i ten-bran seg ufus n Ferɛun, imḍebbren idiganen bdan la ttemnaɣen ɣef uḥareb n wakal d tezmert. Deg 2160 send Talalit, imḍebbren n *Hirakliyupulis* ḥekmen Maṣer Wadda, ma d yiwen n weɣref amnaɣ, i yellan deg Tib, tawacult n Antef, ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef Maṣer Ufella. Akken la tettimɣur tezmert n Wat Antef, aɣmar-nsen yettimɣur ɣer ugafa, arma d asmi i d-yuɣal imenɣi gar snat n tgeldiyin-a d ayen ur yezmir ad yettwakkes. lewhi n 2055 send talalit, iɣallen n Tib seddaw leḥkem n *Nebhepetrê Montouhotep II*, ɣer taggara, ɣelben imḍebbren n *Hirakliyupulis*. Sduklen-d daɣen snat n tgeldayin-nni u sbedden-d yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tedamsa d yidles iwumi semman Tamenkda Talemmast.

### Tamenkda Talemmast
Imḍebbren n Temnekda Talemmast rran-d talwit d urkad n tmurt, ayen i d-yewwin tuɣalin n tẓuri, n tsekla, d yiɣawasen n lebni imeɣlalen(yisenfaren n lebni n usmektay). Muntuḥutep II d yimḍebbren i d-yernan deffir-s n Tgelda Tis Mraw Yiwet (XI) ḥekmen Tib arma d asmi i yerra unebaḍ Amenemhat tamanaɣt ɣer Licht (Fayum) mi yekcem kan ɣef ukersi n leḥkem lewhi 1985 send talalit. Seg temdint n Licht, iferɛunen n Tgelda Tis Mraw Snat (XII) bdan yiwen n uɣawas ameqqran n uwenneɛ n wakal d wussu iwakken ad snernin afares afellaḥ deg temnaṭ-nni. Rnu ɣer waya, iserdasen ṭṭfen-d tikkelt nniḍen Nubya, tamnaṭ yeččuṛen d inaɣzen n uẓru d win n wureɣ, ma d ixeddamen bnan yiwet n tmṣuka n uḥuddu deg Usamar n delta, iwumi semman « Iɣraben n Ugellid », iwakken ad ḥudden iman-nsen seg yal anṭag aberrani.

S usseǧhed n tezmert tadamsant d tserdast, d tmerniwt i d-yewwi usexdem n wakal afellaḥ d yinaɣzen, agdud n tmurt yennerni deg yiwen n wakud d tẓuriwin d ddin. Mgal tikli tanesmazrayt n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer yilluten, Tamenkda Talemmast teẓra yiwet n tuɣalin ɣer ddin (i nezmer ad as-nsemmi ass-a « tugduda ») i laxert, i deg ruḥ n yal amdan yettwaqbal deffir lmut gar yilluten. Wweḍen tiqucac timaynutin n tẓuri deg Tmenkda Talemmast, s tsekla i d-yettawin ɣef yisental d yimyura iweɛṛen s uɣanib yeṣfan, d Tisreɣtin(tineqqictin) n yinaqqaṛen i d-yeṭṭfen ula d ttfaṣil timecṭuḥin n yal taɣawsa.

Anebbaḍ ameqqran aneggaru n Tmenkda Talemmast, *Amenemhat III*, yeǧǧa imezdaɣ n Asya ad zedɣen tamnaṭ n delta n Nnil iwakken ad fken afus n uxeddim i yirmuden-is iweɛṛen s waṭas. Imhilen-is n lminat d lebni, akk d uḥemmal n Nnil i d-yeḍran deffir-s deg leḥkem-is, sseɛben tadamsa u sseɣlin tamurt s ɣer Tallit Talemmast Tis Snat. Deg tallit n uɣelluy-a, i yellan deg Tgelda Tis Mraw Kraḍ (XIII) d Tis Mraw Kuẓ (XIV), Asyawiyen ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef temnaṭ n delta, ɣer taggara ulin ɣef ukersi n leḥkem n Maṣer, seddaw yisem n *Hiyksus*.

### Tallit Talemmast Tis Snat
Ɣer lewhi n 1650 send talalit, akken la tenqes tezmert n yiferɛunen n Tmenkda Talemmast, iminigen n Asya i yettidiren deg temdint n *Avaris*, deg delta n Usamar, ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef temnaṭ-nni u ḥettmen anabaḍ alemmas ad yerwel ɣer *Tib*, anda Ferɛun yettuɣal am uqeddac i yessefk ad yefk tabzert. *Hiyksus*, s unamek unṣib, « inebbaḍen iberraniyen », qelden aɣanib n unabaḍ amaṣri u semman iman-nsen d iferɛunen, ssemlalen s wakka iferdisen imaṣriyen deg yidles-nsen i yemsadan d tallit talemmast n Ubṛunz.

Deffir ma rewlen, igelliden n Tib ufan-d iman-nsen ḥeṣren gar Hiyksus ɣer Ugafa d lǧiran-nsen n Nubya ɣer Unẓul, Ikuciyen. Deffir azal n twinest(meyya) n yiseggasen n war tigawt, iɣallen n Tib nnejmaɛen-d lewhi n 1555 send talalit u kkren mgal tazmert n Hiyksus deg yiwen n umennuɣ i yeddurin ugar n kraḍ n tmerwin(tlatin) n yiseggasen. Ifeṛɛunen *Seqenenrê Tâa* d *Kamosé* ssawḍen ad ɣelben Inubiyen. Maca d win kan i d-yernan deffir *Kamosé*, *Ahmôsis I*, i d-yewwin s umzrar n tḥemliwin tarnawt i d-yeslellin s wudem unṣib Maṣer seg tilin n Hiyksus. Iserdasen uɣalen s wakka d tuzwirt i yiferɛunen n Tmenkda Tamaynut. Ad fken ttawil i usewseɛ n tlisa d uɣmar-is ummid ɣef Usamar Alemmas.

