open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Umuɣ azeggaɣ n IUCN

**Umuɣ azeggaɣ n telmas yettwaggzen s ungar** d umuɣ id yessufuɣ tiddukla tagreɣlant i waray n tgama yessismilen u yeɣɣaren addad n uray n telmas n yemɣan d iɣersiwen tennulfa-d deg useggas n 1963

## Asismel d tsartut n telmas
* Tilmas inegren (EX)

* Tilmas inegren deg wezɣar (EW) d tilmas yellan kan deg tarayin tigmawin akked tilmayin n iɣersiwen acku negren deg wezɣar

* Talmas deg umihi uzɣin: (CR) d tilmas yudsen s waṭas ar wengar deg ugama

* Tilmas yettwaggzen s umihi wengar: (EN) d tilmas yettwaggzen s waṭas deg ugama

* Talmest ur tettwageẓ: (VU) d tilmas yettwaggzen ar umihi ɣas mači s waṭas 

* Talmest tudes ar umihi: (NT)

* Talmest ur tettwaggez (LC) 

* Talmest s isefka idrusen (DD)

* Ur yessazel (NE)
Tikelmanin

**Tikelmanin** (Assaɣ ussnan: *Amphibia*) d iɣersiwen ilan (isɛan) aglim war tikbert anagar drus kan n telmas gar-asent, Tessegraw tudert gar n waman d wakal, Llan-t wazal n 3200 n telmas n tmankalin id yesskanayen yiwet tfesna n  timtegzitin am: imqerqar, igra d tiydsin

## Tasartut d usismel n tmankalin

## Tifekkiwin n tmankalin

## Tudert d tmeddurt

## Amezruy n tmankalin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Agru
* Amqerqur
Tawilayt n Tbatent

Tawilayt n Batna, neɣ Batnet, d tawilayt n wis 5 n tmurt n Lezzayer, tamanaɣt-is Tabatent.  Tawilayt-a tebḍa ɣef 22 n tdayriwin:
Ɛmiṛuc At Ḥemmuda

Ɛmiṛuc At Ḥemmuda ilul ass n 31 tuber 1926 di Tasaft Wagmun di Tmurt n Leqbayel, d argaz argaz aserti daɣen d argaz aserdasi i yennuɣen ɣef tlelli n tmurt n Lezzayer di Tegrawla Tazzayrit. Yemmut di Busɛada akked Ssi Lḥewwas ass n 28 meɣres 1959 deg webrid-nsen ar Tunes.

## Tudert-is

Ilul ass n 31 tuber 1926 di Tasaft Wagmun, imawlan-is d Ɛmiṛuc At Ḥemmuda akked Faṭima At Mendas, yesɛa daɣen yiwen n gma-s "Busa3d" d win i t-yugaren s 3 yiseggasen. Baba-s yemmut 4 n waguren qbel ad d-ilal, ɣef wakka i yeddem isem-is.
Aseggas kan seg wass mi d-ilul, yemma-s teddem-it netta aked gma-s tuɣal ar taddart imawlan-is Iɣil n Wammas. Dinna i yebda ixeddem ar kra n twaculin  timeṛkantiyin i wakken ad iɛiwen yemma-s akked gma-s ɣas akken d netta id amecṭuḥ. syin yewwit ɛemmi-s Belɛid At Ḥemmuda yid-s ar Wad el Feḍḍa di Clef anda xeddmen asɣunen n lfeṭṭa.

Tameṭṭut-is d yelli-s n ɛemmi-s "Dda Belɛid" yesɛa ɣur-s yiwen weqcic,Nuṛdin At Ḥemmuda, win ara yuɣalen d imdebbeṛ ɣef ukabar Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD).

Yekcem ar Tirni n Uslelli Aɣelnaw di Dujember 1954, yessers-it Krim Belqasem ɣef uqeṛṛu n temnaḍt n Ṣṣummam di 1955 iwakken ad tt-iseggem wa d-yerr anermis akked Twilayet Tamezwarut.D netta i d amasay n tɣellist deg Wegraw n Ssumam.Mi yessili wegra n ṣṣumam fernen-t-id wid yekkan deg wegraw iwakken ad yessiweḍ iɣtasen n Wegraw n Ssumam ar Twilayet Tamezwarut acku ur kkan ara deg wegraw, daɣen iwakken ad yefru cwal yellan ger imasayen n twilayet-a (llan ttnaɣen ɣef anwa ara yuɣalen ɣef uqeṛṛu n twilayet).
Mi iṛuḥ ar dinn yefra aṭas n yiɣeblan dinna, syin yuɣal-d ar twilayet tis 3 anda isen-yefka ttiɛad i kra n imasayen n twilayet tamezwarut, yuɣal iṛuḥ ar Tunes ikemmel tuɣdaḍt-is dinna akked Ɛmaṛ Uɛemṛan.

Asmi i d-yuɣal si Tunes deg unebdu n 1957, sersen-t ɣef uqeṛṛu n twilayet tis 3 deg wemkan n Muḥamdi Saɛid.

## Ɛmiṛuc ɣef uqeṛṛu n Twilayet tis 3

## Lmut-is
Amussu i Unalak n Tlelliyin Timagdayin

Amussu i Unalak n Tlelliyiin Timagdayin d yiwen ukabar id-yettwasbedden di 1946 imi franṣa tekkes Akabar n Wegdud Azzayri.
sbedden-t iwakken ad izmiren imeɣnasen n ukabar n Wegdud Azzayri ad kkin di tnefranin n 1947.Aselway-is d Messali El Ḥaǧ.

Seg-s i d-yeffeɣ ukabar Tirni n Uslelli Aɣelnaw di 1954.
Ilem anafray

**ilem anafray** d addad anafgan yettaǧan afgan ad yefray (ad iḥulfu) s tsuft d tilwit, Dɣaifrayen-a gellun-d Tikwal s tawarrẓa,  twarrẓa tazegnant, Afray s usinef, Tartimimt d kra n wuguren n iden

## Timentilin

## Asuji
Tawarrẓa

**Tawarrẓa** d irem yettwasxedmen i weglam n kra n waddaden n waṭṭanen deg ufgan dgi ad yefray s uneɣna, Llan-t waṭas n telmas d tfesniwin n twarrẓa ttwagezment ɣef imuren n wakud n uneɣna neɣ ma yella tawarrẓa ayyi tga-d (txedmed) asemdu ɣef tudert n ufgan, Dɣa mači anagar ifganen tettaɣ twarrẓa acku Imusnawen snetmen-d d akken aṭas n telmas n iɣersiwen daɣentettaɣ-iten twarrẓa aladɣa wid n temsiffatin

## Timentilin n twarrẓa

## Asuji d Tujjya
Ajdaṛ

**Ajdaṛ** (Asget: **ijdaṛen**) d taseddarit tafsust yettwasekkin (yettwabnan) s yesɣaṛen

## Asexdem
ifganen seg zik ggunin ɣef yejdaṛen ama i tmezduɣt neɣ i tuffra n tɣawsiwin dɣa ar ass-a llan aṭas n iɣerfan sulen (mazal-iten) ssexdamen ijdaren deg tudert-nsen
Iɣir

**Iɣir** neɣ **Anas** d aferdis akruran ig keččemen deg tigri n igeṭman dgi yettunernu i wureɣ i wakken ad s-ternu taɣuṛi, Akken daɣen yettwamugri yyis yedrimen.

## Inumaẓ ikruraren d isengamen
**Inumaẓ ikruraren**:
* Azamul akruran: Cu

* Uṭṭun abelkim: 29

* Azuk abelkim: 63,5

* Taɣuṛ: 2,5 ar 3

* Taneẓẓi: 89

* Tiẓunt n werkam: 2567° C

* Tiẓunt n wefsay: 1048,4° C

**inumaẓ isengam**:
* D ayafu yessawaṭen trisiti d wezɣal s waṭas

* Ttwaxdamen-d s yis iṛezwiyen n usiweṭ n trisiti

* Yessemduy s uzwu
Aferdis akruran

**Aferdis akruran** d tanga takrurant dgi ur yettwazmer ara usegzem d usezgen-is tesɛa yiwen n ubelkim akken daɣen id ittnumuẓ (id titmeyyiz) Uṭṭun abelkim

## Amezruy
Taseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem

Taseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem tettwasebded deg Wegraw n Ṣṣummam i d-yellan ass n 20 ɣuct 1956. Yesselḥa tagrawla tazzayrit armi i yuɣal d Anabaḍ Uɛḍil n Tegduda Tazzayrit di Ctembeṛ 1958.

Taseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem i isekkren Imenɣi n Lezzayer (La Bataille d'Alger) di 1957.

Di tazwara imaslaḍen-is ttilin di Lezzayer tamanaɣt gar imeɣnasen akked yemjuhad,armi i yettwaṭṭef Lɛerbi Ben Mhidi di taggar n yebrir 1957. Imir-nni imaslaḍen i d-yeggran ruḥen ar Tunes iwakken ad selken si tserdast n Franṣa wa ad heggin i temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit. Seld timlilit-a msefhamen iwakken ad qqimen di Tunes.

