Microsoft Windows

Windows (s tseklant "isfuyla" s tutlayt taglizit) d yiwen n unagraw seg yinagrawen n wammud i d-tesuffeɣ Microsoft i yiselkimen imṣudan (PC). Yerna-d deffir MS DOS.

Seg yiseggasen n 1990 *(agim tẓa twines d tzat)*, d ttwafɣa n Windows 95, i  d-yemmugren rbaḥ ameqqṛan, dɣa imi amaẓrag-ines yestenya amtawa d waṭas n yimesraken n yiselkimen iwakken ad sbeddayen deg yifuras-nsen ala Windows 95 neɣ muyaf-asen gen tafagwit n tedrimt, ayagi yeǧǧat ad yawi amḍiq ameqṛan deg ugduz.

taseddaṛt n Windows deg-s aṭas ifurkawen:
* Afurk amenzu, d win umi neqqar afurk 16 *(mraw sed)* ibitten, iɣum Windows si lqem 1 ar 3.11 (3.2 s tcinwatt), Yeffeɣ-d aseggas n 1985 *(mraw tza twines d tamet sem)*, ileḥḥu (itedddu) kan deg selkimen imṣudan PC, uqqin 16 ibitten.
* Afurk wis sin, umi qqaren afurk Windows NT (Windows NT 3.1, NT 4.O, arnu Windows 2000), yeffeɣ-d di 1993. D taneflit i d-yalsen (iɛawden) seg ulac, yettwaxdem iy selkimen n yemdanen d iqeddacen d iselkimen imyagwan PC. Di tazwara llan seqdacent tmettiwin. 
Di 2001 Windows XP yeffeɣ-d, yuɣal ufurk agi sseqdacent yemdanen merra, ayen yeǧǧan Microdoft ad suffaɣ wa deffir wayeḍ Windows Vista d Windows 7.
* Afurk wis kraḍ, umi qqaren tikkal afurk Windows 9x, yeffeɣ-d aseggas n 1995, idder s umsaday d ufurk NT. Afurk agi yebda d Windows 95, yerna-d fell-as Windows 98 d Windows Me. Yettwassen aṭas seg imdanen, yerna yusa-d iwakken ad yeṭṭef amḍiq n ufurk amenzu, yella d afurk amezwaru s 32 ibitten.
* Afurk wis kuz, umi qqaren afurk Windows CE, yeffeɣ-d aseggas n 1996. Yusad akken ad yeddu deg inagrawen yettwabban d warrumen fssusen n ufus (tilifun (teleɣri) ufus). d netta id azadur n Windows Mobile d Pocket PC.

## Ifurkawen itikniken n Windows

## Afurk n 16 ibitten
Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.

* Windows 1.0 : wanber 1985
* Windows 2 : duǧamber 1987
* Windows 2.10 i 286 : duǧamber 1987
* Windows 2.10 i 386 : duǧamber 1987
* Windows 2.11 …
* Windows 3.0 : mayu 1990
* Windows 3.1 "Janus" : yebrir 1992
* Windows i Workgroups 3.1 "Kato" : tuber 1992
* Windows i Workgroups 3.11 "Snowball" : wanber 1993
* Windows i Workgroups 3.2 (lqem acinwat n Windows i Workgroups 3.11) : …

Ileqmen imezwura n Windows ttwasekkaren si DOS, sseqdacen anagraw n ifuyla n DOS. Sinna Windows tsekcem-d kra n twura n unagraw n wammud, am umasal n uselkam n yimanis, asefrek n ukala multitaches, asefrek n tkatut tahlist d inuḍafen iw sefrek n ubeqqeḍ, asiggez, anasiw, imesli ... d wiyaḍ. Windows 2.10 i 386 yuǧwed ula d netta seg iketturen n Intel 80386, am usersi n yiɣes s uqqin imesten d uselkem n ahilen DOS di tmacinin tuhlisin s uqqin 8086.

Nezmer daɣen anesseqdac Windows di DOS wiyaḍ mači MS-DOS n Windows, am PC-DOS n IBM neɣ DR-DOS, maca ilaq ad neǧǧ di rrif yark inzan inezriyen i d-ittcegga uselkim deg usbeddi.

si Windows 95, agrudem udlif yuɣal susmenzi d-amadraw n MS-DOS. Dayen id yessekren ugur ger Caldera, ig llan d-amaẓrag n DR-DOS di lawan nni, yettaǧǧan daɣen Windows ad yelḥu, d Windows.

