open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Anagraw amesgunef

**Anagraw amesgunef** neɣ **Allal amesgunef** d agman n afekkan id yettajjun Uksijin imsefki n wermud n tfekka n ufgan akken ig tekkes fellas anaksid n ukaṛbun (Co²).. Azwu n tayyant itekk seg uyerzi d tzumar ɣer turin. Deg yal aberfiw (turin) llant waṭas n tzumar tigejdanin iẓẓunin (iferqen)  ar waṭas n ifurken yettfakkan s wumdan meqqren n iɣerɣuren iberfawen yettwassun s ifraren usdiden (rqiqen) s waṭas yettili-d yissen usenfel n igazen gar-asen d gar n tirjuyfa id yezzin ɣef iɣerɣuren iberfawen

## Tiregwa timesgunaf

## Tiwurin n [[Asgunef|usgunef]]

## Asenfel n igazen

## Imgan issemdayen deg temhalt n usgunef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asgunef

**Asgunef** neɣ **Annefu** d amesni n weksujin seg uzɣar (beṛṛa) n tfekka ar tikwatin n izeṭṭiwen n tfekka., Yakk d umesni n unaksid n ukaṛbun (Co²)  seg tkawatin ar azɣar 
Asgunef deg tfekka yettili-d s snat n temhalin:  
* Asgunef uffiɣ: anda turin tsummuntt azwu yeččuren d Uksijin (s uzizzer) d werẓam (aserreḥ) n wezwu yeččuren d CO² s azɣar (s usɣunef 

*Asgunef agensu: Anda tikwatin n tfekka ɣelltent (sfayadent) seg wuksijin id wwint seg yidammen. Dɣa d asgunef agensu i d agejdan deg tufki n tfasa i tfekka d usuɣel n wučči ar tenga tamiddurt neɣ ar Protoplasm. Tazzla n usgunef d tin yemgaraden s waṭas s unect n waddar (ɛla ḥsab leɛmeṛ) acku ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen id tettili ugar wala ɣer imeqqranen. Ɣer isegmiyen (llufanat) id ilulen sakken kan ttilin-d gar n 30 ar 40 n imussa n usgunef deg tesdidt (dqiqa). Maca deg temɣer ttadren-d ar 16 kan deg tesdidt

## Asgunef ɣer yimɣan

## Asgunef s wugar n yiwer n tarrayt

## Tiwlafin

File:Curvon2.jpg
File:Surface tension and lung volume.jpg
File:Curvon1.jpg
File:IPP lungs.jpg

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Anagraw amesgunef
* Turin
Siwṛiɣ

**Sawṛaɣ** neɣ **tajɣuɣt** d kellu (asbaɣ) n weglim d imelli n tiṭṭ s yini awraɣ d uzegza s usrag (s ssebba) n walluy deg uswir n ubilirubin. Deg waṭas n tegnatin, igellu-d s tuččit, Siwṛiɣ d aṭṭan id yettmagen i wugar n wezgen n warrac deg imalas (ssmana) amezwar seld tlallit, maca deg tuget n tegnatin ur ttilint ara d timizanin. Dacu kan ma llan iswiren n Ubilirubin ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen ulin s waṭas, yerna yeṭṭef akud ɣezzifen yezmer ad iglu s yiwet n telmest n uttwaɣ deg wallaɣ yettwassnen s siwṛiɣ aɣisan.
Isragen n siwṛiɣ d wid igan gar n isragen armihanen d yisragen iteɣɣen (ineqqen). 
Deg tuget n tikwal, aswir n Bilirubin deg idammen yettili s ddaw n 1mg/dl. Iswiren i yugaren 2 ɣer 3mg/dl gellun-d s siwṛiɣ. Dɣa Abilirubin yebḍa ar sin n inawen: Abilirubin usrid d ubilirubin arusrid.

## [[Asken|Isekna]] d yizmal

## Isragen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Michael Ancher

**Michael Peter Ancher** (9 yunyu 1849 - 19 ctember 1927) d yiwen seg inaẓuren n temsiggezt yettwassnen yakk di tmurt n Danmaṛk, ilul deg tegzirt n Bornholm. Amur ameqran n teklutin-is d tid-ak id yessawalen ɣef isental d timeẓriwin n inegmaren  deg taddart n Skagen d usagen-is

## Timudmin ɣef imahilen-is

File:Redningsbåden køres gennem klitterne (high resolution).jpg|Taklut n imerfad n teflukt n usellek.
Michael Ancher Strandszene.jpg
File:Michael Ancher - Den røde redningsbåd sejler ud.jpg
A Baptism (Michael Ancher).jpg
File:Michael Ancher - Portrait of my wife. The painter Anna Ancher - Google Art Project.jpg 


## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Urnan

**Urnan** d kra n tegnatin id yettmagen s usrag n tfelnefrayt n unagraw anaffal ar kra n tnegwa deg twennaṭ ɣas d tid ur nettili ara d timihanin. Aṭṭanen-a d wid igan d anzerzug awernan, d wurnan wučči d Aherri uteppi d uneggaf dtamgelgeẓt. Ma d isekna n wekfal-is gan d tuččit d unezzu d tazzla n yinzaren yakk d buturin.

## Urnan seg [[tigezt]]

## Urnan n weglim

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasnaffalt
* Tasnurnant 
## Imniren
Tuddsa n temsisit n ugafa anaṭlas

**Tuddsa n temsisit n ugafa anaṭlas** (S Tegnizt: *North Atlantic Treaty Organization*, s usegzel **NATO**), (s Tefransist: *Organisation du traité de I'Atlantique nord*, s usegzel: **OTNA**) d tuddsa taserdast tagreɣlant i d-yennulfan deg useggas n 1949 s usizder ɣef umtawa n ugafa n unaṭlas yettuzemlen (yettustenyan) deg Washington DC deg wass n 4 yebrir 1949 
.. NATO yessisliɣ-d anagraw amastan amazday anda ttemsisint deg-s tmura neɣ iwunak igmamen ɣef westan amilal i turrit n yal anṭag ad yekken seg kra n ugmam uffiɣ. 3 seg yigmamen n NATO (Marikan, Fṛansa, Tagelda Yeddukklen) gan d igmamen imeɣlalen deg Useqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen yerna ttfaṛasen s wezref n Veto. Dɣa timura ayyi d tid ilan (yesɛan) imrigen iɣisanen. Asutel n NATO yezga-d deg temdint n Brussel (tamenrut n Biljik). Ma d Asutel n temhalin n NATO yezga-d zdat n Mons, Biljik 

Tamsist n NATO iga amsisi aserdas agreɣlan deg-s 30 n iwunak d Igmamen deg yakk Uruppa d Temrikt tagafant. Akken ittekkayen 21 n Iwunak niden deg wahil n timttekkit i lment n telwit yeṭṭafaren amsisi n NATO. Yakk d temttekkit n 15 n iwunak niden deg wahil n udewenni agraklan 

Amsisi n NATO yella u zeddiɣ (w mazal-it) ur yugar ara d akken-it d tuddsa tasertayt alammi id yekker umsenɣi n Kurya ayen yessulin amdan n yigmamen deg tuddsa. Anda imsenɣi ayyi issengugi igmamen iẓaranen n NATO u yegla-d s tmuski n tɣessa tasertayt tummidt s ddaw n temdayt (leɛnaya) n sin n imenharen n Marikan. Akala n umsenɣi asemmaṭ yewwi ar uwsizwer (amḥizwer) yakk d yeɣlanen n werkawel n Warsaw i d-yennulfan deg 1955 anect-a d ayen i d-yessekren turdiwin (ccekuk) ɣef tdusi n wassaɣen gar n tmura n Uruppa d Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt ar tama n turdiwin ɣef tesfelsant n westan n NATO mgal tuṭṭfa n Tiddukla n Suvyit. Ayen i d-yeglan  s usnefli n uskuker aɣisan afrensaw asiman d tuffɣa-ynes (Fṛansa) seg tɣessa taserdast n NATO deg useggas n 1966 i tenzagt n 30 iseggasen. Seld n uɣelluy n weɣṛab n Berlin di Lalman deg useggas n 1989 NATO yettekka deg wefsay n Yuguslavya akken i d-tegra inekcumen-is iserdasen deg tmurt n Busnya seg 1992 ar 1995, sin akin tettekka di teyyita n Yuguslavya deg useggas n 1999 

