Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin

**Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin** d unuɣ s yibeckiḍen d rṣaṣ akked wallalen n tmenɣiwt gar tmura n umaḍal akken ma llant, tebda seg 1 ctember 1939 ar 2 ctember 1945. Unuɣ-a yeḍra-d gar snat n tamiwin tigejdanin : At tdukli d wat tlemmast.<br />

Sebba-s d Trad Tamaḍalant Tamezwarut ur d-yewwin ara tifrat i wuguren akked beqqu n usemɣer n tlisa akked wayen yerzan tadamsa n tmura n wat tlemmast (Lalman Tanaẓit, Ṭelyan Tafacist akked Tgelda n Japun).

Tazwara teqqen ɣer Lalman deg beṭṭu n Tuṛuft, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tekcem ɣer ugrur At tdukli deg sdat n Tuṛuft Tagmuḍant sdeffir unekcum almani ass n 22 Yunyu 1941. Iwunak Yeddukklen ǧǧan tarawsant-nnes deffir ma neṭgen ɣef Pearl Harbor sɣur yiɣallen ijapuniyen ass n 7 Dujembeṛ 1941. S waya, amyenkaf yettuɣal d amaḍalan s tidet, d win yerzan akk tizemmar timeqqranin d tuget n tmura n umaḍal deg qrib akk imenẓawen.

Amgaru yekfa deg umezgun n tigawin n Tuṛuft ass n 8 mayyu 1945 (9 mayyu 1945 deg USSR ɣef lǧal n uwwaxar n wakud) s uslelli n Reich wis tlata, dɣa ɣer tagara yekfa deg umezgun asyawi-Pacific n tigawin ass n 2 ctember 1945 s uslelli ur nesεi tilas n temnekda tajapunit.

Amgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin d netta ay d imenɣi imselleḥ ameqran akk deg talsa, issebded ugar n 100 n yimelyunen n yimnaɣen seg 61 n tmura, s usexdem n ugar n 22 n yimelyunen n yikilumitren imkuẓen, ay yenɣan azal n 62 n yimelyunen n yimdanen, gar-asen amur ameqran seg yiɣermanen. Amgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin d netta daɣen ay d ṭṭraḍ idyuluji ameqqran akk deg umezruy, d ayen i d-yessegzayen iwacu iɣallen imsawnen yellan deg Tuṛuft d Asya , zemren ad ilin ɣer yidis d imnekcamen neɣ d icenga, neɣ d zbu-nni yezmer ad tili deg ul n Lalman tanaẓit deg ṭṭraḍ. Ṭṭraḍ ummid, ɣas ini iseffeḍ akk beṭṭu gar wallunen iɣermanen d yiserdasen u yettakk-d i sin yideggen i usismel meqqren n teɣbula mačči kan d tanga — tadamsant d tussna — maca ula d tumast d tsertit, deg lεehd n tmettiyin akken ma llant.

Amḍan n lexṣara-nni tangant ur tettwaktazel ara s ttbut. Lexṣaṣ n tudert d trawma n  yimdanen d win yettbanen, s tekriḍt i d-yettawin ɣef wayen ur nettwaqbal. Imenɣi-nni yettak-d aṭas n yinɣa n ṭṭraḍ, inɣa i d-yellan s tekriḍt taredsant ur nesεi tilas, ladɣa takriḍt am ta mgal iɣermanen tikwal d aḥric seg tesnuddest taserdasit. D ayen i yeǧǧan ad d-yeffeɣ, deg lmizan ur nettwassen armi d tura, s kra n inɣa meqqren maḍi, d kra n inɣa ur nesεi tilas, ladɣa seg n Lalman Nazi d Japun. Tijrimin-a llant deg-sent tneggiwin tijenṭaḍin i d-yettawin ɣef tuddsa tamgurant yebnan ɣef usuffeɣ n yikemmusen n usqecmeε, ikemmusen n uxeddim d yisantimen n ussenger, gar-asent tixxamin n lgaz i ussenger n yimezdaɣ akken ma llan (Udayen, Slavs, Gypsies) neɣ ladɣa taggayin n yimdanen (izduklanen, imluzufen, imeɛdazen, Inagan n Yahwa, atg.), ladɣa deg uberreḥ n unhil anazi. Azal n tejrimin i d-yettwakren, d ayen i d-yessenkaren tabadut n kra n tejrimt tamaynut sɣur yimernayen : tajrimt(inɣa) mgal talsa, yettwasnes ladɣa i tmenɣiwt n wudayen n Tuṛuft. Ilaq-aɣ ad d-nernu ɣer waya timenɣiwt anagrawan n Inazbayen n tuṭṭfa d yinemgalen isertanen, am wakken i d-nnan , am akken xedmen Yinaziyen mgal iɣermanen, amedya ; aεeddi ɣef lḥerma n tlawin deg yigellusen iεdawen yettwaṭṭfen, ama s yiwen ugrur neɣ s wayeḍ. tirmitin ɣef yimdanen i gan ṭṭebba inaẓiyen am SS Josef Mengele neɣ tadukli tajapunit.

lbumbat timeqranin n yigenni ay d-yellan deg tazwara sɣur tmura n wat tlemmast deg Tuṛuft (Coventry deg Tgelda Yeddukklen, Rotterdam deg Hulanda) akk deg Asya (Shanghai, Kantun, Chongqing deg Ccinwa, taneggarut-a d tamdint ay d-yellan s lbumbat akk deg yimenɣi gar Ccinwa ed Japun), sakkin sɣur Yimeddukal n Lalman s lqis ameqqran, tmenɣiwin ɣef Tokyo s napalm deg Japun. Snulfan-tt-id Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg tallit n yimenɣi, lbumba taṭumatikt tettwasseqdec i tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy: snat n lbumbat ay d-ssersen Yiwunak Yeddukklen ɣef yiswan iɣarimen, ṭṭerḍqent s kraḍ n wussan gar-asent, deg Hiroshima d Nagasaki, deg Japun.

Amgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin yessaweḍ Marikan d Ssuvyat, wid irebḥen, ad uɣalen d tizemmar timeqqranin, yessefken ad ḥekment amaḍal, ad msefraqent ɣef tikta d tsertit azal n uzgen n lqern. akked ad mqabalen gar-asen s yiserdasen s yiwanaken n tmenḍawt (proxy) am wakken ay d-yella deg Kurya, tin n Vietnam d tin n Afɣanistan. Tekkes tazmert i tegeldunin tiqburin n Turuft, teldi abrid i useɣli n tnekraft yellan deg Asya, deg umaḍal aɛrab d Tefriqt armi d iseggasen n 1960.

Temɣer n twaɣiyin d wid yemmuten tessaweḍ ɣer usnulfu n yigensasen igraɣlanen isertiyen d yidamsanen  akken ur d-yettili ara uεiwed n tegnatin yettawin ɣer ṭṭraḍ (tuddsa n yiɣlanen yedduklen, Asenfar Agraɣlan n Tedrimt, Tabanka Tamaḍlant d Umtawa Amatu n Tmenḍawt d Tnezzut, gar wid yettwassnen akk).

## Tikli ɣer ṭṭrad

### Aẓar n ccwal deg Urupa

Imtawayen n Versailles, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Trianon d Neuilly sekkrent-d aɣbel d ugur ɣer Lalman, Uṭric-Hungaria d Bulgari. Lalman tḥulfa i tkerkas deg lexsar-s deg useggas 1918 d uzmul n umtawa n Versailles. Aya yewwi-d aḥelfu mgal n yisertiyen n Lalman ar wemgaru, ayen yeǧǧan lɛesker n lalman ad ddun d inaziyen.

Tazɣent n 1929 tegla-d s twuriwin n ummesten d umennuɣ gar tmura. Ma yella tigeldunin ḥeṣṣrent iman-nsent deg uguren tdamsa, Tadiktaturit tifaciyin ṛeṣṣant iman-nsent s yiɣallen. Yal tamurt tebda asileɣ n yiɣallen i wakken ad teffeɣ seg wugur n tedrimt.

Amgaru deg Turuft yekka-d seg yiswiyen n ukabar anazi - yeṭṭfen tazmert deg Lalman - i d-yemmalen Adolf Hitler deg udlis-is "Mein Kampf" deg 1924. Ɣef wannect-a, Tadiktaturit tafacit n Ṭelyan tebɣa ad d-terr amenkud-is deg Ityupya d Turuft n Unẓul.

Tikti n "amkan n tudert" i yebɣa Hitler, tewweḍ-d seg usexser n tnekkraf n Lalman deg Tefriqt deg taggara n tgelda-s taɛeskrit n Usammar. Deffir n umtawi n Versailles, Lalman tesruḥ ayen akk terbeḥ deg lqern wis 19 d wis 20.

### Aẓar n ccwal deg Asya
Ɣas akken Japun tella deg yidis n At tdukli deg Umgaru Amenzu Amaḍlan, tezmul deg 1922 ɣef umtawi aɣerrabu n Washington, maca teggi kra n yiferdisen-is deg 1936 mi llan d-ttmeslayen ɣef umtawi aɣerrabu n London. Aṭas n yimḍebbren n tsertit d yiɛsekriyen ijapuniyen, am Fumimaro Konoe d Sadao Araki, rran-d tiẓri n "hakkō ichiu" ("tam n yixfawen n umaḍal ddaw n yiwen n uzeṭṭa"), sbedden tikta yebnan ɣef tiẓri n wegdud ajapuni d wazref-is ad iḥkem Asya. Tikta-agi n ccfawat sskanent-d Japun d talemmast n umaḍal, ttakent azal i tgeldit d ugellid, win yellan d arebbi, d arraw n tayemmat Amaterasu Omikami. Aya yessaweḍ ɣer uɛraḍ n wembiwel n Shōwa.

S tezrirt n yiḥricen iɛeskriyen, Japun tekcem Mandcuria deg 1931, syen taggara n Ccinwa seg 1937. Tugi Japun ad teffeɣ seg Indochine tafransist, i tekcem deg 1941, d Ccinwa, ḥaca Mandchoukouo, yewwi-d deg unebdu n useggass-nni, ɣer ussebded n uḥbas n upiṭrul ɣer berra sɣur Yiwunak Yeddukklen. S wannect-a, Hirohito yessenker amgaru n Asya asammar Tameqqrant ("Dai Tô-A sensô") yefka ttesriḥ i uhuddu ɣef Pearl Harbor d ukcem n Asya n Anẓul-asammar.

## Imnaɣen
Amennuɣ agejdan n umgaru yella-d gar "At tdukli" d "wat tlemmast.", meḥsub wid yezmlen ɣef Umtawi n Tlata d tmura i ten-yeṭṭafaren. Maca, timdukkal ttbeddilent aṭas deg umgaru d tazwara-s. Ɣef umedya, Pulunya tettekki deg beṭṭu n Tcikoslovakya deg 1938 akked Lalman tanazit, maca tɛedda fell-as unakcem zdat waya, beṭṭant gar Lalman tanazit d Ssuvyat s umtawi agermani-asuvyati, i yesbegnen daɣen akcem n tmura tibaltiyin. Finlanda, deg Umgaru n Tegrest deg 1939 mgal Ssuvyat, teṭṭef-itt Briṭanya d Fransa, maca truḥ ɣer tama n Lalman tanazit mi tekcem taneggaru-a ɣer Ssuvyat, send ad tbeddel idis deg 1944. Rumanya, i yeṭṭfen idis utrim deg tazwara n umgaru, truḥ ɣer tama n yinaziyen mi yeɣli ugeldan-is s ufus n umussu afaci n Uɛessas n wuzzal, send ad tuɣal ɣer yidis n At tdukli deg 1944.