## Imaslaḍen n Useqqamu n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem
 
wid yekkan deg Wegraw n Ṣṣummam di 20 ɣuct 1956, iwakken ad suddsen aseqqamu-a, fernen-d semmus n yimaslaḍen :

*Ɛebban Ṛemḍan
*Lɛerbi Ben Mhidi
*Krim Belqasem
*Benyusef Benxedda
*Saɛd Daḥlab

seld temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit di Lqahira,yuɣal yettwasuddes s tẓa n yimaslaḍen:

*Ɛebban Ṛemḍan 
*Ferḥat Ɛebbas
*Lamin Debbaɣin
*Ɛebdelḥamid Mehri
*Maḥmud Crif
*Laxḍar Benṭubal
*Krim Belqasem
*Ɛmaṛ Uɛemṛan
*Abdelḥafiḍ Buṣṣuf
Ugel

**Ugel** (Asget: **Uglan**) d tuɣmas imesden id yezgan gar n tissirt d ifeɣmes
Uglan ttwasxdemen sɣuṛ tiwwa (iɣersiwen itetten aksum) i tukksa d wegzam n weksum  am imcac d yezmawen
Deg yimi n ufgan llan-t 4 n wuglan, snat deg ufella, Snat deg wadda

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tuɣmest

Tuɣmas tuɣmest d agman yeqquren am yiɣess dges iẓuran yeddan s agensu n uɣesmar n wadda d win n ufella n tewsit n timtegzitin

=Tawuri n tuɣmas=

=Tilmas n tuɣmas=
Llan-t 4 n telmas n tuɣmas:

* **[[Ifeɣmes]]** neɣ **Tinegzamin**: D tuɣmas id yezgan zdat n uɣesmar n ufella d win wadda, Llan-t dges 8 n tuɣmas (8 n ifeɣmas neɣ n tnegzamin)
Tawuri-ynes (lxedma-ynes) d agzan d ucerreg n wučči 

* **[[Ugel|Uglan]]**: D tuɣmas imesden talɣa-nsent temmug am ukeṛdas
Llan-t 4 n wuglan, Yal snat zdat n ifeɣmes
Tawuri-ynes d acerreg n wučči, Nezmer ad n-ini tettalel ifeɣmes deg aya

* **[[Tissirt (tuɣmest)|Tissirin]]**: 
Llan-t 12 n tsirrin. 6 g uɣesmar ufella 6 g uɣesmar n wadda
Tawuri-nesn-t d tufẓẓa d tuẓda n wučči

* **[[Tuɣmest n ugerru]]**:

=Uṭṭun n tuɣmas=

=Tuɣmest n ugerru=

=Aṭṭanen n tuɣmas=

=Ẓeṛ daɣen=

* uglan
*Tissirt
Tissirt (tuɣmest)

**Tissirt** d tuɣmest id yezgan seg tama tamendeffirt n uɣesmaṛ yettwasxedm deg tuẓda n wučči sɣur ufgan d kra n telmas n iɣersiwen neɣ timsuṭad
Deg ufgan amagur (argaz issawṭen deg waddar llan-t azal n 12 n tsirin ẓunen-t (ferqen-t) af 4 n tegrawin, deg yal tagrawt llan-t 3 n tsirin tis kuẓ (tis 4) d tuɣmest n ugerru

## Tilmas n tuɣmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tuɣmest n ugerru

*Tuɣmest n ugerru*' d Tuɣmest tameggarut id igemmun deg taggara n uɣesmaṛ dɣa Azgen ameqran n ifganen lan (sɛan) 4 n tuɣmas n ugerru (Yiwet deg yal tiɣmert n teɣmar n yimi), Tuɣmest n ugerru tgemmud deg tallit n waddar yettilin gar n 18 ar 25 iseggasen

## Tamentilt n usiseɣ (Ssebba n usemmi)

## Tawuri

## Uguren n tuɣmest n ugerru

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tametwala

**Tametlawa** (isem usnan: *Rhamnus alaternus*) d talmest n yemɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n umliles.

## Aglam

## Asemres

## Imniren
Aɣesmaṛ

**Aɣesmaṛ** d iɣess yellan deg yimi yettadam tuɣmas, Tikwal aɣesmaṛ yettas-d d anamak n uɣesmaṛ ufella d uɣesmar n wadda
Iɣess

**iɣess** (Asget: **iɣsan**) d agmam d aquran id itgin amur deg taɣessa
Deg tfekka n ufgan llan-t ugar n 270 n teɣsatin, Mi ara ad yemɣur ufgan ttenṭaṭent neɣ ddukulen-t kra deg-sent alama uɣalen-t deg 206 n teɣsatin.

## iɣess deg tadlsa d umezruy
llan iɣsan n taɣessa n ufgan, ilin iɣsan n tiqqbilin n ufgan.  

Imṣmuden deg-sen 11 n iɣsan :  

# Ihahan
# Cyadma
# Iwriken
# Ḥezmira
# Gdmiwa
# Ḥenfisa
# Hezerga
# Dukkala
# Ihntaten
# Beni Magus
# Teḥlawa

## Tamhazt

*
*
*
Benyusef Benxedda

**Benyusef Benxedda**, ilul ass n 23 furar 1920 di Berwageyya di twilayt n Lemdiyyet. D asertay azzayri, D aselway wis sin n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil n Tegduda tazzayrit si 1961 armi tewwi Lezzayer azarug-is di 05 yulyu 1962.

Yemmut ass n 4 furar 2003 di Lezzayer.

## Tameddurt-is
### Timeḍrit d ussinen

yebda leqraya-s deg uɣerbaz n leqṛan akked uɣerbaz aṛumi. Syin yekcem ar tesnawit Duveyrier di Blida (tasnawit Ibn Ṛucd tura) anda i yemlal akked waṭas n yimeɣnasen iɣelnaẓriyen, gar-asen : Ɛebban Ṛemḍan, Saɛd Daḥlab, Lamin Debbaɣin, Mḥemmed Yazid akked Ɛli Bumenǧel.

Mi d-yewwi lbac yekcem ar tseddawit n tesnajya akked tesnafart n lezzayer di 1943. Yewwi-d agerdas n tesnafart deg useggaw n 1951.

### Amennuɣ ɣef uzarug n Lezzayer

Yekcem ar Amussu i Unalak n Tlelliyiin Timagdayin deg useggas n 1942.D amsalaḍ n Useqqamu Alemmas n ukabar si 1947, yuɣal d amaray amatu n useqqamu-a si 1951 armi d 1954.

Mi yebda ṭṭrad di tmurt n Lezzayer deg unbir 1954 teṭṭef-it Fransa ar lḥebs acku umnen belli d netta akked yemdukal-is n Useqqamu Alemmas i yessekren ṭṭrad. Yeqqim 8 n waguren di lḥebs, syin serḥen-as-d. Yeffq-d kan yekcem ar Tirni n Uslelli Aɣelnaw anda i yuɣal d amarag n Ɛebban Ṛemḍan di Lezzayer.

semman-t deg [Agraw n Summam|ugraw n ṣṣumam] n ɣuct 1956 d amsalaḍ n Taseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem akked Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit akked Krim Belqasem,Ɛebban Ṛemḍan,Lɛerbi Ben Mhidi akked Saɛd Daḥlab.Netta, Ɛebban Ṛemḍan akked Lɛerbi Ben Mhidi i d imasayen n Asun Asiman n Lezzayer (ZAA) si ɣuct 1956 armi i ffɣen si tmurt n lezzayer di furar 1957, dɣa d nitni i yessekren acu i wumi neqqar Imenɣi n Lezzayer.

Di ɣuct 1957 deg temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit di tmurt n Maṣer yettwakkes seg Tseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem. Iṛuh ar waṭas n tmura s yisem n Tirni n Uslelli Aɣelnaw i wakken ad yessaweḍ ammenɣ n wegdud azzayri beṛṛa n Lezzayer.

Ass n 9 ɣuct 1961 yessuli-t-id Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit d aselway n Unabaḍ Uɛḍil n Tegduda tazzayrit.Ikemmel astugen akked udabu n Fransa i yebda Ferḥat Ɛebbas i wakken ad ḥebsen ṭṭrad.

D netta i d-iseyrun aḥbas n ṭṭrad ass n 19 meɣres 1962.Syin yekcem-d ar Lezzayer ass n 03 yulyu 1962

### Lmut-is

Yemmut ass n 4 furar 2003 deg uxxam-is di Lezzayer. Yemṭel di tjebbant n Sidi Yahya ɣef yidis n wemdakel-is Saɛd Daḥlab.

Taseddawit n Lezzayer Talemmast tettwasemma ɣef yisem-is.