Seg tama tasertayt. amsisi n NATO yurem (yeɛreḍ) ad yesselhu issaɣen-is d iwunak yellan d igmamen deg werkawel n Warsaw zik-nni anda aṭas deg-sen  kecmen ar tuddsa ayyi gar iseggasen n 1999 d 2004. Akken i yettusemres s tuddsa (s umagrad uṭṭun 5 n umtawa n ugafa anaṭlas) yessuteren seg iwunak igmamen i wakken ad talel yal awanak agmam yeɣli-d fell-as wenṭag i tikkelt tamezwarut d temyiwent seld n tiytiwin n 11 ctember 2001, sin akin ttwafesren-tt tdusiyin di Afɣanistan s ddaw n tnehrawt n ISAF yeṭṭafaren NATO. Akken i terna teddem tagrawt n temlilin nniden seg yimir-nni am tuzna n isleɣmayen ar Yirak d tallalt deg temhalt n umennuɣ mgal iflisen  
Deg useggas n 2011, Tuddsa n NATO tqelled-d  Tama n tegdelt agennaw deg tegnawin n Libya

## Amezruy

## Timhalin tisardasanin

## Tamuski

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen
* Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa
Ass amadlan n tdawsa

**Ass amadlan n tdawsa** d ass agreɣlan d ass yettusentan (yettuxeṣṣen) i wesmal n tdawsa. Yettusfuggel s wass-a yal ass n 7 yebrir n yal aseggas seg useggas n 1950 i lmend n umulli n tnekra n tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa

## Isental imseggasen

## Umuɣ n isental

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Igmamen Imeɣlalen n Useqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen

**Igmamen Imeɣlalen n [[Aseqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|Useqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen]]** (S Tegnizt: *Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council*) d iduba iwunak n Ccinwa, Fṛansa, Rusya, Tagelda Yeddukklen yakk d Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt. Iwunak-a sgensisen-d tidusiyin timeqqṛanin yernan (irebḥen) deg wemsenɣi amadlan wis sin.. Iwunak-a imaɣlalen n tegmemt n lan (sɛan) azref n tsentilt ayen i d-asen-yettakken tizmert i wakken ad sgedlen yal asenfar n tneɣtust deg wesqamu war tamuɣli ar udeggi (ar uqbal) agreɣlan i yisenfaren-a n tneɣtust

## Igmamen imiranen (n tura)

## Azref n Veto

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

 
 

## Imniren
Aseqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen

**Aseqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen** (s usegzel: **Aseqqamu n tɣellist**) d yiwen n gar wallalen (inagrawen) ixataren yakk deg Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen akken iga d agensas n taggaẓt (aḥraz) n telwit d tɣellist tigreɣlanin s unect n umagrad wis 7 n werkawal n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen. Dɣa aseqqamu ayyi ila (yesɛa) adabu uzrif ɣef iduba n iwunak igmamen. Ɣef wanecta iɣtasen-is d imaranen i yiwunak igmamen (amagrad wis 4 n werkawal).. Tadreẓt (tiɣimit) tamezwarut n useqqamu tella-d deg wass n 17 yennayer 1946 sin akin llant-d waṭas n tderẓin niden deg temdinin n umadal yemgaraden alammi id yettwafren usutel amiran id yezgan g New York d asutel ameɣlal i wesqamu n tɣellist 

## Igmamen

## Umuɣ n yiɣtasen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* P5
Aɣṛab n Berlin

**Aɣṛab n Berlin** (S Telmant: *Berliner Mauer*) yella d aɣṛab ɣezzifen ibeṭṭu Berlin ar sin n izegnan (asemran d utrim) d tamiwin i d-yezzin deg  Lalman tasemrant. Iswi deg tmuski-ynes (lebni-ynes) d asersi n tilas n tukkit gar n Berlin d Lalman tasemrant. Tamuski-ynes tessenta (lebni-ynes yebda) deg wass n 13 ɣuct 1961. Dɣa yettwasses (yettusejhed) aṭas n tikwal maca yeldi deg wass n 9 wamber 1989 sin akin yettwadrem s talɣa tazun-midt.

Azal n 3,5 n imelyan seg Lalman tasemrant sizdwen ɣef tkerfiwin n yinig id yettusefken seg tkura tasemrant send n usbeddi n weɣṛab d beṭṭu ɣef Lalman Tamegdayt anda aṭas deg-sen zegren tilisa gar n Berlin tasemrant ar Berlin tutrimt acki syinna zemren ad inigen ar Lalman tutrimt d tmura n Uruppa tutrimin niden. Aɣṛab-a amzun (meḥsub) yegdel yall talɣiwin n yinig. Gar n iseggasen n 1961 d 1989 azal n 100,000 n yimdanen urmen (ɛerḍen) ad rewlen seg Berlin tasemrant dɣa ugar n 5000 deg-sen ssawṭen ad rewlen sufell n weɣṛab deg wakud anda i yukksen (mmuten) gar n 136 ar ugar n 200 deg-sen.

Tazrart d umsedfer n tegrawliwin deg tkura n iwunak isemranen yudsen deg useggas n 1989 (aladɣa di Pulunya d Hungarya) glant-d s tegrawt n yenttagen deg Lalman tasemrant ayen yewwin di taggara ar tukksa n weɣṛab-a. Deg wass n 9 wamber, seld n waṭas n imalas n irwayen iɣaṛimen, adabu n Lalman tasemrant yelɣet-d d akken yakk iɣeṛmanen n Lalman tasemrant zemren ad rzun w ad ddun ar Lalman tutrimt d Berlin tutrimt anda aṭas n yimdanen seg Lalman tasemrant zegren aɣṛab-nni s walluy akken i zegren iɣeṛmanen n Lalman tutrimt ar wamur asemran deg yiwet n tegnit n usfuggel.

## Tizegrawin timaddudin d usemres-nsent

## Tamuɣli tamazrayt

## Tamuski n weɣṛab

## Aɣelluy-is

## Idlisen fell-as

## Deg tsekla

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Franz Schubert

**Franz Schobert** (31 yennayer 1797 - 19 wamber 1828) 
d ameskar n uẓawan Anutric, ɣas akken yukkes (yemmut) zik deg waddar (leεmer) n 31 n iseggasen yexdem ugar n 1000 n tmaskarin n ikunsirtuyen imaẓwanen, aṭas iy meggzen kra seg imahilen-is seg ikunsirtuyen imawayen (ifazen) yakk deg umezruy n uẓawan. Timaskarin-is ttwassnent s tilin n  isaddasen d inyan imaẓlayen. Dɣa aṭas n yimseddas udren yerna xedmen di Vienna am Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart d Ludwig van Beethoven, maca gar-asen anagar Schobert ilulen deg temdint-nni , yettumeggez d aneggaru seg yimẓawanen n Tallit taklasikt u d amezwaru n yimaskaren n uẓawan aṛumantik. 
  
Schobert ilul zdat n Vienna deg 31 yennayer 1797, Baba-s yella d Amuṛav igan d tama i d-yezgan deg usammer n tegduda n Ččik tura,  deg waddar 5 n yiseggasen yebda almad s ufus n baba-s, deg waddar-nni yakan yebda baba-s yesselmad-as adinan , ttunefkent-as temsirin ɣef upyanu s ufus n gma-s **Ignaz**, deg useggas n 1814 yemmug-d baba-s d aselmad deg yiwen n uɣerbaz sin akin yemlal d Theres Krupp illi-s n umɣraf n taẓawt (leḥrir) anda i s-yura aṭas n tezlatin-is akken a tent-itt-cnu s taɣect-is. yella ira ad yercel (yebɣa ad yezwej) yid-s maca isuḍaf imakrafen (yettuḥerṣen) deg tallit-nni ssefken-d ad yell (ad yesεu) tazmert iwakken ad yeg tawacult ayen yeǧǧan ur yessaweṭ ara ar tirat-is.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azref n Veto

**Azref n Veto** neɣ **Azref n tsentilt** d azref n tsentilt ɣef yal  aɣtas id yettak useqqamu n tɣellist n agreɣlan war ma yessedfer-d isragen (ssebat) fell-as, Azrefa-a yettunefk i 5 n yigmamen imeɣlalen deg useqqamu n tɣellist agreɣlan. Igmamen-a gan d: 
* Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt
* Ccinwa
* Rusya
* Fṛansa
* Tagelda Yeddukklen
Awal n VETO ur d-yettubder ara deg werkawal n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen maca yettubder-d **Azref n tsentilt**, Dɣa anamek-is n tidet iga d azref n weɣṛay n weɣtas mači kan d tasentilt acku ma yessentel yiwen n ugmam neɣ yeffeɣ mgal kra n weɣtas ad yili icaṭ fell-as i wakken ad yettwikkes weɣtas-nni yerna ur izerri ara yakk ɣas ma yella yettwaddeg (yettwaqbel) sɣur n 14 n igmamen niden (igan d Igmamen imiranen)

