Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru

**Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru**, qqaren as daɣen d **Ṭṭraḍ Ameqqran**, d ccwal si 1914 ar 1918 gar; (Lalman d Tutrict-Hungri syin akin msefhamen akked Iturkiyen (1914) ed Bulgarya (1915)), mgal (Serbya, Fransa, Rusya, Biljik ed Briṭanya msefhamen akked Yapan (1914), Ṭṭelyan (1915), Rumanya ed Portugal (1916), Marikan, Legrig, Ccinwa ed timura nniḍen n Tamrikt n Wenẓul (1917)). 

Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru[b] (28 Yulyu 1914 – 11 Wamber 1918), isem-is daɣen Ṭṭraḍ Ameqqran, yella d ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan gar sin n yigiman: **At tdukli** d **wat tlemmast**. Amenɣi yella aladɣa deg Uruppa d Usammar Alemmas, akked kra n tamiwin deg Tefriqt d Asya-Apasifik. Deg Uruppa, yettwasen s wayen umi qqaren "trench warfare" (imenɣi deg yiɣezran), aseqdec n yimrigen n tmacint d yimrigen ikruranen (gaz), akked usexdem n yigensaten d yisafagen i tikkelt tamezwarut. Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru yella d yiwen seg yimenɣiyen yeǧǧan aṭas n yimeɣban deg umezruy, s wazal n 10 imelyan n yiɣermanen yemmuten d ugar n 20 imelyan n wid yettwaǧerḥen, akked 10 imelyan n yiɣermanen i yemmuten seg wuguren am *Tanɣaɣreft(genocide)*. Amussu n waṭas n yimdanen yella d taɣawsa tamenzut i d-yewwin aṭṭan n abeḥri tleggiḍt taspenyulit. 

Timental n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru tegber asenker n Lalman d waddad yettnuɣbuyen n Tegeldunin Tuṭmanin(taturkit), ayen iɣewlen asemmezger n yhil n tezmert aqbur deg Uruppa, akked umyemsizzwer agerdasmi gar tmura yettwanefken s temguri d temhersa. Simmal yettimɣur ccwal gar tmura timeqqraninn, ihi deg Balkans wwḍen ɣer yixef nsen ass n 28 Yunyu 1914, asmi yiwen n Uṣirbi Abusnawi, Gavrilo Princip, yenɣa Archduke Franz Ferdinand, anesbaɣur n ugelliḍ n Tegeldunin n Uṭruc-Hungaria. Aṭruc-Hungaria terza Ṣirbya s tmasayt, tɣewwel-as-d s ṭṭraḍ ass n 28 Yulyu. Syin akkin, Rrus tekker ar uḥuddu n Ṣirbya, Lalman tɣewwel-as-d s ṭṭraḍ i Rrus d Fransa yellan deg tdukli. Tagelda Yedduklen tekcem ṭṭraḍ skud Lalman tekcem Biljik. Tigeldunin Tuṭmanin dduklent ɣer wat tlemmast deg Wamber. Tastratijit n Lalman deg 1914 tella d tuṭṭfa n Fransa s lemɣawla, syin ad tesmutti iɣallen-is ɣer usammar, maca inig-is yettwaqim deg Ctember, ɣer taggara n useggas tirni tutrimt tella deg-s yiwen n yizirig n yiɣeḍmen ay yezgan yettiɣzif seg terga tanglizit ɣer sswis. tirni n Usammer yella d amḥerrek ugar, maca ula d yiwen seg yidis-a ur yeṭṭif aḥric amaway. Ṭṭalyan, Bulgari, Rumanya, Lagris d wiyaḍ kecmen deg 1915 d syin. 

Imenɣiyen imeqqranen, gar-asen win n Verdun, Somme, d Passchendaele, Ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerẓ asalu-nni deg tirni n utrim. Deg Yebrir 1917, Iwunak Yedduklen kecmen ɣer tdukli deffir ma tebda Lalman imenɣi n ddaw yilel war tilisa mgal yiɣerruba n Ugaraw Aṭlasi. Syin, Ibuljiviken ṭṭfen tazmert deg Rrus s tegrawla n Tuber; Rrus Tasuvyatit terra testenya amtawa n uḥbas n yimenɣi akked wat tlemmast deg Dujember, syin iḍfer-itt talwit deg Meɣres 1918. Deg waggur-nni, Lalman teqqim i wakken ad tekker s unṭeg n tefsut deg utaram, ɣas akken tella-d s tunigt tamezwarut, maca teǧǧa Aserdas Alalmani yeɣli yernunned. Anṭeg n "Hundred Days" n yat tdukli tebda deg Ɣuct 1918 tessenger tirni n Lalman. Ɣer tazwara n Wamber, Bulgari, Tigeldunin Tuṭmanin d Aṭruc-Hungaria tezmel aḥbas n yimenɣi akked yat tdukli, Lalman tuɣal d-twaḥid. Mgal tagrawla deg tmurt-is, Kayser Wilhelm II yeǧǧa amkan-is ass n 9 Wamber, ṭṭraḍ yekfa s tezmel n uḥbas n yimenɣi deg 11 Wamber 1918. 

## asenker n Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Amezwaru

Deg ɣucṭ 1914, timenɣiwt n umeqdas Fṛanswa-Firdinand d tmeṭṭut-is di temdint n Saṛajivu d taɣawsa i d-yessawḍen iɣeblan ɣer yiwen n uswir d afellay. Maca, ṭṭrad-a tesɛa iẓuran iɣezfanen, yemgaraden.

Gar sebat timeqqranin, ad naf:

* Tanezzayt-taɣelnayt iǧehden merra di tmura n Turuft
* Tizemmar n umnekcam d usemɣer n tmura timeqqranin, am Ṭṭalyan i yebɣan ad terr ɣur-s timnaḍin nniḍen
* Tiddukliwin (alliances) tisertanin d tɣelnayin i yellan gar tmura
* Timsal ur nefriz ara seg imenɣiyen iɣerfanen izrin

Akken yebɣu yili lḥal, deg unebdu n 1914 Lalman, d nettat kan i d tamurt iwejden ad d-teg amgaru atrar meqqren.Timura niḍen akk ttwaṭṭfent s tɣawla.