## Idlisen i yura

* 1986 - *Les Accords d'Évian*  (Imtiwa n Ibyan)- OPU, Alger.
* 1989 - *Les origines du  novembre 1954* (Iẓuran n umezwaru n unbir 1954) - éd. Dahlab, Alger
* 1997 - *L'Algérie à l'indépendance: la crise de 1962* (Lezzayer deg uzarug : Cwal n 1962) - Dahlab, Alger.
* 2000 - *Abane-Ben M'hidi, leur apport à la révolution algérienne*, (Ɛebban-BenMhidi, Timerna-nsen i tegrawla) - éd Dahlab, Alger
* 2002 - *Alger, capitale de la résistance 1956-1957* (Lezzayer, Tamanaɣt n wezbu 1956-1957)- éd. Houma, Alger
Agman

**Agman** (Asget: **igmanen**) deg tasnudert d tagrawt n imeẓda ittgin (ixeddmen) kra n tawuri neɣ ugar deg tfekka n ufgan neɣ n uɣersiw akk d yemɣan

## Idgan n yegmanen n ufgan
**[[aqerruy]]** d **[[iri (agman)|yiri]]**
* Allaɣ
* Tallaɣt
* Agiger n wallaɣ
* Udem
* Ameẓẓuɣ
* Taylalt n tiṭ
* Inzer
* Tiṭṭ
* Imi
* Agerjum
* Tizelmeẓt
* Taɣuct
* Tuɣmas
* Aɣesmaṛ
* Iles
* Amayeg
* Acenfir
* Akaẓuẓ
* Timɣi

**[[idmaren]]**:
* Iff
* Ul
* Aberfiw
* Tirkidin

**[[Adis]]**:
* Iliwi
* Adan neɣ iẓerman
* Tasa
* Timestay
* Tunet
* Tigẓelt
* Timerni

**[[Anda (agman)|Anda]]**:

* Askiw
* Isirew

## Igmanen n iɣersiwen
Igmanen deg iɣersiwen d win igan am wul, iberfiwen, tasa, allaɣ, ineṛfed, iliwi, tigeẓẓal d aglim igan d agman ameqran yakk di tfekka 

## Igmanen n yemɣan
Aqerruy

**Aqerruy** neɣ **Aqerru** neɣ **ixef** d agman yellan deg tama n ufella (tafellayt) n tfekka n ufgan d iɣersiwen, Dges llan waṭas n yigmanen iden am allaɣ, allen, imi, aɣesmaṛ

## Igmanen iden yellan deg uqerru
Taɣessa n ufgan

**Taɣessa n ufgan** t tagrawt n yiɣsan yeddukklen neɣ ineṭden s twermin
Mara ad ilal wegrud ttilin-t wazal n 270 n teɣsatin deg tɣessa, Uṭṭun-a yettader-d ar 206 n teɣsatin acku llan-t teɣsatin yeddukklen d tiyad iden

## Ismilen n tɣessa

## Tawuri n tɣessa

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Ajgu b uzagur
* Aleqqin
Tawremt

**Tawremt** (Asget: **Tiwermin**) d ideg dgi id yettemsiger iɣess s wayedṭ, Llan-t waṭas n telmas yemgaraden n twermin deg yedgan yemgaraden n tɣessa 

## Tilmas n twermin
Asbes

**Asbes** neɣ **Amcic n yeẓra** (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Suricata*) d tawsit n iɣersiwen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tzelkeṭṭiwin deg tfesna n temseksumin, Yettidir deg tegrawin yettawden ar 30 n isebsen deg izaɣaren yeldin, Tamurt-is taẓarant d Tiniri n Kalahari deg tmurt n Tafriqt n wadda akk d Namibia.

## Ingiren
Asbes d aɣersiw yellan deg wumuɣ n wučči i kra n telmas n iɣersiwen am wuccen d uberni

## Učči
Deg wučči ynes, Asbes yegguni af kra n igeṭfen am tiɣirdmiwin kra n tlmas n temraradin d igṭaṭ
Iri (agman)

**iri** neɣ **amegreṭ** d agman yessawaṭen aqerruy s igiger deg imuddiren n inaɣlalen

## [[Asemmili]] n yri n ufgan
### [[Takerduft (asemmilli)|Tikerdaf]]
Iɣsan n gebbren seg 7 n tkerdaf i d-isgensisen amur n yiri seg wejgu n uzagur, gar yal takerduft yella uɣarif n ugergis

### Iẓeṭṭiwen ileggaɣen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Agiger

**Agiger** d tama yellan di tlemmast n tfekka n ufgan. Yettezruzzuɣ-d degs yiri d yirawen iminag d yirawen imazdaren. Akken iy gebber ɣef tama n wadis d yidmaren d uzagur.

## Tawuri

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Udem

**Udem** (Asget: **Udmawen**) d agman yellan deg tfekka n ufgan d uɣersiw s telmas-is yemgaraden, Dɣa udem d ideg dgi llan kra n igamanen iden am: Allen, iles, Ameẓẓuɣ igmanen-a d wid id yetgin tinliwin yessexdamen umuddir (afgan d uɣersiw) i tukza d tusna n tɣawsiwin

## Teɣzi n wudem

## Tehri

## Asemdu n waddar

## Udem deg tẓuri

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Amulli ameggaz

**Amulli ameggaz** (s Teglizit: *Happy Birthday To You*) d tizlit tamensayt i wesfugel s umulli n tlallit n kra n ufgan
Tutlayt taspenyult

**Tutlayt taspenyult** (s tespanyult: *español*) neɣ **Takastilant** 
 (s tespanyult: *castellano*) d tutlayt tamaddudt n tgelda n Spanya yakk d tuget n tmura n Temrikt n Wenẓul d Temrikt Talemmast, akken i tga d yiwet seg snat tutlayin timaddudin n Puerto Rico. Ttmeslayen-tt gar n 477 alamma d 572 n yimdanen am tutlayt tayemmat deg umaḍal, akken i tga tutlayt taṛumanseyt timenziwt yakk.
Taspenyult sgi ttmeslayen di tgelda n Spanya ɣɣaren-as taspenyult takastilant i wassaɣ ɣer tama tamazrayt n Kastiya, anda i tella d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Ikestalen. Imesnilsanen ttɣilen d akken tutlayt-a tekker-d di tama n **Cordillera** i d-yezgan deg ugafa n Spanya, sin akin tenfufed deg yakk tamiwin-is deg tasut tis 8 d tis 9. Ma d tespanyult sgi ttmeslayen di Temrikt Talatint ɣɣaren-as taspenyult tamrikant.

Dɣa taspenyult takastilant d tespanyult tamrikant ttemcabint s waṭas, maca llan kra n imgaraden deg ususru d yirmawen. Ismawen deg tespenyult - am waṭas n tutlayin niḍen - bḍan ɣer wunti d umalay, akken illan daɣen kra n yismawen irwasanen ur nelli la d untiyen la d imalayen, amedya deg yismawen ibeddun s umagrad «*Lo *»; (*Lo mejor*, *Lo bueno*, *Lo fácil*...), ma d abaraz amagnan n wawalen iga d; *isem n umeskar*, *amyag*, *asentel*.

## Tiwelhiwin
Targa n Panama

**Targa n Panama** d targa neɣ azrug n waman itteqqnen Agaraw anaṭlas s ugaraw amelwi. Targa-ayi tezga-d di tmurt n Panama deg Temrikt Talemmast.

## Amezruy
Imi

**Imi** neɣ **Aqemmuc** d agman yellan deg udem s ddaw n yinzer s ufell n tamart, Imi d asekcam n wučči d waman ar wallal n welmaẓ akk d uzwu ar wallal n usgunef, yesɛa tuɣmas s ansa ibeddu tuffẓa akk d yiles yesɛan azal meqqren deg wemṭay d ulmaẓ.
Tamart

**Tamart** d tama taddayt (yellan deg wadda) n udem s ddaw n ucenfir, Dges id yettemɣay ucamar

## Tamhazt n tamart
Acenfir

**Acenfir** (Asget: **icenfiren**) d sin yegmanen id yettgin yimi n ufgan d waṭas n iɣersiwen

## Tawuri

## Acenfir deg tmetti d yidles

## Acenfir deg tayri
Amayeg

**Amayeg** (Asget: **imuyag**) d agman yellan s ddaw n wallen d imeẓẓaɣ, Amayeg d tama ileggaɣen s waṭas
Asalel (tasnudert)

**Asalel** (Asget: **Isulal**) d agman amernaw ɣezzifen, Yettwaqen Tikwal ar yimi n iɣersiwen Timtegzitin neɣ urtimtegzitin, Tetwasxdem i wučči d weskaf

## Asalel deg timtegzitin

## Asalel deg urtimtegzitin
Tamzukt

**Tamzukt** neɣ **Amzuk** yettwasenen s yisem n (**Zzjaj** id yusan seg Tutlayt Taɛrabt|teɛrabt]] *زجاج*) d tanga yeqquren, Yettili d tafrawant neɣ tanafrawant, Tefrar (tesshel) i tṛuzi, Tetwasxdem seg zik nni
Petrus Christus