## Asemres n wezref n Veto

Seg wass mi id t-nnulfa Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen deg useggas n 1945 ittusemres (ittusexdem) wezref n Veto azal n 257 n tikkal: (Tiddukla n Suvyit d tmekkasut-s Rusya 123 n tikkal, Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt 76 n tikkal, Tagelda Yeddukklen 32 n tikkal, Fṛansa 18 n tikkal, Ccinwa 8 n tikkal

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Arkawal n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen

Yettwazmel (yettwastenyi) **Werkawal n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen** deg wass n 26 yunyu 1945 di temdint n San Francisco deg tegrayt n umedru n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen ɣef unagraw n tsudut tagreɣlan, yuɣal d ulkim deg wass n 24 tuber 1945. anagraw agejdan n tsenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant d amur asemmad i werkawal-a

Deg wass n 17 dujamber 1963, Agraw Amatu n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen yegguni asegged d iɣewwaṛen yettuskecmen ɣef yimagraden 23 d 27 d 61 n werkawal i yuɣalen d ulkimen deg 31 ɣuct 1965. Akken id tegguni deg wass n 20 dujamber 1965 ɣef iɣewwaren yettuskecmen ɣef umagrad 109 yuɣalen d ulkim deg 12 yunyu 1968 

Asrgged n umagrad wis 23 d win i d-iɣtsen s tmerniwt wuṭṭun n yigmamen n useqqamu n tɣellist seg mraw d yiwen (11) n yigmamen ar mraw smmus (15) n yigmamen

## Tazwart

## Agbur n werkawal

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant

**Tasenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant** (S Tegnizt: *International Court of Justice*, s usegzel: **ICJ**) akken i tettwassen s yisem n **Tasenbert tamadlant**. D tasudut taɣedmant tagejdant n tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen., Asutel-is yezga-d di Lahay (Hollanda). Dɣa tga d anagraw amyiwen seg 6 n inagrawen n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen ur nelli ara di New York. Tennulfa-d deg useggas n 1945 tebda imahilen-is deg useggas n 1946 dɣa teṭṭef adeg n Tsenbert Tameɣlalt n Teɣdemt Tagreɣlant.. I tamawt yessefk ad tili tukza (ameyyez) gar Tesenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant d Tsenbert Tiniɣit Tagreɣlant 

Tesenbert n teɣdemt tagreɣlant d tin ilan (yesɛan) armud aɣedman meqqren. Tbeṭṭu s unect n izarafen usaduf agreɣlan  deg imennuɣen iɣedmen i d-yettilin gar n tmura

Taɣdemt-a tessuddes seg 15 n yimzurfa i ferren-iten wegraw amatu n yeɣlanen yeddukklen d useqqamu n Tɣellist i tenzagt (lmudda) n 9 n iseggasen. Akken i yezmer ad yili wallus (aɛawed) n wefran n yigmamen. ⅓ n yigmamen ttwafranen yal 3 n iseggasen akken i yegdel ad ilin sin n yimzurfa yezdin deg yiwet n teɣlent. Ma deg tegnit n tmekkast (Lmut) n umzarfu ad yili wefran n umzarfu niden yettadamen taɣlent n umzarfu yukkesen (yemmuten) i wakken ad yeṭṭef adeg-is alamma tfukk tenzagt-is

## Amezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Atmelli

**Atmelli** (ɛeyyu d awal areṭṭal) d tagnit tafarit deg wemdan deg-s aṭas n yiglamen yettilin gar n tilwit (tiffinyent) deg wermud n wemdan ar kra n telmas n wefray s tekma tamaẓwalt s usrag n kra n uxeddim iy tetten tafasa. Atmelli yezmer ad yili d afekkan neɣ d anellay (lbal) 

Atmelli afekkan d tagnit andaamdan ur izemmer ara ad yeg gra n umahil (ad yexdem kra) i tennum tezmert-is txeddem-iten. Dɣa asken-a d win yellan d imezdi s tuget ɣer yimdanen yal ass maca asemdu-ynes yettili d anamsad ugar mi ara ad yili wadad meqqren ɣef talest tagamant. Ma d atmelli anellay igellu-d s nuddam d usunded. Atmelli iga d asken acku d amaṭun id yeqqaren fell-as i wid-ak niden.

## Atmelli afekkan

## Atmelli anellay

## Isragen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Nuddam

**Nuddam** d yiwen n waddad i d-igellun s tuxsa (lebɣi) meqqren i yiḍes neɣ i yiṭes i tenzagt ɣezzifen.

## Tignatin yeqqnen ar nuddam
* Awwaz
* Llaẓ amazdad
* Tagrint
* Tamsedfart n utmelli yezgan

## [[Asafar (tasnujya)|Isafaren]] i d-igellun s nuddam

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Atmelli
* Asken
* Iṭes
Asudu aɣelnaw n tutlayin d tɣermiwin tisemranin

**Asudu aɣelnaw n tutlayin d tɣermiwin tisemranin** (s Tefransist: *Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales*) neɣ s usegzel: **INALCO**) d asudu Afrensaw n ulmud imineg yennulfa-d deg useggas n 1669 i wsileɣ n imsuɣalen s tutlayin taserɣint, Tutlayt taterkayt d tutlayt tafersit d usileɣ n inmuhal izemren ad xedmen deg umenkud awetman., Tawuri-ynes n tura d asezrew n tutlayin d tɣermiwin tisemranin. Asutel-is yezga-d di Paris

## Asnulfu

## Azal-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Adolf Jensen

**Adolf Jensen** (12 yennayer 1837 - 23 yennayer 1879) d aselmad n uẓawan, d amseddas d amyurar n upyanu Analman ilul deg Königsberg yeṭṭafaren Amenkud n Rrusya, yukkes (yemmut) deg Baden-Baden deg tmurt n Lalman s usrag (sebba) n tsenfert

## Tameddurt-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Frédéric Chopin
George Alexander Osborne

**George Alexander Osborne** (24 ctember 1806 - 17 wember 1893) d amseddas, d amyurar n upyanu n tmurt n Irlanda, ilul deg Limerick deg Tegduda n Irlanda yemmut deg London tamenrut n Tgelda Yedduklen.

## Tameddurt-is

## Imahilen-is

## Imniren
Robert Schumann

**Robert Schumann** (8 yunyu 1810 - 29 yulyu 1856) d amaskar n uẓawan Analman yettumeggez ɣer kra n yimezɣanen d ameskar n uẓawan amaway (ifazen) yakk deg umussu Analman arumantik
tettwazuzer tmelta-ynes s usrag (s ssebba) n tmaskarin-is igerrzen ɣef upyanu, Timaskarin-is sgensisent snat n tegnatin tusnamnanin yettmegdalen  i uẓawan arumantik, yiwet deg-sent d awliwlan anagnag  tayeḍ d amsiked arusan. yella d argaz n temseddast Clara Schumann, Robert d mmi-s n Augustin Schumann yellan d  amsenzu n yidlisen d umazrag. ttunefkent-as temsirin n urar ɣef upyanu deg waddar-is (leεmer-is) 7 n yiseggasen

## Tameddurt-is

## Imahilen-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasenbert Tiniɣit Tagreɣlant

**Tasenbert Tiniɣit Tagreɣlant** d tuddsa i d-innulfan deg useggas n 2002 s talɣa n teɣdemt tamzwarut izemren ad teẓmeẓ (ad tḥakem) imdanen ireddayen s yinɣayen n tsengert d yinɣayen mgal talsa d yinɣayen n umsenɣi. taɣdemt-a txeddem i wfakki n inagrawen iɣedmanen yellan acku nettat ur tezmir ara ad teg (ad texdm) tamlilt-is ma yella tiɣedmin tiɣelnawin ur d-sbanent ara turat-nset (lebɣi-nsent) deg tsestant mgal tilufa-nni. Dɣa tamasit tagejdant d tin yuɣalen (yeɛnan) ar tmura n ireddayen-nni. Yerna tazmert n teɣdemt tiniɣit tagreɣlant d tin yezzin ɣef tmuɣli ar yinɣayen i d-yellan seld n 1 yulyu 2002 (azmez n wesnulfu-ynes).