### Taɛdawt gar yiduba n Turuft
Tamhersa Tuṛufit terna-d ccwal gar tzemmar, ladɣa s ussehres. Asarag n Berlin (1885) yeǧǧa Tafriqt ad tebḍu, maca rnan timenzaɣen, am gar Fransa d Briṭanya Tameqrant deg Maṣer d Sudan ( tezɣent n Fachoda, 1898) neɣ gar Fransa d Lalman deg Meṛṛuk (kra n 1905 d 1911). Lalman, ɣas akken tamgurant, tḥulfa tettwaɛzel seg beṭṭu amhersan, ancta yerna aḥulfu n lalman mgal tzemmar-iḍen.

Deg wayen yerzan tadamsa, alluy n temguri talmanit yettqelliq Fransa d Briṭanya, ma d Lalman tettagad anerni adamsan d tmezdagnut n Rrus, Kra n tmiwa yettnadin ɣef yimenɣi n uḥezzeb, Xas akken llan wassaɣen idamsanen di tuṛuft, Tazɣent gar Fransa d Lalman mazal-itt tella teǧhed, yesserwet-it wugur n Alsace-Lorraine d yimgaraden n tmezdagnut.

Tagara, William II yesεedda-t yixeddamen ifrusyawiyen, yettwali amyenkaf deg Yibalqan d tagnit tasnuddsant i izemren ad d-yefk lḥeqq i tnekra ɣef Fransa.

Tagara, William II, yella ddaw n tazrirt n waddad amatu n prusyan, yettwali amyenkaf deg Yibalqan d tagnit tasnuddsant i izemren ad d-yefk lḥeqq i tnekra mgal Fransa.

### Tazitla n wakal di turuft
Tamnekda n Tutrict-tahungarit, deg-s aṭas n tdersiyin, tettqabal imussuyen imunanen, Tamnekda taɛetmanit tesseḍɛef-itt tegrawla n yilmeẓyen iturkiyen (1908), truḥ-as Busnya ed Hirziguvina, yettwaqqen sɣur Tutrict-Hungari ay yettnadin ad tqabel tazrirt n Serbya.

Taneggarut-agi, i deffir-s rrus, iswi-s ad tesdukkel islaviyen n unẓul deg yiwet n youguslavya tameqqrant. tnerna "tmes" deg Yibalkanen.

Imgura n Balqan (1912-1913) sseḍɛefen tamnekda Taɛetmanit yernu d usnerni n ccwal gar Serbya, Tutrict-Hungari d Bulgarya. Rrus tettnadi ad teḥkem Iberdan n yilel ɣer Yilel Agrakal, ma d Lalman d Tgelda Yedduklen snernayent ayen i tent-yecqan(nnfeɛ-nsen) deg Ṭṭerk.

Ṭṭalyan, ɣas akken zik d at talwit, tessutur akkalen n Tutrict, yerna tebɣa ad teḍḍef Adriatik. Deffir ma texṣer tazitla-nnes tamhersant deg Tefriqt, teṭṭef Libya (1911). Teẓmekt-a tagelsant(n wakal) d tɣelnaẓrit tesserɣay anezwi i umyenkaf deg Tuṛuft.

### Anagraw n temsisit
Deg tgara n lqern wis 19 d tazwara n lqern wis 20, sin n yinagrawen imeqranen n temsisiyin ay d-yennulfan deg Tuṛuft. Tamsisit n Kraḍ tesdukkel Lalman, Tutrict-Hungary akked Ṭṭelyan, ddaw tmehla n Bismarck, i wakken ad ɛezlen Fransa. Ṭṭelyan tekcem ɣer tdukli deg useggas n 1881, maca isutar-is n wakal deg Tutrict d umtawa-ines uffir akked Fransa deg useggas n 1902 yessenqes azal n tadukli-a. Deg 1914, Amenkud Aɛetmani yeqreb ɣer Lalman ɣef ljal n wuguren ay yellan gar-as ed Tgelda Yeddukklen d Rrus.

Deg tiririt, yella-d umtawa n Kraḍ nat dukli, Teffeɣ-d Fransa seg uɛzal-is s yiwet n temsisit taredsant tuffirt d Rrus deg 1891, tesseǧhed iman-nnes deg 1912. Tagelda Yedduklen tecɣeb-itt walluy n Lalman, testenya amtawa n Cordial akked Fransa deg 1904.

Deg 1907, yella-d wemtawa gar Rrus d Briṭanya Tameqrant ay d-yeglan s Kraḍ nat dukli (Triple Entente), dɣa d aya ay yesnernan ccwal d lḥeṛs n timjiwin(risques) n yimenɣi amaḍlan.

### Anṭag n Sarajevu
Ayen i d-yesbedden ṭṭrad amaḍlan amezwaru d timenɣiwt n Archduke François-Ferdinand d tmeṭṭut-is deg Sarajevo ass n 28 yunyu 1914 sɣur Gavrio Princip, d taɣelnaẓri aserbi abusni. Imir-nni kan ay terda Tutrict-Hungary Serbya yernu tettwali anṭag-nni d tasebbiwt ay yessefken ad t-tekkes.

## Anekcum ɣer umgaru(ṭṭrad)

### Tazɣent n yulyu

Ass n 23 Yulyu 1914, Tutrict-Hungary s lemɛawna n Lalman, tuzen-d amenḍar aneggaru ɣer Serbya deffir ma tenɣa Archduke François-Ferdinand. Serbya teqbel akk tignatin ala ma teǧǧa imseftiyen n Tutrict ad ddun deg wakal-is. Imir-nni, Tutrict terẓa assaɣen-nnes idiplumatiyen yernu tberreḥ-d s ṭṭrad ass n 28 Yulyu.