**Pitrus Christus** d yiwen n imsuneɣ n Hullanda deg tallit talslalit tamzikt ilul deg 1410 di tmdint n Bruj.
Taleslalit

**Tallit taleslalit** d amussu adelsan id yekkren deg tsut tis 14 alammi d tsut tis 17, Tazwara ynes tella-d deg taggara n Talliyin tilemmasin deg tmurt n Ṭelyan sin terna tedda ar yakk tmura n Uruppa

## Iẓuran

## Timentilin

## Inumaẓ

## Amezruy
Tignut tamtiwgant

**Tignut tamtiwgant** d tissi n igazen id yezzin f jra n tfekka tenga ilan (yesɛan) tasmekta isefken i teldayt s wacu i d-ijebbed tiɣawsiwin-a
Anagraw anesur alemmas

**Anagraw anesur alemmas** (**CNS**) d Azgen ameqran yakk n unagraw anesur amatam, Tiddukla-ynes d anagraw anesur afulman d unagraw anesur afekkan yesskanay-d ayen umi neqqar Anagraw anesur ilan (isɛan) tiremt d wazal ameqqran deg tikeli n iɣersiwen s umata d ifganen aladɣa

## Gemmu

## Tamsuka
Asegdal

**Asegdal** neɣ **Asalel** neɣ **Tasenfart** d aferdis awlellay yettwaxedmen s kra n yemɣuzen neɣ s temzukt neɣ s umezzil

## Tilmas n usegdal
* Aseglas n umsal 
* Asegdal n Viber (GRP)
Anagraw ansur

**Anagraw ansur** d anagraw anamaẓ aakk di tgelda n uɣersiw, Yella akk deg yimuddiren si tmenza ar timesiffatin, Yettili d tagrawt n tmezziyin tifrarin n teskikin deg tmenza skud nettali deg yisili n temhazt trennu tseddart n tkerrust-is aladɣa deg wemdan.

## Tawuri n unagraw ansur

## Imuren n teskikt

## Ismilen n unagraw ansur

## Anagraw ansur deg yiɣersiwen
Saɛd Daḥlab

*Saɛd Daḥlab* ilul ass n 18 yebrir 1918 di Qṣer Cellala. Yemmut ass n 16 dujember 2000. D argaz asertay azzayri, yennuɣ ɣef uzarug n tmurt n Dzayer di ṭṭrad n uslelli aɣelnaw n 1954-1962.

## Tameddurt-is

Saɛd Daḥlab yeɣṛa di tesnawit Duveyrier di Blida (tasnawit Ibn Ṛucd tura) anda i yemlal akked waṭas n yimeɣnasen iɣelnaẓriyen, gar-asen : Ɛebban Ṛemḍan, Ɛli Bumenǧel, Lamin Debbaɣin, Mḥemmed Yazid akked Benyusef Benxedda.

Yella d ameɣnas deg ukabar Itri n Tefriqt Ugafa, Akabar n Wegdud Azzayri akked Amussu i Unalak n Tlelliyiin Timagdayin, yella daɣen d amaray n Miṣali Lḥaǧ.

Mi tenfa Fṛansa Miṣali Lḥaǧ ar tmurt n Kungu, netta gren-t ar lḥebs si 1945 armi d 1946 i d-yeffeɣ. 

semman-t deg ugraw n ṣṣumam n ɣuct 1956 d amsalaḍ n Taseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem akked Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit akked Krim Belqasem,Ɛebban Ṛemḍan,Lɛerbi Ben Mhidi akked Benyusef Benxedda. D Netta akked Ɛebban Ṛemḍan i yellan deffir n usebded n weɣmis Lmuǧahid di 1956.

Di ɣuct 1957 deg temlilit n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw n Tegrawla Tazzayrit di tmurt n Maṣer yettwakkes seg Tseqqamut n Tenmiregt akked Usselkem. 

Yuɣal d aneɣlaf n tɣawsiwin n wezɣer (beṛṛa) deg Unabaḍ Uɛḍil n Tegduda tazzayrit wis kraḍ, si 09 ɣuct 1961 armi 1962. Yekka deg wastugen n Ibyan akked udabu n Fransa. Attekki-yis deg wastugen-a yesɛa azal meqqṛen imi aẓar-is si sseḥra n Dzayer, acku Fṛansa tebɣa ad d-tefk azarug i lezzayer bla ṣṣeḥra.

Yemmut ass n 16 Dujember 2000, yemṭel di tjebbant n Sidi Yahya.Meḍlen ɣef yidis-is amdakel-is n tudert Benyusef Benxedda.

Semman fell-as taseddawit n Blida
Tazawa

**Tazawa** (Asget: **Tiziwa**) (akken daɣen yellan wid is-yeqqaren **Tabucidant** maca awal-a yekka-d uẓar-is seg Teɛrabt: *ريح الشيطان*), Tazawa d awliwel Amazzal n uzwu yettas-d tikwal yakk d ugeffur neɣ d wedfel
Deg tzawa tizzli n uzwu yettili d tameqrant

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aldun

**Aldun** d aferdis akruran Azamul-is **PB** ma d uṭṭun-is abelkim 82, Yella deg uyiren awalan deg tegrawt n ukarbun (tagrawt tis 14), Aldun d amɣuz aẓayan s tneẓẓawt iflalen (ɛlayen) deg waddaden igamanen yettili s yini aẓerfan yezzegzun

## Amezruy

## Tilín

## Asufeɣ d ufares

## Asexdem
Tafelwit tawalant

**Tafelwit tawalant** d amsasa afelwan i yiferdisen ikruranen, ttwasnin s unect n wuṭṭun-nsen abelkim, tawila taliktṛunant d iylanen ikruranen imallusen, anda tamuska-ines tesskanay-d *tizniwin tiwalanin*. S umata, iferdisen i d-yezgan deg wedras amezwaru ttilin (tallit) d amɣuz ɣer tnila n uzelmaḍ, U d aramɣuz ɣer tnila n uyeffus, anda i ttmersen iferdisen ilan (yesɛan) tikliwin tikruranin timarwasin (yemcabin) deg yiwen n wejgu. Idrasen n tfelwit ttusemman (di tuget n tugnatin) s twalanin, ma d ijga ttusemman s tegrawin. Yerna 6 n tegrawin lant (sɛant) ismawen s tmerniwt ɣer wuṭṭunen usligen. Amedya, iferdisen n tegrawt tis 17 igan d ihalujinen, d tegrawt tis 18 igan d igazen iheggaṛen, akken i d-ittwafsar deg telɣa n kuẓ n yideggan usrimen neɣ deg yiswiren ifurkanen yeqqnen s tčarit n imezzayen ibelkamen yemgaraden.

Yella wamek ara ad tettwasuddes tfelwit tawalant i usuddem n wassaɣen gar n yiylanen n yiferdisen yemgaraden, yakk d d yiylanen d teklatin tikruranin yettuṛajun i yiferdisen ur d-nettwasnirem ara neɣ wid i d-ittwasuddsen s akken kan. Amusnaw n tekrura n Rusya Dmitri Mandelyiv yella d netta i d amdan amezwaru ifser-d tafelwit tawalant deg useggas n 1869, sin akin yella-d usnerni-ines s talɣa tagejdant i usegzi n tniliwin tiwalanin i yiferdisen yettwassnen imir-nni. Akken i icuyel kra n yiylanen iferdisen ur nettwafran ara i yellan yettuṛaju ad ččaren ibeṛjujen n tfelwit. Dɣa yella-d usihrew n tekti n Mandelyiv u tettusenṭeḍ yakked usnirem d usnulfu n yiferdisen imaynuten niḍen d usnerni n tmudmiwin tiẓranin timatuyin i usegzi n tkelli takrurant.
Tafelwit tawalant tatrart tettak-d akatar yelhan i teslaḍt n tsedmirin tikruranin, yerna mazal-itt tettusexdem s waṭas di tekrura d tfizikt taɣisant d tussniwin niḍen.

## Tamuska n tfelwit tawalant

## Asesmel
**[[Tagrawt n tfelwit tawalant|Tigrawin]]**:
Tagrawt d ajgu abedday (aratak) di tfelwit tawalant n iferdisen. Di tfelwit-a llant 18 n tegrawin. Iferdisen yellan di yal tagrawt lan yiwen n usuddes n tbessast taliktṛunant eg wayen yezzin ɣef umḍan n iliktṛunen, dɣa d anecta i yettaken i yiferdisen-a amcabi n yiylanen.

