open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ibrahim Maza

**ibrahim Maza** ( إبراهيم مازا ) d amyurar n ddabex uḍar azzayri, ilul-d ass n 24 Wamber 2005. Yetturar d amseḍfaṛ deg terbaɛt n Hertha BSC deg 2.Bundesliga. ɣas akken ilul-d di Lalman, yetturar i teɣlamt taɣelnawt n Lezzayer.

## Amecwar
Ibrahim Maza yebda-d tazrawt-ines n ddabex uḍar deg terbaɛt n Reinickendorfer Füchse, syin akkin yekcem ɣer tkadimit n Hertha BSC deg useggas n 2018. Yebda tazrawt-ines tameqqrant akked terbaɛt tis snat n Hertha deg useggas n 2022.

Ass n 27 Yebrir 2023, yeǧǧa-d tamenzut-ines taɣurfant akked Hertha arma d aseggas n 2026. Yerra-d tamenzut-ines taɣurfant akked Hertha BSC am umselɣu deg usebɣes n 2-0 mgal Bayern Munich ass n 30 Yebrir 2023 deg Bundesliga. Mi tella Hertha BSC yakan tettwaḥudd-d ɣer tdrejt n wadda, Maza yekcem-d am umselɣu yerna yerra-d asaruf-ines amezwaru deg tdrejt tameqqrant, yessemɣaded mgal VfL Wolfsburg ass n 27 Mayyu 2023.

## amecwar aɣelnaw
Ibrahim Maza ilul-d di Lalman, laṣel-is d azzayri d vyitnami. Yetturar i teɣlamt n Lalman n ddaw n 18 iseggasen.

Deg Tuber 2024, tura-yas-d teɣlamt taɣelnawt n Lezzayer i tikkelt tamezwarut i sin yimyurar n uselkem n taɣlamt tagraɣlant n Tefriqt n 2025 mgal Togo.

## Tiddadanin n umecwar
Tisermin d isurfa s terbaɛt, aseggas d timlilit
Iziɣer

**Iziɣer**, **tarwiḥt**, neɣ **rruḥ**, deg waṭas n wansayen isɣananen d yifelsafiyen d tumast tarɣarant n wemdan ideg tella tmagit-is, timmadit-is, akked yismektiyen-is. Yettwamen dakken yezmer ad yidir xas temmut tfekka. Imegzi-nni n yiziɣer yettuseqdac s umata i yimdanen, meɛna llan wid yettamnen ula d iɣersiwen d tɣawsiwin ur llint d imuddiren sɛan deg-sen iziɣer.
Tanɣimant

**Tanɣimant** (seg “enɣ” akked “iman”) d timegget mi ara iɛemmed yiwen ad yenɣ iman-is. Yal aseggas ugar n 800,000 n yimdanen neqqen iman-nsen.

## Iɣbula
Tasnamgunt

**Tasnamgunt** (Seg uẓar SN i yeqqnen ɣer tussna akked tmussni, akked "amgun") d afurk n tesnudert i yettmuzzugen di tezrawt n wemgun, taneflit-is tazarlalant, akked wayen-nniḍen.
Tasenmaṣert

**Tasenmaṣert** d tazrawt tussnant i izerrwen Maṣer tagelsant. Ger yisental i yettwazrawen: amezruy n Maṣer tagelsant, tutlayt, tasekla, asɣan, tasegda, akked tẓuri si 5 n yifḍen (luluf) n yiseggasen qb.s.Ɛ armi ḥebsen timeskert n wesɣan amaṣri amlal di lqern wis 4 df.s.Ɛ.
Tarmit n Miller–Urey

**Tarmit n Miller–Urey** (neɣ Urey–Miller) d tarmit seg tirmiyin i yessamɣen tiwtilin turdanin i yellan di tegnit tazikant. Tarmit-nni iswi-is ad tḥeqqeq ma tezmer ad teḍru temhazt takrurant. Tarmit-a tebɣa ad tarem turda n Oparin d Haldane, turda-a d tin yeqqaren dakken tiwtilin tizwaranin n tegnit buddent tisedmirin tikruranin i yessawḍen s axlaq n wuddisen igamananen seg wuddisen irgamananen. Tarmit-a tettuneḥsab seg termiyin tiklasikiyin tigejdanin di tezrawt n laṣel n tudert, temmag termit-a deg 1953 di tesdawit n Chicago.

## Iɣbula
Jollibee

Jollibee d tasenselkimt (chaîne) n tnezduɣin n tuččit s tɣawla (fast food) tafilipinit ay tesɛa Tkebbanit n Tuččit n Jollibee (JFC) ay d-yellan d lmarkat-nnes tameqrant. Yettwasbedd deg 1978 sɣur Tony Tan Caktiong, d netta ay d asensu ameqran akk n tuččit s tɣawla deg Filippin[3] yerna yella gar yisensuten ay la irennu s tɣawla deg umaḍal,[4] yerna yessemɣer tilin-nnes tagraɣlant seg 2014 arma d 2024 s qrib sḍis n tikkal.[5] Seg Yennayer 2024, llan ugar n 1.668 n yifurkawen n Jollibee n tuččit s tɣawla deg 17 n tmura,[4] s tnezduɣin deg Asya n Wenẓul-Agmuḍan, Asya n Ugmuḍ (Hong Kong ed Macau), Agmuḍ Alemmas, Temrikt n Ugafa, ed Tuṛuft (gar-asent Ssbenyul, Ṭṭalyan ,[6] d Tgelda Yeddukklen).[7] Jollibee yettwassen s tɣawsa-nnes ay d-yeznuzun aṭas, d tin umi semman Chickenjoy.[8]
Umuɣ n yiselwayen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen

Aḍris n Yiselwayen n Yiwunak Yeddukklen ay d-yellan ddaw-a yella deg-s yal win ay yellan deg umkan n tselwit seg wasmi ay d-yella Uzarug (indépendance), seg win aqbur arma d amaynut, ɣer yidis n yiwen n uswir n wakud ay ten-yesskanayen s tmeẓdit tasertit, seg win amaynut arma d amaynut.

Martin Van Buren d aselway amezwaru i d-ilulen d aɣerman ameṛikan, wid i d-yellan uqbel-is d irgazen n Briṭani. Imi d asacult-is i d-yusan seg Yidderlan, d netta daɣen d aselway i d-yekkan kan ur nesli taglizit d tutlayt-is. Franklin Delano Roosevelt d aselway amezwaru i yettwaselhen ar tlata n yiseggasen, maca taseggarut-nni ur d-tessufeg ara imi yemmut. Yeqqim d aselway amezruy amezwaru n Marikan i yettwaselhen tikeltin seg sin. D netta kan i d-yeddren ugar n sin n yiswiyen imi Asmel wis XXII n tdeqsit, i d-yeffeγ deg 1951, yeḥbes i yimḍebbren ad d-yeggren tisutrin. D acu kan, Grover Cleveland d aselway amezwaru i yettwaselhen i sin n yiseggasen ur d-tettban ara. D aya i d  wis 22 d wis 24. Dɣa ma yella Joe Biden d  wis 46, llan 44 n medden kan i d-yeddren isem-nni uqbel-is. Yiwen n uselway i d-yettunefk deg uxeddim ur yettwaɣil ara d uselway neɣ d aselway amaynut: yettwaṭṭef ameddakel n Richard Nixon mi yeffeɣ seg ccɣel, Gerald Ford i d-yefkan d aselwi amaynut deg uqerruy-is, yeṭṭef amedyaḍ n uselwi amennuɣ, Spiro Agnew, deg useggas 1973. 

D tlata n yimḍebren n Marikan ur d-yefki ara taggara-nsen, dɣa yettwaṭṭef amsuɣel-nsen. Yiwen n uselway i d-yeǧǧan ad yeffeɣ (qbel ad yekfu ccɣel n tmeslayt), Richard Nixon, ma d tmiḍin yemmuten deg useggas-nsen: tlata n-yenɣan (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley d John Fitzgerald Kennedy) d tlata yemmuten s tuget (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding d Franklin Delano Roosevelt).  Ass-a llan xemsa n yimḍebren n tmurt n Yeddukklen: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W.   Bush, Barack Obama d Donald Trump.

Gar iselwayen imezwura, azal n 10 d imeddukal n tezga (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Harrison, Tyler, Polk, Taylor, Johnson) .