### Tamenkda Tamaynut

Ifeṛɛunen n Tmenkda Tamaynut sbedden-d yiwet n tallit n tmerniwt ur nesɛi amedya. Ḥerzen ɣef tlisa-nsen u sseǧhden assaɣen imzukan d yiɣerman-nsen. Tiḥemliwin tiserdasiyen i d-yewwi *Tutmusis I* d mmi-s *Tutmusis III* sewsɛen tazrirt n yiferɛunen ɣer Surya d Nubya. Sseǧhaden daɣen amekdi yerna ldin anekcum ɣer teɣbula tigejdanin am webṛunz d wesɣar. Ifeṛɛunen n Tmenkda Tamaynut bdan yiwen n umhil ameqqran iwakken ad snernin illu *Amun*, i yellan taɛbadant deg *Karnak*. Bnan daɣen ismektayen i ccan n tmanegt-nsen, ama d tidet ama d isugnen. Tagellit-tferɛunt Ḥatcepsut tesseqdac anaw-a n tzniwt iwakken ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tazerfa-s ɣer ukersi n leḥkem. Tallit n leḥkem-is temyezwar s tnemzagin tinezzanin ɣer tmurt n **''Ta Netjer**,* tebna yiwen n ufakan n tmeṭṭunt yesɛan azal, s sin n yimesmektayen n yiẓra imeɣlalen d yiwet n tmesgida tamecṭuḥt deg Karnak. Maca, ɣas akken tewwi-d igawuten-a, mmi-s n gma-s u mmi-s n gma-s d uḍeggal-is *Tutmusis III* iɛreḍ ad yemḥu ayen i d-yeǧǧa ɣer taggara n leḥkem-is, ahat akken ad d-yerr ttaṛ i ukersi n leḥkem yettwali d akken-ines seg tazwara.

Amenḥutep III yewwi Maṣer ɣer tqacuct n tezmert-is. Yebna u yessewjed aṭas n yifakanen imeɣlalen deg tallit n leḥkem-is i ɣezzifen u yellan d talwit.

Ɣer lewhi n 1355 send talalit, talwit d urkad n Tmenkda Tamaynut tettwet deg wugur asmi i d-yuli *Amenḥutep IV* ɣef ukersi n leḥkem u yebda-d asmeskel isɣanan d waṭas n tigawin tiradikaliyin u tixessarin. Yebeddel isem-is ɣer *Axenatun*, yesnerna yillu n yiṭij, Atun, d illu ameqqran yersan nnig wiyaḍ, u yekkes taɛbada n yilluten nniḍen. Yerra tamanaɣt-is ɣer *Axetatun* (Tell el-Amarna n wass-a). Yeǧǧa tiɣawsiwin n beṛṛa, yettuɣal kan ɣer ddin-is amaynut d uɣanib-is n tẓuri. Deffir lmut-is, taɛbada n Atun tettwakkes s tɣawla, u yiferɛunen i d-yernan deffir-s *Tutɛanxamun*, d Ḥuremḥeb mḥan yal aferdis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef tallit n Axenatun, i iwumi qqaren tura tallit tamarnit.

Deg useggas 1279 send talalit, [[Ramsses wis sin|Ramsses II]] yuli ɣef ukersi n leḥkem. Yekkemmel lebni n yifakanen ugar, yessebedd-ad timuɣliwin d yimesmektayen n yiẓra imaynuten, u yesɛa-d dderya ugar n yal aferɛun nniḍen deg umezruy. Imi yella d amḍebber n yiserdasen yesɛan tabɣest, Ramsis II yewwi iserdasen-is mgal *Iḥittiyen* deg Tmenɣiwt n Qadec. Ayen i d-yeffɣen seg umennuɣ-a ur iban ara. Maca Ramsses wis sin, ɣer taggara, yegzem-d amtawa amezwaru n talwit yettwassnen deg Umezruy, ɣer lewhi 1258 send talalit.

D acu kan, tabaɣurt n Maṣer tettarra tamurt-a d iswi i unakcum sɣur icenga, ladɣa i Yilibiyen d Yegduden n Yilel. Deg tazwara, iserdasen ssawḍen ad ssufɣen icenga-agi, maca Maṣer tesseɣli aɣmar-innes ɣef Surya d Falesṭin. Tawaɣit n tuggza n beṛṛa d tin ikemmlen ugar s wuguren igensanen, am usgufsu, asexreb n yimḍiqan n yiẓekwan, d ccwal aɣarim. Iqessisen imeqqranen n ufakan n Amun deg Tib jemɛen-d iḥricen n wakal meqqren d tbaɣurt i d-yettekkayen deg usnerni n tezrirt-nsen deg Tallit Talemmast Tis Kraḍ(Tlata).

=== Tallit Talemmast Tis Kraḍ ===
Deffir lmut n Ramsis XI, deg 1078 send talalit, *Smendis* yeṭṭef aɣmar ɣef tama n ugafa n Maṣer, seg temdint n Tanis. Tama n unẓul n tmurt tettwaḥkem imiren sɣur Iqessisen n Amun deg Tib, i yessnen Smendès ala s yisem. Deg wakud-nni, Ilibiyen zedɣen deg delta n umalu, anda imeqqranen-nsen bdan la ttgen timanit ay la yettimɣuren. Igelliden ilibiyen ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef delta seddaw Cicanq I, deg 945 send talalit, sbedden s wakka tagelda n laṣel alibi neɣ tabubastit, i yeḥkmen azal n 200 n iseggasen. Cicanq yuɣal yeṭṭef aɣmar ɣef unẓul n Maṣer, yerra imdanen n twacult-is deg yimukan imeqqranen n tmesgida( Iqessisen). Maca tazmert n yibubastiyen teḍɛef asmi i d-tenker yiwet n tgelda tamnaɣt deg delta, deg *Lyuntupulis*, d wasmi i d-wwten Ikuciyen ɣef unẓul n tmurt. Ɣer 727 send talalit, agellid Akucit Piɛanxi iḥmel ɣef unẓul n Maṣer u yeṭṭef aɣmar ɣef Tib, syin ɣer taggara ɣef delta.

Ccan n Maṣer yeɣli s waṭas ɣer taggara n Tallit Talemmast Tis Kraḍ. Imddukkal-is iberraniyen ɣlin, deg tidet, seddaw tezrirt n *Asurya*, u seg 700 send talalit, imenɣi gar snat n tmura-a yuɣal d ayen ur yezmir ad yettwakkes. Gar 671 d 667 send talalit, Ibasuriyen bdan-d amennuɣ mgal Maṣer. Igelliden inubiyen *Taharqa* d win i t-id-ixelfen *Tanutamon* llan zgan deg umennuɣ d Yibasuriyen, maca imḍebbren inubiyen ssawḍen ad rebḥen aṭas n tikkal. Isuriyen, ɣer taggara, ssufɣen Ikuciyen ɣer Nubya, ṭṭfen tamdint n Memfis u sxeṛben ifakanen n Tib.