Akken ad d-terr Rrus, terra amur seg yiserdasen-nnes deg 29 Yulyu, sakkin tegzem-d asmuzzeɣ amatu ass n 30 Yulyu. syin ad d-yessuffeɣ abgas amatu ass n 30 yulyu. Lalman tessutur ad teḥbes tikli-a, tberreḥ-d s ṭṭrad mgal rrus ass n 1er n ɣuct, teḍfer-itt Fransa i d-yuɣalen s nnuba-s.

Lalman teẓdem ɣef luxembourg, yerna tettazen amenḍar aneggaru ɣer Biljik akken ad tɛeddi iserdasen-nnes din. Biljik tugi, Yegla-d s unekcum ɣer ṭṭrad n tgelda yedduklen ass n 4 ɣuct.

Amyenkaf-nni dindin yeṭṭef-d yiwet n tsekta tamaḍlant s uttekki n temdinin tibriṭaniyin d tefṛansit, Japun (23 ɣuct) akked Temnekda Taɛetmanit (1 furar) ɣer tama n Tnezmarin tilemmasin.

### Amgaru n uzref, amgaru n tezniwt
Lawan n uheggi n umenzu n ɣuct 1914, kecmen ad ḥudden tamurt wala deg ṭṭraḍ n ttar. Aneffig d tixeṭṭay, maca tiferfent(patriotisme) tettɣimi teǧhed, Deg Lalman d Tgelda Yedduklen, tella yiwet n tiferfent am ta, ma deg Rrus, tanmegla n ṭṭraḍ tetteflal-d gar ilelliyin d yigrawliwin.

Inabaḍen n umgaru la d-ssenkaren amennuɣ aɣamsan, la d-ssuffuɣen arraten idiplumatiyen (White Paper deg Lalman, Adlis Awraɣ deg Fṛansa) akken ad d-fken lḥeqq i tigawin-nsen. Tazniwt-a temmug i uselḥu n rray azayez, Ad ttwasqedcen deg 1919 i wakken ad d-afen tasebba i umagrad wis 231 n Umtawa n Versailles, d tamasit n umennuɣ ɣer Lalman d yimsisan-is.

Deg trenkiwin(tranchées), tadrest d tezniwt i d-yettaken isallen, ɣas akken iserdasen n Fransa ssawḍen ad d-slellin iman-nsen s tɣuri n waṭas n yidlisen. Deg Lalman, tasekla taɣelnawti tḥekkem deg-s. Ṭṭraḍ yesεa tazrirt daɣen ɣef uselmed n yigerdan, iɣerbazen d tmezgida izerεen yiwen yinaw aɣelnaw d usfelan

Ɣer taggara, deg Tutrict d Hangari, tazniwt iǧehden tebɣa ad tewet deg Serbya i d-yettwaseknen d tamurt tamcumt. Aya yesskanay-d takriṭ meqqren deg unekcum aṣerbi, yessebɣes-itt yijiniralen n Tutrict d Hangari.

### Iswiyen n ṭṭraḍ
Asenfali n yiswiyen n ṭṭraḍ d taluft taḥulfut i wid yettnaɣen deg ṭṭraḍ-a. Iqeṛṛa n Uwanak ur d-ttmuddun ara iswiyen ibanen s talqayt akken ur ttgen ara iman-nsen ɣef wayen i yuεren ad d-awḍen, D Tgelda Yedduklen kan i d-yeqqaren s tidet belli tebɣa ad d-terr azarug (indépendance) n Biljik akken ad teḥbes Lalman seg usbeddi n isaduren iserdasiyen i yetteggzen sswaḥel-is. Fṛansa d Biljik bɣant ad ssuffɣent acengu, ad d-slellint akal-nsent.

Ttawilat n yisalan, ddaw n tmehla n uwanak, ttekkant deg tezniwt n ṭṭraḍ, ad d-rren tamacahut tasaḍt yernu tikwal ttεawaden-as-d tilɣa n lekdeb, Am wakken teḍra deg 1917, asmi i d-tennulfa yiwet n teqsiḍt i yerdan lalman ad tɛawed ad d-tesseɣli tifekkiwin n yimdanen ɣef wussis n ṭṭrad. lbaṭel s tidet i d-yellan deg Beljik d Fransa yettwaḥekmen (tmes, lmut, isekcemen) d ayen i d-yettakken lqima i tmuɣli-ya n lbaṭel.

Imenkuden ilemmasen llan sseqdacen iswiyen n ṭṭraḍ akken ad d-ssekren imezdaɣ-nsen, ad sεun tazrirt ɣef tmura tarawsanin(neutre) u ad ggzen ixṣimen-nsen. Nnig waya, amgaru-a yesɛa udem adamsan, iswi-nnes ad yeḥkem **iẓuran(neɣ ibarden) n tnezzut** d teɣbula timaynutin n tnegwa timezwura, ladɣa deg Tefriqt.

## Timhal tiserdasiyin

### Ṭṭraḍ n Umussu deg 1914
Ṭṭraḍ n umussu deg 1914, d netta i d amecwaṛ amezwaru deg ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan. Nemgal ɣef ṭṭrad n wadig ara d-iḍefren, tallit-a tella-d s tenṭagt taruradt d usenkez n trebbuyaɛ tisardasin. Yettiɣzif s tuget seg ɣuct ar furar 1914, ama deg tirni n umalu neɣ Usammar. 

### Tagnit d yiɣawasen istratijiyen
Uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ umyenkaf-nni, tizemmar timeqqranin n Tuṛuft jebdent-d iɣawasen iserdasiyen akken ad awḍent ɣer trennawt s tɣawla.

Aɣawas n Schlieffen (Lalman): Iswi yella-d akken ur d-yettili ara ṭṭraḍ ɣef sin n tirniwen, s tyita s uɣiwel mgal fransa uqbel ad d-tezzi ɣer tmurt n rrus. Yella yetteggi ad d-yeṭṭef kra n ẓẓedma s tɣawla ɣer biljik i wakken ad ad ɛeddin ɣef temḥadit n Fransa.