## Umuɣ
Dmitri Buruvikuf

Dmitri Aleksandruvic Buruvikuv (s ttrusit: Дми́трий Алекса́ндрович Боровико́в) yettwassnen daɣen s (**Kislyi)-**(**Kolovrat)** (9 yunyu 1984 - 18 mayyu 2006) d yiwen n umussu neo-nazi aked d a pagani, d mass n snat n trebbaɛ" d "Combat Terrorist Organization" (s ttrusit: Боевая Террористическая Организация; БТО;)  Deg uselway-is, yexdem aṭas n tmenɣiwin.  Borovikof yemmut mi yettwawet s trrṣaṣt gher eqerruy-is . n 18 n yiqbayliyen (temsertit) n UBOP deg 18 Mayu 2006.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3

***Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3*** d urar n tvidyut i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 2011, d win i d-yeffɣen s wudem amezwaru, i d-yellan gar Infinity Ward d Sledgehammer Games, yerna d Activision i t-id-yefkan. Urar-a yeffeɣ-d deg umaḍal akk deg wass n 8 nuember 2011 i Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii d OS X. D anagraw n Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009), d anagraw wis tlata d aneggaru n ttrilugjit tamenzut n Modern Warfare, d anagraw wis tmanya n Call of Duty s umata.

Tazrawt n wurar tettili-d deffir n Modern Warfare 2 yerna tebda-d kan deffir n wayen yeḍran deg tasdawit-is taneggarut. Am win n Modern Warfare 2, d win i d-yezzin ɣef Task Force 141, i d-yeṭṭfen deg-s Captain Price, Soap MacTavish d yiwen umedyaz amaynut, Yuri. Ddan d Delta Force d Special Air Service, ttaddamen Vladimir Makarov (aɛdaw ameqqran n trilugya), d ameskar n Rrus i d-yessudden agraw n uzref ameqran n Rrus. D netta i d-yessuddsen aṭas n tmenɣiwin n terbaεt deg Tuṛuft, i d-yessufɣen lgirra meqqren gar imernaṭunalisten imeqranen d yiɣallen imdukkal.

## Amezruy

### Imḍebren
Deg urar-a, d-uɣal-d yiwen seg yiɛeggalen n Task Force 141, amekcem John "Soap" MacTavish, amekcem John Price d umesbaṭli anrusi "Nikolai", i d-yettazzalen mi nɣan Jeneral Shepherd, amcum ameqqran n wurar-nni yezrin. Task Force 141 tettwakkes-d s wudem unṣib ɣef ddemma n lmut n Shepherd, tidet ɣef useḥbiber-is deg umenɣi amaḍlan wis tlata i yessen ala Price, Soap d Nikolai. Ɣer tuget n wurar, amyurar yettarra iman-is d Yuri, d amedyaz aqdim n Spetsnaz d win yellan yakan d amdakel n umeskar n terbaɛt n Rusya Makarov, i d-yeqqimen ɣer Task Force 141 deg tuzzya-ines ɣef Makarov, i d-yuɣalen d amennuɣ ameqqran n wurar. Aṭas n yimyura i d-yettunefken i wurar i d-yettunefken, gar-asen amseqdac n Delta Force, Sgt. Chief Derek "Frost" Westbrook; Sgt. Special Air Service Marcus Burns; d Andrei Harkov, yiwen seg imseqdacen n FSO n Rrus yettwaḥerzen ad iḥrez aselway n Rrus. Am uselway Al-Fulani deg wurar amezwaru, Soap d win "yetturar" kan deg tallit ideg ara yeldi wurar; ma d Price yuɣal d amedyaz n wurar deg temsalt taneggarut n wurar, yerna d netta kan i d-yettmeslayen deg ttrilugit-nni skud yetturar. Amur-nni daɣen yeṭṭef-d s kra n teswiεin amkan n yiwen umezgun aɣelnaw deg London, kra n teswiεin uqbel ad ttwanɣan netta d twacult-is s yiwen n ujenna n ukimiku; akken daɣen d yiwen n umseqdac n tiliẓri AC-130 deg umennuɣ n Paris.

Gar yimyura-nni imaynuten ur nelli d imurar, llan imseqdacen n Delta Force "Sandman", "Truck" d "Grinch", i d-yettakken amkan i Frost. Amεellem MacMillan yuɣal-d s kra n wussan si *[[Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare]]* deg uḥric n Baseplate. Craig Fairbrass, i d-yefkan tazwara taɣect-is i yimyura Gaz d Ghost, yuɣal-d ad d-yefk taɣect-is i Sgt Wallcroft, ajenṭar n SAS, i d-yefkan tazwara amur amecṭuḥ deg umezwaru n *Modern Warfare*.

Imezdaɣ n tmurt n Lhend, Marikan, Sierra Leone, Tagelda Yeddukklen, Lalman, Somaliya, Fransa, Tagduda Tcekkit, Rrus d Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen n Yiɛṛaben.
Barry Sloane

Barry Sloane d amyurar n teglizit. Iḍher deg waṭas n tsiriyin n tiliẓri akked deg isura n tiliẓri Pleasureland d The Mark of Cain, i d-yewwin arraz n BAFTA. Deg 2006, Sloane teffeɣ-d deg West End deg Blood Brothers n Willy Russell. Deg dujember 2007, yebda yetturar ameskar n tneqqast Niall Rafferty deg Hollyoaks n Channel 4, i s-d-yefkan tlata n yisura n usegmi n usaru.

Deg 2010, Sloane yettban-d deg DCI Banks n ITV, yerna deg useggas-nni, yurar daɣen Kieran Callaghan deg Holby City n BBC One. Deg yulyu 2012, Sloane yettwaferneḍ ad yurar Aiden Mathis deg tsiregt n tdrama n ABC Revenge. Deg fuṛar n 2014, yekcem deg umussu n umezgun ussnan n ABC The Whispers. Sloane yeṭṭef amkan n Captain Price deg Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, i wumi yettwaferneḍ i Warraz n Yugurten n Yugurten n Yugurten n Yugurten n Yugurten n Yugurten, yerna yeṭṭef amkan-nni di Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II (2022) d Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III (2023).
Call of Duty: Black Ops 6

***Call of Duty: Black Ops 6*** d urar n usekles n umdan amezwaru n useggas n 2024, yettwasnulfa s tiddukla n Treyarch d Raven Software, d Activision i t-id-yessufɣen. D anagraw wis εecrin d yiwen deg tsekla n Call of Duty, d anagraw wis sebɛa deg tsekla n Black Ops, deffir n Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War. Imezdaɣ n 1991, tanfust n Black Ops 6 tettili-d ɣef yiwen n umedyaz, d imseqdacen n usegdel Troy Marshall d Frank Woods, mi ara d-sduklen yiwet n terbaεt n yimseqdacen akken ad d-ddmen ɣef Pantheon, d agraw n yiɣermanen i yebɣan ad d-sbedden aṭṭan n lekdeb ɣef Yiwunak Yeddukklen akken ad sserseɣ yerna ad rren amεellem amatu n CIA.

Am yisem n wuraren n Black Ops iɛeddan, Black Ops 6 yella-d daɣen deg-s amḍiq n wurar s waṭas n yiberdan akked amḍiq n wurar s waṭas n yiberdan. Amḍiq n urar-nni amaynut yefka-d seṭṭac n tkartiwin timaynutin mi d-yessuli, yerna yerra-d aṭas n tzemmar i d-yellan deg yisem n Call of Duty imezwura, am uɣbalu n usnerni "Prestige". Amḍiq n Zombies yesεa snat n tkartiwin timaynutin mi d-yessuli, i d-yettkemmilen amezruy n umḍiq-a segmi i yeǧǧa deg Black Ops Cold War. Deg tlata-nni n talɣiwin, imuraren zemren ad ssexdamen imukan n umussu n yal tama, i ten-yettaǧǧan ad d-sprint, ad d-ɣummen, ad zzin deg yal tama.

Black Ops 6 yesεa anebdu ameqqran akk deg umezruy n Call of Duty, s wazal n rebεa iseggasen. Asnulfu n wurar yebda-d deg mayyu 2024, s useḍru n yisebtaren ur nelli ara d inagan deg isebtaren imezwura n waṭas n yeɣmisen akked waṭas n treylanen i d-yettwassen srid. Isebtaren i sɛan azday ɣer "Xbox Games Showcase 2024" Black Ops 6 yeffeɣ-d deg 25 Tubeṛ 2024 ɣef PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One d Xbox Series X/S, yerna yella-d i yimseqdacen n Xbox Game Pass deg wass n tuffɣa-s.
Ḥmed Nekkar

**Ahmed Nekkar** (s teqbaylit: Ḥmed Nekkar, s tifinagh: ⵃⵎⴻⴷ ⵏⴻⴽⴽⴰⵔ, ilul ass 13 di Maɣres 1955 deg Dellys, Tamurt Taqbaylit (Lezzayer) yerna yemmut ass 14 di yevrir 2024 deg Tizi-Uzu di Tmurt Taqbaylit, d acennay, d aẓawan, amedyaz, amsiẓreg, amedyar, amaru, amaru, d amsuqel acennay-ameskar n ddeqs n tezlatin, amaru, amaru n wungalen, ameskar n tmezgunin, amedyaz d umaẓrag n ddeqs n yiḍrisen s tutlayt taqbaylit. Amsuddes n terbaɛt n uẓawan IFGUREN deg tallit n yiseggasen n 1979, aɛeggal amsbeddi n tiddukla tadelsant TALA n Tala Ɛetman, d unemhal n teẓrigin n tmagit, Tizrigin. Tizrigin Tamagit.