### At Tlemmast
Abrid ɣer umgaru deg Turuft yella-d s tazzla n wanaḍen n Lalman. S imeslayen n Yves Durand, "Tamasit n tnekra n Umgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan tezzi-d ɣef Lalman n Hitler".

Mi tekcem Pulunya sɣur Lalman d Ssuvyat, Ccinwa tella yakan tekcem-itt Japun seg 1937, maca assaɣen gar Berlin d Tokyo qqimen beɛden, Lalman ur tettɛawan ara Japun. Tagelda n Japun, i yeṭṭfen deg umgaru i ɣilen ad yaweḍ tlata wayyuren kan, tesɛa ugur deg uḥraz n wakal meqqren. Timital-is mgal iɣermanen (timeẓliwt n Nankin) d useqdec n leslaḥ akimyan d abiyuluji i d-yefkan *uḥric 731* rnan-as-d akraf deg Turuft.

Deg 27 ctember 1940 yella uzmul n umtawi n tlata deg Berlin anda Japun teqbel tamenɣit n Lalman d Ṭelyan deg Turuft, ma nutni qeblen tazmert n Japun deg Asya Tacerqit: tlata tmura-agi zmelent ɣef umtawi n tallelt. Ma d Ṭelyan, i yellan d tamdukelt n Lalman seg 1936, ur tebdir ara amgaru mgal Fransa d Briṭanya alamma d 10 yunyu 1940, tekcem tagelda n Legrig war ma temcawar d Yalmanen deg 28 tuber 1940.

Tadukli n Hungaria d Lalman seg 1938 tefka-yas timerniwt n wakal seg Tcikoslovakya d Rumanya, maca tamurt ur telli ara deg umennuɣ asmi tedda ɣer wat tlemmast deg 20 wember 1940. Hungaria ur tettekki ara deg umgaru alamma d akcem n Yuguslavya deg yebrir 1941, syen deg uhuddu mgal Ssuvyat deg yunyu. Briṭanya d Marikan Berrḥen-as-d s ṭṭraḍ (amgaru) deg 14 dujember 1941.

Seld mi d-mmeɣ fell-as Ssuvyat deg 30 wember 1939 deg Umgaru n Tegrest, Finlanda tedda d Lalman (war ma tedda ɣer wat tlemmast ) tbedda amgaru mgal Ssuvyat deg 26 yunyu 1941, deg wamek qqaren "Amgaru n Uɛiwed". Maca, amaṛical afinlandi Mannerheim yerra iswi-s kan ɣer tuɣalin n wakal i tewwi Ssuvyat s umtawi n Mosku n 12 meɣres 1940.

Deffir mi tuɣal ad tefk 1/5 n wakal-is i Ssuvyat deg 28 yunyu 1940, Rumanya tewwet-itt tneqlabt n umaṛical anazi Ion Antonescu deg 6 ctember 1940, akked ukcem n yiɛsekriyen n Lalman deg 8 tuber 1940, tedda ɣer Wat Tlemmast deg 25 wember 1940. Deg 22 yunyu 1941, tettekki deg uhuddu n Lalman mgal Ssuvyat i wakken ad d-terr akal i tesruḥ aseggas-nni yezrin, maca mačči am uɛesker afinlandi, aɛesker arumani yettekki deg yimenniɣen armi d Stalingrad, yettekki deg tkerkas: timeẓliwt n yiɣermanen deg Odessa, aselḥu d useɣli n Wudayen deg Transnistrie. Briṭanya d Marikan bdint-as amgaru deg 14 dujember 1941.

Hungaria d Rumanya ceyyɛent imelyunen n yergazen i wakken ad mnaɣen akked Lalman deg Ssuvyat.

Inmagaren n yiwaziwen ibeṛṛaniyen i yettekkiyen deg uɣrab asuvyati ɣef wudem n umgal-abulcivizm, am terbeɛt taspenyulit Azul neɣ yiwaziwen ibeṛṛaniyen ifransiyen, sɛan drus n yiɛsekriyen.

Anezzarf n tgelda n Yuguslavya, Paul, yezmul tadukli d Lalman deg meɣres 1941. Yerna-yas-d tikkelt taneqlabt taɛeskrit mgal Lalman: asmi Pierre II, agellid amaynut i d-yewwin tneqlabt, yekkes tadukli, Lalman d Ṭelyan kcment, fṛeqent Yuguslavya. Tamurt tilellt n Krwatya tuɣal d tamḍefṛit n Lalman tanazit. Tamḍefṛit-nniḍen n Lalman, Sluvakya, i yeddan ɣer umtawi n tlata deg wember 1940, tbedda amgaru mgal Ssuvyat deg 23 yunyu 1941.

Bulgari tedda ɣer Wat Tlemmast deg 1 meɣres 1941 syen tejja Wehrmacht ad tɛeddi deg wakal-is i wakken ad tekcem Legrig. Bulgari tesseqdec tadukli-agi i wakken ad terni ɣef tama n wid i tt-id-yezzin, maca ur tettekki ara deg ukcem n Ssuvyat. Briṭanya d Marikan bdint-as amgaru deg 14 dujember 1941. Tella deg umgaru mgal Ssuvyat kan 24 n swayeɛ, deg 5 d 6 ctember 1944.

S usenger n uḥric si tnawt n yiɣerruba n yiwunak yedduklen di pearl harbor ass n 7 duǧamber 1941 d ukcem n Malaisya, akal abriṭani, Japun tekcem s ṣṣeḥ deg umgaru mgal Marikan d Briṭanya.

Japun d Ssuvyat mmenɣent deg 1939, war abdar n umgaru, deg Mangulya (amennuɣ n Halhin Gol). Isuvyaten ur bdiren ara s wudem unṣib amgaru mgal Japun alamma d 8 ɣuct 1945.

