open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Taynayyawin

**Taynayyawin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Monocotyledonae**), Asmil n **Liliopsida** s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n usismel n Cronquist neɣ afelfesna n **Lilianae** s unect n isismilen n APG III yakk d APG IV. Tga d tagrawt n taynazɣart anda llant gar-asent timesdurifsan d yimɣan yeǧǧuǧǧugen. Izegza anda tilqmatin-is sskanayent-d anagar yiwen n wayyan neɣ n tmejjet

## Asismel

## Umuɣ n tfesniwin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asismel n Cronquist

**Anagraw n Cronquist i wsesmel n yimɣan** d yiwen n unagraw n usesmel atrar i d-yennulfan i wsesmel n yimɣan yeǧǧuǧǧugen, Anagraw-a yettwafsar sɣur umusnaw n yimɣan n Marikan Arthur Cronquist s agensu n yidṛisen yidlisen-is *Anagraw ummid i wsesmel n yimɣan yeǧǧuǧǧugen* (1981) yakk d *temhazt d usismel n yimɣan yeǧǧuǧǧugen* taẓrigt tamenzut deg 1968 sin akin taẓrigt tis snat 1988).

Arthur Cronquist yessers imɣan yeǧǧuǧǧugen deg sin yismilen meqren igan d tasnayyawin yakk d taynayyawin, sin akin yegzem imɣan ar yidu-smilen anda llant tfesniwin.

## Asmil n tesnayyawin

## Asmil n tesnayyawin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asismel n APG III

**Asesmel n APG III** d alqem wis 3 i wnagraw atrar yeggunin ɣef tesnudert tacubrant i wsesmel n yimɣan. Yettwafsar deg useggas n 2009 sɣur tagrawt n tesnamhazt n tedfrin n tmesdurifsan (*Angiosperm Phylogeny Group*) seld n 6 n iseggasen d wezgen n wefsar n ulqem wis sin.

Anagraw-a yegber seg 45 n tfesniwin n unagraw yezrin (wis 2) s tmerniwt n 14 n tfesniwin timaynutin:

## Tifesniwin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asudder asaqsaq

**Asudder asaqsaq** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Hypsipetes crassirostris**) d talmest n yigḍaḍ imentatuyen deg tmurt n Seychelles.

## Učči

## Asegdef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tinnagrawt

**Tinnagrawt** deg tussniwin n tudert d umezruy agaman d tussna tuzdigt n usismel n temsurta deg snat n talliyin (izri d yimal) d wassaɣ gar imuddiren deg talliyin. S tenfalit tamatant (s umata), d ayen ara ad yeǧǧen amdan ad yegzu (ad yefhem) amezruy anemhaz n tudert deg tegnit.

Tikwal, irem n tennagrawt d win yemmegdan (yemsawan) d yirem n usismel n tesnudert, akken i yezmer daɣen ad yemmerwi (ad yexleḍ) d usismel ussnan.

## Ifurken d isnasen
Inagmayen ssexdamen deg tezrawt n tinnagrawt tasnudrant ifurken yemgaraden i wakken ad rnun ad gzun (ad fehmen) aṭas ɣef wassaɣ gar imuddiren yemgaraden. Ifurken-a ttwasxedmen i wbeggen n isnasen d isexdimen n inagrawen itraren.

Tinnagrawin tisnudranin ssismilent  tilmas s 3 n ifurken imezlayen. S usexdem n ifurken imezlayen, inagmayen zemren ad sbadun (ad beggnen) isnasen d isexdamen n tennagrawin n tallit tatrart.

Igburen n isnasen-a: 
* Tazrawt n imuddiren de tukza (ameyyez) gar n imuddiren i negren d wid i zeddiɣ (mazal) ddren.
* Andar d useddu n yismawen ussnanen, d iglamen n telmas, d tiẓra timatanin yakk d usnay n isesmilen isnudranen d usismel n imezruyen inemhazen, d imezruyen n imuddiren.
* Assegzu n tuggtiwin tisnudranin deg tegnit.
* Aɣmar ɣef umadal agaman.

## Amezruy

## Timhazin tineggura

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Asismel n Linné

**Asismel n Linnaeus** deg tussniwin tigmawin d tamudemt n usenmala n telmas n imuddiren, anda Linnaeus yexdem ɣef usnefli d usheri (asewseɛ) n unagraw n usismel n Aristot d usmutti-ynes (convertir) ɣer unagraw ussnan. Akken iy gguni Linnaeus ɣef telɣa n umuddir d tkelli-ines di twennaṭṭ-is. Tarrayt n Linnaeus deg usemmi n imuddiren tettwasemma s usiseɣ imisin. Dɣa d anecta iy meyyzen gar n unagraw-is d unagraw n Aristot, yerna zeddiɣ (mazal-it) ibedd ar ass-a.

## Asudes n temsurta

## Isismilen yemgaraden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Amenkud (tasnudert)

Deg tesnudert, **Amenkud** (s Tlatint *imperium*) d yiwet n taggayt tamessartit id yezgan sufell n tgelda, tikwal tettwameggez (yettwaḥsab) d akken-it d anamek n irem n **[[taɣult (tasnudert)|tɣult]]** igan d atrae fell-as. Ɣas akken sin n yirmanwen-a ur zdin ara yakk, s umaẓlay irem n umenkud d win yifen taɣult deg usatal n tinnagrawt tanemhazt 

## Deg umezruy
S umazray, d irem n *umenkud* id yettussumren d amezwaru. S terwest d uɣmar (asigeg) n yiwen n umenkud ɣef tgeldiwin yettwaɣen (tigeldiwin n usismel) 

## Tisenfal

## Izɣanen

## Idrasen imessartiyen n iden

* Amenkud, Afuɣal, Taɣult (*Superregnum, Imperium, Dominium*)
* **[[Tagelda]]** (**Regnum**) 
* Adu-tgelda (*Subregnum*) 
* Afurk (*Ramus*, « *branch* » s Teglizit)
* Azdar-tgelda (*Infraregnum*)
** Afel-adur, Afel-agzam (*Superphylum, Superdivisio*) 
** Adu-wadur, Adu-gzam (*Subphylum, Subdivisio*)
** Azdar-adur (*Infraphylum*) 
*** *[[Ifelasmil]]* (*Classis*)
*** **[[Asmil (tasnudert)|Asmil]]** (**Classis**)
*** Adu-smil (*Subclassis*) 
*** Azdar-smil (*Infraclassis*) 
**** Afelfesna (*Superordo*) 
**** **[[Tafesna (tasnudert)|Tafesna]]** (**Ordo**) 
**** Adu-tfesna (*Subordo*) 
**** Azdar-tfesna (*Infraordo*) 
**** Imzik-tfesna (*Microordo*)
***** Afeltwacult (*Superfamilia*)
***** **[[Tawacult (tasnudert)|Tawacult]]** (**Familia**)
***** Adu-twacult (*Subfamilia*)
***** Taɣreft (*Tribus*) 
***** Adu-teɣreft (*Subtribus*)
****** **[[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tawsit]]** (**Genus**) 
****** Adu-tewsit (*Subgenus':) 
****** [[Tigezmi (tasnudert)|Tigezmi]] (*Sectio*)
****** [[Adu-tgezmi (tasnudert)|Adu-tgezmi]] (*Subsectio*)
******* *'Talmest** (**Species*') 
******* [[Adu-telmest]] (*subspecies*)- [[Adras (tasnudert)|Adras asnudran]] amaddud (unṣib) aneggar 
******* [[Irzi]], [[Azɣer (tasnudert)|Azɣer]] gan d idrasen isnudranen irmadduden (arunṣib) 
******* [[Adu-rzi]] (*subvarietas*) - [[Adu-zɣer]] gan d idrasen isnudranen irmadduden
******* [[Talɣa (asismel)|Talɣa]] (*Forma*)
******* [[Adu-telɣa]] (*Subforma'')

## Iɣbula

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asismel n Linné
* tinnagrawt tanemhazt
Asismel n APG IV

**Asismel n APG IV** (2016) d alqem wis kuẓ (4) n usismel amɣaw n tmesdurifsan, yennulfa-d sɣur tagrawt n tesnamhazt n tedfrin n tmesdurifsan (*Angiosperm Phylogeny Group*), Asismel-a iga d tasremt n usismel n APG III 

## Amaynut deg welqem-a

## Alqem amefses

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Iberdeɣyal

**Iberdeɣyal** (isem ussnan: **Pycnonotidae**) d tawacult n yijqiwen yebṭan ɣef 27 n tewsitin d ugar n 150 n telmas. Tilmas n uberdeɣyul d tid yettidiren deg Tferka d usamer alemmas d Asya.