## Tamettant
Ahmed Nekkar, ilul deg 13 di Maɣres 1955 deg At Selgem, seg wasmi yella d ameẓyan, seg wid yesseḥbibiren ɣef yidles d tutlayt tamaziɣt. Amennuɣ-agi yeččuren d lḥir yewwi-t ɣer lḥebs deg useggas 1976. Amaruz, amedyaz, amedyazen d amedyaz i d-yettunefk tudert-is D aneggal, d amedyaz, d amusnilsan d umsuqel, yefka tudert-is i useḥbiber d usebɣes n tgemmi tamaziɣt.

D yiwen gar yimezwura n tsekla taqbaylit tatrart, imi i d-yessufeɣ ungal-is amezwaru deg useggas n 1999, azwel-is "Yugar Ucerrig Tafawet" (Tizrigin Yuba II).

= Tiẓrigin =

### Ungalen

### Aselmed n tutlayt

## Tismektiwin d tmuɣliwin
Awarzim

**Awarzim** *(Algorithme)* d aneḍfur n tnaḍin *(Instructions)* d temehlin *(Opérations)* yetwasqedcen i tifrat n wuguren. Annar n tezrawt n **Yiwarzimen** qarenas Tasnurzimt *(Algorithmique)*. Nezmer anwali Awarzim am "Tismelt" anda yal aḥric yettwasbed akken ad yaweḍ ɣer kra n ugmuḍ usdid.

Awal **Awarzim** yekka-d seg yisem n Umusnak *(Mathématicien)* afarsi "Muḥemmed ibn Musa al-Xawarizmi", i yeddren deg uwines wis 9. Amahil-nnes d win iyesnernan Ajbar *(Algèbre)* d Tsnamḍant *(Arithmétique)*.

Ass-a, Iwerzimen tturaren tamlilt meqren deg waṭas n yeḥricen ussnanen *(Scientifiques)* d yitwilanen *(Techniques)*, ladɣa deg Tsenselkimt *(Informatique)*, anda alan d adda n yihallen *(Programmes)* d yiseɣẓanen *(Logiciels)* i yesedayen allalen-nneɣ ilikṭruniyen. Nettaf **iwerzimen** deg Tigzi taragmawant *(Intelligence Artificielle)*, Awgelhan *(Cryptographie)*, Asekker n tugna *(Traitement d’images)*, Asekker n isefka *(Traitement des données)* …

## Timeẓliyin ''(Caractéristiques)'' n yiwarzimen
**Iwarzimen** sɛan aṭas n tmeẓliyin tigejdanin.

## Tiwsatin ''(Types)'' n yiwarzimen

**Iwerzimen** bḍan ɣef waṭas n tewsatin, s lmendad n temṣukt-nsen, n tmeẓla-nsen d tarrayt n tifrat-nsen.

### 1. Iwerzimen iguclanen ''(déterministes)''

**Awarzim** aguclan yeṭṭafar yiwen wubrid i wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer tṛeẓmi. Seg yiwen unekcum, yetfaras yiwet n tifrat. Amedya: Iwerzimen n wefran (am wefran s tguri) d iguclanen.

### 2. Iwerzimen ur iguclanen-ara ''(non-déterministes)''

**Awarzim** ur iguclan-ara yezmer ad isniṛem aṭas n tifrat iwaken ad-isefru yiwen n wagnu, yezmer daɣen ad-yefk aṭas n tifrat i yiwen unekcum. Twasqedcen aṭas g Usiḍen aseqqaran *(Calcul probabilistes)*, am uwerzim n Munti Karlu *(Monte Carlo)*.

### 3. Iwarzimen isnalasen ''(récursifs)''

### 4. Iwarzimen illusanen ''(récursifs)''

## Taɣult n wesnas ''(Domaine d'application)''

## Imedyaten n yiwarzimen yettwassnen

## Amazray d Temhezt ''(Historique et évolution)''

## Tagrayt ''(Conclusion)''
Neil Ellice

**Neil Ellice** d amyurar, anesnas, d ameskar angli. Yurar Hunter D-90 deg tsiregt n tiliẓri Loki d John "Soap" MacTavish deg uraren n vidyu Call of Duty: Modern Warfare d Call of Duty: Warzone.

## Taẓuri
Ellice tɣer deg Asaru Aɣelnaw n Yilemẓiyen n Briṭan d Aɣerbaz n Unebdu n Shakespeare n Tasdawit Tageldant n Tẓuri Tadamsant.

Ellice yuɣal d amεiwen n usnulfu deg tsersiwt n tiliẓri Mortal Kombat: Legacy. Dɣa yewwi-d tamlilt-is tamezwarut deg umezgun deg Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn. Iḍfer-d deg kra n isura d isura n tiliẓri uqbel ad yeṭṭef amkan-is amenzu, win n John "Soap" MacTavish deg urar n tiliẓri Call of Duty: Modern Warfare. Yerna, yella daɣen d amyurar yettεawaden deg tsirift n tiliẓri Loki deg umkan n Hunter D-90.

Yella daɣen seg wid i d-yefkan asaru amecṭuḥ The Final Moments of Karl Brant, i d-yellan d Paul Reubens d Janina Gavankar.
Ɣef tegrawla n teblulɣin tigennanin

**Ɣef tegrawla n teblulɣin tigennanin** (s tlatint : **De revolutionibus orbium coelestium**) d adlis i yura umesnallun apulundi Nikola Kopernik (1473–1543) ɣef teẓri n tillumsa n tafukt. Yeffeɣ wedlis-a tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 1543 di temdint n Nurnberg, Amenkud Arumani Imqeddes. Adlis-a yefka-d tamudemt tamlellayt i unagraw n Patlimus n tillumsa n tegnit, i yella yettwaqbel si zzman aqdim.
Henry Miller

**Henry Valentine Miller** (26 dujember 1891  -  7 yunyu 1980) d amyaru amarikani, amyaru n tmucuha d umyaru n umezruy. Yegzem-d tiɣawsiwin-nni n tsekla yellan yakan, yerna yesnulfa-d yiwen n ṣṣenf amaynut n wungal azgen n tudert-is i d-yesduklen leqraya n umdan, tamegzi n tmetti, d tmuɣli n tfelseft. Isebtar-is i d-yettakken amkan ugar d *Tropic of Cancer, Black Spring, Tropic of Capricorn*, d *The Rosy Crucifixion*, i yebnan ɣef tirmitin-is deg temdinin New York d Paris (akken akk llan ttwaḥerzen deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen alamma d 1961). Yura ula d ismektiyen n usikel d usegzi n tsekla, yerna yesnuzu tiɣmiwin n waman.

## '''Ahil n Tsekla'''
Miller yettwaḥsab d "aẓawan amaynut n tsekla" deg leqdic-is "tiɣriwin tidett d tin yettwaxemmimen tuɣal ur nezmir ad tent-nbeggen gar-asent". Idlisen-is xeddmen aṭas akken ad d-ssuffɣen timsal n temsalt tadelsant deg tira tamarikanit seg tuqqna n usaḍuf d tmetti. Yewwet aṭas n yimyura, gar-asen Lojze Kovačič, Richard Brautigan, Jack Kerouac, Norman Mailer, Vitomil Zupan, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, Paul Theroux d Erica Jong.

Deg yal ungal-is, yettmeslay-d ɣef leqdic nniḍen n tsekla; yettmeslay-d ɣef Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Balzac d Nietzsche am akken d wid i t-id-yessebdan.

*Tropic of Cancer* yettwasemmes deg udlis n 2007 n Junot Díaz *The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao* akken i t-teɣra Ana Obregón. Tiɣawsiwin n Miller deg temsalt-is, *Tropic of Cancer* d Tropic of Capricorn, ttwasemman-d deg wungal n 2007 n Denis Johnson, *Tree of Smoke*, deg yiwet n tdiwennit gar Skip Sands d xali-s, Colonel Sands. Miller yettwasemmeslay-d daɣen ɣer deffir deg wungal-nni. Tameẓla gar ileqman n Miller d June Mansfield d asentel n wungal n Ida Therén n 2020 Att omfamna ett vattenfall.

