open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abellez

**abellez** d ansay yesduklen akk  timezdarin n Tmasiḥit, étant yusa-d wazal-is di tbibelt.

i tmezdit n Lkatulik ama d tin n Lurtuduks ula d tebrutistantit traditionnel, abellez anamek-is d liman s Ɛisa
Taklit

**taklit** d awal i ttaken i tmeṭṭṭut yettidiren amzun tezweğ d yiwen n urgaz  yzewğen d temyercalt tunsibt .argaz yezmer ad yesɛu xilla n taklitin . 

tigi d argaz i tent-yuwin i as-t-yettaken idriment axeddim*-nsen yettwaqbel seg ugdud 

## amezruy
deg umezruy adrigi aqbur yeɛmed Homer i (( les heros )) ines as sɛun yiwet n temyercalt d xilla n taklitin .ilaq tamyercalt ad tesɛu azar iqbel-t usaduf (lqanun ) ,d leqdic io qeddcent deg uxxam n bab-is s,ilaq ad ttili d tamekdit i urgaz-is, ma txdeɛ ,argaz yettwaxedɛen yesɛa azref ad ineɣ di lexla-s tin i t-ixedɛen ama d tamyercalt ama d taklit .

di tmetti taɛrabt , agellid neɤ anesbaɤur yezmer ad yesɛu lḥaram, anda ad d-yextir taklit i s-yebɣa ama d tineslemt neɣ ala  .

di Ccinwa,i wakud meqqren ,ltella tirregza s wacḥal n tlawin d taklitin ukud yettidir . deg wakud n umenkud acinwat urarent taklitin deg wannar n tsertit akka am taklit wu zetian igelden amenkud-a . di 1949 ugin yicuyuɜiyen annecta .

di siam (assa d Thaïlande), irgazen zemren zad sɜun zxilla n tlawin , ttnuzunt am sselɜat , akka am dderya-nsent. Tamyercalt tagejdant uer tettnuzu ara

### ɣer yimaziɣen
am tmettiyin imaziɣen llan-t gar-asen taklitin yiwen am ugellid Yugerten d mmi-s n taklit ; yiwen am ugellid Firmus yella yesɛa xilla n watmaten d arraw n taklitin . uqbel ad d-kcem tneslemt llan sɛan akk taklitin yebder-d umezruy xilla n tullisin ɣef taglidtin daxel n teɣremt tamaziɣt ad-d nebder :

* agellid mas-nsen yennuɣ d urumani Sibyun ɣef taklit Sufunizb 
* agellid Yugerten d mmi-s n taklit taqertajit 
* agellid Yugerten yenɣa gma-s Himsal mi yella ɣer yiwet n taklit 
* agellid Firmus xilla n watmaten-is d arraw n taklitin 
* agellid Bugud yerra tamyercalt-ines Unwi am teklit i qayser
* agellid Yebdas kksen-as akk taklitin is mi tfuk tegrawla-s 

D xilla n tmucuha-nniden fella-sent mi d-kcem Tineslemt atas n taklitin i yellan di teɣremt n yumawiyen llant d timaziɣin umawiyin llan ttwasnen s tayri n taklitin xas akken tineslemt tugi aya . ula d ɣer yiɛebbasiyen yella-d way-agi yemma-s n Lxalifa wis sin Lmensur yemma-s d tamaziɣt 

ula gar yimaziɣen gar-asen llan waklan d taklitin ur tekfi ara tmacahut a armi id-yekcem ucengu afransis . 

## ass-a
di Ccinwa, mi ɜeddant 20 sna ɣef ulday ademsan , les icinwaten inesbaɣuren uɣalen ɣer teqdimin ttaɣen tisunnayin ɣlayen ixxamen d xilla n tullas. Kran n temdinin akka am tin n Cinzin . tesɛa ayen i wumi qqaren tuddar n taklitingar-asent timsdurar ixussen seg unẓul n Cenghay , d taklitin meqqren i win yesɛan xilla n yidrimen llant azal n 100000 n taklitin deg yiwen n uwanek kand win n Gwangdung tama n hong kong

## di tbibelyt
di tibibelt, brahim yesɛa taklit d Hajer .d tamyercalt-ines Sara i as-tt-yefkan akken ad d-arew amekkasu.ur-tt-yuɤ ara Brahim maca cerken axxam akken id-nna ccariɛa tudayt . tesɛa-d Yesmaɛil ardekal  turew-d ula d Sara Isḥaq imiren tenna-as ad ten-isuffeɣ seg uxxam ad ten yawi ɣer Tnira .
Zendaya

**Zendaya Coleman**, i wumi qqaren **Zendaya**, tlul deg 1  Ctember 1996 di Oakland (kalifurnya), d yiwet n tsebgart, n Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt. 

tban-d di tilizri di 2017 s umazrar *Shake it up* di Sinima s usaru n *spiderman-homecoming di 2017*
Tadyant n Nǧamena

**Tadyant n Nğamena** n 15 yunyu 2015, teḍra-d deg uberrem n buku haram d afrid amezzwaru ara tissin tmanaɣt n Ččad tadyant tarebrabt s tenɣimant.
## Tigawin
Tanezzayt n 15 yunyu 2015, tamdint n Nǧamena, tamannaɣt n Ččad, tuki-d ɣef xilla n teddyanin tirebrabin s tenɣimant. Di tazwara rran ɣer tenmehla n laman tazayezt d uxxam n yimsulta alemmas anda i ṭṭerḍqen sin n yikamikazen. Ula d aɣerbaz n yimsulta rran ɣur-s ardekkal d takerrust i yenher yiwen n ukamikaz yekcem yis s abraḥ yeṭṭerḍeq ula d netta muten xilla n medden imiren. terna-d tsunayt nniḑen ula d nettat teṭṭerḍeqsdat n tewwurt n uɣerbaz mi rewwlen yinelmaden mmuten azal n 38 n yimdanen jerḥen azal n 101.

## Anegmi
Ardekal tadyant, adabu n Ččad nnan-d zik belli dBoko Haram,, tarbaɛt n l ğihad lukud ttnaɣen yiserdasen n tmurt n Ččad tsekcem-d iman-is di Nijirya daɣen di tmurt n  kamiroun di yennayer 2015. 8 yulyu , nnan-d yimḍebbren n « uwanek ineslem, agezdu n Tefriqt n umalu » belli d tidet d nutni i g-xedmen annecta , « awanek ineslem, agezdu n Tefriqt n umalu »  d isem amaynut unsin n Buku Ḥaram mi dduklen d uwanek ineslem wid ixedmen axeṣṣar-agi d  Abu Hamza al-Ansari ed Abu al-Sadiq al-Ansari.

## Akemmel
Di 17 yunyu, akken ad rren ttar wten yiserdasen n Ččad. imekwan i deg tettili buku haram.
Sifaks

**Sifaks** d agellid amaziɣ yedder di tasut tis 3 send Talalit n sudna Ɛisa n twacult n Masisilya i yegled. Yennuɣ  d ugellid Mass-nsen yexdem xilla n nnfaqat s tmaswa n Qerṭaj akken ad d-yezzi i yiserdasen n Sibyun arumani maca yexser nɣant di 203 ut.

## Umuɣ n tezrawt n unadi ɣef temsalt-a
Asqamu n Turuft

**Asqamu n Turuft** d yiwet n tuddsa tagraɣlant yessufka degs yiswi-ines deg usalel n yizerfan n wemdan d tugdut d tizwirt n usaḍuf di Uruppa. Asqamu-ayi yettusbedd-d deg useggas n 1949, yegber seg 47 n tmura ilan azal n 820 n imelyan n yimezdaɣ.

## Igmamen d yimanayen

## Iylanen

## Imniren
Ayfez

**Ayfez** neɣ **Arer** (Isem ussnan: **Juniperus communis**) d yiwet n telmest n yisekla yeṭṭafaren tawsit n taqqa di twacult n tiddiwin. Aseklu-a ila izumbayen d idemdamen, d yiferran imsennenen.

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Tiwlafin

## Iseqdac

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Amidag arumi

**Amidag arumi** d azamul yettwasnen di Tmasiḥit i yettmeslayen af usebbel yexdem Yasuɛ Lmasiḥ akken id-qqar Tibibelt ( Tabrat tamezzwarut i wat Kurentus taseddart tis 18 ) ; izamulen igejdanen n umidag d amidag alatini (✝) d umidag agrigi  (✚) d xilla n yimedyaten fella-s seg udlis arumi 

tettak Tamasiḥit timegdelt i xilla n yizamulen akka am umidag mi ara nwali ar wayen id-yekkan seg tebrat n Kurentus 18/1 d tebrat tmezzwarut ar Kurentus 22/1 rnu-as tabrat i ɣalatya 1/3 yettwabder-d umidag deg lahd amaynut 27 iberdan tettwabder-d tigawt n umdag 49 n yiberdan  .
Jebril

nettmeslay-d dagi akken i-d nna tneslemt ma tettqellibeḍ Tamasiḥit wali Gabriyal .