## Tasnudert

## Tareygama

## Umuɣ ugmiy n tewsitin
S unect n usismel n umnir n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan (Alqem 8.2, 2018): 

* Acritillas (1 n telmest)
* Alophoixus (7 n telmas) 
* Andropadus (1 n telmest)
* Arizelocichla (12 n telmas). 
* Atimastillas (1 n telmest). 
* Baeopogon (2 n telmas)
* Aberdeɣyul – (*Pycnonotus*).

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azdar-tgelda

**Azdar-tgelda** g tesnudert d aswir anemmas, iga srid d amadday (amazdar) deg isismilen igejdanen igan d ida-tegeldatin deg usismel n Linnaeus i yimuddiren, yakk d yifladuren. 

## Amezruy d usenmel

## [[Tinnagrawt]] d tmersiwt temsartit

## Idrasen imessartiyen n iden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ugur n telmest

**Ugur n telmest** (S Teglizt: *Species concept*) d irem id yesskanayen arway n iseqsiyen imrayen (iweɛṛen) yakk yettwaqqnen gugar-asen. Ugur-a yesskanay-d iman-is mi ara ad kkren isnudranen ad snemlen irem n telmest. Isenmal n yirem n telmest deg waṭas nwakuden d win yettsenniden ɣef tarrayt n umyaraw n yigmamen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aseqsi

**Aseqsi** neɣ **Assesten** neɣ **Tuttra** d aɣanib yettusexdamen i wlummeẓ (i wḥelli) n isalan neɣ isefka neɣ tamussni mi ara ad yell (ad yesɛu) tiririt  

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tinnagrawt tanemhazt

**Tinnagrawt tanemhazt** d anaw n usismel asnudran issismilen imuddiren s unect (ɛla ḥsab) n tɣawsiwin yesdukkulen gar n wassaɣ anamhaz n yiran (ccetlat), d wassaɣ gar n uẓar d tedfert, d tseddaṛt n usenfel anamhaz. 

Deg tesnudert, irem n «tnemhezt» yettusexdem daɣen i wakken ad imeggez kra n teẓra n temhazt (Taderwint. Taderwintrart, Tirrewsent ...) yessegzaw-d asmuti (abeddil) n telmas s uzray n talliyin.

## igensasen

## Aseklu n tudert

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasensileɣt

**Tasensileɣt** (S Teglizt *Morphology*) deg tesnudert d tussna yeɣɣaren talɣa d tiski n imuddiren yakk d iglamen-is (talɣa, Tiski, ini, ableɣ ...) yakk d talɣa d tiski n imuren n ugensu (n zdaxel) am yiɣsan d igmanen.

Tasensileɣt tga d afurk gar ifurken n tussniwin n tudert yettmuggu (yettemɛamal) d tezrawt n tasuddest n umuddir neɣ n temsartut d imuren ig kecmen g isegran-is.

## Amezruy

## Ismilen n tsensileɣt

## Tasensileɣt d usismel

## Imniren

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Kuṛunavirus

**Kuṛunavirus** d tagrawt n ivirusen n ARN id yettaken aṭṭanen o temsuṭaṭ gar-asent afgan

## Assiseɣ

## Asismel

## Amezruy

## Ɣer imdanen

## Ɣer iɣersiwen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Allun areygaman

**Allun areygaman** i kra n umuddir yettidiren deg kra n twennaṭṭ iga d tiremt iy xeddrm deg twennaṭṭ-nni 

## Tamhazt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tadulmest

**Tadulmest** (isem uddis seg: *Ddaw* + *[[talmest]]*) deg tsensartut (ama n tesnimɣan neɣ tsenɣersiwt) d aswir alemmas i d-yezgan srid s ddaw n telmest deg usismel n Linnaeus. 

Tadulmest deg tsenɣersiwt tettumeggez d aswir amessarti amyiwen yellan s ddaw n telmest. Ma deg tesnimɣan zemren ad ilin idrasen imessartiyen nniden s ddaw-as am yirzi.

## Assiseɣ (asemmi)

## Ilugan

## Idrasen imessartiyen n iden

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Talɣa tusligt

**Talɣa tusligt** d irem amessarti yettwafk i wemsegraw n imuddiren i yettilin deg waṭas n WAKUDEN d ijenṭaden am tberčečča 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Anagraw asnudran

**Anagraw asnudran** d aẓeṭṭa ukris n uddis neɣ agraw yeqqnen ar tesnudert. Asuddes asnudran yedda ɣef waṭas n yiswiren w yettwasebded s ugani n tmuskiwin yemgaraden s unect n twuri n unagraw

## Amezruy

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasut

**Tasut** (Asget: **Tasutin**) d tallit n wakud dges 100 n iseggasen. Yal 33 n iseggasen yemmal-d tanekra n tsuta talsant tamaynut

## Tazwara d taggara n tsut

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasut tis 20
* Tasut tis 21
Tangimt

**Tangimt** d tallit n wakud dges 1000 n iseggasen neɣ mṛaw (10) n tsutin 

Deg taswast yal tangimt tessentay (tbeddu) s useggas amezwar (Uṭṭun 1) 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tasut
* Aseggas
* Tamrawt
* Ayyur
Tamerwa

**Tamerwa** d tallit n wakud zges 10 n iseggasen. Yal 10 n temrawin ssawaṭent ar yiwet n tsut (100 iseggasen)

## Tazwara d taggara n temrawt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tangimt
* Tasut
* Aseggas
Afunzer

**Afunzer** d asriddem n idammen seg wanzaren ila (isɛa) snat n telmas: afunzer n zdat d ufunzer n deffir

## Isragen (ssebbat)

## Asuji

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aslewlaw

**Aslewlaw** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Picus vaillantii**) d talmest n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawsit n uslulaw, dɣa tawsit-a d tin yeṭṭafaren tawacult n imeddeɣgejjan. 

Talmest-a d tin yettidiren deg Lezzayer (d Tmurt n Iqbayliyen) yakk d Umeṛṛuk. Yettili deg tẓegwa d taganin n idurar n waṭlas.

## [[Tasnettit|Aẓaṛ n wawal]]
Iqbayliyen d Icawiyen ssemman-as s yisem-a «aslewlaw» acku asčewčew-is d win yettemcabin s waṭas ar uslilew

## Aglam
Tiddi n uslewlaw d tin igan gar n 30 ar 33 cm. Ma d teɣzi-ynes gar 45 d 51 cm. S isefka ayyi ad yili yettemcabi ar weslewlaw n ibirya 

## Tikeli

## Amyaraw

## Aslewlaw deg yidles Aqbayli

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Asnegnag
Tuggtudert

**Tuggtudert** d tuggta deg talɣiwin n ugama amiddur. Llan waṭas n isenmal d imsektayen i tuggtudert, deg waṭas n wakuden i tettumeggez tuggtudert d amsektay i tezmert d tdusi n unagraw asnudran.

### [[Angar|Tanegra]]
Azal yettwafken i tuggtudert deg wakud ayyi (tura) yusa-d s usrag (s ssebba) n tnegrawt n waṭas n tewsitin s tuget, anda i d-sseknen ilɣa id ssufeɣ teddukla taɣrsawt deg London d akken amadal (ddunnit) iẓla (ixṣer) seg iseggasen n 70 n tsut yezrin azal n ukṛad (⅓) n tudert tazagirt.

## Asenmel

Tuggtudert temmal-d tasemrit d umrara deg umadal amiddur s talɣiwin-is yakk. Irem-a yettwasenmel s tiseddi deg umagrad wis 2 n umsisi ɣef tuggtudert tasnudrant

## Amezruy n yirem

## Tazrawt n tuggtudert

## Addad n tuggtudert deg umadal

## Tuggziwin n tuggtudert

## Azal n tuggtudert

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tijjenṭedt

**Tijjenṭedt** neɣ **asglillif** d yiwet n telmest n temsetlelt gar n imuddiren seg telmas yemgaraden. anda kra n umuddir **ajenṭad** yettgani (yetkel) deg tmeddurt-is (temɛict-is) ɣef umankay.

Irem n ujenṭad yesskanay-d imuddiren yettganin ɣef yiwen n umankay neɣ ugar deg talliyin n tudert-is yemgaraden (am: iɣris n tmaṭunt «*Taenia solium*») yakk d waṭas n telmas n ivirusen.