## Umuɣ n tezrawt n unadi ɣef temsalt-a
Irrumanen

**Iṛumaniyen** neɣ **Aṛumi/taṛumit** i d-yettmeslayen s waṭas ɣef: 

* Ṛuma/Roma, tamaneɣt n Ṭṭelyan 
* Ṛuma n zik, tamedyazt tarumaniyt seg lqern wis 8 uqbel talalit-nneɣ ar lqern wis 5 n tallit-nneɣ 
* Agdud n Ṛuma, agdud n tmedyazt n Ṛuma
Richard Dawkins

**Richard Dawkins** (ilul 26 Meɣres 1941) d amesnuder n temhazt, d amesnaɣersiw d ameskar abriṭani. Adlis-is "Aǧin Anassaf" yerra tikti n tussfa n waǧin mucaɛet, d netta diɣen i d-yessnulfan awal n "meme".
Amezruy Agmawi (Plinius)

**Amezruy Agmawi** (s tlatint : Historia Naturalis) d tasanayt i yura Plinius Ameqqran, yessufeɣ-itt ger 77 d 79 df.Ɛ. Tasanayt-a d amazil i meqqren maḍi i yeqqimen seg Umenkud Arumani ar ass-a. Iswi n tsanayt-a yella d asejmeɛ n tmussni yettwassnen yakan ɣef ddunit, ittusemma amazil-a "Amezruy Agmawi" ur yesɛi anamek n "amezruy agmawi" i nessen ass-a.

## Imniren
Tiṭri

**Tiṭri** (s teɛrabt : التيطري) d amazrar n yidurar i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Lezzayer, yezga umazrar-a di 3 n twilayin Lemdeyya, Tubirett, d Ɛin Ddefla. Zedɣen deg-s leɛruc n ayt Wezzra, ayt Bu Yeɛgub, ayt Xlifa, d wayt Ǧeɛd.

## Tagmuẓart
Yejla unamek n "Tiṭri" meɛna imussnawen qqaren isem-a d awal uddis seg sin wawalen : "tiṭ" akked "itri"

## Imniren
Tasenzikt

**Tasenzikt** nɣ **tasnqburt** d tazrawt n wermud anafgan n zik s weslaḍ n yigulaz ingawen, am dduzan, tiski, ideqqi, d wayen-nniḍen i d-ǧǧant tmettiyin tiqdimin.

## Imniren
Adiwenni Asuqraṭi

**Adiwenni asuqraṭi** d talɣa taseklant tafelsafit isseqdacen abrid amyehdaran n tsestant i wesnirem n tektiwin tisemlalin, di lketra n lewqat yella uwadem alemmas (yezga d Suqraṭ) ittekkin deg weskasi ameẓlan s yiswi n usekyed n yisteqsiyen uzzmanen, isnussnanen, neɣ imeẓlanen. Teḍher telɣa-a di Legrig aqbur, terza telɣa-a d ttexmam uzɣin d wesfukel anmirag iwakken ad inir imekkayen ad grun s yisteqsiyen d tririyin tidettin itteffren wala asiher usrid. Adiwenni asuqraṭi yettuneḥsab d agejdan i tfelseft tutrimt, iḍehher gejdani deg yimazilen n Flaṭun d Ksinufun
Tiẓri n Yinzizen

Di tfizikt, **tiẓri n yinzizen** d akatar aẓrayan ittweṣṣifen iḥedran igejdanen n umeɣrad belli d "inzizen" iynasektanen fiɛuḍ d tibzizin tineqqiḍin. Zemren yinzizen-a ad smamin d isnagaren imgirrdanen, d ayen ittmeɣrun ɣer taylatin n tebzizin, am yigilem d tezdemt. Iswi n teẓri n yinzizen ad tesdukkel tamikanikt tanectant d timmaseɣt tamatut d "tiẓri n kullec". Tessadaf diɣen teẓri-a anekti n tsektiwin timernanin akin i tsektiwin i nessen n tallunt d wakud tessumur armi d 11 n tsektiwin di kra n yimsilen.

## Imniren
Ṭabla n Yugar-iten

**Ṭabla n Yugar-iten** d yiwen wadrar yesεan tqacuct alebḍan deg taɣiwant n Qlɛat Snam de Ugafa-Umalu n Tunes. 

Yezga azal n 600 n lmitrat nnig azaɣar n Ez-Zghalma s 1500 m n teɣzi, 500 m n lɛerḍ, s wazal n 80 n yihektaren n tqacuct. 1] 

#### '''Amezruy'''
Adrar-a yettwasseqdec d amkan yettwaḥerzen acḥal n tikkal deg umezruy. Tawrirtf tettafk tamuɣli ibanen i yemḥaddiyen, yerna aṭas i wid yettɛerriḍen ad ssiwḍen ɣer tɣiwant akken ad d-yewwten iεdawen-nsen.

Qqaren-d belli Mass-nsen i yebnan tiɣremt tamezwarut dinna azal n 200 UT. 

Azal n 112 ar 105 UT, Yugar-iten yesseqdec-itt akken ad yeḥbes lǧehd n iṛumiyen. Tiɣiltin-nni meqqren n wedrar 

mazal-itent ttwalint-d isekkilen n yiberdan i d-sqedcen yiserdasen-is deg uẓru akken ad awḍen ɣer yixef. 

Qaren belli deg awines wis 18, taɣremt-nni tettwabna-d sɣur yiwen n umḍebber, isem-is Senan, i yellan d aɣewwaɣ mgal lεeskeṛ n Bey n Tunes. D aya i d-yefkan isem-is i temdint-nni d temnaḍt-nni.

## Tisɣunin
Tasnaǧeɣǧuɣt

**Tasnaǧeɣǧuɣt** d tazrawt tussnant n tiddi, talɣa, d temṣukt n yiǧeɣǧuɣen n wemdan d uɣersiw. Tettusexdam i lefhama n yimgirden imhazanen, ifizikiyen d yisnudranen ger telmas d tɣerfiwin.
Tutlayt taturkit

**Taturkit** (*Türkçe* [ˈtyɾctʃe] d tutlayt i ttmeslayen iturkiyen, taturkit d yiwet n tutlayt yattekan deg tutlayin titurkiyin, d tmeslayen yis azal n 83 yimelyan, sawalen-as daɣen taturkit tanaḍulit neɣ taturkit tasṭṭembulit, d tmeslayentt daɣen deg Tturk, Qubrus ugafa, d tutlayt tadrus di Ɛiraq , Legrig, Tagduda n maqdunya, Kosovo, aked d Albanya d kra n tmura niḍen n Turuft usamar.
Kamal Mesɛudi

**Kamal Mesɛudi** yella d acennay d amẓawan n uẓawan n Cceɛbi. yettuneḥsab seg yimeqqranen di tẓuri n uẓawan azzayri.

## Tameddurt
Ilul di Buzerriɛa ass n 30 Yennayer 1961 si tfamilt taqbaylit i d-yekkan si tɣiwant n Friḥa (Tawilayt n Tizi Wezzu). Yebda icennu deg 1974 mi ikecem ɣer terbaɛt n uẓawan n Cceɛbi.
Amcubbek Anectan

**Amcubbek Anectan** d tumant di tfizikt tanectant ideg snat neɣ aṭas n tebzizin teqqnent s webrid yettarran addad anectan n yiwet seg-sen yettguccul addad anectan tayeḍ (neɣ tiyaḍ ma llant ugar n yiwet), akken yebɣu yili umeccaq gar-asent, ma mcubbkent tebzizin, ihi aktili n taylat n kra n tebzizt (am usebrin-is neɣ tixfit-is) yemmal dindin taylat tanmeɣrut n tebzizt-nniḍen xas ma beɛdent d imeccaqen imeqqranen. Tamyigit-a ulac deg-s taɣwalt ger tebzizin rnu tḍerru s tɣawla meqqret ɣef tin n tafat, lameɛna ulamek ad tettusexdem temyigit-a i wazzun n telɣa.

## Imniren
Tagduda (Flaṭun)

**Tagduda** (s tegrigt tagelsant : Πολιτεία ; s tlatint : De Republica) d adiwenni asuqraṭi yura-t Flaṭun deg useggas n 375  qb.ɛ. Terza tṣekka-a taɣdemt, timetti taktawant d tuzzmawit s tektiwin am ufelsaf-agellid d tniniḍent n yifri. Aḍris-a agejdan yezrar tidmi tutrimt ɣef tuzzma d tsertit

## Imniren
Iselman n wuccen

Iselm n wucen neɣ ucen n yilel d tawacult n iselman n yilel n uswir persiform tazdeɣt-is deg yilel asemmaḍ seg Agaraw anaṭlas d ugaraw Amelwi, d tidiren deg iɣezran n umenẓaw deg telqi alama d 600m.