Si Windows XP, nezmer ad nini dakken DOS dayen iruḥ yark seg inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft, maca talalt ines tezmer adili.

## Afurk 9x

Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.

* Windows 95 "Cikago" : ɣuct 1995
* Windows 95 OSR2 "Detroit" : ɣuct 1996
* Windows 98 "Memphis" : yunyu 1998
* Windows 98 Taẓrigt tissnat, neɣ daɣen « Windows 98 SE ») : mayu 1999
* Windows Me (neɣ Windows Millennium taẓrigt) : ctember 2000

A laǧay n yiɣes n NT meẓẓiyen aṭas d ugar n useqdec n wahilen ddaw MS-DOS, Microsoft tẓerged yiwen unagraw n wammud iwakken ad yettwaseqdac sɣuṛ yemdanen maṛṛa, d win id yebwin tiɣerwan yelhan n Windows NT u yeqqim d-amṣadan d-ileqman imenza n Windows d MS-DOS.

Inagrawen Windows 95 d wid it idiḍefṛen d-inemhazen iregnawen 16/32 ibitten n-ileqman Windows 3.0 d 3.1. Ttwasulin yark ɣef yiwet tmudemt inuḍafen: i VxD ten. Di 1995, Windows 95 yebwid aṭas tɣawsuwin timaynutin: tissi n uzeṭṭa id yesukkes si tin n Windows NT, agrudem udlif amaynut. Mači d anagraw n wammud amaynut, maca d tanemhazt n Windows 3.1. ɣuṛ Windows 95 tazmert iwakken ad yelḥu ɣef tiwilawin unekcum n tseddaṛt s wazal n 4 MO n tkatut tuddirt (RAM), lqem OSR2 n Windows 95 yebwid ttawil n tawadma n tezmart n USB d FAT32.

Lqem-agi amezwaru yettwasnen ussan-nni n tneflit-ines s yisem n "Chicago" u yeffeɣ-d s yisem n Windows 95, yemmuger-d tinemhazin timeqqṛanin, gar-asent Windows 98 d Windows Me (Millenium Edition), i yeǧǧan inagrawen n wammud n Microsoft ad ttwasnen xilla. 
Ileqman agi yark sɛan yiwen wugur ameqqṛan ninfafaden, ayen yeǧǧan Microsoft ad tsuffeɣ afurk n Windows NT 5.1 neɣ win umi neqqaṛ Windows XP iwakken ad tqazem ugur agi.

## Afurk Windows NT

Ismawen n tengalin yettwasnen ger wacciwen.

* Windows NT 3.1 : ɣuct 1993
* Windows NT 3.5 "Daytona" : ctember 1994
* Windows NT 3.51 : yunyu 1995
* Windows NT 4.0 : ɣuct 1996
* Windows 2000 (Cairo) : fuṛaṛ 2000
* Windows 2000 SP1 : ɣuct 2000
* Windows 2000 SP2 : mayu 2001
* Windows XP "Whistler, iluled seg ufsay n usenfar Neptune d win n Odyssey" : 25 tubaṛ 2001
* Windows 2000 SP3 : yulyu 2002
* Windows XP SP1 : ctember 2002
* Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center : 2002
* Windows Server 2003 : mayu 2003
* Windows 2000 SP4 : yulyu 2003
* Windows XP taẓrigt Starter : ɣuct 2004
* Windows XP SP2 : ɣuct 2004
* Windows XP taẓrigt axxam n "Windows XP Édition familiale / Windows XP taẓrigt twacult" : yebrir 2005
* Windows XP 64 : avril 2005
* Windows XP taẓrigt Media Center 2005 : ɣuct 2005
* Windows Vista "Longhorn" : nunber 2006 i taṛmisin ; 30 yennayer 2007 i yemdanen maṛṛa.
* Windows Server 2008 : fuṛaṛ 2008
* Windows XP SP3 : yebrir 2008
* Windows Vista SP1 "Windows Fiji" : id yefɣen di meɣṛes 2008
* Windows Vista SP2 : yefɣed yunyu 2009
* Windows 7 "Windows Vienna" : ifɣed ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009
* Windows Server 2008 R2, ifɣad yiwen wass netta d Windows 7 (ass n 22 tubaṛ 2009)
* Windows 7 SP1 : ifɣed fuṛaṛ 2011
* Windows 8 : i 2012
* Windows Home Server 2011 : uṛɛad i d-yeffeɣ acku ur yewjid ara.