Jibril (s Taɛrabt جبريل ) d yiwen seg 04 lmalykat iqerrben ɣer Yillu d agellid n yineǧlusen . S teqbaylit neqqar-as Jebril kra qqaren-as ǧebril . Netta d assaɣ gar Allah d yimceyyɛen-ines yettales-asen-d idlisen iqeddsen d netta id-yuwin Leqran yules-it-id i Sidna Muḥemmed ﷺ ( akken qqaren yinselmen : Ṣalla Allah Ɛlih U sellama ) 

## abdar di lḥadit
di Ṣaḥiḥ Limam Muslim yettbader-d deg yixfan 2, 75, 77, 83, 85, 97, 449, 502, 729, 1095, 1166, 1175, 1177, 1297,1352, 1375, 1456, 1457, 1601, 1672, 1685, 1688, 1693, 1732, 1734, 1790, 1800, 1910,2115,2196 deg wawalen n Muḥemmed ( lḥadit ) 

## Ineǧlusen
Jebril

Mikayil

Imyura yettwakerrmen

Munker d nakir

Israfil

Ɛezrayan

Redwan

Malek
Gabriyal

`Nettmeslay-d dagi si [[Tamasiḥit]] d [[Tudayt]] wali [[Tineslemt]] dagi : [[Jebril]]`

Deg  yiɣbula udayen d yirumyen ( imasiḥiyen ) isem n Gabriyil yebɣa ad d-yini (( argaz iseḥḥan )) isem-a yebɣa ad-d-yerr ɣer Rebbi nezmer ad neqbel belli awal agi d akildani neɣ d acuri suqlent akken yella ɣer tegrigit d tlatinit 

gabriyel d lmelk meqqren di Tamasiḥit d Tudayt yettwabder-d di Tibibelt iban-d di tazzwara deg udlis n Daniyel yettbedd d seddis n lmalaykat sdat Rebbi seg ufus-is azelmaḍ yeqqar-d tiẓallitin n yigerramen i netta ; yettɛassa igenwan ; d asleway amezzwaru n lǧennet ; d netta i d bu wassaɣ s wazal meqqren . yetthuddu icerriren. Yessufuɣ cwaṭen yessenqad agama . Di Tudayt Gabriyel d lmelk ixeddmen d imceyyeɛ . ixeddem ayen is-d-yenna Rebbi i wid id-yexleq d wagi is-tbeddu  tadɣemt , d netta i yuwin Yusef ɣer watmaten-is , yennuɣ d Yeɛqub , itekka deg umḍal n Musa 

di lɛehd ajdid yettwabder-d sin n yiberdan yeffeɣ-as-d i Zakariya yednn-as-d belli ad d-ilal mmi-s Yeḥya . Iban-d i Meryem : yenna-as-d belli ad d-arew agrud mebla rrcil . Qaren-d belli yefka-as-d linǧil i Ɛisa . deg wajjed n tmasiḥit Gabriyel d lmelk ameqqran yettban-d am umdan i yimceyyɛen seg Yillu id-yettban .
Percy Liza

**Percy Liza** (s Tespenyult: Carlos Percy Liza Espinoza), ilul deg 10 mayyu 2000, D amyurar n tuzza n uṭar n Pérou yetturaren tura ar Sporting Cristal.

## Asanay-is aseglan

## Asanay agraɣlan

## Tameddurt-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
__AUCUNSOMMAIRE__
Yudas

**Yudas** neɣ **Yebdas** d agellid amaziɣ yegled tagelda n Awras, d aqerru n yiserdasen yettwasnen yegled tagelda n Luras yerbeḥ amenkud abizanṭi acḥal d abrid

## tudert
Yudas d mmi-s n gma-s n Mifanyas d aqerru n udrum ula d netta , yenɣa-t Yudas yegra-d mmi-s n ɛemmi-s n Masunas d agellid , Yudas si zik-is d aqerru n yiserdasen nnan-d fella-s izad di tfulki yefka-as Rebbi tazmert n tzemmurt

Di tazzwara n 535 yella ujiniral abizenṭi Sliman ( Solomon s umeslay-nszen ) yelha d umennuɣ d yimaziɣen n Bizasina yeffɣen i wawal-nsen , ddan d yiqerra : Kusina , Isdilasas , Midisinas d Yurfutis . Ifareṣ Yudas tagnit akken ad yennaɣ mgal yiserdasen n Sliman yuwi yid-s 30 000 n yirgazen akken ad kecmen tamnaḍt n Numidya ad awḍen armi d Tigisi ( Ɛin lburǧ tura di Lezzayer ) yuwi yid-s aṭas n yimeḥbas . 

Di 534-535 yerbeḥ Sliman igrawliwen n Bizasina , ihi Yudas yuɣal d netta i d iswi-nsen amezzwaru . Yefka laman i wid ur nemmut ara di tegrawla agi iɛeddan , syin yebda amennuɣ d yiserdasen n Sliman yebdan keččmen deg Lewras 

Yuẓ-d Sliman ɣer tgelda n Lewras , yuwi-d yid-s Masunas yebɣan ad d-yerr ttaṛ i baba-s d Urtayas yebɣan ad-d yerr ttar i yiman-is imi yeɛreḍ Yudas ad-as-yekkes tagelda s lemɛawna n ugellid nniḍen qqaren-as Mastiɣas , yenna-as i Yudas ad d-yeffeɣ i umennuɣ maca tuggdi tekcem s ulawen n yiserdasen-ines rewlen ɣef way-a teḥbes tuffɣa-agi , ikemmel amennuɣ uqbel 537 imi ffɣen yiserdasen i ufus-is di tefsut n 536

Yuɣal Yudas ɣer tegrawla di 537 mi yeddukel d Stutzas yiwen seg yimeqqranen yeffɣen i ufus n Sliman seg yiserdasen ibizenṭiyen , yeddukel d uɛdaw-ines aqdim Urtyas igelden iderman n umalu n Luras , maca yexser Stutzas di tgaluft n Skalas Bitiris ideg ur yettekki ara Yudas . Di 539 yuɣal-d Sliman i ubrid nniḍen s uɣawas amaynut yekcem ul n Luras yuwi idrimen d taklitin n Yudas , Yudas s yiman-is yejreḥ deg uḍar yxtar ad yettwanfu ɣer Muritanya i yegled umeddakel-is aqbur Mastiɣas 

05 n yiseggasen ardekkal lexsara-agi tekker tegrawla n yiderman n Bizasina , iɛedda Sliman ad t-yeḥbes maca tella d tin iǧehden , xesren yiserdasen-is lexsara meqqren sdat wid n uqerru n yiderman Antalas , Sliman s yiman-is dinna i yemmut

Di taggara n 545 ifareṣ daɣen Yudas tagnit akken ad yennaɣ daɣen d umenkud abizenṭi yeddukel d Antalas d ugrawliw Laɣwatan yiwen n ugrawliw aẓar-ines n Yiwendaliyen qqaren-as Guntarik  , magal ujiniral amanut id-ceyyeɛ Bizenṭa " Jan Trujlita " . Yerra Yudas d Kusina akked Guntarik ɣer umennuɣ di Qerṭaj ma d agrawliw amaziɣ Antalas yerra ɣer Bizasina yezszi-as yettnaɣ d wid yellan deg-s . Rebḥen xas akken yemmut Guntarik d aserdas Artabanis abizenṭi seg uẓar n Arminya it-yenɣan s lexdeɛ . Cwiṭ umbeɛd uɣalen-d yibizenṭiyen ɣer temdint 

Deg unebdu n 546 yexser Yudas sdat Jan Trujlita ur yezmir ara ad yerwel akken yexdem yakan ilaq ad yaɣ awal i wayen i as-qqaren di 548 yessexdem Jan iserdasen-is akken ad yerbeḥ wid n Abtalas d ugrawliw amaynut Karkasan . Di taggara n tudert-is yettwaxdeɛ Yudas nɣan-t yibizenṭiyen
Yurfutis

**Yurfutis** ( s tegrigit taqdimt Ιουρφούθης ) d agrawliw amaziɣ ixedmen di Bizasina di tegrawla n yiderman imaziɣen mgal umenkud abizenṭi . Di 534 d 53.5 yella gar yiqerra imaziɣen i d -ibedden sdat unekcum abizenṭi amaynut ɣer Tefriqt d yigrawliwen : Kusina , Isdilasas d Midisinisas . Yerbeḥ sin n yijiniralen : Aygan d Rufan . Yexser sdat n ujiniral Sliman di 535
Isdilasas

**Isdilasas** Isdilasas ( s tegrigit taqburt Εσδιλάσασ ) d agrawliw amaziɣ yeddren di Bizasina di tasut tis seddis send talalit  Di 534 d 535 yella gar yiqerra imaziɣen i d -ibedden sdat unekcum abizenṭi amaynut ɣer Tefriqt . d yigrawliwen : Kusina , Midisinas d Yurfutis. Yerbeḥ sin n yijiniralen : Aygan d Rufan , di 535 mi xesren sdat Sliman yettunefka Isdilasas lɛehd belli ad yeqqim d amuddir ihi wwint yedder ɣer Qerṭaj
Urtayas