## Tiwsatin
Yella deg-s semmus n tiwsatin yebḍan ɣef sin leṣnaf 

** islem n wuccen n waṭlas ugafa
** islem n wuccen aberqa
** islem n wuccen anaṭlas

## Tamselyut
At yeɛla usamar

At Yeɛla Usamar d yiwet n taqbilt i d-yezgan deg usamar n Tubiret, tilisas ḥudent-d seg ugafa Ḥizer d Tawilayt n Tizi Wezzu, seg usamar Imceddalen ,Aḥnif, seg wenẓul At Leqṣer seg umalu Asif Asemmaḍ d tadayra n Tubiret taqbilt-agi tebḍa ɣef krad n tɣiwanin leṣnam beclul, aked Leɛǧiba, imezdaɣ-is d tmeslayen s tutlayt Taqbaylit
Ǧahiliyya

**Ǧahiliyya** (di teɛrabt: جاهِليّة seg uẓar n Ǧ-H-L i yerzan tinnuzɣa d lɣiba n leɛqel) d irem islami yettusexdam i umeslay ɣef tallit tazarislamit di tzunegzirt taɛrabt.
Aqcic n Turkana

**Aqcic n Turkana** d isem i yettunefk i tmeɣzut **KNM-WT 15000**, d taɣessa qrib d tummidt yettwafen deg useggas in 1984 sdat ugelmim n Turkana , di Kenya. Yettwadwen leɛmer-is azal n 1,6 n yimelyan n yiseggasen, tameɣzut-a tella d tin n ucawrar seg wemdan ibedden (Homo Erectus) leɛmer-is ger 7 d 11 n yiseggasen rnu tettak tilɣa yesɛan azal meqqer ɣef tneflit n wemdan.

## Imniren
"Weird Al" Yankovic

**Alfred Matthew Yankovic** d asnebgar amarikani, ilul ass n 23 Tuber aseggas 1959 di Downey, awanak n Kalifurnya.
Makrinus

**Makrinus** (s talatint : *Marcus Opellius Macrinus*), illul deg 164 deg Cercal, yemmut deg 218 deg Kalsiduni, d umenkad urumani seg 217 ar 218. D umenkad amezwaru i d-yeḥkmen Tamnekda Tarumanit war ma yuɣal uɛeggal n usinator.

## Tuddert-is
Makrinus yuɣal d uselway n tsenbaḍt deg tallit n Karakalla (umenkad arumani 211-217), tlata wussan deffir lmut n Karakalla deg ṭṭraḍ mgal yipartiyen, Makrinus yettwaberreḥ d umenkad n Tamnekda Tarumanit. Yennuɣ yiwen n umennuɣ mgal yipartiyen syin yeqbel talwit yid-sen.

Julia Maesa tessufeɣ-d awal belli mmi-s n mmi-s; Elagabalus d mmi-s n Karakalla. Tafekka n lɛeskeṛ n Yigaliyen Tis Tlata, ur teqbil ara tasertit n Macrinus, tesbedd Elagabalus d umenkad deg 218.

## Tizmilin
Elvis Presley

**Elvis Presley**, illul ass n 8 yennayer 1935 deg Tupelo deg Mississippi deg Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt, yemmut ass n 16 ɣuct 1977 deg Memfis deg Tennessee, d ucennay ed usegbar amarikani qqaren-as s taglizit : *King of Rock and Roll* (Agellid n Rock d Roll), yella d yiwen seg yicennayen imeqranen n uẓawan n Rock seg tlemmast n yiseggasen n 1950 alamma yemmut.

## Tizmilin
Uḍan Mellulen

**Uḍan Mellulen** (s trusit :Белые ночи) d taqṣiḍt tawezzlant i yullef umaru arusi Fyodor Dostoevsky, tettwasufeɣ deg 1848 akked tettuneḥsab seg yimuzal-is imezwura.

## Imniren
Tamnekda tabizanṭit

**Tamnekda tabizanṭit** neɣ **Tamnekda Tarumanit n usamer**, d uzgan usamer n Tamnekda Tarumanit i yeddren alef n yiseggasen deffir uzgen n umalu. Tamnekda tabizanṭit tebda deffir tebḍud n Tamnekda Tarumanit n Theodosius Amezwaru deg 395 gar sin warraw-is. Syin akin, teɣli-d deg tgeldiwin yemgerraden, ɣer taggara teɣli-d ɣef yifassen n Yiṭerkiyen Iɛetmaniyen deg 1453. 

## Amezruy
Amezruy n Tgelda Tabizantit, yeṭṭef tallit n wugar n 1000 n yiseggasen, yesɛa laṣel-is deg usbedd n Tamnekda tatumanit. Deg umezruy abizanti llant sin n yizemza yesɛan azal, tin n 330; lsas n tamanaɣt-is Taqeṣṭenṭinit, ed tis n 395; tebḍud n Tamnekda Tarumanit ɣef snat n temnekdiwin.

Amezruy abizanṭi yezmer ad yettwabḍu sɣur yinmezrayen n wass-a deg tlata n talliyen timeqqranin :

* tin n Tamnekda Taṛumit n Usamer (neɣ tallit « tabizantit taqburt ») seg lqern wis 4 a lqern wis 7, d tin i yeṭṭfen ṣifat tiklasikiyin n Tamnekda Tarumanit ;
* tallit n « tabizantit talemmast » seg lqern wis 7 ar lqern wis 12, asmi Tamnekda Tabizanṭit i d-tesnulfa ṣifat-ines ;
* tallit « tabizantit taneggarut » seg lqern wis 13 ar lqern wis 15 : ttwaṭṭfen seg wakk timnaḍin, d Tamnekda tuɣal d tazmert tameẓyant uqbel ma teɣli-d d uwanak.

## Tizmilin
Lana Del Rey

**Lana Del Rey**, tlul ass 21 yunyu 1985 di New York, d yiwet n tcennayt n pop Amarikani. Aẓawan-is yettwassen s ṣṣenf-is n sinima d usnulfu-ines n tayri taḥerfit, taḥerfit, d uḥezzeb, s tuqqna i d-yettakent ɣer yidles n pop d Amarikana n yiseggasen n 1950 d 1970. Taẓuri-ines taḥlawant n Hollywood tban-d deg uẓawan-is n ccna. Tewwi-d aṭas n yisental, gar-asen MTV Video Music Award, tlata MTV Europe Music Awards, sin Brit Awards, sin Billboard Women in Music awards d yiwen n Satellite Award, rnu-as 11 n yisental n Grammy Awards d yiwen n Golden Globe Award.
Annar Tadukli N Tamazɣa

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"properties": { "title": "Stade de l'Unité maghrébine", "marker-color": "006A32", "marker-symbol": "soccer", "marker-size":"medium", "description": ""}},
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Annar n **Tdukli n Tamazɣa** (tiginaɣ: ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ) d amkan n ddabex n uḍar i d-yefkan deg useggas n 1987 deg temdint n Bgayet, deg tmurt n Leqbayel.

Yesɛa azal n 17.500 n yemkanen. D axxam n temsal n tdukliwin n twilayt : Ilemẓiyen n Bgayet, Lmuludia n Bgayet d Olimplik n Akbu, akked kra n tdukkla n taddalt.

## Isekkilen n beṛṛa

* Taɣra n tnaḍt - ''goalzz.com''
* Taɣawsa n tnaḍt - mob-bejaia.com
* Algérie Press Service

## Aɣbalu
Ttejra Sxayen

**Ttejra Sxayen** (s teglizit : The Giving Tree) d adlis asuman amarikani n warrac, yura-t yessumen-it Shel Silverstein. Adlis-a yettwasufeɣ-d tikkelt tamezwarut deg 1964 sɣur Harper & Row, yuɣal seg yidlisen mucaɛen maḍi n Silverstein, rnu yettwasuɣel ɣer waṭas n tutlayin.

## Imniren
Aɣbar n Internet

**Aɣbar n Internet** (s teglizit : Internet Archive) d tamkarḍit tumḍint mm yiswi arurbiḥ, issebded-it Brewster Kahle deg 1996, yeḍwel ad yeḥrez w ad yefk addaf baṭel ɣer telkensit tabarart n yimidyaten umḍinen, am yismal web, isnasen, aẓawan, agbur ameslan-ameẓran, d yisemliyen ilagamen. Aɣbar-a d aɣbalu yesɛan azal meqqer i yimesnadiyen d yinmezrayen d wegdud s umata skud yesseḥbibir ɣef Internet d ilelli imeldi. Ar ass-a mazal d amekdi i tuɣḍaḍt-is n "addaf ameɣradan ɣer tmussniwin merra", Aɣbar n Internet mazal-it yessihriw ussisen-is deg weḥraz umḍin d waddaf n tmussni.

## Imniren
Sgt. Frog

**Sgt. Frog** (s tyabanit : ケロロ軍曹, Keroro Gunsō, meskuli. "Aserjan Keroro") d amazrar n tmanga yura-t yessuneɣ-it Mine Yoshizaki

## Imniren
Assaɣen gar Albanya d Lezzayer

**[[Albanya]]** d **[[Lezzayer]]** sbeddent assaɣen idiplumatiyen seg 1963. Snat-a n tmura d iɛeggalen n Tdukli i Yilel Agrakal. Lezzayer tesɛa taqenṣulit deg Tirana, Albanya tesɛa tuɣḍaḍt tadiplumatit di Lezzayer Tamaneɣt. Deg 1963, deffir ma sbedden-d assaɣen idiplumatiyen, ama d Albanya, ama d Lezzayer di snat yid-sent ttekkant deg Umtawa n Vienna. Deg tallit-nni, snat n tmura-nni ssawḍent ad sqedcent imtawayen n tnezzut gar-asent, yerna ssǧehdent assaɣen-nsen isertiyen, idamsanen d yidles gar-asent.