## Tilmas n tjenṭadin

## Talɣiwin n temhazt n tjenṭadin

## [[Assezgi]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tiflisit

**Tiflisit** (Amsadur-is: **Iflis**, Asget: **Iflisen**) d tawakra id yettilin deg yilel neɣ tikwal deg teftist sɣur kra n umeggi ur n-tt-wasellek (ur n-tt-waxelleṣ) seg kra n tmurt neɣ unabad 
Ammak (lḥala) amezwaru yettusemlin i tiflisit tella-d deg tasut tis 14 send n tlalit 

## Aẓaṛ n wawal

## Amezruy

## Iflisen deg wakud-a

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tawuri

**Tawuri** d asadur yessuturen tarmit d tussna meqqren i telmest n twuri nni deg taɣult tamazrayt adɣa deg talliyin tilemmasin d send-is 

## Taneflit seg yizri ar tura

## Asismel n tiwura

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aslilew

**Aslilew** neɣ **Aslewlew** d imesli id yettmagen s uwliwel (s uḥerrek) n yiles deg yimi s idis ar yidis s tewtilt (s ccerṭ) ad yili uwliwel ayyi yemṭafar yakk d tigin n imesli s usufeɣ n uzwu seg ugerjum s tdusi. Deg tikwal yettili-d ugani (litkal) ɣef usexdem n ufus, dɣa imesli (ṣṣut) id ittefɣen isem-is **tiɣratin**

Llant waṭas n tlemmiẓin anda islewliwent degsent tulawin (timeṭṭuyin) am tissulya d tsekra d kra n tlemmiẓin n iden adɣa tid yeqqnen ar wesɣan am Lmulud

## Aslilew deg yidles Aqbayli d umaziɣ

## Tasnettit

## Amezruy
Tazazrayt

**Tazazrayt** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Buxaceae**) d tawacult yessegrawen imɣan imagnulanen yettugezmen ar twinas (myat) n telmas yeṭṭafaren 2 ar 6 n tewsitin 

Tilmas-is ttemɣayent-d ya d isekla neɣ d timedkin neɣ d tuga yakk-nsent timeɣlalin n tizzegzut

## Umuɣ n tewsitin
Asismel n APG III (2009) yessedda deg twacult-a tawsit n *[[Didymeles]]* yellan ya tersa deg twacult n *[[Didymelaceae]]

S unect n *NCBI'' (27 yebrir 2010) 
* Tawsit n Uzazer 
* Tawsit n Didymeles 
* Tawsit n Notobuxus
* Tawsit n Pachysandra
* Tawsit n Sarcococca
* Tawsit n Styloceras

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Aglam

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tikdi

**Tikdi** d uddis akruran yettinigen neɣ yettferfiren deg uzwu s usersiy idrusen (qlilen) s waṭas yessekday-it (yesriḥay-it) umdan neɣ uɣersiw s tnila n usekdu 

Tikdi tezmer ad tili tgerrez am tekdi n ujjik d igumma akken i tezmer ad tili d-iri-it am tekdi n ulammu 

Llan 7 n iferdisen ikruranen ifraren kan ssufuɣen-d tikdiwin:  Fluṛ (F), Kluṛ (Cl), Bṛum (Br), Yud (I), Uksijin (O²), Fusfuṛ (P), ihiǧǧ (As)

## [[Tagerrawt]]

## Tikdiwin ɣer ufgan

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Taẓunẓut
Abetrixur

**Abetrixur** (s Teglizit: *Petrichor*) d tikdi (rriḥa) i d-ittmagen mi ara d-yeɣli ugeffur ɣef wakal aɣurar neɣ yekkawen. Tikdi-a tettekker-d ladɣa deg unebdu acku akal imir-nni yettili d akiwan 

Deg useggas n 2015, imassanen deg usudu n MIT ssxedmen tikamriwin ilan (yesɛan) tazzla meqqren i usekles n unfufed n tikdi deg wezwu, Arram-a yettwarem azal n 600 n tikkal ɣef yiggayen yemgaraden gar-asen tirawin n wakal.

## Tagmuẓart
D asmuzeɣ n "Petrichor" i yebnan s wawalen igrigiyen "petra" i inumken "aẓru" d "ichor" (ixur) d idammen n yilluyen di tesnamya tagrigit.

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Irir n yigṭaṭ

**irir n igṭaṭ** neɣ **urar n igṭaṭ** d tiɣra yakk d tizlatin n igṭaṭ 

## Asenmel

## Igmanen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azazer

**Azazer** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Buxus**) d tawsit n imɣan imagnulanen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tzazrayt deg tafesna n tzazrin. Tawsit-a d tin deg acu llant wazal n 90 n telmas id yettemɣayen deg yakk imenẓawen adɣa deg yideggan (imukan) isbegsanen d imezzayen. Tilmas-a gant d timeɣalin n tizzegzut (ur sseɣlayent ara iferr) yerna kra deg-sent d tid ilan (yesɛan) tikdi igerrzen s waṭas

Ammasen igejdanen n usemyanaw n tewsit-a ttilin deg Kuba d Ccinwa. Anagar n kra n telmas n Uruppa d Asya i zemren ad zbunt (ad beddent) mgal n wegris d uqerrif. Gar-asent snat n telmas ttemɣayent-d deg Uruppa. Tamezwart d azazer abelyar (*Buxus balearica*) id yettemɣayen deg Tama n Andalus akken daɣen i ttilint kra trawin deg Tigzirin tibelyaṛin d Sirdinya. Ma d talmest tus snat d tin yellan s tuget isem-is azazer imezdi (*Buxus sempervirens*) dɣa tettemɣay-d g tlemmast n Uruppa

## Tasnettit

## Asexdem

## Umuɣ n telmas d yirza

## Azazer deg yidles

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tanegga

**Tanegga** d irem i zemren ad yell (ad yesɛu) aṭas n irmuden d twura adɣa timsenzit neɣ tamasɣant: 
* Tanegga n teɣwalt neɣ n udellel
* Tanegga tazadɣant 
* Tanegga tareclant 
* Tanegga timseknewt 
* Tanegga n yisalan
Ajjig

**Ajjig** (Assaɣ ussnan: *Rosa*) d tewsit n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tnejjikt deg tfesna n tjejjegin. Amur ameqran n telmas n ijjigen kkan-d seg Asya

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Aglam

## Tilmas

## Tiwlafin

## Ajjig deg yidles Aqbayli d Umaziɣ

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ihiǧǧ

**Ihiǧǧ** neɣ **Azerniɣ** d aferdis akruran azamul-is**As**ma d uṭṭun-is abelkam 33 deg uyiren imezzi n iferdisen, Takura-ynes tabelkamt 74.922. Yezga-d deg tegrawt tis 15 n uyiren imezzi. Ihiǧǧ yella deg waṭas n wuddisen ikruranen akken daɣen i yettili d aferdis agersan zeddigen. Tikwal yettwaserwes s yimɣusen d ukebri.
Aseggas amanaẓ

**Aseggas amanaẓ** d aseggas ilan (yesɛan) 366 n wussan ɣas akken aseggas zges 365 n wussan maca tagnit tettekk deg tuzzya-ynes ɣef tfukt 365 wussan d ukuẓ (¼) n wass ɣef wanect-a id tt-wagerwen (tt-wajemɛen) 4 n ukuẓen-a d usdukkel-nsen deg yiwen n wass yal 4 n iseggasen i wakken ad tezg teswast yakk d tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt

## [[29 fuṛaṛ]]

## Deg [[Taswast tagrigurt|teswast tagrigurt]]

## Umuɣ n iseggasen imanaẓen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tamɣast tinegnit

**Tamɣast tinegnit** neɣ **Tamɣast** Kan (Assaɣ ussnan: **Tribuluss terrestris**) d talmest n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n temɣast yakk d twacult n talliẓin

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asru

## Asexdem

## Tiwlafin

Tugna:Devil's Thorn (Tribulus terrestris) (11883835994).jpg
Tugna:Devil's Thorn (Tribulus terrestris) (11883885574).jpg
Tugna:Devil's Thorn (Tribulus terrestris) (11884273406).jpg


## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Talliẓin

**Talliẓin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Zygophyllaceae**) d tawacult n imɣan yeṭṭafaren asmil n tasnayyawin. Tawacult-a zges azal n 250 n telmas yebṭan ɣef kra n tewsitin kra zeg-sent ttemɣayent-d d timedkin kra n iden d tuga.