=== Tallit Taneggarut ===
Imi ur sɛin ara iɣawasen i lmend n ussehres imezgi, Isuriyen ǧǧan aɣmar ɣef Maṣer i kra n yimḍebbren i ten-iḍefṛen, yettwassnen s yisem n yigelliden n *Sayit* n Tgelda Tis Snat n Tmerwin d Seddis (XXVI). Seg 653 send talalit, agellid Psammetik I yessufeɣ-d Isuriyen s tallelt n yimnayen igrigiyen i d-yettwaɣen iwakken ad sbedden iserdasen n yilel imezwura n Maṣer. Tazrirt tagrigit tennerna s waṭas imi tuɣal temdint n Naukratis d amkan n Yigrigiyen deg delta. Igelliden *Isayten* i yellan deg tmanaɣt tamaynut n *Sayit* sɛeddan yiwet n tallit tamecṭuḥt maca teǧhed n tuɣalin n unnerni deg tedamsa d yidles. Maca deg 525 send talalit, Ifarsiyen i yeṭṭef *Kambis II* bdan anṭag-nsen ɣef Maṣer u ɣer taggara ṭṭfen Ferɛun Psammetik III deg Tmenɣiwt n *Pilus*. Kambis II imiren yeddem azwel n Ferɛun, maca iḥkem seg temdint-is n tanaṣlit *Sus*, yeǧǧa Maṣer seddaw uɣmar n yiwen n "*usatrap"*. Aṭas n tigrawliwin mgal Ifarsiyen i d-yewwin nnerni deg Lqern wis Ssmus (V), maca Maṣer ur tezmir ara ad ten-tessufeɣ s wudem unṣib.

Deffir useḍmen-ines ɣer Fars, Maṣer tettwasdukel d Qubrus d Finisya deg "*tesatrapit"* tis sḍis n tmenka tafarsit taxamaniyt. Aɣmar-a amezwaru afarsi ɣef Maṣer, yettwassnen daɣen s Tgelda Tis Sbeɛ d Uɛecrin (XXVII), yekfa deg 402 send talalit. Seg 380 ɣer 343 send talalit, Tagelda Tis Kraḍ n tmerwin(Tlatin) (XXX) tella d axxam ageldan aneggaru n tmurt i yeḥkmen Maṣer, s Nektanebu II. Yiwet n tuɣalin tamecṭuḥt n uɣmar afarsi, i yettwasemman tikwal s Tgelda Tis 31 (XXXI), tebda-d deg 343 send talalit. Deffir mraw d yiwen n yiseggasen kan, deg 332 send talalit, anebbad afarsi Mazakes yefka akersi n leḥkem n Maṣer mebla ma yexṣem ɣef udabu n [[Aliksandr Ameqqran|Aleksandr Ameqqran]].

=== Tagelda *Taptulimit* neɣ *Talagidt* ===
Deg 332 send talalit, [[Aliksandr Ameqqran]] yeḥkem Maṣer mebla ma yufa-d aṭas n uzbu sɣur Ifarsiyen ixamaniyen. Sṭerḥben yis Yimaṣriyen am umsellek. Tadbelt i d-sbedden yimḍebbren i d-yernan deffir [[Aliksandr Ameqqran|Aliksandr]], *Ilagidiyen* neɣ *Iptulimiyen*, ters ɣef uɣanib amaṣri i yesɛan tamanaɣet tamaynut d Aliksandriya. Tamdint-a tessaweḍ ad d-tessebgen tazmert d ccan n uɣmar agrigi u tuɣal d adeg n unelmad d yidles, i d-yezzin ɣef temkarḍit n Aliksandriya yettwassnen. Lfnar n Aleksandriya yesseflay-d imiren abrid i waṭas n yiɣerruba n tnezzut iɣef sbedden *Iptulimiyen* tadamsa n tmurt, ladɣa s tnezzut n *upapirus*.

Lmut n Aliksandr, deg 323 send talalit, tesseɣli tamenkda-s deg yiwet n tezɣent n umyeḍfer. Ur yesɛi ara aneggaru i yezmren ad yeḥkem. Tagelda tettwabḍa imiren deg Umtawa n *'Babilun**. Ajiniral ''Ptulimi'' yesdukel seddaw tmehla-s tasatrapit tamaṣrit merra. Tazɣent n umyeḍfer ad teddum arma d 306 send talalit, s tnekra n ''Dyaduksen'' d tmettant n tgelda n Aliksandr, d tagelda n ''Yirjiyaden''. Deg 306-305 send talalit, ijiniṛalen i d-yeqqimen i ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu-nsen ɣef yirir n tmenkda n Aleksandr, ad rnun ad semmin iman-nsen « bazilus ». Ptulimi yuɣal imiren d Ferɛun deg 305 send talalit, yesbedd-ed tagelda n ''Yilagidiyen''. Tilelli-a tamaynut tefka ttawil i tuɣalin n Maṣer am tezmert n temnaṭ. Tagelda tuɣal ɣer tegnit-nni taqburt yettwassnen, asmi yella Uwanak amaṣri d ilelli, yeɛni yesɛa amkan ameqqran deg temnaṭ, d umennuɣ iǧehden, neɣ yettaggaden ɣer Usamar (ibasureyinen, ibabiluniyen, ifarsiyen).

Iwakken ad ḍemnen takdit(imekdi) n wegdud, Iptulimiyen lemden ɣef leɛwayed, s wakka ḍemnen belli insayen imaṣriyin ur tent-ɣellbent ara tid n yidles agrigi. Maca, yessefk ad nerr tamawt ɣef wallem-a. ''Iptulimiyen'' kemmlen la d-ssbegginen laṣel-nsen agrigi. Akken i d-yenna Puzanyas, deg Udlis wis X, ixef wis 7, « igelliden n Maṣer ḥemmlen aṭas ma yella semman-asen Imasiduniyen ». Maca Igrigiyen ɛawden sseqdec anagraw n Maṣer yebnan s tseddarin, teddun s yiwet n tedbelt taqburt ay d-yesbegnen azal-nnes.

Adabu amaynut yebna daɣen ifakanen imaynuten s uɣanib amaṣri, s tallelt n wansayen n ddin iqburin. Kra n leɛwayed ttwasdukklent d yiwet, am useddukkel n yilluten, gar yilluten igrigiyen d yimaṣriyen (am ''Sarapis''), neɣ taklut ɣef yiẓra timaṣriyin i ɣef tesɛa tazrirt n tasreɣta tagrigit.