## Imniren
Taẓrameṭṭut

**Taẓrameṭṭuḍt** (daɣen taniswit, neɣ s tfransist : Féminisme, s tfinaɣ : ⵜⴰⵥⵔⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ) d umussu id-ijemɛen yal tiktiwin n tasertit akk-d yidles ɣef izerfan n tmeṭṭut. Iswi n umussu-agi d lemsawa n izerfan gar tulawin d yergazen s uselmed n izerfan n tmeṭṭut. Yebna ɣef umenzay i d-yeqqaren belli irgazen d tulawin d imdanen uqbel kulci.

## Aẓar n wawal
Awal **taẓrameṭṭuḍt** d awal amaynut s teqbaylit. Yebna s wezwir n "aẓer-" akk-d wawal "tameṭṭuḍt".

Awal "taniswit" neɣ "lfiminism" ussand seg tutlayint tiberraniyin. Lameɛna, amennuɣ ɣef izerfan n tmeṭṭut yella segmi llant timettiyin n umdanen. "Taniswit" yussad seg taɛrabt, ma d "lfiminism" yussad seg tfransit : yenulfad abrid amezwaru deg useggas n 1872 seg Alexandre DUMAS (ameẓyan) deg umegrad mgal timeɣnasin, uqbel ma terra-t Hubertine AUCLET d agla-nsent aseggas n 1882.

## Amezruy
Tebdad tuttra n tẓrameṭṭut seg wid ig-faqen s lqella n lmizan gar yemdanen ɣef sebba n lǧens-nsen. Mkul amkan, mkul zman yesɛa tẓrameṭṭut -is d wayen id ssutren-t timeɣnasin.

Ɣef tazwara-s, bɣant tulawin ad ɛaqlen yergazen tamkant i sɛant g uggdud.

Di lqarn wis XIX, ssuturen-t ad tili lemsawa zdat lqanun.

Assegassen n 1960, ibaned belli ɣas akken i beddel lqanun, mazal lbaṭṭel yella yettidir deg uxxam, deg beṛṛa, deg uxeddim.

Ass-a, amennuɣ yet-kemmil. Ttwaṭṭfen deg leḥsab tulawin n ddunit s umata.

## Aɣbalu
Vlorë

**Vlorë** d nettat ay d tamdint tameqqrant tis tlata deg Albayna, deffir Tirana d Durrës. Tamdint-a tesɛa 83 683 d amezdaɣ deg 2023, rnu d nettat i yesɛan lmersa ameqqran wis sin deg Albanya, deffir lmersa n Durrës, amezruy-is d ameqqran maḍi, tinezduɣin timezwura n temdint-a llant di lqern wis setta Qb.Ɛ. deg-s i yella Umedruz n Uzarug n Albanya, ideg yettuswenna uzarug n Albanya seg Umenkud Aɛetamni.

## Imniren
Varg Vikernes

**Varg Vikernes** (isem-is uzrif **Louis Cachet**, ilul d **Kristian Vikernes** deg 11 n Furar, 1973 d tama n Bergen di Nurwij) d amẓawan n Black Metal, amenɣaw, aserɣay d umeɣnas asertan. Yesnulfa-d Vikernes deg 1991 asenfar-is "Burzum" bu yiwen wemdan. Burzum tuɣal s tɣawla tesɛa ccan di tazwara n usayes n Black Metal anurwiji. Dɣa yuɣal d amur seg Heathen Front yura aṭas n tirin ɣef tfaganut taǧermanit.

## Imniren
Elliot Knight

Elliot Knight d amyurar n teglizit. Yexdem-d tazwara-s deg umezgun d umezgun deg Sky1 s umezgun n Sinbad (2012). Yebda ixeddem deg tiliẓri, Knight yettban-d am yiwen n umezgun deg termit n BBC One By Any Means (2013), di termit n CBS American Gothic, d The CW comedy-drama Life Sentence (2018), rnu-d ad d-yerr Merlin deg termit n ABC Once Upon a Time (2015) d Don Hall / Dove deg termit n DC Universe / HBO Max Titans (2018; 2021). Deg usaru, yeffeɣ-d deg usaru n usegzawal ussnan Color Out of Space (2020). Knight d netta daɣen i d-yefkan amḍiq n Serdant Kyle "Gaz" Garrick deg uraren n wemdan amezwaru Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2019), Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II (2022). d Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III (2023). Knight daɣen (as n 3 yulyu 2023) yesɛa podcast Open Up ɣef "Temsawalin n tidet akked inaẓuṛen yemgaraden i d-yeldin ɣef tirmit-nsen deffir tzeqqa n tnezduɣt n usefru".

## Tudert Tamezwarut d Aselmed
Tlul-d Knight deg Birmingham, Tagelda Yeddukklen, d tayemmat n Stuart d Lorna Knight, i yellan d iselmaden. Baba-s yella ixeddem deg uɣerbaz alemmas n Broadway deg Perry Barr, Birmingham. Yella d anelmad deg uɣerbaz n King Edward VI Aston School, dɣa yeɣra di Manchester Metropolitan School of Theatre, anda i d-yewwi agerdas n BA (Hon) deg 2011.

## Tameddurt-is
Knight d aḥric seg tmetti LGBT.
Tiẓri n tutlayt n yiṭij

Tiẓri n tutlayt n yiṭij tella d tiẓri n tussna n tkerkas yerna d tasertant n Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. 

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk yella yebɣa ad yessuqel awalen n taɛṛabt ay d-yettwasqedcen deg yedlisen inselmen (Leqran, Ḥadit) ɣer tutlayt taṭerkit, yerna ad yaru idlisen n Leqran ed Ḥadit s tutlayt taṭerkit akken ad yezmer ad d-yeɣreḍ Leqran s tutlayt taṭerkit. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk yebɣa daɣen ad yessuqel awalen n taɛṛabt, awalen ikurdiyen ed wawalen ifaṛsiyen ɣer tutlayt taṭerkit i wakk-n ad yesɛu ssebbat i yiwen n wegdud (race) aṭerki ay d-yellan d aɛessas (maître) yerna ad yesseqdec tussna-a n tkerkas (pseudoscience) akken ad yesɛu ssebbat tusligin (personnelles) i lmend n usuqel n yedlisen inselmen (Leqran, Ḥadit) ɣer tutlayt taṭerkit.
Elbasan

**Elbasan** d tamdint tis 4 i yesɛan imezdaɣen yeṭṭuqten deg-s maḍi di tmurt n Albanya. Deg 2023 tesɛa 115.101 n yimezdaɣen. Tamdint-a tezga-d deg ugafa (nord) n wasif n Shkumbin ger yidurar n Skanderbeg d luḍa Utrim n Myzeqe, di tlemmast n Albanya. Elbasan tettwasebded di lqern wis 2 qb.Ɛ. Tettwassen s leqṣer-is i d-yezgan deg tlemmast n temdint, d ayen i d-ijebbden imerrayen. Leqṣer n Elbasan yettwabna di lqern wis 4 df.Ɛ. imukan-nniḍen ay iceɣben d Lbuṛj aqdim n ssaɛa n Elbasan d Tbazilika Tamasiḥit n Elbasan.

## Imniren
Aseklu imisin n unadi

Deg Tsenselkimt *(Informatique)*, **Aseklu imisin n unadi** *(Arbre Binaire de recherche)* d tamṣukt n isefka *(Structure de données)* yettwasqedcen am tfelwit tadrawant *(Tableau associatif)*, anda yal tasarut ttekka ɣer yiwet n tgrumma tamizzwart *(Ensemble ordonné)*.

**Aseklu imisin n unadi** yeskaray s tɣawla timhal n unadi, n tguri naɣ n tukksa n tsarut.

= Tabadut =

## Tabadut tamatut
Aseklu imisin n unadi *(Arbre Binaire de recherche)* d aseklu imisin anda yal tikerrist *(Noeud)* tesɛa tasarut yugaren tina n udaseklu *(Sous-arbre)* azelmaḍ, meẓẓiyet f tina n udaseklu ayeffus.

## Tibuda tuslidin

* Aseklu imisin n unadi d ummid ma yella ak innagen-is ččuren, anagar aneggaru yezmer ad yilli ur yeččur ara.
* Aseklu imisin aneblal d aseklu ummid iwumi ak tiferka zgant-id ɣef yiwet n tattuyt (Annag aneggaru d aččuran).
* Aseklu imisin d imzireg ma Yella yal tikerrist-ynes tesɛa anagar n yiwen n miss.