## Umuɣ n tewsitin
* Talliẓt — (*Zygophyllum*).
* Tamɣast — (*Tribulus*).
* Ajeyyak — (*Guaiacum*).
* Abender — (*Peganum*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tuddsa

**Tuddsa** d tagrawt n ifganen (imdanen) ilan (yesɛan) kra n yiswi ssexdament kra n tarrayt neɣ ugar i wakken ar awṭen ar ɣures 

Llant waṭas n telmas n tuddsiwin amdya: tuddsiwin tinwennaṭ, Tuddsa talsant, tuddsiwin tigreɣlanin ... Atg 

## Isenmal

## Inawen imeqqranen n tuddsiwin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Tuddsa n temsisit n ugafa anaṭlas
Asudu

**Asudu** (Asget: **isuda**) d tuddsa tameɣlalt id yennulfan i kra n yiswi. Tettili d tasudut n unagi (n unadi), amdya Asudu n Pasteur akken i tezmer ad tili deg kra n tmura d amur deg tseddawit neɣ d tasudut n tezrawin timingin neɣ d tagrawt n tsuda tigrasnawin neɣ d tasudut tamazrawt tilellit am asudu n tẓuriyin yeẓlin

## Umuɣ n isuda

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Talliẓt

**Talliẓt** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Zygophyllum**) d tawsit n imɣan isnayyawen yeṭṭafaren tawacult ntalliẓin. Dɣa tilmas n tewsit-a d tid i d-itt-mɣayen deg yideggan iɣuṛaren neɣ ikiwanen deg Tefriqt d wemda n yilel agrakal d utaram n Asya d Ustṛalya 

## Tasnettit

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Asexdem

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tazzurt

**Tazzurt** neɣ **Timerẓuga** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Salvia**) d tawsit n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n temcenfar. Isem-is Alatin (*Salvia*) yekka-d seg umyag (*Salvsre*) yennumken (yessujay), dɣa taskant-a tettwassen ar medden acku tella telmest issexdamen i wsuji isem-is  agurim.
Tawsit-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) ugar n 900 n telmas i d+yettemɣayen deg yakk ideggan n umadal anda ulac asemmiṭ s tuget.

## Ideggan n gemmu d wemɣay

## Asexdem

## Tilmas tigejdanin
* Azaɣef — (*Salvia argentea*).
* Imi n waryel — (*Salvia verbenaca*).
* Amadel — (*Salvia glutinosa*).
* Agurim — (*Salvia officinalis*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Imɣi asaɣur

**Imɣi asaɣur** d imɣi ilan (yesɛan) igeṭmen d iferran yettisliwen g taggara n tsemhuyt n wemɣay alamma d uswir n wakal sin akin ar iẓuran.
Imɣan isaɣuren zemren ad ilin d imɣan n useggwas neɣ imɣan isenseggasen neɣ d imezgi.

## Tareygama

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ageṭṭum n yimɣi

**Ageṭṭum n yimɣi** neɣ **Arezza** d agellus yak d tgejdit n imɣi asaɣur yettilin sufel n tegnit (lqaɛa) dɣa iteddem iferran.

## Tasuddest-is

## Tiwura-ynes

## Tilmas-is

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tatrawt

**Tatrawt** (isem ussnan: **Asteraceae**) d tawacult n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tetrawin  deg wesmil n tasnayyawin. Tawacult-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) amḍan meqqren yakk n yimɣan, anda tla (tesɛa) ugar n 23,000 n telmas yebṭan ɣef wazal n 1620 n tewsitin, ayen i d-tt-yettaǧǧan d tawacult tamɣawt tameqrant tis snat seld n turɣisin ilan azal n 25,000 n telmas.

Magriṭṭij d tmafart d imɣan yettwassnen yakk di twacult-a.

## Asesmel

## Tiwsitin-is
* Timerẓuga – (a.u: **Cichorium**).
* Tawelman — (a.u: **Scorzonera**).
* Arɣim — (a.u: **Picris**). 
* Addad neɣ Akicaw — (a.u: **Carlina**).
* Acikaw — (a.u: **Galactites**).
* Wamlal — (a.u: **Glebionis**).
* Tamafart — (a.u: **Lactuca**).
* Arjagnu neɣ Aqlilu — (a.u: **Centaurea**).
* Ilidu neɣ Acbartu — (a.u: **Erigeron**).
* Tasdella neɣ Amsekli — (a.u: **Echinacea**).
* Taɣeddiwt — (a.u: **Cirsium**).
* Aderyun neɣ Taysa neɣ Buzduz — (a.u: **Chrysanthemum**).
* Tizifut — (a.u: **Scolymus**).
* Timejt n tili — (a.u: **Arctium**).
* Tifaf — (a.u: **Cichorium**).
* Ilezɣi — (a.u: **Cichorium**).
* Tuga wezrem — (a.u: **Gutierrezia**).
* Mager Iṭij — (a.u: **Helianthus annuus**).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tamserɣint

**Tamserɣint** neɣ **Userɣend** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Telephium imperati**) d talmest n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tserɣint deg twacult n tenɣerfelt

## Aglam

## Tasensartut

## Tamserɣint deg yidles Amaziɣ

## Asexdem

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Inɣerfel (tawsit)

**Inɣerfel** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Dianthus**) d tawsit n imɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tenɣerfelt. Tawsit-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) azal n 300 n telmas amur ameqran deg-sent yettemɣay-d deg Uruppa d Asya akken daɣen i llant kra n telmas id yettemɣayen deg Tefriqt ugafa (yakk d Tmurt n Iqbayliyen) am inɣerfel imezdi, tella daɣen telmest tettemɣay-d deg tamiwin n usafaylu n Temrikt tagafant.

Tilmas n tewsit-a gant d imɣan isaɣuren gar-asent aṭas n telmas yettusxedmen i wedlag.

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Tiwlafin n telmas

Dianthus armeria 060805.jpg | *Dianthus armeria*
Pink Sweet William flowers.jpg | *Dianthus barbatus*
Dianthus carthusianorum 2.jpg | *Dianthus carthusianorum*
Dianthus caryophyllus2.jpg | *Dianthus caryophyllus*
Dianthus glacialis 1.jpg | *[[Œillet des glaciers|Dianthus glacialis]]
Dianthus.jpg | *Dianthus plumarius*
Dianthus superbus 5.jpg | *Dianthus superbus''


## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tinɣerfelt

**Tinɣerfelt** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Caryophyllaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tenɣerflin deg wesmil n tesnayyawin, deg twacult-a llant wazal n 2000 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 88 n tewsitin timezdit yakk gar-asent tga d inɣerfel. Tilmas n twacult-a gant d tisaɣurin yakk.

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asismel

### Umuɣ n tewsitin
* Inɣerfel (*Dianthus*).
* Tiɣiɣac (*Silene*).
* Tasra (*Saponaria*).
* Tuggẓelt — (*Herniaria*).

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Taɣiɣect
Taserɣint (tawsit)

**Taserɣint** neɣ **Tamserɣint** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Telephium**) d tawsit n imɣan isnayyawen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tenɣerfelt deg tfesna n tenɣerflin 

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Tamserɣint (*Telephium imperati*) 
* Tamserɣint tasemrant (*Telephium orientale*) 
* Timserɣent tugzilt (*Telephium exiguum*) 

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Acikaw (tawsit)

**Acikaw** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Galactites**) d tawsit n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tetrit. Talmest yettwassnen yakk deg tewsit-a tga d acikaw imezdi

Asegrew n tewsit-a yennulfa-d i tikkelt tamezwart aseggas n 1794 sɣur umesnimɣan n Lalman Conrad Moench

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Asexdem

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aslaw

**Aslaw** deg yimɣan a assar (axṣar) n tgejdatin ar ngi ara n wesɣaṛ. Annect-a yettili-d mi ara ad tt-ader tafzadad deg tebniqin timɣawin ur n-tt-addam ara alignin ɣer tseddaṛt yudaen (iqerben) ar umya (0) s usrag (s ssebba) n yiba n waman zges 

Aslaw yessedrus seg tezmert n yimɣi i wertam d gemmu. Deg wakud anda aslaw ameɣlal yettawi ar tmekkest (lmut) n yimɣi

## Isragen

## Aslaw deg isekla

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasemhiyt n wemɣay

**Tasemhuyt n wemɣay** deg tesnimɣan d temɣigert d usenɣel d tallit deg yal aseggas anda id gemmun imɣan 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aɣraz

**Aɣraz** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Thymelaea**) d tawsit n yimɣan  imidken imeɣlalin n tizzegzut d isaɣuren ilan (yesɛan) azal n 30 n telmas. Tawsit-a d tin yeṭṭafaren tawacult taneɣrazt