## Amezruy n tfelwit tawalant

## Timeẓri tabelkimt

## Tifliwin timaynutin

## Asexdem n tfelwit

## Inumaẓ iden
Inzer

**Inzer** (Asget: **inzaren**) d agama deg tfekka n ufgan d uɣersiw sgi sgunfayen yis

## Inzer deg igṭaṭ d waylalen
Inzer n aylalen yerwes (yettemcabi) ar win n temraradin
## Inzer deg iselman
Asnay

**Asnay** d agi n tɣawsa deg yideg (amkan) amazgay

## [[Taseftit]]
* **Nekk**: sniɣ, senniɣ, ad sniɣ
* **Kečč**: tesniṭ, tsenniṭ, ad tesniṭ
* **Netta**: isni, isenni, ad isni
* **Nettat**: tesni, tsenni, ad tesni
* **Nekni**: nesni, nsenni, ad nesni
* **Kunwi**: tesnim, tsennim, ad tesnim
* **Nutni**: snin, sennin, ad snin
* **Nutenti**: snint, sennint, ad snint
Ilemẓiyen

**Ilemẓiyn** (Asuf: **Ilemẓi**, Asuf Unti: **Tilemẓit**) d irem yeqqnen ar tallit tadarant yeččuren d tadusi akk d tezmert gar n yakk talliyin n waddar d acu kan tallit-a temgarad gar umuddir d wayeṭ

## Inumaẓ n ilmeẓyen
Tallit n temẓi d tallit ilan (yesɛan) azal deg tudert n ufgan d umudir s umata
Azrar n idurar

**Azrar n idurar** neɣ **Tiraf** neɣ **Tizunt** neɣ **Tazrar** d ademkal yeqqnen aṭas n yidurar deg yiwen n wedras 
tikwal ttilin isafen d iɣezrawen tt-ẓunin (ferrqen) gar n izurar n idurar

## Tizunin timeqranin n tegnit
Azal ameqqran n tzunin timaynutin deg tasnagnit qqnent sya ar ubaggus n tmess neɣ idurar n Alepp

* Tizunt n Andiz

* Tizunt n Himalaya

* Tizunt n Aṭlas

* Tizunt n Appalac

* Tizunt n Ruki
Idurar n Himalaya

**Idurar n Himalaya** d azrar n idurar yellan deg umenẓawa n Asya teẓẓun (tettferriq) izaɣaren n uzunmenẓaw n Lhend af agni n Tibit, Dges azal n 9 n tqacucin yeflalen yakk deg tegnit maca tameqqrant akk deg-sent d  adrar n Everest s wazal n 8,848 m deg teflel.

## Tasnamurt n Himalaya

## Tasnagnit n Himalaya

## Muqel daɣen

* Idurar n Alp
Agni n Tibit

**Agni n Tibit** d agni if yezgan deg Asya talemmast s teflel yugaren 4000 m s wakka ad tili d agni yeflalen yakk deg tiggi n tegnit

## Imezdaɣ
Amir ameqran n imezdaɣ n wegni n Tibet ṭṭafaren aɣref n Tibit 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Idurar n Himalaya
Azunmenẓaw n Lhend

**Azunmenẓaw n Lhend** (S Thendayt: भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप), (S Urdu: برصغير) d amur n wakal meqqren deg umenẓaw n Asya tettawi timura yellan deg Tafilt tatektunt n Lhend am: Bangladec, Pakistan, Lhend, Butan, Nipal akk d tegzirin id yezzin am Sri Lanka d Maldiv.

## Tama tasnamurt
Azunmenzaw n Lhend d akal id yezgan si tama n wadda n idurar n Himalaya akk d agni n Tibit, Deg tama n uneẓẓul yezzi-yas-d ugaraw amelwi, Seg umalu ilel aɛrab.

## Imezdaɣ
Azal n 1,700,000,000 n ifganen ttidiren deg azunmenẓaw n Lhend, gar-asen ugar n 65% ttidiren deg Lhend, Ttmeslayen aṭas n tutlayin (ugar n 1000).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ilel aɛrab

**Ilel aɛrab** (S Teɛrabt: بحر العرب), (S Thendayt: अरब सागर) d Amur deg ugaraw ahendi id yezgan gar teftisin n azunmenẓaw n Lhend d Tazunegzirt Taɛrabt, Deg ugafa yezzi-yas-d Iṛan d Pakistan, Seg usamar azunmenẓaw n Lhend, Seg umalu Tazunegzirt taɛrabt, Seg uneẓul iccew n Tefriqt
Tihri meqqren deg yilel-a tessaweṭ ar wazal n 2400 km, Ma d talqayt-is tessaweṭ ar 4,6 km

## Timura id yezzin
Icc n Tefriqt

**Icc n Tefriqt** neɣ **Iccew n Tefriqt** d tazunegzirt id yezgan deg teftist n Usamar n Tefriqt ɣef uqerru n Bab El-Mandab, Yettales-it-id seg wneẓul Agaraw Ahendi, Seg ugafa ilel azeggaɣ

## Tasnamurt
Tajumma n yicc n Tefriqt teddel ɣef wazan n 2 imelyunen km², Tezga-d s agafa n usebges, Zedɣen-t wazan n 90,000,000 n ifganen

## Timura n yicc n Tefriqt
Tazunegzirt

**Tazunegzirt** deg tasnamurt d akal yeddan s agensu (ar daxel) n waman dgi id s-zzin waman seg 3 n tamiwin w yenqqen ar  wakal agejdan s uzrugzir

## Tizunegzirin n [[Asya]]

## Tizunegzirin n [[Tafriqt|Tefriqt]]

## Tizunegzirin n [[Turuft]]

## Tizunegzirin n [[Tamrikt n Ugafa]]

## Tizunegzirin n [[Tamrikt n Wenẓul]]

## Muqel daɣen

* Tegzirt
Azrugzir

**Azarugzir** deg tasnamurt d tilist gar n snat n tjummiwin n waman s uzawag yekruzen (deyyiqen) n wakal yettwazzin s waman seg snat n tamiwin. Deg waṭas n Tikwal azarugzir yetteqqen tigzirt s tjumma hrawen, meqqren n tmurt
Anemgal n uzrugzir d taɣit, Acku azarugzir d tajumma n wakal itteqqnen gar n snat n tjummiwin n wakal, Ma d taɣit d tajumma ikruzen n waman itteqqnen gar snat n tjummiwin n waman (ilel neɣ agaraw).

## Amgarad ger n uzrugzir d [[Agrilel|ugrilel]]

## Kra n yizrugziren
* Azrugzir n Panama 
* Azrugzir n Corinth

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Imsenger

**imsenger** d tanga takrurant i izemren ad yenɣ neɣ ad isemdu ɣef tudert n umuddir, Akken daɣen yetwasexdem deg Tasnujya, Tamugri d tẓegwa
Tasallast

**Tasallast** (asget: **Tisallasin**) d tawacult n tmeskebrin yeṭṭafaren asmil n temraradin. Tasallast d yiwet seg temraradin timeẓyanin yettidiren s tuget s agensu (sdaxel) n yexxemen d yideggan deg wanda tettili tfukt d wezɣal.

## Aglam
Aglim n tsallasin d aleggaɣ d abeṛcabc, initen-is mgaraden gar n azeggaɣ d uzegza d waras
## Idgan n tudert

## Tilmas

## Učči
Tata

**Tata** (Asget: **Tatiwin**), (Assaɣ ussnan: **Chamaeleonidae**) d tawacult n iɣersiwen imraraden yeṭṭafaren adu-tfesna n tezyagurin deg tfesna n tmeskebrin. Tettidir deg yakk ideggan n umadal anagar Antarktika.

Tata d aɣersiw anegmar yezmer ad yečč yal taɣawsa izemren ad tekcem ɣer yimi-is am yiburɣas d kra n telmas meẓẓiyen n temraradin d temseɣẓaẓ

## Asnifel n yini
Kra n telmas n tatiwin zemrent ad beddlent ini n weglim-nsent s unect n waddad-nsent asengam d usenwuran maca mači i wakken ad tezg i twennaṭ-is akken i d-ittilin uɣili, Dɣa tata tettbeddil ini-ines i tririt ɣef usummer-ines i tafat d teẓɣelt n wayen i s-yezzin yakk i wakken ad tenfali yifrayen-is acku ifrayen-a d wid i zemren ad beddlen seg yini n tata, Dɣa ini ila (yesɛa) azal deg unermis daɣen. 

## Tilmas
Tawacult n Tata dges azal n 83 n telmas yellan deg yakk imenẓawen n tegnit anagar Antraktika, Dɣa tilmas-a ẓẓunin-t (twaferqent) a 9 n tewsitin, Deg-sent 6 deg adu-twacult n (Chamaeleoninae) d 3 deg adu-twacult n (Chamaeleo)

## Tiwlafin

Chameleon in Berenty Madagascar 0002.JPG|
Chameleon - Tanzania - Usambara Mountains.jpg|
Caméléon Madagascar 02.jpg|
Cameleon Tunisie.jpg|
Chamaeleo chamaeleon Frightened thus black.JPG|
Chamäleon2.jpg|

Chameleon India.jpg|


## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren
Azyagur

**Azyagur**, (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Iguania*) d Adu-tfesna n temraradin yeṭṭafaren adu-tfesna n tzermemmyin deg tfesna n tmeskebrin

## Asismel d tsartut
* Tazyagurt
**Tizyagurin
***Azyagur
Adu-tfesna

**tadufesna** deg tsartut n tesnudert d taseddaṛt yeṭṭafaren tfesna, Adu-tfesna d adras amessarti yezwaren aswag, Tezga-d gar n twacult d tfesna.