Maca, asnerni n yifakanen imaṣriyen d yiwet kan n tḥerci tasertant n ''Yilagidiyen''. Sseddaw n tgeldayin tiqburin, ifakanen llan d tazmert mgal Ferɛun. Ilagidiyen kksen tilelli d timunent n yifakanen, s wakka beggsen-d u kksen tanmegla-nsen. Iwakken ad yexdem aya, ''Ptulimi I'' yerra-d tikciwin i yifakanen — d leɛwayda n tgeldayin « n tmurt » — i yettwakksen seddaw uɣmar afarsi. Tuɣalin-a n tikciwin teɛǧeb agdud amaṣri, d yifakanen, ḍemnen-d s wakka takdit-nsen deg tallit n Yimenɣiyen n Yidiyaduken. Deg 260 send talalit, ''Ptulimi II'' yesseḥkem s wudem unṣib aɣmar ageldan ɣef yifakanen, s uwenneɛ d uɛawed n ussuddes n yirgazen n ddin. Akk igrawen n usɣan(ddin) ad ttwasduklen u ad ilin seddaw tmehla n yiwen uqessis ameqqran n ''Ptah'' deg Memfis. Ptulimi II yesseɣreg anagraw n tikciwin. Tiwsitin ttwaṭṭafent-d srid sɣur Uwanak u ttwaqqalent i yifakanen, ayen i ten-yerran seddaw uɣmar n tezmert taptulimit.

Ɣas akken ɛerḍen ad ɛeǧben i yimaṣriyen, Iptulimiyen ufan-d iman-nsen zdat n tigrawliwin n wegdud n tmurt, tiwaculin d wegdud iǧehden n Aliksandriya i yuɣalen d imḍebber asertan seg tallit n leḥkem n Ptulimi IV.

Maṣer tettwabḍa ɣef sin, Maṣer Wadda tuɣal d tagrigit ugar n Maṣer Ufella. Gar 219 d 217 send talalit, amennuɣ wis kuẓ n Surya mgal tamenkda tasiliwsit yessaweḍ Maṣer ɣer yiri n uɣelluy. Tagelda tella deg wannar n umahi maca tesselk iman-is s unnerni n ugellid ''Rafya''. Amennuɣ-a yessexṣer tagelda, u Ilagidiyen ufan-d iman-nsen ttwaḥettmen ad sqedcen iserdasen imaṣriyen. I tikkelt tamezwarut seddaw Yiptulimiyen, iserdasen i yettnaɣen mačči d Igrigiyen i yellan s tuget, maca d Imaṣriyen. Amennuɣ yegdel daɣen tikciwin i yifakanen. Deg 215 send talalit, ''Tib'' d Maṣer Ufella kkren-d mgal adabu n Aliksandriya. Yessefk ad nṛaju -186 iwakken ad nwali adabu aptulimi yeṭṭef-ed iman-is tikkelt nniḍen deg unẓul n tmurt. Tagrawla-a tameqqrant tewwi Ilagidiyen ad ɛiwden awenneɛ n unẓul n Maṣer u ad sbedden deg-s anagraw n Maṣer Wadda. Adabu ageldan yewwi daɣen Igrigiyen ad rnun ad zedɣen deg unẓul iwakken ad rren Maṣer Ufella d tagrigit. Cwiṭ cwiṭ, tigrawliwin ur la d-ssuturent ara asbeddi n Ferɛun n Tib, tanmegla gar Yimaṣriyen d Yigrigiyen ad yeǧǧ amkan i yimenɣi gar Yigrigiyen. Deg 88, arma d 85 send talalit, anẓul yekker-d deg yiwet n tegrawla n tgelda.

Imi Ruma tettkel ugar ɣef ayen i d-tettaǧew d irden seg Maṣer, Iṛumaniyen ceɣlen-d d tegnit tasertant n tmurt. Akemmel n tegrawliwin timaṣriyin, ṭṭmeɛ ameqqran n yisertiyen d yimnaɣen isiliwsiyen iǧehden, rran tagnit-a ur teṭṭif ara arkad ijehden. Tewwi Rum ad d-tazen iɣallen iwakken ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tmurt u ad tt-terr d tamnaṭ n tmenkda-s.

=== Tallit tarumanit ===
Maṣer tuɣal d tamnaḍt n Tmenkda tarumanit deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ssidna Ɛisa, deffir laxṣaṛa n Mark untwan d [[Kliyubatra VII]] sɣur ''Uctav'' (i yellan ad yuɣal d amenkad Ugustus) deg umennuɣ n ''Aktyum''. Imir-nni, Iṛumaniyen llan tteklen mliḥ ɣef yiɣerruba n yirden seg Maṣer, yerna tanḍuft arumani, i yella ddaw leḥkem n yiwen n uneɣlaf i d-yesbedd Umenkad, yeqmaɛ tagrawliwin, arnu s leqseḥ i d-gren ammud n tewsiwin ẓẓayen, yerna ḥebbsen anṭagen n yixennaben i llan ttnernin s waṭas. Aliksandriya tuɣal d ammas axatar ugar deg ubrid n tnezzut ɣer Usammar, yettnerni usuter n Ruma ɣef yifarisen imidrusen Ugmuḍ (ccerq).

Ula ma Irumaniyen sɛan addud d aqesḥan ugar n Yigrigiyen ɣer Yimaṣriyen, kra n wansayen am umemmifyi d uɛbad n yilluten iqburen ttkemmilen. Taẓuri n tugna n yimemmifyen tennerna aṭas yerna kra seg yimenkaden irumaniyen la d-skanen iman-nsen s wudim n yiferɛunen, maca akken yebɣu yili lḥal ur tewwiḍ ara akken yella yakan ɣer Yiptulimiyen. Tadbelt tewwi aɣanib n tedbelt n Rrum yerna teqqim tettwagdel i Yimaṣriyen inaṣliyen.