Aɣawas XVII (Fransa): Yella yebna ɣef yiwen n unṭag ijerrḥen deg Alsace-Lorraine I wakken ad d-rren akal iruḥen deg 1871.

Tasnuddsa tarusit d Tutrict-Hungari: Rrus tella tettkel ɣef ubgas arurad i wakken ad tekcem ɣer Prusya Usammar, ma d Tutrict-Hungari tella tebɣa ad terza ɣer sdat deg *Serbya d Galicia*.

### Tanekra n ṭṭrad d unṭag n biljik
Ass n 28 Yulyu 1914, Tutrict-Hungari Iberreḥ-d s amgaru ɣef Serbya, terna-d yiwen n usemdu n *duminu* ay yessawḍen Tuṛuft s tɣawla ɣer umyenkaf. Akken ad d-terr i temsisiyin tiserdasiyin d uheggi amatu, Lalman tesseḍfar aɣawas n Schlieffen, dɣa teɣtes ad tekcem ɣer Biljik, tamurt tarawsant, ad tεeddi ɣef temḥaddit tafransist u ad terbeḥ s tɣawla ɣer umalu.

Deg 4 ɣuct 1914, iserdasen n Lalman zegren tilisa n Biljik, d ayen i d-yeglan s wurfan agraɣlan d unekcum ɣer ṭṭraḍ n Tgelda Yedduklen iḍemnen tarawsa tabeljikit. Aqabel(zbu) abiljiki, ɣas akken tabɣest, ur yettεeṭṭil ara iεedda fell-as umḍan d tetiknulujit yugaren iɣallen n Lalman.

Ṭṭef Liège (5-16 ɣuct): Igudar n Liège, yettwassnen s lǧehd-nsent, mgal tuṭṭfa qessiḥen. D acu kan, aseqdec n ṛṣaṣ ẓẓayen deg Lalman, gar-asent 420 mm tjeɣlalin, iḥettem tamdint ad tefk iman-is mi εeddan εecra n wussan seg umennuɣ yeqwan.

Tuṭṭfa n Bruxelles (20 ɣuct): Taredsa tabiljikit, ddaw leεnaya n tikli n Lalman, tuɣal ɣer Antwerp syin ɣer umalu, teǧǧa tamanaɣt gar ifassen n umnekcam.

Imenɣi n Charleroi d Mons (21-23 Ɣuct): Iɣallen Ifṛansisen d Yibriṭaniyen la ɛerrḍen ad d-sseɣlin tanṭagt talmanit. Amennuɣ n "Mons" yewwi-d lεehd ameqqran amezwaru n yiɣallen inemlayen ibriṭaniyen (BEF), d ayen i d-yeglan s lexṣara meqqren deg Walmaniyen maca terra-t tmara ad uɣalen ɣer deffir seg tmengart-nsen tumḍint.

Anekcum ɣer Biljik yurar tamlilt s wazal-is deg uheggi n tikti tazayezt mgal Lalman, iεawed i uguccel n **At tdukli** akken ad kemmlen ṭṭraḍ. D ayen i d-yemmalen daɣen tazwara n kra n yimennuɣen n yidammen ara d-yawin ɣer tukksa n unṭag almani deg Marne.

### Tanṭagt talmanit d tririt n At tdukli
Seld mi rẓan deg Biljik d ugafa n Fransa, iserdasen n Lalman uẓan s tɣawla ɣer Paris, tteggzen ad rebḥen tarennawt meqqren. Acu kan, anerni-yagi yemlal-d aṭas n yicqerriwen i yessaẓayen abrid-nsen.

Talujistikt d facal n trebbuyaɛ: Tikli n lalman d tin yebnen ɣef umussu arurad, Akken yebɣu yili lḥal, izirigen n ussiweḍ ttnejbaden s umihi, ttarran iserdasen d uṛhifen(vulnérable) ugar.

Azbu afrensis d abriṭani: Taredsa tafrensist, s unzaḍ n *Joland*, Ad d-teg tasetratijit n uwexxer askudan s uheggi n kra n umgelmedya.

Imenɣi n Marne (6-9 ctamber 1914): Iɣallen imsisan deg wudem n tikli n lalman, kkren-as i yiwet n tama n umgelmedya tameqqrant, s useqdec n yiṭaksiyen n paris s tɣawla, i wakken ad awin tirebbuyaɛ, Igen (armée) afṛensis yeḥbes acengu-nni yerna iḥettem-iten ad uɣalen ɣer ugafa n Aisne. Amennuɣ-agi d tuzzya tasnuddsant(tournant stratégique) s uḥbes n trennawt talmanit taruradt.

Seld lexsara-ya, lεesker n Lalman yeǧǧa asirem n ṭṭraḍ n lberq(guerre éclaire), I d-yeslulen tirni irekden i d-iberrḥen s usiweḍ ɣer ṭṭraḍ n iɣẓren(tranchées).

### Tazzla ɣer yilel akked taggara n ṭṭrad n umussu
Seld mi yexser umennuɣ n Marne, iserdasen **At tdukli** d **Walmaniyen** ttnadin ad alin s uεeddi n yimukan inemgalen. Yeḍra-d uεraḍ-a yessewhamen, yettwassnen s yisem n "Course à la Mer, neɣ tazzla ɣer yilel", seg Ctembeṛ ɣer Wamber 1914 yerna llan deg-s aṭas n uḥerrek ɣer ugafa akken ad ḥekmen deg unekcum ɣer Manche d yisugan isnudddsanen.

Sin-nni n yidisan εerḍen ad εeddin ɣef yizirigen iεdawen, maca yal aεraḍ ur yettεeṭṭil ara ad d-yeglu s kra n uzbu yemgaraden. Imussuyen-a ttawin ɣer waṭas n yimenɣiyen imeqranen.

