Ismawen d yiɣaraten n udayen n Tefriqt n Ugafa

Udayen ddrern aṭas deg tefriqt ugafa ɣef way-a nettaf ǧǧan-d later deg temnaḍt-a, iɣaraten-nsen d yismawn-nsen mmalen-d tibuɣert n temnaḍt-a s tutlayin d yiɣerfan

## Ismawen n twacult

Ismawen n twacult yecban: saɛda, Bensusan, Benicu, Slama, Benkmun, Twati mmalen asexdem aqbur n tutalyt taɛrabt d tuda-ɛrabt deg tudert n udayen n zik-nni. Nettaf daɣen Ben Amuzeɣ, Waknin, Sudri, Zenati, Gennun id-yemmalen asexdem n tutalyt n tmaziɣt deg tmettiyin-nsen. Akken nettaf daɣen tiwaculin n Kurkus, Kastru, Benisti, Balunsi, Hačwil id-yemmalen lwert id-uwin seg Sbenyul.

Ma d Kuhin  (**Cohen**), Lebi (**Levi**), Dayan, Barux, Ben Ḥayim rran-d ɣer yiɣaraten iẓibraniyen, wigi cudden ɣer yidlisen n wudayen id-iferqen akk udayen d ixfan, dagi ismawen n twacult-a mmalen-d aṭas n tɣawsiwin mačči kan nezmer ad nẓer d anwa i d anesbaɣur n yimiren imi imiren ulmud n thibrut yella i yimeqqranen n tmetti neɣ i yinelmaden n usɣan kan, maca daɣen temmal-d tussna n tjerrumt n udayen deg umaḍal.

Iɣaraten ttmalen-d daɣen tamurt n yiẓuran n udayen n yimiren imi At Slama, Ḥeddad, Biǧawi d Bismut usan-d seg Tunes. At Ɛeṭṭali, Murali, Geǧǧ seg Lezzayer, At Ɣuzlan d Fitusi seg temnaḍt n utaram (Qsenṭina d wayen i as d-yezzin), ma d Ɛebbiṭul, Zubadi akked Ɛubadiya seg Lmeṛṛuk.

Iɣaraten mačči d nnesba kan i ttɛawanent zemmrent ad d-mlent ula d lxedma akken id yenna F. Zonabend :

*<sub>" Isem n twacult-iw d *'Susan**, qqaren-d belli Jeddi yella yettrebbi iɛidiwen imi yella wawal **sus** id-yemmalen aɛidiw s tserɣint</sub>''"</big> 

ɣef way-a nettaf kra n wudayen sɛan ismawen n yixeddamen akka am: ***Lḥaddad, Niddam, Assayag,  Ben ɛaṭṭar, Turǧman, Zimra, Ɣnasya, atg...***

Ihi amezruy n uɣara d amezruy n twacult i t-yesɛan s timmad-is d yiẓuran-is : Mi yekfa [[Amsenɣi amadalan wis sin|umenɣi amaḍlan wis sin]], ɛerḍen waṭas n udayen ad nekkren laṣel-nsen s ubeddel n yismawen n twaculin-nsen. I wudayen n Tefriqt n Ugafa ilaq-asen kan ad beddlen amek yebna uɣara-nsen seg talɣa tahibrut neɣ  tuda-ɛrabt ɣer talɣa tafrankfunit : 

Akken i xedmen uxxam n Duran (d aɣara i sɛan waṭas n yimunaken udayen) ranan-as d di taggara ffɣen-d d Durand akken ad d-banen d irumyen. At Ben Labi, Ben Ɛulyil (id-yekkan si Ɛellal umi d asemẓi n yisem aɛrab **Ɛebdellah**), Ben Ḥayim, Ben Ḥemmu kksen "Ben" id-yemmalen timmad tasimit uɣalen d ixxamen n : Labi, Ulyil, Ḥayim ( Deg usuru d : ème) akked Amu, daɣen kksen akk awalen id-yerran ɣer tserɣint amedya aɣara n Ben Seɛdun yuɣal d "Bensat" atg...akken ad-iban am yiɣaraten n wat Umalu.