Taɣdemt tiniɣit tagreɣlant d tuddsa tagraɣlant tamaɣlalt iswi-ynes d taguri n tlisa d usebded (aseḥbes) n trewla d weslak n ireddayen n twuɣa seg usiẓer. Alammi d ass n 1 yulyu 2012 llant 121 n tmura iy stenyan ɣef usaduf n wesnulfu n teɣdemt-a. Timura n Ccinwa d Lhend d Rusya d Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt d tid id yewwten deg teɣdemt-a yerna ggumant ad stenyint ɣef werkawal-is.

Tasenbert Tiniɣit Tagreɣlant d tuddsa tasnimant ur teṭṭafar ara Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yedduklen deg wayen yuɣalen (yeɛnan) ar inawaren d usedrem.

## Azmez n usnulfu

## Tagmemt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Amseddas

**Amseddas**' (Asget: **imseddasen**) d win i d-yeskarayen aẓawan s telmas-is yemgaraden. Acku d amseddas neɣ ameẓẓawan iy kettun (yettxemmimen)  i yettarun aẓawan iy lan (yesεan) kra n umahil anyan yettṛaǧun tilin  umsuɣel i wnayna-nni ama d ameẓẓawan neɣ d allalen i ixeddmen s tmellit. Yessefk fell-as ad iseggem iferdisen n uẓawan deg ussizeɣ ilan (yesεan) tasnamekt 
Iferdisen-nni rzan: amsasi asaddas, anya, tiqqrit d unayna n uẓawan.
Tamidrant n umaska n umeẓẓawan d win yemgaraden amgired s waṭas deg talliyin n umezruy yemgaraden. 
Tamusni tamezwarut tuɣal ɣef tudert n yimeskaren n uẓawan ɣer tasut tis 14, Deg tallit-nni tuget n yimeskaren n uẓawan xeddmen i lmend n tmezdayt te neɣ i yimisseɣ d turna tageldant s umata weyyi xeddmen tiwuriwin nniḍen , imedyazen neɣ d imarayen 
Aṭas n uẓawan i yuran yimeskaren imẓawanen deg taggara n tallit talemmast d tazwara n tallit taleslalit , yezmer ad tt-xedment tuɣac neɣ allalen n uẓawan s umbaddal.
Wazi

**Wazi** neɣ **Awazi** d afray (aḥulfu) s teṛɣi deg yidmaren s deffir n yiɣes n tedmert deg tama n tsakult (sufella n iliwi).. Agaz neɣ takma (aqraḥ) yezmer ad yali alamma d yiri.

Awazi d win yeqqnen deg waṭas n tikwal ar yigmim n tamimt tanaẓẓadt igan d ameskan agejdan i tuɣalit tiliwi-jxuxt.

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Assuji

## Tasensakrart

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tuẓẓda
Tuẓẓda

**Tuẓẓda** d timhalin tisnudranin tikruranin timussayin i wselket (turrit) n wučči ar tnegwa ara yettwasummen deg wadanen i wakken ad ittusemres deg tmugri n izeṭṭiwen neɣ i tellt (aksab) n tfasa.

Tuẓẓda ar iɣersiwen tessentay (tbeddu) seg yimi s temhalt n tuffẓa anda yettṛuz wučči i wakken ad yuɣal d tibrurin meẓẓiyen sin akin ad rnun fell-as inzimen n ileddayen i d-yettawden seg kra n iwelsen yellan s ddaw n yiles i tuẓẓda n ikaṛbuhidren, Sin akin deg wejxux sakin ar yiẓi alamma yewweṭ ar yiliwi 

## Inzimen

## Asesmel n yinzimen

## Tinegwa ur nesri ara tuẓẓda

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tuffẓa

**Tuffẓa** neɣ **Tawaffẓa** d tamhalt n useftutes n wučči deg yimi s tuɣmas. Tamhelt-a tga d asurif amezwaru deg temhalt n tuẓẓda. Dɣa iles iberren (iqelleb) učči deg yimi sin akin ad tigzem s wuglan sin akin ad tiẓẓed s tessirt sin akin ad yettulmeẓ (ad ittusebleɛ) w ad yekk seg wejxux ar yiẓi ar iliwi anda ara ad yettwaẓẓed akken iwata yerna s tazzla, ma ulac ma yella ur yettwaẓẓed ara akken iwata ad iglu s truẓẓda sin akin ad yeddu ar wadanen usdiden sin akin ar wadanen izuranen ɣer wexna deg taggara n temhelt.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Timestuga
* Timesluffaẓ
## Imniren
William Herschel

**William Herschel** (15 wamber 1738 - 25 ɣuct 1822) d amesnallun, d amseddas Abriṭan aẓaṛ-is n Lalman Frédéric Herschel yeḍfer isurifen n baba-s ass mi iy ttekka deg tegrawt n uẓawan asardas yeṭṭafaren Hanover send  ma ad yeggǧ ɣer Bṛitaniya tameqrant deg waddar-is (leεmer-is) 19 n iseggasen, Frédéric William d gma-s n tmussnawt Caroline Herschel, yuɣal yettwassen ass mi i d-yesnarem amtiwag n Uṛanus d sin n wayyuren-is igejdanen itanya d ubirun, Yakk d wayyuren n wagru, Akken i yella daɣen d amezwaru i d-yesnarmen azenzar aderzeggaɣ. yesseker-d 24 n tsenfunin s wacu yettwassen yakk d kra n tugzimin n uẓawan i yessuddes

## Tameddurt-is

## Tawacult-is

## Aẓawan d umsenɣi

## Imahilen-is

## Tamekkast

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Timetti Tageldant Tasnullant

**Timetti Tageldant Tasnullant** (S Teglizt: *Royal Astronomical Society*, S usegzel: **RAS**) d tiddukla tussnant yakk d tisbeddit tanafawt yessebɣasen ɣef tezrawt n tesnallunt d tussniwin n inagrawen inafuken d tkelsengamt (geophysic) d tussniwin niden teqqnen ar tussniwin-a, Asutel-is yezga-d deg usarag n Piccadilly di temdint n London, Ugar n 4000 n yigmamen yettekkan deg tddukla ayyi iy ttwasemman s imeddiden (*comrades*), Amur ameqran deg-sen d inagmayen (imnadiyen) imsaduren yakk d inelmaden n ulmud imineg.Azal n wakuẓ (¼) n igmamen ttidiren beṛṛa n Tgelda Yeddukklen. 
Tiddukla ayyi tettgi imliliyen ussnanen yal ayyur g London, Yakk d umlili agreɣlan asnullan amseggas deg yideggan yemgaraden n tegzirin tibṛitanyin

RAS tga d tuddsa tabṛitaniyt yettekkan deg Tiddukla tasnallunt tagreɣlant akken i tga d agmam deg Science Council deg Tgelda Yeddukklen 
Tiddukla ayyi tennulfa-d deg useggas n 1820 s yisem n *Tiddukla Tasnullant n London* s yiswi n unagi asnullan
 
## Tisufaɣ

## Tagmemt

## Imsegrawen

## Tanedlist

## Tigrawin yeqqnen ar RAS

## Iselwayen
Aselway amezwaru yakk deg umezruy n RAS yella d William Herschel

## Arrazen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asif n Colorado

**Asif n Colorado** (s Teglizit: *Colorado River*, s Tespenyult: *Río Colorado*) d asif agejdan n unẓul utrim n Marikan d ugafa utrim n Miksik, Teɣzi n wasif-a d tin yessawṭen ar 2330 km (1450 mil), yettazzal ɣef 7 n iwunak n Marikan d sin n iwunak n Miksik. Aɣbalu agejdan n waman-is d talmest n yidurar n Ṛuky sin akin iteddu ar tnila n unẓul utrim n wegni n Colorado alamma yewweṭ ɣer ugelmim n Mead deg tlisa gar n Nevada d Arizona anda i yettazzal ar unẓul s idis n tlisa sin akin ad yekcem ar tmurt n Miksik anda id iteg (id ixeddem) asafi meqqren alamma yemmar deg ubagu n California gar n Baja California d uwanak n Sonora 

Asif n Colorado yettwassen s iɣezṛawen-is imekruzen (iḥerṣen) d tazzla n waman-is iruraden, akken iga d aɣbalu n waman s wazal-is i yideggan n imɣiranen d iɣermawen (imukan n tfellaḥt d tmezduɣt) deg tegnatin tineẓrafin n Temrikt tagafant. Yettwasenɣed ɣef wasif-a d tliwa-ynes s unagraw ɣezzifen n wuggugen d igelmamen i d-yettaken aman i wseswi d usemrasen iɣarimen i wazal n 40 n imelyan n yimezdaɣ  is-d-yezzin d wid izedɣen s deffir n ugemmaṭ-is, Dɣa tarurda meqqren n tazzla n waman-is tettusemres i tfasa tazrurmant
Asif n wansifen