**Urtayas** neɣ urtyas ( s tegrigit taqburt Ορταιας ) d aqerru n yiderman amaziɣ yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n yimennuɣen ibizenṭiyen , yennuɣ d Sliman mgal yiserdasen imaziɣen n Yudas yeffɣen i ufus n umenkud abizenṭi , yenna belli Yudas yeddukel d Mastiɣas akken ad t-ssufɣen d ugdud-is seg tmurt n lejdud-nsern ɣef way-a i yedda d Sulumun akked mmi-s n ɛemmi-sd n Yudas Masunas . Yefka-as sliman d masunaas aṭas n yidrimen akken ad tili ɣef uqerru n yiserdasen ibizenṭiyen di yiwet n tuffɣa , maca ur s-fkin ara yiserdasen ibizenṭiyen laman uggaden ad ten-yexdeɛ neɣ ur yettizmir ara i yiserdasen n Yudas ihi rewlen akk si Luras ɣer tiɣilt . Di 537 yemluɛa d Yidas msuɣalen dduklen d ubizenṭi Stutzas i yxesren tagaluft n Skalas Bitiris ideg ur ttekkin ara laz Yudas la Urtayas la iqerra imaziɣen nniḍen  .
Masunas

**Masunasnas** ( s tegrigit taqburt : Μασσωνας )  d aqerru Amaziɣ n yesɛan azal meqqren deg umezruy n yimennuɣen ibizenṭiyen mgal yiderman Imaziɣenn  Numidya . KRa n yimussnawen n umezruy qqaren-as Masuna

## Tudert
Masunas d mmi-s n ɛemmi-s n YUdas d mmi-s n Mifanyas . Send tamenɣiwt n Mifanyas sɣur Yudas yerra Masunas ɣer Sliman yezzi-as armi yegmen ad yekceml Lauras tamurt n uɛdaw-ines d wanda ttilin yiserdasen-is

Di 535 llan Masunas d Urtayas ɣef uqerru n yiserdasen n Sliman di tazzwara n tuffɣa-ines yessured idrimen i akk wid yeddan yid-s seg yimaziɣen . Iteddu ɣer Luras s lemḥadra . deg was wis 7 yemlal d Masunas nnuɣen 03 n wussan , mi yuyes Masunas rrbeḥ yerwel ; ggran-d yiserdasen mebla aḥkim , ɣef way-a i tekfa tuffɣa n Sliman ysteɛfa di tɣaltin ideg yebna lberj seg wass nni ur d-iban Masunas.
Ifisdayas

**Ifisdayas** ( s tegrigit taqburt : Υφισταίας (Iphisdaias) ) d yiwen n umaziɣ yedduklen d yibizenṭiyen di tallit n tegrawliwin timaziɣin mgal ucengu abizenṭi . D baba-s n yiwen qqaren-as Bitibtan yella d aqerru ɣef yiwen n udrum amaziɣ , imi si zik yeddukel d Bizenṭa yewwi aɣara n " *Praefectus gentis* " 

di tegrest n 546/547 itekka di tuffɣa n ujiniral Jan trujlita d tnegluft i yɣeḍlen agrawliw Antalas . Di taggara n 547 /tazzwara n 548 , yemgarad d umeddakel nniḍen n yibizenṭiyen d Kusina maca mluɛan ardekal mi send-iceyyeɛ Jan trujlita aserdas qqaren-as Yuwanis ( isem-is d Jan ula d netta s tutlayin n Turuft n wass-a ) . Di tefsut n 548 yella-d gar yiqerra n yiserdasen n Jan trujlita mgal yigrawliwen si daxel n yiserdasen ibizenṭiyen itekka ula di tnegluft n yiḥerqan n Katun .
Yuwan Rugatinus

Yuwanis Rugatinus ( s tlatinit  : *Ioannes Rogathinus* ) d aqerru n yiserdasen abizenṭi di tasut tis seddis .Yexdem di temnaḍt n Britwar n tefriqt yeɣlin s ddaw n ufus n ucengu abizenṭi s ddaw leḥkem n umenkad Justinyan ( 527-565 ) . Di yennayer 563 yuɣal d netta i d aqerru n yiserdasen n tefriqt tabizenṭit meṛṛa  . Deg wazemz-agi i yenɣa aqerru ameqqran Kusina yellan d ameddakel meqqren n yibizenṭiyen ;  mi d-yusa ad yessuter amur-is seg yedrimen , d ayen yesserfan arraw-is xedmen tagrawla . Akken id-yettban ur yufi ara Rugatinus iserdasen akken ad ten-yenheṛ imi ffɣen akk i ufus-is ardekal timenɣiwt n Kusina , iceyyeɛ-d Justinyan aqerru n yiserdasen Martyan akken ad d-yerr imaziɣen igrawliwen ɣer talwit . Di taggara , yelḥeq win iḥekmen britwar "Tumas" ad d-yawi talwit s ustag meqqren gar-as d yigrawliwen .
Ṭehran Taymz

Ṭehran Taymz d aɣmis n Iran yettmeslayen s tenglizit , yeldi di 1979 send Tagrawla tineslemt deg 1979 .
Karkasan

**Karkasan** d aɣella amaziɣ n Yisfuras , yiwen seg yiderman imermadiyen yeddren di Ṭrabels itekkan deg tegrawliwin timaziɣin deg ugezdu n Brituryan n Tefriqt mgal ucengu abizenṭi deg tlemmast n tasut tis seddis . iban-d deg ubrid amezzwaru deg tira n Jan trujlita ɣef nnfaq deg tegrest n 546/547 , mi xesren yiqerra imaziɣen meqqren akka am Antalas sdat yiserdasen ibizenṭiyen di tefsut n 547 , mi yemmut Laɣwatan Yerna ( isem-is Yerna anamek-is yerna at n Laɣwatan s umeslay n wassa aqerru n udrum n wat Laɣwatan iwumi qqaren daɣen Ilewwatiyen ( Lewata ) ) yejmeɛ Karkasan iderman imaziɣen yettwabḍan yuɣal d aɣella fella-sen . Mi yeccawer amẓur n ukafan n Amun , yuɣal ɣer umennuɣ yuwi asen-d lexsara meqqren di tnegluft n Marta 

Di tefsut n 548 , yennuɣ netta d Antalas akked Jan trujlita d uḥbib-is Kusina . Xedmen yiserdasen imaziɣen tagrawla meqqren ɣef Trujlita qqimen deg luḍa n Mummas . Yella Karkasan yebɣa ad yennaɣ d yiserdasen n Jan din din , imi yesɛa tabɣest d tumert i s-d yekkan s rrbeḥ n yilindi-nni . Maca yeǧǧa-d adeg i Antalas , i yxedmen awellay yettḥadaren akter , ad uɣalen ɣer deffir akken ad jebden iserdasen n ucengu ɣr daxel n tmurt , dɣa ad tent-err tmara ad aẓen ɣer sdat ad beɛden ɣef wanda i llan niqal , ad ɛeddin seg tmura yerɣan ( d timura i deg ulac la lmakla la aman kullec deg-s yerɣa ) akken ad ɛeyyun ad asen-iruḥ usirem . Xedmen yigrawliwen iwellayen n Antalas . Maca mi akken ggan igiṭunen deg luḍa n yigran n Katun , di Latara . xedmen tanegluft iqeɛden ideg ad mlilen udel s udem d yiserdasen n ucengu . deg yimenɣi ardekal wagi , rebḥen yibizenṭiyen d wid yeddan yidsen seg yimaziɣen , yemmut Karkasan di tnegluft d Trujlita i t-yenɣan s ufus-is
Tamettant n Ṛayan Awṛam

Deg wass n 1 fuṛaṛ 2022, yeɣli ugrud Ṛayan Awṛam (2016-2022) (ilan 5 n yiseggasen, si Tgelda n Umeṛṛuk) deg yiwen n wanu yekkawen, tilqi-ines 32 m di taddart n Iɣran yeṭṭafaren taɣiwant n tmurut deg ugezdu n Accawen i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Umeṛṛuk. Tamsalt-is d tkesna-ines tla-d (tesɛa-d) yiwet n txitert d umisi meqren deg umaḍal yakk, anda imelyan n yimdanen deg yakk ideggan n umaḍal zgan ṭṭafaren tamhelt n usellek-ines deg tansiwin n tmetti (Facebook, YouTube, twitter...) d tregwa n yisalan n tiliẓri neɣ ṛadyu.
Ɣef teɣzi n 5 n wussan, llan-d warramen meqren i wakken ad ssufɣen Ṛayan seg wanu, maca ur ssawḍen ara alammi d ass n 5 fuṛaṛ. Maca ufan-t yemmut.