Ijeǧǧigen n telmas-is gan d iwraɣen neɣ d izegza 

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Aɣraz imsetɣen (*Thymelaea hirsuta*)

## Asexdem

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Taneɣrazt

**Taneɣrazt** neɣ **Tiɣrazin** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Thymelaeaceae**) d tawacult n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tmejjirin deg wesmil n tesnayyawin. Tawacult-a tenfufed deg yakk ideggan n tegnit s wazal n 898 n telmas yebṭan ɣef 50 n tewsitin 

Asegrew n twacult-a yennulfa-d aseggas n 1789 sɣur umesnimɣan Afrensaw Antoine Laurent de Jussieu 

Tiwsitin n twacult-a d tid yugten deg wezgen anaẓul n tegnit ugar n wezgen agafan aladɣa deg Tefriqt d Ustṛalya. Amur ameqran n telmas-is ttemɣayent-d d isekla d tmedkin maca llant telmas id yettemɣayen d ijgagalen yakk d isaɣuren 

## Tiwsitin
* Aleẓẓaẓ (*Daphne*) 
* Aɣraz (*Thymelaea*)
* Wikstroemia
* Pimelea

## Asismel

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aẓalim wuccen

**Aẓalim wuccen** neɣ **Ikfil** neɣ **Aflilu yilel** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Drimia maritima**) d talmest n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawsit n yikfil deg twacult n tzikemt

## Aglam

## Iseqdac

## Ismawen n iden s Tmaziɣt

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
*Uccen
*Aẓalim
Ikfil

**Ikfil** neɣ **Akfal** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Drimia**) d tawsit n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tsisant s unect n usismel aklasik, neɣ tizikemt s unect n usismel amhazɣer

## Ismawen n iden s Tmaziɣt
Ikfil d imɣi ilan (yesɛan) aṭas n yismawen s Tmaziɣt, gar-asen: **Akfal**, **Icfil**, **Taflalit**, **Timezrit**, **Amẓelli**

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Aẓalim wuccen — (*Drimia maritima*) 
* 

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Igerjdi

**Igerjdi** neɣ **Asbuɣ** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Reseda**) d tawsit n yimɣan isaɣuren yeṭṭafaren tawacult tegrejdin. Tilmas n tewsit-a ttemɣayen-tt-d g wemda n yilel agrakal d unẓul utrim n Asya d Tigzirin tiknariyin. dɣa kra n tilmas-a gant d imɣi n useggas kra n iden gant d imɣi asenseggas ma d tid n iden gant d timezgatin

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n telmas

* Tallemt n izimer — (*Reseda luteola*) 
* Asbuɣ awraɣ — (*Reseda lutea*)
* Taṣeṭṭa n wayrad (*Reseda alba*) 

## Iseqdac

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasnettit

**Tasnettit** d tussna yettunagen ɣef wassaɣ iy tt-qqnen awal s tigget tamzikt (taqdimt) igan d nettat i d aẓaṛ, ayen yennumken anagi neɣ anadi ɣef unamek n wawal 

## Tasnettit n wawal

## Tasnettit deg Teqbaylit d Tmaziɣt

## Agzam

## Awalen imerṭalen deg tutlayt Taqbaylit

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tazzant

**Tazzant** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Fagaceae**) d tawacult n isekla imagnulanen yeṭṭafaren tafesna n tezzanin. Tawacult-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) azal n 900 n telmas yebṭan ɣef gar n 7 ar 9 n tewsitin. Dɣa llant 3 gar tewsitin-a d tid-ak yakk yettwassnen. Tiwsitin-a gant d: 
* Adernen — (*Castanea*)
* Azzan — (*Fagus*)
* Adren — (*Quercus*)

3 n tewsitin-a ttaken-tt-d isɣaren i wfares n iruka. Deg wakud dgi id yettak idernen igumma yettwaččen ula d adren d idernen d wid yeččuren d takkawt

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Umuɣ n tewsitin d usismel

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Adernen

**Adernen** neɣ **Idernen** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Castanea**) d tawsit n isekla yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tezzant. Isekla n tewsit-a isem-it-sen **Tidernent** (Asget: **Tidernin**). Deg tewsit-a tella telmest isem-is idernen aẓidan (*Castanea sativa*) id yettaken agummu isem-is idernen

## Aglam

## Umuɣ n telmas
* Tilmas n Uruppa (d Tefriqt ugafa):
** Idernen aẓidan — (*Castanea sativa*)

* Tilmas n Asya:
** Idernen n Kurya — (*Castanea crenata*)
** Idernen n Ccinwa — (*Castanea mollissima*)

* Tilmas n Marikan
** Idernen n Marikan

## Aṭṭanen

## Tawacult
Idernen d tawsit yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tazzant. Anda iy ttekki daɣen wedren yakk d wazzan

## Addar n isekla

## Asexdem d iseqdac

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Iskerci (tawsit)

**Iskerci** neɣ **Tanesfalt** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Smilax**) d talmest n yimɣan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n teskercin. Tawsit-a tla (tesɛa) azal n 350 n telmas id yettemɣayen deg yideggan yemgaraden n umadal. Kra g telmas-is tt-wasxedment i yiswiyen isnajyanen am iskerci imezdi

## Umuɣ n telmas

## Iskerci i wsuji

## Iskerci i tasnujya

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Afernan

**Afernan** neɣ **Tiggit** neɣ **Abucic** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Quercus suber**) d talmest n isekla yeṭṭafaren tawsit n udren deg twacult n Tazzant. 

Tiginit n telmest-a yettusexdem i wfaras n wexnac

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asseklu n ufernan

## Tiwlafin

Tugna:Quercus_suber_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-254.jpg|
Tugna:Quercus fg04.jpg|
Tugna:Quercus suber g4.jpg|
Tugna:Quercus suber g3.jpg|
Tugna:Quercus suber aka cork oak.jpg|
Tugna:Quercus suber corc.JPG|
Tugna:Quercus suber corc.JPG|


## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tasaft yizem

**Tasaft yizem** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Quercus coccifera**) d talmest n tmedkin timexlalin n tizzegzut yeṭṭafaren tawsit n wedren yettekin deg twacult n tazzant. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg yideggan yezzin i yilel agrakal

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Asexdem d iseqdac

## Tiwlafin

## [[Tuggtudert]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Ass agraɣlan n tutlayt tayemmat

**Ass agraɣlan n tutlayt tayemmat** d asfuggel amseggas (n yal aseggas) deg yal tamurt d wadeg n umadal i wesuddes (i wssejhed) n uramas n tuggta n tutlayin d yidlisen. Ass n 21 fuṛaṛ yettumeggez d ass i wesfuggel s tlemmiẓt-a. Dɣa talemmiẓt-a tettwaleɣ-d i tikkelt tamezwart sɣur tuddsa n UNESCO deg deg wass n 17 wamber n useggas n 1999, Sin akin yegguni-t wegraw amatu n yeɣlanen yeddukklen s talɣa tamaddudt (tunṣibt). Akken i d-yettwasker useggas agraɣlan i tutlayin deg 2008.

Deg useggas n 2000 yella-d usfuggel amezwaru s tlemmiẓt-a i wesnerni d usdus telwit d tuggta n tutlayin deg yakk ideggan n umadal d taggaẓt aladɣa tutlayin n tdersiyin.

## Asfuggel ɣer Iqbayliyen d Imaziɣen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
1999

**1999** d aseggas unzil tessentay ass n Sam deg teswast tagrigurt. Aseggas-a yella-d deg taggara n tsut tis 20 maca yezwar aseggas aneggar akk n tsut-a igan d 2000 

## Inelfuyen (ineḍruyen)

* 28 yennayer: Anmager n Davos wis 29
* 1 fuṛaṛ: Anagraw amadlan n tassast d tɣellist deg yilel yekcem s asahet n umahil 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Agraw amatu n yeɣlanen yeddukklen

**Agraw amatu n yeɣlanen yeddukklen** d yiwen gar 6 imeẓla igejdanen n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen, dɣa tga d tasudut tamyiwent anda yakk iwunak igmamen gdan (msawan) deg ugenses akken iga d ameẓlu agejdan i tmugri tsartit d ugenses g Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen. Tiwuriwin-is gant d amday ɣef umarud n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen d umager n illasen neɣ ineqqisen seg yimuren n iden n  Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen d tnefkiwt n isegdal s talɣa n tneɣytust n wegraw amatu n yeɣlanen yeddukklen. Akken daɣen id tt-wesnulfan waṭas n imeẓla ifurkanen.