== Ismawen ==
Ma yella uɣara yettmal-d iẓuran n twacult it-yesɛan, isem yemmal-d amek tteɛraḍen wid it-yesɛan ad t-sxedmen akken ad fsin di tmetti

=== Asexdem n yisem d usexdem n tutalyt ===
Isema akka am uɣara yemmal-d iẓuran n udayen akka am yismawen n twacult ad d-naf ismawen n : Astir, David (Dawud), Salumun (Sliman), Racil, Dibura d Mikayil (Mixayil), id-yettmalen asexdem n yismawen seg umawal ahibru aqdim; ismawen n : Mexluf, Sɛada, Ḥbiba, Mesɛuda asexdem n tudaɛrabt, ma d ismawen n Birla (Perla) , Mirsidis, Ninu, Umbertu d Gilda, mmalen-d aɛeddi d umeslay n kra n udayen taṭelyanit d tesbenyulit. Malen-d ihi beqqu n udayen ad fsin di tmetti i iǧehden imiren. 

Armi d tasut tis snat, badan keččmen-d sd ṭaqa yismawen n yiṛumyen ifransisen imi bɣan twaculin ad ttwafernsent, beddlen ismawen n twaculin-nsen, skecmen arrac-nsen ɣer yiɣerbazen n yirumyen. Zik udayen llan seɛun yiwen n yisem kan ad ten-yetbeɛ akk tudert-nsen, mi d-wḍen yiseggasen n 30, uqbel ṭṭrad amaḍlan uɣalen bdan ttaken i udayen sin n yismawen, yiwen deg-sen d isem afransis.

Di tallit-a i bdan udayen n telnaḍt-a keččmen deg utaǧer ɣer umaḍal s umata mačči gar-asen kan, armi d wazemz-nni yella yisem awḥid i ttaken i dderya-nsen ya d udaɛrab neɣ d aɛrab.

Isem udaɛrab yemmalen lxetyar i texdem twacult, ladɣa akken ur ggaren ara medden mmi-tsen s tiṭ; nettwali tasutin ideg ttɛawaden-d yernu ttuɣalen-d kra n yismawen tasuta s deffir tayeḍ akk am : Mesɛud/Mesɛuda, Semaḥ/Samḥa, Rena akked selṭana (ismawen n unamek n tgeldutin). Isdmawen udaɛraben llan ttunefkan aṭas i tullas mla d irgazen llan ttaken-asen ismawen ihibruten. 

Llan ttextirin i warrac ismawen seg udlis iqeddsen uday  nettaf-d m [[Brahim|Ibrahim]], Isḥaq, Yeɛqub d Yusef. Nettfa daɣen ismawen n tlawin : Sara d Rifqa (Rebecca), ismawen n yimceyyɛen d yigelliden: Ilya (Lyas); Yahuda ([[Yudas (mmi-s n Yakuf)|Yudas]]): [[Dawed]] d Sliman, daɣen ismawen n tasḍin tudayin akka am Astir. Daɣen isem akk ameqqran : Musa, imi d netta i d imceyyeɛ agejdan n udayen 

Ihi tulawin ttaken-asent aṭas ismawen n tudaɛrabt ma d irgazen d tahibrut, annecta imi tameṭṭut di tudayt ur tesɛi ara azref ad tɣer adlis iqeddsen n tudayt ur tcudd ara aṭas ɣer usɣan mačči akka am urgaz, umi ttaken isem deg wass ideg is-seḍharen dɣa imiren alaq ad yili Uqbal, d aqbal n Yillu i ɛebbden yibabaten d assaɣ iqeddsen gar ugrud d win i t-id-ixelqen, ihi ayen iqeddsen yettili-d kan s tutlayt timqeddest : tahibrut. D tahibrut daɣen id-icerḏen belli aqcic ad yeṭṭef isem d uɣara n baba-s.

Ɣer wid yettmeslayen d tṭelyanit nettaf daɣen tuɣaltin n teqsiḍt-am tutlayt n umeslayt i teqcict, d tutlayt iqeddsen i uqcic. Isem n tutlayt n umeslay daɣen iseɛu anamek s deffir-s netaf **Perla** (tiwiztin), **Stella** (titritin) **Allegria** (tumert) akked **Mercedes** (rreḥma).

Iruḥ akk annecta si tazzwara n tasut tis 20, mi d-kecmen yismawen n yirulyen ɣer tmettiyin tudayin n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa,]] tiwaculin yebɣan ad uɣalin am warraw n leɛmum-nsen di [[Turuft]] akken id-qqaren fkan i warraw-nsen ismawen n yirumyen, skecmen-ten s aɣerbaz arumi imi ssarmen ad ten-iɛiwen wannecta deg tuɣaltin d urubiyen, isem d aḥric amezzwaru deg ubrid n unekcum s daxel n tmetti tafransist.

