Krókus

**Krókus,** einnig nefnd **dverglilja**, **saffran** eða **snæblóm**, er ættkvísl blóma af sverðliljuætt. 

## Orðsifjar
Nafn ættkvíslarinnar er dregið af gríska *κρόκος* (*krokos*). Það er aftur á móti líklega tökuorð úr semísku máli, skyldu hebresku (כרכום) *karkōm*, arameísku (ܟܟܘܪܟܟܡܡܐ) *kurkama*, og arabísku (كركم) *kurkum*, sem þýðir „saffran“ (*Crocus sativus*), „saffrangulur litur“ eða „túrmerik“ (sjá *[[Curcuma]]*). Orðið kemur þá upphaflega úr sanskrít *kunkumam* (कुङ्कुमं) „saffran“ nema að það sjálft sé komið úr því semitíska. Enska heitið er 16. aldar aðlögun á latínuheitinu en fornenska hafði fyrir *croh* yfir „saffran“.

## Saga
Ræktun og uppskera á Crocus sativus fyrir saffran var fyrst skráð við Miðjarðarhaf sérstaklega á Krít. Freskur sem sýna það hafa fundist á Knossos á Krít, auk þess á álíka gömlum stað á Akrotiri á Santorini.

Fyrsti krókusinn sem sást á Hollandi, þar sem krókus vex ekki náttúrulega, voru af laukum frá Miklagarði, um 1560, frá sendiherra Hins heilaga Rómverska Keisara til "Sublime Porte", Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. Nokkrir laukar voru gefnir til Carolus Clusius við grasagarðinn í Leiden. Eftir 1620, sem er áætluð dagsetning málverks Ambrosiusar Bosschaert (*mynd, fyrir neðan*), höfðu ný garðaafbrigði verið þróuð, svo sem rjómalitur krókus með fjöðruðu munstri bronslitu, áþekku afbrigðum sem enn finnast á markaði. Bosschaert vann eftir undirbúningsteikningum til að gera samsett verk sem sýndi blóm alls vorsins, ýkti krókusinn svo að hann líktist túlípana, en mjó graslík blöðin sýna að þetta er krókus.

## Helstu tegundir
*Páskakrókus (*C. biflorus*)
*Tryggðakrókus (*C. chrysanthus*)
*Gullkrókus (*C. flavus*)
*Grikkjakrókus (*C. sieberi*)
*Saffrankrókus (*C. sativus*)
*Balkankrókus (*C. tommasinianus*)
*Vorkrókus (*C. vernus*)
**Hvítur vorkrókus (*C. vernus*  ssp. *albiflorus*)


Image:Cueilleuse de safran, fresque, Akrotiri, Grèce.jpg|Saffran safnarar á Mínóskri fresku á eynni Santorini í Eyjahaf.  
File:Ambrosius Bosschaert, the Elder 03.jpg|*Composed Bouquet of Spring Flowers*, eftir Ambrosius Bosschaert, *um* 1620 (Louvre Museum)
Image:Crocus-angustifolius.jpg|*Crocus angustifolius* (Cloth of gold) úr Curtis's Botanical Magazine, 1803


### Nytjar
Nokkrar tegundir eru taldar ætar eða jafnvel nytjaðar í upprunalandinu. Má þar nefna: Crocus adanensis, Crocus aleppicus, Crocus ancyrensis, Crocus cancellatus, Crocus flavus, Crocus hermoneus, Crocus hyemalis, Crocus moabiticus,  Crocus nevadensis, Crocus nudiflorus, Crocus pallasii, Crocus serotinus, Crocus sieberi og Crocus vernus.

### Haustblómstrandi krókusar
Sumar tegundir eru þekktar sem haustkrókusar og blómstra þær síðla sumars og um haust, oft áður en blöðin birtast. Það ætti ekki rugla þeim saman við eiginlega haustkrókusa, *[[Colchicum]]*. Haustblómstrandi tegundir eru:

*C. laevigatus* er með langt blómgunartímabil sem byrjar seint að hausti eða snemmvetrar og er fram í febrúar.