## Imedyan

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Adras amessarti

**Adaras amessarti** d aswir amassaɣ deg uzamug n yesmilen. amedya, deg tsartut n tesnudert, ismilen n usesmel n temsartut gan d: Talmest, Tawsit, tawacult, asmil ... Atg.

Asismel n Linné yemmal-d amesdabu yettwasenglen ɣer 7 n **yidrasen igejdanen**, d 5 n **yidrasen ussinen**. Yettwammel-d s ubellez amnursuy (ordre décroissant), s talɣa ayi: 

: Imuddiren: **[[Tagelda (tasnudert)|Tagelda]]** → **[[Astirf (tasnudert)|Adur]]**, **[[Agzam (tasnudert)|Agzam]]** → **[[Asmil (tasnudert)|Asmil]]** → **[[Tafesna (tasnudert)|Tafesna]] **→ **[[tawacult (tasnudert)|Tawacult]]** → Taɣreft → **[[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tawsit]]** → Tigezmi → Tamazrart → **[[Talmest]]** → Irzi → Talɣa.

**idrasen imernayen** am: «adu» , «afel», «azdar neɣ ader» gan d timerniwin ɣer isesmilen igejdanen amdya: adu-twacult, Afelfesna, Ader-adur ... atg.

**[[Talmest]]** temmal-d adras agejdan n usismel asensarti, yal tikkelt mi ara ad tali tseddaṛt n usesmel, yettali neɣ yettnerni wemcabi gar yigmamen (imɣan, iɣersiwen, iberčečča...).

## Isimilen igejdanen

## Idrasen imessartiyen igejdanen
Idrasen imessartiyen ttwasxedmen deg tinnagrawt i usismel 
(s usnay amnursuy):

* Amenkud, Afuɣal, Taɣult (*Superregnum, Imperium, Dominium*).
* **[[Tagelda (tasnudert)|Tagelda]]** (**Regnum**).
* Adu-tgelda (*Subregnum*) 
* Afurk (*Ramus*, « *branch* » s Teglizit).
* Azdar-tgelda (*Infraregnum*)
** Afel-adur, Afel-agzam (*Superphylum, Superdivisio*).
* Adur (*Divisio*).
** Adu-wadur, Adu-gzam (*Subphylum, Subdivisio*).
** Agzam (*Divisio*). 
** Ader-adur (*Infraphylum*).
*** *[[Ifelasmil]]* (*Classis*).
*** **[[Asmil (tasnudert)|Asmil]]** (**Classis**).
*** Adu-smil (*Subclassis*).
*** Ader-asmil (*Infraclassis*). 
**** Afelfesna (*Superordo*).
**** **[[Tafesna (tasnudert)|Tafesna]]** (**Ordo**). 
**** Adu-tfesna (*Subordo*).
**** Ader-tfesna (*Infraordo*). 
**** Imzik-tfesna (*Microordo*).
***** Afeltwacult (*Superfamilia*).
***** **[[Tawacult (tasnudert)|Tawacult]]** (**Familia**).
***** Adu-twacult (*Subfamilia*)
***** Taɣreft (*Tribus*).
***** Adu-teɣreft (*Subtribus*).
****** **[[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tawsit]]** (**Genus**). 
****** Adu-tewsit (*Subgenus':).
****** [[Tigezmi (tasnudert)|Tigezmi]] (*Sectio*).
****** [[Adu-tgezmi (tasnudert)|Adu-tgezmi]] (*Subsectio*).
******* *'Talmest** (**Species*').
******* [[Adu-telmest]] (*subspecies*)- [[Adras (tasnudert)|Adras asnudran]] amaddud (unṣib) aneggar.
******* [[Irzi]], [[Azɣer (tasnudert)|Azɣer]] gan d idrasen isnudranen irmadduden (arunṣib).
******* [[Adu-irzi]] (*subvarietas*) - [[Adu-zɣer]] gan d idrasen isnudranen irmadduden (irunṣiben).
******* [[Talɣa (asismel)|Talɣa]] (*Forma*).
******* [[Adu-telɣa]] (*Subforma'').

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasartut n tesnudert
Tasartut

**Tasartut** deg tasnudert d tiget tasuddist ilan (yesɛan) aṭas n imuddiren, yal tamsartut tla isem d agla-s, Akken daɣen yessefk ad tili s ddaw n yisem-is ussnan, dɣa ismawen-a d wid id yettwakksen ya seg tlatint neɣ seg tegrikt. Amedya, isem ussnan n ikerri d *Ovis aries* ma d ayaziḍ isem-is ussnan *Gallus gallus domesticus*, yerna yal tasartut tla adras amessarti d agla-s. Akken i d-yettili usesmel n imuddiren d tasartut ma yella mgaraden gugar-asen s yigelman isensilɣen d yiritanen s weswir ara ad yeǧǧen imsesmilen i wakken ad tmeggzen d tinnagrawt.

## Tasartut d [[tasensartut|tsensartut]]

## Adras amessarti

## Tasartut d umsedfeṛ amsessarti

## Aɣmis ussnan

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasensartut (tasnudert)
Amyellel

**Amyellel** d amgarad deg tseddarin d tiram (dduṛ) swa deg tasnudert sɣur imuddiren neɣ sɣur ufgan deg tmetti

Tazmugayt (Taseddart yeflalen akk) deg tmetti ahat tessefrar (tessishil) iy iselwayen d imuzzag ad iwṭen ar kra n wesmil d tseddart igerrzen deg tlemmast n tmetti nni, Ɣef aya tasenmetti tefka-d asyeqse ɣef wamek myall yiwen ad yawi izerfan annect n wid yakk yellan deg yesmilen n iden yellan nnig-is neɣ s ddaw-as
Tasenɣersiwt

**Tasnaɣersiwt** d tarrayt tusnant yeɣɣaren ɣef iɣersiwen, Tasnaɣersiwt d angaz seg tasnudert dgi tella daɣen tɣuri n yemɣan umi qqaren tasnimɣan.

## Isimilen d istirfen n [[aɣersiw|tgelda n uɣersiw]]
Tettwasismel (tettwagzam) tagelda n iɣersiwen ar sin n ismilen (igezzumen)

* **[[Tiraɣlalin]]**: 

* **[[Tinaɣlalin]]**

## Imniren
Aswag

**Aswag** deg tasnudert d adras amessarti ur yettwassefk-n ara (ur yettwalzemen ara) deg tsartut n Carl Von Linné
Tizermemmuyin timeskebrin

**Tizermemmuyin timeskebrin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Lepidosauria**) d afelafesna yeṭṭafaren astirf n temzekrin, Llant snat n tfesniwin deg tzermemmuyin timeskebrin
* Timeskebrin

## Asesmel
Afelfesna

**Afelafesna** (S Tlatint: *Superordo*) deg tsartut n tesnudert d yiwet gar tseddarin n tfesna, Afelfesna daɣen d adras amessarti yettilin s ddaw n wadu-smil gar n wesmil d tfesna.

## Imniren
Adu-smil

**Adu-smil** deg tsartut n tesnudert d yiwent n tseddart n wesmil, Adu-smil daɣen d adras amessarti yellan gar n wesmil d tfesna. 

## Imniren
Aẓaṛ imezdi

**Aẓaṛ imezdi** (S Teglizit: *Common Descent*) deg temhazt d tiẓri id yeqqaren d akken yakk imuddiren yellan deg tegnit ɣursen yiwen n uẓaṛ, Dɣa Charles Darwin yessumer-d tiẓri-a deg udlis-is iẓuran n telmas anda id yenna: (*Tella tdusi deg teẓri ayyi ar tudert, Acku s tdusiyin-a yakk yemgaraden nnulfant-d deg kra n telmas neɣ deg Yiwet n telmest*)

## Amezruy n teẓri

## Inza n waẓaṛ immezdin
## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aẓaṛ
Ajaddiw ameɣradan ucrik aneggaru

**Ajaddiw ameɣradan ucrik aneggaru** d tagrawt tamaynut n yimuddiren iseg i d-usan akk yimuddiren yettidiren tura deg tegnit, D netta daɣen i d ajaddiw amezday amaynut deg tudert tamirant (n tura), D acu Kan ajaddiw-a amezday macci d netta i d amezwaru akk yeddren deg tegnit, meɛna d yiwen ger waṭas n yimuddiren imezwura , Deg wakud ideg i negren yimuddiren-nniḍen.
Tader-fesna

**Tader-fesna** d asesmel afurkan deg tsurta n tfesna tettast-d seld adu-tfesna yakk d nnig neɣ send (qbel) n afeltwacult. Tader-fesna ur telli ara deg tisurta tigejdanin

## Idrasen imessartiyen nniḍen

## Imniren
Azyagur (tawsit)

**Azyagur** d tawsit n temraradin timestugin yeṭṭafaren tawacult tazyagurt deg tfesna n tmeskebrin akk d wesmil n tzermemmuyin timeskebrin

## Tilmas
* Azaygur azegza

* Tazaygurt n tegzirin
## Idgan n tudert
Tazyagurt

**Tazyagurt** (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Iguanidae*) d tawacult n tzermemmuyin yeṭṭafaren tafesna n timeskebrin deg wesmil n tzermemmuyin timeskebrin

## Tasartut d usismel

* Tizyagurin 
** Azyagur
*** Tazyagurt timsennent
Tazyagurt timsennent

**Tazyagurt timsennent n usallaf** (isem usnan: *Ctenosaura*) d tawsit n temraradin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tezyagurt deg tfesna n tmeskebrin.