Imenɣi n Yser (Ṭuber 1914): Taredsa tabiljikit, ttwaɛawnen sɣur iɣallen n Fransa d Yibriṭaniyen, tessaweḍ ad teḥbes tikli n lalman s uḥemmal n waman n tmura tisnuddsanin ɣef yiri n wasif n Yser. Asizwer-a yezga yettεassa aεdaw yerna yettεassa aḥric aneggaru seg wakal abiljiki ur nettwaṭṭef.

Imenɣi amezwaru n Ypres ( wamber 1914): Amennuɣ-a qessiḥen gar iɣallen ibriṭaniyen d Fransa mgal Walmaniyen yettnadin ad ṭṭfen isugan n La Manche. Amennuɣ-nni d ukriḍ ladɣa yerna yesskanay-d tazwara n usexdem meqqren n yiserdasen n uḥaraz. Ulamma xeṣren mliḥ deg snat tamiwin, ssawḍen Yimsisan ad d-ṭṭfen mgal tanṭagt n Lalman.

Aserked n n unyir: s wudem awezɣi n uεeddi n yizirigen n yeεdawen, Imenɣiyen bdan qqazen iɣeẓran akken ad sjehden imukan-nsen. Ɣer taggara n useggas 1914, yella yiwen uẓeṭṭa n yiɣeẓran yettkemmilen i d-yettruḥen seg lebḥer n Ugafa ɣer tlisa n Sswis, yerra asersi n taggara ɣer ṭṭraḍ n umussu deg tieni n umalu.

Akka i yekfa "Course à la mer" deg yiwet n lexsara i snat n tamiwin : yiwen ur yessaweḍ ad d-yawi kra n lfayda meqqren, dɣa ṭṭraḍ yekcem deg deg tallit n usgufsu(arkad).Tadyant-a d tin ay d-yesskanayen abeddel ɣer yimenɣi n umkan ɣezzifen yerna d win ara iḥekmen iseggasen ay d-yetteddun.

### Ṭṭraḍ n umussu ɣef tirni-nniḍen
Deg wakud aydeg amennuɣ yettkemmil deg utaram, ula d imezgunen niḍen n tigawin ttwalin imussuyen iεejlen n yiserdasen, ttwalin awadem amaḍlan n umennuɣ seg tazwara maḍi. D anagi ɣef ugama amaḍlan n ccwal seg wasmi yebda.

**Tirni Usamar:**

Rrus, s timmenyaft-is tumḍint tameqqrant, tekcem Prusya Usammar, maca texser mliḥ deg umennuɣ n Tannenberg (27-30 ɣuct 1914), anda i d-yewwi ujiniral Hindenburg lexṣara meqqren ɣef yiɣallen irusiyen, teṭṭef luluf n yiserdasen.

D acu kan, deg Galicia, lɛesker arusi yerbeḥ-d mennaw n imenɣiyin  mgal Tutrict-Hungari, d ayen ay d-yeglan s lexṣara d tameqrant yernu yeṭṭef tamdint tasnuddsant n Lvov deg Ctembeṛ 1914.

Ẓẓedmat ɣef teɣzi n amwan(lexrif) tettkemmil, maca inezwi-nni qessiḥen d wuguren n tlujistikt ssneqsen imussuyen n lɛesker.

**Tirni n Balqan:**

Tutrict-Hungari la tεerreḍ ad tekcem ɣer Serbya, tessaram ad terbeḥ s tɣawla, maca attan tettqabal azbu qessiḥen.

Imenɣi n Drina (Sṭember 1914) yella-d d lexsara tamezwarut i Yitruciyin-Ihungariyen i yenḥafen s waṭas yerna terra-ten tmara ad uɣalen ɣer deffir.

Serbya, ɣas akken d ameẓyan deg umḍan, tḥudd akal-is akken iwata, tεeṭṭel lebɣi n Temnekda Tutrict-tahungarit.

**Tirni n Lquqaz:**

Tamnekda taɛetmanit ikecmen ɣer ṭṭraḍ ɣer tama n Tnezmarin tilemmasin, tettekka deg ccwal mgal Rrus deg tmurt n Lquqaz.

Tiyitwin timezwura deg unbir 1914 sseknent-d amennuɣ i d-iteddun n Sarikamish, anda ara εerḍen yiserdasen iɛetmaniyen ad d-awin tiyita meqqren i yiɣallen irusiyen.

Akka, ṭṭrad n umussu ur yeqqim ara kan ɣer tirni n umal,. txeddem daɣen amennuɣ deg usammar d yibalkuten s tikli d tuɣalin ɣer deffir s wuguren n wakal d tegnatin n tegnawt qessiḥen. Maca, am umalu, imenɣi-yagi, ttawin cwiṭ cwiṭ ɣer usrusu(neɣ ar warkad) n tirni d ṭṭrad n facal.

## Imenɣi n umkan (1915-1917): ṭṭrad n tistratijiyin timaynutin

### 1915: Ṭṭraḍ n usnulfu aserdasi amezwaru

Seld mi yexser umenṭag n 1914, ṭṭraḍ-nni yekcem deg yiwet n tfasa n uɣelluy i d-yettwacerḍen s usmemmi n tarrayt n facel d ɛeggu. Aseggas 1915 yella-d s uεeyyen n umennuɣ ɣef waṭas n tirni d usemres n tetiknulujiyin tiserdasiyin timaynutin.

Ɣer tama umalu, Imsisan gren-d aṭas n tmenɣiwin n Artwas d Ucampan i wakken ad d-snesren lḥers ɣef tirni tarusit maca ur ssawḍen ara ɣef lǧal n lexṣaṣ n ṛṣaṣ ẓẓayen d temḥaddit talmanit i d-yettwaheggan akken ilaq. Aseggas-nni iwala daɣen asekcem n yemrigen imaynuten, gar-asen igazen isnafsanen i yettwaseqdacen i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Ypres ass n 22 yebrir sɣur Walmaniyen, s yisemda n twaɣit, meɛna sɛan talast deg unnar  astratiji.