Seg wammas n lqern amezwaru, Tamasiḥit teṭṭef aẓar deg Aliksandriya s talɣa n ddin yemgerraden yettwaqeblen. D acu kan, tamasiḥit d asɣan ur nesεi tilas yettnadin ad d-yawi kra n yimesmuttiyen seg yisɣan iqburen(tiddayanin n yimaṣriyen n zik), s wakka yeggez ansayen n ddin aqbur n wegdud. Ayagi yewwi ɣer uqehheṛ n wid i d-yemnen s Tamasiḥit i yewwḍen ɣer tqacuct-is s "tizdeg timeqqranin" i d-yefka ''Dyuklisyn'' s unnaḍ-is deg 303. Deg 391, amenkad amasrayi ''Tyuduz'' yefka-d lqanun i ggedlen imẓulliyen ibakniyen yerna yemdel ifakanen. Aliksandriya tuɣal d amkan n tegrawliwin timeqqranin mgal ibakniyen anda tugniwin n ddin tizayazin d tusligin ttwahuddent. Daymi, idles abakni n Maṣer yeɣli cwiṭ, cwiṭ. Deg wakud anda iɣerman n tmurt ttkemmilen sawalen s tutlayt-nsen, tazmert n tɣuri n yihiṛuṛlifiyen tnegger cwiṭ, cwiṭ s uɣelluy n tmelilt n yirgazen n ddin iqburen imaṣriyen d wid yellan ɣef uqerru n yifakanen imaṣriyen. Ifakanen-nni ttuɣalen tikwal d timezgidayin n tamasiḥit neɣ qimint tilmawin deg tnezruft.

== Anabaḍ d Tdamsa ==

=== Tuddsa tasertant: ===

Maṣer taqburt d tageldit tatukraṭit. Ugar n ugellid, **Faraɛun** d netta i d anedbal ameqqran, d d aqerru n tredsa, d anezzarfu amezwaru yerna d lkahin ameqqran n Maṣer. S tidet, Faraɛun yesɛa yiwet n tuɣḍaḍt ilaq ad tt-isselkem : ad issenṭeḍ alugen n ''Maât'' deg Wakal, anamek-is, ad iḍmen tamṣadant ger yemdanen d yigenni, ad yili d aḍman ɣef tikli yelhan n wegdud-is, s wakka ad yettikki deg uḍman n uɣlal-is.

Akken ad yesɛu aɣmar ɣef wakalen d wayen yellan, Faraɛun yettkal ɣef yiwet n tdabelt i deg llan yimdebbṛen i sefraken leḥwal-is yal ass. Tadabelt-agi, la yettḥekkem deg-s urgaz-is n laman, **Vizir**, i yettilin d agensas n ugellid yerna yettseggid asenqed n wakalen, agerruj, isenfaren n lebni, anagraw azerfan d yikaraman(arcif).

Akal amaṣri yebḍa ɣef snat n tmerwin d snat n temnaḍin n tedbelt, iwumi qqaṛen «**nums**», yal yiwet deg-sent, yettḥekkem deg-s yiwen n «**unumak**», i yettilin d amasay zdat ''Lvizir'' . Ifakanen d nutni i d aɛrur n tdamsa tamaṣrit. S wakka, ifakanen mačči d imukan kan n usɣan(leεbada), maca d imasayen daɣen ɣef ujmaɛ d usekles n wayen yesɛa wegdud s yiwen n unagraw  yettwaḍemnen n tkerrazt d yigerrujen ay yettɛawaden ttferqen, ama d irden neɣ d tiɣawsiwin nniḍen.

=== Tuddsa tamettit ===
Tamettit tamaṣrit tella tebḍa aṭas ɣef tiserkam yerna aẓayeṛ  n tmetti n yal amdan yettwabeggen-d s telqay. Ifellaḥen d nutni i d tugett tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, xas ma ur llin d **imliten** n yifuras-nsen, la n wakalen-nsen. S tidet, ifuras n tferka llan srid deg ufus n Wudabu n ufakan, neɣ n twacult tanesbaɣurt i yesɛan akal-nni. Ifellaḥen llan daɣen ddaw leḥkem n tebzart ɣef uxeddim yerna ttwaḥetmen ad xedmen deg yiswiyen n wussu neɣ n lebni s yiwen n unagraw n lḥeṛs.

Inaẓuren d yinḍen sɛan aẓayeṛ iɛlayan ugar n yifellaḥen, xas ma llan ula d nutni ddaw weɣmar  n Wudabu. Xeddmen deg teḥuna yudsen ɣer yifakanen yerna ttwaxellaṣen srid sɣur "ugerruj azayez". Imyura d yimdebbṛen d nutni i d taserkemt taɛlayant deg Maṣer taqdimt, i yettwasemman s yisem n «taserkemt n uqačuč amellal» imi llessen llebsa n lelnan amellal i wakken ad beggnen idurra-nsen. Taserkemt-agi taɛlayant tesskanay-d aẓayeṛ-is amettan deg taẓuri d tsekla. War tid n tnesbaɣurt, llan lrgazzen n ddin, imejjayen, d yimusnawen n tmṣuka i yesɛan almad ameẓli(uzzig) deg wannar-nsen. Xas ulac tammunt i d-yemmalen belli llan yiklan deg lweqt-nni, ma yella yettwexdem, ableɣ-is d wuzuzer-is ur yetțwassen ara.

Imaṣriyen n zik ḥesben irgazen d tlawin msawan zdat walugen, ayen yebɣu yili d taserkemt-nsen  n tmetti i deg llan. Afellaḥ akk yesɛa azref ad yefk **tuttra** i Lvizir d tneɣlift-is i wakken ad as-d-rren lḥeqq-is. Irgazen d tlawin sɛan azref ad sɛun ayla, ad t-zzenzen, ad ggun iguta, ad zewǧen, ad beṭṭun, ad awin lweṛt, yerna ad ccetkin zdat n teɣdemt ma yella-d umennuɣ. Wid yezwǧen zemren ad sɛun ayla yebḍan gar-asen yerna ad ḥudden iman-nsen seg webeṭṭu s usezmel n yiwen n wagatu n zzwaǧ i d-yemmalen lɣan n yidrimen n wergaz ɣer tmeṭṭut-is d warraw-is ma yella yefra zzwaǧ-nni.

Ma nquren-itent ɣer timegdayin-nsent n Legrig taqdimt neɣ n Ruma, tilawin timaṣriyin sɛant tilelli tameqqrant d teẓbaẓ i wakken ad ssawḍent ɣer yiswi-nsent udmawan. Aṭas n tlawin, gar-asent ''Hatcepsut'' d ''Kliyupatra'', wwḍent almi d adabu ameqqran, ma d tiyaḍ sɛant adabu n ddin imi llant d tilawin n Amun. Xas sɛant tilelli-yagi, tilawin timaṣriyin ur zmirent ara ad ṭṭfent imukan unṣiben deg umeẓlu (tadbelt) yerna qqiment kan deg temlilin tis snawyin deg yifakanen, ayagi imi ur llint ara yemsawan d yirgazen zdat n welmad.