## Tilmas n Tazyagurt timsennent
* Tazyagurt taberkant
* Tazyagurt taberkant n yedmaren
* Tazyagurt Tamiksikt
* Tazyagurt Tagwatimalt
* Tazyagurt n Sunuṛa taberkant
* Tazyagurt n San Esteban
* Tazyagurt n San Pedro nolasko
Asberyun

**Asberyun** neɣ **Aberyun** neɣ **Amulab** (isem ussnan: **Lacerta viridis**) d talmest n tzermummiyin yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tmeskebrin deg wesmil n temraradin.Dɣa asberyun d yiwen seg snat n telmas n tewsit n tzermemmuyt yettidiren di Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen.

## Timellalin
Tawtemt n usberyun tessrusay gar n 8 ar 16 n tmellalit, Teggar-itent s ddaw n wakal.

## Aglam
Tafekka n tewtemt tettili gar n 32 ar 36 cm, S wakka ad tugar awtem iy meẓẓeyen fell-as.

## Ideggan n tudert
Asberyun yettidir deg Turuft d ugafa n Tefriqt anda yettili unezwu imnummsen.

## Imniren
Izermummuyen

**Izermummuyen** (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Sauria*) d Afelfesna n temraradin yeṭṭafaren adu-smil n tnefrawin deg wesmil n tzunmraradin

## Tasartut d usismel
* Tizutar
** Tiɣucaf
Tizemraradin

**Tizemraradin** (**[[Assaɣ ussnan]]**: *Reptiliomorpha*) d asmil n temraradin yeṭṭafaren afelasmil n tkuẓdarin

## Tasartut d usismel
*Tinefrawin 
* Izermummuyen
*Tizutar
Tiɣucaf

**Tiɣucaf** (isem ussnan: **Crocodylidae**) d tawacult n tzutar yeṭṭafaren asmil n temraradin. Tilmas n tɣucaf d tid ilan (yesɛan) tafekka ɣezzifen d yiḍarren wezzilen yakk d usallaf idrasen (iqwan) i ten-ittaǧǧan ad redbent (ad ɛumment) deg waman. Tuɣmas-nsent d tid imesden s waṭas i wakken ad gezment yisent aksum n tgemriwin-nsent. 

## Asesmel
Tawacult n tɣucaf d tin igebren seg snat n tdu-twaculin iy mazalen ddrent, yakk d yiwet n tdu-twacult inegren

* Adu-twacult n uɣucaf: 
** Aɣucaf – (*Crocodylinae*): tegber seg tewsitin; 
*** Osteolaemus
*** Tomistoma
*** Crocodylus

* Adu-twacult n Tigavyalidin: 
** Agavyal Asaflaw – (*Tomistoma*).

* †Mekosuchinae.

## Imniren
Aɣucaf

**Aɣucaf** (isem ussnan: **Crocodylinae**) d amrarad ameqran yakk di tegnit (ddunit). Aɣucaf d adu-twacult yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tɣucaf deg tfesna n tzutar.

## Tasartut d usismel
Deg uɣucaf llan-t 3 n tewsitin d 14 n telmas:
* **Osteolaemus**:
** Aɣucaf agezlan (*Osteolaemus tetraspis*)

* **Tomistoma**: 
** Agavial n Malisia (*Tomistoma schlegelii*).

* **[[Crocodylus]]**:
** Aɣucaf n Nnil (*Crocodylus niloticus*).
** Aɣucaf n Kuba (*Crocodylus rhombifer*).
**Aɣucaf n Marikan (*Crocodylus acutus*).
** Aɣucaf awlal (*Crocodylus porosus*).
** Aɣucaf n Ɣinya tamaynut (*Crocodylus novaeguineae*)
** Aɣucaf n Tefriqt (*Crocodylus cataphractus*).
** Aɣucaf n ibelmaten (*Crocodylus palustris*).
** Aɣucaf n Uṛinuku (*Crocodylus intermedius*).
## Imniren
Adu-twacult

**Adu-twacult** deg tasartut n tesnudert d adras amessarti maca ur telli ara d tagejdant, Acku tezga-d gar n twacult d teɣreft

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tutlayt

**Tutlayt** (Asget: **Tutlayin**) d asizeɣ n yizmal akk d izamulen id yesnulfayen afecku gar n ifecka n tmusni, Tutlayt d allal n umsegzi d wemray ilan (isɛan) yakk azal ameqran sɣur ifganen n tmetti deg yall anrar neɣ taɣult n tudert, Tutlayt teqqen s usrid d usekti (axemmem), Acku tikta n ufgan ttefɣent-d seg yiles n ufgan 
Imusnawen snetmen-d d akken llan-t gar n 5000 ar 7000 n tutlayin deg umadal

## Aẓaṛ
Megaraden-t tiẓra n uẓar n tutlayin 

## Amgarad n tutlayin
**[[Tawacult tamutlayt|Tiwaculin timutlayin]] deg umadal**:
Yettwazmer usegrew (ajmaɛ) n tutlayin ar twaculin timutlayin i wakken ad tettwefk tenza (ttbut) d akken tutlayin lant (sɛant aẓaṛ amezday, Imusnawen n tutlayt tessnen-d aṭas n twaculin timutlayin
Tamuli

**Tamuli** (Asget: **Timula**), neɣ **Asannal**, neɣ **Tamatart** d tugna yessuzmulen i tilin n umihi am umihi uɣsan neɣ n kra n izmal am timula n wekkay
Uɣes

**Uɣes** (war asget) neɣ **ihriren** (war Asuf) deg tasnudert d tanga neɣ d aferdis id itgin (id ixeddmen) tamterwit i yimuddiren, Aya yettili-d s usedmer akruran
Asekti

**Asekti** (seg umyag **Ktu**) d talɣawin akk d timhal yettilin deg ugerru n ufgan 

## Irmawen yeqqnen yakk d usekti
Llan waṭas n irmawen yeqqnen d usekti deg-sent: Aramas, Tanuggit, Afray, Tikti akk d Tasugnit
Asɣim

**Asɣim** (Asget: **isɣimen**) d aruku yettwasxdmen di tɣimit, Yetwaxdam s wesfaṭ neɣ s wuzzal Tikwal
Yettwassen daɣen s **Akursi** maca awal-a yekka-d seg teɛrabt: (*كرسي*)

## Aẓaṛ nwawal
Awal n **Asɣim** yekka-d seg **Tiɣimit**
Aruku

**Aruku** (Asget: **Iruka**) d tiɣawsiwin yettilin deg wexxam i wakken tudert ad tefrar (ad teshel) i wefgan dges, yettwag-ay (yettwaxdam) uruku s wesɣaṛ d kra n yimɣuzen, Akk d weplastik kra n tikwal

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asɣim 

* Taferfart

* Anezway
Asɣaṛ

**Asɣaṛ** (Asget: **isɣaṛen**) d tanga tagmant abaruj, Yettak-d seg yemɣan imesɣaṛen am isekla d tmedkin

## Asexdem
Yettwasxdmen wesɣaṛ deg tmugri n waṭas n tɣawsiwin am iruka

## Tilmas n wesɣar

## Tasuddest

## Gemmu n isekla

## Inumaẓ n wesɣaṛ

## Iɣbula n wesɣar
Aɣbalu agamar n wesɣar d tiẓegwa
Tanga tagmant

**Tanga tagamant** (S Teglizit: *natural organic matter* neɣ **NOM**) d amsegrew (anjmuɛ) n uddisen ikruraren igmanen tid n taftart taktalt yellan deg twennaṭin tigamayin neɣ timugrayin deg wakal neɣ deg waman
Aẓaṛ n iyufa igamanen yettuɣal ar igulaz (ayen yegran) n imuddiren n yemɣan d iɣersiwen d timsegreyyin (iẓẓan) id ttaǧan.

## Imniren
Uddis akruran

**Uddis akruran** d tanga takrurant id yennulfan seg sin iferdisen neɣ ugar s wazal armeskil ad yesbded-n tameddast-is, Amdya: aman (H2O) d uddis yesɛan Uksijin d Hidṛujin s wazal n 1:2, S umata azal-a Yessefk ad yeqqim d armeskil i kra n ibelkimen isengamen mači i yikayaden ifganen, ɣef aya kra n iyufa am udaruɣ yettwaḥseb d ageṭṭum mači d uddis.
 