Ṭṭraḍ yettawi-d yiwet n tsekta tummidt s usismel ummid n teɣbula n tmura n ṭṭraḍ. Lalman tessenker ṭṭrad-nni ddaw waman s uxebber n waman ibriṭaniyen "asun n ṭṭraḍ", ma d Imsisan ḥettmen-d agdal adamsan ɣef Tgelda talmanit. Ṭṭelyan tekcem ɣer ṭṭraḍ ɣer tama n Yimsisan deg mayyu, teldi tirni tajdidt mgal tamnekda n Tutrict-Hungari.

Deg Tefriqt, amennuɣ yettkemmil gar yiserdasen imhersanen d yiɣallen ilmaniyen, ladɣa deg Tefriqt Tagmuḍant d Utaram. Deg tallit-nni, deg Usammar Alemmas, Lawrence n Saɛudi yessuddes tagrawla taɛrabt mgal tamnekda Taɛetmanit.

Ɣer taggara, 1915 illa-d daɣen ineḍruyen iweḥciyen am tazwara n tmenɣiwt taṛminit i d-yewwi Temnekda Taɛetmanit d tawayt n Dardanelles, d lexsara tasnuddsant meqqren i Yimsisan.

### 1916: Verdun d Somme, d agejdan n ṭṭraḍ n facel
Aseggas 1916 d sin n yimennuɣen imeqqranen i iḥekmen : Verdun d Somme.

Anṭag almani mgal Verdun, yekker-d deg Fuṛaṛ, yebɣa ad yessefcal lɛesker n Fransa imi ay t-iḥettem ad iḥudd amkan-a asnuddsan akken yebɣu yili. Ajiniṛal Pétain yessuddes azbu-nni yernu yessebded-d "**Abrid** **amqeddes**" akken ad d-yefk afus n tallelt iserdasen. Seld acḥal n wayyuren n yinṭagen d yinṭagen mgal tiyita, yekfa umennuɣ war afara meqqren i Walmaniyen, Maca s tecrawtl n tmettant ameqqran n ugar n 700.000 n yimuḍan.

Deg yulyu, bdan Yimsisan tanṭagt n Somme akken ad kksen lḥers ɣef Verdun. Ulamma heggan-d ṛṣaṣ aẓayan meqqren, tanṭṭagt-nni dindin tettezzi ɣer tawaɣit, ladɣa i yiɣallen ibriṭaniyen i d-yettwanɣan s waṭas seg wass amezwaru. Aseqdec n *tankiwin* timezwura sɣur Ibriṭaniyen deg cṭember ur d-ikeffu ara akken ad beddlen tagnit. Deg taggara, amennuɣ n Somme yeffeɣ-d s 1,2 imelyan n yimdanen i yemmuten d cwiṭ n lfayda n wakal i yimsisan(at dukli)

Deg tirni n usammar, Irusiyen bdan yiwen n unṭag d ameqqran mgal Tutrict-Hungari, maca rrbeḥ-nsen ixuṣ imi yella lexṣaṣ n ttawilat, Deg Ṭṭelyan, amennuɣ deg idurar n Alp yettkemmil war igmaḍ ad yawwin timarniwt.

### 1917 : tazɣent n lxaṭer d tuzzya tasnuddsant(tastratijit)
Aseggas 1917 tettwacreḍ s tezɣent lqayen deg yakk idarren. Ɣer tirni umalu, d lexsara n tenṭagt n "*ubrid n tlawin"* di yebrir i d-yeglan s lmuja n tnekra daxel n yigen (armée) afransis, Imussuten-agi n tnekra ttwaḥebsen s lǧehd sɣur Jiniṛal Pétain, Acu kan, i yesselhan tiwtilin n tudert n yiserdasen i wakken ad d-rren lxaṭer-nsen.

Ibriṭaniyen, seg tama-nsen, gan-d yiwen n ẓẓedma deg Passchendaele deg lexrif, maca amennuɣ deg tegnatin n waluḍ yegla-d s lexṣara meqqren i rrbeḥ ur nesεi azal. Ɣer tirni n Ṭṭelyan, lexsara n Caporetto mgal Tutrict-Lalmaniyen yessekcem-d Ṭṭelyan deg wuguren imeqranen, yessefk i Fransa d Legliz ad d-ceyyεen aseǧhed.

Tuzzya n 1917 d anekcum ɣer ṭṭrad n yiwunak yedduklen deg yebrir, Deffir n uɣreq n uɣerrabu n marikan sɣur lalman d uwekked n utiligṛam zemmermann. Asekcem-a yewwi-d tanezmart tadamsant d taserdasit amuqran i Yimsisan, Ɣas akken iserdasen imarikaniyen ur d-ttawḍen ara s waṭas ɣer tuṛuft armi d 1918.

Tagara, tagrawla tarusit deg Tubeṛ tessaweḍ ad teɣli tirni usammar. tuṭṭfa n udabu sɣur ibulsheviyin d ustenyi n Armistice Brest-Litovsk deg Duǧember yeǧǧa ilmaniyen ad rren ddehn-nsen ɣer tirni umalu, akken i d-yettheggi iman-is i ẓẓedma tameqqrant n 1918

Deg tgara, tallit n 1915-1917 tella-d s wemgaru n ussefcal d yimeṭṭi aydeg yal agrur yeɛreḍ ad yessefcal wayeḍ war ma yessaweḍ. D acu kan, asiɣzef n umennuɣ ɣer tirni timaynuten d unekcum ɣer ṭṭraḍ n Marikan, ibeddel amnekni, yerna d ayen i d-yesskanayen abeddel ameqran deg 1918.