**Asif n wansifen** (S Tserɣint: *أم ربيع*, S Tmaziɣt: **ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼⵏ**) d asif wis sin di Tgelda n Umeṛṛuk s teɣzi n 550 km akked d uktum n 117 m³/s. Aɣbalu-ynes yekka-d seg teflel (laɛli) n 1800 m deg waṭlas alemmas, Yeggug (yebɛed) s 40 km ɣef  temdint n Xnifra akked 26 km ɣef temdint n Mrirt. Aɣbalu n wasif-ayi yekka-d seg udrar n Heyyan i d-yezgan deg tɣiwant n Tanefnit, Abrid-is aneggar yella deg teftist n temdint n Azemmur anda yettmiri deg  ugaraw Anaṭlas, 
Iɣzeṛ n Tasawt tameqqrant (neɣ Tasawt) d Tasawt tameẓyant (neɣ wad Lɛbid) neɣ Tisawin  i d-yettawden sef watlas ameqran gan d tiliwa timeqqṛanin yakk n wasif-a

## Aẓaṛ n wassaɣ
Imaziɣen n Umeṛṛuk ɣɣaren-as WANSIFEN anamek n wawal-a d Bab n iɣezṛawen.

## Amezruy

## Tiwlafin

File:Azemmour from Oum Er-Rbia.jpg
File:Sources d'Oum Rabii é.JPG
File:Sources d'Oum Rabii 1.JPG

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
* Asif n Gigu
* Asif n Ifis
Ernst Wilhelm Wolf

**Ernst Wilhelm Wolf** (25 fuṛaṛ 1735 - 1 dujamber 1792) yella d amsedger, d amseddas Analman, ilul di Grossen Behringen (tamurt n Lalma) yemmut di Weimar s usrag n tezɣent n wul-is

## Tameddurt-is

## Imahilen-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tadremt

**Tadremt** d aṭṭan affalman amezray (ittaṭṭaf akud ɣezzifen), yetteflalay-d s talɣa n icimaṭen irgamanen deg weglim. deg waṭas n wakuden icimaṭen-a ttilin d idebṛiwen neɣ d tuččit d weclam. ini n icimaṭen ɣer yimdanen ilan (yesɛan) taglimt tamsullest yettili d ademdam 
.. Amray (ccedda) n tedremt tettili gar n icimaṭen meẓẓiyen ar icimaṭen i d-yetteflalin deg tfekka yakk. Deg yideggan anda llan icimaṭen zemren ad glun s ibeddilen yettusemman s tumant n Koebner.

## Tilmas n tedremt
Llant 8 n telmas n tedremt, gar-asent 5 d tigejdanin gant d: Tadremt tasigit, Tadremt timeqqit, Tadremt n tenfalt, Tadremt m timmisin d Tadremt n waccaren. Tadremt tasigiyt yettwassnen s tedremt timezdit tettawi azal n 90% n tegnatin. Isekna-ynes gan d icamiṭen izeggaɣen ma deg yixef deg-sen icelman d imellalen. ma d tamiwin yettenṭerrayen yakk deg tfekka gan d amur n deffir n imasuren d yiṭarren d timiṭṭ d weglim n uqerruy. ma d tadremt timeqqit temmug am tmiqwa n waman. tetteflali-d am timmisin meẓẓiyen ččurent d arseṭ maca ur tettenṭaṭ ara. Tadremt n tenfalt temmug d icamiṭen zeggaɣen deg tmermal n weglim. Tadremt yessizwiɣen aglim tleffu-d (tḍerru-d) mi ara ad yenfufed weggi s tuget akken i tezmer ad temhez ɣer yal telmest n tedremt. Accaren n ufus d wid n yiṭarren tettaɣ-iten tedremt deg yal tallit n yigem, ayen i d-igellun s wumruj s ddaw n waccaren neɣ asenfel deg yini-nsen.

## [[Asken|Isekna]] d yizmal

## Isragen (ssebbat)

## [[Tawessna|usennefru]]

## Assuji

## Anfufed

## Amezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Agni n Colorado

**Agni n Colorado** d tama tagamant tarakalt i d-yezgan deg unẓul utrim n Yiwunak Yeddukklen. Tajumma n temnaṭ-a d tin yegdan 337,000 km², Tebṭa ɣef 4 n iwunak: Colorado tutrimt, Agafa utrim n Nuevo México, Anẓul asemran n Utah d ugafa n Arizona.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asif n Colorado

## Imniren
Taliwt

**Taliwt** (Asget: **tiliwa**) d targa n waman yettazzalen deg ukala ilan (yesɛan) aktum yugaren aktum n weɣbalu, Tiliwa mi ara ad ddukklent sselfawent-d asif 

## Tiwlafin


File:Liaorivermap.png
File:Jialingrivermap.png
File:Amazonriverbasin basemap.png
File:Vermilion wabashrivermap.png
File:Huairivermap.jpg

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asif
* 
* 
*  
*
Awaquṛ iɣulam

**Awaquṛ iɣulam** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Acrocephalus scirpaceus**) d yiwet n telmest n iwaquṛen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n twaquṛin.

## Tasensileɣt d weglam
Awaquṛ iɣulam d agṭiṭ meẓẓiyen, tiddi-ines gar 12 d 13 cm ma d teɣzi-ines 19 cm. Tettazen gar n 11 alamma d 15 g.

## Ideggan n tmeddurt-is

## Tinnagrawt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Agelmim

Deg tsengelmimt, **Agelmim**  d amdun meqqren anda ttnegrawen (ttnejmaɛen) waman yersan yerna yezzi-iyi-as wakal seg yal Tama, S unemgal n ugaraw, Deg waṭas n wakuden, agelmim d win yettaken aman i yisafen neɣ deg tikwal nniden d asif iy ččarayen agelmim d aman

Igelmimen ttilin deg waṭas n twennaṭin am tneẓrufin d tamiwin tisbegsanin yakk d tamiwin tisemmaṭin

## Igelmimen deg Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen

## Abadu/ Asenmel

## Tilmas n igelmimen

## Igelmimen n [[Tafriqt|Tferka]]

## Igelmimen n [[Turuft|Uruppa]]

## Igelmimen n [[Asya]]

## Igelmimen n [[Tamrikt n Ugafa|Marikan Ugafa]]

## Asedger araklan n igelmimen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Ilel
* Asif
* Agelmim aberkan
Tuččit

**Tuččit** d afray id yesskanayen turit (lebɣi) s wekmaz maca ur yettwasismel ara d talmest seg yifrayen, Acku tasnujjya tatrart tessken-d d akken tuččit d tin imalen neɣ yettemcabin ar takma (leqriḥ), Anda isalan ttasen-asen-d sɣur inzizen inessuren iwer imyiliyen yellan deg weglim yakk yettili-d usiweṭ n isalan s talɣa tulmist sɣur sin n inagrawen igejdanen igan d Adis n usensul yakk d tkemmust n inessuren. Maca anaw n tririt yemgarad, acku takma tla (tesɛa) alday amuli, ma d tuččit tettawi ar wekmaz .

## [[Asken|Isekna]] d yizmal

## Assuji

## Tasensakrart
Azal n 280 n imelyan n yimdanen deg umadal yakk (ayen yegdan 4%) tettaɣ-iten tuččit i yisragen yemgaraden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Urnan
* Tadremt

## Imniren
Aṭṭan affalman

**Aṭṭan affalman** d tagrawt waṭṭanen i d-yettilin s usrag webrir (s ssebba n feccal) d tamumt n unagraw anaffal n tfekka n umuddir deg tussna d tukza ɣef yigmanen-is d imuren-is igensasen. Anda ur izemmer ara ad yakez tukkest n ADN n tekwatin n tfekka sin akin ad yessalas (ad yemɛamal) yid-sent amakken-itent d ajenṭad neɣ d uffiɣ ayen yettaǧǧan ad yenṭeg fell-asent  s tekwatin tfekkiwin n waffal 

Dɣa anecta i gellu-d s tiɣessirin (ixeṣṣaren) meqqren g tfekka, tiɣessirin-a zemrent  ad ilint deg yiwen n ugman am taɣbelt neɣ deg yigmanen yemgaraden i wakken ad yeglu s waṭṭan neɣ s waṭas n waṭṭanen 

Tella tdersi meqqren n yimdanen deg umadal ilan (yesɛan) aṭṭanen-a yettilin d imezrayen deg tuget n tegnatin, 

## Isemda
Istigen sskanayen-d d akken aṭṭanen iffalmanen gan gar 10 n waṭṭanen imezwura deg yisragen n tmekkasin (lmut) ɣer tmeṭṭuyin seg waddaren yakk alamma d 65 n iseggasen. Tella tdersi n yimdanen ilan uguren-a n waṭṭanen igan d imezrayen deg tuget n tegnatin, akken illan ugar n 80 n waṭṭanen asrag-nsen d aṭṭan affalman.