## Timedfert n tedyant
## Tamhelt n usellek
Di tmeddit n wass n sad 5 fuṛaṛ, telɣet-d tnarit tageldant n Umeṛṛuk ɣef tmettant n Ṛayan s usrag (sebba) n tiggas s wacu i d-yegla uɣelluy-ines s agensu n wanu send n 5 n wussan. Imir-nni ya, agellid Muḥemmed wis 6 yessawel i bab-as d yimma-as n Ṛayan i wakken ad ten-yefced (ad ten-iɛzzi).
## Imniren
Hulukust

**Hulukust** (s telmaneyt: Der Holocaust) (seg tegrikt: ὁλόκαυστος holókaustos,/ anda *hólos* anamek-is: yakk, *kaustós* anamek-is: rɣan) akken yettwassen daɣen s **Šuah** (si thibṛut: השואה, anamek-is: arwas) d tanɣaɣreft i d-yellan deg umsenɣi amaḍlan wis II tegla-d s tmenɣiwt n wazal n 6 n imelyan n wudayen n Uruppa sɣur Lalman tanazeyt d temsisiyin-is (timura n ugellus). Kra n yinmezruyen sseqdacen tabadut n Hulukust i wakken ad yegber ula d 5 n yimelyan niḍen n yimdanen ur nelli ara seg wudayen, yettwanɣen daɣen s yifassen n Yinaziyen i wakken ad yuɣal umiḍan ummid n teɣtas azal n 11 n imelyan n yimdanen. Tamhalt n tenɣi tella-d deg yakk ideggan n Lalman tanazeyt d tamiwin i d-tehres di Uṛuppa.

Anhil anazey d yimalalen-is gubṛen-d udayen, yerna nɣan-ten s tarrayt di tallit n umsenɣi amaḍlan wis II i d-yellan gar n 1941 d 1945, seg yiwet gar tenɣaɣrfin meqren yakk deg umezruy alsan. Asenter (aḥqar) d tmenɣiwt n wudayen yella d amur seg waṭas n usenter d tmenɣiwt s tarrayt i yexdem unagraw Hitler d imalalen-is mgal n waṭas n tegrawin tisertanin d kra n yiɣerfan aladɣa iziganen iṛumen d yikdawen (imeɛḍar) d inmeglayen isertanen d waṭas niḍen.

## Tazwara

## Aɣawas n Madagaskar

## Allalen

## Tikurmiwin tigrawanin
Amyne E. Qasem

**AMYNE E. QASEM**(born November 5, 1997),also known by his initials **AEQ**, is an Moroccan political activist,Political adviser, cillionaire,stock trader ,economist, and environmentalist.
Iɣran

**Iɣran** (s tifinaɣ: **ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ**) d yiwen n umazir i d-yezgan di tɣiwant n Tamurut deg ugezdu n Accawen di tama n Ṭenǧa-Tiṭwan-Ḥusima deg ugafa n tgelda n Umeṛṛuk. Zedɣent wazal n 1319 n yimesdaɣ s unect n wuddun amaddud n 2004.

## Imezdaɣ

## Tadamsa

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tamettant n Ṛayan Awṛam

## Imniren
Nesrin Qadri

**Nesrin Qdri** ( s Tutlayt taɛebrit : נסרין קדרי ) ( tlul di 2 ctunber 1986 ) d tacennayt n tmurt n Israyel d taɛrabt n usamar alemmas tella d tineslemt tekcem deg wajjed uday amur ameqqran n ccna - ines s thibrut llan kra s Tutlayt taɛrabt akka am tid n Um Keltum 

## tudert tamenzut
tlul-d Nesrin Qadri di Hayfa di Israyel d inselmen  baba-s inehher tasunnyt n utaksi ma d yemma-s d tamasawt n umejjay 

## axeddim
tecna di tmeɣriwin n twacult d nnwadi imectah tewwi-d talwit meqqren deg useggas n 2011 deg *Iban Gulan ma nessawal-ak-d*  

tessufeɣ-d Lalbum-ines amezzwaru deg useggas n 2014 

di 4 ctumber 2018 tessufeɣ-d lalbum wis 3 

di 2017 tessawel-as tneɣlaft tasrayilit n yedles akken ad tecnu di temdint n Uṛacalim 

di 2019 tettekka ɣer The voice Israel 

## tudert tuffirt
I mraw n yiseqqasen tella d umusiqi uday asrayili Afɛizer ben Muḥa ; xedmen kullec i tmeɣra n rrcil teffeɣ si tneslemt tuɣal d tudayt zewǧen di yulyu 2017 maca msebran di ctunber 2017 . 

Di 2018 nnan-d belli tkemmel ankcum-ines ɣer tudayt tekcem ajjed amaynut maca ur steɛrfen yiss la iḥaxamen ( lecyux n tudayt ) wala taneɣlaft n daxel deg Israyel
Uksintas

Uksintas d mmi-s n Ugellid anumidi Yugurten , ilul-d di Sirta . Mi yebda baba-s tagrawla mgal yirumaniyen yuwi-t netta d gma-s Lmapsas ɣer temdint n tala yellan deg tewwura n tnezruft ; mi yeɣli Yugurten , wwin-t yirumaniyen ɣer Rum ttmesxren fella-s ddan yid-s warraw-is . 

Uksintas yekker-d ardekal lmut n baba-s akked yirmaniyen sxedment akken ad ssusmen yal amaziɣ ur neqbil s rum imi d mmi-s n umeɣnas , wwin-t ɣer kra n ttradat  seg wass-nni ur d-iban .

D mmis ɛemi-s n Dabar
Kirya

**tageldunt Kirya** s tmaziɣt ( **ⴽⵉⵔⵢⴰ** ) d tageldunt tamaziɣt taqbaylit ɣef ugdud n taddukli n 05 n yiderman yeddren deg tasut tis ukkuz n tlalit n sidna Ɛisa , qqaren-as daɣen Silya neɣ Sirya . 

## Tudert
Tlul-d deg tmurt n leqbayel deg tlemmast n tasut tis ukkuz n tlalit ; baba-s d aɣella adunati Flabyus Nubil  id-yurwen aṭas n warrac 07 d igejdanen ( Zammak Maskuzil Mazuka Ǧildun Firmus ) d nettat i d taqcict gar-asen ; Sammak d mmi-s si baba-s kan 

## Tagrawla n firmus
Yemmut Nubil yeǧǧa-d s deffir-s idrimen d yigran d tgelda meqqren . D Zammak i yuɣalen d agellid imi d netta i d amenzu maca yella d taxatemt gar yiḍudan n yirumaniyen , d ayen i yesserfan gma-s Firmus , imiren i as-yekksen tagelda yerna yenɣa-t imi yettwaḥseb d axabit . Irumaniyen rfan imi yeḍra way-a sg yimiren yettili-d ccwal gar-asen d yimaziɣen , armi wwḍen ɣer tegrawla s ddaw n tmehla n Firmus i yseddan yid-s atmaten-is-nniḍen , kirya tedda d gma-s di tneglufin tella tettɛawan wid ijerḥen , tbennu tizeɣwa n useǧǧi deg wussan n talwit tettara ɣer yiderman akken ad tent-sillez ad ddun d  gma-s . Tkemmel kan akken . 

### Ardekal n tezɣent [[Firmus]] / [[Ǧildun]]
Yeffeɣ Ǧildun i tegrawla n gma-s , yeffeɣ seg  tdunatit xedmen-as abellez akken ad yekcem takatulikit , yerna ɣer yiserdasen irumaniyen yexdem-d tazɣent ( la crise ) akked gma-s . Nnan-d kra belli Kirya tuɣal tettazal gar lmur d Yirumaniyen akken ad d-awi talwit kra nnan-d tedda d Firmus d tegrawla-s tessulez kra n yiderman ad dduklen yid-s , maca xesren , teɣli teddukla-nni ma d Firmus yenɣa iman-is .

### Taggara n Kirya
ur neẓri ma d lmut n rebbi i temmut neɣ d timenɣiwt i tenɣa iman-is am yetma-s.
Taddukli n 05 n yiderman

Taddukli n 05 n yiderman d taddukli n yiderman imaziɣen deg yiseggasen iqburen , xas akken llan s ddaw n ufus n Ruma maca llan xeddmen kullec i yiman-nsen .
Flurinda

**Flurinda** d tageldunt d "*lkuntissa*" n tasut tis ṭam d yelli-s n Yulyan anembaḍ amaziɣ ameṣmudi n Sebta , yiwen seg yinembaḍen imasiḥiyen ineggura deg Tefriqt n ugafa yuɣ-itt Syus mmi-s n ugellid n Spenyul Ɣiṭca .

## tudert-is
Flurinda d yell-is n Yulyan tekker-d d tageldunt deg Sebta , iceyyeɛ-itt baba-s ɣer Spenyul ad d-lmed akka am tgeldunin nniḍen , tella tzad di tfulki , mi tt-iwala ugellid teɛǧeb-as yekkes fella-s lḥerma , d ayen i tt-yesserfan terra ɣer baba-s yegmen ad-s-d-yerr ttaṛ .