## Taggara n umennuɣ (1918)

### imenṭagen n Lalman d tririyin n yimsisan

Deg tazwara n useggas n 1918, asuffeɣ n Rrus seg umyenkaf i d-iḍefren Amtawa n Brest-Litovsk deg meɣres yessaweḍ Lalman ad d-tεawed ad d-tger iman-is s waṭas ɣer Tirni Umalu. S yiswi n rrbeḥ meqqren uqbel ad d-awḍen yiserdasen imarikaniyen, taredsa talalmanit tesker aṭas n ẓẓedmat, anṭag ameqqran amezwaru yeḍra-d ass n 21 meɣres 1918 deg Saint Quentin, yerra iserdasen ibriṭaniyen deg wuguren. Ulamma kra n rrbeḥ i d-tewwi tazwara, ur d-yettili ara ufraq neɣ aɣelluy n tidet deg Terni n At dukli(Imsisan). Syin, Taredsa talmanit tkemmel lmejhud-nnes, ladɣa s yiwen uneqlab deg ubrid n *Tlawin(chemain des dames)* ass n 27 Meɣres, tewweḍ ɣer Reims d Soissons deffir ma tuẓa 60 n yikilumitren ɣer sdat.

Paris tettwaɣ-d s yibumbaden istrategyen sɣur d yimrigen iɣezfanen n Pariser Kanonen, d ayen i d-yeglan s tuffɣa n 500.000 n yimezdaɣen. D acu kan, aguccel-nni ay d-yettwagezmen n temsisatin(At Dukli) ur yenqis ara. effeɣ-d yiwen n unṭag almani d amaynu deg Champagne ass n 15 Yulyu 1918, maca Ifṛansisen, i yesnesena(seqdecen) tasnuddest n uzbu n Pétain, mgal tuṭṭfa almani. Mi εeddan tlata n wussan, yiwen n unṭag-amgalen afransis-amarikani deg Villers-Cotterêts iḥettem Ilmaniyen ad uɣalen ɣer deffir, i d-yemmalen tazwara n awexxar war tuɣalin n ilmaniyen.

### Imgalen imsisan d udram n yimenkuden ilemmasen

Deg tazwara n 8 ɣuct 1918, d yiwen n unṭag meqqren i d-yewwin Ikanadiyen, Usṭralya, Ibriṭaniyen d yifṛensisen di Picardy, rẓan izirigen n Lalman. Ajiniṛal Ludendorff yenna-d ass-a d " leḥzen n tredsa talmanit", d azamul n lexṣara timezgit n sɣur yiɣallen n Kaiser. Ɣer tama n wenẓul, amennuɣ n Vittorio Veneto yessaweḍ ɣer lexsara n yiserdasen n Tutrict-Hungari, yewwi ɣer umtawa n Villa Giusti ass n 4 wamber.

Imsisan la ttkemmilen tikli-nsen, la ttfaraṣen  war assuddes d urway deg terdsa  talalmanit, Deg teswiεt-nni kan, tagrawla la tetthuddu deg Lalman : ass n 3 deg furar, yebda-d umutti n Kiel, d yiwet n tnekra tamatut, ḥettmen William II ad yeffeɣ seg udabu ass n 9 Wamber. Deg wudem n uɣelluy agensan d uɛsekri, ad yettwastenyi wemtawa-nni n uḥbes n tmenɣiwt umbɛed ass n 11 deg wunbir 1918 di teẓgi n *"Compiègne"*.

### Igmaḍ d tmuɣliwin n lexsara

amtawa n uḥbes n ṭṭrad tessers-d tiwtilin ẓẓayen ɣef Lalman, Gar-asent tiririt n tenga-yines taɛsekrit d tuffɣa n ugemmaḍ azelmaḍ n *rhin* D acu kan, lexṣas n umennuɣ deg wakal almani d ayen i d-yettawin tazniwt n "tiyita deg weɛrur", i ssexdamen ɣer sdat yinaẓiyen i wakken ad d-inin d akken lalman ur texṣera ara ṭṭrad, imi tezmert tamgurant (industrielle) n Lalman, Tamuɣli d akken tredsa talalmanit ur yettwaɣelben ara, tebda tenfufed deg kra n yidigan n lalman.

Ulamma rẓaget-nni i d-yeddan d taggara n ṭṭraḍ, d leḥzen i d-yellan d lebni-nni yuεren n tmettiwin tiurufiyin i ibeddlen s telqey deg rebεa iseggasen n umennuɣ.

## agzul n yinelkamen n umgaru amaḍlan amezwaru

### Asemdu n yimidyaten d usmekti
Amenɣi amezwaru n umaḍal yella d amenɣi amezwaru i d-yettwasnen s ttawil n teknilujiyin timaynutin (abelinugraf, taliwgraf war tinelli) akked tneflit n uɣmis n umenɣi. Tamedyant-agi tessemɣer iserdassen i yeɣlin deg imenɣi, tettwassekled s lebni n yisebdaden n yiserdasen yiɣlen deg ṭṭrad akked usenulfu n timeqbrin n yiserdassen. Deg tama-nniḍen, banen-d aṭas n yisegzayen isertanen, am "Dolchstoßlegende" (tamacahut n tiyita deg weɛrur) di Lalman, Yesnerna urfan ameqqran ɣer wat Lalman, yessawḍen ɣer tneflilt n ukabar anazi.

### Tacrawt n talsant d tdimugṛafit
Amyenkaf-nni yegla-d s wazal n 10 n yimelyunen n yimettanen d 8 n yimelyunen n yimeɛdar, s yiɣeblan ilqayen n tmetti. Fransa d nettat i d tamurt akk i yennulen s 1,45 imelyan n lmeyytin, yettgensis-d 30% seg yimezdaɣ-is irgazen iqeddcen(ixeddamen-is). Serbya d Rumanya xesrent 6 ar 10% seg yimezdaɣen-nsent akk. Anfafad Aspenyuli n 1918-1919 yessemɣer tacrawt-agi s wazal n 4 imelyan n lmeyytin-nniḍen. Lexṣaṣ n tlalit yella d ameqqran: 5.4 imelyan i Lalman, 3 imelyan i Fransa d 26 imelyan i Rrus. Tawaɣit-a tegla-d s temɣer deg leɛmer n ugdud, rnu yesra aseqdec n yinig ɣer waṭas n tmura n tuṛuft.