Deg 21 dujember 1941, Tailand tezmul amtawi n ummesten d Japun tbedda amgaru mgal Marikan d Briṭanya. Aɣelluy n unabaḍ n Plaek Pibulsonggram deg yulyu 1944 ur yekkes ara s wudem unṣib tadukli maca Tailand teffeɣ seg umennuɣ s ufuɣ seg wakal i tewwi i Yebriṭaniyen.

Deg 8 ctember 1943, Badoglio, i yeṭṭfen amkan n Mussolini, yekkes tadukli d Lalman s uzmul n uḥbas n umgaru d At Tdukli. Hitler yekcem tikkelt tazunegzirt armi d Naples.

Seg taggara n 1943, Hungaria tebda tattezwar abeddel n tdukli. Mi yesla s uheggi-agi, Hitler yumar akcem n Hungaria deg 19 meɣres 1944, yekkes anezzarf Horthy, yefka tazmert i Ferenc Szálasi i yeqqimen deg Wat Tlemmast.

### Iɛdawen n Wat Tlemmast

#### Seg unekcum n Pulunya armi d imenɣi n Fransa
Pulunya d tamurt tamezwarut i yennuɣen mgal Lalman seg 1 ctember 1939 asmi tekker mgal ukcem-is. Akcem n Pulunya yewwi-d abdar n umgaru sɣur Briṭanya d Fransa deg 3 ctember 1939.

Briṭanya tenna-d d akken tebda amgaru imi tefka awal i Pulunya deg 31 meɣres 1939. Alexander Cadogan, yella d amaray deg tɣula tibeṛṛaniyin n Briṭanya, yenna-d ɣef wannect-a belli Chamberlain yezmul-itt i wakken ad yili ɣer tama n pulanya ma yella-d uhuddu neɣ unṭag ɣef Pulunya, ɣas akken tamurt-a ur tezmir ara ad tḥarez iman-is seg ukcem.

Akked Briṭanya, Australia d Zeland Tamaynut daɣen bdant amgaru mgal Lalman. Deffir-sent, akk timdinin (Kanada, Tefriqt n Unẓul, atg.) d tnekkraf (Lhend, Nijirya, Kenya, atg.) n Ugeldu abriṭani ddant deg umennuɣ, ḥaca Irland n Unẓul i yeqqimen war ma tedda deg kra.

Deg yebrir 1940, mi tekcem Lalman ɣer Danmark d Nurvij, ta taneggaru tekker s leslaḥ, ma d Danmark, ur tesɛi ara aṭas n yiɣallen, teɛreḍ kra n wannayen ur nesliḥ ara, syen tedda ddaw "ummesten n Lalman".

Deg 10 mayu 1940, yekker umennuɣ n Fransa s ukcem n Luksemburg, Biljik d tmura n Wadda sɣur Lalman. Tiselway n Luksemburg, ur nesɛi ara aɛesker iṣeḥḥan, ɛerḍent ad mmeslayent d yimḥadden-nsent, maca nutni ṭṭfen tamurt deg wass-nni. Deffir semmus n wussan, iɣallen n tmura n Wadda ɣlin, tamurt tedda ddaw n Lalman; tageldit d unabaḍ rewlen ɣer Londres. Ma d Biljikiyen, deffir 18 n wussan n umennuɣ, aɛesker-nsen yeɣli deg 28 mayu 1940. Anabaḍ yerwel ɣer Fransa, syen ɣer Briṭanya deffir n uḥbas n umgaru n 22 yunyu. S yiɣallen i izemren ad rewlen seg uɛdaw, tkemmel amgaru akked At Tdukli, tesseqdec tanekraft-is n Kungu.

Amennuɣ n Fransa yessenger tuget n uɛesker afransis deg mayu d yunyu 1940, ayen yeǧǧan anabaḍ afransis ad yessuter aḥbas n umgaru, i yezmul deg 22 yunyu. Deg 18 yunyu, seg Londres, yugi ad yeḥbes amenɣi, ajiniral afransis de Gaulle yessawel i yimdanen ad dun yid-s i wakken ad kemmel amenɣi mgal Lalman akked Ugeldu abriṭani. S uḥbas n umgaru, Fransa teffeɣ seg umgaru, tebda axeddim s uɣil d Lalman deg tdamsa i yettawin akk tanekraft-is.

Ɣas akken, imḍebbren n Ugeldu abriṭani ugin talwit d Lalman. Briṭanya tesdukel daɣen aṭas n yinabaḍen yerwlen neɣ imsefraqen i yesbedden iɣallen-nsen - ladɣa ipulaniyen, itciken, iyuguslaviyen, ibiljikiyen, ihulandiyen d yifransiyen - ɣer tama n Briṭanya.

#### Anekcum ɣer ṭṭrad n Marikan d temnekda tamhersant tafransist
Deg Umgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan, Lalman d yimdukal-is, Ṭelyan d Japun, llan dduklen s umtawi n tlata. Yella-d umennuɣ gar Marikan d Lalman tanazit (am useɣreq n uɣerrabu Robin Moor deg 21 mayu 1941). Roosevelt yenna-d ur yettaǧǧa ara Lalman ad tḥkem Aṭlasi.

Hitler yebɣa Japun ad thuddu ɣef Marikan akken ad tebɛed ɣef tama tacerqit(asammer) n Turuft. Deg fuṛaṛ 1941, Hitler yebda ccek imi Hideki Tōjō, aselway amezwaru ajapuni amaynut, ur yeheggi ara ahuddu ameqqran ɣef uɣerrabu amarikani. Hitler yenna i Japun ma tedda ɣer umgaru mgal Marikan, Lalman ad tt-id-tḍfer.

Deg 7 dujember 1941, Japun thudded ɣef Pearl Harbor. Hitler, ɣas ur t-id-yeǧǧi kra, yebda amgaru mgal Marikan deg 11 dujember akked Ṭelyan i wakken ad mudd afus i Japun. Deg temlilit n Washington, deg tazwara n 1942, Marikan d Briṭanya frant ad ɣelbent Lalman d tamezwarut ("Lalman d tamezwarut").