## Tasenwurit n waṭṭan

## Umuɣ n waṭṭanen inaffalen

## Asnefli n ussuji

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Anagraw anaffal

## Imniren
Aglim

**Aglim** d agman iy teddlen tafekka talsant d tfekkiwin n waṭas n iɣersiwen niden. Tawuri tagejdant n weglim ɣer wemdan d taggaẓt n tfekka anda iga d azerrig n westan amenzu mgal ibiktiren, Aglim iteggeẓ tafekka s iylan-is imsengamen acku aglem yettili mgal abezzug akken iy geddel anekcum n imazzalen s agensu n tfekka, Dɣa aglim iga d agman meqqren yakk di tfekka.

Aglim igeddel (ur yettaǧǧa ara) tibiktirin d tnegwa tikruranin ad kecment ar umur ameqran n tfekka akken yettaggaẓ izeṭṭiwen id yezgan s ddaw-is seg izenzaren n tfukt.

S tmerniwt ar wanect-a yakk, aglim yettalel deg waray n teẓɣelt n ugensu n tfekka deg yiswiren-is imazgayen. Anecta yettili-d s usufeɣ n tidi sɣur iwelsen yellan s ddaw n weglim mi ara tali teẓɣelt n tfekka. And tetriget tidi ayen i d-igellun s tesmeṭ n tfekka.

Llant 3 n tissiwin tigejdanin deg weglim:
* Taglimt: d tissi tuffiɣt, tissi ayyi tla (tesɛa) tikwatin n  Milanin igan d tagensast ɣef yini n teglimt 
* Adu-glim: Tuffirt n weglim s ddaw n teglimt. Deg-s tiggariwin tinessurin d iwelsen n tidu
* Azeṭṭa adu-glim: Deg-s tikwatin n tassemt.

## Tasuddest n weglim

## Isnufal n weglim

## Ini n weglim

## Aṭṭanen n weglim

## Tiwuriwin n weglim

## Tilmas n weglim ɣer ufgan

## Aglim ɣer iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Iccer
* Tifexsa

## Imniren
Iccer

**Iccer** (Asget:**Accaren**) d tanga taqurant iy teddlen ixfawen n yiṭudan n ifassen d tfednin n yiṭarren n wemdan d waṭas n telmas n iɣersiwen. Asger agejdan n waccaren d tanga n Kiratin, Deg yal agua llan semmus (5) n waccaren d semmus n waccaren deg yal aṭar 

Accaren ttusisemlen d igmanen imernawen deg weglim ttmagen-d deg tikwatin yettilin deg teglimt

## Iccer ɣer iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Arseṭ

**Arseṭ** d tikciwin i d-yettilin deg tuget n tagniwin s yini awṛaɣ imalen ar temlel, yettmag-d s usrag n wazzugen d yigam. D ayen yettwassnen d akken tawaffsa d usemnenni n werseṭ deg yideggan yettwallsen am izeṭṭiwen imedlen ixeddem-d **uffuɣ** (aɛekkur) 

Arseṭ d win ilan (yesɛan) tissi meẓẓiyen n umazzal amarkanti s upṛutin isem-is **amazzal n werseṭ** d kra n tebrurin timellalin i d-yettmagen s lmend n waffal di tfekka 

Gar n waṭṭanen yettenfufuden s usrag n yigem n werseṭ gan d iramanen d wazzug n yiɣsan.

## Timeẓṛa

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Assuji

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tifiri

## Imniren
Tifiri

**Tifiri** d tafrazzayt yettaɣen iɣallen d aladɣa aglim anda ulac inẓaden d wazar, maca deg tikwal niden tezmer ad taɣ yal tama deg tfekka

## Isekna
Isekna n waṭṭana d wid yemgaraden. D acu kan tukza-ynes d ayen yefraren (isehlen) s tmuɣli ar temɣer n icamiṭen ar tmezzayin tizeggaɣin deg tama yugmen i d-ittbinen am tefrazzyant

## Iseragen (ssebbat)

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Furas 

## Imniren
Taɣit tameqqṛant

**Taɣit tameqqṛant** neɣ **Asakka ameqṛan** (S Tespenyult: *Gran cañón*, S Teglizit: *Grand canyon*, S tutlayt n Hopi: *Ongtupqa*, S tutlayt n Yavapai: *Wi:kaʼi:la*) d asakka alqayan hraw s waṭas, yezga-d deg wamur agafan utrim n uwanak n Arizona deg Yiwunak Yeddukklen, Yessentay (ibeddu-d) seg yidurar n Ṛuky alamma d tiftisin n California s teɣzi n 349 km ma d tilqi-ynes tafellayt tettawaṭ ar 1740 m, Taɣit tameqrant temmug-d s usrag (ssebba) n waman n wasif n Colorado i yezgan teččen w ssefsayen iẓṛa n wegni n Colorado di teɣzi n 40 n imelyan n iseggasen ayen i d-yeglan s teflalit n tissiwin n tegnit yemgaraden i d-innulfan deg 2 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin deg umezruy asnaklan n umenẓaw n Marikan tagafant

## Tasnakalt

## Amezruy alsan

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Qawsas (aburɣes)

**Qawsas** neɣ **Aqawsas** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Melolontha melolontha**) d talmest n iburɣas izinzaren, s umata yettusesmel d aburɣes yeṭṭafaren tawacult n iẓerriten seg wadu-twacult n tqawsasin 

Tiwekkiwin n qawsas d tid yettidiren s ddaw n wakal, tettent iẓuran n yimɣan yerna gellunt-d s twaɣit meqqren i wammaden anda ttwameggzent d yiwet gar tillicin i d-igellun s usetwiɣ i temɣigert (tafellaḥt). mi ara ad awṭent ttefɣent-d si ddaw n wakal ar wezwu sin akin ad ssemtint deg wučči n yiferran

## Aglam
### Amawaṭ

### Tawekka

## Allus asnudran

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tineggizt

**Tineggizt** d azzug i d-ileffun i tesga (tasga d izi i d-izzin i turin). llan waṭas n yisragen d tmentilin iy zemren ad iglun s tneggizt maca ammusen invirusen (am tegnatin n yigem anvirus) yettenfufuden seg turin ar umruj n tesga iga d aserag imezdi yakk s waṭas. Deg yal tikkelt anda ttihriwent turin i wesgunef n wezwu yettili-d umrey gar n tissiwin n tsegwin yuzzgen. anecta igellu-d s takma neɣ agaz (leqrḥ) anamsad deg tegnit n usgunef. Takma ayi d takma n yidmaren yeqqnen ɣer tneggizt.

## Isekna d yizmal
Asken amsekni n tneggizt d takma tamẓuwit tanamsadt d wefray s terɣi neɣ d takma fsusen deg tama tayeffust neɣ tazelmaṭ n yidmaren deg wesgunef aladɣa deg temhelt n uzizzer d usɣunef. Takma trennu deg usgunef alqayan, deg tusut, deg unezzu yakk d tadsa. Yerna takma n tneggizt tezmer ad teddu alamma d tuyat neɣ ar uzagur,

S ugani ɣef umsisreg (ayen yellan d ssebba), Takma n yidmaren yeqqnen ar tneggizt tezmer ad iglu s kra n isekna am:
* Tusut takiwant
* Tawla d uqiccew
* Asgunef arurad
* Amray n usgunef
* Azzug deg ugerjum

## Imsisrigen

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Akayad n yidammen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Azizzer

**Tayyant** neɣ **Azizzer** d tamhelt n usekcem n wezwu seg beṛṛa n tfekka sin akin ad yekk seg tregwa n wezwu deg unagraw amesgunef alamma yewweṭ ar uɣerɣur aberfaw yellan g turin.