### Abeddel n yimezdaɣ d tekriḍt meqqren
Ṭṭraḍ-nni yeslal-d imussuyen n yimezdaɣ werǧin ten-nwala zik. yettḥaz ugar n 12 imelyan n yizrazaɣen deg Tuṛuft Tutrimt d Usammar. Yella-d daɣen s tmenɣiwt tamezwarut i d-yettwaheyyan i tmenɣiwt n lqern wis εecrin, tin n Yiṛminiyen (800.000 alamma d 1,5 imelyan n teɣtas), teḍfer-itt-id tmenɣest n 275.000 n Yisiriyen d tmenɣiwt n Yiqenṭaniyen igrikiyen (360.000 n teɣtas). Aṭas n yiɣermanen daɣen i yenneɛtaben, gar-asen deg Biljik d ugafa n Fransa, anda i d-tga lɛesker almani timenɣiwin n lɣaci, tukerḍa n yimdanen d ussehres (déstruction).

### Tajmilt d usmekti
Mi yekfa ṭṭraḍ, d ismektayen i wid yemmuten i yeǧǧuǧǧgen deg tmura merra n ṭṭraḍ. Deg Fransa, llan azal n 6000 n yismektayen deg tudrin d tɣiwanin. Ttwabnan-d yimeḍqan n tmeqbert n yiserdasen am tmeqbert n *Douaumont* i lmend n usmekti n yiserdasen ay yeɣlin. Tettwasbedd leεbada n userdas-nni ur nettwassen deg waṭas n tmura. Aɣan-a n usmekti iban-d ladɣa deg tegnit n usmekti wis 100 iseggasen n ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan amezwaru, s usnulfu n tuɣdaḍin n usmekti am tin ay d-yesbedd unabaḍ afransis deg 2012.

### Axeṣṣaṛ deg ingawiyen d twennaṭ
Axeṣṣaṛ n tenga yella-d d win muqran, ladɣa deg Fransa, anda teɣli-d yiwet n "temnaḍt tazewwaɣt" n 120,000 n yihektar tettwahuddu. Aɛiwed n lebni yeḥwaj asnulfu n yiɣlifen ay yettwawehhan i waya deg Fṛansa ed Biljik. Iɣeblan n twennaḍt ttdummen aṭas n lweqt: asluɣu n wakal s yimɣuzen ẓẓayen,  tilin n imelyan n tjeɣlalin(obus) ur d-ṭṭerḍqen ara, asenṭeḍ n temnaḍin n yilel s lbumbat d ṛṣaṣ (munitions) ay d-yellan deg waman. Iɣeblan-a n wakal d yilel, mazal-itent ttakent-d uguren n twennaḍt meqqren di lqern wis xxi.

### Uguren n tnefsit d tmetti i d-yeǧǧa ṭṭraḍ
Iɣeblan d uguren n tnefsit llan d imeqqranen nezah, gar yimennuɣen d yimezdaɣ iɣermanen. Tamiḍrant n "wudmawen yerẓan" terra-tt tmara ad d-tesbedd isuḍaf d tfekkiwin timaynutin akken ad terr tiɣtas-a ɣer tmetti. Tisnafsiten(psychanalystes) n tallit-nni, gar-asent Sigmund Freud, snulfant-d tarrayin timaynutin i udawi d i useḥbiber ɣef wuguren n wallaɣ. Ṭṭraḍ yeǧǧa-d daɣen imelyan n yigujilen d rruḥ n lkerh d ttar i d-yettheggin yakan iman-nsen i ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis sin, Xas akken iban-d umussu n talwit, iberreḥ-d belli ṭṭrad-agi "La Der des Ders"(Aneggaru n Meṛṛa Imenɣiyen).

### Asemdu adamsan d temguri
Amgaru ibeddel timguriwin n tmura n ṭṭraḍ, terra-t tmara ad iεawed ad yebnu asnas-nsen afarsan akken ad iεawen wussis(lmeǧhud) n ṭṭraḍ. Xas akken yella uṣerref azayaz aṭas, tadamsa tafransist tḥuza-tt mliḥ s uɣelluy n 35% deg GDP. Tuṛuft teǧǧa-d tazmert-is tadamsant deg umaḍal i Iwunak Yedduklen i yuɣalen d imerḍalen imeqranen akk deg umaḍal, Tiwsiwin timerkantiyin ẓran-d asenqes n yidrimen-nsen s tmerniwt n ssuma d lexṣaṣat n temḥaddit, Ma d tirisṭuqraṭit d tburǧwazit d tid i d-yettwaḥerzen s waṭas deg wayen yerzan timettanin.

### Abeddel n Iwunak d yimtawayen n talwit
Iwunak (ddula) rnan-d tizemmar-nsen deg tallit n yimenɣi, s ussemres (centralisation) n udabu d ussemɣer n tzemmar-nsen, ladɣa s ussebded n tadrest(tsensurt, censure). Rebεa n temnekdiwin ɣlint (Lalman, tarusit, Tutrict-Hungari d Tɛetmanit), i ibeddlen s telqey takarḍa n Tuṛuft. Amtawa n Versailles iḥettem-d lexlaṣ ẓẓayen deg Lalman, s 132 n yimelyaṛen n Mark-n-wureɣ, gar-asent ala 22,8 n yimelyaṛen  ay yettwaxellṣen s tidet send ad ttwaǧǧen yisutar deg 1932. Fɣen-d yiwanaken imaynuten, s umata sseqdacen inagrawen n imniriyen (lbarlaman), maca snat n tmerwin n yiseggasen i d-iteddun yella-d deg-s ccewal amuqran n daxel, ussebded n yinhilen n udabu (régimes) yibnan ɣef tmudemt tadiktaturit deg waṭas n tmura.

## Iwunak inemgalen

## Muqel daɣen

* Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin

## Tizmilin