Ccinwa, yellan deg umgaru d Japun seg 1937, tedda ɣer At Tdukli. Aṭas n tmura n Tamrikt n Unẓul daɣen bdant amgaru mgal Lalman, am Brizil deg yennayer 1942 d Miksik deg mayu.

Deg tuber 1943, anabaḍ aṭelyani n Badoglio yebda amgaru mgal Lalman. Timura-nniḍen n Wat Tlemmast, am Finlanda neɣ Rumanya, ddant ɣer At Tdukli mi d-tuɣal Ssuvyat ɣer tlisa-nsent. Deg yiḍ n 8 ɣer 9 ctember 1944, Bulgari, i tekcem Ssuvyat tlata n wussan send, tbedda amgaru mgal Lalman.

Deg 1945, At Tdukli nnan-d d akken yal tamurt ara ibedden amgaru mgal Lalman ad tettekki deg temlilit tamezwarut n UNU. Ayagi yewwi-d aṭas n tmura ad bdint amgaru mgal Lalman deg tefsut 1945, ɣas akken ur sɛint ara azal deg umennuɣ, am Paraguay, Iquaṭur, Piru, Arjentin, Maṣer, Surya, Lubnan d Turkya. S umata, 51 n tmura llant deg waddad n umgaru d Lalman tanazit.

Deg 9 mayu 1945, ass deffir n tɣimit n Lalman, timaglawin tidiplumatiyin tinaziyin tineggura ttwassufɣen seg tmura ur nettekki ara deg umgaru: Swis, Irland, Spanya, Purtugal, Afɣanistan d Cili.

#### Tadukli tasuvyatit
Mi tekcem Ssuvyat ɣer Pulunya deg 17 ctember 1939, s umtawi uffir agermani-asuvyati, tella, s wallen ipulaniyen, deg yiwen n yidis d Lalman, maca war ma tbedda amgaru d Fransa d Briṭanya. Asmi thudded Ssuvyat ɣef Finlanda deg wember 1939, Finlanda tella ɣer tama n Fransa d Briṭanya. S uhuddu-agi, Ssuvyat tettwakkes seg SDN deg taggara n 1939. Mi yella umtawi, Stalin yettakk s lmizan azzit, tilɣa timezwura d irden i Reich iwakken ad tɛeddi ɣef uḥraz(blocus) n At Tdukli. Yefka-yas daɣen aṭas n yizduklanen igermaniyen i irewlen ɣer Ssuvyat.

Seg 22 yunyu 1941, Ssuvyat, thudded fell-as Lalman, tuɣal ɣer At Tdukli. Testekkey seg userḍel amarikani s ubeddel n tḥarazin n wureɣ n Lbanka n Ssuvyat. Imi ur zmiren ara ad ldin tama tis snat n umgaru send 1944 i tessuter Mosku, At Tdukli fkan i Ssuvyat tallelt meqqren, tɛedda ladɣa s ubrid n uɣerrabu n ugafa.

S wawalen n Raymond Cartier d John Keegan, gar tuber 1941 d yunyu 1942, Marikan tefka-d 1285 n yisafagen, 2249 n yikaṛṛen n umgaru, 81287 n tmitrayin, 56500 n ttilifunat n yiger, 612000 km n uselkim n ttilifun. Deg 1943, 427000 seg 665000 n yikamirunen n Uɛesker azeggaɣ kkan-d seg Marikan. Marikan tefka-d daɣen 13 imelyunen n terkisin, 5 imelyunen n yiṭunen n učči neɣ 2000 n tmacinin n umesni, 11000 n tkaṛṛusin, 54000 n yiṭunen n wuzzal. Kraḍ n yixfawen n nnḥas asuvyati yekka-d seg Marikan, akked tuget n wezzit aɛlayan i yesran i usebbwi n usenker n yisafagen.

Tixessart n Lalman ur tezmir ara ad tili war Aɛesker azeggaɣ, i yeṭṭfen deg yunyu 1944 sin n yixfawen n Wehrmacht, d nutni i d ilemẓiyen ugar, sɛan allalen igerrzen ugar.

## Agzul akronologi n tigawin tiserdasiyin

### Rrbeḥ n Yiɣlanen n wat tlemmast(1939-1942)
Aṭas n imnadiyyen n umezruy ṭṭfen-d tazwara n Umgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan deg 3 ctember 1939, asmi Fransa d Briṭanya bdant amgaru mgal Lalman deffir ukcem n Pulunya, s umtawi n fuṛaṛ 1921 i tent-yeqqnen ɣer Pulunya.

Amazray amarksi Eric Hobsbawm, deg wedlis-is "Tallit n tɣawsiwin tuṭṭrifin" (1994), yenna-d belli inabaḍen ibriṭaniyen d yifransiyen bɣan ad msefhamen d lalman ɣas akken tekcem Pulunya, d aḥras n wegdud i ten-yeǧǧan ur uɣalen ara ɣer deffir deg ufran n umgaru mgal lalman.

### Tirni usammar(1939-1940)
Seld tamhelt n unǧeɛ, qqaren-as tadyant n Gleiwitz, iɛsekriyen igermaniyen kcemen Pulunya seg yal tama deg 1 ctember 1939, ɣef 4:45 n ṣṣbeḥ.

Deg 17 ctember 1939, s umtawi uffir agermani-asuvyati, Ssuvyat tekcem Pulunya seg usammar. Teṭṭef gar sin, ur tesɛi ara aṭas n yiɣallen d yallalen, terbeḥ fell-as send taggara n ctember.

Mi tugi Finlanda ad tbeddel akal i tettawi Ssuvyat i tmḥaddit n Léningrad s wakal n ugafa, Ssuvyat thudded ɣef Finlanda deg 30 wember 1939. Ɣas akken Finlanda tesɛa drus n yiɣallen, tmenneɛ aṭas, Ssuvyat txesser aṭas. Amgaru n Tegrest yekfa deg 13 meɣres 1940 s umtawi n Mosku n 12 meɣres 1940 i yesbedden akraf gar snat n tmura. Ssuvyat terbeḥ Carélie d tegzirin timerkaḍyin n Iɣzer n Finlanda.

S umtawi agermani-asuvyati daɣen, Ssuvyat teṭṭef deg yunyu 1940 tlata n tmura tibaltiyin

### Tirni n umalu(1940)
Deg uɣrab n utaram, deffir twuri ur nesɛi azekka n Gamelin deg Sarre tagermanit (6-13 ctember 1939), iɛsekriyen ifransiyen-ibriṭaniyen qqimen kan deffir n ujerrid n Maginot.

Deg tefsut 1940, At Tdukli heggan ad gzmen wuzzal i d-yettasen seg Swid ɣer Reich s Nurvij, maca twuri-agi texser: d tadyant n Narvik. Lalman tekcem ɣer Danmark d Nurvij deg 9 yebrir 1940. Iɛsekriyen n Briṭanya d Fransa uɣalen s tɣawla, ayen yeǧǧan aɣelluy n Chamberlain, yeḍfer-it Churchill deg 10 mayu 1940.

Deg mayu-yunyu 1940, aɛesker agermani yekcem s tɣawla ɣer Tmura n Wadda, Luksemburg, Biljik d Fransa s tussna-nsen "Blitzkrieg" neɣ amgaru-ubruq, s useqdec n yiɣallen ibrikulen, imikaniken d usafag. Seg 25 mayu, tixessart n yiɛsekriyen ifransiyen-ibiljikiyen-ibriṭaniyen n ugafa teffeɣ-d deffir 18 n wussan n umennuɣ. Deg 28 mayu 1940, imi ur yesɛi ara allalen n umgaru, agellid n Biljik Léopold III yefka awal n tɣimit.

Briṭanya tesselḥa 300000 n yiɛsekriyen seg 27 mayu armi d 3 yunyu. Deg 5 yunyu, Hitler yɣal ɣer tenṭagt di fransa. Ṭelyan tedda d Lalman tebda amgaru mgal Fransa deg 10 yunyu. Anabaḍ amaynut n Pétain yessuter aḥbas n umgaru deg 17, yeqbel timental-is deg 22 yunyu.

Maca mgal wayen ttrajun yinaziyen, Briṭanya tmenneɛ mgal asafag agermani imi tesɛa iɣerruba igerrzen d isafagen iṭṭuseggmen. Churchill, i yeṭṭfen amkan n Chamberlain, yessekker tamurt-is. Briṭanya tuɣal mgal uhuddu seg ctember 1940 armi d mayu 1941. I wakken ad teqqim weḥd-s mgal Hitler, Briṭanya tesɛa tallelt tadamsant n Marikan i tt-id-yettaken leslaḥ d wučči. Roosevelt yerbeḥ deg meɣres 1941 azmul n "usaḍuf n useṛḍel", i as-yeǧǧan ad yefk tallelt i Briṭanya d yimdukal-is.

### Tirni n Tefriqt Ugafa(1940)
Deg ctember 1940, iɛsekriyen iṭelyanen ẓedmen ɣef Maṣer, tamurt i yellan ddaw n yiɣallen tabriṭanit. Maca deg dujember, Ibriṭaniyen, s tallelt n Commonwealth, rran-asen, Almanen ṣeggmen-d Afrika Korps i wakken ad ɛiwnen imdukal-nsen iṭelyanen. Deg yulyu 1942, Afrika Korps n Rommel yewweḍ armi d kra n yikilumitren seg Aleksandri.

### Tirni n Balqan(1941)
Hitler, mi yeqḍeɛ layas ad yeṭṭef Briṭanya, yebna ajerrid n ummesten isem-is "aɣrab n Aṭlasi", yernu yefra ad yeẓdem ɣef Ssuvyat. Maca Ṭelyan tafasistit tenṭeg seg Albanya ɣef Legrig. Iɣallen igrigiyen n udictatur aɣelnaw Metaxás d wid irebḥen: deffir ma ḥebsen anṭeg n Mussolini, aɛesker agrigi d win ibriṭani, usṭrali, anzilandi amaynut, ahendi d wanefriki n unẓul ṭṭfen Albanya taṭelyanit.

I wakken ad iɛiwen Iṭelyanen, Hitler yeǧǧa kra n ledwar twuri-s mgal Ssuvyat, yuzzel deg yebrir 1941 s iɛsekriyen-is ɣer Legrig, s Hungaria yeṭṭfen yid-s, deffir ma yekcem Yuguslavya. Inaziyen ɣelben iɛsekriyen iyuguslaviyen d yigrigiyen, ayen i ten-yeǧǧan ad ṭṭfen akk anẓul n Turuft. Maca rnan-d tiri-nniḍen deg Yuguslavya, anda azbu n Draža Mihailović (Tchetniks) d uzedduklan n Tito (Partisans) ḥebsent seg 13 ar 20 n terbeɛt tigermaniyin armi d taggara n umgaru.

### Tirni usammar(1941)
Deg 22 yunyu 1941, Wehrmacht tekcem Ssuvyat deg twuri Barbarossa. Tesseḥrek 3,2 imelyunen n yiɛsekriyen igermaniyen, d 600000 n yiɛsekriyen n tmura timdukkal seg Hungaria, Rumanya, Finlanda, Sluvakya d Ṭelyan. D ẓẓedma ameqqran akk deg umezruy.

Ɣas tekcem s tɣawla, teṭṭef neɣ teneɣ imelyunen n Yisuvyatiyen, Wehrmacht teḥbes deg dujember 1941, ɣef 30 n yikilumitren seg Mosku deg usemmiḍ ameqqran war allalen ilaqen. Isuvyatiyen zmiren ad seggmen tadamsa-nsen s uttunefk, ugar n 10 imelyunen n yixeddamen d wuluf n yisnasyen kkan ɣer usammar n Uṛal. Mi tuɣal Ssuvyat ɣer At Tdukli, tettekka-d tallelt tameqqrant tamarikant-tabriṭanit deg wallalen d wučči. Stalin iḥerrek imdanen-is, yeǧǧa tiggdi ɣef yiɛsekriyen ur nxeddem ara akken ilaq.

### Tirni n tefriqt usammar(1941)

Deg 1941, iɛsekriyen n tnekkraft n Kungu abiljiki ɣelben Iṭelyanen deg Asosa, deg unẓul n Abyssinie, ma iɛsekriyen ibriṭaniyen, s tallelt n yifransiyen ilelliten, ɣelben aɛesker aṭelyani, rran-d Négus ɣer tgeldit-is deg Addis-Abeba.

### Tirni n usammar tamṭṭarfut d pasifik
Deg yennayer 1941, Tailand tanṭeg ɣef Indochine tafransist, teskker amgaru afransi-atailandi. Imi yiwen ur yezmir ad yaweḍ ɣer wayen yebɣa, Japun tefra ugur-agi, tefka i Tailand kra n wakal seg Laos d Kambuj.

Deg 7 dujember 1941, tagelda n Japun, tamdukelt n Lalman seg 1936, taẓdem ɣef Marikan, texdem ṭṭrad s tuffra ɣef usagen amarikani deg Pearl Harbor. Tekcem daɣen ɣer Malaisya tabriṭanit, Philippines d Tmura n Wadda tihulandiyin.

### Tuzzya(Tiswiɛt n ubeddel) n 1942
Tanṭagt n Pearl Harbor tegla-d s ukcem n Marikan ɣer umgaru, ḍefren-tt-id Miksik d tmura-nniḍen n Tamrikt n Unẓul. Ɣas akken Japun tesxesser-asen aṭas, Marikan sxedmen iɣallen-nsen n tdamsa i umgaru. Deg meɣres deg umennuɣ n Yilel n Kurya, sbedden akcem ajapuni ɣer Ginya Tamaynut, ma deg yunyu 1942, amennuɣ n tegzirin n Midway yessexser i Japun kuẓ n yiɣerruba n yisafagen.

Deg Turuft, Ssuvyat teṭṭef amenɣi ameqqran mgal Lalman tanazit. Almanen, deffir tixessart-nsen deg Mosku deg taggara n 1941, ẓedmen s nnfeɛ seg yunyu 1942 ɣer usammar, ɣer Don d Volga, d ɣer unẓul ɣer Caucase d wezzit-is, maca ttwaḥebsen deg taggara n 1942 deg Stalingrad.

Deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Ibriṭaniyen uɣalen ṭṭfen tamḥaddit seg ctember 1942. Rebḥen amenɣi ameqqran deg El-Alamein, bdan ttarran Afrika Korps ɣer utaram.

Stalin yessuter seg yimdukal-is ad ldin tirni tis snat deg utaram. Churchill d Roosevelt fran ad bdun seg Tefriqt n Ugafa s Twuri Torch, akcem n At Tdukli ɣer Merruk d Lezzayer deg 8 wember 1942. Deg 11 wember deg Lezzayer, admiral Darlan yerra-d Tafriqt ɣer umennuɣ d At Tdukli. Almanen ḥesben belli aḥbas n umgaru n yunyu 1940 yekfa, kcemen tamnaṭ n unẓul n Fransa deg 11 wember 1942. Aɛesker afransi n Tefriqt yedda d At Tdukli. Deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Almanen ṭṭfen gar Yebriṭaniyen deg usammar d Yifransiyen-Imarikaniyen deg utaram.

### Tarennawt n At Tdukli(1943-1944)

Deg tazwara n 1943, Almanen xesren aṭas deg tirni asammar deg Stalingrad. Deffir n usersi n imrigen n lalman n 30 yennayer 1943 d 2 fuṛaṛ 1943, Isuvyatiyen ṭṭfen 91000 n yimeḥbas, gar-asen amaṛical Paulus. Deffir ma d-rran Caucase, Isuvyatiyen ɛerḍen ad d-rren Ukrain skud Almanen d yimdukal-nsen ɛyan, maca ahuddu anṭeg deg Kharkov yeḥbes *Aɛesker Azeggaɣ*.

S tuṭṭfa n Tunes deg 7 mayu 1943 d tɣimit n yiɛsekriyen igermaniyen d yiṭelyanen, At Tdukli ṭṭfen akk Tafriqt n Ugafa. Deg 10 yulyu 1943, kcemen ɣer Sisil, kecmen ɣer tagzirt n Ṭṭalyan deg ctember, ass-nni anda Badoglio, win yeṭṭfen amkan n Mussolini, yebder aḥbas n umgaru.

I tikkelt tamezwarut seg tazwara n umgaru, tlata n yimdebren n At Tdukli, Churchill, Roosevelt d Stalin mlalen deg Téhéran deg taggara n wember 1943 i wakken ad gzen amaḍal n deffir umgaru.

Deg tirni usammar, *Aɛesker Azeggaɣ* yekkat ɣer utaram. Yekcem ɣer Kiev deg wember 1943, yeffeɣ Leningrad deg yennayer 1944. Deg 22 yunyu 1944, skud llan ldin tirni deg utaram n Normandie, yessenker ẓẓedma tameqqrant akk deg umezruy-is: twuri Bagration, i d-yerran Biélorussie deg kra n ledwar.

Deg 6 yunyu 1944, 4126 n yiɣerruba n At Tdukli xedmen akcem ameqqran akk deg umezruy ɣer teftist n Normandie. Ɣas akken xedmen tazmert meqqren, aɛesker n Hitler yezmer ad iḥbes Anglu-Saksuniyen deg Normandie ugar n 10 n ledwar, armi d tazzla n Avranches (31 yulyu 1944). Paris tettwaslelli deg 25 ɣuct 1944. Send-as, deg 15 ɣuct, iɛsekriyen imarikaniyen d yifransiyen kcemen ɣer Provence.