## Útbreiðsla

## Tegundir

Að neðan er flokkunin eins og hún var lögð fram af Brian Mathew í 1982, með fáeinum breytingum:

:A. **Section ''Crocus*** : tegundir með "basal prophyll"

::*'Series *Verni***:  
::* ''[[Crocus etruscus]]'' Parl. - Etrúskakrókus
::* ''[[Crocus ilvensis]]'' Peruzzi & Carta
::* ''[[Crocus kosaninii]]'' Pulevic
::* ''[[Crocus longiflorus]]'' Raf. -  (áður í **Series *Longiflori***) 
::* ''[[Crocus tommasinianus]]'' Herb. - [[Snækrókus]]
::* ''[[Crocus vernus]]'' (L.) Hill - [[Vorkrókus]]
::**''Crocus vernus'' subsp. ''albiflorus'' (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn.
::**''Crocus vernus'' subsp. ''vernus''

::**Series *Baytopi*** (ný **Series**):  
::* ''[[Crocus baytopiorum]]'' Mathew (áður í **Series *Verni***)

::**Series *Scardici***: vorblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus pelistericus]]'' Pulevic
::* ''[[Crocus scardicus]]'' Kos.

::**Series *Versicolores***: vorblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus cambessedesii]]'' J. Gay
::* ''[[Crocus versicolor]]'' Ker Gawl. - 
::* ''[[Crocus corsicus]]'' Vanucchi ex Maw - [[Korsíkukrókus]]
::* ''[[Crocus imperati]]'' Ten. - [[Sunnukrókus]]
::**''Crocus imperati'' subsp. ''imperati''
::**''Crocus imperati'' subsp. ''suaveolens'' (Bertol.) B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus minimus]]'' DC.

::**Series *Longiflori***: haustblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus goulimyi]]'' [[William Bertram Turrill|Turrill]] (sjá einnig [[Constantine Goulimis]])
::* ''[[Crocus ligusticus]]'' M.G. Mariotti (Syn. ''Crocus medius'' Balb.)
::* ''[[Crocus niveus]]'' Bowles
::* ''[[Crocus nudiflorus]]'' Smith. - [[Vínkrókus]]
::* ''[[Crocus serotinus]]'' Salisb. - 
::**''Crocus serotinus'' subsp. ''clusii'' (J.Gay) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus serotinus'' subsp. ''salzmannii'' (J.Gay) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus serotinus'' subsp. ''serotinus''

::**Series *Kotschyani***: haustblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus autranii]]'' Albov.
::* ''[[Crocus gilanicus]]'' B. Matthew (fundinn 1973 og nefndur eftir [[Gilan]] héraði í Íran þar sem hann fannst fyrst)
::* ''[[Crocus karduchorum]]'' Kotschy ex Maw
::* ''[[Crocus kotschyanus]]'' K. Koch -  (syn. ''C. zonatus'') - [[Tyrkjakrókus]]
::**''Crocus kotschyanus'' subsp. ''cappadocicus'' B.Mathew
::**''Crocus kotschyanus'' subsp. ''hakkariensis'' B.Mathew
::**''Crocus kotschyanus'' subsp. ''kotschyanus''
::**''Crocus kotschyanus'' subsp. ''suworowianus'' (K.Koch) B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus ochroleucus]]'' Boiss. & Gaill.
::* ''[[Crocus scharojanii]]'' Ruprecht
::** ''Crocus scharojanii'' subsp. ''scharojanii''
::** ''Crocus scharojanii'' subsp. ''lazicus'' (Boiss.) B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus vallicola]]'' Herb.

::**Series *Crocus***: haustblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus asumaniae]]'' B. Mathew & T. Baytop
::* ''[[Crocus cartwrightianus]]'' Herb.
::** ''[[Crocus sativus]]'' L. - [[Saffrankrókus]] ( ófrjór, [[triploid]], stökkbreyttur eða blendingur, líklega kominn af ''Crocus cartwrightianus''
::* ''[[Crocus hadriaticus]]'' Herb.
::** ''Crocus hadriaticus'' subsp. ''hadriaticus''
::** ''Crocus hadriaticus'' subsp. ''parnassicus'' (B.Mathew) B.Mathew
::** ''Crocus hadriaticus'' subsp. ''parnonicus'' B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus moabiticus]]'' Bornm. & Dinsmore ex Bornm.
::* ''[[Crocus mathewii]]'' H. Kemdorff & E. Pasche **(1994)**
::* ''[[Crocus naqabensis]]'' Al-Eisawi **(2001)**
::* ''[[Crocus oreocreticus]]'' B.L. Burtt
::* ''[[Crocus pallasii]]'' Goldb.
::**''Crocus pallasii'' subsp. ''dispathaceus'' (Bowles) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus pallasii'' subsp. ''haussknechtii'' (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus pallasii'' subsp. ''pallasii''
::**''Crocus pallasii'' subsp. ''turcicus'' B.Mathew
::*''[[Crocus thomasii]]'' Ten.