Agraw amatu y-tt-msegraw yiwet n tikkelt yal aseggas s ddaw n tisselwit umaray-ines amatu g tdabut-is yellan di temdint n New York akken daɣan i zemrent ad ilin-t tɣimiyin timeslidin deg wakuden n iden aladɣa deg tegnatin timsarin.

Ayli wis 4 n arkawal n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen yessenmalay-d (yett-beggin-d) tisgert-is d twiriwin-is d tefranin-is d tsekkerin-is. Dɣa tiɣimit tamezwarut yakk n wegraw amatu yella-d ass n 10 yennayer i wseggas n 1946 deg temdint n London s tihawt n igensasen n 51 n iwunak.

Adɣar deg wegraw amatu d win yezzin ɣef tlufa yellumẓen (ihummen) iseɣlafen yeqqnen ar telwit d tɣellist.

Deg iseggasen n 80, Agraw amatu yuɣal d annar i wdiwenni gar tmura n Ugafa d tid n unẓul. Amdya ɣef wanect-a d ameslay ɣef tlufa d tisra gar n tmura timugranin d tmura timesnflalin, Dɣa tilufa ayyi nnulfan-tt-d s usrag (s ssebba) n gemmu d usmeskel deg tsuddest n tegmant n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen anda deg useggas n 1945 llan dges anagar 51 n yigmamen ma d tura llant 193 n tmura d tigmamin gar-asent sin n ikṛaden (⅔) d timura timesnflalin annect-a yeǧǧa neɣ yefka tagnit i tmura ayyi ad grent ahil n wegraw amatu (s usexdem n tegrawin timsidag am tegrawt n 77).

## Tikkest tamazrayt

## Altaɣ
Llant 193 n iwunak igan d igmamen deg wegraw amatu. S tmernit ar wanect-a, Agraw amatu yezmer ad yefk aglam n umanay i kra n tuddsa  tagreɣlant neɣ i kra n tmurt Ur nelli ara d agmam.

## Ihilen

## Tineɣtas

## Tifranin

## Tiɣimiyin tusligin d timeslidin

## Tiɣimiyin timeslidin timsarin

## Imeẓla ifurkanen

## Tiɣimiyin n wegraw

## Iɣbula

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Megdiṭes

**Megdiṭes** neɣ **Meṭsazal** neɣ **Mliṭes** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Caprimulgus**) d tawsit n yigṭaṭ yeṭṭafaren tawacult n imegdeṭṭas

### [[Tasnettit]]
Aẓaṛ n yisem n ugṭiṭ d win yeqqnen ar yiṭes acku igmamen n tewsit-a d wid yegganen s tuget ama deg yiṭ neɣ deg wazal

## [[Tasensartut]] d wesru

### Umuɣ n telmas
S unect n usismel n uswir amsaylal agraɣlan (alqem 8.1, 2018):

* Abket — (*Caprimulgus aegyptius*)
* Megdiṭes imezdi — (*Caprimulgus europaeus*)
* Megdiṭes amsulles — (*Caprimulgus fraenatus*) 
* Megdiṭes n idurar — (*Caprimulgus poliocephalus*)

## Asegdef

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Azzan

**Azzan** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Fagus**) d tawsit n isekla imezgiyen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tezzant. Llant kra n temrwin n telmas id yettemɣayen deg Turuft d Asya d Marikan Ugafa yakk d Tefriqt ugafa (deg idurar n waṭlas d Tmurt n Iqbayliyen)

## Aglam

## Addad n tewsit d imihiyen

## Umuɣ n telmas

* Azzan azegza — (*Fagus sylvatica*) 
* Azan asemran — (*Fagus orientalis*) 

## Tiwlafin n telmas

## Asexdem d iseqdac
Asɣar n wazzan d win yettusxedmen deg tmugri d ufares n waṭas n telmas n iruka 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Idernen aẓidan

**Idernen aẓidan** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Castanea sativa**) d talmest n isekla n udernen yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tazzant. Talmest-a n isekla d tin id y-ttfarasen yiwen n ugummu umi qqaren **[[adernen]]**. Isem n tseklut-is iga d **tidernent** (Asget: **Tidernin**)

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay
Idernen d aseklu id yettemɣayen deg yideggan igrawayen n wemda n yilel agrakal am unzul n tmurt n Spanya, idurar n tmurt n Iqbayliyen, anẓul asrmran n Fransa, Tiftisin n Turkya, Azerbijan

## Iseqdac
* **Asɣar**:

* **Učči**:

## Idernen deg yidles

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tiqeslin n ubabdar

**Tiqeslin n ubabdar** (Isem usnan: *Umbilicus rupestris*) d tawsit n yemɣi seg twacult n crassulaceae .

## Ismawen

* Isem-is s latinit: Umbilicus rupestris
* Isem-is s tefransist: Nombril de venus
* Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit:
* Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt:

## Isseqdac
tettmačča d cclaḍa neɣ terwi deg tmellalin

telha i win isɛan ccin (Lembaṣer), tesefsay iblaḍen deg tembult, ttdawin seg-s tiggest (lǧerḥ) d acu ttekksen-as ticlimt-ni s ufell!
Titcet

**Titcet** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Quercus pyrenaica**) d yiwet n telmest n yider yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tezzant 

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay

## Titcet di tdamsa

## Asexdem d iseqdac

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa

**Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa** (s usegzel: **WHO**) d yiwet gar waṭas n tnegwa yaṭṭafaren iɣlanen Yeddukklen yemmuzzgen (yettuxeṣṣen) deg tɣultn tdawsa d tezmert, tennulfa-d deg wass n 7 yebrir i wseggas n 1948. Asutul-is Yezga-d g temdint n Genéve (Swisra) 

## Amezruy

## Asedrem

## Iswiyen

## Irmuden

## Tiɣula n umahil n tuddsa

## Isenfaren d wahilen n tuddsa

## Iɣbula

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tumgisent

**Tumgisent** d irem id yesskanayen tinfusin yeqqnen ar kra n yidelsen anda at yidles-a tt-ɣilen neɣ ttamnen d akken tinfusin-a d ayen ig llan s tidet. Tumfisent tettusexdem i wssegzu n inelfuyen igamanen d ussegzu n tumanin tigamanin d tilsanin akken daɣen i tga d afurk n tussniwin yessegrawen, yeɣɣaṛen (yeqqaren) u  yessegzawen tinfusin d tmeẓriyin 

## [[Umeyi]]

## [[Timeẓṛit]]

## [[Tanfust

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Izifu

**izifu** (**ⵉⵣⵉⴼⵓ**) (Assaɣ ussnan: **Scolymus grandiflorus**) d talmest n yimɣan isaɣuren yeṭṭafaren tawsit n tzifut yettekkin g twacult n tetrawt 

Izifu d imɣi yettemcabin ar tɣeddiwt d yisri dɣa tilmas-a yakk zdint deg yiwet n tewsit (tizifut).

## Aglam

## Ideggan n wemɣay
Talmest d tin id yettemɣayen deg yideggan yezzin i yilel agrakal am Tmurt n Iqbayliyen, agafa n Umeṛṛuk, Tunes, Ṭelyan, Fransa, Turkya ... 
## Asexdem d iseqdac

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Aṭṭan amesgunef

**Aṭṭan amesgunef** d irem yessegrawen aṭṭanen n iberfiwen d isulal (iteyyawen) d iyerziyen n uberfiw yakk d tkersi, aṭṭanen-a d win itteggzen tudert n umaṭun, amdya deg waddad n waṭṭan n buturin. 

D ayen yellan d amalfus (yezmer) i wsismel n waṭṭanen imesgunfanen d akken-iten han d wid yettjinin (yezgan d aɛewwiq) i wektum d unekcum n uzwu s agensu d uzɣar (daxel d beṛṛa) n iberfiwen am waṭṭan n uneggaf, neɣ ad ilin gellun-d s usemẓi n ubleɣ n iberfiwen amdya deg waṭṭan n uttwaɣ aberfaw

## Askkusem n iyerziyen

## Aṭṭanen n unagraw amesgunef

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tizifut

**Tizifut** neɣ **Taɣadyut** (Assaɣ ussnan: **Scolymus**) d tawsit n yimɣan id yettemɣayen deg tamiwin yezzin i wemda n yilel agrakal yeṭṭafaren tawacult n tetrawt. Tawsit-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) anagar 3 n telmas gant d: 
* Izifu — (*Scolymus grandiflorus*) 
* Taɣeddiwt — (*Scolymus hispanicus*) 
* Isri — (*Scolymus maculatus*) 
Dɣa 3 n telmas-a d tid yettemcabin s waṭas ayen yettaǧǧan asmyif (ameyyez) gar-asent d ayen imrayen (iweɛṛen) 

## Aglam

## Asexdem d iseqdac

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
2014

Aseggas **2014** d aseggas aḥerfi (365 n wussan). D aseggas wis 2014 deg wakud-agi-neɣ, d aseggas wis 15 deg wagim XXI (lqern 21) daɣen d aseggas wis 5 deg umrawseggas 2010 - 2019.