Seg gar inumaẓ n uddis d akken-it yesɛa tamsuka takrurant d tanamaẓt yessenfal fell-as s taftart takrurant 
Uddisen zemren ad sɛun aṭas n waddaden ɣas akken azgen ameqran deg-sen Yettili deg adda aquran, Maca daɣen zemrent ad ilin-t deg waddaden Amazzal neɣ agazay

## Tilmas n uddisen
* izeffaren

* Asadur 

* Uddis a-ionik

* Tisnin

* Azenzan

* Uddisen igmanen

## Asemyif gar n uddisen d irwayen

## Uṭṭun CAS
https://bumble-fuck.com/
Tanga takrurant

**Tanga takrurant** d tanga ig lan (yesɛan) taftart tanarumt d tarmeskilt d tasebdadt, Tanga takrurant tezmer ad tili tesraw neɣ zeddig (d aferdis neɣ d uddis neɣ d arway, Akken daɣen tezmer ad tili deg waddaden ikṛaden n tenga (Tamazzalt, Taqurant d Tagazayt), W tezmer daɣen ad tuɣal seg yiwen ar wayeṭ deg waddaden-a s wemgarad n wadad d teẓɣelt
Yal tasmekta deg yal tanga takrurant tettili dges tkura yettaṭafen ideg (amkan) deg yilem

Ttwameggezen (twaḥsaben) waman zeddigen d amedya ɣef tanga takrurant ilan (yesɛan) yiwen n wazal n Uksijin d Uhidṛujin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Uddis agman

* Uddisen n Ukaṛbun
Taftart tanarumt

**Taftart tanarumt** deg takrura d azal aylan w d tanfalit tafrart i wuṭṭun n yal talmest n ibelkimen (i yiferdisen ikruraren) ig llan deg wuddis-a, 

## Deg [[Tasengama]]
Taftart tanarumt deg tasengama d alugen anarum yennamken (yemmlen) tagda tusnakt id yettarden s igemmad
Arway

**Arway** neɣ **Aserti** d tanga takrurant tasnulut neɣ tarsnulut yerwin (ixelden) war issaɣen ikruraren gar iferdisen ikruraren d uddisen ikruraren dges yettilin s wazalen yemgaraden
Ulac isemtiyen (ibeddilen) ikruraren deg irwayen, yall tanga yellan deg werway tettarey (teḥerrez) inumaẓ-is d talɣa ynes yezrin send aserrus-ines deg werway, Maca inumaẓ isengamen zemren ad ssemtin (ad beddlen) s kra, Amdya deg tiẓunt n wefsay i werway
Adad

**Adad** (S Teglizit: *Pression*) d tadusi tamrekdant tasemdayt s uratak ɣef tjumma n tiggi.

Adad agnaw d azuk n wejgu n uzwu deg tjuma ilan azal n 1 cm² deg yilem

## Tilmas n wadad
Taẓɣelt

**Taẓɣelt** d amatar ɣef tesmekta n tfasa taẓeɣlawt yettwaffren s agensu (daxel) n tfekka, Akken daɣen tella d amatar ɣef uwliwel (aḥerrek) n ibelkimen-is acku yettwazmer seg tama n tsunakt tifin n [tagda]] yessawaṭen gar n tfasa tawliwlayt i yecubren d ibelkimen n kra n tfekka d tseddart n wezɣal-ines
Llan-t waṭas n tiggtin i wakat n wezɣal am Kelvin d taseddart n Celsius
Akerruc

**Akerruc** neɣ **Tasaft** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Quercus ilex**) d talmest n isekla imeɣlalen n tizzegzut yeṭṭafaren tawsit n wedren yettekkin deg twacult n tazzant

## Ideggan n wemɣay
Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg unẓul n Turuft d Tefriqt ugafa aladɣa di tmurt n Iqbayliyen d warif 

## Aglam

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (llan deg-s aṭas n leṣnaf), Querqus suber
*Isem-is s tefransist: Chêne vert, Chêne-liège
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Akarruc, Abelluḍ (aɛeqqa)
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Timcac

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Ranunculus spicatus 
*Isem-is s tefransist: Bouton d'or
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Taseṭṭa n weyrad

**Taseṭṭa weyrad** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Reseda alba**) d talmest n yimɣan isaɣuren yeṭṭafaren tawsit n igerjdi deg twacult n tegrejdin 

Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg tamiwin i d-yezzin i yilel agrakal

## Aglam

## Tiwlafin

## Umuɣ n [[Adu-telmest|tdu-lemsin]]

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Tadusi

**Tadusi** di tsengama d asemdu yedsemdayen ɣef tfekkiwin , Ayen id igellun s usemti (s ubeddil) n wadad n tfekka neɣ tanila-ynes neɣ ideg n trusi-ynes, Amdya Mara ad neckeṭ neɣ ad nemken tasegla (Takurt, ddabex) ad tezleg ɣef ukala-ynes.
Tadusi d tasmekta yettwliwlen (ɣers azal d tnila) 
Ɣef wayen yellan deg [alugen  n Newton wis II) i tussna n tdusi tettwasxdem tagda ayi: 

Tadusi = [Tasmekta × Tamsazla
Tallemt izimer

**Tallemt yizimer** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Reseda luteola**) d talmest n yimɣan isaɣuren yeṭṭafaren tawsit n igerjdi deg twacult n tegrejdin 

Talmest-a tettemɣay-d s tuget deg utaram d unẓul n Uruppa yakk d tmurt n Iqbayliyen 

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asexdem

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

 

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Reseda luteola
*Isem-is s tefransist: Réseda des teinturiers
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Asbuɣ
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Adad agnaw

**Adad agnaw** d azuk n wejgu  deg uzwu ɣef ugezum-is alemmaẓ,Teflelt-ines (leɛli-nnes) yessaweṭ ar teflelt n tignewt titriklant.
Adad agnaw= 1 atm, Neɣ druɣ 1 Baṛ

## Adad agnaw deg tiggi n yilel

## Amgarad n wadad agnaw s wemgarad n teflel ɣef tigi n tegnit

## Tiggtin n wadad
Tucet

**Tucet** neɣ **Tacet** neɣ **Tazanet** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Quercus canariensis**) d talmest n isekla yeṭṭafaren tawsit n yider yettekkin deg twacult n tazzant

Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg unẓul n Spanya d Portugal yakk d Ugafa n Umeṛṛuk d Tunes d Lezzayer (ula di tmurt n Iqbayliyen, ɣas akken isem-is amisin igan d **Quercus canariensis** yuder-d Tigzirin Tiknariyin maca ur d-ittemɣay ara s talɣa tagamant g tigzirin-a

## Tiwlafin

## Aglam

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Quercus canariensis, Quercus afares, Quercus faginea
*Isem-is s tefransist: Chêne des Canaries, Chêne de Kabylie, Chêne du Portugal
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Zehn, Alba, ?
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt:

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Addaden n tenga

**Addad n tenga** d aglam asengam d ukruran yesdewalen ar talɣa n yissaɣen gar icubaren-is d ibelkimen-is.
Deg ugama llan 3 n waddaden i tenga: 
* Addad aquran: 

* Addad amazzal:

* Addad agazay: 

* ddad Aplazman:
Amliles

**Amliles** neɣ **Ajṛuṛej** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Rhamnus**) d yiwet n tewsit n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temlilsin, tilmas-is gant d timedkin meẓẓiyen (seg 1 m alamma d 10 m). Tawsit-a tegber seg wazal n 100 n telmas i d-ittemɣayen deg yideggan imnummsen d yidu-mezzayen n Tefriqt d Temrikt n Wenẓul.

## Tilmas
* Anerfiḍes — (*Rhamnus cathartica*).
* Tametwala — (*Rhamnus alaternus*).

## Tiwelhiwin
Takura

**Takura** d azal asengam n wayen tettawi tfekka n kra n tenga, Temgarad ɣef wazuk deg akken ur yegguni ara ɣef tdusi n teldayt, Deg wakud anda azul yegguni fellas (tudsi n teldayt)
Taza

## Tilmas

## Ismawen
*Isem-is s latinit: Rhus coriaria, Rhus pentaphylla
*Isem-is s tefransist: Sumac des corroyeurs, Sumac à 5 feuilles
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: 
*Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: 

## Isseqdac

## Tiwelhiwin
Uksijin

**Uksujin** (oxygen) d aferdis akruran azamul-is **O**, uṭṭun-is abelkim **8**, Yezga-d deg tuzya tis 2 n iferdisen ɣef yixef n tegrawt tis 16 n Ayiren imezzi

## Amezruy d uẓar n yisem

## Uksijin deg [[agama|ugama]]

## Iylan isengamen

## Iylan ikruraren

## Azal asnudran