=== Anagraw n tɣdemt ===
Deg tqacuct n **unagraw n tɣdemt** amaṣri yella s wudem unṣib Faraɛun, i d amasay i wakken ad d-yessuffeɣ lqanunat, ad yerr taɣdemt , yerna ad yeṭṭef annaḍ azayez , yiwet n tmiḍrant i semman Yimaṣriyen n zik ''Maât''. Xas ma ulac tangalt tazerfant i d-yeqqimen, yikaramen n tɣdemt n lweqt-nni sseknen-d belli asaḍuf amaṣri yebna ɣef unamek icaεen gar lxir d cceṛ, i yebnan s wudem amezwer ɣef tefrant n umennuɣ d tegrayt n yimtawayen wala ɣef tegrumma tameẓdut n yisuḍaf.

Imseqqamu n yimɣaṛen, yettwassnen s yisem n ''Kenbet'' deg Tmenkda Tamaynut, llan d imasayen i wakken ad ḥekmen deg yimukan ɣef temsal n tɣdemt i yesɛan deg-sent ddin imeẓyanen d yimenɣan imeẓyanen. Timsal iweɛṛen akk i deg llant tmenɣiwin, timhal timeqqranin n wakalen, d tukerḍa n yiẓekwan, ttuceggaɛent ɣer Kenbet Tameqqrant, i yessefra Vizir neɣ Faraɛun. Win yecctekan d win yettwaccetkan ttmettalen iman-nsen s yiman-nsen yerna ggalan belli nnan-d tidet.

Deg kra n temsal, Adabu yettili d netta i d aneflus yerna d anezzarfu. Dɣa, yezmer ad yili win yettwardan ad yetwet i wakken ad iqirr s wayen yexdem d yismawen n yimeddukal-is deg wanguz-nni. Maca, ama llant turdiwin weɛṛent neɣ uhu, imaruwen n tɣdemt ttarrun ɣef lkaɣeḍ ccekwa, inigan, d uzaraf n temsalt i wakken ad t-afen ɣer sdat.

Akken tewɛeṛ temsalt, leḥkem ɣef tmenɣiwin timeẓyanin yettili seg lexṭiya almi d asexreb n wudem, rnu ɣer-s tiyita neɣ lmenfi. Imenɣayen iweɛṛen akk am yimenɣan neɣ imakaren n yiẓekwan, ttwaḥekmen s lmut, ama s wegzam n yiri, s umeɣreq. Deg temsal iweɛṛen nezzeh, tafegwit tezmer ad tewweḍ almi ɣer twacult n yiniɣi.

Seg Tmenkda Tamaynut, "''Iraklen''" sɛan tamlilt tameqqrant deg unagraw n tɣdemt , imi d-rran taɣdemt deg temsal n medden d temsal n tmenɣiwin. Akala yettili d tuttra i Yillu "ih" neɣ "ala" ɣef yiwet n tuttra ma tella temsalt d tidet neɣ ala. S yisiti n kra n lkuhhan, Illu yettak-d azaraf-is s ufran n yiwet seg snat n tririyin, s usenḥani ɣer sdat neɣ ɣer deffir, neɣ s usken n yiwet seg tririyin yettwarun ɣef lkaɣeḍ n papyrus neɣ ɣef uceqquf n ufexxar (ostracon).

=== Tanezzut ===
Amur ameqqran n tdamsa d imeslemmes yerna yettwaḥkem s lqeswa. Xas ma Imaṣriyen ur xeddmen ara adrim almi d Tallit Taneggarut, seqdacen yiwen n unagraw n yedrimen yebnan ɣef utruku, s yikufa n yirden neɣ s ''deben'' n wureɣ neɣ n lfeṭṭa i iweznen azal n 91 n yigṛamen. Lxellaṣ n yixeddamen yettili-d s yirden: yiwen n uxeddam afellay kan yezmer ad yerbeḥ semmus yikufa d wezgen (azal n 200 kg) n yirden deg waggur, ma d yiwen n uqerru yezmer ad yerbeḥ ṣa(sebɛa) yikufa d wezgen (azal n 250 kg). Sswamat n sselɛa d lqut ttwaḥedden i wakal s lekmal-is yerna ttwarun deg yidlisen i wakken ad sehhlen atruku. Amedya, taqendurt teswa semmus ''deben'' n nḥas, ma d ssuma n tesfunast d 140 n ''deben''. Irdin zemren ad ttwasutrukrn s lḥaǧat nniḍen, akken yella deg wudlis n sswamat i yettwasbedden. Seg lqern wis semmus (send talalit), yekcem-d wedrim ɣer Maṣer seg uzɣaray. Di tazwara, iceqfan n wedrim ttwasqedcen tizeɣtanin n yimɣuzen ɣlayen, wala am adrim n tidet. Maca, deffir kra n lqurun, imzenza n **uzɣaray** bdan tteklen ɣef wedrim.

Imaṣriyen sbedden-d assaɣen n tnezzut d lǧiran-nsen i wakken ad awin ifuras ibeṛṛaniyen ur yettwafin ara ur llin ara di Maṣer. Deg tallit send tageldit, sbedden-d abrid n tnezzut d Nnubya i wakken ad awin ddheb d lebxuṛ yerna yella daɣen yiwen n uɣir deg unẓul n Kanaan. Sbedden-d daɣen assaɣen n tnezzut d Kanɛan, akken i d-tettbeggin tebbuqalin n zzit s uɣanib akanɛan i ufan deg yiẓekwan n Yiferɛunen n tgeldit tamezwarut. Narmer yesɛa daɣen afexxar amaṣri i yettwaxedmen di tmurt n Kanɛan yerna yettwazen (seg **wasiǧǧew**) ɣer Maṣer.

Seg tgeldit tis snat, Maṣer texdem tanezzut d ''Bibus'' i wakken ad d-tawi asɣaṛ yelhan. Ddaw tgeldit tis semmus, tanezzut d tmurt n ''Punt'' tefka-d tibexsisin tiṛumatin, ureɣ, d yiɣersiwen n lexla am yibkan d yilfan. Maṣer tettkel daɣen ɣef tnezzut d ''Anatulya'' i wakken ad d-taɣ lqesdeṛ d wayen icudden ɣer nḥas, i ilaqen i uxeddim n brunz. Imaṣriyen ḥemmlen daɣen azṛu n "''lapis-lazuli"'' i d-yettwasen (seg taktert ) seg ''Badaxcan'' ibeɛden. Ger yimeddukal nniḍen n tnezzut n Maṣer deg **Yilel**  Agrakal, ad naf daɣen Legrig d Kr Crete i d-yettaken i tmurt zzit uzemmur. I wakken ad tessemsawi lemizan n tnezzut-is , Maṣer tessiǧǧew ladɣa irden, ddheb, lelnan, papyrus, d yifuras nniḍen yettwakemlen, gar-asen ṣṣaǧ d tɣawsiwin n wezṛu.