= Timehlin =

## Anadi

## Taguri

## Tukksa

= Isnasen =
Masties

**Masties** (iḥekmen azal n 484–494?) yella d d imḍebber, yerna yessawl-d iman-is d agellid n Tgelda n Wawras, yiwet n Tagelda tamaziɣt-taṛumit (Yiṛumyen d Imaziɣen) deg deg temnaḍt n Numidya Ṛuman n Numidya.

## Iɣbula
Mastigas

**Mastigas** neɣ **Mastinas** (s tegrikkit: Μαστίγας neɣ Μαστίνας, azal n 535-541) yella yeḥkem Tagelda tamaziɣt-taṛumit (Yiṛumyen d Imaziɣen) deg lqern wis setta am d agellid n Imaziɣen d Iṛumaniyen, yeṭṭef amkan n Masuna. Deg tallit n tgelda n Mastigas, tagelda n Tagelda Yiṛumyen d Imaziɣen teḥkem deg wazal n tamnaḍt (province) taṛumit taqburt n Mauretania Caesariensis, anagar tamaneɣt-nni n zik n Caesarea i d-yeṭṭfen tagelda n Ṛuma n Utaram.
Garmul

**Garmul** neɣ **Gasmul**, yella d agellid amaziɣ n tgelda n Tagelda tamaziɣt-taṛumit (Yiṛumyen d Imaziɣen). Garmul yettwassen s tḥemliwin-nnes tiserdasiyin yemgerraden, d tmenɣiwin-is i d-yellan mgal yemḍebbren ibizantiyen n Tefriqt n Ugafa.
Ibiẓanṭiyen

**Tagelda Tabizantit** *(neɣ *'Tagelda Ibiẓanṭiyen*')*, yettwasnen daɣen s tageldit taṛumaniyt n usammar, tella d anekcum n tageldit tarumaniyt i d-yellan ɣef Kustantinopul deg tallit n tgara n tallit taqburt d tallit n tlemmast (Lqern Alemmas). Imi i tezger seg tidyanin i d-yeǧǧan taggara n Tgelda Talemmast Tarumaniyt deg lqern wis 5 n tallit-nneɣ, teqqim armi d asmi ay teɣli  Constantinopolis i Tgelda Taɛetmanit deg 1453. Isem n ”Tgelda Tabizantit” ur d-yettwasnulfa ara ala deffir ma teɣli; imezdaɣ-is llan sseqdacen isem n ”Tagelda Taṛumit” yerna qqaren i iman-nsen d "Iṛumaniyen" neɣ ”Iṛumyen”.

Deg leqrun imezwura n Tgelda Taṛumit, timnaḍin n utaram llant ttmeslayent talatinit, maca timnaḍin n usammar ḥerzent idles-nsent agrigi. Constantinus I *(Amezwaru)*, (azal n 324 - 337) iseggem-d tamasiḥit yerna yerra tamanaɣt-is ɣer Constantinople. Theodosius I (iḥekmen 379 - 395) yerra tamasiḥit d ddin n tmurt, dɣa tagrigit tekka-d deg umkan n tlatinit i useqdec unṣib. Tagelda- teṭṭef-d takti n tɣellist, yerna deg umezruy-is akk i d-yeqqimen, tesεedda-d tikwal lmuddat n tuccḍa d usnerni.

Tewweḍ ɣer tallit-is ameqran deg tallit n tgelda n Justinianus I *(Amezwaru)*, (iḥekmen 527-565), i d-yerran s tɣawla amur ameqran seg Ṭṭalyan d tlisa n usamer n Yilel Agrakal ɣer tagela-s. Tebda-d tterka azal n 541, yerna ṭṭraḍ mgal Ifaṛsiyen yečča-d ayen yellan di lxir deg tagelda-s. Iɣlanen n Waɛraben ssawḍen ɣer tmettant n timnaḍin timerkantiyin akk n tgelda-nni - Maṣer d Surya - ddaw yifassen n Txellift n Irashiiyen *(*الخِلافةُ الرَّاشِدَة *s Tarɛabt)*. Deg useggas n 698, Tafriqt truḥ ddaw yifassen n Txellif n Lumawiyen *(الأمويون s Tarɛabt)*, maca tagelda-nni tuɣal tettwasbedd ddaw n Taslalt n Ibiẓanṭiyen Surya.  Tεawed temɣur s ddaw n tgelda n Masidunya, yerna tesεa sin leqrun deg usnulfu-ines. Seg yimir-nni, tikkal n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw d ṭṭrad mgal Seljuq ssawḍen ɣer tukksa n amur ameqran n temnaḍt n Asya tamecṭuḥt. Tagelda n Ibiẓanṭiyen terra-d iman-nnes deg tallit n ussebded ddaw n ufus n Taslalt n Komnenos *(deg tallit n 104 n yiseggasen, seg 1081 alamma d azal n 1185*), dɣa Constantinopolis teqqim d tamdint tameqqrant akk d tin i d-yecban akk di Turuft alamma d lqern wis 13.

Tageldit-nni tettwasfeḍ s waṭas deg useggas n 1204, deffir n uḥezzeb n Constantinopolis deg usikel wis ṛebεa n yimeslab; timura-ines ttwabḍan sakkin ɣef yiwanaken imeẓyanen iyunaniyen d tgeldiwin tilatiniyin. Ɣas ma yella deg tgara, Constantinopolis terra-d iman-is deg 1261, tagelda-nni i d-yeqqlen ɣer lebda tesɛa-d kan tazmert tamnaḍant deg sin n leqrun-nni ineggura. Timura-s i d-yeqqimen, ttwaḍḍfen-d s tɣawla sɣur Yiɛetmaniyen deg yiwen n ṭṭrad i d-yellan deg lqern wis 14 d wis 15. Taḥemla n Constantinopolis ɣer ifassen n Yiɛetmaniyen deg 1453 yessaweḍ ɣer tgara n tgelda-a, maca amezruy-is d wayen i d-teǧǧa mazal-iten d isental n uskasi ar wass-a.
Ajenyuṛ

**Ajenyuṛ (tajenyuṛt)** d axeddam amussni ig xedmen ɣef yiswiyen n tijjenyeṛt. Yesnulfuyed tiɣawsiwin, tifrat akked ikalayen yetwaxdamen deg aṭṭas n temsal. 

Lmaɛna n wawal « ajenyuṛ » idebbel aceḥal n tikkal. Ass-a d win yeseqdacen aṭṭas n tmusniwin mxalafent iwakken ad yeṣnaɛ neɣ ad yebnu neɣ seggem  taluft n tiknulujit.

## Aẓar n wawal
Di tazwara-s, yenulfad deg ṭṭalyan (s tlaṭinit « ingeniator ») uqbel ad yelḥeq ar fransa deg lqarn XVI s isem « ingénieur ». Ajenyuṛ yella d win ibennun timacinin i lɛaskker (tasmedna taɛeskrit). Yuɣal ixeddem i lebni g waɛren (tiqenṭyar, lminat, tasmedna s umata...).

Ikecmed awal agi ar tmurt leqbayel akke-d uṣṭaɛmeṛ n fransa i lzzayer.

## Axeddim n ujenyuṛ
Deg tallit-nneɣ, ajenyuṛ neɣ tajenyuṛt, d win yeɣran 5 snin tussna n tsmedna deg tseddawit.

Yuḥwaj tussna yelhan deg aṭṭaṣ n annaren (tusnakt, tasengama, tasenselkimt...) ad yernu i tussna-nni n tsmedna anda yeqfez netta. D netta i d tamḍiqt talemast deg usnerni atikniki s tussna. Amusnaw yebennu tussna, ajenyuṛ yeseqdac tussniwin iwakken ad yebnu tifrat.
Taẓrisqift

**Taẓrisqift** neɣ **Taẓrasqeft** tella d aɣerbaz n tfelseft tahlinistit. Tettwasebded di temdint n Atina sɣur Zinun akitumi di tazwara n lqern wis tlata Qb.Ɛ. Terza assaɣ urmid ger teẓraguccelt (determinism) d tlelli n wemdan

## Tagmuẓart
laṣel n wawal-a d akalku seg wawal n "stoicism" i d-yekkan seg wawal agrigi "stoa" i inumken "asqif", ma d "taẓer" di tazwara d agdazal n weḍfir aglizi-aṛumi "-ism"

## Imniren
Acuceh

**Acuceh** (s telmanit : Schadenfreude) d aḥulfu s lferḥ mi ara yissin, iwali, neɣ ad isel yiwen s leɛtab, leqriḥ, anezgum, leḥzen d wayen-nniḍen n diri i as-iḍerrun i bunadem wayeḍ.