:: **Position unclear** 
::* ''[[Crocus malyi]]'' Vis. (áður í **Series *Versicolores***)
::* ''[[Crocus banaticus]]'' Heuff. (áður í ógildri **Subgenus *Crociris***)

:B. **Section *Nudiscapus***: tegundir án "basal prophyll"

::**Series *Reticulati***: blómgast að vetri eða vori
::* ''[[Crocus abantensis]]'' T.Baytop & B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus ancyrensis]]'' (Herb.) Maw - [[Glókrókus]]
::* ''[[Crocus angustifolius]]'' Weston - [[Geislakrókus]]
::* ''[[Crocus cancellatus]]'' Herb.
::**''Crocus cancellatus'' subsp. ''cancellatus''
::**''Crocus cancellatus'' subsp. ''damascenus'' (Herb.) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus cancellatus'' subsp. ''lycius'' B.Mathew
::**''Crocus cancellatus'' subsp. ''mazziaricus'' (Herb.) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus cancellatus'' subsp. ''pamphylicus'' B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus cvijicii]]'' Kos.
::* ''[[Crocus dalmaticus]]'' Vis.
::* ''[[Crocus gargaricus]]'' Herb.
::* ''[[Crocus herbertii]]'' B. Mathew (orðinn eiginleg tegund)
::* ''[[Crocus hermoneus]]'' Kotschy ex Maw
::* ''[[Crocus jablanicensis]]'' N. Randj. & V. Randj.
::* ''[[Crocus reticulatus]]'' Steven ex Adams - [[Netkrókus]]
::**''Crocus reticulatus'' subsp. ''hittiticus'' (T.Baytop & B.Mathew) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus reticulatus'' subsp. ''reticulatus''
::* ''[[Crocus robertianus]]'' C.D. Brickell
::* ''[[Crocus rujanensis]]'' Randjel. & D.A. Hill **(1990)**
::* ''[[Crocus sieberi]]'' J. Gay - [[Grikkjakrókus]]
::**''Crocus sieberi'' subsp. ''atticus'' (Boiss. & Orph.) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus sieberi'' subsp. ''nivalis'' (Bory & Chaub.) B.Mathew
::**''Crocus sieberi'' subsp. ''sieberi''
::**''Crocus sieberi'' subsp. ''sublimis'' (Herb.) B.Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus sieheanus]]'' Barr ex B.L. Burtt
::* ''[[Crocus veluchensis]]'' Herb.

:: **Series *Biflori***: vor eða síðvetrarblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus aerius]]'' Herb.
::* ''[[Crocus almehensis]]'' C.D. Brickell & B. Mathew
::* ''[[Crocus biflorus]]'' Mill. - [[Páskakrókus]]
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''biflorus'' 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. '' adamii'' (J.Gay) K.Richt.
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''alexandri'' (Nicic ex Velen.) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''artvinensis'' (J.Philippow) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''atrospermus'' Kernd. & Pasche
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''caelestis'' Kernd. & Pasche
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''caricus'' Kernd. & Pasche
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''crewei'' (Hook.f.) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''fibroannulatus'' Kernd. & Pasche
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''ionopharynx'' Kernd. & Pasche
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''isauricus'' (Siehe ex Bowles) B.Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''leucostylosus'' Kernd. & Pasche 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''melantherus'' B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''nubigena'' (Herb.) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''pseudonubigena'' B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''pulchricolor'' (Herb.) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''punctatus'' B.Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''stridii'' (Papan. & Zacharof) B.Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''tauri'' (Maw) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''weldenii'' (Hoppe & Fuernr.) B. Mathew 
::** ''Crocus biflorus'' subsp. ''yataganensis'' Kernd. & Pasche
::* ''[[Crocus chrysanthus]]'' Herb. - [[Tryggðakrókus]]
::** ''Crocus chrysanthus'' subsp. ''chrysanthus''
::** ''Crocus chrysanthus'' subsp. ''multifolius'' Papan. & Zacharof
::* ''[[Crocus cyprius]]'' Boiss. & Kotschy
::* ''[[Crocus danfordiae]]'' Maw
::** ''Crocus danfordiae'' subsp. ''danfordiae''
::** ''Crocus danfordiae'' subsp. ''kurdistanicus'' Maroofi & Assadi
::* ''[[Crocus hartmannianus]]'' Holmboe
::* ''[[Crocus kerndorffiorum]]'' Pasche **(1993)**
::* ''[[Crocus leichtlinii]]'' (Dewar) Bowles
::* ''[[Crocus nerimaniae]]'' Yüzbasioglu & Varol **(2004)**
::* ''[[Crocus pestalozzae]]'' Boiss.
::* ''[[Crocus wattiorum]]'' (B. Mathew, **1995**) B. Mathew **(2000)**
::* ''[[Crocus demirizianus]]'' O.Erol & L.Can **(2012)**
::* ''[[Crocus yakarianus]]'' Yıldırım & O.Erol **(2013)**