Uɣalen yismawen akk i ttaken udayen s ṭaqa iw arraw-nsen d ismawen n yirumyen anagar di Lmeṛṛuk ideg fkan ismawen ihibruyen i warrac d tullas tura imi ula d tullas uɣalen kecčment ɣer uɣerbaz uday akken ad issinent asɣan-nsent.

==== Ismaw Igliziyen ====

S umatu, ismawen iɛarben d udaɛraben uɣalen-d ɣer deffir kksen-asen wid n yirumyen adeg-sen, maca ad d-banen daɣen tura ismawen imaynuten mi yfukk yimenɣi amaḍlan wis sin d ismawen [[Taglizit|ingliziyen]] akka am J***immy, Jacky, Maggy, Charly d Suzy*** yernu ur telli d tutlayt i ttmeslayen udayen n Tefriqt n Ugafa wala d tutalyt n tmetti ideg bɣan ad cbun. Anekcum n yismawen imarikaniyen yella imi udayen n Tefriqt n Ugafa llan bɣan ad rren tajmilt i wid iten id-isellken si Lalman yenwan ad ten-yekksen seg dunit, ladɣa imi iserdasen n Marikan ṣubben-d deg sswaḥel n tmura n Tefriqt n Ugafa deg 1942, kra seg yiserdasen imarikaniyen - s umḍan meẓẓiyen aṭas- zewǧen d tiḥdayin tudayin n dinna.

Xas akken d ismawen n yirumyen i yeqqimen d imezzwura seg yiseggasen n 1930, ladɣa ɣer [[Amezruy n udayen n Lezzayer|twaculin tudayin n Lezzayer]] ideg ttextirin kan ismawen n yirumyen, maca mačči kan akka i ten-ttaken, ilaq ad yesɛu taqsiḍt tamazzrant.

==== Tasuqilt n yismawen ====

Ayen akk id-yezzwaren di tfrankfunit d tasuqilt n yismawen seg tudaɛrabt ɣer tefransist: uɣalen yismawen Selṭana d **Irène**, Isḥaq d Yeɛqub uɣalen **Jacques**, wid i yettusermman Mikayil uɣalen-d d **Michel**, Mesɛud d Mesɛuda uɣalen d **Fortune** /**Fortunée**; tid yesɛan jeddi-tsent isem-is Yusef uɣalent d **Josiane** neɣ **Josette**, yessi-s n Hayyim id-yemmalen s thibrut "amuddir" uɣalen-t d **Viviane**, Ma d Abraham uɣalen d **Albert**, **Ruben**, akked **Robert'''.

Kra daɣen leɛben syismawen-nsen i yellan d ihibruyen ǧǧan anmek maca ṭfen deg talɣ)a tafransist akken yuɣal Eimanuwil d Emmanuel, Elyahu d Elie atg... akken ad cudden ɣer Fransa yernu ad ṭṭfen deg yiẓura seg wansi id-kkan, maca iban-d dɣa i akk medden lebɣi n udayen deg unekcum n udayen deg yismawen id yusan s deffur 1945 (ferru n ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis 2) nettaf-d Marie-France, Françoise, ula d ismawen n yiwudam n tulawin yesɛan azal di Fransa d umezruy ula lukan llant d tigerramin timasiḥiyen xas akken d udayen nettaf sɛan Jeanne, Marie, Mireille. Nettaf-d daɣen later n Sinima d tẓuri deg yismawen-nsen, tasuta n gar sin n ṭradatnettaf ɣur-s Martine, Marilyn d Michèle.

#### Tuɣaltin ɣer thibrut
Ɣer tsuta taneggarut n yilmeẓyen udayen i ylulen di tefriqt n Ugafa ur zwiǧen ara di tmura-nsen, nettaf tuɣaltin ɣer thibrut. Nettaf tuɣaltin n yismawen udayen ɣer warraw n yiminigen-agi ɣer Fransa, uɣalen-d s lǧehd yismawen n : "Daniel (Danyal), Michaël (Mixayil), David (Dawud), Jonathan (Yunatan), Nathaniel (Natanyil), Emmanuel (Ɛimanwil), Jérémie (Irmya), Deborah (Dibura)" Daɣen nettaf-iten tabaɣen ismawen i yellan s ṭaqa deg Israyel (Dan, Dov..) akken ad sbeggnen belli ula d nutni d aḥric di tmetti.