*Kra nniḍen nnan-d fella-s :* 

Iwala-tt ugellid n yiquṭiyen n umalu Ledriq ( Rudrigu ) teccucuf deg wasif ihi yekkes fella-s lḥerma tuɣal s tadist seg-s 

Ssawalen-as yiɛdawen n baba-s " *la cava* " anamek-is lferga , d ayen id-yuwin ddel i baba-s , seg reffu yemla-as i uɣella ineslem *Ṭareq u Ziyad* tiwwura akken ad yekcem Spenyul , ardekal nnfaq-a yeɣli Ledriq .
Yulyan

Lkunt Yulyan neɣ Urban d yiwen n unembaḍ ɣef Sebta , d anembaḍ amasiḥi aneggaru deg Tefriqt n ugafa , d amaziɣ seg *yijebliyen* . Ibn Xeldun yenna-d belli Yulyan d ageldun ameṣmudi yella yeddukel d yigelliden n yiquṭiyen n umalu i ygelden tamnaḍt n Wandalus uqbel ad yeddu d yinselmen . Ulsen-d kra belli yedda d *Ṭareq u Ziyad* akken ad-as-d-yerr ttaṛ i yelli-s Flurinda imi-s-yekkes Ledriq ( agellid aquṭi ) lḥerma .

## tudert

### Iẓuran-is
Kra ttwalin Yulyan yettili-as i Ledriq agellid n yiquṭiyen n umalu , maca amur ameqqran n yimazranen nnan-d belli Yulyan d amaziɣ n *Jbala* , i yettamnen s tmasiḥit .
Julya Uranya

**Julya Uranya** (s tegrigit : *Ιουλìα Ουρανìа*, talatinit : *Ivlia Urania*) taella d tagellidt tamaziɣ deg tasut 1rut , d tameṭṭut n Beṭlimus mmi-s n Yuba II d Kliyubatra Silini II .

## Tudert
Uranya tuɣal d tagellidt n tgelda n Muriṭanya , s zwaǧ-is d Baṭlimus .deg wazemz ur nettwassen ara , deg useggas n 38 tesɛa-d seg-s taqcict qqaren-as Drusilla.

Uranya tettwassen mi d-ufan isem-is di later deg Tefza deg tmurt n Lezzayer , imi imiren d Cercal ( Lezzayer ) i yella d tamanaɣt n muriṭanya ufan-d isem-is " Julya Budina " 

Tagellidt Julya Uranya 

Isem n budina d isem n yiwet n taklit texdem ɣer Julya .

Fkan-d yimazranen snat n tmucuha ɣef yiẓuran n tmeṭṭut n Baṭlimus amuriṭani . Uranya tezmer ad tili d tameɛcuqt seg tṣeddart taneggarut . Uranya d isem i ttaken i tmeṭṭut i yḥemmel ugellid seg lḥarim-ines . Ahat win i t-id yuwin yella d aɛeggal deg useqqamu n ugellid amuriṭani .

Tamacahut nniḍen diɣ Uranya ahat tella d tageldunt taɛrabt seg twacult n yigelliden n Ḥums . Tawacult n yigelliden n Ḥums tella d tawacult igelden ɣef tgelda yettabaɛen irumaniyen deg ugezdu arumani n Surya i yellan imiren d yiwen seg tgeldatin tigejdanin deg utaram arumani . 

## Isem-is
Uranya d isem aqdim i yebɣan ad yemmlen « lǧennet », « igenni » neɣ « Amaḍal » d isem aqdim agrigi mazal ttsemmin-yiss ar assa . Uranya, tella , deg wajjed agrigi aqbur , d yelli-s n Zeyus seg Mnimozind yelli-s n mmi-s  mmi-s n mmi-s n Uranus. Isem n Urnya aẓar-is yekkka-d si Ḥumṣ. Sin autres n yigelliden / d lecyux n wajjed n Ḥumṣ sɛan isem n Uranus , d isem amalay n Uranus  ; llan d : Uranyus Antunyus i ygelden seg 210 armi d 235 d Lusyus Julyus Aurelyus Sulbisyus Sibirus Uranyus Antunyus i ygelden seg 235 armi d 254. Macci ḥala nettat i wumi semman akka s yisem Uranya. D tagellidt d temyercalt n ugellid Fraɛtis wis ukkuz 4 tella tettusemma Tiya Uranya (Ɛectrut).
Ǧildun

**Ǧildun** d ageldun amaziɣ yessrumnen-iman-is ilulen di 340 , d mmi-s n Fabyus Nubil aɣella n Taddukli n 05 n yiderman , yettwassen s ubeddi-ines mgal tegrawla n gma-s Firmus , d tiddin-ines d ujiniral arumani Tyudus d ayen i t-yerran d Mass n tefriqt .

## Isem-is
isem-is yekka-d seg teqbaylit ( agellid ) .

## Tudert
Di 372-373, Ǧildun yedda d yiserdasen irumaniyen mgal gma-s Firmus . Neẓra belli yefka-as Tyudus lamer ad yeṭṭef Binsentyus ( yiwen seg yiɛdawen-is ) yeṭṭef dinna sin n yimeddukal n Firmus : Bellen d aɣella n udrum n mazis d Firikus , imceyyeɛ n yiwen n udrum .

Mi s-rran tajmilt , rran-t yirumaniyen d « comes africae »anamek-is Mass n Tefriqt deg useggas n  385. Yuɣal d arumani , yelmed tutlayt-nsen , yekcem ajjed-nsen imi netta d adunati yeffeɣ seg-s yettwabellez yekcem takatulikit , ula d dderya-as mi ara d-lalen yefka-asen ismawen am wid n yirumaniyen .  Ɣas akken yexdem akk aya , maca lukan ur yesɛi ara assaɣen meqqren akked yimeqqranen irumaniyen , tili leɛmer yurgi ad yili d mass n tefriqt . Imi , netta yuɣ yiwet n tqerṭajit tanesbaɣurt tamasiḥit (« twureb ardekal ɣer usqamu arumani ,rran-tt d tagerrumt seg ugerrum Jirum  »), yefka yelli-s Salbina  (Jirum iwala-tt d Lalla meqqren  « coniugem nobilissimam ») i Nebridyus, mmi-s n weltma-s n tmenkadt Flasilla, tameṭṭut n Tyudus 1ru.

َArdekal , yugi ad yeddu d umenkad Tyudus 1 ru mgal Yuǧinyus, yernu sin n yiseggasen seg mi yemmut n umezzwaru , Ǧildun yexdem tagrawla mgal Ruma yedda yid-s umenkad n utaram , Arkadyus, imiren iyudd ledic-is ɣer umenkad n utaram . Yuɣal d ilelli deg 396, Yeḥbes asenzi d uceyyeɛ n yirden ɣer yirumaniyen seg yilel . Rran wid yellan deg useqqamu Ǧildun « d aɛdaw n ugdud » (hostis publicus) deg tefsut n  398 ceyyeɛen-d iserdasen ɣer tefriqt imehl-it gma-s Masizil . Ǧuldun yessufeɣ iserdasen irumaniyen yeǧǧa wid yellan s ddaw n ufus-is, yeddulkel d yidermazn imaziɣen-nniḍen maca teɣli tegrawla ,Irumaniyen yeddan d Ǧildun xtare tanilla n uɛdaw ma d imaziɣen ǧǧan iger n umennuɣ xtaren Ruma . Di taggara yesseɣli masilzil iserdasen yeddan d gma-s Ǧildun gyellan gar Tibist ( Tbessa deg Lezzayer ) d Ammaedara ( Ḥaydra di Tunes ) deg tnegluft n Ardalyu . yeɛreḍ Ǧildun ad yerwel seg yilel maca yettwaṭṭef , nnan-d kra yettwanɣa , nnan-d wiyaḍ yexneq iman-is ( yenɣa iman-is ) ay-a deg 31 yulyu 398 .

## Wali
* Imaziɣen
* Tageldunt Kirya
* Firmus
Drusilla tamuriṭanit

**Drussila tamuriṭanit** (v. 8 uq - Ɛ - L. - ?) balak d nettat i d tageldunt i ɣef d-yemmeslay Tasit yenna-d belli d yelli-s n yelli-s n Kliyubatra tis ṣa . Ma d nettat , ihi Drusilla -agi d tageldunt tamuriṭanit , taqcict tamaẓuzt n ugellid Yuba II seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezzwarut Kliyubatra Silini II , d weltma-s n Baṭlimus .ur neẓri ara melmi tlul maca neẓra belli teddawar deg tasut tis 8 .

Semman-as yimawlan-is Drusilla akken ad rren tajmilt i tmenkadt tarumanit *Livia Drusilla* Libya Drusilla neɣ i mmi-s *Nero Claudius Drusus*.Niru Kludyus Drusus
Drusilla

**Drusilla tamuriṭanit tameẓẓyant**  (s tegrigit: Δρουσìλλη, 38-79)d tageldunt n Muriṭanya .D yelli-s n mmi-s n yelli-s n tgellidt n Maṣer Kliyubatra tis ṣa d Mark Antwan

Yemma-s Julya Uranya tezmer ad tili d taɛeyyalt deg twacult n yigelliden n Ḥumṣ , tazgelda tamesɣant n Ruma tezga-d di Surya . Baba-s d Baṭlimus i yellan d agellid-amesɣan ɣer Ruma d mmi-s n Yuba II d Kliyubatra Silini II . 

Isemma-as baba-s Drusilla akken ad yerr tajmilt i yiwet tettili-as qaren-as Julya Drusilla, yiwet seg yessetma-s n umenkad Kliɣyula , i yemmuten deg useggas n tlalit-is . d isem daɣen n ɛemmet-is Drusilla.