::**Series *Speciosi***: blöð koma eftir blómgun, haustblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus pulchellus]]'' Herb. - [[Engjakrókus]]
::* ''[[Crocus speciosus]]'' M. Bieb. - [[Haustkrókus]]
::**''Crocus speciosus'' subsp. ''ilgazensis'' B.Mathew
::**''Crocus speciosus'' subsp. ''speciosus''
::**''Crocus speciosus'' subsp. ''xantholaimos'' B.Mathew

::**Series *Orientales***: vorblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus alatavicus]]'' Semenova & Reg.
::* ''[[Crocus caspius]]'' Fischer & Meyer (áður í ''Series ''Biflori***)
::* *Crocus korolkowii* Regel ex Maw - [[Fjallakrókus]]
::* *Crocus michelsonii* B. Fedtsch.

::*'Series *Flavi***: vorblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus adanensis]]'' T. Baytop & B. Mathew (áður í **Series *Biflori***)
::* ''[[Crocus antalyensis]]'' Mathew
::** ''Crocus antalyensis'' subsp. ''antalyensis''
::** ''Crocus antalyensis'' subsp. ''striatus'' O.Erol & M.Koçyiğit **(2010)**
::** ''Crocus antalyensis'' subsp. ''gemicii'' L.Sik & O.Erol **(2011)**
::* ''[[Crocus candidus]]'' E.D. Clarke
::* ''[[Crocus flavus]]'' Weston - [[Gullkrókus]]
::** ''Crocus flavus'' subsp. ''flavus''
::** ''Crocus flavus'' subsp. ''dissectus'' T.Baytop & B.Mathew
::** ''Crocus flavus'' subsp. ''sarichinarensis'' Rukšans
::* ''[[Crocus graveolens]]'' Boiss. &Reut.
::* ''[[Crocus hyemalis]]'' Boiss.
::* ''[[Crocus olivieri]]'' Gray
::** ''Crocus olivieri'' subsp. ''olivieri'' - Balkan og Tyrklandi
::** ''Crocus olivieri'' subsp. ''balansae'' (J.Gay ex Baker) B. Mathew - einlendur við [[İzmir]], vestur Tyrklandi
::** ''Crocus olivieri'' subsp. ''istanbulensis'' B. Mathew, [[Istanbul]], Tyrklandi.
::* ''[[Crocus paschei]]'' H. Kerndorff
::* ''[[Crocus vitellinus]]'' Wahl.

::**Series *Aleppici***: blöð um svipað leyti og blómin, haust eða vetrarblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus aleppicus]]'' Baker
::* ''[[Crocus boulosii]]'' Greuter
::* ''[[Crocus veneris]]'' Tappein ex Poech

::**Series *Carpetani***: vorblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus carpetanus]]'' Boiss. & Reut.
::* ''[[Crocus nevadensis]]'' Amo & Campo

::**Series *Intertexti***: vorblómstrandi
::* ''[[Crocus fleischeri]]'' J.Gay.

::**Series *Laevigatae**': blöð koma um svipað leyti og blómin, haustblómstrandi
::* *Crocus boryi* J.Gay
::* *Crocus laevigatus* Bory & Chaub.
::* *Crocus tournefortii* J.Gay.