=== Takerrazt ===

Yella yiwen n umxellef ameqqran yessewhamen gar ṣṣura i sɛan Yimaṣriyen n zik ɣef tfellaḥt-nsen d ṣṣura i sɛan fell-as yimisafren iberraniyen. S wakka, deg wakud i deg imyura ttwalin taɣawsa n ufellaḥ d nettat i d taxessart iweɛṛen s waṭas gar yirmuden n ufus, imisafren igrigiyen am Hirudut d Diyudur n Siqilya wehmen zdat wakal-a anda imɣan ttemɣayen mebla maɛun ameqqran. D tidet belli tafellaḥt tamaṣrit tewwi-d rrbeḥ ameqqran deg tallit taqburt s sebba n tdukli n tigtawin n tregwa iwulmen, tamezwarut deg-sent d taɣara n wakal i d-yettilalen seg iḥemmalen iseggasen n Nnil. Daymi i zemren Yimaṣriyen ad d-farsen lqut s tuget, ayen i d-yeǧǧan agdud ad yefk ugar n wakud d allalen i yirmuden idelsanen, itiknulujiyen d taẓuri. Lɣella n wakal tella imiren d tagejdant ugar imi tiwsitin ttwaḥsabent ɣef tjumma n wakal i yesɛa umdan.

Tafellaḥt n Maṣer teqqen s waṭas ɣef wedday n Nnil. Ɣer Yimaṣriyen, aseggas yebḍa ɣef tlata n tsemhuyin: **Axet** (tasmhuyt n yiḥemmalen n waman), **Peret** (tasmhuyt n tmeɣrusin) d **Cemu** (tasmhuyt n timgra). Deg tsmhuyt n yiḥemmalen n waman n Nil, i yettaṭṭafen seg Yunyu ɣer Ctember, tettwaras ɣef yiri n wasif yiwet n tissi n waluḍ yeččuṛen d ''limun'', iwulmen i taɣara n yimɣan. Mi yettuɣal waman sakkin ɣer deffir, ifellaḥen kerrzen u ẓẓun iffṛen deg yigerran. Imɣan bddun imiren tallit n unerni, i yettaṭṭafen seg Tuber ɣer Febrayer. Imi drus n unẓar i d-yettilin deg Maṣer, igerran ttwasswan s tregwa d yizennaqen yettwaqnen ɣer Nnil. Seg Meɣres ɣer Mayu, ifellaḥen sseqdacen imegran iwakken ad megren lɣellat-nsen, i yettwawten syin s yimigden iwakken ad frun alim seg yirden. Deffir tigawt-a n useɣyeb, irden ttwanḍaɣen d awren, ttwaxedmen iwakken ad uɣalen d l''byiṛa'' neɣ ttwaxeznen i useqdec n sya d asawen.

Imaṣriyen llan tteẓẓun imendi, timẓin d waṭas n yimɣan n yirden nniḍen, i yettwasqedcen merra iwakken ad d-farsen sin n wučči igejdanen, aɣrum d ''lbiṛa''. Lkettan, yettwaqqes-d uqbel ad yejjeǧeg, yettwaẓẓa ɣef yiferrawen-is i yesɛan iɣilasen. Iɣilasen-a ttwabḍan ɣef teɣzi-nsen, syin ttwalmen iwakken ad ttwaseqdcen ad ẓḍen iceṭṭiḍen d tmerracin n lkettan. Papirus i d-yettemɣayen ɣef yiri n Nnil yettwaseqdec deg usnulfu n lkaɣeḍ. Zdat n tnezduɣin d yideggan iɛlayen, lfakiya d lxedṛa ttwateẓẓunt deg tibḥirin timecṭuḥin i yettwaswan s ufus. Gar lfakiya d lxedṛa i yettwaẓẓun, nezmer ad d-naf ladɣa tifirest, tiskert, lmellum, taxsayt, tiga iqquṛen, cleḍa, d tiẓurin iwakken ad xedmen ccṛab.

=== Iɣbaluyen n ugama ===
Tasegda tamaṣrit teččuṛ d iẓra n ucebbeḥ, iɣir, d ureɣ, d yiẓra izuranen yesɛan azal. Iɣbaluyen-a n ugama fkan i Yimaṣriyen ttawil ad bnun ismektayen, ad neqqcen timuɣliwin, ad snulfun ifecka d yisɣunen n lmuḍa. Wid yimeṭṭlen sseqdacen lmelḥ n **wadi Natrun** i uḥraz n tfekka, i d-yettaken daɣen **lǧir** (gypse) ilaqen i wakken ad xedmen lmeṣṣuṣ. Tineffagin n yiẓra yeččuṛen d imɣir llant deg **yiɣezṛan** iweɛṛen n **Tenzruft n Waɛraben** d **Sinay**, ayen yeḥwaǧen tuddsa n tnemzagin timeqqranin sɣur awanak iwakken ad wwḍen ɣur-sen mebla ugur. Llant aṭas n tɣaltin n wureɣ deg **Nubya** yerna yiwet seg tkarḍiwin timezwura yettwassnen, d tinkert n tɣalt n wureɣ n temnaṭ-a. **Wadi** **Ḥammamat** yella imiren d aɣbalu ameqqran n **lgranit**, n **lgrawak** d wureɣ. **"*Asileks*"** d amɣir amezwaru i d-yettwajemɛen u yettwaseqdmen i usnulfu n yifecka. Rnu ɣer waya, iɛeqqayen n usileks d inagan imezwura n tnezduɣt deg teɣzert n Nnil. 