Yettwanɣa baba-s deg useggas n 40. Imi yemmut Kaliɣyula si tismin ( wali : Baṭlimus "ixef n lmut" ) .

Drusilla tekker-d deg twacult tanesbaɣurt di Rum. Deg 53, tezweǧ d  Markus Antonyus Feliks,i yellan d aɛessas n Yudi ( anẓul n Falesṭin / Israyel ass-a ) . Deg 54-56,msebran , imi Filiks tuwi-as ul-is yelli-s n Aɣribas 1ru yuɣ-itt , i yettusemman ula d nettat Drusilla . 

Deg 56, Drusilla tɛawed zwaǧ,tuɣ yiwen yettili-as si yemma-s , Agellid/ccix n Ḥumṣ  Suḥaymus, i ygelden seg 54 armi d lmut-is dezg 73 . Sɛan-d yiwen n uqcic d Gayus Yulyus Aliksyu yettwassnen s Aleksyu   .
Julya Drusilla

**Julya Drusilla** (talatinit: IVLIA•DRVSILLA),tlul deg 16 ctumber 16  temmut di 10 yunyu 38, d yellis n Ǧermansyus d weltma-s tameẓẓyant n Kaliɣyula i yuɣalen d amenkad arumani wis kraḍ seg 28 meɣres 37 ar 24 yennayer 41 tella daɣen d tameɛcuqt-is

## Tudert

### timẓi
Drusilla tlul deg Lalman , imi baba-s yella dinna d yiserdasen-is. Yemma-s, Agribin tamenzut terna ɣur-s akken ad s d-arew snat n teḥdayin di Lalman   ; Agribin tameẓẓyant "rran-d isem n yemma-s"  (yemma-s n Nirun )  deg 15, d Drusilla di  16. Amenkad Tibir , yusmen seg Ǧermanikusiwala-t d axeṣṣar fella-s dɣa yenɣa-t di 19

Yenna-d umazran Switun belli imiren id-bda ters tayri gar Kaliɣyula d Drusilla s tuffra ( tayri gar uqcic d weltma-s ur tettwaqbel ara di akk timettiyen ) netta tella 13 ma d netta 17 .

Yensa Kaliɣyula ɣer Tibir i seddis n yiseggasen yuɣal d awrit-is imiren tezwaǧ Drusiolla d urgaz-nniḍen

### Weltma-s n umenkad

Tibir yemmut di meɣres n 37  s tumert , yefka-as usqamu n lecyux akk i Kaliɣyula i yuɣalen d amenkad yesɛan 24 n yiseggasen. Kaliɣyula yekkas weltma-s i urgaz-is Lukyus Kasyus tebra-d deg useggas-nni yekkes-it Kaliɣyula si tudert qabel-nni .

Deg ctumber  37, yerra Kaliɣyula Drusilla d tawrit ɣef yidrimen-is d umenkud-is . d tameṭṭut tamezzwaru i wumi ara yettunefk umenkud s lebɣi n umenkad. 

Deg tuber 37, Antunya tamẓẓyant, jida-s n Kaliɣyula d Drusilla ,tenɣa iman-is, tuyes seg tudert imi yesserwa-as Kaliɣyula lemrar kkes-d d acu ur s-yexdim. Drusilla tuɣ Markus Aemiliyus Lebidus, ameddakel i yqerben ɣer gma-s.

### Lmut

Di 10 yunyu 38, Drusillatemmut di leɛmer n 21 n yiseggasen , s tawla , i ykecmen akk ixxamen n Rum imiren .yezga Kaliɣyula ɣer tuyat-is mi akken tehlek yugi ad iwali lgifa mi temmut . S wul ihudden, yeffeɣ si Rum ur d-yuɣal armi d kra n yimalasen .

Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Rum, deg Ɣuct n 38, yessuter-d i usqamu n lecyux ad rren Drusilla d illu , yeqqim way-a armi d Yulyus Sizar

Kaliɣyula leɛmer yeḥli seg lǧerḥ-nni , d ayen i yuaren urar ameqqran deg lehlak n tnefsit-is d tiderwect-ines i yettwasnen seg uqbel lmut n Drusilla
Kliyubatra Silini II

**Kliyubatra Silini II** Qqaren-as daɣen Kliyubatra VIII, tlul 25 duǧember 40 send n tlalit , temmut deg 5 ardekal n tlalit d yelli-s n Kliyubatra VIId Mark Antwan d weltma-s takniwtn Aliksandr Hilyus.

Tezweǧ d Yuba II, anembaḍ n Muriṭanya taqeyṣrit tedder deg Qeyṣeriya ( Cercal deg Tefza di Lezzayer ) i deg temmut deg useggas wis 05 . Temḍel deg temḍelt tageldit tamuriṭanit , i yqerben yer temdint n Tefza.

## iẓuran-is
D tageldunt n Maṣer , tlul deg 25 duǧember 40 ut, jd taknawt n Aliksandr Hilyus .

Tebna yemma-s Kliyubatra VII assaɣen meqqren akked Mark Antwan armi tuɣal d massa n yilel agrakal d ayen id-ixedmen nnfaq gar-as d Rum , Kliyubatra texṣer , wwin Yirumaniyen Kliyubatra Silini .

Deg 20 uqbel n tlalit , tezweǧ d ugellid Yuba II , netta tella tesɛa 20 n yiseggasen deg yila-s , ma d Yuba yesɛa 28 n yiseggasen , yettusemma : agellid n Muriṭanya sɣur umenkad arumani Uktab .

## Tagelda
Mi tuɣal d tagellidt ɣef tgelda n Muriṭanya , tesɛa Silini kra n later deg leqdic n Yuba ladɣa deg taẓuri ,tira n yidlisen d lebni , rran tamanaɣt-nsen Qeyṣeriya ( Cercal n wass-a deg Lezzayer ) d tamanaɣt s wessiɛen s lebni amaynut tcuba timanaɣin n tmura meqqren imiren

Segmi id-kcem Silini ɣer tmurt , temɣar-d tgelda tamuriṭanit ( Lezzayer d Lmerruk n wass-agi ) , asenzi d tiɣin ulin mliḥ di tgelda , tmeɣr-d tmanaɣt -nsen Cercal tuɣal tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen n lebni id-wwi tgellidt-agi m winna n Maṣer , n Yirumaniyen , n Yigrigen . 

Ur iban ara melmi i temmut . Imazranen nnan-d deg useggas n 5 uqbel n tlalit . Aya yebna ɣef zwaǧ wis sin n Yuba II akked Glafira deg useggas n 7 n tlalit , acku ilaq ad yili yeǧǧel akken ad d-kcem Glafira lefnar n teɣremt-ines , imi netta yettwaḥseb d amezdaɣ arumani ur yezmir ara ad yaɣ snat n tulawin akken i t-id mlan lecyux n Ruma .

Znubya tagellidt n Tadmur terra-d iman-is ae Yuba d Silini .
Aliksandr Hilyus

**Aliksandr Hilyus** (s tegrigitἈλέξανδρος Ἤλιος, « tafukt »), ilul deg ao ut, mmi-s n Kliyubatra tis 7 d Mark Antwan, gma-s akniw n Kliyubatra Silini II(« ayyur ») 

Zewǧen-as yimawlan-is i Yutaba d yelli-s n yiwen n ugellid n Sufin deg tmurt n Turkya n wass-a  . Yuɣal d agellid ɣef Arminya imi yekkes baba-s agellid ameqqran-nsen yenfa-t  ɣer Maṣer , yesserfa agdud n yibartiyen merra , yessufeɣ ula d mmi-s i yerran ɣer yibartiyen ula d netta , yegled Alikdsandr s yisem kan i ukkuz n yiseggasen ɣef Arminya seg 34 armi d 30 , ardekal tanegluft n Aktyum ssufɣent yibartiyen yekfa lɛehd n uglad s yisem-ines .

Mi nɣan yimawlan-nsen imannsen kren kraḍ n yigujilen ɣer Uktavya weltma-s n Uktab d tmeṭṭut taqdimt  Mark , id-yesɛan seg-s yessetmat-sen Antunya tamenzut d Antunya tamaẓuzt  . ddren sin n warrac cwiya d yessetmat-sen daɣen akked Yuba II uqbel ad ruḥen ur d-uɣalen .
Sliman (ajiniral

**Sliman** ( s tegrigit : Σολόμων ) neɣ Sulumun d ajiniral abizenṭi ilul deg Dara deg Tturk deg ugafa n Yisaffen n Diǧla d Lfurat , itekka deg nnfaq mgal yiwindaliyen d unekcum ɣer tefriqt n ugafa 533-534 , ayen id-yeggran seg yiseggasen n 30 ysɛedda-t d anembaḍ ɣef tefriqt n ugafa 

Yeḥbes Sulumun tagrawla n yimaziɣen imi d-kker maca yerwel ardekal tagrawla n yiserdasen deg 536 , yuɣal-d deg 539 yu-er tefriqt n ugafa ad t-yenbeḍ , yerbeḥ aṭas n yimaziɣen yesseǧhed acengu abizenṭi deg Tefriqt n ugafa .