Azwu n tayyant neɣ n uzizzer d win yeččuren s ugar n Uksijin (O²) acku tikwatin deg usgunef akwaw srint (ḥwaǧent) agaz ayyi i wakken ad gent (ad xedment) adinusin akredfusfat 

Tamhelt n uzizzer d tanemgalt n temhalt n usɣunef, snat n tallalin-a xeddmen yakked (lwaḥi) i wakken ad aggẓent ɣef umnekni agensas n tfekka 

## Tallalt n umahil n uzizzer

## Ɣer iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* asɣunef
* Asgunef
* Ajxaṛ

## Imniren
Asɣunef

**Asɣunef** d tamhalt n usufeɣ n wezwu seg  uɣerɣur aberfaw yellan di turin sin akin ad yekk seg tregwa n wezwu yellan deg unagraw amesgunef send ma ad yeffeɣ ar beṛṛa n tfekka. Agaz n usɣunef d win yeččuren s Asinuksid n ukaṛbun (Co²). Dɣa agaz-a yettmag-d mi ara ad tzerbent tikwatin deg temhalt n usgunef agensas i wfaris n adinusin akredfusfat, Asɣunef d anemgal n uzizzer, snat n tallalin-a xeddmen yakked (lwaḥi) i wakken ad aggẓent ɣef umnekni agensas n tfekka

## Tallalt n umahil n usɣunef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asgunef
* Azizzer
* Anagraw amesgunef

## Imniren
Idmaren

**Idmaren** (war asuf) d amur seg usemmili n ufgan yakk d usemmili n iɣersiwen niden, yezga-d gar n tuyat d wadis. Idmaren d agman yebnan ɣef  wemruj ademraw d yidis ademraw, Deg-s i yella wul, turin, twelzeknit yakk d tmaẓwalin d tɣessiwin tigensasin niden, Takma n yidmaren iga d aṭṭan imezdi yakk deg tama n yidmaren

## Tamuski
Ɣer yifganen d waṭas n telmas n iɣersiwen, idmaren d tama-nni i d-yezgan gar n tuyat d yidis, yettwaggeẓ s tefergact tademrawt d wejgu n uzagur d waggus n tuyat 

### Agbur
Idmaren d win anda yella wul d turin d tawelzeknit d tmaẓwalin (timaẓwalin n yidmaren tameqqṛanin d tmeẓyanin) d tamaẓwalt tussligt d tamaẓwalt n tayet d tɣessiwin tigensasin am ilmendis d yiẓi d uyerzi d umur seg tiberbillut (*Sternum*), Akken illan deg-s imegyan d iẓuran (Awerti, Aẓaṛ uɣiẓ d yiɣsan  

### Iɣsan

### Izmal isemmiliyen

## Tawuri
### [[Asgunef]]
D yiwet n twuri ixutren (ilan azal) deg yidmaren acku idmaren mači d turin kan i d-ttaddamen. Maca yettak-d tillalin yessefken i wakken ad xedment tawuri-nsent akken iwata yakk d ilmendis d yidis ademraw d iɣerdisen s usikel n wezwu (aḥerrek n ubeḥri) seg d ɣer turin, acku alluy d tudra n ilmendis d ibeddilen deg tidda n zdat deg yidis ademraw i d-yettilin s usrag n usikel n iɣerdisen ssenfalayen (ttbefdilen) ableɣ n wemruj ademraw 

## Azal ulektu

## Tiwlafin

## Imniren
Asemmili

**Asemmili** d yiwen n ufurk n tesnudert yeɣɣaṛ talɣa d tmuski n imuddiren yakk d yimuren-nsen (igmanen d yizeṭwan isnudranen). Asemmili s timmad-is yeqqen ɣer tesnamgunt (*Embryology*) d usemmili imserwes (*Comparative anatomy*) yakk d tesnudert tanamhazt, Sɣur timhalin i d-tzerrew tussna ayyi. Yettnulfu-d usemmili deg wakud meẓẓiyen s waṭas (tasnamgunt), yakk deg wakud ɣezzifen s waṭas (tamhazt). Dɣa asemmili n ufgan iga d yiwen gar tisnajjyanin tigejdanin.
Asemmili yebṭa ɣer sin n yimuren igejdanen, gan d Asemmili amatay d umikruskupay.

Asemmili amatay izerrew akayed n imuren d yigmamen n uɣersiw s usekkud anda yella deg-s afurk n usemmili ajumman. Ma deg usemmili mikṛu skupay ttusxedmen deg-s ifecka isekdanen deg tezrawt n izeṭṭiwen n tmuskiwin yemgaraden akken daɣen i yzerrew tikwatin.

Asemmili yettusken s tigzi tafarayt i twuriwin n yigmanen d tmuskiwin n tfekka talsant. Tirrayin n tezrawt n usemmili d tid yettusekren (yettusgerzen) s waṭas seg ukayad n iɣersiwen s usemmili n tfekkiwin-nsen d imeɣsuyen-nsen alammi tewweṭ ar usemres (asexdem) n titekniyin n tssugent tisnajjyanin g tsut tis 20 gar-asent azenzar X d tenzayt d tssugent s uzenzen adekran. Asemmili d tsenwurit ssulɣen-d tayuga n tussniwin yettwazrawen yakked (lwaḥa) deg waṭas n tmuzzag, anda snat n tussniwin-a zerrweny tamuski n tfekka d twuriwin-is s umdafar.

## Asenmel/Tabadut

## Izeṭṭiwen iɣersawen

Tagelda taɣersawt d tin igebren ɣef imuddiren tugtakwatin, imuddiren-a gan d idnusčiyen yerna zemren ad nxixlen (ɣas akken kra deg-sen ggunin ɣef uɣanib n tmeddurt yettenxixilen s talɣa tasnawant)

## Asemmili n [[tinaɣlalin|tnaɣlalin]]

## Asemmili n [[Tiraɣlalin|teraɣlalin]]

## Ifurken n usemmili
Asemmili ajumman d afukr ilan (yesɛan) azal meqqren i tezrawt n yisdagen n usemmili yettwaẓren s tefrer seg izerrigen uffiɣen n tfekka. Ayen yettaǧǧan imessujiyen d imeftaken ad ssazeln timersiwt d tegnit w ad semmilin timuskiwin tilqayanin yeqqnen ar yisdagen-a, Dɣa irem n *ujumman* d irem anilan yemmal-d d akken timuskiwin zgant-d zdat n tiggi d usfel n tfekka.

Ma d asemmili amikṛuskupan yeqqen ar userwes n tmuskiwin n usemmili (timikruskupyim) deg imuddiren yemgaraden.

## Amezruy n usemmili

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asemmili n ufgan
* Asemmili n uɣersiw
* Asemmili n yimɣan

## Imniren
Remḍan

**Remḍan** neɣ **Uẓum** (akken i d-sesseman imaziɣen inselmen imezwura) d ayyur wis 9 deg teswast tineslemt i d-yettasen seld n wayyur n Ceɛban (neɣ Amzizel), Ayyur-a yettumeggez d imeẓli ɣer yinselmen yerna ila (yesɛa) azal imeẓli ɣef wayyuren niden acku iga d ayyur n wuẓum ɣer yinselmen igan d yiwen seg tgejda n yislam, anda inselmen (anagar deg kra n tegnatin) geddlen ɣef tissit d wučči yerna twexxiṛen ɣef yiliken seg tẓallit n Lefjer alamma d uɣelluy n tfukt 
Ayyur n Remḍan issemtay (ibeddu) mi ara ad tettuselken tmeẓriwt n tazzirt (ayyur bu wacciwen) deg wass n 29 ceɛban, dɣa ma yella ur tettwaẓer ara tazzirt n Remḍan ad yuɣal ceɛban deg-s 30 n wussan sin akin ad yili seld-azekkuya d ass amenzu n Remḍan ara ad yeṭṭfen 29 neɣ 30 n wussan, sin akin ad yas  umud ameẓyan (lɛid ameẓyan) s wacu i sfuggulen inselmen mi ara ad ifakk Remḍan

Remḍan d ayyur ilan azal imeẓli deg tgemmi d umezruy n yinselmen acku ttamnen d akken tudra (aṣubbu) n Leqran seg *tencirt yettwakelsen* ar tegnawt n tegnit (n ddunnit) yella-d deg Laylat El-Qadr deg wayyur n Remḍan, sin akin yeder-d deg talliyin yeẓẓuni (yemmifraqen) deg tallit n tudra n uweḥy anda amazun (nnebi)  Muḥamed yella deg yefri n Ḥira ass mi i d-yusa ɣures uneglus Ǧebril s unect n yiɣiliyen inselmen, u yenna-yas «*اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ*»,«*ɣeṛ s yisem n yillu-ynek i d-isnulfan*». s wanect-a tella tefyirt-a d Aya tamezwarut i d-yudren seg Leqran.
Remḍan d ayyur yeqqnen deg tmetti  tineslemt ar waṭas n isekkiren imasɣanen am tẓallit n Tarawiḥ d iɛtikaf deg 10 n wussan ineggura yakk d waṭas n wansayen niden am tesnubga n yimdanen i truẓi n *lmeɣreb* d usersi tgidiwin akken illant waṭas n tmeskanin tigemmawin yeqqaren ɣer Remḍan am temnirt (lefnaṛ) d wemrud n Remḍan d kra n imeččiyen yal tama d yidles d weɣref s imeččiyen-is