<gallery>
Image:Crocus alatavicus, 2011.jpg|*Crocus alatavicus*
Image:Crocus aleppicus 1.JPG| *Crocus aleppicus*
Image:Crocus ancyrensis002.jpg| *Crocus ancyrensis*
Image:Crocus banaticus.jpg|*Crocus banaticus*
Image:Crocus biflorus 03.jpg| *Crocus biflorus*
Image:Crocus cancellatus04.jpg|*Crocus cancellatus*
Image:Crocus carpetanus.jpg| *Crocus carpetanus*
Image:Crocus cartwrightianus 'Albus'02.jpg|*Crocus cartwrightianus* 'Albus'
Image:Crocus caspius.jpg| *Crocus caspius*
Image:Crocus chrysanthus 'Zwanenburg Bronze'.jpg|*Crocus chrysanthus*<br />'Zwanenburg Bronze'
Image:Albertacce Crocus corsicus.jpg|*Crocus corsicus*
Image:Crocus etruscus02.JPG|*Crocus etruscus* 'Zwanenburg'
Image:Crocus flavus ssp flavus 04.jpg|*Crocus flavus*
Image:Crocus goulimyi3.jpg|*Crocus goulimyi*
Image:Crocus graveolens, Çukurova University Campus, Adana, Turkey - 20060109.jpg|*Crocus graveolens*
Image:Crocus HyemalisTavor1.JPG|*Crocus hyemalis*
Image:Crocus imperati De Jager group 01.JPG|*Crocus imperati* 'De Jager'
Image:Crocus kotschyanus2.jpg|*Crocus kotschyanus*
Image:Crocus laevigatus Fontenayi 03.JPG| *Crocus laevigatus* 'Fontenayi'
Image:Crocus malyi sveti 1.JPG|*Crocus malyi*
Image:Crocus minimus01.jpg|*Crocus minimus*
Image:Crocus nevadensis subsp marcetii FlowerCloseup DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg|*Crocus nevadensis*
Image:Crocus nudiflorus007.jpg|*Crocus nudiflorus*
Image:Crocus olivieri 01.JPG|*Crocus olivieri*
Image:Crocus pallasii 2.jpg|*Crocus pallasii*
Image:Crocus pulchellus02.jpg|*Crocus pulchellus*
Image:Crocus serotinus clusii flower.jpg|*Crocus serotinus* subsp. *clusii*
Image:Flors alpines al cim de la muntanya de Parcent.jpg|*Crocus serotinus* subsp. *salzmannii*
Image:W 7592.JPG|*Crocus scharojanii*
Image:Crocus tournefortii Flowers.jpg|*Crocus tournefortii*
Image:Crocus at north of the montagne sainte Victoire by JM Rosier 1.JPG|*Crocus versicolor* 
</gallery>

==Tilvísanir==


==Heimildir==
* [[Edward Augustus Bowles|E.A. Bowles]], *A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners*, Martin Hopkinson 1924
* Brian Mathew, Christopher Grey-Wilson, *Bulbs*, (ill. Marjorie Blamey), Collins, 1981
* Brian Mathew, *Crocus*: A Revision of the Genus *Crocus*, Timber Press, 1983. ISBN 0-917304-23-3
* Brian Mathew, *Flowering Bulbs for the Garden*, Collingridge/Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1987. ISBN 0-600-35175-0
* Novica Randjelovic, David A. Hill, Vladimir Randjelovic, 'The Genus Crocus L. in Serbia'. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, 1990 (in English)
* [http://www.vialibri.net/item_pg/3686108-1886-maw-monograph-the-genus-crocus.htm Maw, George. *A Monograph of the Genus* Crocus. London, Dulau and Co., 1886] 
* [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120088336/abstract Rix, Alison. George Maw, Joseph Hooker and the genus *Crocus*, *Curtis's Botanical Magazine*, Volume 25 Issue 2, Pages 176 - 187, 2008] 
* [http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/crocus.htm *The Pleasures of Crocus*, Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture 1996]

== Tenglar ==
=== Gagnasöfn ===
* [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=327117 World Checklist - genus *Crocus''] 
* USDA 
* NCBI Taxonomy Browser
* IPNI

### Annað
* Crocus photos of International Bulb Society 
* Crocus photos of Pacific Bulb Society
* Sorting Crocus Names
* E A Bowles Society 
* The Alpine House - Crocus Group 
* Todd Boland. Crocus to Brighten the Spring Garden. Dave's Garden, September 28, 2013
* The Alpine Garden: Crocus