Kra n yiseggasen n unekcum n yiserdasen ibizenṭiyen ɣer tefriqt n ugafa , tuɣal-d tegrawla n yimaziɣen yeɛreḍ ad tt-yeḥbes maca  deg tnegluft n Sillyum yettwanɣa
Aygan

aygan (s tegrigit taqburt : Αιγάν) d aɣella abizenṭi yeddren deg lɛehd n Justinyan 

## tudert
yettwabder-d deg yunyu 530 , deg tnegluft n Dara mi yella ɣer tama n yirumaniyen mgal ifarsiyen 

deg 533 yettwaceyyeɛ ɣer tefriqt n ugafa akked yiɣella nniḍen ( gar-asen Rufan ) akken ad nnaɣen mgal Jelimar awendali . deg unebdu n 534 yeggra-d netta d Rufan s ddaw n tmehla n Sliman , deg taggara n useggas-nni ruḥen ad nnaɣen d kra n yiderman n yimaziɣen i sen yuwin iserdasen , maca zzin-asen ; yettwanɣa Aygan
Rufan

**Rufan** (s tlatinit *Rufinus*) d aɣella abizenṭi deg tefriqt n ugafa deg wakud n Justinyan . deg 533 yettwaceyyeɛ ɣer tmurt n yiwendaliyen deg tefriqt n ugafa i umennuɣ

deg unebdu n 534 yeqqim netta d Aygan deg tefriqt n ugafa s ddaw n tmehla n sliman , di taggara n useggas ṭṭfen-ten yimaziɣen , yeddem-it Midisinas , yezla-t
Ctizel

***Ctizel***(s thibrut : שטיסל), qqaren-as ***, tawacult di [[Uṛacalim]]***,D tamazrart n Israyel tettmeslay-d ɣef twacult qaren-as Ctizel tettmeslay-d ɣef wassaɣ n ubabat  Culem Ctizel ) d mmi-s Aqiba Ctizel , d tawacult tudayt tadeyyanit yettidiren deg Uṛacalim 

.Llant 12 n tḥalqtin deg tsemhuyt tamezzwarut d tis snat . 9 deg tis kraḍ.
Fermina

**Firmina** (201-158) ( s Tifinaɣ ⴼⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏⴰ )  d mmi-s n ugellid Sifaks . Tebḍa Ruma tagelda n baba-s gar-as d Masensen . Tefka-as Lmasisil tagelda n baba-s .

## Tudert
Fermina d mmi-s n uɛedaw n yirumaniyen yuwi-d seg-s karuh-is d reffu-ines  , ɣas akken fkan-as Lmasisil ur tebɣin i Masensen ameddakel-nsen . Imi llan ugaden lukzn ad yegled Masensen Masilya d Masisilya ad asen-iruḥ aṭas n usirem deg Tefriqt . Maca mallan sin n yigeldunen imaziɣen ulac tuggdi , imi ad d-ggrin di ccwal kan . 

Ur d-nufi ara ayen nniḍen deg tudert n ugellid-agi d wayen yexdem ass mi yella . ur d-nufi daɣen awalen ɣef taggara-s kra n yimazranen nan-d belli Masensen yegled masilya d Masisilya deg useggas n 158 iban belli deg useggas agi i yeɣli Firmina , imi ur nesli s ugellid n Masisilya anagar Masensen ; yeǧǧa-d yiwen n mmi-s d ageldun qqaren-as Arxubazan 

Akka i teɣli ccetla n Sifaks .
Lakumzis

Lakumzis d mmi-s n ugellid Ulzasen seg tmeṭṭut-is taqerṭajit , yuɣal d agellid ɣef Masilya send tagrawla n Miṭzul ɣef gma-s Kabusa .

## Tudert
Send tamerna n Miṭzul d ɣelluy n Kabusa , yuɣal Lakumazis d agellid maca d Miṭzul i yuɣalen d agellid ɣef kullec , Lakumazis d agellid s yisem kan 

Ilaq ɣef Qerṭaj ad d-sekcem iman-is deg tegrawla-agi ad tefk lḥeq i win ilaqen ; maca ulac d acu i texdem , di lawan-agi yella Masensen mmi-s n Gaya deg Spenyul yettnaɣ mgal yirumaniyen

Mi t-id yuweḍ lexbar ɣef tegrawla n Meṭzul d wayen texdem Qerṭaj ; yeffeɣ-d yerfa , yuɣal-d ɣer tmurt-is d aɛdaw i Qerṭaj , yeddukel d Rum . Yerra ɣer Masilya akken ad d-yerr tagrawl i yiman-is yernu ad yessufeɣ seg-s Meṭzul . Iɛedda-d seg Masisilya tagelda n uɛdaw-is Sifaks s kra n yiserdasen . Yesla diɣ Miṭzul yegmen ad izeṛ Sifaks . Dɣa iheyya-as-d kullec akken ad yennaɣ yid-s , iserdasen-is zzin-d i wid n Lakumzis d Miṭzul , yerbeḥ Masensen . Rewlen d wid i yleḥqen ad ddun yid-sen , kecmen tagelda n Sifaks , ǧǧan-as-d Sirta i Masensen ad t-yegled s tedɣemt 

isuref-as Masensen ; yessawel-as akken ad yuɣal ɣer teɣremt-ines , yeqbel Lakumzis.
Kabusa

**Kabusa** neɣ **Qulusa** qqaren-as diɣ **Ɣulusa** ; d mmi-s amenzu n Ulzasen , yenɣa-t gma-s Lakumzis ardekal tagrawla n Meṭzul fella-s .

## Tudert
Ass mi yemmut baba-s Ulzasen yuɣal d netta i d agellid imi akka i t-id wwin yigeldunen n Masilya . Yexdem fella-s yiwen seg yiɣella itekkan ɣer twaculin tinesbaɣrin yemmezwaǧen d twacult-nsen . Maca Meṭzul neɣ Lakumzis ur sɛin ara azref ad gelden tura ; ilaq ad rǧun armi yuɣal Masensen d agellid yernu ad yemmet , akken ad yegled Lakumzis .

Yekker uredwir gar ugellid d ugrawliw , tfuk tegrawla-agi s lmut n Kabusa .
Ulzasen

**Ulzasen** (s Tifinaɣ : ⵡⵍⵣⴰⵙⵉⵙ) d agellid amasili . yegled ardekal lmut n gma-s Gaya.D baba-s n yigelliden Lakumzis d Kabusa.

## Tudert
D mmi-s n Narabas , yegled imi d netta i d amenzu . Yegled deg wadeg n gma-s Gaya ardekal lmut-is . D ɛemmi-s n Masensen , yedder Masensen s ddaw n uglad-is ; yella d ageldun imiren , zik i yemmut ardekal kra n wayyuren ; yeǧǧa-d sin n warrac d Kabusa ( yegled mi yemmut baba-s ) d Lakumzis ( i yxedmen tagrawla ɣe gma-s ) 

ardekal lmut-is , tezweǧ tmeṭṭut-is taqerṭajit d Meṭzul .
Tizmamagin (tawsit)

**Tizmamagin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Fedia**) d yiwet n tewsit n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n wafu (s unect n usismel n Cronquist) neɣ tawacult n tmermenniwin (s unect n usesmel afinulujik). 

## Tilmas
Tawsit-a tla anagar 3 n telmas timseggasin i d-yettemɣayen deg wamda utrim n yilel agrakal:
* Ibra n ṭikuk — (*Fedia cornucopiae*).
* Tiqqad n yisɣi — (*Fedia graciliflora*).

## Aseqdec

## Imniren
Eren Yager

Eren Yager d udem agejdan deg anime n Tenṭagt n yititanen ( attack on titan ) i yura Haǧimi Isiyama , d ilemẓi i yeggulen ad d-yerr ttaṛ i yemma-s i yečča yiwen seg yititanen ; hudden-as tamdint-is yellan deg ugadez n Cigancina s daxel n ṣṣur n Mariya , cwiṭ wwwiṭ yuɣal d netta ak i yǧehden deg umaḍal-is , yuweḍ armi yezmer ad-ineɣ akk imezdaɣ n umaḍal-is , deg tazzwara yella yezmer ad yessexdem sin n yititanen seg tẓa . Maca ur yelḥiq ara ad yesselḥu yiwen seg-sen imi xuṣṣen-t yidammen n yinesbaɣuren .

## Awadem

### Isem-is
Isem-agi n Eren d aterki . anamek-is amdan zeddigen neɣ agerram yezmer daɣen kif kif-it d wawal s ǧermanit erhn id-yemmalen nnif ma d aɣara-ines Yager d aɣara  yettwasnen aṭas gar yiminigen id-yunagen seg Lalman ɣer Marikan , ahat wwint-id seg yisem Ehrenjäger id-yemmalen aseyyad yettwagrmen .