## Tagmuẓart
"acuceh" d yisem n wemyag "ccuceh" i yebnan s weswaɣ "ssu-" d wawal n "cceh", awal n webhat ssexdamen-t yiqbayliyen yal ass si zik. Mi ara as-yeḍru kra n diri i welbaɛḍ, ad as-inin medden "cceh"

"Schadenfreude" d awal uddis, yebna ɣef "Schaden" i yeɛnan leqriḥ, leɛtab, akked "Freude" i yeɛnan lferḥ, tumart.

## Imniren
David Herman

**David Herman** d asnebgar amarikani, ilul ass n 20 Furar aseggas 1967 di New York City, awanak n New York.
Talalit n Tetraǧedya

**Talalit n Tetraǧedya seg Yiziɣer n Uẓawan** (s telmanit : *Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik*) d adlis n n teẓri tamuggant yura-t ufelsaf almani Friedrich Nietsche. Yessufeɣ-it deg useggas n 1872.

## Imniren
Adṛun

Adṛun (Drone s taglizist), d yiwen wallal n umesni yettafgen seg umkan ɣer wayeḍ. Iteddu iman-is kan, ur yesεi amenhar, ur yettawi yid-s kra n umdan. Teɣzi-s, tezmer ad tili si kra yisantimitren alamma d kra yimitren, ma yella d ameqqran.

Idṛunen meqqren, ttusemrasen, ladɣa deg waggaẓ, umlan, amgaru, amesni d umerreḥ. Timanit deg waffug n yidrunen tettili kra n tesdidin alamma 40 tmar, ma d timudam tiqerḍalin.

Tikti n usnulfu n udṛun, tlul-d di tallit n umgaru amaḍlan amezwaru (1914-1918). Si tallit-nni, simmal yettnerni, irennu unadi ussnan fell-as. S wakka, yettusexdem deg waṭas aṭas n yimenɣiyen imsellḥen am wid n Kurya, Byitnam, Asammer alemmas, Ɛiraq, Afɣanistan, Falesṭin, Mali d Ukranya. S useqdec n yidrunen, timura, sseḥdarent ɣef terwiḥin, sseḥbibirent ɣef yimdanen (imenharen) di tegnatin iweεren aṭas.

Deg uɣarim, idrunen, ttuseqdacen deg waṭas taɣulin (asarug,atilibizyun, tafellaḥt, tawennaḍt...). Tatiknulujit, tessaweḍ-iten armi zemren ad refden yid-sen allalen n usewlef, tikamiriwin, tikamiriwin tidawzewwaɣin. Di taɣult n umesni, aṭas n termisin i ten-yessexdamen am DHL, UPS, ALLSHIP. Daɣen, idrunen n umerreḥ d tmerrit, yufrar useqdec-nsen s waṭas, seg useggas n 2010 ɣer da.

Nnulfant-d tmudam d timeẓyanin maḍi, yerna sehlit mliḥ i usemres. Deg waṭas n yiwunak n umaḍal, aseqdec n yidrunen, yuɣal ila azal d axatar di temguri d tdamsa daymi i as-mmuggen yisuḍaf s wayes iteddu.
Fier

**Fier** d tamdint tis setta i meqqren maḍi di tmurt n Albanya, tamdint-a tesɛa taɣerfa n 101 963 d amezdaɣ deg useggas n 2023. Fier tettwasebded di lqern 19 sɣur tfamilt Vrioni, rnu s wudem unṣib deg 1864 sɣur Omer Pasha Vrioni II, tamdint n Fier tekseb aẓayer-is unṣib deg 1969. Yezzi-as wasif n Gjanica si lɣerb, luḍa n Myzeqe i d-yezgan di temdint, asif n Seman deg ugafa, asif n Vjosa deg wenẓul d yidurar n Morava di ccerq. 25 n yikilumitren si temdint-nni yella ufiken n Apollonia, d amedruz aliryan aqdim.

## Imniren
Asṭerḍeq n tmezdayt n Mar Elias

D asṭerdeq id-yellan deg tmezdayt n Mar Elias (Sidi Lyes) yettabaɛen turduksit tayunanit deg 22 Yunyu 2025, d tiyita tamezwarut ara yaɣen timetti tamasiḥit seg wasmi yeɣli udabu n Bacar Al Asad. Tanɣelfa n daxel tenna-d belli d irebraben n Daɛec ittixedmen nutni si tama-nsen ulac d acu d-ibanen.

Deg wass n Acer, 22 yunyu 2025, mi lan medden ttzallan di tmezdayt n Mar Elias id-yezgan deg Dwilɛa di tmanaɣt Dimecq, di Surya yekcem-d urebrab yuwet medden s rṣas syin yesṭerḍeq iman-is akken d-inna Uqerru Malaṭyus Caḥati , wayeḍ umi qaren Musa Xuri yennad d tagrunadt id-yuwet send ad isṭerḍeq iman-is imi iwala ugin-as yiɛessasen ad ikcem.

tawaɣit-a tuwi-d aɛezzi seg waṭas n yiselwayen d yineɣlafen n umaḍal.

## Isamwen n wid yeɣlin

* Mereym Becara

* Sliman Becara 

* Nabil Becara

* Ǧulya Becara

* Inǧi Ɛimad Cdayda

* Ɛebdellah Nader

* Lurans El Amir

* Maɛin Kusa

* Farid Leǧwabra

* Mazid Leǧwabra

* Ɛebdellah Ɛṭiya

* Maṭanyus Feyyaḍ

* Maryan Ɛisa
Asenselkam

Asenselkam neɣ tasenselkamt (s tifinaɣ : ⴰⵙⴻⵏⵙⴻⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵏⴻⵖ /ⵙⴻⵏⵙⴻⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ) d amuzzag di tsenselkimt. D axeddam iqeddec ɣef ayen yaɛnan aselkim akke-d tusna n uselkim.

Asenselkam ass-a yedɛen ad yili d ajenyuṛ n tsenselkimt.

## Aẓar n wawal
Asenselkam / tasenselkamt yussad seg awal tasenselkimt.

## Annaren
Asenselkam yezmer ad yeqeddec deg aṭṭaṣ n annaren mxalafen deg tmgurant :

### Aẓeṭṭa
Aẓeṭṭa (s tefransist : réseau, s teglizit : network) d tagrumma n tmacinin akked isgulaf ssaɣent gar-asent s izelman deg ansi t-ɛedayen isefka. Amyuqqen gar iẓeṭṭa akked iqeddacen yefka-d internet.

### Tasmedna taseɣẓant
Tasmedna taseɣẓant (s tefransist : génie logiciel, s teglizit : software engineering) d annar n lebni d assnerni n taseɣẓant. Neqqar-as i win yettarun awerzim i tiseɣẓantin : **aneflay** / **taneflayt** (pl. ineflayen).

### Tsensefka
Tsensefka d annar n tussna n isefka (s tefransist : science de la donnée, s teglizit : data science). Yeqeddec ɣef ayen yaɛnan isefka :

* Tasleṭ n isefka (s tefransist : analyse de données, s teglizit : data analytics)
* Tajjenyuṛt n isefka (s tefransist : ingénierie des données, s teglizit : data engineering)
* Tanedbalt n taffa isefka (s tefransist : administration de BDD, s teglizit : database managing)

### Tasegda n inagarawen
Tasegda n inagarawen neɣ tasegda n tseɣẓant  (s tefransist : architecture solution, s teglizit : solution architecture) d ayen yaɛnan taẓuri n lebni n unagraw n talɣut.

## Amawal n tselselkimt
Yetwaksed s umawal n Samiya SAƐD-BUZERFAN (amawal n tsenselkimt) :
Jean-Joseph Sanfourche

**Jean-Joseph Sanfourche** d amekla (peintre) afrensis (ilul deg Bordeaux deg 1929, yemmut deg temdint-a deg 2010).
Twice

**Twice** (stylisé en majuscule, hangeul : 트와이스, RR : Teuwaiseu : japonais : トゥワイス, rōmaji : Tuwaisu ) est un girl group sud-coréen formé par JYP Entertainment par le programme Sixteen en 2015. Le groupe est composé de neuf membres se prénommant Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Momo, Sana, Jihyo, Mina, Dahyun, Chaeyoung et Tzuyu. Le nom « Twice » a été choisi parce que les membres seront en mesure « d'épater leurs fans une première fois à travers leurs oreilles et une deuxième fois à travers leurs yeux. »
Iṭij d wuzzal

**Iṭij d wuzzal** (s tyabanit : 太陽と鉄, Taiyō to Tetsu) d tameddurmant yura-tt umaru ayabani Yukio Mishima, teffeɣ tikkelt temzwarut deg 1968. Tessenɛat timuɣliwin-is ɣef wassaɣ ger tfekka d yiziɣer s usnejmeɛ ger termatin tinamdanin d wannayen imeffelsafen. Tettuneḥsab d yiwen seg yimuzal-is ixutren maḍi.

## Imniren