Tikli tezreb, deg wammas n ctember, Fransa d Biljik d-uɣalent ilelliten. Maca skud At Tdukli ttrajun taggara n umgaru send taggara n 1944, timḥaddit tanazit tagermanit ad ternu. ẓẓedma s yisafagen n tneqliwin mgal Lalman s Tmura n Wadda yexser (ctember 1944). Lexṣaṣ n userɣu d wuguren n tlujistikt yesri amennuɣ ɣef yijufaṛ n temdint n Escaut (wember 1944).

### Tarennawt n At Tdukli d tuṭṭfa n yiɣallen n wat tlemmast(1945)

Lalman tanazit, tettwabez s lbumbat, tettwahudded seg yal tama, tamanaɣt-is Berlin tḍefr-itt Ssuvyat deg 30 yebrir. Hitler yenɣa iman-is deg ubunkir-is ass-nni. Deg 7 mayu 1945 deg Reims, akunil amatu Alfred Jodl yezmul ɣef tɣimit war tifrat n yiɣallen igermaniyen. Imi yebɣa ad yesken azal-is, Stalin yessuter tɣimit deg Berlin sɣur imḍebbren imeqqranen n Wehrmacht d At Tdukli. Deg yiḍ n 8 ɣer 9 mayu 1945, deg Berlin, amaṛical Wilhelm Keitel, admiral von Friedeburg d ujiniral Stumpff zmalen daɣen tɣimit n Reich wis kraḍ zdat yineḍluben n At Tdukli, amaṛical Joukov, amaṛical Tedder, ajiniral de Lattre de Tassigny d ujiniral Spaatz. S wudem unṣib, Lalman teɣli deg 8 mayu 1945, amgaru deg Turuft yekfa.

Deg Asya, ɣas akken tagelda n Japun ur tesɛi ara tazmart, tḥarreb ɣef wakal-is i ṭṭfen Imarikaniyen s txessart meqqren. Ṭṭfen Iwo Jima d Okinawa Hontō, tigzirin i d-yezgan ɣer ugerru ajapuni, ayen yeǧǧan At Tdukli ad hudden srid ɣef Japun s lbumbat am tid n Tokyo. Deg 15 ɣuct 1945, deffir mi gren Marikan snat n lbumbat tibelkamin(tatomiyin) ɣef temdinin n Hiroshima d Nagasaki, tekcem Ssuvyat ɣer Mandcuria d Kurya, agellid Hirohito yebder tɣimit n Japun. Izmul n tɣimit war tifrat n Japun ttwazmalen deg 2 ctember, fran azal n sḍis n yiseggasen seg tazwara-s, Amgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan.

## Inalkamen imezruyanen
Amgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan yewwi-d snat n tzemmar timeqqranin ara yebeṭṭun amaḍal: Marikan d Tdukla n Tigduda Tanemlayt Tisuvyatiyin (URSS).

Timetti n waɣlanen tettwabeddel s Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen i yettwarun deg San Francisco deg yunyu 1945. Lalman tedda ddaw n kra n yiseggasen n uḥraz. Deg 1949, tebḍa ɣef sin n tmura: Lalman n Utaram (tamagdayt tilellilt) d Lalman n Usammar (anagraw Azduklan). Tadukli n Lalman ur d-tuɣal ara alamma d 1990.

Imḍebbren imeqqranen inaziyen ttwaḥakmen deg Nuremberg ɣef tkerkas d inɣa mgal talsa. Imdebren n yiɣallen ijapuniyen ttwaḥakmen daɣen deg Tokyo, maca agellid Hirohito yettwajja imi iɛawen Marikan.

Deg Turuft talemmast d Turuft n Usammar, i yeddan ddaw n Uɛesker Azeggaɣ deg 1944-1945, ikabaren izdukalen ṭṭfen tazmert seg 1945 armi d 1948 ddaw n tazrirt n Ssuvyat. Deg meɣres 1946, Winston Churchill yenna-d "yeɣli-d uɣrab n wuzzal ɣef umaḍal". Deg Pulunya, Tcikoslovakya, Hungaria, Rumanya, Bulgari, Yuguslavya d Albanya, anda izdukalen llan drus, ttwasbedden yinagrawen izdukalen.

Tagduda n Ccinwa n Tchang Kaï-chek texser seg yiseggasen n umgaru. Amgaru n tugdut taccinwat yuɣal deg 1946. Deg 1949, illeliyen n Tchang Kaï-chek xesren mgal izdukalen i d-yeṭṭef Ssuvyat. Mao Zedong yebder tagduda tagerfant n Ccinwa, ma d Tchang Kaï-chek yerwel ɣer Taiwan.

Yal tamurt n umalu tebna Welfare State neɣ Tamurt-Tallelt: asedwel, aɣawas, asekcem n tmurt, isuḍaf n ummesten amezdayan ttunefken i kraḍet(+30) n yiseggasen. Deg usammar, asedwel, aɣawas d usekcem n tmurt uɣalen d imsakan, Anda tella taɣult tusligt teqqim kan i twaculin d wayla-nsent.

Anadi usnan d utekniki yerbeḥ aṭas, ladɣa deg useɣti n ubelkim(watom) deg usenfar Manhattan d unadi ɣef yisafagen ara yeǧǧen aheggi n yinagrawen n tallunt. Amgaru yewwi-d daɣen aseqdec ameqqran n yenfafaden am pénicilline neɣ DDT. Maca, azal n rebɛin n yiseggasen, amgaru asemmaḍ gar "temnaḍin n tazrirt" yeḥbes imussnawen ad myezmen tilɣa gar-asen.

## Muqel daɣen

* Ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan amezwaru