### Timẓi
ilul-d Eren deg ugezdu n Cigancina deg ṣṣr n Marya , yedder deg-s armi d aseggas n 845 ass mi kecmen "utitan bu tfekkaz tameqqrant " d "utitan bu uɣra" ssuṛ n Marya . Ass mi yesɛa tẓa n yiseggasen deg yila-s isellek-d Mikasa Akerman seg lmut , yefka-as akackul-is akken ad tesseḥmu , seg wass-nni armi d tasemhuyt tis kraḍ (03) ur t-kkis Mikasa 

### amek yegga Eren
eren d awadem agejdan deg tmacahut-nneɣ d aqcic imelḥen s wallen tizegzawin yettban-d seg tmurt n Lalman id-yusa . Akken it-id yemmel yisem-is d aseyyad , ur yettaɣ ara awal d ilemẓi i wumi ḥman yidammen , yettargu ad isellek imdanen seg lmut ad iwala d acu yellan s deffir n leḥyuḍ . Mi yella d agrud yessarem ad yekcem ɣer trebaɛt n unadi maca yemma-s Karla tugi-as . Yerfa Eren isuɣ ɣef yemma-s ikenna-tt nettat d yimesdurar s yiɣersiwen iwumi ur teɛǧib tudert

Tazmert n utitan

Tettunefka tezmert meqqren i Eren d tin n yititanen agi : 

* **Tin n utitan yebnan kullec :** Yezmer Eren ad yesselḥ allaɣen n yakk ititanen ama d wid yesɛan tazmert ama d wid ur nesɛi ma yella teddukel tfekka-as d tin n yiwen seg twacult n yigelliden ( akka am tinna n Zek Yager "gma-s" ) ( yuwi-d eren tazmert-a seg tin yebnan kullec : ymir , deg tedyanin n tmacahut , akken ad yelḥeq ɣer yiwen n yiswi ) 

* **Tin n utitan yettemɣen :** Yezmer utitan yettemɣen ad yesɛu cfawat n wid i t-yesxedmen ama send n win n tura neɣ ardekal-ines , ttwalin izri d wurmir , yezmer ad yessexdem tazmert-ines akken ad yemmeɣ , d ayen i t-yerran seg yititanen iǧehden aṭas .

* **Tin n utitan bu tefḍist :** Atitan bu tefḍist yezmer ad yexdem leslaḥ seg tfekka-s melmi yebɣa , yesɛa-t Eren imi yečča Lara Tybur deg tsemhuyt tis ukkuz (o')
Tizɣa

**Tizɣa** (Isem ussnan: **Rhus pentaphylla**) d yiwet n telmest n yisekla yeṭṭafaren tawsit n taza. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d anagar deg Umeṛṛuk d Lezzayer.
## Aglam
## Aseqdec
Tiginit d yiferran d yigumma n useklu-ayi ttusxdamen deg ussuji n unagraw amaẓẓad. 
## Imniren
Dasin welt ihma

**Dasin Welt ihma** ( s Tifinaɣ ⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴻⵍⵜ ⵉⵀⵎⴰ) **( 1873 – 1933 t)**  d tageldunt tatergit , d wetma-s n umnukal *Axmuk aq Ihma* d nanna-s n umnukal *Axmuk Bay* d umnukal *Musa Laxmuk* d yelli-s n nanna-s n umnukal yettwasnen *[[Musa Ag Amastan|Musa aq amasten]]* . Yemma-s n nna ***Tihet welt Hedyuwi*** , ulsen-d fella-s yitergiyen d yirumyen tamacahut-is . 

## Tudert

Dasin welt Ihma ( Dasin yelli-s n Ihma ) qqaren-as daɣen welt Aṭbel ( anamek-is yelli-s n ugedun ) qqaren-as daɣen tageldunt m yisefra tlul deg tmurt n yitergiyen deg useggas n 1873 , deg Uhaggar tella seg yiwet n twacult tesɛa ccan d ameqqren gar yimucaɣ , telmed tiyita ɣef Imzad , tessen ad texdem kra n yisefra win i as-yeslan yeqqim d ameḥbus gar wawalen-is ur yezmir ad yettu isefra-ines , ttwasnen yisefra-ines gar yimucaɣ akken ttwasnn yisefra n Si Muḥend U Mḥend deg tmurt n Leqbayel , nnan-d fella-s d tafulkayt tewwi-d zzin-is seg yemma-s Tihit welt Heyudwi . Yura-d fella-s ugerram De Fuku , yessuqel-d kra seg yisefra-s ɣer tefransist , ula d nettat tenna fella-s ass mi yemmut " *Sḥassfeɣ imi ad yeggri yiwen n urgaz yelhan am umrabeḍ ( tebɣa ad ini [[Carl di fuku|De fuku]] ) deg tmest* " imi tɣil ad yuɣal ad yekcem deg tneslemt send lmut-is . Uqbel ad tecnu ɣef imzad-ine tetteffer i 03 n wussan syin ad suffeɣ isefra-s ɣef ( tayri , tudert ...)  

### Tazɣent n zzwaǧ-ines
Xeḍben-d akk ilmeẓyen n Uhaggar win yettwasnen d Musa aq amasten ( uqbel ad yuɣal d amnukal ) , tezweǧ d yiwen n yilemẓi ur yesɛi adrim i sɛan maca yesɛa aẓar-is yelha maca mačči am winna n Musa qqaren-as Aflan aq Alemti ( kra nnan-d aq Dua ) ; rfan akk yilmeẓyen n Aheggar imi Dasin tucbiḥt textar yiwen s ddaw-atsen deg wazal d udrim , ihi nnan-d belli yal alɣem ara yeffɣen i usfuggel n tmeɣra-agi ad yemmzel , zlan alɣem n Aflan maca di taggara qeblen s zzwaǧ-agi imi ulac awal s nnig n win n Dasin uggaden ad ten-id-awi deg yisefra-s s yimzad-is , imiren qeblen akk s wayen yextar wul-is . Turew-d Dasin seg Aflan yiwen n uqcic yettwanen nezzeh gar yimuhaɣ isem-is *Musa aq Aflan* .

### Tayri-s d Musa aq Amastan
Musa yella iḥemmel dasin seg wul-is si zik , ɣas akken nettat tella ur tettḥulfu ara s tayri ɣur-s imi nettat telha-d kan d imzad-ines , arraw n yitergiyen itt-yesnen llan akk bɣan-tt ladɣa amnukal Musa aq Amastan i yellan yerɣa fella-s , maca nettat tella dayen tega leqrar-is tegmen ad taɣ Aflan , imiren Musa iruḥ ɣer nnfaq meqqar ad yemmet ad yettu tayri-ines , 8 n yiseggasen i yɛeddan mi d-yuɣal , yufa Dasin tebra , imi aflantuwi-as tmeṭṭut-nniḍen ul-is , imiren Musa yebda yettaru-as tibrati , Dasin tella tettarra-as-d d yimzad-is

#### Tibratin n Dasin d Musa
Musa yura-d af Dasin : d imesli n tnezruft d titrit d tasedda " nettat tella tettarra-as taqqar-as izem , agellid n tayri......... 

## Dasin d imzad-is
Mi temmut Dasin deg useggas n 1933 , tella mazal-itt tekkat Imzad ; tenna fella-s : *Imzad d gma ur d-uriw yemma* .
Amnukal

Di tmura n yitargiyen **amnukal** (asget *Imenukalen*) neɣ tamnukalt ma d tameṭṭut ( asget timnukalin ) , d aɣella n tgelda tatergit , yettwafran seg yimawlan n umnukal i t-id-yezwaren . Ttaken-as daɣen aɣara n aṭbel ( ṭṭbel n ṭṭrad ) am ucraḍ i uglad-is .. Awal-agi yezmer ad yemmel " amenkad " . Amnukal atergi yettwasnen aṭas d tagellidt Tin hinan , imi d tamezzwarut i wumi yettunefka uɣara-agi .
Taytuq

At **Taytuq** d adrum atergi war-axxam yeddren deg tmurt n Lezzayer. D yiwet seg yiderman mm umezruy meqqren n Kel Ahaggar Kel Ɣella d TiƔi Mellet .
Tagrawla tatergit n 1916-1917

**Tagrawla n yitergiyen n 1916-1917** neɣ **tagrawla n Kawsen** d tagrawla i yebdan deg 1916 tekfa deg 1917 mgal ucengu afransis . Teḍra-d deg udrar n Ayer deg ugafa n Niǧer amaynut . Amennuɣ-agi d amennuɣ amezzwaru n yitergiyen n Niǧer mgal yifransisen . Tagrawla-agi yemhel-itt Muḥemmed Waw Tegidda Kawsen ( 1880-1919 ) yerbeḥ-d lemɛawna n twacult talibit tasnusit 

Yeɣli umur ameqqran n temdinin meqqren n temnaḍt n Agadiz : Ingall , Asudi d Awudras s ddaw n yifassen n yigrawliwen itergiyen i waṭas n wayyuren uqbel ad d-zzin yiserdasen ifransisen seg temdint n Zinder deg unẓul uɣalent-d ɣer yifassen n ucengu deg meɣres 1917 kksen-tent i yigrawliwen . Uɣalen-d yigrawliwen ɣer Fezzan deg Libya i deg yella uɣella-nsen ( di Murzuq ) .