Tira n **2014** : « Sin igiman mraw ṣa »
SARS-CoV

**Coronavirus yeqqnen ar temsedfart tamesguneft tamekruzt tanamsadt** (s usegzel: **SARS-CoV**) d Kuṛunavirus id igellun s temsedfart tamesguneft tamekruzt tanamsadt , dɣa avirus-a iga d asrag (d ssebba) n tẓimdelt n SARS deg useggas n 2003. Avirus-a iban-d g 2002 deg ugezdu n Guangdong (di tmurt n Ccinwa). Deg tallit gar n 1 wamber ar 31 ɣuct, Aṭṭan-a yemken (iḥuza) 8096 n imdanen deg 29 n tmura akken id igla s tmekkist (lmut) n 774, azal ameqran deg-sent di tmurt n Ccinwa, iga d Avirus ARN ayenreẓwi ilaw (tagrawt tis 4 deg usismel n Baltimore) seg Betacoronavirus 

Ass n 16 yebrir 2003 deg wakud n unfufed SARS deg Asya d kra n yideggan n iden n umadal (s talɣa meẓẓiyen) tessufɣ-d tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa alɣu tenna-d deg-s d akken Kuṛunavirus id yettukzen sɣur n waṭas n isnidan iga d asrag agejdan i tamsedfart n SARS akken iffren kra n tirawin n uvirus-a deg isnidan deg New York, San Francisco, Manilla yakk d Hong Kong 

Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef  waṭṭanen deg Marikan yakk d usnidi n NML deg Kanada ukzen-d aǧinum n uvirus n SARS deg yebrir 2003 , akken id ukzen (tebten-d) imusnawen deg tseddawit n Erasmus n Rotterdam yessedmir neɣ yettarra i tendagin n Koch s wanect-a yedaddet (yettuḥeqq) d akken-it iga d amasrag id igellun s waṭṭan

## Tamsedfart tamesguneft tamekruzt tanamsadt (SARS)

Tamsedfart tamesguneft tamekruzt tanamsadt d aṭṭan amesgunef aẓaṛ-is d aɣersaw ixeddem-it-id KUṚUNAVIRUS SARS. deg waṭas n wakuden avirus-a igellud s waṭṭan amekruz anda id tt-binen fell-as iskanen imenza yettemcabin iskanen n yidis, amdya: butmaẓwalt, Amaẓla d tawla yeṭṭafar-iten-d sen n 2 ar 14 n wussan iskanen n wemray n usgunef (ṣṣɛuba n utneffes):  tusut, amray n usgunef, bungaf akken i yezmer ad yeglu g taggara s buturin yakk d buturin anvirus 

Ass mi tenfufed waṭṭan-a deg 2003 yenɣa azal n 9% n wid yudnen yis  isig n tmekkast (lmut) yella meqqer s waṭas ɣer yimdanen yugaren 60 n iseggasen yudnen yis anda azal n 50% mmuten.

## Amezruy

## Tasenvirust

## Talɣa
Talɣa n SARS d tin yettemcabin ar ivirusen-n-Kuṛuna s umata,ivirusen-a deg-sen icubranen imezziyen (idewwranen) meqqren fell-asen ikernennayen iy tezzin ɣef icubranen-nni

## Tamhazt

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

* Covid-19

## Imniren
Tamsedfart tamesguneft tamekruzt tanamsadt

**Tamsedfart tamesguneft tamekruzt tanamsadt** d aṭṭan amesgunef aɣersaw n usagma, iban-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 2002 di tmurt n Ccinwa, sin akin yenfufed ar wamur ameqran n tmura n umadal adɣa timura n unẓul asemran n Asya, yekkat tiɣtas-is ar iberfiwen (turin) ayen yettisrigen (yettsebbiben) amray n usgunef d waṭṭan n buturin yettwasemman seld n kra n wakud s **SARS** id igellun s tmekkest . Amsuji Aṭelyan Carlo Urbani iga d amexwar yakk id isnirmen avirus n SARS maca anect-a yegglad s tmekkist-is (lmut-is), Ar ass-a ulac tigezt mgal n uvirus-a 

## Afrari
Avirus n SARS iban-d a tuggza tamadlant deg wayyur n meɣres n useggas n 2003. Anṭaṭ amezwaru deg wayyur n Dujamber aseggas n 2002. Yesnirm-it-id umessuji n Ṭelyan Carlo Urbani maca ineṭṭ-it-id sin aken yemmut

## [[Tawessna|Asennefru]]

## [[Asken|Isekna]] d [[igem|wenṭaṭ]]

## Taggaẓt

## Tidyanin (ixessaṛen)

## Asuji

## Addad amiran

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* SARS-CoV
* Covid-19

## Iɣbula

## Imniren
SARS-CoV-2

**Coronavirus 2 n temsedfert tamesguneft tanamsadt tamekruzt** (s usegzel **SARS-CoV-2**) , akken i yella yettwassen s **Kuṛunavirus amsetrar 2019** , (s usegzel: **nCoV-19**)  iga d Kuṛunavirus buzeffar aṛibuɣsan ayenaɣris, ilaw., Avirus-a d amanṭaṭ gar n imdanen anda id igellu s waṭṭan n Coronavirus 2019 (**Covid-19**. yerna ar tura ulac tigezt mgal-is.

Yettwasilef ɣef waddad amezwaru deg wacu icukken i tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa deg wass n 31 dujamber 2019 ، anda iskanen n waṭṭan-a llan tbinen-d deg 3 n imalasen yezrin seg 8 dujamber 2019 .. ajinum n uvirus-a d win yettuseknen seld n wexdam n ukayed n uzeffar uɣsan ɣef tirawin tilawin n imuṭan n buturin ass mi yenfufed Coronavirus di Wuhan deg 2019

## Imniren
Tigezt

**Tigezt** neɣ **Acṛad** d afaris asnudran id yettaken affal ameskar (igedṛen) mgal kra n waṭṭan, Tigezt tla (tesɛa) s talɣa tamudamt tuẓẓumt neɣ ammas agman-imzik id yigellun s waṭṭan. Deg waṭas n tegnatin yettmag-d seg talɣiwin yettwafsusen neɣ iteɣɣen (ineqqen) imikṛuben neɣ seg uɣsan-is (ssmum-is). tuẓẓumt-a neɣ ammas-a yesduqqus anagraw anaffal n tfekka i wakken ad yissin d akken amikṛub-a  iteggz-it (yett-heddid-it) sin akin ad tineɣ, maca ad as-tegri talsarut deg-s i wakken ad yizmer unagraw anaffal ad t-yakez (ad tiɛqel) w ad tineɣ s tefses ma yenṭeg-d ɣef kra n igmanen i tikkelt n iden. Tamhelt n tnefkiwt n tigezt tettwasemmay agzay 

## Tameskart

## Isemduyen yeṭṭurrayen

## Tilmas

## Asileɣ n waffal

## Amezruy

## Tamugri n tigezt

## Tigzin n DIVA

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Affal

**Affal** d addad amnekni i walley (ssɛaya) istanen isnudranen id ikeffun i wmsenɣi mgal n igim d waṭṭanen neɣ yal acengu d ungir asnudran, yakk d walley (ssɛaya) n ugellez anaffal i wsunef n urnan d waṭṭanen iffalmanen

Tasnaffalt d tin yennezgmen (yefkan azal) i tezrawt n tmikanizmin yakk i yettakken tizmert i tfekka i wakken ad yarey (ad yeḥrez) tiɣellisin-is. S unamek ad yeǧǧ yakk ayen yellan d agla-s w ad yezreb ayen ur nelli d agla-s, amdya: 
Iferdisen ar-imanen: 
* Imikṛuben, Ivirusen, Biktirya, 

* Igmanen d imezṭiyen isnudranen uffiɣen ɣef tfekka
Asasnef

**Asasnef** neɣ **Akman** d adeg anda ttwasinfen deg-s yimdanen neɣ iɣersiwen yellan ahat teddmen amihi n yigim. Akud n usasnef d win yettilin s unect n wakud imsefki i tilin n taggaẓt deg umnala (uqabel) n kra n waṭṭan neɣ n tsakrart,Dɣa Asasnef yekcem deg ussisen isnajyanen i wsenɣed n wenfufed n yigim d waṭṭanen