## Aẓaṛ n wawal
Awal n *Remḍan* mači d win i d-yennulfan s tneflalit n tneslemt acku yella seg tallit n Jahiliya anda iserɣinen llan tsemmin ayyuren n useggas s unect n wakud deg wanda i d-zgan, Dɣa Remḍan yezga-d deg yiwen n wakud izeɣlen s waṭas, Akud-nni s yiles n iserɣinen d win yettwassnen s *رمض, Rāmaḍā* yennumken azɣel anamsad

## Izemzen ixataren
### [[Tazzirt]]

### [[Laylat El-Qadr]]
Laylat El-Qadr anamek-is s Teqbaylit d *iṭ n twenza* neɣ *iṭ n tezmedt d tdusi* tga d iṭ uɣṛis yakk deg usɣan ineslem d umadal. Inselmen ttɣilen d akken deg yiṭ-a i d-yuder *lweḥy* ɣer Muḥamed 

## Tarrut n win yeččan Remḍan s tildin (ɛinani)
### Deg [[ajjed|wesɣan]]

### Deg isudaf

## Amud ameẓyan
Deg wass amenzu n Cewwal i d-yettasen srid mi ara ad ifakk Remḍan, inselmen sfuggulen s umud ameẓyan ɣef teɣzi n 3 n wussan, dɣa deg tnezzagt n wass amenzu n umud ameẓyan ttẓallan taẓallit n umud

## Uẓum d tezmert

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taswast tineslemt

**Taswast tineslemt** d taswast tanayyurt yeggunin ɣef tuzzya n wayyur i tukza n wayyuren. Aseggas ineslem deg-s 12 n wayyuren yal ayyur deg-s 29 neɣ 30 n wussan i wakken ad gen 354 neɣ 355 n wussan i wseggas. Taswast-a ssemrasen-tt yinselmen aladɣa deg tukza n Ṛemdan d umud ameẓyan d umeqran d lḥeǧǧ d usellek n Zakat.

## Amezruy

## Ayyuren
Llan 12 n wayyuren deg teswast tineslemt. Gar-asen 4 n wayyuren d uɣṛisen gan d: Raǧeb, Du Lqiɛda, Du Lḥiǧǧa d Muḥaṛṛam

Ayyuren-a ttwassnen s yismawen-nsen iserɣinen (aɛraben) akken i d-ten-yufa Muḥamed ass mi i d-yettwazen. Maca llan ttwassnen s yismawen yemgaraden ɣer iseɣinen  g tzunegzirt taserɣint send ma ad msegrawen (ad nnejmaɛen) i wakken ad sdukklen ismawen-a send n tuzna n umazun Muḥamed s tsut d wezgen, Yirna ass mi yenfufed usɣan ineslem ɣer iɣerfan niden am imaziɣen fkan-asen ismawen niden amedya ayyur n Du Lqiɛda ɣer Yimẓabiyen isem-is (Jar n leɛyud).

Taswast tineslemt tegber seg 12 n wayyuren inayyuren ayen yennumken d akken aseggas ineslem yegda 354 n wussan (354,367056 n wussan)

### Amsegrew n iserɣinen i wesdukkel n yismawem
Deg useggas n 412 send n tuzna tameznawt s 150 n iseggasen deg Mekka, iserɣinen xedmen-d amsegrew igebren iselwayen n yidrumen d wid i d-iḥuǧǧen deg useggas-nni i wakken ad mtawan ɣef yismawen ara ad sxedmen yakk iserɣinen deg tzunegzirt taserɣint

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tazzirt

**Tazzirt** d amur seg wayyur yemmugen d tacciwin tusdidin deg tegnawt.
Talɣa n tazzirt d azamul yettusmersen i wesgenses n tallit tanayyurt deg ukuẓ amezwaru, tettwasemres d azamul asnullan i weyyur, tettwasemres d azamul akruran i weẓref, akken i tella d azamul Artemisa yakk d uzamul n tiyyeẓwit deg wesmengay Aṛumman akatulik anda teqqen yakk d Meryem tayẓiwt

Deg tallit n umenkud awetman, Tazzirt tella tettwasers sufell n wesfel aneggar n tamezgida dɣa seg yimir-nni yuɣal d azamul n wesɣan ineslem 

## Tazamalt

## Talɣa

## Amezruy

## Asenmel/ Tabadut

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Tufya

**Tufya** neɣ **Affay** d tigawt tarmerrayt (war lebɣi), iswi-ynes d taččarit n turin s wezwu n weksujin (*O²*) ar wesɣel afellay. Anda amdan ad yeldi imi-s s waṭas alamma yuɣal ubleɣ n tenkart-is yugar 4 n tikkal n ubelɣ-is aẓaṛan. Tuffya tettaṭṭaf azal n 6 n tsinin deg wkud-a, deg wakud-a yettili-d waqqaf n tmaẓwalin n wudem d yiri akken i d-yettili daɣen wergal (amdal) n wallen, S wanect-a isalan iramasen yakk ttbaddiden (ḥebbsen) i kra n wakud anda yettuɣal ur yettefray ara (ur yettḥulfu ara) i wayen i d-as-yezzin. Tissugent s usemres n usɣiwes amsisli n yiqzaz tessken-d d akken aqziz deg wadis n yemma-s d win yettfayen s waṭas ɣas akken ur yesgunuf ara s turin

## Imgan yeqqnen ar tufya
* Nuddam.
* Tanekra seg yiṭes
* Afray s tɣufi d uneẓmi 
* Llaẓ
* Atmelli 

## Isragen (ssebbat) n tufya
Ar tura isragen i d-igellun s tufya zeddiɣ-it (mazal) ur ttwassnen ara, yerna aṭas n imusnawen ukzen-d (steɛrfen-d) d akken taluft-a ur sekfin ara azref-is deg tezrawt d unagi. Maca llan waṭas n isegza i tumant n tufya, gar-asent:
* Kra n imessujiyen ttɣilen d akken tufya tettili-d mi ara ad yili weswir n weksujin (*O²*) d adersi deg tfekka yerna aswir n usinuksid n ukaṛbun (*Co²*) d win yilin, Dɣa assegzi ayyi iga d imezdi 
* Kra n imessujiyen niden ttɣilen d akken tufya d tigawt tamulit iy teggẓen turin seg ukucam
* Hipukrat yessegzaw-d d akken tufya tzerreb azwu yumsen seg turin akken i yettarra aktum n idammen ɣer wallaɣ 

## [[Igem]] n tufya

## Abaɣur n tufya

## Tufya ɣer iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tigeltemt

**Afessug** neɣ **Tigeltemt** d azeṭṭa isirgay yettusken s udeggi-ynes i wenɣas d usuddem n umuddir, 
Tamaẓwalt taɣessayt tgebber seg tedliwin timeẓwaliyin, yal tadla tgebber seg isirgen imeẓwaliyen 

Tamaẓwalt tebṭa ɣef 3 n yesmilen: 
* Tamaẓwalt taɣessayt: d tamaẓwalt igebbren seg tadla n isirgen usdiden am tmaẓwalin n yixef d ugiger d yirawen, timaẓwalin-a ttakkent-d amussu amaẓwal amerray
* Tamaẓwalt taleggʷaɣt: tgebber seg tikwatin d isirgen, timaẓwalin-a ur qqinent ara ɣer tɣessa am tmaẓwalin tiɣessayin yerna zzint-d i yigmanen imrujen am wadanen d tzamart, Dɣa ttwasemmant s tmaẓwalin timerrayin
* Tamaẓwalt n wul: Tella deg wul kan, tga d tamaẓwalt tarmerrayt, maca deg tmuski-ynes tudes ɣer tmaẓwalin tiɣessayin

## Asileɣ n tmaẓwalt

## Amahil n tmaẓwalt

## Tamuski d tsuddest

## Asesmel n tmaẓwalin

## Asesmel n tmaẓwalin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren