Jalmasastra

**Jalmasastra** iku tegesé kawruh sing nitèni patindhakané wong urip karo lelurine. Kawruh iki duwé asal-usul sajeroning salokasastra, karunyasastra, lan kawruh sesrawungan.

Kawigatèn dhasar jalmasastra ya iku "Apa sing ndhéfinisikaké Homo sapiens?", "Sapa nenek moyang Homo sapiens modhèren?", "Apa ciri-ciri fisik manungsa?", "Kepriyé patindakané manungsa?", "Ngapa ana variasi lan prabédan antarané golongan-golongan sing béda saka manungsa?", "Kepriyé mangsa kapungkur évolusi saka Homo sapiens diprabawai organisasi sosial lan budaya?" lan sapanunggalé.

Ing Amérika Sarékat, jalmasastra kontèmporer racaké dipérang dadi papat sub-babagan: antropologi budaya (uga diarani "antropologi sosial", arkéologi, antropologi linguistik, lan antropologi fisik (utawa biologi). Panyerakan "papat-babagan" antropologi disajèkaké ing akèh buku tèks kasarjanan sarta program antropologi (tuladhané ing Michigan, Berkeley, Penn). Ing universitas-univrsitas sing ana ing Inggris, lan akèh ing Éropa, "sub-babagan" iki asring dipapanaké ing départemèn kapisah lan dideleng minangka disiplin èlmu sing béda.

Sub-babagan sosial lan budaya wisbanget diprabawai déning téyori strukturalis lan pasca-modhèren, uga minangka pagèsèran menyang arah masarakat modhèren (ajang luwih mirunggan sajeroning komit para sosiolog). Sakwéné taun 1970an lan 1980an ana pagèsèran epistemologis adoh saka tradhisi positifisme sing sapérangan gedhé digenahaké disiplin. Sakwéné pagèsèran iki, pitakonan-pitakonan suwé ngenani sipat lan prodhuksi kawruh muncul ngisi papan utama sajeroning antropologi budaya lan sosial. Béda karo, arkéologi, antropologi biologi, lan antropologi lingustik sapérangan gedhé isih positivis. Amarga pabédan ing epistemologi, antropologi minangka disiplin duwé kekurangan kamanunggalan suwéné sapérangan dasawarsa akir-akir iki. Masalah iki uga wis njalari départemèn nyimpang, minangka conto nalika taun akademik 1998–9 ing Univèrsitas Stanford, ing ngendi "para èlmuwan" lan "non-èlmuwan" kapérang dadi rong départemèn: èlmu antropologi lan antropologi budaya & sosial; départemèn iki banjur digabung manèh nalika taun akademik 2008–9.

## Uga delengen 
* Prenah Seduluran

## Réferènsi 

## Wacan terusan 
### Kamus lan ensiklopèdi 
*Barfield, Thomas (1997).  *The dictionary of anthropology.*  Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
*Levinson, David and Melvin Ember. eds. (1996) *Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology*. (4 vols.) New York: Henry Holt.

### Cathetan lapangan lan riwayat saka antropolog 
*Barley, Nigel (1983) *The innocent anthropologist: notes from a mud hut*. London: British Museum Publications.
*Geertz, Clifford (1995) *After the fact: two countries, four decades, one anthropologist*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
*Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1967) *Tristes tropiques*. Translated from the French by John Russell. New York: Atheneum.
*Malinowski, Bronisław (1967) *A diary in the strict sense of the term*. Translated by Norbert Guterman. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.
*Mead, Margaret (1972) * Blackberry winter: my earlier years*. New York: William Marrow.
*Mead, Margaret, (1977)  *Letters from the field, 1925 - 1975*. New York: Harper & Row.
*Rabinow, Paul. (1977) *Reflections on fieldwork in Morocco*.

### Sajarah 
*Asad, Talal, ed. (1973) *Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter*. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.
*Barth, Fredrik, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin,  *One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American anthropology*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
*D'Andrade, R. "The Sad Story of Anthropology: 1950-1999." In E. L. Cerroni-Long, ed. *Anthropological Theory in North America*. Westport: Berin & Garvey 1999. Anthro.ucsd.edu
*Darnell, Regna. (2001) *Invisible Genealogies: A History of Americanist Anthropology*. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
*Harris, Marvin. (2001[1968]) *The rise of anthropological theory: a history of theories of culture*. AltaMira Press. Walnut Creek, CA.
*Kehoe, Alice B. (1998)  *The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology*.
*Lewis, Herbert S. (1998) "The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and its Consequences." *American Anthropologist*, 100: 716-731. Interscience.wiley.com, Lewis
*Lewis, Herbert S. (2004) "Imagining Anthropology's History." *Reviews in Anthropology*, v. 33.
*Lewis, Herbert S. (2005) "Anthropology, the Cold War, and Intellectual History. In R. Darnell & F.W. Gleach, eds. *Histories of Anthropology Annual*, Vol. I.
*Pels, Peter & Oscar Salemink, eds. (2000) *Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology*.
*Price, David. (2004) ''Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists*.
*Stocking, George, Jr. (1968) *Race, Culture and Evolution*. New York: Free Press.
*Trencher, Susan. (2000) *Mirrored Images: American Anthropology and American Culture, 1960-1980*.
* Gisi, Lucas Marco. (2007) *Einbildungskraft und Mythologie. Die Verschränkung von Anthropologie und Geschichte im 18. Jahrhundert*, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.

### Buku tèks lan karya-karya teoritis utama 
*Clifford, James and George E. Marcus (1986) *Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography*. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*Geertz, Clifford (1973) *The Interpretation of Cultures*. New York: Basic Books.
*Harris, Marvin (1997) *Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology (7th Edition)*. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
*Salzmann, Zdeněk. (1993) *Language, culture, and society: an introduction to linguistic anthropology*. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
*Shweder, Richard A., and Robert A. LeVine, eds. (1984) *Culture Theory: essays on mind, self, and emotion''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

## Pranala njaba 
*American Anthropological Association Homepage  Situs organisasi profèsi antropolog gedhé dhéwé.
*American Association of Physical Anthropologists 
*Australian Anthropological Society
*Iberoamerican Association of Anthropology AIBR
*European Association of Social Anthropologists
*Moving Anthropology Student Network - International Association of Social Anthropology Students
*Italian Institute of Anthropology
*National Association for the Practice of Anthropology
*The Royal Anthropological Institute Homepage—Lembaga Antropologi Krajan Britania Raya lan Irlandia (RAI)
*The Society for Applied Anthropology 
*Annual Review of Anthropology
*Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History Kolèksi databese online mawa panjlasan rinci lan gambar digital kanggo punjul 160.000 artéfak ètnografi.
*National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution  Nglumpukaké lan nglestarèkaké bahan-bahan antropologi historis lan kontemporer sing ndhokumèntasikaké donnya budaya lan sajarah antropologi.
*The Anthropological Index Online  Bibliographic database online.
*Anthropology Researcher and Groups