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Buneggaf

**Buneggaf** neɣ **Taneggift** d afray s utmelli d umray s usgunef (aḥulfu s ɛeyyu d uwɛaṛ n utneffes), Amur ameqran n yisragen-is (ssebbat-is) d wid yeqqnen ar waṭṭanen n turin yakk d wul, maca deg kra n wakuden n iden isragen-a zemren ad qqnen ar terwayt n wefray s tdersi n uksijin. Asuji n buneggaf d win id yettilin s twessna n waṭṭan id yeglan yis, sin akin tukksa n isragen-is maca yezmer daɣen ad yili usuji n buneggaf s talɣa tasakant s izelman n umuṛfin. Akken daɣen id yessutur usuji n buneggaf amsulles (qessiḥen) asexdem n asgunfu amleẓẓi 

## Asenmel

## Asegzi n temrest n tmikanizemt n buneggaf

## Talɣiwin n buneggaf

## Isragen (ssebbat)

## Iskanen

## Asennefru

## Assuji n buneggaf

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Aneggaf
Tawla

**Tawla** d alluy n tseddart n wezɣal n tfekka ɣef yisig-is agaman, Anecta yettili-d s usrag n walluy n teẓɣelt n usderazɣel n tfekka yettilin deg tama n udamruj, Anda alluy-a n teẓɣelt yessurus (yesḥullul) tafekka i wakken ad tarey (ad teḥrez) taẓɣelt-is w ad ternu ad tfares i wakken ad temtawa d tmerniwt n agaz n ukkus (tukkist), sin akin ad ẓeyyren iẓuran n weglim i wsedres n tamẓalt (lexṣara) n teẓɣelt ayen id yessisrigen (id yettsebbiben) afray s usemmiṭ akken i trennu tassast tamaẓwalt  yakk d ufriwes, ayen yettaǧǧan tafekka ad ternu deg teẓɣelt-is  

Mi ara ad yuɣal wagaz n ukkus ar tegnit-is tagamant, tafekka ad tarem ad teẓli (ad teɛṛeḍ texṣer) ayen id terna deg teẓɣel w ad yili usehrew deg yiẓuran n weglim ayen ad yeglun s wefray s nẓɣal d tezweɣ akken i yezmer ad yessedfer s tidi. maca drus Kan id igellu s usfured n tawla i yettilin s waṭas ɣer warrac imeẓyanen , taẓɣelt tagamant n tfekka d tin igan gar n 37,5° d 38,3° C (99,5° - 100,9° F) s unect n iɣbula isnajyanen yemgaraden.

## Isekna d yizmal

## Asennefru

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
Tazerzayt

**Tazerzayt** d aṭṭan amezwaru yakk i yerna (i yeɣleb) wemdan.. Yenɣa, yezleg yerna yesderɣel aṭas n yimdanen seg teɣzi n umezruy-is. Aṭṭan-a yettmag-d seg yiwen n uvirus sin akin yettenṭaṭ seg yimdanen yudnen ar wid-ak ur nudin ara, yettbin-d d tuffɣiwin yemmugen am imesbukkren deg weglim n umaṭun sin akin tettmag-d teclemt mi ara ad teɣli tettaǧǧa-d azmul (ccama) deg yideg-nni, send n 1980 ur telli ara tigezt neɣ asuji mgal n tzerzayt anda iy teɣɣ 20% n teɣtas-is ma d 80% nni id yegran tettaǧǧa-d deg-sen izmal ur ntekkes ara yakk akken id igellu s tidderɣelt i kra deg-sen 

Deg useggas n 1796, Amsuji n Legniz Edward Jenner yessuddes-d (ihegga-d) tigezt mgal tazerzayt. Ma deg iseggasen n 40 n tsut yezrin tazerzayt tenger yakk deg Uruppa d Temrikt tagafant, deg useggas n 1967 Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen tessekr-d amezizzel i wakken ad titessenger ma deg useggas n 1977 iban-d igim aneggar di tmurt n Ṣumal. Deg useggas n 1980 Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen tessilef-d d akken tessenger aṭṭan-a

## Asnirem n tigezt (ACRAṬ)
Deg iseggasen ineggura n tsut tis 18, Amsuji Edward Jenner iwula yerna yexdem tazrawt ɣef yiwet n teqcict isem-is Sarah Nilmes tetteẓẓeg tafunast tuɣit yakan tzerzayt yerna tettwaggeẓ mgal tazerzayt acku tella tuden s tzerzayt n tfunasin. Edward Jenner yufa-d d akken tinegwa d tirawin seg weglim n win yudnen s tzerzayt n tfunasin w ad t-yegzi i wakken ad tyaɣ waṭṭan-a d ayen ara ad s-d-yefken affal mgal n tzerzayt acku tazerzayt n tfunasin d win yettemcabin ar tzerzayt maca Kan ur telli ara d tamihant s waṭas 

## Anṭaṭ n waṭṭan
Tzerzayt d aṭṭan yetenṭaṭen s č meca ur yetenfufud ara s tazzla am waṭṭanen ivirsanen n iden, ahat aceku agajji niɣ asiwed yessutur asiweṭ yuddsen (ijehden) w yettili-d seld n tuffɣa n tuffɣiwin n weglim

## Anṭaṭ n yigim
Tazarzayt tettmag-d seg yigim n uvirus n tzarzayt, Igim yettaṭaṭ seg uselmeẓ n wezwu, akk daɣen si tmiqwin n yimi, d yinzaren akked tgersi.
Yettanṭaṭ seg umdan ɣer wayeṭ seg ubrid n taywalt udem ɣer wudem i talliyin timeqqṛanin d umdan yudnen, s umata ɣef ustum n 6 n yiḍaren ( 1,8 m ) i talliyin timeqranin akked umdan yudnen , Akken yezmer daɣen ad yenṭeṭ seg ubrid n taywalt tusridt neɣ s imazzalen n tfekka n umaṭun, akken yettenṭaṭ daɣen seg ubrid n ifecka n umaṭun am iselsa-ynes d wusu-ynes

Drus anda tazarzayt tettenṭaṭ seg ubrid n uvirus i d-yettaddam wezwu deg yideggen (imeḍqan) umdilen am tmaccinin d tkeryas. maca avirus-a yezmer ad yenṭeṭ di yakk tafekka akken yezmer ad yenṭeṭ seg ubrid n iburɣas akked iɣersiwen, ma ur yettwarna ara (Ur yettwaɣlab ara) ɣef wenfufed n waṭṭan-a. Anda yettwameggez seg tignatin iteɣɣen seg ubrirus n tazarzayt.

Timekkest (lmut) d tin yettilin  gar wass wis mraw  ( 10 ) d wass mrawsdis ( 16 ) n waṭṭan., Asrag (ssebba) n tmekkist  seg waṭṭan n tazarzayt ur d-ban ara.

## Timukrisin

## Tugniwin tuɣ-itent tzerzayt

## Tiwlafin

## Ẓeṛ daɣen
* Azarza
* Tabuzeggaɣt

## Imniren
Edward Jenner

**Edward Jenner** d amsuji n tmurt n Legliz, ilul ass n 17 mayu 1749 yemmut ass n 26 yennayer 1823. Yella-d amezwar id isnarmen tigezt i waṭṭan n tzerzayt

## Tazerzayt
Deg iseggasen ineggura n tsut tis 18, Amsuji Edward Jenner iwula yerna yexdem tazrawt ɣef yiwet n teqcict isem-is Sarah Nilmes tetteẓẓeg tafunast tuɣit yakan tzerzayt yerna tettwaggeẓ mgal tazerzayt acku tella tuden s tzerzayt n tfunasin. Edward Jenner yufa-d d akken tinegwa d tirawin seg weglim n win yudnen s tzerzayt n tfunasin w ad t-yegzi i wakken ad tyaɣ waṭṭan-a d ayen ara ad s-d-yefken affal mgal n tzerzayt acku tazerzayt n tfunasin d win yettemcabin ar tzerzayt maca Kan ur telli ara d tamihant s waṭas

## Tinfusin-is
icraṭen yettwafken i yal agrud seg wayyuren imenza n tlallit-is ttagẓent mgal n waṭas n waṭṭanen am tbuzeggaɣt 

## Ẓeṛ daɣen

## Imniren