Imaṣriyen sseqdacen iɣbula n **lgalin** (galène) deg Udrar n Rusas iwakken ad sseẓẓayen icebbaken-nsen, i umrar n nḥas neɣ iwakken ad d-snulfun udmawen. Maca, nḥas d amɣir i yettwasqedcen s waṭas deg usnulfu n yifecka deg Maṣer taqburt. Nḥas yettwasfay deg tmes s umɣir i d-yettwakksen seg **tmalakit** i d-yekkan seg Sinay. Ixeddamen jemɛen-d ureɣ s usired n tεeqqayin n wasif iwakken ad d-kkren seg-s tneqqiḍin n wureɣ neɣ s unḍaɣ n yimɣir n kwartzit yesɛan ureɣ. Tiɣbula n wuzzal i d-yufan deg **Maṣer Ufella** ttwaxedmen deg **Tallit Taneggarut**. Iẓra n lebni yesɛan taɣara llan s tuget deg Maṣer: **adɣaɣ n lǧir** yettwawi-d ɣef teɣzi n teɣzert n Nnil, lgranit yettwakkas-d seg Aswan, ma d **lbazalt** d **uẓru n wezzal** kkand seg yiɣezṛan n Tenzruft n Waɛraben. Iɣbula n yiẓra n ucebbeḥ am **lpurfir**, grawak, **alabastr** neɣ **takurnalin** zerrɛen deg Tenzruft n Waɛraben u ttwajemɛen-d uqbel tisin n **tgelda tamezwarut**. Deg talliyin tipṭulimit d tirumanit, ixeddamen ttaxedmen deg yiɣbula n **zumṛud** n wadi Sikait d **wamitist*' n wadi el-Hudi.

== Tutlayt ==

=== Amezruy ===
Tamaṣrit taqburt d yiwet n tutlayt tafer-asyawit i icudden s waṭas ɣer tutlayin timaziɣin d tsemmitiyin. D tutlayt i yesɛan tudert iɣezzifen akk, i yettwarun seg 3200 send talalit arma d Tallit Talemmast. Tutlayt-a tesɛedda aṭas n talliyin: tamaṣrit taqburt, tamaṣrit talemmast (neɣ tamaṣrit taklasikit), tamaṣrit tamaynut, tadimutit d tqupṭit. Inagrawen n tira timaṣriyin ur d-skanen ara amgarad gar-asen uqbel taqupṭit, maca tutlayt-a ahat tesɛa tantaliwin tiɣerfanin ɣef yiri n Memfis u syin ɣef yiri n Tib.

Tamaṣrit taqburt d tutlayt tasmemlalt maca tuɣal d tutlayt taɛezzult. Tamaṣrit tamaynut tesnulfa-d imyaggen imallalen d yir-imallalen i yeṭṭfen amkan n waddaden iqbuṛen. Yella ubeddel n talɣa taqburt n wawalen amyag-asentel-taɣawsa ɣer wasentel-amyag-taɣawsa. Tira tiyiruglifiyin, tiyiritiqin d tdimutiyin ttwabeddlen s ugemmay aqupṭi i yellan d imesli ugar. Taqupṭit mazal tettwaseqdec deg tmeẓri n Tmezgida taqupṭit turṭuduksit, u lateṛ-is mazal yettemlili-d ass-a deg taɛrabt tamaṣrit.

=== Tira ===
Tisin n tira tayiruglifit tamaṣrit tella-d deg lqern wis XXXII. D tira yebnan ɣef wazal n 500 n yizamulen i izemren ad d-mmitlen awal, imesli, neɣ amezzi, yiwen n uzamul yezmer ad yesɛu aṭas n yiseqdac deg isatalen yemgaraden. Iyiruglifen llan d tira tanṣibt, yettwaseqdacen ɣef yismektayen n uẓru d temḍellin. I useqdec amagnu, imyura llan sseqdacen talɣa n tira tazellayt, iwumi semman tayiratiqit, i yellan tesṛeɛ u tsehhel i tira. Ma yella iyiruglifen zmren ad ttwarun s yizirigen neɣ s tgejda deg sin n yimniden (seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ neɣ seg uzelmaḍ ɣer uyeffus), tiyiratiqin ttwarunt dima seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ, s wudem aglawan. Yiwet n talɣa tamaynut n tira, tadimutit, tban-d u teṭṭef amkan, dima akk d yiyiruglifen.

=== Tasekla ===
Tira tban-d akk d tgelda ɣef yiɣraren d tmitar n tɣawsiwin i d-yettwafen deg temḍellin tigeldanin. Tella ladɣa d ccɣel n yimyura, i yellan xeddmen deg *Per Anx'' neɣ axxam n tudert. Wagi yesɛa tanariyin, tamkarḍit (axxam n yidlisen), inagrawen d yimnadiyen. Kra seg yigawuten yettwassnen aṭas n tsekla tamaṣrit taqburt, am iḍrisen n yifakanen neɣ iḍrisen n yitabuten, ttwarun s tmaṣrit taklasikit, i ikemmlen d tutlayt n tira arma d lqern wis XIV (wis mraw kuẓ). Tamaṣrit yettwameslayen seg Tmenkda Tamaynut tuɣal imiren d tutlayt n tira deg yikaramen n tedbelt taramsisit, tamedyazt n tayri d tmacahutin, akk d tdimutit d yiḍrisen iqupṭiyen. Deg tallit-a, ansay n tira yemhez deg tmeddurt-iman d yiẓekwan am wid n Hirxuf d Uni. Anaw n Yinḍiyen yennerna iwakken ad d-yefk iselmaden d Iwellihen n yimeqranen yettwassnen; papirus n Ipu-Ur, tamedyazt n umeǧǧed i d-igellmen tiwaɣiyin tiɣerfanin d yibeddilen imettiyen, d amedya yettwassnen ɣef waya.

Tamacahut n Sinuhi, yettwarun s tmaṣrit talemmast, tezmer ad tili d taṣekka yettwazuzren akk deg tsekla tamaṣrit. Papirus Westcar, d amazrar n tullisin i ḥkan warraw n Xufu ɣef yisewhimen i xedmen lkwahen, yettwaru deg yiwet n tallit. Aselmed n Amenemupet yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg imddyatin ifazen n tsekla n Usamar Alemmas. Ɣer taggara n Tmenkda Tamaynut, tutlayt taɣerfant tella tettwaseqdec s waṭas i tira n leqdicat n wegdud am Amezruy n Unamun neɣ Aselmed n Ani. Amezwaru yeḥkku-d tadyant n yiwen n umeqran i iṛuḥen ad d-yaɣ leṛẓ n Livan, yettwakkeṛ deg webrid-is u yenɛeṭṭab iwakken ad d-yuɣal ɣer Maṣer. Seg lqern wis XIII (wis mraw tlata), allusen n tullisin d yinḍiyen, am Yinḍiyen n Onchsheshonqy, d yikmaniyen n yiman neɣ n twuri ttwarun s tira tadimutit. Aṭas n tullisin yettwarun s tdimutit deg tallit tagrigut-tarumanit ttwarran ɣer talliyin timzrayin tiqburin, asmi Maṣer tella d taɣerma timziregt i ḥekmen yiferɛunen imeqqranen am Ramsis II.